[[["Bahasa ini mempunyai banyak dialek serantau yang umumnya tidak dapat dipahami. Ia digunakan di seluruh dataran tinggi Tibet dan Bhutan dan juga bercakap di bahagian Nepal dan utara India, seperti Sikkim. Secara umum, dialek Tibet pusat (termasuk Lhasa), Kham, Amdo dan beberapa kawasan berdekatan yang lebih kecil dianggap sebagai dialek Tibet. Bentuk lain, terutamanya Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, dan Ladakhi, dipertimbangkan oleh penceramah mereka, sebahagian besarnya kerana sebab politik, menjadi bahasa yang berasingan. Walau bagaimanapun, jika kumpulan bahasa Tibet yang terakhir dimasukkan dalam pengiraan, maka 'Tibet yang lebih besar' dituturkan oleh sekitar 6 juta orang di Dataran Tinggi Tibet. Tibet juga dituturkan oleh kira-kira 150,000 penceramah buangan yang telah melarikan diri dari zaman moden Tibet ke India dan negara-negara lain. <> Berapa ramai orang di seluruh Dataran Tinggi Tibet bercakap 'Tibet yang lebih besar'? || kira-kira 6 juta <> Berapa ramai orang yang telah melarikan diri dari Tibet moden dianggap sebagai pembuangan di Tibet? || kira-kira 150,000 <> Mengapa Dzongkha, Sikkim, Sherpa, dan Ladakhi dianggap sebagai bahasa yang berasingan? || sebab politik", {"context": "The language has numerous regional dialects which are generally not mutually intelligible. It is employed throughout the Tibetan plateau and Bhutan and is also spoken in parts of Nepal and northern India, such as Sikkim. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered by their speakers, largely for political reasons, to be separate languages. However, if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation, then 'greater Tibetan' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "approximately 6 million"}], "question": "How many people across the Tibetan Plateau speak 'greater Tibetan'?", "id": "5727c1ae2ca10214002d957e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "approximately 150,000"}], "question": "How many people who have fled modern-day Tibet are considered to be exile speakers of Tibetan?", "id": "5727c1ae2ca10214002d957f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "political reasons"}], "question": "Why are Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi considered to be separate languages?", "id": "5727c1ae2ca10214002d9580"}]}], ["Nama Cina abad pertengahan yang paling terkenal untuk Tibet ialah Tubo (Cina: \u5410\u8543 juga ditulis sebagai \u571f \u8543 atau \u571f\u756a; pinyin: T\u01d4b\u014d atau T\u01d4f\u0101n). Nama ini pertama kali muncul dalam watak-watak Cina sebagai \u571f\u756a pada abad ke-7 (Li Tai) dan sebagai \u5410\u8543 pada abad ke-10 (Old Book of Tang menggambarkan 608-609 utusan dari Tibet Raja Namri Songtsen kepada Maharaja Yang dari Sui). Dalam bahasa Cina Tengah yang dituturkan dalam tempoh itu, seperti yang dibina semula oleh William H. Baxter, \u571f\u756a telah disebut thux-phjon dan \u5410\u8543 disebut thux-pjon (dengan x mewakili nada). <> Apa nama Cina abad pertengahan yang terkenal untuk Tibet? || Tubo <> Kapan namanya untuk Tibet, Tubo, mula muncul dalam watak Cina? || Abad ke-7 <> Siapakah yang dibina semula oleh Tiongkok Tengah yang diturunkan dari abad ke-7 hingga abad ke-10? || William H. Baxter", {"context": "The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo (Chinese: \u5410\u8543 also written as \u571f\u8543 or \u571f\u756a; pinyin: T\u01d4b\u014d or T\u01d4f\u0101n). This name first appears in Chinese characters as \u571f\u756a in the 7th century (Li Tai) and as \u5410\u8543 in the 10th-century (Old Book of Tang describing 608\u2013609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor Yang of Sui). In the Middle Chinese spoken during that period, as reconstructed by William H. Baxter, \u571f\u756a was pronounced thux-phjon and \u5410\u8543 was pronounced thux-pjon (with the x representing tone).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Tubo"}], "question": "What is the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet?", "id": "5727bf403acd2414000deb5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "7th century"}], "question": "When did the name for Tibet, Tubo, first appear in Chinese characters?", "id": "5727bf403acd2414000deb5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "William H. Baxter"}], "question": "Who reconstructed Middle Chinese spoken from the 7th century to the 10th century?", "id": "5727bf403acd2414000deb5d"}]}], ["Ekonomi Tibet didominasi oleh pertanian subsisten, walaupun pelancongan telah menjadi industri yang berkembang dalam beberapa dekad yang lalu. Agama yang dominan di Tibet adalah Buddhisme Tibet; Di samping itu terdapat B\u00f6n, yang sama dengan Buddhisme Tibet, dan terdapat juga umat Islam Tibet dan minoriti Kristian. Buddhisme Tibet adalah pengaruh utama pada seni, muzik, dan perayaan di rantau ini. Seni bina Tibet mencerminkan pengaruh Cina dan India. Makanan pokok di Tibet adalah barli panggang, daging yak, dan teh mentega. <> Apakah ekonomi Tibet dikuasai oleh? || pertanian subsisten <> Apa yang baru-baru ini menjadi industri yang berkembang di Tibet? || pelancongan <> Apa agama dominan di Tibet? || Buddhisme Tibet <> Apakah makanan ruji di Tibet? || yak karat <> Yang dua budaya yang mencerminkan seni bina Tibet? || Cina dan India", {"context": "The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture, though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades. The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism; in addition there is B\u00f6n, which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism, and there are also Tibetan Muslims and Christian minorities. Tibetan Buddhism is a primary influence on the art, music, and festivals of the region. Tibetan architecture reflects Chinese and Indian influences. Staple foods in Tibet are roasted barley, yak meat, and butter tea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "subsistence agriculture"}], "question": "What is the economy of Tibet dominated by?", "id": "5727bc683acd2414000deaf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "tourism"}], "question": "What has recently become a growing industry in Tibet?", "id": "5727bc683acd2414000deaf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Tibetan Buddhism"}], "question": "What is the dominant religion in Tibet?", "id": "5727bc683acd2414000deaf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "yak meat"}], "question": "What is a staple food in Tibet?", "id": "5727bc683acd2414000deafa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Chinese and Indian"}], "question": "Which two cultures does Tibetan architecture reflect?", "id": "5727bc683acd2414000deafb"}]}], ["Empayar Tibet muncul pada abad ke-7, tetapi dengan kejatuhan empayar rantau ini dibahagikan kepada pelbagai wilayah. Sebahagian besar Tibet barat dan tengah (\u00dc-Tsang) seringkali sekurang-kurangnya bersatu secara nominal di bawah satu siri pemerintahan Tibet di Lhasa, Shigatse, atau lokasi berdekatan; pemerintahan-pemerintahan ini telah berkali-kali di bawah kekuasaan Mongol dan China. Kawasan timur Kham dan Amdo sering mengekalkan struktur politik pribumi yang lebih terdesentralisasi, dibahagikan kepada beberapa pimpinan kecil dan kumpulan puak, sementara juga sering jatuh lebih jauh di bawah pemerintahan China selepas Pertempuran Chamdo; sebahagian besar kawasan ini akhirnya dimasukkan ke dalam wilayah China Sichuan dan Qinghai. Sempadan semasa Tibet pada umumnya ditubuhkan pada abad ke-18. <> Bilakah sempadan semasa Tibet ditubuhkan? || Abad ke-18 <> Bilakah empayar Tibet muncul? || Abad ke-7 <> Yang mana wilayah-wilayah Cina digunakan sebagai bahagian timur Tibet? || Sichuan dan Qinghai <> Yang pertempuran meninggalkan bahagian-bahagian Tibet di bawah pemerintahan China? || Pertempuran Chamdo", {"context": "The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century, but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (\u00dc-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship. The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai. The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "18th century"}], "question": "When were the current borders of Tibet established?", "id": "5727ba5d2ca10214002d94d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "7th century"}], "question": "When did the Tibetan empire emerge?", "id": "5727ba5d2ca10214002d94d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "Sichuan and Qinghai"}], "question": "Which Chinese provinces used to be the eastern part of Tibet?", "id": "5727ba5d2ca10214002d94d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Battle of Chamdo"}], "question": "Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule?", "id": "5727ba5d2ca10214002d94d7"}]}], ["Istilah Standard Cina moden untuk rantau Tibet adalah Zangqu (Cina: \u85cf\u533a; pinyin: Z\u00e0ngq\u016b), yang berasal dari metonymy dari rantau Tsang sekitar Shigatse ditambah peninggalan Cina, \u533a q\u016b, yang bermaksud \"kawasan, daerah , wilayah, wad \". Orang-orang Tibet, bahasa, dan budaya, tidak kira di mana asalnya, disebut Zang (bahasa Cina: \u85cf; pinyin: Z\u00e0ng) walaupun istilah geografi X\u012bz\u00e0ng sering dihadkan kepada Wilayah Autonomi Tibet. Istilah X\u012bz\u00e0ng diciptakan semasa dinasti Qing dalam pemerintahan Maharaja Jiaqing (1796-1820) melalui penambahan awalan yang bermaksud \"barat\" (\u897f x\u012b) ke Zang. <> Bagaimana rantau etnik Tibet disebut sebagai istilah biasa Cina Standard? || Zangqu <> Bagaimana kaum Cina merujuk kepada orang Tibet, bahasa, dan budaya? || Zang <> Semasa dinasti itu istilah Xizang digunakan dahulu? || Qing <> Yang akhiran Cina bermaksud \"kawasan, daerah, wilayah, wad\"? || qu", {"context": "The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu (Chinese: \u85cf\u533a; pinyin: Z\u00e0ngq\u016b), which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix, \u533a q\u016b, which means \"area, district, region, ward\". Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where they are from, are referred to as Zang (Chinese: \u85cf; pinyin: Z\u00e0ng) although the geographical term X\u012bz\u00e0ng is often limited to the Tibet Autonomous Region. The term X\u012bz\u00e0ng was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (1796\u20131820) through the addition of a prefix meaning \"west\" (\u897f x\u012b) to Zang.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Zangqu"}], "question": "How is the ethnic Tibetan region referred to as a modern Standard Chinese exonym?", "id": "5727be6f3acd2414000deb39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Zang"}], "question": "How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture?", "id": "5727be6f3acd2414000deb3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "Qing"}], "question": "During which dynasty was the term Xizang first used?", "id": "5727be6f3acd2414000deb3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "q\u016b"}], "question": "Which Chinese suffix means \"area, district, region, ward\"?", "id": "5727be6f3acd2414000deb3c"}]}], ["Tibet (i / t\u1d7bb\u025bt /; Wylie: Bod, disebut [p\u02b0\u00f8\u0294]; bahasa Cina: \u897f\u85cf; pinyin: X\u012bz\u00e0ng) adalah rantau di Dataran Tinggi Tibet di Asia. Ia adalah tanah air tradisional orang Tibet serta beberapa kumpulan etnik lain seperti orang Monpa, Qiang dan Lhoba dan kini dihuni oleh banyak orang Han Cina dan Hui. Tibet adalah rantau tertinggi di Bumi, dengan ketinggian purata 4,900 meter (16,000 kaki). Ketinggian tertinggi di Tibet adalah Gunung Everest, gunung tertinggi di bumi meningkat 8.848 m (29,029 kaki) di atas permukaan laut. <> Apakah ketinggian tertinggi di Tibet? || Gunung Everest <> Benua yang mengandungi Tibet? || Asia <> Apakah ketinggian purata Tibet, kaki? || 16,000 <> Berapa kaki di atas paras laut naik gunung tertinggi di bumi? || 29,029 <> Di manakah tanah air tradisional kaum Monpa, Qiang, dan Lhoba? || Tibet", {"context": "Tibet (i/t\u1d7b\u02c8b\u025bt/; Wylie: Bod, pronounced [p\u02b0\u00f8\u0300\u0294]; Chinese: \u897f\u85cf; pinyin: X\u012bz\u00e0ng) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of 4,900 metres (16,000 ft). The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, earth's highest mountain rising 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Mount Everest"}], "question": "What is the highest elevation in Tibet?", "id": "5727b9224b864d1900163b7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Asia"}], "question": "Which continent contains Tibet?", "id": "5727b9224b864d1900163b7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "16,000"}], "question": "What is the average elevation of Tibet, in feet?", "id": "5727b9224b864d1900163b7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "29,029"}], "question": "How many feet above sea level does earth's highest mountain rise?", "id": "5727b9224b864d1900163b7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tibet"}], "question": "Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples?", "id": "5727b9224b864d1900163b7e"}]}], ["Nama Cina pra-moden yang lain untuk Tibet termasuk Wusiguo (Bahasa Cina: \u70cf\u65af \u570b; pinyin: W\u016bs\u012bgu\u00f3; cf. Tibet dbus, \u00dc, [wy\u0294\u02e8\u02e7\u02e8]), Wusizang (Bahasa Cina: \u70cf\u65af \u85cf; pinyin: w\u016bs\u012bz\u00e0ng, cf. Tibet dbus-gtsang, \u00dc-Tsang), Tubote (Bahasa Cina: \u5716\u4f2f\u7279; pinyin: T\u00fab\u00f3t\u00e8), dan Tanggute (Bahasa Cina: \u5510 \u53e4 \u5fd2; pinyin: T\u00e1ngg\u01d4t\u00e8, cf. Tangut). Ahli Tibet Amerika Elliot Sperling berhujah tentang kecenderungan baru-baru ini oleh sesetengah penulis menulis dalam bahasa Cina untuk menghidupkan semula istilah Tubote (bahasa Cina: \u56fe\u4f2f\u7279; bahasa Cina tradisional: \u5716\u4f2f\u7279; pinyin: T\u00fab\u00f3t\u00e8) untuk kegunaan moden di tempat Xizang, dengan alasan Tubote lebih jelas termasuk seluruh dataran Tibet daripada sekadar Wilayah Otonomi Tibet. [rujukan?] <> Siapa ahli Tibet Amerika? || Elliot Sperling <> Apa nama Tibet yang paling jelas termasuk seluruh dataran Tibet? || Tubote <> Apakah satu lagi nama Cina pra-moden untuk Tibet? || Wusiguo", {"context": "Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include Wusiguo (Chinese: \u70cf\u65af\u570b; pinyin: W\u016bs\u012bgu\u00f3; cf. Tibetan dbus, \u00dc, [wy\u0294\u02e8\u02e7\u02e8]), Wusizang (Chinese: \u70cf\u65af\u85cf; pinyin: w\u016bs\u012bz\u00e0ng, cf. Tibetan dbus-gtsang, \u00dc-Tsang), Tubote (Chinese: \u5716\u4f2f\u7279; pinyin: T\u00fab\u00f3t\u00e8), and Tanggute (Chinese: \u5510\u53e4\u5fd2; pinyin: T\u00e1ngg\u01d4t\u00e8, cf. Tangut). American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term Tubote (simplified Chinese: \u56fe\u4f2f\u7279; traditional Chinese: \u5716\u4f2f\u7279; pinyin: T\u00fab\u00f3t\u00e8) for modern use in place of Xizang, on the grounds that Tubote more clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau rather than simply the Tibet Autonomous Region.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Elliot Sperling"}], "question": "Who is an American Tibetologist?", "id": "5727bfeb3acd2414000deb7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Tubote"}], "question": "What name for Tibet most clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau?", "id": "5727bfeb3acd2414000deb7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Wusiguo"}], "question": "What is another pre-modern Chinese name for Tibet?", "id": "5727bfeb3acd2414000deb7f"}]}], ["Nama Tibet untuk tanah mereka, Bod \u0f56\u0f7c\u0f51\u0f0b, bermaksud \"Tibet\" atau \"Dataran Tinggi Tibet\", walaupun pada asalnya bermaksud wilayah tengah sekitar Lhasa, yang sekarang dikenal di Tibet sebagai \u00dc. Sebutan Tibet Standard Bod, [p\u02b0\u00f8\u0294\u02e8\u02e7\u02e8], ditranskripsikan Bh\u00f6 dalam Transkripsi Fonetik Tournadre, B\u00f6 dalam Transkripsi Fonetik THL Ringkas dan Poi dalam pinyin Tibet. Sesetengah sarjana percaya rujukan bertulis pertama kepada Bod \"Tibet\" ialah orang Bautai purba yang direkodkan dalam karya Greek Mesir Periplus dari Laut Erythraean (abad ke-1 CE) dan Geographia (Ptolemy, abad ke-2 CE), sendiri dari bentuk Sanskrit Bhau\u1e6d\u1e6da tradisi geografi India. <> Apakah nama Tibet untuk kawasan tersebut? || Bod <> Orang kuno mana yang disebut dalam rujukan bertulis pertama kepada Bod \"Tibet\"? || Bautai <> Kawasan apa yang Bod mula merujuk? || kawasan tengah sekitar Lhasa", {"context": "The Tibetan name for their land, Bod \u0f56\u0f7c\u0f51\u0f0b, means \"Tibet\" or \"Tibetan Plateau\", although it originally meant the central region around Lhasa, now known in Tibetan as \u00dc. The Standard Tibetan pronunciation of Bod, [p\u02b0\u00f8\u0294\u02e8\u02e7\u02e8], is transcribed Bh\u00f6 in Tournadre Phonetic Transcription, B\u00f6 in the THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription and Poi in Tibetan pinyin. Some scholars believe the first written reference to Bod \"Tibet\" was the ancient Bautai people recorded in the Egyptian Greek works Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE) and Geographia (Ptolemy, 2nd century CE), itself from the Sanskrit form Bhau\u1e6d\u1e6da of the Indian geographical tradition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Bod"}], "question": "What is the Tibetan name for the area?", "id": "5727bd644b864d1900163c12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Bautai"}], "question": "Which ancient people were mentioned in the first written reference to Bod \"Tibet\"?", "id": "5727bd644b864d1900163c13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "central region around Lhasa"}], "question": "What area did Bod originally refer to?", "id": "5727bd644b864d1900163c14"}]}], ["Walaupun bahasa Tibet bercakap berbeza mengikut rantau ini, bahasa bertulis, berdasarkan Tibet Klasik, adalah konsisten di seluruh. Ini mungkin disebabkan oleh pengaruh lama kerajaan Tibet, yang pemerintahannya memeluk (dan diperpanjang pada masa yang jauh melampaui) kawasan linguistik Tibet sekarang, yang bergerak dari utara Pakistan di barat ke Yunnan dan Sichuan di timur, dan dari utara Tasik Qinghai selatan sejauh Bhutan. Bahasa Tibet mempunyai skrip sendiri yang dibagikan dengan Ladakhi dan Dzongkha, dan yang berasal dari skrip Brahma India kuno. <> Apa yang tertulis di Tibet? || Tibet klasik <> Apa yang mempengaruhi konsistensi bahasa Tibet bertulis? || Tibet empayar <> Dari apa yang diterbitkan oleh skrip bahasa Tibet? || skrip India Br\u0101hm\u012b purba", {"context": "Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Br\u0101hm\u012b script.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Classical Tibetan"}], "question": "What is written Tibetan base on?", "id": "5727c2efff5b5019007d9490"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Tibetan empire"}], "question": "What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language?", "id": "5727c2efff5b5019007d9491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "ancient Indian Br\u0101hm\u012b script"}], "question": "From what was the Tibetan language's script derived?", "id": "5727c2efff5b5019007d9492"}]}], ["Berikutan Revolusi Xinhai terhadap dinasti Qing pada tahun 1912, tentara Qing telah dilucutkan senjata dan dikawal dari Kawasan Tibet (\u00dc-Tsang). Wilayah ini kemudiannya mengisytiharkan kemerdekaannya pada tahun 1913 tanpa pengiktirafan oleh kerajaan Republik China yang berikutnya. Kemudian, Lhasa menguasai bahagian barat Xikang, China. Wilayah ini mengekalkan autonominya sehingga tahun 1951 apabila, selepas Pertempuran Chamdo, Tibet telah dimasukkan ke dalam Republik Rakyat China, dan kerajaan Tibet sebelumnya telah dihapuskan pada tahun 1959 selepas pemberontakan gagal. Hari ini, China menguasai Tibet barat dan pusat sebagai Wilayah Autonomi Tibet manakala wilayah timur kini kebanyakannya wilayah autonomi etnik di Sichuan, Qinghai dan wilayah jiran yang lain. Terdapat ketegangan mengenai status politik Tibet dan kumpulan pembangkang yang aktif dalam pengasingan. Ia juga mengatakan bahawa aktivis Tibet di Tibet telah ditangkap atau diseksa. <> Pada tahun berapa kerajaan Tibet dimansuhkan? || 1959 <> Pada tahun berapa Xinha memberontak terhadap dinasti Qing? || 1912 <> Di mana Wilayah Autonomi Tibet? || barat dan pusat Tibet <> pertempuran mana yang membawa kepada penggabungan Tibet ke Republik Rakyat China? || Pertempuran Chamdo", {"context": "Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (\u00dc-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the Battle of Chamdo, Tibet became incorporated into the People's Republic of China, and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile. It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "1959"}], "question": "In what year was the Tibetan government abolished?", "id": "5727bb6e3acd2414000dead5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1912"}], "question": "In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty?", "id": "5727bb6e3acd2414000dead6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "western and central Tibet"}], "question": "Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region?", "id": "5727bb6e3acd2414000dead7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Battle of Chamdo"}], "question": "Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China?", "id": "5727bb6e3acd2414000dead8"}]}], ["Tibet mengekalkan kuasa nominal ke atas urusan agama dan wilayah politik, sementara Mongol menguruskan struktur struktur dan pentadbiran di rantau ini, yang diperkuat oleh campur tangan ketenteraan yang jarang berlaku. Ini wujud sebagai \"struktur diarki\" di bawah maharaja Yuan, dengan kuasa terutamanya memihak kepada Mongol. Putera Mongolia Khuden memperoleh kuasa temporal di Tibet pada tahun 1240-an dan menaja Sakya Pandita, tempatnya menjadi ibukota Tibet. Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa, keponakan Sakya Pandita menjadi Maharaja Imperial Kublai Khan, pengasas dinasti Yuan. <> Siapa yang berjaya urusan agama dan wilayah politik? || Tibet <> Yang mengatur peraturan struktur dan pentadbiran? || Mongols <Who telah memperoleh kuasa temporal di Tibet pada tahun 1240an? || Putera Mongolia Khuden <> Yang mendirikan dinasti Yuan? || Maharaja Imperial Kublai Khan", {"context": "Tibet retained nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. This existed as a \"diarchic structure\" under the Yuan emperor, with power primarily in favor of the Mongols. Mongolian prince Khuden gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s and sponsored Sakya Pandita, whose seat became the capital of Tibet. Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa, Sakya Pandita's nephew became Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tibet"}], "question": "Who managed religious and regional political affairs?", "id": "5727d1da2ca10214002d974e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Mongols"}], "question": "Who managed structural and administrative rule?", "id": "5727d1da2ca10214002d974f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Mongolian prince Khuden"}], "question": "Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s?", "id": "5727d1da2ca10214002d9750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan"}], "question": "Who founded the Yuan dynasty?", "id": "5727d1da2ca10214002d9751"}]}], ["Pada 821/822 CE Tibet dan China menandatangani perjanjian damai. Rekening bilingual tentang perjanjian ini, termasuk perincian sempadan antara kedua negara, tertulis di atas tiang batu yang terletak di luar kuil Jokhang di Lhasa. Tibet berterusan sebagai empayar Asia Tengah sehingga pertengahan abad ke-9, ketika perang saudara berturut-turut menyebabkan keruntuhan Tibet imperial. Tempoh yang diikuti secara tradisinya dikenali sebagai Era of Fragmentation, apabila kawalan politik ke atas Tibet dibahagikan antara panglima perang serantau dan suku yang tidak mempunyai kuasa berpusat yang dominan. <> Bilakah Tibet dan China menandatangani perjanjian damai? || 821/822 CE <> Di mana terdapat satu laporan bilingual mengenai perjanjian damai Tibet dan China? || Kuil Jokhang di Lhasa <> Bilakah perang saudara berturut-turut membawa kepada kejatuhan Tibet imperial? || pertengahan abad ke-9 <> Apa yang terjadi selepas kejatuhan Tibet imperial? || Era of Fragmentation <> Apa yang dibahagikan antara panglima perang dengan suku-suku yang tidak mempunyai kuasa berpusat yang dominan? || kawalan politik ke atas Tibet", {"context": "In 821/822 CE Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty, including details of the borders between the two countries, is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa. Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century, when a civil war over succession led to the collapse of imperial Tibet. The period that followed is known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation, when political control over Tibet became divided between regional warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "821/822 CE"}], "question": "When did Tibet and China sign a peace treaty?", "id": "5727c72dff5b5019007d94f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Jokhang temple in Lhasa"}], "question": "Where does a bilingual account of Tibet and China's peace treaty exist?", "id": "5727c72dff5b5019007d94f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "mid-9th century"}], "question": "When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet?", "id": "5727c72dff5b5019007d94f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Era of Fragmentation"}], "question": "What followed the collapse of imperial Tibet?", "id": "5727c72dff5b5019007d94f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "political control over Tibet"}], "question": "What was divided between warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority?", "id": "5727c72dff5b5019007d94f4"}]}], ["Selama beberapa dekad, keamanan berkuasa di Tibet, tetapi pada 1792 Maharaja Qing Qianlong menghantar tentera China yang besar ke Tibet untuk menolak penyerang Nepal. Ini mendorong lagi penyusunan semula semula kerajaan Tibet, kali ini melalui rancangan bertulis yang dikenali sebagai \"Peraturan Dua Puluh Sembilan untuk Kerajaan yang Lebih Baik di Tibet\". Qing garrison tentera yang berkhidmat dengan pasukan Qing kini juga ditubuhkan berhampiran sempadan Nepal. Tibet didominasi oleh Manchu dalam pelbagai peringkat pada abad ke-18, dan tahun-tahun kemudiannya berikutan peraturan 1792 adalah puncak kuasa pesuruhjaya imperial Qing; tetapi tidak ada percubaan untuk menjadikan Tibet sebuah wilayah China. <> Bilakah Maharaja Qing Qianlong menghantar tentera China yang besar ke Tibet? || 1792 <> Mengapa Maharaja Qing Qianlong menghantar tentera China yang besar ke Tibet? || menolak penyerang Nepal yang menyerang <> Apa penyusunan semula orang Tibet Tibet dipanggil? || Peraturan Dua Puluh Sembilan untuk Kerajaan yang Lebih Baik di Tibet <> Bilakah Tibet dikuasai oleh Manchus? || abad ke 18", {"context": "For several decades, peace reigned in Tibet, but in 1792 the Qing Qianlong Emperor sent a large Chinese army into Tibet to push the invading Nepalese out. This prompted yet another Qing reorganization of the Tibetan government, this time through a written plan called the \"Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet\". Qing military garrisons staffed with Qing troops were now also established near the Nepalese border. Tibet was dominated by the Manchus in various stages in the 18th century, and the years immediately following the 1792 regulations were the peak of the Qing imperial commissioners' authority; but there was no attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "1792"}], "question": "When did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?", "id": "5727d6c43acd2414000dedd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "push the invading Nepalese out"}], "question": "Why did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?", "id": "5727d6c43acd2414000dedd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet"}], "question": "What was the Qing reorganization of the Tibetan called?", "id": "5727d6c43acd2414000dedd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "18th century"}], "question": "When was Tibet dominated by the Manchus?", "id": "5727d6c43acd2414000dedd4"}]}], ["Dinasti Mongol Yuan, melalui Biro Agama Buddha dan Tibet, atau Xuanzheng Yuan, memerintah Tibet melalui jabatan pentadbiran peringkat tertinggi. Salah satu tujuan jabatan adalah memilih dpon-chen ('pentadbir besar'), biasanya dilantik oleh lama dan disahkan oleh kaisar Mongol di Beijing. Sakya lama mengekalkan tahap autonomi, bertindak sebagai pihak berkuasa politik rantau ini, sementara dpon-chen memegang kuasa pentadbiran dan ketenteraan. Penguasaan Mongolia Tibet tetap terpisah dari wilayah utama China, tetapi wilayah itu ada di bawah pemerintahan dinasti Yuan. Sekiranya lama Sakya menjadi konflik dengan dpon-chen, dpon-chen mempunyai kuasa untuk menghantar tentera China ke rantau ini. <> Dinasti mana yang memerintah Tibet melalui jabatan pentadbiran peringkat tinggi? || Mongol Yuan <> Apa itu dpon-chen? || pentadbir hebat <> Siapa yang mengesahkan dpon-chen? || Maharaja Mongol <> Siapakah pihak berkuasa politik rantau ini? || Sakya lama <> Siapa yang memegang kuasa pentadbiran dan ketenteraan? || dpon-chen", {"context": "The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the dpon-chen, the dpon-chen had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Mongol Yuan"}], "question": "Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department?", "id": "5727cc684b864d1900163d58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "great administrator"}], "question": "What was a dpon-chen?", "id": "5727cc684b864d1900163d59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Mongol emperor"}], "question": "Who confirmed the dpon-chen?", "id": "5727cc684b864d1900163d5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Sakya lama"}], "question": "Who was the political authority of the region?", "id": "5727cc684b864d1900163d5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "dpon-chen"}], "question": "Who held administrative and military power?", "id": "5727cc684b864d1900163d5c"}]}], ["Tempoh ini juga menyaksikan beberapa kenalan dengan Jesuit dan Capuchins dari Eropah, dan pada tahun 1774 seorang bangsawan Scotland, George Bogle, datang ke Shigatse untuk menyiasat prospek perdagangan untuk British East India Company. Walau bagaimanapun, pada abad ke-19 keadaan orang asing di Tibet tumbuh lebih lemah. Empayar British mencerobohi India utara ke Himalaya, Emirat Afghanistan dan Empayar Rusia berkembang ke Asia Tengah dan setiap kuasa menjadi curiga terhadap niat orang lain di Tibet. <> Bilakah George Bogle datang ke Shigatse untuk menyiasat prospek perdagangan. || 1774 <> Siapa yang datang ke Tibet dari Eropah? || Jesuit dan Capuchins <> Bilakah kerajaan British dan Rusia mula mencerobohi Tibet? || abad ke-19", {"context": "This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe, and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company. However, in the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more tenuous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the Himalayas, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire were expanding into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of the others' intentions in Tibet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "1774"}], "question": "When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade.", "id": "5727d7c14b864d1900163e48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Jesuits and Capuchins"}], "question": "Who came to Tibet from Europe?", "id": "5727d7c14b864d1900163e49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet?", "id": "5727d7c14b864d1900163e4a"}]}], ["Antara 1346 dan 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen menggulingkan Sakya dan mendirikan Dinasti Phagmodrupa. 80 tahun yang lalu menyaksikan penubuhan sekolah Gelug (juga dikenali sebagai Topi Kuning) oleh murid-murid Je Tsongkhapa, dan pendirian biara Ganden, Drepung dan Sera yang penting berhampiran Lhasa. Bagaimanapun, persengketaan dalaman dalam dinasti dan kawasan tempatan yang kuat terhadap pelbagai bidang dan puak-puak politik-agama telah membawa kepada beberapa siri konflik dalaman yang panjang. Keluarga menteri Rinpungpa, yang berpusat di Tsang (Tibet Tengah Barat), menguasai politik selepas 1435. Pada tahun 1565, mereka telah digulingkan oleh Dinasti Tsangpa Shigatse yang mengembangkan kekuasaannya dalam arah yang berbeza dari Tibet pada dekade berikut dan menyukai mazhab Karma Kagyu. <> Bilakah Dinasti Phagmodrupa ditubuhkan? || Antara 1346 dan 1354 <> Siapakah yang mengasaskan sekolah Gelug? || murid-murid Je Tsongkhapa <> Yang menguasai politik selepas 1435? || menteri keluarga Rinpungpa <> Apakah mazhab Tsangpa Shigatse menyokong? || Karma Kagyu", {"context": "Between 1346 and 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya and founded the Phagmodrupa Dynasty. The following 80 years saw the founding of the Gelug school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of Je Tsongkhapa, and the founding of the important Ganden, Drepung and Sera monasteries near Lhasa. However, internal strife within the dynasty and the strong localism of the various fiefs and political-religious factions led to a long series of internal conflicts. The minister family Rinpungpa, based in Tsang (West Central Tibet), dominated politics after 1435. In 1565 they were overthrown by the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the Karma Kagyu sect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 1346 and 1354"}], "question": "When was the Phagmodrupa Dynasty founded?", "id": "5727d47eff5b5019007d9650"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "disciples of Je Tsongkhapa"}], "question": "Who founded the Gelug school?", "id": "5727d47eff5b5019007d9651"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "minister family Rinpungpa"}], "question": "Who dominated politics after 1435?", "id": "5727d47eff5b5019007d9652"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "Karma Kagyu"}], "question": "What sect did the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse favor?", "id": "5727d47eff5b5019007d9653"}]}], ["Dalai Lama ke-5 dikenali kerana menyatukan negara Tibet di bawah kendali sekolah Gelug Buddhisme Tibet, setelah mengalahkan sekte Kagyu dan Jonang dan penguasa sekuler, putera Tsangpa, dalam perang saudara yang berpanjangan. Usaha beliau berjaya sebahagiannya kerana bantuan dari G\u00fcshi Khan, pemimpin Oirat dari Khoshut Khanate. Dengan G\u00fcshi Khan sebagai tuan yang tidak terbantah, Dalai Lama ke-5 dan intiminya menubuhkan pentadbiran sivil yang dirujuk oleh ahli sejarah sebagai negara Lhasa. Rejim Tibet atau kerajaan ini juga disebut sebagai Ganden Phodrang. <> Siapa yang dikenali untuk menyatukan kawasan Tibet? || Dalai Lama ke-5 <Yang membantu Dalai Lama ke-5? || G\u00fcshi Khan <> Apa Dalai Lama dan intimatesnya? || Lhasa state <> Apakah kerajaan Tibet dirujuk sebagai? || Ganden Phodrang", {"context": "The 5th Dalai Lama is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, after defeating the rival Kagyu and Jonang sects and the secular ruler, the Tsangpa prince, in a prolonged civil war. His efforts were successful in part because of aid from G\u00fcshi Khan, the Oirat leader of the Khoshut Khanate. With G\u00fcshi Khan as a largely uninvolved overlord, the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates established a civil administration which is referred to by historians as the Lhasa state. This Tibetan regime or government is also referred to as the Ganden Phodrang.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "5th Dalai Lama"}], "question": "Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland?", "id": "5727d5153acd2414000deda1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "G\u00fcshi Khan"}], "question": "Who helped the 5th Dalai Lama?", "id": "5727d5153acd2414000deda2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Lhasa state"}], "question": "What did the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates establish?", "id": "5727d5153acd2414000deda3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Ganden Phodrang"}], "question": "What is the Tibetan goverment referred to as?", "id": "5727d5153acd2414000deda4"}]}], ["Sejarah Tibet bersatu bermula dengan pemerintahan Songts\u00e4n Gampo (604-650 M), yang menyatukan sebahagian dari Lembah Sungai Yarlung dan mengasaskan Empayar Tibet. Beliau juga membawa banyak pembaharuan, dan kuasa Tibet menyebar dengan pesat, mewujudkan empayar yang besar dan berkuasa. Secara tradisinya dianggap bahawa isteri pertamanya adalah Putri Nepal, Bhrikuti, dan dia memainkan peranan yang besar dalam penubuhan Buddhisme di Tibet. Pada tahun 640, beliau berkahwin dengan Puteri Wencheng, anak saudara raja Taizong yang kuat dari Tang China. <> Yang mengasaskan Empayar Tibet? || Songts\u00e4n Gampo <> Siapa yang Songtsan Gampo berkahwin dalam 640? || Princess Wencheng <> Siapa isteri pertama Songtsan Gampo? || Puteri Nepal, Bhrikuti <> Apa itu Songtsan Gampo bersatu? || bahagian Lembah Sungai Yarlung", {"context": "The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songts\u00e4n Gampo (604\u2013650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Songts\u00e4n Gampo"}], "question": "Who founded the Tibetan Empire?", "id": "5727c5984b864d1900163cde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Princess Wencheng"}], "question": "Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640?", "id": "5727c5984b864d1900163cdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti"}], "question": "Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife?", "id": "5727c5984b864d1900163ce0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "parts of the Yarlung River Valley"}], "question": "What did Songtsan Gampo unite?", "id": "5727c5984b864d1900163ce1"}]}], ["Teks-teks sejarah Tibet yang paling awal mengenal pasti budaya Zhang Zhung sebagai orang yang berhijrah dari rantau Amdo ke kawasan yang sekarang menjadi wilayah Guge di Tibet barat. Zhang Zhung dianggap sebagai rumah asal agama B\u00f6n. Menjelang abad ke-1 SM, sebuah kerajaan jiran muncul di lembah Yarlung, dan raja Yarlung, Drigum Tsenpo, cuba menghilangkan pengaruh Zhang Zhung dengan mengusir imam-imam Zhang Zhang dari Yarlung. Dia dibunuh dan Zhang Zhung meneruskan dominasi rantau ini sehingga ia dilampirkan oleh Songtsen Gampo pada abad ke-7. Sebelum Songts\u00e4n Gampo, raja-raja Tibet lebih banyak mitos daripada fakta, dan terdapat bukti yang tidak mencukupi tentang kewujudan mereka. <> Di manakah orang-orang Zhang Zhung berhijrah? || Rantau Amdo <> Di mana orang-orang Zhang Zhung berhijrah ke? || Tibet barat <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai rumah asal agama Bon? || Zhang Zhung <> Yang raja Yarlung cuba menghilangkan pengaruh Zhang Zhung? || Drigum Tsenpo <> Siapa raja pertama Tibet yang sebenarnya? || Songts\u00e4n Gampo", {"context": "The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the B\u00f6n religion. By the 1st century BCE, a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung valley, and the Yarlung king, Drigum Tsenpo, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's B\u00f6n priests from Yarlung. He was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century. Prior to Songts\u00e4n Gampo, the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual, and there is insufficient evidence of their existence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Amdo region"}], "question": "Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from?", "id": "5727c4ac2ca10214002d95d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "western Tibet"}], "question": "Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to?", "id": "5727c4ac2ca10214002d95d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Zhang Zhung"}], "question": "What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion?", "id": "5727c4ac2ca10214002d95d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Drigum Tsenpo"}], "question": "Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung?", "id": "5727c4ac2ca10214002d95d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "Songts\u00e4n Gampo"}], "question": "Who was the first factual king of Tibet?", "id": "5727c4ac2ca10214002d95d6"}]}], ["Pemerintahan Dinasti Qing di Tibet bermula dengan ekspedisi 1720 mereka ke negara itu ketika mereka mengusir Dzungars yang menyerang. Amdo berada di bawah kawalan Qing pada tahun 1724, dan Kham timur telah dimasukkan ke dalam wilayah China berjiran pada tahun 1728. Sementara itu, kerajaan Qing menghantar pesuruh menunaikan yang dipanggil Ambans ke Lhasa. Pada tahun 1750, Ambans dan majoriti Han Cina dan Manchus yang tinggal di Lhasa terbunuh dalam kerusuhan, dan pasukan Qing tiba dengan cepat dan menindas pemberontak pada tahun berikutnya. Seperti dinasti Yuan yang terdahulu, Manchus dinasti Qing menuntut kawalan ketenteraan dan pentadbiran di rantau ini, sambil memberikan darjah autonomi politik. Komandan Qing secara terbuka mengeksekusi sejumlah penyokong pemberontak dan, seperti pada tahun 1723 dan 1728, membuat perubahan dalam struktur politik dan membuat rancangan organisasi formal. Qing kini memulihkan Dalai Lama sebagai pemerintah, memimpin dewan perundangan yang dipanggil Kashag, tetapi meningkatkan peranan Ambans untuk memasukkan lebih banyak penglibatan langsung dalam urusan dalaman Tibet. Pada masa yang sama, Qing mengambil langkah untuk mengimbangi kuasa kaum bangsawan dengan menambah pegawai yang direkrut dari paderi ke jawatan utama. <> Bilakah dinasti Qing mula memerintah di Tibet? || 1720 <> Bilakah Amdo berada di bawah kawalan Qing? || 1724 <> Bilakah Kham dimasukkan ke dalam wilayah China yang berdekatan? || 1728 <> Yang memulihkan Dalai Lama sebagai penguasa? || Qing <> Apa yang dipanggil perundingan? || Kashag", {"context": "Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars. Amdo came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called Ambans to Lhasa. In 1750 the Ambans and the majority of the Han Chinese and Manchus living in Lhasa were killed in a riot, and Qing troops arrived quickly and suppressed the rebels in the next year. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control of the region, while granting it a degree of political autonomy. The Qing commander publicly executed a number of supporters of the rebels and, as in 1723 and 1728, made changes in the political structure and drew up a formal organization plan. The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler, leading the governing council called Kashag, but elevated the role of Ambans to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs. At the same time the Qing took steps to counterbalance the power of the aristocracy by adding officials recruited from the clergy to key posts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "1720"}], "question": "When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet?", "id": "5727d6102ca10214002d97ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "1724"}], "question": "When did Amdo come under Qing control?", "id": "5727d6102ca10214002d97ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "1728"}], "question": "When was Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces?", "id": "5727d6102ca10214002d97ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 857, "text": "Qing"}], "question": "Who restored the Dalai Lama as a ruler?", "id": "5727d6102ca10214002d97af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 937, "text": "Kashag"}], "question": "What was the governing councel called?", "id": "5727d6112ca10214002d97b0"}]}], ["Sungai Indus dan Brahmaputra berasal dari tasik (Tib: Tso Mapham) di Tibet Barat, berhampiran Gunung Kailash. Gunung ini adalah tapak ziarah suci bagi orang Hindu dan Tibet. Orang Hindu menganggap gunung itu sebagai tempat tinggal Tuhan Shiva. Nama Tibet untuk Mt. Kailash adalah Khang Rinpoche. Tibet mempunyai banyak tasik ketinggian yang dirujuk di Tibet sebagai tso atau co. Ini termasuk Tasik Qinghai, Tasik Manasarovar, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Tasik Yamdrok, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Tasik Puma Yumco, Tasik Paiku, Tasik Rakshastal, Dagze Co dan Dong Co. Tasik Qinghai (Koko Nor) adalah tasik terbesar di Republik Rakyat China. <> Gunung mana adalah haji suci bagi orang Hindu dan Tibet? || Gunung Kailash <> Siapa yang Hindu percaya hidup di Gunung Kailash? || Lord Shiva <> Apakah nama Tibet Gunung Kailash? || Khang Rinpoche <> Tasik mana yang terbesar di China? || Tasik Qinghai", {"context": "The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake (Tib: Tso Mapham) in Western Tibet, near Mount Kailash. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva. The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-altitude lakes referred to in Tibetan as tso or co. These include Qinghai Lake, Lake Manasarovar, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Yamdrok Lake, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Lake Puma Yumco, Lake Paiku, Lake Rakshastal, Dagze Co and Dong Co. The Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Mount Kailash"}], "question": "Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans?", "id": "5727e1cb3acd2414000deed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Lord Shiva"}], "question": "Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash?", "id": "5727e1cb3acd2414000deed2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Khang Rinpoche"}], "question": "What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash?", "id": "5727e1cb3acd2414000deed3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Qinghai Lake"}], "question": "Which lake is the largest in China?", "id": "5727e1cb3acd2414000deed4"}]}], ["Tibet mempunyai beberapa gunung tertinggi di dunia, dengan beberapa daripada mereka membuat senarai sepuluh teratas. Gunung Everest, yang terletak di sempadan Nepal, adalah, pada 8,848 meter (29,029 kaki), gunung tertinggi di dunia. Beberapa sungai utama mempunyai sumber mereka di Dataran Tinggi Tibet (kebanyakannya di Wilayah Qinghai sekarang). Ini termasuk Yangtze, Sungai Kuning, Sungai Indus, Mekong, Ganges, Salween dan Sungai Yarlung Tsangpo (Sungai Brahmaputra). Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, di sepanjang Sungai Yarlung Tsangpo, adalah di antara jurang yang paling dalam dan terpanjang di dunia. <> Di mana sempadan Tibet adalah Gunung Everest terletak? || Nepal <> Berapa tinggi, kaki, adalah Gunung Everest? || 29,029 <> Di manakah sumber sungai Yangtze? || Dataran Tinggi Tibet", {"context": "Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, located on the border with Nepal, is, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), the highest mountain on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Nepal"}], "question": "On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located?", "id": "5727e0603acd2414000deeb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "29,029"}], "question": "How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?", "id": "5727e0603acd2414000deeba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Tibetan Plateau"}], "question": "Where is the source of the Yangtze river?", "id": "5727e0603acd2414000deebb"}]}], ["Dari segi sejarah, populasi Tibet terdiri daripada Tibet etnik terutama dan beberapa kumpulan etnik yang lain. Menurut tradisi nenek moyang asli orang Tibet, seperti yang diwakili oleh enam band merah dalam bendera Tibet, adalah: Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru dan Ra. Lain-lain kumpulan etnik tradisional yang mempunyai penduduk yang besar atau dengan majoriti kumpulan etnik yang tinggal di Tibet (termasuk kawasan yang dipertikaikan dengan India) termasuk orang Bai, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui, Lhoba, Lisu, Miao, Monguor (orang Tu), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu orang, Pumi, Salar, dan Yi. <> Bagaimana nenek moyang asli orang Tibet diwakili? || enam band merah dalam bendera Tibet <> Berapa banyak penduduk Tibet yang terdiri daripada? || etnik Tibetans <> Negara mana yang mempunyai kawasan yang dipertikaikan dengan Tibet? || India", {"context": "Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet (excluding a disputed area with India) include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "six red bands in the Tibetan flag"}], "question": "How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?", "id": "5727e6f8ff5b5019007d97f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "ethnic Tibetans"}], "question": "What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?", "id": "5727e6f8ff5b5019007d97f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "India"}], "question": "Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?", "id": "5727e6f8ff5b5019007d97fa"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1980, Setiausaha Agung dan reformis Hu Yaobang melawat Tibet dan memasuki masa liberalisasi sosial, politik, dan ekonomi. Walau bagaimanapun, pada penghujung dekad, sama seperti demonstrasi Square Tiananmen pada tahun 1989, para biarawan di biara Drepung dan Sera mula memperjuangkan kemerdekaan, dan oleh itu kerajaan menghentikan pembaharuan dan memulakan kempen anti-separatis. Pertubuhan hak asasi manusia telah menjadi kritikal terhadap pendekatan pemerintah Beijing dan Lhasa terhadap hak asasi manusia di rantau ini ketika menghancurkan sawan pemisah yang telah terjadi di sekitar biara dan kota, yang paling baru pada pergolakan Tibet 2008. <> Bilakah Hu Yaobang melawat Tibet? || 1980 <> Bilakah para bhikkhu di biara Drepung dan Sera mula memprotes untuk kemerdekaan? || 1989 <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh kerajaan apabila ia menghentikan reformasi? || memulakan kempen anti-pemisah <> Bilakah pergolakan Tibet yang paling baru? || 2008 <> Untuk apa yang telah dikritik oleh kerajaan Beijing dan Lhasa? || hak manusia", {"context": "In 1980, General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and economic liberalization. At the end of the decade, however, analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence, and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign. Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1980"}], "question": "When did Hu Yaobang visit Tibet?", "id": "5727dbae3acd2414000dee25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "1989"}], "question": "When did monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries start protesting for independence?", "id": "5727dbae3acd2414000dee26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "started an anti-separatist campaign"}], "question": "What did the government do when it halted reforms?", "id": "5727dbae3acd2414000dee27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "2008"}], "question": "When was the most recent Tibetan unrest?", "id": "5727dbae3acd2414000dee28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "human rights"}], "question": "For what have the Beijing and Lhasa goverments been criticized?", "id": "5727dbae3acd2414000dee29"}]}], ["Atmosfernya sangat kering sembilan bulan dalam setahun, dan salji purata tahunan hanya 18 inci (46 cm), akibat kesan bayang hujan. Pas pas masuk menerima jumlah kecil salji segar setiap tahun tetapi tetap dilalui sepanjang tahun. Suhu yang rendah lazim di seluruh kawasan barat ini, di mana kebencian yang suram tidak dapat dipercaya oleh sebarang tumbuh-tumbuhan yang lebih besar daripada semak belukar yang rendah, dan di mana angin menyapu tidak terkesan di dataran luas dataran gersang. Monsun India menimbulkan pengaruh di Tibet timur. Tibet Utara tertakluk kepada suhu tinggi pada musim panas dan sejuk yang sengit pada musim sejuk. <> Apakah salji purata tahunan di Tibet? || 18 inci <> Apakah corak cuaca menimbulkan pengaruh di TIbet Timur? || Hujan monsun India <> Apakah musim sejuk seperti di Tibet? || sejuk sengit", {"context": "The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches (46 cm), due to the rain shadow effect. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "18 inches"}], "question": "What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet?", "id": "5727e26aff5b5019007d9784"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Indian monsoon"}], "question": "What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet?", "id": "5727e26aff5b5019007d9785"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "intense cold"}], "question": "What are winters like in Tibet?", "id": "5727e26aff5b5019007d9786"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1904, ekspedisi British ke Tibet, didorong sebahagiannya oleh ketakutan bahawa Rusia memperluas kuasa ke Tibet sebagai sebahagian daripada The Great Game, menyerang negara itu, dengan harapan rundingan dengan Dalai Lama ke-13 akan lebih berkesan daripada dengan wakil-wakil Cina . Apabila pencerobohan yang diketuai oleh British tiba di Tibet pada 12 Disember 1903, konfrontasi bersenjata dengan kaum etnik Tibet mengakibatkan Pembunuhan Chumik Shenko, yang mengakibatkan 600 kematian di kalangan pasukan Tibet, berbanding hanya 12 di sebelah pihak British. Selepas itu, pada tahun 1904 Francis Younghusband mengenakan perjanjian yang dikenali sebagai Perjanjian Lhasa, yang kemudian ditolak dan digantikan oleh perjanjian 1906 yang ditandatangani antara Britain dan China. <> Bilakah ekspedisi British ke Tibet menyerang negara ini? || 1904 <> Dengan siapa Inggeris berharap untuk berunding? || Dalai Lama ke-13 <> Berapa banyak tentera Tibet yang mati di Pembunuhan Chumik Shenko? || 600 <> Berapa banyak tentera British yang mati dalam Pembunuhan Chumik Shenko? || 12 <> Siapa yang membuat Perjanjian Lhasa? || Francis Younghusband", {"context": "In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet, spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game, invaded the country, hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives. When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12, 1903, an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko, which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces, compared to only 12 on the British side. Afterwards, in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa, which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1904"}], "question": "When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country?", "id": "5727d8bc4b864d1900163e64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "13th Dalai Lama"}], "question": "With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate?", "id": "5727d8bc4b864d1900163e65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "600"}], "question": "How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?", "id": "5727d8bc4b864d1900163e66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?", "id": "5727d8bc4b864d1900163e67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Francis Younghusband"}], "question": "Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?", "id": "5727d8bc4b864d1900163e68"}]}], ["Selepas Revolusi Xinhai (1911-12) menggulingkan Dinasti Qing dan tentera Qing terakhir dikawal keluar dari Tibet, Republik China yang baru memohon maaf atas tindakan Qing dan menawarkan untuk memulihkan gelaran Dalai Lama. Dalai Lama menolak sebarang tajuk Cina dan mengisytiharkan dirinya penguasa Tibet yang bebas. Pada tahun 1913, Tibet dan Mongolia membuat perjanjian yang saling pengiktirafan. Untuk 36 tahun akan datang, Dalai Lama ke-13 dan bupati yang menggantikannya menguasai Tibet. Pada masa ini, Tibet berperang sebagai panglima perang China untuk mengawal kawasan etnik Tibet di Xikang dan Qinghai (bahagian Kham dan Amdo) di sepanjang hulu Sungai Yangtze. Pada tahun 1914 kerajaan Tibet menandatangani Simla Accord dengan Britain, menyerahkan wilayah Tibet Selatan ke British India. Kerajaan China mengecam perjanjian itu sebagai haram. <> Bilakah Revolusi Xinhai menjatuhkan Dinasti Qing? || 1911-12 <> Siapa yang mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai penguasa sebuah Tibet yang bebas? || Dalai Lama <> Bilakah Tibet dan Mongolia membuat perjanjian dengan pengiktirafan bersama? || 1913 <> Bilakah kerajaan Tibet menandatangani Simla Accord dengan Britain? || 1914 <> Kenapa pemerintah China menolak perjanjian itu? || haram", {"context": "After the Xinhai Revolution (1911\u201312) toppled the Qing dynasty and the last Qing troops were escorted out of Tibet, the new Republic of China apologized for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama's title. The Dalai Lama refused any Chinese title and declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet. In 1913, Tibet and Mongolia concluded a treaty of mutual recognition. For the next 36 years, the 13th Dalai Lama and the regents who succeeded him governed Tibet. During this time, Tibet fought Chinese warlords for control of the ethnically Tibetan areas in Xikang and Qinghai (parts of Kham and Amdo) along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1914 the Tibetan government signed the Simla Accord with Britain, ceding the South Tibet region to British India. The Chinese government denounced the agreement as illegal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "1911\u201312"}], "question": "When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty?", "id": "5727d99a3acd2414000dee0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Dalai Lama"}], "question": "Who declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet?", "id": "5727d99a3acd2414000dee0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "1913"}], "question": "When did Tibet and Mongolia conclude a treaty of mutual recognition?", "id": "5727d99a3acd2414000dee0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "1914"}], "question": "When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain?", "id": "5727d99a3acd2414000dee10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "illegal"}], "question": "Why did the Chinese goverment denounce the accord?", "id": "5727d99a3acd2414000dee11"}]}], ["Dari Januari 18-20, 2010 satu persidangan kebangsaan mengenai Tibet dan kawasan yang dihuni oleh Tibet di Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu dan Qinghai telah diadakan di China dan rancangan besar untuk meningkatkan pembangunan kawasan-kawasan diumumkan. Persidangan itu dihadiri oleh Setiausaha Agung Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang dan Zhou Yongkang, semua anggota Jawatankuasa Tetap Politburo yang menyatakan komitmen pemimpin senior Cina untuk pembangunan Tibet dan kawasan etnik Tibet. Rancangan ini menuntut peningkatan pendapatan luar bandar Tibet kepada taraf kebangsaan menjelang 2020 dan pendidikan percuma untuk semua kanak-kanak Tibet luar bandar. China telah melabur 310 bilion yuan (kira-kira 45.6 bilion dolar AS) di Tibet sejak tahun 2001. \"KDNK Tibet dijangka mencapai 43.7 bilion yuan pada tahun 2009, naik 170 peratus daripada itu pada tahun 2000 dan mencatatkan pertumbuhan tahunan sebanyak 12.3 peratus sejak sembilan tahun. \" <> Pada tahun apakah persidangan kebangsaan mengenai Tibet yang diadakan di China? || 2010 <> Ahli mana jawatankuasa yang menghadiri persidangan itu? || Jawatankuasa Tetap Politburo CPC <> Dengan apakah rancangan itu menuntut peningkatan pendapatan penduduk Tibet? || 2020 <> Apa rancangan itu untuk semua kanak-kanak Tibet luar bandar untuk menerima secara percuma? || pendidikan <> Berapa banyak, dalam dolar Amerika, telah China melabur di Tibet sejak tahun 2001? || kira-kira 45.6 bilion", {"context": "From January 18\u201320, 2010 a national conference on Tibet and areas inhabited by Tibetans in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai was held in China and a substantial plan to improve development of the areas was announced. The conference was attended by General secretary Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang and Zhou Yongkang, all members of CPC Politburo Standing Committee signaling the commitment of senior Chinese leaders to development of Tibet and ethnic Tibetan areas. The plan calls for improvement of rural Tibetan income to national standards by 2020 and free education for all rural Tibetan children. China has invested 310 billion yuan (about 45.6 billion U.S. dollars) in Tibet since 2001. \"Tibet's GDP was expected to reach 43.7 billion yuan in 2009, up 170 percent from that in 2000 and posting an annual growth of 12.3 percent over the past nine years.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year was a national conference on Tibet held in China?", "id": "5727e4f84b864d1900163f7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "CPC Politburo Standing Committee"}], "question": "Members of which committee attended the conference?", "id": "5727e4f84b864d1900163f7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "2020"}], "question": "By when does the plan call for improvement of rural Tibetan income?", "id": "5727e4f84b864d1900163f7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "education"}], "question": "What does the plan call for all rural Tibetan children to receive for free?", "id": "5727e4f84b864d1900163f7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "about 45.6 billion"}], "question": "How much, in US dollars, has China invested in Tibet since 2001?", "id": "5727e4f84b864d1900163f7e"}]}], ["Tanaman utama yang ditanam adalah barli, gandum, soba, rai, kentang, dan buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran yang pelbagai. Tibet menduduki tempat paling rendah di antara 31 wilayah wilayah China dalam Indeks Pembangunan Manusia mengikut data Program Pembangunan PBB. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, disebabkan peningkatan minat dalam Buddhisme Tibet, pelancongan telah menjadi sektor yang semakin penting, dan secara aktif dipromosikan oleh pihak berkuasa. Pelancongan membawa pendapatan yang paling banyak daripada penjualan kraftangan. Ini termasuk topi Tibet, perhiasan (perak dan emas), barangan kayu, pakaian, selimut, kain, karpet Tibet dan karpet. Kerajaan Rakyat Pusat mengecualikan Tibet dari semua cukai dan menyediakan 90% perbelanjaan kerajaan Tibet. Bagaimanapun kebanyakan pelaburan ini akan membayar pekerja migran yang tidak menetap di Tibet dan menghantar sebahagian besar pendapatan mereka ke wilayah lain. <> Di mana Tibet berada di kalangan 31 wilayah di China dalam Indeks Pembangunan Manusia PBB? || terendah <> Apa yang telah meningkatkan pelancongan ke Tibet dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini? || Meningkatkan minat dalam Buddhisme Tibet <> Apakah Tibet dikecualikan? || semua pencukaian <> Dari mana kawasan pelancongan paling banyak pendapatan? || jualan kraftangan", {"context": "The main crops grown are barley, wheat, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, and assorted fruits and vegetables. Tibet is ranked the lowest among China\u2019s 31 provinces on the Human Development Index according to UN Development Programme data. In recent years, due to increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism, tourism has become an increasingly important sector, and is actively promoted by the authorities. Tourism brings in the most income from the sale of handicrafts. These include Tibetan hats, jewelry (silver and gold), wooden items, clothing, quilts, fabrics, Tibetan rugs and carpets. The Central People's Government exempts Tibet from all taxation and provides 90% of Tibet's government expenditures. However most of this investment goes to pay migrant workers who do not settle in Tibet and send much of their income home to other provinces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "lowest"}], "question": "Where is Tibet ranked among China's 31 provinces on the UN's Human Development Index?", "id": "5727e3254b864d1900163f3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism"}], "question": "What has increased tourism to Tibet in recent years?", "id": "5727e3254b864d1900163f3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "all taxation"}], "question": "What is Tibet exempt from?", "id": "5727e3254b864d1900163f3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "sale of handicrafts"}], "question": "From which area does tourism bring the most income?", "id": "5727e3254b864d1900163f3d"}]}], ["Selepas kerajaan Dalai Lama melarikan diri ke Dharamsala, India, semasa Pemberontakan Tibet pada tahun 1959, ia menubuhkan kerajaan yang terkalahkan. Selepas itu, Kerajaan Rakyat Pusat di Beijing menolak perjanjian itu dan mula melaksanakan reformasi sosial dan politik yang dihentikan. Semasa Great Leap Forward, antara 200,000 dan 1,000,000 warga Tibet mati, dan kira-kira 6,000 biara dihancurkan semasa Revolusi Kebudayaan. Pada tahun 1962, China dan India berperang dengan ringkas mengenai wilayah Tibet Selatan dan kawasan Aksai Chin yang dipertikaikan. Walaupun China memenangi perang, tentera China menarik balik utara Laluan McMahon, dengan berkesan menyerahkan Tibet Selatan ke India. <> Di mana kerajaan Dalai Lama melarikan diri semasa Pemberontakan Tibet 1959? || Dharamsala <> Berapa banyak orang Tibet meninggal semasa Great Leap Forward? || antara 200,000 dan 1,000,000 <> Berapa banyak biara yang musnah semasa Revolusi Kebudayaan? || 6,000 <> Bilakah China dan India berperang melawan Tibet Selatan dan Aksai Chin? || 1962 <> Ke mana tentera Tentera China keluar? || utara Laluan McMahon", {"context": "After the Dalai Lama's government fled to Dharamsala, India, during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, it established a rival government-in-exile. Afterwards, the Central People's Government in Beijing renounced the agreement and began implementation of the halted social and political reforms. During the Great Leap Forward, between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans died, and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over the disputed South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions. Although China won the war, Chinese troops withdrew north of the McMahon Line, effectively ceding South Tibet to India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Dharamsala"}], "question": "Where did the Dalai Lama's government flee to during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion?", "id": "5727dad9ff5b5019007d96e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "between 200,000 and 1,000,000"}], "question": "How many Tibetans died during the Great Leap Forward?", "id": "5727dad9ff5b5019007d96e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "6,000"}], "question": "How many monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution?", "id": "5727dad9ff5b5019007d96ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "1962"}], "question": "When did China and India fight a war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin?", "id": "5727dad9ff5b5019007d96eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "north of the McMahon Line"}], "question": "To where did Chinese troops withdraw?", "id": "5727dad9ff5b5019007d96ec"}]}], ["Muzik Tibet sering melibatkan nyanyian dalam bahasa Tibet atau Sanskrit, sebagai sebahagian daripada agama. Lagu-lagu ini adalah kompleks, sering membaca teks suci atau dalam perayaan pelbagai perayaan. Yang melaungkan, dilakukan tanpa masa metrik, disertai dengan gendang resonan dan suku kata yang rendah dan berterusan. Gaya lain termasuk yang unik kepada pelbagai sekolah agama Buddha Tibet, seperti muzik klasik sekolah Gelugpa yang popular, dan muzik romantis dari sekolah Nyingmapa, Sakyapa dan Kagyupa. <> Dalam bahasa apakah bahasa Tibet sering diucapkan? || Tibet atau Sanskrit <> Apa yang selalu mengandungi lagu-lagu? || pembacaan teks-teks suci <> Apa jenis nyanyian dilakukan tanpa pemasaan metrik? || Yang <> Apa jenis muzik yang berasal dari sekolah Gelugpa yang popular? || klasik", {"context": "Tibetan music often involves chanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit, as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the classical music of the popular Gelugpa school, and the romantic music of the Nyingmapa, Sakyapa and Kagyupa schools.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Tibetan or Sanskrit"}], "question": "In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?", "id": "5727ed31ff5b5019007d98b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "recitations of sacred texts"}], "question": "What do the chants often contain?", "id": "5727ed31ff5b5019007d98b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Yang"}], "question": "What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing?", "id": "5727ed31ff5b5019007d98b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "classical"}], "question": "What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school?", "id": "5727ed31ff5b5019007d98b7"}]}], ["Jesuit Katolik Roman dan Capuchin tiba dari Eropah pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18. Mubaligh Portugis Jesuit Father Ant\u00f3nio de Andrade dan Bruder Manuel Marques mula-mula sampai ke kerajaan Gelu di Tibet barat pada tahun 1624 dan dialu-alukan oleh keluarga diraja yang membiarkan mereka membangun gereja di kemudian hari. Menjelang 1627, terdapat kira-kira seratus penukaran tempatan di kerajaan Guge. Kemudian, agama Kristian diperkenalkan kepada Rudok, Ladakh dan Tsang dan disambut oleh penguasa kerajaan Tsang, di mana Andrade dan kawan-kawannya menubuhkan sebuah jepang Jesuit di Shigatse pada tahun 1626. Kapan Jesuit Katolik Roma dan Capuchin tiba di Tibet dari Eropah? || Abad ke-17 dan ke-18 <> Bilakah mubaligh Portugis mula-mula tiba di Tibet barat? || 1624 <> Kapan agama Kristian diperkenalkan kepada Rudok, Ladakh, dan Tsang? || 1626", {"context": "Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father Ant\u00f3nio de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of Gelu in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on. By 1627, there were about a hundred local converts in the Guge kingdom. Later on, Christianity was introduced to Rudok, Ladakh and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the Tsang kingdom, where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "17th and 18th centuries"}], "question": "When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe?", "id": "5727ea72ff5b5019007d9876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "1624"}], "question": "When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet?", "id": "5727ea72ff5b5019007d9877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "1626"}], "question": "When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?", "id": "5727ea72ff5b5019007d9878"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1661 Jesuit lain, Johann Grueber, melintasi Tibet dari Sining ke Lhasa (di mana dia menghabiskan sebulan), sebelum menuju ke Nepal. Dia diikuti oleh orang lain yang sebenarnya membina sebuah gereja di Lhasa. Ini termasuk Bapa Jesuit Ippolito Desideri, 1716-1721, yang memperoleh pengetahuan mendalam mengenai budaya Tibet, bahasa dan agama Buddha, dan berbagai kapusin pada tahun 1707-1711, 1716-1733 dan 1741-1745, Kekristianan digunakan oleh beberapa raja Tibet dan mereka mahkamah dan mazhab karmapa lamas untuk mengimbangi pengaruh mazhab Gelugpa pada abad ke-17 sehingga pada tahun 1745 apabila semua mubaligh diusir dari desakan lama tersebut. <> Bilakah Johann Grueber menyeberangi Tibet dalam perjalanan ke Nepal? || 1661 <> Bilakah Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri menghabiskan masa di Tibet? || 1716-1721 <> Bagaimana agama Kristian digunakan oleh beberapa raja Tibet? || mengimbangi pengaruh mazhab Gelugpa", {"context": "In 1661 another Jesuit, Johann Grueber, crossed Tibet from Sining to Lhasa (where he spent a month), before heading on to Nepal. He was followed by others who actually built a church in Lhasa. These included the Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri, 1716\u20131721, who gained a deep knowledge of Tibetan culture, language and Buddhism, and various Capuchins in 1707\u20131711, 1716\u20131733 and 1741\u20131745, Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the Karmapa sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama's insistence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1661"}], "question": "When did Johann Grueber cross Tibet on the way to Nepal?", "id": "5727eb332ca10214002d99b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "1716\u20131721"}], "question": "When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet?", "id": "5727eb332ca10214002d99b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect"}], "question": "How was Christianity used by some Tibetan monarchs?", "id": "5727eb332ca10214002d99b2"}]}], ["Tanaman yang paling penting di Tibet adalah barli, dan doh yang dibuat dari tepung barli yang dipanggil tsampa-adalah makanan ruji Tibet. Ini sama ada dilancarkan ke dalam mi atau dibuat ke dalam ladu kukus yang dipanggil momos. Hidangan daging mungkin yak, kambing atau kambing, sering dikeringkan, atau dimasak menjadi rebusan pedas dengan kentang. Benih Mustard ditanam di Tibet, dan oleh itu ciri-ciri yang banyak dalam masakannya. Yogurt Yak, mentega dan keju sering dimakan, dan yogurt yang dipersiapkan dengan baik dianggap sebagai barang prestise. Teh mentega sangat popular untuk diminum. <> Apa tanaman paling penting di Tibet? || barley <> Apa adunan yang dibuat dari tepung jelai dipanggil? || tsampa <> Apa yang dipanggil ladu kukus? || momos <> Apa minuman yang popular di Tibet? || Teh mentega <> Apa benih ditanam di Tibet? || Mustard", {"context": "The most important crop in Tibet is barley, and dough made from barley flour\u2014called tsampa\u2014is the staple food of Tibet. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momos. Meat dishes are likely to be yak, goat, or mutton, often dried, or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes. Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet, and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak yogurt, butter and cheese are frequently eaten, and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item. Butter tea is very popular to drink.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "barley"}], "question": "What is the most important crop in Tibet?", "id": "5727eec64b864d190016404c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "tsampa"}], "question": "What is dough made from barley flour called?", "id": "5727eec64b864d190016404d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "momos"}], "question": "What are steamed dumplings called?", "id": "5727eec64b864d190016404e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Butter tea"}], "question": "What is a popular drink in Tibet?", "id": "5727eec64b864d190016404f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Mustard"}], "question": "What seed is cultivated in Tibet?", "id": "5727eec64b864d1900164050"}]}], ["Berdiri di ketinggian 117 meter (384 kaki) dan lebar 360 meter (1,180 kaki), Istana Potala adalah contoh seni bina Tibet yang paling penting. Dahulu kediaman Dalai Lama, ia mengandungi lebih dari seribu bilik dalam tiga belas cerita, dan potret-potret rumah Dalai Lama dan patung-patung Buddha yang lalu. Ia dibahagikan antara Istana Putih yang luar, yang berfungsi sebagai pihak pentadbiran, dan Kuarters Merah yang dalam, yang menempatkan dewan perhimpunan Lamas, kapel, 10,000 kuil, dan perpustakaan kitab Buddha yang luas. Istana Potala adalah Tapak Warisan Dunia, seperti Norbulingka, kediaman lama Dalai Lama. <> Siapa yang pernah tinggal di Istana Potala? || Dalai Lama <> Berapa banyak cerita yang dimuat di Istana Potala? || tiga belas <> Berapa banyak kuil ada di Istana Potala? || 10,000 <> Apa itu Norbulingka? || bekas kediaman musim panas Dalai Lama", {"context": "Standing at 117 metres (384 feet) in height and 360 metres (1,180 feet) in width, the Potala Palace is the most important example of Tibetan architecture. Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories, and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided between the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines, and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures. The Potala Palace is a World Heritage Site, as is Norbulingka, the former summer residence of the Dalai Lama.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "the Dalai Lama"}], "question": "Who used to reside in the Potala Palace?", "id": "5727ec8b2ca10214002d99ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "How many stories does the Potala Palace contain?", "id": "5727ec8b2ca10214002d99cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "How many shrines exist in the Potala Palace?", "id": "5727ec8b2ca10214002d99cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "former summer residence of the Dalai Lama"}], "question": "What is Norbulingka?", "id": "5727ec8b2ca10214002d99cd"}]}], ["Umat Islam telah tinggal di Tibet sejak awal abad ke-8 atau ke-9. Di bandar-bandar Tibet terdapat komuniti kecil umat Islam, yang dikenali sebagai Kachee (Kache), yang mengesan asal mereka kepada pendatang dari tiga kawasan utama: Kashmir (Kachee Yul di Tibet purba), Ladakh dan negara-negara Turkic Asia Tengah. Pengaruh Islam di Tibet juga berasal dari Persia. Selepas tahun 1959 sekumpulan umat Islam Tibet membuat kes bagi kebangsaan India berdasarkan akar sejarah mereka ke Kashmir dan kerajaan India mengisytiharkan semua warganegara Tibet Muslim India pada tahun itu. Kumpulan etnik lain Muslim yang telah lama mendiami Tibet termasuk Hui, Salar, Dongxiang dan Bonan. Terdapat juga masyarakat Islam Cina yang mantap (gya kachee), yang mengesan nenek moyangnya kembali kepada kumpulan etnik Hui China. <> Apakah umat Islam Tibet yang dikenali sebagai? || Kachee <> Di manakah pengaruh Islam di Tibet berasal? || Persia <> Pada tahun apakah semua umat Islam Tibet telah menyatakan warga Indiana? || 1959 <> Apa yang dipanggil komuniti Cina? || gya kachee", {"context": "Muslims have been living in Tibet since as early as the 8th or 9th century. In Tibetan cities, there are small communities of Muslims, known as Kachee (Kache), who trace their origin to immigrants from three main regions: Kashmir (Kachee Yul in ancient Tibetan), Ladakh and the Central Asian Turkic countries. Islamic influence in Tibet also came from Persia. After 1959 a group of Tibetan Muslims made a case for Indian nationality based on their historic roots to Kashmir and the Indian government declared all Tibetan Muslims Indian citizens later on that year. Other Muslim ethnic groups who have long inhabited Tibet include Hui, Salar, Dongxiang and Bonan. There is also a well established Chinese Muslim community (gya kachee), which traces its ancestry back to the Hui ethnic group of China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Kachee"}], "question": "What are Tibetan Muslims known as?", "id": "5727e94fff5b5019007d9832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Persia"}], "question": "Where did Islamic influence in Tibet come from?", "id": "5727e94fff5b5019007d9833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "1959"}], "question": "In what year were all Tibetan Muslims declared Indiana citizens?", "id": "5727e94fff5b5019007d9834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "gya kachee"}], "question": "What is the Chinese Muslim community called?", "id": "5727e94fff5b5019007d9835"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1877, Protestan James Cameron dari China Inland Mission berjalan dari Chongqing ke Batang di Garz\u00ea Wilayah Autonomi Tibet, wilayah Sichuan, dan \"membawa Injil kepada orang Tibet.\" Bermula pada abad ke-20, di Wilayah Autonomi Tibet Diqing di Yunnan, sebilangan besar penduduk Lisu dan beberapa Yi dan orang-orang Nu menjadi Kristian. Mubaligh terdahulu yang terkenal termasuk James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall dan Isobel Kuhn dari China Inland Mission, antara lain yang aktif di kawasan ini. <> Bilakah Protestan James Cameron membawa Injil kepada orang Tibet? || 1877 <> Bilakah ramai orang Lisu menukar agama Kristian? || Bermula pada abad ke-20 <Bagaimana dengan James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall, dan Isobel Kuhn terlibat dengan Tibet? || Mubaligh terdahulu yang terkenal", {"context": "In 1877, the Protestant James Cameron from the China Inland Mission walked from Chongqing to Batang in Garz\u00ea Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, and \"brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people.\" Beginning in the 20th century, in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, a large number of Lisu people and some Yi and Nu people converted to Christianity. Famous earlier missionaries include James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall and Isobel Kuhn of the China Inland Mission, among others who were active in this area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1877"}], "question": "When did Protestant James Cameron bring the Gospel to the Tibetan people?", "id": "5727ebf24b864d1900164038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Beginning in the 20th century"}], "question": "When did a large number of Lisu people convert to Christianity?", "id": "5727ebf24b864d1900164039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Famous earlier missionaries"}], "question": "How were James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall, and Isobel Kuhn involved with Tibet?", "id": "5727ebf24b864d190016403a"}]}], ["Tibet mempunyai pelbagai perayaan yang biasanya dilakukan untuk menyembah Buddha [rujukan?] Sepanjang tahun. Losar adalah Festival Tahun Baru Tibet. Persiapan untuk acara perayaan itu dimanifestasikan oleh persembahan khusus kepada dewa kuil keluarga, pintu dicat dengan simbol-simbol keagamaan, dan kerja keras lain yang dilakukan untuk mempersiapkan acara tersebut. Tibet makan Guthuk (sup mi barli dengan mengisi) pada Malam Tahun Baru dengan keluarga mereka. Pesta Doa Monlam mengikutinya pada bulan pertama kalendar Tibet, jatuh antara hari keempat dan hari kesebelas bulan pertama Tibet. Ia melibatkan tarian dan penyertaan dalam acara sukan, serta berkongsi piknik. Acara ini ditubuhkan pada tahun 1049 oleh Tsong Khapa, pengasas Dalai Lama dan perintah Panchen Lama. <> Apa yang disembah semasa pesta pelbagai Tibet? || Buddha <> Apakah Festival Tahun Baru Tibet dipanggil? || Losar <> Apa makan Tibet pada Malam Tahun Baru? || Guthuk <> Bilakah Festival Doa Monlam? || antara hari keempat dan kesebelas bulan pertama Tibet <> Siapa yang menubuhkan Festival Doa Monlam pada tahun 1049? || Tsong Khapa", {"context": "Tibet has various festivals that are commonly performed to worship the Buddha[citation needed] throughout the year. Losar is the Tibetan New Year Festival. Preparations for the festive event are manifested by special offerings to family shrine deities, painted doors with religious symbols, and other painstaking jobs done to prepare for the event. Tibetans eat Guthuk (barley noodle soup with filling) on New Year's Eve with their families. The Monlam Prayer Festival follows it in the first month of the Tibetan calendar, falling between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month. It involves dancing and participating in sports events, as well as sharing picnics. The event was established in 1049 by Tsong Khapa, the founder of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama's order.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Buddha"}], "question": "What is worshipped during Tibet's various festibals?", "id": "5727ee1f3acd2414000df00b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Losar"}], "question": "What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called?", "id": "5727ee1f3acd2414000df00c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Guthuk"}], "question": "What do Tibetan's eat on New Year's Eve?", "id": "5727ee1f3acd2414000df00d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month"}], "question": "When is the Monlam Prayer Festival?", "id": "5727ee1f3acd2414000df00e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "Tsong Khapa"}], "question": "Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049?", "id": "5727ee1f3acd2414000df00f"}]}], ["Agama sangat penting kepada orang Tibet dan mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat terhadap semua aspek kehidupan mereka. B\u00f6n adalah agama kuno Tibet, tetapi telah hampir diliputi oleh Buddhisme Tibet, bentuk Mahayana dan Vajrayana yang tersendiri, yang diperkenalkan ke Tibet dari tradisi Buddhis Sanskrit di utara India. Buddhisme Tibet diamalkan tidak hanya di Tibet tetapi juga di Mongolia, bahagian India utara, Republik Buryat, Republik Tuva, dan di Republik Kalmykia dan beberapa bahagian lain di China. Semasa Revolusi Kebudayaan China, hampir semua biara Tibet digeledah dan dimusnahkan oleh Pengawal Merah. Beberapa biara telah mula dibina semula sejak 1980-an (dengan sokongan terhad dari kerajaan China) dan kebebasan beragama yang lebih besar telah diberikan - walaupun masih terhad. Para biarawan kembali ke biara-biara di seluruh pendidikan Tibet dan biarawan semula walaupun jumlah pendeta yang dilarang sangat terbatas. Sebelum tahun 1950-an, antara 10 dan 20% lelaki di Tibet adalah sami. <> Apa pengaruh kuat terhadap semua aspek kehidupan Tibet? || Agama <> Apakah agama kuno Tibet? || B\u00f6n <> Ketika hampir semua biara Tibet dimusnahkan oleh Pengawal Merah? || Semasa Revolusi Kebudayaan China <> Ketika 10 hingga 20% orang Tibet menikahi rahib? || Sebelum tahun 1950-an", {"context": "Religion is extremely important to the Tibetans and has a strong influence over all aspects of their lives. B\u00f6n is the ancient religion of Tibet, but has been almost eclipsed by Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of Mahayana and Vajrayana, which was introduced into Tibet from the Sanskrit Buddhist tradition of northern India. Tibetan Buddhism is practiced not only in Tibet but also in Mongolia, parts of northern India, the Buryat Republic, the Tuva Republic, and in the Republic of Kalmykia and some other parts of China. During China's Cultural Revolution, nearly all Tibet's monasteries were ransacked and destroyed by the Red Guards. A few monasteries have begun to rebuild since the 1980s (with limited support from the Chinese government) and greater religious freedom has been granted \u2013 although it is still limited. Monks returned to monasteries across Tibet and monastic education resumed even though the number of monks imposed is strictly limited. Before the 1950s, between 10 and 20% of males in Tibet were monks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Religion"}], "question": "What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives?", "id": "5727e8e73acd2414000def87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "B\u00f6n"}], "question": "What is the ancient religion of Tibet?", "id": "5727e8e73acd2414000def88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "During China's Cultural Revolution"}], "question": "When were nearly all of Tibet's monasteries destroyed by the Red Guard?", "id": "5727e8e73acd2414000def89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 964, "text": "Before the 1950s"}], "question": "When were 10 to 20% of Tibets males monks?", "id": "5727e8e73acd2414000def8a"}]}]], [["Bapa-bapa Flying, sekumpulan imam Katolik Kanada, sering melawat Amerika Utara memainkan permainan hoki pameran untuk amal. Salah seorang pengasas organisasi, Les Costello, adalah seorang pemain NHL yang telah ditahbiskan sebagai imam selepas bersara daripada hoki profesional. Satu lagi pasukan hoki pameran terkenal ialah Pasukan Hoki Alumni Buffalo Sabers, yang terdiri hampir seluruh pemain NHL yang bersara, yang majoritinya (seperti namanya) memainkan sekurang-kurangnya sebahagian daripada kerjayanya untuk Buffalo Sabers. <> Apa kebangsaan adalah pasukan Flying Fathers? || Kanada <> Apakah agama adalah pasukan Flying Fathers? || Katolik <> Yang mengasaskan Flying Father? || Les Costello <> Apa liga yang kebanyakan ahli Pasukan Hoki Alumni Buffalo Sabers dari? || NHL <> Di mana asas Saores? || Buffalo", {"context": "The Flying Fathers, a Canadian group of Catholic priests, regularly toured North America playing exhibition hockey games for charity. One of the organization's founders, Les Costello, was a onetime NHL player who was ordained as a priest after retiring from professional hockey. Another prominent exhibition hockey team is the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team, which is composed almost entirely of retired NHL players, the majority of whom (as the name suggests) played at least a portion of their career for the Buffalo Sabres.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Canadian"}], "question": "What nationality is the Flying Fathers team?", "id": "5727bf6aff5b5019007d9428"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Catholic"}], "question": "What religion is the Flying Fathers team?", "id": "5727bf6aff5b5019007d9429"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Les Costello"}], "question": "Who founded the Flying Fathers?", "id": "5727bf6aff5b5019007d942a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "NHL"}], "question": "What league were most members of the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team from?", "id": "5727bf6aff5b5019007d942b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Buffalo"}], "question": "Where are the Saores based?", "id": "5727bf6aff5b5019007d942c"}]}], ["Pada hari-hari awal bola sepak persatuan, yang dikenali sebagai bola sepak atau bola sepak, perlawanan persahabatan (atau \"persahabatan\") adalah jenis perlawanan yang paling umum. Walau bagaimanapun, sejak perkembangan Liga Bola Sepak di England pada tahun 1888, pertandingan liga menjadi mantap, sebagai tambahan kepada pertandingan derby dan cawan yang panjang. Menjelang tahun 2000, liga nasional ditubuhkan di hampir setiap negara di seluruh dunia, serta liga tempatan atau serantau untuk pasukan peringkat rendah, oleh itu kepentingan persahabatan telah menurun secara serius sejak abad ke-19. <> Apakah jenis perlawanan yang paling biasa pada hari-hari awal bola sepak? || Perlawanan persahabatan (atau \"persahabatan\") <> Bilakah Liga Bola Sepak bermula di England? || 1888 <> Pada tahun apakah liga bola sepak kebangsaan telah dibentuk di hampir setiap negara? || 2000 <> Apa perkembangan pertandingan liga kebangsaan menyebabkan penurunan yang serius? || kepentingan persahabatan", {"context": "In the early days of association football, known simply as football or soccer, friendly matches (or \"friendlies\") were the most common type of match. However, since the development of The Football League in England in 1888, league tournaments became established, in addition to lengthy derby and cup tournaments. By the year 2000, national leagues were established in almost every country throughout the world, as well as local or regional leagues for lower level teams, thus the significance of friendlies has seriously declined since the 19th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "friendly matches (or \"friendlies\")"}], "question": "What were the most common type of matches in the early days of soccer?", "id": "5727bb1b4b864d1900163bc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "1888"}], "question": "When did the Football League begin in England?", "id": "5727bb1b4b864d1900163bc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "2000"}], "question": "By what year had national football leagues been formed in nearly every country?", "id": "5727bb1b4b864d1900163bc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "the significance of friendlies"}], "question": "What did the growth of national leagues cause a serious decline in?", "id": "5727bb1b4b864d1900163bc7"}]}], ["Pasukan antarabangsa juga bermain persahabatan, secara amnya sebagai persediaan untuk peringkat kelayakan atau peringkat akhir kejohanan utama. Ini penting, kerana skuad kebangsaan umumnya mempunyai masa yang lebih lama bersama untuk menyediakannya. Perbezaan terbesar antara persahabatan di kelab dan peringkat antarabangsa adalah persahabatan antarabangsa kebanyakannya berlaku semasa musim liga kelab, bukan di antara mereka. Ini telah menyebabkan perselisihan di antara persatuan dan kelab kebangsaan mengenai ketersediaan pemain, yang boleh menjadi cedera atau lelah dalam persahabatan. <> Apa persahabatan yang membantu pasukan antarabangsa bersedia? || peringkat kelayakan atau akhir pertandingan utama <> Jenis pasukan mana yang tidak mempunyai masa untuk menyediakan pertandingan? || skuad kebangsaan <> Apa persahabatan liga antarabangsa berlaku di tengah-tengah? || musim liga kelab <> Kebimbangan apa yang menyebabkan persatuan dan kelab kebangsaan tidak bersetuju dengan persahabatan? || ketersediaan pemain, yang boleh menjadi cedera atau penat", {"context": "International teams also play friendlies, generally in preparation for the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments. This is essential, since national squads generally have much less time together in which to prepare. The biggest difference between friendlies at the club and international levels is that international friendlies mostly take place during club league seasons, not between them. This has on occasion led to disagreement between national associations and clubs as to the availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued in a friendly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments"}], "question": "What do friendlies help international teams prepare for?", "id": "5727bd203acd2414000deb15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "national squads"}], "question": "Which type of team lacks time to prepare for tournaments?", "id": "5727bd203acd2414000deb16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "club league seasons"}], "question": "What do international leagues' friendlies happen in the middle of?", "id": "5727bd203acd2414000deb17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued"}], "question": "What concern has caused national associations and clubs to disagree about friendlies?", "id": "5727bd203acd2414000deb18"}]}], ["Di UK dan Ireland, \"perlawanan pameran\" dan \"perlawanan persahabatan\" merujuk kepada dua jenis perlawanan yang berbeza. Jenis-jenis yang digambarkan di atas sebagai persahabatan tidak disebut pertandingan pameran, sedangkan pertandingan tahunan bertaraf tahunan seperti yang diadakan di Amerika Major League Soccer atau Liga Jepun Jepun disebut pertandingan pameran dan bukan pertandingan persahabatan. Perlawanan satu kali untuk penggalangan dana amal, biasanya melibatkan satu atau dua pasukan all-star, atau perlawanan yang diadakan sebagai penghormatan kepada pemain untuk sumbangan kepada kelabnya, juga boleh digambarkan sebagai perlawanan pameran tetapi mereka biasanya dirujuk sebagai pertandingan amal dan perlawanan testimoni masing-masing. <> Di mana \"perlawanan pameran\" dan \"perlawanan persahabatan\" tidak sinonim? || UK dan Ireland <> Apakah dua contoh liga yang memegang pertandingan pameran semua bintang? || US Major League Soccer atau Jepun Jepun League <> Apa 'persahabatan' untuk amal biasanya dipanggil di UK? || pertandingan amal <> Apakah 'persahabatan' untuk menghormati pemain yang biasanya dipanggil di UK? || perlawanan testimoni", {"context": "In the UK and Ireland, \"exhibition match\" and \"friendly match\" refer to two different types of matches. The types described above as friendlies are not termed exhibition matches, while annual all-star matches such as those held in the US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League are called exhibition matches rather than friendly matches. A one-off match for charitable fundraising, usually involving one or two all-star teams, or a match held in honor of a player for contribution to his/her club, may also be described as exhibition matches but they are normally referred to as charity matches and testimonial matches respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the UK and Ireland"}], "question": "Where are \"exhibition match\" and \"friendly match\" not synonymous?", "id": "5727be5c4b864d1900163c46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League"}], "question": "What are two examples of leagues holding all-star exhibition matches?", "id": "5727be5c4b864d1900163c47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "charity matches"}], "question": "What are 'friendlies' for charity usually called in the UK?", "id": "5727be5c4b864d1900163c48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "testimonial matches"}], "question": "What are 'friendlies' to honor a player usually called in the UK?", "id": "5727be5c4b864d1900163c49"}]}], ["Permainan pameran juga boleh digunakan untuk menyelesaikan cabaran, untuk menyediakan hiburan profesional, untuk mempromosikan sukan, atau untuk mendapatkan wang untuk badan amal. Beberapa liga sukan memegang semua permainan bintang untuk mempamerkan pemain terbaik mereka terhadap satu sama lain, manakala permainan pameran lain boleh membuang peserta dari dua liga atau negara yang berbeza untuk secara tidak rasmi menentukan siapa yang akan menjadi yang terbaik di dunia. Pertandingan antarabangsa seperti Sukan Olimpik juga boleh mengadakan pameran sebagai sebahagian daripada sukan demonstrasi. <> Apa jenis permainan pameran yang mempamerkan pemain terbaik? || semua permainan bintang <> Apakah permainan pameran di Sukan Olimpik? || sukan tunjuk ajar <> Apa yang boleh menjadi permainan pameran mengumpul wang? || amal <> Apa yang dapat diselesaikan oleh pameran? || satu cabaran", {"context": "An exhibition game may also be used to settle a challenge, to provide professional entertainment, to promote the sport, or to raise money for charities. Several sports leagues hold all-star games to showcase their best players against each other, while other exhibitions games may pit participants from two different leagues or countries to unofficially determine who would be the best in the world. International competitions like the Olympic Games may also hold exhibition games as part of a demonstration sport.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "all-star games"}], "question": "What type of exhibition game showcases the best players?", "id": "5727ba9f2ca10214002d94e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "a demonstration sport"}], "question": "What are exhibition games in the Olympics?", "id": "5727ba9f2ca10214002d94e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "charities"}], "question": "What can an exhibition game raise money for?", "id": "5727ba9f2ca10214002d94e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "a challenge"}], "question": "What can an exhibition game settle?", "id": "5727ba9f2ca10214002d94e5"}]}], ["Permainan pameran (juga dikenali sebagai persahabatan, perlawanan, pertunjukan, permainan preseason, pertandingan pemanasan, atau perlawanan penyediaan, bergantung kepada sekurang-kurangnya sebahagian sukan ini) adalah acara sukan yang memberi hadiah wang dan impak kepada pemain atau ranking pasukan sama ada sifar atau sebaliknya sangat berkurangan. Dalam sukan pasukan, perlawanan jenis ini sering digunakan untuk membantu jurulatih dan pengurus memilih pemain untuk pertandingan kompetitif musim liga atau kejohanan. Sekiranya pemain biasanya bermain dalam pasukan yang berlainan dalam liga lain, permainan pameran menawarkan peluang kepada pemain untuk belajar bekerja dengan satu sama lain. Permainan boleh diadakan antara pasukan berasingan atau di antara bahagian pasukan yang sama. <> Apakah istilah 'ramah' yang lain untuk? || permainan pameran <> Apakah istilah 'scrimmage' untuk istilah lain? || permainan pameran <> Apakah 'demonstrasi' istilah lain? || permainan pameran <> Apa itu 'permainan preseason' istilah lain? || permainan pameran <> Apa itu 'perlawanan pemanasan' istilah lain? || permainan pameran", {"context": "An exhibition game (also known as a friendly, a scrimmage, a demonstration, a preseason game, a warmup match, or a preparation match, depending at least in part on the sport) is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player's or the team's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced. In team sports, matches of this type are often used to help coaches and managers select players for the competitive matches of a league season or tournament. If the players usually play in different teams in other leagues, exhibition games offer an opportunity for the players to learn to work with each other. The games can be held between separate teams or between parts of the same team.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "exhibition game"}], "question": "What is 'a friendly' another term for?", "id": "5727b9623acd2414000dea9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "exhibition game"}], "question": "What is 'a scrimmage' another term for?", "id": "5727b9623acd2414000deaa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "exhibition game"}], "question": "What is 'a demonstration' another term for?", "id": "5727b9623acd2414000deaa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "exhibition game"}], "question": "What is 'a preseason game' another term for?", "id": "5727b9623acd2414000deaa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "exhibition game"}], "question": "What is 'a warmup match' another term for?", "id": "5727b9623acd2414000deaa3"}]}], ["Persahabatan antarabangsa memberi peluang kepada para pengurus pasukan untuk bereksperimen dengan pemilihan dan taktik pasukan sebelum kejohanan yang tepat, dan juga membolehkan mereka menilai kemampuan pemain yang mungkin berpotensi memilih untuk skuad kejohanan. Pemain boleh ditempah dalam persahabatan antarabangsa, dan boleh digantung dari perlawanan masa depan antarabangsa berdasarkan kad merah atau kuning terkumpul dalam tempoh tertentu. Hatrik dan gol yang dicetak juga menghitung ke rekod kerjaya pemain. Pada tahun 2004, FIFA memutuskan bahawa penggantian oleh pasukan terhad kepada enam pertandingan dalam persahabatan antarabangsa, sebagai tindak balas kepada kritikan bahawa pertandingan itu menjadi semakin goyah dengan para pengurus membuat 11 substitusi setiap pertandingan. <> Apa persahabatan yang membolehkan pengurus untuk bereksperimen dengan? || pemilihan dan taktik pasukan <> Apa yang boleh berlaku kepada pemain yang mendapat kad merah atau kuning dalam persahabatan? || digantung dari perlawanan antarabangsa masa depan <> Rekod jenis apakah yang dilakukan oleh pemain dalam pertandingan persahabatan? || Kerjaya <> Bilakah FIFA memutuskan untuk mengehadkan penggantian dalam persahabatan antarabangsa? || 2004 <> Apa jumlah penggantian yang tidak masuk akal yang ada beberapa pasukan antarabangsa dalam persahabatan sebelum 2004? || 11", {"context": "International friendlies give team managers the opportunity to experiment with team selection and tactics before the tournament proper, and also allow them to assess the abilities of players they may potentially select for the tournament squad. Players can be booked in international friendlies, and can be suspended from future international matches based on red cards or accumulated yellows in a specified period. Caps and goals scored also count towards a player's career records. In 2004, FIFA ruled that substitutions by a team be limited to six per match in international friendlies, in response to criticism that such matches were becoming increasingly farcical with managers making as many as 11 substitutions per match.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "team selection and tactics"}], "question": "What do friendlies allow managers to experiment with?", "id": "5727bdc42ca10214002d9530"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "suspended from future international matches"}], "question": "What can happen to players who get red or yellow cards in friendlies?", "id": "5727bdc42ca10214002d9531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "career"}], "question": "What kind of record do players' goals in friendlies count for?", "id": "5727bdc42ca10214002d9532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When did FIFA decide to limit substitutions in international friendlies?", "id": "5727bdc42ca10214002d9533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "11"}], "question": "What absurd number of substitutions had some international teams been making in friendlies before 2004?", "id": "5727bdc42ca10214002d9534"}]}], ["Preseason Major League Baseball juga dikenali sebagai latihan musim semi. Semua pasukan MLB mengekalkan asas latihan musim bunga di Arizona atau Florida. Pasukan di Arizona membentuk Liga Cactus, sementara pasukan di Florida bermain di Liga Grapefruit. Setiap pasukan memainkan kira-kira 30 permainan preseason berbanding pasukan MLB yang lain. Mereka juga boleh memainkan pameran menentang pasukan kolej tempatan atau pasukan kecil liga dari sistem ladang mereka. Beberapa hari memaparkan pasukan yang bermain dua perlawanan dengan dua rosters berbeza sama rata dibahagikan, yang dikenali sebagai permainan \"skuad pembahagi\". <> Yang manakah pasukan MLB melakukan latihan musim bunga? || Arizona atau Florida <> Apakah liga preseason MLB di Arizona dipanggil? || Liga Cactus <> Apakah liga preseason MLB di Florida dipanggil? || Liga Grapefruit <> Berapa banyak permainan preseason yang dimainkan oleh setiap pasukan MLB? || kira-kira 30 <> Apa yang dipanggil ketika pasukan MLB memainkan dua permainan preseason dalam satu hari dengan rosters yang berbeza? || \"skuad pembahagian\"", {"context": "The Major League Baseball's preseason is also known as spring training. All MLB teams maintain a spring-training base in Arizona or Florida. The teams in Arizona make up the Cactus League, while the teams in Florida play in the Grapefruit League. Each team plays about 30 preseason games against other MLB teams. They may also play exhibitions against a local college team or a minor-league team from their farm system. Some days feature the team playing two games with two different rosters evenly divided up, which are known as \"split-squad\" games.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Arizona or Florida"}], "question": "Which states do MLB teams do spring training in?", "id": "5727bfcf3acd2414000deb73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Cactus League"}], "question": "What is the MLB preseason league in Arizona called?", "id": "5727bfcf3acd2414000deb74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Grapefruit League"}], "question": "What is the MLB preseason league in Florida called?", "id": "5727bfcf3acd2414000deb75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "about 30"}], "question": "How many preseason games does each MLB team play?", "id": "5727bfcf3acd2414000deb76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "\"split-squad\" games"}], "question": "What is it called when an MLB team plays two preseason games in one day with different rosters?", "id": "5727bfcf3acd2414000deb77"}]}], ["Sejak pengenalan bola sepak liga, kebanyakan kelab memainkan beberapa persahabatan sebelum permulaan setiap musim (dipanggil persahabatan pra-musim). Pertandingan sepak bola yang ramah dianggap tidak kompetitif dan hanya digunakan untuk \"memanaskan\" pemain untuk pertandingan musim / kompetitif baru. Pada umumnya tidak ada daya saing yang dipertaruhkan dan beberapa peraturan boleh diubah atau diuji dengan (seperti penggantian tanpa had, yang membolehkan pasukan bermain lebih muda, kurang berpengalaman, pemain, dan tidak ada kad). Walaupun kebanyakan persahabatan hanyalah satu perlawanan yang disusun oleh kelab sendiri, di mana jumlah tertentu dibayar oleh kelab pencabar ke kelab yang ada, beberapa pasukan bersaing dalam pertandingan pendek, seperti Piala Emirates, Teresa Herrera Trophy dan Kejohanan Amsterdam. Walaupun acara ini mungkin melibatkan tawaran tajaan dan pemberian trofi dan bahkan disiarkan di televisyen, terdapat sedikit prestise yang melekat pada mereka. <> Bilakah kelab-kelab bola sepak masih bermain persahabatan? || sebelum permulaan setiap musim <> Apakah jenis perlawanan bola sepak yang tidak kompetitif? || persahabatan <> Apa persahabatan beberapa perubahan peraturan untuk membuat tanpa had? || penggantian <> Apakah beberapa contoh pertandingan bola sepak pendek yang mesra? || Piala Emirates, Teresa Herrera Trophy dan Kejohanan Amsterdam <> Apa perlawanan bola sepak bola sepak yang ramah? || prestij", {"context": "Since the introduction of league football, most club sides play a number of friendlies before the start of each season (called pre-season friendlies). Friendly football matches are considered to be non-competitive and are only used to \"warm up\" players for a new season/competitive match. There is generally nothing competitive at stake and some rules may be changed or experimented with (such as unlimited substitutions, which allow teams to play younger, less experienced, players, and no cards). Although most friendlies are simply one-off matches arranged by the clubs themselves, in which a certain amount is paid by the challenger club to the incumbent club, some teams do compete in short tournaments, such as the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament. Although these events may involve sponsorship deals and the awarding of a trophy and may even be broadcast on television, there is little prestige attached to them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "before the start of each season"}], "question": "When do football clubs still play friendlies?", "id": "5727bbedff5b5019007d93b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "friendlies"}], "question": "What type of football matches are non-competitive?", "id": "5727bbedff5b5019007d93b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "substitutions"}], "question": "What do some friendlies change the rules to make unlimited?", "id": "5727bbedff5b5019007d93ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament"}], "question": "What are some examples of friendly short football tournaments?", "id": "5727bbedff5b5019007d93bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "prestige"}], "question": "What do friendly short football tournaments have little of?", "id": "5727bbedff5b5019007d93bc"}]}], ["Di bawah perjanjian tawar kolektif 1995 Hoki Nasional Hoki, pasukan terhad kepada sembilan permainan prasekolah. Dari 1975 hingga 1991, pasukan NHL kadang-kadang memainkan permainan pameran menentang pasukan dari Kesatuan Soviet dalam Siri Super, dan pada tahun 1978, bermain menentang pasukan Persatuan Hoki Dunia juga dalam latihan prasekolah. Seperti NFL, kadangkala NFL menganjurkan permainan pameran untuk bandar-bandar tanpa pasukan NHL mereka sendiri, sering di sekutu liga kecil kelab (contohnya permainan Carolina Hurricanes di Time Warner Cable Arena di Charlotte, rumah afiliasi AHL mereka, permainan Los Angeles Kings di Warga Arena Bank Perniagaan di Ontario, California, rumah dari sekutu ECHL mereka, permainan Montreal Canadiens di Colis\u00e9e Pepsi di Kota Quebec, yang tidak mempunyai hoki pro tetapi pernah mempunyai pasukan NHL sehingga 1995, Washington Capitals di Arena Mariner Pertama di Baltimore Hockey Classic , pelbagai pasukan Western Canada di Credit Union Centre di Saskatoon, sebuah tempat pengembangan NHL yang berpotensi). Sejak tahun 2000an, beberapa permainan preseason telah dimainkan di Eropah melawan pasukan Eropah, sebagai sebahagian daripada siri NHL Challenge dan NHL Premiere. Sebagai tambahan kepada preseason standard, terdapat juga pertandingan prospek seperti kejohanan YoungStars Vancouver Canucks dan kem latihan Detroit Red Wings, di mana prospek muda pasukan NHL berhadapan dengan satu sama lain di bawah sepanduk kelab ibu bapa mereka. <> Bilakah pasukan NFL menghadkan kepada 9 permainan preseason? || 1995-2004 <> Pasukan negara apa pasukan kadang-kadang memainkan permainan pameran pada tahun 1980-an? || Soviet Union <> Dalam tahun berapa NHL bermain menentang pasukan Persatuan Hoki Dunia? || 1978 <> Di mana Time Warner Cable Arena? || Charlotte <> Apa arena hoki di Ontario, California? || Arena Perniagaan Bank Rakyat", {"context": "Under the 1995\u20132004 National Hockey League collective bargaining agreement, teams were limited to nine preseason games. From 1975 to 1991, NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series, and in 1978, played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training. Like the NFL, the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams, often at a club's minor league affiliate (e.g. Carolina Hurricanes games at Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte, home of their AHL affiliate; Los Angeles Kings games at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, California, home of their ECHL affiliate; Montreal Canadiens games at Colis\u00e9e Pepsi in Quebec City, which has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon, a potential NHL expansion venue). Since the 2000s, some preseason games have been played in Europe against European teams, as part of the NHL Challenge and NHL Premiere series. In addition to the standard preseason, there also exist prospect tournaments such as the Vancouver Canucks' YoungStars tournament and the Detroit Red Wings' training camp, in which NHL teams' younger prospects face off against each other under their parent club's banner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "1995\u20132004"}], "question": "When did the NFL limit teams to 9 preseason games?", "id": "5727beedff5b5019007d941e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "What country's teams did US teams sometimes play exhibition games against in the 1980s?", "id": "5727beedff5b5019007d941f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "1978"}], "question": "In what year did the NHL play against World Hockey Association teams?", "id": "5727beedff5b5019007d9420"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Charlotte"}], "question": "Where is Time Warner Cable Arena?", "id": "5727beedff5b5019007d9421"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "Citizens Business Bank Arena"}], "question": "What hockey arena is in Ontario, California?", "id": "5727beedff5b5019007d9422"}]}], ["Permainan pameran sejati antara kolej menentang di peringkat tertinggi tidak wujud dalam bola sepak kolej; kerana kepentingan pengundian pendapat di peringkat tertinggi bola sepak kolej, bahkan permainan pameran tidak akan benar-benar menjadi pameran kerana mereka boleh mempengaruhi pendapat orang yang ditinjau. Permainan intramural adalah mustahil kerana pasukan yang bermain menentangnya sendiri tidak dapat membuat keputusan untuk membuat keputusan, dan pada tahap di bawah Divisi Bola Sepak Bowl (FBS), kejuaraan diputuskan oleh formula objektif dan oleh itu, pasukan-pasukan tersebut boleh bermain tanpa perlawanan liga tanpa menjejaskan harapan playoff mereka. <> Apakah pertimbangan lebih penting bagi pasukan kolej daripada permainan pameran? || pendapat pengundian <> Apa permainan yang dipanggil di mana pasukan memainkannya? || Intramural <> Kejohanan diputuskan oleh formula untuk pasukan perguruan tinggi di bawah tahap apa? || Pembahagian Bowl Bola Sepak", {"context": "True exhibition games between opposing colleges at the highest level do not exist in college football; due to the importance of opinion polling in the top level of college football, even exhibition games would not truly be exhibitions because they could influence the opinions of those polled. Intramural games are possible because a team playing against itself leaves little ability for poll participants to make judgments, and at levels below the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), championships are decided by objective formulas and thus those teams can play non-league games without affecting their playoff hopes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "opinion polling"}], "question": "What consideration is more important for college teams than exhibition games?", "id": "5727c5f44b864d1900163ce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Intramural"}], "question": "What is a game called in which a team plays against itself?", "id": "5727c5f44b864d1900163ce7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Football Bowl Subdivision"}], "question": "Championships are decided by formulas for college teams below what level?", "id": "5727c5f44b864d1900163ce8"}]}], ["Pasukan Persatuan Bola Keranjang Kebangsaan memainkan permainan lapan preseason setiap tahun. Hari ini, pasukan NBA hampir selalu bermain antara satu sama lain dalam preseason, tetapi terutamanya di laman netral di kawasan pasaran mereka untuk membolehkan mereka yang biasanya tidak boleh membuat perjalanan ke arena pasukan rumah semasa musim biasa untuk melihat permainan dekat dengan rumah; contohnya Minnesota Timberwolves akan bermain di arena di North Dakota dan South Dakota, sementara Phoenix Suns menjadualkan satu permainan pameran di luar di Indian Wells Tennis Garden di Indian Wells, California setiap tahun, satu-satunya contoh permainan NBA yang berlaku di luar tempat. <> Berapa banyak permainan preseason yang dimainkan oleh pasukan NBA? || lapan <> Dimana berasaskan TImberwolves? || Minnesota <> Di manakah berdasarkan Suns? || Phoenix <> Permainan pameran Suns di Indian Wells, CA adalah satu-satunya masa permainan NBA dimainkan dalam tetapan apa? || tempat luar <> Apa tempat bermain Suns di Indian Wells? || Taman Tenis Indian Wells", {"context": "National Basketball Association teams play eight preseason games per year. Today, NBA teams almost always play each other in the preseason, but mainly at neutral sites within their market areas in order to allow those who can't usually make a trip to a home team's arena during the regular season to see a game close to home; for instance the Minnesota Timberwolves will play games in arenas in North Dakota and South Dakota, while the Phoenix Suns schedule one exhibition game outdoors at Indian Wells Tennis Garden in Indian Wells, California yearly, the only such instance an NBA game takes place in an outdoor venue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many preseason games do NBA teams play?", "id": "5727c1593acd2414000debbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Minnesota"}], "question": "Where are the TImberwolves based?", "id": "5727c1593acd2414000debbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Phoenix"}], "question": "Where are the Suns based?", "id": "5727c1593acd2414000debbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "an outdoor venue"}], "question": "The Suns' exhibition game in Indian Wells, CA is the only time an NBA game is played in what setting?", "id": "5727c1593acd2414000debbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Indian Wells Tennis Garden"}], "question": "What venue do the Suns play at in Indian Wells?", "id": "5727c1593acd2414000debbf"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, dari 1971 hingga 1975, pasukan NBA memainkan pameran preseason terhadap pasukan Persatuan Bola Keranjang Amerika. Pada hari-hari awal NBA, kelab liga kadang-kadang mencabar legenda Harlem Globetrotters, dengan kejayaan bercampur. NBA telah memainkan permainan preseason di Eropah dan Asia. Pada musim 2006 dan 2007, pertandingan NBA dan pertandingan kelab utama Eropah, Euroleague, telah menganjurkan pertandingan preseason yang menampilkan dua pasukan NBA dan finalis dari Euroleague tahun itu. [Sunting rujukan] Pada musim 1998-99 dan 2011-12, pasukan adalah terhad kepada hanya dua perlawanan preseason kerana penguncian. <> Bilakah NBA bermain permainan preseason terhadap ABA? || 1971 hingga 1975 <> Apa pasukan legenda yang NBA kadangkala pernah bermain sebelum ini? || Harlem Globetrotters <> Di benua apa yang mempunyai pasukan NBA memainkan permainan preseason di luar AS? || Eropah dan Asia <> Berapa banyak permainan preseason yang pasukan NBA terhad pada musim 2011-12? || dua <> Apa kelab bola keranjang utama Eropah? || Euroleague", {"context": "However, from 1971 to 1975, NBA teams played preseason exhibitions against American Basketball Association teams. In the early days of the NBA, league clubs sometimes challenged the legendary barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters, with mixed success. The NBA has played preseason games in Europe and Asia. In the 2006 and 2007 seasons, the NBA and the primary European club competition, the Euroleague, conducted a preseason tournament featuring two NBA teams and the finalists from that year's Euroleague.[citation needed] In the 1998-99 and 2011-12 seasons, teams were limited to only two preseason games due to lockouts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "1971 to 1975"}], "question": "When did the NBA play preseason games against the ABA?", "id": "5727c293ff5b5019007d9486"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Harlem Globetrotters"}], "question": "What legendary team did the NBA sometimes formerly play against?", "id": "5727c293ff5b5019007d9487"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Europe and Asia"}], "question": "On what continents have NBA teams played preseason games outside the US?", "id": "5727c293ff5b5019007d9488"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many preseason games were NBA teams limited to in the 2011-12 season?", "id": "5727c293ff5b5019007d9489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "the Euroleague"}], "question": "What is the main European basketball club?", "id": "5727c293ff5b5019007d948a"}]}], ["Liga Bola Sepak Arena secara ringkas mempunyai musim pameran dua perlawanan pada awal tahun 2000, suatu amalan yang berakhir pada tahun 2003 dengan kontrak televisyen baru. Permainan pameran di luar musim berstruktur agak biasa di kalangan liga bola sepak Amerika dalaman; kerana pasukan bertukar liga dengan kerap pada tahap permainan, tidak lazim melihat beberapa liga yang lebih kecil menjadualkan permainan pameran melawan pasukan yang berasal dari liga lain, akan bergabung dengan liga sebagai francais probasional, atau pasukan luar separa pro untuk mengisi lubang dalam jadual. <> Berapa banyak permainan pameran yang dilakukan Liga Sepak Bola Arena setiap tahun pada awal tahun 2000an? || dua <> jenis liga yang lazimnya memainkan permainan pameran yang tidak berstruktur? || liga bola sepak Amerika tertutup <> Apa yang dipanggil pasukan yang sedang dalam proses menyertai liga? || francais probasional <> Pasukan liga dalaman kadang-kadang bermain terhadap jenis pasukan liga luar? || separuh profesional", {"context": "The Arena Football League briefly had a two-game exhibition season in the early 2000s, a practice that ended in 2003 with a new television contract. Exhibition games outside of a structured season are relatively common among indoor American football leagues; because teams switch leagues frequently at that level of play, it is not uncommon to see some of the smaller leagues schedule exhibition games against teams that are from another league, about to join the league as a probational franchise, or a semi-pro outdoor team to fill holes in a schedule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many exhibition games did the Arena Football League have per year in the early 2000s?", "id": "5727c5932ca10214002d95ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "indoor American football leagues"}], "question": "What type of league commonly plays unstructured exhibition games?", "id": "5727c5932ca10214002d95ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "a probational franchise"}], "question": "What is a team called that is in the process of joining a league?", "id": "5727c5932ca10214002d95f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "semi-pro"}], "question": "Indoor league teams sometimes play against what type of outdoor league team?", "id": "5727c5932ca10214002d95f1"}]}], ["Ia juga biasa untuk mempunyai pasukan memainkan pameran ke atas sekutu Liga Minor semasa musim biasa, tetapi kebimbangan kecederaan kepada pemain, bersama-sama dengan isu perjalanan, telah menjadikan ini sangat jarang berlaku. Pameran antara pasukan antara bandar dalam liga yang berlainan, seperti Crosstown Classic Chicago dan Siri Kereta Api Subway New York yang digunakan untuk dimainkan semata-mata sebagai pameran untuk hak-hak membual sekarang telah dicampur menjadi bermain interleague. Permainan MLB All-Star tahunan, yang dimainkan pada bulan Julai di antara pemain dari pasukan AL dan pemain dari pasukan NL, lama dianggap pertandingan pameran, tetapi pada 2003 status ini dipersoalkan kerana liga yang pasukannya memenangi permainan All-Star telah diberikan kelebihan lapangan di rumah untuk Siri Dunia yang akan datang. <> Kebimbangan apa yang telah mengurangkan permainan pameran Liga Kecil? || kebimbangan kecederaan kepada pemain, bersama-sama dengan isu-isu perjalanan <> Apa permainan pameran antara bandar Chicago mempunyai? || Crosstown Classic <> Apa permainan pameran antar bandar yang ada di New York? || Subway Subway <> Dalam bulan apakah yang dimainkan oleh MLB All-Star Game? || Julai <> Apa yang diperoleh oleh pasukan pemenang MLB All-Star dalam Siri Dunia? || kelebihan medan rumah", {"context": "It also used to be commonplace to have a team play an exhibition against Minor League affiliates during the regular season, but worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues, have made this very rare. Exhibitions between inter-city teams in different leagues, like Chicago's Crosstown Classic and New York's Subway Series which used to be played solely as exhibitions for bragging rights are now blended into interleague play. The annual MLB All-Star Game, played in July between players from AL teams and players from NL teams, was long considered an exhibition match, but as of 2003 this status was questioned because the league whose team wins the All-Star game has been awarded home field advantage for the upcoming World Series.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues"}], "question": "What concerns have reduced Minor League exhibition games?", "id": "5727c0d43acd2414000debab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Crosstown Classic"}], "question": "What inter-city exhibition game did Chicago have?", "id": "5727c0d43acd2414000debac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Subway Series"}], "question": "What inter-city exhibition game did New York have?", "id": "5727c0d43acd2414000debad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "July"}], "question": "In what month is the MLB All-Star Game held?", "id": "5727c0d43acd2414000debae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "home field advantage"}], "question": "What did the MLB All-Star winning team gain in the World Series?", "id": "5727c0d43acd2414000debaf"}]}], ["Beberapa pasukan MLB digunakan untuk bermain permainan pameran biasa sepanjang tahun menentang pasukan berhampiran dalam liga utama lain, tetapi permainan interaksi musim biasa telah membuat permainan sedemikian tidak perlu. Kedua-dua pasukan MLB Kanada, Toronto Blue Jays Liga Amerika dan Pameran Montreal Liga Kebangsaan, bertemu setiap tahun untuk memainkan permainan pameran Pearson Cup; tradisi ini berakhir apabila Expos berpindah ke Washington DC untuk musim 2005. Begitu juga, New York Yankees bermain di Game Tropis Mayor terhadap pelbagai saingan tempatan dari tahun 1946 hingga 1983. <> Apa perkembangan yang membuatnya tidak perlu untuk pasukan MLB bermain permainan pameran dengan pasukan dari liga lain? || pertandingan musim tetap <<Apa liga adalah Bluejays Toronto? || Liga Amerika <> Apa liga adalah Pameran Montreal? || Liga Kebangsaan <> Apakah permainan Bluejays bermain terhadap Expos? || Piala Pearson <> Bilakah berakhirnya Piala Trophy? || 1983", {"context": "Several MLB teams used to play regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league, but regular-season interleague play has made such games unnecessary. The two Canadian MLB teams, the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League, met annually to play the Pearson Cup exhibition game; this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season. Similarly, the New York Yankees played in the Mayor's Trophy Game against various local rivals from 1946 to 1983.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "regular-season interleague play"}], "question": "What development has made it unnecessary for MLB teams to play exhibition games with teams from other leagues?", "id": "5727c05eff5b5019007d9448"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "American League"}], "question": "What league are the Toronto Bluejays in?", "id": "5727c05eff5b5019007d9449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "National League"}], "question": "What league are the Montreal Expos in?", "id": "5727c05eff5b5019007d944a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "the Pearson Cup"}], "question": "What game do the Bluejays play against the Expos?", "id": "5727c05eff5b5019007d944b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "1983"}], "question": "When did the Mayor's Trophy Game end?", "id": "5727c05eff5b5019007d944c"}]}], ["Pasukan bola sepak sekolah tinggi sering mengambil bahagian dalam latihan rutin dengan pasukan lain semasa latihan prasekolah, tetapi permainan pameran jarang berlaku kerana peraturan liga dan kebimbangan mengenai kewangan, kecederaan perjalanan dan pemain, bersama dengan pendaftaran yang tidak didaftarkan sehingga awal bulan Ogos di kebanyakan sekolah daerah di bawah istilah akademik September-Jun tradisional. Pameran yang lebih umum adalah permainan bola sepak sekolah tinggi, yang menyatukan pemain teratas dari rantau. Permainan ini biasanya dimainkan oleh orang tua yang menamatkan pengajian semasa musim panas atau pada akhir musim. Kebanyakan permainan ini, yang termasuk Bowl All-American Army A.S. dan Under Armor All-America Game, digunakan sebagai showcases untuk pemain dilihat oleh kolej. <> Bilakah istilah akademik sekolah tinggi biasa? || September-Jun <> Apakah jenis permainan pameran bola sepak sekolah yang paling biasa? || all-star <> Berapa tahun pemain dalam permainan bola sepak sekolah tinggi semua bintang? || tamat pengajian senior <> Apakah dua contoh permainan bola sepak sekolah tinggi di seluruh dunia? || A.S. All-American Bowl dan Under Armor All-America Game <> Apa yang diharapkan oleh semua pemain bintang sekolah tinggi? || kolej", {"context": "High school football teams frequently participate in controlled scrimmages with other teams during preseason practice, but exhibition games are rare because of league rules and concerns about finances, travel and player injuries, along with enrollments not being registered until the early part of August in most school districts under the traditional September\u2013June academic term. A more common exhibition is the high school football all-star game, which brings together top players from a region. These games are typically played by graduating seniors during the summer or at the end of the season. Many of these games, which include the U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game, are used as showcases for players to be seen by colleges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "September\u2013June"}], "question": "When is the usual high school academic term?", "id": "5727c73cff5b5019007d94fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "all-star"}], "question": "What is the most common type of high school football exhibition game?", "id": "5727c73cff5b5019007d94fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "graduating seniors"}], "question": "What year of players are in high school football all-star games?", "id": "5727c73cff5b5019007d94fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game"}], "question": "What are two examples of high school football all-star games?", "id": "5727c73cff5b5019007d94fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "colleges"}], "question": "What do high school all-star players hope to be seen by?", "id": "5727c73cff5b5019007d94fe"}]}], ["Secara tradisional, pasukan bola keranjang kolej utama memulakan musim mereka dengan beberapa permainan pameran. Mereka memainkan pasukan perjalanan yang terdiri daripada bekas pemain kolej dalam pasukan seperti Atlet dalam Tindakan atau pasukan yang ditaja oleh Marathon Oil. Sekali-kali sebelum 1992, apabila FIBA membenarkan pemain profesional di pasukan kebangsaan asing, kolej memainkan pasukan tersebut dalam pameran. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 2003, Persatuan Olahraga Kolej Nasional mengharamkan permainan dengan pasukan bukan kolej. Sesetengah pasukan telah memulakan penjadualan permainan pameran melawan pasukan di NCAA Divisi II dan NCAA Divisi III, atau bahkan terhadap kolej dan universiti yang terletak di Kanada. Pasukan bola keranjang kolej utama masih pergi ke negara lain pada musim panas untuk bermain dalam permainan pameran, walaupun pasukan kolej dibenarkan satu lawatan asing setiap empat tahun, dan maksimum 10 perlawanan dalam setiap lawatan. <> Apakah contoh penaja korporat pasukan bola keranjang? || Minyak Marathon <> Apakah contoh pasukan bekas pemain kolej? || Atlet dalam Tindakan <> Bilakah berhenti FIBA membenarkan kebaikan pada pasukan kebangsaan asing? || 1992 <> Bilakah NCAA memutuskan pasukan kolej hanya boleh bermain pasukan kolej lain? || 2003 <> Berapa kerapkah NCAA membenarkan pasukan kolej pergi ke luar negeri? || satu lawatan asing setiap empat tahun", {"context": "Traditionally, major college basketball teams began their seasons with a few exhibition games. They played travelling teams made up of former college players on teams such as Athletes in Action or a team sponsored by Marathon Oil. On occasion before 1992, when FIBA allowed professional players on foreign national teams, colleges played those teams in exhibitions. However, in 2003, the National Collegiate Athletic Association banned games with non-college teams. Some teams have begun scheduling exhibition games against teams in NCAA Division II and NCAA Division III, or even against colleges and universities located in Canada. Major college basketball teams still travel to other countries during the summer to play in exhibition games, although a college team is allowed one foreign tour every four years, and a maximum of ten games in each tour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Marathon Oil"}], "question": "What is an example of a corporate sponsor of a basketball team?", "id": "5727c326ff5b5019007d9496"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Athletes in Action"}], "question": "What is an example of a team of former college players?", "id": "5727c326ff5b5019007d9497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "1992"}], "question": "When did the FIBA stop allowing pros on foreign national teams?", "id": "5727c326ff5b5019007d9498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When did the NCAA decide college teams could only play other college teams?", "id": "5727c326ff5b5019007d9499"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "one foreign tour every four years"}], "question": "How often does the NCAA allow college teams to go overseas?", "id": "5727c326ff5b5019007d949a"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, sebahagian besar pasukan FBS utama setiap tahun menjadualkan permainan rumah pra-persidangan non-persidangan awal menentang lawan yang lebih rendah iaitu FBS, Kejuaraan Bola Sepak, atau sekolah Divisi II yang rendah, yang sering mengakibatkan kejayaan yang berpihak kepada pasukan FBS dan bertindak sebagai permainan pameran di semua tetapi nama, walaupun mereka juga menyediakan bayaran penampilan yang besar dan sekurang-kurangnya satu penampilan televisyen yang dijamin untuk sekolah yang lebih kecil. Permainan-permainan ini juga menerima kritikan yang sama seperti permainan pameran NFL, tetapi sebaliknya ia disasarkan kepada sekolah-sekolah yang menjadualkan lawan berkualiti rendah dan kesederhanaan untuk pasukan untuk mengendalikan skor terhadap lawan yang lemah. Walau bagaimanapun, permainan ini terdedah kepada penyusunan semula, mengakibatkan kerosakan dalam kedudukan tinjauan dan persepsi orang ramai, terutamanya jika pasukan peringkat tinggi kalah, walaupun tindakan penjadualan lawan yang lemah membahayakan kekuatan keseluruhan jadual pasukan itu sendiri. Permainan jadual pasukan FBS terhadap lawan bahagian bawah tidak bergantung kepada minimum tujuh kemenangan yang diperlukan untuk kelayakan mangkuk, dan hanya satu perlawanan menentang pasukan FCS boleh dikira. Dengan permulaan sistem College Football Playoff untuk musim 2014, pasukan utama kini tidak digalakkan untuk menjadualkan lawan yang lemah untuk jadual bukan persidangan mereka kerana penekanan yang lebih tinggi terhadap kekuatan jadual berbanding di era Siri Kejohanan Bowl. <> Pasukan utama FBS boleh meraih kemenangan terhadap jenis lawan yang lebih rendah? || Sekolah rendah FBS, Kejuaraan Bola Sepak, atau Sekolah Divisi II <> Mengapa sekolah kecil mahu bermain berbanding pasukan FBS yang utama? || bayaran penampilan yang besar dan sekurang-kurangnya satu penampilan televisyen yang terjamin <> Berapa banyak kemenangan diperlukan untuk pasukan FBS layak untuk mangkuk? || tujuh <> Berapa banyak permainan antara FBS dan pasukan FCS dikira ke kelayakan mangkuk FBS? || satu <> Bilakah sistem Playoff College Football bermula? || 2014", {"context": "However, most of the major FBS teams annually schedule early season non-conference preseason home games against lesser opponents that are lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools, which often result in lopsided victories in favor of the FBS teams and act as exhibition games in all but name, though they additionally provide a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance for the smaller school. These games also receive the same criticism as NFL exhibition games, but instead it is targeted to schools scheduling low-quality opponents and the simplicity for a team to run up the score against a weak opponent. However, these games are susceptible to backfiring, resulting in damage in poll position and public perception, especially if the higher ranked team loses, although the mere act of scheduling a weak opponent is harmful to a team's overall strength of schedule itself. Games an FBS team schedules against lower division opponents do not count toward the minimum seven wins required for bowl eligibility, and only one game against an FCS team can be counted. With the start of the College Football Playoff system for the 2014 season, major teams are now discouraged from scheduling weaker opponents for their non-conference schedule because of a much higher emphasis on strength of schedule than in the Bowl Championship Series era.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools"}], "question": "Major FBS teams can have lopsided victories against what kinds of lesser opponents?", "id": "5727c6af4b864d1900163cf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance"}], "question": "Why do smaller schools want to play against major FBS teams?", "id": "5727c6af4b864d1900163cf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1019, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many wins are required for an FBS team to be eligible for the bowl?", "id": "5727c6af4b864d1900163cf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1070, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many games between FBS and FCS teams count towards the FBS's bowl eligibility?", "id": "5727c6af4b864d1900163cf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1177, "text": "2014"}], "question": "When did the College Football Playoff System begin?", "id": "5727c6af4b864d1900163cf6"}]}], ["Berbanding dengan sukan pasukan lain, preseason Liga Bola Sepak Kebangsaan sangat berstruktur. Setiap pasukan NFL memainkan tepat empat permainan pameran pra-musim setahun, dua di rumah dan dua di luar, kecuali dua pasukan setiap tahun yang memainkan permainan kelima, Pro Football Hall of Fame Game. Permainan pameran ini, yang kebanyakannya diadakan pada bulan Ogos, dimainkan untuk tujuan membantu jurulatih mengetepikan jadual dari batas offseason sebanyak 90 pemain ke had musim tetap sebanyak 53 pemain. Walaupun formula penjadualan tidak begitu teguh untuk permainan preseason kerana musim reguler, terdapat banyak sekatan dan tradisi yang mengehadkan pilihan lawan preseason; Pasukan juga terhad pada hari dan masa yang mereka boleh mainkan permainan ini. Permainan split-squad, amalan biasa dalam bisbol dan hoki, di mana satu pasukan yang dijadualkan bermain dua perlawanan pada hari yang sama membahagikan pasukan mereka menjadi dua pasukan, adalah dilarang. NFL telah memainkan permainan pameran di Eropah, Jepun, Kanada, Australia (termasuk American Bowl pada tahun 1999) dan Mexico untuk menyebarkan populariti liga (permainan jenis ini dicadangkan untuk China tetapi, akibat masalah kewangan dan logistik, akhirnya dibatalkan). Liga itu secara terang-terangan melarang bermain lawan bukan liga, dengan permainan interleague yang terakhir telah datang pada tahun 1972 dan perlawanan terakhir melawan satu pasukan selain sebuah pasukan NFL (All-Nook rookie College All-Stars) telah diadakan pada tahun 1976. Permainan pameran agak tidak popular dengan banyak peminat, yang membenci perlu membayar harga musim reguler untuk dua permainan pameran rumah sebagai sebahagian daripada pakej tiket musim. Banyak tuntutan undang-undang telah dibawa oleh peminat dan kelas peminat menentang NFL atau pasukannya mengenai amalan ini, tetapi tidak ada yang berhasil menghentikannya. [Projek diperlukan] The Pro Bowl, yang secara tradisinya dimainkan selepas penghujung musim NFL (sejak 2011 dimainkan minggu sebelum Super Bowl), juga dianggap sebagai permainan pameran. <> Berapa banyak permainan pameran preseason yang dimainkan oleh pasukan NFL? || empat <> Apakah satu pengecualian untuk had 4-preseason-permainan NFL? || Dewan Pro Football Hall of Fame <> Berapa bulan yang paling permainan NFL preseason? || Ogos <> Berapa ramai pemain yang boleh mempunyai pasukan NFL di luar musim? || 90 <> Berapa ramai pemain yang boleh mempunyai pasukan NFL pada musim biasa? || 53", {"context": "Compared to other team sports, the National Football League preseason is very structured. Every NFL team plays exactly four pre-season exhibition games a year, two at home and two away, with the exception of two teams each year who play a fifth game, the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game. These exhibition games, most of which are held in the month of August, are played for the purpose of helping coaches narrow down the roster from the offseason limit of 90 players to the regular-season limit of 53 players. While the scheduling formula is not as rigid for preseason games as they are for the regular season, there are numerous restrictions and traditions that limit the choices of preseason opponents; teams are also restricted on what days and times they can play these games. Split-squad games, a practice common in baseball and hockey, where a team that is scheduled to play two games on the same day splits their team into two squads, are prohibited. The NFL has played exhibition games in Europe, Japan, Canada, Australia (including the American Bowl in 1999) and Mexico to spread the league's popularity (a game of this type was proposed for China but, due to financial and logistical problems, was eventually canceled). The league has tacitly forbidden the playing of non-league opponents, with the last interleague game having come in 1972 and the last game against a team other than an NFL team (the all-NFL rookie College All-Stars) was held in 1976. Exhibition games are quite unpopular with many fans, who resent having to pay regular-season prices for two home exhibition games as part of a season-ticket package. Numerous lawsuits have been brought by fans and classes of fans against the NFL or its member teams regarding this practice, but none have been successful in halting it.[citation needed] The Pro Bowl, traditionally played after the end of the NFL season (since 2011 is played the week prior to the Super Bowl), is also considered an exhibition game.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many preseason exhibition games does an NFL team play?", "id": "5727c3953acd2414000dec03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"}], "question": "What is the one exception to the NFL's 4-preseason-game limit?", "id": "5727c3953acd2414000dec04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "August"}], "question": "What month are most NFL preseason games in?", "id": "5727c3953acd2414000dec05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "90"}], "question": "How many players can an NFL team have in the off-season?", "id": "5727c3953acd2414000dec06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "53"}], "question": "How many players can an NFL team have in the regular season?", "id": "5727c3953acd2414000dec07"}]}], ["Pelbagai organisasi perlumbaan auto mengadakan acara pameran; acara-acara ini biasanya tidak memberi mata kejuaraan kepada peserta, tetapi mereka menawarkan hadiah kepada peserta. Siri NASCAR Sprint Cup memegang dua acara pameran setiap tahun - Sprint Unlimited, yang diadakan di Daytona International Speedway pada permulaan musim ini, dan Perlumbaan All-Star Sprint NASCAR yang diadakan di Charlotte Motor Speedway pertengahan musim ini. Kedua-dua peristiwa membawa dompet yang lebih besar daripada USD $ 1,000,000. NASCAR juga mengadakan perlumbaan pameran di Litar Suzuka dan Twin Ring Motegi di Jepun dan Calder Park Thunderdome di Australia. <> Berapa banyak acara pameran setiap tahun ada Piala Sprint NASCAR? || dua <> Di mana Sprint Unlimited diadakan? || Daytona Speedway International <> Di mana Perlumbaan Sprint All-Star diadakan? || Charlotte Motor Speedway <> Apa pemenang tanpa Sprint Unlimited? || lebih dari USD $ 1,000,000 <> Di mana Calder Park Thunderdome? || Australia", {"context": "Various auto racing organizations hold exhibition events; these events usually award no championship points to participants, but they do offer prize money to participants. The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited, held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season, and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race, held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season. Both events carry a hefty purse of over USD $1,000,000. NASCAR has also held exhibition races at Suzuka Circuit and Twin Ring Motegi in Japan and Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many exhibition events per year does the NASCAR Sprint Cup have?", "id": "5727c79f3acd2414000dec2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Daytona International Speedway"}], "question": "Where is the Sprint Unlimited held?", "id": "5727c79f3acd2414000dec2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Charlotte Motor Speedway"}], "question": "Where is the Sprint All-Star Race held?", "id": "5727c79f3acd2414000dec2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "over USD $1,000,000"}], "question": "What does the winner of the Sprint Unlimited get?", "id": "5727c79f3acd2414000dec30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "Where is Calder Park Thunderdome?", "id": "5727c79f3acd2414000dec31"}]}]], [["Penasihat Louis percaya bahawa, selagi Strasbourg tetap bebas, ia akan membahayakan wilayah-wilayah yang baru dilampirkan di Alsace, dan, untuk mempertahankan tanah-tanah pedalaman yang besar ini dengan berkesan, garrison harus ditempatkan di bandar-bandar seperti Strasbourg. Justeru, jambatan di atas Rhine di Strasbourg telah digunakan berulang kali oleh kuasa Kerajaan Imperial (Holy Roman Empire), dan tiga kali semasa Perang Franco-Belanda Strasbourg telah menjadi pintu masuk bagi pencerobohan Imperial ke Alsace. Pada bulan September 1681 pasukan Louis, walaupun tidak mempunyai casus belli yang jelas, mengelilingi bandar dengan kekuatan yang sangat besar. Selepas beberapa rundingan, Louis berarak ke bandar tanpa alasan pada 30 September 1681 dan mengisytiharkan penggabungannya. <> Berapa kali jambatan Rhine yang digunakan semasa Perang Perancis-Belanda? || Tiga <> Bilakah Louis mengelilingi bandar dengan kekuatan yang besar? || September 1681 <> Bilakah Louis masuk ke bandar tanpa alasan dan mengisytiharkan pencerobohannya? || 30 September 1681", {"context": "Louis' advisors believed that, as long as Strasbourg remained independent, it would endanger the King's newly annexed territories in Alsace, and, that to defend these large rural lands effectively, a garrison had to be placed in towns such as Strasbourg. Indeed, the bridge over the Rhine at Strasbourg had been used repeatedly by Imperial (Holy Roman Empire) forces, and three times during the Franco-Dutch War Strasbourg had served as a gateway for Imperial invasions into Alsace. In September 1681 Louis' forces, though lacking a clear casus belli, surrounded the city with overwhelming force. After some negotiation, Louis marched into the city unopposed on 30 September 1681 and proclaimed its annexation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War?", "id": "5727dbcaff5b5019007d9708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "September 1681"}], "question": "When did Louis surround the city with considerable force?", "id": "5727dbcaff5b5019007d9709"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "30 September 1681"}], "question": "When did Louis march into the city unopposed and proclaimed its annexation?", "id": "5727dbcaff5b5019007d970a"}]}], ["Strasbourg terletak di sempadan timur Perancis dengan Jerman. Batas ini dibentuk oleh Sungai Rhine, yang juga membentuk sempadan timur bandar moden, menghadap ke sungai ke bandar Jerman Kehl. Teras bersejarah Strasbourg bagaimanapun terletak di Grande \u00cele di Sungai Ill, yang di sini mengalir selari dengan, dan kira-kira 4 kilometer (2.5 mi) dari, Rhine. Kursus alam kedua-dua sungai akhirnya menyertai beberapa hiliran di Strasbourg, walaupun beberapa saluran air buatan kini menyambungkannya di dalam bandar. <> Sungai apa di sempadan Perancis dan Jerman? || Sungai Rhine <> Sungai River mengalir selari dengan sungai apa yang selama 4 kilometer? || Rhine <> Apa jenis saluran air menghubungkan Sungai Ill dan Sungai Rhine dalam Strasbourg? || buatan <> Strasbourg terletak di sempadan Perancis dan Jerman? || timur", {"context": "Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande \u00cele in the River Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from, the Rhine. The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "River Rhine"}], "question": "What river is on the border of France and Germany?", "id": "5727ce3d2ca10214002d96d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Rhine"}], "question": "The River Ill flows parallel with what river for 4 kilometres?", "id": "5727ce3d2ca10214002d96d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "artificial"}], "question": "What kind of waterways connect the River Ill and River Rhine within Strasbourg?", "id": "5727ce3d2ca10214002d96da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "eastern"}], "question": "Strasbourg is situated on what border of France and Germany?", "id": "5727ce3d2ca10214002d96db"}]}], ["Pusat bandar bersejarah Strasbourg, Grande \u00cele (Grand Island), telah diklasifikasikan sebagai tapak Warisan Dunia oleh UNESCO pada tahun 1988, kali pertama penghormatan itu diletakkan di seluruh pusat bandar. Strasbourg direndam dalam budaya Franco-Jerman dan walaupun secara kasar dipertikaikan sepanjang sejarah, telah menjadi jambatan perpaduan antara Perancis dan Jerman selama berabad-abad, terutamanya melalui University of Strasbourg, yang kini kedua terbesar di Perancis, dan wujud bersama Katolik dan Protestan budaya. Tempat ibadat Islam terbesar di Perancis, Masjid Besar Strasbourg, telah dirasmikan oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri Perancis Manuel Valls pada 27 September 2012. <> Tahun apakah Grande Ile dikelaskan sebagai tapak Warisan Dunia? || 1988 <> Apa budaya di Strasbourg? || Franco-Jerman <> Apakah tempat ibadat Islam terbesar di Perancis? || Masjid Besar Strasbourg <> Bilakah Masjid Besar Strasbourg diresmikan? || 27 September 2012 <> Apa universiti kedua terbesar di Perancis? || Universiti Strasbourg", {"context": "Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande \u00cele (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "1988"}], "question": "What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site?", "id": "5727cd39ff5b5019007d9584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Franco-German"}], "question": "What is the culture in Strasbourg?", "id": "5727cd39ff5b5019007d9585"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Strasbourg Grand Mosque"}], "question": "What is the largest Islamic place of worship in France?", "id": "5727cd39ff5b5019007d9586"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "27 September 2012"}], "question": "When was the Strasbourg Grand Mosque inaugurated?", "id": "5727cd39ff5b5019007d9587"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "University of Strasbourg"}], "question": "What is the second largest university in France?", "id": "5727cd39ff5b5019007d9588"}]}], ["Pada abad kelima Strasbourg diduduki berturut-turut oleh Alemanni, Hun, dan Franks. Pada abad kesembilan ia dikenali sebagai Strazburg dalam bahasa setempat, seperti yang didokumenkan dalam 842 oleh Sumpah Strasbourg. Teks trilingual ini mengandungi teks-teks dalam bahasa Latin dan Old High German (teudisca lingua), pelbagai tulisan tertulis Gallo-Romance (lingua romana) yang jelas berbeza dari bahasa Latin, nenek moyang Perancis Lama. Pekan ini juga dipanggil Stratisburgum atau Strateburgus di Latin, yang kemudiannya datang Strossburi di Alsatian dan Stra\u00dfburg dalam Standard German, dan kemudian Strasbourg dalam bahasa Perancis. Sumpah Strasbourg dianggap menandakan kelahiran kedua negara Perancis dan Jerman dengan pembahagian Empayar Carolingian. <> Apa perpecahan Empire untuk mencipta Perancis dan Jerman? || Carolingian Empire <> Bahasa apa yang dipanggil Strasbourg Strossburi? || Alsatian <> Apakah ejaan Jerman untuk Strasbourg? || Stra\u00dfburg <> Apakah Strasbourg dikenali dalam bahasa tempatan pada abad kesembilan? || Strazburg <> Dalam abad apa yang Strasbourg diduduki secara berturut-turut oleh Alemanni, Hun, dan Franks? || abad kelima", {"context": "In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. This trilingual text contains, alongside texts in Latin and Old High German (teudisca lingua), the oldest written variety of Gallo-Romance (lingua romana) clearly distinct from Latin, the ancestor of Old French. The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin, from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Stra\u00dfburg in Standard German, and then Strasbourg in French. The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "Carolingian Empire"}], "question": "What Empire split to create France and Germany?", "id": "5727d5992ca10214002d9798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Alsatian"}], "question": "What language called Strasbourg Strossburi?", "id": "5727d5992ca10214002d9799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Stra\u00dfburg"}], "question": "What is the German spelling for Strasbourg?", "id": "5727d5992ca10214002d979a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Strazburg"}], "question": "What was Strasbourg known as in the local language in the ninth century?", "id": "5727d5992ca10214002d979b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "fifth century"}], "question": "In what century was Strasbourg occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks?", "id": "5727d5992ca10214002d979c"}]}], ["Pusat Argentoratum tepat terletak di Grande \u00cele (Cardo: semasa Rue du Dome, Decumanus: semasa Rue des Hallebardes). Garis besar \"castrum\" Rom dapat dilihat dalam corak jalan di Grande Ile. Banyak artifak Rom juga telah ditemui di sepanjang Route des Romains semasa, jalan yang membawa kepada Argentoratum, di pinggir K\u0153nigshoffen. Di sinilah tempat perkuburan terbesar terletak, serta kepekatan padat penduduk kediaman dan perdagangan di sebelah kem. Antara penemuan yang paling luar biasa di K\u0153nigshoffen adalah (ditemukan pada tahun 1911-12) serpihan Mithraeum besar yang telah hancur oleh orang Kristian awal pada abad keempat. Dari kurun keempat, Strasbourg adalah kerusi Bishopric of Strasbourg (dibuat Uskup Agung pada tahun 1988). Penggalian arkeologi di bawah semasa \u00c9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne pada tahun 1948 dan 1956 telah menggali gereja dari sebuah gereja sejak abad keempat atau awal abad ke-5, yang dianggap sebagai gereja tertua di Alsace. Ia sepatutnya bahawa ini adalah kerusi pertama Diocese Roman Katolik Strasbourg. <> Apa yang telah dijumpai di sepanjang Route des Romains semasa? || Artefak Rom <> Di manakah pusat Argentoratum terletak? || Grande \u00cele <> Yang menghancurkan serpihan Mithraeum besar? || Kristian <> Bilakah Keuskupan Strasbourg membuat Uskup Agung? || 1988", {"context": "The centre of Argentoratum proper was situated on the Grande \u00cele (Cardo: current Rue du D\u00f4me, Decumanus: current Rue des Hallebardes). The outline of the Roman \"castrum\" is visible in the street pattern in the Grande Ile. Many Roman artifacts have also been found along the current Route des Romains, the road that led to Argentoratum, in the suburb of K\u0153nigshoffen. This was where the largest burial places were situated, as well as the densest concentration of civilian dwelling places and commerces next to the camp. Among the most outstanding finds in K\u0153nigshoffen were (found in 1911\u201312) the fragments of a grand Mithraeum that had been shattered by early Christians in the fourth century. From the fourth century, Strasbourg was the seat of the Bishopric of Strasbourg (made an Archbishopric in 1988). Archaeological excavations below the current \u00c9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne in 1948 and 1956 unearthed the apse of a church dating back to the late fourth or early fifth century, considered to be the oldest church in Alsace. It is supposed that this was the first seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Strasbourg.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Roman artifacts"}], "question": "What has been found along the current Route des Romains? ", "id": "5727d1683acd2414000ded2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Grande \u00cele"}], "question": "Where was the centre of Argentoratum situated?", "id": "5727d1683acd2414000ded2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "Christians"}], "question": "Who shattered the fragments of a grand Mithraeum?", "id": "5727d1683acd2414000ded2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "1988"}], "question": "When was the Bishopric of Strasbourg made an Archbishopric?", "id": "5727d1683acd2414000ded30"}]}], ["Satu revolusi pada tahun 1332 menghasilkan sebuah kerajaan bandar yang luas dengan penyertaan kesatuan, dan Strasbourg mengisytiharkan dirinya sebuah republik percuma. Wabak bubonic maut 1348 diikuti pada 14 Februari 1349 oleh salah satu pogroms pertama dan terburuk dalam sejarah pra-modern: lebih dari seribu orang Yahudi dibakar secara terbuka, dengan baki populasi Yahudi diusir dari kota. Hingga akhir abad ke-18, orang-orang Yahudi dilarang tinggal di bandar selepas pukul 10 malam. Masa untuk meninggalkan bandar itu ditandakan oleh pemberontakan perbandaran yang meniup Gr\u00fcselhorn (lihat di bawah, Muzium, Mus\u00e9e historique) ;. Cukai istimewa, Pflastergeld (wang turapan), juga dibayar kepada mana-mana kuda yang akan ditunggangi atau dibawa oleh orang Yahudi ke bandar semasa dibenarkan. <> Dalam tahun apakah Strasbourg mengisytiharkan diri sebagai republik percuma? || 1332 <> Tahun apakah wabak bubonic mematikan di Strasbourg? || 1348 <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi dibakar hingga 1349? || Lebih dari seribu <> Masa berapa orang Yahudi dilarang masuk ke bandar selepas itu? || 10 malam <> Apa yang perlu dibayar oleh orang Yahudi untuk menunggang kuda ke bandar? || cukai khas", {"context": "A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds, and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic. The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death, with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city. Until the end of the 18th century, Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm. The time to leave the city was signalled by a municipal herald blowing the Gr\u00fcselhorn (see below, Museums, Mus\u00e9e historique);. A special tax, the Pflastergeld (pavement money), was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "1332"}], "question": "In what year did Strasbourg declare itself a free republic? ", "id": "5727d6b4ff5b5019007d9686"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "1348"}], "question": "What year was the deadly bubonic plague in Strasbourg?", "id": "5727d6b4ff5b5019007d9687"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "over a thousand"}], "question": "How many Jews were burned to death in 1349?", "id": "5727d6b4ff5b5019007d9688"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "10 pm"}], "question": "What time were the Jews forbidden to be in town after?", "id": "5727d6b4ff5b5019007d9689"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "special tax"}], "question": "What did the Jews need to pay to ride a horse into town?", "id": "5727d6b4ff5b5019007d968a"}]}], ["Orang Rom di bawah Nero Claudius Drusus menubuhkan sebuah jabatan militer milik wilayah Jermania Superior Roman di lokasi semasa Strasbourg, dan menamakannya Argentoratum. (Oleh itu, bandar ini biasanya dipanggil Argentina dalam bahasa Latin abad pertengahan.) Nama \"Argentoratum\" pertama kali disebutkan pada tahun 12 SM dan bandar raya itu meraikan ulang tahun ke-2,000nya pada tahun 1988. \"Argentorate\" sebagai toponym dari penempatan Gaulish sebelum ia dimodelkan , tetapi tidak diketahui berapa lama. Kem Rom dimusnahkan oleh api dan dibina semula enam kali antara abad pertama dan kelima AD: pada 70, 97, 235, 355, pada suku terakhir abad keempat, dan pada tahun-tahun awal abad kelima. Ia berada di bawah Trajan dan setelah kebakaran 97 yang Argentoratum menerima bentuk yang paling panjang dan diperkuat. Dari tahun 90-an, Legio VIII Augusta telah ditempatkan secara kekal di kubu Argentoratum Rom. Ia kemudiannya memasukkan seksyen kavaleri dan meliputi kawasan seluas kira-kira 20 hektar. Kesemua legenda Rom yang sementara ditempatkan di Argentoratum adalah Legio XIV Gemina dan Legio XXI Rapax, yang terakhir semasa pemerintahan Nero. <> Apa yang dipanggil Strasbourg pada tahun 12 SM? || Argentoratum <> Apakah kuburan Rom dimusnahkan? || api <> Siapa yang mengetuai orang Roma di Argentoratum? || Nero Claudius Drusus <> Selepas tahun berapa Legio VIII Augusta kekal di Argentoratum? || tahun 90 <> Berapa kali Argentoratum dibina semula pada abad pertama dan kelima AD? || enam kali", {"context": "The Romans under Nero Claudius Drusus established a military outpost belonging to the Germania Superior Roman province at Strasbourg's current location, and named it Argentoratum. (Hence the town is commonly called Argentina in medieval Latin.) The name \"Argentoratum\" was first mentioned in 12 BC and the city celebrated its 2,000th birthday in 1988. \"Argentorate\" as the toponym of the Gaulish settlement preceded it before being Latinized, but it is not known by how long. The Roman camp was destroyed by fire and rebuilt six times between the first and the fifth centuries AD: in 70, 97, 235, 355, in the last quarter of the fourth century, and in the early years of the fifth century. It was under Trajan and after the fire of 97 that Argentoratum received its most extended and fortified shape. From the year 90 on, the Legio VIII Augusta was permanently stationed in the Roman camp of Argentoratum. It then included a cavalry section and covered an area of approximately 20 hectares. Other Roman legions temporarily stationed in Argentoratum were the Legio XIV Gemina and the Legio XXI Rapax, the latter during the reign of Nero.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Argentoratum"}], "question": "What was Strasbourg called in 12 BC?", "id": "5727cfc5ff5b5019007d95ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "fire"}], "question": "What was the Roman camp destroyed by?", "id": "5727cfc5ff5b5019007d95bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Nero Claudius Drusus"}], "question": "Who was leading the Romans at Argentoratum?", "id": "5727cfc5ff5b5019007d95bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 810, "text": "year 90"}], "question": "After what year was the Legio VIII Augusta permanently stationed in Argentoratum?", "id": "5727cfc5ff5b5019007d95bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "six times"}], "question": "How many times was Argentoratum rebuilt during the first and fifth centuries AD?", "id": "5727cfc5ff5b5019007d95be"}]}], ["Pengilhaman ini adalah salah satu sebab langsung Perang Perang Reuni yang singkat dan berdarah yang hasilnya meninggalkan Perancis dalam pemilikan. Pengambilan Perancis diakui oleh Perjanjian Ryswick (1697). Dasar rasmi intoleransi agama yang mengusir sebagian besar Protestan dari Perancis setelah pembatalan Edict of Nantes pada tahun 1685 tidak diterapkan di Strasbourg dan di Alsace, karena keduanya memiliki status khusus sebagai sebuah provinsi \u00e0 l'instar de l'\u00e9tranger effectif ( sejenis provinsi asing raja Perancis). Katedral Strasbourg, bagaimanapun, diambil dari Lutheran untuk dikembalikan kepada Katolik kerana pihak berkuasa Perancis cuba mempromosikan Katolik di mana sahaja mereka dapat (beberapa gereja bersejarah lain kekal di tangan Protestan). Bahasa itu juga kekal sangat Jerman: universiti Lutheran Jerman berterusan sehingga Revolusi Perancis. Pelajar terkenal termasuk Goethe dan Herder. <> Apa salah satu punca Perang Reuni? || annexation <> Bilakah pencabulan Perancis diiktiraf oleh Perjanjian Ryswick? || 1697 <> Apa jemaat diambil dari Lutheran dan kembali kepada Katolik? || Katedral Strasbourg <> Siapakah pelajar terkenal yang menghadiri Universiti Lutheran Jerman? || Goethe dan Herder", {"context": "This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession. The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The official policy of religious intolerance which drove most Protestants from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was not applied in Strasbourg and in Alsace, because both had a special status as a province \u00e0 l'instar de l'\u00e9tranger effectif (a kind of foreign province of the king of France). Strasbourg Cathedral, however, was taken from the Lutherans to be returned to the Catholics as the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism wherever they could (some other historic churches remained in Protestant hands). Its language also remained overwhelmingly German: the German Lutheran university persisted until the French Revolution. Famous students included Goethe and Herder.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "annexation"}], "question": "What was one of the causes of the War of the Reunions? ", "id": "5727dd9c4b864d1900163ecc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "1697"}], "question": "When was the French annexation recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick?", "id": "5727dd9c4b864d1900163ecd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Strasbourg Cathedral"}], "question": "What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics?", "id": "5727dd9c4b864d1900163ece"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 894, "text": "Goethe and Herder"}], "question": "Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University?", "id": "5727dd9c4b864d1900163ecf"}]}], ["Strasbourg (/ str\u00e6zb\u025c\u02d0r\u0261 /, sebutan Perancis: [st\u0281az.bu\u0281, st\u0281as.bu\u0281]; Alsatian: Strossburi; Stra\u00dfburg, [\u0283t\u0281a\u02d0sb\u028a\u0250\u032f]) adalah ibu kota dan kota terbesar Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL) rantau di timur Perancis dan merupakan kerusi rasmi Parlimen Eropah. Terletak berhampiran sempadan dengan Jerman, ia adalah ibu kota di bahagian Bas-Rhin. Bandar dan rantau Alsace secara amnya berasal dari bahasa Alemannic, oleh itu nama Germanic bandar itu. Pada tahun 2013, bandar yang betul mempunyai 275,718 penduduk, Eurom\u00e9tropole de Strasbourg (Greater Strasbourg) mempunyai 475,934 penduduk dan Arrondissement of Strasbourg mempunyai 482,384 penduduk. Dengan penduduk 768,868 pada tahun 2012, kawasan metropolitan Strasbourg (hanya sebahagian daripada kawasan metropolitan di wilayah Perancis) adalah yang kesembilan terbesar di Perancis dan rumah kepada 13% daripada penduduk wilayah ACAL. Eurodistrict transnasional Strasbourg-Ortenau mempunyai penduduk 915,000 penduduk pada tahun 2014. <> Apa populasi Strasbourg pada tahun 2012? || 768,868 <> Apakah populasi Eurodistrict transnasional Strasbourg-Ortenau pada tahun 2014? || 915,000 <> Apa bahasa utama di wilayah Alace? || Alemannic <> Apa bandar terbesar di rantau ACAL Perancis? || Stra\u00dfburg <> Strasbourg mempunyai kerusi rasmi dalam parlimen apa? || Eropah <> Strasbourg mempunyai kerusi rasmi dalam apa Parlimen? || Eropah <> Apakah bahasa utama dalam Asace? || Alemannic <> Apa nama sebenarnya Strasbourg? || Jermanik", {"context": "Strasbourg (/\u02c8str\u00e6zb\u025c\u02d0r\u0261/, French pronunciation: \u200b[st\u0281az.bu\u0281, st\u0281as.bu\u0281]; Alsatian: Strossburi; German: Stra\u00dfburg, [\u02c8\u0283t\u0281a\u02d0sb\u028a\u0250\u032fk]) is the capital and largest city of the Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL) region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin d\u00e9partement. The city and the region of Alsace were historically predominantly Alemannic-speaking, hence the city's Germanic name. In 2013, the city proper had 275,718 inhabitants, Eurom\u00e9tropole de Strasbourg (Greater Strasbourg) had 475,934 inhabitants and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 482,384 inhabitants. With a population of 768,868 in 2012, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France and home to 13% of the ACAL region's inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 915,000 inhabitants in 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "768,868"}], "question": "What is the population of Strasbourg in 2012?", "id": "5727c9482ca10214002d9628"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 962, "text": "915,000"}], "question": "What is the population of the transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau in 2014?", "id": "5727c9482ca10214002d9629"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Alemannic"}], "question": "What is the predominant language in the region of Alace?", "id": "5727c9482ca10214002d962a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Stra\u00dfburg"}], "question": "What is the largest city in the ACAL region of France?", "id": "5727c9482ca10214002d962b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "European"}], "question": "Strasbourg has an official seat in what parliament?", "id": "5727c9482ca10214002d962c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "European"}], "question": "Strasbourg has an official seat in what Parliament?", "id": "5727cc1b2ca10214002d968c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Alemannic"}], "question": "What is the predominant language in Asace?", "id": "5727cc1b2ca10214002d968d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Germanic"}], "question": "What kind of name is Strasbourg?", "id": "5727cc1b2ca10214002d968e"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1520an semasa Reformasi Protestan, kota itu, di bawah bimbingan politik Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck dan bimbingan rohani Martin Bucer memeluk ajaran agama Martin Luther. Penganut mereka menubuhkan Gimnasium, yang diketuai oleh Johannes Sturm, dibuat ke Universiti pada abad yang berikutnya. Bandaraya yang pertama diikuti Pengakuan Tetrapolitan, dan kemudian Pengakuan Augsburg. Iconoclasm Protestan menyebabkan banyak kemusnahan kepada gereja-gereja dan cloisters, walaupun Luther sendiri menentang amalan sedemikian. Strasbourg adalah pusat biasiswa humanisme dan percetakan buku awal di Empayar Rom Suci, dan pengaruh intelektual dan politiknya banyak menyumbang kepada penubuhan Protestantisme sebagai satu denominasi yang diterima di barat daya Jerman. (John Calvin menghabiskan beberapa tahun sebagai pelarian politik di bandar). Ahli Majlis Strasbourg Sturm dan guildmaster Matthias mewakili bandar di Diet Imperial of Speyer (1529), di mana protes mereka membawa kepada perpecahan Gereja Katolik dan evolusi Protestantisme. Bersama-sama dengan empat kota bebas yang lain, Strasbourg mempersembahkan tetrapolitana confessio sebagai buku kepercayaan Protestan di Diet Imperial dari Augsburg pada 1530, di mana Pengakuan Augsburg yang sedikit juga telah diserahkan kepada Charles V, Kaisar Rom Suci. <> Siapa yang menjadi panduan politik semasa Reformasi Protestan? || Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck <> Siapakah panduan rohani semasa Reformasi Protestan? || Martin Bucer <> Siapa yang menghabiskan beberapa tahun sebagai pelarian politik di bandar? || John Calvin <> Berapa banyak bandar lain yang menyertai Strasbourg di Diet Imperial Augsburg pada tahun 1530? || empat", {"context": "In the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation, the city, under the political guidance of Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck and the spiritual guidance of Martin Bucer embraced the religious teachings of Martin Luther. Their adherents established a Gymnasium, headed by Johannes Sturm, made into a University in the following century. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession. Protestant iconoclasm caused much destruction to churches and cloisters, notwithstanding that Luther himself opposed such a practice. Strasbourg was a centre of humanist scholarship and early book-printing in the Holy Roman Empire, and its intellectual and political influence contributed much to the establishment of Protestantism as an accepted denomination in the southwest of Germany. (John Calvin spent several years as a political refugee in the city). The Strasbourg Councillor Sturm and guildmaster Matthias represented the city at the Imperial Diet of Speyer (1529), where their protest led to the schism of the Catholic Church and the evolution of Protestantism. Together with four other free cities, Strasbourg presented the confessio tetrapolitana as its Protestant book of faith at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530, where the slightly different Augsburg Confession was also handed over to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck"}], "question": "Who was the political guide during the Protestant Reformation? ", "id": "5727d8054b864d1900163e56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Martin Bucer"}], "question": "Who was the spiritual guide during the Protestant Reformation?", "id": "5727d8054b864d1900163e57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "John Calvin"}], "question": "Who spent several years as a political refugee in the city?", "id": "5727d8054b864d1900163e58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1099, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many other cities joined Strasbourg at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530?", "id": "5727d8054b864d1900163e59"}]}], ["Antara pencerobohan Jerman terhadap Poland pada 1 September 1939 dan pengisytiharan Perang Anglo-Perancis terhadap Reich Jerman pada 3 September 1939, seluruh bandar (seramai 120,000 orang) dipindahkan, seperti bandar-bandar sempadan lain. Sehingga ketibaan tentera Wehrmacht pada pertengahan bulan Jun 1940, bandar itu, selama sepuluh bulan, benar-benar kosong, kecuali tentera yang dipenjarakan. Orang-orang Yahudi Strasbourg telah dipindahkan ke P\u00e9rigueux dan Limoges, Universiti telah dipindahkan ke Clermont-Ferrand. <> Siapa yang menyerang Poland pada 1 September 1939? || Jerman <> Berapa ramai orang yang dipindahkan semasa pencerobohan? || 120,000 <> Tentera apa tiba pada pertengahan bulan Jun 1940? || Wehrmacht tentera <> Berapa lamakah bandar itu kosong sekali? || sepuluh bulan <> Di manakah universiti dipindahkan? || Clermont-Ferrand", {"context": "Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well. Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940, the city was, for ten months, completely empty, with the exception of the garrisoned soldiers. The Jews of Strasbourg had been evacuated to P\u00e9rigueux and Limoges, the University had been evacuated to Clermont-Ferrand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "German"}], "question": "Who invaded Poland on 1 September 1939? ", "id": "572800502ca10214002d9b0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "120,000"}], "question": "How many people were evacuated during the invasion?", "id": "572800512ca10214002d9b0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Wehrmacht troops"}], "question": "What troops arrived in mid-June 1940?", "id": "572800512ca10214002d9b0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "ten months"}], "question": "How long was the city completely empty?", "id": "572800512ca10214002d9b0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Clermont-Ferrand"}], "question": "Where was the University evacuated?", "id": "572800512ca10214002d9b0e"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1871, selepas berakhirnya perang, bandar itu telah dilampirkan kepada Empayar Jerman yang baru ditubuhkan sebagai sebahagian daripada Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen di bawah syarat-syarat Perjanjian Frankfurt. Sebagai sebahagian daripada Imperial Jerman, Strasbourg telah dibina semula dan dibangunkan pada skala besar dan perwakilan, seperti Neue Stadt, atau \"bandar baru\" di sekitar Place de la R\u00e9publique sekarang. Ahli sejarah Rodolphe Reuss dan ahli sejarah Art Wilhelm von Bode bertanggungjawab membina semula arkib perbandaran, perpustakaan dan muzium. Universiti yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1567 dan ditindas semasa Revolusi Perancis sebagai kubu sentimen Jerman, [rujukan?] Dibuka semula pada tahun 1872 di bawah nama Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t. <> Pada tahun apakah bandar itu dilampirkan kepada Empayar Jerman? || 1871 <> Apakah Perjanjian di 1871 dipanggil? || Perjanjian Frankfurt <> Tahun berapa universiti ditubuhkan? || 1567 <> Apa Sejarah yang bertanggungjawab untuk membina semula arkib perbandaran? || Rodolphe Reuss <> Apa nama baru universiti ketika dibuka semula pada tahun 1872? || Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t", {"context": "In 1871, after the end of the war, the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. As part of Imperial Germany, Strasbourg was rebuilt and developed on a grand and representative scale, such as the Neue Stadt, or \"new city\" around the present Place de la R\u00e9publique. Historian Rodolphe Reuss and Art historian Wilhelm von Bode were in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives, libraries and museums. The University, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment,[citation needed] was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1871"}], "question": "In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire?", "id": "5727f9864b864d1900164102"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Treaty of Frankfurt"}], "question": "What was the Treaty in 1871 called?", "id": "5727f9864b864d1900164103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "1567"}], "question": "What year was the university founded?", "id": "5727f9864b864d1900164105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Rodolphe Reuss"}], "question": "What Historian was in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives?", "id": "5727f9864b864d1900164104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t"}], "question": " What was the new name of the university when it reopened in 1872?", "id": "5727f9864b864d1900164106"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Perancis-Prusia dan Pengepungan Strasbourg, bandar ini sangat dibombardir oleh tentera Prusia. Pengeboman kota itu bertujuan untuk memecahkan semangat rakyat Strasbourg. Pada 24 dan 26 Ogos 1870, Muzium Seni Halus telah dimusnahkan oleh kebakaran, seperti Perpustakaan Perbandaran yang terletak di gereja bekas gereja Dominika Gothic, dengan koleksi unik manuskrip zaman pertengahan (yang paling terkenal dengan Hortus deliciarum), buku Renaissance yang jarang, arkeologi penemuan dan artifak sejarah. Katedral Gothic telah rosak serta gereja abad pertengahan Temple Neuf, teater, dewan bandar, mahkamah keadilan dan banyak rumah. Pada akhir pengepungan 10,000 penduduk ditinggalkan tanpa tempat tinggal; Lebih 600 orang mati, termasuk 261 orang awam, dan 3200 cedera, termasuk 1,100 orang awam. <> Siapa yang membombardir bandar Strasbourg? || Tentera Prusia <> Apa tarikh Muzium Seni Halus dimusnahkan oleh api? || 24 dan 26 Ogos 1870 <> Apakah katedral rosak bersama dengan gereja zaman pertengahan Temple Neuf? || gothic <> Berapa banyak penduduk yang tinggal tanpa perlindungan selepas pengepungan? || 10,000 <> Berapa ramai orang awam mati semasa pengepungan? || 261", {"context": "During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg, the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army. The bombardment of the city was meant to break the morale of the people of Strasbourg. On 24 and 26 August 1870, the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire, as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican church, with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts (most famously the Hortus deliciarum), rare Renaissance books, archeological finds and historical artifacts. The gothic cathedral was damaged as well as the medieval church of Temple Neuf, the theatre, the city hall, the court of justice and many houses. At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter; over 600 died, including 261 civilians, and 3200 were injured, including 1,100 civilians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Prussian army"}], "question": "Who bombarded the city of Strasbourg? ", "id": "5727f8794b864d19001640e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "24 and 26 August 1870"}], "question": "What date was the Museum of Fine Arts destroyed by fire?", "id": "5727f8794b864d19001640e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "gothic"}], "question": "What cathedral was damaged along with the medieval church of Temple Neuf?", "id": "5727f8794b864d19001640ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "How many inhabitants were left without shelter after the siege?", "id": "5727f8794b864d19001640eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "261"}], "question": "How many civilians died during the siege?", "id": "5727f8794b864d19001640ec"}]}], ["Benteng pertahanan besar-besaran ditubuhkan di sekitar bandaraya, yang kebanyakannya masih berdiri hari ini, dinamakan semula selepas jeneral Perancis dan umumnya diklasifikasikan sebagai monumen historiques; terutamanya Fort Roon (sekarang Fort Desaix) dan Fort Podbielski (kini Fort Ducrot) di Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (kini Fort Rapp) di Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (kini Fort Kl\u00e9ber) di Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (sekarang Fort Foch) di Niederhausbergen , Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen (sekarang Fort Joffre) di Holtzheim dan Fort Gro\u00dfherzog von Baden (sekarang Fort Fr\u00e8re) di Oberhausbergen. <> Apa yang ditubuhkan di sekitar bandar? || kubu <> Di mana Fort Podbielski terletak? || Mundolsheim <> Di mana terletak Bismark? || Wolfisheim <> Di mana untuk Kronprinz von Sachsen terletak? || Holtzheim <> Di mana Fort Roon Terletak? || Mundolsheim", {"context": "A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city, most of which still stands today, renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques; most notably Fort Roon (now Fort Desaix) and Fort Podbielski (now Fort Ducrot) in Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (now Fort Rapp) in Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (now Fort Kl\u00e9ber) in Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (now Fort Foch) in Niederhausbergen, Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen (now Fort Joffre) in Holtzheim and Fort Gro\u00dfherzog von Baden (now Fort Fr\u00e8re) in Oberhausbergen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "fortifications"}], "question": "What was established around the city?  ", "id": "5727fa644b864d1900164120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Mundolsheim"}], "question": "Where is Fort Podbielski located?", "id": "5727fa644b864d1900164121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Wolfisheim"}], "question": "Where is Fort Bismark located?", "id": "5727fa644b864d1900164122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Holtzheim"}], "question": "Where is for Kronprinz von Sachsen located?", "id": "5727fa644b864d1900164123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Mundolsheim"}], "question": "Where is Fort Roon Located?", "id": "5727fa644b864d1900164124"}]}], ["Selepas gencatan senjata selepas Kejatuhan Perancis pada bulan Jun 1940, Alsace telah dilampirkan ke Jerman dan dasar Jermanisation yang ketat telah dikenakan oleh Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner. Ketika, pada bulan Julai 1940, orang-orang yang mula-mula dibiarkan kembali, hanya penduduk asal Alsatian yang diterima. Orang-orang Yahudi yang terakhir diusir pada 15 Julai 1940 dan rumah ibadat utama, sebuah gedung kebangkitan Romanesque besar yang menjadi tanda arsitektur utama dengan kubahnya yang berukuran 54 meter sejak selesai pada tahun 1897, telah dibakar, kemudian dibakar. <> Pada tahun apa kejatuhan Perancis? || 1940 <> Negara mana yang dilampirkan kepada Alsace? || Jerman <> Yang mengenakan dasar Jermanisation yang ketat? || Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner <> Bilakah mangsa pengungsi yang pertama dibenarkan pulang? || Julai 1940 <> Berapa tinggi kubah di bangunan kebangkitan Romanesque? || 54 meter", {"context": "After the ceasefire following the Fall of France in June 1940, Alsace was annexed to Germany and a rigorous policy of Germanisation was imposed upon it by the Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner. When, in July 1940, the first evacuees were allowed to return, only residents of Alsatian origin were admitted. The last Jews were deported on 15 July 1940 and the main synagogue, a huge Romanesque revival building that had been a major architectural landmark with its 54-metre-high dome since its completion in 1897, was set ablaze, then razed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "1940"}], "question": "In what year was the Fall of France?", "id": "5728016b4b864d19001641e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "What country was Alsace annexed to? ", "id": "5728016b4b864d19001641e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner"}], "question": "Who imposed the rigorous policy of Germanisation?", "id": "5728016b4b864d19001641e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "July 1940"}], "question": "When were the first evacuees allowed to return?", "id": "5728016b4b864d19001641e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "54-metre"}], "question": " How high was the dome at the Romanesque revival building?", "id": "5728016b4b864d19001641e8"}]}], ["Status Strasbourg sebagai bandar bebas dibatalkan oleh Revolusi Perancis. Enrag\u00e9s, paling terkenal Eulogius Schneider, memerintah bandar dengan tangan yang semakin besi. Pada masa ini, banyak gereja dan biara telah musnah atau rosak teruk. Katedral itu kehilangan beratus-ratus patung-patungnya (kemudian digantikan oleh salinan-salinan pada abad ke-19) dan pada April 1794, ada ceramah untuk merobohkan spirenya, dengan alasan ia bertentangan dengan prinsip persamaan. Menara itu diselamatkan, bagaimanapun, pada bulan Mei tahun yang sama rakyat Strasbourg memungutnya dengan topeng Phrygian timah gergasi. Artefak ini kemudian disimpan dalam koleksi sejarah bandar sehingga ia dimusnahkan oleh orang Jerman pada tahun 1870 semasa perang Franco-Prusia. <> Apa yang membatalkan status Strasbourg sebagai bandar raya percuma? || Revolusi Perancis <> Yang memerintah kota dengan tangan besi? || Eulogius Schneider <> Apa katedral kalah pada April 1794? || patung <> Apa topi Phrygian gergasi yang terbuat dari? || Tin <> Siapa yang memusnahkan topi Phrygian pada tahun 1870? || Jerman", {"context": "Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. Enrag\u00e9s, most notoriously Eulogius Schneider, ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand. During this time, many churches and monasteries were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by copies in the 19th century) and in April 1794, there was talk of tearing its spire down, on the grounds that it was against the principle of equality. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap. This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until it was destroyed by the Germans in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "French Revolution"}], "question": "What revoked Strasbourg's status as a free city? ", "id": "5727f7313acd2414000df103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Eulogius Schneider"}], "question": "Who ruled the city with an iron hand?", "id": "5727f7313acd2414000df104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "statues"}], "question": "What did the cathedrals lose in April 1794?", "id": "5727f7313acd2414000df105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "tin"}], "question": "What was the giant Phrygian cap made out of?", "id": "5727f7313acd2414000df106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "Germans"}], "question": "Who destroyed the Phrygian cap in 1870?", "id": "5727f7313acd2414000df107"}]}], ["Ramai orang dari Strasbourg dimasukkan ke dalam Tentera Jerman terhadap kehendak mereka, dan dihantar ke bahagian timur, lelaki dan wanita muda itu dinamakan sebagai Malgr\u00e9-nous. Ramai yang cuba melarikan diri dari penggabungan itu, bergabung dengan Rintangan Perancis, atau menjauhi Wehrmacht tetapi ramai yang tidak dapat kerana mereka menjalankan risiko untuk menghantar keluarga mereka ke tempat kerja atau tempat tumpuan oleh Jerman. Ramai orang-orang ini, terutama mereka yang tidak menjawab panggilan dengan serta-merta, dipaksa untuk \"sukarelawan\" untuk berkhidmat dengan SS, sering dengan ancaman langsung terhadap keluarga mereka. Ancaman ini mewajibkan majoriti mereka kekal dalam tentera Jerman. Selepas perang, beberapa yang terselamat sering dituduh sebagai pengkhianat atau kolaboratoris, kerana keadaan sukar ini tidak diketahui di seluruh Perancis, dan mereka terpaksa menghadapi ketidakpastian yang banyak. Pada bulan Julai 1944, 1500 malgr\u00e9-nous telah dibebaskan dari penangkapan Soviet dan dihantar ke Algiers, di mana mereka menyertai Angkatan Perancis Bebas. Sejarah pada masa kini mengiktiraf penderitaan orang-orang, dan muzium, perbincangan awam dan peringatan telah dibina untuk memperingati tempoh sejarah yang dahsyat ini di bahagian timur Perancis (Alsace dan Moselle). Pembebasan Strasbourg berlaku pada 23 November 1944. <> Apakah lelaki dan wanita yang dihantar ke bahagian timur melawan kehendak mereka? || Malgr\u00e9-nous <> Siapa yang menghantar keluarga keluar ke kem-kem tahanan? || Jerman <> Dimana para tawanan soviet yang dibebaskan dihantar? || Algiers <> Bilakah pembebasan Strasbourg berlaku? || 23 November 1944", {"context": "Many people from Strasbourg were incorporated in the German Army against their will, and were sent to the eastern front, those young men and women were called Malgr\u00e9-nous. Many tried to escape from the incorporation, join the French Resistance, or desert the Wehrmacht but many couldn't because they were running the risk of having their families sent to work or concentration camps by the Germans. Many of these men, especially those who did not answer the call immediately, were pressured to \"volunteer\" for service with the SS, often by direct threats on their families. This threat obliged the majority of them to remain in the German army. After the war, the few that survived were often accused of being traitors or collaborationists, because this tough situation was not known in the rest of France, and they had to face the incomprehension of many. In July 1944, 1500 malgr\u00e9-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces. Nowadays history recognizes the suffering of those people, and museums, public discussions and memorials have been built to commemorate this terrible period of history of this part of Eastern France (Alsace and Moselle). Liberation of Strasbourg took place on 23 November 1944.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Malgr\u00e9-nous"}], "question": "What were the men and women sent to the eastern front against their will called? ", "id": "5728110f4b864d1900164384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Germans"}], "question": "Who sent deserters families to concentration camps?", "id": "5728110f4b864d1900164385"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 936, "text": "Algiers"}], "question": "Where were the freed soviet captives sent?", "id": "5728110f4b864d1900164386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1247, "text": "23 November 1944"}], "question": "When did the liberation of Strasbourg take place?", "id": "5728110f4b864d1900164387"}]}], ["Pada September 1940 pergerakan rintangan Alsatian pertama yang diketuai oleh Marcel Weinum yang dipanggil La main noire (Tangan hitam) telah diwujudkan. Ia dikarang oleh sekumpulan 25 lelaki muda berusia 14 hingga 18 tahun yang mengetuai beberapa serangan terhadap pendudukan Jerman. Tindakan itu memuncak dengan serangan Gauleiter Robert Wagner, komander tertinggi Alsace langsung di bawah perintah Hitler. Pada bulan Mac 1942, Marcel Weinum telah didakwa oleh Gestapo dan dijatuhkan hukuman mati dipenggal pada usia 18 tahun pada bulan April 1942 di Stuttgart, Jerman. Kata-kata terakhirnya ialah: \"Jika saya perlu mati, saya akan mati tetapi dengan hati yang murni\". Dari tahun 1943 bandar ini dibombardir oleh pesawat Allied. Walaupun Perang Dunia Pertama tidak begitu merosakkan kota, pengeboman Anglo-Amerika menyebabkan kemusnahan yang luas dalam serangan yang sekurang-kurangnya satu didakwa dilakukan secara tidak sengaja. Pada bulan Ogos 1944, beberapa bangunan di Old Town telah rosak oleh bom, terutamanya Palais Rohan, Rumah Kastam Lama (Ancienne Douane) dan Katedral. Pada 23 November 1944, bandar ini secara rasmi dibebaskan oleh Divisyen Perisai Perancis ke-2 di bawah General Leclerc. Dia mencapai sumpah yang dibuatnya dengan tenteranya, setelah Tangkapan Kufra ditakdirkan. Dengan Sumpah Kuffra, mereka bersumpah untuk terus berjuang sehingga bendera Perancis terbang ke Katedral Strasbourg. <> Siapa yang mengetuai pergerakan rintangan Alsatian yang pertama? || Marcel Weinum <> Siapa komander tertinggi yang berada di bawah Hitler? || Gauleiter Robert Wagner <> Bagaimana Marcel Weinum dilaksanakan? || dipancung <> Apa kota diserang pada tahun 1943? || Pesawat bersekutu <> Pada tarikh apakah bandar itu dibebaskan? || 23 November 1944", {"context": "In September 1940 the first Alsatian resistance movement led by Marcel Weinum called La main noire (The black hand) was created. It was composed by a group of 25 young men aged from 14 to 18 years old who led several attacks against the German occupation. The actions culminated with the attack of the Gauleiter Robert Wagner, the highest commander of Alsace directly under the order of Hitler. In March 1942, Marcel Weinum was prosecuted by the Gestapo and sentenced to be beheaded at the age of 18 in April 1942 in Stuttgart, Germany. His last words will be: \"If I have to die, I shall die but with a pure heart\". From 1943 the city was bombarded by Allied aircraft. While the First World War had not notably damaged the city, Anglo-American bombing caused extensive destruction in raids of which at least one was allegedly carried out by mistake. In August 1944, several buildings in the Old Town were damaged by bombs, particularly the Palais Rohan, the Old Customs House (Ancienne Douane) and the Cathedral. On 23 November 1944, the city was officially liberated by the 2nd French Armoured Division under General Leclerc. He achieved the oath that he made with his soldiers, after the decisive Capture of Kufra. With the Oath of Kuffra, they swore to keep up the fight until the French flag flew over the Cathedral of Strasbourg.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Marcel Weinum"}], "question": "Who led the first Alsatian resistance movement?  ", "id": "572803362ca10214002d9b6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Gauleiter Robert Wagner"}], "question": "Who was the highest commander that is under Hitler?", "id": "572803362ca10214002d9b6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "beheaded"}], "question": "How was Marcel Weinum executed?", "id": "572803362ca10214002d9b6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "Allied aircraft"}], "question": "What was the city attacked by in 1943?", "id": "572803362ca10214002d9b6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1016, "text": "23 November 1944"}], "question": "On what date was the city liberated?", "id": "572803362ca10214002d9b6e"}]}], ["Berikutan kekalahan kerajaan Jerman pada Perang Dunia I dan penamatan Maharaja Jerman, beberapa pemberontak revolusioner mengisytiharkan Alsace-Lorraine sebagai Republik bebas, tanpa referendum atau undi awal. Pada 11 November 1918 (Hari Gencatan Senjata), pemberontak komunis mengisytiharkan \"kerajaan soviet\" di Strasbourg, berikutan contoh Kurt Eisner di Munich dan juga bandar-bandar Jerman lainnya. Tentera Perancis yang diperintahkan oleh jeneral Perancis Henri Gouraud memasuki kemenangan pada 22 November. Jalan utama bandar kini menamakan nama tarikh itu (Rue du 22 Novembre) yang merayakan kemasukan orang Perancis di bandar. Melihat kerumunan orang ramai yang bersorak-sorai berkumpul di balkoni dewan bandar Strasbourg, Presiden Perancis Raymond Poincar\u00e9 menyatakan bahawa \"plebisit itu dilakukan\". <> Dalam peperangan apakah Empayar Jerman kalah? || Perang Dunia I <> Republik apa jenis pemberontak yang mengisytiharkan Alsace-Lorraine? || Bebas <> Apa tarikh Strasbourg mengisytiharkan kerajaan soviet oleh pemberontak? || 11 November 1918 <> Siapa yang memerintahkan tentera Perancis pada 22 November? || Ketua Perancis Henri Gouraud <> Apa yang Presiden Perancis berkata \"plebisit itu dilakukan\"? || Raymond Poincar\u00e9", {"context": "Following the defeat of the German empire in World War I and the abdication of the German Emperor, some revolutionary insurgents declared Alsace-Lorraine as an independent Republic, without preliminary referendum or vote. On 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day), communist insurgents proclaimed a \"soviet government\" in Strasbourg, following the example of Kurt Eisner in Munich as well as other German towns. French troops commanded by French general Henri Gouraud entered triumphantly in the city on 22 November. A major street of the city now bears the name of that date (Rue du 22 Novembre) which celebrates the entry of the French in the city. Viewing the massive cheering crowd gathered under the balcony of Strasbourg's town hall, French President Raymond Poincar\u00e9 stated that \"the plebiscite is done\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "World War I"}], "question": "In what war was the German Empire defeated? ", "id": "5727fc04ff5b5019007d99f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "independent"}], "question": "What kind of Republic did some insurgents declare Alsace-Lorraine?", "id": "5727fc04ff5b5019007d99f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "11 November 1918"}], "question": "What date was Strasbourg declared a soviet government by insurgents?", "id": "5727fc04ff5b5019007d99f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "French general Henri Gouraud"}], "question": "Who commanded the French troops on November 22?", "id": "5727fc04ff5b5019007d99f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "Raymond Poincar\u00e9"}], "question": "What French President said \"the plebiscite is done\"?", "id": "5727fc04ff5b5019007d99f8"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1919, berikutan Perjanjian Versailles, bandar itu telah dipulangkan semula ke Perancis mengikut \"Empat Belas\" Presiden A Woodrow Wilson tanpa referendum. Tarikh tugasan telah ditubuhkan secara retroaktif pada Hari Gencatan Senjata. Tidak syak lagi sama ada satu referendum di Strasbourg akan berakhir dengan memihak Perancis kerana parti-parti politik berusaha untuk Alsace autonomi atau hubungan dengan Perancis menyumbang hanya untuk sebilangan kecil undi di Reichstag yang terakhir serta dalam pemilihan tempatan. Autonomi Alsatian yang pro Perancis telah memenangi banyak undi di kawasan pedalaman di rantau ini dan bandar-bandar lain sejak penggabungan rantau ini oleh Jerman pada tahun 1871. Gerakan ini bermula dengan pemilihan pertama untuk Reichstag; Mereka yang terpilih disebut \"les d\u00e9put\u00e9s protestataires\", dan sampai kejatuhan Bismarck pada 1890, mereka adalah satu-satunya wakil yang dipilih oleh Alsatians ke parlemen Jerman yang menuntut kembali wilayah-wilayah tersebut ke Perancis. Pada pilihan raya Reichstag yang terakhir di Strasbourg dan pinggirannya, pemenang yang jelas ialah Demokrat Sosial; bandar ini adalah ibu kota pentadbiran wilayah itu, didiami oleh banyak orang Jerman yang dilantik oleh kerajaan pusat di Berlin dan ekonomi yang berkembang pesatnya menarik banyak orang Jerman. Ini dapat menjelaskan perbezaan antara undi luar bandar dan yang di Strasbourg. Selepas perang, ramai orang Jerman meninggalkan Strasbourg dan pulang ke Jerman; sesetengah daripada mereka dikecam oleh penduduk tempatan atau diusir oleh pihak berkuasa yang baru dilantik. Saverne Affair adalah jelas dalam kenangan di kalangan orang-orang Alsatian. <> Tahun apakah ia telah dipulangkan ke Perancis? || 1919 <> Apa autonomi yang pro Perancis? || Alsatian <> Dalam tahun apakah Bismarck jatuh? || 1890 <> Yang memenangi pemilihan terakhir di Reichstag? || Demokrat Sosial <> Siapa yang mempunyai kenangan terang mengenai Saverne Affair? || Alsatians", {"context": "In 1919, following the Treaty of Versailles, the city was restituted to France in accordance with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's \"Fourteen Points\" without a referendum. The date of the assignment was retroactively established on Armistice Day. It is doubtful whether a referendum in Strasbourg would have ended in France's favour since the political parties striving for an autonomous Alsace or a connection to France accounted only for a small proportion of votes in the last Reichstag as well as in the local elections. The Alsatian autonomists who were pro French had won many votes in the more rural parts of the region and other towns since the annexation of the region by Germany in 1871. The movement started with the first election for the Reichstag; those elected were called \"les d\u00e9put\u00e9s protestataires\", and until the fall of Bismarck in 1890, they were the only deputies elected by the Alsatians to the German parliament demanding the return of those territories to France. At the last Reichstag election in Strasbourg and its periphery, the clear winners were the Social Democrats; the city was the administrative capital of the region, was inhabited by many Germans appointed by the central government in Berlin and its flourishing economy attracted many Germans. This could explain the difference between the rural vote and the one in Strasbourg. After the war, many Germans left Strasbourg and went back to Germany; some of them were denounced by the locals or expelled by the newly appointed authorities. The Saverne Affair was vivid in the memory among the Alsatians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1919"}], "question": "What year was it restituted to France?  ", "id": "5727fdb63acd2414000df18d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "Alsatian"}], "question": "What autonomists were pro French?", "id": "5727fdb63acd2414000df18e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "1890"}], "question": "In what year did Bismarck fall?", "id": "5727fdb63acd2414000df18f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "Social Democrats"}], "question": "Who won the last election at Reichstag?", "id": "5727fdb63acd2414000df190"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1576, "text": "Alsatians"}], "question": "Who had vivid memories of the Saverne Affair?", "id": "5727fdb63acd2414000df191"}]}], ["Strasbourg, yang terkenal sebagai pusat kemanusiaan, mempunyai sejarah yang cemerlang dalam pendidikan tinggi, di persimpangan tradisi intelek Perancis dan Jerman. Walaupun Strasbourg telah dilampirkan oleh Kerajaan Perancis pada tahun 1683, ia masih tetap bersambung dengan dunia intelektual yang berbahasa Jerman sepanjang abad ke-18 dan universiti itu menarik ramai pelajar dari Empayar Rom Suci, termasuk Goethe, Metternich dan Montgelas, yang mempelajari undang-undang di Strasbourg, antara yang paling menonjol. Pada masa kini, Strasbourg dikenali untuk menawarkan antara kursus universiti terbaik di Perancis, selepas Paris. <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai Strasbourg? || pusat humanisme <> Bilakah Strasbourg dilampirkan oleh Kerajaan Perancis? || 1683 <> Apa kajian Montgelas? || Undang-undang <> Dari apa empayar apakah pelajar datang untuk menghadiri universiti? || Empayar Rom Suci", {"context": "Strasbourg, well known as centre of humanism, has a long history of excellence in higher-education, at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions. Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire, including Goethe, Metternich and Montgelas, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent. Nowadays, Strasbourg is known to offer among the best university courses in France, after Paris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "centre of humanism"}], "question": "What is Strasbourg known as?", "id": "57281c9fff5b5019007d9d6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "1683"}], "question": "When was Strasbourg annexed by the Kingdom of France?", "id": "57281c9fff5b5019007d9d6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "law"}], "question": "What did Montgelas study?", "id": "57281c9fff5b5019007d9d6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Holy Roman Empire"}], "question": " From what empire did students come from to attend university?", "id": "57281c9fff5b5019007d9d6f"}]}], ["Sebagai salah satu pusat pencetakan buku di Eropah (lihat di atas: Sejarah), Strasbourg telah lama memegang sejumlah besar dokumen-dokumen incunabula yang dicetak sebelum 1500-dalam perpustakaannya sebagai salah satu warisan yang paling berharga. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas kemusnahan institusi ini pada tahun 1870, satu koleksi baru perlu disusun semula dari awal. Hari ini, perpustakaan awam dan institusi yang berbeza di Strasbourg sekali lagi memaparkan sejumlah besar incunabula, yang diedarkan seperti berikut: Biblioth\u00e8que nationale et universitaire, ca. 2 098 M\u00e9diath\u00e8que de la ville et de la communaut\u00e9 urbaine de Strasbourg, 394 Biblioth\u00e8que du Grand S\u00e9minaire, 238 M\u00e9diath\u00e8que protestant, 94 dan Biblioth\u00e8que alsatique du Cr\u00e9dit Mutuel, 5. <> Apa incunabula? || dokumen yang dicetak sebelum 1500 <> Bilakah perpustakaan dimusnahkan? || 1870 <> Apa jenis bangunan memegang incunabula hari ini? || perpustakaan awam dan institusi", {"context": "As one of the earliest centers of book-printing in Europe (see above: History), Strasbourg for a long time held a large number of incunabula\u2014documents printed before 1500\u2014in her library as one of her most precious heritages. After the total destruction of this institution in 1870, however, a new collection had to be reassembled from scratch. Today, Strasbourg's different public and institutional libraries again display a sizable total number of incunabula, distributed as follows: Biblioth\u00e8que nationale et universitaire, ca. 2 098 M\u00e9diath\u00e8que de la ville et de la communaut\u00e9 urbaine de Strasbourg, 394 Biblioth\u00e8que du Grand S\u00e9minaire, 238 M\u00e9diath\u00e8que protestante, 94 and Biblioth\u00e8que alsatique du Cr\u00e9dit Mutuel, 5.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "documents printed before 1500"}], "question": "What are incunabula's? ", "id": "57281e814b864d19001644d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "1870"}], "question": "When was the library destroyed?", "id": "57281e814b864d19001644d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "public and institutional libraries"}], "question": "What kind of building holds incunabula's today?", "id": "57281e814b864d19001644d8"}]}], ["Bagi seni bina moden dan kontemporari, Strasbourg mempunyai beberapa bangunan Art Nouveau yang halus (seperti Palais des F\u00eates yang besar dan rumah-rumah dan vila-vila seperti Villa Schutzenberger dan H\u00f4tel Brion), contoh-contoh yang baik dalam senibina berfungsi selepas Perang Dunia II (Cit\u00e9 Rotterdam). yang mana Le Corbusier tidak berjaya dalam pertandingan seni bina) dan, dalam Quartier Europ\u00e9en yang sangat luas, beberapa bangunan pentadbiran yang hebat kadang-kadang sangat besar, di mana Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah yang dibina oleh Richard Rogers boleh dikatakan paling baik. Bangunan-bangunan kontemporari lain yang lain adalah sekolah Muzik yang baru Cit\u00e9 de la Musique et de la Danse, Muzium Modern dan kontemporari Mus\u00e9e d'Art dan H\u00f4tel du D\u00e9partement yang menghadapinya, serta, di pinggir bandar, stesen tramway Hoenheim-Nord direka oleh Zaha Hadid. <> Apa itu vila Art Nouveau yang baik? || Villa Schutzenberger <> Siapa yang kehilangan pertandingan seni bina? || Le Corbusier <> Siapa yang membina bangunan Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah? || Richard Rogers <> Apa rancangan Zaha Hadid? || Hoenheim-Nord <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai bangunan yang terbaik? || Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah", {"context": "As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des F\u00eates and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and H\u00f4tel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cit\u00e9 Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Europ\u00e9en, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cit\u00e9 de la Musique et de la Danse, the Mus\u00e9e d'Art moderne et contemporain and the H\u00f4tel du D\u00e9partement facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Villa Schutzenberger"}], "question": "What is the fine Art Nouveau villa called? ", "id": "572818b63acd2414000df46b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Le Corbusier"}], "question": "Who lost the architectural contest?", "id": "572818b63acd2414000df46c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "Richard Rogers"}], "question": "Who built the European Court of Human Rights building?", "id": "572818b63acd2414000df46d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 796, "text": "Hoenheim-Nord"}], "question": "What did Zaha Hadid design?", "id": "572818b63acd2414000df46e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "European Court of Human Rights"}], "question": "What is considered to be the finest building?", "id": "572818b63acd2414000df46f"}]}], ["Renaissance Jerman telah mewajarkan bandar beberapa bangunan penting (terutamanya Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, bekas dewan bandar, di Place Gutenberg), seperti juga Baroque dan Classicisme Perancis dengan beberapa penyertaan h\u00f4tels (iaitu istana), di antaranya Palais Rohan (1742, kini menempatkan tiga muzium) adalah yang paling hebat. Bangunan-bangunan yang lain adalah \"H\u00f4tel de Hanau\" (1736, kini dewan bandar), H\u00f4tel de Klinglin (1736, kini kediaman pr\u00e9fet), H\u00f4tel des Deux-Ponts (1755) ), H\u00f4tel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, kini kerusi pentadbiran Port Autonome de Strasbourg) dan lain-lain. Bangunan barok yang terbesar di Strasbourg walaupun ialah bangunan utama H\u00f4pital yang panjangnya 150 m (490 kaki). Bagi Neo-klasikisme Perancis, ia adalah Opera House di Place Broglie yang paling bergengsi mewakili gaya ini. <> Berapa banyak muzium yang dipegang oleh Palais Rohan? || Tiga <> Apa yang telah dikenali oleh dewan bandar? || H\u00f4tel de Hanau <> Apa bangunan barok yang terbesar di Strasbourg? || Sivil H\u00f4pital <> Apa yang digunakan untuk dipanggil kediaman gabenor tentera? || H\u00f4tel des Deux-Ponts <> Di mana terdapat Opera House? || Tempat Broglie", {"context": "The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several h\u00f4tels particuliers (i.e. palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (1742, now housing three museums) is the most spectacular. Other buildings of its kind are the \"H\u00f4tel de Hanau\" (1736, now the city hall), the H\u00f4tel de Klinglin (1736, now residence of the pr\u00e9fet), the H\u00f4tel des Deux-Ponts (1755, now residence of the military governor), the H\u00f4tel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg) etc. The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150 m (490 ft) long 1720s main building of the H\u00f4pital civil. As for French Neo-classicism, it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many museums does the Palais Rohan hold? ", "id": "572814623acd2414000df3f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "H\u00f4tel de Hanau"}], "question": "What did the city hall used to be known as?", "id": "572814623acd2414000df3f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "H\u00f4pital civil"}], "question": "What is the largest baroque building in Strasbourg?", "id": "572814623acd2414000df3f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "H\u00f4tel des Deux-Ponts"}], "question": "What did the military governors residence used to be called?", "id": "572814623acd2414000df3fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "Place Broglie"}], "question": "Where is the Opera House located?", "id": "572814623acd2414000df3fa"}]}], ["Strasbourg juga menawarkan bangunan eklektik bertaraf tinggi di daerah Jerman yang sangat luas, iaitu Neustadt, sebagai ingatan utama senibina Wilhelmian kerana kebanyakan bandar utama di Jerman betul-betul mengalami kerosakan intensif semasa Perang Dunia II. Jalan-jalan, jalan-jalan dan jalan-jalan adalah sangat homogen, mengejutkan tinggi (sehingga tujuh cerita) dan contoh-contoh yang luas mengenai penempatan bandar Jerman dan gaya seni bina yang memanggil dan mencampurkan lima abad seni bina Eropah serta Neo-Mesir, Neo-Yunani dan gaya Neo-Babylonian. Istana bekas istana Palais du Rhin, yang paling politik dan dengan begitu mengkritikan semua bangunan Strasbourg Jerman, melambangkan kekuatan skala dan gaya yang mantap dalam tempoh ini. Tetapi kedua-dua bangunan yang paling tampan dan bergaya pada zaman ini ialah Ecole internationale des Pontonniers (bekas H\u00f6here M\u00e4dchenschule, kolej perempuan) dengan menara, menara dan pelbagai pusingan dan sudut persegi dan dekorasi \u00c9cole des Arts dengan fauna bangunan yang mewah yang dicat bata, kayu dan majolica. <> Apa jenis bangunan kelas tinggi yang ditawarkan Strasbourg? || eklektik <> Perang apa yang menyebabkan kerosakan teruk di Jerman? || Perang Dunia II <> Apakah bekas istana kerajaan dipanggil? || Palais du Rhin <> Apa yang pernah dipanggil oleh bekas gadis sekolah? || H\u00f6here M\u00e4dchenschule <> Seberapa tinggi beberapa bangunan di bandar Jerman? || tujuh cerita", {"context": "Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II. Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles. The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period. But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the \u00c9cole internationale des Pontonniers (the former H\u00f6here M\u00e4dchenschule, girls college) with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles and the \u00c9cole des Arts d\u00e9coratifs with its lavishly ornate fa\u00e7ade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "eclecticist"}], "question": "What kind of high class building does Strasbourg offer? ", "id": "572817474b864d1900164458"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "What war caused severe damage to Germany?", "id": "572817474b864d1900164459"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "Palais du Rhin"}], "question": "What was the former imperial palace called?", "id": "572817474b864d190016445a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 857, "text": "H\u00f6here M\u00e4dchenschule"}], "question": "What was the former girls college called?", "id": "572817474b864d190016445b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "seven stories"}], "question": "How high were some of the buildings in urban Germany?", "id": "572817474b864d190016445c"}]}], ["The Biblioth\u00e8que nationale et universitaire (BNU), dengan koleksi lebih dari 3,000,000 judul, perpustakaan kedua terbesar di Perancis selepas Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France. Ia diasaskan oleh pentadbiran Jerman selepas pemusnahan sepenuhnya perpustakaan perbandaran sebelumnya pada tahun 1871 dan memegang status unik yang serentak sebagai pelajar dan perpustakaan nasional. Perpustakaan perbandaran Strasbourg telah ditandakan secara keliru sebagai \"Dewan Bandaraya\" dalam peta komersial Perancis, yang telah ditangkap dan digunakan oleh meriam Jerman untuk meletakkan senjata mereka. Seorang pustakawan dari Munich kemudiannya menyatakan \"... bahawa pemusnahan koleksi berharga itu bukan salah seorang pegawai artileri Jerman, yang menggunakan peta Perancis, tetapi dari biasiswa yang tidak tepat dan tidak tepat dari seorang Perancis.\" <> Apa perpustakaan kedua terbesar di Perancis? || Biblioth\u00e8que nationale et universitaire <> Berapa banyak judul yang mempunyai perpustakaan? || 3,000,000 <> Siapa yang mengasaskan perpustakaan? || Pentadbiran Jerman <> Bilakah perpustakaan sebelumnya dimusnahkan? || 1871 <> Apakah perpustakaan yang ditandai sebagai pada peta? || Dewan Bandaraya", {"context": "The Biblioth\u00e8que nationale et universitaire (BNU) is, with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles, the second largest library in France after the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France. It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students' and a national library. The Strasbourg municipal library had been marked erroneously as \"City Hall\" in a French commercial map, which had been captured and used by the German artillery to lay their guns. A librarian from Munich later pointed out \"...that the destruction of the precious collection was not the fault of a German artillery officer, who used the French map, but of the slovenly and inaccurate scholarship of a Frenchman.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Biblioth\u00e8que nationale et universitaire"}], "question": "What is the second largest library in France? ", "id": "57281d803acd2414000df4d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "3,000,000"}], "question": "How many titles does the library have?", "id": "57281d803acd2414000df4d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "German administration"}], "question": "Who founded the library?", "id": "57281d803acd2414000df4d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "1871"}], "question": "When was the previous library destroyed?", "id": "57281d803acd2414000df4d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "City Hall"}], "question": "What was the library marked as on the map?", "id": "57281d803acd2414000df4d5"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1949, bandar itu dipilih menjadi tempat duduk Majlis Eropah dengan Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah dan Pharmacopoeia Eropah. Sejak tahun 1952, Parlimen Eropah telah bertemu di Strasbourg, yang secara rasmi ditetapkan sebagai 'kerusi' rasmi di mesyuarat Edinburgh Majlis Eropah EU Ketua-ketua negara dan kerajaan pada bulan Disember 1992. (Kedudukan ini dikonfirmasi semula dan diberi status perjanjian dalam 1997 Perjanjian Amsterdam). Walau bagaimanapun, hanya sesi pleno (empat hari) Parlimen diadakan di Strasbourg setiap bulan, dengan semua perniagaan lain dijalankan di Brussels dan Luxembourg. Sesi-sesi tersebut berlangsung di Immeuble Louise Weiss, dirasmikan pada tahun 1999, yang menempatkan bilik dewan parlimen terbesar di Eropah dan mana-mana institusi demokratik di dunia. Sebelum itu, sesi EP perlu diadakan di bangunan Majlis Eropah utama, Istana Eropah, yang senibina dalaman yang luar biasa telah menjadi pemandangan biasa kepada penonton TV Eropah. Pada tahun 1992, Strasbourg menjadi tempat duduk saluran TV Franco-Jerman dan masyarakat produksi filem Arte. <> Apakah majlis bandar apakah yang diberi tempat duduk pada tahun 1949? || Majlis Eropah <> Bilakah Parlimen Eropah mula berkumpul di Strasbourg? || 1952 <> Bilakah Louise Weiss dirasmikan? || 1999", {"context": "In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences. In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Council of Europe"}], "question": "What council was the city given a seat for in 1949? ", "id": "572812394b864d19001643b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "1952"}], "question": "When did the European Parliament begin meeting in Strasbourg?", "id": "572812394b864d19001643b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "1999"}], "question": "When was Louise Weiss inaugurated?", "id": "572812394b864d19001643b4"}]}], ["Di samping katedral, Strasbourg menempatkan beberapa gereja abad pertengahan lain yang telah terselamat dalam banyak peperangan dan pemusnahan yang melanda bandar: Romanesque \u00c9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne, sebahagiannya dihancurkan pada tahun 1944 oleh serbuan pengeboman Allied, bahagian Romanesque, sebahagian Gothic, sangat Gereja \u00c9glise Saint-Thomas yang besar dengan organ Silbermann di mana Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart dan Albert Schweitzer bermain, protagonis Gothic \u00c9glise Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune dengan semangatnya sejak abad ke-7 dan cloisternya sebahagian dari abad kesebelas, Gothic \u00c9glise Saint-Guillaume dengan kaca dan perabot berwarna-warni awal Renaissance, Gothic \u00c9glise Saint-Jean, bahagian Gothic, bahagian Art Nouveau \u00c9glise Sainte-Madeleine, dan lain-lain. Gereja Neo-Gothic Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique terdapat juga sebuah gereja bersebelahan Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestan) berfungsi sebagai kuil untuk kayu abad ke-15 yang bekerja dan lukisan altar yang berasal dari yang lain, kini menghancurkan gereja dan memasang d ada untuk paparan awam. Antara bangunan zaman pertengahan sekular, Ancienne Douane (rumah adat lama) yang menonjol. <> Apa sebahagiannya dimusnahkan oleh pengeboman Sekutu pada tahun 1944? || Romanesque \u00c9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne <> Apakah organ yang bermain Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart? || Organ Silbermann <> Di manakah organ Silbermann terletak? || \u00c9glise Saint-Thomas <> Apa gereja Neo-Gothic dipanggil? || Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique", {"context": "In addition to the cathedral, Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city: the Romanesque \u00c9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne, partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids, the part Romanesque, part Gothic, very large \u00c9glise Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played, the Gothic \u00c9glise protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century, the Gothic \u00c9glise Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture, the Gothic \u00c9glise Saint-Jean, the part Gothic, part Art Nouveau \u00c9glise Sainte-Madeleine, etc. The Neo-Gothic church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique (there is also an adjacent church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant) serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood worked and painted altars coming from other, now destroyed churches and installed there for public display. Among the numerous secular medieval buildings, the monumental Ancienne Douane (old custom-house) stands out.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Romanesque \u00c9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne"}], "question": "What was partly destroyed by Allied bombings in 1944? ", "id": "572813372ca10214002d9d56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Silbermann organ"}], "question": "What organ did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart play on?", "id": "572813372ca10214002d9d57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "\u00c9glise Saint-Thomas"}], "question": "Where is the Silbermann organ located?", "id": "572813372ca10214002d9d58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique"}], "question": "What is the Neo-Gothic church called?", "id": "572813372ca10214002d9d59"}]}], ["Tidak seperti kebanyakan bandar-bandar lain, koleksi seni Eropah di Strasbourg dibahagikan kepada beberapa muzium yang bukan hanya mengikut jenis dan kawasan, tetapi juga untuk zaman. Lukisan induk lama dari wilayah Jerman Rhenish dan hingga 1681 dipamerkan di Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame, lukisan-lukisan tuan lama dari seluruh Eropah (termasuk wilayah Belanda Rhenish) dan sehingga 1871 serta lukisan induk lama dari Wilayah Jerman Rhenish antara 1681 dan 1871 dipaparkan di Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts. Seni grafis tuan lama hingga tahun 1871 dipaparkan dalam Kabinet des estampes et dessins. Seni hiasan sehingga 1681 (\"zaman Jerman\") dipaparkan di Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame, seni hiasan dari 1681 hingga 1871 (\"zaman Perancis\") dipaparkan di dekorasi Mus\u00e9e des Arts. Seni antarabangsa (lukisan, patung, seni grafis) dan seni hiasan sejak tahun 1871 dipaparkan di Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne dan contemporain. Muzium yang kedua juga memaparkan perpustakaan fotografi bandar. <> Di mana lukisan induk lama dari wilayah Jermanik Rhenish sehingga 1681 diadakan? || Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame <> Di mana seni grafis tuan lama sampai 1871 dipaparkan? || Kabinet des estampes et dessins <> Di mana seni hiasan sehingga 1681 dipaparkan? || Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame <> Di mana pustaka fotografi di bandar ini? || Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne dan contemporain <> Di mana seni antarabangsa sejak tahun 1871 dipaparkan? || Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne dan contemporain", {"context": "Unlike most other cities, Strasbourg's collections of European art are divided into several museums according not only to type and area, but also to epoch. Old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame, old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871 as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871 are displayed in the Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts. Old master graphic arts until 1871 is displayed in the Cabinet des estampes et dessins. Decorative arts until 1681 (\"German period\") are displayed in the Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame, decorative arts from 1681 to 1871 (\"French period\") are displayed in the Mus\u00e9e des Arts d\u00e9coratifs. International art (painting, sculpture, graphic arts) and decorative art since 1871 is displayed in the Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne et contemporain. The latter museum also displays the city's photographic library.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame"}], "question": "Where are old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories until 1681 held? ", "id": "57281bdaff5b5019007d9d62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Cabinet des estampes et dessins"}], "question": "Where are old master graphic arts until 1871 displayed?", "id": "57281bdaff5b5019007d9d63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame"}], "question": "Where are decorative arts until 1681 displayed?", "id": "57281bdaff5b5019007d9d64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne et contemporain"}], "question": "Where is the city's photographic library?", "id": "57281bdaff5b5019007d9d65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne et contemporain"}], "question": "Where is the international art since 1871 displayed?", "id": "57281bdaff5b5019007d9d66"}]}], ["Strasbourg mempunyai beberapa taman terkenal, di mana beberapa kepentingan kebudayaan dan sejarah: Parc de l'Orangerie, diletakkan sebagai taman Perancis oleh Andr\u00e9 le N\u00f4tre dan diubahsuai sebagai taman Inggeris bagi pihak Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais, kini memaparkan taman Perancis yang patut diberi perhatian, istana neo-klasik dan kebun binatang kecil; Parc de la Citadelle, yang dibina di sekitar kubu mengesankan abad ke-17 yang didirikan berdekatan dengan Rhine oleh Vauban; Parc de Pourtal\u00e8s, dibentangkan dalam gaya bahasa Inggeris di sekitar istana barok (dipulihkan semula pada abad ke-19) yang kini menempatkan sebuah hotel bertaraf tiga bintang kecil, dan menampilkan sebuah muzium terbuka arca kontemporari antarabangsa. Jardin botanique de l'Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg (taman botani) telah diwujudkan di bawah pentadbiran Jerman di sebelah Balai Cerap Strasbourg, yang dibina pada tahun 1881, dan masih memiliki beberapa rumah hijau pada masa itu. The Parc des Contades, walaupun taman tertua di bandar, telah diubahsuai sepenuhnya selepas Perang Dunia II. The futuristic Parc des Poteries adalah contoh taman Eropah-konsep pada akhir 1990-an. The Jardin des deux Rives, menyebarkan Strasbourg dan Kehl di kedua-dua belah Rhine dibuka pada tahun 2004 dan merupakan taman yang paling luas (60 hektar) dari aglomerasi itu. Taman paling terkini adalah Parc du Heyritz (8,7 hektar), dibuka pada tahun 2014 di sepanjang terusan yang menghadap ke sipil h\u00f4pital. <> Siapa yang merancang Parc de l'Orangerie? || Andr\u00e9 le N\u00f4tre <> Apa taman mempunyai zoo kecil di dalamnya? || Parc de l'Orangerie <> Taman apa yang dibina dekat Rhine oleh Vauban? || Parc de la Citadelle <> Tahun apakah Balai Cerap Strasbourg dibina? || 1881 <> Apakah taman tertua di bandar ini? || Parc des Contades", {"context": "Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by Andr\u00e9 le N\u00f4tre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban; the Parc de Pourtal\u00e8s, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel, and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture. The Jardin botanique de l'Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times. The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II. The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s. The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration. The most recent park is Parc du Heyritz (8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the h\u00f4pital civil.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Andr\u00e9 le N\u00f4tre"}], "question": "Who designed the Parc de l'Orangerie? ", "id": "57281a6a2ca10214002d9de0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Parc de l'Orangerie"}], "question": "What park has a small zoo in it?", "id": "57281a6a2ca10214002d9de1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Parc de la Citadelle"}], "question": "What park is built close to the Rhine by Vauban?", "id": "57281a6a2ca10214002d9de2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 849, "text": "1881"}], "question": "What year was the Observatory of Strasbourg built?", "id": "57281a6a2ca10214002d9de3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 907, "text": "Parc des Contades"}], "question": "What is the oldest park in the city?", "id": "57281a6a2ca10214002d9de4"}]}], ["Sebagai sebuah bandar di Ill dan berhampiran dengan Rhine, Strasbourg sentiasa menjadi pusat navigasi fluvial penting, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh penemuan arkeologi. Pada tahun 1682 Canal de la Bruche telah ditambahkan ke navigasi sungai, pada mulanya untuk menyediakan pengangkutan untuk batu pasir dari kuari di Vosges untuk digunakan di kubu kota. Terusan itu telah ditutup, tetapi Canal du Rhone au Rhine, Canal de la Marne au Rhin dan Grand Canal d'Alsace masih digunakan, seperti aktiviti penting Port Autonome de Strasbourg. Pelancongan air di dalam bandar yang betul menarik beratus ribu pelancong setiap tahun. <> Tahun berapakah Canal de la Bruche? || 1682 <> Apa jenis pelancongan yang menarik pelancong setiap tahun? || Pelancongan air <> Apa sungai adalah Strasbourg oleh? || Rhine", {"context": "Being a city on the Ill and close to the Rhine, Strasbourg has always been an important centre of fluvial navigation, as is attested by archeological findings. In 1682 the Canal de la Bruche was added to the river navigations, initially to provide transport for sandstone from quarries in the Vosges for use in the fortification of the city. That canal has since closed, but the subsequent Canal du Rhone au Rhine, Canal de la Marne au Rhin and Grand Canal d'Alsace are still in use, as is the important activity of the Port autonome de Strasbourg. Water tourism inside the city proper attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists yearly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "1682"}], "question": "What year was the Canal de la Bruche added? ", "id": "5728200fff5b5019007d9d96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Water tourism"}], "question": "What kind of tourism attracts tourists yearly?", "id": "5728200fff5b5019007d9d97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Rhine"}], "question": "What river is Strasbourg by?", "id": "5728200fff5b5019007d9d98"}]}], ["Pada masa ini, autoroute A35, yang merangkumi Rhine antara Karlsruhe dan Basel, dan autorout A4, yang menghubungkan Paris dengan Strasbourg, menembusi dekat pusat bandar. Projek kontras Grand (GCO), yang diprogram sejak tahun 1999, merancang untuk membina sambungan lebuh raya sepanjang 24 km (15 mi) antara persimpangan A4 dan autoroutes A35 di utara dan autorout A35 dan A352 di selatan. Laluan ini jauh ke barat bandar dan bertujuan untuk melepaskan sebahagian besar trafik bermotor dari unit\u00e9 urbaine. <> Jalan apa yang sejajar dengan Rhine? || A35 autoroute <> Berapa tahun projek pembukaan Grand terbuka? || 1999 <> Seberapa jauh hubungan antara persimpangan A4 dan A35? || 24 km <> Lalu lintas yang datang ke barat dari bandar adalah dari mana? || unit\u00e9 urbaine", {"context": "At present the A35 autoroute, which parallels the Rhine between Karlsruhe and Basel, and the A4 autoroute, which links Paris with Strasbourg, penetrate close to the centre of the city. The Grand contournement ouest (GCO) project, programmed since 1999, plans to construct a 24 km (15 mi) long highway connection between the junctions of the A4 and the A35 autoroutes in the north and of the A35 and A352 autoroutes in the south. This routes well to the west of the city and is meant to divest a significant portion of motorized traffic from the unit\u00e9 urbaine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "A35 autoroute"}], "question": "What route parallels the Rhine? ", "id": "572821e5ff5b5019007d9dbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "1999"}], "question": "What year did the Grand contournement ouest project open?", "id": "572821e5ff5b5019007d9dbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "24 km"}], "question": "How far is the connection between junctions A4 and the A35?", "id": "572821e5ff5b5019007d9dbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "unit\u00e9 urbaine"}], "question": "The traffic coming west of the city is from where?", "id": "572821e5ff5b5019007d9dbf"}]}], ["Pengangkutan bandar di Strasbourg termasuk Tramway Strasbourg yang futuristik yang dibuka pada tahun 1994 dan dikendalikan oleh syarikat transit serantau Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS), yang terdiri daripada 6 garis dengan panjang 55.8 km (34.7 mi). CTS juga mengendalikan rangkaian bas komprehensif di seluruh bandar yang disepadukan dengan trem. Dengan lebih daripada 500 km (311 mi) laluan basikal, basikal di bandar mudah dan CTS mengendalikan skim perkongsian basikal murah bernama V\u00e9lhop '. CTS, dan pendahulunya, juga mengendalikan sistem trem generasi sebelumnya antara tahun 1878 dan 1960, yang dilengkapi dengan laluan troli antara 1939 dan 1962. <Tahun berapa tram Strasbourg dibuka? || 1994 <> Siapa yang mengendalikan trem Strasbourg? || syarikat transit serantau Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois <> Berapa banyak jalur yang ada di trem Strasbourg? || 6 <> Berapa panjang trem Strasbourg? || 55.8 km <> Seberapa jauh laluan basikal di Strasbourg? || 500 km", {"context": "City transportation in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway that opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS), consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km (34.7 mi). The CTS also operates a comprehensive bus network throughout the city that is integrated with the trams. With more than 500 km (311 mi) of bicycle paths, biking in the city is convenient and the CTS operates a cheap bike-sharing scheme named V\u00e9lhop'. The CTS, and its predecessors, also operated a previous generation of tram system between 1878 and 1960, complemented by trolleybus routes between 1939 and 1962.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "1994"}], "question": "What year did the Strasbourg tramway open? ", "id": "57281f79ff5b5019007d9d8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois"}], "question": "Who operates the Strasbourg tramway?", "id": "57281f79ff5b5019007d9d8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "6"}], "question": "How many lines does the Strasbourg tramway have?", "id": "57281f79ff5b5019007d9d8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "55.8 km"}], "question": "What is the length of the Strasbourg tramway in total?", "id": "57281f79ff5b5019007d9d8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "500 km"}], "question": "How far do bike paths stretch in Strasbourg?", "id": "57281f79ff5b5019007d9d90"}]}], ["Sistem trem yang sekarang melintasi pusat bandar bersejarah melengkapkan berjalan dan berbasikal di dalamnya. Pusat ini telah diubah menjadi zon keutamaan pejalan kaki yang membolehkan dan mengundang berjalan dan berbasikal dengan menjadikan mod pengangkutan yang aktif ini selesa, selamat dan menyeronokkan. Atribut-atribut ini dicapai dengan menerapkan prinsip \"ketelapan yang ditapis\" ke rangkaian jalan tidak tetap yang sedia ada. Ini bermakna penyesuaian rangkaian memihak kepada pengangkutan aktif dan, secara selektif, \"menapis\" kereta dengan mengurangkan bilangan jalan yang melalui pusat. Walaupun jalan-jalan tertentu tidak berterusan untuk kereta, mereka menyambung ke rangkaian laluan pejalan kaki dan basikal yang menyerap seluruh pusat. Di samping itu, laluan ini melalui dataran awam dan ruang terbuka meningkatkan keseronokan perjalanan. Logik penapisan mod pengangkutan sepenuhnya dinyatakan dalam model komprehensif untuk meletakkan kawasan kejiranan dan daerah - Gred yang Fused. <> Sistem apa juga melengkapkan berjalan dan berbasikal? || trem <> Apakah zon keutamaan apa yang telah diubah menjadi pusat bandar? || pejalan kaki <> Apa jalan-jalan basikal yang dilalui untuk menambah kesenangan dalam perjalanan? || petak awam <> Apakah susun atur kawasan kejiranan dipanggil? || Grid Fused", {"context": "The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it. The centre has been transformed into a pedestrian priority zone that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes are accomplished by applying the principle of \"filtered permeability\" to the existing irregular network of streets. It means that the network adaptations favour active transportation and, selectively, \"filter out\" the car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip. This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts \u2013 the Fused Grid.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "tram"}], "question": "What system also complements walking and biking? ", "id": "572821043acd2414000df51f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "pedestrian"}], "question": "What kind of priority zone has the city centre been transformed into?", "id": "572821043acd2414000df520"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "public squares"}], "question": "What do bike paths go through to add enjoyment to the trip?", "id": "572821043acd2414000df521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 969, "text": "Fused Grid"}], "question": "What is the layout of the neighbourhoods called?", "id": "572821043acd2414000df522"}]}]], [["Oklahoma terletak di antara Great Plains dan Dataran Tinggi Ozark di DAS Gulf of Mexico, secara amnya mencampak dari dataran tinggi sempadan barat ke dataran rendah di sempadan tenggara. Titik tertinggi dan terendah mengikuti trend ini, dengan puncak tertinggi, Black Mesa, pada 4,973 kaki (1,516 m) di atas paras laut, terletak berhampiran sudut jauh barat laut di Oklahoma Panhandle. Titik paling rendah di negeri ini adalah di Little River berhampiran sempadan tenggaranya berhampiran bandar Idabel, OK, yang menurun hingga 289 kaki (88 m) di atas paras laut. <> Dataran tinggi apa yang berhampiran dengan Oklahoma? || Ozark Plateau <> DAS apa yang ada di Oklahoma? || Gulf of Mexico <> Apakah gunung tertinggi di Oklahoma? || Black Mesa <> Berapa kaki di atas paras laut adalah titik tertinggi di Oklahoma? || 4,973 <> Berapa kaki di atas paras laut adalah titik terendah di Oklahoma? || 289", {"context": "Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed, generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet (1,516 m) above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The state's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, OK, which dips to 289 feet (88 m) above sea level.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Ozark Plateau"}], "question": "What plateau is Oklahoma near?", "id": "5727cd9b3acd2414000decd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Gulf of Mexico"}], "question": "What watershed is Oklahoma in?", "id": "5727cd9b3acd2414000decd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Black Mesa"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's tallest mountain?", "id": "5727cd9b3acd2414000decd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "4,973"}], "question": "How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's highest point?", "id": "5727cd9b3acd2414000decd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "289"}], "question": "How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's lowest point?", "id": "5727cd9b3acd2414000decd7"}]}], ["Dataran tinggi separa gersang di pelabuhan barat laut negeri ini mempunyai beberapa hutan semula jadi; rantau ini mempunyai lanskap yang rata dengan gundukan seketika dan mesa seperti Pegunungan Kaca. Dataran separa terganggu oleh gunung-gunung kecil di pulau kecil seperti Bukit Antelope dan Gunung Wichita dot Oklahoma barat daya; padang rumput peralihan dan savannahs oak meliputi bahagian tengah negara. Ozark dan Ouachita Mountains naik dari barat ke timur di bahagian timur negeri ketiga, secara beransur-ansur meningkat dalam ketinggian di arah timur. <> Apa contoh julat mesa? || Pergunungan Kaca <> Apa bahagian Oklahoma ialah Antelope Hills? || barat daya <> Apa bahagian Oklahoma mempunyai oak savana? || tengah <> Apa gunung-gunung di bahagian timur Oklahoma? || Pergunungan Ozark dan Ouachita <> Di mana arah pergunungan Ozark semakin tinggi? || ke arah timur", {"context": "The semi-arid high plains in the state's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. Partial plains interrupted by small, sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma; transitional prairie and oak savannahs cover the central portion of the state. The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state's eastern third, gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Glass Mountains"}], "question": "What is an example of a mesa range?", "id": "5727ce983acd2414000dece7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "southwestern"}], "question": "What part of Oklahoma is the Antelope Hills in?", "id": "5727ce983acd2414000dece8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "central"}], "question": "What part of Oklahoma has oak savannahs?", "id": "5727ce983acd2414000dece9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains"}], "question": "What mountains are in Oklahoma's eastern third?", "id": "5727ce983acd2414000decea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "eastward"}], "question": "In which direction do the Ozark mountains get higher?", "id": "5727ce983acd2414000deceb"}]}], ["Nama Oklahoma berasal dari frasa Choctaw okla humma, secara harfiah bermaksud orang merah. Ketua Choctaw Allen Wright mencadangkan nama itu pada tahun 1866 semasa rundingan perjanjian dengan pemerintah persekutuan mengenai penggunaan Wilayah India, di mana ia membayangkan negara India-semua yang dikuasai oleh Penguasa Amerika Serikat Hal Ehwal India. Setara dengan perkataan bahasa Inggeris India, okla humma adalah ungkapan dalam bahasa Choctaw yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan orang asli Amerika secara keseluruhan. Oklahoma kemudiannya menjadi nama de facto untuk Wilayah Oklahoma, dan ia diluluskan secara rasmi pada tahun 1890, dua tahun selepas kawasan tersebut dibuka kepada peneroka putih. <> Bahasa apa yang berasal dari Oklahoma? || Choctaw <> Apa maksud Oklahoma? || orang merah <> Bilakah nama Oklahoma dicadangkan? || 1866 <> Siapa yang mencadangkan nama Oklahoma? || Choctaw Chief Allen Wright <> Kapan nama Oklahoma dibuat rasmi? || 1890", {"context": "The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people. Choctaw Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government regarding the use of Indian Territory, in which he envisioned an all-Indian state controlled by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after the area was opened to white settlers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Choctaw"}], "question": "What language does the name Oklahoma come from?", "id": "5727cc384b864d1900163d4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "red people"}], "question": "What does Oklahoma mean?", "id": "5727cc384b864d1900163d4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "1866"}], "question": "When was the name Oklahoma suggested?", "id": "5727cc384b864d1900163d50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Choctaw Chief Allen Wright"}], "question": "Who suggested the name Oklahoma?", "id": "5727cc384b864d1900163d51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "1890"}], "question": "When was the name Oklahoma made official?", "id": "5727cc384b864d1900163d52"}]}], ["Oklahoma mempunyai empat rentang gunung utama: Pergunungan Ouachita, Pergunungan Arbuckle, Pergunungan Wichita, dan Pergunungan Ozark. Di dalam rantau Highlands Interior A.S., Pergunungan Ozark dan Ouachita menandakan satu-satunya kawasan pergunungan yang besar di antara Pergunungan Rocky dan Appalachians. Sebahagian daripada Flint Hills membentang ke utara-tengah Oklahoma, dan berhampiran sempadan timur negara, Cavanal Hill dianggap oleh Jabatan Pelancongan & Rekreasi Oklahoma sebagai bukit tertinggi di dunia; pada 1,999 kaki (609 m), ia gagal menamakan satu gunung dengan satu kaki. <> Berapa banyak julat gunung utama di Oklahoma? || empat <> Yang mana di antara gunung-gunung Oklahoma berada di US Highlands Interior? || Pergunungan Ozark dan Ouachita <> Apa bahagian Oklahoma yang sampai ke Flint Hills? || utara-tengah <> Apa bukit tertinggi di dunia? || Cavanal Hill <> Berapa tinggi Cavanal Hill? || 1,999 kaki", {"context": "Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges: the Ouachita Mountains, the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains, and the Ozark Mountains. Contained within the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains mark the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians. A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma, and near the state's eastern border, Cavanal Hill is regarded by the Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department as the world's tallest hill; at 1,999 feet (609 m), it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many major mountain ranges are in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727ce054b864d1900163d7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains"}], "question": "Which of Oklahoma's mountain ranges are in the US Interior Highlands?", "id": "5727ce054b864d1900163d7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "north-central"}], "question": "What part of Oklahoma does the Flint Hills reach into?", "id": "5727ce054b864d1900163d80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Cavanal Hill"}], "question": "What is the world's tallest hill?", "id": "5727ce054b864d1900163d81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "1,999 feet"}], "question": "How high is Cavanal Hill?", "id": "5727ce054b864d1900163d82"}]}], ["Negara ini memegang populasi rusa ekor, rusa keledai, antelop, coyote, singa gunung, bobcats, elang, dan burung seperti burung puyuh, burung merpati, kardinal, helang botak, helang merah, dan pheasants. Dalam ekosistem prairie, bison Amerika, ayam lebah yang lebih besar, badgers, dan armadillo adalah perkara biasa, dan sebahagian daripada bandar-bandar anjing lebat terbesar di negara ini mendiami padang rumput pendek di negara ini. The Cross Timbers, sebuah wilayah yang beralih dari padang rumput ke hutan di Central Oklahoma, menyusun 351 spesies vertebrata. Pergunungan Ouachita adalah rumah kepada beruang hitam, rubah merah, musang abu-abu, dan populasi kutu sungai, yang wujud bersama dengan 328 spesies vertebrata di tenggara Oklahoma. Juga, di tenggara Oklahoma tinggal buaya Amerika. <> Apa jenis burung yang Oklahoma mempunyai banyak? || burung puyuh, burung merpati, kardinal, helang botak, helang ekor merah, dan pheasants <> Apa jenis rusa yang Oklahoma mempunyai banyak? || rusa ekor putih, rusa keledai <> Apakah Oklahoma mempunyai bandar terbesar di negara ini? || anjing prairie <> Apa bahagian Oklahoma adalah Cross Timbers? || Central <> Apa bahagian Oklahoma yang hidup buaya Amerika? || tenggara", {"context": "The state holds populations of white-tailed deer, mule deer, antelope, coyotes, mountain lions, bobcats, elk, and birds such as quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants. In prairie ecosystems, American bison, greater prairie chickens, badgers, and armadillo are common, and some of the nation's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state's panhandle. The Cross Timbers, a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma, harbors 351 vertebrate species. The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear, red fox, grey fox, and river otter populations, which coexist with a total of 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma. Also, in southeastern Oklahoma lives the American alligator.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants"}], "question": "What types of birds does Oklahoma have a lot of?", "id": "5727cfa22ca10214002d9716"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "white-tailed deer, mule deer"}], "question": "What types of deer does Oklahoma have a lot of?", "id": "5727cfa22ca10214002d9717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "prairie dog"}], "question": "What does Oklahoma have the country's largest towns of?", "id": "5727cfa22ca10214002d9718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Central"}], "question": "What part of Oklahoma is Cross Timbers in?", "id": "5727cfa22ca10214002d9719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "southeastern"}], "question": "What part of Oklahoma does the American alligator live in?", "id": "5727cfa22ca10214002d971a"}]}], ["Oklahoma adalah negara ke-20 terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, yang meliputi kawasan seluas 69,898 batu persegi (181,035 km2), dengan tanah seluas 68,667 kilometer persegi (177847 km2) dan 1,281 kilometer persegi (3,188 km2) air. Ia adalah salah satu daripada enam negeri di Frontier Strip dan terletak sebahagiannya di Great Plains berhampiran pusat geografi 48 negeri bersebelahan. Ia dibatasi di timur oleh Arkansas dan Missouri, di utara oleh Kansas, di barat laut oleh Colorado, di barat jauh oleh New Mexico, dan di selatan dan berhampiran-barat oleh Texas. <> Di manakah Oklahoma kedudukan oleh kawasan tanah? || 20 <<Berapa banyak batu persegi ialah Oklahoma? || 69,898 <> Berapa banyak batu persegi air di Oklahoma? || 1,281 <> Berapa banyak negeri di Strip Frontier? || enam <> Negara manakah di utara Oklahoma? || Kansas", {"context": "Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles (181,035 km2), with 68,667 square miles (177847 km2) of land and 1,281 square miles (3,188 km2) of water. It is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by Texas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "20th"}], "question": "Where does Oklahoma rank by land area?", "id": "5727cc873acd2414000deca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "69,898"}], "question": "How many square miles is Oklahoma?", "id": "5727cc873acd2414000decaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "1,281"}], "question": "How many square miles of water is in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727cc873acd2414000decab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many states are on the Frontier Strip?", "id": "5727cc873acd2414000decac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Kansas"}], "question": "Which state is north of Oklahoma?", "id": "5727cc873acd2414000decad"}]}], ["Hujung barat Oklahoma panhandle tidak dapat diselaraskan dengan sempadan Texas. Batas Oklahoma / New Mexico sebenarnya adalah 2.1 hingga 2.2 kilometer di sebelah timur garisan Texas. Batasan antara Texas dan New Mexico ditetapkan pertama sebagai hasil survei oleh Sepanyol pada tahun 1819. Ia kemudian ditetapkan di sepanjang Meridian ke-103. Pada tahun 1890-an, apabila Oklahoma secara formal dikaji menggunakan peralatan dan teknik kaji selidik yang lebih tepat, didapati bahawa garisan Texas tidak ditetapkan sepanjang Meridian ke-103. Teknik pengukuran tidak tepat pada tahun 1819, dan Meridian ke-103 sebenarnya adalah kira-kira 2.2 km ke timur. Ia lebih mudah untuk meninggalkan kesilapan kerana ia adalah untuk Texas menyerahkan tanah ke New Mexico untuk membetulkan kesilapan pengukuran asal. Penempatan sempadan Oklahoma / New Mexico mewakili Meridian ke-103 yang benar. <> Seberapa jauh penjajaran adalah tepi barat Oklahoma dari sempadan Texas? || 2.1 hingga 2.2 batu <> Bilakah sempadan antara TX dan NM pertama ditentukan? || 1819 <> Bilakah sempadan Oklahoma ditentukan? || 1890s <> Di manakah sempadan NM dari Oklahoma dan Texas sepatutnya disesuaikan? || Meridian ke 103 <> Yang mana yang lebih tepat ditempatkan, sempadan TX / NM atau sempadan OK / NM? || Sempadan Oklahoma / New Mexico", {"context": "The western edge of the Oklahoma panhandle is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line. The border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian. In the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered that the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east. It was much easier to leave the mistake as it was than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the original surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "2.1 to 2.2 miles"}], "question": "How far out of alignment is Oklahoma's western edge from Texas's border?", "id": "5727cd373acd2414000decc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "1819"}], "question": "When was the border between TX and NM first determined?", "id": "5727cd373acd2414000decc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "1890s"}], "question": "When was Oklahoma's border determined?", "id": "5727cd373acd2414000decc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "the 103rd Meridian"}], "question": "Where is the NM border of both Oklahoma and Texas supposed to line up with?", "id": "5727cd373acd2414000decc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "Oklahoma/New Mexico border"}], "question": "Which one is more accurately placed, the TX/NM border or the OK/NM border?", "id": "5727cd373acd2414000decc5"}]}], ["Dengan ketinggian 39,000 ekar (158 km2), Tallgrass Prairie Preserve di utara-tengah Oklahoma adalah kawasan perlindungan tertinggi padang rumput tallgrass di dunia dan merupakan sebahagian daripada ekosistem yang merangkumi hanya 10 peratus daripada kawasan bekas tanahnya, sekali meliputi 14 negeri. Di samping itu, Black Grassland Kebangsaan Hitam merangkumi 31,300 ekar (127 km2) padang rumput di barat daya Oklahoma. Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Gunung Wichita adalah yang tertua dan terbesar dari sembilan pelindung hidupan liar negara di negeri ini dan diasaskan pada 1901, merangkumi 59,020 ekar (238.8 km2). <> Berapa besar adalah Tallgrass Prairie Preserve? || 39,000 ekar <> Apa bahagian Oklahoma adalah Tallgrass Prairie Preserve? || utara-tengah <> The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve adalah prajurit tallgrass yang dilindungi terbesar di kawasan apa? || dunia <> Berapa banyak negeri asalnya dilindungi oleh Tallgrass Prairie Preserve? || 14 <> Berapa banyak pelindung hidupan liar negara di Oklahoma? || sembilan", {"context": "With 39,000 acres (158 km2), the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area, once covering 14 states. In addition, the Black Kettle National Grassland covers 31,300 acres (127 km2) of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma. The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine national wildlife refuges in the state and was founded in 1901, encompassing 59,020 acres (238.8 km2).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "39,000 acres"}], "question": "How large is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?", "id": "5727d0282ca10214002d972a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "north-central"}], "question": "What part of Oklahoma is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in?", "id": "5727d0282ca10214002d972b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "the world"}], "question": "The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve is the largest protected tallgrass prairie in what area?", "id": "5727d0282ca10214002d972c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many states were originally covered by the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?", "id": "5727d0282ca10214002d972d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many national wildlife refuges are in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d0282ca10214002d972e"}]}], ["Hutan meliputi 24 peratus daripada padang rumput Oklahoma dan padang rumput prairie yang terdiri daripada padang rumput pendek, rumput campuran, dan dataran tinggi tallgrass, pelabuhan ekosistem yang luas di bahagian tengah dan barat negara, walaupun tanah pertanian sebahagian besarnya telah menggantikan rumput asli. Di mana hujan lebat jarang di rantau barat negeri ini, padang rumput pendek dan padang rumput adalah ekosistem yang paling menonjol, walaupun pinyon pines, cedar merah (junipers), dan pinus ponderosa tumbuh berhampiran sungai-sungai dan katil-katil sungai di hujung jauh barat. Southwestern Southwestern mengandungi banyak spesies yang jarang berlaku, termasuk maple gula, maple besar, nolina dan oak selatan selatan. <> Berapa banyak Oklahoma dilindungi di dalam hutan? || 24 peratus <> Apakah jenis padang rumput padang rumput yang ada di Oklahoma? || shortgrass, rumput campuran, dan padang rumput tinggi <> Apa bahagian di Oklahoma mempunyai hujan yang rendah? || barat <> Apa jenis pokok yang tumbuh berhampiran sungai di barat Oklahoma? || pinyon pines, cedar merah (junipers), dan ponderosa pines <> Apa jenis lombong maple yang tumbuh di barat daya Oklahoma? || gula maple, maple besar", {"context": "Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions, although cropland has largely replaced native grasses. Where rainfall is sparse in the western regions of the state, shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems, though pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in the far western reaches of the panhandle. Southwestern Oklahoma contains many rare, disjunct species including sugar maple, bigtooth maple, nolina and southern live oak.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "24 percent"}], "question": "How much of Oklahoma is covered in forests?", "id": "5727cf092ca10214002d9704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie"}], "question": "What types of prairie grasslands does Oklahoma have?", "id": "5727cf092ca10214002d9705"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "western"}], "question": "What part of Oklahoma has low rainfall?", "id": "5727cf092ca10214002d9706"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines"}], "question": "What types of trees grow near rivers in western Oklahoma?", "id": "5727cf092ca10214002d9707"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "sugar maple, bigtooth maple"}], "question": "What rare types of maples grow in southwest Oklahoma?", "id": "5727cf092ca10214002d9708"}]}], ["Oklahoma i / \u02cco\u028akl\u0259ho\u028am\u0259 / (Cherokee: Asgaya gigageyi / \u13a0\u13cd\u13a6\u13ef \u13a9\u13a6\u13a8\u13f1 atau diterjemahkan \u13a3\u13a6\u13b3\u13b0\u13b9 (\u00f2\u0261\u00e0l\u00e0homa), Pawnee: Uukuhu\u00fawa, Cayuga: Gahnawiyo\u02c0geh) adalah sebuah negeri yang terletak di South Central Amerika Syarikat. Oklahoma adalah yang paling banyak ke-20 dan paling ramai penduduk ke-28 dari 50 Amerika Syarikat. Nama negeri ini berasal dari kata-kata Choctaw okla dan humma, yang bermaksud \"orang merah\". Ia juga dikenali secara tidak rasmi oleh nama panggilannya, The Sooner State, merujuk kepada peneroka non-asli yang menegaskan tuntutan mereka di atas tanah pilihan terpilih sebelum tarikh pembukaan rasmi, dan Akta Peruntukan India 1889, yang membuka pintu untuk penempatan putih di Wilayah India Amerika. Nama itu telah diselesaikan pada masa kenegaraan, Wilayah Terengganu dan Wilayah India digabungkan dan India digugurkan daripada nama tersebut. Pada 16 November 1907, Oklahoma menjadi negeri ke-46 untuk memasuki kesatuan itu. Penduduknya dikenali sebagai Oklahomans, atau secara tidak rasmi \"Okies\", dan ibukota dan bandar terbesarnya adalah Oklahoma City. <> Apakah nama Cherokee untuk Oklahoma? || Asgaya gigageyi <> Apakah nama Pawnee untuk Oklahoma? || Uukuhu\u00fawa <> Apakah nama Cayuga untuk Oklahoma? || Gahnawiyo\u02c0geh <> Di manakah Oklahoma kedudukan oleh penduduk? || 28 <> Apakah nama samaran Oklahoma? || Negeri Sooner", {"context": "Oklahoma i/\u02cco\u028akl\u0259\u02c8ho\u028am\u0259/ (Cherokee: Asgaya gigageyi / \u13a0\u13cd\u13a6\u13ef \u13a9\u13a6\u13a8\u13f1; or translated \u13a3\u13a6\u13b3\u13b0\u13b9 (\u00f2\u0261\u00e0l\u00e0homa), Pawnee: Uukuhu\u00fawa, Cayuga: Gahnawiyo\u02c0geh) is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning \"red people\". It is also known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State, in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on the choicest pieces of land before the official opening date, and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which opened the door for white settlement in America's Indian Territory. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally \"Okies\", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Asgaya gigageyi"}], "question": "What is the Cherokee name for Oklahoma?", "id": "5727cbc3ff5b5019007d9564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Uukuhu\u00fawa"}], "question": "What is the Pawnee name for Oklahoma?", "id": "5727cbc3ff5b5019007d9565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Gahnawiyo\u02c0geh"}], "question": "What is the Cayuga name for Oklahoma?", "id": "5727cbc3ff5b5019007d9566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "28th"}], "question": "Where does Oklahoma rank by population?", "id": "5727cbc3ff5b5019007d9567"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "The Sooner State"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's nickname?", "id": "5727cbc3ff5b5019007d9568"}]}], ["Semasa tahun 1930-an, bahagian negeri mula menderita akibat daripada amalan pertanian yang buruk, kemarau yang panjang dan angin kencang. Dikenali sebagai Debu Bowl, kawasan Kansas, Texas, New Mexico dan barat laut Oklahoma dihalang oleh jangka masa yang agak sedikit hujan dan suhu luar biasa yang tinggi, menghantar ribuan petani ke dalam kemiskinan dan memaksa mereka berpindah ke kawasan yang lebih subur di barat Amerika Syarikat . Sepanjang tempoh dua puluh tahun yang berakhir pada tahun 1950, negara menyaksikan satu-satunya penurunan sejarah penduduknya, turun 6.9 peratus sebagai keluarga miskin yang berhijrah keluar dari negara selepas Debu Bowl. <> Bilakah Debu Bowl bermula? || 1930-an <> Apa kesalahan yang menyebabkan Debu Bowl? || amalan pertanian yang miskin <> Apa negeri-negeri yang dipengaruhi oleh Debu Bowl? || Kansas, Texas, New Mexico dan barat laut Oklahoma <> Berapa banyak petani terpaksa berpindah kerana Debu Bowl? || beribu-ribu <> Berapa banyak penduduk Oklahoma menurun dari 1930 hingga 1950? || 6.9 peratus", {"context": "During the 1930s, parts of the state began suffering the consequences of poor farming practices, extended drought and high winds. Known as the Dust Bowl, areas of Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall and abnormally high temperatures, sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States. Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950, the state saw its only historical decline in population, dropping 6.9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "When did the Dust Bowl begin?", "id": "5727d3bb3acd2414000ded73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "poor farming practices"}], "question": "What mistake led to the Dust Bowl?", "id": "5727d3bb3acd2414000ded74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma"}], "question": "What states were affected by the Dust Bowl?", "id": "5727d3bb3acd2414000ded75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "thousands"}], "question": "How many farmers had to relocate because of the Dust Bowl?", "id": "5727d3bb3acd2414000ded76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "6.9 percent"}], "question": "How much did Oklahoma's population decline from 1930 to 1950?", "id": "5727d3bb3acd2414000ded77"}]}], ["Bukti wujud bahawa penduduk asli mengembara ke Oklahoma seawal usia es yang terakhir. Penduduk Wichita dan Caddo tinggal di kawasan Oklahoma sekarang. Masyarakat kultur Panhandle adalah penduduk yang terdahulunya di kawasan panhandle. Pusat kebudayaan barat Mississippi adalah Spiro Mounds, yang sekarang Spiro, Oklahoma, yang berkembang antara AD 850 dan 1450. Orang Sepanyol, Francisco V\u00e1squez de Coronado melintasi negara pada tahun 1541, tetapi penjelajah Perancis mendakwa kawasan itu pada tahun 1700-an dan ia kekal di bawah pemerintahan Perancis sehingga 1803, apabila semua wilayah Perancis barat Sungai Mississippi dibeli oleh Amerika Syarikat dalam Pembelian Louisiana. <> Keturunan puak mana yang tinggal di Oklahoma? || Wichita dan Caddo <> Apakah Spiro, Oklahoma dinamakan? || Spiro Mounds <> Bilakah Spiro Mounds berkembang? || antara AD 850 dan 1450 <> Apa peneroka Sepanyol melawat Oklahoma pada tahun 1541? || Francisco V\u00e1squez de Coronado <> Bilakah Perancis menjual tanah Oklahoma ke AS? || 1803", {"context": "Evidence exists that native peoples traveled through Oklahoma as early as the last ice age. Ancestors of the Wichita and Caddo lived in what is now Oklahoma. The Panhandle culture peoples were precontact residents of the panhandle region. The westernmost center of the Mississippian culture was Spiro Mounds, in what is now Spiro, Oklahoma, which flourished between AD 850 and 1450. Spaniard Francisco V\u00e1squez de Coronado traveled through the state in 1541, but French explorers claimed the area in the 1700s and it remained under French rule until 1803, when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was purchased by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Wichita and Caddo"}], "question": "Ancestors of which tribes lived in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d307ff5b5019007d9622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Spiro Mounds"}], "question": "What was Spiro, Oklahoma named for?", "id": "5727d307ff5b5019007d9623"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "between AD 850 and 1450"}], "question": "When did Spiro Mounds flourish?", "id": "5727d307ff5b5019007d9624"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Francisco V\u00e1squez de Coronado"}], "question": "What Spanish explorer visited Oklahoma in 1541?", "id": "5727d307ff5b5019007d9625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "1803"}], "question": "When did France sell Oklahoma's land to the US?", "id": "5727d307ff5b5019007d9626"}]}], ["Iklim subtropika lembap (Koppen Cfa) di tengah, selatan dan timur Oklahoma dipengaruhi oleh angin selatan yang membawa kelembapan dari Teluk Mexico. Melangkah ke arah barat, peralihan iklim secara progresif ke arah zon separa gersang (Koppen BSk) di dataran tinggi Panhandle dan kawasan barat lain dari sekitar Lawton ke arah barat, kurang kerap disentuh oleh kelembapan selatan. Pemendakan dan suhu merosot dari timur ke barat, dengan kawasan di tenggara mencecah suhu tahunan 62 \u00b0 F (17 \u00b0 C) dan hujan tahunan pada umumnya melebihi 40 inci (1,020 mm) dan sehingga 56 inci (1,420 mm) , manakala kawasan peninggalan (tinggi-tinggi) rata-rata 58 \u00b0 F (14 \u00b0 C), dengan hujan tahunan di bawah 17 inci (430 mm). <> Apa bahagian Oklahoma berada dalam iklim subtropika lembap? || tengah, selatan dan timur <> Di mana angin Oklahoma membawa kelembapan? || Gulf of Mexico <> Apakah jenis iklim barat Oklahoma? || semi-gersang <> Di mana di Oklahoma apakah zon separa gersang bermula? || Lawton <> Apakah suhu tahunan purata di tenggara Oklahoma? || 62 \u00b0 F", {"context": "The humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa) of central, southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone (Koppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture. Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 \u00b0F (17 \u00b0C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 inches (1,020 mm) and up to 56 inches (1,420 mm), while areas of the (higher-elevation) panhandle average 58 \u00b0F (14 \u00b0C), with an annual rainfall under 17 inches (430 mm).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "central, southern and eastern"}], "question": "What parts of Oklahoma are in a humid subtropical climate?", "id": "5727d1953acd2414000ded35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Gulf of Mexico"}], "question": "Where do Oklahoma's winds bring moisture from?", "id": "5727d1953acd2414000ded36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "semi-arid"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's western climate type?", "id": "5727d1953acd2414000ded37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Lawton"}], "question": "Where in Oklahoma does the semi-arid zone begin?", "id": "5727d1953acd2414000ded38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "62 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What is the average annual temperature in southeast Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d1953acd2414000ded39"}]}], ["Oklahoma terletak di rantau subtropika lembap. Oklahoma terletak di zon peralihan antara iklim benua lembap ke utara, iklim semi-gersang ke barat, dan iklim subtropika lembap di bahagian tengah, selatan dan timur negara. Kebanyakan negeri ini terletak di kawasan yang dikenali sebagai Tornado Alley yang disifatkan oleh interaksi yang kerap di antara udara sejuk, kering dari Kanada, panas ke udara panas, kering dari Mexico dan Southwestern A.S., dan udara hangat, lembap dari Teluk Mexico. Interaksi di antara tiga arus udara yang berbeza ini menghasilkan cuaca yang teruk (ribut petir yang teruk, angin ribut petir, hujan es dan tornado besar) dengan kekerapan yang hampir tidak kelihatan di mana-mana di planet bumi. Rata-rata 62 tornado menyerang negeri ini setahun-salah satu daripada kadar tertinggi di dunia. <> Apakah kawasan iklim utama Oklahoma? || lembap subtropik <> Apa nama samaran berasaskan bencana yang ada di rantau Oklahoma? || Tornado Alley <> Berapa banyak tornado memukul Oklahoma setiap tahun? || purata 62 <> Apa jenis cuaca yang teruk yang tidak mendapat Oklahoma? || ribut petir yang teruk, merosakkan angin ribut petir, hujan besar dan tornado besar <> Di manakah Oklahoma menerima udara kering yang panas dari? || Mexico", {"context": "Oklahoma is located in a humid subtropical region. Oklahoma lies in a transition zone between humid continental climate to the north, semi-arid climate to the west, and humid subtropical climate in the central, south and eastern portions of the state. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold, dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S., and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth. An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year\u2014one of the highest rates in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "humid subtropical"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's main climate region?", "id": "5727d0914b864d1900163dc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Tornado Alley"}], "question": "What natural-disaster-based nickname does Oklahoma's region have?", "id": "5727d0914b864d1900163dc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "average 62"}], "question": "How many tornadoes hit Oklahoma each year?", "id": "5727d0914b864d1900163dc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes"}], "question": "What types of severe weather does Oklahoma get?", "id": "5727d0914b864d1900163dc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Mexico"}], "question": "Where does Oklahoma receive hot dry air from?", "id": "5727d0914b864d1900163dc4"}]}], ["Lebih hampir semua Oklahoma, musim sejuk adalah musim kering. Purata hujan bulanan meningkat secara mendadak pada musim bunga hingga puncak pada bulan Mei, bulan paling basah di kebanyakan negeri, dengan aktiviti ribut petir yang kerap dan tidak biasa. Awal Jun masih boleh basah, tetapi kebanyakan tahun melihat penurunan ketara dalam hujan pada bulan Jun dan awal bulan Julai. Pertengahan musim panas (Julai dan Ogos) mewakili musim kering sekunder di kebanyakan Oklahoma, dengan cuaca panas yang panjang dengan hanya aktiviti ribut petir sporadis yang tidak jarang berlaku dalam beberapa tahun. Kemarau yang teruk adalah perkara biasa di musim panas yang hangat, seperti yang berlaku pada tahun 1934, 1954, 1980 dan 2011, yang semuanya berminggu-minggu dipaparkan pada akhir hujan tanpa hujan dan suhu tinggi lebih dari 100 \u00b0 F (38 \u00b0 C). Purata pemendakan naik dari bulan September hingga pertengahan Oktober, mewakili musim hujan sekunder, kemudian menurun dari akhir Oktober hingga Disember. <> Musim mana yang paling kering di Oklahoma? || musim sejuk <> Bilakah Oklahoma mendapat hujan yang paling? || May <> Bilakah musim kedua di Oklahoma? || Mid-summer <> Apa tahun-tahun yang paling panas di Oklahoma? || 1934, 1954, 1980 dan 2011 <> Betapa panasnya musim panas yang paling panas di Oklahoma? || lebih dari 100 \u00b0 F", {"context": "Over almost all of Oklahoma, winter is the driest season. Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring to a peak in May, the wettest month over most of the state, with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity. Early June can still be wet, but most years see a marked decrease in rainfall during June and early July. Mid-summer (July and August) represents a secondary dry season over much of Oklahoma, with long stretches of hot weather with only sporadic thunderstorm activity not uncommon many years. Severe drought is common in the hottest summers, such as those of 1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011, all of which featured weeks on end of virtual rainlessness and high temperatures well over 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C). Average precipitation rises again from September to mid-October, representing a secondary wetter season, then declines from late October through December.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "winter"}], "question": "Which season is the most dry in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d20b2ca10214002d9756"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "May"}], "question": "When does Oklahoma get the most rain?", "id": "5727d20b2ca10214002d9757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Mid-summer"}], "question": "When is the second-driest season in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d20b2ca10214002d9758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011"}], "question": "What years were Oklahoma's hottest summers?", "id": "5727d20b2ca10214002d9759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "well over 100 \u00b0F"}], "question": "How hot were Oklahoma's hottest summers?", "id": "5727d20b2ca10214002d975a"}]}], ["Kerana kedudukan Oklahoma antara zon yang berbeza suhu dan angin yang berlainan, corak cuaca di dalam negeri boleh berubah secara meluas dalam jarak yang agak pendek dan boleh berubah secara drastik dalam masa yang singkat. Sebagai contoh, pada 11 November 1911, suhu di Oklahoma City mencapai 83 \u00b0 F (28 \u00b0 C) pada waktu petang (rekod yang tinggi untuk tarikh itu), maka depan sejuk Arctic intensiti belum pernah berlaku sebelum ini menyerang negeri itu, menyebabkan suhu jatuh ke 66 darjah, turun hingga 17 \u00b0 F (-8 \u00b0 C) pada tengah malam (rekod yang rendah untuk tarikh itu); Oleh itu, kedua-dua rekod yang tinggi dan rekod rendah untuk 11 November telah ditetapkan pada tarikh yang sama. Fenomena jenis ini juga bertanggungjawab terhadap banyak tornado di kawasan tersebut, seperti wabak tornado di Oklahoma pada tahun 1912, apabila bahagian depan panas mengembara di sepanjang persekitaran sejuk yang terhenti, mengakibatkan purata kira-kira satu tornado sejam sepanjang perjalanan hari. <> Apakah suhu tinggi rekod Oklahoma untuk 11 Nov? || 83 \u00b0 F <> Apakah suhu rendah rekod Oklahoma untuk 11 Nov? || 17 \u00b0 F <> Apa yang menyebabkan suhu Oklahoma merosot 66 darjah pada 11 Nov 1911? || depan sejuk Arctic <> Seberapa cepat wabak tornado tahun 1912 membuat tornado? || satu tornado sejam <> Berapa lamakah wabak tornado tahun 1912 terakhir? || satu hari", {"context": "Because of Oklahoma's position between zones of differing prevailing temperature and winds, weather patterns within the state can vary widely over relatively short distances and can change drastically in a short time. As an example, on November 11, 1911, the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 \u00b0F (28 \u00b0C) in the afternoon (the record high for that date), then an Arctic cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state, causing the temperature to crash 66 degrees, down to 17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C) at midnight (the record low for that date); thus, both the record high and record low for November 11 were set on the same date. This type of phenomenon is also responsible for many of the tornadoes in the area, such as the 1912 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, when a warm front traveled along a stalled cold front, resulting in an average of about one tornado per hour over the course of a day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "83 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's record high temperature for Nov 11?", "id": "5727d11d3acd2414000ded19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "17 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's record low temperature for Nov 11?", "id": "5727d11d3acd2414000ded1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "an Arctic cold front"}], "question": "What caused Oklahoma's temperature to plummet 66 degrees on Nov 11, 1911?", "id": "5727d11d3acd2414000ded1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "one tornado per hour"}], "question": "How fast did the 1912 tornado outbreak make tornadoes?", "id": "5727d11d3acd2414000ded1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 890, "text": "a day"}], "question": "How long did the 1912 tornado outbreak last?", "id": "5727d11d3acd2414000ded1d"}]}], ["Negara baru menjadi titik tumpuan bagi industri minyak yang sedang berkembang, seperti penemuan kolam minyak mendorong bandar-bandar berkembang pesat dalam populasi dan kekayaan. Tulsa akhirnya dikenali sebagai \"Modal Minyak Dunia\" untuk sebahagian besar abad ke-20 dan pelaburan minyak memacu sebahagian besar ekonomi awal negeri. Pada tahun 1927, ahli perniagaan Oklahoman, Cyrus Avery yang dikenali sebagai \"Father of Route 66\", memulakan kempen untuk mencipta Laluan Amerika Syarikat 66. Menggunakan jalan raya dari Amarillo, Texas ke Tulsa, Oklahoma untuk membentuk bahagian asal Highway 66, Avery memimpin penciptaan Persatuan Lebuhraya AS AS untuk mengawasi perancangan Route 66, yang berpusat di kota asalnya di Tulsa. <> Apa \"Modal Minyak Dunia\"? || Tulsa <> Apa jenis pelaburan yang penting di awal Oklahoma? || minyak <> Siapakah \"Bapa Laluan 66\"? || Cyrus Avery <> Di manakah berdasarkan Persatuan Highway 66? || Tulsa <> Bilakah laluan Route 66 bermula? || 1927", {"context": "The new state became a focal point for the emerging oil industry, as discoveries of oil pools prompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa eventually became known as the \"Oil Capital of the World\" for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state's early economy. In 1927, Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery, known as the \"Father of Route 66\", began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66. Using a stretch of highway from Amarillo, Texas to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66, Avery spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to oversee the planning of Route 66, based in his hometown of Tulsa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Tulsa"}], "question": "What was the \"Oil Capital of the World\"?", "id": "5727d3514b864d1900163dfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "oil"}], "question": "What type of investments were important in early Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d3514b864d1900163dfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Cyrus Avery"}], "question": "Who was the \"Father of Route 66\"?", "id": "5727d3514b864d1900163dfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "Tulsa"}], "question": "Where was the Highway 66 Association based?", "id": "5727d3514b864d1900163dfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "1927"}], "question": "When did Route 66 begin?", "id": "5727d3514b864d1900163dfd"}]}], ["Kesemua negara ini sering mengalami suhu di atas 100 \u00b0 F (38 \u00b0 C) atau di bawah 0 \u00b0 F (-18 \u00b0 C), walaupun suhu di bawah-sifar jarang berlaku di selatan-tengah dan tenggara Oklahoma. Salji turun dari purata kurang dari 4 inci (10 cm) di selatan hingga lebih kurang 20 inci (51 cm) di sempadan Colorado dalam penahan. Negeri ini adalah rumah kepada Pusat Ramalan Ribut, Makmal Ribut Kebangsaan Nasional, dan Cawangan Latihan Keputusan Amaran, semua bahagian Perkhidmatan Cuaca Kebangsaan dan terletak di Norman. Suhu rekod tertinggi di Oklahoma pada suhu 120 \u00b0 F (49 \u00b0 C) dicatatkan di Tipton pada 27 Jun 1994 dan suhu terendah yang direkodkan -31 \u00b0 F (-35 \u00b0 C) direkodkan pada Nowata pada 10 Februari 2011. < Apakah bahagian-bahagian Oklahoma jarang melihat suhu di bawah-sifar? || selatan-tengah dan tenggara <> Apakah salji purata di selatan Oklahoma? || kurang dari 4 inci <> Apakah salji purata di Oklahoma berhampiran sempadan Colorado? || lebih dari 20 inci <> Di manakah Pusat Prediksi Storm terletak? || Norman <> Apakah suhu rekod Oklahoma yang tinggi? || 120 \u00b0 F", {"context": "All of the state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) or below 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C), though below-zero temperatures are rare in south-central and southeastern Oklahoma. Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 inches (10 cm) in the south to just over 20 inches (51 cm) on the border of Colorado in the panhandle. The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the Warning Decision Training Branch, all part of the National Weather Service and located in Norman. Oklahoma's highest recorded temperature of 120 \u00b0F (49 \u00b0C) was recorded at Tipton on June 27, 1994 and the lowest recorded temperature of \u221231 \u00b0F (\u221235 \u00b0C) was recorded at Nowata on February 10, 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "south-central and southeastern"}], "question": "What parts of Oklahoma rarely see below-zero temperatures?", "id": "5727d27f4b864d1900163de6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "less than 4 inches"}], "question": "What is the average snowfall in southern Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d27f4b864d1900163de7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "over 20 inches"}], "question": "What is the average snowfall in Oklahoma near the Colorado border?", "id": "5727d27f4b864d1900163de8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "Norman"}], "question": "Where is the Storm Prediction Center located?", "id": "5727d27f4b864d1900163de9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "120 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What was Oklahoma's record high temperature?", "id": "5727d27f4b864d1900163dea"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1995, Oklahoma City adalah tapak salah satu tindakan keganasan domestik yang paling merosakkan dalam sejarah Amerika. Pengeboman Oklahoma City pada 19 April 1995, di mana Timothy McVeigh dan Terry Nichols meledakkan bahan letupan di luar Bangunan Federal Alfred P. Murrah, membunuh 168 orang, termasuk 19 orang anak. Kedua-dua lelaki itu disabitkan dengan pengeboman itu: McVeigh dihukum mati dan disempurnakan oleh kerajaan persekutuan pada 11 Jun 2001; rakannya, Nichols, menjalani hukuman penjara tanpa hukuman. Teman lelaki tentera McVeigh, Michael Fortier, dijatuhi hukuman 12 tahun penjara federal dan diperintahkan membayar denda $ 75,000 untuk peranannya dalam plot pengeboman (iaitu membantu penjualan senjata untuk mengumpul dana untuk pengeboman, dan memeriksa bangunan Persekutuan Murrah sebagai sasaran yang mungkin sebelum serangan pengganas). Isterinya, Lori Fortier, yang telah meninggal dunia, diberi kekebalan daripada pendakwaan sebagai balasannya bagi kesaksiannya dalam kes itu. <> Bilakah Pengeboman Oklahoma City? || April 19, 1995 <> Siapa yang melakukan Pengeboman Oklahoma City? || Timothy McVeigh dan Terry Nichols <> Berapa banyak orang yang mati dalam Pengeboman Oklahoma City? || 168 <> Berapa banyak anak yang mati dalam Pengeboman Oklahoma City? || 19 <> Bilakah McVeigh dibunuh? || 11 Jun 2001", {"context": "In 1995, Oklahoma City was the site of one of the most destructive acts of domestic terrorism in American history. The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, in which Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols detonated an explosive outside of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killed 168 people, including 19 children. The two men were convicted of the bombing: McVeigh was sentenced to death and executed by the federal government on June 11, 2001; his partner Nichols is serving a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole. McVeigh's army buddy, Michael Fortier, was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison and ordered to pay a $75,000 fine for his role in the bombing plot (i.e. assisting in the sale of guns to raise funds for the bombing, and examining the Murrah Federal building as a possible target before the terrorist attack). His wife, Lori Fortier, who has since died, was granted immunity from prosecution in return for her testimony in the case.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "April 19, 1995"}], "question": "When was the Oklahoma City Bombing?", "id": "5727d4022ca10214002d9772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols"}], "question": "Who committed the Oklahoma City Bombing?", "id": "5727d4022ca10214002d9773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "168"}], "question": "How many people died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?", "id": "5727d4022ca10214002d9774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "19"}], "question": "How many children died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?", "id": "5727d4022ca10214002d9775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "June 11, 2001"}], "question": "When was McVeigh executed?", "id": "5727d4022ca10214002d9776"}]}], ["Bahasa Inggeris telah rasmi di negeri Oklahoma sejak tahun 2010. Berbagai bahasa Inggeris Amerika Utara yang dipanggil bernama Oklahoma Bahasa Inggeris, dan dialek ini agak berbeza dengan penggabungannya yang tidak rata dari ciri-ciri North Midland, South Midland, dan dialek Selatan. Pada tahun 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans-92.6% daripada populasi penduduk lima tahun atau lebih tua-hanya berbahasa Inggeris di rumah, turun dari 95% pada tahun 1990. 238,732 Penduduk Oklahoma melaporkan bercakap bahasa selain Bahasa Inggeris pada banci 2000, kira-kira 7.4% jumlah penduduk negeri ini. Bahasa Sepanyol adalah bahasa kedua yang paling biasa diucapkan di negeri ini, dengan 141,060 penceramah dikira pada tahun 2000. Bahasa yang paling lazim digunakan adalah Cherokee, dengan kira-kira 22,000 pembicara yang tinggal di wilayah Cherokee Nation wilayah hukum di timur Oklahoma. Cherokee adalah bahasa rasmi di wilayah yurisdiksi puak Cherokee Nation dan di United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. <> Bilakah Oklahoma mengisytiharkan bahasa rasmi? || 2010 <> Berapa banyak orang Oklahom berbahasa Inggeris di rumah sahaja, pada tahun 2000? || 2,977,187 <> Sebanyak peratus ahli Oklahom berbahasa Inggeris di rumah, sehingga tahun 2000? || 92.6% <> Apakah bahasa kedua yang paling lazim di Oklahoma? || Bahasa Sepanyol <> Apakah bahasa ketiga yang paling lazim di Oklahoma? || Cherokee", {"context": "The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010. The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects. In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans\u201492.6% of the resident population five years or older\u2014spoke only English at home, a decrease from 95% in 1990. 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the total population of the state. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language in the state, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000. The next most commonly spoken language is Cherokee, with about 22,000 speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma. Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When did Oklahoma declare an official language?", "id": "5727d4703acd2414000ded85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "2,977,187"}], "question": "How many Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?", "id": "5727d4703acd2414000ded86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "92.6%"}], "question": "What percent of Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?", "id": "5727d4703acd2414000ded87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What is the second-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d4703acd2414000ded88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "Cherokee"}], "question": "What is the third-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d4703acd2414000ded89"}]}], ["Oklahoma adalah pengeluar gas ketiga terbesar di dunia, pengeluar minyak kelima terbesar di dunia, dan mempunyai bilangan pelantar penggerudian aktif yang kedua terbesar, dan menduduki tempat kelima dalam rizab minyak mentah. Walaupun negeri itu menduduki tempat kelapan untuk kapasiti tenaga angin yang dipasang pada tahun 2011, ia berada di bahagian bawah negeri dalam penggunaan tenaga boleh diperbaharui, dengan 94 peratus tenaga elektriknya dihasilkan oleh sumber tidak boleh diperbaharui pada tahun 2009, termasuk 25 peratus daripada arang batu dan 46 peratus dari gas asli. Oklahoma tidak mempunyai kuasa nuklear. Kedudukan ke-13 untuk penggunaan tenaga per kapita pada tahun 2009, kos tenaga Oklahoma adalah terendah ke-8 di negara ini. <> Apakah pangkat Oklahoma di kalangan negara-negara yang menghasilkan minyak mentah? || kelima <> Apakah pangkat Oklahoma di kalangan negara-negara dengan pelantar penggerudian aktif? || kedua <> Bagaimana rizab minyak mentah Oklahoma berada di antara negeri? || kelima <> Berapa banyak tenaga elektrik Oklahoma berasal dari sumber yang tidak boleh diperbaharui? || 94 peratus <> Berapa banyak tenaga elektrik Oklahoma berasal dari arang batu? || 25 peratus", {"context": "Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas, fifth-largest producer of crude oil, and has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs, and ranks fifth in crude oil reserves. While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011, it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy, with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas. Oklahoma has no nuclear power. Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009, Oklahoma's energy costs were 8th lowest in the nation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "fifth"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's rank among states producing crude oil?", "id": "5727d60cff5b5019007d9668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "second"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's rank among states by active drilling rigs?", "id": "5727d60cff5b5019007d9669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "fifth"}], "question": "How does Oklahoma's crude oil reserves rank among states?", "id": "5727d60cff5b5019007d966a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "94 percent"}], "question": "How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from non-renewable sources?", "id": "5727d60cff5b5019007d966b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "25 percent"}], "question": "How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from coal?", "id": "5727d60cff5b5019007d966c"}]}], ["Koleksi seni Mesir di Muzium Seni Mabee-Gerrer di Shawnee dianggap sebagai koleksi Mesir terbaik di antara Chicago dan Los Angeles. Muzium Seni Kota Oklahoma mengandungi koleksi ukiran kaca yang paling komprehensif oleh artis Dale Chihuly di dunia, dan Koboi Kebangsaan Oklahoma dan Muzium Warisan Barat menyenaraikan warisan perbatasan Amerika Barat. Dengan sisa-sisa Holocaust dan artifak yang berkaitan dengan Judaisme, Muzium Kesenian Yahudi Sherwin Miller Tulsa mengekalkan koleksi seni Yahudi terbesar di Barat Daya Amerika Syarikat. <> Di manakah Oklahoma mempunyai koleksi seni Mesir yang baik? || Muzium Seni Mabee-Gerrer di Shawnee <> Di manakah koleksi terbesar karya Dale Chinuly? || Muzium Seni Oklahoma City <> Apakah jenis seni yang dibuat oleh Dale Chinuly? || ukiran kaca <> Di mana Muzium Kebangsaan Koboi dan Warisan Barat? || Oklahoma City <> Di mana koleksi seni Yahudi terbesar di barat daya? || Muzium Kesenian Yahudi Tulsa Sherwin Miller", {"context": "The Egyptian art collection at the Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee is considered to be the finest Egyptian collection between Chicago and Los Angeles. The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most comprehensive collection of glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly in the world, and Oklahoma City's National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum documents the heritage of the American Western frontier. With remnants of the Holocaust and artifacts relevant to Judaism, the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa preserves the largest collection of Jewish art in the Southwest United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee"}], "question": "Where does Oklahoma have a fine Egyptian art collection?", "id": "5727d96f3acd2414000dee03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Oklahoma City Museum of Art"}], "question": "Where is the largest collection of Dale Chinuly's work?", "id": "5727d96f3acd2414000dee04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "glass sculptures"}], "question": "What kind of art did Dale Chinuly make?", "id": "5727d96f3acd2414000dee05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "Where is the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum?", "id": "5727d96f3acd2414000dee06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa"}], "question": "Where is the largest Jewish art collection in the southwest?", "id": "5727d96f3acd2414000dee07"}]}], ["Oklahoma adalah tuan rumah kepada pelbagai sektor termasuk penerbangan, tenaga, peralatan pengangkutan, pemprosesan makanan, elektronik, dan telekomunikasi. Oklahoma adalah pengeluar gas asli, pesawat udara, dan makanan penting. Negara ketiga di negara ini untuk pengeluaran gas asli, adalah negara produktif ke-27 yang paling produktif, dan juga kedudukan ke-5 dalam pengeluaran gandum. Empat Fortune 500 syarikat dan enam Fortune 1000 syarikat beribu pejabat di Oklahoma, dan ia telah dinilai salah satu negeri yang paling mesra perniagaan di negara ini, dengan beban cukai terendah pada tahun 2007. <> Bagaimana Oklahoma berada di antara negeri-negeri Amerika Syarikat untuk menghasilkan gas asli? || ketiga <> Bagaimana Oklahoma berada di kalangan negara-negara AS untuk pertanian? || 27th <> Bagaimana Oklahoma berada di kalangan negara-negara AS untuk menghasilkan gandum? || 5th <> Berapa banyak syarikat Fortune 500 yang berpusat di Oklahoma? || Empat <> Berapa banyak Fortune 1000 syarikat yang berpusat di Oklahoma? || enam", {"context": "Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation, energy, transportation equipment, food processing, electronics, and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food. The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat. Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma, and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation, with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "third"}], "question": "How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing natural gas?", "id": "5727d5953acd2414000dedb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "27th"}], "question": "How does Oklahoma rank among US states for agriculture?", "id": "5727d5953acd2414000dedb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "5th"}], "question": "How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing wheat?", "id": "5727d5953acd2414000dedb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Four"}], "question": "How many Fortune 500 companies are based in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d5953acd2414000dedb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many Fortune 1000 companies are based in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d5953acd2414000dedb5"}]}], ["Oklahoma adalah persentil tengah negara dalam perbelanjaan per kapita pada seni, kedudukan ke-17, dan mengandungi lebih daripada 300 muzium. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa dianggap sebagai salah satu daripada 50 muzium seni rupa terbaik di Amerika Syarikat, dan Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi Sam Noble Oklahoma di Norman, salah satu muzium seni dan muzium sejarah yang terbesar di negara ini, dokumen yang semula jadi sejarah rantau ini. Koleksi Thomas Gilcrease ditempatkan di Muzium Gilcrease Tulsa, yang juga memegang koleksi seni dan artifak terbesar di dunia Barat. <> Berapa banyak muzium di Oklahoma? || lebih daripada 300 <> Bagaimana prestasi perbelanjaan seni per-capita Oklahoma? || Ke-17 <Di manakah Muzium Philbrook? || Tulsa <> Apa jenis muzium yang Philbrook? || seni rupa <> Dimana koleksi Thomas Gilcrease ditempatkan? || Muzium Gilcrease Tulsa", {"context": "Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "more than 300"}], "question": "How many museums are in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d8792ca10214002d97e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "17th"}], "question": "How does Oklahoma's per-capita arts spending rank?", "id": "5727d8792ca10214002d97e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Tulsa"}], "question": "Where is the Philbrook Museum?", "id": "5727d8792ca10214002d97e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "fine art"}], "question": "What kind of museum is the Philbrook?", "id": "5727d8792ca10214002d97e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa"}], "question": "Where are Thomas Gilcrease's collections housed?", "id": "5727d8792ca10214002d97e8"}]}], ["Syarikat teater terkemuka di Oklahoma termasuk, di ibu kota, Syarikat Teater Oklahoma City, Teater Carpenter Square, Oklahoma Shakespeare di Park, dan CityRep. CityRep adalah syarikat profesional yang memberi mata ekuiti kepada para pemain dan profesional teater teknikal. Di Tulsa, syarikat profesional penduduk tertua Oklahoma adalah Syarikat Teater Amerika, dan Teater Tulsa adalah syarikat teater komuniti tertua di barat Mississippi. Syarikat-syarikat lain di Tulsa termasuk Heller Theatre dan Teater Spotlight Tulsa. Bandar-bandar Norman, Lawton, dan Stillwater, antara lain, juga menjadi tuan rumah syarikat-syarikat teater komuniti yang ditinjau dengan baik. <> Apakah kumpulan teater utama di Oklahoma City? || Syarikat Teater Oklahoma City, Teater Carpenter Square, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, dan CityRep <> Apakah kumpulan teater komuniti tertua di barat Sungai Mississippi? || Teater Tulsa <> Dimana Amerika Syarikat Teater berdasarkan? || Tulsa <> Apa syarikat teater profesional pemastautin tertua di Oklahoma? || Syarikat Teater Amerika <> Di mana Teater Heller? || Tulsa", {"context": "Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include, in the capital city, Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep. CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company, and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi. Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater. The cities of Norman, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also host well-reviewed community theatre companies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep"}], "question": "What major theater groups are in Oklahoma City?", "id": "5727d7f52ca10214002d97da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Theatre Tulsa"}], "question": "What is the oldest community theater group west of the Mississippi River?", "id": "5727d7f52ca10214002d97db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Tulsa"}], "question": "Where is the American Theatre Company based?", "id": "5727d7f52ca10214002d97dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "American Theatre Company"}], "question": "What is the oldest resident professional theater company in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d7f52ca10214002d97dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Tulsa"}], "question": "Where is Heller Theatre?", "id": "5727d7f52ca10214002d97de"}]}], ["Bahasa Jerman adalah bahasa yang paling umum keempat, dengan 13,444 pembesar suara mewakili kira-kira 0.4% daripada jumlah penduduk negeri. Kelima adalah bahasa Vietnam, yang dituturkan oleh 11.330 orang, atau kira-kira 0.4% daripada penduduk, kebanyakannya tinggal di Daerah Asia Oklahoma City. Bahasa lain termasuk bahasa Perancis dengan 8,258 penceramah (0.3%), Cina dengan 6,413 (0.2%), Korea dengan 3,948 (0.1%), bahasa Arab dengan 3,265 (0.1%), bahasa Asia lainnya dengan 3,134 (0.1% 0.1%), Jepun dengan 2,546 (0.1%), dan bahasa Afrika dengan 2,546 (0.1%). Sebagai tambahan kepada Cherokee, lebih daripada 25 bahasa asli Amerika diucapkan di Oklahoma, kedua hanya untuk California (walaupun, perlu diperhatikan bahawa hanya Cherokee mempamerkan vitalitas bahasa sekarang). <> Apakah bahasa keempat yang paling popular di Oklahoma? || Jerman <> Berapa banyak orang Oklahom berbahasa Jerman? || 13,444 <> Berapa banyak bahasa Amerika Asli digunakan di Oklahoma? || lebih daripada 25 <> Apakah bahasa paling popular kelima di Oklahoma? || Vietnam <> Berapa banyak orang Oklahom berbahasa Vietnam? || 11,330", {"context": "German is the fourth most commonly used language, with 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the total state population. Fifth is Vietnamese, spoken by 11,330 people, or about 0.4% of the population, many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0.1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0.1%), other Asian languages with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0.1%), Japanese with 2,546 (0.1%), and African languages with 2,546 (0.1%). In addition to Cherokee, more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma, second only to California (though, it should be noted that only Cherokee exhibits language vitality at present).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "German"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's fourth most popular language?", "id": "5727d4ce4b864d1900163e12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "13,444"}], "question": "How many Oklahomans speak German?", "id": "5727d4ce4b864d1900163e13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "more than 25"}], "question": "How many Native American languages are used in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d4ce4b864d1900163e16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Vietnamese"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's fifth most popular language?", "id": "5727d4ce4b864d1900163e14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "11,330"}], "question": "How many Oklahomans speak Vietnamese?", "id": "5727d4ce4b864d1900163e15"}]}], ["Negeri ini mempunyai sejarah yang kaya dalam balet dengan lima pemain Latin Native Amerika yang mencapai kemasyhuran di seluruh dunia. Ini adalah Yvonne Chouteau, saudara perempuan Marjorie dan Maria Tallchief, Rosella Hightower dan Moscelyne Larkin, yang dikenali secara kolektif sebagai Lima Bulan. The New York Times menilai Balsa Tulsa sebagai salah satu syarikat balet teratas di Amerika Syarikat. Program tarian Oklahoma City dan program tarian University of Oklahoma dibentuk oleh pemain ballerina Yvonne Chouteau dan suami Miguel Terekhov. Program Universiti ditubuhkan pada tahun 1962 dan merupakan program pertama yang diakui sepenuhnya di Amerika Syarikat. <> Berapa banyak ballerinas Native American yang berasal dari Oklahoma? || lima <> Apa yang disebut ballerinas Native American Oklahoma? || The Five Moons <> Apa ballerina memulakan Ballet City Oklahoma? || Yvonne Chouteau <> Bilakah program tarian Universiti Oklahoma bermula? || 1962 <> Saudara perempuan mana yang berada dalam Lima Bulan? || Marjorie dan Maria Tallchief", {"context": "The state has a rich history in ballet with five Native American ballerinas attaining worldwide fame. These were Yvonne Chouteau, sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief, Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin, known collectively as the Five Moons. The New York Times rates the Tulsa Ballet as one of the top ballet companies in the United States. The Oklahoma City Ballet and University of Oklahoma's dance program were formed by ballerina Yvonne Chouteau and husband Miguel Terekhov. The University program was founded in 1962 and was the first fully accredited program of its kind in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many famous Native American ballerinas came from Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d72bff5b5019007d96a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "the Five Moons"}], "question": "What are Oklahoma's Native American ballerinas called?", "id": "5727d72bff5b5019007d96a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Yvonne Chouteau"}], "question": "What ballerina started the Oklahoma City Ballet?", "id": "5727d72bff5b5019007d96a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "1962"}], "question": "When did the University of Oklahoma's dance program begin?", "id": "5727d72bff5b5019007d96a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Marjorie and Maria Tallchief"}], "question": "Which sisters were in the Five Moons?", "id": "5727d72bff5b5019007d96a6"}]}], ["Menurut majalah Forbes, Devon Energy Corporation yang berpangkalan di Oklahoma City, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, dan SandRidge Energy Corporation adalah syarikat berkaitan minyak swasta terbesar di negara ini, dan semua syarikat Fortune 500 di Oklahoma adalah berkaitan tenaga. Syarikat ONEOK dan Williams dari Tulsa adalah masing-masing syarikat terbesar dan kedua terbesar di dunia, juga kedudukan sebagai syarikat kedua dan ketiga terbesar di dunia dalam bidang tenaga, menurut majalah Fortune. Majalah ini juga meletakkan Devon Energy sebagai syarikat kedua terbesar dalam industri penambangan dan mentah mentah di negara ini, sementara Chesapeake Energy menduduki tempat ketujuh di sektor itu dan Oklahoma Gas & Electric berpangkalan sebagai syarikat gas dan elektrik yang terbesar ke-25 . <> Yang syarikat minyak swasta terbesar yang berpusat di Oklahoma City? || Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, dan SandRidge Energy Corporation <> Industri apa yang semua syarikat Fortune 500 yang berpusat di Oklahoma? || tenaga <> Apa syarikat terbesar di Oklahoma? || ONEOK <> Apa syarikat kedua terbesar di Oklahoma? || Syarikat Williams <> Di mana SATU berasaskan? || Tulsa", {"context": "According to Forbes magazine, Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil-related companies in the nation, and all of Oklahoma's Fortune 500 companies are energy-related. Tulsa's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state's largest and second-largest companies respectively, also ranking as the nation's second and third-largest companies in the field of energy, according to Fortune magazine. The magazine also placed Devon Energy as the second-largest company in the mining and crude oil-producing industry in the nation, while Chesapeake Energy ranks seventh respectively in that sector and Oklahoma Gas & Electric ranks as the 25th-largest gas and electric utility company.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation"}], "question": "Which largest private oil companies are based in Oklahoma City?", "id": "5727d6782ca10214002d97b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "energy"}], "question": "What industry are all of the Oklahoma-based Fortune 500 companies in?", "id": "5727d6782ca10214002d97b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "ONEOK"}], "question": "What is the largest company in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d6782ca10214002d97b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Williams Companies"}], "question": "What is the 2nd-largest company in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d6782ca10214002d97b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Tulsa"}], "question": "Where is ONEOK based?", "id": "5727d6782ca10214002d97ba"}]}], ["Di Sand Springs, sebuah amphitheater luaran dipanggil \"Discoveryland!\" adalah ibu pejabat prestasi rasmi untuk Oklahoma muzik! Ridge Bond, yang berasal dari McAlester, Oklahoma, membintangi produksi Broadway dan Antarabangsa di Oklahoma !, memainkan peranan \"Curly McClain\" dalam lebih daripada 2,600 persembahan. Pada tahun 1953, dia ditonjolkan bersama dengan Oklahoma! dilancarkan pada siaran televisyen CBS Omnibus. Bond memainkan peranan dalam lagu tajuk menjadi lagu negara Oklahoma dan juga dipaparkan di setem pos A.S. yang memperingati ulang tahun ke 50 muzik. Secara sejarah, negeri ini telah menghasilkan gaya muzik seperti The Tulsa Sound dan swing barat, yang dipopulerkan di Ballroom Cain di Tulsa. Bangunan itu, dikenali sebagai \"Carnegie Hall of Western Swing\", berkhidmat sebagai markas prestasi Bob Wills dan Texas Playboys pada tahun 1930-an. Stillwater dikenali sebagai pusat muzik Red Dirt, penyokong terkenal yang merupakan Bob Childers akhir. <> Di manakah 'Discoveryland!'? || Sand Springs <> Siapa yang membintangi produksi Broadway 'Oklahoma!'? || Ridge Bond <> Di mana Ridge Bond dari? || McAlester, Oklahoma <> Siapa yang bermain Ridge Bond? || Curly McClain <> Berapa banyak penampilan Oklahoma! adalah Ridge Bond? || lebih daripada 2,600", {"context": "In Sand Springs, an outdoor amphitheater called \"Discoveryland!\" is the official performance headquarters for the musical Oklahoma! Ridge Bond, native of McAlester, Oklahoma, starred in the Broadway and International touring productions of Oklahoma!, playing the role of \"Curly McClain\" in more than 2,600 performances. In 1953 he was featured along with the Oklahoma! cast on a CBS Omnibus television broadcast. Bond was instrumental in the title song becoming the Oklahoma state song and is also featured on the U.S. postage stamp commemorating the musical's 50th anniversary. Historically, the state has produced musical styles such as The Tulsa Sound and western swing, which was popularized at Cain's Ballroom in Tulsa. The building, known as the \"Carnegie Hall of Western Swing\", served as the performance headquarters of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys during the 1930s. Stillwater is known as the epicenter of Red Dirt music, the best-known proponent of which is the late Bob Childers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Sand Springs"}], "question": "Where is 'Discoveryland!'?", "id": "5727d77c4b864d1900163e3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Ridge Bond"}], "question": "Who starred in the Broadway production of 'Oklahoma!'?", "id": "5727d77c4b864d1900163e3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "McAlester, Oklahoma"}], "question": "Where is Ridge Bond from?", "id": "5727d77c4b864d1900163e40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Curly McClain"}], "question": "Who did Ridge Bond play?", "id": "5727d77c4b864d1900163e41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "more than 2,600"}], "question": "How many performances of Oklahoma! was Ridge Bond in?", "id": "5727d77c4b864d1900163e42"}]}], ["Oklahoma adalah sebahagian daripada wilayah geografi yang dicirikan oleh Kristian konservatif dan Injili yang dikenali sebagai \"Belt Alkitab\". Merentasi bahagian selatan dan timur Amerika Syarikat, kawasan ini dikenali dengan pandangan konservatif dari segi politik dan sosial, walaupun Oklahoma mempunyai lebih banyak pengundi berdaftar dengan Parti Demokratik berbanding dengan mana-mana pihak lain. Tulsa, bandar kedua terbesar di negeri ini, rumah kepada Universiti Oral Roberts, kadang-kadang dipanggil \"gelang Belt Alkitab\". Menurut Pusat Penyelidikan Pew, majoriti penganut agama Oklahoma - 85 peratus - adalah Kristian, menyumbang kira-kira 80 peratus penduduk. Peratusan orang Oklahom yang bergabung dengan Katolik adalah separuh daripada purata nasional, sementara peratusan yang bergabung dengan Evangelical Protestantisme lebih daripada dua kali ganda purata nasional - diikat dengan Arkansas untuk peratusan terbesar dari mana-mana negeri. <> Apakah kawasan Christian Evangelical konservatif dipanggil? || \"Belt Alkitab\" <> Apa bahagian-bahagian AS dilindungi oleh 'Belt Alkitab'? || selatan dan timur <> Apa parti politik mempunyai kebanyakan ahli di Oklahoma? || Demokratik <> Apa bandar terbesar kedua di Oklahoma? || Tulsa <> Berapa banyak penduduk Oklahoma yang Kristian? || 80 peratus", {"context": "Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative and Evangelical Christianity known as the \"Bible Belt\". Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States, the area is known for politically and socially conservative views, even though Oklahoma has more voters registered with the Democratic Party than with any other party. Tulsa, the state's second largest city, home to Oral Roberts University, is sometimes called the \"buckle of the Bible Belt\". According to the Pew Research Center, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents \u2013 85 percent \u2013 are Christian, accounting for about 80 percent of the population. The percentage of Oklahomans affiliated with Catholicism is half of the national average, while the percentage affiliated with Evangelical Protestantism is more than twice the national average \u2013 tied with Arkansas for the largest percentage of any state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "the \"Bible Belt\""}], "question": "What is the conservative Evangelical Christian region called?", "id": "5727d53a2ca10214002d978e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "southern and eastern"}], "question": "What parts of the US are covered by the 'Bible Belt'?", "id": "5727d53a2ca10214002d978f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Democratic"}], "question": "What political party has the most members in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727d53a2ca10214002d9790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Tulsa"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's 2nd-largest city?", "id": "5727d53a2ca10214002d9791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "80 percent"}], "question": "How much of Oklahoma's population is Christian?", "id": "5727d53a2ca10214002d9792"}]}], ["Dengan sistem pendidikan yang terdiri daripada daerah sekolah awam dan institusi swasta yang bebas, Oklahoma mempunyai 638,817 pelajar yang mendaftar di 1,845 sekolah rendah, sekolah menengah dan vokasional awam di 533 daerah sekolah pada tahun 2008 [kemas kini]. Oklahoma mempunyai enrolmen tertinggi pelajar asli Amerika di negara ini dengan 126,078 pelajar pada tahun pelajaran 2009-10. Kedudukan berhampiran bahagian bawah negeri dalam perbelanjaan bagi setiap pelajar, Oklahoma membelanjakan $ 7,755 untuk setiap pelajar pada tahun 2008, ke-47 dalam negara, walaupun pertumbuhan pengeluaran pendidikan keseluruhan antara tahun 1992 dan 2002 menduduki tempat ke-22. <> Berapa ramai pelajar di sekolah awam Oklahoma pada tahun 2008? || 638,817 <> Berapa banyak sekolah di Oklahoma? || 533 <> Berapa ramai pelajar Amerika asli di sekolah awam Oklahoma? || 126,078 <> Apa yang dibelanjakan Oklahoma setiap pelajar di sekolah awam pada tahun 2008? || $ 7,755 <> Berapa banyak sekolah awam yang ada di Oklahoma? || 1,845", {"context": "With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions, Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary, secondary, and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008[update]. Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the nation with 126,078 students in the 2009-10 school year. Ranked near the bottom of states in expenditures per student, Oklahoma spent $7,755 for each student in 2008, 47th in the nation, though its growth of total education expenditures between 1992 and 2002 ranked 22nd.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "638,817"}], "question": "How many students were in Oklahoma's public schools in 2008?", "id": "5727df983acd2414000deea3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "533"}], "question": "How many school districts are in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727df983acd2414000deea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "126,078"}], "question": "How many Native American students are in Oklahoma's public schools?", "id": "5727df983acd2414000deea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "$7,755"}], "question": "What does Oklahoma spend per student in public schools as of 2008?", "id": "5727df983acd2414000deea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "1,845"}], "question": "How many public schools does Oklahoma have?", "id": "5727df983acd2414000deea7"}]}], ["Sambutan abad ke-100 Oklahoma itu dinamakan sebagai acara teratas di Amerika Syarikat untuk tahun 2007 oleh Persatuan Bas Amerika, dan terdiri daripada beberapa perayaan yang menyelamatkan dengan ulang tahun ke-100 kenegaraan pada 16 November 2007. Perayaan dan acara etnik tahunan berlaku di seluruh negeri seperti Persembahan asli dan upacara kebangsaan Amerika, dan termasuk perayaan (sebagai contoh) di komuniti Scotland, Ireland, Jerman, Itali, Vietnam, Cina, Czech, Yahudi, Arab, Mexico dan Afrika-Amerika yang menggambarkan warisan budaya atau tradisi. <> Bilakah tahun centenial Oklahoma? || 2007 <> Bilakah ulang tahun ke-100 kepatuhan Oklahoma? || 16 November 2007 <> Organisasi apa kata centennial Oklahoma adalah acara teratas di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun itu? || Persatuan Bas Amerika <> Apa perayaan etnik yang digambarkan? || warisan budaya atau tradisi", {"context": "Oklahoma's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association, and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16, 2007. Annual ethnic festivals and events take place throughout the state such as Native American powwows and ceremonial events, and include festivals (as examples) in Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Czech, Jewish, Arab, Mexican and African-American communities depicting cultural heritage or traditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When was Oklahoma's centennial year?", "id": "5727d9f64b864d1900163e86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "November 16, 2007"}], "question": "When was the exact hundredth anniversary of Oklahoma's statehood?", "id": "5727d9f64b864d1900163e87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "American Bus Association"}], "question": "What organization said Oklahoma's centennial was the top event in the US that year?", "id": "5727d9f64b864d1900163e88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "cultural heritage or traditions"}], "question": "What do ethnic festivals depict?", "id": "5727d9f64b864d1900163e89"}]}], ["Oklahoma memegang sebelas universiti serantau awam, termasuk Universiti Negeri Northeastern, institusi pendidikan tinggi tertua di barat Sungai Mississippi, juga mengandungi satu-satunya Kolej Optometri di Oklahoma dan enrolmen terbesar pelajar Amerika Asli di negara ini mengikut peratusan dan jumlah . Langston University adalah kolej hitam yang hanya sejarah di Oklahoma. Enam universiti negeri telah diletakkan di dalam senarai Princeton Review daripada 122 kolej serantau terbaik pada tahun 2007, dan tiga membuat senarai kolej teratas untuk nilai terbaik. Negeri ini mempunyai 55 institusi teknikal pasca menengah yang dikendalikan oleh program CareerTech Oklahoma untuk latihan dalam bidang industri atau perdagangan tertentu. <> Berapa banyak universiti awam yang ada di Oklahoma? || sebelas <> Apa universiti kedua tertua barat di Sungai MS? || University of Northeastern University <> Dalam mana universiti itu hanya kolej optometri Oklahoma? || Universiti Negeri Northeastern <> Apa universiti mempunyai enrolmen Orang Asli Amerika yang terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? || Universiti Negeri Northeastern <> Apakah hanya HBCU Oklahoma? || Universiti Langston", {"context": "Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities, including Northeastern State University, the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River, also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount. Langston University is Oklahoma's only historically black college. Six of the state's universities were placed in the Princeton Review's list of best 122 regional colleges in 2007, and three made the list of top colleges for best value. The state has 55 post-secondary technical institutions operated by Oklahoma's CareerTech program for training in specific fields of industry or trade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "eleven"}], "question": "How many public universities does Oklahoma have?", "id": "5727e060ff5b5019007d9754"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Northeastern State University"}], "question": "What is the second-oldest university west of the MS River?", "id": "5727e060ff5b5019007d9755"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Northeastern State University"}], "question": "Within what university is Oklahoma's only optometry college?", "id": "5727e060ff5b5019007d9756"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Northeastern State University"}], "question": "What university has the largest Native American enrollment in the US?", "id": "5727e060ff5b5019007d9757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Langston University"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's only HBCU?", "id": "5727e060ff5b5019007d9758"}]}], ["New Orleans Hornets NBA menjadi francais sukan liga utama pertama yang berpangkalan di Oklahoma apabila pasukan itu terpaksa berpindah ke Pusat Ford Oklahoma City, yang kini dikenali sebagai Chesapeake Energy Arena, selama dua musim berikutan Taufan Katrina pada tahun 2005. Pada bulan Julai 2008, Seattle SuperSonics, francais yang dimiliki oleh Professional Basketball Club LLC, sekumpulan ahli perniagaan Oklahoma City yang diketuai oleh Clayton Bennett, berpindah ke Oklahoma City dan mengumumkan bahawa permainan akan bermula di Pusat Ford sebagai Oklahoma City Thunder untuk musim 2008-09, menjadi francais liga utama pertama negeri itu. <> Mana pasukan NBA yang sementara berpindah ke Oklahoma? || New Orleans Hornets <> Di mana pasukan NBA sementara bermain di Oklahoma? || Pusat Ford Oklahoma City <> Apa yang menyebabkan pasukan NBA sementara berpindah ke Oklahoma? || Badai Katrina <> Apakah nama sebelumnya Thunder? || Seattle SuperSonics <> Who owns the Thunder? || Professional Basketball Club LLC", {"context": "The NBA's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports franchise based in Oklahoma when the team was forced to relocate to Oklahoma City's Ford Center, now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena, for two seasons following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In July 2008, the Seattle SuperSonics, a franchise owned by the Professional Basketball Club LLC, a group of Oklahoma City businessmen led by Clayton Bennett, relocated to Oklahoma City and announced that play would begin at the Ford Center as the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008\u201309 season, becoming the state's first permanent major league franchise.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "New Orleans Hornets"}], "question": "Which NBA team temporarily relocated to Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e243ff5b5019007d977a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Oklahoma City's Ford Center"}], "question": "Where did the temporary NBA team play in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e243ff5b5019007d977b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Hurricane Katrina"}], "question": "What caused the temporary NBA team to relocate to Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e243ff5b5019007d977c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Seattle SuperSonics"}], "question": "What was the Thunder's previous name?", "id": "5727e243ff5b5019007d977d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Professional Basketball Club LLC"}], "question": "Who owns the Thunder?", "id": "5727e243ff5b5019007d977e"}]}], ["Pada tahun pelajaran 2007-2008, terdapat 181,973 pelajar sarjana muda, 20,014 pelajar siswazah, dan 4,395 pelajar ijazah pertama profesional yang berdaftar di kolej Oklahoma. Dari para pelajar ini, 18,892 menerima ijazah sarjana muda, 5,386 menerima ijazah sarjana, dan 462 menerima ijazah profesional yang pertama. Ini bermakna keadaan Oklahoma menghasilkan purata 38,278 pemegang ijazah per komponen (iaitu 1 Julai 2007 - 30 Jun 2008). Purata kebangsaan adalah 68,322 darjah yang dianugerahkan setiap komponen siap. <> Berapa ramai pelajar mahasiswa di Oklahoma pada tahun 2007? || 181,973 <> Berapa ramai pelajar gred di Oklahoma pada tahun 2007? || 20,014 <> Berapa banyak pelajar sarjana profesional di Oklahoma pada tahun 2007? || 4,395 <> Berapa banyak peperiksaan Oklahoma tahun 2007 menyelesaikan ijazah mereka? || 18,892 <> Berapa banyak pelajar gred di Oklahoma tahun 2007 menyelesaikan ijazahnya? || 5,386", {"context": "In the 2007\u20132008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges. Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received a first professional degree. This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38,278 degree-holders per completions component (i.e. July 1, 2007 \u2013 June 30, 2008). National average is 68,322 total degrees awarded per completions component.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "181,973"}], "question": "How many undergrad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?", "id": "5727e0cc2ca10214002d9898"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "20,014"}], "question": "How many grad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?", "id": "5727e0cc2ca10214002d9899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "4,395"}], "question": "How many professional degree college students were in Oklahoma in 2007?", "id": "5727e0cc2ca10214002d989a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "18,892"}], "question": "How many of Oklahoma's 2007 undergrads completed their degree?", "id": "5727e0cc2ca10214002d989b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "5,386"}], "question": "How many of Oklahoma's 2007 grad students completed their degree?", "id": "5727e0cc2ca10214002d989c"}]}], ["Negara ini adalah antara yang terbaik dalam pendidikan pra-tadika, dan Institut Penyelidikan Pendidikan Awal Nasional menarafkannya pertama di Amerika Syarikat berkenaan dengan piawaian, kualiti, dan akses kepada pendidikan pra-tadika pada tahun 2004, menyebutnya sebagai model untuk awal sekolah zaman kanak-kanak. Kadar keciciran sekolah menurun dari 3.1 hingga 2.5 peratus antara tahun 2007 dan 2008 dengan Oklahoma menduduki antara 18 negeri lain dengan kadar penurunan 3 peratus atau kurang. Pada tahun 2004, negeri itu menduduki tempat ke-36 di negara ini untuk bilangan orang dewasa yang mempunyai diploma sekolah tinggi, walaupun pada 85.2 peratus, ia mempunyai kadar tertinggi di kalangan negeri-negeri selatan. <> Siapa kata program pra-K Oklahoma adalah yang terbaik di Amerika Syarikat? || Institut Kebangsaan untuk Penyelidikan Pendidikan Awal <> Ketika pre-K Oklahoma disebut 'model untuk pendidikan awal kanak-kanak'? || 2004 <> Apakah kadar keciciran sekolah tinggi Oklahoma pada tahun 2007? || 3.1 <> Apakah kadar keciciran sekolah tinggi Oklahoma pada tahun 2008? || 2.5 peratus <> Berapa peratus daripada Oklahomans telah lulus sekolah menengah? || 85.2 peratus", {"context": "The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education, and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004, calling it a model for early childhood schooling. High school dropout rate decreased from 3.1 to 2.5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate. In 2004, the state ranked 36th in the nation for the relative number of adults with high school diplomas, though at 85.2 percent, it had the highest rate among southern states.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "National Institute for Early Education Research"}], "question": "Who said Oklahoma's pre-K program is the best in the US?", "id": "5727e0032ca10214002d9886"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When was Oklahoma's pre-K called 'a model for early childhood schooling'?", "id": "5727e0032ca10214002d9887"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "3.1"}], "question": "What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2007?", "id": "5727e0032ca10214002d9888"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "2.5 percent"}], "question": "What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2008?", "id": "5727e0032ca10214002d9889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "85.2 percent"}], "question": "What percent of Oklahomans have graduated high school?", "id": "5727e0032ca10214002d988a"}]}], ["The Cherokee Nation telah melancarkan pelan pemeliharaan bahasa selama 10 tahun yang melibatkan penutur fasih bahasa Cherokee yang semakin meningkat dari zaman kanak-kanak hingga melalui program perendaman sekolah serta usaha masyarakat kolaboratif untuk terus menggunakan bahasa tersebut di rumah. Pelan ini adalah sebahagian daripada matlamat yang ambisius bahawa dalam 50 tahun, 80% atau lebih orang Cherokee akan fasih dalam bahasa. Yayasan Pemeliharaan Cherokee telah melabur $ 3 juta ke sekolah pembukaan, guru pelatihan, dan mengembangkan kurikulum untuk pendidikan bahasa, serta memulai pertemuan komunitas di mana bahasa itu dapat digunakan secara aktif. Terdapat sebuah sekolah rendang bahasa Cherokee di Tahlequah, Oklahoma yang mendidik pelajar dari sekolah pra melalui kelas gred. Graduan adalah penutur bahasa fasih. Beberapa universiti menawarkan Cherokee sebagai bahasa kedua, termasuk Universiti Oklahoma dan Universiti Negeri Northeastern. <> Mana kumpulan asli Amerika terlibat dalam projek pemeliharaan bahasa? || Cherokee Nation <> Berapa peratus daripada orang Cherokee yang dikehendaki menjadi fasih dalam Cherokee? || 80% atau lebih <> Kumpulan apa yang menjalankan projek pemeliharaan bahasa Cherokee? || Yayasan Pemeliharaan Cherokee <> Berapa banyak yayasan Pemeliharaan Cherokee yang dibelanjakan untuk sekolah? || $ 3 juta <> Di mana terdapat sekolah perendaman Cherokee? || Tahlequah, Oklahoma", {"context": "The Cherokee Nation instigated a 10-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home. This plan was part of an ambitious goal that in 50 years, 80% or more of the Cherokee people will be fluent in the language. The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $3 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used. There is a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade. Graduates are fluent speakers of the language. Several universities offer Cherokee as a second language, including the University of Oklahoma and Northeastern State University.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Cherokee Nation"}], "question": "Which Native American group is involved in a language preservation project?", "id": "5727e1424b864d1900163f22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "80% or more"}], "question": "What percent of Cherokee people are desired to be fluent in Cherokee?", "id": "5727e1424b864d1900163f23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Cherokee Preservation Foundation"}], "question": "What group runs the Cherokee language preservation project?", "id": "5727e1424b864d1900163f24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "$3 million"}], "question": "How much has the Cherokee Preservation Foundation spent on schools?", "id": "5727e1424b864d1900163f25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "Tahlequah, Oklahoma"}], "question": "Where is there a Cherokee immersion school?", "id": "5727e1424b864d1900163f26"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh 10 hari di Oklahoma City, Pesta Negeri Oklahoma menarik kira-kira satu juta orang bersama Festival Pesta tahunan. Pow-wow kebangsaan yang besar, pelbagai pesta warisan Latin dan Asia, dan festival kebudayaan seperti perayaan Juneteenth diadakan di Oklahoma City setiap tahun. Tulsa State Fair menarik lebih dari satu juta orang dalam jangka masa 10 hari, dan festival Mayfest di bandar ini telah melayan lebih daripada 375,000 orang dalam empat hari sepanjang tahun 2007. Pada tahun 2006, Tulsa's Oktoberfest dinamakan sebagai salah satu daripada 10 teratas di dunia oleh USA Today dan salah satu pesta makanan Jerman terbaik di negara ini oleh majalah Bon Appetit. <> Berapa lama Pesta Negeri Oklahoma? || 10 hari <> Di mana Pesta Negeri Oklahoma? || Oklahoma City <> Berapa ramai orang menghadiri Pameran Negeri Oklahoma setiap tahun? || kira-kira satu juta <> Berapa lama Pesta Negeri Tulsa? || 10 hari <> Berapa ramai orang menghadiri Pameran Negeri Tulsa setiap tahun? || lebih satu juta", {"context": "During a 10-day run in Oklahoma City, the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people along with the annual Festival of the Arts. Large national pow-wows, various Latin and Asian heritage festivals, and cultural festivals such as the Juneteenth celebrations are held in Oklahoma City each year. The Tulsa State Fair attracts over one million people during its 10-day run, and the city's Mayfest festival entertained more than 375,000 people in four days during 2007. In 2006, Tulsa's Oktoberfest was named one of the top 10 in the world by USA Today and one of the top German food festivals in the nation by Bon Appetit magazine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "10-day"}], "question": "How long is the State Fair of Oklahoma?", "id": "5727de82ff5b5019007d9720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "Where is the State Fair of Oklahoma?", "id": "5727de82ff5b5019007d9721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "roughly one million"}], "question": "How many people attend the State Fair of Oklahoma each year?", "id": "5727de82ff5b5019007d9722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "10-day"}], "question": "How long is the Tulsa State Fair?", "id": "5727de82ff5b5019007d9723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "over one million"}], "question": "How many people attend the Tulsa State Fair each year?", "id": "5727de82ff5b5019007d9724"}]}], ["Norman menjadi tuan rumah kepada Festival Muzik Norman, festival yang menyoroti kumpulan band dan pemuzik Oklahoma. Norman juga menjadi tuan rumah kepada Pesta Abad Pertengahan Norman, yang telah diadakan setiap tahun sejak tahun 1976 dan merupakan pameran abad pertengahan di Oklahoma. Pameran ini diadakan pertama di kampus selatan kampus University of Oklahoma dan pada tahun ketiga berpindah ke Duck Pond di Norman sehingga Pameran menjadi terlalu besar dan berpindah ke Reaves Park pada tahun 2003. Pameran Medieval Norman adalah \"terbesar terbesar di Oklahoma acara hujung minggu dan acara ketiga terbesar di Oklahoma, dan dipilih oleh Events Media Network sebagai salah satu daripada 100 acara teratas dalam negara \". <> Bilakah Pesta Medieval Norman bermula? || 1976 <> Di mana pameran abad pertengahan di Oklahoma? || Norman <> Di mana Pesta Medieval Norman diadakan selama 2 tahun pertama? || selatan bujur kampus Universiti Oklahoma <> Di mana penganjuran Medieval Norman diadakan dari 1978 hingga 2002? || Kolam Bebek di Norman <> Di mana Pesta Medieval Norman diadakan sejak tahun 2003? || Reaves Park", {"context": "Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival, a festival that highlights native Oklahoma bands and musicians. Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman, which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma's first medieval fair. The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003. The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma's \"largest weekend event and the third largest event in Oklahoma, and was selected by Events Media Network as one of the top 100 events in the nation\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "1976"}], "question": "When did the Medieval Fair of Norman begin?", "id": "5727df132ca10214002d986e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Norman"}], "question": "Where was Oklahoma's first medieval fair?", "id": "5727df132ca10214002d986f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus"}], "question": "Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held for its first 2 years?", "id": "5727df132ca10214002d9870"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Duck Pond in Norman"}], "question": "Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held from 1978 to 2002?", "id": "5727df132ca10214002d9871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Reaves Park"}], "question": "Where has the Medieval Fair of Norman been held since 2003?", "id": "5727df132ca10214002d9872"}]}], ["Oklahoma mempunyai pasukan bola keranjang, bola sepak, bola sepak, baseball, bola sepak, hoki, dan gusti yang terletak di Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid, Norman, dan Lawton. The Oklahoma City Thunder Persatuan Bola Keranjang Kebangsaan (NBA) adalah satu-satunya francais sukan liga utama di negeri ini. Negeri ini mempunyai pasukan dalam Persatuan Bola Keranjang Kebangsaan, Tulsa Shock, dari 2010 hingga 2015, namun pasukan itu berpindah ke Dallas-Fort Worth selepas musim itu dan menjadi Wings Dallas. Oklahoma menyokong pasukan di beberapa liga kecil, termasuk Liga Kecil Minor di peringkat AAA dan AA (Oklahoma City Dodgers dan Tulsa Drillers, masing-masing), ECHL hoki dengan Tulsa Oilers, dan beberapa liga bola sepak dalaman. Dalam sukan yang terakhir, pasukan yang paling terkenal di negara ini adalah Tulsa Talons, yang bermain di Liga Bola Sepak Arena hingga 2012, apabila pasukan itu berpindah ke San Antonio. Pembela Oklahoma menggantikan Talon sebagai pasukan bola sepak arena profesional Tulsa, bermain CPIFL. Oklahoma City Blue, Liga Pembangunan NBA, berpindah ke Oklahoma City dari Tulsa pada tahun 2014, di mana mereka dahulu dikenali sebagai Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa adalah pangkalan untuk Tulsa Revolution, yang bermain di Liga Indoor Soccer Amerika. Pasukan bola sepak profesional Enid dan Lawton di USBL dan CBA. <> Apakah satu-satunya pasukan sukan liga utama di Oklahoma? || Oklahoma City Thunder <> Apa liga adalah Thunder? || Persatuan Bola Keranjang Kebangsaan <> Apa yang ada dalam pasukan WNBA Oklahoma? || Tulsa Shock <> Di mana pasukan WNBA Oklahoma bergerak ke? || Dallas-Fort Worth <> Apakah pasukan WNBA Oklahoma dinamakan semula ketika ia bergerak? || Dallas Wings", {"context": "Oklahoma has teams in basketball, football, arena football, baseball, soccer, hockey, and wrestling located in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid, Norman, and Lawton. The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is the state's only major league sports franchise. The state had a team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Tulsa Shock, from 2010 through 2015, but the team relocated to Dallas\u2013Fort Worth after that season and became the Dallas Wings. Oklahoma supports teams in several minor leagues, including Minor League Baseball at the AAA and AA levels (Oklahoma City Dodgers and Tulsa Drillers, respectively), hockey's ECHL with the Tulsa Oilers, and a number of indoor football leagues. In the last-named sport, the state's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons, which played in the Arena Football League until 2012, when the team was moved to San Antonio. The Oklahoma Defenders replaced the Talons as Tulsa's only professional arena football team, playing the CPIFL. The Oklahoma City Blue, of the NBA Development League, relocated to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014, where they were formerly known as the Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution, which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League. Enid and Lawton host professional basketball teams in the USBL and the CBA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Oklahoma City Thunder"}], "question": "What is the only major league sports team in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e1d23acd2414000deed9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "National Basketball Association"}], "question": "What league is the Thunder in?", "id": "5727e1d23acd2414000deeda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Tulsa Shock"}], "question": "What had Oklahoma's WNBA team been?", "id": "5727e1d23acd2414000deedb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Dallas\u2013Fort Worth"}], "question": "Where did Oklahoma's WNBA team move to?", "id": "5727e1d23acd2414000deedc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Dallas Wings"}], "question": "What was Oklahoma's WNBA team renamed to when it moved?", "id": "5727e1d23acd2414000deedd"}]}], ["Cabang eksekutif terdiri daripada Gabenor, kakitangan mereka, dan pegawai-pegawai lain yang dipilih. Ketua pemerintahan utama, Gubernur adalah ketua eksekutif cawangan eksekutif Oklahoma, berkhidmat sebagai Ex officio Panglima Tertinggi Pengawal Kebangsaan Oklahoma ketika tidak dipanggil untuk menggunakan Federal dan menempuh kuasa untuk menjatuhkan tagihan yang diluluskan oleh Badan Perundangan . Tanggungjawab cawangan Eksekutif termasuk menyerahkan belanjawan, memastikan undang-undang negeri dikuatkuasakan, dan memastikan keamanan di dalam negeri dipelihara. <> Siapa yang berada di cabang eksekutif? || Gabenor, kakitangan mereka, dan pegawai-pegawai lain yang dipilih <> Siapa yang memerintah Pengawal Kebangsaan Oklahoma? || Gabenor <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk menyerahkan belanjawan negeri di Oklahoma? || cawangan Eksekutif <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk menguatkuasakan undang-undang Oklahoma? || cawangan eksekutif", {"context": "The executive branch consists of the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials"}], "question": "Who is in the executive branch?", "id": "5727e51fff5b5019007d97be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "the Governor"}], "question": "Who commands the Oklahoma National Guard?", "id": "5727e51fff5b5019007d97bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "the Executive branch"}], "question": "Who is responsible for submitting a state budget in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e51fff5b5019007d97c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "the Executive branch"}], "question": "Who is responsible for enforcing Oklahoma's laws?", "id": "5727e51fff5b5019007d97c1"}]}], ["Lapangan terbang komersial terbesar di Oklahoma ialah Lapangan Terbang Will Rogers World di Oklahoma City, iaitu purata penumpang setiap tahun lebih daripada 3.5 juta (1.7 juta boarding) pada tahun 2010. Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Tulsa, lapangan terbang komersial kedua terbesar di negara itu, berkhidmat lebih daripada 1.3 juta pada 2010 Antara kedua-dua, enam syarikat penerbangan beroperasi di Oklahoma. Dari segi lalu lintas, Lapangan Terbang R. L. Jones Jr. (Riverside) di Tulsa adalah lapangan terbang tersibuk di negara ini, dengan 335.826 lepas landas dan pendaratan pada tahun 2008. Secara keseluruhan, Oklahoma mempunyai lebih dari 150 lapangan terbang awam. <> Apa lapangan terbang komersial terbesar di Oklahoma? || Will Rogers World Airport <> Di mana lapangan terbang terbesar di Oklahoma? || Oklahoma City <> Berapa ramai yang menaiki pesawat Will Rogers World pada tahun 2010? || 1.7 juta <> Berapa banyak syarikat penerbangan yang beroperasi di Oklahoma? || enam <> Berapa banyak lapangan terbang awam yang ada di Oklahoma? || lebih dari 150", {"context": "Oklahoma's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million (1.7 million boardings) in 2010. Tulsa International Airport, the state's second largest commercial airport, served more than 1.3 million boardings in 2010. Between the two, six airlines operate in Oklahoma. In terms of traffic, R. L. Jones Jr. (Riverside) Airport in Tulsa is the state's busiest airport, with 335,826 takeoffs and landings in 2008. In total, Oklahoma has over 150 public-use airports.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Will Rogers World Airport"}], "question": "What is the largest commercial airport in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e4173acd2414000def1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "Where is Oklahoma's largest airport?", "id": "5727e4173acd2414000def1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "1.7 million"}], "question": "How many people boarded in Will Rogers World Airport in 2010?", "id": "5727e4173acd2414000def1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many different airlines operate in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e4173acd2414000def1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "over 150"}], "question": "How many public airports does Oklahoma have?", "id": "5727e4173acd2414000def1f"}]}], ["Lebih daripada 12,000 batu (19,000 km) jalan raya membentuk rangka lebuh raya utama negeri, termasuk lebuh raya yang dikendalikan oleh negeri, sepuluh lorong atau jalan tol utama, dan laluan Route 66 yang paling lama dapat dikendalikan di negara ini. Pada tahun 2008, Interstate 44 di Oklahoma City adalah lebuh raya paling sibuk di Oklahoma, dengan jumlah lalu lintas harian sebanyak 123,300 kereta. Pada tahun 2010, negeri itu mempunyai bilangan jambatan tertinggi ketiga negara yang diklasifikasikan sebagai kekurangan struktur, dengan hampir 5.212 jambatan rosak, termasuk 235 Jambatan Sistem Lebuhraya Kebangsaan. <> Berapa batu lebuh lebuh di Oklahoma? || Lebih daripada 12,000 <> Oklahoma mempunyai jalan raya paling lama yang boleh dilalui sepanjang jalan raya yang terkenal? || Laluan 66 <> Apakah lebuh raya yang paling sibuk di Oklahoma? || Interstate 44 <> Berapa banyak jambatan di Oklahoma didapati kekurangan pada tahun 2010? || 5,212 <> Berapa banyak jambatan lebuh raya negara di Oklahoma didapati kekurangan pada tahun 2010? || 235", {"context": "More than 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of roads make up the state's major highway skeleton, including state-operated highways, ten turnpikes or major toll roads, and the longest drivable stretch of Route 66 in the nation. In 2008, Interstate 44 in Oklahoma City was Oklahoma's busiest highway, with a daily traffic volume of 123,300 cars. In 2010, the state had the nation's third highest number of bridges classified as structurally deficient, with nearly 5,212 bridges in disrepair, including 235 National Highway System Bridges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "More than 12,000"}], "question": "How many miles of highways are in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e3c24b864d1900163f54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Route 66"}], "question": "Oklahoma has the longest drivable stretch of what famous highway?", "id": "5727e3c24b864d1900163f55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Interstate 44"}], "question": "What is the busiest highway in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e3c24b864d1900163f56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "5,212"}], "question": "How many bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?", "id": "5727e3c24b864d1900163f57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "235"}], "question": "How many national highway bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?", "id": "5727e3c24b864d1900163f58"}]}], ["Cawangan kehakiman Oklahoma terdiri daripada Mahkamah Agung Oklahoma, Mahkamah Rayuan Jenayah Oklahoma, dan 77 Mahkamah Daerah yang masing-masing melayani satu daerah. Badan kehakiman Oklahoma juga mengandungi dua mahkamah bebas: Mahkamah Impeachment dan Mahkamah Oklahoma pada Badan Kehakiman. Oklahoma mempunyai dua mahkamah yang terakhir: Mahkamah Agung negeri mendengar kes sivil, dan Mahkamah Rayuan Jenayah negeri mendengar kes-kes jenayah (sistem perpecahan ini hanya wujud di Oklahoma dan Texas). Hakim kedua-dua mahkamah itu, serta Mahkamah Rayuan Sivil dilantik oleh Gabenor atas syor Suruhanjaya Pencalonan Kehakiman negara, dan tertakluk kepada undi pengekalan bukan partisan pada jadual berputar enam tahun. <> Berapa banyak pengadilan daerah yang ada di Oklahoma? || 77 <> Berapa banyak daerah yang ada di Oklahoma? || 77 <> Apa yang berlaku di mahkamah sivil terakhir di Oklahoma? || Mahkamah Agung negara <> Apakah satu-satunya negara lain dengan dua mahkamah yang terakhir? || Texas <> Apa yang berlaku di mahkamah jenayah terakhir di Oklahoma? || Mahkamah Rayuan Jenayah Negeri", {"context": "Oklahoma's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and 77 District Courts that each serves one county. The Oklahoma judiciary also contains two independent courts: a Court of Impeachment and the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary. Oklahoma has two courts of last resort: the state Supreme Court hears civil cases, and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases (this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas). Judges of those two courts, as well as the Court of Civil Appeals are appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of the state Judicial Nominating Commission, and are subject to a non-partisan retention vote on a six-year rotating schedule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "77"}], "question": "How many district courts does Oklahoma have?", "id": "5727e4ca3acd2414000def2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "77"}], "question": "How many counties does Oklahoma have?", "id": "5727e4ca3acd2414000def30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "the state Supreme Court"}], "question": "What is the civil court of last resort in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e4ca3acd2414000def31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Texas"}], "question": "What is the only other state with two courts of last resort?", "id": "5727e4ca3acd2414000def33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "the state Court of Criminal Appeals"}], "question": "What is the criminal court of last resort in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e4ca3acd2414000def32"}]}], ["Kejohanan LPGA yang kerap diadakan di Cedar Ridge Country Club di Tulsa, dan kejohanan utama untuk PGA atau LPGA telah dimainkan di Southern Hills Country Club di Tulsa, Oak Tree Country Club di Oklahoma City, dan Cedar Ridge Country Club di Tulsa. Diiktiraf salah satu daripada padang golf utama di negara ini, Southern Hills telah menganjurkan empat Kejohanan PGA, termasuk satu pada tahun 2007, dan tiga AS Terbuka, yang paling baru pada tahun 2001. Rodeos popular di seluruh negeri, dan Guymon, menjadi tuan rumah salah satu yang terbesar di dalam negara. <> Apakah jenis kejohanan yang menjadi tuan rumah di Cedar Ridge Country Club? || LPGA <> Di mana Southern Hills Country Club? || Tulsa <> Di mana Oak Tree Country Club? || Oklahoma City <> Di mana Cedar Ridge Country Club? || Tulsa <> Berapa banyak kejohanan PGA telah diadakan Southern Hills? || empat", {"context": "Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa, and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City, and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa. Rated one of the top golf courses in the nation, Southern Hills has hosted four PGA Championships, including one in 2007, and three U.S. Opens, the most recent in 2001. Rodeos are popular throughout the state, and Guymon, in the state's panhandle, hosts one of the largest in the nation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "LPGA"}], "question": "What kind of tournaments does Cedar Ridge Country Club host?", "id": "5727e31e2ca10214002d98ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Tulsa"}], "question": "Where is Southern Hills Country Club?", "id": "5727e31e2ca10214002d98ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "Where is Oak Tree Country Club?", "id": "5727e31e2ca10214002d98ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Tulsa"}], "question": "Where is Cedar Ridge Country Club?", "id": "5727e31e2ca10214002d98af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many PGA championships has Southern Hills held?", "id": "5727e31e2ca10214002d98b0"}]}], ["Dua pelabuhan pedalaman di sungai berkhidmat di Oklahoma: Pelabuhan Muskogee dan Pelabuhan Tulsa Catoosa. Satu-satunya pelabuhan yang mengendalikan kargo antarabangsa di negeri ini, Pelabuhan Tulsa Catoosa adalah pelabuhan laut yang paling pedalaman di negara ini dan mengangkut dua juta tan kargo setiap tahun. Kedua-dua pelabuhan ini terletak di Sistem Navigasi Sungai McClellan-Kerr Arkansas, yang menghubungkan lalu lintas tongkang dari Tulsa dan Muskogee ke Sungai Mississippi melalui sungai Verdigris dan Arkansas, yang menyumbang kepada salah satu jalan air tersibuk di dunia. <> Berapa banyak pelabuhan yang ada di Oklahoma? || Dua <> pelabuhan mana di Oklahoma mengendalikan kargo antarabangsa? || Tulsa Port of Catoosa <> Di manakah pelabuhan pelabuhan yang paling jauh di Amerika Syarikat? || Tulsa <> Berapa tan kargo kapal Tulsa Pelabuhan Catoosa setiap tahun? || lebih dua juta <> Apa yang menghubungkan dua pelabuhan Oklahoma? || Sistem Navigasi Sungai McClellan-Kerr Arkansas", {"context": "Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma: the Port of Muskogee and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa. The only port handling international cargo in the state, the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the most inland ocean-going port in the nation and ships over two million tons of cargo each year. Both ports are located on the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River via the Verdigris and Arkansas rivers, contributing to one of the busiest waterways in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many ports does Oklahoma have?", "id": "5727e47d3acd2414000def25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Tulsa Port of Catoosa"}], "question": "Which port in Oklahoma handles international cargo?", "id": "5727e47d3acd2414000def26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Tulsa"}], "question": "Where is the furthest-inland oceangoing port in the US?", "id": "5727e47d3acd2414000def27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "over two million"}], "question": "How many tons of cargo does the Tulsa Port of Catoosa ship annually?", "id": "5727e47d3acd2414000def28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System"}], "question": "What connects the two Oklahoma ports?", "id": "5727e47d3acd2414000def29"}]}], ["Negara ini dibahagikan kepada 77 daerah yang memerintah secara tempatan, masing-masing diketuai oleh tiga anggota komisaris terpilih, penilai cukai, kerani, kerani pengadilan, bendahari, dan sheriff. Walaupun setiap perbandaran beroperasi sebagai kerajaan tempatan yang berasingan dan bebas dengan kuasa eksekutif, perundangan dan kehakiman, kerajaan daerah mempertahankan bidang kuasa ke atas kedua-dua bandar yang diperbadankan dan kawasan yang tidak diperbadankan dalam sempadan mereka, tetapi mempunyai kuasa eksekutif tetapi tiada kuasa perundangan atau kehakiman. Kedua-dua kerajaan daerah dan perbandaran mengutip cukai, menggunakan pasukan polis yang berasingan, mengadakan pemilihan, dan mengendalikan perkhidmatan tindak balas kecemasan dalam bidang kuasa mereka. Unit kerajaan tempatan yang lain termasuk daerah sekolah, daerah pusat teknologi, daerah kolej komuniti, jabatan bomba luar bandar, daerah air luar bandar dan daerah kegunaan khas lain. <> Berapa banyak pesuruh daerah yang setiap wilayah Oklahoma ada? || tiga <> Apa pejabat utama di Oklahoma? || pesuruhjaya, penilai cukai, kerani, kerani mahkamah, bendahari, dan sheriff <> Berapa banyak daerah di Oklahoma? || 77 <> Siapa yang boleh mengutip cukai di Oklahoma? || Kedua-dua kerajaan daerah dan perbandaran <> Siapa yang boleh mengadakan pemilihan di Oklahoma? || Kedua-dua kerajaan daerah dan perbandaran", {"context": "The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally, each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff. While each municipality operates as a separate and independent local government with executive, legislative and judicial power, county governments maintain jurisdiction over both incorporated cities and non-incorporated areas within their boundaries, but have executive power but no legislative or judicial power. Both county and municipal governments collect taxes, employ a separate police force, hold elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction. Other local government units include school districts, technology center districts, community college districts, rural fire departments, rural water districts, and other special use districts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many county commissioners does each Oklahoma county have?", "id": "5727e58aff5b5019007d97d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff"}], "question": "What are the major county offices in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e58aff5b5019007d97d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "77"}], "question": "How many counties are in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e58aff5b5019007d97d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Both county and municipal governments"}], "question": "Who can collect taxes in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e58aff5b5019007d97d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Both county and municipal governments"}], "question": "Who can hold elections in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e58aff5b5019007d97d4"}]}], ["Negeri ini mempunyai dua surat khabar utama. The Oklahoman, yang berpangkalan di Oklahoma City, adalah akhbar terbesar di negeri ini dan ke-54 terbesar di negara ini dengan edaran, dengan pembaca hari kerja 138,493 dan pembaca Ahad sebanyak 202,690. The Tulsa World, akhbar kedua yang paling banyak diedarkan di Oklahoma dan ke-79 di negara itu, memegang peredaran Ahad sebanyak 132,969 dan pembaca hari kerja sebanyak 93,558. Akhbar pertama Oklahoma ditubuhkan pada tahun 1844, dipanggil Penasihat Cherokee, dan ditulis dalam kedua-dua Cherokee dan Bahasa Inggeris. Pada tahun 2006, terdapat lebih daripada 220 akhbar yang terletak di negeri ini, termasuk 177 dengan penerbitan mingguan dan 48 dengan penerbitan harian. <> Berapa banyak akhbar utama yang ada di Oklahoma? || dua <> Apa khabar akhbar terbesar di Oklahoma? || The Oklahoman <> Berapa ramai orang yang membaca isu The Oklahoman hari Ahad? || 202,690 <> Apa khabar akhbar terbesar kedua di Oklahoma? || The Tulsa World <> Berapa ramai orang yang membaca isu Sunday The Tulsa World? || 132,969", {"context": "The state has two primary newspapers. The Oklahoman, based in Oklahoma City, is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th-largest in the nation by circulation, with a weekday readership of 138,493 and a Sunday readership of 202,690. The Tulsa World, the second most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the nation, holds a Sunday circulation of 132,969 and a weekday readership of 93,558. Oklahoma's first newspaper was established in 1844, called the Cherokee Advocate, and was written in both Cherokee and English. In 2006, there were more than 220 newspapers located in the state, including 177 with weekly publications and 48 with daily publications.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many major newspapers does Oklahoma have?", "id": "5727e3653acd2414000def0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "The Oklahoman"}], "question": "What is the largest Oklahoma newspaper?", "id": "5727e3653acd2414000def0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "202,690"}], "question": "How many people read the Sunday issue of The Oklahoman?", "id": "5727e3653acd2414000def0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "The Tulsa World"}], "question": "What is the 2nd-largest Oklahoma newspaper?", "id": "5727e3653acd2414000def0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "132,969"}], "question": "How many people read the Sunday issue of The Tulsa World?", "id": "5727e3653acd2414000def0f"}]}], ["Tiga puluh sembilan kerajaan suku asli Amerika berpusat di Oklahoma, masing-masing memegang kuasa terhad dalam kawasan yang ditetapkan. Walaupun tempahan India yang tipikal di kebanyakan Amerika Syarikat tidak hadir di Oklahoma, kerajaan puak memegang tanah yang diberikan semasa era Wilayah India, tetapi dengan bidang kuasa yang terhad dan tidak mempunyai kawalan ke atas badan kerajaan negeri seperti majlis perbandaran dan daerah. Kerajaan-puak kesatuan diiktiraf oleh Amerika Syarikat sebagai entiti yang berdaulat dengan kuasa eksekutif, kehakiman dan perundangan atas anggota puak dan fungsi, tetapi tertakluk kepada kuasa Kongres Amerika Syarikat untuk membatalkan atau menahan kuasa tertentu. Kerajaan-puak kesatuan dikehendaki mengemukakan perlembagaan dan pindaan berikutnya kepada Kongres Amerika Syarikat untuk kelulusan. <> Berapa banyak kerajaan puak di Oklahoma? || Tiga puluh sembilan <> Tribes memegang tanah di Oklahoma, tetapi apa yang tidak dipanggil? || tempahan <> Apa kuasa yang ada di kerajaan-kerajaan kesukuan? || kuasa eksekutif, kehakiman dan perundangan atas ahli-ahli puak dan fungsi <> Siapa yang boleh mengalahkan kerajaan-kerajaan kesukuan? || Kongres Amerika Syarikat <> Yang mesti meluluskan konstitusi suku? || Kongres Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. While Indian reservations typical in most of the United States are not present in Oklahoma, tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties. Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers. The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Thirty-nine"}], "question": "How many tribal governments are in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e60bff5b5019007d97e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "reservations"}], "question": "Tribes hold land in Oklahoma, but what isn't it called?", "id": "5727e60bff5b5019007d97e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions"}], "question": "What powers do tribal governments have?", "id": "5727e60bff5b5019007d97e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "the United States Congress"}], "question": "Who can overrule the tribal governments?", "id": "5727e60bff5b5019007d97e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "the United States Congress"}], "question": "Who must approve tribal constitutions?", "id": "5727e60bff5b5019007d97e8"}]}], ["Atlet kolej adalah cabutan popular di negeri ini. Negeri ini mempunyai empat buah sekolah yang bersaing di peringkat tertinggi dalam sukan perguruan tinggi, Bahagian NCAA I. Yang paling menonjol adalah dua ahli negara dari Persidangan 12 Besar, salah satu yang kononnya Persidangan Lima Power dari peringkat atas bola sepak kolej, Bahagian I FBS. Universiti Oklahoma dan Oklahoma State University mempunyai lebih 50,000 peminat yang menghadiri pertandingan bola sepak mereka, dan program bola sepak Oklahoma menduduki tempat ke-12 di kalangan kolej Amerika pada tahun 2010, dengan purata 84,738 orang menghadiri permainan rumahnya. Kedua-dua universiti itu bertemu beberapa kali setiap tahun dalam perlawanan persaingan yang dikenali sebagai Siri Bedlam, yang merupakan sukan menarik terbesar di negeri ini. Sukan majalah Illustrated rates Oklahoma dan Oklahoma State di kalangan kolej-kolej teratas untuk olahraga di negara ini. Dua institusi swasta di Tulsa, Universiti Tulsa dan Universiti Oral Roberts; juga ahli Bahagian I. Tulsa bersaing dalam bola sepak FBS dan sukan lain dalam Persidangan Athletic Amerika, sementara Oral Roberts, yang tidak menaja bola sepak, adalah ahli Liga Summit. Di samping itu, 12 kolej dan universiti negeri yang lebih kecil bersaing di NCAA Division II sebagai ahli dari empat persidangan yang berbeza, dan lapan institusi Oklahoma lain menyertai NAIA, kebanyakannya dalam Persidangan Athletic yang Cepat. <> Berapakah bilangan kolej Divisi NCAA saya ada di Oklahoma? || empat <> Berapa banyak kolej tidak ada di Oklahoma 12? || dua <> Berapa banyak peminat menghadiri pertandingan bolasepak Oklahoma State University purata? || Lebih 50,000 <> Apa persaingan antara OSU dan Universiti Oklahoma dipanggil? || Siri Bedlam <> Di mana Oral Roberts University? || Tulsa", {"context": "Collegiate athletics are a popular draw in the state. The state has four schools that compete at the highest level of college sports, NCAA Division I. The most prominent are the state's two members of the Big 12 Conference, one of the so-called Power Five conferences of the top tier of college football, Division I FBS. The University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University average well over 50,000 fans attending their football games, and Oklahoma's football program ranked 12th in attendance among American colleges in 2010, with an average of 84,738 people attending its home games. The two universities meet several times each year in rivalry matches known as the Bedlam Series, which are some of the greatest sporting draws to the state. Sports Illustrated magazine rates Oklahoma and Oklahoma State among the top colleges for athletics in the nation. Two private institutions in Tulsa, the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University; are also Division I members. Tulsa competes in FBS football and other sports in the American Athletic Conference, while Oral Roberts, which does not sponsor football, is a member of The Summit League. In addition, 12 of the state's smaller colleges and universities compete in NCAA Division II as members of four different conferences, and eight other Oklahoma institutions participate in the NAIA, mostly within the Sooner Athletic Conference.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many NCAA Division I colleges does Oklahoma have?", "id": "5727e2d43acd2414000def01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many colleges does Oklahoma have in the Big 12?", "id": "5727e2d43acd2414000def02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "over 50,000"}], "question": "How many fans attend an average Oklahoma State University football game?", "id": "5727e2d43acd2414000def03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "Bedlam Series"}], "question": "What is the rivalry between OSU and University of Oklahoma called?", "id": "5727e2d43acd2414000def04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 889, "text": "Tulsa"}], "question": "Where is Oral Roberts University?", "id": "5727e2d43acd2414000def05"}]}], ["Undang-undang negeri menghuraikan lambang negeri dan kedudukan kehormatan Oklahoma; Senat Oklahoma atau Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat boleh mengadopsi resolusi yang menetapkan orang lain untuk acara-acara khusus dan organisasi manfaat. Pada masa ini, Senat Negeri sedang menunggu untuk mengundi pada moto negeri. Dewan itu meluluskan HCR 1024, yang akan mengubah moto negeri dari \"Omnia Vincit Buruh\" ke \"Oklahoma-In God We Trust!\" Penulis resolusi menyatakan bahawa konstituen telah meneliti Perlembagaan Oklahoma dan tidak mendapat undi \"rasmi\" mengenai \"Buruh Omnia Vincit\", oleh itu membuka pintu untuk motto yang sama sekali baru. <> Apakah negeri Rang undang-undang rumah akan mengubah moto Oklahoma ke 'Oklahoma - Di Tuhan yang Kita Percayai'? || HCR 1024 <> Apakah moto negeri Oklahoma, sebelum rang undang-undang Dewan negeri mungkin mengubahnya? || Buruh Omnia Vincit <> Mengapa rumah negeri berpendapat mereka boleh mengubah moto Oklahoma? || tiada undi \"rasmi\" mengenai \"Buruh Omnia Vincit\"", {"context": "State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions; the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. Currently the State Senate is waiting to vote on a change to the state's motto. The House passed HCR 1024, which will change the state motto from \"Labor Omnia Vincit\" to \"Oklahoma-In God We Trust!\" The author of the resolution stated that a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no \"official\" vote regarding \"Labor Omnia Vincit\", therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "HCR 1024"}], "question": "What state House bill would change Oklahoma's motto to 'Oklahoma - In God We Trust'?", "id": "5727e8432ca10214002d993a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "Labor Omnia Vincit"}], "question": "What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it?", "id": "5727e8432ca10214002d993b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "no \"official\" vote regarding \"Labor Omnia Vincit\""}], "question": "Why did the state House think they could change Oklahoma's motto?", "id": "5727e8432ca10214002d993c"}]}], ["Berikutan bancian 2000, delegasi Oklahoma ke Dewan Perwakilan A.S. dikurangkan daripada enam hingga lima wakil, masing-masing melayani satu daerah kongres. Bagi Kongres ke-112 (2011-2013), tiada perubahan kekuatan parti, dan delegasi itu termasuk empat orang Republikan dan seorang Demokrat. Dalam Kongres ke-112, senator AS Oklahoma adalah Jim Inhofe dan Tom Coburn, dan Wakil AS ialah John Sullivan (R-OK-1), Dan Boren (D-OK-2), Frank D. Lucas (R- 3), Tom Cole (R-OK-4), dan James Lankford (R-OK-5). <> Berapa ramai wakil AS House telah sebelum Oklahoma banci 2000? || enam <> Berapa ramai wakil AS AS yang berjaya selepas banci tahun 2000? || lima <> Berapa ramai wakil House Oklahoma yang Republikan pada tahun 2012? || empat <> Siapa yang Senator AS Oklahoma? || Jim Inhofe dan Tom Coburn <> Apa parti politik adalah Senator AS Oklahoma? || Republikan", {"context": "Following the 2000 census, the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives, each serving one congressional district. For the 112th Congress (2011\u20132013), there were no changes in party strength, and the delegation included four Republicans and one Democrat. In the 112th Congress, Oklahoma's U.S. senators were Republicans Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn, and its U.S. Representatives were John Sullivan (R-OK-1), Dan Boren (D-OK-2), Frank D. Lucas (R-OK-3), Tom Cole (R-OK-4), and James Lankford (R-OK-5).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many US House reps did Oklahoma have before the 2000 census?", "id": "5727e7144b864d1900163fa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many US House reps did Oklahoma have after the 2000 census?", "id": "5727e7144b864d1900163fa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many of Oklahoma's House reps were Republican in 2012?", "id": "5727e7144b864d1900163fa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn"}], "question": "Who are Oklahoma's US Senators?", "id": "5727e7144b864d1900163fa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Republicans"}], "question": "What political party are Oklahoma's US Senators?", "id": "5727e7144b864d1900163fa6"}]}], ["Dalam bandar raya terbesar di Oklahoma pada tahun 2010 adalah: Oklahoma City (579,999, + 14.6%), Tulsa (391,906, -0.3%), Norman (110,925, + 15.9%), Broken Arrow (98,850, + 32.0% , Lawton (96,867, + 4.4%), Edmond (81,405, + 19.2%), Moore (55,081, + 33.9%), Midwest City (54,371, + 0.5% 45,688, + 17.0%). Dari sepuluh bandar terbesar di dunia, tiga di luar kawasan metropolitan Oklahoma City dan Tulsa, dan hanya Lawton mempunyai kawasan statistik metropolitan sendiri seperti yang ditetapkan oleh Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, walaupun kawasan statistik metropolitan Fort Smith, Arkansas meluas ke negeri ini. <> Apa bandar terbesar di Oklahoma? || Oklahoma City <> Berapa banyak penduduk Oklahoma City berkembang dari tahun 2000 hingga 2010? || 14.6% <> Berapa ramai orang yang tinggal di Lawton pada tahun 2010? || 96,867 <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal di Stillwater pada tahun 2010? || 45,688 <> Kawasan metro bandar Arkansas yang meluas ke Oklahoma? || Fort Smith", {"context": "In descending order of population, Oklahoma's largest cities in 2010 were: Oklahoma City (579,999, +14.6%), Tulsa (391,906, \u22120.3%), Norman (110,925, +15.9%), Broken Arrow (98,850, +32.0%), Lawton (96,867, +4.4%), Edmond (81,405, +19.2%), Moore (55,081, +33.9%), Midwest City (54,371, +0.5%), Enid (49,379, +5.0%), and Stillwater (45,688, +17.0%). Of the state's ten largest cities, three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau, though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith, Arkansas extends into the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's largest city?", "id": "5727e7d44b864d1900163fb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "14.6%"}], "question": "How much did Oklahoma City's population grow from 2000 to 2010?", "id": "5727e7d44b864d1900163fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "96,867"}], "question": "How many people lived in Lawton in 2010?", "id": "5727e7d44b864d1900163fb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "45,688"}], "question": "How many people lived in Stillwater in 2010?", "id": "5727e7d44b864d1900163fb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "Fort Smith"}], "question": "What Arkansas city's metro area extends into Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e7d44b864d1900163fba"}]}], ["Oklahoma mempunyai 598 tempat yang diperbadankan pada tahun 2010, termasuk empat bandar raya lebih 100,000 penduduk dan 43 lebih 10,000 orang. Dua daripada lima puluh bandar terbesar di Amerika Syarikat terletak di Oklahoma, Oklahoma City dan Tulsa, dan 65 peratus daripada Oklahomans tinggal di kawasan metropolitan mereka, atau pengaruh ekonomi dan sosial yang ditakrifkan oleh Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat sebagai kawasan statistik metropolitan . Oklahoma City, ibukota negara dan bandar terbesar, mempunyai kawasan metropolitan terbesar di negeri ini pada tahun 2010, dengan 1,252,987 orang, dan kawasan metropolitan Tulsa mempunyai 937,478 penduduk. Antara tahun 2000 dan 2010, bandar-bandar yang mengetuai negara dalam pertumbuhan penduduk adalah Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), dan Owasso (56.3% ). <> Berapa banyak bandar yang diperbadankan di Oklahoma? || 598 <> Berapa banyak bandar Oklahoma mempunyai lebih daripada 100,000 orang? || empat <> Berapa banyak daripada 50 bandar terbesar di Amerika Syarikat di Oklahoma? || Oklahoma <> Apa kawasan metro terbesar di Oklahoma pada 2010? || Oklahoma City <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal di kawasan metro Tulsa? || 937,478", {"context": "Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000. Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are located in Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and 65 percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas, or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area. Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2010, with 1,252,987 people, and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 937,478 residents. Between 2000 and 2010, the cities that led the state in population growth were Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "598"}], "question": "How many incorporated cities are in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e7812ca10214002d9924"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many Oklahoma cities have over 100,000 people?", "id": "5727e7822ca10214002d9925"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Oklahoma"}], "question": "How many of the 50 largest US cities are in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e7822ca10214002d9926"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "What is the largest metro area in Oklahoma as of 2010?", "id": "5727e7822ca10214002d9927"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "937,478"}], "question": "How many people live in the Tulsa metro area?", "id": "5727e7822ca10214002d9928"}]}], ["Selepas pilihan raya 1948, negeri itu menjadi Republikan yang teguh. Walaupun Republikan berdaftar adalah minoriti di negeri ini sehingga 2015, bermula pada tahun 1952, Oklahoma telah dibawa oleh calon presiden Republik dalam semua tetapi satu pilihan raya (1964). Ini bukan untuk mengatakan bahawa setiap pilihan raya telah menjadi tanah runtuh bagi Republikan: Jimmy Carter kehilangan negara dengan kurang daripada 1.5% pada tahun 1976, manakala Michael Dukakis dan Bill Clinton kedua-dua memenangi 40% atau lebih undi popular negeri pada tahun 1988 dan 1996 masing-masing . Al Gore pada tahun 2000, bagaimanapun, adalah Demokrat yang terakhir untuk memenangi mana-mana daerah di negeri ini. Oklahoma adalah satu-satunya negeri di mana Barack Obama gagal membawa mana-mana daerahnya pada tahun 2008 dan 2012. <> Apa parti politik yang berkuasa di Oklahoma pada tahun 1948? || Republikan <> Bilakah Republikan didaftarkan menjadi majoriti di Oklahoma? || 2015 <> Apakah satu pilihan raya sejak tahun 1952 di mana calon presiden Republik tidak menang di Oklahoma? || 1964 <> Oklahoma adalah satu-satunya negeri di mana calon presiden tidak memenangi sebarang daerah dua kali? || Barack Obama <> Siapa calon presiden Demokrat yang terakhir untuk memenangi mana-mana daerah di Oklahoma? || Al Gore", {"context": "After the 1948 election, the state turned firmly Republican. Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015, starting in 1952, Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election (1964). This is not to say that every election has been a landslide for Republicans: Jimmy Carter lost the state by less than 1.5% in 1976, while Michael Dukakis and Bill Clinton both won 40% or more of the state's popular vote in 1988 and 1996 respectively. Al Gore in 2000, though, was the last Democrat to even win any counties in the state. Oklahoma was the only state where Barack Obama failed to carry any of its counties in both 2008 and 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "What political party rose to power in Oklahoma in 1948?", "id": "5727e6c44b864d1900163f98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "2015"}], "question": "When did registered Republicans become a majority in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e6c44b864d1900163f99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "1964"}], "question": "What is the one election since 1952 where a Republican presidential candidate didn't win in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e6c44b864d1900163f9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Barack Obama"}], "question": "Oklahoma was the only state where which presidential candidate won no counties twice?", "id": "5727e6c44b864d1900163f9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Al Gore"}], "question": "Who was the last Democratic presidential candidate to win any counties in Oklahoma?", "id": "5727e6c44b864d1900163f9c"}]}]], [["Peradaban Indus Mature berkembang dari sekitar 2600 hingga 1900 SM, menandakan permulaan tamadun bandar di benua kecil. Tamadun termasuk pusat-pusat bandar seperti Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, dan Lothal di India moden, serta Harappa, Ganeriwala, dan Mohenjo-daro di Pakistan moden. Tamadun ini terkenal dengan bandar-bandarnya yang dibina daripada batu bata, sistem perparitan tepi jalan, dan rumah-rumah berbilang kaum dan dianggap mempunyai beberapa jenis organisasi perbandaran. <> Bilakah Tamadun Muda Indus berkembang maju? || 2600 hingga 1900 SM <> Tahap tamadun apa yang diwakili oleh Mature Indus? || bandar <> Apakah organisasi yang dimiliki oleh Mature Indus? || perbandaran <> Daripada apa bandar-bandar awal peraduan Mature Indus dibina? || bata <> Berapa tinggi bangunan di Indus Matang? || multistoreyed", {"context": "The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan. The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoreyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "2600 to 1900 BCE"}], "question": "When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive? ", "id": "572840ee4b864d190016480e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "urban"}], "question": "What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?", "id": "572840ee4b864d190016480f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "municipal"}], "question": "What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have?", "id": "572840ee4b864d1900164810"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "brick"}], "question": "Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?", "id": "572840ee4b864d1900164811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "multistoreyed"}], "question": "How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?", "id": "572840ee4b864d1900164812"}]}], ["Peraturan Islam bermula di bahagian utara India pada abad ke-13 ketika Kesultanan Delhi didirikan pada tahun 1206 CE oleh Turki Tengah Asia. Kesultanan Delhi memerintah di bahagian utara India pada awal abad ke-14, tetapi merosot pada akhir abad ke-14 ketika beberapa negara Hindu yang kuat seperti Kerajaan Vijayanagara, Kerajaan Gajapati, Kerajaan Ahom, serta dinasti Rajput dan negara-negara, seperti Dinasti Mewar, muncul. Abad ke-15 menyaksikan kemunculan Sikhisme. Pada abad ke-16, Mughals berasal dari Asia Tengah dan secara beransur-ansur meliputi kebanyakan India. Empayar Mughal mengalami penurunan secara beransur-ansur pada awal abad ke-18, yang menyediakan peluang untuk Empayar Maratha, Empayar Sikh dan Mysore Kingdom untuk menjalankan kawalan ke atas kawasan besar sub-benua. <> Kumpulan apa yang menubuhkan Kesultanan Delhi pada abad ke-13? || Turkmenistan Tengah Asia <> Kapan Kesultanan Delhi merosot dalam pemerintahan utara India? || akhir abad ke-14 <> Sistem kepercayaan apa yang bermula pada abad ke-15? || Sikhisme <> Apa kekaisaran meliputi kebanyakan India pada abad ke-16? || Empayar Mughal <> Selama abad apakah kemunduran Mughal? || awal abad ke-18", {"context": "Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by the Central Asian Turks. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part of northern India in the early 14th century, but declined in the late 14th century when several powerful Hindu states such as the Vijayanagara Empire, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom Kingdom, as well as Rajput dynasties and states, such as Mewar dynasty, emerged. The 15th century saw the emergence of Sikhism. In the 16th century, Mughals came from Central Asia and gradually covered most of India. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire and Mysore Kingdom to exercise control over large areas of the subcontinent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Central Asian Turks"}], "question": "What group founded the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century?", "id": "5727ff0c2ca10214002d9ae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "late 14th century"}], "question": "When did the Delhi Sultanate decline in its rule of northern India?", "id": "5727ff0c2ca10214002d9ae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Sikhism"}], "question": "What belief system began in the 15th century?", "id": "5727ff0c2ca10214002d9ae6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Mughal Empire"}], "question": "What empire covered most of India in the 16th century?", "id": "5727ff0c2ca10214002d9ae7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "early 18th century"}], "question": "During what century did the Mughal empire decline?", "id": "5727ff0c2ca10214002d9ae8"}]}], ["Peristiwa paling penting antara abad ke-7 dan ke-11 adalah perjuangan Tripartite yang berpusat pada Kannauj yang berlangsung lebih dari dua abad antara Empayar Pala, Empayar Rashtrakuta, dan Gurjara Pratihara Empayar. India Selatan diperintah oleh Chalukya, Chola, Pallava, Chera, Pandyan, dan Barat Chalukya Empires. Abad ke-7 juga menyaksikan kemunculan Islam sebagai kuasa politik, walaupun sebagai pinggiran, di bahagian barat sub-benua, di zaman moden Pakistan. Dinasti Chola menakluki India selatan dan berjaya menyerang bahagian Asia Tenggara, Sri Lanka, Maladewa dan Bengal pada abad ke-11. Tempoh awal abad pertengahan Matematik India mempengaruhi perkembangan matematik dan astronomi di dunia Arab dan angka Hindu diperkenalkan. <> Antara berabad-abad perjuangan Tripartite yang memberi tumpuan kepada Kannauj? || 7 dan 11 <> Berapa lama perjuangan Tripartite yang terakhir? || dua abad <> Bilakah Islam mula menjadi kuasa politik di India? || abad ketujuh <> Apa dinasti yang menakluki India Selatan dan sebahagian dari Asia Tenggara? || Dinasti Chola <> Apakah aspek matematik India yang diperkenalkan ke kawasan Arab pada awal zaman Abad Pertengahan? || Angka Hindu", {"context": "The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centered on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, and Gurjara Pratihara Empire. Southern India was ruled by the Chalukya, Chola, Pallava, Chera, Pandyan, and Western Chalukya Empires. The seventh century also saw the advent of Islam as a political power, though as a fringe, in the western part of the subcontinent, in modern-day Pakistan. The Chola dynasty conquered southern India and successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Bengal in the 11th century. The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and the Hindu numerals were introduced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "7th and 11th"}], "question": "Between what centuries was the Tripartite struggle focused on Kannauj?", "id": "5727fd36ff5b5019007d9a3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "two centuries"}], "question": "How long did the Tripartite struggle last?", "id": "5727fd36ff5b5019007d9a3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "seventh century"}], "question": "When did Islam begin to become a political power in India?", "id": "5727fd36ff5b5019007d9a3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Chola dynasty"}], "question": "What dynasty conquered southern India and parts of southeast Asia?", "id": "5727fd36ff5b5019007d9a3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "Hindu numerals"}], "question": "What facet of Indian mathematics was introduced into the Arab areas in the early Medieval period?", "id": "5727fd36ff5b5019007d9a3e"}]}], ["Dari akhir abad ke-18 hingga pertengahan abad ke-19, kawasan besar India telah dilampirkan oleh British East India Company of British Empire. Tidak puas hati dengan peraturan Syarikat menyebabkan Pemberontakan India 1857, selepas itu wilayah British di India ditadbir secara langsung oleh Mahkota British dan menyaksikan tempoh pembangunan infrastruktur dan perkembangan genangan ekonomi yang pesat. Sepanjang separuh pertama abad ke-20, perjuangan nasional untuk kemerdekaan dilancarkan dengan pimpinan utama yang terlibat dalam Kongres Kebangsaan India yang kemudiannya disertai oleh organisasi lain. Subkontinen mendapat kemerdekaan dari United Kingdom pada tahun 1947, selepas wilayah-wilayah British dipecah menjadi wilayah India dan Pakistan dan negara-negara bangsawan semua menyatu di salah satu negeri baru. <> Syarikat apa yang dilampirkan kawasan besar India pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19? || British East India Company <> Apa kesan Syarikat memerintah di India menghasilkan pada tahun 1857? || Pemberontakan India <> Selepas Pemberontakan yang mentadbir wilayah British di India? || British Crown <> Perkembangan pesat apa yang menyebabkan pemerintahan British di India? || infrastruktur <> Parti apa yang menjadi pemimpin dalam pergerakan kemerdekaan India pada abad ke-20? || Kongres Kebangsaan India", {"context": "From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of British Empire. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by other organizations. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "British East India Company"}], "question": "What company annexed large areas of India in the 18th and 19th centuries?", "id": "572801472ca10214002d9b36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Indian Rebellion"}], "question": "What effect did Company rule in India produce in 1857?", "id": "572801472ca10214002d9b37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "British Crown"}], "question": "After the Rebellion who administered the British provinces of India?", "id": "572801472ca10214002d9b38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "infrastructure"}], "question": "The rapid development of what did British rule cause in India?", "id": "572801472ca10214002d9b39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Indian National Congress"}], "question": "What party was the leader in the Indian independence movement of the 20th century?", "id": "572801472ca10214002d9b3a"}]}], ["Sisa terisolasi Homo erectus di Hathnora di Lembah Narmada di India tengah menunjukkan bahawa India mungkin telah didiami sejak sekurang-kurangnya era Pleistosen Tengah, di mana antara 500,000 dan 200,000 tahun yang lalu. Alat yang dibuat oleh proto-manusia yang telah bertarikh dua juta tahun telah ditemui di bahagian barat laut subkontinenya. Sejarah purba rantau ini termasuk beberapa penempatan tertua Asia Selatan dan beberapa tamadun utama. Tapak arkeologi terawal di benua kecil adalah tapak hominid palaeolitik di lembah Sungai Soan. Laman-laman web Soean ditemui di rantau Sivalik merentasi India, Pakistan, dan Nepal. <> Dengan era apakah India didiami oleh manusia dalam bentuk tertentu? || Pleistocene Tengah <> Apakah jenis jenazah yang terdapat di Lembah Narmada? || Homo erectus <> Sejak berapa lama alat-alat telah tarikh di India? || dua juta tahun <> Di mana benua itu adalah tapak arkeologi tertua? || Lembah Sungai Soan <> Jenis penduduk yang tinggal di tapak ini di Lembah Sungai Soan? || hominid palaeolitik", {"context": "Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements and some of its major civilisations. The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Middle Pleistocene"}], "question": "By what era was India inhabited by humans of some form?", "id": "572837574b864d1900164766"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Homo erectus"}], "question": "What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley?", "id": "572837574b864d1900164767"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "two million years"}], "question": "From how long ago do tools date in India?", "id": "572837574b864d1900164768"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Soan River valley"}], "question": "Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site?", "id": "572837574b864d1900164769"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "palaeolithic hominid"}], "question": "What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley?", "id": "572837574b864d190016476a"}]}], ["Romila Thapar mencatatkan bahawa pembahagian sejarah Hindu-Muslim-British sejarah India memberikan terlalu banyak berat kepada \"memerintah dinasti dan pencerobohan asing\", mengabaikan sejarah ekonomi sosial yang sering menunjukkan kesinambungan yang kuat. Pembahagian ke zaman Purba-Abad Pertengahan-Modern menghadap fakta bahawa penaklukan Muslim berlaku secara beransur-ansur di mana banyak masa datang dan pergi, sedangkan selatan tidak pernah ditaklukkan sepenuhnya. Menurut Thapar, pemandaran juga boleh didasarkan pada \"perubahan sosial dan ekonomi yang signifikan\", yang tidak ketara berkaitan dengan perubahan kuasa pemerintah. [Nota 1] <> Siapa yang menyatakan sejarah India terlalu menumpukan pada ranking dinasti dan pencerobohan? || Romila Thapar <> Apa jenis sejarah sejarah yang sering diabaikan dalam sejarah India? || sosial-ekonomi <> Apa segi keadaan sosial dan ekonomi dipaparkan oleh sejarah India? || kesinambungan yang kuat <> Apa jenis penaklukan yang beransur-ansur dalam alam? || Penaklukan Muslim <> Apa bahagian India tidak pernah ditaklukkan sepenuhnya? || selatan", {"context": "Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to \"ruling dynasties and foreign invasions\", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on \"significant social and economic changes\", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Romila Thapar"}], "question": "Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?", "id": "572835bb4b864d1900164738"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "social-economic"}], "question": "What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?", "id": "572835bb4b864d1900164739"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "strong continuity"}], "question": "What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?", "id": "572835bb4b864d190016473a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Muslim conquests"}], "question": "What type of conquests were gradual in nature?", "id": "572835bb4b864d190016473b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "south"}], "question": "What part of India was never completely conquered?", "id": "572835bb4b864d190016473c"}]}], ["Bukti manusia moden secara anatomi di benua India tercatat selama 75,000 tahun yang lalu, atau dengan hominid sebelumnya termasuk Homo erectus dari sekitar 500,000 tahun yang lalu. Tamadun Lembah Indus yang merebak dan berkembang di bahagian barat laut benua India dari c. 3200 hingga 1300 SM, adalah tamadun utama pertama di Asia Selatan. Budaya bandar yang canggih dan berteknologi maju dalam tempoh matang Harappan, dari 2600 hingga 1900 BCE. Tamadun ini runtuh pada permulaan milenium kedua BCE dan kemudian diikuti oleh Peradaban Vedion Zaman Besi, yang meluaskan sebahagian besar dataran Indo-Gangetik dan menyaksikan kebangkitan badan-badan utama yang dikenali sebagai Mahajanapadas. Dalam salah satu kerajaan ini, Magadha, Mahavira dan Buddha Gautama menyebarkan falsafah Shramanik mereka pada abad kelima dan keenam BCE. <> Berapa lamakah manusia moden hidup di benua India? || 75,000 tahun <> Berapa lama dahulu orang hominid hidup di benua India? || 500,000 tahun yang lalu <> Kapan Tamadun Lembah Indus berkembang maju di benua India? || c. 3200 hingga 1300 BCE <> Apa tamadun utama pertama di Asia Selatan? || Tamadun Lembah Indus <> Apakah rentang tempoh matang Harappan? || 2600 hingga 1900 BCE", {"context": "Evidence of Anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is recorded as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3200 to 1300 BCE, was the first major civilization in South Asia. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This civilization collapsed at the start of the second millennium BCE and was later followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha propagated their Shramanic philosophies during the fifth and sixth century BCE.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "75,000 years"}], "question": "For how long have modern humans lived on the Indian subcontinent?", "id": "5727f86d2ca10214002d9a86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "500,000 years ago"}], "question": "How long ago did earlier hominids live on the Indian subcontinent?", "id": "5727f86d2ca10214002d9a87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "c. 3200 to 1300 BCE"}], "question": "When did the Indus Valley Civilization thrive on the Indian subcontinent?", "id": "5727f86d2ca10214002d9a88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Indus Valley Civilization"}], "question": "What was the first major civilization in South Asia?", "id": "5727f86d2ca10214002d9a89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "2600 to 1900 BCE"}], "question": "What was the span of the Mature Harappan period?", "id": "5727f86d2ca10214002d9a8a"}]}], ["Tempoh Mesolitik di benua kecil India diikuti oleh zaman Neolitik, ketika penyelesaian subkontinenya yang lebih luas terjadi setelah berakhirnya Zaman Ais terakhir sekitar 12.000 tahun yang lalu. Permukiman pertama yang disahkan pertama kali muncul 9,000 tahun yang lalu di tempat perlindungan batu Bhimbetka di Madhya Pradesh moden, India. Kebudayaan Neolitik awal di Asia Selatan diwakili oleh penemuan Bhirrana (7500 SM) dalam penemuan Haryana, India & Mehrgarh (7000-9000 BCE) di Balochistan, Pakistan. <> Apakah tempoh geologi yang berlaku selepas tempoh Mesolitik di India? || Neolitik <> Apa yang berlaku di India semasa zaman Neolitik? || penyelesaian yang luas <> Berapa lama dahulu zaman ais terakhir berlaku di India? || 12,000 tahun <> Bilakah penempatan di Madhya Pradesh? || 9,000 tahun yang lalu <> Dalam tempoh masa berapa terdapat penemuan kediaman di India dan Pakistan? || 7000-9000 BCE", {"context": "The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Bhirrana findings (7500 BCE) in Haryana, India & Mehrgarh findings (7000\u20139000 BCE) in Balochistan, Pakistan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Neolithic"}], "question": "What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India?", "id": "57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "extensive settlement"}], "question": "What happened in India during the Neolithic period?", "id": "57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "12,000 years"}], "question": "How long ago did the last ice age happen in India?", "id": "57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "9,000 years ago"}], "question": "When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh?", "id": "57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "7000\u20139000 BCE"}], "question": "During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan?", "id": "57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff6"}]}], ["Sejarah India termasuk pemukiman dan masyarakat prasejarah di benua India; penggabungan budaya Tamadun Lembah Indus dan Indo-Aryan ke Tamadun Veda; pembangunan Hindu sebagai sintesis dari pelbagai budaya dan tradisi India; bangkitnya gerakan Radenya; penurunan pengorbanan \u015arauta dan kelahiran tradisi inisiatif Jainisme, Buddhisme, Shaivism, Vaishnavisme dan Shaktisme; bermulanya penggantian dinasti dan empayar berkuasa selama lebih dari dua millennia di berbagai kawasan geografi benua kecil, termasuk pertumbuhan dinasti Muslim semasa zaman Medieval yang saling berkaitan dengan kuasa Hindu; kedatangan pedagang Eropah mengakibatkan penubuhan peraturan British; dan pergerakan kemerdekaan seterusnya yang membawa kepada Pemisahan India dan penciptaan Republik India. <> Di kawasan geografi apakah negara India ditubuhkan? || Anak benua India <> Apa yang dihasilkan oleh penghasilan Lembah Indus dan budaya Indo-Aryan? || Peradaban Vedic <> Daripada apa kombinasi Hindu? || Budaya dan tradisi India <> Berapa lama penggantian dinasti berkuasa di benua India? || dua millennia <> Pergerakan apa yang membawa kepada penubuhan Republik India? || pergerakan kemerdekaan", {"context": "The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of the \u015arama\u1e47a movement; the decline of \u015arauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Indian subcontinent"}], "question": "In what geographic area was the country of India established?", "id": "5727e9b23acd2414000defb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Vedic Civilization"}], "question": "What did the joining of the Indus Valley and Indo-Aryan cultures produce?", "id": "5727e9b23acd2414000defb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Indian cultures and traditions"}], "question": "Of what is Hinduism a combination?", "id": "5727e9b23acd2414000defb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "two millennia"}], "question": "How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent?", "id": "5727e9b23acd2414000defb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "independence movement"}], "question": "What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India?", "id": "5727e9b23acd2414000defb7"}]}], ["Kebanyakan anak benua ditakluki oleh Kekaisaran Maurya pada abad ke-4 dan ke-3 BCE. Dari kurun ke 3 SM dan seterusnya kesusasteraan Prakrit dan Pali di utara dan kesusasteraan Sangam di India selatan mula berkembang. Baja Wootz berasal dari India Selatan pada abad ke-3 SM dan dieksport ke negara-negara asing. Berbagai bahagian India diperintah oleh banyak dinasti untuk 1,500 tahun yang akan datang, di mana Empayar Gupta menonjol. Tempoh ini, menyaksikan kebangkitan agama dan intelektual Hindu, dikenali sebagai \"Zaman Emas India\" klasik atau \". Dalam tempoh ini, aspek-aspek tamadun India, pentadbiran, budaya, dan agama (Hindu dan Buddha) merebak ke banyak Asia, sementara kerajaan-kerajaan di selatan India mempunyai hubungan perniagaan maritim dengan Empayar Rom dari sekitar 77 M. Pengaruh kebudayaan India menyebar ke banyak bahagian Asia Tenggara yang membawa kepada penubuhan kerajaan India di Asia Tenggara (Greater India). <> Apa empayar menaklukkan kebanyakan subkontinen pada abad ke-3 dan ke-4 SM? || Maurya Empire <> Selepas abad ke-3 SM, gaya kesusasteraan berkembang di kawasan utara sub-benua? || Prakrit dan Pali <> Apakah bentuk logam yang dikembangkan dan dieksport dari selatan India? || Wootz steel <> Apa tempoh selepas abad ke-3 SM dan memperluaskan 1500 tahun dipanggil? || Zaman Emas India <> Apa dinasti utama zaman Zaman Emas? || Gupta", {"context": "Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. From the 3rd century BC onwards Prakrit and Pali literature in the north and the Sangam literature in southern India started to flourish. Wootz steel originated in south India in the 3rd century BC and was exported to foreign countries. Various parts of India were ruled by numerous dynasties for the next 1,500 years, among which the Gupta Empire stands out. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or \"Golden Age of India\". During this period, aspects of Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia (Greater India).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Maurya Empire"}], "question": "What empire conquered most of the subcontinent in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC?", "id": "5727faef3acd2414000df151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Prakrit and Pali"}], "question": "After the 3rd century BC, what style of literature grew in northern area of the subcontinent?", "id": "5727faef3acd2414000df152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Wootz steel"}], "question": "What form of metal was developed and  exported from southern India?", "id": "5727faef3acd2414000df153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Golden Age of India"}], "question": "What was the period following 3rd century BC and extending 1500 years called?", "id": "5727faef3acd2414000df154"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Gupta"}], "question": "What was the foremost dynasty of the the Golden Age period? ", "id": "5727faef3acd2414000df155"}]}], ["Tempoh Vedic dinamakan sempena budaya Indo-Aryan di utara-barat India, walaupun bahagian-bahagian lain India mempunyai identiti budaya yang berbeza pada masa ini. Budaya Veda digambarkan dalam teks Vedas, yang masih suci bagi orang Hindu, yang secara lisan terdiri dalam bahasa Sanskrit Vedic. The Vedas adalah beberapa teks tertua yang tertua di India. Tempoh Vedic, bertahan dari sekitar 1750 hingga 500 SM, dan menyumbang asas-asas beberapa aspek kebudayaan benua kecil India. Dari segi budaya, banyak wilayah anak benua yang beralih dari Chalcolithic ke Zaman Besi dalam tempoh ini. <> Untuk apa budaya yang dinamakan tempoh Veda? || Indo-Aryan <> Dimana budaya Indo-Aryan terletak? || barat laut India <> Dalam bahasa apa yang dikatakan budaya Veda? || Vedic Sanskrit <> Apa sajakah teks suci yang paling tua di India? || The Vedas <> Apakah tempoh kebudayaan Veda itu? || 1750 hingga 500 SM", {"context": "The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India. The Vedic period, lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE, and contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of Indian subcontinent. In terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Indo-Aryan"}], "question": "For what culture is the Vedic period named?", "id": "572842553acd2414000df7e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "north-west India"}], "question": "Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?", "id": "572842553acd2414000df7e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Vedic Sanskrit"}], "question": "In what language did  the Vedic culture speak?", "id": "572842553acd2414000df7e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "The Vedas"}], "question": "What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?", "id": "572842553acd2414000df7ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "1750 to 500 BCE"}], "question": "What was the duration of the Vedic culture?", "id": "572842553acd2414000df7eb"}]}], ["Pada zaman Vedic yang kemudian, beberapa kerajaan kecil atau negeri-negeri di bandar telah membubuhi anak benua itu, banyak yang disebutkan dalam Veda, kesusasteraan awal Buddha dan Jaina setakat 500 BCE. Empat belas monarki dan \"republik\" yang dikenali sebagai Mahajanapadas-Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (atau Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (atau Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya (atau Machcha) , Gandhara, dan Kamboja-merentang di Dataran Indo-Gangetik dari Afghanistan moden ke Bengal dan Maharashtra. Tempoh ini menyaksikan kebangkitan utama urbanisme kedua di India selepas Tamadun Lembah Indus. <> Berapa umur mempunyai banyak negeri kecil yang meliputi anak benua? || kemudian Vedic Age <> Berapa banyak negeri kecil yang merangkumi Gangga Plain of India? || enam belas monarki <> Apa yang dipanggil enam belas kerajaan? || Mahajanapadas <> Apa tempoh kedua menunjukkan kemunculan kerajaan-kerajaan kecil? || urbanism <> Apakah perbandaran utama pertama di India? || Tamadun Lembah Indus", {"context": "In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and \"republics\" known as the Mahajanapadas\u2014Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya (or Machcha), Shurasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja\u2014stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra. This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "later Vedic Age"}], "question": "By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?", "id": "57284ab33acd2414000df8b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "sixteen monarchies"}], "question": "How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?", "id": "57284ab33acd2414000df8b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Mahajanapadas"}], "question": "What were the sixteen kingdoms called?", "id": "57284ab33acd2414000df8b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "urbanism"}], "question": "What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?", "id": "57284ab33acd2414000df8b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "Indus Valley Civilisation"}], "question": "What was the first major urbanization in India?", "id": "57284ab33acd2414000df8b7"}]}], ["Peningkatan urbanisasi India pada abad ke-7 dan keenam BCE membawa kepada peningkatan pergeseran pertapa atau shramana baru yang mencabar ortodoksi ritual. Mahavira (tahun 549-477 SM), penyokong Jainisme, dan Buddha (sekitar 563-483), pengasas agama Buddha adalah ikon yang paling menonjol dalam pergerakan ini. Shramana menimbulkan konsep kitaran kelahiran dan kematian, konsep samsara, dan konsep pembebasan. Buddha mendapati Jalan Tengah yang memperbaiki pertikaian yang melampau yang terdapat dalam agama Sramana. <> Apakah pergerakan shramana mencabar? || ortodoksi ritual <> Siapa pengasas Jainisme? || Mahavira <> Apakah ikon yang menonjol mengasaskan Buddhisme? || Buddha <> Jalan apakah yang ditemui Buddha untuk menenangkan ketegasan agama Sramana? || Middle Way <> Sistem kepercayaan apa yang diajar idea samsara? || Shramana", {"context": "Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549\u2013477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to the concept of the cycle of birth and death, the concept of samsara, and the concept of liberation. Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "orthodoxy of rituals"}], "question": "What did the shramana movements challenge?", "id": "57284ff92ca10214002da288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Mahavira"}], "question": "Who was the founder of Jainism?", "id": "57284ff92ca10214002da289"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Buddha"}], "question": "What prominent icon founded Buddhism? ", "id": "57284ff92ca10214002da28a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Middle Way"}], "question": "What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions?", "id": "57284ff92ca10214002da28b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Shramana"}], "question": "What belief system taught the idea of samsara?", "id": "57284ff92ca10214002da28c"}]}], ["Abad ke-7 dan keenam SM menyaksikan komposisi Upanishad terawal. Upanishad membentuk asas teori Hindu klasik dan dikenali sebagai Vedanta (kesimpulan Vedas). Upanishad yang lebih tua melancarkan serangan peningkatan keamatan pada ritual. Sesiapa yang menyembah ketuhanan selain daripada Diri dipanggil haiwan haiwan dewa di Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. Mundaka melancarkan serangan yang paling menakutkan pada upacara ini dengan membandingkan orang-orang yang menghargai pengorbanan dengan bot yang tidak selamat yang tidak dapat ditandingi oleh usia tua dan mati. <> Bilakah Upanishad terawal terdiri? || Abad ke-7 dan ke-6 SM <> Sistem falsafah apa yang Upanishads membentuk asasnya? || Hindu <> Apa yang Upanishad dipanggil dalam Hinduisme? || Vedanta <> Apa bahagian sistem kepercayaan agama Hindu melakukan serangan Upanishad? || ritual <> Apakah sistem ibadat adalah pusat kepada Hindu? || Diri sendiri", {"context": "The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The Mundaka launches the most scathing attack on the ritual by comparing those who value sacrifice with an unsafe boat that is endlessly overtaken by old age and death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "7th and 6th centuries BC"}], "question": "When were the earliest Upanishads composed?", "id": "57284e224b864d190016490a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Hinduism"}], "question": "Of what philosophical system do the Upanishads form the basis?", "id": "57284e224b864d190016490b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Vedanta"}], "question": "What are the Upanishads called in Hinduism?", "id": "57284e224b864d190016490c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "ritual"}], "question": "What part of the Hinduism belief system did the Upanishads attack?", "id": "57284e224b864d190016490d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Self"}], "question": "What worship system is central to Hinduism?", "id": "57284e224b864d190016490e"}]}], ["Pada akhir tempoh Rigvedic, masyarakat Aryan mula berkembang dari rantau barat laut benua India, ke dataran barat Ganges. Ia menjadi semakin agresif dan diselenggarakan secara sosial di sekitar hierarki empat varnas, atau kelas sosial. Struktur sosial ini dicirikan oleh syncretising dengan budaya asli India utara, tetapi juga akhirnya dengan mengecualikan orang-orang pribumi dengan menandatangani pekerjaan mereka tidak suci. Sepanjang tempoh ini, banyak unit puak kecil dan ketua-ketua utama yang terdahulu mula bergabung dengan kerajaan-kerajaan peringkat monarki. <> Bilakah budaya Aryan mula berkembang? || Tempoh Rigvedic <> Ke kawasan apa budaya Aryan berkembang? || barat Ganges plain <> Apa kelas sosial Aryan dipanggil? || varnas <> Apa label Aryans sebagai tidak suci dalam masyarakat adat untuk mengecualikan mereka dari kelas sosial tertentu? || pekerjaan <> Apa kumpulan membentuk kumpulan monarki yang lebih besar? || unit puak kecil", {"context": "At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized both by syncretising with the native cultures of northern India, but also eventually by the excluding of indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure. During this period, many of the previous small tribal units and chiefdoms began to coalesce into monarchical, state-level polities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Rigvedic period"}], "question": "When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion?", "id": "572843dd2ca10214002da1ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "western Ganges plain"}], "question": "Into what area did the Aryan culture expand?", "id": "572843dd2ca10214002da1ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "varnas"}], "question": "What were the Aryan social classes called?", "id": "572843dd2ca10214002da1ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "occupations"}], "question": "What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes?", "id": "572843dd2ca10214002da1ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "small tribal units"}], "question": "What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups?", "id": "572843dd2ca10214002da1f0"}]}], ["Magadha (Sanskrit: \u092e\u0917\u0927) membentuk satu daripada enam belas Mah\u0101-Janapadas (Sanskrit: \"Negara-negara Besar\") atau kerajaan-kerajaan di India purba. Inti kerajaan adalah kawasan Bihar di selatan Gangga; ibukota pertamanya adalah Rajagriha (moden Rajgir) lalu Pataliputra (Patna moden). Magadha diperluaskan untuk memasukkan kebanyakan Bihar dan Bengal dengan penaklukan masing-masing Licchavi dan Anga, diikuti oleh banyak Uttar Pradesh dan Orissa timur. Kerajaan kuno Magadha sangat disebut dalam teks Jain dan Buddha. Ia juga disebutkan dalam Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas. Keadaan Magadha, mungkin sebuah kerajaan kesukuan, direkodkan dalam teks-teks Veda lebih awal dalam waktu dari 600 SM. Empayar Magadha mempunyai penguasa besar seperti Bimbisara dan Ajatshatru. <> Daripada apa yang Magadha satu daripada enam belas? || Mah\u0101-Janapadas <> Bagaimana bahasa Sanskrit diterjemahkan Maha-Janapadas? || Negara-negara Besar <> Di manakah pusat Magadha? || Bihar <> Di mana terdapat catatan awal kerajaan Magadha? || Teks Vedic <> Berapakah masa teks yang mencari kerajaan Magadha terdahulu? || 600 SM.", {"context": "Magadha (Sanskrit: \u092e\u0917\u0927) formed one of the sixteen Mah\u0101-Janapadas (Sanskrit: \"Great Countries\") or kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Licchavi and Anga respectively, followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is heavily mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas. A state of Magadha, possibly a tribal kingdom, is recorded in Vedic texts much earlier in time than 600 BC. Magadha Empire had great rulers like Bimbisara and Ajatshatru.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Mah\u0101-Janapadas"}], "question": "Of what was Magadha one of sixteen?", "id": "572851feff5b5019007da176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Great Countries"}], "question": "How does the Sanskrit translate Maha-Janapadas?", "id": "572851feff5b5019007da177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Bihar"}], "question": "Where was the center of Magadha?", "id": "572851feff5b5019007da178"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "Vedic texts"}], "question": "Where were there early records of the Magadha kingdom?", "id": "572851feff5b5019007da179"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "600 BC."}], "question": "What time do the texts locating Magadha kingdom predate?", "id": "572851feff5b5019007da17a"}]}], ["Kerajaan Kuru adalah masyarakat peringkat pertama dari zaman Veda, bersamaan dengan permulaan Zaman Besi di India barat laut, sekitar 1200 - 800 BCE, serta dengan komposisi Atharvaveda (teks India yang pertama menyebutkan besi , seperti \u015by\u0101ma ayas, secara harfiah \"logam hitam\"). Negeri Kuru menganjurkan pujian Vedic menjadi koleksi, dan mengembangkan ritual srauta ortodoks untuk menegakkan tatanan sosial. Ketika kerajaan Kuru merosot, pusat budaya Veda beralih ke jiran timur mereka, kerajaan Panchala. Budaya arkeologi Painted Grey Ware, yang berkembang di kawasan Haryana dan barat Uttar Pradesh di utara India dari sekitar 1100 hingga 600 BCE, dipercayai sesuai dengan kerajaan Kuru dan Panchala. <> Apakah masyarakat saiz negara pertama dalam tempoh Vedic? || Kerajaan Kuru <> Apa kencan kerajaan Kuru? || 1200 - 800 BCE <> Pada permulaan berapa usia adalah tarikh kerajaan Kuru? || Zaman Besi <> Apakah teks India yang pertama menyebutkan besi? || Atharvaveda <> Apabila kerajaan Kuru menolak, ke mana kerajaan pergi budaya Vedic? || Panchala", {"context": "The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 \u2013 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as \u015by\u0101ma ayas, literally \"black metal\"). The Kuru state organized the Vedic hymns into collections, and developed the orthodox srauta ritual to uphold the social order. When the Kuru kingdom declined, the center of Vedic culture shifted to their eastern neighbours, the Panchala kingdom. The archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture, which flourished in the Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh regions of northern India from about 1100 to 600 BCE, is believed to correspond to the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Kuru kingdom"}], "question": "What was the first state size society in the Vedic period?", "id": "572845efff5b5019007da094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "1200 \u2013 800 BCE"}], "question": "What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?", "id": "572845efff5b5019007da095"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Iron Age"}], "question": "At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom?", "id": "572845efff5b5019007da096"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Atharvaveda"}], "question": "What is the first Indian text to mention iron?", "id": "572845efff5b5019007da097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Panchala"}], "question": "When the Kuru kingdom declined, to what kingdom did Vedic culture go?", "id": "572845efff5b5019007da098"}]}], ["Semasa masa antara 800 dan 200 BCE pergerakan Shramana terbentuk, yang berasal dari Jainisme dan Buddhisme. Dalam tempoh yang sama, Upanishad pertama ditulis. Selepas 500 SM, yang dipanggil \"Perbandaran Kedua\" bermula, dengan penempatan bandar baru yang timbul di dataran Ganges, terutamanya dataran Ganges Tengah. Dataran Gangga Tengah, di mana Magadha menjadi terkenal, membentuk pangkalan Empayar Maurya, adalah kawasan kebudayaan yang tersendiri, dengan negara-negara baru yang muncul setelah 500 BC [web 1] selama apa yang disebut \"Urbanisasi Kedua\". [Note 3] telah dipengaruhi oleh budaya Veda, tetapi berbeza dengan wilayah Kuru-Panchala. Ia \"adalah kawasan penanaman beras yang paling awal di Asia Selatan dan pada tahun 1800 SM adalah lokasi populasi neolitik maju yang berkaitan dengan tapak Chirand dan Chechar\". Di rantau ini pergerakan Shramanik berkembang, dan Jainisme dan Buddhisme berasal. <> Pergerakan falsafah apa yang muncul pada 800-200 BCE? || Pergerakan Shramana <> Apakah asal-usul pergerakan Shramana? || Jainisme dan Buddhisme <> Pada masa yang mana Upanishad pertama ditulis? || antara 800 dan 200 SM <> Berapa tempoh bermula selepas 500 SM? || Perbandaran kedua <> Di manakah kedudukan pusat Empayar Muayan? || Central Ganges Plain", {"context": "During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called \"Second urbanization\" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain. The Central Ganges Plain, where Magadha gained prominence, forming the base of the Mauryan Empire, was a distinct cultural area, with new states arising after 500 BC[web 1] during the so-called \"Second urbanization\".[note 3] It was influenced by the Vedic culture, but differed markedly from the Kuru-Panchala region. It \"was the area of the earliest known cultivation of rice in South Asia and by 1800 BC was the location of an advanced neolithic population associated with the sites of Chirand and Chechar\". In this region the Shramanic movements flourished, and Jainism and Buddhism originated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Shramana-movement"}], "question": "What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?", "id": "57284911ff5b5019007da0e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Jainism and Buddhism"}], "question": "What was the origins of the Shramana movement?", "id": "57284911ff5b5019007da0e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "between 800 and 200 BCE"}], "question": "During what time were the first Upanishads written?", "id": "57284911ff5b5019007da0ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Second urbanization"}], "question": "What period started after 500 BCE?", "id": "57284911ff5b5019007da0eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Central Ganges Plain"}], "question": "Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?", "id": "57284911ff5b5019007da0ec"}]}], ["Banyak puak kecil yang disebut dalam kesusasteraan awal seolah-olah telah hadir di seluruh benua kecil. Beberapa raja ini adalah keturunan; negara lain memilih raja-raja mereka. \"Republika\" awal seperti persekutuan Vajji (atau Vriji) yang berpusat di bandar Vaishali, wujud seawal abad ke-6 SM dan berterusan di beberapa kawasan sehingga abad ke-4 CE. Pidato yang berpendidikan pada masa itu adalah Sanskrit, sedangkan bahasa-bahasa penduduk umum India Utara disebut sebagai Prakrits. Kebanyakan dari enam belas kerajaan telah bersatu dengan empat yang utama oleh 500/400 BCE, pada masa Gautama Buddha. Keempat mereka adalah Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala, dan Magadha. Kehidupan Gautam Budhha terutama dikaitkan dengan keempat kerajaan ini. <> Di mana konflik Vajji terletak? || Vaishali <> Berapa awal negara republik kecil ada di India? || Abad ke-6 BCE <> Hingga abad berapa negara republik itu bertahan di India? || Abad ke-4 CE <> Dalam bahasa apa bahasa India berpelajaran? || Sanskrit <> Apakah bahasa umum penduduk umum? || Prakrits", {"context": "Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent. Some of these kings were hereditary; other states elected their rulers. Early \"republics\" such as the Vajji (or Vriji) confederation centered in the city of Vaishali, existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE. The educated speech at that time was Sanskrit, while the languages of the general population of northern India are referred to as Prakrits. Many of the sixteen kingdoms had coalesced to four major ones by 500/400 BCE, by the time of Gautama Buddha. These four were Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala, and Magadha. The Life of Gautam Budhha was mainly associated with these four kingdoms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Vaishali"}], "question": "Where was the Vajji confederation located?", "id": "57284c3d4b864d19001648ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "6th century BCE"}], "question": "How early did the small republic states exist in India?", "id": "57284c3d4b864d19001648ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "4th century CE"}], "question": "Until what century did the republic states endure in India?", "id": "57284c3d4b864d19001648ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Sanskrit"}], "question": "In what language did the educated Indian speak?", "id": "57284c3d4b864d19001648ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Prakrits"}], "question": "What was the general population's common language ?", "id": "57284c3d4b864d19001648f0"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada Vedas, teks-teks utama Hindu, tema teras episod Sanskrit Ramayana dan Mahabharata dikatakan mempunyai asal utama mereka pada masa ini. Mahabharata kekal, hari ini, puisi tunggal terpanjang di dunia. Ahli-ahli sejarah sebelum ini menganggap \"zaman epik\" sebagai persekitaran puisi epik kedua, tetapi kini menyedari bahawa teks-teks (yang sama-sama dikenali antara satu sama lain) telah melalui beberapa peringkat pembangunan selama berabad-abad. Sebagai contoh, Mahabharata mungkin berdasarkan konflik berskala kecil (kemungkinan kira-kira 1000 SM) yang pada akhirnya \"berubah menjadi perang epik gergasi oleh bard dan penyair\". Tidak ada bukti konklusif dari arkeologi sama ada peristiwa khusus Mahabharat mempunyai asas sejarah. Teks sedia ada epik ini dipercayai milik umur pasca-Veda, antara c. 400 SM dan 400 CE. Ada juga yang cuba membuat peristiwa dengan menggunakan kaedah arkaeoastronomy yang telah dihasilkan, bergantung pada petikan-petikan yang dipilih dan bagaimana mereka ditafsirkan, diperkirakan tanggal mulai pertengahan abad ke-2 SM. <> Apakah prinsip teks agama Hindu? || Vedas <> Dalam bahasa apakah Vedas? || Sanskrit <> Apakah epik teras dari Vedas? || Ramayana dan Mahabharata <> Teks Vedic mana yang merupakan puisi tunggal terpanjang di Bumi? || Mahabharata <> Pada apa jenis pertengkaran yang Mahabharata dianggap berasaskan? || konflik berskala kecil", {"context": "In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an \"epic age\" as the milieu of these two epic poems, but now recognize that the texts (which are both familiar with each other) went through multiple stages of development over centuries. For instance, the Mahabharata may have been based on a small-scale conflict (possibly about 1000 BCE) which was eventually \"transformed into a gigantic epic war by bards and poets\". There is no conclusive proof from archaeology as to whether the specific events of the Mahabharat have any historical basis. The existing texts of these epics are believed to belong to the post-Vedic age, between c. 400 BCE and 400 CE. Some even attempted to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy which have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimated dates ranging up to mid 2nd millennium BCE.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Vedas"}], "question": "What were the principle texts of Hinduism?", "id": "5728479e2ca10214002da232"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Sanskrit"}], "question": "In what language were the Vedas ?", "id": "5728479e2ca10214002da233"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Ramayana and Mahabharata"}], "question": "What were the core epics of the Vedas?", "id": "5728479e2ca10214002da234"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Mahabharata"}], "question": "Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth?", "id": "5728479e2ca10214002da235"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "small-scale conflict"}], "question": "On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based?", "id": "5728479e2ca10214002da236"}]}], ["Empayar Kushan berkembang dari apa yang sekarang menjadi Afghanistan di barat laut anak benua di bawah kepimpinan maharaja pertama mereka, Kujula Kadphises, kira-kira pertengahan abad ke-1 CE. Mereka berasal dari bahasa Indo-Eropah yang berbahasa suku Asia Tengah yang dipanggil Yuezhi, cabang yang dikenali sebagai Kushans. Pada masa cucunya, Kanishka, mereka telah menaklukkan sebahagian besar India utara, sekurang-kurangnya sejauh Saketa dan Pataliputra, di tengah Gangga Valley, dan mungkin sejauh Teluk Bengal. <> Dari kawasan apa yang datang dari Kushan Empire? || Afghanistan <> Siapa penguasa pertama kerajaan Kushan? || Kujula Kadfis <> Di pertengahan abad apakah kekaisaran Kushan bermula? || Abad ke-1 CE <> Apakah pangkalan bahasa Kushans? || Indo-European <> Apa yang telah ditakluk oleh Kushans pada zaman Kanishka || utara India", {"context": "The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor, Kujula Kadphises, about the middle of the 1st century CE. They came of an Indo-European language speaking Central Asian tribe called the Yuezhi, a branch of which was known as the Kushans. By the time of his grandson, Kanishka, they had conquered most of northern India, at least as far as Saketa and Pataliputra, in the middle Ganges Valley, and probably as far as the Bay of Bengal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Afghanistan"}], "question": "From what area did the Kushan Empire come?", "id": "57286a254b864d19001649b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Kujula Kadphises"}], "question": "Who was the first ruler of the Kushan empire?", "id": "57286a254b864d19001649b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "1st century CE"}], "question": "In the middle o what century did the Kushan empire begin?", "id": "57286a254b864d19001649ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Indo-European"}], "question": "What was the language base of the Kushans?", "id": "57286a254b864d19001649bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "northern India"}], "question": "What had the Kushans conquered much of by the time of Kanishka", "id": "57286a254b864d19001649bc"}]}], ["Semasa pemerintahan Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a, Dinasti Chedi dari Kafiringa meninggikan keunggulan dan memulihkan kekuasaan dan kemuliaan Kafiringa yang hilang, yang telah ditundukkan sejak perang yang dahsyat dengan Ashoka. Kaunggingan tentera mungkin dikembalikan semula oleh Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a: di bawah Khalrab\u0113\u1e37a's generalship, negara Kaapakpapa mempunyai jangkauan maritim yang hebat dengan laluan perdagangan yang menghubungkannya ke kemudian-Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, Kamboja (Kemboja ), Malaysia, Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) dan Jabadwipa (Jawa). Kh\u0101rab'e'a membawa banyak kempen yang berjaya menentang negeri-negeri Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas hingga kebanyakan kawasan selatan Pandya Empire (Tamil Tamil Barat). <> Apa penguasa Kalingan membawa kembali dinasti Chedi? || Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a <> Kekuatan yang sebelum ini telah mengalahkan Kalingans? || Ashoka <> Di mana arena Kalinga adalah kuasa yang hebat? || maritim <> Apakah kelebihan maritim yang ada di Kalingans? || laluan perdagangan <> Apa pemimpin militeristik dapat dipulihkan kepada kerajaan Kalinga? || Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a", {"context": "During the reign of Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a, the Chedi dynasty of Ka\u1e37inga ascended to eminence and restored the lost power and glory of Ka\u1e37inga, which had been subdued since the devastating war with Ashoka. Ka\u1e37ingan military might was reinstated by Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a: under Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a's generalship, the Ka\u1e37inga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, Kamboja (Cambodia), Malaysia, Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) and Jabadwipa (Java). Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a led many successful campaigns against the states of Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas till the southern most regions of Pandyan Empire (modern Tamil Nadu).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a"}], "question": "What Kalingan ruler brought the Chedi dynasty back into power?", "id": "572868892ca10214002da30e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Ashoka"}], "question": "What power had previously defeated the Kalingans? ", "id": "572868892ca10214002da30f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "maritime"}], "question": "In what arena was Kalinga a formidable power?", "id": "572868892ca10214002da310"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "trade routes"}], "question": "What maritime advantage did the Kalingans have?", "id": "572868892ca10214002da311"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a"}], "question": "What militaristic leader restored might to the Kalinga empire?", "id": "572868892ca10214002da312"}]}], ["The Arthashastra dan Edicts of Ashoka adalah rekod-rekod tertulis utama zaman Mauryan. Secara arkeologi, tempoh ini jatuh ke dalam era Black Black Polished Ware (NBPW). Kerajaan Maurya didasarkan pada ekonomi dan masyarakat yang moden dan cekap. Walau bagaimanapun, penjualan barang dagangan telah dikawal oleh kerajaan. Walaupun tidak ada perbankan dalam masyarakat Maurya, riba adalah adat. Sebilangan besar rekod bertulis tentang perbudakan dijumpai, mencadangkan kelazimannya. Dalam tempoh ini, keluli berkualiti tinggi yang dipanggil keluli Wootz telah dibangunkan di selatan India dan kemudian dieksport ke China dan Arabia. <> Apakah rekod bertulis asas orang Mauritania? || Arthashastra dan Edicts Ashoka <> Apakah tempoh arkeologi Empayar Maurya? || Black Black Polished Ware <> Apa logam yang dibangun di selatan India pada masa Kerajaan Maurya? || Wootz steel <> Ke manakah wootz keluli dieksport? || China dan Arab <> Apa organisasi yang rapat memantau urusan perniagaan di Kerajaan Maurya? || kerajaan", {"context": "The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times. Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by the government. Although there was no banking in the Mauryan society, usury was customary. A significant amount of written records on slavery are found, suggesting a prevalence thereof. During this period, a high quality steel called Wootz steel was developed in south India and was later exported to China and Arabia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka"}], "question": "What are the basic written records of the Mauryans?", "id": "572860cdff5b5019007da1d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Northern Black Polished Ware"}], "question": "What is the archaeological period of the Mauryan Empire?", "id": "572860cdff5b5019007da1d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "Wootz steel"}], "question": "What metal was developed in south India during the time of the Mauryan Empire?", "id": "572860cdff5b5019007da1d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "China and Arabia"}], "question": "To where was wootz steel exported?", "id": "572860cdff5b5019007da1d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "government"}], "question": "What organization closely monitored business dealings in the Mauryan Empire? ", "id": "572860cdff5b5019007da1d6"}]}], ["Pada 530 SM Cyrus the Great, Raja Empayar Achaemenid Empayar melintasi pegunungan Hindu-Kush untuk mencari penghormatan dari suku-suku Kamboja, Gandhara dan rantau trans-India (moden Afghanistan dan Pakistan). Pada 520 SM, semasa pemerintahan Darius I dari Persia, sebahagian kecil benua barat laut (sekarang Afghanistan timur dan Pakistan) berada di bawah pemerintahan Empayar Achaemenid Parsi, sebagai sebahagian dari wilayah paling timur. Kawasan ini masih berada di bawah kawalan Parsi selama dua abad. Pada masa ini India membekalkan upah tentera ke tentera Parsi kemudian berjuang di Greece. <> Apa raja Persia mahu menghormati suku-suku India utara? || Cyrus the Great <> Menjelang 520 SM, apakah kerajaan yang memerintah benua kecil di barat laut India? || Persia Achaemenid Empire <> Apa raja memerintah Persia pada tahun 520 SM? || Darius I dari Persia <> Berapa lama empayar Persia mengawal benua India utara? || dua abad <> Apa yang India membekalkan kepada usaha perang Persia melawan Greece? || tentera upahan", {"context": "In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan). By 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, as part of the far easternmost territories. The area remained under Persian control for two centuries. During this time India supplied mercenaries to the Persian army then fighting in Greece.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Cyrus the Great"}], "question": "What Persian king wanted tribute from the tribes of northern India?", "id": "57285ba53acd2414000df949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Persian Achaemenid Empire"}], "question": "By 520 BC what empire ruled the northwestern Indian subcontinent?", "id": "57285ba53acd2414000df94a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Darius I of Persia"}], "question": "What king ruled Persia in 520 BC?", "id": "57285ba53acd2414000df94b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "two centuries"}], "question": "How long did the Persian empire control the northern India subcontinent?", "id": "57285ba53acd2414000df94c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "mercenaries"}], "question": "What did India supply to the Persian war efforts against Greece?", "id": "57285ba53acd2414000df94d"}]}], ["Rujukan terawal kepada orang-orang Magadha berlaku di Atharva-Veda di mana mereka dijumpai disenaraikan bersama dengan Angas, Gandharis, dan Mujavats. Magadha memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan Jainisme dan Buddhisme, dan dua empayar terbesar India, Empayar Maurya dan Empayar Gupta, berasal dari Magadha. Empayar ini melihat kemajuan dalam sains, matematik, astronomi, agama, dan falsafah purba India dan dianggap sebagai \"Zaman Emas\" India. Kerajaan Magadha termasuk masyarakat republikan seperti masyarakat Rajakumara. Kampung mempunyai perhimpunan sendiri di bawah ketua-ketua tempatan mereka yang dipanggil Gramakas. Pentadbiran mereka dibahagikan kepada fungsi eksekutif, perundangan, dan tentera. <> Dimana sebutan awal orang Magadha? || Atharva-Veda <> Dalam perkembangan agama mana yang dilakukan oleh Magadha? || Jainisme dan Buddhisme <> Dimana lokasi asal empayar Maurya dan Gupta? || Magadha <> Oleh kerana kemajuan sains dan budaya, apakah rantau Magadha yang dianggap sebagai mewakili? || Zaman Emas <> Apa perhimpunan kampung-kampung tempatan yang dipanggil di kerajaan Magadha? || Gramakas", {"context": "The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian \"Golden Age\". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Atharva-Veda"}], "question": "Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?", "id": "57285a053acd2414000df93f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Jainism and Buddhism"}], "question": "In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?", "id": "57285a053acd2414000df940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Magadha"}], "question": "Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?", "id": "57285a053acd2414000df941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "Golden Age"}], "question": "Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?", "id": "57285a053acd2414000df942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Gramakas"}], "question": "What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?", "id": "57285a053acd2414000df943"}]}], ["Semasa zaman Sangam, huruf lisan Tamil berkembang dari abad ke-3 SM hingga abad ke-4 CE. Dalam tempoh ini Dinasti Tamil Dinasti Chera, Dinasti Chola dan Dinasti Pandyan memerintah bahagian selatan India. Kesusasteraan Sangam memperkatakan sejarah, politik, peperangan dan kebudayaan rakyat Tamil dalam tempoh ini. Para sarjana zaman Sangam bangkit dari kalangan rakyat biasa yang mencari naungan Raja-Raja Tamil tetapi yang terutama menulis tentang rakyat biasa dan kebimbangan mereka. Tidak seperti penulis Sanskrit yang kebanyakannya Brahmins, penulis Sangam berasal dari pelbagai kelas dan latar belakang sosial dan kebanyakannya bukan Brahmins. Mereka adalah kepercayaan dan profesion yang berbeza seperti petani, tukang, pedagang, bhikkhu, imam dan bahkan raja-raja dan cukup sedikit dari mereka bahkan wanita. <> Dalam tempoh berapa kesusasteraan Tamil berkembang? || Tempoh Sangam <> Berapa banyak dinasti Tamil memerintah semasa tempoh Sangam? || 3 <> Apakah sejauh mana tempoh Sangam? || Abad ke-3 SM hingga abad ke-4 CE <> Dalam apa bahagian India memerintah dinasti Tamil? || selatan India <> Bagaimana penulis Tamil berbeda dengan penulis Sanskrit terdahulu? || bukan Brahmins", {"context": "During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people of this period. The scholars of the Sangam period rose from among the common people who sought the patronage of the Tamil Kings but who mainly wrote about the common people and their concerns. Unlike Sanskrit writers who were mostly Brahmins, Sangam writers came from diverse classes and social backgrounds and were mostly non-Brahmins. They belonged to different faiths and professions like farmers, artisans, merchants, monks, priests and even princes and quite few of them were even women.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Sangam period"}], "question": "During what period did Tamil literature thrive?", "id": "572862ab2ca10214002da2ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period?", "id": "572862ab2ca10214002da2cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE"}], "question": "What was the extent of the Sangam period?", "id": "572862ab2ca10214002da2cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "southern India"}], "question": "In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule?", "id": "572862ab2ca10214002da2cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "non-Brahmins"}], "question": "How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers?", "id": "572862ab2ca10214002da2ce"}]}], ["Empayar Maurya (322-185 SM) adalah kerajaan pertama yang menyatukan India ke satu negara, dan merupakan yang terbesar di benua India. Setakat yang paling besar, Kekaisaran Maurya merentang ke utara hingga ke sempadan alam Himalaya dan ke timur ke arah Assam sekarang. Di barat, ia melampaui Pakistan moden, ke gunung-gunung Hindu Kush di Afghanistan sekarang. Empayar ini ditubuhkan oleh Chandragupta Maurya di Magadha (di Bihar moden) ketika ia menggulingkan Dinasti Nanda. Anak Chandragupta Bindusara berjaya menjadi tahta sekitar 297 SM. Pada masa dia meninggal dunia di c. 272 SM, sebahagian kecil daripada benua kecil itu berada di bawah kekuasaan Mauryan. Walau bagaimanapun, rantau Kalinga (sekitar zaman moden Odisha) kekal di luar kawalan Mauryan, mungkin mengganggu perdagangan mereka dengan selatan. <> Apakah kerajaan pertama yang menyatukan India? || Maurya Empire <> Apakah jangka masa Empayar Maurya? || 322-185 BCE <> Siapa yang membentuk Kerajaan Maurya di Magadha? || Chandragupta Maurya <> Apa dinasti Dinasti Chandragupta Maurya kalah? || Dinasti Nanda <> Pada tahun berapa anak Chandraguta datang ke takhta? || 297 SM", {"context": "The Maurya Empire (322\u2013185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond modern Pakistan, to the Hindu Kush mountains in what is now Afghanistan. The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha (in modern Bihar) when he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty. Chandragupta's son Bindusara succeeded to the throne around 297 BC. By the time he died in c. 272 BC, a large part of the subcontinent was under Mauryan suzerainty. However, the region of Kalinga (around modern day Odisha) remained outside Mauryan control, perhaps interfering with their trade with the south.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Maurya Empire"}], "question": "What was the first empire to unify India?", "id": "57285ebc3acd2414000df965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "322\u2013185 BCE"}], "question": "What was the time span of the Mauryan Empire?", "id": "57285ebc3acd2414000df966"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Chandragupta Maurya"}], "question": "Who formed the Maurya Empire in Magadha?", "id": "57285ebc3acd2414000df967"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Nanda Dynasty"}], "question": "What dynasty did Chandragupta Maurya defeat?", "id": "57285ebc3acd2414000df968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "297 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Chandraguta's son come to the throne?", "id": "57285ebc3acd2414000df969"}]}], ["Menjelang 326 SM, Alexander the Great telah menakluki Asia Minor dan Empayar Achaemenid dan telah sampai ke sempadan barat laut benua India. Di sana ia mengalahkan King Porus dalam Pertempuran Hidaspes (dekat Jhelum modern, Pakistan) dan menaklukkan banyak Punjab. Alexander march east meletakkannya dalam konfrontasi dengan Nanda Empire of Magadha dan Gangaridai of Bengal. Tenteranya, letih dan ketakutan dengan prospek menghadapi tentera-tentera India yang lebih besar di Sungai Ganges, meretas di Hyphasis (Sungai Beas moden) dan enggan berperang lagi Timur. Alexander, selepas pertemuan dengan pegawainya, Coenus, dan belajar tentang kekuatan Empayar Nanda, yakin bahawa lebih baik untuk kembali. <> Bilakah Alexander Agung telah mencapai India? || 326 SM <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Alexander di kawasan sekarang Pakistan? || Raja Porus <> Pada apa pertempuran Alexander menewaskan Raja Porus? || Battle of the Hydaspes <> Di mana tentera Alexander akhirnya memberontak? || Hyphasis <> Kekuatan tentera kerajaan mana yang mendorong Alexander untuk berundur? || Nanda Empire", {"context": "By 326 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab. Alexander's march east put him in confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha and the Gangaridai of Bengal. His army, exhausted and frightened by the prospect of facing larger Indian armies at the Ganges River, mutinied at the Hyphasis (modern Beas River) and refused to march further East. Alexander, after the meeting with his officer, Coenus, and learning about the might of Nanda Empire, was convinced that it was better to return.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "326 BC"}], "question": "When did Alexander the Great reach India?", "id": "57285d3a3acd2414000df95b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "King Porus"}], "question": "Who did Alexander defeat in the area now Pakistan?", "id": "57285d3a3acd2414000df95c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Battle of the Hydaspes"}], "question": "At what battle did Alexander beat King Porus?", "id": "57285d3a3acd2414000df95d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Hyphasis"}], "question": "Where did Alexander's army finally mutiny?", "id": "57285d3a3acd2414000df95e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "Nanda Empire"}], "question": "The strength of what empire's army pushed Alexander to retreat?", "id": "57285d3a3acd2414000df95f"}]}], ["Empayar \u015a\u0101tav\u0101hana adalah dinasti India diraja yang berasal dari Amaravati di Andhra Pradesh serta Junnar (Pune) dan Prathisthan (Paithan) di Maharashtra. Wilayah empayar meliputi banyak negara India dari 230 BCE dan seterusnya. S\u0101tav\u0101hanas bermula sebagai feudatories kepada dinasti Mauryan, tetapi mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan dengan penurunannya. Mereka terkenal dengan sokongan Hindu dan Budisme yang mengakibatkan monumen Buddha dari Ellora (Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO) ke Amaravati. S\u0101tav\u0101hanas adalah salah satu negeri India pertama yang mengeluarkan duit syiling yang dilemparkan dengan raja-raja mereka. Mereka membentuk jambatan budaya dan memainkan peranan penting dalam perdagangan serta pemindahan idea dan budaya ke dan dari Dataran Indo-Gangetik ke hujung selatan India. Mereka terpaksa bersaing dengan Empayar Shunga dan kemudian Dinasti Kanva Magadha untuk menetapkan peraturan mereka. Kemudian, mereka memainkan peranan penting untuk melindungi sebahagian besar India daripada penceroboh asing seperti Sakas, Yavanas dan Pahlavas. Khususnya perjuangan mereka dengan Barat Kshatrapas berlangsung lama. Penguasa terkenal Dinasti Satavahana Gautamiputra Satakarni dan Sri Yajna S\u0101takarni mampu mengalahkan penyerang asing seperti Kshatrapas Barat dan menghentikan perkembangan mereka. Pada kurun ke-3 CE, kerajaan dipecah menjadi negeri-negeri kecil. <> Apa empayar yang merangkumi kebanyakan India dari 230 SM? || \u015a\u0101tav\u0101hana Empire <> Daripada apa yang pelanggan Satavahanas? || Hindu dan Buddha <> Apa isu Satavahanas timbul dengan kepala raja mereka? || syiling <> Bilakah Empayar Satavahana dibahagikan kepada negeri-negeri kecil? || Abad ke-3 CE <> Dari apa yang Satavahana Empire melindungi banyak India? || penceroboh asing", {"context": "The \u015a\u0101tav\u0101hana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. S\u0101tav\u0101hanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with its decline. They are known for their patronage of Hinduism and Buddhism which resulted in Buddhist monuments from Ellora (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) to Amaravati. The S\u0101tav\u0101hanas were one of the first Indian states to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade as well as the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the southern tip of India. They had to compete with the Shunga Empire and then the Kanva dynasty of Magadha to establish their rule. Later, they played a crucial role to protect a huge part of India against foreign invaders like the Sakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas. In particular their struggles with the Western Kshatrapas went on for a long time. The notable rulers of the Satavahana Dynasty Gautamiputra Satakarni and Sri Yajna S\u0101takarni were able to defeat the foreign invaders like the Western Kshatrapas and to stop their expansion. In the 3rd century CE the empire was split into smaller states.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "\u015a\u0101tav\u0101hana Empire"}], "question": "What empire covered most of India from 230 BCE?", "id": "5728651f4b864d1900164980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Hinduism and Buddhism"}], "question": "Of what were the Satavahanas patrons?", "id": "5728651f4b864d1900164981"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "coins"}], "question": "What did the Satavahanas issue embossed with their king's head?", "id": "5728651f4b864d1900164982"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1278, "text": "3rd century CE"}], "question": "When was the Satavahana Empire divided into smaller states?", "id": "5728651f4b864d1900164983"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 943, "text": "foreign invaders"}], "question": "From what did the Satavahana Empire protect much of India?", "id": "5728651f4b864d1900164984"}]}], ["Empayar Shunga atau Empayar Shunga adalah dinasti India purba dari Magadha yang menguasai kawasan-kawasan yang luas di benua India dari sekitar 187 hingga 78 BCE. Dinasti ini ditubuhkan oleh Pushyamitra Shunga, selepas kejatuhan Empayar Maurya. Ibukotanya adalah Pataliputra, tetapi kemudian kaisar seperti Bhagabhadra juga mengadakan pengadilan di Besnagar, Vidisha modern di Malwa Timur. Pushyamitra Shunga memerintah selama 36 tahun dan digantikan oleh anaknya, Agnimitra. Terdapat sepuluh penguasa Shunga. Kerajaan diperhatikan kerana banyak peperangan dengan kedua-dua kuasa asing dan pribumi. Mereka berperang dengan Kalingas, Satavahanas, Indo-Yunani, dan mungkin Panchalas dan Mathuras. Seni, pendidikan, falsafah, dan bentuk-bentuk pembelajaran lain yang berkembang sepanjang zaman ini termasuk imej-imej terracotta kecil, ukiran batu yang lebih besar, dan monumen seni bina seperti Stupa di Bharhut, dan Stupa Besar yang terkenal di Sanchi. Para penguasa Shunga membantu menubuhkan tradisi penajaan dan pendidikan seni raja. Skrip yang digunakan oleh kerajaan adalah sejenis Brahmi dan digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Sanskrit. Empayar Shunga memainkan peranan penting dalam menanamkan budaya India pada saat perkembangan penting dalam pemikiran Hindu terjadi. <> Apakah jangka masa Empayar Shunga? || 187 hingga 78 BCE <> Siapakah yang mendirikan kerajaan Shuga selepas kejatuhan kerajaan Maurya? || Pushyamitra Shunga <> Berapa lama Pushyamitra Shunga memerintah? || 36 tahun <> Apa varian skrip yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Sanskrit? || Brahmi <> Apa tradisi yang membantu Shunga memerintah bermula? || penajaan pembelajaran dan seni", {"context": "The Shunga Empire or Shunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE. The dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Shunga, after the fall of the Maurya Empire. Its capital was Pataliputra, but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also held court at Besnagar, modern Vidisha in Eastern Malwa. Pushyamitra Shunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. There were ten Shunga rulers. The empire is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and indigenous powers. They fought battles with the Kalingas, Satavahanas, the Indo-Greeks, and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras. Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flowered during this period including small terracotta images, larger stone sculptures, and architectural monuments such as the Stupa at Bharhut, and the renowned Great Stupa at Sanchi. The Shunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art. The script used by the empire was a variant of Brahmi and was used to write the Sanskrit language. The Shunga Empire played an imperative role in patronizing Indian culture at a time when some of the most important developments in Hindu thought were taking place.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "187 to 78 BCE"}], "question": "What was the time span of the Shunga Empire?", "id": "572866e54b864d1900164994"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Pushyamitra Shunga"}], "question": "Who founded the Shuga empire after the fall of the Maurya empire?", "id": "572866e54b864d1900164995"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "36 years"}], "question": "How long did Pushyamitra Shunga rule?", "id": "572866e54b864d1900164996"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1061, "text": "Brahmi"}], "question": "What script variant was used to write the Sanskrit language?", "id": "572866e54b864d1900164997"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 981, "text": "sponsorship of learning and art"}], "question": "What tradition did Shunga rulers help begin?", "id": "572866e54b864d1900164998"}]}], ["Ronald Inden menulis bahawa simbol-simbol tuhan Hindu abad ke-8 \"menggantikan Buddha di pusat kekaisaran dan puncak sistem kosmo-politik, imej atau simbol dewa Hindu itu ditempatkan di sebuah kuil monumental dan diberi semakin rumit ibadat puja gaya imperialis \". Walaupun Buddhisme tidak hilang dari India selama beberapa abad selepas kedelapan, ketuanan kerajaan untuk pemujaan Vishnu dan Shiva melemahkan kedudukan Buddhisme dalam konteks sosiopolitik dan membantu menjadikan kemungkinan penurunannya. <> Apakah budaya yang melemahkan Buddhisme di India? || Vishnu dan Shiva <> Apa yang menggantikan Buddha di pusat penguasa? || Dewa Hindu <> Apakah jenis kuil yang dibina untuk Dewa Hindu? || monumental <> Apakah gaya ibadat Hindu? || terperinci <> Dengan apa pergumulan yang dilakukan Buddha menghilang banyak dari India? || kelapan", {"context": "Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods \"replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship\". Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth, royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Vishnu and Shiva"}], "question": "What cults weakened Buddhism in India?", "id": "572879b54b864d1900164a1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Hindu gods"}], "question": "What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?", "id": "572879b54b864d1900164a1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "monumental"}], "question": "What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?", "id": "572879b54b864d1900164a20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "elaborate"}], "question": "What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods?", "id": "572879b54b864d1900164a21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "eighth"}], "question": "By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?", "id": "572879b54b864d1900164a22"}]}], ["Dari abad kelima hingga ke tiga belas, pengorbanan \u015arauta merosot, dan tradisi inisiasi Buddhisme, Jainisme atau lebih biasa Shaivism, Vaishnavisme dan Shaktisme berkembang di mahkamah diraja. Tempoh ini menghasilkan beberapa seni India yang terbaik, dianggap sebagai lambang pembangunan klasik, dan pembangunan sistem rohani dan falsafah utama yang terus berada dalam Hinduisme, Buddhisme dan Jainisme. Maharaja Harsha dari Kannauj berjaya menyatukan semula India utara semasa pemerintahannya pada abad ke-7, selepas kejatuhan dinasti Gupta. Empayarnya runtuh selepas kematiannya. <> Apa yang merosot dari 5 ke abad ke-13 || Pengorbanan \u015arauta <> Apa tradisi falsafah yang dibangunkan dalam tempoh abad ke-5 hingga ke-13? || Hindu, Buddhisme dan Jainisme <> Dalam abad apakah pemerintahan Harsha? || Abad ke-7 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada empayar Harsha selepas kematiannya? || runtuh <> Kawasan apa yang Harsha bersatu selama pemerintahannya? || utara India", {"context": "From the fifth century to the thirteenth, \u015arauta sacrifices declined, and initiatory traditions of Buddhism, Jainism or more commonly Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism expanded in royal courts. This period produced some of India's finest art, considered the epitome of classical development, and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Emperor Harsha of Kannauj succeeded in reuniting northern India during his reign in the 7th century, after the collapse of the Gupta dynasty. His empire collapsed after his death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "\u015arauta sacrifices"}], "question": "What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries", "id": "572878323acd2414000dfa35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism"}], "question": "What philosophical traditions developed during the period of the 5th to the 13th centuries?", "id": "572878323acd2414000dfa36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "7th century"}], "question": "In what century was Harsha's rule? ", "id": "572878323acd2414000dfa37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "collapsed"}], "question": "What happened to Harsha's empire after his death?", "id": "572878323acd2414000dfa38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "northern India"}], "question": "What area did Harsha unite during his reign?", "id": "572878323acd2414000dfa39"}]}], ["Titik tinggi kreativiti budaya ini adalah seni bina, patung, dan lukisan yang mengagumkan. Tempoh Gupta menghasilkan sarjana seperti Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma, dan Vatsyayana yang membuat kemajuan besar di banyak bidang akademik. Periode Gupta menandakan aliran sungai budaya India: Guptas melakukan pengorbanan Vedic untuk mengesahkan pemerintahan mereka, tetapi mereka juga menyokong Buddhisme, yang terus memberikan alternatif kepada ortodoksi Brahmanis. Eksploitasi tentera tiga penguasa pertama - Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, dan Chandragupta II - membawa banyak India di bawah kepimpinan mereka. Sains dan pentadbiran politik mencapai tahap yang lebih tinggi semasa era Gupta. Hubungan perdagangan yang kuat juga menjadikan rantau sebagai pusat kebudayaan yang penting dan membentuknya sebagai pangkalan yang akan mempengaruhi kerajaan dan rantau yang berdekatan di Burma, Sri Lanka, Maritim Asia Tenggara, dan Indochina. Atas alasan ini, ahli sejarah Dr.Barnett berkata: <> Apa yang Guptas mempromosikan dalam pemerintahan mereka? || Budaya India <> Selain daripada amalan Veda, apakah agama lain yang dilakukan oleh Guptas? || Buddhisme <> Apa Guptas membawa banyak India di bawah pemerintahan Gupta? || tiga penguasa pertama <> Apa aktiviti perniagaan yang membuat Gupta Empire menonjol di India? || Hubungan perdagangan yang kuat <> Apakah hubungan perdagangan Gupta Empires mempengaruhi? || kerajaan berdekatan", {"context": "The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting. The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized Buddhism, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. The military exploits of the first three rulers \u2013 Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II - brought much of India under their leadership. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Indochina. For these reasons, historian Dr.Barnett remarked:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Indian culture"}], "question": "What did the Guptas promote in their reigns?", "id": "572871a03acd2414000df9f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "Besides the Vedic practices, what other religion did the Guptas patronize?", "id": "572871a03acd2414000df9fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "first three rulers"}], "question": "What Guptas brought much of India under Gupta rule?", "id": "572871a03acd2414000df9fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 709, "text": "Strong trade ties"}], "question": "What business activity made the Gupta Empire prominent in India?", "id": "572871a03acd2414000df9fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "nearby kingdoms"}], "question": "What did the Gupta Empires trade ties influence?", "id": "572871a03acd2414000df9fd"}]}], ["The Hephthalites (atau Ephthalites), yang juga dikenali sebagai Hukuman Putih, adalah penggabungan nomad di Asia Tengah pada zaman kuno. Bangsa-Bangsa Putih meneguhkan diri mereka di Afghanistan moden pada separuh pertama abad ke-5. Dipimpin oleh pemimpin ketua Hun Toramana, mereka mengatasi wilayah utara Pakistan dan India Utara. Anak lelaki Toramana Mihirakula, seorang Hindu Saivite, bergerak ke arah Pataliputra ke timur dan Gwalior ke India tengah. Hiuen Tsiang menceritakan penganiayaan Mihirakula terhadap penganut Buddha dan pemusnahan biara-biara, walaupun perihal itu dipertikaikan sejauh keasliannya. Hun ini dikalahkan oleh raja India Yasodharman dari Malwa dan Narasimhagupta pada abad ke-6. Sebahagian daripada mereka telah dihalau keluar dari India dan yang lain diasimilasikan dalam masyarakat India. <> Apa jenis puak yang Hephthalites? || persekutuan nomad <> Di mana orang-orang White berkeliaran? || Asia Tengah <> Di negara manakah kaum bangsawan menetap? || Afghanistan <> Tanah apa yang dibina oleh kaum-kaum Putih pada abad ke-5? || Pakistan dan India Utara", {"context": "The Hephthalites (or Ephthalites), also known as the White Huns, were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period. The White Huns established themselves in modern-day Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century. Led by the Hun military leader Toramana, they overran the northern region of Pakistan and North India. Toramana's son Mihirakula, a Saivite Hindu, moved up to near Pataliputra to the east and Gwalior to the central India. Hiuen Tsiang narrates Mihirakula's merciless persecution of Buddhists and destruction of monasteries, though the description is disputed as far as the authenticity is concerned. The Huns were defeated by the Indian kings Yasodharman of Malwa and Narasimhagupta in the 6th century. Some of them were driven out of India and others were assimilated in the Indian society.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "nomadic confederation"}], "question": "What type of trib were the Hephthalites?", "id": "5728750eff5b5019007da251"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Central Asia"}], "question": "Where did the White Huns roam?", "id": "5728750eff5b5019007da252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Afghanistan"}], "question": "In what country did the White Huns settle?", "id": "5728750eff5b5019007da253"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Pakistan and North India"}], "question": "What lands did the White Huns take in the 5th century? ", "id": "5728750eff5b5019007da254"}]}], ["India klasik merujuk kepada zaman ketika kebanyakan anak benua India bersatu semula di bawah Empayar Gupta (c. 320-550 M). Tempoh ini telah dipanggil Zaman Emas India dan ditandai oleh pencapaian yang luas dalam sains, teknologi, kejuruteraan, seni, dialektik, kesusasteraan, logik, matematik, astronomi, agama, dan falsafah yang mengkristaliskan unsur-unsur yang umumnya dikenali sebagai Hindu budaya. Angka-angka Hindu-Arab, sistem angka kedudukan, berasal dari India dan kemudiannya ditransmisikan ke Barat melalui orang-orang Arab. Nombor Hindu awal hanya sembilan simbol, sehingga 600 hingga 800 CE, apabila simbol untuk sifar dibangunkan untuk sistem angka. Perdamaian dan kesejahteraan yang diwujudkan di bawah kepimpinan Guptas membolehkan usaha sains dan seni di India. <> Dengan apa yang dirujuk oleh India di bawah Empayar Gupta? || India klasik <> Apakah tempoh masa Empayar Gupta? || c. 320-550 CE <> Berapakah tempoh Empayar Gupta dipanggil? || Zaman Emas India <> Apa falsafah yang ditubuhkan pada zaman Empayar Gupta? || Budaya Hindu <> Apakah sistem nombor yang berasal dari India? || Hindu-Arab", {"context": "Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. 320\u2013550 CE). This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. The Hindu-Arabic numerals, a positional numeral system, originated in India and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Classical India"}], "question": "By what is India under the Gupta Empire referered?", "id": "57286fe02ca10214002da350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "c. 320\u2013550 CE"}], "question": "What was the time span of the Gupta Empire?", "id": "57286fe02ca10214002da351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Golden Age of India"}], "question": "What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?", "id": "57286fe02ca10214002da352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Hindu culture"}], "question": "What philosophy  formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?", "id": "57286fe02ca10214002da353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Hindu-Arabic"}], "question": "What numeral system originated in India?", "id": "57286fe02ca10214002da354"}]}], ["Selepas kejatuhan Empayar Gupta sebelum pertengahan abad ke-6, India Utara kembali ke republik kecil dan negara-negara monarki kecil yang diperintah oleh raja-raja Gupta. Harsha adalah seorang yang menukar agama Buddha. Beliau menyatukan republik-republik kecil dari Punjab ke India tengah, dan wakil mereka memahkotai raja Harsha pada suatu perhimpunan pada bulan April 606 memberinya gelaran Maharaja ketika ia berusia 16 tahun. Harsha milik Kanojia. Dia membawa seluruh India utara di bawah kawalannya. Perdamaian dan kemakmuran yang berjaya menjadikan mahkamah sebagai pusat kosmopolitanisme, menarik para ulama, pelukis dan pelawat keagamaan dari jauh. Pengembara Cina Xuan Zang melawat pengadilan Harsha dan menulis sebuah laporan yang sangat menguntungkan tentangnya, memuji keadilan dan kemurahan hati. <> Dalam abad mana kejatuhan Empayar Gupta? || pertengahan abad ke-6 <> Ke apa jenis negeri yang pernah mantan Gupta Empire kembali? || kecil <> Selepas menyatukan kawasan itu, apakah tajuk yang diberikan oleh Harsha? || Maharaja <> Kapan Harsha dinobatkan oleh negara-negara yang ia bersatu? || April 606 <> Kepercayaan agama apa yang telah diubah oleh Harsha? || Buddhisme", {"context": "After the downfall of the prior Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century, North India reverted to small republics and small monarchical states ruled by Gupta rulers. Harsha was a convert to Buddhism. He united the small republics from Punjab to central India, and their representatives crowned Harsha king at an assembly in April 606 giving him the title of Maharaja when he was merely 16 years old. Harsha belonged to Kanojia. He brought all of northern India under his control. The peace and prosperity that prevailed made his court a center of cosmopolitanism, attracting scholars, artists and religious visitors from far and wide. The Chinese traveler Xuan Zang visited the court of Harsha and wrote a very favorable account of him, praising his justice and generosity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "middle of the 6th century"}], "question": "In which century did the Gupta Empire fall?", "id": "572876804b864d1900164a0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "small"}], "question": "To what type of states did the former Gupta Empire revert?", "id": "572876804b864d1900164a0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Maharaja"}], "question": "After uniting the area, what title was Harsha given?", "id": "572876804b864d1900164a0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "April 606"}], "question": "When was Harsha crowned by the states he united?", "id": "572876804b864d1900164a0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "To what religion had Harsha been converted?", "id": "572876804b864d1900164a0e"}]}], ["Kadamba (345 - 525 CE) adalah dinasti raja purba di Karnataka, India yang memerintah utara Karnataka dan Konkan dari Banavasi di distrik Uttara Kannada saat ini. Pada puncak kuasa mereka di bawah Raja Kakushtavarma, Kadambas Banavasi memerintah sebahagian besar negara Karnataka moden. Dinasti ini diasaskan oleh Mayurasharma pada tahun 345 CE yang kemudiannya menunjukkan potensi berkembang menjadi proporsi imperial, suatu petunjuk yang diberikan oleh gelaran dan epithet yang diasumsikan oleh para penguasanya. Raja Mayurasharma mengalahkan tentera Pallavas Kanchi mungkin dengan bantuan beberapa puak asli. Kemasyhuran Kadamba mencapai kemuncaknya semasa pemerintahan Kakusthavarma, seorang penguasa yang terkenal dengan siapa bahkan raja-raja Dinasti Gupta di utara India menanam perkawinan perkawinan. Kadambas adalah zaman purba Dinasti Ganga Barat dan bersama-sama mereka membentuk kerajaan-kerajaan asli paling awal untuk memerintah tanah dengan autonomi mutlak. Dinasti ini kemudiannya terus memerintah sebagai perusahan empayar Kannada yang lebih besar, Chalukya dan kerajaan Rashtrakuta, selama lebih dari lima ratus tahun ketika itu mereka bercabang menjadi dinasti minor yang dikenal sebagai Kadambas Goa, Kadambas dari Halasi dan Kadambas Hangal. <> Semasa masa Kadamba memerintah utara Karnataka? || 345 - 525 CE <> Dimana berasal dari Dinasti Kadamba? || Karnataka, India <> Penguasa apa yang memerintah di puncak kuasa Kadamba? || Raja Kakushtavarma <> Siapakah yang mendirikan dinasti Kamdamba? || Mayurasharma <> Apa dinasti yang membuat pakatan tentera dengan Kamdamba? || Dinasti Gupta", {"context": "Kadamba (345 \u2013 525 CE) was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, India that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district. At the peak of their power under King Kakushtavarma, the Kadambas of Banavasi ruled large parts of modern Karnataka state. The dynasty was founded by Mayurasharma in 345 CE which at later times showed the potential of developing into imperial proportions, an indication to which is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers. King Mayurasharma defeated the armies of Pallavas of Kanchi possibly with help of some native tribes. The Kadamba fame reached its peak during the rule of Kakusthavarma, a notable ruler with whom even the kings of Gupta Dynasty of northern India cultivated marital alliances. The Kadambas were contemporaries of the Western Ganga Dynasty and together they formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with absolute autonomy. The dynasty later continued to rule as a feudatory of larger Kannada empires, the Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta empires, for over five hundred years during which time they branched into minor dynasties known as the Kadambas of Goa, Kadambas of Halasi and Kadambas of Hangal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "345 \u2013 525 CE"}], "question": "During what time did Kadamba rule northern Karnataka?", "id": "572873c13acd2414000dfa0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Karnataka, India"}], "question": "Where did the Kadamba dynasty originate?", "id": "572873c13acd2414000dfa0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "King Kakushtavarma"}], "question": "What ruler ruled at the peak of Kadamba power?", "id": "572873c13acd2414000dfa0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Mayurasharma"}], "question": "Who founded the Kamdamba dynasty?", "id": "572873c13acd2414000dfa10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "Gupta Dynasty"}], "question": "What dynasty made military alliances with the Kamdamba?", "id": "572873c13acd2414000dfa11"}]}], ["Diasaskan oleh Dantidurga sekitar 753, Empayar Rashtrakuta memerintah dari ibukota di Manyakheta selama hampir dua abad. Di puncaknya, Rashtrakutas memerintah dari Sungai Ganges dan Yamuna River doab di utara ke Cape Comorin di selatan, masa pembesaran politik, pencapaian seni bina dan sumbangan sastera yang terkenal. [Rujukan?] Raja-raja awal dinasti ini adalah Hindu tetapi raja-raja kemudian sangat dipengaruhi oleh Jainisme. Govinda III dan Amoghavarsha adalah yang paling terkenal dari garis panjang pentadbir yang mampu dihasilkan oleh dinasti. Amoghavarsha, yang memerintah selama 64 tahun, juga seorang pengarang dan menulis Kavirajamarga, karya Kannada yang paling awal diketahui oleh puisi. Senibina mencapai kejayaan dalam gaya Dravidian, contoh terbaik yang dilihat di Kuil Kailasanath di Ellora. Sumbangan penting lain adalah ukiran Gua Elephanta di Maharashtra moden serta kuil Kashivishvanatha dan kuil Jain Narayana di Pattadakal di Karnataka moden, semuanya adalah Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO. Pengembara Arab Suleiman menggambarkan Empayar Rashtrakuta sebagai salah satu dari empat Empayar yang hebat di dunia. Masa Rashtrakuta menandakan permulaan era keemasan matematik India selatan. Mathematician India yang hebat Mah\u0101v\u012bra (ahli matematik) tinggal di Empayar Rashtrakuta dan teksnya mempunyai kesan besar pada ahli matematik India abad pertengahan yang hidup selepasnya. Para penguasa Rashtrakuta juga melayan lelaki surat, yang menulis dalam pelbagai bahasa dari bahasa Sanskrit ke Apabhra\u1e43\u015bas. <> Bilakah Empayar Rastrakuta bermula? || 753 <> Di mana lokasi ibukota Empayar Rashtrakuta? || Manyakheta <> Apa iman penguasa awal Rastrakuta Empayar? || Hindu <> Dengan apa yang dipengaruhi oleh raja-raja yang terakhir dari Empayar Rastrakuta? || Jainisme <> Apa yang memerintah raja Rastrakuta selama 64 tahun? || Amoghavarsha", {"context": "Founded by Dantidurga around 753, the Rashtrakuta Empire ruled from its capital at Manyakheta for almost two centuries. At its peak, the Rashtrakutas ruled from the Ganges River and Yamuna River doab in the north to Cape Comorin in the south, a fruitful time of political expansion, architectural achievements and famous literary contributions.[citation needed] The early kings of this dynasty were Hindu but the later kings were strongly influenced by Jainism. Govinda III and Amoghavarsha were the most famous of the long line of able administrators produced by the dynasty. Amoghavarsha, who ruled for 64 years, was also an author and wrote Kavirajamarga, the earliest known Kannada work on poetics. Architecture reached a milestone in the Dravidian style, the finest example of which is seen in the Kailasanath Temple at Ellora. Other important contributions are the sculptures of Elephanta Caves in modern Maharashtra as well as the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal in modern Karnataka, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Arab traveler Suleiman described the Rashtrakuta Empire as one of the four great Empires of the world. The Rashtrakuta period marked the beginning of the golden age of southern Indian mathematics. The great south Indian mathematician Mah\u0101v\u012bra (mathematician) lived in the Rashtrakuta Empire and his text had a huge impact on the medieval south Indian mathematicians who lived after him. The Rashtrakuta rulers also patronised men of letters, who wrote in a variety of languages from Sanskrit to the Apabhra\u1e43\u015bas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "753"}], "question": "When was the Rastrakuta Empire started?", "id": "57287f0f2ca10214002da402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Manyakheta"}], "question": "In what location was the capital of the Rashtrakuta Empire?", "id": "57287f0f2ca10214002da403"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Hindu"}], "question": "What was the faith of the early rulers of the Rastrakuta Empire?", "id": "57287f0f2ca10214002da404"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Jainism"}], "question": "By what were the later kings of the Rastrakuta Empire influenced?", "id": "57287f0f2ca10214002da405"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Amoghavarsha"}], "question": "What Rastrakuta king ruler for 64 years?", "id": "57287f0f2ca10214002da406"}]}], ["Empayar Chalukya (Kannada: \u0c9a\u0cbe\u0cb2\u0cc1\u0c95\u0ccd\u0caf\u0cb0\u0cc1 [t\u0283a\u02d0\u026dukj\u0259]) adalah dinasti diraja India yang memerintah sebahagian besar India selatan dan tengah antara abad ke-6 dan ke-12. Dalam tempoh ini, mereka memerintah sebagai tiga dinasti berkaitan tetapi individu. Dinasti terawal, yang dikenali sebagai \"Badami Chalukyas\", memerintah dari Vatapi (Badami moden) dari pertengahan abad ke-6. The Badami Chalukyas mula menegaskan kemerdekaan mereka pada kemunduran kerajaan Banavasi Kadamba dan dengan cepat meningkat menjadi terkenal selama pemerintahan Pulakeshin II. Peraturan Chalukyas menandakan peristiwa penting dalam sejarah India Selatan dan zaman kegemilangan dalam sejarah Karnataka. Suasana politik di India Selatan beralih dari kerajaan-kerajaan kecil ke empayar besar dengan peningkatan Badami Chalukyas. Sebuah kerajaan yang berpusat di India Selatan mengawal dan menyatukan seluruh kawasan antara Kaveri dan sungai Narmada. Kebangkitan kekaisaran ini menyaksikan kelahiran pentadbiran yang cekap, perdagangan dan perdagangan luar negeri dan perkembangan gaya arsitektur baru yang dipanggil \"seni bina Chalukyan\". Dinasti Chalukya memerintah bahagian India selatan dan tengah dari Badami di Karnataka antara 550 dan 750, dan sekali lagi dari Kalyani antara 970 dan 1190. <Kali pertama pemerintahan Chalukya? || Abad ke-6 dan abad ke-12 <> Apa bahagian India yang memerintah Empayar Chalukya? || selatan dan tengah <> Apa arsitektur gaya yang dibangunkan semasa pemerintahan Chaluka? || Senibina Chalukyan <> Bilakah aturan Chalukyans dari Badami? || 550 dan 750 <> Bilakah pemerintahan kedua Chalukyans? || 970 dan 1190", {"context": "The Chalukya Empire (Kannada: \u0c9a\u0cbe\u0cb2\u0cc1\u0c95\u0ccd\u0caf\u0cb0\u0cc1 [t\u0283a\u02d0\u026dukj\u0259]) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the \"Badami Chalukyas\", ruled from Vatapi (modern Badami) from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II. The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called \"Chalukyan architecture\". The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India from Badami in Karnataka between 550 and 750, and then again from Kalyani between 970 and 1190.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "6th and the 12th centuries"}], "question": "When did the Chalukya Empire rule?", "id": "57287da82ca10214002da3ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "southern and central"}], "question": "What portion of India did the Chalukya Empire rule?", "id": "57287da82ca10214002da3ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "Chalukyan architecture"}], "question": "What style of architecture developed during the Chaluka reigns? ", "id": "57287da82ca10214002da3f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1199, "text": "550 and 750"}], "question": "When did the Chalukyans rule from Badami?", "id": "57287da82ca10214002da3f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1248, "text": "970 and 1190"}], "question": "When was the second reign of Chalukyans?", "id": "57287da82ca10214002da3f2"}]}], ["Dari abad ke-8 hingga abad ke-10, tiga dinasti bertanding untuk mengawal utara India: Gurjara Pratiharas dari Malwa, Palas Bengal, dan Rashtrakutas dari Deccan. Dinasti Sena kemudiannya akan menguasai Empayar Pala, dan Gurjara Pratiharas berpecah kepada pelbagai negeri. Ini adalah yang pertama dari negara-negara Rajput. Kerajaan Rajput pertama yang direkodkan muncul di Rajasthan pada abad ke-6, dan dinasti Rajput kecil kemudian memerintah di utara India. Seorang Gurjar Rajput dari klan Chauhan, Prithvi Raj Chauhan, terkenal kerana konflik berdarah terhadap kesultanan Turkic yang maju. Kerajaan Chola muncul sebagai kuasa utama semasa pemerintahan Raja Raja Chola I dan Rajendra Chola I yang berjaya menyerang bahagian Asia Tenggara dan Sri Lanka pada abad ke-11. Lalitaditya Muktapida (rm 724 CE-760 CE) adalah seorang maharaja Kashmiri Karko\u1e6da dinasti, yang menggunakan pengaruh di barat laut India dari 625 CE hingga 1003, dan diikuti oleh dinasti Lohara. Dia terkenal terutamanya untuk pertempurannya yang berjaya melawan kemajuan Islam dan Tibet ke wilayah yang dikuasai Kashmir. Kalhana dalam Rajatarangini memuji raja Lalitaditya dengan memimpin kempen ketenteraan agresif di India Utara dan Asia Tengah. Dia memecah Uttarapatha dan mengalahkan puak-puak pemberontak Kambojas, Tukharas (Turki di Turkmenistan dan Tocharians di Badakhshan), Bhautas (Tibet di Baltistan dan Tibet) dan Daradas (Dards). Kempennya kemudiannya membawanya untuk menaklukkan kerajaan-kerajaan Pragjyotisha, Strirajya dan Uttarakurus. Dinasti Shahi memerintah bahagian timur Afghanistan, Pakistan utara, dan Kashmir dari pertengahan abad ke-7 hingga awal abad ke-11. <> Berapa banyak dinasti berjuang untuk dikawal dari 8 hingga ke 10? || tiga <> Bilakah kerajaan Rajput yang pertama muncul di India? || Abad ke-6 <> Apa penguasa Rajput dikenali kerana konfliknya dengan kesultanan Turki? || Prithvi Raj Chauhan <> Pada abad apakah kerajaan Chola muncul? || Abad ke-11 <> Siapakah kaisar Dinasti Karkota Kashmir? || Lalitaditya Muktapida", {"context": "From the 8th to the 10th century, three dynasties contested for control of northern India: the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa, the Palas of Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan. The Sena dynasty would later assume control of the Pala Empire, and the Gurjara Pratiharas fragmented into various states. These were the first of the Rajput states. The first recorded Rajput kingdoms emerged in Rajasthan in the 6th century, and small Rajput dynasties later ruled much of northern India. One Gurjar Rajput of the Chauhan clan, Prithvi Raj Chauhan, was known for bloody conflicts against the advancing Turkic sultanates. The Chola empire emerged as a major power during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I who successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka in the 11th century. Lalitaditya Muktapida (r. 724 CE\u2013760 CE) was an emperor of the Kashmiri Karko\u1e6da dynasty, which exercised influence in northwestern India from 625 CE until 1003, and was followed by Lohara dynasty. He is known primarily for his successful battles against the Muslim and Tibetan advances into Kashmiri-dominated regions. Kalhana in his Rajatarangini credits king Lalitaditya with leading an aggressive military campaign in Northern India and Central Asia. He broke into the Uttarapatha and defeated the rebellious tribes of the Kambojas, Tukharas (Turks in Turkmenistan and Tocharians in Badakhshan), Bhautas (Tibetans in Baltistan and Tibet) and Daradas (Dards). His campaign then led him to subjugate the kingdoms of Pragjyotisha, Strirajya and the Uttarakurus. The Shahi dynasty ruled portions of eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir from the mid-7th century to the early 11th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many dynasties fought for control from the 8th to the 10th century?", "id": "57287bee2ca10214002da3c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "6th century"}], "question": "When did the first Rajput kingdoms emerge in India?", "id": "57287bee2ca10214002da3c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "Prithvi Raj Chauhan"}], "question": "What Rajput ruler was known for his conflicts with the Turkic sultanates?", "id": "57287bee2ca10214002da3c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "11th century"}], "question": "In what century did the Chola Empire emerge?", "id": "57287bee2ca10214002da3c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "Lalitaditya Muktapida"}], "question": "Who was emperor of the Kashmiri  Karkota dynasty?", "id": "57287bee2ca10214002da3ca"}]}], ["Dinasti Kabul Shahi memerintah Lembah Kabul dan Gandhara (moden Pakistan dan Afghanistan) dari kemerosotan Empayar Kushan pada abad ke-3 hingga awal abad ke-9. Shahis pada umumnya berpecah menjadi dua zaman: Shahis Buddha dan Hindu Shahis, dengan pemikiran perubahan telah terjadi pada sekitar 870. Kerajaan itu dikenali sebagai Kabul Shahan atau Ratbelshahan dari 565-670, ketika ibu kota itu terletak di Kapisa dan Kabul, dan kemudian Udabhandapura, yang juga dikenali sebagai Hund untuk modal baru. <> Sehingga berabad apa dinasti Dinasti Kabul Shahi memerintah Lembah Kabul? || Abad ke-9 <> Kemerosotan kerajaan apa yang membenarkan pemerintahan empayar Kabul Shahi? || Kushan <> Berapa banyak zaman Shahis dibahagikan? || dua <> Bilakah menukar Shahis dari Buddha ke Hindu? || 870 <> Apa kerajaan dipanggil Shahis? || Kabul Shahan", {"context": "The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565-670, when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul, and later Udabhandapura, also known as Hund for its new capital.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "9th century"}], "question": "Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley?", "id": "572891a0ff5b5019007da300"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Kushan"}], "question": "The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire?", "id": "572891a0ff5b5019007da301"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many eras are the Shahis divided into?", "id": "572891a0ff5b5019007da302"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "870"}], "question": "When did the Shahis switch from Buddhist to Hindu?", "id": "572891a0ff5b5019007da303"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Kabul Shahan"}], "question": "What was the kingdom of the Shahis called?", "id": "572891a0ff5b5019007da304"}]}], ["Pada 712, jeneral Muslim Arab Muhammad bin Qasim menakluk kebanyakan rantau Indus di Pakistan moden untuk Empayar Umayyad, menggabungkannya sebagai wilayah \"As-Sindh\" dengan ibu kota di Al-Mansurah, 72 km (45 mi) utara Hyderabad moden di Sindh, Pakistan. Selepas beberapa serangan, raja-raja Hindu di timur Indus mengalahkan orang Arab di Pertempuran Rajasthan, menghentikan perkembangan mereka dan memasukkannya ke Sindh di Pakistan. Empayar Chalukya selatan India di bawah Vikramaditya II, Nagabhata I dari dinasti Pratihara dan Bappa Rawal dari dinasti Guhilot menangkis penjajah Arab pada awal abad ke-8. <> Pada tahun apakah umat Islam Muhammad bin Qasim mengambil alih sebahagian besar kawasan Indus? || 712 <> Yang akhirnya mengalahkan orang Arab di Rajasthan? || Raja-raja Hindu <> Di mana kawasan Raja-raja India mengandungi Arab? || Sindh di Pakistan <> Bilakah serangan Arab ditangkis? || awal abad ke-8 <> Di mana orang-orang Arab menubuhkan sebagai ibu kota wilayah yang baru ditaklukkan? || Al-Mansurah", {"context": "In 712, Arab Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region in modern-day Pakistan for the Umayyad Empire, incorporating it as the \"As-Sindh\" province with its capital at Al-Mansurah, 72 km (45 mi) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh, Pakistan. After several incursions, the Hindu kings east of Indus defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Rajasthan, halting their expansion and containing them at Sindh in Pakistan. The south Indian Chalukya empire under Vikramaditya II, Nagabhata I of the Pratihara dynasty and Bappa Rawal of the Guhilot dynasty repulsed the Arab invaders in the early 8th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "712"}], "question": "In what year did Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim take over most of the Indus area?", "id": "57288d1dff5b5019007da2d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Hindu kings"}], "question": "Who eventually defeated the Arabs at Rajasthan?", "id": "57288d1dff5b5019007da2d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Sindh in Pakistan"}], "question": "In what area did the Indian Kings contain the Arabs?", "id": "57288d1dff5b5019007da2d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "early 8th century"}], "question": "When was the Arab invasion repulsed?", "id": "57288d1dff5b5019007da2d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Al-Mansurah"}], "question": "Where did the Arabs establish as the capital of the newly conquered territory?", "id": "57288d1dff5b5019007da2d6"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, tentera tidak ada harapan dalam pertempuran melawan pasukan barat, terutamanya menentang Mahmud muda Ghazni. Pada tahun 1001, tidak lama selepas Sultan Mahmud berkuasa dan diduduki dengan Qarakhanids di utara Hindu Kush, Jaipal menyerang Ghazni sekali lagi dan setelah mengalami kekalahan lain oleh pasukan Ghaznavid yang kuat, dekat Peshawar sekarang ini. Selepas Pertempuran Peshawar, dia bunuh diri kerana subjeknya menganggap dia telah membawa bencana dan kehinaan kepada dinasti Shahi. <> Pada tahun apakah Jaipal lagi dikalahkan oleh umat Islam? || 1001 <> Di manakah letak kekalahan Shahi oleh umat Islam? || Pertempuran Peshawar <> Apa tindakan Jaipal selepas kekalahan terakhirnya? || Bunuh diri <> Apabila apa yang dikatakan Jaipal bahawa dia membawa bencana? || Dinasti Shahi <> Siapa penguasa Ghazni? || Mahmud dari Ghazni", {"context": "However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar. After the Battle of Peshawar, he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "1001"}], "question": "In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?", "id": "5728989e3acd2414000dfb4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Battle of Peshawar"}], "question": "Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?", "id": "5728989e3acd2414000dfb4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "committed suicide"}], "question": "What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?", "id": "5728989e3acd2414000dfb4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Shahi dynasty"}], "question": "Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?", "id": "5728989e3acd2414000dfb50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Mahmud of Ghazni"}], "question": "Who was the ruler of Ghazni?", "id": "5728989e3acd2414000dfb51"}]}], ["Shahis Hindu di bawah Jayapala, terkenal dengan perjuangannya dalam mempertahankan kerajaannya terhadap Ghaznavids di wilayah timur Afghanistan dan Pakistan timur moden. Jayapala melihat bahaya dalam penyatuan Ghaznavids dan menyerang ibu kota Ghazni keduanya dalam pemerintahan Sebuktigin dan dengan anaknya Mahmud, yang memulakan perjuangan Muslim Ghaznavid dan Hindu Shahi. Bagaimanapun, Sebuk Tigin mengalahkannya, dan dia terpaksa membayar ganti rugi. Jayapala memungkiri pembayaran dan pergi ke medan perang sekali lagi. Namun, Jayapala kehilangan kendali seluruh wilayah antara Lembah Kabul dan Sungai Indus. <> Dalam apa id Jayapala melihat bahaya untuk dinastinya? || penyatuan Ghaznavids <> Apa bandar Jayapala menyerang sekurang-kurangnya dua kali? || Ghazni <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Jayapala dan memerlukan bayaran ganti rugi? || Sebuk Tigin <> Apa bahagian kawasan yang hilang Jayapala? || Lembah Kabul dan Sungai Indus <> Apakah respon Jayapala terhadap pembayaran ganti rugi? || ingkar", {"context": "The Hindu Shahis under Jayapala, is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the Ghaznavids in the modern-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and in that of his son Mahmud, which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles. Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity. Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more. Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and Indus River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "consolidation of the Ghaznavids"}], "question": "In what id Jayapala see a danger to his dynasty?", "id": "5728939a2ca10214002da482"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Ghazni"}], "question": "What city did Jayapala invade at least twice?", "id": "5728939a2ca10214002da483"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Sebuk Tigin"}], "question": "Who defeated Jayapala and required an indemnity payment?", "id": "5728939a2ca10214002da484"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "Kabul Valley and Indus River"}], "question": "What part of the area did Jayapala lose?", "id": "5728939a2ca10214002da485"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "defaulted"}], "question": "What was Jayapala's response to the indemnity payment?", "id": "5728939a2ca10214002da486"}]}], ["Sastera Islam awal menunjukkan bahawa penaklukan India adalah salah satu cita-cita awal umat Islam, walaupun ia diiktiraf sebagai sesuatu yang amat sukar. Selepas menaklukkan Persia, Khalifah Umayyah Arab menggabungkan bahagian-bahagian yang sekarang menjadi Afghanistan dan Pakistan sekitar 720. Buku Chach Nama mencatat tempoh Dinasti Chacha, berikutan kematian dinasti Rai dan pendakian Chach of Alor ke takhta, hingga penaklukan Arab oleh Muhammad bin Qasim pada awal abad ke-8 M, dengan mengalahkan raja Hindu terakhir Sindh, Raja Dahir. <> Kumpulan apa yang ingin menakluk India dari zaman dahulu? || Muslim <> Apa empayar mengambil alih bahagian Afghanistan dan Pakistan pada tahun 720? || Khalifah Umayyah Arab <> Yang merupakan raja terakhir Hindu dari Sindh? || Raja Dahir <> Apa pemimpin Arab menyelesaikan cita-cita awal Arab dengan menakluk bahagian utara India? || Muhammad bin Qasim <Bagaimana umat Islam awal melihat kemungkinan menawan India? || sukar", {"context": "The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims, though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one. After conquering Persia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720. The book Chach Nama chronicles the Chacha Dynasty's period, following the demise of the Rai Dynasty and the ascent of Chach of Alor to the throne, down to the Arab conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century AD, by defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh, Raja Dahir.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Muslims"}], "question": "What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times?", "id": "57288af83acd2414000dfabd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Arab Umayyad Caliphate"}], "question": "What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?", "id": "57288af83acd2414000dfabe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "Raja Dahir"}], "question": "Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh?", "id": "57288af83acd2414000dfabf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Muhammad bin Qasim"}], "question": "What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India?", "id": "57288af83acd2414000dfac0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "difficult"}], "question": "How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India? ", "id": "57288af83acd2414000dfac1"}]}], ["Beberapa kerajaan Islam (kesultanan) di bawah kedua-dua orang asing dan, yang baru ditukar, penguasa Rajput ditubuhkan di seluruh benua utara barat (Afghanistan dan Pakistan) selama tempoh beberapa abad. Dari kurun ke-10, Sindh diperintah oleh dinasti Rajput Soomra, dan kemudian, pada abad ke-13 oleh Dinasti Rajput Samma. Di samping itu, masyarakat perdagangan Muslim berkembang di seluruh pesisir selatan India, khususnya di pantai barat di mana pedagang-pedagang Muslim tiba dalam jumlah kecil, terutamanya dari semenanjung Arab. Ini menandakan pengenalan agama Islam Timur Tengah yang ketiga, mengikut agama Yahudi dan Kristian, selalunya dalam bentuk puritan. Mahmud dari Ghazni pada awal abad ke-11 menyerbu terutamanya bahagian barat laut benua India sebanyak 17 kali, tetapi dia tidak berusaha untuk mewujudkan \"kekuasaan kekal\" di kawasan tersebut. <> Dalam bidang apa India adalah kerajaan-kerajaan Islam yang dibentuk sejak zaman berabad-abad? || Afghanistan dan Pakistan <> Apa usaha muslim yang berkembang pesat di kawasan pesisiran selatan India? || komuniti perdagangan <> Yang pantai selatan India disukai oleh pedagang Muslim? || pantai barat <> Dari mana pedagang Arab datang untuk berdagang di pantai barat India? || Semenanjung Arab <> Selain agama Islam yang baru diperkenalkan, apakah agama-agama Ibrahim yang lain diamalkan di India? || Yahudi dan Kristian", {"context": "Several Islamic kingdoms (sultanates) under both foreign and, newly converted, Rajput rulers were established across the north western subcontinent (Afghanistan and Pakistan) over a period of a few centuries. From the 10th century, Sindh was ruled by the Rajput Soomra dynasty, and later, in the mid-13th century by the Rajput Samma dynasty. Additionally, Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India, particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers, mainly from the Arabian peninsula. This marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion, following Judaism and Christianity, often in puritanical form. Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century raided mainly the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent 17 times, but he did not seek to establish \"permanent dominion\" in those areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Afghanistan and Pakistan"}], "question": "In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?", "id": "57288f98ff5b5019007da2f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "trading communities"}], "question": "What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India? ", "id": "57288f98ff5b5019007da2f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "western coast"}], "question": "Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?", "id": "57288f98ff5b5019007da2f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Arabian peninsula"}], "question": "From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?", "id": "57288f98ff5b5019007da2f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "Judaism and Christianity"}], "question": "Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?", "id": "57288f98ff5b5019007da2f4"}]}], ["Empayar Pala (Bengali: \u09aa\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af Pal Samrajy\u00f4) berkembang pada zaman Klasik India, dan mungkin bertarikh semasa 750-1174 CE. Didirikan oleh Gopala I, ia diperintah oleh dinasti Buddha dari Bengal di wilayah timur benua India. Walaupun Palas adalah pengikut sekolah Mahayana dan Tantrik Buddhisme, mereka juga menyokong Shaivism dan Vaishnavism. Malaikat Pala, yang bermaksud \"pelindung\", digunakan sebagai penghujung nama-nama semua raja Pala. Empayar mencapai puncaknya di bawah Dharmapala dan Devapala. Dharmapala diyakini telah menakluki Kanauj dan memperluas ke arah yang paling jauh di India di barat laut. Empayar Pala boleh dianggap sebagai zaman keemasan Bengal dalam banyak cara. Dharmapala mengasaskan Vikramashila dan menghidupkan semula Nalanda, dianggap salah satu universiti besar pertama dalam sejarah yang direkodkan. Nalanda mencapai ketinggian di bawah naungan Empayar Pala. Palas juga membina banyak viharas. Mereka mengekalkan hubungan budaya dan komersial yang rapat dengan negara-negara Asia Tenggara dan Tibet. Perdagangan laut menambah banyak kepada kemakmuran kerajaan Pala. Peniaga Arab Suleiman mencatatkan besarnya tentera Pala dalam memoirnya. <> Dalam apa tempoh masa Empayar Pala berkembang? || 750-1174 CE <> Sistem gaya kepercayaan apakah yang dimainkan oleh Pala Empire? || Buddha <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan Empayar Pala? || era keemasan Bengal <> Apa pusat pendidikan yang mencapai ketinggian semasa pemerintahan Pala? || Nalanda <> Penguasa apa yang mendirikan dinasti Pala? || Gopala I", {"context": "The Pala Empire (Bengali: \u09aa\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af Pal Samrajy\u00f4) flourished during the Classical period of India, and may be dated during 750\u20131174 CE. Founded by Gopala I, it was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. Though the Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism, they also patronised Shaivism and Vaishnavism. The morpheme Pala, meaning \"protector\", was used as an ending for the names of all the Pala monarchs. The empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala. Dharmapala is believed to have conquered Kanauj and extended his sway up to the farthest limits of India in the northwest. The Pala Empire can be considered as the golden era of Bengal in many ways. Dharmapala founded the Vikramashila and revived Nalanda, considered one of the first great universities in recorded history. Nalanda reached its height under the patronage of the Pala Empire. The Palas also built many viharas. They maintained close cultural and commercial ties with countries of Southeast Asia and Tibet. Sea trade added greatly to the prosperity of the Pala kingdom. The Arab merchant Suleiman notes the enormity of the Pala army in his memoirs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "750\u20131174 CE"}], "question": "During what span of time did the Pala Empire thrive?", "id": "572883f82ca10214002da434"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Buddhist"}], "question": "What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor?", "id": "572883f82ca10214002da435"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "golden era of Bengal"}], "question": "What is the term used to describe the Pala Empire?", "id": "572883f82ca10214002da436"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "Nalanda"}], "question": "What educational center reached it height during the Pala rule?", "id": "572883f82ca10214002da437"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Gopala I"}], "question": "What ruler founded the Pala dynasty?", "id": "572883f82ca10214002da438"}]}], ["Seperti masyarakat-masyarakat agrikultur yang lain yang terselamat dalam sejarah, mereka di benua kecil India telah diserang oleh puak-puak nomaden sepanjang sejarahnya yang panjang. Dalam menilai impak Islam di benua sub-benua, kita harus perhatikan bahawa benua barat laut adalah sasaran seramai suku yang menyerang dari Asia Tengah. Dalam erti kata itu, pencerobohan Islam dan pencerobohan Islam yang lain tidaklah berbeza dengan pencerobohan awal pada milenium pertama. Walau bagaimanapun, apa yang menyebabkan pencerobohan Islam dan pencerobohan Islam yang berlainan berbeza tidak seperti penceroboh terdahulu yang diasimilasikan ke dalam sistem sosial yang lazim, penakluk Muslim yang berjaya mengekalkan identiti Islam mereka dan mewujudkan sistem perundangan dan pentadbiran yang baru yang dicabar dan biasanya dalam banyak kes digantikan sistem sedia ada tingkah laku dan etika sosial yang ada, bahkan mempengaruhi pesaing bukan muslim dan rakyat biasa secara besar-besaran, walaupun penduduk bukan Islam terserah kepada undang-undang dan adat mereka sendiri. Mereka juga memperkenalkan kod budaya baru yang dalam beberapa cara sangat berbeza dengan kod budaya yang sedia ada. Ini membawa kepada kebangkitan budaya India baru yang bercampur dengan alam semulajadi, walaupun berbeza dari kebudayaan India kuno dan kebudayaan India barat yang kemudian menjadi barat. Pada masa yang sama ia harus diperhatikan bahawa majoriti umat Islam di India adalah orang India yang ditukar kepada Islam. Faktor ini juga memainkan peranan penting dalam sintesis budaya. <> Dari manakah penyerang datang untuk menyerang kaum agrarian India? || Asia Tengah <> Selepas sejarah menyerbu kumpulan, apa yang tidak luar biasa dalam sejarah subkontinenya? || Pencerobohan Islam <> Sebelum pencerobohan Islam, apa yang dilakukan penceroboh sebelumnya dalam budaya tempatan? || diasimilasikan <> Apa penyerbuan Muslim dengan tegas mengekalkan penyerangan? || Identiti Islam <> Apa jenis budaya India yang baru terbentuk dari campuran budaya ini? || bercampur", {"context": "Like other settled, agrarian societies in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the sub-continent, one must note that the northwestern sub-continent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium. What does however, make the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs. They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture which was mixed in nature, though different from both the ancient Indian culture and later westernized modern Indian culture. At the same time it must be noted that overwhelming majority of Muslims in India are Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Central Asia"}], "question": "From where did raiders come to attack the agrarian Indians?", "id": "57289abd2ca10214002da4b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Muslim intrusions"}], "question": "After a history of raiding groups, what is not remarkable in the history of the subcontinent?", "id": "57289abd2ca10214002da4b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "assimilated"}], "question": "Before the Muslim invasions, what did previous invaders do in the local cultures?", "id": "57289abd2ca10214002da4b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "Islamic identity"}], "question": "What did the Muslim invaders staunchly keep after invading?", "id": "57289abd2ca10214002da4b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1161, "text": "mixed"}], "question": "What type of new Indian culture was formed from this mixture of cultures?", "id": "57289abd2ca10214002da4b8"}]}], ["Empayar Chalukya Barat (Kannada: \u0caa\u0cb6\u0ccd\u0c9a\u0cbf\u0cae \u0c9a\u0cbe\u0cb2\u0cc1\u0c95\u0ccd\u0caf \u0cb8\u0cbe\u0cae\u0ccd\u0cb0\u0cbe\u0c9c\u0ccd\u0caf) menguasai sebahagian besar Deccan barat, India Selatan, antara abad ke-10 dan ke-12. Kawasan yang luas di antara Sungai Narmada di utara dan Sungai Kaveri di selatan berada di bawah kawalan Chalukya. Dalam tempoh ini keluarga-keluarga utama utama Deccan, Hoysalas, Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, dinasti Kakatiya dan Southern Kalachuri, adalah orang bawahan dari Chalukyas Barat dan meraih kemerdekaan mereka hanya apabila kuasa Chalukya merosot pada masa kemudian separuh abad ke-12. The Chalukyas Barat mengembangkan gaya senibina yang diketahui hari ini sebagai gaya peralihan, hubungan seni bina antara gaya Dinasti Chalukya awal dan kerajaan Hoysala yang kemudian. Kebanyakan monumennya terletak di daerah yang bersempadan dengan Sungai Tungabhadra di tengah Karnataka. Contoh yang terkenal ialah Kuil Kasivisvesvara di Lakkundi, Kuil Mallikarjuna di Kuruvatti, Kuil Kallesvara di Bagali dan Kuil Mahadeva di Itagi. Ini adalah masa yang penting dalam pembangunan seni halus di India Selatan, terutama dalam sastera kerana raja-raja Barat Chalukya menggalakkan penulis dalam bahasa ibunda Kannada, dan Sanskrit seperti ahli falsafah dan negarawan Basava dan ahli matematik hebat Bh\u0101skara II. <> Selama berabad-abad sudahkah pemerintahan Barat Chalukya? || 10 dan 12 <> Apakah gaya seni bina Chalukyas? || peralihan <> Di manakah Chalukyas membina sebahagian besar monumen mereka? || pusat Karnataka <> Apa yang raja-raja Chalukya menggalakkan para penulis untuk menggunakannya? || Bahasa ibunda <> Selain bahasa Kannada, apa lagi bahasa lama yang digunakan semasa dinasti barat Chalukya? || Sanskrit", {"context": "The Western Chalukya Empire (Kannada:\u0caa\u0cb6\u0ccd\u0c9a\u0cbf\u0cae \u0c9a\u0cbe\u0cb2\u0cc1\u0c95\u0ccd\u0caf \u0cb8\u0cbe\u0cae\u0ccd\u0cb0\u0cbe\u0c9c\u0ccd\u0caf) ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. Vast areas between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south came under Chalukya control. During this period the other major ruling families of the Deccan, the Hoysalas, the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty and the Southern Kalachuri, were subordinates of the Western Chalukyas and gained their independence only when the power of the Chalukya waned during the later half of the 12th century. The Western Chalukyas developed an architectural style known today as a transitional style, an architectural link between the style of the early Chalukya dynasty and that of the later Hoysala empire. Most of its monuments are in the districts bordering the Tungabhadra River in central Karnataka. Well known examples are the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti, the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi. This was an important period in the development of fine arts in Southern India, especially in literature as the Western Chalukya kings encouraged writers in the native language of Kannada, and Sanskrit like the philosopher and statesman Basava and the great mathematician Bh\u0101skara II.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "10th and 12th"}], "question": "During waht centuries did the Western Chalukya rule?", "id": "572888753acd2414000dfaa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "transitional"}], "question": "What was the architectural style of the Chalukyas?", "id": "572888753acd2414000dfaaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 852, "text": "central Karnataka"}], "question": "Where did the Chalukyas build most of their monuments?", "id": "572888753acd2414000dfaab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1199, "text": "native language"}], "question": "What did the Chalukya kings encourage writers to use?", "id": "572888753acd2414000dfaac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1231, "text": "Sanskrit"}], "question": "Besides the language of Kannada, what other old language was used during the western Chalukya dynasty?", "id": "572888753acd2414000dfaad"}]}], ["Cholas zaman pertengahan semakin terkenal pada pertengahan abad ke-9 C.E. dan mendirikan empayar terbesar di India Selatan. Mereka berjaya menyatukan India Selatan di bawah pemerintahan mereka dan melalui kekuatan angkatan laut mereka mengembangkan pengaruh mereka di negara-negara Asia Tenggara seperti Sriwijaya. Di bawah Rajaraja Chola I dan penggantinya Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola dan Kulothunga Chola I dinasti itu menjadi kuasa ketenteraan, ekonomi dan budaya di Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara. Tentera laut Rajendra Chola I lebih jauh, menduduki pantai laut dari Burma ke Vietnam, Kepulauan Andaman dan Nicobar, kepulauan Lakshadweep (Laccadive), Sumatra, dan Semenanjung Melayu di Asia Tenggara dan pulau Pegu. Kuasa empayar baru diisytiharkan ke dunia timur oleh ekspedisi ke Ganges yang dilakukan oleh Rajendra Chola I dan pendudukan kota-kota kerajaan maritim Sriwijaya di Asia Tenggara, serta oleh kedutaan-kedutaan yang berulang ke China. Mereka mendominasi urusan politik Sri Lanka selama lebih dari dua abad melalui pencerobohan dan pendudukan yang berulang. Mereka juga telah meneruskan hubungan perdagangan dengan Arab di barat dan dengan empayar Cina di timur. Rajaraja Chola I dan anaknya yang bernama Rajendra Chola Saya memberikan perpaduan politik kepada seluruh India Selatan dan menubuhkan Empayar Chola sebagai kuasa laut yang dihormati. Di bawah Cholas, India Selatan mencapai ketinggian baru dalam seni, agama dan kesusasteraan. Dalam semua bidang ini, tempoh Chola menandakan kemunculan pergerakan yang bermula pada usia yang lebih awal di bawah Pallavas. Senibina monumental dalam bentuk kuil-kuil dan patung yang menakjubkan di batu dan gangsa mencapai kemahiran yang tidak pernah dicapai di India. <> Kawasan apa yang Cholas bersatu pada abad ke-9? || India Selatan <> Keistimewaan apa yang dilakukan dinasti Chola di selatan India? || tentera, ekonomi dan kebudayaan <> Di kawasan apa Empayar Chola menubuhkan perpaduan politik? || seluruh India Selatan <> Dalam apa jenis seni bina yang Cholas excel? || Monumental <> Dari kenalan dan penaklukan mereka di sekitar kawasan laut, apa yang menubuhkan kerajaan Chola sebagai? || kuasa laut", {"context": "Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen. They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further, occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east. Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power. Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "South India"}], "question": "What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century?", "id": "572886723acd2414000dfa95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "military, economic and cultural"}], "question": "What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?", "id": "572886723acd2414000dfa96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1337, "text": "whole of Southern India"}], "question": "In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?", "id": "572886723acd2414000dfa97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1652, "text": "Monumental"}], "question": "In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel? ", "id": "572886723acd2414000dfa98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1409, "text": "sea power"}], "question": "From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas, what did this establish the Chola empire as? ", "id": "572886723acd2414000dfa99"}]}], ["Kerajaan Ahom (1228-1826) adalah sebuah kerajaan dan suku yang menjadi terkenal di Assam pada awal abad ke-13. Mereka memerintah banyak Assam dari abad ke-13 hingga penubuhan pemerintahan British pada tahun 1838. Ahoms membawa mereka agama suku dan bahasa mereka sendiri, tetapi kemudian mereka bergabung dengan agama Hindu. Dari abad ketiga belas hingga abad ke-17, percubaan berulang dibuat oleh pemerintah Islam Delhi untuk menyerang dan menewaskan Ahoms, namun Ahoms berjaya mengekalkan kemerdekaan mereka dan memerintah mereka selama hampir 600 tahun. <> Apa kerajaan yang berkuasa di Assam? || Ahom Kingdom <> Apakah rentang waktu dari Kerajaan Ahom? || 1228-1826 <> Apa peristiwa menyebabkan berakhirnya pemerintahan Ahom di Assam? || Kerajaan British <> Dengan agama apa Ahom bergabung? || Hindu <> Kumpulan apa yang berulang kali cuba dan gagal menakluki Ahom? || Penguasa Islam Delhi", {"context": "Ahom Kingdom (1228\u20131826) was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day Assam early in the thirteenth century. They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838. The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own, however they later merged with the Hindu religion. From thirteenth till seventeenth century, repeated attempts were made by the Muslim rulers of Delhi to invade and subdue Ahoms, however the Ahoms managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ahom Kingdom"}], "question": "What kingdom came to power in Assam?", "id": "5728a31d4b864d1900164b14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "1228\u20131826"}], "question": "What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom?", "id": "5728a31d4b864d1900164b15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "British rule"}], "question": "What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam?", "id": "5728a31d4b864d1900164b16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Hindu"}], "question": "With what religion did the Ahom merge?", "id": "5728a31d4b864d1900164b17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Muslim rulers of Delhi"}], "question": "What group repeatedly tried and failed to conquer the Ahom?", "id": "5728a31d4b864d1900164b18"}]}], ["Dinasti Hamba berikutnya di Delhi berjaya menakluki kawasan besar India utara, sementara dinasti Khilji menakluki kebanyakan India tengah tetapi akhirnya gagal dalam menaklukkan dan menyatukan anak benua itu. Kesultanan memasuki masa kebangkitan kebudayaan India. Gabungan kebudayaan \"Indo-Muslim\" yang terhasil menyebabkan monumen syncretic tahan lama dalam seni bina, muzik, kesusasteraan, agama, dan pakaian. Ia diandaikan bahawa bahasa Urdu (secara harafiah bermaksud \"gerombolan\" atau \"kem\" dalam pelbagai dialek Turki) dilahirkan semasa tempoh Kesultanan Delhi sebagai hasil dari intermingling penceramah tempatan Prakrits Sanskrit dengan pendatang berbahasa Persia, Turki, dan bahasa Arab di bawah pemerintahan Islam. Kesultanan Delhi adalah satu-satunya empayar Indo-Islam untuk memikat salah seorang penguasa perempuan di India, Razia Sultana (1236-1240). <> Apa yang menakluki kawasan besar di utara India? || Dinasti hamba Delhi <> Apa dinasti yang ditangkap kebanyakan India tengah? || Khilji dinasti <> Bahasa apa yang dicipta semasa Kesultanan Delhi? || Urdu <> Siapakah wanita sultana yang hanya dikuasai dalam empayar Indo-Islam? || Razia Sultana <> Dengan apa yang dipanggil budaya Islam dan India? || Indo-Muslim", {"context": "The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India, while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent. The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting \"Indo-Muslim\" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion, and clothing. It is surmised that the language of Urdu (literally meaning \"horde\" or \"camp\" in various Turkic dialects) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian, Turkic, and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to enthrone one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236\u20131240).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Slave dynasty of Delhi"}], "question": "What conquered large areas of northern India?", "id": "57289c362ca10214002da4be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Khilji dynasty"}], "question": "What dynasty captured most of central India?", "id": "57289c362ca10214002da4bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Urdu"}], "question": "What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate? ", "id": "57289c362ca10214002da4c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "Razia Sultana"}], "question": "Who was the only female sultana to be enthroned in a Indo-Islamic empire?", "id": "57289c362ca10214002da4c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Indo-Muslim"}], "question": "By what is the fusion of Islamic and Indian cultures called?", "id": "57289c362ca10214002da4c2"}]}], ["Seorang penakluk Turco-Mongol di Asia Tengah, Timur (Tamerlane), menyerang Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud yang memerintah Dinasti Tughlaq di utara India di Delhi. Tentera Sultan dikalahkan pada 17 Disember 1398. Timur masuk Delhi dan bandar itu dipecat, dimusnahkan, dan dibiarkan runtuh, setelah tentera Timur membunuh dan merompak selama tiga hari dan malam. Dia memerintahkan seluruh bandar dipecat kecuali para sayyid, ulama, dan \"muslim lain\" (artis); 100,000 tawanan perang dibunuh dalam satu hari. Kesultanan menderita dengan ketara daripada pemecatan Delhi yang dihidupkan secara ringkas di bawah Dinasti Lodi, tetapi ia adalah bayang-bayang bekas. <> Apa Turko-Mongol menyerang dan mengalahkan Sultan Dinasti Tughlaq? || Timur <> Pada tarikh apakah Timur menewaskan Sultan Delhi? || 17 Disember 1398 <> Dalam apa bentuk Timur keluar dari bandar Delhi? || dalam runtuhan <> Berapa banyak tawanan perang yang dilaksanakan di karung Delhi? || 100,000 <> Apa yang dikecualikan daripada kematian oleh Timur apabila memerintahkan Delhi dipecat? || sayyids", {"context": "A Turco-Mongol conqueror in Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane), attacked the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. The Sultan's army was defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, after Timur's army had killed and plundered for three days and nights. He ordered the whole city to be sacked except for the sayyids, scholars, and the \"other Muslims\" (artists); 100,000 war prisoners were put to death in one day. The Sultanate suffered significantly from the sacking of Delhi revived briefly under the Lodi Dynasty, but it was a shadow of the former.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Timur"}], "question": "What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty?", "id": "57289df84b864d1900164ad2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "17 December 1398"}], "question": "On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan?", "id": "57289df84b864d1900164ad3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "in ruins"}], "question": "In what shape did Timur leave the city of Delhi?", "id": "57289df84b864d1900164ad4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "100,000"}], "question": "How many prisoners of war were executed in the sack of Delhi?", "id": "57289df84b864d1900164ad5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "sayyids"}], "question": "What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked?", "id": "57289df84b864d1900164ad6"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1526, Babur, keturunan Timurid Timur dan Genghis Khan dari Lembah Fergana (hari moden Uzbekistan), menyeberangi Khyber Pass dan mendirikan Empayar Mughal, yang pada waktu puncaknya meliputi hari moden Afghanistan, Pakistan, India dan Bangladesh. Walau bagaimanapun, anaknya Humayun dikalahkan oleh pahlawan Afghanistan Sher Shah Suri pada tahun 1540, dan Humayun terpaksa berundur ke Kabul. Selepas kematian Sher Shah, anaknya Islam Shah Suri dan maharaja Hindu Hemu Vikramaditya, yang telah memenangi 22 pertempuran menentang pemberontak Afghanistan dan pasukan Akbar, dari Punjab ke Bengal dan telah menubuhkan pemerintahan sekular di India Utara dari Delhi hingga 1556 selepas memenangi Pertempuran dari Delhi. Tentera Akbar mengalahkan dan membunuh Hemu dalam Pertempuran Panipat Kedua pada 6 November 1556. <> Apa kerajaan Babur ditemui di utara India? || Mughal Empire <> Yang mengalahkan anak Babur pada tahun 1540? || Sher Shah Suri <> Dari apa kewarganegaraan Sher Shah Suri? || Afghan <> Di mana tempat tentera Akbar mengalahkan Hemu pada tahun 1556? || Pertempuran Kedua Panipat <> Dengan apa laluan Babur masuk India? || Khyber Pass", {"context": "In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu emperor Hemu Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 after winning Battle of Delhi. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Mughal Empire"}], "question": "What empire did Babur found in northern India?", "id": "5728a4d44b864d1900164b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Sher Shah Suri"}], "question": "Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?", "id": "5728a4d44b864d1900164b4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Afghan"}], "question": "Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?", "id": "5728a4d44b864d1900164b50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "Second Battle of Panipat"}], "question": "At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?", "id": "5728a4d44b864d1900164b51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Khyber Pass"}], "question": "By what route did Babur enter India?", "id": "5728a4d44b864d1900164b52"}]}], ["Era pasca Mughal didominasi oleh kebangkitan Maratha suzerainty kerana negeri-negeri serantau lain (kebanyakannya lewat negara-negara anak sungai Mughal) muncul, dan juga oleh peningkatan kegiatan kekuatan Eropah. Tidak ada keraguan bahawa kuasa terpenting yang muncul dalam senja panjang dari dinasti Mughal adalah konflik Maratha. Kerajaan Maratha diasaskan dan disatukan oleh Chatrapati Shivaji, bangsawan Maratha dari klan Bhonsle yang bertekad untuk menegakkan Hindari Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar menyifatkan Shivaji sebagai \"genius yang besar dan membina bangsa yang terakhir yang telah dihasilkan bangsa Hindu\". Walau bagaimanapun, kredit untuk membuat kuasa Marathas yang menggerunkan secara nasional pergi ke Peshwa Bajirao I. Ahli sejarah K.K. Datta menulis tentang Bajirao I: <> Kebangkitan dinasti apa yang diikuti era Mughals? || Maratha suzerainty <> Apa yang menjadi asas penting dalam penurunan Mughals? || Konflik Maratha <> Yang menyatukan kerajaan Maratha? || Chatrapati Shivaji <> Apa yang dilakukan J.N. Sarkar berkata bangunan negara Shivaji? || genius konstruktif yang hebat <> Siapa yang menjadikan Marathas sebagai kuasa yang kuat? || Peshwa Bajirao I", {"context": "The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy. The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji, a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as \"the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced\". However, the credit for making the Marathas formidable power nationally goes to Peshwa Bajirao I. Historian K.K. Datta wrote about Bajirao I:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Maratha suzerainty"}], "question": "The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?", "id": "5728af382ca10214002da5ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Maratha confederacy"}], "question": "What founding was of importance in the  decline of the Mughals?", "id": "5728af382ca10214002da5bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Chatrapati Shivaji"}], "question": "Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?", "id": "5728af382ca10214002da5bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "great constructive genius"}], "question": "What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?", "id": "5728af382ca10214002da5bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "Peshwa Bajirao I"}], "question": "Who made the Marathas a strong power?", "id": "5728af382ca10214002da5be"}]}], ["Anak lelaki Akbar, Jahangir lebih kurang mengikut dasar bapa. Dinasti Mughal memerintah kebanyakan anak benua India pada tahun 1600. Pemerintahan Shah Jahan adalah zaman kegemilangan seni bina Mughal. Beliau mendirikan beberapa monumen besar, yang paling terkenal adalah Taj Mahal di Agra, serta Masjid Moti, Agra, Red Fort, Masjid Jama, Delhi, dan Kubu Lahore. Empayar Mughal mencapai kemuncak kawasan teritorialnya semasa pemerintahan Aurangzeb dan juga memulakan penurunan terminalnya dalam pemerintahannya akibat kebangkitan semula Maratha di bawah Shivaji. Ahli sejarah. J.N. Sarkar menulis, \"Semuanya seolah-olah telah diperoleh oleh Aurangzeb sekarang, tetapi sebenarnya semua telah hilang.\" Begitu juga dengan Vincent Smith: \"Deccan terbukti menjadi tanah perkuburan bukan hanya badan Aurangzeb tetapi juga kerajaannya\". <> Dengan apa tarikh dinasti Mughal memerintah kebanyakan India? || 1600 <> Tugu yang terkenal apa yang Shah Jahan dibina di Agra? || Taj Mahal <> Apa yang telah mencapai ketinggian semasa pemerintahan Shah Jehan? || Seni bina Mughal <> Apakah tindakan yang menyebabkan penurunan Empayar Mughal? || Maratha kebangkitan semula tentera <> Selama pemerintahannya apakah Empayar Mughal mencapai luasnya? || Aurangzeb", {"context": "Akbar's son, Jahangir more or less followed father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji. Historian Sir. J.N. Sarkar wrote, \"All seemed to have been gained by Aurangzeb now, but in reality all was lost.\" The same was echoed by Vincent Smith: \"The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb's body but also of his empire\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "1600"}], "question": "By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?", "id": "5728a76a2ca10214002da534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Taj Mahal"}], "question": "What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?", "id": "5728a76a2ca10214002da535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Mughal architecture"}], "question": "What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan?", "id": "5728a76a2ca10214002da538"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Maratha military resurgence"}], "question": "What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?", "id": "5728a76a2ca10214002da537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Aurangzeb"}], "question": "During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse?", "id": "5728a76a2ca10214002da536"}]}], ["Selama dua setengah abad dari pertengahan abad ke-13, politik di India Utara didominasi oleh Kesultanan Delhi dan India Selatan oleh Empayar Vijayanagar yang berasal sebagai pewaris politik Empayar Hoysala dan Empayar Pandya. Walau bagaimanapun, ada kuasa serantau yang lain juga hadir. Di Utara, Rajputs adalah kekuatan dominan di Barat dan India Tengah. Kuasa mereka mencapai kemuncak di bawah Rana Sanga pada masa yang mana tentera Rajput sentiasa menang melawan tentera Kesultanan. Di Selatan, Kesultanan Bahmani adalah saingan utama Vijaynagara dan memberikan hari sukar Vijayanagara banyak kali. Pada awal abad ke-16 Krishnadevaraya Empayar Vijayanagara mengalahkan sisa terakhir kekuasaan Kesultanan Bahmani yang kemudiannya runtuh kesultanan Bahmani. Ia ditubuhkan sama ada oleh seorang Brahman yang ditukar atau disokong oleh Brahman dan membentuk sumber itu mendapat namanya Bahmani. Pada awal abad ke-16, ia runtuh dan terbahagi kepada lima kesultanan Deccan kecil. Di Timur, Kerajaan Gajapati kekal sebagai kuasa serantau yang kuat untuk menganggap, begitu juga Kerajaan Ahom di timur laut selama enam abad. <> Dari pertengahan abad ke-13, apa yang dikuasai politik di utara India? || Delhi Kesultanan <> Apakah kekaisaran mendominasi di selatan India pada abad ke-13? || Vijayanagar Empire <> Kumpulan apa yang dikuasai di India barat dan tengah pada permulaan abad ke-13? || Rajputs <> Kerajaan Gajapati berkuasa di timur selama berapa abad? || enam abad <> Apa kerajaan memukul Kesultanan Bahmani yang terakhir? || Empayar Vijayanagara", {"context": "For two and a half centuries from the mid 13th, the politics in the Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate and in the Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire which originated as a political heir of the erstwhile Hoysala Empire and Pandyan Empire. However, there were other regional powers present as well. In the North, the Rajputs were a dominant force in the Western and Central India. Their power reached to the zenith under Rana Sanga during whose time Rajput armies were constantly victorious against the Sultanate army. In the South, the Bahmani Sultanate was the chief rival of the Vijaynagara and gave Vijayanagara tough days many a times. In the early 16th century Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed. It was established either by a Brahman convert or patronized by a Brahman and form that source it got the name Bahmani. In the early 16th century, it collapsed and got split into five small Deccan sultanates. In the East, the Gajapati Kingdom remained a strong regional power to reckon with, so was the Ahom Kingdom in the North-east for six centuries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Delhi Sultanate"}], "question": "From the mid 13th century, what dominated politics in northern India?", "id": "5728a1f12ca10214002da4f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Vijayanagar Empire"}], "question": "What empire dominated in the south of India in the 13th century?", "id": "5728a1f12ca10214002da4f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Rajputs"}], "question": "What group dominated in western and central India at the start of the 13th century?", "id": "5728a1f12ca10214002da4f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1167, "text": "six centuries"}], "question": "Gajapati Kingdom was powerful in the east for how many centuries?", "id": "5728a1f12ca10214002da4f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "Vijayanagara Empire"}], "question": "What empire beat the last Bahmani Sultanate?", "id": "5728a1f12ca10214002da4f4"}]}], ["Empayar terus menurun. Mughals mengalami beberapa pukulan akibat pencerobohan dari Marathas dan Afghans. Semasa kejatuhan Empayar Mughal, beberapa negeri yang lebih kecil meningkat untuk mengisi kekosongan kuasa dan mereka sendiri menyumbang faktor penurunan ini. Pada 1737, Maratha umum Bajirao dari Maratha Empire menyerang dan menjarah Delhi. Di bawah Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat umum, Maharaja Mughal menghantar 8,000 askar untuk mengusir 5,000 askar pasukan berkuda Maratha. Baji Rao, bagaimanapun, dengan mudah mengarahkan jeneral Mughal yang baru dan seluruh tentera Mughal imperial melarikan diri. Pada tahun 1737, dalam kekalahan terakhir Empayar Mughal, ketua komander Tentera Mughal, Nizam-ul-mulk, dialihkan ke Bhopal oleh tentera Maratha. Ini pada dasarnya telah mengakhiri Empayar Mughal. Pada 1739, Nader Shah, maharaja Iran, mengalahkan tentera Mughal di Pertempuran Karnal. Selepas kemenangan ini, Nader menangkap dan memecat Delhi, membawa banyak khazanah, termasuk Arasy Merak. Dinasti Mughal dikurangkan menjadi raja-raja boneka pada tahun 1757. Sisa-sisa dinasti Mughal akhirnya dikalahkan semasa Pemberontakan India pada tahun 1857, juga dikenali sebagai Perang Kemerdekaan 1857, dan jenazah kerajaan secara formal diambil alih oleh pihak British sementara Kerajaan India Akta 1858 membiarkan Mahkota British menganggap kawalan langsung India dalam bentuk Raj British baru. <> Kumpulan apa yang menyerang dan merosakkan Mughals? || Marathas dan Afgans <> Siapa yang menyerang dan merompak Delhi pada tahun 1737? || Maratha general Bajirao <> Siapa komandan ketua mantan tentera Mughal? || Nizam-ul-mulk <> Apakah laman web pertempuran terakhir untuk Mughals? || Bhopal <> Apa Pemberontakan India 1857 juga dipanggil? || 1857 Perang Kemerdekaan", {"context": "The empire went into decline thereafter. The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi. Under the general Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat, the Mughal Emperor sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the imperial Mughal army fled. In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire. In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran, defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the 1857 War of Independence, and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British while the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Marathas and Afghans"}], "question": "What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals?", "id": "5728a97f3acd2414000dfc3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Maratha general Bajirao"}], "question": "Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737?", "id": "5728a97f3acd2414000dfc3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "Nizam-ul-mulk"}], "question": "Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army?", "id": "5728a97f3acd2414000dfc3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "Bhopal"}], "question": "What was the site of the final battle for the Mughals?", "id": "5728a97f3acd2414000dfc40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1164, "text": "1857 War of Independence"}], "question": "What was the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also called?", "id": "5728a97f3acd2414000dfc41"}]}], ["Mughal mungkin dinasti tunggal terkaya yang pernah ada. Semasa era Mughal, tentera-tentera politik yang dominan terdiri daripada Empayar Mughal dan anak sungai dan, kemudiannya, negara pengganti yang semakin meningkat - termasuk Empayar Maratha - yang berperang dengan dinasti Mughal yang semakin lemah. The Mughals, sementara sering menggunakan taktik kejam untuk menundukkan empayar mereka, mempunyai dasar integrasi dengan budaya India, yang menjadikan mereka berjaya di mana Kesultanan Kota Delhi yang lama telah gagal. Tempoh ini menandakan perubahan sosial yang besar di benua kecil ini kerana majoriti Hindu diketuai oleh maharaja Mughal, kebanyakannya menunjukkan toleransi keagamaan, yang merendahkan budaya Hindu. Maharaja yang terkenal Akbar, yang merupakan cucu Babar, cuba mewujudkan hubungan yang baik dengan orang Hindu. Walau bagaimanapun, kemudian maharaja seperti Aurangazeb cuba mewujudkan dominasi Muslim yang lengkap, dan sebagai hasilnya beberapa kuil sejarah telah dimusnahkan dalam tempoh ini dan cukai yang dikenakan ke atas orang bukan Islam. Akbar mengisytiharkan \"Amari\" atau pembunuhan haiwan dalam zaman suci Jainisme. Dia melancarkan cukai jizya untuk orang bukan Islam. Maharaja Mughal berkahwin dengan raja-raja tempatan, bersekutu dengan maharajas tempatan, dan cuba untuk menggabungkan budaya Turko-Parsi mereka dengan gaya India purba, mewujudkan seni bina Indo-Saracenik yang unik. Ia adalah hakisan tradisi ini ditambah dengan kekejaman dan pemusatan yang memainkan peranan besar dalam kejatuhan dinasti selepas Aurangzeb, yang tidak seperti kaisar sebelumnya, mengenakan dasar yang relatif tidak pluralistik terhadap penduduk umum, yang sering meremehkan penduduk Hindu majoriti. <> Apa yang terkaya di semua dinasti? || The Mughals <> Apa dasar yang dibuat Mughals dinasti yang berjaya? || integrasi dengan budaya India <> Yang pemerintah Mughal cuba untuk membentuk hubungan yang baik dengan orang bukan Islam? || Maharaja Akbar <> Yang pemerintah Mughal cuba untuk mewujudkan dominasi lengkap ke atas penduduk Hindu? || Aurangazeb <> Dengan gaya apa yang dilakukan oleh Raja-raja Mughal menggabungkan budaya Tuko-Parsi mereka? || India kuno", {"context": "The Mughals were perhaps the richest single dynasty to have ever existed. During the Mughal era, the dominant political forces consisted of the Mughal Empire and its tributaries and, later on, the rising successor states \u2013 including the Maratha Empire \u2013 which fought an increasingly weak Mughal dynasty. The Mughals, while often employing brutal tactics to subjugate their empire, had a policy of integration with Indian culture, which is what made them successful where the short-lived Sultanates of Delhi had failed. This period marked vast social change in the subcontinent as the Hindu majority were ruled over by the Mughal emperors, most of whom showed religious tolerance, liberally patronising Hindu culture. The famous emperor Akbar, who was the grandson of Babar, tried to establish a good relationship with the Hindus. However, later emperors such as Aurangazeb tried to establish complete Muslim dominance, and as a result several historical temples were destroyed during this period and taxes imposed on non-Muslims. Akbar declared \"Amari\" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism. He rolled back the jizya tax for non-Muslims. The Mughal emperors married local royalty, allied themselves with local maharajas, and attempted to fuse their Turko-Persian culture with ancient Indian styles, creating a unique Indo-Saracenic architecture. It was the erosion of this tradition coupled with increased brutality and centralization that played a large part in the dynasty's downfall after Aurangzeb, who unlike previous emperors, imposed relatively non-pluralistic policies on the general population, which often inflamed the majority Hindu population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Mughals"}], "question": "What was the richest of all the dynasties?", "id": "5728ad383acd2414000dfcb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "integration with Indian culture"}], "question": "What policy made the Mughals a successful dynasty? ", "id": "5728ad383acd2414000dfcb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 728, "text": "emperor Akbar"}], "question": "Which Mughal ruler tried to form a good relationship with non-Muslims?", "id": "5728ad383acd2414000dfcb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 862, "text": "Aurangazeb"}], "question": "Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace?", "id": "5728ad383acd2414000dfcb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1292, "text": "ancient Indian"}], "question": "With what styles did Mughal Rulers merge their Tuko-Persian culture?", "id": "5728ad383acd2414000dfcb7"}]}], ["Empayar ini didirikan pada tahun 1336 oleh Harihara I dan saudaranya Bukka Raya I dari Dinasti Sangama. Kekaisaran meningkat menjadi terkenal sebagai kemuncak percubaan oleh kuasa selatan untuk menangkis serangan Islam pada akhir abad ke-13. Kekaisaran ini dinamakan sempena ibukota Vijayanagara, yang reruntuhan mengelilingi hari ini Hampi, sekarang Tapak Warisan Dunia di Karnataka, India. Legasi kekaisaran termasuk banyak monumen yang tersebar di India Selatan, yang paling terkenal adalah kumpulan di Hampi. Tradisi bangunan kuil sebelumnya di India Selatan datang bersama dalam gaya Senibina Vijayanagara. Pembabitan semua agama dan vernaculars mengilhamkan inovasi seni bina pembinaan kuil Hindu, pertama di Deccan dan kemudian dalam idiom Dravidian menggunakan granit tempatan. Matematik India Selatan berkembang di bawah perlindungan Empayar Vijayanagara di Kerala. Mathematician India selatan Madhava dari Sangamagrama mengasaskan sekolah astronomi dan matematik Kerala yang terkenal pada abad ke-14 yang menghasilkan banyak ahli matematik India yang hebat seperti Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji dan Jye\u1e63\u1e6dhadeva di India selatan abad pertengahan. Pentadbiran dan perdagangan luar negeri yang cekap membawa teknologi baru seperti sistem pengurusan air untuk pengairan. Perlindungan empayar itu membolehkan seni dan kesusasteraan yang baik untuk mencapai ketinggian baru di Kannada, Telugu, Tamil dan Sanskrit, manakala muzik Carnatic berkembang menjadi bentuk semasa. Empayar Vijayanagara mencipta sejarah dalam sejarah India Selatan yang melampaui wilayahisme dengan mempromosikan Hinduisme sebagai faktor pemersatu. Kerajaan mencapai puncaknya semasa pemerintahan Sri Krishnadevaraya ketika tentara Vijayanagara secara konsisten menang. Wilayah empayar yang dilampirkan dahulu di bawah Kesultanan di Deccan utara dan wilayah di Deccan timur, termasuk Kalinga, sementara pada masa yang sama mengekalkan kawalan ke atas semua bawahannya di selatan. Banyak monumen penting telah siap atau ditugaskan semasa Krishna Deva Raya. Vijayanagara berkurangan selepas kekalahan dalam Pertempuran Talikota (1565). <> Pada tahun apakah Dinasti Sangama terbentuk? || 1336 <> Di mana lokasi monumen paling terkenal di selatan India? || Hampi <> Apa ahli matematik mengasaskan sekolah astronomi Kerala? || Madhava of Sangamagrama <> Kapan sekolah Kerala ditubuhkan? || Abad ke-14 <> Apa yang digalakkan oleh Empayar Vijayanagara untuk menyatukan budaya India? || Hinduisme", {"context": "The Empire was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. The previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan and later in the Dravidian idioms using the local granite. South Indian mathematics flourished under the protection of the Vijayanagara Empire in Kerala. The south Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama founded the famous Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the 14th century which produced a lot of great south Indian mathematicians like Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji and Jye\u1e63\u1e6dhadeva in medieval south India. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies such as water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor. The empire reached its peak during the rule of Sri Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious. The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga, while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south. Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishna Deva Raya. Vijayanagara went into decline after the defeat in the Battle of Talikota (1565).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "1336"}], "question": "In what year was Sangama Dynasty formed?", "id": "57289ffd4b864d1900164aec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Hampi"}], "question": "At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India?", "id": "57289ffd4b864d1900164aed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 926, "text": "Madhava of Sangamagrama"}], "question": "What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy? ", "id": "57289ffd4b864d1900164aee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1019, "text": "14th century"}], "question": "When was the Kerala school established?", "id": "57289ffd4b864d1900164aef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1573, "text": "Hinduism"}], "question": "What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture?", "id": "57289ffd4b864d1900164af0"}]}], ["Selepas itu, semua kuasa telah dipindahkan dari Syarikat India Timur ke Mahkota British, yang mula mentadbir kebanyakan India sebagai beberapa wilayah. Mahkota menguasai tanah Syarikat secara langsung dan mempunyai pengaruh yang tidak langsung terhadap seluruh India, yang terdiri daripada negara-negara Prinsip yang diperintah oleh keluarga kerajaan tempatan. Terdapat 565 negara secara rasmi pada tahun 1947, tetapi hanya 21 yang mempunyai kerajaan negeri yang sebenarnya, dan hanya tiga yang besar (Mysore, Hyderabad dan Kashmir). Mereka diserap ke dalam negara merdeka pada tahun 1947-48. <> Kepada entiti manakah semua kuasa Syarikat India Timur dipindahkan? || British Crown <> Bagaimana Britain memerintah kawasan India yang luas? || wilayah <> Lebih dari apa yang Britain mempunyai kawalan langsung? || Tanah syarikat <> Pengaruh apa jenis Mahkota British yang ada di seluruh India yang bukan di bawah peraturan Syarikat? || pengaruh tidak langsung <> Berapa banyak negara-negara bangsawan di India pada tahun 1947? || 565", {"context": "In the aftermath, all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown, which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces. The Crown controlled the Company's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India, which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families. There were officially 565 princely states in 1947, but only 21 had actual state governments, and only three were large (Mysore, Hyderabad and Kashmir). They were absorbed into the independent nation in 1947\u201348.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "British Crown"}], "question": "To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?", "id": "5728bd923acd2414000dfd81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "provinces"}], "question": "How did Britain govern the vast area of India?", "id": "5728bd923acd2414000dfd82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Company's lands"}], "question": "Over what did Britain have direct control?", "id": "5728bd923acd2414000dfd83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "indirect influence"}], "question": "What kind of influence did the British Crown have over the rest of India that was not under Company rule?", "id": "5728bd923acd2414000dfd84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "565"}], "question": "How many princely states were there in India in 1947?", "id": "5728bd923acd2414000dfd85"}]}], ["Pemberontakan India pada 1857 adalah pemberontakan besar-besaran oleh tentera yang digunakan oleh India Timur India di utara dan tengah India terhadap peraturan Syarikat. Para pemberontak tidak teratur, mempunyai matlamat yang berbeza, dan kurang dilengkapi, diterajui, dan terlatih, dan tidak mempunyai sokongan atau pendanaan luar. Mereka ditindas secara brutal dan kerajaan British menguasai Syarikat dan menghapuskan banyak keluhan yang menyebabkannya. Kerajaan juga bertekad untuk mengekalkan kawalan penuh supaya tidak ada pemberontakan saiz seperti itu lagi. <> Apa yang ditebang oleh para askar dalam Pemberontakan India tahun 1857? || Peraturan Syarikat <> Apa yang berlaku kepada pemberontak Pemberontakan? || brutal ditindas <> Daya apa yang mengawal syarikat dan keadaannya? || Kerajaan British <> Apa yang kerajaan British berhasrat untuk berhubung dengan India? || kawalan penuh <> Apa yang kerajaan British menghapuskan yang menyebabkan Pemberontakan itu? || keluhan", {"context": "The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company's rule. The rebels were disorganized, had differing goals, and were poorly equipped, led, and trained, and had no outside support or funding. They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it. The government also was determined to keep full control so that no rebellion of such size would ever happen again.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Company's rule"}], "question": "What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?", "id": "5728bc02ff5b5019007da5a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "brutally suppressed"}], "question": "What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?", "id": "5728bc02ff5b5019007da5a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "British government"}], "question": "What force took control of the company and the situation?", "id": "5728bc02ff5b5019007da5a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "full control"}], "question": "What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India?", "id": "5728bc02ff5b5019007da5a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "grievances"}], "question": "What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion?", "id": "5728bc02ff5b5019007da5a6"}]}], ["Terdapat beberapa kerajaan lain yang memerintah di bahagian India pada zaman pertengahan yang lebih awal sebelum pendudukan British. Bagaimanapun, kebanyakan mereka terikat untuk membayar penghormatan kepada Marathas. Peraturan dinasti Wodeyar yang menubuhkan Kerajaan Mysore di India selatan sekitar 1400 CE oleh terganggu oleh Hyder Ali dan anaknya Tipu Sultan pada separuh akhir abad ke-18. Di bawah pemerintahan mereka, Mysore melancarkan siri perang kadang-kadang menentang pasukan gabungan British dan Marathas, tetapi kebanyakannya menentang British, dengan Mysore menerima bantuan atau janji bantuan dari Perancis. <> Kepada kerajaan apa yang banyak kerajaan kecil membayar penghormatan? || Marathas <> Kerajaan apa yang diasaskan di Mysore pada 1400 CE? || Wodeyar <> Apakah kumpulan-kumpulan yang berperang di Mysore pada separuh akhir abad ke-18? || British dan Marathas <> Apa negara menjanjikan bantuan ke Mysore untuk melawan British? || Perancis <> yang mengambil alih pemerintahan Mysore pada abad ke-18? || Hyder Ali", {"context": "There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation. However, most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas. The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century. Under their rule, Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas, but mostly against the British, with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Marathas"}], "question": "To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute?", "id": "5728b45f3acd2414000dfd15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Wodeyar"}], "question": "What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?", "id": "5728b45f3acd2414000dfd16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "British and Marathas"}], "question": "What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century?", "id": "5728b45f3acd2414000dfd17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "the French"}], "question": "What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British?", "id": "5728b45f3acd2414000dfd18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Hyder Ali"}], "question": "Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century?", "id": "5728b45f3acd2414000dfd19"}]}], ["Hasil daripada tiga Perang Carnatic, Syarikat India Timur India memperoleh kawalan eksklusif ke seluruh wilayah Carnatic di India. Syarikat tidak lama lagi mengembangkan wilayahnya di sekitar pangkalannya di Bombay dan Madras; Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766-1799) dan kemudian Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772-1818) menyebabkan mengawal kawasan luas di India. Ahom Kingdom of North-east India pertama kali jatuh ke serangan Burma dan kemudian ke British selepas Perjanjian Yandabo pada tahun 1826. Punjab, Wilayah Frontier Utara-Barat, dan Kashmir diganti setelah Perang Anglo-Sikh Kedua pada tahun 1849; Walau bagaimanapun, Kashmir segera dijual di bawah Perjanjian Amritsar kepada Dinasti Dogra Jammu dan dengan demikian menjadi negara kekuasaan. Pertikaian sempadan antara Nepal dan British India, yang tajam setelah 1801, telah menyebabkan Perang Anglo-Nepal 1814-16 dan membawa Gurkhas yang dikalahkan di bawah pengaruh Inggris. Pada tahun 1854, Berar telah dilampirkan, dan keadaan Oudh ditambah dua tahun kemudian. <> Apa rantau di seluruh negara India yang mendapat kawalan selepas Perang Karnatik? || Carnatic <> Pada masa itu, Anglo-Mysore Wars? || 1766-1799 <> Bilakah perang Anglo-Maratha bertempur? || 1772-1818 <> Untuk apa dinasti Kashmir dijual pada tahun 1849? || Dinasti Dogra Jammu <> Selepas penjualan Kashmir, apakah kawasan tersebut menjadi? || kerajaan negeri", {"context": "As a result of the three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766\u20131799) and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772\u20131818) led to control of the vast regions of India. Ahom Kingdom of North-east India first fell to Burmese invasion and then to British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826. Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between Nepal and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814\u201316 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854, Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Carnatic"}], "question": "What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?", "id": "5728ba8d4b864d1900164d00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "1766\u20131799"}], "question": "During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?", "id": "5728ba8d4b864d1900164d01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "1772\u20131818"}], "question": "When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought?", "id": "5728ba8d4b864d1900164d02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "Dogra Dynasty of Jammu"}], "question": "To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849?", "id": "5728ba8d4b864d1900164d03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "princely state"}], "question": "After the sale of Kashmir, what did the area become?", "id": "5728ba8d4b864d1900164d04"}]}], ["Seterusnya tiba Belanda, dengan pangkalan utama mereka di Ceylon. The British-yang mendirikan jawatan perdagangan di pelabuhan pantai barat Surat pada tahun 1619-dan Perancis. Konflik dalaman di kalangan kerajaan India memberikan peluang kepada pedagang Eropah untuk secara perlahan mewujudkan pengaruh politik dan tanah yang sesuai. Walaupun kuasa-kuasa Eropah benua ini menguasai pelbagai kawasan pantai di selatan dan timur India pada abad berikutnya, mereka akhirnya kehilangan semua wilayah mereka di India kepada penduduk pulau British, kecuali di luar pos-pos Perancis Pondich\u00e9ry dan Chandernagore, pelabuhan Belanda di Travancore, dan jajahan Portugis Goa, Daman dan Diu. [rujukan?] <> Di negara manakah pangkalan perdagangan bagi Belanda? || Ceylon <> Dimana British pada mulanya menubuhkan pangkalan dagangan? || pelabuhan Surat <> Apa negara Eropah ketiga untuk menubuhkan perdagangan dengan India? || Perancis <> Apa tindakan oleh kerajaan India memberi peluang kepada pedagang Eropah untuk memperoleh tanah dan pengaruh? || konflik dalaman <> Kepada siapa rakyat asing kehilangan sebahagian besar tanah mereka? || Inggeris", {"context": "The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British\u2014who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619\u2014and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondich\u00e9ry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Ceylon"}], "question": "In what country was the trading base for the Dutch?", "id": "5728b6544b864d1900164c9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "port of Surat"}], "question": "Where did the British initially establish a trading base?", "id": "5728b6544b864d1900164c9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "French"}], "question": "What was the third European country to establish trading with India?", "id": "5728b6544b864d1900164ca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "internal conflicts"}], "question": "What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?", "id": "5728b6544b864d1900164ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "British"}], "question": "To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands?", "id": "5728b6544b864d1900164ca2"}]}], ["Selepas tahun 1857, kerajaan penjajah menguatkan dan mengembangkan infrastrukturnya melalui sistem mahkamah, prosedur undang-undang, dan undang-undang. Kanun Keseksaan India telah wujud. Dalam pendidikan, Thomas Babington Macaulay telah menjadikan sekolah sebagai prioritas untuk Raj pada minit terkenalnya pada Februari 1835 dan berjaya melaksanakan penggunaan Bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa pengantar. Menjelang tahun 1890 kira-kira 60,000 orang India telah menuruti. Ekonomi India berkembang sekitar 1% setahun dari 1880 hingga 1920, dan penduduk juga berkembang pada 1%. Walau bagaimanapun, dari tahun 1910-an industri swasta India mula berkembang dengan ketara. India membina sistem keretapi moden pada abad ke-19 yang merupakan yang keempat terbesar di dunia. British Raj melabur banyak infrastruktur, termasuk saluran dan sistem pengairan selain kereta api, telegrafi, jalan raya dan pelabuhan. Walau bagaimanapun, sejarawan telah dibahagikan dengan keras mengenai isu-isu sejarah ekonomi, dengan sekolah nasionalis yang berpendapat bahawa India lebih miskin pada akhir pemerintahan British daripada pada permulaan dan kemiskinan itu berlaku kerana Inggeris. <> Apa kerajaan kolonial berkembang dengan cara undang-undang? || infrastruktur <> Apa undang-undang baru dibuat? || Kanun Keseksaan India <> Yang menegaskan bahawa persekolahan menjadi keutamaan di India? || Thomas Babington Macaulay <> Bilakah India membina sistem kereta api terbesar di dunia? || lewat abad ke-19 <> Dalam apa ciri pengurusan British melabur dengan banyak? || infrastruktur", {"context": "After 1857, the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. The Indian Penal Code came into being. In education, Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implementing the use of English as the medium of instruction. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated. The Indian economy grew at about 1% per year from 1880 to 1920, and the population also grew at 1%. However, from 1910s Indian private industry began to grow significantly. India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century which was the fourth largest in the world. The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways, telegraphy, roads and ports. However, historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "infrastructure"}], "question": "What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?", "id": "5728bfa72ca10214002da6e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Indian Penal Code"}], "question": "What new law was created?", "id": "5728bfa72ca10214002da6e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Thomas Babington Macaulay"}], "question": "Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?", "id": "5728bfa72ca10214002da6e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "late 19th century"}], "question": "When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world?", "id": "5728bfa72ca10214002da6e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "infrastructure"}], "question": "In what feature of management did the British invest heavily?", "id": "5728bfa72ca10214002da6e6"}]}], ["Menjelang awal abad ke-18, Kerajaan Maratha telah mengubah dirinya menjadi Empayar Maratha di bawah pemerintahan Peshwas (perdana menteri). Pada tahun 1737, Marathas mengalahkan tentera Mughal di ibu negara mereka, Delhi sendiri di Pertempuran Delhi (1737). The Marathas meneruskan kempen ketenteraan mereka terhadap Mughals, Nizam, Nawab dari Bengal dan Durrani Empire untuk memanjangkan sempadan mereka. Gordon menerangkan bagaimana Maratha secara sistematik mengambil alih kawasan baru. Mereka akan bermula dengan serbuan tahunan, diikuti dengan mengutip wang tebusan dari kampung-kampung dan bandar-bandar manakala Empayar Mughal yang menurun mengekalkan kawalan nominal dan akhirnya mengambil alih rantau ini. Dia menjelaskannya dengan contoh rantau Malwa. Marathas membina sistem pentadbiran awam yang cekap yang dikenali untuk perhatiannya terhadap perincian. Ia berjaya meningkatkan hasil di daerah-daerah yang pulih dari tahun-tahun serbuan, sehingga tahap yang pernah dinikmati oleh Mughals. Sebagai contoh, asas pemerintahan Maratha di Malwa terletak pada 60 atau lebih pemungut cukai tempatan yang memajukan pemerintahan Maratha Peshwa sebahagian daripada pendapatan daerah mereka yang menarik. Menjelang 1760, domain Marathas menjangkau hampir seluruh benua kecil. Perkembangan utara-barat Marathon dihentikan setelah Pertempuran Ketiga Panipat (1761). Walau bagaimanapun, pihak berkuasa Maratha di utara ditubuhkan semula dalam masa sedekad di bawah Peshwa Madhavrao I. Kekalahan Marathas oleh British di Anglo-Maratha Wars ketiga membawa kepada empayar pada tahun 1820. Peshwa terakhir, Baji Rao II, telah dikalahkan oleh British dalam Perang Anglo-Maratha Ketiga. Dengan kekalahan Marathas, tiada kuasa asli mewakili apa-apa ancaman penting bagi British selepas itu. <> Oleh ketika Kerajaan Maratha menjadi kerajaan? || awal abad ke-18 <> Yang memerintah Empayar Maratha? || Peshwas <> Apa itu Peshwas? || perdana menteri <> Pada tahun apakah kerajaan Maratha meliputi kebanyakan benua kecil? || 1760 <> Akhirnya, apakah kerajaan yang mengalahkan Empayar Maratha? || Inggeris", {"context": "By the early 18th century, the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas (prime ministers). In 1737, the Marathas defeated a Mughal army in their capital, Delhi itself in Battle of Delhi (1737). The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals, Nizam, Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries. Gordon explained how the Maratha systematically took control over new regions. They would start with annual raids, followed by collecting ransom from villages and towns while the declining Mughal Empire retained nominal control and finally taking over the region. He explained it with the example of Malwa region. Marathas built an efficient system of public administration known for its attention to detail. It succeeded in raising revenue in districts that recovered from years of raids, up to levels previously enjoyed by the Mughals. For example, the cornerstone of the Maratha rule in Malwa rested on the 60 or so local tax collectors who advanced the Maratha ruler Peshwa a portion of their district revenues at interest. By 1760, the domain of the Marathas stretched across practically the entire subcontinent. The north-western expansion of the Marathas was stopped after the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). However, the Maratha authority in the north was re-established within a decade under Peshwa Madhavrao I. The defeat of Marathas by British in third Anglo-Maratha Wars brought end to the empire by 1820. The last peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. With the defeat of the Marathas, no native power represented any significant threat for the British afterwards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "early 18th century"}], "question": "By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire?", "id": "5728b0cbff5b5019007da48e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Peshwas"}], "question": "Who ruled the Maratha Empire?", "id": "5728b0cbff5b5019007da48f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "prime ministers"}], "question": "What were Peshwas?", "id": "5728b0cbff5b5019007da490"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1120, "text": "1760"}], "question": "By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent?", "id": "5728b0cbff5b5019007da491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1436, "text": "British"}], "question": "In the end, what empire defeated the Maratha Empire?", "id": "5728b0cbff5b5019007da492"}]}], ["Kerajaan Punjabi, yang diperintah oleh ahli-ahli agama Sikh, adalah sebuah entiti politik yang memerintah wilayah Punjab moden. Empayar, yang berpusat di sekitar wilayah Punjab, wujud dari tahun 1799 hingga 1849. Ia dipalsukan, di atas dasar Khalsa, di bawah pimpinan Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) dari pelbagai macam Misls Punjabi. Beliau menyatukan banyak bahagian India utara ke dalam kerajaan. Dia terutamanya menggunakan tentera Sikh yang sangat berdisiplin yang dia dilatih dan dilengkapi untuk menjadi sama dengan pasukan Eropah. Ranjit Singh membuktikan dirinya sebagai ahli strategi dan memilih jeneral yang berkelayakan untuk tenteranya. Secara berperingkat, ia menambahkan Punjab pusat, wilayah Multan dan Kashmir, Lembah Peshawar, dan Derajat ke kerajaannya. Ini datang dalam menghadapi syarikat British East India yang kuat. Pada puncaknya, pada abad ke-19, kekaisaran itu berlanjutan dari Khyber Pass di barat, ke Kashmir di utara, ke Sindh di selatan, berlari sepanjang Sungai Sutlej ke Himachal di timur. Ini adalah antara kawasan terakhir benua kecil yang akan ditawan oleh British. Peperangan Anglo-Sikh yang pertama dan perang Anglo-Sikh yang kedua menandakan kejatuhan Empayar Sikh. <> Pengikut apa agama yang memerintah Kerajaan Punjabi? || Agama Sikh <> Apakah jangka masa Kerajaan Punjabi? || 1799 hingga 1849 <> Siapa pemimpin Punjabis? || Maharaja Ranjit Singh <> Pada apakah kekuatan yang disiplin oleh Singh? || Tentera Sikh <> yang akhirnya dapat menakluki Empayar Sikh? || Inggeris", {"context": "The Punjabi kingdom, ruled by members of the Sikh religion, was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab. The empire, based around the Punjab region, existed from 1799 to 1849. It was forged, on the foundations of the Khalsa, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780\u20131839) from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls. He consolidated many parts of northern India into a kingdom. He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force. Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army. In stages, he added the central Punjab, the provinces of Multan and Kashmir, the Peshawar Valley, and the Derajat to his kingdom. This came in the face of the powerful British East India Company. At its peak, in the 19th century, the empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, running along Sutlej river to Himachal in the east. This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The first Anglo-Sikh war and second Anglo-Sikh war marked the downfall of the Sikh Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Sikh religion"}], "question": "Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom?", "id": "5728b2a2ff5b5019007da4b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "1799 to 1849"}], "question": "What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom?", "id": "5728b2a2ff5b5019007da4b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Maharaja Ranjit Singh"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Punjabis? ", "id": "5728b2a2ff5b5019007da4b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Sikh army"}], "question": "On what was the disciplined force Singh relied? ", "id": "5728b2a2ff5b5019007da4b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1091, "text": "British"}], "question": "Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire?", "id": "5728b2a2ff5b5019007da4ba"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1905, Lord Curzon memecah daerah besar Bengal menjadi sebahagian baratdaya Hindu dan \"Timur Bengal dan Assam\", separuh bahagian timur Islam. Matlamat British dikatakan untuk pentadbiran yang cekap tetapi rakyat Bengal marah dengan strategi \"membahagikan dan memerintah\" yang jelas. Ia juga menandakan permulaan pergerakan anti penjajah terancang. Apabila parti Liberal di Britain berkuasa pada tahun 1906, dia telah dibuang. Bengal disatukan pada tahun 1911. Viceroy baru Gilbert Minto dan Setiausaha Negara baru untuk India John Morley berunding dengan pemimpin Kongres mengenai pembaharuan politik. Pembaharuan Morley-Minto tahun 1909 disediakan untuk keahlian India majlis eksekutif wilayah serta dewan eksekutif Viceroy. Majlis Perundangan Imperial telah diperbesarkan daripada 25 hingga 60 ahli dan mewakili perwakilan komunal untuk umat Islam ditubuhkan dalam langkah dramatik ke arah wakil dan kerajaan yang bertanggungjawab. Beberapa organisasi sosio-agama muncul pada masa itu. Umat Islam menubuhkan Liga Muslim India pada tahun 1906. Ia bukan parti massa tetapi direka untuk melindungi kepentingan kaum bangsawan aristokrat. Ia secara dalaman dibahagikan dengan kesetiaan yang bertentangan dengan Islam, Inggeris, dan India, dan dengan tidak percaya kepada Hindu. Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha dan Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) berusaha untuk mewakili kepentingan Hindu walaupun kemudiannya mengaku sebagai organisasi \"budaya\". Sikh mengasaskan Shiromani Akali Dal pada tahun 1920. Walau bagaimanapun, parti politik terbesar dan tertua di Kongres Kebangsaan India, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1885, dilihat telah berusaha untuk menjauhkan diri dari pergerakan sosio-agama dan politik identiti. <> Apa yang mentadbir membahagi wilayah Bengal separuh? || Lord Curzon <> Apakah majoriti penduduk separuh barat Bengal? || Hindu <> Apakah agama separuh barat Bengal? || Muslim <> Pergerakan apakah pembahagian Bengal bermula? || anti-kolonial <> Apakah parti politik terbesar dan tertua di India? || Kongres Kebangsaan India", {"context": "In 1905, Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and \"Eastern Bengal and Assam\", a largely Muslim eastern half. The British goal was said to be for efficient administration but the people of Bengal were outraged at the apparent \"divide and rule\" strategy. It also marked the beginning of the organized anti-colonial movement. When the Liberal party in Britain came to power in 1906, he was removed. Bengal was reunified in 1911. The new Viceroy Gilbert Minto and the new Secretary of State for India John Morley consulted with Congress leaders on political reforms. The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 provided for Indian membership of the provincial executive councils as well as the Viceroy's executive council. The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged from 25 to 60 members and separate communal representation for Muslims was established in a dramatic step towards representative and responsible government. Several socio-religious organizations came into being at that time. Muslims set up the All India Muslim League in 1906. It was not a mass party but was designed to protect the interests of the aristocratic Muslims. It was internally divided by conflicting loyalties to Islam, the British, and India, and by distrust of Hindus. The Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) sought to represent Hindu interests though the later always claimed it to be a \"cultural\" organization. Sikhs founded the Shiromani Akali Dal in 1920. However, the largest and oldest political party Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, is perceived to have attempted to keep a distance from the socio-religious movements and identity politics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Lord Curzon"}], "question": "What administer divided the province of Bengal in half?", "id": "5728c1bc4b864d1900164d72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Hindu"}], "question": "What was the majority of the population of the western half of Bengal?", "id": "5728c1bc4b864d1900164d73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Muslim"}], "question": "What was the religion of the western half of Bengal?", "id": "5728c1bc4b864d1900164d74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "anti-colonial"}], "question": "What movement did the division of Bengal start?", "id": "5728c1bc4b864d1900164d75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1555, "text": "Indian National Congress"}], "question": "What was the biggest and oldest political party in India?", "id": "5728c1bc4b864d1900164d76"}]}], ["Nawab dari Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, penguasa de facto di wilayah Bengal, menentang percubaan British untuk menggunakan permit-permit tersebut. Ini membawa kepada Pertempuran Plassey pada 23 Jun 1757, di mana Tentera Bengal dari Syarikat India Timur, yang diketuai oleh Robert Clive, mengalahkan pasukan Nawab yang disokong oleh Perancis. Ini adalah pijakan politik pertama yang pertama dengan implikasi teritori yang diambil oleh British di India. Clive dilantik oleh syarikat itu sebagai 'Gabenor Bengal' yang pertama pada tahun 1757. Ini digabungkan dengan kemenangan Britania atas Perancis di Madras, Wandiwash dan Pondich\u00e9ry yang, bersama-sama dengan kejayaan British yang lebih luas semasa Perang Tujuh Tahun, mengurangkan pengaruh Perancis dalam India. Syarikat Hindia Timur Britain meluaskan kawalannya ke seluruh Bengal. Selepas Pertempuran Buxar pada 1764, syarikat memperoleh hak pentadbiran di Bengal dari de jure Mughal Maharaja Shah Alam II; ini menandakan permulaan peraturan formalnya, yang dalam abad yang akan datang menelan kebanyakan India. Syarikat India Timur memonopoli perdagangan Bengal. Mereka memperkenalkan sistem percukaian tanah yang disebut Penyelesaian Tetap yang memperkenalkan struktur seperti feudal di Bengal, sering dengan zamindar ditetapkan. <> Apa penguasa menentang penggunaan permit Inggeris dan berakhir perang? || Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah <> Apa syarikat British terlibat dalam kekalahan pasukan Nawab? || Syarikat India Timur <> Siapa yang Syarikat Timur India melantik sebagai Gabenor Bengal? || Robert Clive <> Sistem cukai jenis apakah yang dilakukan oleh Syarikat India Timur di Bengal? || feudal <> Bagaimana syarikat Hindia Timur mengendalikan perdagangan di Bengal? || dimonopoli", {"context": "The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the de facto ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the French-supported Nawab's forces. This was the first real political foothold with territorial implications that the British acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first 'Governor of Bengal' in 1757. This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras, Wandiwash and Pondich\u00e9ry that, along with wider British successes during the Seven Years' War, reduced French influence in India. The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from de jure Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; this marked the beginning of its formal rule, which within the next century engulfed most of India. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal, often with zamindars set in place.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah"}], "question": "What ruler opposed the British use of permits and ended up at war?", "id": "5728b8862ca10214002da658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "East India Company"}], "question": "What British company was heavily involved in the defeat of the Nawab's forces?", "id": "5728b8862ca10214002da659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Robert Clive"}], "question": "Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal?", "id": "5728b8862ca10214002da65a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1143, "text": "feudal"}], "question": "What type of land taxation system did the East India Company instigate in Bengal?", "id": "5728b8862ca10214002da65b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1020, "text": "monopolized"}], "question": "How did the East India Company handle trade in Bengal?", "id": "5728b8862ca10214002da65c"}]}], ["Salah satu peristiwa yang paling penting pada abad ke-19 adalah kebangkitan nasionalisme India, yang memimpin kaum India untuk mencari \"pemerintahan sendiri\" dan kemudian \"kemerdekaan yang lengkap\". Walau bagaimanapun, sejarawan dibahagikan atas sebab-sebab kenaikannya. Alasan yang mungkin termasuk \"benturan kepentingan orang India dengan kepentingan Inggeris\", \"diskriminasi kaum\", \"wahyu masa lampau India\", \"menghubungkan kumpulan sosial baru di rantau yang berbeza\", dan orang India datang dengan dekat dengan \"pendidikan Eropah\". <> Pergerakan apa yang meningkat pada abad ke-19? || Nasionalisme India <> Apa yang India inginkan sebagai kerajaan? || pemerintahan sendiri <> Apa kaum India akhirnya mula menuntut? || lengkap kemerdekaan <> Apa ciri pergerakan nasionalisme tidak diketahui? || penyebab <> Apa yang hanya boleh disenaraikan tanpa ketegasan mutlak dalam pergerakan nasionalisme? || Sebab yang mungkin", {"context": "One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism, leading Indians to seek first \"self-rule\" and later \"complete independence\". However, historians are divided over the causes of its rise. Probable reasons include a \"clash of interests of the Indian people with British interests\", \"racial discriminations\", \"the revelation of India's past\", \"inter-linking of the new social groups in different regions\", and Indians coming in close contact with \"European education\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Indian nationalism"}], "question": "What movement rose in the 19th century?", "id": "5728c9483acd2414000dfe6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "self-rule"}], "question": "What did Indian first want as government?", "id": "5728c9483acd2414000dfe70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "complete independence"}], "question": "What did Indians finally begin to demand?", "id": "5728c9483acd2414000dfe71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "causes"}], "question": "What feature of the nationalism movement is unknown?", "id": "5728c9483acd2414000dfe72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Probable reasons"}], "question": "What can only be listed without absolute firmness in the nationalism movement?", "id": "5728c9483acd2414000dfe73"}]}], ["Semasa British Raj, kebuluran di India, yang sering dikaitkan dengan dasar kerajaan yang gagal, adalah salah satu yang paling teruk pernah dicatatkan, termasuk Kelaparan Besar 1876-78 di mana 6.1 juta hingga 10.3 juta orang mati dan kebuluran India 1899-1900 dalam yang 1.25 hingga 10 juta orang mati. Pandemik Wabah Ketiga pada pertengahan abad ke-19 membunuh 10 juta orang di India. Walaupun penyakit berterusan dan kelaparan, penduduk benua kecil India, yang berjumlah kira-kira 125 juta pada tahun 1750, telah mencapai 389 juta pada tahun 1941. <> Apa yang dikatakan telah disebabkan oleh kegagalan dasar kerajaan? || kelaparan <> Berapa banyak orang yang dikatakan mati dalam Kelaparan Besar? || 6.1 juta hingga 10.3 juta <> Bilakah Kebuluran Besar berlaku? || 1876-78 <> Berapa banyak orang yang mati dalam Kelaparan India dari 1899-1900? || 1.25 hingga 10 juta <> Apa yang membunuh 10 juta orang di India? || Pandemik Wabah Ketiga", {"context": "During the British Raj, famines in India, often attributed to failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the Great Famine of 1876\u201378 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899\u20131900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The Third Plague Pandemic in the mid-19th century killed 10 million people in India. Despite persistent diseases and famines, the population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "famines"}], "question": "What were said to have been caused by government policy failures?", "id": "5728c7dd2ca10214002da7ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "6.1 million to 10.3 million"}], "question": "How many people were said to have died in the Great Famine?", "id": "5728c7dd2ca10214002da7ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "1876\u201378"}], "question": "When did the Great Famine happen?", "id": "5728c7dd2ca10214002da7ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "1.25 to 10 million"}], "question": "How many people died in the Indian Famine of 1899-1900?", "id": "5728c7dd2ca10214002da7af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Third Plague Pandemic"}], "question": "What killed 10 million people in India?", "id": "5728c7dd2ca10214002da7b0"}]}], ["Langkah pertama ke arah pemerintahan sendiri India ialah pelantikan ahli majlis untuk menasihati penjaga British pada tahun 1861 dan India pertama dilantik pada tahun 1909. Majlis Wilayah dengan ahli India juga ditubuhkan. Penyertaan ahli dewan kemudiannya dilebarkan ke dewan perundangan. British membina Tentera India British yang besar, dengan pegawai kanan semua British dan banyak tentera dari kumpulan minoriti kecil seperti Gurkhas dari Nepal dan Sikh. Perkhidmatan awam semakin dipenuhi dengan penduduk pribumi di peringkat rendah, dengan British memegang jawatan lebih tinggi. <> Pelantikan apa yang menjadi langkah pertama dalam pemerintahan sendiri India? || ahli majlis <> Bilakah India pertama dilantik sebagai Konsulat? || 1909 <> Apa lagi majlis-majlis tempatan yang ditubuhkan? || Majlis Daerah <> Daripada kewarganegaraan apakah pegawai di Tentera India? || British <> Apakah tentera di Tentera India India? || kumpulan minoriti", {"context": "The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "councillors"}], "question": "What appointments were  the first step in Indian self-rule?", "id": "5728cab72ca10214002da7ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "1909"}], "question": "When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?", "id": "5728cab72ca10214002da7ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Provincial Councils"}], "question": "What more local councils were set up?", "id": "5728cab72ca10214002da7f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "British"}], "question": "Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?", "id": "5728cab72ca10214002da7f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "minority groups"}], "question": "What were the troops in the British Indian Army?", "id": "5728cab72ca10214002da7f2"}]}], ["Dari 1920 pemimpin seperti Mahatma Gandhi memulakan pergerakan besar-besaran yang sangat popular untuk berkempen melawan British Raj menggunakan kaedah yang agak aman. Pergerakan kemerdekaan yang diketuai Gandhi menentang pemerintahan British menggunakan kaedah yang tidak ganas seperti non-kerjasama, ketidakpatuhan awam dan rintangan ekonomi. Walau bagaimanapun, aktiviti revolusioner terhadap pemerintahan British berlaku di seluruh benua kecil India dan beberapa yang lain mengamalkan pendekatan militan seperti Tentera Kebangsaan India yang cuba menggulingkan pemerintahan British dengan perjuangan bersenjata. Akta Kerajaan India 1935 merupakan kejayaan besar dalam hal ini. Semua pergerakan ini berjaya membawa kemerdekaan ke wilayah baru India dan Pakistan pada 15 Ogos 1947. <> Apa pemimpin memulakan pergerakan massa terhadap pemerintahan British? || Mahatma Gandhi <> Apa arti yang dilakukan oleh Gandhi untuk mendapatkan pemerintahan sendiri? || aman <> Kumpulan apa yang ingin menggunakan cara yang ganas untuk membuang peraturan British? || Tentera Kebangsaan India <> Pada tarikh apakah India memperoleh kemerdekaannya? || 15 Ogos 1947 <> Tindakan apakah gerakan ini bergabung untuk menghasilkan? || Akta Kerajaan India 1935", {"context": "From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle. The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard. All these movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Mahatma Gandhi"}], "question": "What leader started a mass movement against British rule?", "id": "5728cd672ca10214002da826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "peaceful"}], "question": "What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?", "id": "5728cd672ca10214002da827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Indian National Army"}], "question": "What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule?", "id": "5728cd672ca10214002da828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "15 August 1947"}], "question": "On what date did India gain its independence?", "id": "5728cd672ca10214002da829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Government of India Act 1935"}], "question": "What action did the movements combine to produce?", "id": "5728cd672ca10214002da82a"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh ini, Bengal menyaksikan kebangkitan intelektual yang serupa dengan Renaissance di Eropah pada abad ke-16, walaupun orang Eropah pada zaman itu tidak berhadapan dengan cabaran dan pengaruh penjajahan asing. Pergerakan ini mempersoalkan ortodoks yang sedia ada, terutamanya berkenaan dengan wanita, perkahwinan, sistem mas kahwin, sistem kasta, dan agama. Salah satu pergerakan sosial terawal yang muncul pada masa ini ialah pergerakan Young Bengal, yang menyokong rasionalisme dan ateisme sebagai penyebut umum perbuatan sivil di kalangan umat Hindu yang berpendidikan kasta. Ia memainkan peranan penting dalam menyemarakkan minda dan intelek India di seluruh benua. <> Apa yang menyerupai Renaissance Bengali? || Renaissance di Eropah <> Apa soalan Gerakan? || ortodoks sedia ada <> Pergerakan sosial awal apa yang berlaku semasa kebangkitan ini? || Young Bengal <> Apakah faktor-faktor yang dikatakan gerakan Young Bengal diperlukan untuk kelakuan sivil? || rasionalisme dan ateisme <> Apa pergerakan di Bengal berfungsi untuk membangkitkan semangat di India? || minda dan intelek", {"context": "During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus. It played an important role in reawakening Indian minds and intellect across the sub-continent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Renaissance in Europe"}], "question": "What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?", "id": "5728c6a52ca10214002da79a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "existing orthodoxies"}], "question": "What did the Movement question?", "id": "5728c6a52ca10214002da79b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Young Bengal"}], "question": "What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening?", "id": "5728c6a52ca10214002da79c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "rationalism and atheism"}], "question": "What factors did the Young Bengal movement  say were needed for civil conduct?", "id": "5728c6a52ca10214002da79d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "minds and intellect"}], "question": "What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?", "id": "5728c6a52ca10214002da79e"}]}], ["Renaissance Bengali merujuk kepada pergerakan reformasi sosial pada abad kesembilan belas dan awal abad ke-20 di wilayah Bengal India semasa zaman pemerintahan British dikuasai oleh Bengali Hindus berpendidikan Inggeris. Renaissance Bengal boleh dikatakan telah bermula dengan Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) dan berakhir dengan Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), walaupun banyak orang yang kuat kemudiannya menerapkan aspek tertentu dari intelektual dan keluaran kreatif yang unik di rantau ini. Bengal abad kesembilan belas adalah perpaduan yang unik dari para pembaharu agama dan sosial, para ulama, gurun sastrawan, wartawan, penganut patriotik, dan saintis, yang semuanya bergabung untuk membentuk imej kebangkitan, dan menandakan peralihan dari zaman pertengahan ke ' . <> Apakah pergerakan reformasi sosial yang berpusat di Bengal pada abad ke-19 hingga awal abad ke-20? || Bengali Renaissance <> Kumpulan apa yang mengetuai Renaissance Bengali? || Bahasa Inggeris berpendidikan Bengali Hindu <> Dengan siapa pergerakan Renaissance bermula? || Raja Ram Mohan Roy <> Dengan siapa dikatakan pergerakan itu berakhir? || Rabindranath Tagore <> Dari apa pergerakan Renaissance menandakan perubahan itu? || zaman pertengahan 'kepada' moden", {"context": "The Bengali Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of India during the period of British rule dominated by English educated Bengali Hindus. The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772\u20131833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861\u20131941), although many stalwarts thereafter continued to embody particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output of the region. Nineteenth century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers, scholars, literary giants, journalists, patriotic orators, and scientists, all merging to form the image of a renaissance, and marked the transition from the 'medieval' to the 'modern'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Bengali Renaissance"}], "question": "What was the social reform movement centered in Bengal in the 19th to early 20th century?", "id": "5728c4de4b864d1900164da2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "English educated Bengali Hindus"}], "question": "What group lead the Bengali Renaissance?", "id": "5728c4de4b864d1900164da3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Raja Ram Mohan Roy"}], "question": "With whom did the Renaissance movement begin?", "id": "5728c4de4b864d1900164da4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Rabindranath Tagore"}], "question": "With whom was it said the the movement ended?", "id": "5728c4de4b864d1900164da5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "medieval' to the 'modern"}], "question": "From what did the Renaissance Movement mark the change?", "id": "5728c4de4b864d1900164da6"}]}], ["Bal Gangadhar Tilak, seorang pemimpin nasionalis India, mengisytiharkan Swaraj sebagai nasib bangsa. Kalimatnya yang terkenal \"Swaraj adalah hak kelahiran saya, dan saya akan memilikinya\" menjadi sumber inspirasi bagi kaum India. Tilak disokong oleh pemimpin masyarakat yang semakin meningkat seperti Bipin Chandra Pal dan Lala Lajpat Rai, yang memegang pandangan yang sama. Di bawah mereka, tiga wilayah besar India - Maharashtra, Bengal dan Punjab, India membentuk permintaan rakyat dan nasionalisme India. Pada tahun 1907, Kongres dibahagikan kepada dua puak: Radikal, yang diketuai oleh Tilak, menganjurkan pergaduhan awam dan revolusi terus untuk menggulingkan Empayar Britania dan peninggalan semua perkara British. Kaum moderat, yang diketuai oleh pemimpin seperti Dadabhai Naoroji dan Gopal Krishna Gokhale, di sisi lain mahu reformasi dalam rangka pemerintahan British. <> Apa pemimpin India mengatakan bahawa Swaraj adalah hak kelahirannya? || Bal Gangadhar Tilak <> Apa bahagian-bahagian India yang membentuk tuntutan rakyat untuk nasionalisme? || tiga wilayah besar <> Bagaimana perpecahan Kongres pada tahun 1907? || dua puak <> Yang puak Kongres itu memimpin Tilak? || Para radikal <> puak mana yang mahu pembaharuan dalam pemerintahan British? || Orang yang sederhana", {"context": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence \"Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it\" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three big provinces \u2013 Maharashtra, Bengal and Punjab, India shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. In 1907, the Congress was split into two factions: The radicals, led by Tilak, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British. The moderates, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak"}], "question": "What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?", "id": "5728cc17ff5b5019007da6e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "three big provinces"}], "question": "What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?", "id": "5728cc17ff5b5019007da6e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "two factions"}], "question": "How was the Congress split in 1907?", "id": "5728cc17ff5b5019007da6e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "The radicals"}], "question": "Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?", "id": "5728cc17ff5b5019007da6e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "The moderates"}], "question": "Which faction wanted reform within British rule?", "id": "5728cc17ff5b5019007da6e6"}]}], ["Seiring dengan keinginan untuk kemerdekaan, ketegangan antara umat Hindu dan umat Islam juga telah berkembang sejak bertahun-tahun. Umat Islam selalu menjadi minoriti di dalam benua kecil, dan prospek pemerintahan Hindu eksklusif menjadikan mereka waspada terhadap kemerdekaan; mereka cenderung untuk mengabaikan pemerintahan Hindu kerana mereka menentang Raja Raj, walaupun Gandhi memanggil kesatuan antara kedua-dua kumpulan itu dalam paparan kepimpinan yang memukau. The British, yang sangat lemah oleh Perang Dunia Kedua, berjanji bahawa mereka akan meninggalkan dan mengambil bahagian dalam pembentukan kerajaan sementara. Wilayah India British memperoleh kemerdekaan pada tahun 1947, selepas dipecah menjadi Kesatuan India dan Dominasi Pakistan. Berikutan bahagian kontroversial pra-partition Punjab dan Bengal, rusuhan berlaku antara Sikh, Hindu dan Muslim di wilayah-wilayah ini dan tersebar ke beberapa bahagian lain di India, menyebabkan kira-kira 500,000 orang mati. Juga, tempoh ini menyaksikan satu daripada penghijrahan besar terbesar yang pernah direkodkan dalam sejarah moden, dengan sejumlah 12 juta Hindu, Sikh dan Muslim bergerak antara negara-negara yang baru diwujudkan di India dan Pakistan (yang masing-masing merdeka pada 15 dan 14 Ogos 1947) . Pada tahun 1971, Bangladesh, dahulu Pakistan Timur dan Bengal Timur, dipisahkan dari Pakistan. <> Apakah kedudukan orang Islam dalam populasi India? || minoriti <> Apa kesan kemerdekaan yang tidak percaya orang Islam? || Peraturan Hindu <> Apa bentuk British sebagai persediaan untuk meninggalkan India? || kerajaan sementara <> Berapa ramai orang mati dalam rusuhan di bahagian-bahagian Bengal dan Punjab? || 500,000 <> Berapa ramai orang yang berhijrah di antara negara-negara baru India dan Pakistan? || 12 juta", {"context": "Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj, although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership. The British, extremely weakened by the Second World War, promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal, rioting broke out between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India, leaving some 500,000 dead. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "minority"}], "question": "What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?", "id": "5728cfb7ff5b5019007da70a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Hindu rule"}], "question": "What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?", "id": "5728cfb7ff5b5019007da70b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "interim government"}], "question": "What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?", "id": "5728cfb7ff5b5019007da70c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 930, "text": "500,000"}], "question": "How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?", "id": "5728cfb7ff5b5019007da70d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1050, "text": "12 million"}], "question": "How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?", "id": "5728cfb7ff5b5019007da70e"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1937, Nasser memohon kepada Akademi Tentera Diraja untuk latihan pegawai tentera, tetapi rekod polisnya terhadap protes anti-kerajaan pada awalnya menyekat kemasukannya. Kecewa, dia mendaftar di sekolah undang-undang di King Fuad University, tetapi berhenti selepas satu semester untuk memohon semula kepada Akademi Tentera. Dari bacaannya, Nasser, yang sering bercakap mengenai \"martabat, kemuliaan, dan kebebasan\" pada masa mudanya, menjadi terpesona dengan kisah pembebasan kebangsaan dan penakluk pahlawan; Kerjaya ketenteraan menjadi keutamaannya. <> Apakah matlamat Nasser? || kerjaya tentera <> Di mana Nasser memohon pada tahun 1937? || Akademi Ketenteraan Diraja <> Mengapa Nasser ditolak daripada Akademi? || rekod protes anti-kerajaan <> Di manakah Nasser menghadiri sekolah undang-undang? || King Fuad University <> Berapa lama Nasser menghadiri sekolah undang-undang? || satu semester", {"context": "In 1937, Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training, but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry. Disappointed, he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University, but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy. From his readings, Nasser, who frequently spoke of \"dignity, glory, and freedom\" in his youth, became enchanted with the stories of national liberators and heroic conquerors; a military career became his chief priority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "a military career"}], "question": "What was Nasser's goal?", "id": "5727f0053acd2414000df033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Royal Military Academy"}], "question": "Where did Nasser apply in 1937?", "id": "5727f0053acd2414000df034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "record of anti-government protest"}], "question": "Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy?", "id": "5727f0053acd2414000df035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "King Fuad University"}], "question": "Where did Nasser attend law school?", "id": "5727f0053acd2414000df036"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "one semester"}], "question": "How long did Nasser attend law school?", "id": "5727f0053acd2414000df037"}]}], ["Penglibatan Nasser dalam aktiviti politik meningkat sepanjang tahun-tahun sekolahnya, sehingga dia hanya menghadiri kelas 45 pada tahun sekolah menengah terakhirnya. Meskipun mempunyai sokongan politik yang hampir sebulat suara terhadap pasukan politik Mesir, Nasser sangat menentang Perjanjian Anglo-Mesir 1936 kerana ia menetapkan kehadiran pangkalan tentera British yang berterusan di negara ini. Walau bagaimanapun, pergolakan politik di Mesir menurun dengan ketara dan Nasser melanjutkan pengajiannya di al-Nahda, di mana beliau menerima sijil meninggalkannya pada tahun itu. <> Berapa hari Nasser menghadiri kelas pada tahun seniornya? || 45 <> Perjanjian apa yang Nasser membantah? || Perjanjian Anglo-Mesir <> Apa yang tidak mahu Nasser di Mesir? || Pangkalan tentera British <> Apakah trajektori pergolakan politik selepas perjanjian? || menurun dengan ketara <> Dari mana Nasser lulus? || al-Nahda", {"context": "Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country. Nonetheless, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda, where he received his leaving certificate later that year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "45"}], "question": "How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?", "id": "5727ee363acd2414000df015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Anglo-Egyptian Treaty"}], "question": "What treaty did Nasser object to?", "id": "5727ee363acd2414000df016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "British military bases"}], "question": "What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?", "id": "5727ee363acd2414000df017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "declined significantly"}], "question": "What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty?", "id": "5727ee363acd2414000df018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "al-Nahda"}], "question": "From where did Nasser graduate?", "id": "5727ee363acd2414000df019"}]}], ["Nasser sangat dipengaruhi oleh nasionalisme Mesir, seperti ahli politik Mustafa Kamel, penyair Ahmed Shawqi, dan pengajar anti-kolonialnya di Akademi Ketenteraan Diraja, Aziz al-Masri, yang kepadanya ucapan terima kasih kepada Nasser dalam wawancara akhbar 1961. Beliau sangat dipengaruhi oleh penulis novel Tawfiq al-Hakim, novel Return of the Spirit, di mana al-Hakim menulis bahawa orang-orang Mesir hanya memerlukan seorang \"lelaki yang semua perasaan dan keinginan mereka akan diwakili, dan siapa yang akan menjadi bagi mereka simbol objektif mereka \". Nasser kemudian mengiktiraf novel ini sebagai inspirasinya untuk melancarkan revolusi 1952. <> Apa teori politik yang menarik Nasser? || Nasionalisme Mesir <> Apa ahli politik yang mengagumi Nasser? || Mustafa Kamel <> Penyair mana yang dibaca oleh Nasser? || Ahmed Shawqi <> Apa novel mempengaruhi Nasser? || Kembali dari Roh <> Di mana Nasser bertemu dengan guru anti-kolonialnya? || Akademi Tentera Diraja", {"context": "Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a \"man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective\". Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Egyptian nationalism"}], "question": "What political theory fascinated Nasser?", "id": "5727ef92ff5b5019007d98d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Mustafa Kamel"}], "question": "What politician did Nasser admire?", "id": "5727ef92ff5b5019007d98d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Ahmed Shawqi"}], "question": "What poet did Nasser read?", "id": "5727ef92ff5b5019007d98da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Return of the Spirit"}], "question": "What novel influenced Nasser greatly?", "id": "5727ef92ff5b5019007d98db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Royal Military Academy"}], "question": "Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher?", "id": "5727ef92ff5b5019007d98dc"}]}], ["Aburish menegaskan bahawa Nasser tidak tertekan dengan relokasi kerapinya, yang memperluaskan cakrawalanya dan menunjukkan kepadanya golongan kelas masyarakat Mesir. Kedudukan sosialnya sendiri jauh di bawah golongan elit Mesir yang kaya, dan ketidakpuasannya dengan mereka yang dilahirkan menjadi kekayaan dan kekuasaan meningkat sepanjang hayatnya. Nasser menghabiskan sebahagian besar masa lapang membaca, terutamanya pada tahun 1933 ketika dia tinggal di dekat Perpustakaan Negara Mesir. Beliau membaca Al-Qur'an, kata-kata Muhammad, kehidupan sahabat (sahabat Muhammad), dan biografi pemimpin nasionalis Napoleon, Ataturk, Otto von Bismarck, dan Garibaldi serta autobiografi Winston Churchill. <> Apa yang dilakukan Nasser dalam masa luangnya? || membaca <> Institusi apa yang Nasser tinggal dekat pada tahun 1933? || Perpustakaan Negara Mesir <> Apa yang dilihat Nasser dari bergerak serentak sebagai pemuda? || Bahagian kelas masyarakat Mesir <> Apakah kedudukan Nasser dalam masyarakat Mesir? || jauh di bawah golongan elit Mesir yang kaya <> Apakah biografi yang dibaca oleh Nasser? || pemimpin nasionalis", {"context": "Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations, which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society's class divisions. His own social status was well below the wealthy Egyptian elite, and his discontent with those born into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime. Nasser spent most of his spare time reading, particularly in 1933 when he lived near the National Library of Egypt. He read the Qur'an, the sayings of Muhammad, the lives of the Sahaba (Muhammad's companions), and the biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon, Ataturk, Otto von Bismarck, and Garibaldi and the autobiography of Winston Churchill.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "reading"}], "question": "What did Nasser do in his spare time?", "id": "5727eecd3acd2414000df029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "National Library of Egypt"}], "question": "What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933?", "id": "5727eecd3acd2414000df02a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Egyptian society's class divisions"}], "question": "What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth?", "id": "5727eecd3acd2414000df02b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "well below the wealthy Egyptian elite"}], "question": "What was Nasser's position in Egypt's society?", "id": "5727eecd3acd2414000df02c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "nationalist leaders"}], "question": "What kind of biographies did Nasser read?", "id": "5727eecd3acd2414000df02d"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1928, Nasser pergi ke Alexandria untuk tinggal bersama datuk ibunya dan menghadiri sekolah rendah Attarin di bandar itu. Beliau meninggalkan pada tahun 1929 untuk sebuah sekolah berasrama swasta di Helwan, dan kemudiannya kembali ke Alexandria untuk memasuki sekolah menengah Ras el-Tin dan untuk menyertai bapanya, yang bekerja untuk perkhidmatan pos di bandar ini. Di Alexandria, Nasser terlibat dalam aktivisme politik. Selepas menyaksikan pertembungan antara penunjuk perasaan dan polis di Manshia Square, beliau menyertai demonstrasi itu tanpa menyedari tujuannya. Bantahan itu, yang dianjurkan oleh Persatuan Mesir Young yang ultranasional, menyeru penghujung penjajahan di Mesir berikutan pembatalan perlembagaan Mesir 1923 oleh Perdana Menteri Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser ditangkap dan ditahan semalaman sebelum bapanya menyelamatkannya. <> Sekolah rendah apa yang hadir Nasser? || Attarin <> Di manakah Nasser pergi ke sekolah menengah? || Helwan <> Apa sekolah menengah yang hadir Nasser? || Ras el-Tin <> Di manakah demonstrasi saksi muda Nasser? || Manshia Square <> Apakah organisasi yang menganjurkan protes Nasser menyaksikan? || Young Egypt Society", {"context": "In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Attarin"}], "question": "What elementary school did Nasser attend?", "id": "5727ecef2ca10214002d99d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Helwan"}], "question": "Where did Nasser go to boarding school?", "id": "5727ecef2ca10214002d99d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Ras el-Tin"}], "question": "What secondary school did Nasser attend?", "id": "5727ecef2ca10214002d99d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Manshia Square"}], "question": "Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations?", "id": "5727ecef2ca10214002d99d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "Young Egypt Society"}], "question": "What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed?", "id": "5727ecef2ca10214002d99d6"}]}], ["Apabila bapanya dipindahkan ke Kaherah pada tahun 1933, Nasser menyertai beliau dan menghadiri sekolah al-Nahda al-Masria. Beliau mengambil akting dalam drama sekolah untuk tempoh singkat dan menulis artikel untuk kertas sekolah, termasuk sepotong ahli falsafah Perancis Voltaire berjudul \"Voltaire, Man of Freedom\". Pada 13 November 1935, Nasser mengetuai demonstrasi pelajar terhadap pemerintahan British, membantah kenyataan yang dibuat empat hari sebelum Menteri Luar UK Samuel Hoare yang menolak prospek untuk pemulihan Perlembagaan 1923. Dua orang penunjuk perasaan terbunuh dan Nasser menerima rumput di kepala dari peluru polis. Insiden ini mendapat perhatian pertama dalam akhbar itu: akhbar nasionalis Al Gihad melaporkan bahawa Nasser mengetuai protes itu dan merupakan antara yang cedera. Pada 12 Disember, raja baru, Farouk, mengeluarkan satu dekri yang memulihkan perlembagaan. <> Sekolah apa yang Nasser hadir di Kairo? || al-Nahda al-Masria <> Apakah tajuk artikel Nasser menulis untuk kertas sekolahnya? || Voltaire, Man of Freedom <> Apa isu Nasser mengetuai protes terhadap? || Peraturan British <> Berapa ramai penunjuk perasaan terbunuh dalam demonstrasi itu? || Dua <> Apakah Raja Farouk memulihkan selepas demonstrasi? || perlembagaan", {"context": "When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled \"Voltaire, the Man of Freedom\". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "al-Nahda al-Masria"}], "question": "What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?", "id": "5727eda1ff5b5019007d98bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom"}], "question": "What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?", "id": "5727eda1ff5b5019007d98bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "British rule"}], "question": "What was the issue Nasser led a protest against?", "id": "5727eda1ff5b5019007d98be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many protestors were killed in the demonstration?", "id": "5727eda1ff5b5019007d98bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 838, "text": "constitution"}], "question": "What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations?", "id": "5727eda1ff5b5019007d98c0"}]}], ["Gamal Abdel Nasser dilahirkan pada 15 Januari 1918 di Bakos, Alexandria, anak sulung Fahima dan Abdel Nasser Hussein. Bapa Nasser adalah seorang pekerja pos yang dilahirkan di Beni Mur di Mesir Atas dan dibesarkan di Alexandria, dan keluarganya dari Mallawi, el-Minya. Ibu bapanya berkahwin pada tahun 1917, dan kemudian mempunyai dua lagi lelaki, Izz al-Arab dan al-Leithi. Biografi Nasser Robert Stephens dan Said Aburish menulis bahawa keluarga Nasser percaya dengan kuat dalam \"pengertian Arab kemuliaan\", kerana nama saudara Nasser, Izz al-Arab, diterjemahkan kepada \"Kemuliaan orang-orang Arab\" -nama yang jarang berlaku di Mesir. <> Apa pekerjaan bapa Nasser? || pekerja pos <> Di mana bandar Nasser dibangkitkan? || Alexandria <> Apa tahun Nasser dilahirkan? || 1918 <> Apakah nama abang Nasser diterjemahkan? || Kemuliaan orang Arab <> Apa saudara kandung yang ada Nasser? || dua lagi lelaki", {"context": "Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the \"Arab notion of glory\", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to \"Glory of the Arabs\"\u2014a rare name in Egypt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "postal worker"}], "question": "What was Nasser's father's occupation?", "id": "5727ec5aff5b5019007d9898"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Alexandria"}], "question": "In what city was Nasser raised?", "id": "5727ec5aff5b5019007d9899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "1918"}], "question": "What year was Nasser born?", "id": "5727ec5aff5b5019007d989a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Glory of the Arabs"}], "question": "What does Nasser's brother's name translate to?", "id": "5727ec5aff5b5019007d989b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "two more boys"}], "question": "What siblings did Nasser have?", "id": "5727ec5aff5b5019007d989c"}]}], ["Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Bahasa Arab: \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646, 15 Januari 1918 - 28 September 1970) adalah presiden kedua Mesir, berkhidmat dari tahun 1956 hingga kematiannya. Nasser mengetuai penggulingan monarki 1952 dan memperkenalkan reformasi tanah yang meluas pada tahun berikutnya. Berikutan percubaan 1954 dalam hidupnya oleh anggota Ikhwanul Muslim yang bertindak sendiri, dia memecah organisasi, meletakkan Presiden Muhammad Naguib di bawah penangkapan rumah, dan mengambil alih jawatan eksekutif, secara rasmi menjadi presiden pada bulan Jun 1956. Mesir adalah Nasser? || kedua <> organisasi apa yang cuba membunuh Nasser? || Ikhwan Muslim <> Dalam tahun apakah Nasser menjadi presiden? || 1956 <> Pada tahun apakah Nasser mati? || 1970 <> Apa jenis kerajaan Nasser menggulingkan? || monarki", {"context": "Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u200e, IPA: [\u0261\u00e6\u02c8m\u00e6\u02d0l \u0295\u00e6bden\u02c8n\u0251\u02d0s\u02e4e\u027e \u0127e\u02c8se\u02d0n]; 15 January 1918 \u2013 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "second"}], "question": "What number president of Egypt was Nasser?", "id": "5727ea812ca10214002d99a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood"}], "question": "What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser?", "id": "5727ea812ca10214002d99a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "1956"}], "question": "In what year did Nasser become president?", "id": "5727ea812ca10214002d99a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "1970"}], "question": "In what year did Nasser die?", "id": "5727ea812ca10214002d99a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "monarchy"}], "question": "What type of government did Nasser overthrow?", "id": "5727ea812ca10214002d99aa"}]}], ["Nasser kekal sebagai tokoh ikon di dunia Arab, terutamanya untuk kemajuannya ke arah keadilan sosial dan perpaduan Arab, dasar pemodenan, dan usaha anti-imperialis. Presidennya juga digalakkan dan bertepatan dengan ledakan budaya Mesir, dan melancarkan projek perindustrian besar, termasuk Empangan Aswan dan Helwan City. Penindas Nasser mengkritik autoritariannya, pelanggaran hak asasi manusia kerajaannya, hubungan populisnya dengan rakyat, dan kegagalannya untuk menubuhkan institusi-institusi awam, menyalahkan warisannya untuk pemerintahan diktator di Mesir masa depan. Ahli sejarah menggambarkan Nasser sebagai tokoh politik yang menjulang tinggi di Timur Tengah pada abad ke-20. <> Nama dua projek infrastruktur Nasser diterajui. || Aswan Dam dan Bandar Helwan <> Berapa abad yang ditakrifkan oleh Nasser? || 20 <Apakah kedudukan nasser terhadap imperialisme? || anti-imperialis <> Bagaimana kerajaan Nasser menangani hak asasi manusia? || pelanggaran hak asasi manusia", {"context": "Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Aswan Dam and Helwan City"}], "question": "Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded.", "id": "5727ebe03acd2414000defef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "20th"}], "question": "What century did Nasser rule in?", "id": "5727ebe03acd2414000deff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "anti-imperialist"}], "question": "What was nasser's position toward imperialism?", "id": "5727ebe03acd2414000deff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "human rights violations"}], "question": "How did Nasser's government deal with human rights?", "id": "5727ebe03acd2414000deff2"}]}], ["Kebangsaan Nasser dari Terusan Suez dan kemunculannya sebagai pemenang politik dari Krisis Suez yang seterusnya meningkatkan popularitinya di Mesir dan dunia Arab. Panggilan untuk perpaduan pan-Arab di bawah kepimpinannya meningkat, memuncak dengan pembentukan Republik Arab Bersatu dengan Syria (1958-1961). Pada tahun 1962, Nasser memulakan siri langkah-langkah sosialis utama dan pembaharuan pemodenan di Mesir. Walaupun terdapat kemusnahan terhadap masalah pan-Arabnya, pada tahun 1963 penyokong Nasser mendapat kuasa di beberapa negara Arab dan ia menjadi terlibat dalam Perang Saudara Yaman Utara. Beliau memulakan istilah presidennya yang kedua pada Mac 1965 selepas lawan politik beliau dilarang daripada berlari. Berikutan kekalahan Mesir oleh Israel dalam Perang Enam Hari 1967, Nasser meletak jawatan, tetapi dia kembali ke pejabat selepas demonstrasi popular meminta pemulihannya. Menjelang 1968, Nasser telah melantik dirinya sebagai perdana menteri, melancarkan Perang Pergeseran untuk mendapatkan kembali wilayah yang hilang, memulakan proses depolitisasi tentera, dan mengeluarkan satu set pembaharuan liberalisasi politik. Selepas tamatnya Sidang Kemuncak Liga Arab 1970, Nasser mengalami serangan jantung dan meninggal dunia. Pengebumiannya di Kaherah menarik lima juta orang berkabung dan kecemburuan melampaui dunia Arab. <> Berapa banyak penyembuh menghadiri penguburan Nasser? || lima juta <> Apa laluan air mercu tanda yang dilakukan oleh Nasser? || Suez Canal <> Apa organisasi yang dibuat Nasser dengan Syria? || United Arab Republic <> Apa perang saudara yang Nasser terjerat? || Perang Saudara Yaman Utara <> Dalam tahun apakah Nasser memulakan penggal kedua sebagai Presiden? || 1965", {"context": "Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958\u20131961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1185, "text": "five million"}], "question": "How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral?", "id": "5727eb3c4b864d1900164024"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Suez Canal"}], "question": "What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize?", "id": "5727eb3c4b864d1900164025"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "United Arab Republic"}], "question": "What organization did Nasser create with Syria?", "id": "5727eb3c4b864d1900164026"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "North Yemen Civil War"}], "question": "What civil war did Nasser become entangled in?", "id": "5727eb3c4b864d1900164027"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "1965"}], "question": "In what year did Nasser start his second term as President?", "id": "5727eb3c4b864d1900164028"}]}], ["Pada 25 Januari 1952, konfrontasi antara pasukan British dan polis di Ismailia mengakibatkan kematian 40 anggota polis Mesir, yang memprovokasi rusuhan di Kaherah pada hari berikutnya yang menyebabkan 76 orang mati. Selepas itu, Nasser menerbitkan program enam mata sederhana di Rose al-Yushsu untuk membongkar feudalisme dan pengaruh Inggeris di Mesir. Pada bulan Mei, Nasser menerima kata bahawa Farouk tahu nama-nama Pegawai Percuma dan bertujuan untuk menangkap mereka; beliau segera mengamanahkan Pegawai Bebas Zakaria Mohieddin dengan tugas merancang pengambilalihan oleh unit tentera yang setia kepada persatuan itu. <> Pada tahun apakah rusuhan menyebabkan keadaan politik di Mesir semakin merosot? || 1952 <> Di manakah pasukan British dan polis Mesir bertempur? || Ismailia <> Berapa banyak orang terbunuh dalam rusuhan Kaherah? || 76 <> Siapa yang Nasser mendaftar untuk merancang rampasan kuasa Pegawai Bebas? || Zakaria Mohieddin <> Apa yang Nasser mahu berakhir di Mesir? || feudalisme", {"context": "On 25 January 1952, a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen, provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead. Afterwards, Nasser published a simple six-point program in Rose al-Y\u016bsuf to dismantle feudalism and British influence in Egypt. In May, Nasser received word that Farouk knew the names of the Free Officers and intended to arrest them; he immediately entrusted Free Officer Zakaria Mohieddin with the task of planning the government takeover by army units loyal to the association.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "1952"}], "question": "In what year did riots cause the political situation in Egypt to rapidly deteriorate? ", "id": "5727f8314b864d19001640d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Ismailia"}], "question": "Where did British forces and Egyptian police clash?", "id": "5727f8314b864d19001640d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "76"}], "question": "How many people were killed in the Cairo riots?", "id": "5727f8314b864d19001640d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Zakaria Mohieddin"}], "question": "Who did Nasser enlist to plan the Free Officer's coup?", "id": "5727f8314b864d19001640d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "feudalism"}], "question": "What did Nasser want to end in Egypt?", "id": "5727f8314b864d19001640da"}]}], ["Pada 11 Oktober 1951, kerajaan Wafd membatalkan perjanjian 1936 Anglo-Mesir, yang telah memberikan kawalan British ke atas Terusan Suez sehingga tahun 1956. Popularitas langkah ini, serta serangan gerila yang menaja kerajaan terhadap British, meletakkan tekanan terhadap Nasser bertindak. Menurut Sadat, Nasser memutuskan untuk melancarkan \"kempen pembunuhan besar-besaran\". Pada bulan Januari 1952, beliau dan Hassan Ibrahim cuba membunuh ketua kerajaan diraja Hussein Sirri Amer dengan menembak senapang ringan di kereta ketika dia memandu melalui jalan-jalan di Kaherah. Daripada membunuh jeneral, penyerang melukai seorang wanita yang tidak bersalah. Nasser teringat bahawa wails beliau \"menghantui\" dia dan tegas menghalangnya daripada melakukan tindakan yang sama di masa depan. <> Perjanjian apa yang kerajaan Wafd memansuhkan? || Perjanjian Anglo-Mesir <> Siapa yang membuat kumpulan Nasser cuba membunuh? || Hussein Sirri Amer <> Siapa yang membantu Nasser dengan percubaan pembunuhan itu? || Hassan Ibrahim <> Apakah gabungan politik umum Amer? || royalis <> Siapa yang cedera dalam percubaan pembunuhan itu? || seorang pelaut wanita yang tidak bersalah", {"context": "On 11 October 1951, the Wafd government abrogated the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, which had given the British control over the Suez Canal until 1956. The popularity of this move, as well as that of government-sponsored guerrilla attacks against the British, put pressure on Nasser to act. According to Sadat, Nasser decided to wage \"a large scale assassination campaign\". In January 1952, he and Hassan Ibrahim attempted to kill the royalist general Hussein Sirri Amer by firing their submachine guns at his car as he drove through the streets of Cairo. Instead of killing the general, the attackers wounded an innocent female passerby. Nasser recalled that her wails \"haunted\" him and firmly dissuaded him from undertaking similar actions in the future.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Anglo-Egyptian Treaty"}], "question": "What treaty did the Wafd government abrogate?", "id": "5727f67d3acd2414000df0ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Hussein Sirri Amer"}], "question": "Who did Nasser's group try to assassinate?", "id": "5727f67d3acd2414000df0f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Hassan Ibrahim"}], "question": "Who helped Nasser with the assassination attempt?", "id": "5727f67d3acd2414000df0f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "royalist"}], "question": "What was general Amer's political affiliation?", "id": "5727f67d3acd2414000df0f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "an innocent female passerby"}], "question": "Who was wounded in the assassination attempt?", "id": "5727f67d3acd2414000df0f3"}]}], ["Pada pilihan raya parlimen 1950, Parti Wafd el-Nahhas mendapat kemenangan-kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh ketiadaan Ikhwanul Muslimin, yang memboikot pemilihan-dan dilihat sebagai ancaman oleh Pegawai Bebas ketika Wafd telah berkempen atas tuntutan yang sama kepada mereka sendiri. Tuduhan korupsi terhadap ahli politik Wafd mula muncul, bagaimanapun, membiakkan suasana khabar angin dan kecurigaan yang mengakibatkan Pegawai Bebas menjadi terdepan dalam politik Mesir. Pada masa itu, organisasi itu telah berkembang sehingga sembilan puluh ahli; menurut Khaled Mohieddin, \"tiada siapa yang tahu semuanya dan di mana mereka berada dalam hierarki kecuali Nasser\". Nasser merasakan bahawa Pegawai Bebas tidak bersedia untuk bergerak melawan kerajaan dan, selama hampir dua tahun, dia melakukan sedikit lebih daripada pengambilan pegawai dan buletin berita bawah tanah. <> Kumpulan apa yang memboikot pilihan raya tahun 1950? || Ikhwanul Islam <> Parti apa yang maju dalam pilihan raya 1950? || Wafd <> Apakah ahli Wafd yang dituduh? || rasuah <> Apa kumpulan yang menjadi terkenal dalam politik Mesir? || Pegawai Bebas <> Berapa lama Nasser membongkok pangkat Pegawai Bebasnya? || hampir dua tahun", {"context": "In the 1950 parliamentary elections, the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory\u2014mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood, which boycotted the elections\u2014and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own. Accusations of corruption against Wafd politicians began to surface, however, breeding an atmosphere of rumor and suspicion that consequently brought the Free Officers to the forefront of Egyptian politics. By then, the organization had expanded to around ninety members; according to Khaled Mohieddin, \"nobody knew all of them and where they belonged in the hierarchy except Nasser\". Nasser felt that the Free Officers were not ready to move against the government and, for nearly two years, he did little beyond officer recruitment and underground news bulletins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood"}], "question": "What group boycotted the 1950 elections?", "id": "5727f5c13acd2414000df0cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Wafd"}], "question": "What party advanced in the 1950 elections?", "id": "5727f5c13acd2414000df0ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "corruption"}], "question": "What were Wafd members accused of?", "id": "5727f5c13acd2414000df0cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Free Officers"}], "question": "What group became prominent in Egyptian politics?", "id": "5727f5c13acd2414000df0d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "nearly two years"}], "question": "How long did Nasser swell the ranks of his Free Officers?", "id": "5727f5c13acd2414000df0d1"}]}], ["Penyanyi Mesir, Umm Kulthum menjadi tuan rumah sambutan umum untuk kembali ke pejabat walaupun terdapat permintaan dari kerajaan kerajaan, yang telah ditekan oleh pihak British untuk menghalang penerimaan. Perbezaan sikap antara kerajaan dengan masyarakat umum meningkatkan keazaman Nasser untuk menjatuhkan monarki. Nasser juga merasa pahit bahawa brigednya tidak lega walaupun daya tahannya dipamerkan. Beliau mula menulis buku Falsafah Revolusi semasa pengepungan. <> Apa penyanyi Mesir yang dilakukan pada kembalinya pasukan Nasser? || Umm Kulthum <> Buku apa yang Nasser mula menulis? || Falsafah Revolusi <> Kumpulan apa yang menentang sambutan pengembaraan pasukan Nasser? || kerajaan kerajaan <> Siapa yang telah menekan kerajaan untuk membatalkan penerimaan? || British <> Apa yang Nasser semakin yakin bahawa dia harus digulingkan? || monarki", {"context": "The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for the officers' return despite reservations from the royal government, which had been pressured by the British to prevent the reception. The apparent difference in attitude between the government and the general public increased Nasser's determination to topple the monarchy. Nasser had also felt bitter that his brigade had not been relieved despite the resilience it displayed. He started writing his book Philosophy of the Revolution during the siege.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Umm Kulthum"}], "question": "What Egyptian singer performed at the return of Nasser's brigade?", "id": "5727f2e03acd2414000df091"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Philosophy of the Revolution"}], "question": "What book did Nasser start writing?", "id": "5727f2e03acd2414000df092"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "royal government"}], "question": "What group opposed the celebration of Nasser's brigade's return?", "id": "5727f2e03acd2414000df093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "British"}], "question": "Who has pressured the government to cancel the reception?", "id": "5727f2e03acd2414000df094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "monarchy"}], "question": "What was Nasser increasingly convinced he should topple?", "id": "5727f2e03acd2414000df095"}]}], ["Selepas perang, Nasser kembali ke peranannya sebagai pengajar di Akademi Ketenteraan Diraja. Beliau menghantar utusan untuk menjalin perikatan dengan Ikhwanul Muslimin pada bulan Oktober 1948, tetapi tidak lama kemudian menyimpulkan bahawa agenda agama Ikhwanul tidak sesuai dengan nasionalismenya. Sejak itu, Nasser menghalang pengaruh Ikhwan ke atas kegiatan kadernya tanpa memutuskan hubungan dengan organisasi. Nasser telah dihantar sebagai anggota delegasi Mesir ke Rhodes pada bulan Februari 1949 untuk berunding dengan gencatan senjata rasmi dengan Israel, dan dilaporkan memandang istilah-istilah yang memalukan, terutamanya kerana Israel dapat dengan mudah menduduki rantau Eilat semasa berunding dengan orang-orang Arab di Mac. <> Apa yang dilakukan Nasser selepas perang berakhir? || pengajar di Akademi Ketenteraan Diraja <> Apa kumpulan yang cuba dicuba oleh Nasser? || Ikhwan Muslim <> Apa sebabnya Nasser menolak Ikhwanul Muslimin? || agenda keagamaan <> Bagaimana Nasser melihat syarat-syarat yang bersenjata dengan Israel? || menghina <> Kawasan apa yang telah diduduki oleh Israel semasa pembicaraan? || Eilat", {"context": "After the war, Nasser returned to his role as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy. He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948, but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism. From then on, Nasser prevented the Brotherhood's influence over his cadres' activities without severing ties with the organization. Nasser was sent as a member of the Egyptian delegation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal armistice with Israel, and reportedly considered the terms to be humiliating, particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy the Eilat region while negotiating with the Arabs in March.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "instructor at the Royal Military Academy"}], "question": "What did Nasser do after the war ended?", "id": "5727f4172ca10214002d9a22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood"}], "question": "What group did Nasser try to allign himself with?", "id": "5727f4172ca10214002d9a23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "religious agenda"}], "question": "What was the reason Nasser rejected the Muslim Brotherhood?", "id": "5727f4172ca10214002d9a24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "humiliating"}], "question": "How did Nasser view the terms of the armisitce with Israel?", "id": "5727f4172ca10214002d9a25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "Eilat"}], "question": "What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks?", "id": "5727f4172ca10214002d9a26"}]}], ["Sirri Amer dekat dengan Raja Farouk, dan dicalonkan untuk menjadi presiden Club Pegawai-biasanya sebuah pejabat upacara-dengan sokongan raja. Nasser bertekad untuk menubuhkan kemerdekaan tentera dari monarki, dan dengan Amer sebagai pengacara, memutuskan untuk meletakkan calon untuk Pegawai Bebas. Mereka memilih Muhammad Naguib, seorang jeneral yang terkenal yang telah menawarkan peletakan jawatannya ke Farouk pada tahun 1942 atas tangan British yang tinggi dan terluka tiga kali dalam Perang Palestin. Naguib menang banyak dan Pegawai Bebas, melalui hubungan mereka dengan harian Mesir terkemuka, al-Misri, mempublikasikan kemenangannya sambil memuji semangat nasionalis tentera. <> Siapa yang dicalonkan kepada jawatan presiden Kelab Pegawai? || Sirri Amer <> Siapa pilihan Nassir untuk mewakili Pegawai Percuma? || Muhammad Naguib <> Berapa kali Naguib cedera? || tiga <> Apa media yang menarik agenda Agenda Percuma? || al-Misri <> Dalam peperangan apa yang dilukai Naguib? || Perang Palestin", {"context": "Sirri Amer was close to King Farouk, and was nominated for the presidency of the Officer's Club\u2014normally a ceremonial office\u2014with the king's backing. Nasser was determined to establish the independence of the army from the monarchy, and with Amer as the intercessor, resolved to field a nominee for the Free Officers. They selected Muhammad Naguib, a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War. Naguib won overwhelmingly and the Free Officers, through their connection with a leading Egyptian daily, al-Misri, publicized his victory while praising the nationalistic spirit of the army.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sirri Amer"}], "question": "Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer's Club?", "id": "5727f767ff5b5019007d996a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Muhammad Naguib"}], "question": "Who was Nassir's choice to represent the Free Officers?", "id": "5727f767ff5b5019007d996b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many times was Naguib wounded?", "id": "5727f767ff5b5019007d996c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "al-Misri"}], "question": "What media outlet advanced the Free Officer's agenda?", "id": "5727f767ff5b5019007d996d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Palestine War"}], "question": "In what war was Naguib wounded?", "id": "5727f767ff5b5019007d996e"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei 1948, selepas penarikan British, Raja Farouk menghantar tentera Mesir ke Palestin, dengan Nasser berkhidmat di Batalion Infantri ke-6. Semasa perang, beliau menulis tentang kesediaan tentera Mesir, mengatakan \"tentera kami dipecahkan terhadap kubu-kubu\". Nasser adalah timbalan komander pasukan Mesir yang mengamankan poket Faluja. Pada 12 Julai, dia cedera ringan dalam pertempuran. Menjelang Ogos, pasukannya dikelilingi oleh Tentera Israel. Rayuan untuk mendapatkan bantuan daripada Legion Arab Jordan tidak diendahkan, tetapi pasukan itu enggan menyerahkan diri. Rundingan antara Israel dan Mesir akhirnya mengakibatkan Faluja menyerah kepada Israel. Menurut wartawan veteran Eric Margolis, pembela Faluja, \"termasuk pegawai muda tentara Gamal Abdel Nasser, menjadi pahlawan nasional\" untuk mengamuk pengeboman Israel sementara terpencil dari perintah mereka. <> Di mana tentera Mesir dihantar pada tahun 1948? || Palestin <> Dalam apa unit yang ditugaskan oleh Nasser? || Batalion Infantri ke-6 <> Seberapa teruk Nasser cedera? || ringan <> Tentera mana yang mengelilingi pasukan Nasser? || Israel <> Wilayah apa yang diberikan kepada Israel? || Faluja", {"context": "In May 1948, following the British withdrawal, King Farouk sent the Egyptian army into Palestine, with Nasser serving in the 6th Infantry Battalion. During the war, he wrote of the Egyptian army's unpreparedness, saying \"our soldiers were dashed against fortifications\". Nasser was deputy commander of the Egyptian forces that secured the Faluja pocket. On 12 July, he was lightly wounded in the fighting. By August, his brigade was surrounded by the Israeli Army. Appeals for help from Jordan's Arab Legion went unheeded, but the brigade refused to surrender. Negotiations between Israel and Egypt finally resulted in the ceding of Faluja to Israel. According to veteran journalist Eric Margolis, the defenders of Faluja, \"including young army officer Gamal Abdel Nasser, became national heroes\" for enduring Israeli bombardment while isolated from their command.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Palestine"}], "question": "Where was the Egyptian army sent in 1948?", "id": "5727f23f2ca10214002d9a18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "6th Infantry Battalion"}], "question": "In what unit did Nasser serve?", "id": "5727f23f2ca10214002d9a19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "lightly"}], "question": "How badly was Nasser wounded?", "id": "5727f23f2ca10214002d9a1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Israeli"}], "question": "What army surrounded Nasser's brigade?", "id": "5727f23f2ca10214002d9a1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "Faluja"}], "question": "What territory was given to Israel?", "id": "5727f23f2ca10214002d9a1c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1941, Nasser telah dihantar ke Khartoum, Sudan, yang merupakan sebahagian Mesir pada masa itu. Nasser kembali ke Sudan pada bulan September 1942 selepas tinggal singkat di Mesir, kemudian mendapat kedudukan sebagai pengajar di Akademi Tentera Diraja Kaherah pada bulan Mei 1943. Pada tahun 1942, Duta Besar British Miles Lampson berarak ke istana Raja Farouk dan memerintahkannya untuk memecat Perdana Menteri Hussein Sirri Pasha kerana mempunyai simpati pro-Axis. Nasser menyaksikan kejadian itu sebagai pelanggaran kedaulatan Mesir dan menulis, \"Saya malu bahawa tentera kita tidak bertindak balas terhadap serangan ini\", dan berharap untuk \"malapetaka\" untuk mengatasi British. Nasser diterima masuk ke Kolej Kakitangan Am pada tahun itu. Beliau mula membentuk sekumpulan pegawai tentera muda dengan sentimen nasionalis kuat yang menyokong beberapa bentuk revolusi. Nasser tetap berhubung dengan ahli-ahli kumpulan terutamanya melalui Amer, yang terus mencari pegawai-pegawai yang berminat dalam pelbagai cabang Angkatan Tentera Mesir dan mempersembahkan Nasser dengan satu fail lengkap pada setiap mereka. <> Dalam tahun apakah Nasser dipasangkan ke Sudan? || 1941 <> Whas adalah kedudukan Nasser di akademi tentera pada tahun 1943? || instruktur <> Siapa yang mengarahkan Raja untuk memecat Perdana Menteri? || Duta Besar British Miles Lampson <> Apa kumpulan politik Nasser dikaitkan dengan? || nasionalis <> Siapa hubungan Nasser di angkatan bersenjata, memberi Nasser dossiers? || Amer", {"context": "In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, \"I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack\", and wished for \"calamity\" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1941"}], "question": "In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan?", "id": "5727f19a3acd2414000df06d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "instructor"}], "question": "Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943?", "id": "5727f19a3acd2414000df06e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "British Ambassador Miles Lampson"}], "question": "Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister?", "id": "5727f19a3acd2414000df06f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "nationalist"}], "question": "What political group was Nasser associated with?", "id": "5727f19a3acd2414000df070"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "Amer"}], "question": "Who was Nasser's contact in the armed forces, giving Nasser dossiers?", "id": "5727f19a3acd2414000df071"}]}], ["Kembalinya Nasser ke Mesir bertepatan dengan kudeta Syria Husni al-Za'im. Kejayaan dan sokongan popular yang jelas di kalangan rakyat Syria menggalakkan usaha revolusioner Nasser. Tidak lama selepas kembalinya, beliau dipanggil dan diinterogasi oleh Perdana Menteri Ibrahim Abdel Hadi mengenai syak wasangka bahawa beliau membentuk sekumpulan pegawai rahsia yang berbeza. Menurut laporan kedua, Nasser meyakinkan menafikan tuduhan tersebut. Abdel Hadi juga ragu-ragu untuk mengambil langkah drastik terhadap tentera, terutama di hadapan ketua kakitangannya, yang hadir semasa soal siasat, dan seterusnya mengeluarkan Nasser. Siasatan itu mendorong Nasser untuk mempercepatkan aktiviti kumpulannya. <> Apa orang yang mempunyai kudeta sekitar masa Nasser kembali ke Mesir? || Syria <> Siapa yang mempersoalkan Nasser? || Perdana Menteri Ibrahim Abdel <> Apa reaksi Nasser terhadap soalan-soalan yang ditanya? || meyakinkan menafikan tuduhan <> Apa soal soal siasat yang ditimbulkan Nasser? || mempercepatkan aktiviti kumpulannya", {"context": "Nasser's return to Egypt coincided with Husni al-Za'im's Syrian coup d'\u00e9tat. Its success and evident popular support among the Syrian people encouraged Nasser's revolutionary pursuits. Soon after his return, he was summoned and interrogated by Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel Hadi regarding suspicions that he was forming a secret group of dissenting officers. According to secondhand reports, Nasser convincingly denied the allegations. Abdel Hadi was also hesitant to take drastic measures against the army, especially in front of its chief of staff, who was present during the interrogation, and subsequently released Nasser. The interrogation pushed Nasser to speed up his group's activities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Syrian"}], "question": "What people had a coup around the time Nasser returned to Egypt?", "id": "5727f4fb2ca10214002d9a3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel"}], "question": "Who questioned Nasser?", "id": "5727f4fb2ca10214002d9a3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "convincingly denied the allegations"}], "question": "What was Nasser's reaction to the questions he was asked?", "id": "5727f4fb2ca10214002d9a3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "speed up his group's activities"}], "question": "What did the interrogation provoke Nasser to do?", "id": "5727f4fb2ca10214002d9a3f"}]}], ["Yakinlah bahawa dia memerlukan seorang pengantara, atau pengantara yang berpengaruh untuk mempromosikan permohonannya di atas yang lain, Nasser berjaya mendapatkan pertemuan dengan Setiausaha Setia Perang Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, orang yang bertanggungjawab untuk lembaga pemilihan akademi, dan meminta pertolongannya. Khairy Pasha bersetuju dan menaja permohonan kedua Nasser, yang diterima pada akhir 1937. Nasser memberi tumpuan kepada kerjaya ketenteraannya sejak itu, dan tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan keluarganya. Di akademi, beliau bertemu Abdel Hakim Amer dan Anwar Sadat, kedua-duanya menjadi pembantu penting semasa jawatan presidennya. Selepas menamatkan pengajian dari akademi pada bulan Julai 1938, beliau telah menugaskan seorang leftenan kedua dalam infantri, dan dihantar ke Mankabad. Di sinilah Nasser dan kawan-kawannya yang paling dekat, termasuk Sadat dan Amer, pertama kali membincangkan ketidakpuasan mereka terhadap rasuah yang meluas di negara ini dan keinginan mereka untuk menjatuhkan monarki. Sadat kemudian menulisnya kerana \"pertimbangan tenaga, pemikiran yang jelas dan seimbang\", Nasser muncul sebagai pemimpin semula jadi kumpulan. <> Apa istilah lain untuk pengantara yang berpengaruh? || wasta <> Yang menaja permohonan kedua Nasser ke Akademi Tentera? || Khairy Pasha <> Apa sekutu yang bertemu Nasser di Akademi? || Sadat dan Amer <> Apakah pelajar tidak puas hati di Mesir? || rasuah yang meluas <> Apa lembaga Mesir yang Nasser dan rakan-rakannya mahu berakhir? || monarki", {"context": "Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his \"energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement\", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "wasta"}], "question": "What's another term for influential intermediary?", "id": "5727f0cd3acd2414000df047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Khairy Pasha"}], "question": "Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?", "id": "5727f0cd3acd2414000df048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "Sadat and Amer"}], "question": "What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?", "id": "5727f0cd3acd2414000df049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "widespread corruption"}], "question": "What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?", "id": "5727f0cd3acd2414000df04a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "monarchy"}], "question": "What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?", "id": "5727f0cd3acd2414000df04b"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 1953, Nasser mengalahkan pembangkang dari Naguib dan mengharamkan semua parti politik, mewujudkan sistem satu pihak di bawah Rally Pembebasan, satu gerakan yang berstruktur yang tugas utama adalah untuk mengadakan perhimpunan dan ceramah pro-RCC, dengan Nasser setiausaha agungnya. Walaupun perintah pembubaran, Nasser adalah satu-satunya anggota RCC yang masih memihak kepada pemilihan parlimen, menurut rakannya, Abdel Latif Boghdadi. Walaupun diundurkan, dia masih menganjurkan mengadakan pemilihan pada 1956. Pada bulan Mac 1953, Nasser memimpin delegasi Mesir merundingkan penarikan British dari Terusan Suez. <> Apakah tajuk pertama Nasser dalam Rally Pembebasan? || Setiausaha Agung <> Apa yang dilakukan Nasser dan larangan naguib pada tahun 1953? || semua parti politik <> Apakah Nasser sendiri menyokong? || pilihan raya parlimen <> Apakah Nasser berunding pada tahun 1953? || Pengunduran British dari Terusan Suez", {"context": "In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the only RCC member who still favored holding parliamentary elections, according to his fellow officer Abdel Latif Boghdadi. Although outvoted, he still advocated holding elections by 1956. In March 1953, Nasser led the Egyptian delegation negotiating a British withdrawal from the Suez Canal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "secretary-general"}], "question": "What was Nasser's first title in the Liberation Rally?", "id": "5727fbf84b864d1900164158"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "all political parties"}], "question": "What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953?", "id": "5727fbf84b864d1900164159"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "parliamentary elections"}], "question": "What was Nasser alone in supporting?", "id": "5727fbf84b864d190016415a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "British withdrawal from the Suez Canal"}], "question": "What was Nasser negotiating in 1953?", "id": "5727fbf84b864d190016415b"}]}], ["Orang ramai menderu dalam persetujuan dan peminat Arab telah berkuasa. Percubaan pembunuhan itu berbalik, dengan cepat bermain ke tangan Nasser. Selepas kembali ke Kaherah, beliau mengarahkan salah satu tindakan keras politik terbesar dalam sejarah moden Mesir, dengan penangkapan beribu-ribu pembangkang, kebanyakan ahli Ikhwan, tetapi juga komunis, dan pemecatan 140 pegawai yang setia kepada Naguib. Lapan pemimpin persaudaraan dijatuhi hukuman mati, walaupun hukuman pidato ideologinya, Sayyid Qutb, diubah menjadi hukuman penjara 15 tahun. Naguib telah dipecat dari jawatan presiden dan ditahan di bawah tahanan rumah, tetapi tidak pernah diadili atau dihukum, dan tiada seorang pun di dalam tentera bangkit untuk mempertahankannya. Dengan saingannya menetralkan, Nasser menjadi pemimpin Mesir yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan. <> Apa peristiwa Nasser mengeksploitasi kelebihannya? || percubaan pembunuhan <> Kepada kumpulan apa yang banyak membantah penentang yang ditangkap? || Persaudaraan <> yang mengelakkan hukuman mati memihak kepada 15 tahun penjara? || Sayyid Qutb <> Di manakah Naguib berakhir selepas kekacauan? || tahanan rumah <> Siapa yang menguasai kawalan penuh Mesir? || Nasser", {"context": "The crowd roared in approval and Arab audiences were electrified. The assassination attempt backfired, quickly playing into Nasser's hands. Upon returning to Cairo, he ordered one of the largest political crackdowns in the modern history of Egypt, with the arrests of thousands of dissenters, mostly members of the Brotherhood, but also communists, and the dismissal of 140 officers loyal to Naguib. Eight Brotherhood leaders were sentenced to death, although the sentence of its chief ideologue, Sayyid Qutb, was commuted to a 15-year imprisonment. Naguib was removed from the presidency and put under house arrest, but was never tried or sentenced, and no one in the army rose to defend him. With his rivals neutralized, Nasser became the undisputed leader of Egypt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "assassination attempt"}], "question": "What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage?", "id": "5727fe34ff5b5019007d9a68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Brotherhood"}], "question": "To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong?", "id": "5727fe34ff5b5019007d9a69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Sayyid Qutb"}], "question": "Who avoided a death sentence in favor of 15 years in jail?", "id": "5727fe34ff5b5019007d9a6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "house arrest"}], "question": "Where did Naguib end up after the turmoil?", "id": "5727fe34ff5b5019007d9a6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "Nasser"}], "question": "Who assumed total control of Egypt?", "id": "5727fe34ff5b5019007d9a6c"}]}], ["Terdahulu, undang-undang pembaharuan, pada bulan Ogos 1952, rusuhan komunis yang berlaku di kilang-kilang tekstil di Kafr el-Dawwar, menyebabkan pertembungan dengan tentera yang menyebabkan sembilan orang mati. Walaupun sebahagian besar RCC berkeras untuk melaksanakan dua rider rusuhan, Nasser menentang ini. Walau bagaimanapun, hukuman itu telah dijalankan. Ikhwanul Muslimin menyokong RCC, dan selepas pengambilan kuasa Naguib, menuntut empat portfolio menteri di kabinet baru. Nasser menolak tuntutan mereka dan sebaliknya berharap untuk menggabungkan Ikhwan dengan memberikan dua daripada ahli-ahlinya, yang sanggup berkhidmat secara rasmi sebagai jawatan bebas, jawatan minor. <> Apakah kumpulan yang merangsang di kilang-kilang tekstil? || komunis <> Berapa banyak orang mati dalam rusuhan kilang tekstil? || sembilan <> Kumpulan apa yang menyokong RCC? || Ikhwan Muslim <> Berapa banyak jawatan yang dilakukan oleh Ikhwanul Muslimin dalam Kabinet Naguib? || dua <> Apakah kedudukan Nasser untuk melaksanakan pemimpin rioter? || bertentangan", {"context": "Preceding the reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead. While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot's two ringleaders, Nasser opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Muslim Brotherhood supported the RCC, and after Naguib's assumption of power, demanded four ministerial portfolios in the new cabinet. Nasser turned down their demands and instead hoped to co-opt the Brotherhood by giving two of its members, who were willing to serve officially as independents, minor ministerial posts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "communist"}], "question": "What group rioted at the textile factories?", "id": "5727fb4eff5b5019007d99e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many people died in the textile factory riots?", "id": "5727fb4eff5b5019007d99e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood"}], "question": "What group supported the RCC?", "id": "5727fb4eff5b5019007d99e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib's cabinet?", "id": "5727fb4eff5b5019007d99e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "opposed"}], "question": "What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders?", "id": "5727fb4eff5b5019007d99e6"}]}], ["Berikut jalan Nasser masih terlalu kecil untuk mengekalkan rancangannya untuk pembaharuan dan mengamankannya di pejabat. Untuk mempromosikan dirinya dan Rali Pembebasan, beliau memberi ucapan dalam lawatan merentas desa, dan mengenakan kawalan ke atas akhbar negara dengan membuat keputusan bahawa semua penerbitan perlu diluluskan oleh parti untuk mencegah \"hasutan\". Kedua-dua Umm Kulthum dan Abdel Halim Hafez, penyanyi Arab yang terkemuka di era itu, menyanyikan lagu yang memuji kebangsaan Nasser. Lain-lain yang dihasilkan memfitnah lawan politiknya. Menurut rakan-rakannya, Nasser merancang kempen itu sendiri. Istilah nasionalis Arab seperti \"tanah air Arab\" dan \"negara Arab\" sering mula muncul dalam ucapannya pada 1954-55, sedangkan sebelum dia merujuk kepada \"orang-orang Arab\" atau \"wilayah Arab\". Pada bulan Januari 1955, RCC melantiknya sebagai presiden mereka, sementara menunggu pilihan raya negara. <> Apa yang terlalu kecil untuk menjaga Nasser berkuasa? || jalan berikut <> Institusi apa yang Nasser rapat rapat untuk mencegah hasutan? || tekan <> Frasa apa yang digunakan oleh Nasser dalam banyak ucapannya? || \"Tanah air Arab\" dan \"negara Arab\" <> Siapa Umm Kulthum dan Abdel Hafez? || penyanyi <> Dalam tahun apakah RCC melantik Nasser sebagai presiden? || 1955", {"context": "Nasser's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office. To promote himself and the Liberation Rally, he gave speeches in a cross-country tour, and imposed controls over the country's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent \"sedition\". Both Umm Kulthum and Abdel Halim Hafez, the leading Arab singers of the era, performed songs praising Nasser's nationalism. Others produced plays denigrating his political opponents. According to his associates, Nasser orchestrated the campaign himself. Arab nationalist terms such \"Arab homeland\" and \"Arab nation\" frequently began appearing in his speeches in 1954\u201355, whereas prior he would refer to the Arab \"peoples\" or the \"Arab region\". In January 1955, the RCC appointed him as their president, pending national elections.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "street following"}], "question": "What was too small to keep Nasser in power?", "id": "5727ff0d4b864d19001641b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "press"}], "question": "What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition?", "id": "5727ff0d4b864d19001641b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "\"Arab homeland\" and \"Arab nation\""}], "question": "What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches?", "id": "5727ff0d4b864d19001641b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "singers"}], "question": "Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez?", "id": "5727ff0d4b864d19001641b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "1955"}], "question": "In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president?", "id": "5727ff0d4b864d19001641b8"}]}], ["Hasrat Pegawai Bebas tidak meletakkan diri mereka dalam kerajaan, tetapi untuk mewujudkan semula demokrasi parlimen. Nasser tidak percaya bahawa seorang pegawai berpangkat rendah seperti dirinya (seorang letnan kolonel) akan diterima oleh rakyat Mesir, dan begitu juga Ketua Umum Naguib yang dipilih sebagai bosnya dan memimpin rampasan kuasa itu. Revolusi mereka telah lama dilancarkan pada 22 Julai dan diisytiharkan sebagai kejayaan pada hari berikutnya. Pegawai Bebas merampas kawalan semua bangunan kerajaan, stesen radio, dan balai polis, serta ibu pejabat tentera di Kaherah. Ketika banyak pegawai pemberontak memimpin unit mereka, Nasser memakai pakaian awam untuk mengelakkan pengesanan oleh para diraja dan bergerak di sekitar Kairo memantau keadaan. Dalam usaha untuk menghentikan campur tangan asing dua hari sebelum revolusi, Nasser telah memberitahu pemerintah Amerika dan British tentang niatnya, dan kedua-duanya telah bersetuju untuk tidak membantu Farouk. Di bawah tekanan rakyat Amerika, Nasser telah bersetuju untuk mengusir raja yang diangkat dengan upacara kehormatan. <> Jenis kerajaan apa yang ingin ditubuhkan oleh Pegawai Bebas? || demokrasi berparlimen <> Siapa yang Nasser memilih untuk mengetuai rampasan kuasa? || Ketua Naguib <> Apakah nasib Raja Farouk selepas rampasan kuasa? || pengasingan <> Apa yang dipakai Nasser semasa rampasan kuasa? || pakaian awam <> Pada hari apakah revolusi bermula? || 22 Julai", {"context": "The Free Officers' intention was not to install themselves in government, but to re-establish a parliamentary democracy. Nasser did not believe that a low-ranking officer like himself (a lieutenant colonel) would be accepted by the Egyptian people, and so selected General Naguib to be his \"boss\" and lead the coup in name. The revolution they had long sought was launched on 22 July and was declared a success the next day. The Free Officers seized control of all government buildings, radio stations, and police stations, as well as army headquarters in Cairo. While many of the rebel officers were leading their units, Nasser donned civilian clothing to avoid detection by royalists and moved around Cairo monitoring the situation. In a move to stave off foreign intervention two days before the revolution, Nasser had notified the American and British governments of his intentions, and both had agreed not to aid Farouk. Under pressure from the Americans, Nasser had agreed to exile the deposed king with an honorary ceremony.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "parliamentary democracy"}], "question": "What type of government did the Free Officer's want to establish?", "id": "5727f8df3acd2414000df11f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "General Naguib"}], "question": "Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup?", "id": "5727f8df3acd2414000df120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 982, "text": "exile"}], "question": "What was teh fate of King Farouk after the coup?", "id": "5727f8df3acd2414000df121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "civilian clothing"}], "question": "What did Nasser wear during the coup?", "id": "5727f8df3acd2414000df122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "22 July"}], "question": "What day did the revolution begin?", "id": "5727f8df3acd2414000df123"}]}], ["Pada 5 Mac, coterie keselamatan Nasser menangkap ribuan peserta dalam pemberontakan tersebut. Sebagai satu cara untuk menentang pembangkang menentang pengembalian kepada perintah pra-1952, RCC memutuskan penghentian ke atas era-era era monarki dan penarikan Pegawai Bebas dari politik. RCC berjaya merangsang benefisiari revolusi, iaitu pekerja, petani, dan borjuasi kecil, untuk menentang dekrit, dengan satu juta pekerja pengangkutan melancarkan mogok dan beribu-ribu petani yang memasuki Kairo sebagai protes pada akhir bulan Mac. Naguib berusaha keras mempertahankan penunjuk perasaan, tetapi permintaannya ditolak oleh ketua pasukan keselamatan. Pada 29 Mac, Nasser mengumumkan pembatalan dekri sebagai tindak balas kepada \"gerak jalan.\" Antara April dan Jun, beratus-ratus penyokong Naguib dalam tentera sama ada ditangkap atau diberhentikan, dan Mohieddin secara tidak rasmi diasingkan ke Switzerland untuk mewakili RCC di luar negara. Raja Saud dari Arab Saudi cuba memperbaiki hubungan antara Nasser dan Naguib, tetapi tidak berjaya. <> Kumpulan apa yang berlaku mogok akibat keganasan? || pekerja pengangkutan <> Kumpulan apa yang mendakwa meninggalkan pemandangan politik? || Pegawai Percuma <> Siapa yang dihantar ke Switzerland? || Mohieddin <> Negara apa yang cuba menengah antara Nasser dan Naguib? || Arab Saudi", {"context": "On 5 March, Nasser's security coterie arrested thousands of participants in the uprising. As a ruse to rally opposition against a return to the pre-1952 order, the RCC decreed an end to restrictions on monarchy-era parties and the Free Officers' withdrawal from politics. The RCC succeeded in provoking the beneficiaries of the revolution, namely the workers, peasants, and petty bourgeois, to oppose the decrees, with one million transport workers launching a strike and thousands of peasants entering Cairo in protest in late March. Naguib sought to crackdown on the protesters, but his requests were rebuffed by the heads of the security forces. On 29 March, Nasser announced the decrees' revocation in response to the \"impulse of the street.\" Between April and June, hundreds of Naguib's supporters in the military were either arrested or dismissed, and Mohieddin was informally exiled to Switzerland to represent the RCC abroad. King Saud of Saudi Arabia attempted to mend relations between Nasser and Naguib, but to no avail.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "transport workers"}], "question": "What group went on strike as a result of the turmoil?", "id": "5727fd81ff5b5019007d9a4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Free Officers"}], "question": "What group claimed to be leaving the political scene?", "id": "5727fd81ff5b5019007d9a4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "Mohieddin"}], "question": "Who was sent to Switzerland?", "id": "5727fd81ff5b5019007d9a50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 947, "text": "Saudi Arabia"}], "question": "What nation tried to mediate between Nasser and Naguib?", "id": "5727fd81ff5b5019007d9a51"}]}], ["Nasser membuat hubungan rahsia dengan Israel pada 1954-55, tetapi memutuskan bahawa keamanan dengan Israel tidak mungkin, memandangkan ia adalah \"negara pembesaran yang melihat orang Arab dengan rasa tidak puas\". Pada 28 Februari 1955, tentera Israel menyerang Jalur Gaza yang dipegang oleh Mesir dengan tujuan yang dinyatakan menekankan serangan rogol Palestin. Nasser tidak merasakan bahawa Tentera Mesir bersedia untuk menghadapi konfrontasi dan tidak membalas tentera. Kegagalannya untuk bertindak balas terhadap tindakan ketenteraan Israel menunjukkan ketidakberkuatan angkatan tenteranya dan merupakan tamparan kepada popularitasnya yang semakin meningkat. Nasser kemudian mengarahkan pengetatan sekatan ke atas penghantaran Israel melalui Selat Tiran dan mengehadkan penggunaan ruang udara di atas Teluk Aqaba oleh pesawat Israel pada awal September. Orang Israel kembali memperjuangkan zon demiliterasi Al-Auja di sempadan Mesir pada 21 September. <> Negara apa Nasser membuat perjanjian rahsia dengan? || Israel <> Wilayah apa yang menyerang Israel pada tahun 1955? || Gaza Strip <> Apa reaksi Nasser terhadap serangan itu? || tidak membalas tentera <> Bagaimana perasaan orang Mesir mengenai tindak balas Nasser terhadap serangan itu? || Pukulan kepada populariti yang semakin meningkat <> Apa yang Nasser akhirnya lakukan di Straights of Titan? || sekatan terhadap penghantaran Israel", {"context": "Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954\u201355, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an \"expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain\". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Israel"}], "question": "What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?", "id": "572800063acd2414000df1cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Gaza Strip"}], "question": "What territory did Israel attack in 1955?", "id": "572800063acd2414000df1d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "did not retaliate militarily"}], "question": "What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?", "id": "572800063acd2414000df1d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "a blow to his growing popularity"}], "question": "How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?", "id": "572800063acd2414000df1d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "blockade on Israeli shipping"}], "question": "What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?", "id": "572800063acd2414000df1d3"}]}], ["Serentak dengan serangan Februari Israel, Baghdad Pact ditubuhkan antara sekutu serantau di UK. Nasser menganggap Pact Baghdad mengancam usaha beliau untuk menghapuskan pengaruh tentera British di Timur Tengah, dan satu mekanisme untuk melemahkan Liga Arab dan \"mengekalkan ketinggalan [Arab] kepada Zionisme dan imperialisme [Barat]\". Nasser merasakan bahawa jika dia mempertahankan kedudukan kepimpinan serantau Mesir, dia perlu memperoleh persenjataan moden untuk melengkapkan tenteranya. Apabila menjadi jelas kepadanya bahawa negara-negara Barat tidak akan membekalkan Mesir di bawah syarat-syarat kewangan dan ketenteraan yang boleh diterima, Nasser berpaling ke Blok Timur dan membuat kesepakatan persenjataan AS $ 320,000,000 dengan Czechoslovakia pada 27 September. Melalui perjanjian senjata Czechoslovakia, keseimbangan kuasa antara Mesir dan Israel kurang diseimbangkan dan peranan Nasser sebagai pemimpin Arab yang menentang Barat ditingkatkan. <> Perjanjian apa yang bertentangan dengan usaha Nasser? || Baghdad Pact <> Apa yang Nasser merasakan tenteranya diperlukan untuk menentang Barat? || senjata moden <> Dari negara apa Nasser membeli senjata? || Czechoslovakia <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibelanjakan oleh Nasser terhadap senjata? || US $ 320,000,000 <> Bagaimana hubungan ketenteraan antara Mesir dan Israel berubah? || menyamakan kedudukan", {"context": "Simultaneous with Israel's February raid, the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK. Nasser considered the Baghdad Pact a threat to his efforts to eliminate British military influence in the Middle East, and a mechanism to undermine the Arab League and \"perpetuate [Arab] subservience to Zionism and [Western] imperialism\". Nasser felt that if he was to maintain Egypt's regional leadership position he needed to acquire modern weaponry to arm his military. When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms, Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September. Through the Czechoslovakian arms deal, the balance of power between Egypt and Israel was more or less equalized and Nasser's role as the Arab leader defying the West was enhanced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Baghdad Pact"}], "question": "What agreement ran contrary to Nasser's efforts?", "id": "572800c5ff5b5019007d9abc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "modern weaponry"}], "question": "What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West?", "id": "572800c5ff5b5019007d9abd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "Czechoslovakia"}], "question": "From what country did Nasser buy arms?", "id": "572800c5ff5b5019007d9abe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "US$320,000,000"}], "question": "How much money did Nasser spend on weapons?", "id": "572800c5ff5b5019007d9abf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "equalized"}], "question": "How did the military relationship between Egypt and Israel change?", "id": "572800c5ff5b5019007d9ac0"}]}], ["Pada 18 Jun 1953, monarki itu dimansuhkan dan Republik Mesir mengisytiharkan, dengan Naguib sebagai presiden pertamanya. Menurut Aburish, setelah menerima kuasa, Nasser dan Pegawai Bebas dijangka menjadi \"penjaga kepentingan rakyat\" terhadap monarki dan kelas pasha sambil meninggalkan tugas sehari-hari pemerintah kepada orang awam. Mereka meminta mantan perdana menteri Ali Maher untuk menerima pelantikan semula pada kedudukan terdahulu, dan membentuk kabinet semua orang awam. Pegawai Bebas kemudian ditadbir sebagai Majlis Perundangan Revolusi (RCC) dengan Naguib sebagai pengerusi dan Nasser sebagai naib pengerusi. Walau bagaimanapun, hubungan antara RCC dan Maher semakin tegang, oleh kerana yang terakhir dilihat banyak skema Nasser-pembaharuan agraria, pemansuhan monarki, penyusunan semula parti politik-sebagai terlalu radikal, memuncak dalam peletakan jawatan Maher pada 7 September. Naguib menganggap peranan tambahan perdana menteri, dan Nasser bahawa timbalan perdana menteri. Pada bulan September, Undang-undang Pembaharuan Agraria telah dilaksanakan. Di mata Nasser, undang-undang ini memberikan identiti RCC sendiri dan mengubah rampasan kuasa ke dalam revolusi. <> Siapa presiden pertama Republik Mesir? || Naguib <> Siapa yang Nasser ingin mengendalikan operasi sehari-hari kerajaan? || orang awam <> Siapa yang Nasser merekrut menjadi Perdana Menteri? || Ali Maher <> Apa nama baru yang diambil oleh Pegawai Bebas? || Majlis Perundangan Revolusi <> Apa undang-undang yang dilihat Nasser sebagai kemuncak usaha revolusionernya? || Undang-undang Pembaharuan Agrarian", {"context": "On 18 June 1953, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt declared, with Naguib as its first president. According to Aburish, after assuming power, Nasser and the Free Officers expected to become the \"guardians of the people's interests\" against the monarchy and the pasha class while leaving the day-to-day tasks of government to civilians. They asked former prime minister Ali Maher to accept reappointment to his previous position, and to form an all-civilian cabinet. The Free Officers then governed as the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) with Naguib as chairman and Nasser as vice-chairman. Relations between the RCC and Maher grew tense, however, as the latter viewed many of Nasser's schemes\u2014agrarian reform, abolition of the monarchy, reorganization of political parties\u2014as too radical, culminating in Maher's resignation on 7 September. Naguib assumed the additional role of prime minister, and Nasser that of deputy prime minister. In September, the Agrarian Reform Law was put into effect. In Nasser's eyes, this law gave the RCC its own identity and transformed the coup into a revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Naguib"}], "question": "Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt?", "id": "5727f9b1ff5b5019007d99aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "civilians"}], "question": "Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government?", "id": "5727f9b1ff5b5019007d99ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Ali Maher"}], "question": "Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime Minister?", "id": "5727f9b1ff5b5019007d99ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Revolutionary Command Council"}], "question": "What new name did the Free Officers take?", "id": "5727f9b1ff5b5019007d99ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 976, "text": "Agrarian Reform Law"}], "question": "What law did Nasser view as the culmination of his revolutionary efforts?", "id": "5727f9b1ff5b5019007d99ae"}]}], ["Pada 25 Februari 1954, Naguib mengumumkan peletakan jawatannya selepas RCC mengadakan mesyuarat rasmi tanpa kehadirannya dua hari sebelumnya. Pada 26 Februari, Nasser menerima peletakan jawatan itu, meletakkan Naguib di bawah tahanan rumah, dan RCC mengumumkan Nasser sebagai pengerusi dan perdana menteri RCC. Seperti yang dimaksudkan oleh Naguib, pemberontakan segera diikuti, menuntut pengembalian semula Naguib dan pembubaran RCC. Semasa melawat pegawai yang memerintah di Ibu Pejabat Ketenteraan (GHQ) untuk menyeru pembunuhan itu, Nasser pada mulanya terintimidasi untuk menerima tuntutan mereka. Bagaimanapun, pada 27 Februari, penyokong Nasser dalam tentera melancarkan serbuan di GHQ, menamatkan pemberontakan tersebut. Pada hari itu, beratus-ratus ribu penunjuk perasaan, terutamanya kepunyaan Ikhwanul, memanggil pengembalian Naguib dan penjara Nasser. Sebagai tindak balas, kumpulan besar dalam RCC, yang diketuai oleh Khaled Mohieddin, menuntut pembebasan Naguib dan kembali ke jawatan presiden. Nasser terpaksa mengakui, tetapi menangguhkan pengembalian semula Naguib sehingga 4 Mac, membolehkan dia mempromosikan Amer kepada Panglima Angkatan Bersenjata-kedudukan yang dahulu diduduki oleh Naguib. <> Siapa yang meletak jawatan pada tahun 1954? || Naguib <> Apa dua kedudukan yang diambil oleh Nasser? || Pengerusi RCC dan perdana menteri <> Kumpulan apa yang membantah pengembalian semula Naguib? || Persaudaraan <> Apakah Ikhwanul Muslimin ingin berlaku kepada Nasser? || pemenjaraan <> Siapa yang mempromosikan Nasser kepada komander tentera? || Amer", {"context": "On 25 February 1954, Naguib announced his resignation after the RCC held an official meeting without his presence two days prior. On 26 February, Nasser accepted the resignation, put Naguib under house arrest, and the RCC proclaimed Nasser as both RCC chairman and prime minister. As Naguib intended, a mutiny immediately followed, demanding Naguib's reinstatement and the RCC's dissolution. While visiting the striking officers at Military Headquarters (GHQ) to call for the mutiny's end, Nasser was initially intimidated into accepting their demands. However, on 27 February, Nasser's supporters in the army launched a raid on the GHQ, ending the mutiny. Later that day, hundreds of thousands of protesters, mainly belonging to the Brotherhood, called for Naguib's return and Nasser's imprisonment. In response, a sizable group within the RCC, led by Khaled Mohieddin, demanded Naguib's release and return to the presidency. Nasser was forced to acquiesce, but delayed Naguib's reinstatement until 4 March, allowing him to promote Amer to Commander of the Armed Forces\u2014a position formerly occupied by Naguib.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Naguib"}], "question": "Who resigned in 1954?", "id": "5727fcbaff5b5019007d9a2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "RCC chairman and prime minister"}], "question": "What two positions did Nasser assume?", "id": "5727fcbaff5b5019007d9a2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "Brotherhood"}], "question": "What group protested for Naguib's reinstatement?", "id": "5727fcbaff5b5019007d9a2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "imprisonment"}], "question": "What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to happen to Nasser?", "id": "5727fcbaff5b5019007d9a2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1033, "text": "Amer"}], "question": "Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander?", "id": "5727fcbaff5b5019007d9a2e"}]}], ["Pada Januari 1956, Perlembagaan Mesir baru digubal, melibatkan penubuhan satu sistem parti di bawah Kesatuan Kebangsaan (NU), pergerakan Nasser digambarkan sebagai \"kader yang mana kita akan menyedari revolusi kita\". NU adalah konfigurasi semula Rally Pembebasan, yang ditentukan oleh Nasser telah gagal dalam menjana penyertaan umum massa. Dalam pergerakan baru, Nasser cuba menggabungkan lebih ramai rakyat, yang diluluskan oleh jawatankuasa parti peringkat tempatan, untuk memantapkan sokongan popular bagi kerajaannya. NU akan memilih calon untuk pemilihan presiden yang namanya akan diberikan untuk kelulusan orang ramai. <> Dalam tahun apakah Mesir mendapat perlembagaan baru? || 1956 <> Apakah pengaturan parti politik perlembagaan baru? || sistem parti tunggal <> Apakah parti politik dominan? || Kesatuan Kebangsaan <> Dari apa kumpulan yang berasal dari Kesatuan Kebangsaan? || Rally Pembebasan <> Siapa yang Nasser mahu lebih terlibat dalam perintah politik barunya? || warganegara", {"context": "In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the \"cadre through which we will realize our revolution\". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation. In the new movement, Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens, approved by local-level party committees, in order to solidify popular backing for his government. The NU would select a nominee for the presidential election whose name would be provided for public approval.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "1956"}], "question": "In what year did Egypt get a new constitution?", "id": "572803792ca10214002d9b7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "single-party system"}], "question": "What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution?", "id": "572803792ca10214002d9b7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "National Union"}], "question": "What was the dominant political party? ", "id": "572803792ca10214002d9b7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Liberation Rally"}], "question": "From what group did the National Union originate?", "id": "572803792ca10214002d9b7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "citizens"}], "question": "Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order?", "id": "572803792ca10214002d9b7e"}]}], ["Pada 26 Julai 1956, Nasser memberikan ucapan di Alexandria yang mengumumkan kebangsaan Syarikat Terusan Suez sebagai cara untuk membiayai projek Dam Aswan memandangkan pengeluaran British-Amerika. Dalam ucapannya, beliau mengecam imperialisme British di Mesir dan kawalan British atas keuntungan syarikat itu, dan menegaskan bahawa rakyat Mesir berhak kedaulatan ke atas saluran air, terutama sejak \"120,000 orang Mesir telah meninggal dunia\" membinanya. Gerakan itu secara teknikal tidak melanggar perjanjian antarabangsa yang ditandatanganinya dengan United Kingdom pada 19 Oktober 1954, walaupun beliau memastikan semua pemegang saham sedia ada akan dibayar. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh Nasser untuk dilakukan dengan dana dari Terusan Suez yang disandarkan? || membiayai Empangan Aswan <> Berapa banyak orang Mesir yang menuntut Nasser meninggal dunia membina kanal Suez? || 120,000 <> Siapa yang menuntut Nasser masih akan dibayar walaupun nasionalisasi saluran itu? || pemegang saham sedia ada <> Negara apa yang telah menandatangani perjanjian dengan Nasser pada tahun 1954? || UK", {"context": "On 26 July 1956, Nasser gave a speech in Alexandria announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as a means to fund the Aswan Dam project in light of the British\u2013American withdrawal. In the speech, he denounced British imperialism in Egypt and British control over the canal company's profits, and upheld that the Egyptian people had a right to sovereignty over the waterway, especially since \"120,000 Egyptians had died (sic)\" building it. The motion was technically in breach of the international agreement he had signed with the UK on 19 October 1954, although he ensured that all existing stockholders would be paid off.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "fund the Aswan Dam"}], "question": "What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal?", "id": "572806d8ff5b5019007d9b34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "120,000"}], "question": "How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal?", "id": "572806d8ff5b5019007d9b35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "existing stockholders"}], "question": "Who did Nasser claim would still be paid despite nationalization of the canal?", "id": "572806d8ff5b5019007d9b36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "UK"}], "question": "What country had signed an agreement with Nasser in 1954?", "id": "572806d8ff5b5019007d9b37"}]}], ["Selepas tempoh peralihan tiga tahun berakhir dengan pengambilan kuasa rasmi Nasser, dasar asing dan domestiknya semakin bertembung dengan kepentingan serantau di UK dan Perancis. Yang terakhir mengutuk sokongan kuatnya terhadap kemerdekaan Algeria, dan kerajaan Eden di UK telah diganggu oleh kempen Nasser melawan Pakta Baghdad. Di samping itu, kepatuhan Nasser terhadap neutralisme mengenai Perang Dingin, pengiktirafan terhadap komunis China, dan perjanjian senjata dengan blok Timur mengasingkan Amerika Syarikat. Pada 19 Julai 1956, AS dan UK tiba-tiba menarik balik tawaran mereka untuk membiayai pembinaan Empangan Aswan, memetik kebimbangan bahawa ekonomi Mesir akan diliputi oleh projek itu. <> Dengan apa dua negara melakukan dasar luar negeri Nasser? || UK dan Perancis <> Apa projek pembinaan yang mengalami pembalasan politik asing terhadap Nasser? || Dam Aswan <> Apakah negara komunis telah mengenali Nasser dan Mesir? || China <> Perancis marah oleh sokongan Nasser tentang kemerdekaan orang? || Algeria <> UK terkejut oleh penentangan Nasser terhadap persetujuan apa? || Pakatan Baghdad", {"context": "After the three-year transition period ended with Nasser's official assumption of power, his domestic and independent foreign policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France. The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence, and the UK's Eden government was agitated by Nasser's campaign against the Baghdad Pact. In addition, Nasser's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War, recognition of communist China, and arms deal with the Eastern bloc alienated the United States. On 19 July 1956, the US and UK abruptly withdrew their offer to finance construction of the Aswan Dam, citing concerns that Egypt's economy would be overwhelmed by the project.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "UK and France"}], "question": "With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash?", "id": "5728050dff5b5019007d9b10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "Aswan Dam"}], "question": "What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser?", "id": "5728050dff5b5019007d9b11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "China"}], "question": "What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize?", "id": "5728050dff5b5019007d9b12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Algerian"}], "question": "France was angered by Nasser's support of the independence of what people?", "id": "5728050dff5b5019007d9b13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Baghdad Pact"}], "question": "The UK was chafed by Nasser's opposition to what agreement?", "id": "5728050dff5b5019007d9b14"}]}], ["Berikutan Bandung, Nasser secara rasmi mengamalkan \"neutralisme positif\" Presiden Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito dan Perdana Menteri India Jawaharlal Nehru sebagai tema utama dasar luar Mesir mengenai Perang Dingin. Nasser dialu-alukan oleh ramai orang ramai yang berjalan di jalan-jalan di Kairo ketika kembali ke Mesir pada 2 Mei dan secara meluasnya diberitahu dalam akhbar untuk pencapaian dan kepimpinannya dalam persidangan itu. Akibatnya, prestij Nasser sangat banyak didorong oleh keyakinan diri dan imejnya. <> Apa falsafah politik yang dilakukan oleh Nasser? || neutralisme positif <> Apa tempoh global yang dimaksudkan untuk mengatasi Neutralisme Positif? || Perang Dingin <> Bagaimana rakyat Mesir bertindak balas terhadap Nasser selepas persidangan itu? || dialu-alukan oleh orang ramai yang besar <> Bagaimana akhbar Mesir bertindak balas terhadap pencapaian Nasser? || diberitahu", {"context": "Following Bandung, Nasser officially adopted the \"positive neutralism\" of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War. Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference. Consequently, Nasser's prestige was greatly boosted as was his self-confidence and image.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "positive neutralism"}], "question": "What political philosophy did Nasser adopt?", "id": "572802a93acd2414000df217"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Cold War"}], "question": "What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with?", "id": "572802a93acd2414000df218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "welcomed by large crowds"}], "question": "How did the Egyptian people react to Nasser after the conference?", "id": "572802a93acd2414000df219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "heralded"}], "question": "How did the Egyptian press react to Nasser's accomplishments?", "id": "572802a93acd2414000df21a"}]}], ["Perancis dan UK, pemegang saham terbesar di Syarikat Terusan Suez, menyaksikan kewarganegaraannya lagi satu lagi permusuhan yang ditujukan kepada mereka oleh kerajaan Mesir. Nasser sedar bahawa nasionalisasi terusan itu akan menimbulkan krisis antarabangsa dan percaya kemungkinan intervensi ketenteraan oleh kedua-dua negara itu mungkin 80 peratus. Beliau percaya, bagaimanapun, bahawa UK tidak akan dapat campur tangan secara ketenteraan sekurang-kurangnya dua bulan selepas pengumuman itu, dan menolak tindakan Israel sebagai \"mustahil\". Pada awal Oktober, Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) bertemu mengenai perkara yang menjadi kewarganegaraan terusan dan mengadopsi resolusi yang mengiktiraf hak Mesir untuk mengawal terusan selama ia terus membenarkan laluan melalui kapal-kapal asing. Menurut Heikal, setelah perjanjian ini, \"Nasser menganggarkan bahaya serangan telah menurun hingga 10 persen\". Tidak lama kemudian, bagaimanapun, UK, Perancis, dan Israel membuat perjanjian rahsia untuk mengambil alih Terusan Suez, menduduki zon Terusan Suez, dan menjatuhkan Nasser. <> Apa negara yang marah dengan skema nasionalisasi? || Perancis dan UK <> Negara mana yang ditakrifkan oleh Nasser tidak mungkin menjadi militia? || Israel <> entiti apa yang menarik perjanjian yang secara drastik mengurangkan ancaman tindakan ketenteraan melawan Mesir? || Majlis Keselamatan PBB <> Apa yang hendak dilakukan oleh UK, Perancis dan Israel untuk Nasser? || menggulingkan", {"context": "France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two countries was 80 per cent likely. He believed, however, that the UK would not be able to intervene militarily for at least two months after the announcement, and dismissed Israeli action as \"impossible\". In early October, the UN Security Council met on the matter of the canal's nationalization and adopted a resolution recognizing Egypt's right to control the canal as long as it continued to allow passage through it for foreign ships. According to Heikal, after this agreement, \"Nasser estimated that the danger of invasion had dropped to 10 per cent\". Shortly thereafter, however, the UK, France, and Israel made a secret agreement to take over the Suez Canal, occupy the Suez Canal zone, and topple Nasser.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "France and the UK"}], "question": "What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme?", "id": "57280ab42ca10214002d9c58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "Israel"}], "question": "What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved?", "id": "57280ab42ca10214002d9c59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "UN Security Council"}], "question": "What entity drew up an agreement that drastically reduced the threat of military action against Egypt?", "id": "57280ab42ca10214002d9c5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1017, "text": "topple"}], "question": "What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser?", "id": "57280ab42ca10214002d9c5b"}]}], ["Pencalonan Nasser untuk jawatan dan perlembagaan baru dimasukkan ke referendum awam pada 23 Jun dan masing-masing telah diluluskan oleh majoriti besar. Perhimpunan Kebangsaan 350 orang telah ditubuhkan, pilihan raya yang diadakan pada bulan Julai 1957. Nasser mempunyai kelulusan utama untuk semua calon. Perlembagaan memberi hak pilih wanita, melarang diskriminasi berasaskan jantina, dan melibatkan perlindungan khas untuk wanita di tempat kerja. Bertepatan dengan perlembagaan baru dan presiden Nasser, RCC membubarkan dirinya dan ahli-ahlinya meletak jawatan komisi ketenteraan mereka sebagai sebahagian daripada peralihan kepada pemerintahan awam. Semasa perbincangan mengelilingi penubuhan sebuah kerajaan baru, Nasser memulakan proses mengetepikan saingannya di kalangan Pegawai Bebas asal, sambil meningkatkan sekutu terdekatnya ke jawatan tinggi di kabinet. <> Siapa yang boleh meluluskan atau menolak calon untuk Perhimpunan Kebangsaan? || Nasser <> Siapa yang menerima perlindungan baru dan khas dalam perlembagaan baru? || wanita <> kumpulan apa yang dibubarkan apabila perlembagaan baru digubal? || RCC <> Antara Pegawai Bebas asal, apa yang dilakukan Nasser kepada lawannya? || mengetepikan <> Apa yang diterima oleh sekutu Nasser dalam susunan baru? || kedudukan tinggi di kabinet", {"context": "Nasser's nomination for the post and the new constitution were put to public referendum on 23 June and each was approved by an overwhelming majority. A 350-member National Assembly was established, elections for which were held in July 1957. Nasser had ultimate approval over all the candidates. The constitution granted women's suffrage, prohibited gender-based discrimination, and entailed special protection for women in the workplace. Coinciding with the new constitution and Nasser's presidency, the RCC dissolved itself and its members resigned their military commissions as part of the transition to civilian rule. During the deliberations surrounding the establishment of a new government, Nasser began a process of sidelining his rivals among the original Free Officers, while elevating his closest allies to high-ranking positions in the cabinet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Nasser"}], "question": "Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly?", "id": "5728044f3acd2414000df24b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "women"}], "question": "Who received new and special protections in the new constitution?", "id": "5728044f3acd2414000df24c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "RCC"}], "question": "What group dissolved when the new constitution was enacted?", "id": "5728044f3acd2414000df24d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "sidelining"}], "question": "Among the original Free Officers, what did Nasser do to his opponents? ", "id": "5728044f3acd2414000df24e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "high-ranking positions in the cabinet"}], "question": "What did Nasser's allies receive in the new arrangement?", "id": "5728044f3acd2414000df24f"}]}], ["Nasser membincangkan perbincangan antara puak-puak persidangan pro-Barat, pro-Soviet, dan neutralis mengenai komposisi \"Komunik Akhir\" yang menangani penjajahan di Afrika dan Asia dan memupuk keamanan global di tengah-tengah Perang Dingin antara Barat dan Kesatuan Soviet. Di Bandung Nasser memohon pengisytiharan untuk mengelakkan pakatan pertahanan antarabangsa, sokongan terhadap kemerdekaan Tunisia, Algeria, dan Maghribi dari pemerintahan Perancis, sokongan terhadap hak kembali Palestin, dan pelaksanaan resolusi PBB mengenai konflik Arab-Israel. Beliau berjaya melobi para peserta untuk meluluskan resolusi mengenai setiap isu ini, terutamanya dengan sokongan kuat China dan India. <> Dokumen apa yang dimaksudkan untuk menyelesaikan isu penjajahan yang berlarutan? || Akhir Komuni <> Dari negara mana Nasser menyokong kemerdekaan Tunisia, Algeria dan Maghribi? || Perancis <> Apa yang Nasser mengejar orang Palestin? || hak pulangan <> Organisasi apa yang ditawarkan penyelesaian yang mungkin konflik Arab-Israel, yang disokong oleh Nasser? || PBB", {"context": "Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the \"Final Communique\" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab\u2013Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Final Communique"}], "question": "What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?", "id": "572801f13acd2414000df205"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "French"}], "question": "From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?", "id": "572801f13acd2414000df206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "right of return"}], "question": "What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?", "id": "572801f13acd2414000df207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "UN"}], "question": "What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported?", "id": "572801f13acd2414000df208"}]}], ["Nasser dimaklumkan tentang pengunduran British-Amerika menerusi kenyataan berita ketika menaiki kapal terbang kembali ke Kaherah dari Belgrade, dan melakukan pelanggaran besar. Walaupun ide untuk menasionalisasi Terusan Suez sedang dalam perjalanan selepas UK bersetuju untuk menarik tenteranya dari Mesir pada tahun 1954 (tentera British terakhir yang ditinggalkan pada 13 Jun 1956), wartawan Mohamed Hassanein Heikal menegaskan bahawa Nasser membuat keputusan muktamad untuk menyederhanakan jalan air antara 19 dan 20 Julai. Nasser sendiri kemudian menyatakan bahawa dia memutuskan pada 23 Julai, selepas mengkaji isu itu dan membincangkan beberapa penasihatnya daripada RCC yang dibubarkan, iaitu Boghdadi dan pakar teknikal Mahmoud Younis, bermula pada 21 Julai. Selebihnya anggota-anggota bekas anggota RCC dimaklumkan mengenai keputusan itu pada 24 Julai, sementara sebagian besar kabinet tidak menyedari skema nasionalisasi sehingga beberapa jam sebelum Nasser mengumumkannya secara terbuka. Menurut Ramadan, keputusan Nasser untuk menasionalisasikan kanal itu adalah satu keputusan soliter, diambil tanpa perundingan. <> Bagaimana Nasser bertindak balas kepada berita yang AS dan UK telah menyekat pembinaan Empangan Aswan? || telah melakukan kesalahan besar <> Apa infrastruktur yang Nasser mencadangkan untuk menasionalisasi? || Terusan Suez <> Apakah pengetahuan kabinet Nasser mengenai skema nasionalisasi sebelum Nasser mengumumkannya? || Tidak tahu <> Bilakah tentera-tentera British lepas meninggalkan Mesir? || 1956", {"context": "Nasser was informed of the British\u2013American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 13 June 1956), journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July. Nasser himself would later state that he decided on 23 July, after studying the issue and deliberating with some of his advisers from the dissolved RCC, namely Boghdadi and technical specialist Mahmoud Younis, beginning on 21 July. The rest of the RCC's former members were informed of the decision on 24 July, while the bulk of the cabinet was unaware of the nationalization scheme until hours before Nasser publicly announced it. According to Ramadan, Nasser's decision to nationalize the canal was a solitary decision, taken without consultation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "took great offense"}], "question": "How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?", "id": "5728060d4b864d1900164266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Suez Canal"}], "question": "What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize? ", "id": "5728060d4b864d1900164267"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "unaware"}], "question": "What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?", "id": "5728060d4b864d1900164268"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "1956"}], "question": "When did the last British troops leave Egypt?", "id": "5728060d4b864d1900164269"}]}], ["Pada 29 Oktober 1956, tentera Israel menyeberangi Semenanjung Sinai, mengalahkan tentera Mesir, dan dengan cepat maju ke objektif mereka. Dua hari kemudian, pesawat British dan Perancis membombardir lapangan terbang Mesir di zon kanal. Nasser mengarahkan perintah tinggi tentera untuk mengeluarkan Tentera Mesir dari Sinai untuk memperkuat pertahanan terusan. Selain itu, beliau takut jika korp perisai dihantar untuk menghadapi pasukan penyerang Israel dan British dan Perancis kemudian mendarat di bandar kanal Port Said, perisai Mesir di Sinai akan terputus dari terusan dan dimusnahkan oleh tripartit gabungan kuasa. Amer sangat tidak bersetuju, mendesak bahawa kereta kebal Mesir bertemu dengan Israel dalam peperangan. Kedua-dua mereka mempunyai pertukaran yang hangat pada 3 November, dan Amer mengakui. Nasser juga mengarahkan penyumbatan kanal dengan tenggelam atau sebaliknya melumpuhkan empat puluh sembilan kapal di pintu masuknya. <> Dalam tahun apakah pertempuran di Terusan Suez bermula? || 1956 <> Apakah bom pasukan British dan Perancis? || Lapangan terbang Mesir di zon terusan <> Apa bandar Nasser mahu menyimpan Perancis dan Inggeris daripada? || Port Said <> Siapa yang mahu unit perisai Mesir bertempur dengan Israel? || Amer <> Apa yang dilakukan Nasser ke kanal? || penyumbatan", {"context": "On 29 October 1956, Israeli forces crossed the Sinai Peninsula, overwhelmed Egyptian army posts, and quickly advanced to their objectives. Two days later, British and French planes bombarded Egyptian airfields in the canal zone. Nasser ordered the military's high command to withdraw the Egyptian Army from Sinai to bolster the canal's defenses. Moreover, he feared that if the armored corps was dispatched to confront the Israeli invading force and the British and French subsequently landed in the canal city of Port Said, Egyptian armor in the Sinai would be cut off from the canal and destroyed by the combined tripartite forces. Amer strongly disagreed, insisting that Egyptian tanks meet the Israelis in battle. The two had a heated exchange on 3 November, and Amer conceded. Nasser also ordered blockage of the canal by sinking or otherwise disabling forty-nine ships at its entrance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "1956"}], "question": "In what year did battle over the Suez Canal commence?", "id": "57280b982ca10214002d9c84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Egyptian airfields in the canal zone"}], "question": "What did the British and French air forces bomb?", "id": "57280b982ca10214002d9c85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Port Said"}], "question": "What city did Nasser want to keep the French and British out of?", "id": "57280b982ca10214002d9c86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Amer"}], "question": "Who wanted the Egyptian armored units to fight the Israelis?", "id": "57280b982ca10214002d9c87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "blockage"}], "question": "What did Nasser do to the canal?", "id": "57280b982ca10214002d9c88"}]}], ["Pengumuman nasionalisasi disambut dengan sangat emosional oleh penonton dan, di seluruh dunia Arab, beribu-ribu masuk jalan-jalan berteriak slogan sokongan. Duta AS, Henry A. Byroade menyatakan, \"Saya tidak dapat mengatasi popularitas syarikat Kanal Syarikat di Mesir, bahkan di kalangan musuh-musuh Nasser.\" Saintis politik Mesir Mahmoud Hamad menulis bahawa, sebelum 1956, Nasser telah menggabungkan kawalan ke atas birokrasi tentera dan awam Mesir, tetapi hanya selepas penggabungan terusan itu ia mendapat legitimasi yang hampir mendekati dan tegas menegaskan dirinya sebagai \"pemimpin berkarisma\" dan \"jurucakap untuk orang ramai bukan sahaja di Mesir, tetapi di seluruh Dunia Ketiga\". Menurut Aburish, ini adalah kemenangan pan-Arab terbesar Nasser pada masa itu dan \"tidak lama lagi gambarnya ditemui di kemah-kemah Yaman, souk Marrakesh, dan villa mewah di Syria\". Alasan rasmi yang diberikan untuk nasionalisasi ialah dana dari kanal akan digunakan untuk pembinaan empangan di Aswan. Pada hari yang sama, Mesir menutup saluran itu ke perkapalan Israel. <> Bagaimana dunia Arab bertindak balas terhadap berita tentang nasionalisasi Terusan Suez? || sokongan <> Penghantaran negara apa yang dilarang menggunakan Terusan Suez? || Israel <> Apa duta besar AS yang bercakap tentang sokongan yang meluas untuk nasionalisasi terusan Nasser itu? || Henry A. Byroade <> Di manakah Nasser dipercayai seorang jurucakap bagi golongan miskin dan tertindas? || bukan sahaja di Mesir, tetapi di seluruh Dunia Ketiga", {"context": "The nationalization announcement was greeted very emotionally by the audience and, throughout the Arab world, thousands entered the streets shouting slogans of support. US ambassador Henry A. Byroade stated, \"I cannot overemphasize [the] popularity of the Canal Company nationalization within Egypt, even among Nasser's enemies.\" Egyptian political scientist Mahmoud Hamad wrote that, prior to 1956, Nasser had consolidated control over Egypt's military and civilian bureaucracies, but it was only after the canal's nationalization that he gained near-total popular legitimacy and firmly established himself as the \"charismatic leader\" and \"spokesman for the masses not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World\". According to Aburish, this was Nasser's largest pan-Arab triumph at the time and \"soon his pictures were to be found in the tents of Yemen, the souks of Marrakesh, and the posh villas of Syria\". The official reason given for the nationalization was that funds from the canal would be used for the construction of the dam in Aswan. That same day, Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "support"}], "question": "How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal?", "id": "572807b6ff5b5019007d9b54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1088, "text": "Israeli"}], "question": "What nation's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal?", "id": "572807b6ff5b5019007d9b55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Henry A. Byroade"}], "question": "What US ambassador spoke about the widespread support for Nasser's nationalization of the canal?", "id": "572807b6ff5b5019007d9b56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World"}], "question": "Where was Nasser believed to be a spokesman for the poor and oppressed?", "id": "572807b6ff5b5019007d9b57"}]}], ["Hubungan antara Nasser dan Raja Hussein merosot pada bulan April apabila Hussein membabitkan Nasser dalam dua percubaan rampasan terhadapnya - walaupun penglibatan Nasser tidak pernah ditubuhkan dan dibubarkan kabinet al-Nabulsi. Nasser kemudiannya membantah Hussein di radio Cairo sebagai \"alat imperialis\". Hubungan dengan Raja Saud juga menjadi antagonis kerana mereka mula bimbang bahawa populariti Nasser yang semakin meningkat di Arab Saudi adalah ancaman yang tulus kepada kelangsungan keluarga kerajaan. Walaupun penentangan dari kerajaan Jordan, Arab Saudi, Iraq, dan Lubnan, Nasser mengekalkan martabatnya di kalangan warganegara mereka dan negara-negara Arab yang lain. <> Apa pemimpin menuduh Nasser cuba menggulingkannya? || Raja Hussein <> Apa yang Nasser memanggil Raja Hussein? || alat imperialis <> Apa pemimpin bukan Mesir bimbang tentang populariti Nasser di luar Mesir? || Raja Saud <> Walaupun konflik dengan kerajaan Arab, yang terus menyokong Nasser? || warganegara", {"context": "Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him\u2014although Nasser's involvement was never established\u2014and dissolved al-Nabulsi's cabinet. Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being \"a tool of the imperialists\". Relations with King Saud also became antagonistic as the latter began to fear that Nasser's increasing popularity in Saudi Arabia was a genuine threat to the royal family's survival. Despite opposition from the governments of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Lebanon, Nasser maintained his prestige among their citizens and those of other Arab countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "King Hussein"}], "question": "What leader accused Nasser of trying to overthrow him?", "id": "572814a52ca10214002d9d7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "a tool of the imperialists"}], "question": "What did Nasser call King Hussein?", "id": "572814a52ca10214002d9d7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "King Saud"}], "question": "What non-Egyptian leader was concerned about Nasser's popularity outside of Egypt?", "id": "572814a52ca10214002d9d7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "citizens"}], "question": "Despite conflicts with Arab governments, who continued to support Nasser?", "id": "572814a52ca10214002d9d7f"}]}], ["Sehari selepas mengumumkan cubaan hidupnya, Nasser menubuhkan perlembagaan sementara baru yang mempersembahkan Perhimpunan Nasional yang terdiri daripada 600 orang (400 dari Mesir dan 200 dari Syria) dan pembubaran semua parti politik. Nasser memberikan setiap wilayah dua naib presiden: Boghdadi dan Amer di Mesir, dan Sabri al-Asali dan Akram al-Hawrani di Syria. Nasser kemudian pergi ke Moscow untuk berjumpa dengan Nikita Khrushchev. Pada mesyuarat itu, Khrushchev menekan Nasser untuk mengangkat larangan ke Partai Komunis, tetapi Nasser menolak, menyatakan ia adalah perkara dalaman yang bukan merupakan subjek perbincangan dengan kuasa luar. Khrushchev dilaporkan terkejut dan dinafikan bahawa dia bermaksud mengganggu urusan UAR. Perkara itu diselesaikan kerana kedua-dua pemimpin berusaha menghalang keretakan antara kedua-dua negara. <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam Perhimpunan Kebangsaan? || 600 <> Berapa ramai anggota Majlis Kebangsaan dari Mesir? || 400 <> Apakah pemimpin Soviet telah melakukan percubaan Nasser? || Khrushchev <> Apa yang Khrushchev mahu Nasser menghapuskan larangan itu? || Parti Komunis <> Yang mana dua naib presiden Perhimpunan Kebangsaan di Mesir? || Boghdadi dan Amer", {"context": "A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "600"}], "question": "How many members were in the National Assembly?", "id": "57281f1a2ca10214002d9e4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "400"}], "question": "How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?", "id": "57281f1a2ca10214002d9e4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Khrushchev"}], "question": "What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?", "id": "57281f1b2ca10214002d9e4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Communist Party"}], "question": "What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?", "id": "57281f1b2ca10214002d9e4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Boghdadi and Amer"}], "question": "Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?", "id": "57281f1b2ca10214002d9e50"}]}], ["Ketika ketidakstabilan politik berkembang di Syria, delegasi dari negara itu dihantar ke Nasser menuntut penyatuan segera dengan Mesir. Nasser pada mulanya menolak permintaan itu, memetik sistem politik dan ekonomi yang tidak bersesuaian dengan kedua-dua negara, kekurangan persaingan, rekod campur tangan tentera Syria dalam politik, dan paksaan yang mendalam antara kuasa politik Syria. Walau bagaimanapun, pada bulan Januari 1958, delegasi Syria kedua berjaya meyakinkan Nasser mengenai pengambilalihan komunis yang akan datang dan slaid yang berlaku kepada persengketaan sivil. Nasser kemudiannya memilih kesatuan, walaupun pada syarat bahawa ia akan menjadi penggabungan politik dengannya sebagai presidennya, yang mana perwakilan dan presiden Syria Shukri al-Quwatli bersetuju. Pada 1 Februari, United Arab Republic (UAR) telah diisytiharkan dan, menurut Dawisha, dunia Arab bertindak balas dengan \"terkejut, yang dengan cepat berubah menjadi euforia yang tidak terkawal.\" Nasser mengarahkan tindakan keras terhadap komunis Syria, menolak banyak daripada mereka daripada jawatan kerajaan mereka. <> Negara mana yang mahu bergabung dengan Mesir? || Syria <> Apa kumpulan Syria yang ditindak oleh Nasser? || komunis <> Apa yang dipanggil aliansi Mesir-Syria? || United Arab Republic <> Tahun apa terbentuk UAR? || 1958", {"context": "As political instability grew in Syria, delegations from the country were sent to Nasser demanding immediate unification with Egypt. Nasser initially turned down the request, citing the two countries' incompatible political and economic systems, lack of contiguity, the Syrian military's record of intervention in politics, and the deep factionalism among Syria's political forces. However, in January 1958, a second Syrian delegation managed to convince Nasser of an impending communist takeover and a consequent slide to civil strife. Nasser subsequently opted for union, albeit on the condition that it would be a total political merger with him as its president, to which the delegates and Syrian president Shukri al-Quwatli agreed. On 1 February, the United Arab Republic (UAR) was proclaimed and, according to Dawisha, the Arab world reacted in \"stunned amazement, which quickly turned into uncontrolled euphoria.\" Nasser ordered a crackdown against Syrian communists, dismissing many of them from their governmental posts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Syria"}], "question": "What country wanted to join with Egypt?", "id": "57281dcd3acd2414000df4db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 963, "text": "communists"}], "question": "What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on?", "id": "57281dcd3acd2414000df4dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "United Arab Republic"}], "question": "What was the Egyptian-Syrian alliance called?", "id": "57281dcd3acd2414000df4dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "1958"}], "question": "What year was the UAR formed?", "id": "57281dcd3acd2414000df4de"}]}], ["Pentadbiran Eisenhower A.S. mengutuk pencerobohan tripartit, dan menyokong resolusi PBB menuntut penarikan balik dan Pasukan Kecemasan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu (UNEF) ditempatkan di Sinai. Nasser memuji Eisenhower, menyatakan dia memainkan \"peranan yang paling besar dan paling menentukan\" dalam menghentikan konspirasi \"tripartit\". Menjelang akhir Disember, pasukan British dan Perancis telah sepenuhnya ditarik balik dari wilayah Mesir, manakala Israel menyelesaikan penarikannya pada bulan Mac 1957 dan melepaskan semua tawanan perang Mesir. Sebagai akibat daripada Krisis Suez, Nasser membawa satu set peraturan yang menetapkan keperluan ketat untuk pemanggilan dan kewarganegaraan serta pengusiran paksa, yang kebanyakannya mempengaruhi orang-orang Inggeris dan Perancis dan Yahudi yang mempunyai kewarganegaraan asing, serta beberapa orang Yahudi Mesir. <> Negara apakah yang menentang pencerobohan terusan itu? || A.S. <> Apa pemimpin yang memuji Nasser? || Eisenhower <> Apa daya tentera dibawa masuk untuk menenangkan keadaan? || Pasukan Kecemasan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu <> Apa yang dikenakan oleh Nasser akibat konflik? || keperluan ketat untuk pemastautin", {"context": "The U.S. Eisenhower administration condemned the tripartite invasion, and supported UN resolutions demanding withdrawal and a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) to be stationed in Sinai. Nasser commended Eisenhower, stating he played the \"greatest and most decisive role\" in stopping the \"tripartite conspiracy\". By the end of December, British and French forces had totally withdrawn from Egyptian territory, while Israel completed its withdrawal in March 1957 and released all Egyptian prisoners of war. As a result of the Suez Crisis, Nasser brought in a set of regulations imposing rigorous requirements for residency and citizenship as well as forced expulsions, mostly affecting British and French nationals and Jews with foreign nationality, as well as some Egyptian Jews.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "U.S."}], "question": "What country was opposed to the invasion of the canal?", "id": "572812604b864d19001643b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Eisenhower"}], "question": "What leader did Nasser applaud?", "id": "572812604b864d19001643b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "United Nations Emergency Force"}], "question": "What military force was brought in to calm the situation?", "id": "572812604b864d19001643ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "rigorous requirements for residency"}], "question": "What did Nasser impose as a result of the conflict?", "id": "572812604b864d19001643bb"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 1957, AS mengguna pakai Doktrin Eisenhower dan berjanji untuk mencegah penyebaran komunisme dan ejen yang dilihatnya di Timur Tengah. Walaupun Nasser adalah lawan komunisme di rantau ini, promosinya terhadap pan-Arabisme dilihat sebagai ancaman oleh negara pro-Barat di rantau ini. Eisenhower cuba mengasingkan Nasser dan mengurangkan pengaruh serantaunya dengan cuba mengubah King Saud menjadi timbangan. Juga pada bulan Januari, Perdana Menteri Yordania yang dipilih dan penyokong Nasser Sulayman al-Nabulsi membawa Jordan ke dalam perjanjian tentera dengan Mesir, Syria, dan Arab Saudi. <> Apakah dasar yang dimaksudkan untuk memasukkan komunisme di timur tengah? || Eisenhower Doctrine <> Bilakah doktrin Eisenhower diterima pakai? || 1957 <> Apa pemimpin yang AS menahan Nasser? || Raja Saud <> Negara mana yang bergabung dengan Mesir, Syria dan Arab Saudi? || Jordan <> Walaupun bukan komunis, bagaimana dengan Nasser yang berkepentingan golongan pro-barat? || pan-Arabisme", {"context": "In January 1957, the US adopted the Eisenhower Doctrine and pledged to prevent the spread of communism and its perceived agents in the Middle East. Although Nasser was an opponent of communism in the region, his promotion of pan-Arabism was viewed as a threat by pro-Western states in the region. Eisenhower tried to isolate Nasser and reduce his regional influence by attempting to transform King Saud into a counterweight. Also in January, the elected Jordanian prime minister and Nasser supporter Sulayman al-Nabulsi brought Jordan into a military pact with Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Eisenhower Doctrine"}], "question": "What was the policy meant to contain communism in the middle east?", "id": "572813fb3acd2414000df3ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "1957"}], "question": "When was the Eisenhower Doctrine adopted?", "id": "572813fb3acd2414000df3ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "King Saud"}], "question": "What leader did the US prop up to foil Nasser?", "id": "572813fb3acd2414000df3ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Jordan"}], "question": "What country joined an alliance with Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia?", "id": "572813fb3acd2414000df3f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "pan-Arabism"}], "question": "Although not communist, what about Nasser concerned pro-western groups?", "id": "572813fb3acd2414000df3f1"}]}], ["Semasa Nasser berada di Syria, King Saud merancang untuk membunuhnya semasa penerbangan pulang ke Kaherah. Pada 4 Mac, Nasser menangani orang ramai di Damsyik dan melambaikan tangan mereka sebelum pemeriksaan Saudi diberikan kepada ketua keselamatan Syria dan penyokong Nasser Abdel Hamid Sarraj untuk menembak jatuh pesawat Nasser. Akibat skema Saud, beliau dipaksa oleh anggota kanan keluarga diraja Saudi untuk secara tidak rasmi menyerahkan sebahagian besar kuasanya kepada kakaknya, Raja Faisal, penentang utama Nasser dan menyokong perpaduan pan-Islam atas pan-Arabisme. <> Siapa yang cuba membunuh Nasser? || Raja Saud <> Bagaimana pembunuhan itu sepatutnya dilakukan? || menembak jatuh pesawat Nasser <> Siapa yang mengambil alih kuasa di Arab Saudi selepas percubaan pembunuhan gagal? || Raja Faisal <> Apakah kedudukan Raja Faisal terhadap Nasser? || lawan", {"context": "While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's scheme, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "King Saud"}], "question": "Who tried to assassinate Nasser?", "id": "57281e642ca10214002d9e30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "shoot down Nasser's plane"}], "question": "How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?", "id": "57281e642ca10214002d9e31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "King Faisal"}], "question": "Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed assassination attempt?", "id": "57281e642ca10214002d9e32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "opponent"}], "question": "What was King Faisal's position toward Nasser?", "id": "57281e642ca10214002d9e33"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1957, pan-Arabisme adalah ideologi dominan dunia Arab, dan warga Arab rata-rata menganggap Nasser pemimpinnya yang tidak dipertikaikan. Ahli sejarah Adeed Dawisha mengiktiraf status Nasser untuk \"karisma, yang disokong oleh kemenangannya yang dirasakan dalam Krisis Suez\". Stesen radio Voice of Arab yang berpangkalan di Kaherah menyebarkan idea Nasser mengenai tindakan Arab bersatu di seluruh dunia dan sejarawan berbahasa Arab Eugene Rogan menulis, \"Nasser menakluki dunia Arab melalui radio.\" Simpatisan Lebanon dari Nasser dan kedutaan Mesir di Beirut-pusat media dunia Arab-membebaskan gerai media Lubnan untuk menyebarkan cita-cita Nasser. Nasser juga menikmati sokongan organisasi nasionalis Arab, baik awam dan paramiliter, di seluruh rantau ini. Para pengikutnya banyak dan dibiayai dengan baik, tetapi tidak mempunyai sebarang struktur dan organisasi tetap. Mereka memanggil diri mereka sebagai \"Nasserites\", walaupun bantahan Nasser terhadap labelnya (dia lebih suka istilah \"nasionalis Arab\"). <> Stesen radio apa yang dikemukakan oleh agenda Nasser? || Suara orang Arab <> Apa yang dipanggil Arab pengagum Nasser? || Nasserites <> Apa penyokong Nasser kurang? || struktur dan organisasi <> Yang mengatakan bahawa Nasser menakluki kerja Arab dengan radio? || Eugene Rogan <> Apa yang Nasser akan mempersilahkan penyokongnya memanggil diri mereka sendiri? || Nasionalis Arab", {"context": "By 1957, pan-Arabism was the dominant ideology of the Arab world, and the average Arab citizen considered Nasser his undisputed leader. Historian Adeed Dawisha credited Nasser's status to his \"charisma, bolstered by his perceived victory in the Suez Crisis\". The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote, \"Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio.\" Lebanese sympathizers of Nasser and the Egyptian embassy in Beirut\u2014the press center of the Arab world\u2014bought out Lebanese media outlets to further disseminate Nasser's ideals. Nasser also enjoyed the support of Arab nationalist organizations, both civilian and paramilitary, throughout the region. His followers were numerous and well-funded, but lacked any permanent structure and organization. They called themselves \"Nasserites\", despite Nasser's objection to the label (he preferred the term \"Arab nationalists\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Voice of the Arabs"}], "question": "What radio station furthered Nasser's agenda?", "id": "572813383acd2414000df3d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 887, "text": "Nasserites"}], "question": "What were Arab admirers of Nasser called?", "id": "572813383acd2414000df3d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 835, "text": "structure and organization"}], "question": "What did the admirers of Nasser lack?", "id": "572813383acd2414000df3d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Eugene Rogan"}], "question": "Who said that Nasser conquered the Arab workd with radio?", "id": "572813383acd2414000df3d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 964, "text": "Arab nationalists"}], "question": "What would have Nasser prefferred his admirers call themselves?", "id": "572813383acd2414000df3d7"}]}], ["Meskipun ditugaskan untuk menarik tentera Mesir, kira-kira 2,000 tentera Mesir terbunuh ketika terlibat dengan tentera Israel, dan kira-kira 5,000 tentera Mesir ditangkap oleh Tentara Israel. Amer dan Salah Salem mengusulkan meminta gencatan senjata, dengan Salem mengesyorkan agar Nasser menyerah diri kepada pasukan British. Nasser berated Amer dan Salem, dan bersumpah, \"Tiada siapa yang akan menyerahkan diri.\" Nasser mengambil arahan ketenteraan. Walaupun kemudahan relatif di mana Sinai diduduki, prestij Nasser di rumah dan di kalangan orang Arab tidak rosak. Untuk mengimbangi kinerja Mesir yang lemah, Nasser membenarkan pengedaran kira-kira 400,000 senapang untuk sukarelawan awam dan beratus-ratus milisi dibentuk di seluruh Mesir, yang banyak diketuai oleh penentang politik Nasser. <> Berapa banyak tentera Mesir meninggal semasa pertempuran? || 2,000 <> Berapa banyak tentera Mesir menangkap tentera Israel? || 5,000 <> Kepada siapa Nasser membenarkan pengedaran senjata kecil? || sukarelawan awam <> Siapa yang mengesyorkan Nasser menyerah diri kepada British? || Salah Salem <> Apakah akibatnya keagungan Nassir di kalangan dunia Arab untuk kegagalan ketenteraan Mesir? || tidak rosak", {"context": "Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops, about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces, and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army. Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire, with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to British forces. Nasser berated Amer and Salem, and vowed, \"Nobody is going to surrender.\" Nasser assumed military command. Despite the relative ease in which Sinai was occupied, Nasser's prestige at home and among Arabs was undamaged. To counterbalance the Egyptian Army's dismal performance, Nasser authorized the distribution of about 400,000 rifles to civilian volunteers and hundreds of militias were formed throughout Egypt, many led by Nasser's political opponents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "2,000"}], "question": "How many Egyptian soldiers died during the fighting?", "id": "57280c6eff5b5019007d9bba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "5,000"}], "question": "How many Egyptian soldiers did the Israeli army capture?", "id": "57280c6eff5b5019007d9bbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "civilian volunteers"}], "question": "To whom did Nasser authorize distribution of small arms?", "id": "57280c6eff5b5019007d9bbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Salah Salem"}], "question": "Who recommended Nasser surrender himself to the British?", "id": "57280c6eff5b5019007d9bbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "undamaged"}], "question": "What was the consequence to Nassir's admiration among the Arab world for Egypt's military failure?", "id": "57280c6eff5b5019007d9bbe"}]}], ["Menjelang akhir tahun 1957, Nasser menasionalisasi semua aset British dan Perancis yang tersisa di Mesir, termasuk industri tembakau, simen, farmaseutikal dan fosfat. Apabila usaha-usaha untuk menawarkan insentif cukai dan menarik pelaburan luar tidak menghasilkan hasil yang ketara, dia melobikan lebih banyak syarikat dan menjadikannya sebahagian daripada organisasi pembangunan ekonominya. Beliau berhenti daripada jumlah kawalan kerajaan: dua pertiga daripada ekonomi masih dalam tangan swasta. Usaha ini mencapai kejayaan, dengan peningkatan pengeluaran pertanian dan pelaburan dalam perindustrian. Nasser memulakan kerja besi Helwan, yang kemudiannya menjadi perusahaan terbesar Mesir, menyediakan negara dengan produk dan puluhan ribu pekerjaan. Nasser juga memutuskan untuk bekerjasama dengan Kesatuan Soviet dalam pembinaan Empangan Aswan untuk menggantikan penarikan dana AS. <> Apa harta negara bangsa Nasser berkenan pada tahun 1957? || British dan Perancis <> Seberapa besar ekonomi tidak dikawal oleh kerajaan Nassir? || dua pertiga <> entiti apa yang menjadi perdana menteri Nasser yang merupakan kebanggaan bagi ekonomi Mesir? || Helwan steelworks <> Negara mana yang Nasser menyertai pasukan ekonomi? || Soviet Union <> Apa projek Nasser bekerjasama dengan Uni Soviet? || Empangan Aswan", {"context": "By the end of 1957, Nasser nationalized all remaining British and French assets in Egypt, including the tobacco, cement, pharmaceutical, and phosphate industries. When efforts to offer tax incentives and attract outside investments yielded no tangible results, he nationalized more companies and made them a part of his economic development organization. He stopped short of total government control: two-thirds of the economy was still in private hands. This effort achieved a measure of success, with increased agricultural production and investment in industrialization. Nasser initiated the Helwan steelworks, which subsequently became Egypt's largest enterprise, providing the country with product and tens of thousands of jobs. Nasser also decided to cooperate with the Soviet Union in the construction of the Aswan Dam to replace the withdrawal of US funds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "British and French"}], "question": "What nations' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957?", "id": "572815794b864d1900164430"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "two-thirds"}], "question": "How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?", "id": "572815794b864d1900164431"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "Helwan steelworks"}], "question": "What entity did Nasser spearhead that was a boon for Egypt's economy?", "id": "572815794b864d1900164432"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 776, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "What nation did Nasser join economic forces with?", "id": "572815794b864d1900164433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "Aswan Dam"}], "question": "What project did Nasser cooperate with the Soviet Union on?", "id": "572815794b864d1900164434"}]}], ["Di Pelabuhan Said, Nasser melihat konfrontasi dengan pasukan yang menyerang sebagai pusat tumpuan strategik dan psikologi pertahanan Mesir. Batalion infanteri ketiga dan beratus-ratus pengawal kebangsaan dihantar ke bandar sebagai bantuan, sementara dua syarikat biasa dihantar untuk menyusun rintangan popular. Nasser dan Boghdadi mengembara ke zon terusan untuk meningkatkan semangat sukarelawan bersenjata. Menurut memoir Boghdadi, Nasser menggambarkan Tentara Mesir sebagai \"hancur\" ketika dia melihat bangkai peralatan ketenteraan Mesir dalam perjalanan. Apabila pasukan British dan Perancis mendarat di Port Said pada 5-6 November, militia tempatan menimbulkan pertahanan yang sengit, menyebabkan pertempuran jalanan ke jalan. Panglima Tentera Mesir di bandar itu sedang mempersiapkan untuk meminta syarat untuk gencatan senjata, tetapi Nasser memerintahkan dia untuk berhenti. Pasukan Britain-Perancis berjaya mengamankan bandar raya itu pada 7 November. Antara 750 dan 1,000 orang Mesir terbunuh dalam pertempuran untuk Port Said. <> Berapa ramai orang Mesir mati dalam pertempuran untuk Port Said? || Antara 750 dan 1,000 <> Apa yang difikirkan Nasser adalah lokasi yang paling penting dalam pertempuran untuk kanal? || Port Said <> Dalam apa keadaan tentera Mesir selepas memerangi Perancis dan Inggeris? || hancur <> Siapa yang akhirnya boleh menuntut di Port Said? || Tentera British-Perancis", {"context": "It was at Port Said that Nasser saw a confrontation with the invading forces as being the strategic and psychological focal point of Egypt's defense. A third infantry battalion and hundreds of national guardsmen were sent to the city as reinforcements, while two regular companies were dispatched to organize popular resistance. Nasser and Boghdadi traveled to the canal zone to boost the morale of the armed volunteers. According to Boghdadi's memoirs, Nasser described the Egyptian Army as \"shattered\" as he saw the wreckage of Egyptian military equipment en route. When British and French forces landed in Port Said on 5\u20136 November, its local militia put up a stiff resistance, resulting in street-to-street fighting. The Egyptian Army commander in the city was preparing to request terms for a ceasefire, but Nasser ordered him to desist. The British-French forces managed to largely secure the city by 7 November. Between 750 and 1,000 Egyptians were killed in the battle for Port Said.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 919, "text": "Between 750 and 1,000"}], "question": "How many Egyptians died in the battle for Port Said?", "id": "572811af4b864d19001643a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 981, "text": "Port Said"}], "question": "What did Nasser think was the most importatnt location in the battle for the canal?", "id": "572811af4b864d19001643a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "shattered"}], "question": "In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK?", "id": "572811af4b864d19001643a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "British-French forces"}], "question": "Who was ultimately able to claim victoy in Port Said?", "id": "572811af4b864d19001643a3"}]}], ["Kedudukan serantau Nasser berubah secara tidak disangka-sangka apabila pegawai Yemeni yang diketuai oleh penyokong Nasser Abdullah al-Sallal menggulingkan Imam Badr dari Yaman Utara pada 27 September 1962. Al-Badr dan partisansinya yang puak mulai menerima peningkatan dukungan dari Arab Saudi untuk membantu mengembalikan kerajaan itu, sementara Nasser kemudiannya menerima permintaan oleh Sallal untuk membantu kerajaan baru pada 30 September. Akibatnya, Mesir semakin terlibat dalam perang saudara yang ditarik sehingga ia menarik balik pasukannya pada tahun 1967. Kebanyakan rakan-rakan lama Nasser telah mempersoalkan kebijaksanaan meneruskan perang, tetapi Amer memberi jaminan kepada Nasser kemenangan mereka. Nasser kemudian menyatakan pada tahun 1968 bahawa campur tangan di Yaman adalah \"salah perhitungan\". <> Negara apa yang mengalami rampasan kuasa pada tahun 1962? || Yemen Utara <> Negara mana yang sepakat untuk membantu menindas pemberontakan Yemeni? || Arab Saudi <> Sisi perang saudara yang mana pihak Nasser dengan? || kerajaan baru <> Pada tahun apakah Mesir meninggalkan perang saudara Yaman? || 1967 <> Bagaimana Nasser mencirikan penglibatan Mesir dalam perang saudara Yaman? || salah perhitungan", {"context": "Nasser's regional position changed unexpectedly when Yemeni officers led by Nasser supporter Abdullah al-Sallal overthrew Imam Badr of North Yemen on 27 September 1962. Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom, while Nasser subsequently accepted a request by Sallal to militarily aid the new government on 30 September. Consequently, Egypt became increasingly embroiled in the drawn-out civil war until it withdrew its forces in 1967. Most of Nasser's old colleagues had questioned the wisdom of continuing the war, but Amer reassured Nasser of their coming victory. Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a \"miscalculation\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "North Yemen"}], "question": "What country experienced a coup in 1962?", "id": "572824982ca10214002d9ee0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Saudi Arabia"}], "question": "What country agreed to help suppress the Yemeni rebellion?", "id": "572824982ca10214002d9ee1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "the new government"}], "question": "Which side of the civil war did Nasser side with?", "id": "572824982ca10214002d9ee2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "1967"}], "question": "In what year did Egypt leave Yemen's civil war?", "id": "572824982ca10214002d9ee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "miscalculation"}], "question": "How did Nasser characterize Egypt's involvement in Yemen's civil war?", "id": "572824982ca10214002d9ee4"}]}], ["Hubungan antara Nasser dan Qasim berkembang semakin pahit pada 9 Mac, selepas tentera Qasim menindas pemberontakan di Mosul, dilancarkan hari sebelumnya oleh seorang pegawai RCC pro-Nasser Iraq yang disokong oleh pihak berkuasa UAR. Nasser telah mempertimbangkan menghantar pasukan untuk membantu para simpatisan Iraqnya, tetapi memutuskan untuk menentangnya. Beliau mengetepikan aktiviti komunis Mesir kerana sokongan komunis Iraq yang disediakan oleh Qasim. Beberapa komunis berpengaruh telah ditangkap, termasuk rakan lama Nasser Khaled Mohieddin, yang telah dibenarkan masuk semula ke Mesir pada tahun 1956. <> Apa pemimpin Iraq bertempur dengan Nasser? || Qasim <> Apa yang Quasm lakukan untuk kemarahan Nasser? || menindas pemberontakan di Mosul <> Apa yang menindas Nasser sebagai hasilnya? || Aktiviti komunis Mesir <> Apa sekutu lama yang dilakukan Nasser? || Khaled Mohieddin", {"context": "Relations between Nasser and Qasim grew increasingly bitter on 9 March, after Qasim's forces suppressed a rebellion in Mosul, launched a day earlier by a pro-Nasser Iraqi RCC officer backed by UAR authorities. Nasser had considered dispatching troops to aid his Iraqi sympathizers, but decided against it. He clamped down on Egyptian communist activity due to the key backing Iraqi communists provided Qasim. Several influential communists were arrested, including Nasser's old comrade Khaled Mohieddin, who had been allowed to re-enter Egypt in 1956.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Qasim"}], "question": "What Iraqi leader clashed with Nasser?", "id": "572821f44b864d1900164524"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "suppressed a rebellion in Mosul"}], "question": "What did Quasm do to anger Nasser?", "id": "572821f44b864d1900164525"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Egyptian communist activity"}], "question": "What did Nasser suppress as a result?", "id": "572821f44b864d1900164526"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Khaled Mohieddin"}], "question": "What old ally did Nasser turn against?", "id": "572821f44b864d1900164527"}]}], ["Pada musim gugur 1958, Nasser membentuk jawatankuasa tiga pihak yang terdiri daripada Zakaria Mohieddin, al-Hawrani, dan Salah Bitar untuk mengawasi perkembangan di Syria. Dengan menggerakkan dua yang terakhir, yang adalah Ba'athists, ke Kaherah, beliau meneutralkan tokoh-tokoh politik penting yang mempunyai idea mereka sendiri tentang bagaimana Syria harus dijalankan. Dia meletakkan Suriah di bawah Sarraj, yang secara efektif mengurangkan wilayah itu ke sebuah negara polis dengan memenjarakan dan melepaskan pemilik tanah yang membantah pengenalan pembaharuan pertanian Mesir di Syria, serta komunis. Berikutan pilihan raya Fuad Chehab pada September 1958, hubungan antara Lubnan dan UAR bertambah baik. Pada 25 Mac 1959, Chehab dan Nasser bertemu di sempadan Lubnan-Syria dan berkompromi pada penghujung krisis Lubnan. <> Siapa yang Nasser melantik untuk menjalankan Syria? || Sarraj <> Apakah Syria seperti di bawah Sarraj? || polis negara <> Siapa yang dipilih Lubnan pada tahun 1958? || Fuad Chehab <> Bagaimana hubungan antara perubahan Lebanon dan UAR dengan pemilihan Chehab? || bertambah baik <> Dalam tahun apakah Nasser dan Chehab bersetuju untuk menamatkan krisis Lebanon? || 1959", {"context": "In the fall of 1958, Nasser formed a tripartite committee consisting of Zakaria Mohieddin, al-Hawrani, and Salah Bitar to oversee developments in Syria. By moving the latter two, who were Ba'athists, to Cairo, he neutralized important political figures who had their own ideas about how Syria should be run. He put Syria under Sarraj, who effectively reduced the province to a police state by imprisoning and exiling landholders who objected to the introduction of Egyptian agricultural reform in Syria, as well as communists. Following the Lebanese election of Fuad Chehab in September 1958, relations between Lebanon and the UAR improved considerably. On 25 March 1959, Chehab and Nasser met at the Lebanese\u2013Syrian border and compromised on an end to the Lebanese crisis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Sarraj"}], "question": "Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria?", "id": "572821723acd2414000df527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "police state"}], "question": "What was Syria like under Sarraj?", "id": "572821723acd2414000df528"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Fuad Chehab"}], "question": "Who did Lebanon elect in 1958?", "id": "572821723acd2414000df529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "improved considerably"}], "question": "How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab's election?", "id": "572821723acd2414000df52a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "1959"}], "question": "In what year did Nasser and Chehab agree to end the Lebanon crisis?", "id": "572821723acd2414000df52b"}]}], ["Pada 28 September 1961, unit tentera pemisahan melancarkan rampasan kuasa di Damaskus, mengisytiharkan pemisahan Syria dari UAR. Sebagai tindak balas, unit tentera pro-kesatuan di utara Syria memberontak dan protes pro-Nasser berlaku di bandar-bandar utama di Syria. Nasser menghantar pasukan khas Mesir ke Latakia untuk memperkuat sekutunya, tetapi menarik balik mereka dua hari kemudian, memetik keengganan untuk membenarkan pertempuran antara Arab. Mengulas perpecahan UAR pada 5 Oktober, Nasser menerima tanggungjawab peribadi dan mengisytiharkan bahawa Mesir akan mengenali kerajaan Syria yang dipilih. Dia secara peribadi menyalahkan gangguan oleh kerajaan-kerajaan Arab yang bermusuhan. Menurut Heikal, Nasser mengalami sesuatu yang menyerupai pecahan saraf setelah pembubaran kesatuan; dia mula merokok lebih banyak dan kesihatannya mula merosot. <> Apa kumpulan anti-Nasser Syria menyerang rampasan kuasa? || unit tentera pemisahan <> Dalam tahun apakah Syria meninggalkan UAR? || 1961 <> Di mana Nasser menghantar pasukan khas Mesir? || Latakia <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Nasser selepas pemisahan UAR? || Kerosakan saraf <> Bagaimana kesihatan Nasser selepas perpisahan UAR? || kesihatannya mula merosot", {"context": "On 28 September 1961, secessionist army units launched a coup in Damascus, declaring Syria's secession from the UAR. In response, pro-union army units in northern Syria revolted and pro-Nasser protests occurred in major Syrian cities. Nasser sent Egyptian special forces to Latakia to bolster his allies, but withdrew them two days later, citing a refusal to allow inter-Arab fighting. Addressing the UAR's breakup on 5 October, Nasser accepted personal responsibility and declared that Egypt would recognize an elected Syrian government. He privately blamed interference by hostile Arab governments. According to Heikal, Nasser suffered something resembling a nervous breakdown after the dissolution of the union; he began to smoke more heavily and his health began to deteriorate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "secessionist army units"}], "question": "What Syrian anti-Nasser group lauched a coup?", "id": "572823e42ca10214002d9ebc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "1961"}], "question": "In what year did Syria leave the UAR?", "id": "572823e42ca10214002d9ebd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Latakia"}], "question": "Where did Nasser send Egyptian special forces?", "id": "572823e42ca10214002d9ebe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "nervous breakdown"}], "question": "What happened to Nasser after the breakup of the UAR?", "id": "572823e42ca10214002d9ebf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "his health began to deteriorate"}], "question": "How was Nasser's health after the breakup of the UAR?", "id": "572823e42ca10214002d9ec0"}]}], ["Selepas bertahun-tahun penyelarasan dasar dan hubungan luar negara, Nasser, Presiden Sukarno dari Indonesia, Presiden Tito dari Yugoslavia, dan Perdana Menteri Nehru dari India mengasaskan Gerakan Non-Blok (NAM) pada tahun 1961. Tujuan yang diisytiharkannya adalah untuk memantapkan penyelarasan antarabangsa dan mempromosikan keamanan dunia di tengah-tengah Perang Dingin, penjajahan berakhir, dan meningkatkan kerjasama ekonomi di kalangan negara-negara membangun. Pada tahun 1964, Nasser telah menjadi presiden NAM dan mengadakan persidangan kedua organisasi di Kaherah. <> Pada tahun apakah terbentuknya Pergerakan Tanpa Aligned? || 1961 <> Siapa yang dinamai pemimpin NAM pada tahun 1964? || Nasser <> Apa konflik global yang dibuat oleh NAM? || Perang Dingin", {"context": "After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "1961"}], "question": "In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed?", "id": "572826482ca10214002d9f26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Nasser"}], "question": "Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964?", "id": "572826482ca10214002d9f27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Cold War"}], "question": "What global conflict was the NAM made to counter?", "id": "572826482ca10214002d9f28"}]}], ["Pada 8 Februari 1963, sebuah rampasan kuasa tentera di Iraq yang dipimpin oleh pakatan Ba'athist-Nasserist menggulingkan Qasim, yang kemudiannya ditembak mati. Abdel Salam Aref, seorang Nasserist, dipilih menjadi presiden baru. Perikatan yang sama menggulingkan kerajaan Syria pada 8 Mac. Pada 14 Mac, kerajaan Iraq dan Syria baru menghantar perwakilan Nasser untuk menolak kesatuan Arab baru. Pada pertemuan itu, Nasser melancarkan Ba'athists untuk \"memudahkan\" pemisahan Syria dari UAR, dan menegaskan bahawa dia adalah \"pemimpin orang Arab\". Persetujuan perpaduan peralihan yang menetapkan sistem persekutuan ditandatangani oleh pihak-pihak pada 17 April dan kesatuan baru itu ditetapkan untuk ditubuhkan pada bulan Mei 1965. Bagaimanapun, perjanjian itu jatuh beberapa minggu kemudian ketika Ba'athist Syria membasmi penyokong Nasser dari korps pegawai. Satu rampasan balas oleh seorang kolumnis Nasserist diikuti, selepas itu Nasser mengutuk kaum Ba'athists sebagai \"fasis\". <> Apakah kumpulan-kumpulan yang menyiapkan rampasan kuasa di Iraq? || Persatuan Ba'athist-Nasserist <> Siapa yang menjadi presiden baru Iraq selepas rampasan kuasa itu? || Abdel Salam Aref <> Apa yang menyebabkan perjanjian gagal? || Ba'athists Syria membersihkan penyokong Nasser <> Bagaimana Nasser menggambarkan para Ba'athists? || fasis", {"context": "On 8 February 1963, a military coup in Iraq led by a Ba'athist\u2013Nasserist alliance toppled Qasim, who was subsequently shot dead. Abdel Salam Aref, a Nasserist, was chosen to be the new president. A similar alliance toppled the Syrian government on 8 March. On 14 March, the new Iraqi and Syrian governments sent Nasser delegations to push for a new Arab union. At the meeting, Nasser lambasted the Ba'athists for \"facilitating\" Syria's split from the UAR, and asserted that he was the \"leader of the Arabs\". A transitional unity agreement stipulating a federal system was signed by the parties on 17 April and the new union was set to be established in May 1965. However, the agreement fell apart weeks later when Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters from the officers corps. A failed counter-coup by a Nasserist colonel followed, after which Nasser condemned the Ba'athists as \"fascists\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Ba'athist\u2013Nasserist alliance"}], "question": "What groups completed a coup in Iraq?", "id": "5728253d3acd2414000df599"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Abdel Salam Aref"}], "question": "Who became the new Iraqi president after the coup?", "id": "5728253d3acd2414000df59a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters"}], "question": "What caused the agreement to fail?", "id": "5728253d3acd2414000df59b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "fascists"}], "question": "How did Nasser describe the Ba'athists?", "id": "5728253d3acd2414000df59c"}]}], ["Di Lubnan, pertempuran antara puak pro-Nasser dan penyokong kuat lawan Nasser, ketika itu Presiden Camille Chamoun, memuncak dalam persengketaan sivil menjelang Mei. Yang pertama berusaha untuk bersatu dengan UAR, sementara yang kedua memohon kemerdekaan Lebanon yang berterusan. Nasser mengawasi pengawasan itu kepada Sarraj, yang memberikan bantuan terhad kepada penyokong Nasser Lebanon melalui wang, senjata ringan, dan latihan pegawai-kurangnya sokongan berskala besar yang dikatakan Chamoun. Nasser tidak menginginkan Lubnan, melihatnya sebagai \"kes khas\", tetapi cuba menghalang Chamoun dari istilah presiden kedua. <> Siapa lawan Nasser di Lubnan? || Camille Chamoun <> Apa yang mahu kumpulan pro-Nasser Lubnan? || untuk bersatu dengan UAR <> Apa yang Nasser mahu menafikan Chamoun? || Istilah presiden kedua <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab menangani masalah Lubnan? || Sarraj <> Tahap sokongan apakah puak pro-Nasser di Lebanon terima? || terhad", {"context": "In Lebanon, clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent, then-President Camille Chamoun, culminated in civil strife by May. The former sought to unite with the UAR, while the latter sought Lebanon's continued independence. Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj, who provided limited aid to Nasser's Lebanese supporters through money, light arms, and officer training\u2014short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged. Nasser did not covet Lebanon, seeing it as a \"special case\", but sought to prevent Chamoun from a second presidential term.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Camille Chamoun"}], "question": "Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon?", "id": "57281fd84b864d19001644e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "to unite with the UAR"}], "question": "What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want?", "id": "57281fd84b864d19001644e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "a second presidential term"}], "question": "What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun?", "id": "57281fd84b864d19001644e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Sarraj"}], "question": "Who was in charge of dealing with the Lebanon situation?", "id": "57281fd84b864d19001644e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "limited"}], "question": "What degree of support did pro-Nasser factions in Lebanon receive?", "id": "57281fd84b864d19001644e6"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 1964, Nasser menggesa sidang kemuncak Liga Arab di Kaherah untuk menubuhkan tindak balas Arab bersatu melawan rancangan Israel untuk mengalihkan perairan Jordan River untuk tujuan ekonomi, yang Syria dan Jordan menganggap tindakan perang. Nasser menyalahkan bahagian Arab untuk apa yang disifatkannya sebagai \"keadaan buruk\". Dia mengecewakan gerila Syria dan Palestin daripada membangkitkan Israel, dengan mengakui bahawa dia tidak mempunyai rancangan untuk berperang dengan Israel. Semasa sidang kemuncak itu, Nasser mengembangkan hubungan mesra dengan Raja Hussein, dan hubungannya diperbaiki dengan pemerintah Arab Saudi, Syria, dan Maghribi. Pada bulan Mei, Nasser bergerak secara formal untuk berkongsi kedudukan kepimpinannya dengan isu Palestin dengan memulakan penciptaan Pertubuhan Pembebasan Palestin (PLO). Dalam praktiknya, Nasser menggunakan PLO untuk menguasai fedayeen Palestin. Kepalanya adalah Ahmad Shukeiri, penama peribadi Nasser. <> Apa sungai yang mahu dikalihkan oleh Israel? || Sungai Jordan <> Bagaimana Syria dan Jordan melihat rancangan Israel? || perbuatan perang <> Pemimpin apa yang telah melakukan ikatan Nasser dengan rundingan selama ini? || Raja Hussein <> Organisasi apa yang dibentuk sebagai hasil perbincangan? || Pertubuhan Pembebasan Palestin <> Siapa yang bersedia untuk memimpin PLO? || Ahmad Shukeiri", {"context": "In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed \"the disastrous situation\". He discouraged Syria and Palestinian guerrillas from provoking the Israelis, conceding that he had no plans for war with Israel. During the summit, Nasser developed cordial relations with King Hussein, and ties were mended with the rulers of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Morocco. In May, Nasser moved to formally share his leadership position over the Palestine issue by initiating the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In practice, Nasser used the PLO to wield control over the Palestinian fedayeen. Its head was to be Ahmad Shukeiri, Nasser's personal nominee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Jordan River"}], "question": "What river did the Israelis want to divert?", "id": "572825df2ca10214002d9f08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "act of war"}], "question": "How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans?", "id": "572825df2ca10214002d9f09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "King Hussein"}], "question": "What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations?", "id": "572825df2ca10214002d9f0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "Palestine Liberation Organization"}], "question": "What organization was formed as a result of the talks?", "id": "572825df2ca10214002d9f0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "Ahmad Shukeiri"}], "question": "Who was set to lead the PLO?", "id": "572825df2ca10214002d9f0c"}]}], ["Pada 14 Julai, pegawai tentera Iraq Abdel Karim Qasim dan Abdel Salam Aref menggulingkan monarki Iraq dan, keesokan harinya, perdana menteri Iraq dan ketua Arab Saudi, Nuri al-Said, terbunuh. Nasser mengiktiraf kerajaan baru dan menyatakan bahawa \"sebarang serangan terhadap Iraq sama seperti serangan terhadap UAR\". Pada 15 Julai, marin AS mendarat di Lubnan, dan pasukan khas British di Jordan, atas permintaan kerajaan-kerajaan negara itu untuk menghalang mereka daripada jatuh ke tangan pasukan pro-Nasser. Nasser merasakan bahawa revolusi di Iraq meninggalkan jalan untuk perpaduan pan-Arab dibatalkan. Pada 19 Julai, buat pertama kalinya, beliau mengisytiharkan bahawa dia memilih kesatuan Arab penuh, walaupun dia tidak mempunyai rancangan untuk menggabungkan Iraq dengan UAR. Semasa sebahagian besar anggota Majlis Perundangan Revolusi Iraq (RCC) menyukai perpaduan Iraq-UAR, Qasim berusaha untuk menjaga Iraq bebas dan merosakkan asas popular Nasser di negara ini. <> Apa dua orang menumbangkan monarki Iraq? || Abdel Karim Qasim dan Abdel Salam Aref Apa anti-Nasser Iraq dibunuh? || Nuri al-Said <> Di mana marin Amerika Syarikat? || Lebanon <> Mengapa Jordan dan Lubnan mencari bantuan luar? || untuk mengelakkan mereka daripada jatuh ke pasukan pro-Nasser <> Bagaimana Nasser melihat prospek untuk perpaduan Arab? || dibuka sekatan", {"context": "On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that \"any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR\". On 15 July, US marines landed in Lebanon, and British special forces in Jordan, upon the request of those countries' governments to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces. Nasser felt that the revolution in Iraq left the road for pan-Arab unity unblocked. On 19 July, for the first time, he declared that he was opting for full Arab union, although he had no plan to merge Iraq with the UAR. While most members of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) favored Iraqi-UAR unity, Qasim sought to keep Iraq independent and resented Nasser's large popular base in the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref"}], "question": "What two men overthrew the Iraqi monarchy?", "id": "572820a64b864d19001644fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Nuri al-Said"}], "question": "What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?", "id": "572820a64b864d19001644ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Lebanon"}], "question": "Where did US Marines land?", "id": "572820a64b864d1900164500"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces"}], "question": "Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid?", "id": "572820a64b864d1900164501"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "unblocked"}], "question": "How did Nasser see the prospects for Arab unity?", "id": "572820a64b864d1900164502"}]}], ["Pembangkang untuk kesatuan itu dipasang di kalangan beberapa elemen utama Syria, iaitu elit sosioekonomi, politik, dan tentera. Sebagai tindak balas kepada ekonomi Syria yang semakin buruk, yang Nasser dikaitkan dengan kawalannya oleh borjuasi, pada bulan Julai 1961, Nasser telah menetapkan langkah-langkah sosialis yang menasionalisasi sektor luas ekonomi Syria. Beliau juga menolak Sarraj pada bulan September untuk membendung krisis politik yang semakin meningkat. Aburish menyatakan bahawa Nasser tidak mampu sepenuhnya menangani masalah Syria kerana mereka \"asing kepadanya\". Di Mesir, keadaan ekonomi lebih positif, dengan pertumbuhan GNP sebanyak 4.5 peratus dan pertumbuhan pesat industri. Pada tahun 1960, Nasser menasionalisasi akhbar Mesir, yang telah bekerjasama dengan kerajaannya, untuk menggerakkan isu-isu sosioekonomi negara dan merangsang sokongan orang awam terhadap langkah-langkah sosialisnya. <> Apa kumpulan sosial Syria menentang UAR? || elit <> Bagaimana keadaan ekonomi Syria di bawah aturan? || semakin teruk <> Bagaimana Nasser bertindak balas terhadap masalah ekonomi di Syria? || negarakan pelbagai sektor ekonomi Syria <> Apa yang Nasser lakukan kepada Sarraj untuk mencuba dan membantu keadaan politik? || diberhentikan <> Industri apa yang Nassir menyamaratakan pada tahun 1960? || tekan", {"context": "Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria's key elements, namely the socioeconomic, political, and military elites. In response to Syria's worsening economy, which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie, in July 1961, Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy. He also dismissed Sarraj in September to curb the growing political crisis. Aburish states that Nasser was not fully capable of addressing Syrian problems because they were \"foreign to him\". In Egypt, the economic situation was more positive, with a GNP growth of 4.5 percent and a rapid growth of industry. In 1960, Nasser nationalized the Egyptian press, which had already been cooperating with his government, in order to steer coverage towards the country's socioeconomic issues and galvanize public support for his socialist measures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "elites"}], "question": "What Syrian social group opposed the UAR?", "id": "572822d04b864d1900164536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "worsening"}], "question": "How was Syria's economy fairing under the arrangement?", "id": "572822d04b864d1900164537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy"}], "question": "How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria?", "id": "572822d04b864d1900164538"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "dismissed"}], "question": "What did Nasser do to Sarraj to try and help the political situation?", "id": "572822d04b864d1900164539"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "press"}], "question": "What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960?", "id": "572822d04b864d190016453a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1961, Nasser berusaha untuk membuktikan Mesir sebagai pemimpin dunia Arab dan mempromosikan revolusi kedua di Mesir dengan tujuan untuk menggabungkan pemikiran Islam dan sosialis. Untuk mencapai matlamat ini, beliau telah memulakan beberapa pembaharuan untuk memodenisasi al-Azhar, yang berfungsi sebagai otoritas terkemuka dalam Islam Sunni, dan memastikan keunggulannya terhadap Ikhwanul Muslimin dan Wahhabisme yang lebih konservatif yang dipromosikan oleh Arab Saudi. Nasser telah menggunakan ulama yang paling bersedia al-Azhar (ulama) sebagai pengimbang kepada pengaruh Islam Ikhwan, bermula pada tahun 1953. <> Apa negara yang Nasser ingin menjadi pemimpin dunia Arab? || Mesir <> Apa dua ideologi berbeza yang Nasser cuba bersatu? || Islam dan sosialis <> Apa kumpulan agama yang Nasser berusaha untuk memperbaharui? || al-Azhar <> Apa kumpulan agama yang Nasser ingin meminggirkan? || Ikhwanul Muslimin", {"context": "In 1961, Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking. To achieve this, he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar, which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam, and to ensure its prominence over the Muslim Brotherhood and the more conservative Wahhabism promoted by Saudi Arabia. Nasser had used al-Azhar's most willing ulema (scholars) as a counterweight to the Brotherhood's Islamic influence, starting in 1953.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Egypt"}], "question": "What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world?", "id": "572827734b864d19001645ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Islamic and socialist"}], "question": "What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite?", "id": "572827734b864d19001645eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "al-Azhar"}], "question": "What religious group did Nasser endeavor to reform?", "id": "572827734b864d19001645ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood"}], "question": "What religious group was Nasser seeking to marginalize?", "id": "572827734b864d19001645ed"}]}], ["Pada bulan Oktober 1961, Nasser memulakan program nasionalisasi utama untuk Mesir, mempercayai penerimaan sosialisme sepenuhnya adalah jawapan kepada masalah negaranya dan akan menghalang pemisahan Syria. Untuk mengatur dan mengukuhkan kedudukannya yang popular dengan rakyat Mesir dan menentang pengaruh tentera, Nasser memperkenalkan Piagam Negara pada tahun 1962 dan perlembagaan baru. Piagam itu meminta penjagaan kesihatan sejagat, perumahan yang mampu dimiliki, sekolah vokasional, hak wanita yang lebih besar dan program keluarga berencana, serta memperluas Terusan Suez. <> Apa ideologi politik yang dilakukan Nasser sepenuh hati pada tahun 1961? || sosialisme <> Apa dokumen Nasser disokong untuk mendorong pembaharuan sosialisnya? || Piagam Negara <> Apa projek infrastruktur yang menjadi sebahagian daripada Piagam Negara? || meluaskan Terusan Suez <> Tahun berapa adalah Piagam Negara dikeluarkan? || 1962 <> Apakah jenis program penjagaan kesihatan yang disediakan dalam Piagam Negara? || universal", {"context": "In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser introduced the National Charter in 1962 and a new constitution. The charter called for universal health care, affordable housing, vocational schools, greater women's rights and a family planning program, as well as widening the Suez Canal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "socialism"}], "question": "What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961?", "id": "57282a8cff5b5019007d9e5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "National Charter"}], "question": "What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms?", "id": "57282a8cff5b5019007d9e5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "widening the Suez Canal"}], "question": "What infrastructure project was part of the National Charter?", "id": "57282a8cff5b5019007d9e60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "1962"}], "question": "What year was the National Charter released?", "id": "57282a8cff5b5019007d9e61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "universal"}], "question": "What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter?", "id": "57282a8cff5b5019007d9e62"}]}], ["Nasser memainkan peranan penting dalam pengukuhan solidariti Afrika pada akhir 1950-an dan awal 1960-an, walaupun peranan kepimpinan benuanya semakin meluas ke Algeria sejak tahun 1962. Sepanjang tempoh ini, Nasser menjadikan Mesir perlindungan bagi pemimpin anti-kolonial dari beberapa negara Afrika dan membenarkan penyiaran propaganda anti-kolonial dari Kaherah. Bermula pada tahun 1958, Nasser mempunyai peranan penting dalam perbincangan di kalangan pemimpin Afrika yang membawa kepada penubuhan Pertubuhan Kesatuan Afrika (OAU) pada tahun 1963. <> Apa benua yang membantu Nasser untuk mencapai kestabilan politik? || Afrika <> Siapa yang Nasser memberi suaka? || pemimpin anti-penjajah dari beberapa negara Afrika <> Jenis program yang disiarkan dari Kairo? || propaganda anti-kolonial <> Apa kumpulan Afrika yang Nasser membantu membentuk? || Pertubuhan Persatuan Afrika <> Tahun berapa terbentuk OAU? || 1963", {"context": "Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo. Beginning in 1958, Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "African"}], "question": "What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?", "id": "572826daff5b5019007d9e14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "anti-colonial leaders from several African countries"}], "question": "Who did Nasser give asylum to?", "id": "572826daff5b5019007d9e15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "anti-colonial propaganda"}], "question": "What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?", "id": "572826daff5b5019007d9e16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Organisation of African Unity"}], "question": "What African group did Nasser help to form?", "id": "572826daff5b5019007d9e17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "1963"}], "question": "What year was the OAU formed?", "id": "572826daff5b5019007d9e18"}]}], ["Berikutan pemisahan Syria, Nasser membesar dengan ketidakupayaan Amer untuk melatih dan memodenkan tentera, dan dengan negeri di dalam negeri Amer telah diwujudkan dalam perintah tentera dan perisikan. Pada akhir tahun 1961, Nasser telah menubuhkan Majlis Presiden dan menetapkannya untuk meluluskan semua pelantikan ketenteraan kanan, dan bukan meninggalkan tanggungjawab ini semata-mata kepada Amer. Lebih-lebih lagi, beliau mengarahkan bahawa kriteria utama untuk kenaikan pangkat haruslah merit dan bukan kesetiaan peribadi. Nasser menarik balik inisiatif itu selepas sekutu Amer dalam korps pegawai mengancam untuk mengerahkannya. <> Apa entiti ketenteraan yang dibuat Nasser pada tahun 1961? || Majlis Presiden <> Bertentangan dengan kesetiaan peribadi, apakah dasar yang harus diberikan promosi tentera, menurut Nasser? || merit <> Mengapa Nasser meninggalkan Majlis Presiden? || Sekutu Amer di kor pegawai mengancam untuk menggerakkan dia <> Pemimpin apa yang diketepikan oleh Majlis Presiden? || Amer <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh Majlis Presiden? || meluluskan semua pelantikan tentera kanan", {"context": "Following Syria's secession, Nasser grew concerned with Amer's inability to train and modernize the army, and with the state within a state Amer had created in the military command and intelligence apparatus. In late 1961, Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments, instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer. Moreover, he instructed that the primary criterion for promotion should be merit and not personal loyalties. Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Presidential Council"}], "question": "What military entity did Nasser create in 1961?", "id": "57282841ff5b5019007d9e44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "merit"}], "question": "As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser?", "id": "57282841ff5b5019007d9e45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him"}], "question": "Why did Nasser abandon the Presidential Council?", "id": "57282841ff5b5019007d9e46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Amer"}], "question": "What leader was sidelined by the Presidential Council?", "id": "57282841ff5b5019007d9e47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "approve all senior military appointments"}], "question": "What was the Presidential Council meant to do?", "id": "57282841ff5b5019007d9e48"}]}], ["Pada awal 1962 Nasser sekali lagi cuba untuk merampas perintah ketenteraan dari Amer. Amer menjawab dengan terus berhadapan dengan Nasser buat kali pertama dan diam-diam mengumpul pegawai-pegawai setia. Nasser akhirnya mundur, berhati-hati dengan kemungkinan konfrontasi ganas antara tentera dan kerajaan awamnya. Menurut Boghdadi, tekanan yang disebabkan oleh kejatuhan UAR dan peningkatan autonomi Amer memaksa Nasser, yang sudah menghidap diabetes, secara praktikalnya hidup pada ubat penahan sakit sejak itu. <> Dari mana Nasser ingin merampas tentera Mesir? || Amer <> Siapa yang berkedut dalam konfrontasi antara Nasser dan Amer? || Nasser <> Bagaimana Amer bertindak balas terhadap percubaan Nasser untuk meminggirkannya? || terus berhadapan dengan Nasser <> Bagaimana Nasser menangani tekanan keruntuhan UAR dan kegigihan Amer? || ubat penahan sakit <> Daripada penyakit kronik yang mana Nasser menderita? || diabetes", {"context": "In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government. According to Boghdadi, the stress caused by the UAR's collapse and Amer's increasing autonomy forced Nasser, who already had diabetes, to practically live on painkillers from then on.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Amer"}], "question": "From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military?", "id": "572829183acd2414000df5e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Nasser"}], "question": "Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer?", "id": "572829183acd2414000df5e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "directly confronting Nasser"}], "question": "How did Amer respond to Nasser's attempts to marginalize him?", "id": "572829183acd2414000df5e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "painkillers"}], "question": "How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR's collapse and Amer's intransigence?", "id": "572829183acd2414000df5e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "diabetes"}], "question": "From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering?", "id": "572829183acd2414000df5e5"}]}], ["Menurut Sadat, hanya ketika Israel memusnahkan garnisun Mesir di Sharm el-Sheikh yang Nasser menyadari graviti keadaan. Selepas mendengar serangan itu, dia bergegas ke ibu pejabat tentera untuk menyiasat keadaan tentera. Konflik di antara Nasser dan Amer kemudiannya datang ke hadapan, dan pegawai yang hadir melaporkan pasangan itu pecah menjadi \"perlawanan tanpa henti\". Jawatankuasa Eksekutif Tertinggi, yang ditubuhkan oleh Nasser untuk mengawasi tingkah laku perang, menyangkal kekalahan Mesir yang berulang kepada persaingan Nasser-Amer dan ketidakcekapan keseluruhan Amer. Menurut diplomat Mesir, Ismail Fahmi, yang menjadi menteri luar negeri semasa presiden Sadat, pencerobohan Israel dan kekalahan akibat Mesir adalah akibat pemecatan semua analisis rasional terhadap Nasser dan menjalankan beberapa keputusan yang tidak rasional. <> Apa kekalahan yang membuka mata Nasser kepada keadaan terdesak di Mesir? || Sharm el-Sheikh <> Apakah dua pemimpin Mesir yang terlibat konflik peribadi memainkan peranan penting dalam menunjukkan Mesir dalam perang? || Nasser-Amer <> Apa yang Nasser diberhentikan semasa perang? || analisis rasional", {"context": "According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to the fore, and officers present reported the pair burst into \"a nonstop shouting match\". The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser\u2013Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence. According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi, who became foreign minister during Sadat's presidency, the Israeli invasion and Egypt's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Sharm el-Sheikh"}], "question": "What defeat opened Nasser's eyes to the desperation of Egypt's situation?", "id": "57282e774b864d190016467a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Nasser\u2013Amer"}], "question": "What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing  in the war?", "id": "57282e774b864d190016467b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 788, "text": "rational analysis"}], "question": "What did Nasser dismiss during the war?", "id": "57282e774b864d190016467c"}]}], ["Pada 21 Mei, Amer meminta Nasser untuk memerintahkan Selat Tiran dikecam, langkah Nasser percaya Israel akan digunakan sebagai casus belli. Amer menenangkannya bahawa tentera telah bersedia untuk konfrontasi, tetapi Nasser meragui penilaian Amer terhadap kesediaan tentera. Menurut naib presiden Nasser, Zakaria Mohieddin, walaupun \"Amer mempunyai kuasa mutlak atas tentera, Nasser mempunyai cara untuk mengetahui apa yang sebenarnya terjadi\". Selain itu, Amer menjangkakan serangan Israel yang akan berlaku dan menganjurkan mogok preemptive. Nasser menolak panggilannya apabila penentuan pasukan udara tidak mempunyai juruterbang dan pegawai-pegawai pilihan Amerika tidak cekap. Namun, Nasser membuat kesimpulan bahawa jika Israel menyerang, kelebihan kuantitatif Mesir dalam tenaga manusia dan senjata dapat menahan pasukan Israel sekurang-kurangnya dua minggu, membolehkan diplomasi ke arah gencatan senjata. Menjelang akhir bulan Mei, Nasser semakin bertukar kedudukan pencegahannya untuk menangguhkan ke atas perang yang tidak dapat dielakkan, di bawah tekanan yang meningkat untuk bertindak oleh penduduk Arab umum dan pelbagai kerajaan Arab. Pada 26 Mei Nasser menyatakan, \"matlamat asas kita adalah untuk memusnahkan Israel\". Pada 30 Mei, Raja Hussein melakukan Jordan dalam perikatan dengan Mesir dan Syria. <> Apa jalan raya yang Amir mahu Nasser dihalang? || Selat Tiran <> Siapa Naib Presiden Nassir? || Zakaria Mohieddin <> Bagaimana Nassir berurusan dengan pencerobohan Israel, jika ia berlaku? || diplomasi ke arah gencatan senjata <> Negara apakah yang menyertai Mesir dan Syria melawan Israel? || Jordan", {"context": "On 21 May, Amer asked Nasser to order the Straits of Tiran blockaded, a move Nasser believed Israel would use as a casus belli. Amer reassured him that the army was prepared for confrontation, but Nasser doubted Amer's assessment of the military's readiness. According to Nasser's vice president Zakaria Mohieddin, although \"Amer had absolute authority over the armed forces, Nasser had his ways of knowing what was really going on\". Moreover, Amer anticipated an impending Israeli attack and advocated a preemptive strike. Nasser refused the call upon determination that the air force lacked pilots and Amer's handpicked officers were incompetent. Still, Nasser concluded that if Israel attacked, Egypt's quantitative advantage in manpower and arms could stave off Israeli forces for at least two weeks, allowing for diplomacy towards a ceasefire. Towards the end of May, Nasser increasingly exchanged his positions of deterrence for deference to the inevitability of war, under increased pressure to act by both the general Arab populace and various Arab governments. On 26 May Nasser declared, \"our basic objective will be to destroy Israel\". On 30 May, King Hussein committed Jordan in an alliance with Egypt and Syria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Straits of Tiran"}], "question": "What thoroughfare did Amir want Nasser to block?", "id": "57282dda4b864d1900164660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Zakaria Mohieddin"}], "question": "Who was Nassir's vice president?", "id": "57282dda4b864d1900164661"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "diplomacy towards a ceasefire"}], "question": "How would Nassir deal with an Israeli invasion, if it happened?", "id": "57282dda4b864d1900164662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1180, "text": "Jordan"}], "question": "What country joined Egypt and Syria against Israel?", "id": "57282dda4b864d1900164663"}]}], ["Semasa referendum presiden di Mesir, Nasser telah dipilih semula untuk penggal kedua sebagai presiden UAR dan mengangkat sumpahnya pada 25 Mac 1965. Dia adalah satu-satunya calon untuk kedudukan itu, dengan hampir semua lawan politiknya yang dilarang oleh undang-undang untuk berlari untuk pejabat, dan anggota partainya yang dikurangkan menjadi pengikut semata. Pada tahun yang sama, Nasser mempunyai ideologi ketua Ikhwanul Muslimin Sayyed Qutb yang dipenjarakan. Qutb didakwa dan didapati bersalah oleh mahkamah untuk merancang untuk membunuh Nasser, dan dibunuh pada 1966. Bermula pada tahun 1966, ketika ekonomi Mesir melambat dan hutang kerajaan menjadi semakin memberatkan, Nasser mula meringankan kawalan negara terhadap sektor swasta, pinjaman bank yang dimiliki untuk perniagaan swasta dan memperkenalkan insentif untuk meningkatkan eksport. Semasa tahun 60-an, ekonomi Mesir telah menjadi lemah dari kehancuran, masyarakat menjadi kurang bebas, dan rayuan Nasser berkurang. <> Apakah pembangkang politik Nasser seperti dalam pilihan raya 1965? || Dia adalah satu-satunya calon <> Pemimpin organisasi apa yang dipenjarakan oleh Nasser? || Ikhwan Muslim <> Apakah ayat Qutb? || dilaksanakan <> Unsur ekonomi apa yang Nasser cuba menggalakkan dengan pinjaman bank? || sektor swasta <> Bagaimana ekonomi Mesir dilakukan pada 1960-an? || dari kelesuan hingga ke keruntuhan", {"context": "During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser, and was executed in 1966. Beginning in 1966, as Egypt's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome, Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector, encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports. During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "He was the only candidate"}], "question": "What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?", "id": "57282c383acd2414000df633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Muslim Brotherhood"}], "question": "The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?", "id": "57282c383acd2414000df634"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "executed"}], "question": "What was Qutb's sentence?", "id": "57282c383acd2414000df635"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "private sector"}], "question": "What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?", "id": "57282c383acd2414000df636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "from sluggishness to the verge of collapse"}], "question": "How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?", "id": "57282c383acd2414000df637"}]}], ["Nasser juga berusaha untuk mengekalkan pengawasan perkhidmatan awam negara untuk mengelakkannya daripada inflasi dan akibatnya menjadi beban kepada negara. Undang-undang baru menyediakan pekerja dengan upah minimum, saham keuntungan, pendidikan percuma, penjagaan kesihatan percuma, waktu kerja yang dikurangkan, dan galakan untuk mengambil bahagian dalam pengurusan. Pembaharuan tanah menjamin keselamatan petani penyewa, mempromosikan pertumbuhan pertanian, dan mengurangkan kemiskinan luar bandar. Akibat daripada langkah 1962, pemilikan kerajaan perniagaan Mesir mencapai 51 peratus, dan Kesatuan Kebangsaan telah dinamakan semula Persatuan Sosialis Arab (ASU). Dengan langkah ini, lebih banyak penindasan domestik, kerana beribu-ribu orang Islam dipenjarakan, termasuk puluhan pegawai tentera. Kecenderungan Nasser ke arah sistem gaya Soviet memimpin pembantunya Boghdadi dan Hussein el-Shafei untuk mengemukakan peletakan jawatan mereka sebagai protes. <> Seberapa besar perniagaan yang dimiliki oleh kerajaan Mesir pada tahun 1962? || 51 <> Apakah nama baru untuk Kesatuan Kebangsaan? || Kesatuan Sosialis Arab <> Apa ungkapan pembaharuan Nasser di jalan? || penindasan <> Kumpulan apa yang disasarkan dengan pemenjaraan? || Islamis <Bagaimana dua bantuan atas Nasser bertindak balas terhadap langkah-langkah baru? || mengemukakan peletakan jawatan mereka sebagai protes", {"context": "Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. Land reforms guaranteed the security of tenant farmers, promoted agricultural growth, and reduced rural poverty. As a result of the 1962 measures, government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent, and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). With these measures came more domestic repression, as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned, including dozens of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "51"}], "question": "What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?", "id": "57282b433acd2414000df605"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "Arab Socialist Union"}], "question": "What was the new name for the National Union?", "id": "57282b433acd2414000df606"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "repression"}], "question": "What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?", "id": "57282b433acd2414000df607"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "Islamists"}], "question": "What group was targeted with imprisonment?", "id": "57282b433acd2414000df608"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "submit their resignations in protest"}], "question": "How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?", "id": "57282b433acd2414000df609"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan Mei 1967, Kesatuan Soviet mengeluarkan amaran kepada Nasser tentang serangan Israel yang akan berlaku di Syria, walaupun Ketua Staf Mohamed Fawzi menganggap amaran itu sebagai \"tidak berasas\". Menurut Kandil, tanpa kebenaran Nasser, Amer menggunakan amaran Soviet sebagai alasan untuk menghantar tentera ke Sinai pada 14 Mei, dan kemudian Nasser menuntut penarikan UNEF. Awal hari itu, Nasser menerima amaran dari Raja Hussein dari kolusi Israel-Amerika untuk mengheret Mesir ke dalam perang. Mesej itu pada asalnya diterima oleh Amer pada 2 Mei, tetapi ditahan daripada Nasser sehingga penggunaan Sinai pada 14 Mei. Walaupun pada bulan-bulan sebelum ini, Hussein dan Nasser telah menuduh satu sama lain mengelakkan pertengkaran dengan Israel, namun Hussein tetap waspada bahawa perang Mesir-Israel akan membahayakan pendudukan Tebing Barat oleh Israel. Nasser masih merasakan bahawa AS akan menghalang Israel daripada menyerang kerana jaminan yang dia terima dari AS dan Kesatuan Soviet. Sebaliknya, beliau juga meyakinkan kedua-dua kuasa bahawa Mesir hanya akan bertindak defensif. <> Negara apa yang memberi amaran kepada Nasser bahawa Israel mahu menyerang Syria? || Kesatuan Soviet <> Apa yang Amer lakukan tanpa kelulusan Nasser? || menghantar tentera ke Sinai <> Apa negara-negara cuba mengheret Mesir ke dalam perang, menurut Raja Hussein? || Israel-Amerika <> Wilayah apa Raja Hussein takut Israel akan mendapat? || Tebing Barat <> Siapa yang menurut Nasser akan mencegah Israel melancarkan serangan? || AS", {"context": "In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be \"baseless\". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria?", "id": "57282d253acd2414000df659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "dispatch troops to Sinai"}], "question": "What did Amer do without Nasser's approval?", "id": "57282d253acd2414000df65a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Israeli-American"}], "question": "What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war, according to King Hussein?", "id": "57282d253acd2414000df65b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "West Bank"}], "question": "What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain?", "id": "57282d253acd2414000df65c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 943, "text": "US"}], "question": "Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive?", "id": "57282d253acd2414000df65d"}]}], ["Sementara itu, pada bulan Januari 1968, Nasser memulakan Perang Attrition untuk menuntut semula wilayah yang ditawan oleh Israel, memerintahkan serangan terhadap kedudukan Israel di sebelah timur Terusan Suez yang terkawal. Pada bulan Mac, Nasser menawarkan senjata dan dana pergerakan Fatah Yasser Arafat selepas penampilan mereka terhadap pasukan Israel di Pertempuran Karameh bulan itu. Beliau juga menasihati Arafat untuk memikirkan keamanan dengan Israel dan penubuhan sebuah negara Palestin yang merangkumi Tebing Barat dan Gaza. Nasser menyerahkan kepimpinannya kepada \"isu Palestin\" kepada Arafat. <> Apa usaha untuk menuntut semula wilayah dari Israel dipanggil? || Perang Penundaan <> Pada tahun berapa Perang Doa bermula? || 1968 <> Yang mengetuai pergerakan Fatah? || Yasser Arafat <> Dalam pertempuran apakah gerakan Fatah membezakan dirinya? || Pertempuran Karameh <> Kepada siapa Nasser memberi kuasa untuk berurusan dengan Israel? || Arafat", {"context": "Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month. He also advised Arafat to think of peace with Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Nasser effectively ceded his leadership of the \"Palestine issue\" to Arafat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "War of Attrition"}], "question": "What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called?", "id": "572832643acd2414000df6c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "1968"}], "question": "In what year did the War of Attrition begin?", "id": "572832643acd2414000df6c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Yasser Arafat"}], "question": "Who led the Fatah movement?", "id": "572832643acd2414000df6c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Battle of Karameh"}], "question": "In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself?", "id": "572832643acd2414000df6c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Arafat"}], "question": "To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel?", "id": "572832643acd2414000df6c7"}]}], ["Pada 30 Mac, Nasser mengisytiharkan manifesto yang menetapkan pemulihan kebebasan awam, kebebasan parlimen yang lebih besar daripada eksekutif, perubahan struktur utama kepada ASU, dan kempen untuk menghapuskan kerajaan unsur rasuah. Satu referendum awam meluluskan langkah-langkah yang dicadangkan pada bulan Mei, dan mengadakan pemilihan berikutnya untuk Jawatankuasa Eksekutif Tertinggi, badan pembuat keputusan tertinggi ASU. Para pemerhati menyatakan bahawa pengisytiharan itu menandakan satu perubahan penting dari penindasan politik kepada liberalisasi, walaupun janji-janjinya sebahagian besarnya tidak dapat dipenuhi. <> Organisasi apa yang hendak menjalani pembaikan besar? || ASU <> Apa trend yang Nasser cuba menyebabkan? || liberalisasi <> Bagaimana janji Nasser terhadap kebebasan meningkat? || tidak dipenuhi <> Bagaimana Nasser ingin menukar hubungan antara parlimen dengan eksekutif? || kebebasan", {"context": "On 30 March, Nasser proclaimed a manifesto stipulating the restoration of civil liberties, greater parliamentary independence from the executive, major structural changes to the ASU, and a campaign to rid the government of corrupt elements. A public referendum approved the proposed measures in May, and held subsequent elections for the Supreme Executive Committee, the ASU's highest decision-making body. Observers noted that the declaration signaled an important shift from political repression to liberalization, although its promises would largely go unfulfilled.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "ASU"}], "question": "What organization was to undergo a big overhaul?", "id": "572831bc2ca10214002da054"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "liberalization"}], "question": "What trend was Nasser trying to cause?", "id": "572831bc2ca10214002da055"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "unfulfilled"}], "question": "How did Nasser's promises of increased freedoms turn out?", "id": "572831bc2ca10214002da056"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "independence"}], "question": "How did Nasser want to change the relationship between parliament and the executive?", "id": "572831bc2ca10214002da057"}]}], ["Israel membalas dengan serangan Mesir terhadap serangan komando, tembakan artileri dan serangan udara. Ini mengakibatkan penghijrahan orang awam dari bandar-bandar Mesir di sepanjang tebing barat Canal di Suez. Nasser menghentikan semua kegiatan ketenteraan dan memulakan program untuk membina rangkaian pertahanan dalaman, sambil menerima sokongan kewangan dari pelbagai negara Arab. Perang itu diteruskan pada bulan Mac 1969. Pada bulan November, Nasser memeterai perjanjian antara PLO dan tentera Lubnan yang memberi gerila Palestin hak untuk menggunakan wilayah Lubnan untuk menyerang Israel. <> Apa yang Nasser lakukan untuk bertindak balas terhadap serangan Israel? || membina rangkaian pertahanan dalaman <> Bilakah perang bermula semula? || Mac 1969 <> Apa kumpulan yang membuat perjanjian dengan Nasser? || PLO dan tentera Lubnan <> Siapa yang akan menyerang Israel dari Lubnan? || Gerila Palestin", {"context": "Israel retaliated against Egyptian shelling with commando raids, artillery shelling and air strikes. This resulted in an exodus of civilians from Egyptian cities along the Suez Canal's western bank. Nasser ceased all military activities and began a program to build a network of internal defenses, while receiving the financial backing of various Arab states. The war resumed in March 1969. In November, Nasser brokered an agreement between the PLO and the Lebanese military that granted Palestinian guerrillas the right to use Lebanese territory to attack Israel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "build a network of internal defenses"}], "question": "What did Nasser do to respond to Israeli attacks?", "id": "572832e92ca10214002da07e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "March 1969"}], "question": "When did the war start up again?", "id": "572832e92ca10214002da07f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "PLO and the Lebanese military"}], "question": "What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with?", "id": "572832e92ca10214002da080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Palestinian guerrillas"}], "question": "Who would get to attack Israel from Lebanon?", "id": "572832e92ca10214002da081"}]}], ["Ketika sidang kemuncak itu ditutup pada 28 September 1970, jam selepas mengiringi pemimpin Arab terakhir untuk meninggalkan, Nasser mengalami serangan jantung. Dia segera diangkut ke rumahnya, di mana doktornya cenderung kepadanya. Nasser meninggal beberapa jam kemudian, kira-kira 6:00 petang. Heikal, Sadat, dan isteri Nasser, Tahia berada di kematiannya. Menurut doktornya, al-Sawi Habibi, kemungkinan kematian Nasser adalah arteriosklerosis, varises, dan komplikasi dari diabetes jangka panjang. Nasser adalah seorang perokok berat dengan sejarah penyakit jantung keluarga-dua saudara lelakinya meninggal dunia dalam usia lima puluhan daripada keadaan yang sama. Keadaan kesihatan Nasser tidak diketahui umum sebelum kematiannya. Dia pernah mengalami serangan jantung pada tahun 1966 dan September 1969. <> Bilakah Nasser mati? || 28 September 1970 <> Bagaimana Nasser mati? || serangan jantung <> Siapa yang bersama Nasser ketika dia mati? || Heikal, Sadat, dan isteri Nasser Tahia <> Apa peristiwa kesihatan yang pernah dialami oleh Nasser pada tahun 1966 dan 1969? || serangan jantung <> Berapa lama adik-beradik Nasser ketika mereka meninggal? || dalam lima puluhan mereka", {"context": "As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease\u2014two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "28 September 1970"}], "question": "When did Nasser die?", "id": "572834c53acd2414000df6e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "heart attack"}], "question": "How did Nasser die?", "id": "572834c53acd2414000df6e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia"}], "question": "Who was with Nasser when he died?", "id": "572834c53acd2414000df6e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "heart attacks"}], "question": "What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969?", "id": "572834c53acd2414000df6e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "in their fifties"}], "question": "How old were Nasser's brothers when they died?", "id": "572834c53acd2414000df6e9"}]}], ["Pada 11 Julai, Nasser menggantikan Amer dengan Mohamed Fawzi sebagai komander umum, atas bantahan para loyalis Amer dalam tentera, 600 di antaranya berarak ke ibu pejabat tentera dan menuntut pengembalian semula Amer. Selepas Nasser memecat tiga puluh pengikut setia sebagai tindak balas, Amer dan sekutunya membuat rancangan untuk menjatuhkannya pada 27 Ogos. Nasser tersentuh tentang aktiviti mereka dan, selepas beberapa undangan, dia meyakinkan Amer untuk berjumpa dengannya di rumahnya pada 24 Ogos. Nasser berhadapan dengan Amer tentang plot rampasan kuasa, yang ditolak sebelum ditangkap oleh Mohieddin. Amer bunuh diri pada 14 September. Walaupun hubungannya dengan Amer, Nasser bercakap tentang kehilangan \"orang yang paling dekat dengannya\". Selepas itu, Nasser memulakan proses depolitisasi pasukan bersenjata, menangkap berpuluh-puluh tokoh tentera dan intelijen terkemuka yang setia kepada Amer. <> Siapa yang Nasser melantik sebagai ketua angkatan baru Mesir? || Mohamed Fawzi <> Bagaimana reaksi Amer yang dihadapi tentang merancang rampasan kuasa? || Bunuh diri <> Bagaimana Nasser cuba menangani tentera selepas percubaan kudeta? || depolitisasi pasukan bersenjata <> Apa penyokong setia menargetkan Nasser? || angka setia kepada Amer", {"context": "On 11 July, Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander, over the protestations of Amer's loyalists in the military, 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer's reinstatement. After Nasser sacked thirty of the loyalists in response, Amer and his allies devised a plan to topple him on 27 August. Nasser was tipped off about their activities and, after several invitations, he convinced Amer to meet him at his home on 24 August. Nasser confronted Amer about the coup plot, which he denied before being arrested by Mohieddin. Amer committed suicide on 14 September. Despite his souring relationship with Amer, Nasser spoke of losing \"the person closest to [him]\". Thereafter, Nasser began a process of depoliticizing the armed forces, arresting dozens of leading military and intelligence figures loyal to Amer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Mohamed Fawzi"}], "question": "Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt's armed forces?", "id": "57282fa44b864d1900164694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "suicide"}], "question": "How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup?", "id": "57282fa44b864d1900164695"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "depoliticizing the armed forces"}], "question": "How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt?", "id": "57282fa44b864d1900164696"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "figures loyal to Amer"}], "question": "What loyalists did Nasser target?", "id": "57282fa44b864d1900164697"}]}], ["Nasser melantik dirinya sebagai perdana menteri perdana dan komander tertinggi angkatan tentera pada 19 Jun 1967. Marah di mahkamah yang dianggap kurang sopan dengan pegawai-pegawai angkatan udara yang dituduh dengan kecuaian semasa perang 1967, pekerja dan pelajar melancarkan protes memanggil pembaharuan politik utama pada akhir Februari 1968. Nasser bertindak balas terhadap demonstrasi itu, cabaran umum yang paling ketara terhadap pemerintahannya sejak protes pekerja pada bulan Mac 1954, dengan menghapuskan kebanyakan tokoh ketenteraan dari kabinetnya dan melantik lapan orang awam sebagai pengganti beberapa ahli tertinggi Arab Kesatuan Sosialis (ASU). Menjelang 3 Mac, Nasser mengarahkan radas perisikan Mesir untuk menumpukan perhatian kepada pengintipan luar dan bukan domestik, dan menyatakan \"kejatuhan negeri mukhabarat\". <> Apakah kedudukan baru yang diberikan oleh Nasser? || perdana menteri dan komander tertinggi angkatan tentera <> Bilakah pelajar membantah pembaharuan politik? || 1968 <> Apakah jenis orang yang digulingkan daripada kabinet Nasser? || Kesatuan Sosialis Arab <> Jenis percikan apa yang Nasser ingin menumpukan pada? || luaran", {"context": "Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968. Nasser responded to the demonstrations, the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers' protests in March 1954, by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). By 3 March, Nasser directed Egypt's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage, and declared the \"fall of the mukhabarat state\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces"}], "question": "What new positions did Nasser give himself ?", "id": "57283117ff5b5019007d9ebe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "1968"}], "question": "When did students protest for political reforms?", "id": "57283117ff5b5019007d9ebf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Arab Socialist Union"}], "question": "What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet?", "id": "57283117ff5b5019007d9ec0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "external"}], "question": "What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on?", "id": "57283117ff5b5019007d9ec1"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh empat hari pertama perang, penduduk dunia Arab percaya fabrikasi radio Arab untuk kemenangan Arab yang dekat. Pada 9 Jun, Nasser muncul di televisyen untuk memberitahu rakyat Mesir tentang kekalahan negara mereka. Beliau mengumumkan peletakan jawatannya di televisyen pada hari itu, dan menyerahkan semua kuasa presiden kepada Naib Presidennya, Zakaria Mohieddin, yang tidak mempunyai maklumat terdahulu mengenai keputusan ini dan enggan menerima jawatan itu. Beratus-ratus ribu simpatisan dituangkan ke jalan-jalan dalam demonstrasi besar-besaran di seluruh Mesir dan seluruh dunia Arab menolak peletakan jawatannya, sambil melaungkan, \"Kami adalah tentera kamu, Gamal!\" Nasser menarik balik keputusannya pada hari berikutnya. <> Apa propaganda yang menyiarkan media Arab pada permulaan perang? || Kemenangan Arab yang terdekat <> Pada hari apa Nasser mengumumkan kekalahan Mesir? || 9 Jun <> Apa yang dilakukan Nasser tentang kedudukannya sebagai Presiden? || mengumumkan peletakan jawatannya <> Siapa yang menolak tawaran Nasser untuk menjadi presiden baru? || Zakaria Mohieddin <> Apa yang Nasser lakukan selepas demonstrasi massa? || menarik balik keputusannya", {"context": "During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin, who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post. Hundreds of thousands of sympathizers poured into the streets in mass demonstrations throughout Egypt and across the Arab world rejecting his resignation, chanting, \"We are your soldiers, Gamal!\" Nasser retracted his decision the next day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "imminent Arab victory"}], "question": "What propaganda were Arab media broadcasting at the beginning of the war?", "id": "57282f18ff5b5019007d9eaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "9 June"}], "question": "What day did Nasser announce Egypt's defeat?", "id": "57282f18ff5b5019007d9eab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "announced his resignation"}], "question": "What did Nasser do about his position as President?", "id": "57282f18ff5b5019007d9eac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Zakaria Mohieddin"}], "question": "Who rejected Nasser's offer to become the new president?", "id": "57282f18ff5b5019007d9ead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "retracted his decision"}], "question": "What did Nasser do after mass demonstrations?", "id": "57282f18ff5b5019007d9eae"}]}], ["Pada sidang kemuncak Liga Arab pada 29 Ogos di Khartoum, kedudukan komander Nasser yang biasa telah surut sebagai ketua-ketua negara yang menghadiri Raja Faisal Saudi untuk memimpin. Gencatan senjata dalam Perang Yaman diisytiharkan dan sidang kemuncak itu diselesaikan dengan Resolusi Khartoum. Kesatuan Soviet tidak lama lagi membebaskan tentera Mesir dengan kira-kira separuh bekas senjata dan memecah hubungan diplomatik dengan Israel. Nasser memotong hubungan dengan AS berikutan perang, dan, menurut Aburish, dasarnya \"memainkan kuasa-kuasa besar antara satu sama lain\" berakhir. Pada bulan November, Nasser menerima Resolusi PBB 242, yang menyerukan penarikan Israel dari wilayah-wilayah yang diperoleh dalam perang. Penyokongnya mendakwa langkah Nasser itu bertujuan untuk membeli waktu untuk mempersiapkan konfrontasi lain dengan Israel, sementara pengkritiknya percaya penerimaannya terhadap resolusi itu menandakan minat yang semakin meruncing dalam kemerdekaan Palestin. <> Di mana sidang Liga Arab diadakan? || Khartoum <> Pemimpin apa yang menganggap kedudukan yang lebih menonjol kerana kesulitan Nasser? || Raja Faisal <> Perjanjian apa yang menamatkan perang saudara Yaman? || Resolusi Khartoum <> Negara apakah yang memberikan bantuan ketenteraan ke Mesir? || Kesatuan Soviet <> Apa dokumen yang meminta Israel untuk meninggalkan tanah yang diperoleh semasa perang? || Resolusi PBB 242", {"context": "At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum, Nasser's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead. A ceasefire in the Yemen War was declared and the summit concluded with the Khartoum Resolution. The Soviet Union soon resupplied the Egyptian military with about half of its former arsenals and broke diplomatic relations with Israel. Nasser cut relations with the US following the war, and, according to Aburish, his policy of \"playing the superpowers against each other\" ended. In November, Nasser accepted UN Resolution 242, which called for Israel's withdrawal from territories acquired in the war. His supporters claimed Nasser's move was meant to buy time to prepare for another confrontation with Israel, while his detractors believed his acceptance of the resolution signaled a waning interest in Palestinian independence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Khartoum"}], "question": "Where was the Arab League summit held?", "id": "572830693acd2414000df69d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "King Faisal"}], "question": "What leader assumed a more prominent position due to Nasser's difficulites?", "id": "572830693acd2414000df69e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Khartoum Resolution"}], "question": "What agreement ended the Yemeni civil war?", "id": "572830693acd2414000df69f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "What nation granted military aid to Egypt?", "id": "572830693acd2414000df6a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "UN Resolution 242"}], "question": "What document called for Israel to abandon land it obtained during the war?", "id": "572830693acd2414000df6a1"}]}], ["Berikutan pengumuman kematian Nasser, Mesir dan dunia Arab berada dalam keadaan terkejut. Prosesi pemakaman Nasser melalui Kaherah pada 1 Oktober dihadiri oleh sekurang-kurangnya lima juta penyembah. Perarakan sejauh 10 kilometer (6.2 batu) ke tapak pengebumiannya bermula di ibu pejabat RCC lama dengan jambatan jet MiG-21. Keranda beliau yang terbungkus bendera dilekatkan pada sebuah kereta api yang ditarik oleh enam ekor kuda dan diketuai oleh sebuah pasukan kavaleri. Semua ketua negara Arab menghadiri, kecuali Raja Saudi Faisal. Raja Hussein dan Arafat berseru terbuka, dan Muammar Gaddafi dari Libya pingsan dari kesusahan emosi dua kali. Beberapa tokoh utama bukan Arab hadir, termasuk Perdana Menteri Soviet Alexei Kosygin dan Perdana Menteri Perancis Jacques Chaban-Delmas. <> Berapa ramai orang yang menghadiri pengebumian Nasser? || sekurang-kurangnya lima juta <> Pada apa mercu tanda prosesi pemakaman bermula? || ibu pejabat RCC yang lama <> Siapakah pemimpin Arab yang tidak menghadiri pengebumian Nasser? || Raja Saudi Faisal <> Apa pemimpin dua kali pengsan semasa pemakaman? || Muammar Gaddafi <> Siapa pemimpin Soviet yang menghadiri pengebumian Nasser? || Alexei Kosygin", {"context": "Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "at least five million"}], "question": "How many people attended Nasser's funeral?", "id": "572835783acd2414000df6f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "the old RCC headquarters"}], "question": "At what landmark did the funeral procession begin?", "id": "572835783acd2414000df6fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Saudi King Faisal"}], "question": "Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral?", "id": "572835783acd2414000df6fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Muammar Gaddafi"}], "question": "What leader twice fainted during the funeral?", "id": "572835783acd2414000df6fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "Alexei Kosygin"}], "question": "Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral?", "id": "572835783acd2414000df6fd"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun 1970, Nasser menerima Rancangan Rogers yang ditaja oleh AS, yang menuntut pengakhiran permusuhan dan penarikan Israel dari wilayah Mesir, tetapi ditolak oleh Israel, PLO, dan kebanyakan negara Arab kecuali Jordan. Nasser pada mulanya menolak rancangan itu, tetapi mengakui tekanan dari Kesatuan Soviet, yang takut akan konflik serantau yang semakin meningkat dapat menyeretnya menjadi perang dengan AS. Beliau juga memutuskan bahawa gencatan senjata boleh berfungsi sebagai langkah taktikal ke arah matlamat strategik untuk merampas Terusan Suez. Nasser menghalang sebarang pergerakan ke arah rundingan terus dengan Israel. Dalam berpuluh-puluh ucapan dan kenyataan, Nasser mengemukakan persamaan bahawa sebarang perdamaian langsung dengan Israel sama seperti penyerahan diri. Berikutan penerimaan Nasser, Israel bersetuju untuk gencatan senjata dan Nasser menggunakan keberanian dalam memerangi untuk memindahkan peluru berpandu SAM ke zon terusan. <> Apakah rancangan Amerika untuk menamatkan konflik dengan Israel? || Rancangan Rogers <> Apa yang Nasser mahu menggunakan perjanjian untuk dilakukan? || menangkap Terusan Suez <> Siapa yang menekan Nasser untuk menerima Rancangan Rogers? || Soviet Union <> Bagaimana Nasser menyamakan keamanan dengan Israel? || menyerah <> Apa yang Nasser berpindah ke zon kanal? || Peluru berpandu SAM", {"context": "In June 1970, Nasser accepted the US-sponsored Rogers Plan, which called for an end to hostilities and an Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, but it was rejected by Israel, the PLO, and most Arab states except Jordan. Nasser had initially rejected the plan, but conceded under pressure from the Soviet Union, which feared that escalating regional conflict could drag it into a war with the US. He also determined that a ceasefire could serve as a tactical step toward the strategic goal of recapturing the Suez Canal. Nasser forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel. In dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender. Following Nasser's acceptance, Israel agreed to a ceasefire and Nasser used the lull in fighting to move SAM missiles towards the canal zone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Rogers Plan"}], "question": "What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel?", "id": "5728341bff5b5019007d9eee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "recapturing the Suez Canal"}], "question": "What did Nasser want to use the agreement to do?", "id": "5728341bff5b5019007d9ef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "Who pressured Nasser to accept the Rogers Plan?", "id": "5728341bff5b5019007d9eef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "surrender"}], "question": "How did Nasser equate peace with Israel?", "id": "5728341bff5b5019007d9ef1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 839, "text": "SAM missiles"}], "question": "What did Nasser move to the canal zone?", "id": "5728341bff5b5019007d9ef2"}]}], ["Pengkritik Mesir Nasser menganggapnya sebagai diktator yang menghalang kemajuan demokrasi, memenjarakan ribuan penentang, dan memimpin pentadbiran yang menindas yang bertanggungjawab atas pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Islamis di Mesir, terutamanya anggota Ikhwan yang dianiaya secara politik, melihat Nasser sebagai penindas, tirani, dan syaitan. Penulis Liberal, Tawfiq al-Hakim menggambarkan Nasser sebagai \"Sultan yang keliru\" yang menggunakan retorika yang mengasyikkan tetapi tidak mempunyai rancangan untuk mencapai matlamatnya. <> Mana musuh Nasser memanggilnya? || diktator <> Siapa yang Nasser memenjarakan ribuan? || Pembangkang <> Apa yang Tawfiq al-Hakim memanggil Nasser? || Sultan yang bingung", {"context": "Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressive, tyrannical, and demonic. Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a \"confused Sultan\" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "dictator"}], "question": "Whad did Nasser's enemies call him?", "id": "5728408d4b864d1900164808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "dissidents"}], "question": "Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?", "id": "5728408d4b864d1900164809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "confused Sultan"}], "question": "What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser?", "id": "5728408d4b864d190016480a"}]}], ["Beberapa pengkritik liberal dan Islamis Nasser di Mesir, termasuk ahli-ahli pengasas Parti Baru Wafd dan penulis Jamal Badawi, menolak populariti Nasser dengan rakyat Mesir semasa presidennya sebagai produk manipulasi dan demagoguery yang berjaya. Ahli sains politik Mesir Alaa al-Din Desouki menyalahkan kekurangan revolusi 1952 tentang kepekatan Nasser, dan kekurangan demokrasi Mesir terhadap gaya politik Nasser dan keterbatasannya terhadap kebebasan bersuara dan penyertaan politik. <> Apa parti Mesir menolak populariti Nasser? || Partai Wafd Baru <> Yang menyalahkan kegagalan revolusi 1952 terhadap Nasser? || Alaa al-Din Desouki <> Kepada pengkritik apa yang mengaitkan rayuan popular Nasser? || manipulasi dan demagoguery yang berjaya", {"context": "Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "New Wafd Party"}], "question": "What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser's popular appeal?", "id": "572841242ca10214002da1a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Alaa al-Din Desouki"}], "question": "Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser?", "id": "572841242ca10214002da1a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "successful manipulation and demagoguery"}], "question": "To what did critics attribute Nasser's popular appeal?", "id": "572841242ca10214002da1a2"}]}], ["Nasser membuat Mesir sepenuhnya bebas daripada pengaruh Inggeris, dan negara itu menjadi kuasa utama di dunia membangun di bawah pimpinannya. Salah satu usaha domestik utama Nasser ialah untuk mewujudkan keadilan sosial, yang dianggap sebagai prasyarat kepada demokrasi liberal. Semasa jawatan presidennya, rakyat biasa menikmati akses yang tidak pernah berlaku kepada perumahan, pendidikan, pekerjaan, perkhidmatan kesihatan dan makanan, serta bentuk kebajikan sosial yang lain, sementara pengaruh feudalisme semakin merosot. Menjelang akhir jawatan presidennya, pekerjaan dan keadaan kerja bertambah baik, walaupun kemiskinan masih tinggi di negara ini dan sumber yang banyak diperuntukkan untuk kebajikan sosial telah dialihkan kepada usaha perang. <> Apa yang Nasser sepenuhnya menghapuskan dari Mesir? || Pengaruh British <> Apa yang Nasser berfungsi untuk diletakkan di Mesir? || Keadilan sosial <> Bagaimana keadaan kerja dan pekerjaan pada akhir presiden Nasser? || bertambah baik <> Apa yang telah menguras sumber dari program sosial Nasser? || usaha perang", {"context": "Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "British influence"}], "question": "What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?", "id": "572836cc3acd2414000df71d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "social justice"}], "question": "What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?", "id": "572836cc3acd2414000df71e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "improved considerably"}], "question": "How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency?", "id": "572836cc3acd2414000df71f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "war effort"}], "question": "What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs?", "id": "572836cd3acd2414000df720"}]}], ["Semasa presiden Mubarak, parti politik Nasserist mula muncul di Mesir, yang pertama adalah Parti Nasseris Demokrat Arab (ADNP). Parti itu membawa pengaruh politik yang kecil, dan perpecahan di antara anggotanya bermula pada tahun 1995 mengakibatkan penubuhan parti serpihan secara bertahap, termasuk pendirian Al-Karama pada 1997 oleh Hamdeen Sabahi. Sabahi berada di tempat ketiga semasa pilihan raya presiden 2012. Aktivis Nasser adalah antara pengasas Kefaya, sebuah pasukan pembangkang utama semasa pemerintahan Mubarak. Pada 19 September 2012, empat parti Nasser (ADNP, Karama, Parti Konsili Negara, dan Parti Kongres Nasserist Popular) bergabung untuk membentuk Parti Nasseris Bersatu. <> Apa jenis parti politik yang berlaku ketika Mubarek menjadi presiden? || Nasserist <> Apakah parti politik pertama Nasserist? || Parti Nasseris Demokrat Arab <> Parti mana yang datang pada pilihan raya ketiga pada 2013? || Sabahi <> Apa parti yang dikagumi dibentuk dari beberapa kumpulan Nasserist? || Parti Bersatu United", {"context": "During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamdeen Sabahi's 1997 founding of Al-Karama. Sabahi came in third place during the 2012 presidential election. Nasserist activists were among the founders of Kefaya, a major opposition force during Mubarak's rule. On 19 September 2012, four Nasserist parties (the ADNP, Karama, the National Conciliation Party, and the Popular Nasserist Congress Party) merged to form the United Nasserist Party.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Nasserist"}], "question": "What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president?", "id": "572838114b864d190016477a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Arab Democratic Nasserist Party"}], "question": "What was the first Nasserist political party?", "id": "572838114b864d190016477b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Sabahi"}], "question": "What party came in third in the 2013 election?", "id": "572838114b864d190016477c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "United Nasserist Party"}], "question": "What consolated party was formed from several Nasserist groups?", "id": "572838114b864d190016477d"}]}], ["Zakaria Mohieddin, yang merupakan Naib Presiden Nasser, berkata bahawa Nasser beransur-ansur berubah semasa pemerintahannya. Dia berhenti berunding dengan rakan-rakannya dan membuat lebih banyak keputusan itu sendiri. Walaupun Nasser berkali-kali mengatakan bahawa perang dengan Israel akan bermula pada masa dia, atau Arab, memilih, pada tahun 1967 dia memulakan permainan bluffing \"tetapi kebobolan yang berjaya bermakna lawan anda tidak perlu tahu mana kad yang anda memegang. lawan dapat melihat tangannya di cermin dan tahu dia hanya memegang sepasang deuces \"dan Nasser tahu bahawa tenteranya belum siap. \"Semua ini tidak sesuai ... Kecenderungannya dalam hal ini mungkin telah menonjol oleh diabetes ... Itulah satu-satunya penjelasan yang rasional untuk tindakannya pada tahun 1967\". <> Siapa Naib Presiden Nasser? || Zakaria Mohieddin <> Apa kegagalan Nasser gagal dalam kekerasannya dengan Israel? || Apa yang dilakukan Nasser selama bertahun-tahun? || secara beransur-ansur berubah <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Mohieddin mengaitkan kesilapan Nassir pada tahun 1967? || diabetes", {"context": "Zakaria Mohieddin, who was Nasser's vice president, said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his, or Arab, choosing, on 1967 he started a bluffing game \"but a successful bluff means your opponent must not know which cards you are holding. In this case Nasser's opponent could see his hand in the mirror and knew he was only holding a pair of deuces\" and Nasser knew that his army is not prepared yet. \"All of this was out of character...His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes... That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Zakaria Mohieddin"}], "question": "Who was Nasser's vice president?", "id": "572842a0ff5b5019007da030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "bluffing"}], "question": "What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel?", "id": "572842a0ff5b5019007da031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "gradually changed"}], "question": "What did Nasser do over the years of his rule?", "id": "572842a0ff5b5019007da032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "diabetes"}], "question": "What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir's mistakes in 1967 to?", "id": "572842a0ff5b5019007da033"}]}], ["Nasser dikenali kerana hubungan intimnya dengan orang Mesir biasa. Ketersediaannya kepada orang awam, walaupun percubaan pembunuhan terhadapnya, tidak dapat ditandingi di antara penggantinya. Seorang pengamal mahir, Nasser memberikan 1,359 ucapan antara 1953 dan 1970, rekod untuk mana-mana ketua negara Mesir. Ahli sejarah Elie Podeh menulis bahawa tema berterusan imej Nasser adalah \"keupayaannya untuk mewakili kesahihan Mesir, dalam kejayaan atau kekalahan\". Akhbar nasional juga membantu memupuk popularitinya dan profilnya-lebih-lebih lagi selepas pembasmian media negeri. Ahli sejarah Tarek Osman menulis: <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Nasser berkenaan dengan rakyat biasa? || ketersediaan kepada orang awam <> Berapa banyak ucapan yang diberikan oleh Nasser? || 1,359 <> Siapa yang memberikan pidato paling banyak kepada pemimpin Mesir? || Nasser <> Institusi apa yang membantu memupuk imej awam positif Nasser? || tekan", {"context": "Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was \"his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat\". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile\u2014more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "availability to the public"}], "question": "What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens?", "id": "572838912ca10214002da0fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "1,359"}], "question": "How many speeches did Nasser give?", "id": "572838912ca10214002da0fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nasser"}], "question": "Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?", "id": "572838912ca10214002da0fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "press"}], "question": "What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image?", "id": "572838912ca10214002da0ff"}]}], ["Walaupun Nasser semakin dikritik oleh intelektual Mesir berikutan Perang Enam Hari dan kematiannya pada tahun 1970, orang ramai terus bersimpati selama dan selepas kehidupan Nasser. Menurut saintis politik Mahmoud Hamad, menulis pada tahun 2008, \"nostalgia untuk Nasser mudah dirasakan di Mesir dan semua negara Arab hari ini\". Keadaan umum dalam masyarakat Mesir, terutamanya semasa era Mubarak, nostalgia bertambah untuk kepresidenan Nasser, yang semakin dikaitkan dengan cita-cita tujuan nasional, harapan, perpaduan sosial, dan budaya yang bertenaga. <> Siapa yang paling kritikal terhadap peraturan Nasser? || Para intelektual Mesir <> Apa acara yang menimbulkan kritikan terhadap Nasser dari elit Mesir? || Perang Enam Hari <> Semasa kepresidenannya orang Mesir nostalgia untuk Nasser? || Mubarak <> Apakah cita-cita dikaitkan dengan masa Nasser sebagai prasident? || tujuan kebangsaan, harapan, perpaduan sosial, dan budaya yang bertenaga", {"context": "While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, \"nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today\". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Egyptian intellectuals"}], "question": "Who was most critical of Nasser's rule?", "id": "572839254b864d1900164792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Six-Day War"}], "question": "What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt's elite?", "id": "572839254b864d1900164793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Mubarak"}], "question": "During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic for Nasser?", "id": "572839254b864d1900164794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture"}], "question": "What ideals are associated with Nasser's time as prsident?", "id": "572839254b864d1900164795"}]}], ["Kerana keupayaannya untuk memotivasi nafsu kebangsaan, \"lelaki, wanita, dan anak-anak menangis dan meratap di jalanan\" setelah mendengar kematiannya, menurut Nutting. Reaksi Arab umum adalah salah satu berkabung, dengan ribuan orang menuangkan ke jalan-jalan kota-kota besar di seluruh dunia Arab. Lebih dari sedozen orang terbunuh di Beirut akibat kekacauan, dan di Yerusalem, kira-kira 75,000 orang Arab berarak melalui Old City melaungkan, \"Nasser tidak akan mati.\" Sebagai bukti kepimpinannya yang tidak dicabar oleh orang-orang Arab, selepas kematiannya, tajuk utama Le Jour dibacakan, \"Seratus juta manusia-orang Arab-adalah anak yatim.\" Sherif Hetata, bekas tahanan politik dan ahli Nasser ASU, berkata, \"Pencapaian terbesar Nasser adalah pengebumiannya. Dunia tidak lagi akan melihat lima juta orang menangis bersama-sama.\" <> Berapa banyak orang yang mati di Breuit kerana kerusuhan yang disebabkan oleh kematian Nasser? || Lebih sedozen <> Berapa ramai orang yang berarak di Yerusalem? || 75,000 <> Yang berkata, \"Dunia tidak akan pernah melihat lima juta orang menangis bersama?\" || Sherif Hetata <> Apakah penerbitan Lubnan memanggil orang-orang Arab berikutan kematian Nasser? || anak yatim", {"context": "Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, \"men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets\" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos, and in Jerusalem, roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting, \"Nasser will never die.\" As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read, \"One hundred million human beings\u2014the Arabs\u2014are orphans.\" Sherif Hetata, a former political prisoner and later member Nasser's ASU, said that \"Nasser's greatest achievement was his funeral. The world will never again see five million people crying together.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Over a dozen"}], "question": "How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death?", "id": "57283627ff5b5019007d9f2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "75,000"}], "question": "How many people marched in Jerusalem?", "id": "57283627ff5b5019007d9f2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "Sherif Hetata"}], "question": "Who said, \"The world will never again see five million people crying together?\"", "id": "57283627ff5b5019007d9f30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "orphans"}], "question": "What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser's death?", "id": "57283627ff5b5019007d9f31"}]}], ["Ekonomi negara berkembang dengan ketara melalui pembaharuan pertanian, projek-projek pemodenan utama seperti kerja-kerja keluli Helwan dan Empangan Aswan, dan skim kebangsaan seperti Terusan Suez. Walau bagaimanapun, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang ketara pada awal 1960-an telah mengalami kemerosotan selama sedekad, hanya pulih pada tahun 1970. Mesir mengalami \"zaman kegemilangan\" kebudayaan semasa presiden Nasser, menurut ahli sejarah Joel Gordon, khususnya dalam filem, televisyen, teater, radio, sastera, seni rupa, komedi, puisi, dan muzik. Mesir di bawah Nasser menguasai dunia Arab dalam bidang ini, menghasilkan ikon kebudayaan. <> Apa reformasi, yang dimulakan oleh Nasser, menyebabkan ekonomi Mesir berkembang? || agraris <> Apa dua projek infrastruktur Nasser memulakan? || Kerja keluli Helwan dan Empangan Aswan <> Bagaimana budaya Mesir di bawah Nasser dirujuk? || zaman kegemilangan <> Apa yang paling menonjol Nasser dinasionalisasi? || terusan Suez", {"context": "The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recovering in 1970. Egypt experienced a \"golden age\" of culture during Nasser's presidency, according to historian Joel Gordon, particularly in film, television, theater, radio, literature, fine arts, comedy, poetry, and music. Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab world in these fields, producing cultural icons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "agrarian"}], "question": "What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow?", "id": "5728377f3acd2414000df72f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam"}], "question": "What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on?", "id": "5728377f3acd2414000df730"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "golden age"}], "question": "How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to?", "id": "5728377f3acd2414000df731"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Suez Canal"}], "question": "What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized?", "id": "5728377f3acd2414000df732"}]}], ["Saintis politik Amerika Mark Cooper menegaskan bahawa karisma Nasser dan hubungannya langsung dengan rakyat Mesir \"diberikan perantara (organisasi dan individu) tidak perlu\". Beliau berpendapat bahawa warisan Nasser adalah \"jaminan ketidakstabilan\" disebabkan pergantungan Nasser terhadap kuasa peribadi dan ketiadaan institusi politik yang kuat di bawah pemerintahannya. Ahli sejarah Abd al-Azim Ramadan menulis bahawa Nasser adalah seorang pemimpin yang tidak rasional dan tidak bertanggungjawab, menyalahkan kecenderungannya untuk membuat keputusan yang bersendirian untuk kerugian Mesir semasa Perang Suez, antara peristiwa-peristiwa lain. Miles Copeland, Jr., yang pernah digambarkan sebagai penasihat Barat terdekat Nasser, mengatakan bahawa halangan antara Nasser dan dunia luar telah berkembang begitu tebal sehingga semua maklumat yang membuktikan kesempurnaan, ketidakberpindahan, dan keabadiannya telah ditapis. <> Apa gaya politik Nasser menyebabkan tidak perlu? || perantara <> Apa yang diperlukan di bawah Nasser, ketiadaan yang tidak dapat dijamin ketidakstabilan? || institusi politik yang kukuh <> Yang memanggil Nasser seorang pemimpin yang tidak rasional dan tidak bertanggungjawab? || Abd al-Azim Ramadan <> Siapa penasihat Barat terdekat Nasser? || Miles Copeland, Jr", {"context": "American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people \"rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary\". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a \"guarantee of instability\" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule. Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader, blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt's losses during the Suez War, among other events. Miles Copeland, Jr. , once described as Nasser's closest Western adviser, said that the barriers between Nasser and the outside world have grown so thick that all but the information that attest to his infallibility, indispensability, and immortality has been filtered out.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "intermediaries"}], "question": "What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary?", "id": "572841e63acd2414000df7df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "strong political institutions"}], "question": "What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability?", "id": "572841e63acd2414000df7e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Abd al-Azim Ramadan"}], "question": "Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader?", "id": "572841e63acd2414000df7e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "Miles Copeland, Jr"}], "question": "Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor?", "id": "572841e63acd2414000df7e2"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1944, Nasser berkahwin dengan Tahia Kazem, anak perempuan berusia 22 tahun dari seorang ayah kaya Iran dan seorang ibu Mesir, yang kedua-duanya meninggal ketika dia masih muda. Dia diperkenalkan kepada Nasser melalui abangnya, Abdel Hamid Kazim, rakan niaga Nasser, pada tahun 1943. Selepas perkahwinan mereka, pasangan itu berpindah ke sebuah rumah di Manshiyat al-Bakri, pinggiran kota Kaherah, di mana mereka akan tinggal untuk berehat kehidupan mereka. Kemasukan Nasser ke korps pegawai pada tahun 1937 memastikan dia bekerja dengan agak baik dalam sebuah masyarakat di mana kebanyakan orang hidup dalam kemiskinan. <> Siapa yang Nasser berkahwin pada tahun 1944? || Tahia Kazem <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan Nasser dan isterinya? || Abdel Hamid Kazim <> Di manakah Nasser dan isterinya tinggal selepas mereka berkahwin? || Manshiyat al-Bakri <> Apa pekerjaan Nasser yang ditawarkan kepadanya gaya hidup yang selesa? || pegawai polis", {"context": "In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Nasser's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Tahia Kazem"}], "question": "Who did Nasser marry in 1944?", "id": "572845633acd2414000df827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Abdel Hamid Kazim"}], "question": "Who introduced Nasser and his wife?", "id": "572845633acd2414000df828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Manshiyat al-Bakri"}], "question": "Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married?", "id": "572845633acd2414000df829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "officer corps"}], "question": "What job of Nasser's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle?", "id": "572845633acd2414000df82a"}]}], ["Nasser mempunyai beberapa kesalahan peribadi selain rantaian merokok. Beliau mengekalkan kerja selama 18 jam dan jarang mengambil masa untuk bercuti. Gabungan merokok dan bekerja berjam-jam memberi sumbangan kepada kesihatannya yang kurang baik. Dia didiagnosis menderita diabetes pada awal 1960-an dan pada masa kematiannya pada tahun 1970, dia juga mengalami arteriosklerosis, penyakit jantung, dan tekanan darah tinggi. Dia menderita dua serangan jantung utama (pada tahun 1966 dan 1969), dan sedang berehat selama enam minggu selepas episod kedua. Media negara melaporkan bahawa ketiadaan Nasser dari pandangan orang ramai pada masa itu adalah hasil daripada influenza. <> Apakah prinsip asas Nasser? || rantai merokok <> Berapa lama hari kerja biasa untuk Nasser? || 18 jam <> Apa penyakit Nasser didiagnosis pada tahun 1960? || diabetes <> Tahun berapa Nasser mati? || 1970 <> Apakah tuntutan media negara Mesir adalah sebab ketiadaan Nasser selepas serangan jantung kedua? || influenza", {"context": "Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "chain smoking"}], "question": "What was Nasser's principle vice?", "id": "5728460d2ca10214002da21a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "18-hour"}], "question": "How long was a typical workday for Nasser?", "id": "5728460d2ca10214002da21b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "diabetes"}], "question": "What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?", "id": "5728460d2ca10214002da21c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "1970"}], "question": "What year did Nasser die?", "id": "5728460d2ca10214002da21d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "influenza"}], "question": "What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?", "id": "5728460d2ca10214002da21e"}]}], ["Melalui tindakan dan ucapannya, dan kerana dia dapat melambangkan kehendak Arab yang popular, Nasser mengilhami beberapa revolusi nasionalis di dunia Arab. Dia mendefinisikan politik generasi beliau dan berkomunikasi secara langsung dengan masyarakat umum dunia Arab, melangkaui pelbagai ketua negara-negara tersebut-suatu pencapaian yang tidak diulangi oleh para pemimpin Arab yang lain. Tahap kepelbagaian Nasser di rantau ini menjadikannya sebagai keutamaan bagi ketua negara-negara nasionalis Arab untuk mencari hubungan baik dengan Mesir, untuk mendapatkan legitimasi yang popular dari warganegara mereka sendiri. <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh pemimpin Arab yang lain untuk mendapat kekaguman terhadap populasi mereka? || mencari hubungan baik dengan Mesir <> Apa yang menyebabkan Nasser dalam dunia Arab yang lebih luas? || beberapa revolusi nasionalis <> Apa yang ada pemimpin Arab lain yang tidak dapat melakukan itu Nasser? || disampaikan secara langsung dengan masyarakat umum <> Apa yang dilambangkan oleh Nasser? || Arab yang popular", {"context": "Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries\u2014an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders. The extent of Nasser's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt, in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "seek good relations with Egypt"}], "question": "What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations?", "id": "57284349ff5b5019007da040"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "several nationalist revolutions"}], "question": "What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world?", "id": "57284349ff5b5019007da041"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "communicated directly with the public masses"}], "question": "What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was?", "id": "57284349ff5b5019007da042"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "the popular Arab will"}], "question": "What did Nasser symbolize?", "id": "57284349ff5b5019007da043"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1963, pengarah Mesir Youssef Chahine menghasilkan filem El Nasser Salah El Dine (\"Saladin The Victorious\"), yang dengan sengaja menarik persamaan antara Saladin, dianggap sebagai pahlawan di dunia Arab, dan Nasser dan dasar pan-Arabnya. Nasser dimainkan oleh Ahmed Zaki dalam Mohamed Fadel 1996 Nasser 56. Filem itu menetapkan rekod pejabat kotak Mesir pada masa itu, dan memberi tumpuan kepada Nasser semasa Krisis Suez. Ia juga dianggap sebagai peristiwa penting di pawagam Mesir dan Arab sebagai filem pertama yang menggambarkan peranan seorang pemimpin Arab moden. Bersama dengan biopik Syrian 1999 Abdel Nasser, filem-filem itu menandakan filem biografi pertama mengenai tokoh-tokoh masyarakat kontemporari yang dihasilkan di dunia Arab. <> Apa 1963 filem berbanding Nasser untuk Saladin? || El Nasser Salah El Dine <> Apa 1996 filem berkaitan Nasser menetapkan rekod pejabat box? || Nasser 56 <> Apa itu Nasser 56? || Suez Crisis <> Apa biopik yang terkenal tentang Nasser? || Gamal Abdel Nasser", {"context": "In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine (\"Saladin The Victorious\"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film set the Egyptian box office record at the time, and focused on Nasser during the Suez Crisis. It is also considered a milestone in Egyptian and Arab cinema as the first film to dramatize the role of a modern-day Arab leader. Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic Gamal Abdel Nasser, the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "El Nasser Salah El Dine"}], "question": "What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin?", "id": "572844e12ca10214002da208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Nasser 56"}], "question": "What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record?", "id": "572844e12ca10214002da209"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Suez Crisis"}], "question": "What was Nasser 56 about?", "id": "572844e12ca10214002da20a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser"}], "question": "What was the famous biopic about Nasser?", "id": "572844e12ca10214002da20b"}]}], ["Untuk pelbagai peringkat, sistem pentadbiran statistik Nasser diteruskan di Mesir dan ditiru oleh hampir semua republik Arab, iaitu Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yaman, Sudan, dan Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, presiden pertama Algeria, adalah seorang Nasserist yang kuat. Abdullah al-Sallal menghalau raja Yaman Utara dengan nama pan-Arabisme Nasser. Rombongan lain yang dipengaruhi oleh Nasser termasuk yang terjadi di Iraq pada bulan Julai 1958 dan Syria pada tahun 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, yang menggulingkan monarki Libya pada tahun 1969, menganggap Nasser sebagai pahlawannya dan berusaha untuk menggantikannya sebagai \"pemimpin bangsa Arab\". Juga pada tahun 1969, Kolonel Gaafar Nimeiry, penyokong Nasser, mengambil alih kuasa di Sudan. Gerakan Nasionalis Arab (ANM) membantu menyebarkan idea-idea pan-Arab Nasser di seluruh dunia Arab, khususnya di kalangan Palestin, Syria, dan Lubnan, dan di Yaman Selatan, Teluk Parsi, dan Iraq. Walaupun banyak ketua-ketua negara serantau cuba meniru Nasser, Podeh berpendapat bahawa \"parochialism\" pemimpin Arab yang berturut-turut \"mengubah tiruan [dari Nasser] menjadi parodi\". <> Siapa presiden pertama Algeria, Nasserist yang sungguh-sungguh? || Ben Bella <> Apa Nasserist merampas Raja Yaman? || Abdullah al-Sallal <> Pemimpin mana yang menganggap Nasser sebagai pahlawannya? || Muammar Gaddafi <> Pemimpin apa yang mengambil kuasa di Sudan dan diilhamkan oleh Nasser? || Kolonel Gaafar Nimeiry <> Apa organisasi yang meneruskan falsafah Nasser? || Pergerakan Kebangsaan Arab", {"context": "To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as \"leader of the Arabs\". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the \"parochialism\" of successive Arab leaders \"transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Ben Bella"}], "question": "Who was Algeria's first president, a fervent Nasserist?", "id": "572844272ca10214002da1f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Abdullah al-Sallal"}], "question": "What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen?", "id": "572844272ca10214002da1f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Muammar Gaddafi"}], "question": "Which leader considered Nasser his hero?", "id": "572844272ca10214002da1f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry"}], "question": "What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser?", "id": "572844272ca10214002da1f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "Arab Nationalist Movement"}], "question": "What organization continued Nasser's philosophies?", "id": "572844272ca10214002da1fa"}]}]], [["Berikutan kematian Paus Pius XII pada 9 Oktober 1958, Roncalli menyaksikan pengebumian secara langsung pada hari penuhnya yang terakhir di Venice pada 11 Oktober. Jurnal beliau secara khusus berkenaan dengan pengebumian dan keadaan yang dilecehkan mayat pontif. Roncalli meninggalkan Venice untuk konklaf di Rom dan menyedari bahawa dia adalah papabile, [b] dan selepas sebelas undi, dipilih untuk menggantikan Pius XII lewat, jadi ia tidak mengejutkannya, walaupun dia tiba di Vatican dengan kembali kereta api ke Venice. [rujukan?] <> Bilakah Paus Pius XII mati? || 9 Oktober 1958 <> Bilakah hari penuhnya yang terakhir di Venice? || 11 Oktober <> Mengapa Roncalli meninggalkan Venice? || untuk rombongan di Rom <> Dia dipilih paus selepas berapa banyak undi? || sebelas undi", {"context": "Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October. His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile,[b] and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "9 October 1958"}], "question": "When did Pope Pius XII die?", "id": "572801a52ca10214002d9b40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "11 October"}], "question": "When was his last full day in Venice?", "id": "572801a52ca10214002d9b41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "for the conclave in Rome"}], "question": "Why did Roncalli leave Venice?", "id": "572801a52ca10214002d9b42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "eleven ballots"}], "question": "He was elected pope after how many ballots?", "id": "572801a52ca10214002d9b43"}]}], ["Pope Saint John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Itali: Giovanni XXIII) lahir Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, [a] sebutan Itali: [and\u0292elo d\u0292uz\u025bppe ro\u014bkalli]; 25 November 1881 - 3 Jun 1963) memerintah sebagai Paus dari 28 Oktober 1958 hingga kematiannya pada tahun 1963 dan dinikonasikan pada 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli adalah anak keempat dari empat belas anak yang dilahirkan oleh keluarga para sharecroppers yang tinggal di sebuah desa di Lombardy . Beliau ditahbiskan ke dalam imamat pada 10 Ogos 1904 dan berkhidmat dalam beberapa jawatan, termasuk papal nuncio di Perancis dan perwakilan ke Bulgaria, Yunani dan Turki. Dalam konsistori pada 12 Januari 1953, Paus Pius XII membuat Roncalli sebagai Kardinal sebagai Kardinal-Priest Santa Prisca sebagai tambahan kepada penamaannya sebagai Patriarch Venice. <> Apakah nama kelahiran Paus Saint John XXIII? || Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli <> Bilakah Pope Saint John XXIII dilahirkan? || 25 November 1881 <> Bilakah Pope Saint XXIII mati? || 3 Jun 1963 <> Berapa lama dia memerintah sebagai Paus? || 28 Oktober 1958 hingga kematiannya pada tahun 1963 <> Bilakah dia ditahbiskan kepada imamat? || 10 Ogos 1904", {"context": "Pope Saint John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII) born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,[a] Italian pronunciation: [\u02c8and\u0292elo d\u0292u\u02c8z\u025bppe ro\u014b\u02c8kalli]; 25 November 1881 \u2013 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli"}], "question": "What was Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name?", "id": "5727f0e92ca10214002d9a0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "25 November 1881"}], "question": "When was Pope Saint John XXIII born?", "id": "5727f0e92ca10214002d9a0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "3 June 1963"}], "question": "When did Pope Saint XXIII die?", "id": "5727f0e92ca10214002d9a10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "28 October 1958 to his death in 1963"}], "question": "How long did he reign as Pope?", "id": "5727f0e92ca10214002d9a11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "10 August 1904"}], "question": "When was he ordained to the priesthood?", "id": "5727f0e92ca10214002d9a12"}]}], ["Kakaknya Ancilla tidak lama lagi akan didiagnosis dengan kanser perut pada awal 1950-an. Surat terakhir Roncalli kepadanya telah bertarikh pada 8 November 1953 di mana dia berjanji untuk melawatnya dalam minggu depan. Dia tidak dapat menepati janji itu, ketika Ancilla meninggal pada 11 November 1953 pada saat ia menyelenggarakan gereja baru di Venice. Beliau menghadiri pengebumiannya di kampung halamannya. Dalam wasiatnya pada masa ini, beliau menyebut bahawa dia ingin dikebumikan di dalam kubur Saint Mark di Venice dengan beberapa pendahulunya dan bukannya dengan keluarga di Sotto il Monte. <> Bilakah adik perempuannya Ancilla didiagnosis dengan kanser perut? || awal 1950-an <> Bilakah dia menghantar surat terakhirnya kepada adik perempuannya? || 8 November 1953 <> Bilakah Ancilla mati? || 11 November 1953 <> Di mana dia mahu dikebumikan? || kubur Saint Mark di Venice", {"context": "His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the early 1950s"}], "question": "When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer?", "id": "572801344b864d19001641dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "8 November 1953"}], "question": "When did he send his last letter to his dying sister?", "id": "572801344b864d19001641dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "11 November 1953"}], "question": "When did Ancilla die?", "id": "572801344b864d19001641de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice"}], "question": "Where did he want to be buried?", "id": "572801344b864d19001641df"}]}], ["Pada bulan Februari 1925, Setiausaha Negara Kardinal Pietro Gasparri memanggilnya ke Vatican dan memberitahunya tentang keputusan Pope Pius XI untuk melantiknya sebagai Pengunjung Apostolik ke Bulgaria (1925-35). Pada 3 Mac, Pius XI juga menamakannya untuk pentahbisan sebagai ketua biskop titel Areopolis, Jordan. Roncalli pada mulanya enggan tentang misi ke Bulgaria, tetapi dia akan segera melepaskan diri. Pencalonannya sebagai pelawat kerasulan dibuat secara rasmi pada 19 Mac. Roncalli telah disucikan oleh Giovanni Tacci Porcelli di gereja San Carlo alla Corso di Rom. Selepas dia disucikan, beliau memperkenalkan keluarganya kepada Paus Pius XI. Dia memilih sebagai moto episcopal Obedientia et Pax (\"Ketaatan dan Damai\"), yang menjadi motonya. Sewaktu dia berada di Bulgaria, gempa bumi melanda sebuah bandar yang tidak jauh dari tempatnya. Tak terkena, dia menulis kepada kakak-kakaknya Ancilla dan Maria dan memberitahu mereka baik-baik saja. <> Bilakah Pietro Gasparri memanggilnya ke Vatican? || Februari 1925 <> Siapa Setiausaha Kardus Negeri pada tahun 1925? || Pietro Gasparri <> Bilakah dia Pengunjung Apostolik ke Bulgaria? || 1925-35 <> Bilakah pencalonannya sebagai pelawat kerasulan yang dibuat secara rasmi? || 19 Mac <> Siapa yang dia ditahbiskan? || Giovanni Tacci Porcelli", {"context": "In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria (1925\u201335). On 3 March, Pius XI also named him for consecration as titular archbishop of Areopolis, Jordan. Roncalli was initially reluctant about a mission to Bulgaria, but he would soon relent. His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March. Roncalli was consecrated by Giovanni Tacci Porcelli in the church of San Carlo alla Corso in Rome. After he was consecrated, he introduced his family to Pope Pius XI. He chose as his episcopal motto Obedientia et Pax (\"Obedience and Peace\"), which became his guiding motto. While he was in Bulgaria, an earthquake struck in a town not too far from where he was. Unaffected, he wrote to his sisters Ancilla and Maria and told them both that he was fine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "February 1925"}], "question": "When did Pietro Gasparri summon him to the Vatican?", "id": "5727fd58ff5b5019007d9a44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Pietro Gasparri"}], "question": "Who was the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1925?", "id": "5727fd58ff5b5019007d9a45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "1925\u201335"}], "question": "When was he the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria?", "id": "5727fd58ff5b5019007d9a46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "19 March"}], "question": "When was his nomination as apostolic visitor made official?", "id": "5727fd58ff5b5019007d9a47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Giovanni Tacci Porcelli"}], "question": "Who was he consecrated by?", "id": "5727fd58ff5b5019007d9a48"}]}], ["Pada Februari 1939, beliau menerima berita dari kakak-kakaknya bahawa ibunya telah mati. Pada 10 Februari 1939, Paus Pius XI meninggal dunia. Roncalli tidak dapat melihat ibunya untuk akhir kerana kematian seorang pontif bermakna dia akan tinggal di jawatannya sehingga pemilihan seorang pontif baru. Malangnya, dia meninggal dunia pada 20 Februari 1939, semasa sembilan hari berkabung untuk Pius XI lewat. Dia telah dihantar surat oleh Kardinal Eugenio Pacelli, dan Roncalli kemudian mengingat bahawa mungkin surat terakhir Pacelli dikirim hingga pemilihannya sebagai Paus Pius XII pada 2 Maret 1939. Roncalli menyatakan kebahagiaan bahwa Pacelli dipilih, dan, di radio, mendengarkan pengorbanan pontif baru. <> Bilakah dia mendengar bahawa ibunya sedang mati? || Februari 1939 <> Bilakah Paus Pius XI mati? || 10 Februari 1939 <> Bilakah ibunya mati? || 20 Februari 1939 <> Siapakah yang menghantar surat kepadanya memberitahunya tentang kematian ibunya? || Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli <> Bilakah Pope Pius XII dipilih? || 2 Mac 1939", {"context": "In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff. Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI. He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939. Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the coronation of the new pontiff. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "February 1939"}], "question": "When did he hear that his mother was dying?", "id": "5728005f4b864d19001641c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "10 February 1939"}], "question": "When did Pope Pius XI die?", "id": "5728005f4b864d19001641c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "20 February 1939"}], "question": "When did his mother die?", "id": "5728005f4b864d19001641ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli"}], "question": "Who sent him the letter informing him of his mother's death?", "id": "5728005f4b864d19001641cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "2 March 1939"}], "question": "When was Pope Pius XII elected?", "id": "5728005f4b864d19001641cc"}]}], ["Gereja Katolik Roma merayakan hari perayaannya bukan pada tarikh kematiannya, 3 Jun, seperti biasa, atau pada hari perasmian kepausannya (seperti yang kadang-kadang dilakukan dengan Paus yang Orang Suci, seperti dengan John Paul II) tetapi pada 11 Oktober, hari sesi pertama Majlis Vatican Kedua. Ini difahami, kerana dia adalah orang yang mempunyai idea untuk itu dan telah mengadakannya. Pada hari Khamis, 11 September 2014, Pope Francis menambah peringatan pilihannya ke hari perayaan Umum Rom Roma hari-hari perayaan, sebagai tindak balas kepada permintaan global. Dia diperingati pada tarikh kematiannya, 3 Jun, oleh Gereja Lutheran Evangelical di Amerika dan pada hari berikutnya, 4 Jun, oleh Gereja Anglikan Kanada dan Gereja Episkopal (Amerika Syarikat). <> Bilakah hari perayaannya dirayakan? || 11 Oktober <> Apakah 11 Oktober? || hari sesi pertama Majlis Vatikan Kedua <> Bilakah Pope Francis menambah peringatan opsionalnya ke hari raya Rom Umum di zaman pesta orang-orang kudus? || 11 September 2014 <> Di mana Pope Francis memperingati kematiannya pada 3 Jun? || oleh Gereja Lutheran Evangelical <> Di mana Paus Francis memperingati kematiannya pada 4 Jun? || oleh Gereja Anglikan Kanada dan Gereja Episkopal (Amerika Syarikat)", {"context": "The Roman Catholic Church celebrates his feast day not on the date of his death, June 3, as is usual, nor even on the day of his papal inauguration (as is sometimes done with Popes who are Saints, such as with John Paul II) but on 11 October, the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council. This is understandable, since he was the one who had had the idea for it and had convened it. On Thursday, 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days, in response to global requests. He is commemorated on the date of his death, 3 June, by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and on the following day, 4 June, by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "11 October"}], "question": "When is his feast day celebrated?", "id": "5727fc0cff5b5019007d99fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council"}], "question": "What is October 11?", "id": "5727fc0cff5b5019007d99ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "11 September 2014"}], "question": "When did Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days?", "id": "5727fc0cff5b5019007d9a00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "by the Evangelical Lutheran Church"}], "question": "Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 3 June?", "id": "5727fc0cff5b5019007d9a01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States)"}], "question": "Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 4 June?", "id": "5727fc0cff5b5019007d9a02"}]}], ["Pada 30 November 1934, beliau telah dilantik sebagai Delegasi Apostolik ke Turki dan Greece dan menjadi ahli biskop Mesembria, Bulgaria. Oleh itu, beliau dikenali sebagai \"Paus Turcophile,\" oleh masyarakat Turki yang kebanyakannya Muslim. Roncalli mengambil jawatan ini pada tahun 1935 dan menggunakan jawatannya untuk membantu orang Yahudi di bawah tanah untuk menyelamatkan ribuan pelarian di Eropah, yang mengarahkan beberapa orang untuk menganggapnya sebagai Orang Gentil Yang Benar (lihat Paus Yohanes XXIII dan Yahudi). Pada bulan Oktober 1935, beliau mengetuai jemaah Bulgaria ke Rom dan memperkenalkannya kepada Paus Pius XI pada 14 Oktober. <> Bilakah dia melantik Delegasi Apostolik ke Turki dan Greece? || 30 November 1934 <> Beliau telah dilantik menjadi ahli biskop titular di mana? || Mesembria, Bulgaria <> Apa yang dia ketahui dalam komuniti Turki? || Paus Turcophile <> Bilakah dia mengambil kedudukan itu? || 1935 <> Siapa yang dia memperkenalkan jemaah Bulgaria? || Pope Pius XI", {"context": "On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria. Thus, he is known as \"the Turcophile Pope,\" by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim. Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe, leading some to consider him to be a Righteous Gentile (see Pope John XXIII and Judaism). In October 1935, he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to Pope Pius XI on 14 October.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "30 November 1934"}], "question": "When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece?", "id": "5727ff7c2ca10214002d9b00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Mesembria, Bulgaria"}], "question": "He was appointed titular archbishop of where?", "id": "5727ff7c2ca10214002d9b01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "the Turcophile Pope"}], "question": "What ws he known by in the Turkish community?", "id": "5727ff7c2ca10214002d9b02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "1935"}], "question": "When did he take that position?", "id": "5727ff7c2ca10214002d9b03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Pope Pius XI"}], "question": "Who did he introduce Bulgarian pilgrims to?", "id": "5727ff7c2ca10214002d9b04"}]}], ["Roncalli dipilih sebagai paus pada 28 Oktober 1958 pada umur 76 tahun selepas 11 undi. Pemilihannya tidak dijangka, dan Roncalli sendiri telah datang ke Rom dengan tiket kereta api kembali ke Venice. Beliau adalah pope pertama yang mengambil nama \"John\" ketika nama pilihannya dalam lebih daripada 500 tahun, dan pilihannya menyelesaikan persoalan rumit penamaan rasmi yang dilampirkan pada nama paus ini kerana antipope nama ini. Pope John XXIII mengejutkan mereka yang mengharapkan dia menjadi paus sementara dengan memanggil Majlis Vatikan Kedua yang bersejarah (1962-65), pembukaan sesi pertama pada 11 Oktober 1962. Pandangannya yang bersemangat mengenai kesamaan disimpulkan dalam pernyataan terkenalnya, \"Kami semuanya dibuat dalam imej Allah, dan oleh itu, kita semua adalah Tuhan. \" John XXIII membuat banyak ucapan yang penuh semangat semasa pontificatenya, salah satunya adalah pada hari ia membuka Majlis Vatikan Kedua pada tengah malam kepada orang ramai yang berkumpul di St Peter's Square: \"Anak-anak yang terhormat, pulang ke rumah, anda akan mendapati kanak-kanak: pelukan anak-anak kamu dan katakan: Ini adalah pelukan dari Pope! \" <> Berapa lama Roncalli ketika pope dipilih? || 76 <> Bilakah Roncalli dipilih sebagai paus? || 28 Oktober 1958 <> Dia adalah pope pertama yang mengambil nama \"John\" ketika nama pilihannya dalam berapa lama? || 500 tahun <> Paus Yohanes XXIII mengejutkan mereka yang mengharapkan dia menjadi paus sementara dengan memanggil apa? || Majlis Vatican Kedua <> Bilakah dia memanggil Majlis Vatikan Kedua? || 11 Oktober 1962", {"context": "Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a return train ticket to Venice. He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of \"John\" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated question of official numbering attached to this papal name due to the antipope of this name. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962\u201365), the first session opening on 11 October 1962. His passionate views on equality were summed up in his famous statement, \"We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike.\" John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate, one of which was on the day that he opened the Second Vatican Council in the middle of the night to the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square: \"Dear children, returning home, you will find children: give your children a hug and say: This is a hug from the Pope!\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "76"}], "question": "How old was Roncalli when elected pope?", "id": "5727f4f83acd2414000df0c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "28 October 1958"}], "question": "When was Roncalli elected pope?", "id": "5727f4f83acd2414000df0c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "500 years"}], "question": "He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of \"John\" upon election in how long?", "id": "5727f4f83acd2414000df0c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Second Vatican Council"}], "question": "Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling what?", "id": "5727f4f83acd2414000df0c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "11 October 1962"}], "question": "When did he call the Second Vatican Council?", "id": "5727f4f83acd2414000df0c7"}]}], ["Pada 12 Januari 1953, beliau dilantik sebagai Patriarch Venice dan, dengan itu, dinaikkan pangkat kepada Kardinal-Priest Santa Prisca oleh Paus Pius XII. Roncalli meninggalkan Perancis untuk Venice pada 23 Februari 1953 berhenti sebentar di Milan dan kemudian ke Rom. Pada 15 Mac 1953, beliau mengambil alih keuskupan barunya di Venice. Sebagai tanda penghargaannya, Presiden Perancis, Vincent Auriol, mendakwa hak istimewa kuno yang dimiliki oleh raja-raja Perancis dan memberikan biretta merah pada Roncalli pada upacara di Istana \u00c9lys\u00e9e. Pada masa itu, dia, dengan bantuan Monsignor Bruno Heim, membentuk mantelnya dengan singa Saint Mark di atas tanah putih. Auriol turut dianugerahkan Roncalli tiga bulan kemudian dengan penghargaan Komander Legion of Honor. <> Bilakah dia dilantik sebagai Patriarch Venice? || 12 Januari 1953 <> Paus Pius XII membesarkan dia ke pangkat apa? || Kardinal-Priest Santa Prisca <> Bilakah dia meninggalkan Perancis untuk Venice? || 23 Februari 1953 <> Bilakah dia mengambil keuskupan baru di Venice? || 15 Mac 1953 <> Siapa Presiden Perancis pada tahun 1953? || Vincent Auriol", {"context": "On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and, accordingly, raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII. Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome. On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice. As a sign of his esteem, the President of France, Vincent Auriol, claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red biretta on Roncalli at a ceremony in the \u00c9lys\u00e9e Palace. It was around this time that he, with the aid of Monsignor Bruno Heim, formed his coat of arms with a lion of Saint Mark on a white ground. Auriol also awarded Roncalli three months later with the award of Commander of the Legion of Honour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "12 January 1953"}], "question": "When was he appointed Patriarch of Venice?", "id": "572800cd2ca10214002d9b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca"}], "question": "Pope Pius XII raised him to what rank?", "id": "572800cd2ca10214002d9b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "23 February 1953"}], "question": "When did he leave France for Venice?", "id": "572800cd2ca10214002d9b28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "15 March 1953"}], "question": "When did he take up his new diocese in Venice?", "id": "572800cd2ca10214002d9b29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Vincent Auriol"}], "question": "Who was the President of France in 1953?", "id": "572800cd2ca10214002d9b2a"}]}], ["Pope John XXIII tidak hidup untuk melihat Majlis Vatican selesai. Beliau meninggal dunia akibat kanser perut pada 3 Jun 1963, empat setengah tahun selepas pemilihannya dan dua bulan selepas selesai ensikliknya yang terakhir dan terkenal, Pacem di terris. Dia dikebumikan di gua-gua Vatikan di bawah Basilika Saint Peter pada 6 Jun 1963 dan penyebabnya untuk kanonisasi dibuka pada 18 November 1965 oleh penggantinya, Paus Paulus VI, yang mengisytiharkan dia Hamba Tuhan. Di samping dipanggil Venerable pada 20 Disember 1999, dia telah dipukuli pada 3 September 2000 oleh Paus Yohanes Paulus II bersama Pope Pius IX dan tiga orang lain. Berikutan pemukulannya, tubuhnya digerakkan pada 3 Jun 2001 dari tempat asalnya ke mezbah Saint Jerome di mana ia dapat dilihat oleh setia. Pada 5 Julai 2013, Pope Francis - memintas keajaiban kedua yang dikehendaki secara tradisi - mengisytiharkan John XXIII seorang kudus, selepas perjanjian sebulat suara oleh konsulat, atau mesyuarat, Kolej Kardinal, berdasarkan fakta bahawa dia dianggap telah hidup yang mulia , gaya hidup model, dan kerana kebaikan Gereja yang datang daripada beliau telah membuka Majlis Vatikan Kedua. Dia dikhitan bersama Pope Saint John Paul II pada 27 April 2014. Yohanes XXIII hari ini dikenali sebagai \"Paus Baik\" dan dalam bahasa Itali, \"il Papa buono\". <> Bilakah paus mati? || 3 Jun 1963 <> Apakah Paus mati? || kanser perut <> Di manakah dia dikebumikan? || gumpalan Vatican di bawah Basilika Saint Peter <> Bilakah dia dipukul? || 3 September 2000 <> Dia masih terkenal hari ini? || \"Paus Baik\"", {"context": "Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion. He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical, Pacem in terris. He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its original place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis \u2013 bypassing the traditionally required second miracle \u2013 declared John XXIII a saint, after unanimous agreement by a consistory, or meeting, of the College of Cardinals, based on the fact that he was considered to have lived a virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good for the Church which had come from his having opened the Second Vatican Council. He was canonised alongside Pope Saint John Paul II on 27 April 2014. John XXIII today is affectionately known as the \"Good Pope\" and in Italian, \"il Papa buono\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "3 June 1963"}], "question": "When did the pope die?", "id": "5727fa0b4b864d1900164116"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "stomach cancer"}], "question": "What did the pope die of?", "id": "5727fa0b4b864d1900164117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica"}], "question": "Where was he buried?", "id": "5727fa0b4b864d1900164118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "3 September 2000"}], "question": "When was he beatified?", "id": "5727fa0b4b864d1900164119"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1268, "text": "the \"Good Pope\""}], "question": "He is still known today as what?", "id": "5727fa0b4b864d190016411a"}]}], ["Pada 25 Mei 1963, paus itu mengalami pendarahan yang lain dan memerlukan beberapa pemindahan darah, tetapi kanser telah berlubang dinding perut dan peritonitis tidak lama lagi. Doktor memberikan keputusan mengenai perkara ini dan pembantu John XXIII Loris F. Capovilla memecahkan berita kepadanya mengatakan bahawa kanser telah melakukan kerja dan tiada apa yang dapat dilakukan untuknya. Pada masa ini, adik-beradiknya yang tersisa tiba bersamanya. Menjelang 31 Mei, telah menjadi jelas bahawa kanser telah mengatasi rintangan John XXIII - ia telah meninggalkannya terhad kepada katilnya. <> Apakah Paus menderita pada 25 Mei 1963? || pendarahan <> Siapa yang memecahkan berita kepada John XXIII mengenai kansernya? || Loris F. Capovilla <> Bilakah jelas bahawa kanser telah mengatasi rintangan John XXIII? || 31 Mei", {"context": "On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another haemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but the cancer had perforated the stomach wall and peritonitis soon set in. The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter and John XXIII's aide Loris F. Capovilla broke the news to him saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him. Around this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him. By 31 May, it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII \u2013 it had left him confined to his bed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "haemorrhage"}], "question": "What did the pope suffer on 25 May 1963?", "id": "572806953acd2414000df287"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Loris F. Capovilla"}], "question": "Who broke the news to John XXIII about his cancer?", "id": "572806953acd2414000df288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "31 May"}], "question": "When was it clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII?", "id": "572806953acd2414000df289"}]}], ["Pada 11 Oktober 1962, sesi pertama Majlis Vatikan Kedua diadakan di Vatican. Beliau memberi ucapan Gaudet Mater Ecclesia, yang berfungsi sebagai alamat pembukaan majlis. Pada hari ini pada dasarnya memilih ahli untuk beberapa komisi majlis yang akan bekerja pada isu-isu yang dibentangkan dalam majlis. Pada malam yang sama selepas tamatnya sesi pertama, orang-orang di Dataran Saint Peter melaungkan dan berteriak dengan objektif tunggal untuk mendapatkan John XXIII untuk muncul di tingkap untuk menangani mereka. <> Di mana sesi pertama Majlis Vatican Kedua diadakan? || di Vatican <> Bilakah sesi pertama Majlis Vatikan Kedua diadakan? || 11 Oktober 1962 <> Apa ucapan yang dia berikan? || Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech <> Mengapa orang-orang di Dataran Saint Peter bersorak dan berteriak? || objektif tunggal untuk mendapatkan John XXIII untuk muncul di tingkap untuk mengatasinya", {"context": "On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican. He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day was basically electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council. On that same night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "in the Vatican"}], "question": "Where was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?", "id": "572804ce2ca10214002d9bb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "11 October 1962"}], "question": "When was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?", "id": "572804ce2ca10214002d9bb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech"}], "question": "What speech did he give?", "id": "572804ce2ca10214002d9bb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them"}], "question": "Why were the people in Saint Peter's Square chanting and yelling?", "id": "572804ce2ca10214002d9bb5"}]}], ["Mengekalkan kesinambungan dengan pendahulunya, John XXIII meneruskan pembaharuan beransur-ansur liturgi Romawi, dan menerbitkan perubahan yang mengakibatkan Mississippi Romawi 1962, edisi tipikal terakhir yang mengandungi Mass Tridentine yang ditubuhkan pada 1570 oleh Paus Pius V atas permintaan Majlis Trent dan yang terus menggunakan Paus Benediktus XVI yang diberi kuasa pada tahun 2007, di bawah syarat-syarat yang ditunjukkan dalam motu Proprio Summorum Pontificum. Sebagai tindak balas kepada arahan Majlis Vatican Kedua, kemudian edisi Mississippi Rom pada tahun 1970 membentuk Ritus Rom. <> John XXIII meneruskan reformasi secara beransur-ansur apa? || liturgi Rom <> Dia menerbitkan perubahan yang mengakibatkan apa? || 1962 Missal Roman <> Apa yang Pope Pius V menubuhkan pada tahun 1570? || Mass Tridentine <> Paus Benediktus XVI memberi kuasa terus menggunakan Mississippi Rom pada tahun berapa? || 2007 <> Bilakah ritus Rom dicipta? || 1970", {"context": "Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal, the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued use Pope Benedict XVI authorized in 2007, under the conditions indicated in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum. In response to the directives of the Second Vatican Council, later editions of the Roman Missal present the 1970 form of the Roman Rite.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "the Roman liturgy"}], "question": "John XXIII continued the gradual reform of what?", "id": "572804594b864d190016423a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "the 1962 Roman Missal"}], "question": "He published changes that resulted in what?", "id": "572804594b864d190016423b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "the Tridentine Mass"}], "question": "What did Pope Pius V establish in 1570?", "id": "572804594b864d190016423c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "2007"}], "question": "Pope Benedict XVI authorized continued use of the Roman Missal in what year?", "id": "572804594b864d190016423d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "1970"}], "question": "When was the Roman Rite created?", "id": "572804594b864d190016423e"}]}], ["Ramai telah menganggap Giovanni Battista Montini, Uskup Agung Milan, seorang calon yang mungkin, tetapi, walaupun dia adalah uskup salah satu yang paling kuno dan menonjol melihat di Itali, dia belum lagi menjadi kardinal. Walaupun ketiadaannya dari konklaf 1958 tidak menjadikannya tidak layak - di bawah Undang-undang Canon mana-mana lelaki Katolik yang mampu menerima pentahbisan imam dan penyucian episcopal boleh dipilih - Kolej Kardinal biasanya memilih pontif baru dari kalangan Kardinal yang mengetuai archdioceses atau jabatan-jabatan dari Curia Rom yang menghadiri konklaf kepausan. Pada masa itu, berbanding dengan amalan kontemporari, Kardinal yang mengambil bahagian tidak perlu berada di bawah umur 80 tahun untuk mengundi, terdapat beberapa Kardinal Kardinal dan tidak ada Kardinal yang hanya imam pada masa ketinggian mereka. <> Siapa Uskup Agung Milan? || Giovanni Battista Montini <> Pontiff baru dipilih daripada Kardinal yang mengetuai apa? || arkdioceses atau jabatan-jabatan dari Curia Rom <> Bilakah Montini tidak hadir dari konklaf itu? || 1958", {"context": "Many had considered Giovanni Battista Montini, the Archbishop of Milan, a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent sees in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal. Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible \u2013 under Canon Law any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected \u2013 the College of Cardinals usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who head archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia that attend the papal conclave. At the time, as opposed to contemporary practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals, and no Cardinals who were just priests at the time of their elevation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Giovanni Battista Montini"}], "question": "Who was the Archbishop of Milan?", "id": "5728022c4b864d19001641ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia"}], "question": "New pontiffs are chosen from Cardinals who head what?", "id": "5728022c4b864d19001641ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "1958"}], "question": "When was Montini absent from the conclave?", "id": "5728022c4b864d19001641f0"}]}], ["Jauh daripada menjadi paus \"stopgap\", untuk keseronokan yang hebat, John XXIII meminta majlis ekumenikal kurang dari sembilan puluh tahun selepas Majlis Vatikan Pertama (Vatican I yang terdahulu, Majlis Trent, telah diadakan pada abad ke-16). Keputusan ini diumumkan pada 29 Januari 1959 di Basilika Saint Paul Di Luar Tembok. Kardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, yang kemudiannya menjadi Paus Paul VI, berkata kepada Giulio Bevilacqua bahawa \"budak tua yang suci ini tidak menyadari sarang burung walet yang dia adakan\". Dari Majlis Vatikan Kedua, terdapat perubahan yang mengubah wajah Katolik: liturgi yang disemak secara menyeluruh, penekanan kuat terhadap ekumenisme, dan pendekatan baru kepada dunia. <> Apa yang dipanggil John XXIII? || majlis ekumenikal <> Bilakah keputusan yang dibuat untuk majlis ini? || 29 Januari 1959 <> Di mana keputusan dibuat untuk majlis ini? || Basilika Saint Paul Di Luar Tembok <> Siapa yang Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini kemudian menjadi? || Paus Paul VI", {"context": "Far from being a mere \"stopgap\" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that \"this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up\". From the Second Vatican Council came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism, and a new approach to the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "an ecumenical council"}], "question": "What did John XXIII call for?", "id": "572803713acd2414000df233"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "29 January 1959"}], "question": "When was the decision made for this council?", "id": "572803713acd2414000df234"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls"}], "question": "Where was the decision made for this council?", "id": "572803713acd2414000df235"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Pope Paul VI"}], "question": "Who did Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini later become?", "id": "572803713acd2414000df236"}]}], ["Sesi pertama berakhir pada majlis penuh pada 8 Disember 1962 dengan sesi berikutnya yang dijadualkan pada tahun 1963 dari 12 Mei hingga 29 Jun - ini diumumkan pada 12 November 1962. Pidato penutup Yohanes XXIII membuat rujukan yang halus kepada Paus Pius IX, dan dia telah menyatakan keinginan untuk melihat Pius IX dipukuli dan akhirnya dapat dinonisasi. Dalam jurnalnya pada tahun 1959 semasa pengunduran rohani, John XXIII membuat kenyataan ini: \"Saya sentiasa memikirkan Pius IX tentang kenangan suci dan mulia, dan dengan meniru beliau dalam pengorbanannya, saya ingin menjadi layak untuk meraikan kanonisasinya\". <> Upacara solat berakhir sesi pertama pada hari apa? || 8 Disember 1962 <> Bilakah sesi seterusnya dijadualkan? || 1963 dari 12 Mei hingga 29 Jun <> Bilakah sesi berikutnya diumumkan? || 12 November 1962 <> Siapa yang John XXIII ingin melihat kanonisasi? || Pope Pius IX", {"context": "The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June \u2013 this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: \"I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "8 December 1962"}], "question": "A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day?", "id": "572805304b864d1900164250"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "1963 from 12 May to 29 June"}], "question": "When was the next session scheduled?", "id": "572805304b864d1900164251"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "12 November 1962"}], "question": "When was the next session announced?", "id": "572805304b864d1900164252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Pope Pius IX"}], "question": "Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized?", "id": "572805304b864d1900164253"}]}], ["Pope John XXIII menawarkan untuk memeterai antara Presiden Amerika Syarikat John F. Kennedy dan Nikita Khrushchev semasa Krisis Peluru Berpandu Kuba pada bulan Oktober 1962. Kedua-dua lelaki itu memuji paus untuk komitmennya yang mendalam untuk damai. Khrushchev kemudiannya akan menghantar mesej melalui Norman Cousins dan surat itu menyatakan hasratnya yang terbaik untuk kesihatan pontif yang sakit. John XXIII secara peribadi menaip dan menghantar mesej kepadanya, mengucapkan terima kasih atas suratnya. Sementara itu, sepupu pergi ke New York City dan memastikan bahawa John akan menjadi 'Man of the Year' majalah Time. John XXIII menjadi Paus pertama untuk menerima gelaran, diikuti oleh John Paul II pada tahun 1994 dan Francis pada tahun 2013. <> John XXIII menawarkan untuk menengah antara siapa? || Presiden AS John F. Kennedy dan Nikita Khrushchev <> Bilakah Krisis Peluru Berpandu Kuba? || Oktober 1962 <> Yang menyatakan keinginan terbaik untuk kesihatan paus? || Nikita Khrushchev <> John XXIII menjadi paus pertama untuk menerima gelaran apa? || 'Man of the Year' majalah Time <<Siapa pope terkini untuk memegang gelaran 'Man of the Year?' || Francis", {"context": "Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'. John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev"}], "question": "John XXIII offered to mediate between who?", "id": "572805ad2ca10214002d9bc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "October 1962"}], "question": "When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?", "id": "572805ad2ca10214002d9bc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Nikita Khrushchev"}], "question": "Who expressed best wishes for the pope's health?", "id": "572805ad2ca10214002d9bc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'"}], "question": "John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title?", "id": "572805ad2ca10214002d9bc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Francis"}], "question": "Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?'", "id": "572805ad2ca10214002d9bc4"}]}], ["John XXIII adalah seorang advokat untuk hak asasi manusia yang termasuk orang yang belum lahir dan orang tua. Dia menulis tentang hak asasi manusia di dalamnya di Pacem di terris. Dia menulis, \"Manusia mempunyai hak untuk hidup. Dia mempunyai hak untuk berintegriti tubuh dan dengan cara yang diperlukan untuk pembangunan hidup yang betul, khususnya makanan, pakaian, tempat tinggal, perawatan medis, rehat, dan, akhirnya, layanan sosial yang diperlukan Oleh itu, dia mempunyai hak untuk dijaga sekiranya berlaku sakit, kecacatan yang berpunca dari karyanya, janda, usia tua, pengangguran yang dikuatkuasakan, atau apabila tidak ada kesalahannya sendiri, dia dilucutkan cara mencari nafkah. \" <> John XXIII adalah penyokong untuk apa? || hak asasi manusia <> Apa yang dia tulis tentang hak asasi manusia? || nya Pacem di terris <> Penglibatannya dari hak asasi manusia termasuk siapa? || yang belum lahir dan orang tua", {"context": "John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly. He wrote about human rights in his Pacem in terris. He wrote, \"Man has the right to live. He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services. In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "human rights"}], "question": "John XXIII was an advocate for what?", "id": "572803c6ff5b5019007d9af4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "his Pacem in terris"}], "question": "What did he write about human rights in?", "id": "572803c6ff5b5019007d9af5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "the unborn and the elderly"}], "question": "His advocacy from human rights included whom?", "id": "572803c6ff5b5019007d9af6"}]}], ["Pada 10 Mei 1963, John XXIII menerima Hadiah Balzan secara peribadi di Vatican tetapi membantah pencapaian dirinya kepada lima paus seumur hidupnya, Paus Leo XIII kepada Pius XII. Pada 11 Mei, Presiden Itali Antonio Segni secara rasmi dianugerahkan Pope John XXIII dengan Hadiah Balzan untuk pertunangannya untuk damai. Sewaktu di dalam kereta dalam perjalanan ke upacara rasmi, dia mengalami sakit perut yang besar tetapi berkeras untuk bertemu dengan Segni untuk menerima anugerah di Istana Quirinal, menolak untuk melakukannya dalam Vatikan. Dia menyatakan bahawa ia akan menjadi penghinaan untuk menghormati seorang pontif pada jenazah Saint Peter yang disalibkan. Ia adalah penampilan awam terakhir pope. <> John XXIII menerima hadiah apa pada 10 Mei 1963? || Balzan Prize <> Bilakah John XXIII menerima Hadiah Balzan? || 10 Mei 1963 <> Siapa yang secara rasmi dianugerahkan paus Balzan Prize? || Presiden Itali Antonio Segni <> Di manakah dia menerima Hadiah Balzan? || Istana Quirinal", {"context": "On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the Quirinal Palace, refusing to do so within the Vatican. He stated that it would have been an insult to honour a pontiff on the remains of the crucified Saint Peter. It was the pope's last public appearance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Balzan Prize"}], "question": "John XXIII received what prize on 10 May 1963?", "id": "572806282ca10214002d9bd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "10 May 1963"}], "question": "When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize?", "id": "572806282ca10214002d9bd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Italian President Antonio Segni"}], "question": "Who officially awarded the pope the Balzan Prize?", "id": "572806282ca10214002d9bda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "the Quirinal Palace"}], "question": "Where did he receive the Balzan Prize?", "id": "572806282ca10214002d9bdb"}]}], ["Roncalli telah dipanggil ke undi akhir konslave pada pukul 4:00 malam. Dia dipilih pope pada 4:30 petang dengan sejumlah 38 undi. Selepas pontifikat lama Paus Pius XII, para kardinal memilih seorang lelaki yang - dianggap sebagai usia lanjut - akan menjadi paus jangka pendek atau \"berhenti-jurang\". Mereka ingin memilih calon yang akan melakukan sedikit semasa pontificate baru. Selepas pemilihannya, Kardinal Eugene Tisserant memintanya soal ritual apakah dia akan menerima dan jika demikian, apa yang akan dia ambil untuk dirinya sendiri. Roncalli memberikan yang pertama banyak kejutan apabila dia memilih \"John\" sebagai nama regnalnya. Kata-kata tepat Roncalli adalah \"Saya akan dipanggil John\". Inilah kali pertama dalam lebih dari 500 tahun nama ini telah dipilih; Paus sebelumnya telah mengelakkan penggunaannya sejak zaman Antipope John XXIII semasa Schism Barat beberapa abad sebelum itu. <> Bilakah undi terakhir dari konklaf itu? || 4:00 petang <> Berapa banyak undian yang dia ada? || 38 undi <> Apa nama yang dipilih Roncalli? || John <> John bukan nama pilihan dalam berapa lama? || lebih 500 tahun <> Siapa yang terakhir memilih John? || Antipope John XXIII", {"context": "Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who \u2013 it was presumed because of his advanced age \u2013 would be a short-term or \"stop-gap\" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal Eugene Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose \"John\" as his regnal name. Roncalli's exact words were \"I will be called John\". This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "4:00 pm"}], "question": "When was the final ballot of the conclave?", "id": "572802ca3acd2414000df21f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "38 votes"}], "question": "How many votes did he have?", "id": "572802ca3acd2414000df220"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "John"}], "question": "What name did Roncalli choose?", "id": "572802ca3acd2414000df221"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "over 500 years"}], "question": "John had not been a chosen name in how long?", "id": "572802ca3acd2414000df222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 796, "text": "Antipope John XXIII"}], "question": "Who was the last to choose the name John?", "id": "572802ca3acd2414000df223"}]}], ["\"Pada 11 pagi Petrus Canisius Van Lierde sebagai Papal Sacristan berada di sebelah tempat tidur paus yang mati, bersedia untuk mengurapi dia. Paus mula bercakap untuk kali terakhir:\" Saya mempunyai rahmat besar untuk dilahirkan dalam keluarga Kristian, sederhana dan miskin, tetapi dengan takut kepada Tuhan. Masa saya di bumi semakin dekat. Tetapi Kristus hidup dan terus bekerja di Gereja. Van Lierde kemudian mengurapi matanya, telinga, mulut, tangan dan kakinya. Mengatasi emosi, Van Lierde melupakan urutan pengurapan yang betul. John XXIII dengan lembut membantunya sebelum membida mereka yang hadir Petualangan yang terakhir: <> Siapa yang berada di tempat tidur paus yang mati?> | Petrus Canisius Van Lierde <> Siapa Paus Sacristan untuk John XXIII? || Petrus Canisius Van Lierde <", {"context": "\"At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to anoint him. The pope began to speak for the very last time: \"I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. My time on earth is drawing to a close. But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church. Souls, souls, ut omnes unum sint.\"[c] Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet. Overcome by emotion, Van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing. John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Petrus Canisius Van Lierde"}], "question": "Who was at the dying pope's bedside?", "id": "572806fa2ca10214002d9be8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Petrus Canisius Van Lierde"}], "question": "Who was the Papal Sacristan for John XXIII?", "id": "572806fa2ca10214002d9be9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "11 am"}], "question": "When did the pope bid farewell?", "id": "572806fa2ca10214002d9bea"}]}], ["John XXIII meninggal akibat peritonitis yang disebabkan oleh perut yang berlubang pada jam 19:49 waktu tempatan pada 3 Jun 1963 pada usia 81, mengakhiri pontifikat bersejarah empat tahun dan tujuh bulan. Dia mati seperti Misa untuknya selesai di Dataran Saint Peter di bawah, disambut oleh Luigi Traglia. Setelah dia meninggal dunia, alisnya ditoreh untuk melihat apakah dia sudah mati, dan mereka yang bersamanya di dalam bilik berkata doa. Kemudian bilik itu diterangi, dengan itu memberitahu orang ramai tentang apa yang telah berlaku. Dia dikebumikan pada 6 Jun di gereja Vatican. Dua karangan bunga, ditempatkan di kedua-dua belah makamnya, disumbangkan oleh tahanan tahanan penjara Regina Coeli dan penjara Mantova di Verona. Pada 22 Jun 1963, satu hari selepas rakannya dan pengganti Paus Paul VI terpilih, yang terakhir berdoa di makamnya. <> Apakah John XXIII meninggal dunia? || peritonitis <> hari apa dia mati? || 3 Jun 1963 <> Berapa umur John XXIII selepas kematiannya? || 81 <> Siapa yang merayakan Misa untuk dia di dataran di bawah? || Luigi Traglia <> Hari apa dia dikebumikan? || 6 Jun", {"context": "John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months. He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by Luigi Traglia. After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers. Then the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened. He was buried on 6 June in the Vatican grottos. Two wreaths, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona. On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor Pope Paul VI was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "peritonitis"}], "question": "What did John XXIII die of?", "id": "572807672ca10214002d9bee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "3 June 1963"}], "question": "What day did he die?", "id": "572807672ca10214002d9bef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "81"}], "question": "How old was John XXIII upon his death?", "id": "572807672ca10214002d9bf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Luigi Traglia"}], "question": "Who celebrated his Mass for him in the square below?", "id": "572807672ca10214002d9bf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "6 June"}], "question": "What day was he buried?", "id": "572807672ca10214002d9bf2"}]}], ["Ulang tahun ke-50 kematiannya disambut pada 3 Jun 2013 oleh Paus Francis, yang melawat makamnya dan berdoa di sana, kemudian mengarahkan orang ramai berkumpul dan bercakap mengenai pope akhir. Orang yang berkumpul di kubur itu berasal dari Bergamo, provinsi di mana pope akhir datang. Sebulan kemudian, pada 5 Julai 2013, Francis meluluskan Paus Yohanes XXIII untuk kanonisasi, bersama dengan Paus John Paul II tanpa keajaiban kedua tradisional. Sebaliknya, Francis memikul keputusan ini mengenai merit Yohanes XXIII untuk Majlis Vatikan Kedua. Pada hari Ahad, 27 April 2014, John XXIII dan Paus Yohanes Paulus II diisytiharkan orang-orang kudus pada hari Ahad Merit Allah. <> Bilakah ulang tahun ke-50 kematiannya? || 3 Jun 2013 <> Siapa yang merayakan ulang tahun ke-50nya? || Pope Francis <> Di manakah orang berkumpul di kuburnya? || Bergamo <> Bilakah Francis meluluskan John XXIII untuk kanonisasi? || 5 Julai 2013 <> Pada tarikh apakah John XXIII dan Paus Yohanes Paulus II mengisytiharkan orang-orang kudus? || Ahad, 27 April 2014", {"context": "The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with Pope John Paul II without the traditional second miracle required. Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council. On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on Divine Mercy Sunday.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "3 June 2013"}], "question": "When was the 50th anniversary of his death?", "id": "572808cd2ca10214002d9c1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Pope Francis"}], "question": "Who celebrated his 50th anniversary?", "id": "572808cd2ca10214002d9c1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Bergamo"}], "question": "Where were the people gathered at his tomb from?", "id": "572808cd2ca10214002d9c20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "5 July 2013"}], "question": "When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization?", "id": "572808cd2ca10214002d9c21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "Sunday, 27 April 2014"}], "question": "On what date was John XXIII and Pope John Paul II declared saints?", "id": "572808cd2ca10214002d9c22"}]}], ["Dia dikenali sebagai \"Pope John Baik\". Penyebabnya untuk kanonisasi dibuka di bawah Paus Paul VI semasa sesi terakhir Majlis Vatikan Kedua pada 18 November 1965, bersama dengan punca Pope Pius XII. Pada 3 September 2000, John XXIII diisytiharkan sebagai \"Diberkati\" bersama Paus Pius IX oleh Paus John Paul II, langkah terakhir di jalan menuju kesucian selepas keajaiban menyembuhkan seorang wanita yang sakit ditemui. Dia adalah paus pertama sejak Paus Pius X menerima penghormatan ini. Berikutan pemukulannya, mayatnya dipindahkan dari tempat pengkebumian asalnya di gua-gua di bawah Vatikan ke mezbah St. Jerome dan dipamerkan untuk penghormatan orang-orang yang setia. Apa yang dia juga dikenali sebagai? || Paus Yohanes yang baik <Siapa yang membuka penyebabnya untuk kanonisasi? || Paus Paul VI <> Kapan Paus Yohanes XXIII dianggap \"diberkati?\" || 3 September 2000 <> Siapa yang menyatakannya \"diberkati?\" || Paus Yohanes Paulus II <> Siapa paus terakhir sebelum John XXIII menerima gelaran? || Pope Pius X", {"context": "He was known affectionately as \"Good Pope John\". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared \"Blessed\" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St. Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Good Pope John"}], "question": "What was he also known as?", "id": "572808403acd2414000df2cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Pope Paul VI"}], "question": "Who opened his cause for canonization?", "id": "572808403acd2414000df2cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "3 September 2000"}], "question": "When was Pope John XXIII considered \"blessed?\"", "id": "572808403acd2414000df2cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Pope John Paul II"}], "question": "Who declared him \"blessed?\"", "id": "572808403acd2414000df2ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Pope Pius X"}], "question": "Who was the last pope before John XXIII to receive the title?", "id": "572808403acd2414000df2cf"}]}], ["Pada 3 Disember 1963, Presiden Amerika Syarikat, Lyndon B. Johnson menganugerahkan beliau sebagai Pingat Kebebasan Presiden, anugerah awam tertinggi Amerika Syarikat, sebagai pengiktirafan hubungan baik antara Paus Yohanes XXIII dan Amerika Syarikat. Dalam ucapannya pada 6 Disember 1963, Johnson berkata: \"Saya juga bertekad untuk memberikan Pingat Presiden Kemerdekaan ke atas seorang lelaki mulia yang kematiannya kami berduka 6 bulan yang lalu: Kesuciannya, Paus Yohanes XXIII. , kepercayaan sederhana, amal mudah, di pejabat tinggi ini, dia masih menjadi pendeta lembut, percaya pada perbincangan dan persuasi, dia sangat menghormati martabat manusia, memberikan pernyataan abadi dunia hak-hak manusia, kewajiban laki-laki antara satu sama lain, kewajipan mereka untuk berusaha untuk masyarakat dunia di mana semua boleh hidup dalam persahabatan damai dan persaudaraan. Kebaikannya merentasi sempadan temporal untuk menghangatkan hati manusia dari semua bangsa dan semua agama \". <> Siapa yang dianugerahkan pingat Presiden Perdamaian? || Presiden AS Lyndon B. Johnson <> Bilakah Presiden Johnson menganugerahkannya? || 3 Disember 1963 <> Apakah Freedom of Presidential Medal? || anugerah awam tertinggi Amerika Syarikat <> Ketika ucapan Presiden Johnson untuk John XXIII? || 6 Disember 1963", {"context": "On 3 December 1963, US President Lyndon B. Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America. In his speech on 6 December 1963, Johnson said: \"I have also determined to confer the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously on another noble man whose death we mourned 6 months ago: His Holiness, Pope John XXIII. He was a man of simple origins, of simple faith, of simple charity. In this exalted office he was still the gentle pastor. He believed in discussion and persuasion. He profoundly respected the dignity of man. He gave the world immortal statements of the rights of man, of the obligations of men to each other, of their duty to strive for a world community in which all can live in peace and fraternal friendship. His goodness reached across temporal boundaries to warm the hearts of men of all nations and of all faiths\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "US President Lyndon B. Johnson"}], "question": "Who posthumously awarded his the Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "id": "572807c9ff5b5019007d9b5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "3 December 1963"}], "question": "When did President Johnson award him?", "id": "572807c9ff5b5019007d9b5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "the United States' highest civilian award"}], "question": "What is the Presidential Medal Freedom?", "id": "572807c9ff5b5019007d9b5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "6 December 1963"}], "question": "When was President Johnson's speech for John XXIII?", "id": "572807c9ff5b5019007d9b5f"}]}]], [["Dua sudut pandang yang berbeza pada masa membahagikan banyak ahli falsafah yang terkenal. Satu pandangan ialah masa itu adalah sebahagian daripada struktur asas alam semesta-dimensi bebas daripada peristiwa-peristiwa, di mana peristiwa berlaku dalam urutan. Sir Isaac Newton melanggan pandangan realis ini, dan oleh itu ia kadang-kadang dirujuk sebagai masa Newtonian. Pandangan yang bertentangan adalah masa itu tidak merujuk kepada apa-apa jenis \"kontena\" yang berlaku dan benda \"bergerak\", atau kepada mana-mana entiti yang \"mengalir\", tetapi ia bukan sebahagian daripada struktur intelektual asas (bersama dengan ruang dan nombor) di mana manusia menyusun dan membandingkan peristiwa. Pandangan kedua ini, dalam tradisi Gottfried Leibniz dan Immanuel Kant, memegang masa itu bukan satu peristiwa atau sesuatu, dan dengan itu tidak dapat diukur dan tidak dapat dijalani. <> Menurut salah satu sudut pandangan utama masa, masa adalah sebahagian daripada struktur asas apa? || alam semesta <> Pandangan realis waktu kadang-kadang disebut sebagai apa? || Newtonian time <> Apa pandangan masa lawan percaya masa adalah sebahagian daripada? || struktur intelektual asas", {"context": "Two contrasting viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe\u2014a dimension independent of events, in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. The opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of \"container\" that events and objects \"move through\", nor to any entity that \"flows\", but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure (together with space and number) within which humans sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition of Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant, holds that time is neither an event nor a thing, and thus is not itself measurable nor can it be travelled.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "the universe"}], "question": "According to one of the main viewpoints of time, time is part of the fundamental structure of what?", "id": "5727f4402ca10214002d9a2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Newtonian time"}], "question": "The realist view of time is sometimes referred to as what?", "id": "5727f4402ca10214002d9a2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "a fundamental intellectual structure"}], "question": "What does the opposing view of time believe time is a part of?", "id": "5727f4402ca10214002d9a2e"}]}], ["Alat pengawasan yang paling tepat di dunia kuno adalah jam air, atau clepsydra, salah satunya ditemui di makam firaun Mesir Amenhotep I (1525-1504 SM). Mereka boleh digunakan untuk mengukur jam walaupun pada waktu malam, tetapi memerlukan pemeliharaan manual untuk menambah aliran air. Orang-orang Yunani Kuno dan orang-orang dari Chaldea (tenggara Mesopotamia) sentiasa memelihara rekod pencapaian masa sebagai sebahagian penting dari pemerhatian astronomi mereka. Pencipta dan jurutera Arab khususnya membuat penambahbaikan terhadap penggunaan jam air sehingga Abad Pertengahan. Pada abad ke-11, pencipta dan jurutera Cina mencipta jam mekanikal pertama yang didorong oleh mekanisme pelarian. <> Apakah peranti jam seperti yang paling tepat di dunia kuno? || jam air, atau clepsydra <> Sebuah clepsyrda ditemui di makam yang mana Firaun? || Firaun Mesir Amenhotep <> Pencipta yang membuat penambahbaikan penting pada jam air sehingga Zaman Pertengahan? || Pencipta Arab <> Jurutera mana yang datang dengan jam mekanikal yang pertama? || Cina <> Kapan jam mekanikal pertama dibuat? || abad ke-11", {"context": "The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock, or clepsydra, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525\u20131504 BC). They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The Ancient Greeks and the people from Chaldea (southeastern Mesopotamia) regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations. Arab inventors and engineers in particular made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages. In the 11th century, Chinese inventors and engineers invented the first mechanical clocks driven by an escapement mechanism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the water clock, or clepsydra"}], "question": "What was the most accurate clock-like device in the ancient world?", "id": "5727fc1f3acd2414000df17b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep"}], "question": "A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Pharaoh?", "id": "5727fc1f3acd2414000df17c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Arab inventors"}], "question": "Which inventors made significant improvements on the water clock up until the Middle Ages?", "id": "5727fc1f3acd2414000df17d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Chinese"}], "question": "Which engineers came up with the first mechanical clocks?", "id": "5727fc1f3acd2414000df17e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "the 11th century"}], "question": "When were the first mechanical clocks created?", "id": "5727fc1f3acd2414000df17f"}]}], ["Pengukuran temporal telah menduduki saintis dan ahli teknologi, dan merupakan motivasi utama navigasi dan astronomi. Peristiwa berkala dan gerakan berkala telah lama menjadi standard bagi unit masa. Contohnya termasuk pergerakan matahari yang melintasi langit, fasa bulan, ayunan pendulum, dan sentuhan hati. Pada masa ini, unit masa antarabangsa, yang kedua, ditakrifkan dengan mengukur kekerapan peralihan elektronik atom caesium (lihat di bawah). Masa juga penting dalam kepentingan sosial, yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi (\"masa adalah wang\") serta nilai peribadi, kerana kesedaran tentang masa yang terhad dalam setiap hari dan dalam kehidupan manusia. <> Apa yang menjadi motivasi utama dalam astronomi dan navigasi? || Pengukuran temporal <> Peristiwa berkala dan gerakan berkala telah berkhidmat sebagai piawaian untuk apa? || Peristiwa berkala dan gerakan berkala <> Apakah unit masa semasa antarabangsa? || yang kedua <> Kekerapan peralihan elektronik di mana unsur mentakrifkan kedua? || atom cesium <> Masa mempunyai nilai peribadi kerana kesedaran sifatnya terhad dalam apa? || setiap hari dan dalam kehidupan manusia", {"context": "Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the beat of a heart. Currently, the international unit of time, the second, is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms (see below). Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value (\"time is money\") as well as personal value, due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Temporal measurement"}], "question": "What has been a prime motivation in astronomy and navigation?", "id": "5727f940ff5b5019007d99a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Periodic events and periodic motion"}], "question": "Periodic events and periodic motion have served as standards for what?", "id": "5727f940ff5b5019007d99a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "the second"}], "question": "What is the current international unit of time?", "id": "5727f940ff5b5019007d99a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "caesium atoms"}], "question": "The electronic transition frequency of which element defines the second?", "id": "5727f940ff5b5019007d99a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "each day and in human life spans"}], "question": "Time has personal value due to awareness of it's limited nature in what?", "id": "5727f940ff5b5019007d99a4"}]}], ["Pengukuran temporal, kronometri, mengambil dua bentuk tempoh yang berbeza: kalender, alat matematik untuk mengatur selang waktu, dan jam, mekanisme fizikal yang menghitung peralihan masa. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, jam dirujuk untuk tempoh kurang dari satu hari manakala kalendar dirujuk untuk tempoh lebih lama daripada sehari. Semakin banyak, peranti elektronik peribadi memaparkan kedua-dua kalendar dan jam secara serentak. Nombor (seperti pada dail jam atau kalendar) yang menandakan berlakunya kejadian tertentu sejam atau tarikh diperolehi dengan menghitung dari zaman fiducial-titik rujukan pusat. <> Apakah alat matematik yang digunakan untuk mengatur selang masa? || kalendar <> Apakah alat fizikal yang menjejaki peredaran masa? || jam <> Alat manakah yang digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian? || jam <> Alat manakah yang digunakan dalam tempoh lebih lama daripada sehari? || kalendar <> Bagaimanakah nombor yang menandakan berlakunya peristiwa yang diperoleh? || dengan menghitung dari zaman fiducial-titik rujukan utama", {"context": "Temporal measurement, chronometry, takes two distinct period forms: the calendar, a mathematical tool for organizing intervals of time, and the clock, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consulted for periods longer than a day. Increasingly, personal electronic devices display both calendars and clocks simultaneously. The number (as on a clock dial or calendar) that marks the occurrence of a specified event as to hour or date is obtained by counting from a fiducial epoch\u2014a central reference point.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "the calendar"}], "question": "What is a mathematical tool used for organizing intervals of time?", "id": "5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "the clock"}], "question": "What is a physical tool that tracks the passage of time?", "id": "5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "the clock"}], "question": "Which tool is used in day to day life?", "id": "5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "the calendar"}], "question": "Which tool is used in periods longer than a day?", "id": "5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "by counting from a fiducial epoch\u2014a central reference point"}], "question": "How is the number that marks the occurrence of an event obtained?", "id": "5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b8"}]}], ["Artifak dari Paleolitik mencadangkan bahawa bulan digunakan untuk mengira masa seawal 6,000 tahun yang lalu. Kalender lunar adalah antara yang pertama muncul, sama ada 12 atau 13 bulan lunar (sama ada 354 atau 384 hari). Tanpa interkalasi untuk menambah hari atau bulan hingga beberapa tahun, musim dengan cepat hanyut dalam kalendar hanya berdasarkan dua belas bulan lunar. Kalendar Lunisolar mempunyai bulan ke-13 yang ditambah beberapa tahun untuk membuat perbezaan antara satu tahun penuh (kini diketahui kira-kira 365,24 hari) dan setahun hanya dua belas bulan lunar. Angka-angka dua belas dan tiga belas datang dengan ciri-ciri yang menonjol di banyak budaya, sekurang-kurangnya sebagian disebabkan oleh hubungan bulan-bulan hingga tahun ini. Bentuk kalendar awal yang lain berasal dari Mesoamerika, khususnya dalam tamadun Maya kuno. Kalendar ini adalah berdasarkan agama dan astronomi, dengan 18 bulan dalam setahun dan 20 hari dalam sebulan. <> Artifak dari zaman mana menunjukkan bahawa bulan itu digunakan untuk mengira masa sekitar 6,000 tahun yang lalu? || Paleolitik <> Kalender mana yang pertama muncul? || Kalendar kalendar <> Berapa lama kalendar lunar asal? || sama ada 12 atau 13 bulan lunar (sama ada 354 atau 384 hari) <> Di manakah beberapa bentuk awal kalendar awal? || Mesoamerica <> Berapa bulan dalam setahun dalam kalendar Maya yang asli? || 18", {"context": "Artifacts from the Paleolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago. Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar based solely on twelve lunar months. Lunisolar calendars have a thirteenth month added to some years to make up for the difference between a full year (now known to be about 365.24 days) and a year of just twelve lunar months. The numbers twelve and thirteen came to feature prominently in many cultures, at least partly due to this relationship of months to years. Other early forms of calendars originated in Mesoamerica, particularly in ancient Mayan civilization. These calendars were religiously and astronomically based, with 18 months in a year and 20 days in a month.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "the Paleolithic"}], "question": "Artifacts from which era suggest that the moon was used to reckon time around 6,000 years ago?", "id": "5727fb093acd2414000df15b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Lunar calendars"}], "question": "Which calendars were among the first to appear?", "id": "5727fb093acd2414000df15c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days)"}], "question": "How long were the original lunar calendars?", "id": "5727fb093acd2414000df15d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "Mesoamerica"}], "question": "Where did some of the other early forms of calendars originate?", "id": "5727fb093acd2414000df15e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many months were in a year in the original Mayan calendars?", "id": "5727fb093acd2414000df15f"}]}], ["Peranti timekeeping yang paling tepat adalah jam atom, yang tepat untuk beberapa saat dalam berjuta-juta tahun, dan digunakan untuk menentukur jam dan instrumen timekeeping yang lain. Jam atom menggunakan kekerapan peralihan elektronik dalam atom-atom tertentu untuk mengukur kedua. Salah satu atom yang paling biasa digunakan adalah cesium, jam atom yang paling moden menyiasat sesium dengan gelombang mikro untuk menentukan frekuensi getaran elektron ini. Sejak tahun 1967, Sistem Pengukuran Antarabangsa mengasaskan unit masanya, yang kedua, mengenai sifat-sifat atom caesium. SI mentakrifkan kedua sebagai 9,192,631,770 kitaran sinaran yang sepadan dengan peralihan antara dua peringkat tenaga spin elektron bagi keadaan dasar atom 133Cs. <> Alat pengawasan mana yang paling tepat? || jam atom <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan jam atom untuk mengukur saat? || kekerapan peralihan elektronik dalam atom-atom tertentu <> Sistem mana yang mendasakan unit masanya pada sifat-sifat sesium? || Sistem Pengukuran Antarabangsa <> Berapa lama Sistem Pengukuran Antarabangsa berdasarkan yang kedua pada sesium? || Sejak tahun 1967", {"context": "The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atoms used is caesium, most modern atomic clocks probe caesium with microwaves to determine the frequency of these electron vibrations. Since 1967, the International System of Measurements bases its unit of time, the second, on the properties of caesium atoms. SI defines the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation that corresponds to the transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground state of the 133Cs atom.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "atomic clocks"}], "question": "Which timekeeping devices are the most accurate?", "id": "5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms"}], "question": "What method do atomic clocks use to measure seconds?", "id": "5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "the International System of Measurements"}], "question": "Which system bases its unit of time on the properties of caesium?", "id": "5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Since 1967"}], "question": "How long has the International System of Measurements based the second on caesium?", "id": "5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a59"}]}], ["Masa Berasaskan Greenwich (GMT) adalah piawai yang lebih tua, yang diguna pakai bermula dengan kereta api British pada tahun 1847. Menggunakan teleskop bukan jam atom, GMT telah dikalibrasi ke waktu matahari rata di Balai Cerap Diraja, Greenwich di UK. Universal Time (UT) adalah istilah moden untuk sistem teleskop antarabangsa yang diguna pakai untuk menggantikan \"Greenwich Mean Time\" pada tahun 1928 oleh Kesatuan Astronomi Antarabangsa. Pemerhatian di Balai Cerap Greenwich itu sendiri berhenti pada tahun 1954, walaupun lokasi itu masih digunakan sebagai asas untuk sistem koordinat. Kerana tempoh rotasi bumi tidak tetap, tempoh masa sesaat akan berbeza-beza jika dikalibrasi kepada standard berasaskan teleskop seperti GMT atau UT-yang mana satu detik ditakrifkan sebagai sebahagian kecil daripada satu hari atau tahun. Istilah \"GMT\" dan \"Greenwich Mean Time\" kadang-kadang digunakan secara tidak rasmi untuk merujuk kepada UT atau UTC. <> Yang standard masa bermula dengan British Railways? || Masa Minuman Greenwich <> Bilakah GMT diterima pakai oleh British Railways? || 1847 <> GMT menggunakan apa yang bukan jam atom? || teleskop <> Bilakah pemerhatian di Observatori Greenwich terhenti? || 1954 <> Istilah GMT dan Greenwich Mean Time juga digunakan secara tidak rasmi untuk merujuk kepada apa? || UT atau UTC", {"context": "Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based system, adopted to replace \"Greenwich Mean Time\" in 1928 by the International Astronomical Union. Observations at the Greenwich Observatory itself ceased in 1954, though the location is still used as the basis for the coordinate system. Because the rotational period of Earth is not perfectly constant, the duration of a second would vary if calibrated to a telescope-based standard like GMT or UT\u2014in which a second was defined as a fraction of a day or year. The terms \"GMT\" and \"Greenwich Mean Time\" are sometimes used informally to refer to UT or UTC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Greenwich Mean Time"}], "question": "Which standard of time started with British Railways?", "id": "5727feae3acd2414000df197"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1847"}], "question": "When was GMT adopted by British Railways?", "id": "5727feae3acd2414000df198"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "telescopes"}], "question": "GMT used what instead of atomic clocks?", "id": "5727feae3acd2414000df199"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "1954"}], "question": "When did observations at the Greenwich Observatory cease?", "id": "5727feae3acd2414000df19a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 849, "text": "UT or UTC"}], "question": "The terms GMT and Greenwich Mean Time are also used informally to refer to what?", "id": "5727feae3acd2414000df19b"}]}], ["Masa adalah salah satu daripada tujuh kuantiti fizikal asas di dalam Sistem Unit Antarabangsa dan Sistem Kuantiti Antarabangsa. Masa digunakan untuk menentukan kuantiti lain-seperti halaju-sehingga masa penentuan dari segi kuantiti tersebut akan menghasilkan peredaran definisi. Takrif operasi masa, di mana seseorang mengatakan bahawa memerhatikan sebilangan pengulangan satu atau satu lagi peristiwa kitaran standard (seperti peredaran pendulum bebas swing) membentuk satu unit standard seperti yang kedua, sangat berguna dalam tingkah laku daripada kedua-dua eksperimen lanjutan dan urusan kehidupan sehari-hari. Takrifan operasi meninggalkan soalan jika ada sesuatu yang dipanggil masa, selain dari aktiviti pengiraan yang disebutkan, aliran itu dan yang dapat diukur. Siasatan kontinum tunggal yang dipanggil ruang masa membawa soalan tentang ruang kepada soalan mengenai masa, soalan yang mempunyai akarnya dalam kerja-kerja pelajar awal falsafah semula jadi. <> Masa adalah salah satu daripada berapa banyak jumlah fizikal asas? || tujuh <> Masa adalah salah satu daripada jumlah fizikal asas di mana dua sistem? || Sistem Antarabangsa Unit dan Sistem Kuantiti Antarabangsa <> Apakah contoh kuantiti masa yang digunakan untuk menentukan, disebutkan dalam perenggan? || halaju <> Penyiasatan apa yang membawa persoalan ruang ke dalam soalan mengenai masa? || satu kontinum tunggal dipanggil ruang masa", {"context": "Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units and International System of Quantities. Time is used to define other quantities\u2014such as velocity\u2014so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition. An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured. Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring questions about space into questions about time, questions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural philosophy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "seven"}], "question": "Time is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?", "id": "5727f6982ca10214002d9a56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "the International System of Units and International System of Quantities"}], "question": "Time is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?", "id": "5727f6982ca10214002d9a57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "velocity"}], "question": "What is an example of a quantity that time is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?", "id": "5727f6982ca10214002d9a58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 813, "text": "a single continuum called spacetime"}], "question": "Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about time?", "id": "5727f6982ca10214002d9a59"}]}], ["Masa telah lama menjadi subjek kajian utama dalam agama, falsafah, dan sains, tetapi mendefinisikannya dengan cara yang digunakan untuk semua bidang tanpa lingkaran telah secara konsisten menghindarkan para ulama. Walau bagaimanapun, pelbagai bidang seperti perniagaan, industri, sukan, sains, dan seni persembahan semuanya menggabungkan beberapa tanggapan masa ke dalam sistem pengukur masing-masing. Sesetengah definisi masa mudah termasuk \"masa adalah apa yang diukur jam\", yang merupakan definisi yang tidak jelas dan definisi diri yang menggunakan peranti yang digunakan untuk mengukur subjek sebagai definisi subjek, dan \"masa adalah apa yang menyimpan segala sesuatu daripada berlaku di sekali \", yang tanpa makna substansif jika tiada definisi kesamaan dalam konteks batasan sensasi manusia, pemerhatian peristiwa, dan persepsi tentang peristiwa sedemikian. <> Masa telah lama menjadi titik pengajaran utama dalam bidang mana? || agama, falsafah, dan sains <> Bidang seperti perniagaan, industri, sukan, sains, dan seni persembahan menggabungkan beberapa pendapat mengenai apa yang masuk ke dalam sistem pengukuran mereka? || masa <> Apakah contoh definisi masa yang mudah? || masa adalah jam yang mengukur", {"context": "Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems. Some simple definitions of time include \"time is what clocks measure\", which is a problematically vague and self-referential definition that utilizes the device used to measure the subject as the definition of the subject, and \"time is what keeps everything from happening at once\", which is without substantive meaning in the absence of the definition of simultaneity in the context of the limitations of human sensation, observation of events, and the perception of such events.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "religion, philosophy, and science"}], "question": "Time has long been a major point of study in which fields?", "id": "5727f2e6ff5b5019007d9904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "time"}], "question": "Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their measuring systems?", "id": "5727f2e6ff5b5019007d9905"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "time is what clocks measure"}], "question": "What is an example of a simple definition of time?", "id": "5727f2e6ff5b5019007d9906"}]}], ["Hourglass menggunakan aliran pasir untuk mengukur aliran waktu. Mereka digunakan dalam navigasi. Ferdinand Magellan menggunakan 18 gelas pada setiap kapal untuk pengembaraannya di seluruh dunia (1522). Kayu arca dan lilin adalah, dan biasanya digunakan untuk mengukur masa di kuil dan gereja di seluruh dunia. Waterclocks, dan kemudiannya, jam mekanikal, digunakan untuk menandakan kejadian biara dan biara Zaman Pertengahan. Richard of Wallingford (1292-1336), abbot dari Abbey St. Alban, terkenal membina jam mekanikal sebagai orbit astronomi sekitar 1330. Kemajuan besar dalam penjagaan masa yang tepat dibuat oleh Galileo Galilei dan terutama Christiaan Huygens dengan penemuan pendulum digerakkan jam bersama dengan penemuan tangan oleh Jost Burgi. <> Alat mana yang menggunakan aliran pasir untuk mengukur masa? || Hourglass <> Berapa banyak jam cermin yang digunakan Magellan pada setiap kapal semasa pelayarannya yang terkenal di seluruh dunia? || 18 <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan oleh kuil dan gereja untuk mengukur waktu? || Kayu kayu dan lilin <> Abbot di mana abbey St. Alban membina jam mekanikal sekitar 1330? || Richard of Wallingford <> Siapa yang dikreditkan dengan ciptaan tangan seminit itu? || Jost Burgi.", {"context": "The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. Richard of Wallingford (1292\u20131336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330. Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The hourglass"}], "question": "Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time?", "id": "5727fcf24b864d190016416a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?", "id": "5727fcf24b864d190016416b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Incense sticks and candles"}], "question": "What method did temples and churches use to measure time?", "id": "5727fcf24b864d190016416c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Richard of Wallingford"}], "question": "Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330?", "id": "5727fcf24b864d190016416d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "Jost Burgi."}], "question": "Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand?", "id": "5727fcf24b864d190016416e"}]}], ["Dalam Kitab 11 Pengakuannya, St. Augustine dari Hippo mengumandangkan sifat waktu, bertanya, \"Apa masa itu? Jika tidak ada yang bertanya kepada saya, saya tahu: jika saya ingin menjelaskannya kepada orang yang bertanya, saya tidak tahu . \" Dia mula menentukan masa dengan apa yang bukan bukannya, pendekatan yang serupa dengan yang diambil dalam definisi negatif yang lain. Walau bagaimanapun, Augustine akhirnya menamakan masa \"pengaburan\" minda (Confessions 11.26) yang mana kita secara serentak memahami masa lalu dalam ingatan, sekarang dengan perhatian, dan masa depan dengan harapan. <> Siapa yang mengulas sifat masa dalam Buku 11 pengakuannya? || St. Augustine of Hippo <> Dengan apa yang St. Augustine of Hippo mula menentukan masa? || oleh apa yang bukan bukan apa itu <> Apa masa panggilan Augustine dalam Confessions 11.26? || suatu \"pengabaian\" minda", {"context": "In Book 11 of his Confessions, St. Augustine of Hippo ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is, an approach similar to that taken in other negative definitions. However, Augustine ends up calling time a \u201cdistention\u201d of the mind (Confessions 11.26) by which we simultaneously grasp the past in memory, the present by attention, and the future by expectation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "St. Augustine of Hippo"}], "question": "Who commented on the nature of time in Book 11 of his confessions?", "id": "572803422ca10214002d9b74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "by what it is not rather than what it is"}], "question": "By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define time?", "id": "572803422ca10214002d9b75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "a \u201cdistention\u201d of the mind"}], "question": "What does Augustine call time in Confessions 11.26?", "id": "572803422ca10214002d9b76"}]}], ["Dalam mekanik klasik yang tidak relativistik, konsep Newton tentang \"masa relatif, nyata, dan biasa\" boleh digunakan dalam perumusan preskripsi untuk penyegerakan jam. Peristiwa yang dilihat oleh dua pemerhati yang berbeza bergerak dalam hubungan antara satu sama lain menghasilkan konsep masa matematik yang berfungsi dengan baik untuk menggambarkan fenomena setiap hari pengalaman kebanyakan orang. Pada akhir abad kesembilan belas, ahli fizik menghadapi masalah dengan pemahaman klasik tentang masa, berkaitan dengan tingkah laku elektrik dan kemagnetan. Einstein menyelesaikan masalah ini dengan menggunakan kaedah menyegerakkan jam menggunakan kelajuan cahaya malar dan terhingga sebagai halaju isyarat maksimum. Ini membawa langsung kepada hasil yang pemerhati bergerak dalam hubungan dengan satu sama lain mengukur masa berlalu yang berlainan untuk peristiwa yang sama. <> Apa konsep Newtonian boleh digunakan dalam perumusan idea untuk penyegerakan jam? || konsep \"relatif, jelas, dan masa yang sama\" <> Dalam abad mana ahli fizik menghadapi masalah dengan pemahaman masa? || akhir abad kesembilan belas <> Tingkah laku yang mana dua fenomena menyebabkan ahli fizik menghadapi masalah dengan pemahaman mereka mengenai masa di akhir abad ke-19? || tingkah laku elektrik dan daya tarikan <> Yang saintis terkenal yang telah menyelesaikan masalah ini? || Einstein", {"context": "In non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of \"relative, apparent, and common time\" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "concept of \"relative, apparent, and common time\""}], "question": "What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks?", "id": "572809fd4b864d19001642c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "the late nineteenth century"}], "question": "In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time?", "id": "572809fd4b864d19001642c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "the behavior of electricity and magnetism"}], "question": "The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century?", "id": "572809fd4b864d19001642c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Einstein"}], "question": "Which famous scientist resolved these issues?", "id": "572809fd4b864d19001642c5"}]}], ["The Vedas, teks terawal mengenai filsafat India dan falsafah Hindu sejak awal abad ke-2 SM, menggambarkan kosmologi Hindu purba, di mana alam semesta meneruskan kitar semula, pembinasaan dan kelahiran semula berulang, dengan setiap kitaran yang berkekalan 4,320 juta tahun. Ahli falsafah Yunani kuno, termasuk Parmenides dan Heraclitus, menulis esai mengenai sifat masa. Plato, di Timaeus, mengenal pasti masa dengan tempoh pergerakan badan-badan surgawi. Aristotle, dalam Buku IV masa Physicanya ditakrifkan sebagai 'bilangan pergerakan yang berkaitan dengan sebelum dan selepas'. <> Apakah ayat-ayat terawal falsafah India / Hindu? || The Vedas <> Berapa lama dahulu adalah teks terawal falsafah India / Hindu bertarikh? || kembali ke alaf ke-2 SM <> Berapa lamakah setiap kitaran kelahiran dan pemusnahan alam semesta berlangsung mengikut teks-teks Hindu Kuno? || 4,320 juta tahun <> Para ahli falsafah Yunani kuno yang menulis esai mengenai konsep masa? || Parmenides dan Heraclitus <> Aristotle menentukan masa sebagai \"bilangan pergerakan berkenaan dengan sebelum dan selepas\" dalam buku mana? || Buku IV fiziknya", {"context": "The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time. Plato, in the Timaeus, identified time with the period of motion of the heavenly bodies. Aristotle, in Book IV of his Physica defined time as 'number of movement in respect of the before and after'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Vedas"}], "question": "What are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy?", "id": "5728009a2ca10214002d9b1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "back to the late 2nd millennium BC"}], "question": "How long ago are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy dated?", "id": "5728009a2ca10214002d9b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "4,320 million years"}], "question": "How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Hindu texts?", "id": "5728009a2ca10214002d9b1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Parmenides and Heraclitus"}], "question": "Which ancient Greek philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time?", "id": "5728009a2ca10214002d9b1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Book IV of his Physica"}], "question": "Aristotle defined time as \"number of movement in respect of the before and after\" in which book?", "id": "5728009a2ca10214002d9b20"}]}], ["Dua sudut pandangan yang berbeza pada masa membahagikan banyak ahli falsafah yang terkenal. Satu pandangan ialah masa itu adalah sebahagian daripada struktur asas alam semesta, satu dimensi di mana peristiwa berlaku dalam urutan. Sir Isaac Newton melanggan pandangan realis ini, dan oleh itu ia kadang-kadang dirujuk sebagai masa Newtonian. Pandangan yang bertentangan adalah bahawa masa tidak merujuk kepada apa-apa jenis dimensi yang sedia ada yang peristiwa dan objek \"bergerak\", atau kepada entiti mana-mana yang \"mengalir\", tetapi ia bukan konsep intelektual (bersama-sama dengan ruang dan nombor) membolehkan manusia menyusun dan membandingkan peristiwa. Pandangan kedua ini, dalam tradisi Gottfried Leibniz dan Immanuel Kant, memegang ruang dan masa \"tidak wujud dan mereka sendiri, tetapi ... adalah hasil daripada cara kita mewakili sesuatu\", kerana kita dapat mengetahui objek hanya sebagai mereka kelihatan kepada kami. <> Berapa banyak sudut pandang utama membahagikan banyak ahli falsafah? || Dua <> pandangan realis menyatakan bahawa masa adalah sebahagian daripada struktur asas apa? || alam semesta <> Pandangan realis kadang-kadang disebut sebagai apa? || Newtonian time <> Pandangan yang menentang menyatakan bahawa masa adalah konsep intelektual yang membolehkan orang untuk apa? || untuk menjejaki dan membandingkan peristiwa", {"context": "Two distinct viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. An opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of actually existing dimension that events and objects \"move through\", nor to any entity that \"flows\", but that it is instead an intellectual concept (together with space and number) that enables humans to sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition of Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant, holds that space and time \"do not exist in and of themselves, but ... are the product of the way we represent things\", because we can know objects only as they appear to us.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many main viewpoints divide many philosophers?", "id": "5727ffab3acd2414000df1c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "the universe"}], "question": "The realist view states that time is part of the fundamental structure of what?", "id": "5727ffab3acd2414000df1c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Newtonian time"}], "question": "The realist view is sometimes referred to as what?", "id": "5727ffab3acd2414000df1c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "to sequence and compare events"}], "question": "The opposing view states that time is an intellectual concept that allows people to what?", "id": "5727ffab3acd2414000df1ca"}]}], ["Immanuel Kant, dalam Critique of Pure Reason, menggambarkan masa sebagai intuisi priori yang membolehkan kita (bersama-sama dengan intuition yang lain, ruangan) untuk memahami pengalaman akal. Dengan Kant, ruang dan masa tidak diakui sebagai bahan, tetapi kedua-duanya adalah unsur-unsur kerangka mental sistematik yang semestinya menyusun pengalaman mana-mana ejen rasional, atau mengamati subjek. Masa memikirkan masa sebagai bahagian asas dari suatu rangka kerja konseptual abstrak, bersama-sama dengan ruang dan nombor, di mana kita menyusun peristiwa, mengukur tempohnya, dan membandingkan usul objek. Dalam pandangan ini, masa tidak merujuk kepada entiti apa-apa entiti yang \"mengalir,\" yang objek \"bergerak melalui,\" atau itu adalah \"bekas\" untuk peristiwa. Pengukuran ruang digunakan untuk mengukur sejauh mana dan jarak antara objek, dan ukuran temporal digunakan untuk mengukur tempoh dan antara peristiwa. Masa ditetapkan oleh Kant sebagai skema yang paling tulen daripada konsep atau kategori tulen. <> Dalam apa yang Immanuel Kant menggambarkan masa sebagai intuisi priori yang membolehkan manusia memahami pengalaman rasa? || Kritikan Sebab Tulen <> Apa yang Kant menggambarkan ruang dan masa? || kedua-duanya adalah unsur kerangka mental yang sistematik <> Kant memikirkan masa sebagai bahagian utama dari apa? || kerangka konseptual abstrak <> Apakah jenis pengukuran yang digunakan untuk mengukur tempoh kejadian? || ukuran temporal <> Apakah jenis pengukuran yang digunakan untuk mengukur jarak antara objek? || Pengukuran spatial", {"context": "Immanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framework that necessarily structures the experiences of any rational agent, or observing subject. Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of an abstract conceptual framework, together with space and number, within which we sequence events, quantify their duration, and compare the motions of objects. In this view, time does not refer to any kind of entity that \"flows,\" that objects \"move through,\" or that is a \"container\" for events. Spatial measurements are used to quantify the extent of and distances between objects, and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between events. Time was designated by Kant as the purest possible schema of a pure concept or category.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "the Critique of Pure Reason"}], "question": "In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?", "id": "572804792ca10214002d9b9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "both are elements of a systematic mental framework"}], "question": "What did Kant portray space and time to be?", "id": "572804792ca10214002d9b9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "an abstract conceptual framework"}], "question": "Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of what?", "id": "572804792ca10214002d9ba0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "temporal measurements"}], "question": "What type of measurements are used to quantify the duration of events?", "id": "572804792ca10214002d9ba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "Spatial measurements"}], "question": "What type of measurements are used to quantify the distances between objects?", "id": "572804792ca10214002d9ba2"}]}], ["Teori relativiti khas mendapati rumusan mudah dalam ruang waktu Minkowski, struktur matematik yang menggabungkan tiga dimensi ruang dengan satu dimensi masa. Dalam formalisme ini, jarak di angkasa dapat diukur dengan seberapa lama cahaya diperlukan untuk mengembara jarak itu, contohnya, tahun cahaya adalah ukuran jarak, dan satu meter kini ditentukan dari segi seberapa jauh cahaya bergerak dalam jumlah tertentu masa. Dua peristiwa dalam ruang masa Minkowski dipisahkan oleh selang invarian, yang boleh sama seperti ruang, cahaya, atau masa seperti. Peristiwa-peristiwa yang mempunyai pemisahan masa tidak boleh serentak dalam apa-apa kerangka rujukan, mesti ada komponen temporal (dan mungkin satu spasial) untuk pemisahan mereka. Peristiwa-peristiwa yang mempunyai pemisahan seperti ruang akan serentak dalam beberapa kerangka rujukan, dan tidak ada kerangka rujukan di mana mereka tidak mempunyai pemisahan spasial. Pemerhatian yang berbeza dapat mengira jarak yang berbeza dan jarak waktu yang berlainan antara dua peristiwa, tetapi selang invarian antara peristiwa adalah bebas dari pemerhati (dan halajunya). <> Minkowski ruang masa menggabungkan tiga dimensi ruang dengan apa? || satu dimensi masa <> Dalam ruang masa Minkowski, bagaimana jarak di ruang boleh diukur? || dengan berapa cahaya diperlukan untuk perjalanan jarak itu <> Apakah dua peristiwa dalam ruang masa Minkowski dipisahkan oleh? || dengan selang invarian <> Selang invarian antara peristiwa adalah bebas daripada apa? || pengamat (dan halaju) <> Selang invarian yang memisahkan dua peristiwa di ruang masa Minkowski boleh jadi apa? || ruang seperti, seperti cahaya, atau masa seperti", {"context": "The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure of distance, and a meter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time. Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval, which can be either space-like, light-like, or time-like. Events that have a time-like separation cannot be simultaneous in any frame of reference, there must be a temporal component (and possibly a spatial one) to their separation. Events that have a space-like separation will be simultaneous in some frame of reference, and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation. Different observers may calculate different distances and different time intervals between two events, but the invariant interval between the events is independent of the observer (and his velocity).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "a single dimension of time"}], "question": "Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what?", "id": "572808863acd2414000df2d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "by how long light takes to travel that distance"}], "question": "In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured?", "id": "572808863acd2414000df2d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "by an invariant interval"}], "question": "What are two events in Minkowski spacetime separated by?", "id": "572808863acd2414000df2d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1068, "text": "of the observer (and his velocity)"}], "question": "The invariant interval between events is independent of what?", "id": "572808863acd2414000df2d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "space-like, light-like, or time-like"}], "question": "The invariant interval that separates two events in Minkowski spacetime can either be what?", "id": "572808863acd2414000df2d9"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, krew di atas kapal angkasa juga melihat pemerhati sebagai perlahan dan meratakan di sepanjang arah perjalanan kapal angkasa, kerana keduanya bergerak dengan sangat hampir dengan kecepatan cahaya relatif terhadap satu sama lain. Kerana alam semesta luar muncul rata-rata untuk kapal angkasa, para kru menganggap diri mereka dengan cepat mengembara di antara kawasan angkasa yang (kepada pemerhati pegun) adalah banyak tahun cahaya. Ini diselaraskan oleh hakikat bahawa persepsi awak tentang masa adalah berbeza dari pemerhati pegun; apa yang kelihatan seperti detik ke kru mungkin beratus-ratus tahun ke pemerhati pegun. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam kes ini, kaitan kekal tidak berubah: masa lalu adalah satu set peristiwa yang boleh menghantar isyarat cahaya kepada entiti dan masa depan adalah satu set peristiwa yang entiti boleh menghantar isyarat cahaya. <> Bagaimanakah kru di dalam kapal angkasa melihat pengamat yang bergerak? || perlahan dan meratakan di sepanjang arah perjalanan kapal angkasa <> Persepsi anak kapal tentang apa yang berbeza dari pemerhati pegun? || Masa <> Apa kru yang dilihat sebagai detik mungkin dilihat berapa lama kepada pemerhati pegun? || beratus-ratus tahun <> Apa yang tidak berubah dalam kedua-dua kes kru kapal angkasa dan pemerhati pegun? || kausalitas", {"context": "On the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew perceives themselves as quickly traveling between regions of space that (to the stationary observer) are many light years apart. This is reconciled by the fact that the crew's perception of time is different from the stationary observer's; what seems like seconds to the crew might be hundreds of years to the stationary observer. In either case, however, causality remains unchanged: the past is the set of events that can send light signals to an entity and the future is the set of events to which an entity can send light signals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel"}], "question": "How does the crew on board the spaceship perceive the stationary observer?", "id": "57280c162ca10214002d9ca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "time"}], "question": "The crew's perception of what is different from a stationary observer?", "id": "57280c162ca10214002d9ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "hundreds of years"}], "question": "What the crew perceives as seconds might be seen as how long to a stationary observer?", "id": "57280c162ca10214002d9ca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "causality"}], "question": "What remains unchanged in both the cases of the spaceship crew and of the stationary observer?", "id": "57280c162ca10214002d9ca3"}]}], ["Menurut Martin Heidegger kita tidak wujud dalam masa, kita adalah masa. Oleh itu, hubungan dengan masa lalu adalah kesedaran yang ada sekarang, yang membolehkan masa lalu wujud pada masa kini. Hubungan dengan masa depan adalah keadaan yang menjangkakan potensi kemungkinan, tugas, atau penglibatan. Ini berkaitan dengan kecenderungan manusia untuk menjaga dan menjadi perhatian, yang menyebabkan \"berada di hadapan diri sendiri\" apabila memikirkan kejadian yang sedang berlaku. Oleh itu, kebimbangan ini untuk kemungkinan berlaku juga membolehkan masa depan wujud pada masa kini. Masa ini menjadi pengalaman yang kualitatif dan bukan kuantitatif. Heidegger nampaknya berfikir ini adalah cara hubungan linear dengan masa, atau kewujudan temporal, dipecah atau melampaui batas. Kami tidak terjebak dalam masa yang berurutan. Kami dapat mengingati masa lalu dan projek ke masa depan - kami mempunyai akses rawak kepada perwakilan kewujudan temporal kami; kita boleh, dalam fikiran kita, melangkah keluar dari masa (ecstasis). <> Siapa yang mencadangkan bahawa manusia tidak wujud dalam masa, tetapi masa? || Martin Heidegger <> Hubungan dengan masa depan adalah keadaan yang mengantisipasi apa? || kemungkinan kemungkinan, tugasan, atau pertalian <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai pengalaman kualitatif daripada satu kuantitatif? || Sekarang <> Menurut Heidegger, apa yang boleh kita lakukan, dalam fikiran kita? || langkah keluar (ecstasis) masa berturut-turut.", {"context": "According to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time, we are time. Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been, which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is related to the human propensity for caring and being concerned, which causes \"being ahead of oneself\" when thinking of a pending occurrence. Therefore, this concern for a potential occurrence also allows the future to exist in the present. The present becomes an experience, which is qualitative instead of quantitative. Heidegger seems to think this is the way that a linear relationship with time, or temporal existence, is broken or transcended. We are not stuck in sequential time. We are able to remember the past and project into the future\u2014we have a kind of random access to our representation of temporal existence; we can, in our thoughts, step out of (ecstasis) sequential time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Martin Heidegger"}], "question": "Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside time, but is time?", "id": "5728076e4b864d1900164282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "a potential possibility, task, or engagement"}], "question": "The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating what?", "id": "5728076e4b864d1900164283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "The present"}], "question": "What is considered a qualitative experience rather than a quantitative one?", "id": "5728076e4b864d1900164284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 955, "text": "step out of (ecstasis) sequential time."}], "question": "According to Heidegger, what can we do, in our thoughts?", "id": "5728076e4b864d1900164285"}]}], ["Masa mempunyai sejarah yang berkait rapat dengan ruang, keduanya bersama-sama bergabung dalam ruang dalam relativiti khas Einstein dan relativiti umum. Mengikut teori-teori ini, konsep masa bergantung kepada kerangka rujukan spasial pemerhati, dan persepsi manusia serta pengukuran oleh instrumen seperti jam adalah berbeza untuk pemerhati dalam gerakan relatif. Sebagai contoh, jika kapal angkasa yang membawa jam terbang melalui ruang di (sangat hampir) kelajuan cahaya, kru tidak melihat perubahan dalam kelajuan masa di atas kapal mereka kerana semua yang melakukan perjalanan pada kelajuan yang sama melambatkan pada yang sama kadar (termasuk jam, proses pemikiran anak kapal, dan fungsi badan mereka). Walau bagaimanapun, untuk pemerhati pegun yang mengawasi kapal angkasa terbang oleh, kapal angkasa itu muncul merata ke arah perjalanan dan jam di atas kapal angkasa itu kelihatan bergerak dengan perlahan. <> Secara sejarah, masa telah berkait rapat dengan apa? || ruang <> Di mana dua teori Einstein melakukan masa dan ruang bergabung ke dalam ruang? || relativiti khas dan relativiti umum <> Menurut Einstein dua teori relativiti, konsep masa bergantung kepada apa? || kerangka rujukan spatial pemerhati, dan persepsi manusia <> Kru dalam ruang angkasa yang bergerak hampir kelajuan cahaya tidak akan melihat perubahan dalam apa? || dalam kelajuan masa di atas kapal mereka <> Bagaimana kapal angkasa yang disebutkan di atas kelihatan sebagai pemerhati pegun? || kapal angkasa itu muncul rata ke arah perjalanannya", {"context": "Time has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measurement by instruments such as clocks are different for observers in relative motion. For example, if a spaceship carrying a clock flies through space at (very nearly) the speed of light, its crew does not notice a change in the speed of time on board their vessel because everything traveling at the same speed slows down at the same rate (including the clock, the crew's thought processes, and the functions of their bodies). However, to a stationary observer watching the spaceship fly by, the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling and the clock on board the spaceship appears to move very slowly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "space"}], "question": "Historically, time has been closely related with what?", "id": "57280b472ca10214002d9c70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "special relativity and general relativity"}], "question": "In which of Einstein's two theories do time and space merge into spacetime?", "id": "57280b472ca10214002d9c71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception"}], "question": "According to Einsteins two relativity theories, the concept of time depends on what?", "id": "57280b472ca10214002d9c72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "in the speed of time on board their vessel"}], "question": "A crew in a spaceship travelling nearly the speed of light will not notice the change in what?", "id": "57280b472ca10214002d9c73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling"}], "question": "How will the above mentioned spaceship appear to a stationary observer?", "id": "57280b472ca10214002d9c74"}]}], ["Einstein menunjukkan dalam eksperimen pemikirannya bahawa orang yang melakukan perjalanan pada kelajuan yang berbeza, ketika menyetujui sebab dan akibat, mengukur pemisahan masa yang berbeza antara peristiwa, dan bahkan dapat memerhatikan susunan kronologi yang berlainan antara peristiwa yang tidak berkaitan dengan sebab-sebab. Walaupun kesan ini biasanya menit dalam pengalaman manusia, kesannya menjadi lebih jelas bagi objek yang bergerak pada kelajuan yang menghampiri laju cahaya. Banyak zarah subatomik wujud untuk hanya pecahan tetap satu saat dalam makmal relatif pada rehat, tetapi sesetengah yang bergerak dekat dengan kelajuan cahaya boleh diukur untuk pergi lebih jauh dan bertahan lebih lama daripada yang dijangka (muon adalah satu contoh). Mengikut teori relativiti khas, dalam kerangka rujukan zarah berkecepatan tinggi, ia wujud, secara purata, untuk jumlah masa standard yang dikenali sebagai hayat puratanya, dan jarak ia bergerak dalam masa itu adalah sifar, kerana halaju adalah sifar. Berkenaan dengan kerangka rujukan pada rehat, masa seolah-olah \"melambatkan\" untuk zarah tersebut. Berkenaan dengan zarah berkecepatan tinggi, jarak sepertinya memendekkan. Einstein memperlihatkan bagaimana kedua-dua dimensi temporal dan spatial dapat diubah (atau \"melesat\") dengan gerakan berkelajuan tinggi. <> Siapa yang menunjukkan, dalam percubaan pemikirannya, bahawa orang yang melakukan perjalanan pada kelajuan yang berbeza mengukur waktu yang berbeza? || Einstein <> Dalam kes apa kesannya menjadi lebih ketara? || untuk objek bergerak pada kelajuan menghampiri kelajuan cahaya. <> Berapa lamakah kebanyakan zarah subatomik wujud dalam makmal? || satu pecahan tetap satu saat <> Einstein menunjukkan bagaimana apa yang boleh diubah oleh gerakan kelajuan tinggi? || dimensi temporal dan spatial", {"context": "Einstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute in the human experience, the effect becomes much more pronounced for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light. Many subatomic particles exist for only a fixed fraction of a second in a lab relatively at rest, but some that travel close to the speed of light can be measured to travel farther and survive much longer than expected (a muon is one example). According to the special theory of relativity, in the high-speed particle's frame of reference, it exists, on the average, for a standard amount of time known as its mean lifetime, and the distance it travels in that time is zero, because its velocity is zero. Relative to a frame of reference at rest, time seems to \"slow down\" for the particle. Relative to the high-speed particle, distances seem to shorten. Einstein showed how both temporal and spatial dimensions can be altered (or \"warped\") by high-speed motion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Einstein"}], "question": "Who showed, in his thought experiments, that people travelling at different speeds measured time differently?", "id": "57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light."}], "question": "In what case do these effects become much more noticeable?", "id": "57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "a fixed fraction of a second"}], "question": "How long do most subatomic particles exist for in a lab?", "id": "57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1109, "text": "both temporal and spatial dimensions"}], "question": "Einstein showed how what could be altered by high speed motion?", "id": "57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd7"}]}], ["Perjalanan masa adalah konsep bergerak ke belakang atau ke depan ke titik-titik yang berbeza dalam masa, dengan cara yang sama dengan bergerak ke angkasa, dan berbeza dari \"aliran\" normal masa ke pemerhati bumi. Dalam pandangan ini, semua mata dalam masa (termasuk waktu masa depan) \"berterusan\" dalam beberapa cara. Perjalanan masa telah menjadi alat plot dalam fiksyen sejak abad ke-19. Melangkah ke belakang dalam masa tidak pernah disahkan, membentangkan banyak masalah teori, dan mungkin tidak mustahil. Mana-mana peranti teknologi, sama ada fiksyen atau hipotetikal, yang digunakan untuk mencapai perjalanan masa dikenali sebagai mesin masa. <> Berapa lamakah perjalanan masa menjadi topik dalam fiksyen sains? || sejak abad ke-19 <> Mengembara arah mana dalam masa tidak pernah diverifikasi dan membentangkan banyak masalah? || ke belakang <> Mesin waktu dikenal sebagai perancangan teknologi yang digunakan untuk tujuan apa? || untuk mencapai perjalanan masa", {"context": "Time travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through space, and different from the normal \"flow\" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time (including future times) \"persist\" in some way. Time travel has been a plot device in fiction since the 19th century. Traveling backwards in time has never been verified, presents many theoretic problems, and may be an impossibility. Any technological device, whether fictional or hypothetical, that is used to achieve time travel is known as a time machine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "since the 19th century"}], "question": "How long has time travel been a topic in science fiction?", "id": "572810763acd2414000df38d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "backwards"}], "question": "Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents many problems?", "id": "572810763acd2414000df38e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "to achieve time travel"}], "question": "A time machine is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose?", "id": "572810763acd2414000df38f"}]}], ["Walaupun model Big Bang mantap dalam kosmologi, ia mungkin akan diperhalusi pada masa akan datang. Sedikit yang diketahui tentang momen-momen terawal dalam sejarah alam semesta. Teorema singulariti Penrose-Hawking memerlukan kewujudan keistimewaan pada permulaan masa kosmik. Walau bagaimanapun, teori ini menganggap bahawa relativiti umum adalah betul, tetapi relativiti umum mesti merosot sebelum alam semesta mencapai suhu Planck, dan rawatan graviti kuantum yang betul boleh mengelakkan kekhususan. <> Model Big Bang kukuh dalam apa? || kosmologi <> Berapa banyak yang diketahui mengenai keadaan awal alam semesta? || i <> Teorema mana yang memerlukan kewujudan keistimewaan pada permulaan masa? || Teorema singulariti Penrose-Hawking <> Teorema-teorema ini perlu mengandaikan teori apa yang betul? || relativiti umum <> Teorema-teorema ini menyatakan bahawa umum perlu rosak sebelum apa? || sebelum alam semesta mencapai suhu Planck", {"context": "While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose\u2013Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems assume that general relativity is correct, but general relativity must break down before the universe reaches the Planck temperature, and a correct treatment of quantum gravity may avoid the singularity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "cosmology"}], "question": "The Big Bang model is solidly established in what?", "id": "57280fe04b864d190016437a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "i"}], "question": "How much is known about the early states of the universe?", "id": "57280fe04b864d190016437b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "The Penrose\u2013Hawking singularity theorems"}], "question": "Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of time?", "id": "57280fe04b864d190016437c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "general relativity"}], "question": "These theorems have to assume what theory is correct?", "id": "57280fe04b864d190016437d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "before the universe reaches the Planck temperature"}], "question": "These theorems state that general relatively must break down before what?", "id": "57280fe04b864d190016437e"}]}], ["Dadah psikoaktif boleh merosakkan penghakiman masa. Stimulants boleh menyebabkan kedua-dua manusia dan tikus untuk menilai terlalu banyak masa, manakala depressants boleh mempunyai kesan yang bertentangan. Tahap aktiviti di otak neurotransmitter seperti dopamine dan norepinephrine mungkin sebabnya. Bahan kimia seperti ini akan merangsang atau menghalang pemecahan neuron di otak, dengan kadar tembakan yang lebih besar yang membolehkan otak mendaftarkan kejadian lebih banyak kejadian dalam tempoh tertentu (mempercepatkan masa) dan menurunkan kadar tembakan yang mengurangkan keupayaan otak untuk membezakan peristiwa yang berlaku dalam tempoh tertentu (melambatkan masa). <> Jenis ubat apa yang boleh menjejaskan penghakiman masa? || Ubat psikoaktif <> Rangsangan membawa manusia untuk meremehkan apa? || selang masa <> Apa yang menyebabkan manusia meremehkan selang masa? || depressants <> Tahap apa sebab perangsang dan depressan mengubah persepsi manusia terhadap masa? || Tahap aktiviti di otak neurotransmitter <> Bahan kimia seperti itu melakukan apa yang menembusi neuron otak? || sama ada merangsang atau menghalang tembakan neuron", {"context": "Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons in the brain, with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval (speed up time) and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval (slow down time).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Psychoactive drugs"}], "question": "What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time?", "id": "572813e23acd2414000df3e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "time intervals"}], "question": "Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what?", "id": "572813e23acd2414000df3e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "depressants"}], "question": "What causes humans to underestimate time intervals?", "id": "572813e23acd2414000df3e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters"}], "question": "The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time?", "id": "572813e23acd2414000df3e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons"}], "question": "Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?", "id": "572813e23acd2414000df3e7"}]}], ["Satu lagi penyelesaian kepada masalah paradoks dalam temporal berasaskan kaitan adalah bahawa paradoks sedemikian tidak boleh timbul semata-mata kerana mereka tidak muncul. Seperti yang digambarkan dalam banyak karya fiksyen, bebas akan hilang sama ada pada masa lalu atau keputusan keputusan tersebut ditentukan terlebih dahulu. Oleh itu, tidak mungkin untuk membuktikan paradoks datuk kerana ia adalah fakta sejarah bahawa datuk anda tidak dibunuh sebelum anaknya (ibu bapa anda) dikandung. Pandangan ini tidak semestinya memegang sejarah yang tetap tidak berubah, tetapi perubahan yang dilakukan oleh pengembara masa depan hipotetikal akan berlaku di masa lalu, yang mengakibatkan kenyataan bahawa pengembara bergerak. Lebih terperinci mengenai pandangan ini boleh didapati dalam prinsip konsistensi sendiri Novikov. <> Apakah penyelesaian lain untuk masalah paradoks temporal? || paradoks tidak dapat timbul semata-mata kerana mereka tidak menimbulkan <> Dalam beberapa karya fiksyen, apa yang tidak lagi wujud pada masa lalu yang menyebabkan paradoks tidak timbul? || kehendak bebas <> Apa paradoks tidak boleh digubal kerana itu adalah fakta bahawa datuk anda tidak terbunuh sebelum ibu bapa anda dikandung? || paradoks datuk <> Prinsip apa yang lebih jelas mengenai pandangan yang dijelaskan? || prinsip Novikov sendiri konsisten.", {"context": "Another solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen. As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not be possible to enact the grandfather paradox because it is a historical fact that your grandfather was not killed before his child (your parent) was conceived. This view doesn't simply hold that history is an unchangeable constant, but that any change made by a hypothetical future time traveler would already have happened in his or her past, resulting in the reality that the traveler moves from. More elaboration on this view can be found in the Novikov self-consistency principle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen"}], "question": "What is another solution to the problem of temporal paradoxes?", "id": "5728114e2ca10214002d9d1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "free will"}], "question": "In several works of fiction, what ceases to exist in the past which causes paradoxes not to arise?", "id": "5728114e2ca10214002d9d1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "the grandfather paradox"}], "question": "What paradox cannot be enacted because it is a fact that your grandfather was not killed before your parent was conceived?", "id": "5728114e2ca10214002d9d1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "the Novikov self-consistency principle."}], "question": "What principle elaborates more on the view described?", "id": "5728114e2ca10214002d9d1d"}]}], ["Urutan peristiwa, atau siri peristiwa, adalah urutan item, fakta, peristiwa, tindakan, perubahan, atau langkah prosedural, diatur dalam urutan waktu (urutan kronologi), sering dengan kaitan hubungan antara item. Kerana causality, menyebabkan kesan sebelumnya, atau sebab dan akibat mungkin muncul bersama dalam satu item, tetapi kesan tidak pernah mendahului sebab. Urutan peristiwa boleh dibentangkan dalam teks, jadual, carta, atau tempoh masa. Penerangan item atau peristiwa mungkin termasuk cap waktu. Urutan peristiwa yang merangkumi masa bersama maklumat tempat atau lokasi untuk menggambarkan laluan berurutan boleh dirujuk sebagai garis dunia. <> Apa perihalan peristiwa termasuk? || timestamp <> Apa yang tidak pernah didahului disebabkan oleh kausalitas? || kesan <> Satu urutan peristiwa yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan laluan berurutan boleh dirujuk sebagai apa? || garis dunia <> Dalam apa cara boleh urutan urutan dipaparkan? || dalam teks, jadual, carta, atau garis masa <> Apa cara lain untuk menghuraikan \"pesanan masa\"? || perintah kronologi", {"context": "A sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in a single item, but effect never precedes cause. A sequence of events can be presented in text, tables, charts, or timelines. The description of the items or events may include a timestamp. A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a world line.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "a timestamp"}], "question": "What may the description of events include?", "id": "5728151c2ca10214002d9d87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "effect"}], "question": "What never precedes cause because of causality?", "id": "5728151c2ca10214002d9d85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "a world line"}], "question": "A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what?", "id": "5728151c2ca10214002d9d88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "in text, tables, charts, or timelines"}], "question": "In what ways can a sequence of events be presented?", "id": "5728151c2ca10214002d9d86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "chronological order"}], "question": "What is another way of phrasing \"time order\"?", "id": "5728151c2ca10214002d9d84"}]}], ["Stephen Hawking khususnya telah menangani hubungan antara masa dan Big Bang. Dalam Sejarah Singkat Masa dan di tempat lain, Hawking mengatakan bahawa walaupun waktu tidak bermula dengan Big Bang dan terdapat masa lain sebelum Big Bang, tidak ada maklumat dari peristiwa kemudian akan dapat diakses oleh kami, dan tidak ada yang terjadi kemudiannya mempunyai kesan ke atas bingkai masa sekarang. Sekali lagi, Hawking telah menyatakan bahawa masa sebenarnya bermula dengan Big Bang, dan soalan-soalan tentang apa yang berlaku sebelum Big Bang tidak bererti. Formulasi yang kurang bernuansa, tetapi biasanya berulang telah menerima kritikan daripada ahli falsafah seperti ahli falsafah Aristotelian Mortimer J. Adler. <> Dalam penerbitan yang mana Hawking mengatakan bahawa apa-apa peristiwa yang wujud sebelum Big Bang tidak dapat diakses oleh kami? || Sejarah Singkat Masa <> Stephen Hawking membuat hubungan antara masa dan apa? || Big Bang <> Apa yang dicadangkan oleh Hawking bermula dengan bang besar? || Masa <> Hawking juga menyatakan bahawa soalan mengenai apa yang berlaku sebelum Big Bang adalah apa? || tidak bermakna <> Falsafah mana yang mengkritik pembentukan Hawking? || Ahli falsafah Aristotelian Mortimer J. Adler", {"context": "Stephen Hawking in particular has addressed a connection between time and the Big Bang. In A Brief History of Time and elsewhere, Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, and nothing that happened then would have any effect upon the present time-frame. Upon occasion, Hawking has stated that time actually began with the Big Bang, and that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are meaningless. This less-nuanced, but commonly repeated formulation has received criticisms from philosophers such as Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "A Brief History of Time"}], "question": "In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would not be accessible to us?", "id": "57280f51ff5b5019007d9c13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "the Big Bang"}], "question": "Stephen Hawking makes a connection between time and what?", "id": "57280f51ff5b5019007d9c12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "time"}], "question": "What does Hawking suggest started with the big bang?", "id": "57280f51ff5b5019007d9c14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "meaningless"}], "question": "Hawking also states that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are what?", "id": "57280f51ff5b5019007d9c15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler"}], "question": "Which philosopher has criticized Hawking's formulation?", "id": "57280f51ff5b5019007d9c16"}]}], ["Penggunaan masa adalah isu penting dalam memahami tingkah laku manusia, pendidikan, dan tingkah laku perjalanan. Kajian penggunaan masa adalah bidang pengajian yang sedang berkembang. Persoalannya menyangkut berapa masa yang diperuntukkan merentasi beberapa aktiviti (seperti masa yang dihabiskan di rumah, di tempat kerja, membeli-belah, dll.). Masa menggunakan perubahan dengan teknologi, kerana televisyen atau Internet mencipta peluang baru untuk menggunakan masa dalam pelbagai cara. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa aspek penggunaan masa agak stabil dalam tempoh masa yang lama, seperti jumlah masa yang digunakan untuk perjalanan ke tempat kerja, yang walaupun perubahan utama dalam pengangkutan, telah diperhatikan sekitar 20-30 minit sehala untuk satu besar bilangan bandar dalam tempoh yang panjang. <> Penggunaan masa adalah penting dalam memahami apa? || tingkah laku manusia, pendidikan, dan tingkah laku perjalanan <> Apakah bidang pengajian yang berkaitan dengan masa yang sedang berkembang? || Penggunaan masa penggunaan <> Penggunaan masa sentiasa berubah dengan kemajuan dalam apa? || teknologi <> Perjalanan ke tempat kerja telah diperhatikan tentang berapa lama untuk sebilangan besar bandar dalam tempoh yang panjang? || 20-30 minit sehala", {"context": "The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with technology, as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in transport, has been observed to be about 20\u201330 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "human behavior, education, and travel behavior"}], "question": "The use of time is important in understanding what?", "id": "572814644b864d19001643fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Time-use research"}], "question": "What is a developing field of time related study?", "id": "572814644b864d19001643fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "technology"}], "question": "Time use is always changing with advances in what?", "id": "572814644b864d19001643fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "20\u201330 minutes one-way"}], "question": "Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?", "id": "572814644b864d19001643ff"}]}], ["Kegunaan urutan kejadian termasuk cerita, peristiwa sejarah (kronologi), arah dan langkah prosedur, dan jadual untuk aktiviti penjadualan. Urutan kejadian juga boleh digunakan untuk membantu menggambarkan proses sains, teknologi, dan ubat. Urutan acara boleh difokuskan pada peristiwa masa lalu (mis., Cerita, sejarah, kronologi), pada peristiwa masa depan yang mesti mengikut urutan yang telah ditetapkan (contohnya, rancangan, jadual, prosedur, jadual waktu), atau memberi tumpuan kepada pemerhatian peristiwa masa lalu dengan jangkaan bahawa peristiwa akan berlaku pada masa akan datang (misalnya, proses). Penggunaan jujukan peristiwa berlaku dalam bidang seperti mesin (timer cam), dokumentari (Seconds From Bencana), undang-undang (pilihan undang-undang), simulasi komputer (simulasi peristiwa diskret), dan penghantaran kuasa elektrik (urutan perekam peristiwa ). Satu contoh khusus urutan kejadian adalah garis masa bencana nuklear Fukushima Daiichi. <> Penggunaan urutan peristiwa termasuk apa? || cerita, peristiwa sejarah (kronologi), arahan dan langkah-langkah dalam prosedur, dan jadual waktu <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk menerangkan urutan kejadian? || proses dalam sains, teknologi, dan ubat <> Penggunaan apa yang berlaku dalam bidang yang pelbagai seperti mesin, dokumentari, atau simulasi komputer? || urutan peristiwa <> Apakah satu contoh peristiwa urutan tertentu? || garis masa bencana nuklear Fukushima Daiichi", {"context": "Uses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., stories, history, chronology), on future events that must be in a predetermined order (e.g., plans, schedules, procedures, timetables), or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future (e.g., processes). The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines (cam timer), documentaries (Seconds From Disaster), law (choice of law), computer simulation (discrete event simulation), and electric power transmission (sequence of events recorder). A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables"}], "question": "Uses of sequences of events include what?", "id": "5728164b2ca10214002d9d9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "processes in science, technology, and medicine"}], "question": "What may a sequence of events be used to describe?", "id": "5728164b2ca10214002d9d9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "a sequence of events"}], "question": "The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?", "id": "5728164b2ca10214002d9da0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 882, "text": "the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster"}], "question": "What is a specific example of a sequence of events?", "id": "5728164b2ca10214002d9da1"}]}], ["Masa kelihatan mempunyai arah-masa lalu terletak di belakang, tetap dan tidak berubah, sementara masa depan berada di depan dan tidak perlu ditetapkan. Tetapi sebahagian besarnya undang-undang fizik tidak menentukan panah masa, dan membenarkan sebarang proses untuk meneruskan ke hadapan dan sebaliknya. Ini secara amnya adalah akibat dari masa yang dimodelkan oleh parameter dalam sistem yang dianalisis, di mana tidak ada \"masa yang tepat\": arah panah waktu kadang-kadang sewenang-wenangnya. Contoh-contoh ini termasuk undang-undang termodinamik Kedua, yang menyatakan bahawa entropi mesti meningkat dari masa ke masa (lihat Entropy); panah panah kosmologi, yang menunjuk dari Big Bang, simetri CPT, dan panah masa radiasi, yang disebabkan oleh cahaya hanya bergerak ke hadapan dalam masa (lihat cahaya cahaya). Dalam fizik zarah, pelanggaran simetri CP menunjukkan bahawa perlu ada masa pengimbangan asimetri kecil untuk memelihara simetri CPT seperti yang dinyatakan di atas. Penerangan piawai pengukuran dalam mekanik kuantum juga tidak simetris (lihat Pengukuran dalam mekanik kuantum). <> Undang-undang apa yang tidak menentukan panah masa? || undang-undang fizik <> Keterangan standard pengukuran dalam mekanik kuantum adalah apa? || masa asimetri <> Arahan panah waktu kadang-kadang apa? || sewenang-wenang <> Undang-undang manakah yang menyatakan bahawa entropi mesti meningkat dari masa ke masa? || Undang-undang termodinamik Kedua, <> Pelanggaran apa yang membayangkan bahawa perlu ada masa pengimbangan asimetri yang kecil? || Simetri CP", {"context": "Time appears to have a direction\u2014the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time, and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of time being modeled by a parameter in the system being analyzed, where there is no \"proper time\": the direction of the arrow of time is sometimes arbitrary. Examples of this include the Second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase over time (see Entropy); the cosmological arrow of time, which points away from the Big Bang, CPT symmetry, and the radiative arrow of time, caused by light only traveling forwards in time (see light cone). In particle physics, the violation of CP symmetry implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry to preserve CPT symmetry as stated above. The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is also time asymmetric (see Measurement in quantum mechanics).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "the laws of physics"}], "question": "What laws do not specify an arrow of time?", "id": "57280e8c2ca10214002d9cce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 998, "text": "time asymmetric"}], "question": "The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is what?", "id": "57280e8c2ca10214002d9cd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "arbitrary"}], "question": "The direction of the arrow of time is sometimes what?", "id": "57280e8c2ca10214002d9ccf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "the Second law of thermodynamics,"}], "question": "Which law states that entropy must increase over time?", "id": "57280e8c2ca10214002d9cd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 806, "text": "CP symmetry"}], "question": "The violation of what implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry?", "id": "57280e8c2ca10214002d9cd1"}]}]], [["Walaupun ECB ditadbir oleh undang-undang Eropah secara langsung dan oleh itu tidak oleh undang-undang korporat yang memohon kepada syarikat undang-undang persendirian, set-upnya menyerupai sebuah syarikat dalam erti kata bahawa ECB mempunyai pemegang saham dan modal saham. Modalnya adalah lima bilion euro yang dipegang oleh bank pusat nasional negara anggota sebagai pemegang saham. Kunci peruntukan permulaan modal ditentukan pada tahun 1998 berdasarkan populasi dan KDNK negeri, tetapi kunci adalah laras. Saham di ECB tidak boleh dipindahmilik dan tidak boleh digunakan sebagai cagaran. <> Apa yang mengawal ECB? || Undang-undang Eropah <> Bagaimana ECB meniru sebuah syarikat? || pemegang saham dan modal saham <> Berapa besar ECB sebagai modal? || lima bilion euro <> Siapa yang memegang modal ECB? || bank pusat nasional negara anggota sebagai pemegang saham <> Apa yang menentukan modal permulaan ECB? || asas penduduk negeri dan KDNK", {"context": "Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the key is adjustable. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "European law"}], "question": "What governs the ECB?", "id": "572809d54b864d19001642b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "shareholders and stock capital"}], "question": "How does the ECB mimic a corporation?", "id": "572809d54b864d19001642b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "five billion euros"}], "question": "How much does the ECB have as capital?", "id": "572809d54b864d19001642ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "the national central banks of the member states as shareholders"}], "question": "Who holds the ECB's capital?", "id": "572809d54b864d19001642bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "the basis of the states' population and GDP"}], "question": "What determined the ECB's initial capital?", "id": "572809d54b864d19001642bc"}]}], ["Bank-bank berkuat kuasa meminjam wang tunai dan mesti membayar baliknya; tempoh jangka pendek membenarkan kadar faedah disesuaikan secara berterusan. Apabila nota repo datang kerana tawaran bank peserta lagi. Peningkatan kuantiti nota yang ditawarkan di lelong membolehkan peningkatan kecairan dalam ekonomi. Pengurangan mempunyai kesan yang bertentangan. Kontrak ini dijalankan di bahagian aset kunci kira-kira Bank Pusat Eropah dan deposit yang terhasil di bank ahli dibawa sebagai liabiliti. Dalam istilah awam, liabiliti bank pusat adalah wang, dan peningkatan deposit dalam bank ahli, yang dianggap sebagai liabiliti oleh bank pusat, bermakna lebih banyak wang telah dimasukkan ke dalam ekonomi. [A] <> Apa yang berlaku ketika banyak nota repo yang perlu dibayar? || peningkatan dalam kecairan dalam ekonomi <> Apa yang berlaku tidak seberapa banyak repo repo akan datang? || kesan yang bertentangan <> Apa yang berlaku apabila ahli menaikkan deposit mereka? || lebih banyak wang telah dimasukkan ke dalam ekonomi <> Apa cara yang baik untuk merancakkan ekonomi? || peningkatan deposit dalam bank ahli <> Di mana kontrak direkodkan? || di sisi aset kunci kira-kira Bank Pusat Eropah", {"context": "The banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy. A decrease has the contrary effect. The contracts are carried on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet and the resulting deposits in member banks are carried as a liability. In layman terms, the liability of the central bank is money, and an increase in deposits in member banks, carried as a liability by the central bank, means that more money has been put into the economy.[a]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "increase in liquidity in the economy"}], "question": "What happens when a lot of repo notes come due?", "id": "572800aaff5b5019007d9ab2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "contrary effect"}], "question": "What happens whe not as many repo notes are coming due?", "id": "572800aaff5b5019007d9ab3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "more money has been put into the economy"}], "question": "What happens when members increase their deposits?", "id": "572800aaff5b5019007d9ab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "increase in deposits in member banks"}], "question": "What is a good way to boost the economy?", "id": "572800aaff5b5019007d9ab5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet"}], "question": "Where are contracts recorded?", "id": "572800aaff5b5019007d9ab6"}]}], ["Untuk memenuhi syarat untuk penyertaan dalam lelongan, bank mesti dapat memberikan bukti cagaran yang sesuai dalam bentuk pinjaman kepada entiti lain. Ini boleh menjadi hutang awam negara anggota, tetapi sekuriti perbankan swasta yang agak luas juga diterima. Keperluan keahlian yang agak ketat untuk Kesatuan Eropah, terutamanya yang berkaitan dengan hutang berdaulat sebagai peratusan dari setiap produk domestik kasar negara masing-masing, dirancang untuk memastikan aset yang ditawarkan kepada bank sebagai cagaran, sekurang-kurangnya dalam teori, semuanya sama baiknya, dan semua dilindungi dari risiko inflasi. <> Bagaimana bank memastikan bahawa mereka boleh mengambil bahagian dalam lelongan? || mesti dapat memberikan bukti cagaran yang sesuai dalam bentuk pinjaman kepada entiti lain <> Bukti apa yang boleh diterima untuk penyertaan dalam lelongan? || hutang awam negara anggota, tetapi sekuriti perbankan swasta yang agak luas juga diterima <> Apa yang perlu semua aset yang ditawarkan sebagai cagaran? || semua sama-sama baik, dan semuanya sama-sama dilindungi dari risiko inflasi <> Apa yang harus menjadi sebahagian daripada negara Keluaran Dalam Negeri Kasar agar mereka dipertimbangkan untuk terlibat dalam lelongan? || hutang kerajaan", {"context": "To qualify for participation in the auctions, banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. The fairly stringent membership requirements for the European Union, especially with regard to sovereign debt as a percentage of each member state's gross domestic product, are designed to insure that assets offered to the bank as collateral are, at least in theory, all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities"}], "question": "How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions?", "id": "572801dd2ca10214002d9b48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted"}], "question": "What kind of proof is acceptable for participation in auctions?", "id": "572801dd2ca10214002d9b49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation"}], "question": "What should all assets offered up as collateral be?", "id": "572801dd2ca10214002d9b4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "sovereign debt"}], "question": "What must be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions?", "id": "572801dd2ca10214002d9b4b"}]}], ["Objektif utama Bank Sentral Eropa, sebagaimana yang diamanatkan dalam Pasal 2 dari Statut ECB, adalah untuk menjaga kestabilan harga di zona euro. Tugas asas, seperti yang ditakrifkan dalam Perkara 3 Statut, adalah untuk menentukan dan melaksanakan dasar monetari untuk zon Euro, untuk menjalankan operasi pertukaran asing, untuk menjaga rizab asing Sistem Eropah Bank Pusat dan operasi kewangan infrastruktur pasaran di bawah sistem pembayaran TARGET2 dan platform teknikal (kini sedang dibangunkan) untuk penyelesaian sekuriti di Eropah (TARGET2 Sekuriti). ECB telah, di bawah Artikel 16 Statutnya, hak eksklusif untuk memberi kuasa pengeluaran wang kertas euro. Negara anggota boleh mengeluarkan duit syiling euro, tetapi jumlahnya mesti diberi kuasa oleh ECB terlebih dahulu. <> Apakah misi utama ECB? || mengekalkan kestabilan harga dalam zon Euro <> Apa yang memberi ECB hak untuk membenarkan penerbitan wang kertas euro? || Artikel 16 of its Statute <> Bagaimana negara anggota menggunakan duit syiling euro? || jumlahnya mesti diberi kuasa oleh ECB terlebih dahulu <> Di manakah misi untuk Bank Sentral Eropah dijumpai? || Perkara 2 Statut ECB <> Di manakah tugas asas Bank Sentral Eropah dapat dijumpai? || Perkara 3 Statut", {"context": "The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities). The ECB has, under Article 16 of its Statute, the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "maintain price stability within the Eurozone"}], "question": "What is the main mission of the ECB?", "id": "5727fb683acd2414000df16b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "Article 16 of its Statute"}], "question": "What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?", "id": "5727fb683acd2414000df16c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand"}], "question": "How can a member state use euro coins?", "id": "5727fb683acd2414000df16d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB"}], "question": "Where is the mission for the European Central Bank found?", "id": "5727fb683acd2414000df16e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Article 3 of the Statute"}], "question": "Where can the basic tasks of the European Central Bank be found?", "id": "5727fb683acd2414000df16f"}]}], ["Bank Pusat Eropah (ECB) adalah bank pusat bagi euro dan mentadbir dasar monetari zon Euro, yang terdiri daripada 19 negara anggota EU dan merupakan salah satu kawasan mata wang terbesar di dunia. Ia adalah salah satu daripada bank pusat paling penting di dunia dan merupakan salah satu daripada tujuh institusi Kesatuan Eropah (EU) yang disenaraikan dalam Perjanjian Kesatuan Eropah (TEU). Stok modal bank itu dimiliki oleh bank pusat semua 28 negara anggota UE. [Info bertarikh] Perjanjian Amsterdam mendirikan bank pada tahun 1998, dan beribu pejabat di Frankfurt, Jerman. Setakat 2015 [mengemaskini] Presiden ECB ialah Mario Draghi, bekas gabenor Bank of Italy, bekas ahli Bank Dunia, dan bekas pengarah urusan bahagian antarabangsa Goldman Sachs (2002-2005). Bank itu terutamanya menduduki Eurotower sebelum, dan semasa, pembinaan ibu pejabat baru. <> Apakah bekas pengarah urusan pengarah antarabangsa Goldman Sachs adalah presiden Bank Pusat Eropah? || Mario Draghi <> Apa bank rasmi untuk euro? || European Central Bank <> Apakah zon Euro itu? || terdiri daripada 19 negara anggota EU dan merupakan salah satu kawasan mata wang terbesar di dunia <> Siapa yang memiliki stok modal Bank Sentral Eropah? || bank pusat semua 28 negara anggota EU <> Apa yang menubuhkan Bank Pusat Eropah? || Perjanjian Amsterdam", {"context": "The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states.[dated info] The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2015[update] the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002\u20132005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Mario Draghi"}], "question": "What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?", "id": "5727f84eff5b5019007d997a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The European Central Bank"}], "question": "What is the official, central bank for the euro?", "id": "5727f84eff5b5019007d997b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world"}], "question": "What is the Eurozone?", "id": "5727f84eff5b5019007d997c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "the central banks of all 28 EU member states"}], "question": "Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank?", "id": "5727f84eff5b5019007d997d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "The Treaty of Amsterdam"}], "question": "What established The European Central Bank?", "id": "5727f84eff5b5019007d997e"}]}], ["Jos\u00e9 Manuel Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo, ahli Lembaga Eksekutif Sepanyol sejak Jun 2004, adalah kerana meninggalkan lembaga pada awal Jun 2012 dan tiada penggantian telah dinamakan pada akhir Mei 2012. Orang Sepanyol telah mencalonkan kelahiran Barcelona, Antonio S\u00e1inz de Vicu\u00f1a , seorang veteran ECB yang mengetuai jabatan undang-undangnya, sebagai pengganti Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo pada awal Januari 2012 tetapi alternatif dari Luxembourg, Finland, dan Slovenia telah dikemukakan dan tiada keputusan dibuat pada bulan Mei. Selepas pertempuran politik yang panjang, Yves Mersch dari Luxembourg, dilantik sebagai pengganti Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo. <> Siapa yang Sepanyol mahu mengambil tempat duduk Jos\u00e9 Manuel Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo di papan? || Antonio S\u00e1inz de Vicu\u00f1a <> Siapakah nama pengganti Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo? || Yves Mersch dari Luxembourg <> Bilakah Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo sepatutnya meninggalkan tempat duduknya di atas papan? || Jun 2012 <> Bilakah Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo duduk di Dewan Eksekutif? || Jun 2004 <> Mengapa orang Sepanyol berfikir bahawa Vicu\u00f1a akan menjadi pengganti yang sesuai untuk Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo? || Veteran ECB yang mengetuai jabatan undang-undangnya", {"context": "Jos\u00e9 Manuel Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio S\u00e1inz de Vicu\u00f1a, an ECB veteran who heads its legal department, as Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's replacement as early as January 2012 but alternatives from Luxembourg, Finland, and Slovenia were put forward and no decision made by May. After a long political battle, Luxembourg's Yves Mersch, was appointed as Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's replacement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Antonio S\u00e1inz de Vicu\u00f1a"}], "question": "Who did the Spanish want to take Jos\u00e9 Manuel Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's seat on the board?", "id": "572807653acd2414000df29d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "Luxembourg's Yves Mersch"}], "question": "Who was ulitmately named as Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's replacement?", "id": "572807653acd2414000df29e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "June 2012"}], "question": "When was Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board?", "id": "572807653acd2414000df29f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "June 2004"}], "question": "When did Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo take his seat on the Executive Board?", "id": "572807653acd2414000df2a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "ECB veteran who heads its legal department"}], "question": "Why did the Spanish think that Vicu\u00f1a would be a suitable replacement for Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo?", "id": "572807653acd2414000df2a1"}]}], ["Objektif utama Bank Sentral Eropa, seperti yang ditetapkan dalam Perkara 127 (1) Perjanjian mengenai Fungsi Kesatuan Eropah, adalah untuk mengekalkan kestabilan harga dalam zon Euro. Majlis Pimpinan pada bulan Oktober 1998 menetapkan kestabilan harga sebagai inflasi di bawah 2%, \"kenaikan tahun ke tahun dalam Indeks Harmonized Harga Pengguna (HICP) untuk kawasan euro di bawah 2%\" dan menambah bahawa kestabilan harga \"adalah untuk dikekalkan dalam jangka sederhana \". (Indeks Harmonized Harga Pengguna) Tidak seperti contoh Bank Rizab Persekutuan Amerika Syarikat, ECB hanya mempunyai satu objektif utama tetapi matlamat ini tidak pernah ditakrifkan dalam undang-undang berkanun, dan sasaran HICP boleh dipanggil ad-hoc. <> Apakah kestabilan harga ditakrifkan sebagai? || inflasi di bawah 2% <> Apa Indeks Harmonized Harga Pengguna menyatakan bahawa kestabilan harga perlu dikekalkan? || selama jangka menengah <> Bilakah Majlis Pimpinan menetapkan kestabilan harga? || Oktober 1998 <> Apakah matlamat utama ECB? || mengekalkan kestabilan harga dalam zon Euro <> Di mana misi utama Bank Pusat Eropah disenaraikan? || Artikel 127 (1) Perjanjian mengenai Fungsi Kesatuan Eropah", {"context": "The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, \u201ca year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%\u201d and added that price stability \u201dwas to be maintained over the medium term\u201d. (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) Unlike for example the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the ECB has only one primary objective but this objective has never been defined in statutory law, and the HICP target can be termed ad-hoc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "inflation of under 2%"}], "question": "What is price stability defined as?", "id": "5727ff303acd2414000df1b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "over the medium term"}], "question": "What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at?", "id": "5727ff303acd2414000df1b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "October 1998"}], "question": "When did the Governing Council define price stability?", "id": "5727ff303acd2414000df1b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "maintain price stability within the Eurozone"}], "question": "What is the primary goal of the ECB?", "id": "5727ff303acd2414000df1b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union"}], "question": "Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed?", "id": "5727ff303acd2414000df1b7"}]}], ["Presiden pertama Bank adalah Wim Duisenberg, bekas presiden bank pusat Belanda dan Institut Moneter Eropah. Ketika Duisenberg menjadi ketua EMI (mengambil alih dari Alexandre Lamfalussy dari Belgium) sebelum ECB muncul, pemerintah Perancis menginginkan Jean-Claude Trichet, bekas ketua bank pusat Perancis, menjadi presiden pertama ECB. Perancis menegaskan bahawa sejak ECB berada di Jerman, presidennya mestilah Perancis. Ini ditentang oleh kerajaan Jerman, Belanda dan Belgium yang melihat Duisenberg sebagai penjamin euro yang kuat. Ketegangan telah dikurangkan oleh perjanjian seorang lelaki di mana Duisenberg akan berdiri sebelum berakhirnya mandatnya, digantikan oleh Trichet. <> Siapa presiden pertama ECB? || Wim Duisenberg <> Apa pengalaman perniagaan Duisenberg sebelumnya? || bekas presiden bank pusat Belanda dan Institut Monetari Eropah <> Siapa yang berfikir kerajaan Perancis adalah calon terbaik untuk Presiden ECB? || Jean-Claude Trichet <> Mengapa Perancis mahu seorang presiden bank Perancis? || kerana ECB akan ditempatkan di Jerman, presidennya mestilah Perancis <> Apakah kerajaan Perancis, Jerman, Belanda dan Belgia akhirnya berkompromi mengenai mengenai pengurusan ECB? || Duisenberg akan berdiri sebelum berakhirnya mandatnya, digantikan oleh Trichet", {"context": "The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trichet, former head of the French central bank, to be the ECB's first president. The French argued that since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French. This was opposed by the German, Dutch and Belgian governments who saw Duisenberg as a guarantor of a strong euro. Tensions were abated by a gentleman's agreement in which Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Wim Duisenberg"}], "question": "Who was the first president of the ECB?", "id": "5727fdf64b864d1900164190"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute"}], "question": "What was Duisenberg's previous business experience?", "id": "5727fdf64b864d1900164191"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Jean-Claude Trichet"}], "question": "Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB?", "id": "5727fdf64b864d1900164192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French"}], "question": "Why did the French want a French bank president?", "id": "5727fdf64b864d1900164193"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet"}], "question": "What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?", "id": "5727fdf64b864d1900164194"}]}], ["Lembaga Eksekutif bertanggungjawab untuk melaksanakan dasar monetari (ditakrifkan oleh Majlis Pimpinan) dan menjalankan harian bank. Ia boleh mengeluarkan keputusan kepada bank pusat kebangsaan dan juga boleh menjalankan kuasa yang diwakilkan kepadanya oleh Majlis Pimpinan. Ia terdiri daripada Presiden Bank (sekarang Mario Draghi), Naib Presiden (kini Vitor Const\u00e2ncio) dan empat ahli lain. Mereka semua dilantik untuk tempoh lapan tahun yang tidak boleh diperbaharui. Mereka dilantik \"dari kalangan orang yang berpengalaman dan pengalaman profesional di dalam hal kewangan atau perbankan dengan kesepakatan bersama oleh pemerintah Negara Anggota di peringkat Ketua Negara atau Pemerintah, atas suatu saranan dari Majlis, setelah ia merujuk kepada Parlimen Eropah dan Majlis Pemerintah ECB \". Lembaga Eksekutif biasanya bertemu setiap hari Selasa. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengawasi semua dasar monetari? || Dewan Eksekutif <> Siapa presiden semasa ECB? || Mario Draghi <> Siapa Naib Presiden Bank Pusat Eropah? || Vitor Const\u00e2ncio <> Bersama dengan Presiden dan Naib Presiden, berapa ahli yang membentuk Dewan Eksekutif? || empat <> Berapa lamakah ahli-ahli Lembaga Eksekutif lain yang dilantik? || tempoh yang tidak boleh diperbaharui lapan tahun", {"context": "The Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of the President of the Bank (currently Mario Draghi), the Vice-President (currently Vitor Const\u00e2ncio) and four other members. They are all appointed for non-renewable terms of eight years. They are appointed \"from among persons of recognised standing and professional experience in monetary or banking matters by common accord of the governments of the Member States at the level of Heads of State or Government, on a recommendation from the Council, after it has consulted the European Parliament and the Governing Council of the ECB\". The Executive Board normally meets every Tuesday.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Executive Board"}], "question": "Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy?", "id": "572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Mario Draghi"}], "question": "Who is the current president of the ECB?", "id": "572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Vitor Const\u00e2ncio"}], "question": "Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank?", "id": "572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "four"}], "question": "Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board?", "id": "572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "non-renewable terms of eight years"}], "question": "For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed?", "id": "572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae8"}]}], ["Lembaga Penyeliaan bermesyuarat dua kali sebulan untuk membincangkan, merancang dan melaksanakan tugasan penyeliaan ECB. Ia mencadangkan keputusan draf kepada Majlis Pimpinan di bawah prosedur tanpa bantahan. Ia terdiri daripada Pengerusi (dilantik untuk tempoh lima tahun yang tidak boleh diperbaharui), Naib Pengerusi (dipilih dari kalangan ahli Lembaga Eksekutif ECB) empat wakil ECB dan wakil penyelia nasional. Jika pihak berkuasa pengawasan kebangsaan yang ditetapkan oleh Negara Anggota bukan bank pusat kebangsaan (NCB), wakil pihak berkuasa berwibawa boleh disertai oleh wakil dari NCB mereka. Dalam kes sedemikian, wakil-wakil bersama dianggap sebagai satu ahli untuk tujuan prosedur pengundian. <> Apa yang dibincangkan oleh Lembaga Penyeliaan pada mesyuarat itu? || berbincang, merancang dan melaksanakan tugasan penyeliaan ECB <> Berapa lama tempoh Pengerusi Lembaga Pengawas? || dilantik untuk tempoh tidak boleh diperbaharui selama lima tahun <> Berapa lama istilah untuk Naib Pengerusi Lembaga Pengawas? || yang dipilih daripada kalangan ahli-ahli Lembaga Eksekutif ECB <> Selain daripada Pengerusi dan Pengerusi, siapa lagi yang berada di Lembaga Pengawas? || empat wakil ECB dan wakil penyelia kebangsaan <> Apa yang berlaku jika pihak berkuasa pengawasan kebangsaan yang ditetapkan oleh Negara Anggota bukan bank pusat nasional? || wakil pihak berkuasa yang kompeten boleh disertai oleh wakil dari NCB mereka", {"context": "The Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB\u2019s supervisory tasks. It proposes draft decisions to the Governing Council under the non-objection procedure. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non-renewable term of five years), Vice-Chair (chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board) four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors. If the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank (NCB), the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB. In such cases, the representatives are together considered as one member for the purposes of the voting procedure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "discuss, plan and carry out the ECB\u2019s supervisory tasks"}], "question": "What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it's meetings?", "id": "57280908ff5b5019007d9b7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "appointed for a non-renewable term of five years"}], "question": "How long is the term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board?", "id": "57280908ff5b5019007d9b7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board"}], "question": "How long is the term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board?", "id": "57280908ff5b5019007d9b7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors"}], "question": "Besides the Chair and Vice-Chair, who else is on the Supervisory Board?", "id": "57280908ff5b5019007d9b7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB"}], "question": "What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank?", "id": "57280908ff5b5019007d9b7e"}]}], ["Kemerdekaan ECB adalah penting dalam mengekalkan kestabilan harga. Bukan sahaja bank tidak perlu pengaruh, tetapi institusi EU dan kerajaan negara terikat oleh perjanjian untuk menghormati kemerdekaan ECB. Bagi menawarkan kebertanggungjawaban, ECB terikat untuk menerbitkan laporan mengenai kegiatannya dan perlu menangani laporan tahunannya kepada Parlimen Eropah, Suruhanjaya Eropah, Majlis Kesatuan Eropah dan Majlis Eropah. Parlimen Eropah juga akan mempersoalkan dan kemudian mengeluarkan pendapatnya mengenai calon ke lembaga eksekutif. <> WHat merupakan faktor terbesar dalam ECB mengekalkan kestabilan harga? || kemerdekaan <> Siapa yang membuat temu duga dan mempersoalkan bakal ahli lembaga pengarah? || Parlimen Eropah <> Mengapa institusi EU dan kerajaan negara harus menghormati kebebasan ECB? || terikat dengan perjanjian <> Bagaimana ECB bertanggung jawab atas tindakannya? || terikat untuk menerbitkan laporan mengenai kegiatannya dan harus menangani laporan tahunannya kepada Parlimen Eropah", {"context": "The independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Council. The European Parliament also gets to question and then issue its opinion on candidates to the executive board.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "independence"}], "question": "WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability?", "id": "5728116c3acd2414000df3a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "The European Parliament"}], "question": "Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?", "id": "5728116c3acd2414000df3a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "bound by the treaties"}], "question": "Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB?", "id": "5728116c3acd2414000df3a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament"}], "question": "How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions?", "id": "5728116c3acd2414000df3a6"}]}], ["Terdapat juga pandangan yang luas [kabur] [siapa?] Yang memberi lebih banyak sokongan kewangan untuk terus menutup krisis hutang atau membenarkan lebih banyak defisit anggaran atau tahap hutang yang lebih tinggi akan menghalang negara-negara krisis melaksanakan reformasi yang diperlukan untuk mendapatkan semula daya saing mereka [rujukan?] diperlukan] Terdapat juga keengganan [rujukan?] keadaan zon euro yang stabil secara stabil seperti Jerman [rujukan?] untuk memintas lagi klausa tidak-bailout dalam kontrak EU dan untuk umumnya mengambil beban pembiayaan atau menjamin hutang secara kewangan Negara-negara zon euro yang tidak stabil atau tidak mungkir. [rujukan?] <> Negara-negara mana yang tidak mahu pergi mengelilingi klausa ikat jamin dan harus menanggung beban menyokong hutang ingkar. || negara zon euro yang stabil secara kewangan seperti Jerman <> Apa yang paling dilihat menaikkan hutang yang berlaku sebagai melakukan? || tidak menggalakkan negara-negara krisis melaksanakan reformasi yang diperlukan untuk mendapatkan semula daya saing mereka. Apa yang boleh menjauhkan negara-negara krisis dari cuba untuk berdiri sendiri? || memberi lebih banyak sokongan kewangan untuk terus menutup krisis hutang atau membenarkan lebih banyak defisit belanjawan atau tahap hutang", {"context": "There is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed] There has also been a reluctance[citation needed] of financially stable eurozone states like Germany[citation needed] to further circumvent the no-bailout clause in the EU contracts and to generally take on the burden of financing or guaranteeing the debts of financially unstable or defaulting eurozone countries.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "financially stable eurozone states like Germany"}], "question": "Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts.", "id": "572815b63acd2414000df423"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness"}], "question": "What do most see raising the debt celing as doing?", "id": "572815b63acd2414000df424"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels"}], "question": "What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own?", "id": "572815b63acd2414000df425"}]}], ["Berbeza dengan Fed, ECB biasanya tidak membeli bon secara terang-terangan. Prosedur biasa yang digunakan oleh ECB untuk memanipulasi bekalan wang telah melalui kemudahan pembiayaan semula yang dipanggil. Dalam kemudahan ini, bon tidak dibeli tetapi digunakan dalam urusniaga terbalik: perjanjian belian semula, atau pinjaman bercagar. Kedua-dua urus niaga ini adalah sama, iaitu bon digunakan sebagai gadai janji untuk pinjaman, perbezaannya adalah bersifat undang-undang. Dalam repos pemilikan cagaran perubahan kepada ECB sehingga pinjaman dibayar. <> Siapa yang mengekalkan pemilikan cagaran sehingga hutang dibayar? || ECB <> Oleh kerana ECB tidak membeli bon langsung, bagaimana ia digunakan? || kemudahan pembiayaan semula> Apa cara bon digunakan di kemudahan pembiayaan semula? || perjanjian belian balik, atau pinjaman bercagar <> Siapa yang membeli bon tersebut daripada menggunakan transaksi terbalik? || The Fed", {"context": "In contrast to the Fed, the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright. The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans. These two transactions are similar, i.e. bonds are used as collaterals for loans, the difference being of legal nature. In the repos the ownership of the collateral changes to the ECB until the loan is repaid.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "ECB"}], "question": "Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?", "id": "57281a83ff5b5019007d9d54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "refinancing facilities"}], "question": "Since the ECB doesn't buy bonds outright, how are they used?", "id": "57281a83ff5b5019007d9d55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans"}], "question": "What is the manner in which bonds are used at refinancing facilities?", "id": "57281a83ff5b5019007d9d56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "the Fed"}], "question": "Who buys the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?", "id": "57281a83ff5b5019007d9d57"}]}], ["Ini telah membawa kepada perbincangan awam jika Greece, Portugal, dan bahkan Itali akan lebih baik meninggalkan zon euro untuk mendapatkan semula kestabilan ekonomi dan kewangan jika mereka tidak akan melaksanakan pembaharuan untuk memperkuat daya saing mereka sebagai sebahagian daripada zon euro pada waktunya. Greece mempunyai keperluan besar untuk pembaharuan tetapi juga kebanyakan masalah untuk melaksanakannya, sehingga keluar Yunani, yang juga disebut \"Grexit\", telah dibahas secara meluas. Jerman, sebagai negara yang besar dan stabil secara kewangan yang menjadi tumpuan diminta untuk menjamin atau membayar balik hutang negara lain, tidak pernah menolak mereka keluar. Kedudukan mereka adalah untuk menjaga Greece dalam zon euro, tetapi tidak dengan apa-apa kos. Jika yang terburuk datang kepada yang paling teruk, keutamaan harus diberikan kepada kestabilan euro. <> Istilah apa yang dicipta ketika Greece meninggalkan zon euro? || Grexit <> Apakah kedudukan Jerman pada masa depan atau tidak Yunani harus berada di zon euro? || Jika yang terburuk datang kepada yang paling teruk, keutamaan harus diberikan kepada kestabilan euro. <> Sebagai salah satu kuasa kewangan, Jerman pernah cuba memaksa negara-negara krisis meninggalkan zon euro? || tidak pernah menolak mereka keluar <> Negara zon euro mana yang mempunyai keperluan terbesar untuk pembaharuan kewangan? || Greece", {"context": "This has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need for reforms but also most problems to implement those, so the Greek exit, also called \"Grexit\", has been widely discussed. Germany, as a large and financially stable state being in the focus to be asked to guarantee or repay other states debt, has never pushed those exits. Their position is to keep Greece within the eurozone, but not at any cost. If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Grexit"}], "question": "What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone?", "id": "572816d2ff5b5019007d9cee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability."}], "question": "What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone?", "id": "572816d2ff5b5019007d9cef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "never pushed those exits"}], "question": "As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone?", "id": "572816d2ff5b5019007d9cf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Greece"}], "question": "Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform?", "id": "572816d2ff5b5019007d9cf1"}]}], ["Bahasa kerja dalaman ECB umumnya Bahasa Inggeris, dan sidang akhbar biasanya diadakan dalam bahasa Inggeris. Komunikasi luaran dikendalikan secara fleksibel: Bahasa Inggeris lebih disukai (walaupun tidak semata-mata) untuk komunikasi dalam ESCB (iaitu dengan bank pusat lain) dan dengan pasaran kewangan; komunikasi dengan badan nasional yang lain dan dengan warga EU biasanya dalam bahasa masing-masing, tetapi laman web ECB kebanyakannya bahasa Inggeris; Dokumen rasmi seperti Laporan Tahunan adalah dalam bahasa rasmi EU. <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh ECB secara amnya? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Apabila berkomunikasi dengan kewarganegaraan lain, bahasa apa yang digunakan umum? || biasanya dalam bahasa masing-masing <> Bahasa apa laman web ECB dijalankan? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Bagaimana bahasa dokumen rasmi dikendalikan? || bahasa rasmi EU", {"context": "The internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial markets; communication with other national bodies and with EU citizens is normally in their respective language, but the ECB website is predominantly English; official documents such as the Annual Report are in the official languages of the EU.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "English"}], "question": "What language does the ECB generally use?", "id": "57280b503acd2414000df307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "normally in their respective language"}], "question": "When in communication with other nationalities, what language is generally used?", "id": "57280b503acd2414000df308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "English"}], "question": "What language is the ECB website run in?", "id": "57280b503acd2414000df309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "the official languages of the EU"}], "question": "How are the languages of official documents handled?", "id": "57280b503acd2414000df30a"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, jika penjadualan hutang menyebabkan kerugian terhadap pinjaman yang dipegang oleh bank-bank Eropah, ia melemahkan sistem perbankan swasta, yang kemudiannya memberi tekanan kepada bank pusat untuk membantu bank tersebut. Pemegang bon sektor swasta adalah sebahagian daripada sistem perbankan awam dan swasta. Satu lagi tindak balas yang mungkin adalah untuk negara-negara anggota kaya untuk menjamin atau membeli hutang negara-negara yang telah gagal atau mungkin lalai. Alternatif ini menghendaki pendapatan dan kredit cukai negara-negara ahli kaya digunakan untuk membiayai semula pinjaman terdahulu negara anggota yang lebih lemah, dan kontroversi politik. <> Apa yang akan menyebabkan sistem perbankan swasta menjadi lemah? || jika penjadualan hutang menyebabkan kerugian ke atas pinjaman yang dipegang oleh bank-bank Eropah <> Siapa yang membeli hutang negara-negara yang tidak boleh membayar balik dan dalam bahaya lalai? || negara anggota kaya <> Apa yang berlaku apabila sistem perbankan swasta lemah? || tekanan ke atas bank pusat untuk datang ke bantuan bank-bank <> Apa yang akan digunakan untuk menjamin pembayaran balik hutang, oleh bank-bank yang menganggap hutang mereka? || pendapatan cukai dan kredit negara-negara anggota kaya <> Adakah menggunakan hasil cukai dan kredit bank yang lebih stabil untuk menyelamatkan orang-orang dalam bahaya lalai amalan yang diterima? || adalah kontroversi politik", {"context": "However, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system. Another possible response is for wealthy member countries to guarantee or purchase the debt of countries that have defaulted or are likely to default. This alternative requires that the tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries be used to refinance the previous borrowing of the weaker member countries, and is politically controversial.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks"}], "question": "What would cause the private banking system to weaken?", "id": "572819132ca10214002d9dc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "wealthy member countries"}], "question": "Who purchases the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?", "id": "572819132ca10214002d9dc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks"}], "question": "What happens when the private banking system is weakened?", "id": "572819132ca10214002d9dc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries"}], "question": "What is to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt?", "id": "572819132ca10214002d9dc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "is politically controversial"}], "question": "Is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?", "id": "572819132ca10214002d9dc8"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, teknik kewangan tertentu dapat mengurangkan kesan pembelian tersebut pada mata wang. Satu adalah pensterilan, di mana aset bernilai tinggi dijual pada masa yang sama bahawa aset yang lebih lemah dibeli, yang menyimpan bekalan wang secara neutral. Teknik lain hanyalah untuk menerima aset buruk sebagai cagaran jangka panjang (berbanding dengan swap repo jangka pendek) yang akan diadakan sehingga nilai pasaran mereka stabil. Ini akan menyiratkan, sebagai satu kenaikan harga, pelarasan cukai dan perbelanjaan dalam ekonomi negara-negara lemah untuk meningkatkan nilai aset yang dirasakan. <> Bagaimana sterilisasi membantu menyimpan aliran wang walaupun? || aset yang bernilai tinggi dijual pada masa yang sama bahawa aset yang lebih lemah dibeli <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh kerajaan dengan aset yang tidak baik, bukannya secara langsung? || cagaran jangka panjang <> Bagaimana keadaan lemah dapat meningkatkan nilai permukaan aset mereka? || pelarasan pencukaian dan perbelanjaan dalam ekonomi", {"context": "On the other hand, certain financial techniques can reduce the impact of such purchases on the currency. One is sterilisation, in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased, which keeps the money supply neutral. Another technique is simply to accept the bad assets as long-term collateral (as opposed to short-term repo swaps) to be held until their market value stabilises. This would imply, as a quid pro quo, adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies of the weaker states to improve the perceived value of the assets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased"}], "question": "How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even?", "id": "57281f5d4b864d19001644dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "long-term collateral"}], "question": "What can a state do with bad assets, rather than cashing them in directly?", "id": "57281f5d4b864d19001644dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies"}], "question": "How can weaker states improve the surface value of their assets?", "id": "57281f5d4b864d19001644de"}]}], ["Ini berubah dengan krisis hutang baru-baru ini. ECB sentiasa boleh, dan melalui akhir musim panas tahun 2011, membeli bon yang dikeluarkan oleh negara-negara lemah walaupun ia menganggap, dengan berbuat demikian, risiko lembaran imbangan yang semakin merosot. Pembelian ECB tertumpu terutamanya kepada hutang Sepanyol dan Itali. Teknik tertentu boleh meminimumkan kesannya. Pembelian bon Itali oleh bank pusat, misalnya, bertujuan untuk melemahkan spekulasi internasional dan memperkuat portfolio di sektor swasta dan juga bank pusat. <> Apakah hutang yang difokuskan oleh ECB untuk mendapatkan? || Bahasa Sepanyol dan Itali <> Apakah risiko diandaikan apabila ECB membeli bon dari negara yang lemah? || kira-kira neraca yang merosot <> Mengapa bon Itali yang dibeli oleh ECB? || bertujuan untuk melemahkan spekulasi antarabangsa dan mengukuhkan portfolio dalam sektor swasta dan juga bank pusat <> Apa gunanya untuk meminimumkan kesan krisis hutang soverign? || Pembelian bon Itali oleh bank pusat", {"context": "This changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian debt. Certain techniques can minimise the impact. Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank, for example, were intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Spanish and Italian"}], "question": "What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining?", "id": "57281ba43acd2414000df4af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "a deteriorating balance sheet"}], "question": "What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?", "id": "57281ba43acd2414000df4b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank"}], "question": "Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB?", "id": "57281ba43acd2414000df4b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank"}], "question": "What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?", "id": "57281ba43acd2414000df4b2"}]}], ["Sehingga 18 Jun 2012, jumlah ECB telah membelanjakan \u20ac 212.1bn (bersamaan dengan 2.2% daripada KDNK Zon Euro) untuk pembelian bon yang meliputi hutang secara langsung, sebagai sebahagian daripada Program Sekuriti (SMP) yang dijalankan sejak Mei 2010. Pada 6 September 2012, ECB mengumumkan pelan baru untuk membeli bon dari negara-negara zon euro. Tempoh SMP sebelumnya adalah sementara sementara program Transaksi Monetari Luar Biasa (OMT) tidak mempunyai masa atau had saiz ex-ante. Pada 4 September 2014, bank terus menerus dengan mengumumkan ia akan membeli bon dan instrumen hutang lain terutamanya dari bank dalam usaha untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan kredit untuk perniagaan. <> Menjelang tahun 2012, berapa jumlah ECB yang dibelanjakan dalam hutang hutang? || \u20ac 212.1bn <> Bagaimana rancangan ECB untuk meningkatkan kredit yang tersedia untuk perniagaan? || Transaksi Monetari Luar <<Apa tempoh program Transaksi Monetari Luar? || tidak ada had waktu atau saiz ex-ante <> Bilakah idea baru untuk pembelian bon zon euro yang diumumkan? || 6 September 2012 <> Berapa lamakah tempoh Program Pasaran Sekuriti berakhir? || Sementara", {"context": "As of 18 June 2012, the ECB in total had spent \u20ac212.1bn (equal to 2.2% of the Eurozone GDP) for bond purchases covering outright debt, as part of its Securities Markets Programme (SMP) running since May 2010. On 6 September 2012, the ECB announced a new plan for buying bonds from eurozone countries. The duration of the previous SMP was temporary, while the Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) programme has no ex-ante time or size limit. On 4 September 2014, the bank went further by announcing it would buy bonds and other debt instruments primarily from banks in a bid to boost the availability of credit for businesses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "\u20ac212.1bn"}], "question": "By 2012, how much did the ECB spend in covering bad debt?", "id": "572820842ca10214002d9e7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Outright Monetary Transactions"}], "question": "How does the ECB plan to increase the available credit for businesses?", "id": "572820842ca10214002d9e7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "no ex-ante time or size limit"}], "question": "What is the duration of the Outright Monetary Transactions program?", "id": "572820842ca10214002d9e7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "6 September 2012"}], "question": "When was the new idea for the purchasing of eurozone bonds announced?", "id": "572820842ca10214002d9e7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "temporary"}], "question": "How long was the duration of the Securities Markets Programme to last?", "id": "572820842ca10214002d9e80"}]}], ["Dari akhir tahun 2009 segelintir negara anggota zon euro utama di dunia mula tidak dapat membayar balik hutang kerajaan mereka dalam denominasi Euro atau membiayai sekuriti kewangan bermasalah di bawah pengawasan kebangsaan mereka tanpa bantuan pihak ketiga. Krisis hutang yang dipanggil Eropah ini bermula selepas kerajaan baru yang dipilih oleh kerajaan Greece menghentikan penangguhan keberhutangan dan defisit bajetnya yang sebenar dan secara terang-terangan menyampaikan bahaya ke atas lalai kerajaan Yunani. Melihat keingkaran berdaulat di zon euro sebagai kejutan, orang awam, institusi antarabangsa dan Eropah, dan masyarakat kewangan mula mengkaji secara intensif keadaan ekonomi dan kelayakan kredit negara-negara zon euro. Negara-negara zon euro itu dinilai tidak cukup lestari secara finansial di jalan mereka sekarang, menghadapi gelombang penurunan nilai penarafan kredit dan kenaikan biaya pinjaman termasuk peningkatan spread bunga. Akibatnya, keupayaan negara-negara ini meminjam wang baru untuk membiayai defisit belanjawan mereka atau untuk membiayai semula tahap hutang yang tidak dapat dipulihkan telah dikurangkan. <> Bilakah Krisis hutang Eropah bermula? || 2009 <> Apa yang dinyatakan zon euro yang dianggap tidak dapat membayar balik hutang mereka sebagai akibatnya? || keupayaan negeri-negeri ini untuk meminjam wang baru untuk membiayai defisit belanjawan mereka atau untuk membiayai semula tahap hutang yang tidak dapat dipulihkan telah berkurang dengan kuat <> Negara manakah yang pertama yang berisiko untuk lalai soverign? || Greece <> Siapa yang membawa krisis kewangan Greece ke barisan hadapan? || Kerajaan yang baru dipilih <> Apa yang telah dipersembahkan oleh kerajaan sebelum Greece? || defisit hutang dan hutang sebenar", {"context": "From late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called European debt crisis began after Greece's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default. Seeing a sovereign default in the eurozone as a shock, the general public, international and European institutions, and the financial community started to intensively reassess the economic situation and creditworthiness of eurozone states. Those eurozone states being assessed as not financially sustainable enough on their current path, faced waves of credit rating downgrades and rising borrowing costs including increasing interest rate spreads. As a consequence, the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did the European debt Crisis begin?", "id": "572813bf4b864d19001643ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 954, "text": "the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced"}], "question": "What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence?", "id": "572813bf4b864d19001643eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Greece"}], "question": "Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default?", "id": "572813bf4b864d19001643ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "new elected government"}], "question": "Who brought Greece's financial crisis to the forefront?", "id": "572813bf4b864d19001643ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "its true indebtedness and budget deficit"}], "question": "What had Greece's previous government been hiding?", "id": "572813bf4b864d19001643ee"}]}], ["Pemikir-pemikir seperti Majlis Pencen Sedunia juga berpendapat bahawa penggubal undang-undang Eropah telah menolak secara dogmatis untuk menerima pakai cadangan Basel II, yang digunapakai pada tahun 2005, yang ditukarkan dalam undang-undang Kesatuan Eropah melalui Arahan Keperluan Modal (CRD), berkuat kuasa sejak 2008. Pada dasarnya, mereka memaksa bank-bank di Eropah, dan lebih penting lagi, Bank Pusat Eropah sendiri misalnya apabila mengukur kesolvenan institusi kewangan, lebih bergantung pada penilaian piawai risiko kredit yang dipasarkan oleh dua agensi swasta bukan Eropah: Moody's dan S & P. <> Agensi mana yang mana telah menjadi kuasa untuk menilai risiko institusi kewangan? || Moody's dan S & P <> Bilakah yang digunakan oleh Basel II? || 2005 <> Apa yang mengatakan bahawa agensi perlu menggunakan Moody's dan S & P untuk menilai institusi kewangan? || Cadangan Basel II <> Sejak bila cadangan Basel II telah berkuatkuasa? || 2008", {"context": "Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself e.g. when gauging the solvency of financial institutions, to rely more than ever on standardised assessments of credit risk marketed by two non-European private agencies: Moody's and S&P.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Moody's and S&P"}], "question": "Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?", "id": "572831873acd2414000df6b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "2005"}], "question": "When was Basel II adopted?", "id": "572831873acd2414000df6b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "the Basel II recommendations"}], "question": "What said that agencies had to start using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?", "id": "572831873acd2414000df6b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "2008"}], "question": "Since when have the Basel II recommendations been in effect?", "id": "572831873acd2414000df6b4"}]}], ["Operasi pembiayaan semula jangka panjang tambahan ECB (LTRO) dengan kematangan enam bulan diumumkan pada Mac 2008. Sebelum ini tender terpanjang yang ditawarkan ialah tiga bulan. Ia mengumumkan dua 3 bulan dan satu peruntukan penuh 6 bulan penuh Operasi Pembiayaan Semula Jangka Panjang (LTROs). Tender pertama telah diselesaikan pada 3 April, dan lebih daripada empat kali oversubscribed. Pelelong \u20ac 25 bilion menarik bida berjumlah \u20ac 103.1 bilion, daripada 177 bank. Satu lagi tender enam bulan diagihkan pada 9 Julai, sekali lagi kepada jumlah \u20ac 25 bilion. LTRO 12 bulan pertama pada Jun 2009 mempunyai hampir 1100 pembida. <> Apa itu LTRO? || operasi pembiayaan semula jangka panjang <> Berapa lama masa jatuh tempo pada LTRO? || enam bulan <> Bilakah tawaran pertama LTRO yang ditawarkan? || Mac 2008 <> Berapa lama masa jatuh tempo sebelum ini? || tiga bulan <> Berapa banyak tawaran yang dicatatkan pada lelongan untuk LRTO 12 bulan pertama? || dekat dengan 1100 pembida", {"context": "The ECB's first supplementary longer-term refinancing operation (LTRO) with a six-month maturity was announced March 2008. Previously the longest tender offered was three months. It announced two 3-month and one 6-month full allotment of Long Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs). The first tender was settled 3 April, and was more than four times oversubscribed. The \u20ac25 billion auction drew bids amounting to \u20ac103.1 billion, from 177 banks. Another six-month tender was allotted on 9 July, again to the amount of \u20ac25 billion. The first 12-month LTRO in June 2009 had close to 1100 bidders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "longer-term refinancing operation"}], "question": "What is an LTRO?", "id": "572835132ca10214002da0bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "six-month"}], "question": "How long was the time to maturity on an LTRO?", "id": "572835132ca10214002da0bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "March 2008"}], "question": "When were the first supplemental LTRO's offered?", "id": "572835132ca10214002da0be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "three months"}], "question": "How long had the time to maturity been previously?", "id": "572835132ca10214002da0bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "close to 1100 bidders"}], "question": "How many bids were recorded at the auction for the first 12 month LRTO?", "id": "572835132ca10214002da0c0"}]}], ["Di perbankan pusat, status istimewa bank pusat adalah bahawa ia boleh membuat banyak wang yang dianggap perlu. Di Amerika Syarikat Federal Reserve Bank, Federal Reserve membeli aset: biasanya, bon yang dikeluarkan oleh kerajaan Persekutuan. Tidak ada batasan pada bon yang boleh dibeli dan salah satu alat yang dilupuskan dalam krisis kewangan adalah mengambil langkah-langkah yang luar biasa seperti pembelian aset yang besar seperti kertas komersial. Tujuan operasi sedemikian adalah untuk memastikan kecairan yang mencukupi untuk berfungsi sistem kewangan. <> Apakah perkar bank pusat? || ia boleh membuat wang sebanyak yang ia fikir diperlukan <> Apakah jenis aset yang dibeli oleh Federal Reserve AS? || bon yang dikeluarkan oleh kerajaan Persekutuan <> Apa jenis aset yang akan dibeli oleh Federal Reserve dalam jumlah besar pada masa krisis? || kertas komersil <> Apa tujuan membeli kertas komersial dalam masa krisis kewangan? || untuk memastikan kecairan yang mencukupi tersedia untuk berfungsi", {"context": "In central banking, the privileged status of the central bank is that it can make as much money as it deems needed. In the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the Federal Reserve buys assets: typically, bonds issued by the Federal government. There is no limit on the bonds that it can buy and one of the tools at its disposal in a financial crisis is to take such extraordinary measures as the purchase of large amounts of assets such as commercial paper. The purpose of such operations is to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning of the financial system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "it can make as much money as it deems needed"}], "question": "What is a perk of the central bank?", "id": "57282fc54b864d190016469c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "bonds issued by the Federal government"}], "question": "What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve buy?", "id": "57282fc54b864d190016469d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "commercial paper"}], "question": "What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve purchase in mass quantities at a time of crisis?", "id": "57282fc54b864d190016469e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning"}], "question": "What is the purpose of buying commercial paper in a time of financial crisis?", "id": "57282fc54b864d190016469f"}]}], ["Bank ini berpusat di Frankfurt, pusat kewangan terbesar di zon Euro. Lokasinya di kota ini ditetapkan oleh Perjanjian Amsterdam. Bank itu berpindah ke ibu pejabat yang baru dibina pada tahun 2014 yang telah merancang sebuah pejabat seni bina yang berpangkalan di Vienna bernama Coop Himmelbau. Bangunan ini terletak kira-kira 180 meter (591 kaki) tinggi dan akan disertai bangunan-bangunan menengah yang lain di tapak landskap di tapak bekas pasar borong di bahagian timur Frankfurt am Main. Pembinaan utama bermula pada bulan Oktober 2008, dan diharapkan bangunan itu akan menjadi simbol seni bina untuk Eropah. Walaupun ia direka untuk menampung dua kali ganda bilangan kakitangan yang beroperasi di bekas Eurotower, bangunan itu telah dikekalkan sejak ECB bertanggungjawab untuk penyeliaan perbankan dan lebih banyak ruang diperlukan olehnya. <> Di manakah bank Central Europe terletak? || Frankfurt <> Apa yang menentukan di mana bank itu berada? || Perjanjian Amsterdam <> Bilakah bank bergerak ke ibu pejabat baru itu? || 2014 <> Apa yang sebelumnya berdiri di mana bank sekarang? || bekas pasaran borong <> Bilakah pembinaan bank baru bermula? || Oktober 2008", {"context": "The bank is based in Frankfurt, the largest financial centre in the Eurozone. Its location in the city is fixed by the Amsterdam Treaty. The bank moved to new purpose-built headquarters in 2014 which were designed a Vienna-based architectural office named Coop Himmelbau. The building is approximately 180 metres (591 ft) tall and will be accompanied with other secondary buildings on a landscaped site on the site of the former wholesale market in the eastern part of Frankfurt am Main. The main construction began in October 2008, and it was expected that the building will become an architectural symbol for Europe. While it was designed to accommodate double the number of staff who operate in the former Eurotower, that building has been retained since the ECB took responsibility for banking supervision and more space was hence required.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Frankfurt"}], "question": "Where is the European Central bank located?", "id": "572832df4b864d19001646fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Amsterdam Treaty"}], "question": "What decided where the bank was to be located?", "id": "572832df4b864d19001646fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "2014"}], "question": "When did the bank move to it's new headquarters?", "id": "572832df4b864d19001646fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "the former wholesale market"}], "question": "What previously stood where the bank is now?", "id": "572832df4b864d19001646fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "October 2008"}], "question": "When did construction of the new bank begin?", "id": "572832df4b864d19001646fe"}]}], ["Bank juga harus bekerjasama dalam EU dan di peringkat antarabangsa dengan badan dan entiti ketiga. Akhirnya, ia menyumbang untuk mengekalkan sistem kewangan yang stabil dan memantau sektor perbankan. Contohnya, contohnya, dalam campur tangan bank semasa krisis gadai janji subprima apabila ia meminjam berbilion euro kepada bank untuk menstabilkan sistem kewangan. Pada Disember 2007, ECB memutuskan bersama dengan Sistem Rizab Persekutuan di bawah program yang dipanggil kemudahan lelongan Term untuk meningkatkan kecairan dolar di zon euro dan menstabilkan pasaran wang. <> Apakah yang dilakukan oleh ECB untuk membantu menstabilkan sistem kewangan semasa krisis gadai janji subprima? || pinjaman berbilion euro kepada bank <> Mengapa ECB campur tangan semasa krisis gadai janji subprima? || untuk menstabilkan sistem kewangan <> Siapa yang memutuskan, bersama dengan ECB, untuk menggunakan lelongan Term untuk membantu menstabilkan krisis kewangan dan meningkatkan kecairan dolar? || Sistem Rizab Persekutuan <> Selain bekerja sama dengan institusi kewangan lain, bagaimanakah ECB membantu mengekalkan kestabilan? || menyumbang untuk mengekalkan sistem kewangan yang stabil dan memantau sektor perbankan <> Bilakah ECB dan Federal Rserve memutuskan untuk bekerjasama di kemudahan lelongan Term? || Disember 2007", {"context": "The bank must also co-operate within the EU and internationally with third bodies and entities. Finally, it contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector. The latter can be seen, for example, in the bank's intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis when it loaned billions of euros to banks to stabilise the financial system. In December 2007, the ECB decided in conjunction with the Federal Reserve System under a programme called Term auction facility to improve dollar liquidity in the eurozone and to stabilise the money market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "loaned billions of euros to banks"}], "question": "What did the ECB do to help stabilise the financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis?", "id": "57282bdbff5b5019007d9e7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "to stabilise the financial system"}], "question": "Why did the ECB intervene during the subprime mortgage crisis?", "id": "57282bdbff5b5019007d9e7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "Federal Reserve System"}], "question": "Who decided, along with the ECB, to use Term auction to help stabilize the financial crisis and improve dollar liquidity?", "id": "57282bdcff5b5019007d9e7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector"}], "question": "Besides cooperating with other financial institutions, how does the ECB help to maintain stability?", "id": "57282bdcff5b5019007d9e7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "December 2007"}], "question": "When did the ECB and Federal Rserve decide to collaborate on Term auction facility?", "id": "57282bdcff5b5019007d9e7e"}]}], ["Operasi penyelamatan yang melibatkan hutang berdaulat telah memasukkan aset sementara yang buruk atau lemah dari lembaran imbangan bank anggota lemah ke lembaran imbangan Bank Pusat Eropah. Tindakan sedemikian dilihat sebagai pengewangan dan dapat dilihat sebagai ancaman inflasi, di mana negara-negara anggota kuat ECB menanggung beban perkembangan moneter (dan potensi inflasi) untuk menyelamatkan negara-negara anggota yang lemah. Kebanyakan bank pusat memilih untuk memindahkan aset lemah dari kunci kira-kira mereka dengan beberapa jenis perjanjian mengenai bagaimana hutang akan terus diservis. Keutamaan ini biasanya membawa ECB untuk berhujah bahawa negara-negara anggota yang lebih lemah mesti: <> Apa yang boleh dikelilingi semasa krisis hutang soverign untuk mengurangkan kerosakan? || sementara menggerakkan aset yang buruk atau lemah <> Di manakah aset buruk dan lemah dapat dipindahkan pada masa krisis hutang yang begitu besar? || lembaran imbangan Bank Sentral Eropah <> Apa yang berlaku di sekitar hutang lapuk atau lemah dari ahli zon euro yang lemah kepada ECB yang dikenali sebagai? || pengewangan <> Apakah monetisasi biasanya dilihat sebagai? || ancaman inflasi <> Jika bank pusat boleh membuat persetujuan dengan ahli zon euro tentang pembayaran balik hutang yang berterusan, apa yang berlaku kepada hutang yang buruk atau lemah? || bergerak aset lemah dari kunci kira-kira mereka", {"context": "Rescue operations involving sovereign debt have included temporarily moving bad or weak assets off the balance sheets of the weak member banks into the balance sheets of the European Central Bank. Such action is viewed as monetisation and can be seen as an inflationary threat, whereby the strong member countries of the ECB shoulder the burden of monetary expansion (and potential inflation) to save the weak member countries. Most central banks prefer to move weak assets off their balance sheets with some kind of agreement as to how the debt will continue to be serviced. This preference has typically led the ECB to argue that the weaker member countries must:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "temporarily moving bad or weak assets"}], "question": "What can be shuffeled around during a soverign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?", "id": "5728240c2ca10214002d9ecc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "the balance sheets of the European Central Bank"}], "question": "Where do bad and weak assets get moved in times of soverign debt crisis?", "id": "5728240c2ca10214002d9ecd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "monetisation"}], "question": "What is shuffling around bad or weak debts from a weaker eurozone member to the ECB known as?", "id": "5728240c2ca10214002d9ece"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "inflationary threat"}], "question": "What is monetisation usually viewed as?", "id": "5728240c2ca10214002d9ecf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "move weak assets off their balance sheets"}], "question": "If the central banks can come to an agreement with the eurozone member about the continued repayment of the debt, what happens to the bad or weak debt?", "id": "5728240c2ca10214002d9ed0"}]}], ["Bank Pusat Eropah telah meningkatkan pembelian hutang negara anggota. Sebagai tindak balas terhadap krisis tahun 2010, beberapa cadangan telah muncul untuk terbitan bon Eropah kolektif yang membolehkan bank pusat membeli versi bil Perbendaharaan AS versi Eropah. Untuk menjadikan aset hutang kerajaan Eropah lebih mirip dengan Perbendaharaan AS, jaminan kolektif kesolvenan negara anggota akan diperlukan. [B] Tetapi kerajaan Jerman telah menentang cadangan ini, dan analisis lain menunjukkan bahawa \"penyakit euro\" disebabkan oleh hubungan antara hutang berdaulat dan sistem perbankan nasional yang gagal. Sekiranya bank pusat Eropah berurusan secara langsung dengan gagal hutang sistem perbankan hutang tidak akan dilihat sebagai relatif kepada pendapatan negara di negara anggota kewangan yang lemah. <> Apa yang disebabkan oleh hubungan antara hutang yang begitu besar dan gagal bank negara? || penyakit negara euro <> Negara manakah yang tahan terhadap percubaan untuk membuat aset hutang yang lebih tinggi seperti Perbendaharaan A.S.? || kerajaan Jerman <> Siapa yang mula meningkatkan liputan mereka terhadap hutang yang lebih lemah? || European Central Bank <> Apa yang perlu berlaku untuk menjadikan aset hutang kerajaan Eropah lebih seperti apa yang terdapat di Perbendaharaan A.S.? || Jaminan kolektif kesolvenan negara-negara anggota <> Mengapa peruntukan tentang menjadikan aset hutang Kerajaan Eropah lebih seperti Perbendaharaan AS? || krisis tahun 2010", {"context": "The European Central Bank had stepped up the buying of member nations debt. In response to the crisis of 2010, some proposals have surfaced for a collective European bond issue that would allow the central bank to purchase a European version of US Treasury bills. To make European sovereign debt assets more similar to a US Treasury, a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency would be necessary.[b] But the German government has resisted this proposal, and other analyses indicate that \"the sickness of the euro\" is due to the linkage between sovereign debt and failing national banking systems. If the European central bank were to deal directly with failing banking systems sovereign debt would not look as leveraged relative to national income in the financially weaker member states.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "the sickness of the euro"}], "question": "What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?", "id": "5728283a4b864d19001645fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "the German government"}], "question": "Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?", "id": "5728283a4b864d19001645fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The European Central Bank"}], "question": "Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts?", "id": "5728283a4b864d19001645fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency"}], "question": "What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets more like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?", "id": "5728283a4b864d19001645ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "the crisis of 2010"}], "question": "Why did propsals about making the European sovereign debt assets more like the US Treasury?", "id": "5728283a4b864d1900164600"}]}], ["Pada 21 Disember 2011, bank memulakan satu program untuk membuat pinjaman faedah rendah dengan tempoh tiga tahun (36 bulan) dan faedah 1% kepada bank-bank Eropah yang menerima pinjaman daripada portfolio bank sebagai cagaran. Pinjaman berjumlah \u20ac 489.2 bn (US $ 640 bn) telah diumumkan. Pinjaman itu tidak ditawarkan kepada negara-negara Eropah, tetapi sekuriti kerajaan yang dikeluarkan oleh negara-negara Eropah akan menjadi cagaran yang dapat diterima sebagai sekuriti yang disokong gadai janji dan kertas komersil lain yang dapat ditunjukkan sebagai selamat. Program ini diumumkan pada 8 Disember 2011 tetapi pemerhati terkejut dengan jumlah pinjaman yang dibuat apabila ia dilaksanakan. Di bawah LTRO, ia meminjam \u20ac 489bn kepada 523 bank untuk tempoh yang sangat lama tiga tahun pada kadar hanya satu peratus. Jumlah terbesar sebanyak \u20ac 325bn ditoreh oleh bank di Greece, Ireland, Itali dan Sepanyol. Dengan cara ini, ECB cuba memastikan bank mempunyai wang tunai yang mencukupi untuk membayar \u20ac 200 bilion hutang mereka sendiri dalam tempoh tiga bulan pertama tahun 2012, dan pada masa yang sama terus beroperasi dan meminjamkan kepada perniagaan supaya krisis kredit tidak tercekik daripada pertumbuhan ekonomi. Ia juga berharap bank akan menggunakan beberapa wang untuk membeli bon kerajaan, dengan berkesan mengurangkan krisis hutang. <> Selepas program pinjaman diumumkan, negara mana yang paling banyak dipinjam? || Greece, Ireland, Italy dan Sepanyol <> Apa yang akan berlaku jika sesetengah bank mula membeli bon galian? || melonggarkan krisis hutang <> Berapa banyak ECB harus membayar hutang itu sendiri? || \u20ac 200bn <> Bagaimana anda menghalang kesesakan kredit? || teruskan operasi dan pinjaman kepada perniagaan", {"context": "On 21 December 2011 the bank instituted a programme of making low-interest loans with a term of three years (36 months) and 1% interest to European banks accepting loans from the portfolio of the banks as collateral. Loans totalling \u20ac489.2 bn (US$640 bn) were announced. The loans were not offered to European states, but government securities issued by European states would be acceptable collateral as would mortgage-backed securities and other commercial paper that can be demonstrated to be secure. The programme was announced on 8 December 2011 but observers were surprised by the volume of the loans made when it was implemented. Under its LTRO it loaned \u20ac489bn to 523 banks for an exceptionally long period of three years at a rate of just one percent. The by far biggest amount of \u20ac325bn was tapped by banks in Greece, Ireland, Italy and Spain. This way the ECB tried to make sure that banks have enough cash to pay off \u20ac200bn of their own maturing debts in the first three months of 2012, and at the same time keep operating and loaning to businesses so that a credit crunch does not choke off economic growth. It also hoped that banks would use some of the money to buy government bonds, effectively easing the debt crisis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "Greece, Ireland, Italy and Spain"}], "question": "After the loan program was announced, which countries borrowed the most?", "id": "572834212ca10214002da0aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1210, "text": "easing the debt crisis"}], "question": "What would happen if some of the banks were to begin buying govenrment bonds?", "id": "572834212ca10214002da0ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 928, "text": "\u20ac200bn"}], "question": "How much does the ECB have to have to pay off it's own debts?", "id": "572834212ca10214002da0ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1019, "text": "keep operating and loaning to businesses"}], "question": "How do you prevent a credit bottleneck?", "id": "572834212ca10214002da0ad"}]}]], [["Menjelang 1620, para nelayan West Country England menguasai sebahagian besar pantai timur Newfoundland. Pada tahun 1627, William Payne, yang memanggil \"ketua utama dan ketua utama di seluruh negara\" St John. Penduduk tumbuh perlahan pada abad ke-17 dan St. John adalah penempatan terbesar di Newfoundland ketika para pegawai laut Inggeris mula mengambil sensus sekitar 1675. Penduduk akan tumbuh di musim panas dengan kedatangan nelayan migrasi. Pada tahun 1680, kapal nelayan (kebanyakannya dari South Devon) menubuhkan bilik penangkapan ikan di St John, membawa beratus-ratus lelaki Ireland ke pelabuhan untuk mengendalikan bot nelayan di dalam hutan. <> Siapa yang merujuk St. John sebagai St. \"perdana utama dan ketua utama di seluruh negara\"? || William Payne <> Bilakah banci mula dijalankan di St John? || 1675 <> Bilakah orang Ireland mula mengusahakan bot nelayan di dalam hutan di St. John? || 1680 <> Apa yang berlaku semasa musim panas di St John? || penduduk <> yang menguasai sebahagian besar pantai timur Newfoundland pada tahun 1620? || nelayan", {"context": "By 1620, the fishermen of England's West Country controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast. In 1627, William Payne, called St. John's \"the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country\". The population grew slowly in the 17th century and St. John's was the largest settlement in Newfoundland when English naval officers began to take censuses around 1675. The population would grow in the summers with the arrival of migratory fishermen. In 1680, fishing ships (mostly from South Devon) set up fishing rooms at St. John's, bringing hundreds of Irish men into the port to operate inshore fishing boats.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "William Payne"}], "question": "Who referred St. John's as St. \"the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country\" ? ", "id": "57280b934b864d19001642f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "1675"}], "question": "When did censuses start being conducted in St. John's?", "id": "57280b934b864d19001642f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "1680"}], "question": "When did Irish men begin to operate inshore fishing boats in St. John's?", "id": "57280b934b864d19001642f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "population"}], "question": "What grew during the summers in St. John's?", "id": "57280b934b864d19001642f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "fishermen"}], "question": "Who controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast by 1620?", "id": "57280b934b864d19001642f6"}]}], ["St John terletak di sepanjang pantai Lautan Atlantik, di timur laut Semenanjung Avalon di tenggara Newfoundland. Bandar ini meliputi kawasan seluas 446.04 kilometer persegi (172.22 batu persegi) dan merupakan bandar paling timur di Amerika Utara, tidak termasuk Greenland; ia adalah 295 batu (475 km) lebih dekat ke London, England daripada Edmonton, Alberta. Bandar St. John terletak di jarak 3,636 kilometer (2,259 mi) dari Lorient, Perancis yang terletak di garis lintang yang sama tepat di seberang Atlantik di pantai barat Perancis. Bandar ini adalah yang terbesar di wilayah itu dan yang kedua terbesar di Wilayah Atlantik selepas Halifax, Nova Scotia. Kawasan pusat bandarnya terletak di barat dan utara Pelabuhan St. John, dan seluruh bandar raya ini berkembang dari pusat bandar ke utara, selatan, timur dan barat. <> Berhampiran badan air apa yang terletak di St John? || Lautan Atlantik <> Berapa batu Square ialah St. John? || 172.22 <> Dalam apa yang disediakan oleh Edmonton? || Alberta <> Apa bandar Atlantik terbesar di dunia? || Halifax", {"context": "St. John's is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland. The city covers an area of 446.04 square kilometres (172.22 sq mi) and is the most easterly city in North America, excluding Greenland; it is 295 miles (475 km) closer to London, England than it is to Edmonton, Alberta. The city of St. John's is located at a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres (2,259 mi) from Lorient, France which lies on a nearly precisely identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast. The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John's Harbour, and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north, south, east and west.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "Near what body of water is St. John's located by?", "id": "5728166c4b864d190016444a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "172.22"}], "question": "How many Square miles is St. John's?", "id": "5728166c4b864d190016444b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Alberta"}], "question": "In what providence is Edmonton located?", "id": "5728166c4b864d190016444c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "Halifax"}], "question": "What is the largest Atlantic Province city?", "id": "5728166c4b864d190016444d"}]}], ["St John adalah titik permulaan untuk penerbangan pesawat transatlantik tanpa henti pertama, oleh Alcock dan Brown dalam pengebom Vickers Vimy IV yang diubah suai, pada bulan Jun 1919, berlepas dari Lester's Field di St John dan berakhir di rawa berhampiran Clifden, Connemara , Ireland. Pada bulan Julai 2005, penerbangan itu diduplikasi oleh pengayuh dan pengembara Amerika Syarikat, Steve Fossett dalam pesawat replika Vickers Vimy, dengan Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa St. John menggantikan Lester's Field (kini sebuah bandar dan kawasan perumahan bandar). <> Siapa yang terbang penerbangan pesawat transatlantik tanpa henti? || Alcock dan Brown <> Apa pesawat yang digunakan Alcock dan Brown pada tahun 1919 untuk penerbangan mereka? || Vickers Vimy IV bomber <> Di mana di St. John lakukan Alcock dan Brown berlepas dari pada bulan Jun 1919? || Lester's Field <> Yang menduplikasi penerbangan Alcock dan Brown pada tahun 2005? || Steve Fossett <> Apa pesawat yang digunakan Steve Fossett untuk penerbangannya pada bulan Julai 2005? || replika Vickers Vimy", {"context": "St. John's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight, by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber, in June 1919, departing from Lester's Field in St. John's and ending in a bog near Clifden, Connemara, Ireland. In July 2005, the flight was duplicated by American aviator and adventurer Steve Fossett in a replica Vickers Vimy aircraft, with St. John's International Airport substituting for Lester's Field (now an urban and residential part of the city).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Alcock and Brown"}], "question": "Who flew the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight?", "id": "572812962ca10214002d9d3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Vickers Vimy IV bomber"}], "question": "What aircraft did Alcock and Brown use in 1919 for their flight? ", "id": "572812962ca10214002d9d3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Lester's Field"}], "question": "Where in St. John's did Alcock and Brown depart from in June 1919?", "id": "572812962ca10214002d9d40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Steve Fossett"}], "question": "Who duplicated Alcock and Brown flight in 2005?", "id": "572812962ca10214002d9d41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "replica Vickers Vimy"}], "question": "What aircraft did Steve Fossett use for his flight in July 2005?", "id": "572812962ca10214002d9d42"}]}], ["St John adalah salah satu penempatan tertua di Amerika Utara, dengan penempatan sepanjang tahun bermula sejak 1630 dan kediaman bermusim jauh sebelum itu. Walau bagaimanapun, penempatan Inggeris tertua di Amerika Utara atau Kanada, didahului oleh koloni Cuper Cove di Cupids, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1610, dan koloni Hope Bristol di Harbour Grace, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1618. Malah, walaupun bahasa Inggeris nelayan telah memulakan kem-kem bermusim di Newfoundland pada abad ke-16, mereka telah dilarang oleh kerajaan British, dengan mendesak industri perikanan negara Barat, dari menubuhkan penempatan kekal di sepanjang pantai yang dikuasai Inggeris, maka bandar St. John's tidak ditubuhkan sebagai masyarakat tetap sehingga selepas tahun 1630-an pada awalnya. Perkampungan tetap Inggeris yang lain di benua Amerika yang mendahului St John termasuk: St. George's, Bermuda (1612) dan Jamestown, Virginia (1607). <> Bandar manakah yang dianggap sebagai salah satu penempatan tertua di Amerika Utara? || St John's <> Sekitar tahun berapa penyelesaiannya mula berlaku di St. John's? || 1630 <> Bilakah koloni Cuper Cove diasaskan? || 1610 <> Tahun apakah koloni Bristol yang diasaskan? || 1618 <> Siapa yang melarang nelayan Inggeris menubuhkan kem bermusim di Newfoundland? || Kerajaan British", {"context": "St. John's is one of the oldest settlements in North America, with year-round settlement beginning sometime after 1630 and seasonal habitation long before that. It is not, however, the oldest surviving English settlement in North America or Canada, having been preceded by the Cuper's Cove colony at Cupids, founded in 1610, and the Bristol's Hope colony at Harbour Grace, founded in 1618. In fact, although English fishermen had begun setting up seasonal camps in Newfoundland in the 16th Century, they were expressly forbidden by the British government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast, hence the town of St. John's was not established as a permanent community until after the 1630s at the earliest. Other permanent English settlements in the Americas that predate St. John's include: St. George's, Bermuda (1612) and Jamestown, Virginia (1607).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "St. John's"}], "question": "Which city is considered one of the oldest settlements in North America?", "id": "5727fc492ca10214002d9ab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "1630"}], "question": "Around what year did settlement begin to occur in St. John's?", "id": "5727fc492ca10214002d9ab5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "1610"}], "question": "When was Cuper's Cove colony founded?", "id": "5727fc492ca10214002d9ab6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "1618"}], "question": " What year was Bristol's Hope colony founded?", "id": "5727fc492ca10214002d9ab7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "British government"}], "question": "Who forbade the  english fisherman to setup seasonal camps in Newfoundland?", "id": "5727fc492ca10214002d9ab8"}]}], ["Sebastian Cabot mengisytiharkan dalam teks Latin tulisan tangannya di peta asalnya 1545, bahawa St. John memperoleh namanya ketika dia dan bapanya, penjelajah Venetian John Cabot menjadi orang Eropah pertama yang berlayar ke pelabuhan, pada pagi 24 Jun 1494 (terhadap sejarawan British dan Perancis yang menyatakan 1497), hari perayaan Saint John the Baptist. Walau bagaimanapun, lokasi sebenar kawasan tanah air Cabot dipertikaikan. Satu siri ekspedisi ke St John oleh Portugis dari Azores berlaku pada awal abad ke-16, dan oleh 1540 kapal Perancis, Sepanyol dan Portugis melintasi Atlantik setiap tahun untuk memancing perairan di Semenanjung Avalon. Di Negara Basque, kepercayaan umum bahawa nama St. John diberikan oleh nelayan Basque kerana teluk St. John sangat mirip dengan Bay of Pasaia di Negara Basque, di mana salah satu bandar nelayan juga yang dipanggil St. John (dalam bahasa Sepanyol, San Juan, dan di Basque, Donibane). <> Apakah nama anak lelaki John Cabot yang pertama? || Sebastian <> Apa pekerjaan John Cabot? || explorer <> Di manakah Perancis, Sepanyol dan Portugis mula pergi ke ikan pada tahun 1540? || Semenanjung Avalon <> Di mana Bay of Pasaia terletak? || Negara Basque <> Dalam bahasa apakah Sebastian Cabot menulis petanya dari tahun 1545? || Latin", {"context": "Sebastian Cabot declares in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map, that the St. John's earned its name when he and his father, the Venetian explorer John Cabot became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour, in the morning of 24 June 1494 (against British and French historians stating 1497), the feast day of Saint John the Baptist. However, the exact locations of Cabot's landfalls are disputed. A series of expeditions to St. John's by Portuguese from the Azores took place in the early 16th century, and by 1540 French, Spanish and Portuguese ships crossed the Atlantic annually to fish the waters off the Avalon Peninsula. In the Basque Country, it is a common belief that the name of St. John's was given by Basque fishermen because the bay of St. John's is very similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque Country, where one of the fishing towns is also called St. John (in Spanish, San Juan, and in Basque, Donibane).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sebastian"}], "question": "What was John Cabot's sons first name?", "id": "5727fe9a2ca10214002d9ada"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "explorer"}], "question": "What was the occupation of John Cabot?", "id": "5727fe9a2ca10214002d9adb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "Avalon Peninsula"}], "question": "Where did the French, Spanish and Portuguese start to travel to fish yearly in 1540?", "id": "5727fe9a2ca10214002d9adc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "Basque Country"}], "question": "Where is the Bay of Pasaia located?", "id": "5727fe9a2ca10214002d9add"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "In what language did Sebastian Cabot write his map from 1545?", "id": "5727fe9a2ca10214002d9ade"}]}], ["St. John, dan wilayahnya secara keseluruhannya, amat teruk pada tahun 1990-an oleh kejatuhan perikanan ikan kod Utara, yang menjadi penggerak ekonomi wilayah selama beratus-ratus tahun. Selepas satu dekad kadar pengangguran dan penghijrahan yang tinggi, kedekatan bandar raya Hibernia, Terra Nova dan ladang minyak White Rose telah membawa kepada ledakan ekonomi yang telah mendorong pertumbuhan penduduk dan pembangunan komersial. Akibatnya, kawasan St. John kini menyumbang kira-kira separuh daripada pengeluaran ekonomi wilayah itu. <> Bilakah cod ikan perikanan Utara runtuh? || 1990-an <> Apa yang menyebabkan ledakan ekonomi di St John? || Hibernia, Terra Nova dan medan minyak White Rose <> Berapa lamakah perikanan ikan kod Utara menyediakan ekonomi yang stabil untuk St John? || beratus-ratus tahun <> Berapa lama kadar pengangguran dan depopulasi menderita dalam St John? || dekad", {"context": "St. John's, and the province as a whole, was gravely affected in the 1990s by the collapse of the Northern cod fishery, which had been the driving force of the provincial economy for hundreds of years. After a decade of high unemployment rates and depopulation, the city's proximity to the Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields has led to an economic boom that has spurred population growth and commercial development. As a result, the St. John's area now accounts for about half of the province's economic output.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "When did the Northern cod fishery collapse?", "id": "572813c5ff5b5019007d9c9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields"}], "question": "What led to an economic boom in St. John's?", "id": "572813c5ff5b5019007d9c9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "hundreds of years"}], "question": "For how long did the Northern cod fishery provide a stable economy for St. John's?", "id": "572813c5ff5b5019007d9ca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "decade"}], "question": "How long did unemployment rates and depopulation suffer in St. John's?", "id": "572813c5ff5b5019007d9ca1"}]}], ["Pertahanan penting pertama di bandar itu mungkin didirikan disebabkan kepentingan komersial, berikutan penyitaan sementara St John oleh Laksamana Belanda, Michiel de Ruyter pada bulan Jun 1665. Penduduk dapat menangkis serangan Belanda kedua pada tahun 1673, ketika kali ini telah dipertahankan oleh Christopher Martin, seorang kapten saudagar Inggeris. Martin mendarat enam meriam dari kapalnya, Elias Andrews, dan membina sebuah korden tanah dan bateri berhampiran rantaian Rock yang mengarahkan Narrows menuju ke pelabuhan. Dengan hanya dua puluh tiga lelaki, Martin yang gagah membantah serangan oleh tiga kapal perang Belanda. Kerajaan Inggeris merancang untuk memperluaskan kubu ini (Fort William) sekitar 1689, tetapi pembinaan sebenar tidak bermula sehingga selepas laksamana Perancis Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville menawan dan memusnahkan bandar itu di Kempen Semenanjung Avalon (1696). Apabila 1500 bala bantuan bahasa Inggeris tiba di akhir 1697, mereka mendapati apa-apa tetapi runtuhan di mana bandar dan kubu-kubu telah berdiri. <> Siapa yang merampas St. John pada 1665? || Michiel de Ruyter <> Dalam tahun berapakah Belanda menyerang St John untuk kali kedua? || 1673 <> Berapa ramai lelaki mempertahankan serangan dari Belanda pada tahun 1673? || dua puluh tiga <> Siapa yang memusnahkan Fort William pada tahun 1696? || Pierre Le Moyne <> Berapa banyak kapal perang Belanda yang digerakkan oleh Christopher Martin pada tahun 1673? || tiga", {"context": "The town's first significant defences were likely erected due to commercial interests, following the temporary seizure of St. John's by the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter in June 1665. The inhabitants were able to fend off a second Dutch attack in 1673, when this time it was defended by Christopher Martin, an English merchant captain. Martin landed six cannons from his vessel, the Elias Andrews, and constructed an earthen breastwork and battery near chain Rock commanding the Narrows leading into the harbour. With only twenty-three men, the valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships. The English government planned to expand these fortifications (Fort William) in around 1689, but actual construction didn't begin until after the French admiral Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville captured and destroyed the town in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign (1696). When 1500 English reinforcements arrived in late 1697 they found nothing but rubble where the town and fortifications had stood.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Michiel de Ruyter"}], "question": "Who briefly seized St. John's in 1665?", "id": "57280ddb4b864d190016432a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "1673"}], "question": "In what year did the dutch attack St. John for a second time?", "id": "57280ddb4b864d190016432b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "twenty-three"}], "question": "How many men defended the attack from the Dutch in 1673?", "id": "57280ddb4b864d190016432c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 767, "text": "Pierre Le Moyne"}], "question": "Who destroyed Fort William in 1696?", "id": "57280ddb4b864d190016432d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many Dutch warships were fended of by Christopher Martin in 1673?", "id": "57280ddb4b864d190016432e"}]}], ["Rekod terawal lokasi itu muncul sebagai S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o di peta Portugis oleh Pedro Reinel pada tahun 1519. Ketika John Rut melawat St. John pada tahun 1527 ia menemukan kapal-kapal Norman, Breton dan Portugis di pelabuhan. Pada 3 Ogos 1527, Rut menulis surat kepada Raja Henry mengenai penemuan pelayarannya ke Amerika Utara; ini adalah surat pertama yang dihantar dari Amerika Utara. St. Jehan ditunjukkan pada peta dunia Nicholas Desliens pada tahun 1541 dan San Joham ditemui di Atlas Jo\u00e3o Freire pada tahun 1546. Pada masa ini Water Street pertama kali dibangun, menjadikannya jalan tertua di Amerika Utara. [Meragukan - membincangkan ] <> Tahun apa John Rut melawat St. John? || 1527 <> Siapa yang menghantar surat pertama yang diketahui dari Amerika Utara? || John Rut <> Apa tiga negara kapal John Rut mendapati pada tahun 1527? || Norman, Breton dan Portugis <> Siapa yang John Rut menulis surat pada tahun 1527? || Raja Henry", {"context": "The earliest record of the location appears as S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. John's in 1527 he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first known letter sent from North America. St. Jehan is shown on Nicholas Desliens' world map of 1541 and San Joham is found in Jo\u00e3o Freire's Atlas of 1546. It was during this time that Water Street was first developed, making it the oldest street in North America.[dubious \u2013 discuss]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "1527"}], "question": "What year did John Rut visit St. John's?", "id": "572806a12ca10214002d9be0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "John Rut"}], "question": "Who sent the first known letter from North America?", "id": "572806a12ca10214002d9be1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Norman, Breton and Portuguese"}], "question": "What three countries ships did John Rut find in 1527?", "id": "572806a12ca10214002d9be2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "King Henry"}], "question": "Who did John Rut write a letter to in 1527?", "id": "572806a12ca10214002d9be3"}]}], ["St. John (/ \u02ccse\u026antd\u0292\u0252nz /, tempatan / \u02ccse\u026antd\u0292\u0251\u02d0nz /) adalah ibu kota dan bandar terbesar di Newfoundland dan Labrador, Kanada. St John telah diperbadankan sebagai sebuah bandar pada 1888, namun dianggap oleh beberapa yang menjadi bandar tertua Inggeris yang tertua di Amerika Utara. Ia terletak di hujung timur Semenanjung Avalon di pulau Newfoundland. Dengan populasi 214,285 pada 1 Julai 2015, Kawasan Metropolitan St. John adalah Kawasan Banci Metropolitan Kedua (CMA) kedua di Atlantik Kanada selepas Halifax dan kawasan metropolitan terbesar ke-20 di Kanada. Ia adalah salah satu destinasi sepuluh terbesar di dunia, menurut National Geographic Magazine. Namanya telah dikaitkan dengan hari raya Yohanes Pembaptis, ketika John Cabot dipercayai telah berlayar ke pelabuhan pada tahun 1497, dan juga ke sebuah kota nelayan Basque dengan nama yang sama. <> Di negara apakah yang terletak di St John? || Kanada <> Apakah nama pulau itu terletak di St. John? || Newfoundland <> Apa bandar raya menduduki tangga ke-20 di kawasan metropolitan terbesar untuk Kanada? || St John's <> Di mana di Semenanjung Avalon terletak St. John? || ujung timur <> Dalam tahun apakah St. John mempunyai populasi 214,285? || 2015", {"context": "St. John's (/\u02ccse\u026ant\u02c8d\u0292\u0252nz/, local /\u02ccse\u026ant\u02c8d\u0292\u0251\u02d0nz/) is the capital and largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. St. John's was incorporated as a city in 1888, yet is considered by some to be the oldest English-founded city in North America. It is located on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland. With a population of 214,285 as of July 1, 2015, the St. John's Metropolitan Area is the second largest Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) in Atlantic Canada after Halifax and the 20th largest metropolitan area in Canada. It is one of the world's top ten oceanside destinations, according to National Geographic Magazine. Its name has been attributed to the feast day of John the Baptist, when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497, and also to a Basque fishing town with the same name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "In what country is St. John's located?", "id": "5727fa9c3acd2414000df147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Newfoundland"}], "question": "What is the name of the island that St. John's is located?", "id": "5727fa9c3acd2414000df148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "St. John's"}], "question": "What city is ranked 20th in largest metropolitan area for Canada?", "id": "5727fa9c3acd2414000df149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "eastern tip"}], "question": "Where on the Avalon Peninsula is St. John's located?", "id": "5727fa9c3acd2414000df14a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "2015"}], "question": "In what year did St. John's have a population of 214,285?", "id": "5727fa9c3acd2414000df14b"}]}], ["St John mempunyai iklim benua lembap (K\u00f6ppen Dfb), dengan variasi bermusim yang lebih rendah daripada biasa untuk latitud, yang disebabkan oleh sederhana Teluk Stream. Walau bagaimanapun, walaupun suhu maritim ini, suhu purata Januari purata sebenarnya sedikit lebih sejuk di St John daripada di Kelowna, British Columbia, yang merupakan bandar pedalaman yang terletak berhampiran udara laut yang lebih banyak di Pasifik, menunjukkan sifat sejuk di Timur Kanada. Purata suhu berkisar antara -4.9 \u00b0 C (23.2 \u00b0 F) pada bulan Februari hingga 16.1 \u00b0 C (61.0 \u00b0 F) pada bulan Ogos, menunjukkan sedikit daripada keadaan bermusim dalam iklim. Bandar ini juga merupakan salah satu kawasan di negara ini yang paling cenderung kepada aktiviti siklon tropis, kerana ia bersempadan dengan Lautan Atlantik di timur, di mana ribut tropika (dan kadang-kadang taufan) bergerak dari Amerika Syarikat. Bandar ini merupakan salah satu hujan di Kanada di luar pantai British Columbia. Hal ini sebahagiannya disebabkan kecenderungan untuk aktiviti ribut tropika serta lembab, udara Atlantik sering meniup ke darat dan menghasilkan hujan. <> Bagaimana iklim di St. John? || lembab <> Di mana provinsi Kelowna terletak? || British Columbia <> Yang bandaraya Kanada paling hujan? || British Columbia <> Apa badan air di sebelah timur St. John? || Lautan Atlantik <> Dari mana ribut tropika bergerak dari ke St John? || Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "St. John's has a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen Dfb), with lower seasonal variation than normal for the latitude, which is due to Gulf Stream moderation. However, despite this maritime moderation, average January high temperatures are actually slightly colder in St. John's than it is in Kelowna, British Columbia, which is an inland city that is near the more marine air of the Pacific, demonstrating the cold nature of Eastern Canada. Mean temperatures range from \u22124.9 \u00b0C (23.2 \u00b0F) in February to 16.1 \u00b0C (61.0 \u00b0F) in August, showing somewhat of a seasonal lag in the climate. The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity, as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, where tropical storms (and sometimes hurricanes) travel from the United States. The city is one of the rainiest in Canada outside of coastal British Columbia. This is partly due to its propensity for tropical storm activity as well as moist, Atlantic air frequently blowing ashore and creating precipitation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "humid"}], "question": "How is the climate in St. John's?", "id": "57281785ff5b5019007d9d06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "British Columbia"}], "question": "In which province is Kelowna located?", "id": "57281785ff5b5019007d9d07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "British Columbia"}], "question": "Which Canadian city is the most rainiest?", "id": "57281785ff5b5019007d9d08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "What body of water is to the east of St. John?", "id": "57281785ff5b5019007d9d09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "United States"}], "question": "From where do tropical storms travel from to St. John's?", "id": "57281785ff5b5019007d9d0a"}]}], ["Dewan LSPU adalah rumah kepada Pusat Sumber bagi Seni. \"Hall\" menjadi tuan rumah komuniti seni yang bertenaga dan beragam dan dianggap sebagai tulang belakang infrastruktur seni dan pembangunan di pusat bandar. Kerjaya artis terkenal Newfoundland dilancarkan di sana termasuk Rick Mercer, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones, Andy Jones dan Greg Thomey. Pusat Seni dan Kebudayaan St. John menempatkan sebuah galeri seni, perpustakaan dan teater 1000 tempat duduk, yang merupakan tempat utama di bandar untuk menghasilkan hiburan. <> Di manakah Pusat Sumber untuk Seni? || Dewan LSPU <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang ada di teater Seni dan Budaya St. John? || 1000 <> Di mana di bandar itu Dewan LSPU? || pusat bandar <> Di manakah Rick Mercer dari? || Newfoundland", {"context": "The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts. The \"Hall\" hosts a vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic infrastructure and development in the downtown. The careers of many well-known Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones, Andy Jones and Greg Thomey. The St. John's Arts and Culture Centre houses an art gallery, libraries and a 1000-seat theatre, which is the city's major venue for entertainment productions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The LSPU Hall"}], "question": "Where is the Resource Centre for the Arts?", "id": "572820f34b864d1900164508"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "1000"}], "question": "How many seats does the St. John's Arts and Culture theatre have?", "id": "572820f34b864d1900164509"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "downtown"}], "question": "Where in the city is the LSPU Hall?", "id": "572820f34b864d190016450a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Newfoundland"}], "question": "Where is Rick Mercer from?", "id": "572820f34b864d190016450b"}]}], ["Majoriti Kristian, penduduk St John pernah dibahagikan mengikut garis aliran sektarian (Katolik / Protestan). Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, sektarianisme ini telah merosot dengan ketara, dan tidak lagi menjadi aspek kehidupan umum di St John. St John adalah kerusi Uskup Agung Katolik Roma St. John, dan Uskup Anglikan Timur Newfoundland dan Labrador. Semua mazhab utama Kristian menunjukkan penurunan dari 2001-2011 dengan peningkatan yang besar pada mereka yang tidak mempunyai agama dari 3.9% hingga 11.1%. <> Apakah agama terbesar di St John? || Kristian <> Apa yang telah merosot pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini di St John? || sektarianisme <> Apa sekte yang merosot dari tahun 2001-2011? || Kristian", {"context": "Predominantly Christian, the population of St. John's was once divided along sectarian (Catholic/Protestant) lines. In recent years, this sectarianism has declined significantly, and is no longer a commonly acknowledged facet of life in St. John's. St. John's is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. John's, and the Anglican Bishop of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador. All major Christian sects showed a decline from 2001\u20132011 with a large increase in those with no religion from 3.9% to 11.1%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "What is the largest religion in St. John's?", "id": "57281d864b864d19001644c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "sectarianism"}], "question": "What has declined in the recent years on St. John's?", "id": "57281d864b864d19001644c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "What sects declined from 2001-2011?", "id": "57281d864b864d19001644c8"}]}], ["Untuk memenuhi keperluan untuk lebih banyak ruang pejabat di pusat bandar tanpa mengorbankan warisan bandar, majlis bandar meminda peraturan warisan, yang pada asalnya terhad ketinggian hingga 15 meter di kawasan tanah di Water Street antara Bishop's Cove dan Steer's Cove, untuk mewujudkan \"Commercial Central Runcit - Zon Barat \". Zon baru akan membolehkan bangunan lebih tinggi. Bangunan pejabat berukuran setinggi 47 meter, termasuk ruang runcit dan garaj tempat letak kereta, merupakan bangunan pertama yang akan diluluskan di kawasan ini. <> Apa yang dipinda untuk menyediakan lebih banyak ruang pejabat di pusat bandar? || peraturan warisan <> Ketinggian apakah sekatan asal di pusat bandar? || 15 meter <> Berapa tinggi bangunan pejabat pertama yang akan diluluskan di Jalan Water di antara Bishop's Cove dan Steer's Cove? || 47 meter", {"context": "To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city's heritage, the city council amended heritage regulations, which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove, to create the \"Commercial Central Retail \u2013 West Zone\". The new zone will allow for buildings of greater height. A 47-metre, 12-storey office building, which includes retail space and a parking garage, was the first building to be approved in this area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "heritage regulations"}], "question": "What was amended to provide more office space in downtown?", "id": "57281be43acd2414000df4b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "15 metres"}], "question": "What height was the original restriction in downtown for ?", "id": "57281be43acd2414000df4b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "47-metre"}], "question": "How tall was the first office building to be approved in the on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove?", "id": "57281be43acd2414000df4b9"}]}], ["Bermula sebagai tempat penangkapan nelayan untuk nelayan Eropah, St. John kebanyakan terdiri dari rumah nelayan, gudang, gudang penyimpanan, dan dermaga yang dibina dari kayu. Seperti bandar-bandar lain pada masa itu, apabila Revolusi Perindustrian telah memegang dan kaedah dan bahan baru untuk pembinaan diperkenalkan, landskap berubah apabila bandar berkembang dengan lebar dan tinggi. Kebakaran Besar pada tahun 1892 memusnahkan sebahagian besar teras pusat bandar, dan kebanyakan bangunan kayu kediaman dan lain-lain dari tarikh ini. <> Apa dermaga di St John dibina? || kayu <> Pada tahun berapa adalah Api Besar? || 1892 <> Apakah kawasan yang paling terjejas oleh The Great Fire of 1892? || pusat bandar", {"context": "Starting as a fishing outpost for European fishermen, St. John's consisted mostly of the homes of fishermen, sheds, storage shacks, and wharves constructed out of wood. Like many other cities of the time, as the Industrial Revolution took hold and new methods and materials for construction were introduced, the landscape changed as the city grew in width and height. The Great Fire of 1892 destroyed most of the downtown core, and most residential and other wood-frame buildings date from this period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "wood"}], "question": "What are wharves in St. John's constructed out of?", "id": "572819473acd2414000df485"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "1892"}], "question": "In what year was the Great Fire?", "id": "572819473acd2414000df486"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "downtown core"}], "question": "What was the most affected area of The Great Fire of 1892?", "id": "572819473acd2414000df487"}]}], ["Selalunya dibandingkan dengan San Francisco kerana kawasan yang berbukit dan jalan-jalan kediaman yang curam, perumahan di St. John biasanya dicat dengan warna-warna cerah. Majlis bandar raya telah melaksanakan peraturan warisan yang ketat di kawasan pusat bandar, termasuk sekatan terhadap ketinggian bangunan. Peraturan-peraturan ini telah menyebabkan banyak kontroversi sejak bertahun-tahun. Dengan bandar mengalami ledakan ekonomi kekurangan bilik hotel dan ruang pejabat telah melihat cadangan yang dikemukakan yang tidak memenuhi peraturan ketinggian semasa. Para pendukung warisan berhujah bahawa peraturan-peraturan semasa harus dikuatkuasakan sementara yang lain percaya peraturan-peraturan harus dilonggarkan untuk mendorong pembangunan ekonomi. <> Apa bandar Amerika Syarikat yang sering dibandingkan dengan St. John? || San Francisco <> Apa majlis bandar mempunyai sekatan di pusat bandar? || ketinggian bangunan <> Apa yang mempunyai sekatan terhadap ketinggian bangunan yang disebabkan selama bertahun-tahun? || kontroversi <> Apa bandar yang kurang kerana sekatan tinggi? || bilik hotel dan ruang pejabat", {"context": "Often compared to San Francisco due to the hilly terrain and steep maze of residential streets, housing in St. John's is typically painted in bright colours. The city council has implemented strict heritage regulations in the downtown area, including restrictions on the height of buildings. These regulations have caused much controversy over the years. With the city experiencing an economic boom a lack of hotel rooms and office space has seen proposals put forward that do not meet the current height regulations. Heritage advocates argue that the current regulations should be enforced while others believe the regulations should be relaxed to encourage economic development.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "San Francisco"}], "question": "What US city is St. John's often compared to?", "id": "57281a5fff5b5019007d9d4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "height of buildings"}], "question": "What does the city council have restrictions on in downtown?", "id": "57281a5fff5b5019007d9d4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "controversy"}], "question": "What have the restrictions on the height of buildings caused over the years?", "id": "57281a5fff5b5019007d9d4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "hotel rooms and office space"}], "question": "What is the city lacking because of the height restrictions?", "id": "57281a5fff5b5019007d9d4f"}]}], ["Ekonomi telah berkembang pesat dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini. Pada 2010 dan 2011, keluaran dalam negara kasar (KDNK) kawasan metro menyebabkan 27 kawasan metropolitan lain di negara ini, menurut Lembaga Persidangan Kanada, mencatatkan pertumbuhan masing-masing sebanyak 6.6 peratus dan 5.8 peratus. Pada $ 52,000 KDNK per kapita bandar adalah yang tertinggi kedua daripada semua bandar utama Kanada. Ramalan ekonomi mencadangkan bahawa bandar akan meneruskan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kukuh pada tahun-tahun akan datang bukan sahaja dalam industri \"lautan\" yang disebutkan di atas, tetapi juga dalam pelancongan dan pembinaan rumah baru apabila penduduk terus berkembang. Pada bulan Mei 2011, kadar pengangguran di bandar itu jatuh kepada 5.6 peratus, kadar pengangguran terendah kedua untuk sebuah bandar utama di Kanada. <> Apa yang telah berkembang pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini? || ekonomi <> Bilakah kadar pengangguran turun kepada 5.6 peratus? || Mei 2011 <> Apakah kadar pengangguran di bandar pada Mei 2011? || 5.6 peratus <> Apakah KDNK per kapita bandar ini? || $ 52,000", {"context": "The economy has been growing quickly in recent years. In both 2010 and 2011, the metro area's gross domestic product (GDP) led 27 other metropolitan areas in the country, according to the Conference Board of Canada, recording growth of 6.6 per cent and 5.8 per cent respectively. At $52,000 the city's per capita GDP is the second highest out of all major Canadian cities. Economic forecasts suggest that the city will continue its strong economic growth in the coming years not only in the \"oceanic\" industries mentioned above, but also in tourism and new home construction as the population continues to grow. In May 2011, the city's unemployment rate fell to 5.6 per cent, the second lowest unemployment rate for a major city in Canada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "economy"}], "question": "What has been growing in the recent years?", "id": "57281fae2ca10214002d9e60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "May 2011"}], "question": "When did the unemployment rate fall to 5.6 per cent?", "id": "57281fae2ca10214002d9e61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "5.6 per cent"}], "question": "What was the city's unemployment rate in May 2011?", "id": "57281fae2ca10214002d9e62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "$52,000"}], "question": "What is the city's per capita GDP?", "id": "57281fae2ca10214002d9e63"}]}], ["Pippy Park adalah sebuah taman bandar yang terletak di hujung timur bandar; dengan lebih daripada 3,400 ekar (14 km2) tanah, ia adalah salah satu taman bandar terbesar di Kanada. Taman ini mengandungi pelbagai kemudahan rekreasi termasuk dua padang golf, perkhemahan terbesar Newfoundland dan Labrador, berjalan kaki dan laluan ski serta habitat yang dilindungi untuk banyak tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan. Pippy Park juga merupakan rumah kepada Fluvarium, sebuah pusat pendidikan alam sekitar yang menawarkan pemandangan seksyen Nagle's Hill Brook. <> Di mana Pippy Park terletak di bandar? || akhir timur <> Berapa banyak ekar adalah Pippy Park? || 3,400 <> Berapa banyak padang golf yang ada di Pippy Park? || dua <> Apa jejak lain selain laluan berjalan kaki yang ada di Pippy Park? || ski <> Di manakah Fluvarium terletak? || Pippy Park", {"context": "Pippy Park is an urban park located in the east end of the city; with over 3,400 acres (14 km2) of land, it is one of Canada's largest urban parks. The park contains a range of recreational facilities including two golf courses, Newfoundland and Labrador's largest serviced campground, walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat for many plants and animals. Pippy Park is also home to the Fluvarium, an environmental education centre which offers a cross section view of Nagle's Hill Brook.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "east end"}], "question": "Where is Pippy Park located in the city?", "id": "572821c33acd2414000df53b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "3,400"}], "question": "About how many acres is Pippy Park?", "id": "572821c33acd2414000df53c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many golf courses does Pippy Park have?", "id": "572821c33acd2414000df53d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "skiing"}], "question": "What other trail besides walking trails does Pippy Park have?", "id": "572821c33acd2414000df53e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pippy Park"}], "question": "Where is the Fluvarium located?", "id": "572821c33acd2414000df53f"}]}], ["Pada Banci 2006, terdapat 100,646 penduduk di St John sendiri, 151,322 di kawasan bandar dan 181,113 di Kawasan Metropolitan Banci St. John (CMA). Oleh itu, St. John adalah bandar terbesar Newfoundland dan Labrador dan CMA ke-20 terbesar di Kanada. Selain dari St. John's, CMA termasuk 12 komuniti lain: bandar Mount Pearl dan bandar-bandar Conception Bay South, Paradise, Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, Torbay, Logy Bay-Tengah Cove-Outer Cove, Pouch Cove, Flatrock, Bay Bulls, Witless Bay, Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove dan Bauline. Penduduk CMA adalah 192,326 pada 1 Julai 2010. <> Dalam tahun berapa 100,646 penduduk di St John? || 2006 <> Berapa banyak komuniti yang melibatkan CMA? || 12 <> Apakah populasi CMA pada tahun 2010? || 192,326 <> Apa bandar terbesar di Newfoundland dan Labrador? || St John's", {"context": "As of the 2006 Census, there were 100,646 inhabitants in St. John's itself, 151,322 in the urban area and 181,113 in the St. John's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Thus, St. John's is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest city and Canada's 20th largest CMA. Apart from St. John's, the CMA includes 12 other communities: the city of Mount Pearl and the towns of Conception Bay South, Paradise, Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, Torbay, Logy Bay-Middle Cove-Outer Cove, Pouch Cove, Flatrock, Bay Bulls, Witless Bay, Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove and Bauline. The population of the CMA was 192,326 as of 1 July 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year where there 100,646 inhabitants in St. John's?", "id": "57281cd73acd2414000df4c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many communities does the CMA include?", "id": "57281cd73acd2414000df4c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "192,326"}], "question": "What was the population of the CMA in 2010?", "id": "57281cd73acd2414000df4c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "St. John's"}], "question": "What is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest city?", "id": "57281cd73acd2414000df4c6"}]}], ["Ekonomi St. John dihubungkan dengan kedua-dua peranannya sebagai ibu kota wilayah Newfoundland dan Labrador dan lautan. Perkhidmatan awam yang disokong oleh kerajaan persekutuan, wilayah dan perbandaran menjadi kunci kepada pengembangan tenaga kerja bandar dan kestabilan ekonomi, yang menyokong sektor runcit, perkhidmatan dan perniagaan yang besar. Kerajaan wilayah adalah majikan terbesar di bandar, diikuti oleh Memorial University. Dengan kejatuhan industri perikanan di Newfoundland dan Labrador pada tahun 1990-an, peranan lautan kini terikat dengan apa yang ada di bawahnya - minyak dan gas - bertentangan dengan apa yang berenang atau mengembara. Bandar ini merupakan pusat industri minyak dan gas di Kanada Timur dan merupakan salah satu daripada 19 Dunia Tenaga Dunia. ExxonMobil Kanada beribu pejabat di St John dan syarikat-syarikat seperti Chevron, Husky Energy, Suncor Energy dan Statoil mempunyai operasi serantau utama di bandar. Tiga perkembangan minyak luar pesisir utama, Hibernia, Terra Nova dan White Rose, dalam pengeluaran di luar bandar dan pembangunan keempat, Hebron, dijangka menghasilkan minyak menjelang tahun 2017. Apa yang disokong oleh persekutuan, wilayah dan kerajaan perbandaran? || perkhidmatan awam <> Siapa majikan terbesar di bandar? || Kerajaan wilayah <> Siapa majikan kedua terbesar di bandar ini? || Universiti Memorial <> Berapa tahun industri perikanan jatuh di Newfoundland dan Labrador? || 1990-an <> Tahun berapa Hebron dijangka mula menghasilkan minyak di St John? || 2017", {"context": "St. John's economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean. The civil service which is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city's labour force and to the stability of its economy, which supports a sizable retail, service and business sector. The provincial government is the largest employer in the city, followed by Memorial University. With the collapse of the fishing industry in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s, the role of the ocean is now tied to what lies beneath it \u2013 oil and gas \u2013 as opposed to what swims in or travels across it. The city is the centre of the oil and gas industry in Eastern Canada and is one of 19 World Energy Cities. ExxonMobil Canada is headquartered in St. John's and companies such as Chevron, Husky Energy, Suncor Energy and Statoil have major regional operations in the city. Three major offshore oil developments, Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose, are in production off the coast of the city and a fourth development, Hebron, is expected to be producing oil by 2017.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "civil service"}], "question": "What is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments?", "id": "57281ecd2ca10214002d9e42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "The provincial government"}], "question": "Who is the largest employer in the city?", "id": "57281ecd2ca10214002d9e43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Memorial University"}], "question": "Who is the second largest employer in the city?", "id": "57281ecd2ca10214002d9e44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "What years did the fishing industry fall in Newfoundland and Labrador?", "id": "57281ecd2ca10214002d9e45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1137, "text": "2017"}], "question": "What year is Hebron projected to start producing oil in St. John's?", "id": "57281ecd2ca10214002d9e46"}]}], ["Dari bandar-bandar utama di Kanada, St. John adalah foggiest (124 hari), windiest (kelajuan purata 24.3 km / j (15.1 mph)), dan cloudiest (1,497 jam cahaya matahari). Saint John mengalami suhu lebih ringan pada musim sejuk berbanding dengan bandar-bandar lain di Kanada, dan mempunyai musim sejuk yang paling ringan untuk mana-mana bandar Kanada di luar British Columbia. Pemendakan adalah kerap dan sering kali berat, jatuh sepanjang tahun. Rata-rata, musim panas adalah musim kering, dengan hanya aktiviti ribut petir sekali sahaja, dan bulan paling basah adalah dari bulan Oktober hingga Januari, dengan bulan Disember paling rendah bulan, dengan hampir 165 milimeter presipitasi rata-rata. Maksimum hujan musim sejuk ini agak luar biasa untuk iklim lembap yang lembab, yang paling lazimnya mempunyai akhir musim hujan atau musim panas yang cerah maksimum (contohnya, sebahagian besar Midwestern A.S.). Kebanyakan peristiwa hujan yang hebat di St John's adalah hasil daripada ribut ribut lintang menengah yang berpindah dari Amerika Utara dan New England negeri, dan ini adalah yang paling biasa dan sengit dari Oktober hingga Mac, yang membawa hujan lebat (biasanya 4 hingga 8 sentimeter hujan bersamaan dalam ribut tunggal), dan angin yang kuat. Pada musim sejuk, dua atau lebih jenis hujan (hujan, hujan beku, hujan dan salji) boleh jatuh dari laluan ribut tunggal. Salji adalah berat, dengan purata hampir 335 sentimeter setiap musim sejuk. Walau bagaimanapun, ribut musim sejuk boleh membawa perubahan jenis pemendakan. Salji tebal boleh beralih kepada hujan lebat, mencairkan salji, dan mungkin kembali ke salji atau ais (mungkin secara ringkas) semua dalam ribut yang sama, menyebabkan sedikit atau tiada pengumpulan salji bersih. Perlindungan salji di St John adalah berubah-ubah, dan terutamanya awal musim musim sejuk, mungkin lambat berkembang, tetapi boleh melebarkan jauh ke dalam bulan-bulan musim bunga (Mac, April). Kawasan St. John tertakluk kepada hujan beku (dipanggil \"cair perak\"), yang paling buruk yang melumpuhkan bandar selama tempoh tiga hari pada bulan April 1984. <> Apa bandaraya foggiest Kanada? || St John's <> Apakah kelajuan angin purata dalam batu sejam untuk St John? || 15.1 mph <> Apakah bandar Kanada mempunyai suhu musim sejuk yang paling ringan? || British Columbia <> Berapa banyak musim kering purata di St John? || musim panas <> Apa kata lain untuk hujan beku? || cair perak", {"context": "Of major Canadian cities, St. John's is the foggiest (124 days), windiest (24.3 km/h (15.1 mph) average speed), and cloudiest (1,497 hours of sunshine). St. John's experiences milder temperatures during the winter season in comparison to other Canadian cities, and has the mildest winter for any Canadian city outside of British Columbia. Precipitation is frequent and often heavy, falling year round. On average, summer is the driest season, with only occasional thunderstorm activity, and the wettest months are from October to January, with December the wettest single month, with nearly 165 millimetres of precipitation on average. This winter precipitation maximum is quite unusual for humid continental climates, which most commonly have a late spring or early summer precipitation maximum (for example, most of the Midwestern U.S.). Most heavy precipitation events in St. John's are the product of intense mid-latitude storms migrating from the Northeastern U.S. and New England states, and these are most common and intense from October to March, bringing heavy precipitation (commonly 4 to 8 centimetres of rainfall equivalent in a single storm), and strong winds. In winter, two or more types of precipitation (rain, freezing rain, sleet and snow) can fall from passage of a single storm. Snowfall is heavy, averaging nearly 335 centimetres per winter season. However, winter storms can bring changing precipitation types. Heavy snow can transition to heavy rain, melting the snow cover, and possibly back to snow or ice (perhaps briefly) all in the same storm, resulting in little or no net snow accumulation. Snow cover in St. John's is variable, and especially early in the winter season, may be slow to develop, but can extend deeply into the spring months (March, April). The St. John's area is subject to freezing rain (called \"silver thaws\"), the worst of which paralyzed the city over a three-day period in April 1984.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "St. John's"}], "question": "What is the foggiest Canadian city?", "id": "572818b93acd2414000df475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "15.1 mph"}], "question": "What is the average wind speed in miles per hour for St. John's?", "id": "572818b93acd2414000df476"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "British Columbia"}], "question": "What Canadian city has the mildest winter temperature?", "id": "572818b93acd2414000df477"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "summer"}], "question": "What is the driest season on average in St. John's?", "id": "572818b93acd2414000df478"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1844, "text": "silver thaws"}], "question": "What is another word for freezing rain?", "id": "572818b93acd2414000df479"}]}], ["Metrobus Transit bertanggungjawab untuk transit awam di rantau ini. Metrobus mempunyai 19 laluan, 53 bas dan penumpang tahunan sebanyak 3,014,073. Destinasi termasuk Avalon Mall, Pusat Beli-Belah Village, Universiti Memorial, Akademi Kanada, Kolej Atlantik Utara, Institut Marin, Bangunan Gabungan, pusat bandar, Taman Perniagaan Stavanger Drive, Kelsey Drive, Goulds, Kilbride, Shea Heights, empat hospital di bandar serta kawasan penting lain di St John's dan Gunung Pearl. <> Berapa banyak laluan yang ada di Metrobus? || 19 <> Berapa banyak bas yang ada di rantau ini untuk transit awam? || 53 <Berapa banyak hospital yang ada di bandar ini? || empat <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk transit awam di rantau ini? || Metrobus", {"context": "Metrobus Transit is responsible for public transit in the region. Metrobus has a total of 19 routes, 53 buses and an annual ridership of 3,014,073. Destinations include the Avalon Mall, The Village Shopping Centre, Memorial University, Academy Canada, the College of the North Atlantic, the Marine Institute, the Confederation Building, downtown, Stavanger Drive Business Park, Kelsey Drive, Goulds, Kilbride, Shea Heights, the four hospitals in the city as well as other important areas in St. John's and Mount Pearl.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "19"}], "question": "How many routes does the Metrobus have?", "id": "57282bd74b864d1900164650"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "53"}], "question": "How many buses does the region have for public transit?", "id": "57282bd74b864d1900164651"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many hospitals does the city have?", "id": "57282bd74b864d1900164652"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Metrobus"}], "question": "Who is responsible for public transit in the region?", "id": "57282bd74b864d1900164653"}]}], ["St. John secara tradisinya menjadi salah satu bandar paling selamat di Kanada untuk hidup; Walau bagaimanapun, dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini jenayah di bandar telah meningkat secara berterusan. Walaupun jenayah secara nasional menurun sebanyak 4% pada tahun 2009, jumlah kadar jenayah di St. John menyaksikan peningkatan sebanyak 4%. Pada masa yang sama jenayah ganas di bandar ini menurun 6%, berbanding penurunan 1% secara nasional. Indeks kecenderungan jenayah pada tahun 2010 adalah 101.9, peningkatan 10% dari tahun 2009 dan 19.2% daripada purata negara. Indeks keterukan jenayah kekerasan adalah 90.1, peningkatan 29% dari 2009 dan 1.2% melebihi purata kebangsaan. St John mempunyai indeks jenayah metropolitan ketujuh tertinggi dan indeks jenayah keganasan metropolitan tertinggi kedua di negara pada tahun 2010. <> Berapa banyak jenayah dalam peningkatan St. John pada tahun 2009? || 4% <> Apa bandar yang mempunyai indeks jenayah metropolitan ketujuh tertinggi pada tahun 2010? || St John <> Berapa banyak jenayah di negara ini jatuh pada tahun 2009? || 4%", {"context": "St. John's has traditionally been one of the safest cities in Canada to live; however, in recent years crime in the city has steadily increased. While nationally crime decreased by 4% in 2009, the total crime rate in St. John's saw an increase of 4%. During this same time violent crime in the city decreased 6%, compared to a 1% decrease nationally. In 2010 the total crime severity index for the city was 101.9, an increase of 10% from 2009 and 19.2% above the national average. The violent crime severity index was 90.1, an increase of 29% from 2009 and 1.2% above the national average. St. John's had the seventh-highest metropolitan crime index and twelfth-highest metropolitan violent crime index in the country in 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "4%"}], "question": "By how much did crime in St. John's increase in 2009?", "id": "5728289f4b864d190016460c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "St. John's"}], "question": "What city had the seventh-highest metropolitan crime index in 2010?", "id": "5728289f4b864d190016460d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "4%"}], "question": "How much did crime in the country drop in 2009?", "id": "5728289f4b864d190016460e"}]}], ["St John's adalah terminal timur Lebuhraya Trans-Canada, salah satu lebuh raya negara terpanjang di dunia. Lebuhraya terbahagi, yang juga dikenali sebagai \"Jalan Lingkaran Luar\" di bandar, berjalan di luar bahagian utama bandar, dengan jalan keluar ke Pitts Memorial Drive, Topsail Road, Lebuhraya Gushue Pasukan, Thorburn Road, Allandale Road, Portugal Cove Road dan Torbay Road, menyediakan akses mudah ke kawasan kejiranan yang dilayani oleh jalan-jalan tersebut. Pitts Memorial Drive berjalan dari Conception Bay South, melalui bandar Gunung Pearl dan ke pusat bandar St. John, dengan persimpangan untuk Goulds, Water Street dan Hamilton Avenue-New Gower Street. <> Di mana terminal timur Lebuhraya Trans-Kanada? || St John's Ring Road adalah nama lain untuk apa? || Lebuhraya terbahagi <> Apakah lebuh raya yang dibekalkan? || akses mudah ke kawasan kejiranan", {"context": "St. John's is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway, one of the longest national highways in the world. The divided highway, also known as \"Outer Ring Road\" in the city, runs just outside the main part of the city, with exits to Pitts Memorial Drive, Topsail Road, Team Gushue Highway, Thorburn Road, Allandale Road, Portugal Cove Road and Torbay Road, providing relatively easy access to neighbourhoods served by those streets. Pitts Memorial Drive runs from Conception Bay South, through the city of Mount Pearl and into downtown St. John's, with interchanges for Goulds, Water Street and Hamilton Avenue-New Gower Street.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "St. John's"}], "question": "Where is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway?", "id": "57282ad24b864d1900164640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "The divided highway"}], "question": "Outer Ring Road is a another name for what?", "id": "57282ad24b864d1900164641"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "relatively easy access to neighbourhoods"}], "question": "What does the divided highway provide?", "id": "57282ad24b864d1900164642"}]}], ["Pasukan kesatuan ragbi The Rock adalah kemasukan Kanada Timur di Kejohanan Ragbi Amerika. The Rock memainkan permainan rumah mereka di Swilers Rugby Park, seperti juga juara Liga Super Rugby Kanada untuk tahun 2005 dan 2006, Newfoundland Rock. Bandar ini menganjurkan pertandingan kelayakan Piala Dunia Rugby antara Kanada dan Amerika Syarikat pada 12 Ogos 2006, di mana orang Kanada mengalahkan Amerika 56-7 untuk layak ke final Piala Dunia Rugby 2007 di Perancis. Pesta Kejohanan Kebangsaan Rugby Kanada peringkat umur 2007 telah diadakan di bandar raya ini. <> Di mana The Rock memainkan permainan rumah mereka di? || Swilers Rugby Park <> Yang memenangi kejuaraan Liga Super Rugby Canada pada tahun 2005? || Newfoundland Rock <> Di negara apakah final Piala Dunia Rugby 2007? || Perancis <> Pada tahun apakah Kanada mengalahkan Amerika 56-7 dalam perlawanan kelayakan Piala Dunia Rugby? || 2006 <> Pada tahun apakah Perancis menjadi tuan rumah Piala Dunia Rugby? || 2007", {"context": "The rugby union team The Rock is the Eastern Canadian entry in the Americas Rugby Championship. The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park, as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006, the Newfoundland Rock. The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006, where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56\u20137 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France. The 2007 age-grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Swilers Rugby Park"}], "question": "Where do The Rock play their home games at?", "id": "572826292ca10214002d9f1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Newfoundland Rock"}], "question": "Who won the the Rugby Canada Super League championship in 2005?", "id": "572826292ca10214002d9f1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "France"}], "question": "In what country was the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals?", "id": "572826292ca10214002d9f1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did Canada beat USA 56\u20137 in a Rugby World Cup qualifying match?", "id": "572826292ca10214002d9f1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did France host the Rugby World Cup finals?", "id": "572826292ca10214002d9f20"}]}], ["Bannerman Park adalah taman gaya Victoria yang terletak berhampiran dengan pusat bandar. Taman ini dibuka secara rasmi pada tahun 1891 oleh Sir Alexander Bannerman, Gabenor Koloni Newfoundland yang mendermakan tanah itu untuk mewujudkan taman itu. Hari ini taman ini mengandungi kolam renang awam, taman permainan, berlian besbol dan banyak kawasan berumput terbuka yang besar. Bannerman Park menjadi tuan rumah kepada banyak perayaan dan acara sukan, terutamanya Newfoundland dan Festival Rakyat Labrador dan St John's Peace-a-chord. Taman ini juga merupakan lokasi penamat untuk Race Tahunan Tely 10 Mile. <> Apa bahagian bandar ini terletak di Bannerman Park? || pusat bandar <> Tahun apakah Bannerman Park dibuka? || 1891 <> yang menjadi Gabenor Koloni Newfoundland pada tahun 1891? || Sir Alexander Bannerman <> Di mana perlumbaan Tely 10 Mile Road berakhir? || Bannerman Park <> Siapa yang mendermakan tanah untuk mencipta taman bergaya Victoria pada tahun 1891? || Sir Alexander Bannerman", {"context": "Bannerman Park is a Victorian-style park located near the downtown. The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman, Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park. Today the park contains a public swimming pool, playground, a baseball diamond and many large open grassy areas. Bannerman Park plays host to many festivals and sporting events, most notably the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and St. John's Peace-a-chord. The park is also the finishing location for the annual Tely 10 Mile Road Race.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "downtown"}], "question": "What part of the city is Bannerman Park located by?", "id": "5728229d4b864d190016452c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "1891"}], "question": "What year was Bannerman Park opened?", "id": "5728229d4b864d190016452d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Sir Alexander Bannerman"}], "question": "who was the Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland in 1891?", "id": "5728229d4b864d190016452e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bannerman Park"}], "question": "Where does the Tely 10 Mile Road Race end?", "id": "5728229d4b864d190016452f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Sir Alexander Bannerman"}], "question": "Who donated land to create a Victorian-style park in 1891?", "id": "5728229d4b864d1900164530"}]}], ["St John dilayani oleh Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa St. John (YYT), yang terletak 10 minit barat laut dari pusat bandar. Pada tahun 2011, kira-kira 1,400,000 penumpang mengembara melalui lapangan terbang menjadikannya lapangan terbang sibuk tersibuk kedua di Atlantic Canada dalam jumlah penumpang. Destinasi biasa termasuk Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, serta destinasi di seluruh wilayah. Lokasi antarabangsa termasuk Dublin, London, New York City, Saint Pierre dan Miquelon, Glasgow dan Varadero. Penyedia perkhidmatan berjadual termasuk Air Canada, Air Canada Jazz, Air Saint-Pierre, Air Transat, United Airlines, Porter Airlines, Syarikat Penerbangan, Sunwing Airlines dan Westjet. <> Berapa jauh Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa St. John dari pusat bandar? || 10 minit <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang mengembara ke Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa St. John pada tahun 2011? || 1,400,000 <> Apakah kod lapangan terbang untuk Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa St. John? || YYT <> Lapangan terbang apa kira-kira 10 minit ke barat laut pusat bandar? || St John's International", {"context": "St. John's is served by St. John's International Airport (YYT), located 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core. In 2011, roughly 1,400,000 passengers travelled through the airport making it the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada in passenger volume. Regular destinations include Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, as well as destinations throughout the province. International locations include Dublin, London, New York City, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Glasgow and Varadero. Scheduled service providers include Air Canada, Air Canada Jazz, Air Saint-Pierre, Air Transat, United Airlines, Porter Airlines, Provincial Airlines, Sunwing Airlines and Westjet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "10 minutes"}], "question": "How far is St. John's International Airport from the downtown core?", "id": "572829f73acd2414000df5eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "1,400,000"}], "question": "About how many passengers travelled through St. John's International Airport in 2011?", "id": "572829f73acd2414000df5ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "YYT"}], "question": "What is the airport code for St. John's International Airport?", "id": "572829f73acd2414000df5ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "St. John's International"}], "question": "What airport is approximately 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core?", "id": "572829f73acd2414000df5ee"}]}], ["CJON-DT, dikenali di udara sebagai \"NTV\", adalah stesen bebas. Stesen ini menyiarkan program hiburan daripada Global dan pengaturcaraan berita dari CTV dan Global, daripada membeli hak siaran utama. Rogers Cable mempunyai ibu pejabat provinsinya di St John's, dan rangkaian komuniti mereka Rogers TV menyiarkan rancangan tempatan seperti Out of the Fog dan One Chef One Critic. CBC mempunyai ibu pejabat Newfoundland dan Labrador di bandar dan stesen televisyen mereka CBNT-DT siaran dari University Avenue. <> Di manakah Rogers Cable mempunyai ibu pejabat daerahnya? || St John's <> Apakah nama stesen televisyen CBC di St John? || CBNT-DT <> Apa saluran di St John mengalir Daripada Kabut? || Rogers TV <> Di mana siaran CBNT-DT dari? || Universiti Avenue", {"context": "CJON-DT, known on air as \"NTV\", is an independent station. The station sublicenses entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global, rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights. Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John's, and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic. CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT-DT broadcasts from University Avenue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "St. John's"}], "question": "Where does Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters?", "id": "57282e5c4b864d1900164672"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "CBNT-DT"}], "question": "What is the name of CBC's television station in St. John's?", "id": "57282e5c4b864d1900164673"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Rogers TV"}], "question": "What channel in St. John's airs Out of the Fog?", "id": "57282e5c4b864d1900164674"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "University Avenue"}], "question": "Where does CBNT-DT broadcast from?", "id": "57282e5c4b864d1900164675"}]}], ["St John berkhidmat sebagai ibu kota Tanah Jajahan Newfoundland dan Dominion of Newfoundland sebelum Newfoundland menjadi wilayah kesepuluh Kanada pada tahun 1949. Bandar ini kini berkhidmat sebagai ibu Newfoundland dan Labrador, oleh itu badan perundangan wilayah terletak di bandar. Bangunan Persekutuan, di Gabungan Hill, adalah rumah kepada Dewan Perhimpunan bersama-sama dengan pejabat-pejabat bagi Ahli-ahli Dewan Perhimpunan (MHAs) dan Menteri. Bandar ini diwakili oleh sepuluh MHAs, empat yang merupakan anggota Progresif Parti Konservatif yang mengawal, tiga yang di dalam Parti Demokratik Baru (NDP), dan tiga yang tergolong dalam Parti Liberal. Lorraine Michael, pemimpin NDP sejak tahun 2006, mewakili daerah Signal Hill-Quidi Vidi. <> Apakah provinsi kesepuluh Kanada? || Newfoundland <> Dalam tahun apakah Newfoundland menjadi sebuah wilayah? || 1949 <> Apa modal Newfoundland dan Labrador? || St John's <> Di mana Dewan Perhimpunan? || Bangunan Konfederasi <> Siapa yang telah menjadi pemimpin NDP sejak tahun 2006? || Lorraine Michael", {"context": "St. John's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province in 1949. The city now serves as the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador, therefore the provincial legislature is located in the city. The Confederation Building, located on Confederation Hill, is home to the House of Assembly along with the offices for the Members of the House of Assembly (MHAs) and Ministers. The city is represented by ten MHAs, four who are members of the governing Progressive Conservative Party, three that belong to the New Democratic Party (NDP), and three that belong to the Liberal Party. Lorraine Michael, leader of the NDP since 2006, represents the district of Signal Hill-Quidi Vidi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Newfoundland"}], "question": "What was Canada's  tenth province?", "id": "572827804b864d19001645f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "1949"}], "question": "In what year did Newfoundland become a province?", "id": "572827804b864d19001645f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "St. John's"}], "question": "What is the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador?", "id": "572827804b864d19001645f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "The Confederation Building"}], "question": "Where is the House of Assembly?", "id": "572827804b864d19001645f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "Lorraine Michael"}], "question": "Who has been the leader of the NDP since 2006?", "id": "572827804b864d19001645f6"}]}], ["Signal Hill adalah bukit yang menghadap kota St. John's. Ia adalah lokasi Menara Cabot yang dibina pada tahun 1897 untuk memperingati ulang tahun ke 400 penemuan John Cabot di Newfoundland, dan Diamond Jubilee Queen Victoria. Penghantaran wayarles transatlantik pertama diterima di sini oleh Guglielmo Marconi pada 12 Disember 1901. Hari ini, Signal Hill adalah Tapak Bersejarah Negara Kanada dan masih sangat popular di kalangan pelancong dan penduduk tempatan; 97% daripada semua pelancong ke lawatan St. John's Signal Hill. Di antara tarikan-tarikannya yang terkenal adalah Signal Hill Tattoo, yang memperlihatkan Rejimen Royal Newfoundland dengan kaki, c. 1795, dan North Head Trail yang memberikan pandangan yang mengagumkan tentang Lautan Atlantik dan pantai sekitarnya. <> Apa bandar yang tidak menghadap Bukit Signal? || St John's <> Di mana tepatnya Cabot Tower terletak di St. John '? || Signal Hill <> Berapa tahun yang dibina oleh Menara Cabot? || 1897 <> Pada tahun apakah Jubli Diamond Queen Victoria? || 1897 <> Siapa yang menerima penghantaran wayarles transatlantik pertama? || Guglielmo Marconi", {"context": "Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St. John's. It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot's discovery of Newfoundland, and Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The first transatlantic wireless transmission was received here by Guglielmo Marconi on 12 December 1901. Today, Signal Hill is a National Historic Site of Canada and remains incredibly popular amongst tourists and locals alike; 97% of all tourists to St. John's visit Signal Hill. Amongst its popular attractions are the Signal Hill Tattoo, showcasing the Royal Newfoundland Regiment of foot, c. 1795, and the North Head Trail which grants an impressive view of the Atlantic Ocean and the surrounding coast.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "St. John's"}], "question": "What city does Signal Hill overlook?", "id": "572823804b864d190016454c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Signal Hill"}], "question": "Where exactly is Cabot Tower located in St. John' ?", "id": "572823804b864d190016454d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "1897"}], "question": "What year was Cabot Tower built?", "id": "572823804b864d190016454e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "1897"}], "question": "In what year was Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee?", "id": "572823804b864d190016454f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Guglielmo Marconi"}], "question": " Who recieved the first transatlantic wireless transmission?", "id": "572823804b864d1900164550"}]}], ["St. John dilayani oleh Daerah Sekolah Timur, daerah sekolah terbesar di Newfoundland dan Labrador oleh penduduk pelajar. Saat ini terdapat 36 sekolah rendah, sekolah dasar dan menengah di kota St. John, termasuk tiga sekolah swasta. St John juga termasuk satu sekolah yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Conseil Scolaire Francophone (CSF) seluruh wilayah, daerah sekolah awam Francophone. Ia juga mengandungi dua sekolah swasta, Kolej St. Bonaventure dan Lakecrest Independent. Universiti terbesar Atlantic Canada, Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN), terletak di St John's. MUN menyediakan pendidikan komprehensif dan geran gred dalam beberapa bidang dan kekuatan bersejarahnya dalam bidang kejuruteraan, perniagaan, geologi, dan perubatan, menjadikan MUN salah satu universiti terkemuka di Kanada. Institut Memorial Perikanan dan Marin Universiti Newfoundland (MI) atau hanya Institut Marin, adalah sebuah laut pasca menengah dan politeknik laut yang terletak di St John dan bergabung dengan Universiti Memorial Newfoundland. MUN juga menawarkan tuisyen terendah di Kanada ($ 2,644, setiap Tahun Akademik) <> Berapa banyak sekolah swasta di St John? || tiga <> Berapa banyak sekolah rendah berada di St John? || 36 <> Berapa banyak sekolah swasta di daerah sekolah awam Francophone? || dua <> Sekolah apa yang menawarkan tuisyen terendah di Kanada? || Memorial University of Newfoundland <> Apa tuition per tahun akademik di Memorial University of Newfoundland? || $ 2,644", {"context": "St. John's is served by the Eastern School District, the largest school district in Newfoundland and Labrador by student population. There are currently 36 primary, elementary and secondary schools in the city of St. John's, including three private schools. St. John's also includes one school that is part of the province-wide Conseil Scolaire Francophone (CSF), the Francophone public school district. It also contains two private schools, St. Bonaventure's College and Lakecrest Independent. Atlantic Canada's largest university, Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN), is located in St. John's. MUN provides comprehensive education and grants degrees in several fields and its historical strengths in engineering, business, geology, and medicine, make MUN one of the top comprehensive universities in Canada. The Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland (MI) or simply Marine Institute, is a post-secondary ocean and marine polytechnic located in St. John's and is affiliated with Memorial University of Newfoundland. MUN also offers the lowest tuition in Canada ($2,644, per Academic Year)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many private schools are in St. John's?", "id": "57282d193acd2414000df64f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "36"}], "question": "How many primary schools are in St. John's?", "id": "57282d193acd2414000df650"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many private schools are in the Francophone public school district?", "id": "57282d193acd2414000df651"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 854, "text": "Memorial University of Newfoundland"}], "question": "What school offers the lowest tuition in Canada?", "id": "57282d193acd2414000df652"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1100, "text": "$2,644"}], "question": "What is the tuition per academic year at Memorial University of Newfoundland?", "id": "57282d193acd2414000df653"}]}], ["Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada 15 pagi dan stesen radio FM, dua daripadanya adalah stesen bahasa Perancis. St. John adalah satu-satunya bandar Kanada yang dihidangkan oleh stesen radio yang surat panggilannya tidak semuanya bermula dengan huruf C. Awalan VO ini telah diberikan kepada Dominion Newfoundland sebelum wilayah itu menyertai Konfederasi Kanada pada tahun 1949, dan tiga stesen AM menyimpannya surat panggilan sedia ada. Walau bagaimanapun, stesen radio komersial lain di St. John yang pergi ke udara selepas 1949 menggunakan pelbagai awalan (CF-CK) yang sedang digunakan di tempat lain di Kanada, dengan pengecualian VOCM-FM, yang dibenarkan menggunakan VOCM callsign kerana persatuan korporatnya dengan stesen AM yang sudah menanggung panggilan itu. VO juga masih digunakan dalam radio amatur. <> Berapa banyak stesen radio yang ada di bandar ini? || 15 <> Berapa banyak stesen bahasa Perancis yang ada di bandar ini? || dua <> Bilakah wilayah itu menyertai Gabungan Kanada? || 1949", {"context": "The city is home to 15 am and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language stations. St. John's is the only Canadian city served by radio stations whose call letters do not all begin with the letter C. The ITU prefix VO was assigned to the Dominion of Newfoundland before the province joined Canadian Confederation in 1949, and three AM stations kept their existing call letters. However, other commercial radio stations in St. John's which went to air after 1949 use the same range of prefixes (CF\u2013CK) currently in use elsewhere in Canada, with the exception of VOCM-FM, which was permitted to adopt the VOCM callsign because of its corporate association with the AM station that already bore that callsign. VO also remains in use in amateur radio.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many radio station does the city have?", "id": "57282f0e3acd2414000df685"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many French-language stations does the city have?", "id": "57282f0e3acd2414000df686"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "1949"}], "question": "When did the province join the Canadian Confederation?", "id": "57282f0e3acd2414000df687"}]}]], [["Konsol ini pada asalnya dirancangkan untuk pembebasan global menjelang November, tetapi pada awal bulan September pelepasan di Eropah dan seluruh dunia tertunda hingga bulan Mac. Dengan itu kelewatan yang agak singkat, sesetengah syarikat telah mengambil deposit untuk pra-pesanan, di mana Sony memaklumkan kepada pelanggan bahawa mereka layak untuk bayaran balik sepenuhnya atau dapat meneruskan pra-pesanan. Pada 24 Januari 2007, Sony mengumumkan bahawa PlayStation 3 akan dijual pada 23 Mac 2007, di Eropah, Australia, Timur Tengah, Afrika dan New Zealand. Sistem ini menjual kira-kira 600,000 unit dalam dua hari pertama. Pada 7 Mac 2007, 60 GB PlayStation 3 dilancarkan di Singapura dengan harga S $ 799. Konsol ini dilancarkan di Korea Selatan pada 16 Jun 2007, sebagai versi tunggal yang dilengkapi dengan cakera keras 80 GB dan IPTV. <> Daripada bulan November, untuk bulan apa tahun berikutnya adalah pelepasan yang dijadualkan semula? || Mac <> Negara apa yang perlu menunggu sehingga Jun 2007 untuk PS3 mereka? || Korea Selatan <> Berapa besar cakera keras dalam versi Korea Selatan tunggal? || 80 GB <> Apakah pelanggan di Singapura membayar untuk 60 GB PS3? || S $ 799 <> Pada tarikh apakah PlayStation 3 dijual di Afrika? || 23 Mac 2007", {"context": "The console was originally planned for a global release through November, but at the start of September the release in Europe and the rest of the world was delayed until March. With it being a somewhat last-minute delay, some companies had taken deposits for pre-orders, at which Sony informed customers that they were eligible for full refunds or could continue the pre-order. On January 24, 2007, Sony announced that PlayStation 3 would go on sale on March 23, 2007, in Europe, Australia, the Middle East, Africa and New Zealand. The system sold about 600,000 units in its first two days. On March 7, 2007, the 60 GB PlayStation 3 launched in Singapore with a price of S$799. The console was launched in South Korea on June 16, 2007, as a single version equipped with an 80 GB hard drive and IPTV.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "March"}], "question": "Instead of November, for what month of the following year was the release rescheduled?", "id": "57280ac93acd2414000df2fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "South Korea"}], "question": "What country had to wait until June of 2007 for their PS3?", "id": "57280ac93acd2414000df2fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "80 GB"}], "question": "How big was the hard drive in the single South Korean version?", "id": "57280ac93acd2414000df2ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "S$799"}], "question": "What did customers in Singapore pay for the 60 GB PS3?", "id": "57280ac93acd2414000df300"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "March 23, 2007"}], "question": "On what date did the PlayStation 3 go on sale in Africa?", "id": "57280ac93acd2414000df301"}]}], ["Sony secara rasmi melancarkan PlayStation 3 (kemudian dipasarkan sebagai PLAYSTATION 3) kepada orang ramai pada 16 Mei 2005, pada E3 2005, bersama-sama dengan reka bentuk prototaip 'boomerang' pengawal Sixaxis. Versi berfungsi sistem tidak hadir di sana, ataupun di Tokyo Game Show pada September 2005, walaupun demonstrasi (seperti Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots) telah diadakan pada kedua-dua acara pada kit pembangunan perisian dan perkakasan komputer peribadi yang setanding . Rakaman video berdasarkan spesifikasi PlayStation 3 yang diramalkan juga ditunjukkan (terutamanya demo berteknologi Final Fantasy VII). <> Apakah bentuk prototaip Sixaxis? || boomerang <> Apa acara yang Sony memilih untuk memperkenalkan PS3? || E3 2005 <> Apa permainan popular yang ditunjukkan dalam video di pertunjukan permainan? || Final Fantasy VII <> Apa peristiwa Sony mengambil PlayStation 3 hingga empat bulan selepas E3? || Tokyo Game Show <> Apa satu permainan Sony debut pada PC diubahsuai sehingga pemain boleh melihat? || Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots", {"context": "Sony officially unveiled PlayStation 3 (then marketed as PLAYSTATION 3) to the public on May 16, 2005, at E3 2005, along with a 'boomerang' shaped prototype design of the Sixaxis controller. A functional version of the system was not present there, nor at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2005, although demonstrations (such as Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots) were held at both events on software development kits and comparable personal computer hardware. Video footage based on the predicted PlayStation 3 specifications was also shown (notably a Final Fantasy VII tech demo).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "boomerang"}], "question": "What shape was the Sixaxis prototype in?", "id": "572805603acd2414000df277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "E3 2005"}], "question": "What event did Sony choose for the PS3 unveiling?", "id": "572805603acd2414000df278"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Final Fantasy VII"}], "question": "What popular game was demoed in a video at the game shows?", "id": "572805603acd2414000df279"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Tokyo Game Show"}], "question": "What event did Sony take the PlayStation 3 to four months after E3?", "id": "572805603acd2414000df27a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots"}], "question": "What was one game Sony debuted on a modified PC so gamers could get a look?", "id": "572805603acd2414000df27b"}]}], ["Pada 6 September 2006, Sony mengumumkan bahawa pelancaran kawasan PlayStation 3 Pal akan ditangguhkan sehingga Mac 2007, kerana kekurangan bahan yang digunakan dalam pemacu Blu-ray. Di Tokyo Game Show pada 22 September 2006, Sony mengumumkan bahawa ia akan termasuk port HDMI pada sistem 20 GB, tetapi pembaca kad flash, pembaca kad flash, logo perak dan Wi-Fi tidak akan dimasukkan. Juga, harga pelancaran model 20 GB Jepun dikurangkan sebanyak 20%, dan model 60 GB diumumkan untuk skim harga terbuka di Jepun. Semasa acara itu, Sony menunjukkan 27 permainan PS3 yang boleh dimainkan yang dijalankan pada perkakasan akhir. <> Kawasan mana yang mengalami kemunduran yang menolak kembali pembebasan PlayStation 3? || PAL <> Apa bahagian sistemnya yang Sony mempunyai masalah mendapatkan bekalan? || Pemacu Blu-ray <> Yang model PS3 Jepun mendapat potongan harga sebanyak 20% sebelum memukul pasaran? || 20 GB model <> Di manakah Sony menawarkan model 60 GB dengan skema harga terbuka? || Jepun <> Berapa banyak permainan yang boleh dimainkan PlayStation 3 pada masa ia tiba di Pameran Game Tokyo 2006? || 27", {"context": "On September 6, 2006, Sony announced that PAL region PlayStation 3 launch would be delayed until March 2007, because of a shortage of materials used in the Blu-ray drive. At the Tokyo Game Show on September 22, 2006, Sony announced that it would include an HDMI port on the 20 GB system, but a chrome trim, flash card readers, silver logo and Wi-Fi would not be included. Also, the launch price of the Japanese 20 GB model was reduced by over 20%, and the 60 GB model was announced for an open pricing scheme in Japan. During the event, Sony showed 27 playable PS3 games running on final hardware.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "PAL"}], "question": "Which region experience a setback that pushed back the release of the PlayStation 3?", "id": "572807bb3acd2414000df2b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Blu-ray drive"}], "question": "What part of the system was Sony having trouble getting supplies for?", "id": "572807bb3acd2414000df2b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "20 GB model"}], "question": "Which Japanese PS3 model got a 20%-plus price cut before hitting the market?", "id": "572807bb3acd2414000df2b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Where did Sony offer the 60 GB model with an open pricing scheme?", "id": "572807bb3acd2414000df2b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "27"}], "question": "How many playable games did the PlayStation 3 by the time it arrived at the 2006 Tokyo Game Show?", "id": "572807bb3acd2414000df2b5"}]}], ["Sony telah melancarkan pelbagai jenis belanjawan mereka dalam tajuk PlayStation 3, yang dikenali sebagai rangkaian Greatest Hits di Amerika Utara, rangkaian Platinum di Eropah dan Australia dan rangkaian terbaik di Jepun. Antara tajuk yang terdapat di dalam anggaran termasuk Rintangan: Kejatuhan Manusia, MotorStorm, Uncharted: Drake Fortune, Rainbow Six: Vegas, Call Of Duty 3, Assassin's Creed dan Ninja Gaiden Sigma. Pada Oktober 2009 Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, Ratchet & Clank Masa Depan: Alat Pemusnahan, Devil May Cry 4, Tentera Dua, Battlefield: Bad Company dan Midnight Club: Los Angeles juga telah menyertai senarai itu. <> Apakah anggaran belanja Sony PS3 yang dipanggil di Jepun? || Yang Terbaik <> Jika anda tinggal di Australia dan ingin permainan PlayStation 3 yang berpatutan, apa yang akan anda belanja? || Platinum <> Kata apa yang anda lihat di Amerika Syarikat atau Kanada pada permainan PS3 yang akan menandakan harga yang lebih rendah? || Hits Terbesar <> Call of Duty yang tajuk Sony termasuk dalam julat harga rendah mereka? || Call Of Duty 3 <> Pada tahun apakah Devil May Cry 4 ditambah kepada penawaran permainan bajet untuk PS3? || 2009", {"context": "Sony have since launched their budget range of PlayStation 3 titles, known as the Greatest Hits range in North America, the Platinum range in Europe and Australia and The Best range in Japan. Among the titles available in the budget range include Resistance: Fall of Man, MotorStorm, Uncharted: Drakes Fortune, Rainbow Six: Vegas, Call Of Duty 3, Assassin's Creed and Ninja Gaiden Sigma. As of October 2009 Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Devil May Cry 4, Army of Two, Battlefield: Bad Company and Midnight Club: Los Angeles have also joined the list.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "The Best"}], "question": "What's Sony's budget line of PS3 games called in Japan?", "id": "5728162d4b864d1900164440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Platinum"}], "question": "If you live in Australia and want affordable PlayStation 3 games, what range would you shop for?", "id": "5728162d4b864d1900164441"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Greatest Hits"}], "question": "What words would you see in the United States or Canada on a PS3 game that would signify its lower price?", "id": "5728162d4b864d1900164444"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "Call Of Duty 3"}], "question": "Which Call of Duty title does Sony include in their low-end price range?", "id": "5728162d4b864d1900164442"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year was Devil May Cry 4 added to the budget game offerings for PS3?", "id": "5728162d4b864d1900164443"}]}], ["Prototaip awal yang ditunjukkan pada Mei 2005 menampilkan dua port HDMI, tiga port Ethernet dan enam port USB; Walau bagaimanapun, apabila sistem itu dipaparkan semula setahun kemudian pada E3 2006, ini dikurangkan kepada satu port HDMI, satu port Ethernet dan empat port USB, mungkin untuk mengurangkan kos. Dua konfigurasi perkakasan juga diumumkan untuk konsol: model 20 GB dan model 60 GB, masing-masing bernilai US $ 499 (\u20ac 499) dan US $ 599 (\u20ac 599). Model 60 GB adalah satu-satunya konfigurasi untuk menampilkan port HDMI, internet Wi-Fi, pembaca kad flash dan trim krom dengan logo dalam perak. Kedua-dua model itu diumumkan untuk pembebasan serentak di seluruh dunia: 11 November 2006, untuk Jepun dan 17 November 2006, untuk Amerika Utara dan Eropah. <> Berapa banyak port USB telah prototaip PS3 asal? || enam <> Pada masa sistem muncul pada E3 2006, berapa banyak port Ethernet yang turun ke? || satu <> Mengapa mungkin Sony telah mengurangkan bilangan port pada PlayStation 3 sebelum pengeluaran? || untuk mengurangkan kos <> Selain model 20 GB, model apa yang lebih besar yang ditawarkan oleh Sony? || 60 GB <> Warna apa logo pada 60 GB PS3? || perak", {"context": "The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports, three Ethernet ports and six USB ports; however, when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006, these were reduced to one HDMI port, one Ethernet port and four USB ports, presumably to cut costs. Two hardware configurations were also announced for the console: a 20 GB model and a 60 GB model, priced at US$499 (\u20ac499) and US$599 (\u20ac599), respectively. The 60 GB model was to be the only configuration to feature an HDMI port, Wi-Fi internet, flash card readers and a chrome trim with the logo in silver. Both models were announced for a simultaneous worldwide release: November 11, 2006, for Japan and November 17, 2006, for North America and Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many USB ports did the original PS3 prototype have?", "id": "5728066eff5b5019007d9b2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "one"}], "question": "By the time the system appeared at E3 2006, how many Ethernet ports was it down to?", "id": "5728066eff5b5019007d9b2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "to cut costs"}], "question": "Why might Sony have reduced the number of ports on the PlayStation 3 before production?", "id": "5728066eff5b5019007d9b2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "60 GB"}], "question": "In addition to the 20 GB model, what larger model did Sony offer?", "id": "5728066eff5b5019007d9b2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "silver"}], "question": "What color is the logo on the 60 GB PS3?", "id": "5728066eff5b5019007d9b2e"}]}], ["PlayStation 3 dilancarkan di Amerika Utara dengan 14 tajuk, dengan tiga lagi dilepaskan sebelum akhir tahun 2006. Selepas minggu pertama jualan itu disahkan bahawa Perlawanan: Fall of Man dari Insomniac Games adalah permainan peluncuran laris di Amerika Utara. Permainan ini dipuji dengan banyak laman web permainan video, termasuk GameSpot dan IGN, yang kedua-duanya menganugerahkan anugerah Game PlayStation 3 mereka untuk tahun 2006. Beberapa gelaran melepaskan tetingkap pelancaran dan ditangguhkan sehingga awal tahun 2007, seperti The Elder Scrolls IV: Kelepaan, FEAR dan Sonic the Hedgehog. Semasa pelancaran Jepun, Ridge Racer 7 adalah permainan paling laris, sementara Mobile Suit Gundam: Crossfire juga terkenal dalam jualan, kedua-duanya adalah persembahan dari Namco Bandai Games. PlayStation 3 dilancarkan di Eropah dengan 24 judul, termasuk yang tidak ditawarkan dalam pelancaran Amerika Utara dan Jepun, seperti Edisi Kejuaraan Formula Satu, MotorStorm dan Virtua Fighter 5. Perlawanan: Kejatuhan Man dan MotorStorm adalah tajuk yang paling berjaya pada tahun 2007, dan kedua-dua perlawanan kemudiannya menerima sekuel dalam bentuk Rintangan 2 dan MotorStorm: Pacific Rift. <> Berapa banyak permainan yang boleh anda beli untuk pergi dengan PS3 anda apabila ia dilancarkan di Amerika Utara? || 14 <> Permainan apa yang memenangi gelaran GameSpot of the Year untuk tahun 2006? || Rintangan: Kejatuhan Man <> Apa syarikat mengembangkan permainan Ridge Racer 7? || Namco Bandai Games <> Apa nama permainan sekuel untuk MotorStorm? || MotorStorm: Pacific Rift <> Berapa banyak gelaran yang dilancarkan PS3 di Eropah? || 24", {"context": "PlayStation 3 launched in North America with 14 titles, with another three being released before the end of 2006. After the first week of sales it was confirmed that Resistance: Fall of Man from Insomniac Games was the top-selling launch game in North America. The game was heavily praised by numerous video game websites, including GameSpot and IGN, both of whom awarded it their PlayStation 3 Game of the Year award for 2006. Some titles missed the launch window and were delayed until early 2007, such as The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, F.E.A.R. and Sonic the Hedgehog. During the Japanese launch, Ridge Racer 7 was the top-selling game, while Mobile Suit Gundam: Crossfire also fared well in sales, both of which were offerings from Namco Bandai Games. PlayStation 3 launched in Europe with 24 titles, including ones that were not offered in North American and Japanese launches, such as Formula One Championship Edition, MotorStorm and Virtua Fighter 5. Resistance: Fall of Man and MotorStorm were the most successful titles of 2007, and both games subsequently received sequels in the form of Resistance 2 and MotorStorm: Pacific Rift.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many games could you buy to go with your PS3 when it launched in North America?", "id": "572810633acd2414000df383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Resistance: Fall of Man"}], "question": "What game won GameSpot's Game of the Year title for 2006?", "id": "572810633acd2414000df384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "Namco Bandai Games"}], "question": "What company developed the game Ridge Racer 7?", "id": "572810633acd2414000df385"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1116, "text": "MotorStorm: Pacific Rift"}], "question": "What's the name of the sequel game to MotorStorm?", "id": "572810633acd2414000df386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "24"}], "question": "How many titles did the PS3 launch with in Europe?", "id": "572810633acd2414000df387"}]}], ["Berikutan spekulasi bahawa Sony bekerja pada model 'langsing', Sony secara rasmi mengumumkan model PS3 CECH-2000 pada 18 Ogos 2009, di persidangan media Sony Gamescom. Ciri-ciri baru termasuk faktor bentuk yang lebih tipis, penggunaan kuasa yang menurun, dan sistem penyejukan yang lebih senyap. Ia dikeluarkan pada wilayah utama pada September 2009. Sebagai sebahagian daripada pelepasan untuk model yang nipis, logo konsol berhenti menggunakan \"font Spider-Man\" (font yang sama digunakan untuk tajuk Sony Spider-Man 3) dan huruf besar PLAYSTATION 3. Ia bukannya kembali kepada logo PlayStation- dan PlayStation 2 yang lebih seperti 'PlayStation 3' dengan \"PS3\" yang dicetak pada konsol. Bersama-sama dengan reka bentuk semula konsol dan logo, skrin boot dari semua konsol berubah dari \"Sony Computer Entertainment\" menjadi \"PS3 PlayStation 3\", dengan permainan baru dan permainan skrin percikan mula jatuh. Seni penutup dan pembungkusan permainan juga berubah. <> Apakah nombor model versi langsing PlayStation 3? || CECH-2000 <> Fon apa yang dihentikan dengan pengeluaran model langsing? || Fon Spider-Man <> Apa yang akan pelanggan notis mengenai bunyi sistem penyejukan baru yang lebih baik? || senyap <> Apa layar boot pada konsol permainan dibaca sebelum Sony mengubahnya menjadi \"PS3 PlayStation 3\"? || \"Sony Computer Entertainment\" <> Apa perubahan Sony mengenai permainan PS3 bersama dengan pembungkusan pada tahun 2009? || penutup seni", {"context": "Following speculation that Sony was working on a 'slim' model, Sony officially announced the PS3 CECH-2000 model on August 18, 2009, at the Sony Gamescom press conference. New features included a slimmer form factor, decreased power consumption, and a quieter cooling system. It was released in major territories by September 2009. As part of the release for the slim model, the console logo ceased using the \"Spider-Man font\" (the same font used for the title of Sony's Spider-Man 3) and the capitalized PLAYSTATION 3. It instead reverted to a more traditional PlayStation- and PlayStation 2-like 'PlayStation 3' logo with \"PS3\" imprinted on the console. Along with the redesigning of the console and logo, the boot screen of all consoles changed from \"Sony Computer Entertainment\" to \"PS3 PlayStation 3\", with a new chime and the game start splash screen being dropped. The cover art and packaging of games was also changed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "CECH-2000"}], "question": "What was the model number of the slim version of the PlayStation 3?", "id": "57280cc73acd2414000df319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Spider-Man font"}], "question": "What font was discontinued with the release of the slim model?", "id": "57280cc73acd2414000df31a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "quieter"}], "question": "What would customers notice about the sound of the new, improved cooling system?", "id": "57280cc73acd2414000df31b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "\"Sony Computer Entertainment\""}], "question": "What did the boot screen on the game consoles read before Sony changed it to \"PS3 PlayStation 3\"?", "id": "57280cc73acd2414000df31c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 876, "text": "cover art"}], "question": "What did Sony change about the PS3 games along with the packaging in 2009?", "id": "57280cc73acd2414000df31d"}]}], ["Konsol pertama kali diumumkan secara rasmi pada E3 2005, dan dikeluarkan pada penghujung tahun 2006. Konsol pertama menggunakan Blu-ray Disc sebagai medium penyimpanan utamanya. Konsol itu adalah PlayStation pertama untuk mengintegrasikan perkhidmatan permainan sosial, termasuk ia yang pertama yang memperkenalkan perkhidmatan permainan sosial Sony, PlayStation Network, dan sambungan jauhnya dengan PlayStation Portable dan PlayStation Vita, dapat mengawal konsol jauh dari peranti. Pada bulan September 2009, model Slim PlayStation 3 dilancarkan, lebih ringan dan nipis daripada versi asal, yang memaparkan reka bentuk logo dan reka bentuk pemasaran semula, serta perubahan permulaan kecil dalam perisian. Variasi Super Slim kemudian dikeluarkan pada akhir tahun 2012, menyempurnakan lagi dan mendesain semula konsol. Sehingga Mac 2016, PlayStation 3 telah menjual 85 juta unit di seluruh dunia. Penggantinya, PlayStation 4, dikeluarkan kemudian pada bulan November 2013. <> Tahun apakah PlayStation 3 dikeluarkan? || 2006 <> Apa perkhidmatan permainan sosial yang disepadukan ke dalam PlayStation 3? || Rangkaian PlayStation <> Apakah versi nipis PS3 dipanggil? || Slim <> Tahun berapa model Super Slim melanda kedai? || 2012 <> Berapa banyak unit PlayStation 3 telah dibeli pada awal tahun 2016? || 85 juta", {"context": "The console was first officially announced at E3 2005, and was released at the end of 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium. The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services, included it being the first to introduce Sony's social gaming service, PlayStation Network, and its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita, being able to remote control the console from the devices. In September 2009, the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released, being lighter and thinner than the original version, which notably featured a redesigned logo and marketing design, as well as a minor start-up change in software. A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012, further refining and redesigning the console. As of March 2016, PlayStation 3 has sold 85 million units worldwide. Its successor, the PlayStation 4, was released later in November 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year was the PlayStation 3 released?", "id": "5728027d3acd2414000df20d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "PlayStation Network"}], "question": "What social gaming service was integrated into the PlayStation 3?", "id": "5728027d3acd2414000df20e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Slim"}], "question": "What was the thinner version of the PS3 called?", "id": "5728027d3acd2414000df20f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "2012"}], "question": "What year did the Super Slim model hit stores?", "id": "5728027d3acd2414000df210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "85 million"}], "question": "How many PlayStation 3 units had been purchased as of early 2016?", "id": "5728027d3acd2414000df211"}]}], ["Pada E3 2007, Sony dapat menunjukkan beberapa permainan video mereka yang akan datang untuk PlayStation 3, termasuk Sword Heavenly, Lair, Ratchet & Clank Future: Alat Pemusnahan, Warhawk dan Uncharted: Drake's Fortune; semuanya telah dikeluarkan pada suku ketiga dan keempat tahun 2007. Mereka juga mempamerkan beberapa tajuk yang telah ditetapkan untuk dibebaskan pada tahun 2008 dan 2009; terutamanya Killzone 2, Infamous, Gran Turismo 5 Prologue, LittleBigPlanet dan SOCOM: SEAL Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat Konfrontasi. Beberapa pengecualian pihak ketiga juga ditunjukkan, termasuk Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots yang sangat dinanti, bersama-sama tajuk pihak ketiga lain yang berprofil tinggi seperti Grand Theft Auto IV, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, Assassin's Creed, Devil May Cry 4 dan Resident Evil 5. Dua tajuk penting lain untuk PlayStation 3, Final Fantasy XIII dan Final Fantasy Versus XIII, ditunjukkan pada TGS 2007 untuk menenangkan pasaran Jepun. <> Yang tajuk Ratchet & Clank bermula pada E3 2007? || Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction <> Tahun apa Warhawk dikeluarkan untuk PlayStation 3? || 2007 <> Pada apa acara dua permainan Final Fantasy untuk PS3 pertama kali ditunjukkan ke pasaran Jepun? || TGS 2007 <> Apa permainan Gran Turismo ditunjukkan pada tahun 2007 tetapi tidak dikeluarkan sehingga selepas 2007? || Gran Turismo 5 Prologue <> Yang mana yang dijangkakan oleh permainan pihak ketiga dengan nama sebulan tahun di dalamnya telah menunjukkan Sony pada E3 2007? || Devil May Cry 4", {"context": "At E3 2007, Sony was able to show a number of their upcoming video games for PlayStation 3, including Heavenly Sword, Lair, Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Warhawk and Uncharted: Drake's Fortune; all of which were released in the third and fourth quarters of 2007. They also showed off a number of titles that were set for release in 2008 and 2009; most notably Killzone 2, Infamous, Gran Turismo 5 Prologue, LittleBigPlanet and SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Confrontation. A number of third-party exclusives were also shown, including the highly anticipated Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, alongside other high-profile third-party titles such as Grand Theft Auto IV, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, Assassin's Creed, Devil May Cry 4 and Resident Evil 5. Two other important titles for PlayStation 3, Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy Versus XIII, were shown at TGS 2007 in order to appease the Japanese market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction"}], "question": "Which Ratchet & Clank title debuted at E3 2007?", "id": "572814c34b864d190016441e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "2007"}], "question": "What year was Warhawk released for the PlayStation 3?", "id": "572814c34b864d190016441f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 882, "text": "TGS 2007"}], "question": "At what event were two new Final Fantasy games for PS3 first shown to the Japanese market?", "id": "572814c34b864d1900164420"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue"}], "question": "What Gran Turismo game was shown in 2007 but not released until after 2007?", "id": "572814c34b864d1900164421"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "Devil May Cry 4"}], "question": "Which much anticipated third-party game with the name of a month of the year in it did Sony show at E3 2007?", "id": "572814c34b864d1900164422"}]}], ["Pada bulan September 2012 di Tokyo Game Show, Sony mengumumkan bahawa reka bentuk semula PS3 baru yang lebih langsing (CECH-4000) akan dibebaskan pada akhir tahun 2012 dan ia akan disediakan sama ada cakera keras 250 GB atau 500 GB. Tiga versi Super Slim model diturunkan: satu dengan cakera keras 500 GB, yang kedua dengan cakera keras 250 GB yang tidak tersedia di kawasan PAL, dan yang ketiga dengan penyimpanan flash 12 GB yang hanya terdapat di kawasan PAL. Penyimpanan model 12 GB boleh dinaik taraf dengan cakera keras 250GB secara rasmi. Pendirian menegak juga dikeluarkan untuk model itu. Di United Kingdom, model 500 GB dikeluarkan pada 28 September 2012; dan model 12 GB dikeluarkan pada 12 Oktober 2012. Di Amerika Syarikat, PS3 Super Slim pertama kali dikeluarkan sebagai konsol yang dibundel. Model 250 GB adalah dibundel dengan edisi Game of the Year daripada Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception dan dikeluarkan pada 25 September 2012; dan model 500 GB dibundel dengan Assassin's Creed III dan dikeluarkan pada 30 Oktober 2012. Di Jepun, model Super Slim berwarna hitam dikeluarkan pada 4 Oktober 2012; dan model Super Slim berwarna putih dilancarkan pada 22 November 2012. Model Super Slim adalah 20 peratus lebih kecil dan 25 peratus lebih ringan daripada model Slim dan mempunyai penutup cakera gelongsor manual bukan penutup cakera memuatkan bermotor dari Slim model. Model Super Slim berwarna putih dikeluarkan di Amerika Syarikat pada 27 Januari 2013 sebagai sebahagian daripada Bundle Collection Game Segera. Model berwarna Garnet Red dan Azurite berwarna biru dilancarkan di Jepun pada 28 Februari 2013. Versi Garnet Red dikeluarkan di Amerika Utara pada 12 Mac 2013 sebagai sebahagian daripada God of War: Bundaran Ascension dengan penyimpanan 500 GB dan berisi Tuhan Perang: Kenaikan serta Tuhan Perang Saga. Model Azurite Blue dibebaskan sebagai GameStop eksklusif dengan penyimpanan 250GB. <> Pada apa acara Sony memberitahu setiap orang tentang CECH-4000? || Tokyo Game Show <> Saiz apa pun cakera keras terbesar yang terdapat di Super Slim PS3? || 500 GB <> Berapa banyak versi CECH-4000 dibuat? || Tiga <> Pada tarikh apakah versi 12 GB Super Slim dikeluarkan di UK? || 12 Oktober 2012 <> Apa warna PlayStation 3 yang disertakan dalam Tuhan Perang: Bundel Ascension di Amerika? || Garnet Red", {"context": "In September 2012 at the Tokyo Game Show, Sony announced that a new, slimmer PS3 redesign (CECH-4000) was due for release in late 2012 and that it would be available with either a 250 GB or 500 GB hard drive. Three versions Super Slim model were revealed: one with a 500 GB hard drive, a second with a 250 GB hard drive which is not available in PAL regions, and a third with a 12 GB flash storage that was only available in PAL regions. The storage of 12 GB model is upgradable with an official standalone 250 GB hard drive. A vertical stand was also released for the model. In the United Kingdom, the 500 GB model was released on September 28, 2012; and the 12 GB model was released on October 12, 2012. In the United States, the PS3 Super Slim was first released as a bundled console. The 250 GB was model was bundled with Game of the Year edition of Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception and released on September 25, 2012; and the 500 GB model was bundled with Assassin's Creed III and released on October 30, 2012. In Japan, the black colored Super Slim model was released on October 4, 2012; and the white colored Super Slim model was released on November 22, 2012. The Super Slim model is 20 percent smaller and 25 percent lighter than the Slim model and features a manual sliding disc cover instead of a motorized slot-loading disc cover of the Slim model. The white colored Super Slim model was released in the United States on January 27, 2013 as part of the Instant Game Collection Bundle. The Garnet Red and Azurite Blue colored models were launched in Japan on February 28, 2013. The Garnet Red version was released in North America on March 12, 2013 as part of the God of War: Ascension bundle with 500 GB storage and contained God of War: Ascension as well as the God of War Saga. The Azurite Blue model was released as a GameStop exclusive with 250GB storage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Tokyo Game Show"}], "question": "At what event did Sony tell everyone about the CECH-4000?", "id": "57280ef04b864d1900164350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "500 GB"}], "question": "What size was the largest hard drive available on the Super Slim PS3?", "id": "57280ef04b864d1900164351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Three"}], "question": "How many versions of the CECH-4000 were made?", "id": "57280ef04b864d1900164352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "October 12, 2012"}], "question": "On what date was the 12 GB version of the Super Slim released in the UK?", "id": "57280ef04b864d1900164353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1591, "text": "Garnet Red"}], "question": "What color was the PlayStation 3 that was included in the God of War: Ascension bundle in the States?", "id": "57280ef04b864d1900164354"}]}], ["Fungsi 'OtherOS' tidak terdapat dalam model PS Slim yang dikemas kini, dan ciri tersebut kemudiannya dikeluarkan dari versi sebelumnya PS3 sebagai sebahagian daripada versi pembaharuan firmware mesin 3.21 yang dikeluarkan pada 1 April 2010; Sony memetik kebimbangan keselamatan sebagai rasionalnya. Kemaskini firmware 3.21 adalah wajib untuk akses ke Rangkaian PlayStation. Penyingkiran itu menyebabkan beberapa kontroversi; sebagai kemas kini dikeluarkan ciri-ciri yang diiklankan secara rasmi dari produk yang sudah dijual, dan menimbulkan beberapa tuntutan tindakan kelas yang bertujuan untuk membuat Sony memulangkan ciri atau memberikan pampasan. <> Fungsi apa yang dimainkan PlayStation 3 dalam versi 3.21 tentang kemas kini firmwarenya? || 'OtherOS' <> Apakah sebabnya Sony memberi untuk mengambil OtherOS? || kebimbangan keselamatan <> Adakah kemas kini firmware 3.21 pilihan atau wajib jika pengguna mahu terus mengakses Rangkaian PS? || wajib <> Yang model PS3 tidak pernah termasuk OtherOS? || PS Slim <> Apakah tindakan undang-undang yang dilakukan beberapa pengguna lain yang tidak puas terhadap Sony? || tindakan undang-undang kelas tindakan", {"context": "The 'OtherOS' functionality was not present in the updated PS Slim models, and the feature was subsequently removed from previous versions of the PS3 as part of the machine's firmware update version 3.21 which was released on April 1, 2010; Sony cited security concerns as the rationale. The firmware update 3.21 was mandatory for access to the PlayStation Network. The removal caused some controversy; as the update removed officially advertised features from already sold products, and gave rise to several class action lawsuits aimed at making Sony return the feature or provide compensation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "'OtherOS'"}], "question": "What functionality did the PlayStation 3 lose in version 3.21 of its firmware update?", "id": "572826852ca10214002d9f36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "security concerns"}], "question": "What reason did Sony give for taking out OtherOS?", "id": "572826852ca10214002d9f37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "mandatory"}], "question": "Was firmware update 3.21 optional or mandatory if users wanted to continue accessing the PS Network?", "id": "572826852ca10214002d9f38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "PS Slim"}], "question": "Which PS3 model never included OtherOS?", "id": "572826852ca10214002d9f39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "class action lawsuits"}], "question": "What legal action did some disgruntled OtherOS users take against Sony?", "id": "572826852ca10214002d9f3a"}]}], ["Photo Gallery adalah aplikasi pilihan untuk melihat, mencipta dan kumpulan foto dari PS3, yang dipasang secara berasingan daripada perisian sistem pada 105 MB. Ia diperkenalkan dalam versi perisian sistem 2.60 dan menyediakan pelbagai alat untuk menyusun dan memaparkan gambar sistem. Ciri utama permohonan ini ialah ia boleh menyusun foto ke dalam kumpulan berdasarkan pelbagai kriteria. Klasifikasi yang ketara ialah warna, umur, atau ekspresi muka orang dalam foto. Persembahan slaid boleh dilihat dengan aplikasi, bersama dengan muzik dan senarai main. Perisian ini dikemas kini dengan pembebasan versi perisian sistem 3.40 yang membolehkan pengguna memuat naik dan menyemak imbas foto di Facebook dan Picasa. <> Aplikasi apa yang membolehkan pengguna PS3 melihat dan mengatur foto? || Galeri Foto <> Apakah versi PS3 yang mengandungi Galeri Foto? || 2.60 <> Selepas versi 3.4, Picasa telah diintegrasikan ke Galeri Foto bersama dengan laman jejaring sosial apa? || Facebook <> Adakah Galeri Foto secara automatik atau dipasang secara berasingan? || secara berasingan <> Galeri Foto merangkumi keupayaan untuk disusun mengikut umur, warna, atau apa kriteria yang tidak biasa untuk perisian foto? || ekspresi muka", {"context": "Photo Gallery is an optional application to view, create and group photos from PS3, which is installed separately from the system software at 105 MB. It was introduced in system software version 2.60 and provides a range of tools for sorting through and displaying the system's pictures. The key feature of this application is that it can organize photos into groups according to various criteria. Notable categorizations are colors, ages, or facial expressions of the people in the photos. Slideshows can be viewed with the application, along with music and playlists. The software was updated with the release of system software version 3.40 allowing users to upload and browse photos on Facebook and Picasa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Photo Gallery"}], "question": "What application lets PS3 users view and organize photographs?", "id": "572823083acd2414000df569"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "2.60"}], "question": "What version of PS3 contained Photo Gallery?", "id": "572823083acd2414000df56a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "Facebook"}], "question": "After version 3.4, Picasa was integrated into Photo Gallery along with what social networking site?", "id": "572823083acd2414000df56b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "separately"}], "question": "Is Photo Gallery automatically or separately installed?", "id": "572823083acd2414000df56c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "facial expressions"}], "question": "Photo Gallery includes the ability to sort by age, color, or what other unusual criteria for photo software?", "id": "572823083acd2414000df56d"}]}], ["Pada 1 Mac 2010 (UTC), banyak model \"PlayStation 3\" lemak \"di seluruh dunia\" yang mengalami kesilapan yang berkaitan dengan jam sistem dalaman mereka. Kesilapan mempunyai banyak gejala. Pada mulanya, masalah utama seolah-olah menjadi ketidakupayaan untuk menyambung ke Rangkaian PlayStation. Walau bagaimanapun, punca permasalahan masalah itu tidak berkaitan dengan Rangkaian PlayStation, kerana pengguna yang tidak pernah berada dalam talian juga menghadapi masalah memainkan permainan luar talian yang dipasang (yang memandang pemasa sistem sebagai sebahagian daripada permulaan) dan menggunakan tema sistem. Pada masa yang sama ramai pengguna mencatatkan bahawa jam konsol telah kembali ke 31 Disember 1999. Acara ini dijuluki ApocalyPS3, bermain pada kiamat perkataan dan PS3, singkatan untuk konsol PlayStation 3. <> Apakah sebahagian daripada model asal PS3 yang mula menimbulkan masalah pada bulan Mac 2010? || jam sistem dalaman <> Rangkaian apa yang penting ialah sesetengah pengguna tidak dapat menyambung kerana ralat? || Rangkaian PlayStation <> Apa tarikh yang salah bagi sesetengah pengguna mula melihat pada konsol mereka? || 31 Disember 1999 <> Apa nama panggilan jenaka yang diberikan kepada situasi dengan kesilapan jam sistem konsol? || ApocalyPS3 <> Nama \"ApocalyPS3\" menggabungkan \"PS3\" dengan kata lain? || wahyu", {"context": "On March 1, 2010 (UTC), many of the original \"fat\" PlayStation 3 models worldwide were experiencing errors related to their internal system clock. The error had many symptoms. Initially, the main problem seemed to be the inability to connect to the PlayStation Network. However, the root cause of the problem was unrelated to the PlayStation Network, since even users who had never been online also had problems playing installed offline games (which queried the system timer as part of startup) and using system themes. At the same time many users noted that the console's clock had gone back to December 31, 1999. The event was nicknamed the ApocalyPS3, a play on the word apocalypse and PS3, the abbreviation for the PlayStation 3 console.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "internal system clock"}], "question": "What part of the original model PS3s starting causing problems in March of 2010?", "id": "572827e6ff5b5019007d9e30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "PlayStation Network"}], "question": "What essential network were some users unable to connect to because of the error?", "id": "572827e6ff5b5019007d9e31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "December 31, 1999"}], "question": "What erroneous date did some users start seeing on their consoles?", "id": "572827e6ff5b5019007d9e32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "ApocalyPS3"}], "question": "What humorous nickname was given to the situation with the console system clock errors?", "id": "572827e6ff5b5019007d9e33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "apocalypse"}], "question": "The name \"ApocalyPS3\" combines \"PS3\" with what other word?", "id": "572827e6ff5b5019007d9e34"}]}], ["PlayStation 3 menggunakan mikropemproses sel, yang direka oleh Sony, Toshiba dan IBM, sebagai CPUnya, yang terdiri daripada satu \"Elemen Pemprosesan Kuasa\" (PPE) berasaskan 3.2 GHz PowerPC dan lapan Elemen Pemprosesan Sinergistik (SPEs). SPE kelapan dilumpuhkan untuk meningkatkan hasil cip. Hanya enam daripada tujuh SPE yang boleh diakses oleh pemaju kerana SPE ketujuh dikhaskan oleh sistem operasi konsol. Pemprosesan grafik dikendalikan oleh NVIDIA RSX 'Reality Synthesizer', yang boleh menghasilkan resolusi dari 480i / 576i SD sehingga 1080p HD. PlayStation 3 mempunyai 256 MB memori utama XDR DRAM dan 256 MB memori video GDDR3 untuk RSX. <> Jenis mikropemproses yang ada dalam PS3? || Sel <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh PPE? || Elemen Pemprosesan Kuasa <> Fungsi apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh NVIDIA RSX dalam PlayStation 3? || Pemprosesan grafik <> Berapa banyak Elemen Pemprosesan Sinergistik dalam CPU PS3? || lapan <> Berapa banyak XDR DRAM ada dalam PS3? || 256 MB", {"context": "PlayStation 3 uses the Cell microprocessor, designed by Sony, Toshiba and IBM, as its CPU, which is made up of one 3.2 GHz PowerPC-based \"Power Processing Element\" (PPE) and eight Synergistic Processing Elements (SPEs). The eighth SPE is disabled to improve chip yields. Only six of the seven SPEs are accessible to developers as the seventh SPE is reserved by the console's operating system. Graphics processing is handled by the NVIDIA RSX 'Reality Synthesizer', which can produce resolutions from 480i/576i SD up to 1080p HD. PlayStation 3 has 256 MB of XDR DRAM main memory and 256 MB of GDDR3 video memory for the RSX.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Cell"}], "question": "What type of microprocessor is in a PS3?", "id": "57281c802ca10214002d9e14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Power Processing Element"}], "question": "What does PPE stand for?", "id": "57281c802ca10214002d9e15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Graphics processing"}], "question": "What function is the NVIDIA RSX responsible for in a PlayStation 3?", "id": "57281c802ca10214002d9e18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many Synergistic Processing Elements are in a PS3's CPU?", "id": "57281c802ca10214002d9e16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "256 MB"}], "question": "How much XDR DRAM is on board a PS3?", "id": "57281c802ca10214002d9e17"}]}], ["Perkakasan PS3 juga telah digunakan untuk membina superkomputer untuk pengkomputeran berprestasi tinggi. Fixstars Solutions menjual versi Yellow Dog Linux untuk PlayStation 3 (asalnya dijual oleh Terra Soft Solutions). RapidMind menghasilkan pakej pengaturcaraan aliran untuk PS3, tetapi telah diperolehi oleh Intel pada tahun 2009. Juga, pada 3 Januari 2007, Dr. Frank Mueller, Profesor Madya sains Komputer di NCSU, berkumpul 8 PS3s. Mueller berkomentar bahawa RAM sistem 256 MB adalah batasan untuk aplikasi tertentu dan sedang mempertimbangkan untuk mengubah suai lebih banyak RAM. Perisian termasuk: Fedora Core 5 Linux ppc64, MPICH2, OpenMP v 2.5, Koleksi GNU Compiler dan CellSDK 1.1. Sebagai alternatif yang lebih kos efektif untuk superkomputer konvensional, tentera A.S. telah membeli kelompok unit PS3 untuk tujuan penyelidikan. Runcit unit PS3 Slim tidak boleh digunakan untuk superkomputer, kerana PS3 Slim tidak mempunyai keupayaan untuk boot ke OS pihak ketiga. <> Sistem operasi apakah yang ditawarkan oleh Fixstars Solutions untuk PlayStation 3? || Yellow Dog Linux <> Apa syarikat yang menjual Yellow Dog Linux sebelum Fixstars Solutions? || Terra Soft Solutions <> Apa syarikat membeli RapidMind pada tahun 2009? || Intel <> Berapa banyak konsol PlayStation 3 adalah Dr. Frank Mueller dapat berkumpul bersama? || 8 <> Siapa yang membeli kelompok PS3 bukannya superkomputer untuk menjimatkan wang? || tentera A.S.", {"context": "PS3's hardware has also been used to build supercomputers for high-performance computing. Fixstars Solutions sells a version of Yellow Dog Linux for PlayStation 3 (originally sold by Terra Soft Solutions). RapidMind produced a stream programming package for PS3, but were acquired by Intel in 2009. Also, on January 3, 2007, Dr. Frank Mueller, Associate Professor of Computer science at NCSU, clustered 8 PS3s. Mueller commented that the 256 MB of system RAM is a limitation for this particular application and is considering attempting to retrofit more RAM. Software includes: Fedora Core 5 Linux ppc64, MPICH2, OpenMP v 2.5, GNU Compiler Collection and CellSDK 1.1. As a more cost-effective alternative to conventional supercomputers, the U.S. military has purchased clusters of PS3 units for research purposes. Retail PS3 Slim units cannot be used for supercomputing, because PS3 Slim lacks the ability to boot into a third-party OS.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Yellow Dog Linux"}], "question": "What operating system does Fixstars Solutions offer for the PlayStation 3?", "id": "57281a634b864d1900164488"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Terra Soft Solutions"}], "question": "What company sold Yellow Dog Linux before Fixstars Solutions?", "id": "57281a634b864d1900164489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Intel"}], "question": "What company bought RapidMind in 2009?", "id": "57281a634b864d190016448a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "8"}], "question": "How many PlayStation 3 consoles was Dr. Frank Mueller able to cluster together?", "id": "57281a634b864d190016448b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "the U.S. military"}], "question": "Who is buying PS3 clusters instead of supercomputers in order to save some money?", "id": "57281a634b864d190016448c"}]}], ["Sejak Jun 2009 VidZone telah menawarkan perkhidmatan streaming video muzik percuma di Eropah, Australia dan New Zealand. Pada bulan Oktober 2009, Sony Computer Entertainment dan Netflix mengumumkan bahawa perkhidmatan streaming Netflix juga akan tersedia di PlayStation 3 di Amerika Syarikat. Langganan Netflix yang dibayar diperlukan untuk perkhidmatan tersebut. Perkhidmatan ini tersedia pada bulan November 2009. Pada mulanya pengguna terpaksa menggunakan cakera Blu-ray percuma untuk mengakses perkhidmatan tersebut; Walau bagaimanapun, pada bulan Oktober 2010 keperluan untuk menggunakan cakera untuk mendapatkan akses dikeluarkan. <> Pada bulan apa tahun 2009, apakah VidZone memulakan perkhidmatan percuma ke beberapa negara? || Jun <> Apa yang anda perlu bersetuju dengan Netflix sebelum anda boleh menggunakan perkhidmatan mereka di PlayStation 3? || bayar langganan Netflix <> Berapa tahun pengumuman mengenai Netflix menjadi tersedia di PS3 di A.S.? || 2009 <> Jenis cakera pada mulanya digunakan untuk menyambung akses kepada Netflix untuk PS3? || Blu-ray <> Bilakah pengguna dapat membuang cakera dan mengakses Netflix terus melalui PS3 mereka? || Oktober 2010", {"context": "Since June 2009 VidZone has offered a free music video streaming service in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In October 2009, Sony Computer Entertainment and Netflix announced that the Netflix streaming service would also be available on PlayStation 3 in the United States. A paid Netflix subscription was required for the service. The service became available in November 2009. Initially users had to use a free Blu-ray disc to access the service; however, in October 2010 the requirement to use a disc to gain access was removed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "June"}], "question": "In what month of 2009 did VidZone start free service to some countries?", "id": "57282478ff5b5019007d9de6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "paid Netflix subscription"}], "question": "What do you have to agree to with Netflix before you can use their service on PlayStation 3?", "id": "57282478ff5b5019007d9de8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "2009"}], "question": "What year did the announcement come about Netflix becoming available on PS3 in the U.S.?", "id": "57282478ff5b5019007d9de7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Blu-ray"}], "question": "What type of disc was initially used to connect access to Netflix for PS3?", "id": "57282478ff5b5019007d9de9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "October 2010"}], "question": "When were users able to discard the disc and access Netflix directly through their PS3s?", "id": "57282478ff5b5019007d9dea"}]}], ["Pada sidang akhbar di Tokyo Game Show 2007, Sony mengumumkan DualShock 3 (bertandatangan DUALSHOCK 3), pengawal PlayStation 3 dengan fungsi dan reka bentuk yang sama seperti Sixaxis, tetapi dengan keupayaan getaran termasuk. Akaun tangan menggambarkan pengawal sebagai ketara lebih berat daripada pengawal Sixaxis standard dan mampu daya getaran setanding dengan DualShock 2. Ia dikeluarkan di Jepun pada 11 November 2007; di Amerika Utara pada 5 April 2008; di Australia pada 24 April 2008; di New Zealand pada 9 Mei 2008; di tanah besar Eropah pada 2 Julai 2008, dan di United Kingdom dan Ireland pada 4 Julai 2008. <> Apa nama Sony nama pengawal PS3 mereka yang bergetar? || DualShock 3 <> Pada apa acara di Tokyo Game Show adalah DualShock 3 yang pertama diumumkan? || persidangan akhbar <> Apa yang ramai orang yang mengendalikan DualShock 3 mengatakan ia dibandingkan dengan Sixaxis? || Lebih berat <> Apa negara pertama dapat membeli DualShock 3 baru di kedai-kedai? || Jepun <> Pada tarikh apakah ketiga-tiga DualShock dikeluarkan di Australia? || 24 April 2008", {"context": "At its press conference at the 2007 Tokyo Game Show, Sony announced DualShock 3 (trademarked DUALSHOCK 3), a PlayStation 3 controller with the same function and design as Sixaxis, but with vibration capability included. Hands-on accounts describe the controller as being noticeably heavier than the standard Sixaxis controller and capable of vibration forces comparable to DualShock 2. It was released in Japan on November 11, 2007; in North America on April 5, 2008; in Australia on April 24, 2008; in New Zealand on May 9, 2008; in mainland Europe on July 2, 2008, and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on July 4, 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "DualShock 3"}], "question": "What did Sony name their vibrating PS3 controller?", "id": "57281e1d4b864d19001644cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "press conference"}], "question": "At what event at the Tokyo Game Show was the DualShock 3 first announced?", "id": "57281e1d4b864d19001644cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "heavier"}], "question": "What did many people who handled the DualShock 3 say it was compared to the Sixaxis?", "id": "57281e1d4b864d19001644ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "What was the first country to be able to buy the new DualShock 3 in stores?", "id": "57281e1d4b864d19001644cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "April 24, 2008"}], "question": "On what date was the DualShock three released in Australia?", "id": "57281e1d4b864d19001644d0"}]}], ["Pada bulan Disember 2008, CTO Blitz Games mengumumkan bahawa ia akan membawa permainan 3D stereoskopik dan tontonan filem ke Xbox 360 dan PlayStation 3 dengan teknologi sendiri. Ini pertama kali ditunjukkan secara terbuka pada PS3 menggunakan teknologi Sony pada Januari 2009 di Pameran Elektronik Pengguna. Wartawan telah ditunjukkan Wipeout HD dan Gran Turismo 5 Prologue dalam 3D sebagai demonstrasi bagaimana teknologi mungkin berfungsi jika ia dilaksanakan pada masa akan datang. Kemaskini firmware 3.30 secara rasmi membolehkan tajuk PS3 dimainkan dalam 3D, memerlukan paparan serasi untuk digunakan. Kemas kini perisian sistem 3.50 menyediakannya untuk filem 3D. Walaupun permainan itu sendiri mesti diprogramkan untuk mengambil kesempatan daripada teknologi 3D, tajuk dapat ditambal untuk menambah kefungsian secara retroaktif. Judul dengan patch seperti itu termasuk Wipeout HD, Pain, dan Super Stardust HD. <> Apa syarikat mengatakan ia akan membawa teknologi 3D ke PS3? || Blitz Games <> Bersama Wipeout HD, permainan apa yang dilihat akhbar dalam 3D pada awal tahun 2009? || Gran Turismo 5 Prologue <> Apa versi kemaskinian firmware yang memberikan keupayaan 3D PlayStation 3? || 3.30 <> Kata apa yang menggambarkan apa yang berlaku pada permainan apabila disunting untuk menambah fungsi yang tidak diprogramkan pada asalnya? || ditambal <> Apakah konsol PS3 dapat dimainkan selepas perisian sistem dikemas kini ke 3.50? || Filem 3D", {"context": "In December 2008, the CTO of Blitz Games announced that it would bring stereoscopic 3D gaming and movie viewing to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 with its own technology. This was first demonstrated publicly on PS3 using Sony's own technology in January 2009 at the Consumer Electronics Show. Journalists were shown Wipeout HD and Gran Turismo 5 Prologue in 3D as a demonstration of how the technology might work if it is implemented in the future. Firmware update 3.30 officially allowed PS3 titles to be played in 3D, requiring a compatible display for use. System software update 3.50 prepared it for 3D films. While the game itself must be programmed to take advantage of the 3D technology, titles may be patched to add in the functionality retroactively. Titles with such patches include Wipeout HD, Pain, and Super Stardust HD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Blitz Games"}], "question": "What company said it would bring 3D technology to the PS3?", "id": "572817fb2ca10214002d9dba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue"}], "question": "Along with Wipeout HD, what game did the press view in 3D in early 2009?", "id": "572817fb2ca10214002d9dbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "3.30"}], "question": "What version of firmware update gave the PlayStation 3 its 3D capability? ", "id": "572817fb2ca10214002d9dbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "patched"}], "question": "What word describes what happens to a game when is edited to add functions not originally programmed?", "id": "572817fb2ca10214002d9dbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "3D films"}], "question": "What was the PS3 console able to play after the system software was updated to 3.50?", "id": "572817fb2ca10214002d9dbe"}]}], ["Konsol PlayStation 3 melindungi beberapa jenis data dan menggunakan pengurusan hak digital untuk mengehadkan penggunaan data. Permainan dan kandungan yang dibeli dari kedai Rangkaian PlayStation dikawal oleh Pengurusan Hak Digital Digital PlayStation (NDRM). NDRM membolehkan pengguna mengakses data dari sehingga 2 PlayStation 3 yang berbeza yang telah diaktifkan menggunakan ID Rangkaian PlayStation pengguna. PlayStation 3 juga mengehadkan pemindahan video yang dilindungi salinan yang dimuat turun dari kedainya ke mesin lain dan menyatakan bahawa menyalin video yang dilindungi \"tidak boleh dipulihkan dengan betul\" berikutan tindakan tertentu selepas membuat sandaran seperti memuat turun filem yang dilindungi salinan baru. <> Apakah singkatan \"NDRM\" mewakili? || Pengurusan Hak Digital Network <> Berapa banyak PS3 yang berbeza boleh diakses oleh satu pengguna? || 2 <> Pengenal apa yang membolehkan pemain mengaktifkan PlayStation 3? || ID Rangkaian PlayStation <> PlayStation mempunyai perlindungan untuk mencegah penggunaan haram apa jenis filem atau video? || salin dilindungi", {"context": "PlayStation 3 console protects certain types of data and uses digital rights management to limit the data's use. Purchased games and content from the PlayStation Network store are governed by PlayStation's Network Digital Rights Management (NDRM). The NDRM allows users to access the data from up to 2 different PlayStation 3's that have been activated using a user's PlayStation Network ID. PlayStation 3 also limits the transfer of copy protected videos downloaded from its store to other machines and states that copy protected video \"may not restore correctly\" following certain actions after making a backup such as downloading a new copy protected movie.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Network Digital Rights Management"}], "question": "What does the abbreviation \"NDRM\" represent?", "id": "572821842ca10214002d9e96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many different PS3s can one user access?", "id": "572821842ca10214002d9e97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "PlayStation Network ID"}], "question": "What identifier allows a player to activate a PlayStation 3?", "id": "572821842ca10214002d9e98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "copy protected"}], "question": "PlayStation has safeguards in place to prevent illegal use of what type of movies or video?", "id": "572821842ca10214002d9e99"}]}], ["Versi PlayStation 3 standard XrossMediaBar (diucapkan Cross Media Bar, atau disingkat XMB) termasuk sembilan kategori pilihan. Ini adalah: Pengguna, Tetapan, Foto, Muzik, Video, Perkhidmatan TV / Video, Permainan, Rangkaian, Rangkaian PlayStation dan Kawan (serupa dengan bar media PlayStation Portable). Kategori Perkhidmatan TV / Video adalah untuk perkhidmatan seperti Netflix dan / atau jika PlayTV atau torne dipasang; kategori pertama dalam bahagian ini ialah \"Saluran Saya\", yang membolehkan pengguna memuat turun pelbagai perkhidmatan penstriman, termasuk perkhidmatan streaming Sony sendiri Crackle and PlayStation Vue. Secara lalai, bahagian Apa yang Baru dalam Rangkaian PlayStation dipaparkan apabila sistem dimulakan. PS3 merangkumi keupayaan untuk menyimpan pelbagai profil pengguna tuan dan menengah, mengurus dan meneroka foto dengan atau tanpa persembahan slaid muzik, memainkan muzik dan menyalin trek CD audio ke peranti penyimpanan data yang dilampirkan, mainkan filem dan fail video dari pemacu cakera keras, cakera optik (cakera Blu-ray atau DVD-Video) atau simpanan massa USB atau kad Flash pilihan, keserasian untuk papan kekunci dan tetikus USB dan pelayar web yang menyokong fungsi muat turun-fail serasi. Selain itu, media UPnP akan muncul dalam kategori audio / video / foto masing-masing jika pelayan media yang serasi atau pelayan DLNA dikesan pada rangkaian tempatan. Menu Kawan membolehkan mel dengan emotikon dan ciri-ciri gambar yang dilampirkan dan sembang video yang memerlukan kamera PlayStation Eye atau EyeToy pilihan. Menu Rangkaian membolehkan belanja dalam talian melalui PlayStation Store dan sambungan ke PlayStation Portable melalui Remote Play. <> Bagaimana \"XrossMediaBar\" disingkat? || XMB <> Berapa banyak kategori pilihan yang dipaparkan dalam XrossMediaBar PS3 standard? || sembilan <> Salah satu perkhidmatan streaming Sony ialah PlayStation Vue; apa yang dipanggil orang lain? || Crackle <> Apabila anda memulakan PS3 anda, apakah bahagian pertama Rangkaian PS yang anda lihat? || Apa yang Baru <> Menu apa yang akan anda gunakan untuk menyiapkan sembang video? || Rakan-rakan", {"context": "The standard PlayStation 3 version of the XrossMediaBar (pronounced Cross Media Bar, or abbreviated XMB) includes nine categories of options. These are: Users, Settings, Photo, Music, Video, TV/Video Services, Game, Network, PlayStation Network and Friends (similar to the PlayStation Portable media bar). TheTV/Video Services category is for services like Netflix and/or if PlayTV or torne is installed; the first category in this section is \"My Channels\", which lets users download various streaming services, including Sony's own streaming services Crackle and PlayStation Vue. By default, the What's New section of PlayStation Network is displayed when the system starts up. PS3 includes the ability to store various master and secondary user profiles, manage and explore photos with or without a musical slide show, play music and copy audio CD tracks to an attached data storage device, play movies and video files from the hard disk drive, an optical disc (Blu-ray Disc or DVD-Video) or an optional USB mass storage or Flash card, compatibility for a USB keyboard and mouse and a web browser supporting compatible-file download function. Additionally, UPnP media will appear in the respective audio/video/photo categories if a compatible media server or DLNA server is detected on the local network. The Friends menu allows mail with emoticon and attached picture features and video chat which requires an optional PlayStation Eye or EyeToy webcam. The Network menu allows online shopping through the PlayStation Store and connectivity to PlayStation Portable via Remote Play.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "XMB"}], "question": "How is \"XrossMediaBar\" abbreviated?", "id": "572820152ca10214002d9e68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many options categories display in the standard PS3 XrossMediaBar?", "id": "572820152ca10214002d9e69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Crackle"}], "question": "One of Sony's streaming services is the PlayStation Vue; what's the other one called?", "id": "572820152ca10214002d9e6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "What's New"}], "question": "When you start up your PS3, what's the first section of the PS Network you see?", "id": "572820152ca10214002d9e6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1311, "text": "Friends"}], "question": "What menu would you use to set up a video chat?", "id": "572820152ca10214002d9e6c"}]}], ["PlayStation Home adalah perkhidmatan rangkaian sosial maya 3D untuk Rangkaian PlayStation. Home membolehkan pengguna membuat avatar tersuai, yang boleh dipersiapkan secara realistik. Pengguna boleh mengedit dan menghiasi pangsapuri peribadi, avatar atau rumah kelab dengan kandungan percuma, premium atau memenangi. Pengguna boleh membeli barang baru atau memenangi hadiah daripada permainan PS3, atau aktiviti Home. Pengguna berinteraksi dan berhubung dengan rakan dan menyesuaikan kandungan dalam dunia maya. Rumah juga bertindak sebagai tempat pertemuan bagi pengguna yang ingin bermain permainan berbilang pemain dengan orang lain. <> Apakah Sony memanggil rangkaian sosial mereka? || PlayStation Home <> Apakah perwakilan yang dapat disesuaikan oleh pengguna dalam rumah PS yang dipanggil? || avatar <> Rumah mempunyai percuma, menang, dan jenis kandungan apa yang ketiga? || premium <> Pengguna menggunakan kandungan untuk menghias rumah kelab, avatar mereka, atau apa ruang kediaman maya? || pangsapuri <> Apa jenis permainan yang boleh pengguna mencari peserta di Rumah? || berbilang pemain", {"context": "PlayStation Home is a virtual 3D social networking service for the PlayStation Network. Home allows users to create a custom avatar, which can be groomed realistically. Users can edit and decorate their personal apartments, avatars or club houses with free, premium or won content. Users can shop for new items or win prizes from PS3 games, or Home activities. Users interact and connect with friends and customise content in a virtual world. Home also acts as a meeting place for users that want to play multiplayer games with others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "PlayStation Home"}], "question": "What does Sony call their social network?", "id": "572833d64b864d190016470c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "avatar"}], "question": "What is the customizable representation of a user in PS Home called?", "id": "572833d64b864d190016470d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "premium"}], "question": "Home has free, won, and what third type of content?", "id": "572833d64b864d190016470e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "apartments"}], "question": "Users employ the content to decorate club houses, their avatars, or what virtual dwelling space?", "id": "572833d64b864d190016470f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "multiplayer"}], "question": "What type of games can users find participants for in Home?", "id": "572833d64b864d1900164710"}]}], ["Sistem memaparkan skrin Apa yang Baru sebagai lalai dan bukannya menu [Permainan] (atau [Video], jika filem dimasukkan) semasa memulakan. Apa yang Baru mempunyai empat bahagian: \"Pick Kami\", \"Baru Dimainkan\", maklumat terkini dan kandungan baru yang terdapat di PlayStation Store. Terdapat empat jenis kandungan yang dipaparkan pada skrin Apa yang Baru dan pautan kepada, di bahagian. \"Baru dimainkan\" memaparkan permainan baru-baru ini yang dimainkan pengguna dan perkhidmatan dalam talian sahaja, sedangkan bahagian lain boleh mengandungi pautan laman web, pautan untuk memainkan video dan akses ke bahagian terpilih Store PlayStation. <> Berapa bahagian yang berlainan yang ada Apa yang Baru ada? || empat <> Apa seksyen Apa Yang Baru akan dikunjungi oleh pengguna untuk mencari permainan yang telah mereka mainkan belakangan ini? || \"Baru Dimainkan\" <> Sebelum Apa yang Baru wujud, apakah skrin lalai akan dipaparkan apabila pengguna memasukkan filem dalam PS3 mereka? || Video <> Apa bahagian Apa yang Baru tidak dapat menunjukkan pautan ke laman web? || \"Baru Dimainkan\" <> Selain daripada skrin lalai Video untuk filem, menu apa yang akan menjadi lalai PS3 sebelum Perkara Yang Baru? || Permainan", {"context": "The system displays the What's New screen by default instead of the [Games] menu (or [Video] menu, if a movie was inserted) when starting up. What's New has four sections: \"Our Pick\", \"Recently Played\", latest information and new content available in PlayStation Store. There are four kinds of content the What's New screen displays and links to, on the sections. \"Recently Played\" displays the user's recently played games and online services only, whereas, the other sections can contain website links, links to play videos and access to selected sections of the PlayStation Store.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many  different sections does What's New have?", "id": "572831a53acd2414000df6b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "\"Recently Played\""}], "question": "What section of What's New would a user visit to find the games they've played lately?", "id": "572831a53acd2414000df6ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Video"}], "question": "Before What's New existed, what default screen would show when a user put a movie in their PS3?", "id": "572831a53acd2414000df6bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "\"Recently Played\""}], "question": "What section of What's New can't show links to websites?", "id": "572831a53acd2414000df6bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Games"}], "question": "Other than the Video default screen for movies, what menu would the PS3 default to before What's New?", "id": "572831a53acd2414000df6bd"}]}], ["Rangkaian PlayStation adalah permainan berbilang pemain bersatu dalam talian dan perkhidmatan penghantaran media digital yang disediakan oleh Sony Computer Entertainment untuk PlayStation 3 dan PlayStation Portable, yang diumumkan semasa mesyuarat Taklimat Perniagaan PlayStation 2006 di Tokyo. Perkhidmatan ini sentiasa bersambung, percuma, dan termasuk sokongan multiplayer. Rangkaian ini membolehkan permainan dalam talian, PlayStation Store, PlayStation Home dan perkhidmatan lain. Rangkaian PlayStation menggunakan mata wang sebenar dan Kad Rangkaian PlayStation seperti yang dilihat dengan PlayStation Store dan PlayStation Home. <> Di bandar apakah Sony memegang Taklimat Perniagaan PlayStation 2006? || Tokyo <> Adakah Rangkaian PlayStation menggunakan mata wang tiruan atau sebenar untuk pembelian? || nyata <> Bersama-sama dengan percuma dan menyediakan sambungan yang berterusan, apa ciri lain yang ditawarkan oleh pengguna Rangkaian PS? || sokongan multiplayer <> Rangkaian PlayStation hanya tersedia untuk PS3 dan peranti lain apa? || PlayStation Portable", {"context": "PlayStation Network is the unified online multiplayer gaming and digital media delivery service provided by Sony Computer Entertainment for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable, announced during the 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing meeting in Tokyo. The service is always connected, free, and includes multiplayer support. The network enables online gaming, the PlayStation Store, PlayStation Home and other services. PlayStation Network uses real currency and PlayStation Network Cards as seen with the PlayStation Store and PlayStation Home.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Tokyo"}], "question": "In what city did Sony hold their 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing?", "id": "57282b823acd2414000df60f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "real"}], "question": "Does PlayStation Network use artificial or real currency for purchases?", "id": "57282b823acd2414000df610"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "multiplayer support"}], "question": "Along with being free and providing constant connectivity, what other feature does PS Network offer users?", "id": "57282b823acd2414000df611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "PlayStation Portable"}], "question": "PlayStation Network is only available for PS3 and what other device?", "id": "57282b823acd2414000df612"}]}], ["Sony mengesahkan bahawa terdapat kesilapan dan menyatakan bahawa mereka telah menyempitkan isu tersebut dan terus berusaha untuk memulihkan perkhidmatan. Menjelang 2 Mac (UTC), 2010, pemilik model PS3 asli boleh berhubung dengan PSN dengan jayanya dan jam tidak lagi menunjukkan 31 Disember 1999. Sony menyatakan bahawa model yang terjejas tidak tepat mengenal pasti 2010 sebagai tahun lompat, kerana pepijat dalam Kaedah BCD menyimpan tarikh. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi sesetengah pengguna, jam sistem operasi perkakasan (terutamanya dikemaskini dari internet dan tidak dikaitkan dengan jam dalaman) perlu dikemas kini secara manual atau dengan menyegerakkan semula melalui internet. <> Dengan apa tarikh Sony membetulkan masalah dengan jam sistem? || 2 Mac (UTC), 2010 <> Apakah model rusak yang salah mengelaskan 2010 sebagai? || tahun lompat <> Sistem penyimpanan apa untuk tarikh yang membawa kepada kesilapan jam sistem? || BCD <> Jam apa yang tidak berkaitan dengan kesilapan dalam PS3 perlu dikemas kini dalam beberapa kes untuk membetulkan pepijat? || jam sistem operasi", {"context": "Sony confirmed that there was an error and stated that they were narrowing down the issue and were continuing to work to restore service. By March 2 (UTC), 2010, owners of original PS3 models could connect to PSN successfully and the clock no longer showed December 31, 1999. Sony stated that the affected models incorrectly identified 2010 as a leap year, because of a bug in the BCD method of storing the date. However, for some users, the hardware's operating system clock (mainly updated from the internet and not associated with the internal clock) needed to be updated manually or by re-syncing it via the internet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "March 2 (UTC), 2010"}], "question": "By what date did Sony correct the issue with the system clock?", "id": "572828ed2ca10214002d9f88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "a leap year"}], "question": "What were the broken models mistakenly classifying 2010 as?", "id": "572828ed2ca10214002d9f89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "BCD"}], "question": "What storage system for dates led to the system clock error?", "id": "572828ed2ca10214002d9f8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "operating system clock"}], "question": "What clock unrelated to the error in the PS3 had to be updated in some cases in order to fix the bug?", "id": "572828ed2ca10214002d9f8b"}]}], ["Apa yang baru diumumkan di Gamescom 2009 dan dikeluarkan pada 1 September 2009, dengan perisian sistem PlayStation 3 3.0. Ciri ini adalah untuk menggantikan [Papan Maklumat] yang sedia ada, yang memaparkan berita dari laman web PlayStation yang dikaitkan dengan rantau pengguna. Konsep ini dibangunkan lebih lanjut ke dalam ciri utama PlayStation Network, yang berinteraksi dengan [Indikator Status] untuk memaparkan ticker semua kandungan, tidak termasuk kandungan yang dimainkan baru-baru ini (kini hanya di Amerika Utara dan Jepun). <> Apakah ciri baru untuk PS3 dikeluarkan pada bulan September 2009? || Apa yang Baru <> Pada apa acara Sony mengumumkan Apa yang Baru? || Gamescom <> Apa yang menggantikan Apa yang Baru? || Lembaga Maklumat <> Jenis maklumat yang disebarkan melalui Apa yang Baru? || berita <> Apa kawasan geografi Apa maklumat khusus untuk setiap pengguna? || rantau", {"context": "What's New was announced at Gamescom 2009 and was released on September 1, 2009, with PlayStation 3 system software 3.0. The feature was to replace the existing [Information Board], which displayed news from the PlayStation website associated with the user's region. The concept was developed further into a major PlayStation Network feature, which interacts with the [Status Indicator] to display a ticker of all content, excluding recently played content (currently in North America and Japan only).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "What's New"}], "question": "What new feature for PS3 was released in September of 2009?", "id": "5728304b2ca10214002da028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Gamescom"}], "question": "At what event did Sony announce What's New?", "id": "5728304b2ca10214002da029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Information Board"}], "question": "What did What's New replace?", "id": "5728304b2ca10214002da02a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "news"}], "question": "What type of information is disseminated through What's New?", "id": "5728304b2ca10214002da02b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "region"}], "question": "What's geographical area does What's New tailor information to for each user?", "id": "5728304b2ca10214002da02c"}]}], ["Hidup dengan PlayStation, yang dikeluarkan pada 18 September 2008 untuk berjaya Folding @ home, telah bersara pada 6 November 2012. Kehidupan dengan PlayStation menggunakan data dunia maya untuk memaparkan berita dan maklumat oleh bandar. Bersama dengan fungsi Folding @ home, aplikasi itu menyediakan akses kepada tiga \"saluran\" maklumat yang lain, yang pertama ialah Tajuk Live yang menawarkan tajuk berita dan cuaca yang disediakan oleh Google News, The Weather Channel, Universiti Wisconsin-Madison Science Space dan Pusat Kejuruteraan, antara sumber lain. Saluran kedua ialah saluran Warisan Dunia yang menawarkan maklumat sejarah mengenai tapak bersejarah. Saluran ketiga adalah saluran United Village. United Village direka untuk berkongsi maklumat mengenai komuniti dan budaya di seluruh dunia. Kemas kini membenarkan tontonan video dan foto dalam aplikasi. Saluran keempat adalah Amerika Syarikat eksklusif PlayStation Network Channel Saluran Permainan untuk streaming langsung dari treler permainan. <> Kehidupan dapat memperibadikan maklumat untuk pengguna dengan pembahagian lokasi apa? || bandar <> Pada tarikh apakah Life dengan PlayStation dimatikan? || 6 November 2012 <> Apakah saluran Life yang menyampaikan maklumat mengenai topik sejarah? || Warisan Dunia <> Untuk kemaskini cuaca dari The Weather Channel, saluran mana yang akan anda lawati? || Saluran Langsung", {"context": "Life with PlayStation, released on September 18, 2008 to succeed Folding@home, was retired November 6, 2012. Life with PlayStation used virtual globe data to display news and information by city. Along with Folding@home functionality, the application provided access to three other information \"channels\", the first being the Live Channel offering news headlines and weather which were provided by Google News, The Weather Channel, the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison Space Science and Engineering Center, among other sources. The second channel was the World Heritage channel which offered historical information about historical sites. The third channel was the United Village channel. United Village was designed to share information about communities and cultures worldwide. An update allowed video and photo viewing in the application. The fourth channel was the USA exclusive PlayStation Network Game Trailers Channel for direct streaming of game trailers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "city"}], "question": "Life was able to personalize information for users by what location division?", "id": "572834fd2ca10214002da0b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "November 6, 2012"}], "question": "On what date was Life with PlayStation shut down?", "id": "572834fd2ca10214002da0b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "World Heritage"}], "question": "What's was Life's channel that delivered information about history topics?", "id": "572834fd2ca10214002da0b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Live Channel"}], "question": "For weather updates from The Weather Channel, which of Life's channels would you have visited?", "id": "572834fd2ca10214002da0b5"}]}], ["PlayStation Store adalah pasaran maya dalam talian yang tersedia untuk pengguna konsol permainan PlayStation 3 (PS3) Sony dan PlayStation Portable (PSP) melalui PlayStation Network. Kedai ini menawarkan pelbagai kandungan yang boleh dimuat turun untuk pembelian dan tersedia secara percuma. Kandungan yang tersedia termasuk permainan penuh, kandungan tambahan, demo yang boleh dimain, tema dan treler filem dan permainan. Perkhidmatan ini boleh diakses menerusi ikon pada XMB di PS3 dan PSP. Kedai PS3 juga boleh diakses pada PSP melalui sambungan Jauh Main ke PS3. Kedai PSP juga boleh didapati melalui aplikasi PC, Media Go. Sehingga 24 September 2009, terdapat lebih 600 juta muat turun dari PlayStation Store di seluruh dunia. <> Di mana anda boleh membeli kandungan yang boleh dimuat turun untuk PSP dan PS3? || PlayStation Store <> Apa yang anda klik pada antara muka PS3 untuk sampai ke PlayStation Store? || ikon <> Apakah sambungan yang akan anda jalankan untuk pergi ke kedai PS3 dari PSP? || Main Jauh <> Berapa banyak muat turun unik yang ada dari PlayStation Store menjelang akhir tahun 2009? || lebih 600 juta <> Dari PC, aplikasi apa yang boleh anda gunakan untuk melawat PlayStation Store? || Media Go", {"context": "The PlayStation Store is an online virtual market available to users of Sony's PlayStation 3 (PS3) and PlayStation Portable (PSP) game consoles via the PlayStation Network. The Store offers a range of downloadable content both for purchase and available free of charge. Available content includes full games, add-on content, playable demos, themes and game and movie trailers. The service is accessible through an icon on the XMB on PS3 and PSP. The PS3 store can also be accessed on PSP via a Remote Play connection to PS3. The PSP store is also available via the PC application, Media Go. As of September 24, 2009, there have been over 600 million downloads from the PlayStation Store worldwide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The PlayStation Store"}], "question": "Where can you buy downloadable content for the PSP and PS3?", "id": "57282ec84b864d1900164680"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "an icon"}], "question": "What do you click on in the PS3 interface to get to the PlayStation Store?", "id": "57282ec84b864d1900164681"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Remote Play"}], "question": "What connection would you go through to go to the PS3 store from a PSP?", "id": "57282ec84b864d1900164682"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "over 600 million"}], "question": "How many unique downloads had there been from the PlayStation Store by late 2009?", "id": "57282ec84b864d1900164683"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "Media Go"}], "question": "From a PC, what application can you use to visit the PlayStation Store?", "id": "57282ec84b864d1900164684"}]}], ["PlayStation Plus (biasanya disingkat PS + dan kadang-kadang dirujuk sebagai PSN Plus) adalah perkhidmatan langganan PlayStation Network premium yang secara rasmi diumumkan pada E3 2010 oleh Jack Tretton, Presiden dan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif SCEA. Khabar angin perkhidmatan semacam ini telah menjadi spekulasi sejak pengumuman Kaz Hirai di TGS 2009 mengenai perkhidmatan yang mungkin dibayar untuk PSN tetapi dengan layanan PSN yang kini masih ada. Dilancarkan bersama dengan firmware PS3 3.40 dan firmware PSP 6.30 pada 29 Jun 2010, perkhidmatan langganan berbayar menyediakan pengguna dengan perkhidmatan yang dipertingkatkan di Rangkaian PlayStation, di samping perkhidmatan PSN semasa yang masih tersedia dengan semua ciri-cirinya. Peningkatan ini termasuk keupayaan untuk mempunyai dimuat turun demo, permainan dan sistem pengemaskinian perisian secara automatik ke PlayStation 3. Para pelanggan juga mendapat akses awal atau eksklusif ke beberapa pertandingan, demo permainan, kandungan boleh dimuat turun premium dan barangan PlayStation Store yang lain. Pengguna Amerika Utara juga mendapat langganan percuma untuk Qore. Pengguna boleh memilih untuk membeli sama ada satu tahun atau langganan tiga bulan untuk PlayStation Plus. <> Apakah nama perkhidmatan langganan PlayStation Network eksklusif Sony? || PlayStation Plus <> Bagaimana PlayStation Plus sering disingkat? || PS + <> Siapa Presiden dan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif SCEA pada tahun 2010? || Jack Tretton <> Pada tarikh apakah perkhidmatan PlayStation Plus dilancarkan secara rasmi? || 29 Jun 2010 <> Pilihan jangka untuk langganan PS + adalah tiga bulan atau tempoh masa apa? || setahun", {"context": "PlayStation Plus (commonly abbreviated PS+ and occasionally referred to as PSN Plus) is a premium PlayStation Network subscription service that was officially unveiled at E3 2010 by Jack Tretton, President and CEO of SCEA. Rumors of such service had been in speculation since Kaz Hirai's announcement at TGS 2009 of a possible paid service for PSN but with the current PSN service still available. Launched alongside PS3 firmware 3.40 and PSP firmware 6.30 on June 29, 2010, the paid-for subscription service provides users with enhanced services on the PlayStation Network, on top of the current PSN service which is still available with all of its features. These enhancements include the ability to have demos, game and system software updates download automatically to PlayStation 3. Subscribers also get early or exclusive access to some betas, game demos, premium downloadable content and other PlayStation Store items. North American users also get a free subscription to Qore. Users may choose to purchase either a one-year or a three-month subscription to PlayStation Plus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "PlayStation Plus"}], "question": "What's the name of Sony's exclusive PlayStation Network subscription service?", "id": "57282c74ff5b5019007d9e84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "PS+"}], "question": "How is PlayStation Plus often abbreviated?", "id": "57282c74ff5b5019007d9e85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Jack Tretton"}], "question": "Who was the President and CEO of SCEA in the year 2010?", "id": "57282c74ff5b5019007d9e86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "June 29, 2010"}], "question": "On what date did the PlayStation Plus service officially launch?", "id": "57282c74ff5b5019007d9e87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1023, "text": "one-year"}], "question": "Duration options for subscription to PS+ are either three months or what period of time?", "id": "57282c74ff5b5019007d9e88"}]}], ["PlayStation Portable boleh menyambungkan dengan PlayStation 3 dalam pelbagai cara, termasuk kesambungan dalam permainan. Sebagai contoh, Edisi Formula Satu Championship, permainan perlumbaan, ditunjukkan pada E3 2006 menggunakan PSP sebagai cermin pandangan belakang masa nyata. Di samping itu, pengguna boleh memuat turun permainan format PlayStation asli dari PlayStation Store, memindahkan dan memainkannya di PSP dan juga PS3. Ia juga mungkin menggunakan ciri Main Jauh untuk memainkannya dan beberapa permainan Rangkaian PlayStation, jauh dari PSP melalui sambungan rangkaian atau internet. <> Apa permainan PS3 boleh mengintegrasikan PlayStation Portable untuk digunakan sebagai cermin pandangan belakang? || Edisi Kejuaraan Formula Satu <> Apa jenis permainan Edisi Kejuaraan Formula Satu? || perlumbaan <> Jika pengguna ingin memuat turun permainan PlayStation asal, di mana mereka pergi dalam talian? || PlayStation Store <> Permainan dalam format PlayStation biasa boleh dimainkan di konsol PS3 dan peranti lain apa? || PSP <> Apa nama ciri yang akan membolehkan anda memainkan permainan pada PSP anda tanpa perlu dengan anda? || Main Jauh", {"context": "PlayStation Portable can connect with PlayStation 3 in many ways, including in-game connectivity. For example, Formula One Championship Edition, a racing game, was shown at E3 2006 using a PSP as a real-time rear-view mirror. In addition, users are able to download original PlayStation format games from the PlayStation Store, transfer and play them on PSP as well as PS3 itself. It is also possible to use the Remote Play feature to play these and some PlayStation Network games, remotely on PSP over a network or internet connection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Formula One Championship Edition"}], "question": "What PS3 game can integrate a PlayStation Portable to use as a rear-view mirror?", "id": "57282a553acd2414000df5f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "racing"}], "question": "What kind of game is Formula One Championship Edition?", "id": "57282a553acd2414000df5f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "PlayStation Store"}], "question": "If users want to download original PlayStation games, where do they go online?", "id": "57282a553acd2414000df5f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "PSP"}], "question": "Games in plain PlayStation format can be played both on the PS3 console and what other device?", "id": "57282a553acd2414000df5f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Remote Play"}], "question": "What's the name of the feature that would let you play a game on your PSP without having it with you?", "id": "57282a553acd2414000df5f7"}]}], ["Pada 20 April 2011, Sony mematikan Rangkaian PlayStation dan Qriocity untuk selang masa yang panjang, mendedahkan pada 23 April bahawa ini disebabkan oleh \"pencerobohan luaran pada sistem kami\". Sony kemudiannya mendedahkan bahawa maklumat peribadi 77 juta pengguna mungkin telah diambil, termasuk: nama; alamat; negara; alamat e-mel; tarikh lahir; PSN / Qriocity log masuk, kata laluan dan pemegang / ID dalam talian PSN. Mereka juga menyatakan bahawa data profil pengguna, mungkin termasuk sejarah pembelian dan alamat pengebilan, dan jawapan keselamatan kata laluan PlayStation / Qriocity mungkin diperolehi. Tidak ada bukti bahawa mana-mana data kad kredit telah diambil, tetapi kemungkinan itu tidak dapat dikesampingkan, dan Sony menasihatkan pelanggan bahawa data kad kredit mereka mungkin diperolehi. Di samping itu, nombor kad kredit disulitkan dan Sony tidak pernah mengumpul nombor CVC atau tiga CSC dari belakang kad kredit yang diperlukan untuk mengesahkan beberapa urus niaga. Sebagai tindak balas kepada kejadian itu, Sony mengumumkan program \"Welcome Back\", 30 hari keahlian percuma PlayStation Plus untuk semua ahli PSN, dua permainan PS3 yang boleh dimuat turun percuma dan pendaftaran satu tahun percuma dalam program perlindungan kecurian identiti. <> Apakah tarikh Sony mematikan Rangkaian PS kerana pelanggaran keselamatan? || April 20, 2011 <> Berapa ramai pengguna yang dikatakan Sony mungkin telah terjejas oleh pencerobohan? || 77 juta <> Apa yang Sony memanggil tawaran istimewa yang mereka berikan untuk menanggapi pelanggaran itu? || \"Selamat Datang Kembali\" <> Berapa banyak hari percuma PlayStation Plus dimasukkan ke dalam tawaran? || 30 <> Berapa banyak muat turun permainan percuma dimasukkan ke dalam program \"Selamat Datang\"? || dua", {"context": "On April 20, 2011, Sony shut down the PlayStation Network and Qriocity for a prolonged interval, revealing on April 23 that this was due to \"an external intrusion on our system\". Sony later revealed that the personal information of 77 million users might have been taken, including: names; addresses; countries; email addresses; birthdates; PSN/Qriocity logins, passwords and handles/PSN online IDs. They also stated that it was possible that users' profile data, including purchase history and billing address, and PlayStation Network/Qriocity password security answers may have been obtained. There was no evidence that any credit card data had been taken, but the possibility could not be ruled out, and Sony advised customers that their credit card data may have been obtained. Additionally, the credit card numbers were encrypted and Sony never collected the three digit CVC or CSC number from the back of the credit cards which is required for authenticating some transactions. In response to the incident, Sony announced a \"Welcome Back\" program, 30 days free membership of PlayStation Plus for all PSN members, two free downloadable PS3 games, and a free one-year enrollment in an identity theft protection program.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "April 20, 2011"}], "question": "What was the date Sony shut down the PS Network because of a security breach?", "id": "572836d4ff5b5019007d9f36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "77 million"}], "question": "How many users did Sony say might have been affected by the intrusion?", "id": "572836d4ff5b5019007d9f37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1030, "text": "\"Welcome Back\""}], "question": "What did Sony call the special offer they handed out to respond to the breach?", "id": "572836d4ff5b5019007d9f38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1054, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many free days of PlayStation Plus were included in the offer?", "id": "572836d4ff5b5019007d9f39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1119, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many free game downloads were included in the \"Welcome Back\" program?", "id": "572836d4ff5b5019007d9f3a"}]}], ["PS3 diberi nombor lapan tempat dalam senarai \"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006\" di majalah PC World, di mana ia dikritik kerana \"Akhir, Mahal dan Tidak Serasi\". GamesRadar menduduki PS3 sebagai item teratas dalam ciri permainan bencana PR yang berkaitan dengan permainan, bertanya bagaimana Sony berjaya \"mengambil salah satu sistem permainan yang paling dinanti sepanjang masa dan - dalam masa setahun - mengubahnya menjadi objek benci yang didakwa oleh seluruh internet \", tetapi menambah bahawa walaupun masalahnya sistem itu mempunyai\" potensi yang belum diterokai \". Minggu Perniagaan menyimpulkan pendapat umum dengan menyatakan bahawa ia \"lebih tertarik dengan apa yang [PlayStation 3] boleh lakukan daripada apa yang ia lakukan sekarang\". <> Apa senarai PC World menduduki tempat kelapan PlayStation, dengan cara yang salah? || \"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006\" <> Apa permainan laman web yang dipanggil PS3 \"objek yang dibenci oleh seluruh internet\"? || GamesRadar <> Apa petikan yang merujuk kepada PS3 penilaian PC World 2006? || \"Lewat, Mahal dan Tidak Serasi\" <> Berapa lamakah GamesRadar mengatakan bahawa ia mengambil Sony untuk menghidupkan Internet terhadap PlayStation 3? || setahun", {"context": "PS3 was given the number-eight spot on PC World magazine's list of \"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006\", where it was criticized for being \"Late, Expensive and Incompatible\". GamesRadar ranked PS3 as the top item in a feature on game-related PR disasters, asking how Sony managed to \"take one of the most anticipated game systems of all time and \u2014 within the space of a year \u2014 turn it into a hate object reviled by the entire internet\", but added that despite its problems the system has \"untapped potential\". Business Week summed up the general opinion by stating that it was \"more impressed with what [the PlayStation 3] could do than with what it currently does\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "\"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006\""}], "question": "What list by PC World ranked PlayStation eighth, in a bad way?", "id": "572842e52ca10214002da1d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "GamesRadar"}], "question": "What gaming website called PS3 \"a hate object reviled by the entire internet\"?", "id": "572842e52ca10214002da1d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "\"Late, Expensive and Incompatible\""}], "question": "What quote sums up PC World's 2006 assessment of PS3?", "id": "572842e52ca10214002da1d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "a year"}], "question": "How long did GamesRadar say it took Sony to turn the Internet against the PlayStation 3?", "id": "572842e52ca10214002da1d3"}]}], ["Sejak pelancaran sistem, kos pengeluaran telah dikurangkan dengan ketara hasil daripada pemisahan cip Emotion Engine dan kos perkakasan yang jatuh. Kos pembuatan mikroprosesor sel telah jatuh secara dramatik akibat daripada berpindah ke proses pengeluaran 65 nm, dan diod cakera Blu-ray telah menjadi lebih murah untuk menghasilkan. Sehingga Januari 2008, setiap unit kos sekitar $ 400 untuk mengeluarkan; menjelang Ogos 2009, Sony telah mengurangkan kos sebanyak 70%, bermakna ia hanya menelan harga Sony sekitar $ 240 seunit. <> Bersama dengan kejatuhan kos perkakasan, PS3 telah mendapat lebih murah untuk membuat kerana cip apa yang dihentikan? || Cip emosi <> Apa nama mikropemproses yang dihasilkan oleh proses 65 nm? || Cell <> Apa komponen cakera Blu-Ray yang spesifik juga telah mendapat kurang mahal untuk dibuat? || diodes <> Pada musim panas 2009, apakah kos untuk Sony untuk membuat PS3? || $ 240 <> Kos Ogos 2009 adalah akibat daripada penurunan peratus dalam kos pengeluaran? || 70%", {"context": "Since the system's launch, production costs have been reduced significantly as a result of phasing out the Emotion Engine chip and falling hardware costs. The cost of manufacturing Cell microprocessors has fallen dramatically as a result of moving to the 65 nm production process, and Blu-ray Disc diodes have become cheaper to manufacture. As of January 2008, each unit cost around $400 to manufacture; by August 2009, Sony had reduced costs by a total of 70%, meaning it only costs Sony around $240 per unit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Emotion Engine chip"}], "question": "Along with a drop in the cost of hardware, PS3 has gotten cheaper to make because what chip was phased out?", "id": "57283d5d3acd2414000df799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Cell"}], "question": "What's the name of the microprocessor produced by the 65 nm process?", "id": "57283d5d3acd2414000df79a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "diodes"}], "question": "What specific component of Blu-Ray disc have also gotten less expensive to make?", "id": "57283d5d3acd2414000df79b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "$240"}], "question": "As of Summer 2009, what was the cost to Sony to make a PS3?", "id": "57283d5d3acd2414000df79c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "70%"}], "question": "The August 2009 cost is a result of what percentage decrease in production cost?", "id": "57283d5d3acd2414000df79d"}]}], ["Kos pengeluaran awal PlayStation 3 dianggarkan oleh iSuppli untuk US $ 805.85 untuk model 20 GB dan AS $ 840.35 untuk model 60 GB. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka berharga AS $ 499 dan AS $ 599, bermakna unit mungkin telah dijual pada anggaran kerugian $ 306 atau $ 241 bergantung kepada model, jika anggaran kos betul, dan dengan itu mungkin menyumbang kepada bahagian permainan Sony yang menghantar kehilangan operasi \u00a5 232.3 bilion (US $ 1.97 bilion) pada tahun fiskal yang berakhir pada Mac 2007. Pada bulan April 2007, sejurus selepas keputusan ini diterbitkan, Ken Kutaragi, Presiden Sony Computer Entertainment, mengumumkan rancangan untuk bersara. Pelbagai agensi berita, termasuk The Times dan The Wall Street Journal melaporkan bahawa ini disebabkan oleh jualan yang lemah, sementara SCEI berpendapat bahawa Kutaragi telah merancang pensiunnya selama enam bulan sebelum pengumuman itu. <> Berapa kos untuk membuat satu 20 GB PS3? || US $ 805.85 <> Berbeza dengan kos pengeluaran, apakah harga runcit untuk PlayStation 3 GB 20? || US $ 499 <> Dengan asumsi iSuppli mendapat nombor yang betul, berapa banyak kerugian yang diambil oleh Sony untuk setiap 20 GB PS3 yang dijual di A.S.? || $ 306 <> Apakah nama Presiden Sony yang mengumumkan persaraannya di tengah khabar angin pada April 2007? || Ken Kutaragi <Dalam dolar A.S., berapa besar kerugian Sony melaporkan bulan sebelum pengumuman pensiun Kutaragi? || US $ 1.97 bilion", {"context": "PlayStation 3's initial production cost is estimated by iSuppli to have been US$805.85 for the 20 GB model and US$840.35 for the 60 GB model. However, they were priced at US$499 and US$599 respectively, meaning that units may have been sold at an estimated loss of $306 or $241 depending on model, if the cost estimates were correct, and thus may have contributed to Sony's games division posting an operating loss of \u00a5232.3 billion (US$1.97 billion) in the fiscal year ending March 2007. In April 2007, soon after these results were published, Ken Kutaragi, President of Sony Computer Entertainment, announced plans to retire. Various news agencies, including The Times and The Wall Street Journal reported that this was due to poor sales, while SCEI maintains that Kutaragi had been planning his retirement for six months prior to the announcement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "US$805.85"}], "question": "How much did it cost to make one 20 GB PS3?", "id": "57283ab62ca10214002da122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "US$499"}], "question": "In contrast to the production cost, what was the retail price for a 20 GB PlayStation 3?", "id": "57283ab62ca10214002da123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "$306"}], "question": "Assuming iSuppli got the numbers right, how much of a loss did Sony take for every 20 GB PS3 sold in the U.S.?", "id": "57283ab62ca10214002da124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Ken Kutaragi"}], "question": "What was the name of Sony's President who announced his retirement amid rumors in April 2007?", "id": "57283ab62ca10214002da125"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "US$1.97 billion"}], "question": "In U.S. dollars, how much was the enormous loss Sony reported the month before Kutaragi's retirement announcement?", "id": "57283ab62ca10214002da126"}]}], ["Walaupun akhbar negatif awal, beberapa laman web telah memberikan ulasan sistem yang sangat baik kebanyakannya mengenai perkakasannya. CNET United Kingdom memuji sistem yang mengatakan, \"PS3 adalah peralatan hiburan rumit dan menarik yang menghidupkan hingga hype [...] PS3 bernilai tag harga yang tinggi.\" CNET menganugerahkannya skor 8.8 daripada 10 dan mengutipnya sebagai alat nombor satu \"mesti mempunyai\", memuji keupayaan graf yang mantap dan reka bentuk luaran yang bergaya sambil mengkritik pemilihan permainan yang terhad. Di samping itu, kedua-dua Majalah Teater Rumah dan Ultimate AV telah memberikan ulasan Blu-ray pemutaran sistem yang sangat menguntungkan, menyatakan bahawa kualiti main balik melebihi jumlah pemain cakera Blu-ray yang sedia ada sekarang. <> Skor apa CNET memberikan PS3 daripada sepuluh? || 8.8 <> Apa ciri PlayStation 3 yang paling suka mengenai Home Theater Magazine mengenai PS3? || Main semula Blu-ray <> Ulasan mempunyai memuji perkakasan perisian PS3 lebih kerap? || perkakasan <> Apa ulasan lain bersetuju dengan penilaian Home Theater Magazine mengenai pemain Blu-ray PS3? || Ultimate AV <> Apa laman web mengatakan PlayStation 3 \"hidup sehingga gembar-gembur\"? || CNET United Kingdom", {"context": "Despite the initial negative press, several websites have given the system very good reviews mostly regarding its hardware. CNET United Kingdom praised the system saying, \"the PS3 is a versatile and impressive piece of home-entertainment equipment that lives up to the hype [...] the PS3 is well worth its hefty price tag.\" CNET awarded it a score of 8.8 out of 10 and voted it as its number one \"must-have\" gadget, praising its robust graphical capabilities and stylish exterior design while criticizing its limited selection of available games. In addition, both Home Theater Magazine and Ultimate AV have given the system's Blu-ray playback very favorable reviews, stating that the quality of playback exceeds that of many current standalone Blu-ray Disc players.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "8.8"}], "question": "What score did CNET give the PS3 out of ten?", "id": "572847804b864d19001648a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "Blu-ray playback"}], "question": "What PlayStation 3 feature did Home Theater Magazine most like about PS3?", "id": "572847804b864d19001648a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "hardware"}], "question": "Have reviews praised the PS3's hardware of software more frequently?", "id": "572847804b864d19001648aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "Ultimate AV"}], "question": "What other reviewer agreed with Home Theater Magazine's assessment of the PS3's Blu-ray player?", "id": "572847804b864d19001648ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "CNET United Kingdom"}], "question": "What website said the PlayStation 3 \"lives up to the hype\"? ", "id": "572847804b864d19001648ac"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 2008, Kaz Hirai, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Sony Computer Entertainment, mencadangkan konsol itu boleh mula membuat keuntungan pada awal tahun 2009, menyatakan bahawa, \"tahun fiskal akan datang bermula pada bulan April dan jika kita boleh mencuba mencapai itu dalam tahun fiskal yang akan datang itu akan menjadi satu perkara yang hebat \"dan bahawa\" [keuntungan] bukan komitmen yang pasti, tetapi itulah yang saya ingin cuba untuk menembak \". Walau bagaimanapun, penganalisis pasaran Nikko Citigroup telah meramalkan bahawa PlayStation 3 boleh menguntungkan menjelang Ogos 2008. Dalam wawancara Julai 2008, Hirai menyatakan bahawa tujuannya adalah untuk PlayStation 3 untuk menjual 150 juta unit pada tahun kesembilannya, melebihi jualan PlayStation 2 sebanyak 140 juta dalam sembilan tahun di pasaran. Pada bulan Januari 2009, Sony mengumumkan bahawa bahagian gaming mereka menguntungkan pada Q3 2008. <> Siapa CEO Sony pada awal tahun 2008? || Kaz Hirai <> Bilakah Hirai fikir PS3 mungkin mula membuat syarikat itu wang? || awal tahun 2009 <> Apa firma penganalisis pasaran mengatakan Sony boleh membuat PlayStation 3 menguntungkan menjelang Ogos 2008? || Nikko Citigroup <> Berapa banyak PS3 yang membuat Hirai menetapkan matlamat umum untuk menjual pada masa produk itu sembilan? || 150 juta <> Apa konsol permainan Sony yang lain adalah Hirai menetapkan matlamat jualannya untuk mengalahkan? || PlayStation 2", {"context": "In January 2008, Kaz Hirai, CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment, suggested that the console may start making a profit by early 2009, stating that, \"the next fiscal year starts in April and if we can try to achieve that in the next fiscal year that would be a great thing\" and that \"[profitability] is not a definite commitment, but that is what I would like to try to shoot for\". However, market analysts Nikko Citigroup have predicted that PlayStation 3 could be profitable by August 2008. In a July 2008 interview, Hirai stated that his objective is for PlayStation 3 to sell 150 million units by its ninth year, surpassing PlayStation 2's sales of 140 million in its nine years on the market. In January 2009 Sony announced that their gaming division was profitable in Q3 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Kaz Hirai"}], "question": "Who was Sony's CEO at the start of 2008?", "id": "57283c272ca10214002da142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "early 2009"}], "question": "When did Hirai think the PS3 might start making the company some money?", "id": "57283c272ca10214002da143"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Nikko Citigroup"}], "question": "What market analyst firm said Sony could make the PlayStation 3 profitable by August 2008?", "id": "57283c272ca10214002da144"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "150 million"}], "question": "How many PS3 did Hirai set a public goal to sell by the time the product was nine?", "id": "57283c272ca10214002da145"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "PlayStation 2"}], "question": "What other Sony gaming console was Hirai setting his sales goal to beat?", "id": "57283c272ca10214002da146"}]}], ["PlayStation 3 Slim mendapat ulasan yang sangat positif serta meningkatkan jualan; kurang dari 24 jam selepas pengumumannya, PS3 Slim mengambil tempat nombor satu terbaik di Amazon.com di bahagian permainan video selama lima belas hari berturut-turut. Ia kembali ke kedudukan nombor satu lagi sehari kemudian. PS3 Slim juga mendapat pujian dari PC World yang memberikan 90 daripada 100 memuji pembungkusan semula barunya dan nilai baru ia membawa pada harga yang lebih rendah serta memuji ketenangan dan pengurangan penggunaan kuasa. Ini sangat berbeza dengan pelancaran PS3 asalnya di mana ia diberi kedudukan nombor lapan pada senarai \"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006\". <> Dengan hari pelepasannya, pada laman web apa PS3 Slim menjadi buku laris nombor satu? || Amazon.com <> Berapa banyak hari berturut-turut yang PS3 Slim memegang tempat nombor satu di Amazon.com? || Lima belas <> Skor Apa yang PS3 Slim mendapat dari PC World? || 90 daripada 100 <> PC World's rave review PS3 Slim adalah pemulihan lengkap dari pemikiran mereka tentang konsol model lama? || PS3 <> Bersama-sama dengan nilai PS Slim, ketenangan, dan penggunaan tenaga yang lebih rendah, kualiti superficial apakah yang dipuji PC World? || pembungkusan semula", {"context": "The PlayStation 3 Slim received extremely positive reviews as well as a boost in sales; less than 24 hours after its announcement, PS3 Slim took the number-one bestseller spot on Amazon.com in the video games section for fifteen consecutive days. It regained the number-one position again one day later. PS3 Slim also received praise from PC World giving it a 90 out of 100 praising its new repackaging and the new value it brings at a lower price as well as praising its quietness and the reduction in its power consumption. This is in stark contrast to the original PS3's launch in which it was given position number-eight on their \"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006\" list.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Amazon.com"}], "question": "With a day of its release, on what website did the PS3 Slim become the number-one bestseller?", "id": "572849443acd2414000df897"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "fifteen"}], "question": "For how many consecutive days did the PS3 Slim hold the number-one spot on Amazon.com?", "id": "572849443acd2414000df898"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "90 out of 100"}], "question": "What score did the PS3 Slim earn from PC World?", "id": "572849443acd2414000df899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "PS3"}], "question": "PC World's rave review of the PS3 Slim was a complete turnaround from their thoughts on what older model console?", "id": "572849443acd2414000df89a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "repackaging"}], "question": "Along with the PS Slim's value, quietness, and lower power usage, what superficial quality did PC World praise?", "id": "572849443acd2414000df89b"}]}], ["Sambutan kritikal dan komersil ke PS3 bertambah baik dari masa ke masa, selepas satu siri semakan harga, kemenangan Blu-ray ke HD DVD, dan pelepasan beberapa tajuk yang diterima dengan baik. Tinjauan pelancaran asal Ars Technica memberikan PS3 hanya 6/10, tetapi ulasan kedua konsol pada bulan Jun 2008 mengadarnya 9/10. Pada bulan September 2009, IGN menamakan PlayStation 3 konsol permainan ke-15 terbaik sepanjang masa, di belakang kedua pesaingnya: Wii (10th) dan Xbox 360 (6th). Walau bagaimanapun, PS3 telah memenangi \"Konsol Showdown\" IGN yang berdasarkan konsol mana yang menawarkan pemilihan permainan terbaik yang dikeluarkan pada setiap tahun-dalam tiga daripada empat tahun sejak ia bermula (2008, 2009 dan 2011, dengan Xbox memenangi pada tahun 2010). IGN menilai PlayStation 3 untuk memiliki permainan terbaik tahun 2008, berdasarkan skor semakan mereka berbanding dengan Wii dan Xbox 360. Dalam sekeping perbandingan oleh Will Greenwald PC mag pada bulan Jun 2012, PS3 dipilih sebagai keseluruhan yang lebih baik konsol berbanding dengan Xbox 360. Pocket-lint berkata mengenai konsol \"PS3 sentiasa konsol permainan yang cemerlang,\" dan bahawa \"Buat masa ini, ini hanyalah peranti media terbaik untuk wang itu.\" <> Penarafan apa yang Ars Technica pada mulanya memberi PlayStation 3? || 6/10 <> Apa pesaing PS3 memenangi \"Console Showdown\" IGN pada 2010? || Xbox <> Apa PC Mag. staffer memilih PS3 ke atas Xbox pada bulan Jun, 2012? || Adakah Greenwald <> Penerbitan mana yang dipanggil PlayStation 3 \"konsol permainan yang cemerlang\"? || Pocket-lint <> Di mana IGN meletakkan PS3 pada senarai 2009 mereka konsol permainan video terbaik yang pernah? || 15th", {"context": "Critical and commercial reception to PS3 improved over time, after a series of price revisions, Blu-ray's victory over HD DVD, and the release of several well received titles. Ars Technica's original launch review gave PS3 only a 6/10, but second review of the console in June 2008 rated it a 9/10. In September 2009, IGN named PlayStation 3 the 15th best gaming console of all time, behind both of its competitors: Wii (10th) and Xbox 360 (6th). However, PS3 has won IGN's \"Console Showdown\"\u2014based on which console offers the best selection of games released during each year\u2014in three of the four years since it began (2008, 2009 and 2011, with Xbox winning in 2010). IGN judged PlayStation 3 to have the best game line-up of 2008, based on their review scores in comparison to those of Wii and Xbox 360. In a comparison piece by PC mag's Will Greenwald in June 2012, PS3 was selected as an overall better console compared to Xbox 360. Pocket-lint said of the console \"The PS3 has always been a brilliant games console,\" and that \"For now, this is just about the best media device for the money.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "6/10"}], "question": "What rating did Ars Technica initially give PlayStation 3?", "id": "5728400b3acd2414000df7bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Xbox"}], "question": "What PS3 competitor won IGN's \"Console Showdown\" in 2010?", "id": "5728400b3acd2414000df7be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "Will Greenwald"}], "question": "What PC Mag. staffer picked PS3 over Xbox in June, 2012? ", "id": "5728400b3acd2414000df7bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 937, "text": "Pocket-lint"}], "question": "Which publication called the PlayStation 3 \"a brilliant games console\"?", "id": "5728400b3acd2414000df7c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "15th"}], "question": "Where did IGN place the PS3 on their 2009 list of the best video game consoles ever?", "id": "5728400b3acd2414000df7c1"}]}], ["Walaupun pendahulu PlayStation telah sangat dominan terhadap persaingan dan sangat menguntungkan untuk Sony, PlayStation 3 mempunyai permulaan yang tidak masuk akal, dan ketua Sony dan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Sir Howard Stringer pada mulanya tidak dapat meyakinkan pelabur pemulihan dalam kekayaannya. PS3 tidak mempunyai permainan unik Wii yang lebih berpatutan yang menjadi konsol generasi paling berjaya dari segi unit yang dijual. Selain itu, PS3 perlu bersaing secara langsung dengan Xbox 360 yang mempunyai permulaan pasaran, dan hasilnya, platform tidak lagi memiliki tajuk eksklusif yang PS2 dinikmati seperti siri Grand Theft Auto dan Final Fantasy (mengenai permainan cross-platform, Xbox 360 versi pada umumnya dianggap unggul pada tahun 2006, walaupun pada tahun 2008 versi PS3 telah mencapai pariti atau melampaui), dan ia mengambil masa lebih lama daripada yang diharapkan untuk PS3 untuk menikmati jualan yang kukuh dan menutup jurang dengan Xbox 360. Sony juga terus kehilangan wang pada setiap PS3 dijual sepanjang tahun 2010, walaupun PS3 yang direka semula \"langsing\" telah memotong kerugian sejak itu. <> Apa pesaing paling sukar PlayStation 3 dalam pasaran permainan video? || Wii <> Apa yang ditawarkan Wii yang PS3 tidak dapat bersaing? || permainan yang unik <> Pada tahun 2006, adakah kebanyakan orang lebih suka versi permainan silang platform Xbox 360 atau PS3? || Versi Xbox 360 <> Sehingga tahun apakah Sony melihat kerugian pada setiap konsol PlayStation 3 yang dijual? || 2010 <> Yang kos kurang di kedai: PS3 atau Wii? || Wii", {"context": "Although its PlayStation predecessors had been very dominant against the competition and were hugely profitable for Sony, PlayStation 3 had an inauspicious start, and Sony chairman and CEO Sir Howard Stringer initially could not convince investors of a turnaround in its fortunes. The PS3 lacked the unique gameplay of the more affordable Wii which became that generation's most successful console in terms of units sold. Furthermore, PS3 had to compete directly with Xbox 360 which had a market head start, and as a result the platform no longer had exclusive titles that the PS2 enjoyed such as the Grand Theft Auto and Final Fantasy series (regarding cross-platform games, Xbox 360 versions were generally considered superior in 2006, although by 2008 the PS3 versions had reached parity or surpassed), and it took longer than expected for PS3 to enjoy strong sales and close the gap with Xbox 360. Sony also continued to lose money on each PS3 sold through 2010, although the redesigned \"slim\" PS3 has cut these losses since then.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Wii"}], "question": "What was PlayStation 3's toughest competitor in the video game market?", "id": "572838a9ff5b5019007d9f60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "unique gameplay"}], "question": "What did Wii offer that PS3 couldn't compete with?", "id": "572838a9ff5b5019007d9f61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "Xbox 360 versions"}], "question": "In 2006, did most people prefer the Xbox 360 or PS3 versions of cross-platform games?", "id": "572838a9ff5b5019007d9f62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 961, "text": "2010"}], "question": "Until what year was Sony seeing a loss on each PlayStation 3 console it sold?", "id": "572838a9ff5b5019007d9f63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Wii"}], "question": "Which cost less in stores: PS3 or Wii?", "id": "572838a9ff5b5019007d9f64"}]}], ["Pemaju juga mendapati mesin sukar untuk program. Pada tahun 2007, Gabe Newell of Valve berkata \"PS3 adalah jumlah bencana pada tahap yang banyak, saya fikir ia benar-benar jelas bahawa Sony telah mengesan apa yang pelanggan dan apa yang dikehendaki oleh pemaju\". Dia berkata, \"Saya katakan, walaupun pada tarikh akhir ini, mereka perlu membatalkannya dan melakukan perbuatan yang dilakukan. Katakan, 'Ini satu bencana yang mengerikan dan kami minta maaf dan kami akan berhenti menjualnya dan berhenti cuba meyakinkan orang ramai untuk membangunkannya \". Doug Lombardi VP Pemasaran untuk Valve sejak menyatakan bahawa mereka berminat untuk membangunkan konsol dan sedang mencari untuk mengupah programmer PS3 berbakat untuk projek-projek masa depan. Dia kemudian menyatakan semula kedudukan Valve, \"Sehingga kita mempunyai kemampuan untuk mendapatkan pasukan PS3 bersama-sama, sehingga kita dapat mencari orang-orang yang ingin datang ke Valve atau yang berada di Valve yang ingin bekerja pada itu, saya tidak benar-benar melihat kita bergerak ke platform itu \". Pada persidangan akhbar Sony E3 2010, Newell membuat penampilan secara langsung untuk mengundurkan kenyataannya sebelum ini, memetik langkah Sony untuk membuat sistem lebih mesra pemaju, dan mengumumkan bahawa Valve akan membangun Portal 2 untuk sistem itu. Beliau juga mendakwa bahawa kemasukan Steamworks (sistem Valve secara automatik mengemaskini perisian mereka secara berasingan) akan membantu menjadikan versi PS3 Portal 2 versi konsol terbaik di pasaran. <> Dalam tahun berapa Gabe Newell memanggil PS3 \"jumlah bencana\"? || 2007 <> Siapa VP Pemasaran Valve yang mengatakan mereka mahu menyewa pengaturcara untuk pasukan PS3? || Doug Lombardi <> Berapa tahun Newell muncul di persidangan media EC3 Sony untuk mengambil kembali apa yang dia katakan tentang PS3? || 2010 <> Apa permainan yang dilakukan oleh Valve untuk konsol PlayStation 3? || Portal 2 <> Apakah sistem pembaharuan perisian Valve? || Steamworks", {"context": "Developers also found the machine difficult to program for. In 2007, Gabe Newell of Valve said \"The PS3 is a total disaster on so many levels, I think it's really clear that Sony lost track of what customers and what developers wanted\". He continued \"I'd say, even at this late date, they should just cancel it and do a do over. Just say, 'This was a horrible disaster and we're sorry and we're going to stop selling this and stop trying to convince people to develop for it'\". Doug Lombardi VP of Marketing for Valve has since stated that they are interested in developing for the console and are looking to hire talented PS3 programmers for future projects. He later restated Valve's position, \"Until we have the ability to get a PS3 team together, until we find the people who want to come to Valve or who are at Valve who want to work on that, I don't really see us moving to that platform\". At Sony's E3 2010 press conference, Newell made a live appearance to recant his previous statements, citing Sony's move to make the system more developer friendly, and to announce that Valve would be developing Portal 2 for the system. He also claimed that the inclusion of Steamworks (Valve's system to automatically update their software independently) would help to make the PS3 version of Portal 2 the best console version on the market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did Gabe Newell call the PS3 \"a total disaster\"?", "id": "572844763acd2414000df815"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Doug Lombardi"}], "question": "Who is Valve's VP of Marketing who says they want to hire programmers for a PS3 team?", "id": "572844763acd2414000df816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "2010"}], "question": "What year did Newell show up at Sony's EC3 press conference to take back what he said about PS3?", "id": "572844763acd2414000df817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1107, "text": "Portal 2"}], "question": "What game did Valve develop for the PlayStation 3 console?", "id": "572844763acd2414000df818"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1170, "text": "Steamworks"}], "question": "What's the name of Valve's software update system?", "id": "572844763acd2414000df819"}]}], ["CEO Activision Blizzard Bobby Kotick telah mengkritik kos pembangunan PS3 yang tinggi dan kadar lampiran yang rendah dan kembali kepada Xbox 360 dan Wii. Dia percaya faktor-faktor ini mendorong pembangun dari bekerja pada konsol. Dalam temu bual dengan The Times Kotick menyatakan \"Saya semakin prihatin terhadap Sony, PlayStation 3 kehilangan sedikit momentum dan mereka tidak memudahkan saya untuk menyokong platform.\" Beliau meneruskan, \"Ia mahal untuk membangunkan konsol, dan Wii dan Xbox hanya menjual lebih baik. Permainan menghasilkan pulangan yang lebih baik pada modal yang dilaburkan (ROIC) di Xbox daripada pada PlayStation.\" Kotick juga mendakwa bahawa Activision Blizzard mungkin berhenti menyokong sistem jika situasi tidak ditangani. \"[Sony telah] mengurangkan harga [harga runcit PS3], kerana jika mereka tidak, kadar lampiran mungkin perlahan. Jika kita menjadi realistik, kita mungkin perlu berhenti menyokong Sony.\" Kotick menerima kritikan berat untuk kenyataan itu, terutamanya daripada pemaju Bioware yang mempersoalkan kebijaksanaan langkah yang diancam, dan merujuk kepada kenyataan itu sebagai \"bodoh.\" <> Kumpulan apa yang difikirkan Bobby Kotick tidak digalakkan untuk bekerja pada PS3? || pemaju <> Apa maksud \"ROIC\"? || pulangan atas modal yang dilaburkan <> Apa syarikat itu ialah CEO Kotick? || Activision Blizzard <> Akhbar apa yang melaporkan kebimbangan Kotick dan ancamannya untuk berhenti menyokong platform PlayStation? || The Times <> Apa syarikat pembangunan permainan sepenuhnya tidak setuju dengan kenyataan Kotick dalam wawancara The Times? || Bioware", {"context": "Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick has criticized PS3's high development costs and inferior attach rate and return to that of Xbox 360 and Wii. He believes these factors are pushing developers away from working on the console. In an interview with The Times Kotick stated \"I'm getting concerned about Sony; the PlayStation 3 is losing a bit of momentum and they don't make it easy for me to support the platform.\" He continued, \"It's expensive to develop for the console, and the Wii and the Xbox are just selling better. Games generate a better return on invested capital (ROIC) on the Xbox than on the PlayStation.\" Kotick also claimed that Activision Blizzard may stop supporting the system if the situation is not addressed. \"[Sony has] to cut the [PS3's retail] price, because if they don't, the attach rates are likely to slow. If we are being realistic, we might have to stop supporting Sony.\" Kotick received heavy criticism for the statement, notably from developer Bioware who questioned the wisdom of the threatened move, and referred to the statement as \"silly.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "developers"}], "question": "What group does Bobby Kotick think is being discouraged from working on the PS3?", "id": "572845f13acd2414000df839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "return on invested capital"}], "question": "What does \"ROIC\" stand for?", "id": "572845f13acd2414000df83a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Activision Blizzard"}], "question": "What company is Kotick the CEO of?", "id": "572845f13acd2414000df83b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "The Times"}], "question": "What newspaper reported Kotick's concerns and his threat to stop supporting the PlayStation platform?", "id": "572845f13acd2414000df83c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 977, "text": "Bioware"}], "question": "What game development company completely disagreed with Kotick's statements in The Times interview?", "id": "572845f13acd2414000df83d"}]}], ["CNET menganugerahkan empat PS3 Slim daripada lima bintang memuji keupayaan Blu-ray, 120 GB hard drive, perkhidmatan permainan dalam talian percuma dan lebih banyak harga harga yang berpatutan, tetapi mengadu tentang kekurangan keserasian ke belakang untuk permainan PlayStation 2. TechRadar memberikan PS3 Slim empat dan setengah bintang daripada lima memuji saiznya yang lebih kecil dan menyimpulkan ulasannya yang menyatakan \"Lebih jauh sekali, PS3 Slim adalah sekeping kit luar biasa. Sungguh mengagumkan bahawa sesuatu yang sangat kecil boleh melakukan begitu banyak\". Walau bagaimanapun, mereka mengkritik reka bentuk luar dan kualiti pembina berhubung dengan model asal. <> Apa aspek PS3 Slim yang CNET tidak gembira hilang untuk permainan PS2? || keserasian ke belakang <> Berapa banyak daripada lima bintang yang mungkin melakukan CNET memberikan PS3 Slim? || empat <> Berapa banyak daripada lima bintang sendiri yang membuat TechRadar menganugerahkan PS3 Slim? || empat setengah <> Apa kawasan konsol yang didengar oleh TechRadar direka kurang berbanding dengan PS3 asal? || luar", {"context": "CNET awarded PS3 Slim four out of five stars praising its Blu-ray capabilities, 120 GB hard drive, free online gaming service and more affordable pricing point, but complained about the lack of backward compatibility for PlayStation 2 games. TechRadar gave PS3 Slim four and a half stars out of five praising its new smaller size and summed up its review stating \"Over all, the PS3 Slim is a phenomenal piece of kit. It's amazing that something so small can do so much\". However, they criticized the exterior design and the build quality in relation to the original model.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "backward compatibility"}], "question": "What aspect of the PS3 Slim was CNET unhappy was missing for PS2 games?", "id": "57284a61ff5b5019007da10e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many of five possible stars did CNET give the PS3 Slim?", "id": "57284a61ff5b5019007da10f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "four and a half"}], "question": "How many of its own five stars did TechRadar award the PS3 Slim?", "id": "57284a61ff5b5019007da110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "exterior"}], "question": "What area of the console did TechRadar feel was designed poorly compared to the original PS3?", "id": "57284a61ff5b5019007da111"}]}], ["Majalah teknologi T3 memberi model Super Slim kajian semula positif, menyatakan konsol hampir \"nostalgia\" dalam persamaan reka bentuk dengan model \"lemak\" asal, \"Walaupun kita tidak tahu sama ada ia akan memainkan permainan PS3 atau cakera Blu-ray apa-apa yang berbeza, rupa dan rasa PS3 Slim baru adalah penghormatan jelas kepada PS3 asal, mengurangkan berat badan yang berlebihan. Segera kita akan prihatin tentang daya tahan dulang pemuatan teratas yang merasakan ia dapat dicabut terus dari konsol, tetapi akhirnya ia merasakan cara nostalgia Sony memasuki konsol generasi semasa dalam jangkaan untuk PS4. \" <> Apa majalah menggambarkan Super Slim sebagai \"nostalgia\"? || T3 <> Apa model PlayStation 3 yang dibuat oleh T3 merasakan reka bentuk Super Slim memberi penghormatan kepada? || PS3 asal <> Menurut T3, apakah perbezaan utama antara \"lemak\" PS3 dan Super Slim? || berat <> Unsur perkakasan apa yang difikirkan T3 mungkin mempunyai masalah dengan ketahanan? || dulang pemuatan teratas <> T3 merasakan Sony mengucapkan selamat tinggal kepada model masa lalu sebagai persediaan untuk konsol generasi akan datang? || PS4", {"context": "Technology magazine T3 gave the Super Slim model a positive review, stating the console is almost \"nostalgic\" in the design similarities to the original \"fat\" model, \"While we don\u2019t know whether it will play PS3 games or Blu-ray discs any differently yet, the look and feel of the new PS3 Slim is an obvious homage to the original PS3, minus the considerable excess weight. Immediately we would be concerned about the durability of the top loading tray that feels like it could be yanked straight out off the console, but ultimately it all feels like Sony's nostalgic way of signing off the current generation console in anticipation for the PS4.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "T3"}], "question": "What magazine described the Super Slim as \"nostalgic\"?", "id": "57284e44ff5b5019007da146"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "the original PS3"}], "question": "What PlayStation 3 model did T3 feel the Super Slim's design was paying homage to?", "id": "57284e44ff5b5019007da147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "weight"}], "question": "According to T3, what was the main differentiator between the \"fat\" PS3 and the Super Slim?", "id": "57284e44ff5b5019007da148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "the top loading tray"}], "question": "What hardware element did T3 feel might have issues with durability? ", "id": "57284e44ff5b5019007da149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "the PS4"}], "question": "T3 felt Sony was saying goodbye to past models in preparation for what next-generation console?", "id": "57284e44ff5b5019007da14a"}]}], ["Model Super Slim PS3 telah mendapat ulasan positif. Laman web permainan Spong memuji ketenangan Super Slim baru, yang menyatakan \"Bunyi yang paling ketara berlaku apabila pemacu mencari kawasan baru cakera, seperti ketika mula memuat permainan, dan ini jarang berlaku.\" Mereka menambah bahawa peminat lebih tenang daripada Slim, dan terus memuji saiz yang lebih kecil dan lebih ringan. Kritikan diletakkan pada pemuat cakera baru, yang menyatakan: \"Penutup boleh digerakkan dengan tangan jika anda mahu, ada juga butang melepaskan untuk melakukan kerja untuk anda, tetapi tidak ada perisian keluar dari menu butang segitiga di Xross Media Antara muka Bar (XMB), selain itu anda perlu menutup penutup dengan tangan, yang boleh menjadi sedikit fiddly jika ia tegak, dan PS3 tidak akan mula membaca cakera melainkan anda menutup penutup. \" Mereka juga mengatakan tidak ada penurunan sebenar harga runcit. <> Apa kualiti PS3 Super Slim adalah laman web Spong yang teruja? || ketenangan <> Selain peminat dan pemanduan yang lebih senyap, apakah perubahan dari model lain yang dipuji Spong? || saiz yang lebih kecil, lebih ringan <> Apa bahagian perkakasan PS3 Super Slim yang Spong berkata terlalu \"fiddly\"? || pemuat cakera <> Apa yang dikatakan Spong yang anda perlu lakukan untuk pemuat cakera sebelum konsol akan mula membaca cakera? || tutup penutup", {"context": "The Super Slim model of PS3 has received positive reviews. Gaming website Spong praised the new Super Slim's quietness, stating \"The most noticeable noise comes when the drive seeks a new area of the disc, such as when starting to load a game, and this occurs infrequently.\" They added that the fans are quieter than that of Slim, and went on to praise the new smaller, lighter size. Criticism was placed on the new disc loader, stating: \"The cover can be moved by hand if you wish, there's also an eject button to do the work for you, but there is no software eject from the triangle button menus in the Xross Media Bar (XMB) interface. In addition, you have to close the cover by hand, which can be a bit fiddly if it's upright, and the PS3 won't start reading a disc unless you do [close the cover].\" They also said there is no real drop in retail price.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "quietness"}], "question": "What quality of the PS3 Super Slim was the website Spong excited about?", "id": "57284b802ca10214002da266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "smaller, lighter size"}], "question": "In addition to quieter fans and drive, what change from the other models did Spong praise?", "id": "57284b802ca10214002da267"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "disc loader"}], "question": "What piece of the PS3 Super Slim's hardware did Spong say was too \"fiddly\"?", "id": "57284b802ca10214002da268"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "close the cover"}], "question": "What did Spong said you have to do to the disc loader before the console will start reading the disc?", "id": "57284b802ca10214002da269"}]}], ["Laman web teknologi CNET memberi Super Slim 4 baru dari 5 bintang (\"Cemerlang\"), mengatakan \"The Super Slim PlayStation 3 mengecilkan mesin permainan yang kuat ke dalam pakej yang lebih kecil sementara mengekalkan ciri yang sama seperti pendahulunya: perpustakaan permainan yang hebat dan pelbagai perkhidmatan penstriman yang kuat [...] \", sementara juga mengkritik reka bentuk\" murah \"dan pemacu cakera, menyatakan:\" Kadang-kadang [penutup] tidak menangkap dan anda merasakan anda menggunakan salah satu dari mereka yang lama mesin pencetak kad kredit.Sebaliknya, ia berasa murah.Anda tidak menyedari betapa mudahnya cakera cakera autoloading sehingga mereka hilang.Apabila ia untuk mengurangkan kos atau menjimatkan ruang, langkah ini akhirnya menjadi langkah mundur. \" Kritikan juga disebabkan harga, menyatakan model Super Slim yang paling murah masih lagi mahal daripada model Slim paling murah, dan saiz yang lebih kecil dan pemacu keras yang lebih besar tidak sepatutnya dianggap naik taraf apabila cakera keras pada model Slim mudah dikeluarkan dan diganti. Mereka telah memuji bahawa cakera keras model Super Slim adalah \"yang paling mudah. Hanya meluncur dari panel sisi mendedahkan teluk pemacu, yang dengan cepat boleh dibongkar.\" Mereka juga menyatakan bahawa ketika model Super Slim tidak dinaikkan taraf, ia boleh menjadi penunjuk tentang apa yang akan datang. \"Ia mungkin tidak revolusioner, tetapi Super Slim PS3 adalah mesin yang mengesankan yang sama dalam pakej yang lebih kecil. Nampaknya tidak ada sebab bagi pemilik PS3 sedia ada untuk menaik taraf, tetapi untuk pembeli PS3 yang berpotensi, Super Slim adalah mungkin cara untuk pergi jika anda boleh berurusan dengan tidak mempunyai pemacu cakera pemuatan slot. \" <> Apa laman web menilai Super Slim empat daripada lima bintang? || CNET <> Apa kata sifat yang digunakan CNET untuk menerangkan reka bentuk PS3 Super Slim? || \"murah\" <> Apa komponen Super Slim melakukan panggilan CNET \"yang paling mudah\"? || hard drive <> Komponen perkakasan apa yang CNET mempunyai masalah terbesar dengan, walaupun membandingkannya dengan pembaca kad kredit lama? || pemikat cakera <> Adakah harga Super Slim paling murah lebih atau kurang daripada mana-mana model PS3 Slim? || lebih mahal", {"context": "Tech media website CNET gave new Super Slim 4 out of 5 stars (\"Excellent\"), saying \"The Super Slim PlayStation 3 shrinks a powerful gaming machine into an even tinier package while maintaining the same features as its predecessors: a great gaming library and a strong array of streaming services [...]\", whilst also criticising the \"cheap\" design and disc-loader, stating: \"Sometimes [the cover] doesn't catch and you feel like you're using one of those old credit card imprinter machines. In short, it feels cheap. You don't realize how convenient autoloading disc trays are until they're gone. Whether it was to cut costs or save space, this move is ultimately a step back.\" The criticism also was due to price, stating the cheapest Super Slim model was still more expensive than the cheapest Slim model, and that the smaller size and bigger hard drive shouldn't be considered an upgrade when the hard drive on a Slim model is easily removed and replaced. They did praise that the hard drive of the Super Slim model is \"the easiest yet. Simply sliding off the side panel reveals the drive bay, which can quickly be unscrewed.\" They also stated that whilst the Super Slim model is not in any way an upgrade, it could be an indicator as to what's to come. \"It may not be revolutionary, but the Super Slim PS3 is the same impressive machine in a much smaller package. There doesn't seem to be any reason for existing PS3 owners to upgrade, but for the prospective PS3 buyer, the Super Slim is probably the way to go if you can deal with not having a slot-loading disc drive.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "CNET"}], "question": "What website rated the Super Slim four out of five stars?", "id": "57284cdb4b864d19001648f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "\"cheap\""}], "question": "What adjective did CNET use to describe the PS3 Super Slim's design?", "id": "57284cdb4b864d19001648f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 983, "text": "hard drive"}], "question": "What component of the Super Slim did CNET call \"the easiest yet\"?", "id": "57284cdb4b864d19001648f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "disc-loader"}], "question": "What hardware component did CNET have the biggest problem with, even comparing it to an old credit card reader?", "id": "57284cdb4b864d19001648f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "more expensive"}], "question": "Was the lowest-priced Super Slim more or less expensive than any of the PS3 Slim models?", "id": "57284cdb4b864d19001648fa"}]}]], [["Langkah-langkah, yang mana cara Dewan Perhimpunan Kebangsaan untuk meluluskan undang-undang antara tahun 2006 dan 2011, telah diakui oleh Ratu melalui Perintah dalam Majlis. Seksyen 102 Akta Kerajaan Wales 2006 menghendaki Kerani kepada Dewan untuk membentangkan langkah-langkah yang diluluskan oleh dewan selepas tempoh empat minggu di mana Peguam Negara untuk Wales atau Peguam Negara boleh merujuk langkah yang dicadangkan kepada Mahkamah Agung untuk keputusan sama ada langkah itu berada dalam kompetensi perundangan dewan. <> Apakah nama kaedah yang Wales meluluskan undang-undang pada tahun 2000? || Langkah <> Selepas tempoh empat minggu, siapa yang boleh merujuk langkah yang dicadangkan kepada Mahkamah Agung? || Peguam Negara Wales atau Peguam Negara <> Apakah \"langkah-langkah\" di Wales? || cara yang mana Dewan Negara untuk Wales meluluskan undang-undang antara tahun 2006 dan 2011 <> Selama mana tahun-langkah itu digunakan untuk meluluskan perundangan di Wales? || 2006 dan 2011 <> Di Wales, yang mempunyai kemampuan mengemukakan rang undang-undang ke Mahkamah Agung? || Peguam Negara Wales atau Peguam Negara", {"context": "Measures, which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011, were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council. Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly's legislative competence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Measures"}], "question": "What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?", "id": "572809b32ca10214002d9c40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General"}], "question": "After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?", "id": "572809b32ca10214002d9c41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011"}], "question": "What were \"measures\" in Wales?", "id": "572a9b6fbe1ee31400cb80b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "2006 and 2011"}], "question": "During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?", "id": "572a9b6fbe1ee31400cb80b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General"}], "question": "In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?", "id": "572a9b6fbe1ee31400cb80b5"}]}], ["Di bawah konvensyen perlembagaan moden, tindakan berdaulat atas nasihat menteri-menteri mereka. Memandangkan menteri-menteri ini paling kerap mengekalkan sokongan parlimen dan mereka yang memperoleh perletakan bil, adalah sangat mustahil bahawa mereka akan memberi nasihat kepada pemerintah untuk menahan persetujuan. Pengecualian kadangkala dinyatakan jika bil tidak diluluskan dengan suci hati, walaupun sukar untuk membuat penafsiran mengenai keadaan yang mungkin timbul. Oleh itu, dalam amalan moden, persetujuan diraja sentiasa diberikan; penolakan untuk melakukannya akan sesuai hanya dalam kecemasan yang memerlukan penggunaan kuasa rizab raja. <> Penguasa zaman moden sering bertindak atas nasihat daripada siapa? || menteri <> Sekiranya raja enggan memberikan persetujuan diraja, apa yang dapat digunakan raja? || kuasa rizab <> Nasihat manakah yang mengikuti kedaulatan? || menteri-menterinya <> Siapa yang sering mengekalkan sokongan parlimen dan mendapat laluan bil? || menteri <> Adakah kemungkinan, mustahil, atau mustahil yang berdaulat akan menahan persetujuan? || tidak mungkin", {"context": "Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is sometimes stated to be if bills are not passed in good faith, though it is difficult to make an interpretation on what this circumstance might constitute. Hence, in modern practice, royal assent is always granted; a refusal to do so would be appropriate only in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch's reserve powers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "ministers"}], "question": "Modern-day sovereigns often acts on the advice of whom?", "id": "572804d43acd2414000df25f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "reserve powers"}], "question": "In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent, what can the monarch make use of?", "id": "572804d43acd2414000df260"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "his or her ministers"}], "question": "Whose advice does a sovereign follow?", "id": "572a95fe34ae481900deab9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "ministers"}], "question": "Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills?", "id": "572a95fe34ae481900deab9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "improbable"}], "question": "Is it probable, improbable, or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent?", "id": "572a95fe34ae481900deab9f"}]}], ["Persetujuan diraja adalah kaedah yang mana raja berperlembagaan negara (mungkin melalui pejabat yang diwakilkan) secara formal meluluskan suatu tindakan parlemen negara itu, sehingga menjadikannya suatu undang-undang atau membiarkannya diundangkan sebagai undang-undang. Dalam majoriti monarki kontemporari, akta ini dianggap sedikit lebih daripada formaliti; walaupun di negara-negara yang masih mengizinkan penguasa mereka untuk menahan persetujuan diraja (seperti United Kingdom, Norway, dan Liechtenstein), raja hampir tidak pernah melakukannya, kecuali dalam keadaan darurat politik yang buruk atau atas nasihat pemerintah mereka. Walaupun kuasa untuk menahan persetujuan diraja telah sering dilakukan di monarki Eropah, ia sangat jarang berlaku dalam suasana politik demokratik moden yang telah berkembang di sana sejak abad ke-18. <> Persetujuan Diraja adalah proses meluluskan tindakan perundangan negara oleh siapa? || raja berperlembagaan <> Yang tiga monarki moden membenarkan pemerintah mereka menahan persetujuan diraja? || United Kingdom, Norway, dan Liechtenstein <> Sejak abad yang mempunyai proses politik moden memalsukan persetujuan diraja? || 18 <> Apa negara-negara yang membenarkan pengundian diraja? || United Kingdom, Norway, dan Liechtenstein <> Di bawah keadaan apakah monarki biasanya menggunakan persetujuan diraja? || kecemasan politik yang teruk atau atas nasihat kerajaan mereka <> Adakah penggunaan persetujuan diraja kerap atau jarang berlaku dalam masyarakat hari ini? || sangat jarang berlaku", {"context": "Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the monarch almost never does so, save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies, it is exceedingly rare in the modern, democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "constitutional monarch"}], "question": "Royal assent is a process of approving a nation's legislative acts by whom?", "id": "572803c13acd2414000df23b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein"}], "question": "Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent?", "id": "572803c13acd2414000df23c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "18th"}], "question": "Since which century have modern political processes forgone royal assent?", "id": "572803c13acd2414000df23d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein"}], "question": "What nations allow the withold of the royal assent?", "id": "572a943b111d821400f38c06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government"}], "question": "Under what circumstances does a monarch typically use the royal assent?", "id": "572a943b111d821400f38c07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "exceedingly rare"}], "question": "Is usage of the royal assent frequent or rare in today's societies?", "id": "572a943b111d821400f38c08"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, raja langsung memberi persetujuan diraja oleh Order in Council. Pemberian diberikan atau ditolak atas nasihat Lord Canselor. Satu contoh baru-baru ini apabila persetujuan ditolak (atau, lebih tepat, apabila Lord Canselor enggan mempersembahkan undang-undang untuk persetujuan) pada tahun 2007, mengenai pembaharuan kepada perlembagaan Ketua Plei Sark. (Versi revisi pembaharuan yang dicadangkan itu kemudiannya diberi persetujuan.) Pada tahun 2011, kempen yang menentang undang-undang yang bertujuan untuk mengurangkan jumlah senator di negeri-negeri Jersey memohon Majlis Privy untuk menasihati Ratu untuk menolak persetujuan diraja. Perintah dalam Majlis 13 Julai 2011 menetapkan peraturan baru untuk pertimbangan petisyen terhadap pemberian persetujuan diraja. <> Pemberian geran berdaulat dengan perintah mana? || Perintah dalam Majlis <> Yang menasihati pemerintah dalam keputusan ini? || Lord Chancellor <> Petisyen baru-baru ini untuk reformasi kepada perlembagaan menyebabkan persetujuan yang ditolak? || Ketua Pujian Sark <> Siapa yang menasihati rang undang-undang untuk diberikan atau ditolak? || Lord Canselor <> Bilakah Perintah di Counil berlalu yang menetapkan peraturan baru untuk pertimbangan petisi terhadap persetujuan diraja? || 13 Julai 2011 <> Dalam tahun apakah Tuhan Canselor enggan mempersembahkan undang-undang mengenai pembaharuan konstituasi untuk persetujuan? || 2007 <> Apa subjek rang undang-undang bahawa Lord Chancellor enggan hadir untuk persetujuan diraja pada tahun 2007? || pembaharuan kepada perlembagaan Ketua Plei Sark", {"context": "Instead, the monarch directly grants royal assent by Order in Council. Assent is granted or refused on the advice of the Lord Chancellor. A recent example when assent was refused (or, more correctly, when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent) was in 2007, concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark. (A revised version of the proposed reforms was subsequently given assent.) In 2011, campaigners against a law that sought to reduce the number of senators in the states of Jersey petitioned the Privy Council to advise the Queen to refuse royal assent. An Order in Council of 13 July 2011 established new rules for the consideration of petitions against granting royal assent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Order in Council"}], "question": "The sovereign grants assent by which order?", "id": "57280af32ca10214002d9c60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Lord Chancellor"}], "question": "Who advises the sovereign in this decision?", "id": "57280af32ca10214002d9c61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Chief Pleas of Sark"}], "question": "Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused?", "id": "57280af32ca10214002d9c62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Lord Chancellor"}], "question": "Who advises a bill to be granted or refused?", "id": "572a9c3bbe1ee31400cb80c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "13 July 2011"}], "question": "When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent?", "id": "572a9c3bbe1ee31400cb80c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law  concerning constituational reform for assent?", "id": "572a9c3bbe1ee31400cb80c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark"}], "question": "What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007?", "id": "572a9c3bbe1ee31400cb80c6"}]}], ["Semasa pemerintahan dinasti Hanover yang berjaya, kuasa secara beransur-ansur dijalankan secara lebih banyak oleh parlimen dan kerajaan. Raja Hanover yang pertama, George I, bergantung pada menteri-menterinya untuk lebih tinggi daripada raja-raja sebelumnya. Kemudian raja-raja Hanoverian cuba memulihkan kawalan kerajaan ke atas undang-undang: George III dan George IV secara terbuka menentang Pemberontakan Katolik dan menegaskan bahawa untuk memberikan persetujuan kepada rang undang-undang pembebasan Katolik akan melanggar Sumpah Koronasi, yang memerlukan kedaulatan untuk memelihara dan melindungi Gereja yang ditubuhkan England dari dominasi Papal dan akan memberi hak kepada individu yang bertanding dengan kuasa asing yang tidak mengiktiraf legitimasinya. Walau bagaimanapun, George IV enggan memberi persetujuannya atas nasihat menteri-menterinya. Oleh itu, sebagai konsep tanggungjawab menteri telah berkembang, kuasa untuk menahan persetujuan diraja telah tidak digunakan, baik di United Kingdom dan di negara Komanwel yang lain. <> Semasa pemerintahannya kuasa dipindahkan lebih kepada parlimen? || Hanoverian dinasti <> Siapa penguasa pertama semasa dinasti ini? || George I <> Dalam usaha untuk mengambil kawalan balik, George III dan George IV menentang gerakan gereja? || Emancip Katolik <> Raja mana yang bergantung kepada menteri-menterinya lebih daripada mana-mana pendahulunya? || George I <> Apakah George III dan George IV menentang kedua-duanya? || Embahip Katolik <> Peraturan apakah yang dilakukan oleh George III dan George IV bahawa undang-undang emansipasi Katolik akan melanggar? || Sumpah Koronasi <> Raja mana yang diberikan persetujuan dengan enggan di bawah nasihat menterinya? || George IV", {"context": "During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty, power was gradually exercised more by parliament and the government. The first Hanoverian monarch, George I, relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs. Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation: George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath, which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy. However, George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers. Thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Hanoverian dynasty"}], "question": "During whose rule was power transferred more to parliament?", "id": "57280839ff5b5019007d9b6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "George I"}], "question": "Who was the first ruler during this dynasty?", "id": "57280839ff5b5019007d9b6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Catholic Emancipation"}], "question": "In attempting to take back control, George III and George IV opposed which church movement?", "id": "57280839ff5b5019007d9b6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "George I"}], "question": "Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors?", "id": "572a9a0134ae481900deabb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Catholic Emancipation"}], "question": "What did George III and George IV both oppose?", "id": "572a9a0134ae481900deabb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Coronation Oath"}], "question": "What rule did George III and George IV believe a Catholic emancipation bill would violate?", "id": "572a9a0134ae481900deabb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "George IV"}], "question": "Which monarch granted assent reluctantly under the advise of his ministers?", "id": "572a9a0134ae481900deabba"}]}], ["Persetujuan diraja kadang-kadang dikaitkan dengan upacara yang rumit. Di United Kingdom, misalnya, kedaulatan boleh muncul secara peribadi di Dewan Pertuanan atau boleh menunjuk Pesuruhjaya Lords, yang mengumumkan bahawa persetujuan diraja telah diberikan pada upacara yang diadakan di Istana Westminster. Walau bagaimanapun, persetujuan diraja biasanya diberikan kurang seronok oleh surat paten. Di negara lain, seperti Australia, gabenor jeneral hanya menandatangani rang undang-undang. Di Kanada, gabenor boleh memberikan persetujuan sama ada secara langsung di majlis yang diadakan di Senat atau dengan perisytiharan bertulis memberitahu parlimen mengenai perjanjiannya dengan rang undang-undang. <> Apabila persetujuan diraja berlaku di UK, di manakah kedaulatannya muncul? || House of Lords <> Sebagai alternatif, apabila Pesuruhjaya Tuhan UK mengambil tempat kedaulatan dalam upacara, di manakah upacara itu berlangsung? || Istana Westminster <> jeneral gabenor Kanada boleh memberi persetujuan mereka sendiri atau dengan cara lain? || perisytiharan bertulis <> Dengan apa persetujuan diraja kadang-kadang dikaitkan dengan? || upacara yang terperinci <> Di mana upacara pengakuan diraja diadakan di United Kingdom? || Istana Westminster <> Dengan apa kaedah yang diberikan oleh pentadbiran diraja? || surat paten <> Bagaimana persetujuan diraja diberikan di Australia? || Gabenor jeneral hanya menandatangani rang undang-undang", {"context": "Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners, who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster. However, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent. In other nations, such as Australia, the governor-general merely signs the bill. In Canada, the governor general may give assent either in person at a ceremony held in the Senate or by a written declaration notifying parliament of his or her agreement to the bill.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "House of Lords"}], "question": "When royal assent takes place in the UK, where does the sovereign make an appearance?", "id": "572803c04b864d190016422e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Palace of Westminster"}], "question": "Alternatively, when UK Lord Commissioners take the sovereign's place in the ceremony, where does the ceremony take place?", "id": "572803c04b864d190016422f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "written declaration"}], "question": "Canadian governor generals can give their assent in person or by which other method?", "id": "572803c04b864d1900164230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "elaborate ceremonies"}], "question": "With what is royal assent sometimes associated with?", "id": "572a94c7111d821400f38c0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Palace of Westminster"}], "question": "Where is a royal assent ceremony held within the United Kingdom?", "id": "572a94c7111d821400f38c0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "letters patent"}], "question": "With what method is royal assent generally granted?", "id": "572a94c7111d821400f38c0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "the governor-general merely signs the bill"}], "question": "How is royal assent granted within Australia?", "id": "572a94c7111d821400f38c0f"}]}], ["Persetujuan diraja adalah peringkat terakhir dalam proses perundangan untuk tindakan parlimen Skotlandia. Proses ini ditadbir oleh seksyen 28, 32, dan 33 Akta Scotland 1998. Selepas satu bil telah diluluskan, Pegawai Pemimpin Parlimen Scotland mengemukakannya kepada raja untuk persetujuan diraja selepas tempoh empat minggu, di mana Peguam Advokat untuk Scotland, Peguambela Tuhan, Peguam Negara atau Setiausaha Negara untuk Scotland boleh merujuk rang undang-undang ke Mahkamah Agung United Kingdom (sebelum 1 Oktober 2009, Jawatankuasa Kehakiman Majlis Privy) untuk mengkaji semula sahsiah. Persetujuan diraja ditandakan dengan surat paten di bawah Great Seal of Scotland dalam bentuk berikut yang ditetapkan dalam Perintah Parlemen Scotland (Surat Paten dan Perisytiharan) 1999 (SI 1999/737) dan notis yang diterbitkan di London, Edinburgh , dan Gazettes Belfast: <> Di Scotland, yang bertanggungjawab menyerahkan rang undang-undang untuk persetujuan diraja? || Pegawai Pemimpin Parlimen Scotland <> Yang tiga penerbitan digunakan untuk menandakan persetujuan diraja? || London, Edinburgh, dan Belfast Gazettes <> Di bawah mana bahagian Act Scotland adalah persetujuan diraja? || 28, 32, dan 33 <> Berapa minggu berlalu sebelum raja menerima tagihan dari Pegawai Kanan? || tempoh empat minggu <> Entiti manakah yang mempunyai keupayaan untuk merujuk bil kepada Mahkamah Agung? || Advokat Jeneral untuk Scotland, Peguambela Tuhan, Peguam Negara atau Setiausaha Negara <> Untuk apa yang akan dibayarkan kepada Mahkamah Agung Scotland? || semakan semula kesahihannya", {"context": "Royal assent is the final stage in the legislative process for acts of the Scottish parliament. The process is governed by sections 28, 32, and 33 of the Scotland Act 1998. After a bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period, during which the Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (prior to 1 October 2009, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) for review of its legality. Royal assent is signified by letters patent under the Great Seal of Scotland in the following form which is set out in The Scottish Parliament (Letters Patent and Proclamations) Order 1999 (SI 1999/737) and of which notice is published in the London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament"}], "question": "In Scotland, who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent?", "id": "572809073acd2414000df2df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 852, "text": "London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes"}], "question": "Which three publications are used to signify royal assent?", "id": "572809073acd2414000df2e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "28, 32, and 33"}], "question": "Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed?", "id": "572a9adaf75d5e190021fb84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "four-week period"}], "question": "How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer?", "id": "572a9adaf75d5e190021fb85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State"}], "question": "Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?", "id": "572a9adaf75d5e190021fb86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "review of its legality"}], "question": "For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland?", "id": "572a9adaf75d5e190021fb87"}]}], ["Persetujuan diraja tidak mencukupi untuk memberi kesan undang-undang kepada Akta Tynwald. Dengan adat kuno, akta itu tidak berkuatkuasa sehingga ia diisytiharkan di tempat duduk terbuka Tynwald, biasanya diadakan di Tynwald Hill di St John's pada Hari St John (24 Jun), tetapi, sejak penggunaan Gregorian kalendar pada 1753, pada 5 Julai (atau pada hari Isnin berikutnya jika 5 Julai adalah hari Sabtu atau Ahad). Promulgasi pada mulanya terdiri daripada bacaan Akta dalam bahasa Inggeris dan Manx; tetapi, selepas tahun 1865 bacaan tajuk akta dan ringkasan setiap bahagian telah mencukupi. Ini dikurangkan pada tahun 1895 ke tajuk dan memorandum objek dan tujuan akta itu, dan, sejak tahun 1988, hanya tajuk ringkas dan ringkasan tajuk panjang telah dibaca. <> Di bawah adat kuno, Akta Tynwald tidak berkuatkuasa sehingga ditetapkan di lokasi mana? || Tynwald Hill di St John's <> Pengisytiharan Akta Tynwald pada asalnya terdiri daripada membacanya dalam bahasa Inggeris dan bahasa yang lain? || Manx <> Saat ini, hanya judul pendek dan apa lagi yang dibaca? || ringkasan tajuk panjang <> Berapa banyak perbuatan yang dicadangkan kini harus dibaca dengan kuat pada Hari St John? || hanya tajuk ringkas dan ringkasan tajuk panjang <> Pada hari apa hari St John berlaku? || (24 Jun) <> Di mana duduk terbuka Tynwald biasanya diadakan? || Tynwald Hill di St John's", {"context": "Royal assent is not sufficient to give legal effect to an Act of Tynwald. By ancient custom, an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald, usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John's on St John's Day (24 June), but, since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753, on 5 July (or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday). Promulgation originally consisted of the reading of the Act in English and Manx; but, after 1865 the reading of the title of the act and a summary of each section were sufficient. This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act, and, since 1988, only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Tynwald Hill at St John's"}], "question": "Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?", "id": "57280f8b4b864d190016436a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Manx"}], "question": "Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?", "id": "57280f8b4b864d190016436b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "summary of the long title"}], "question": "Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?", "id": "57280f8b4b864d190016436c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "only the short title and a summary of the long title"}], "question": "How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?", "id": "572a9d6bf75d5e190021fba0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "(24 June)"}], "question": "On what day does St John's Day occur?", "id": "572a9d6bf75d5e190021fba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Tynwald Hill at St John's"}], "question": "Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?", "id": "572a9d6bf75d5e190021fba2"}]}], ["Kuasa parlimen untuk meluluskan rang undang-undang sering digagalkan oleh raja-raja. Charles I membubarkan parlimen pada tahun 1629, setelah ia melewati gerakan yang kritis dan bil yang berusaha untuk membatasi kekuatannya sewenang-wenangnya. Selama sebelas tahun peraturan peribadi yang berikutnya, Charles melakukan tindakan yang meragukan secara sah, seperti menaikkan cukai tanpa persetujuan parlemen. Selepas Perang Saudara Inggeris, ia diterima bahawa parlimen harus dipanggil untuk bertemu secara teratur, tetapi masih biasa bagi raja-raja untuk menolak persetujuan diraja terhadap bil. Pada 1678, Charles II menahan persetujuannya daripada rang undang-undang \"untuk memelihara Keamanan Kerajaan dengan menaikkan Milisi, dan meneruskannya dalam Kewajipan Dua dan Empat Hari\", yang menyatakan bahawa dia, bukan parlimen, harus mengawal milisi. Raja Stuart yang terakhir, Anne, juga ditahan pada 11 Mac 1708, atas nasihat menterinya, persetujuannya daripada rang undang-undang untuk menyelesaikan Milisi di Scotland. Tidak ada raja yang telah menahan persetujuan diraja atas satu rang undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh parlimen British. <> Raja mana yang bertanggungjawab membubarkan parlimen pada tahun 1629? || Charles I <> Apakah satu tindakan yang diambil oleh raja ini yang biasanya dibiarkan menurut kebijaksanaan parlimen? || menaikkan cukai <> Selepas acara apakah itu memutuskan bahawa parlemen harus bertemu secara teratur? || Perang Saudara Inggeris <> Seperti Charles II sebelum ini, raja Stuart yang terakhir menahan persetujuan. Siapa raja ini? || Anne <> Raja mana yang dikeluarkan parlimen pada tahun 1629? || Charles I <> Di bawah nasihatnya apakah Anne telah melepaskan persetujuan diraja? || menteri-menterinya <> Apa yang cuba dicuba oleh usahanya yang mendorong Charles I untuk membubarkan parlimen pada tahun 1629? || mengehadkan latihan kuasa sewenang-wenangnya <> Bilakah kali terakhir pentadbiran diraja telah digubal? || 11 Mac 1708 <> Siapa raja terakhir yang menggunakan persetujuan diraja pada tahun 1708? || Anne", {"context": "The power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power. During the eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions, such as raising taxes without parliament's approval. After the English Civil War, it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse royal assent to bills. In 1678, Charles II withheld his assent from a bill \"for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom by raising the Militia, and continuing them in Duty for Two and Forty Days,\" suggesting that he, not parliament, should control the militia. The last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1708, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland. No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a bill passed by the British parliament.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Charles I"}], "question": "Which monarch was responsible for dissolving parliament in 1629?", "id": "57280767ff5b5019007d9b4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "raising taxes"}], "question": "What is one action this monarch took that is typically left to the discretion of parliament?", "id": "57280767ff5b5019007d9b4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "English Civil War"}], "question": "After which event was it decided that parliament should meet on a regular basis?", "id": "57280767ff5b5019007d9b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "Anne"}], "question": "Like Charles II had previously done, the last Stuart monarch withheld assent. Who was this monarch?", "id": "57280767ff5b5019007d9b4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Charles I"}], "question": "Which ruler removed parliament in 1629?", "id": "572a992cf75d5e190021fb7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 854, "text": "her ministers"}], "question": "Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent?", "id": "572a992cf75d5e190021fb7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "restrict his arbitrary exercise of power"}], "question": "What did motions attempt to accomplish that prompted Charles I to dissolve parliament in 1629?", "id": "572a992cf75d5e190021fb7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "11 March 1708"}], "question": "When was the last time royal assent was enacted?", "id": "572a992cf75d5e190021fb7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "Anne"}], "question": "Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708?", "id": "572a992cf75d5e190021fb7d"}]}], ["Pada asalnya, kuasa perundangan telah dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah yang berdaulat atas nasihat Curia Regis, atau Majlis Diraja, di mana para ahli penting dan ulama terlibat dan yang berkembang menjadi parlimen. Model Parlimen yang dipanggil termasuk uskup, abbots, earls, barons, dan dua kesatria dari setiap shire dan dua burgesses dari setiap borough di antara anggotanya. Pada 1265, Earl of Leicester tidak teratur memanggil parlimen penuh tanpa kebenaran diraja. Tubuh itu akhirnya dibahagikan kepada dua cabang: uskup, abbots, earls, dan barons membentuk House of Lords, sementara wakil shire dan borough membentuk Dewan Rakyat. Raja akan meminta nasihat dan persetujuan kedua-dua rumah sebelum membuat undang-undang. Semasa pemerintahan Henry VI, ia menjadi amalan biasa bagi kedua-dua rumah tersebut untuk mengeluarkan undang-undang dalam bentuk bil, yang tidak akan menjadi undang-undang melainkan jika pengakuan berdaulat itu diperolehi, kerana kedaulatan, dan masih tetap, penguatkuasaan undang-undang. Oleh itu, semua perbuatan termasuk fasal \"Diterangkan oleh Raja (Raja) yang paling Kebesaran Yang Mulia, dengan nasihat dan persetujuan Lords Rohani dan Temporal, dan Commons, di Parlimen sekarang ini, dan dengan kuasa dari sama seperti berikut ... \". Akta Parlimen 1911 dan 1949 menyediakan pendahuluan potensi kedua jika Dewan Pertuanan dikecualikan daripada proses tersebut. <> Apakah nama lain untuk \"Curia Regis\"? || Majlis Diraja <> Siapakah yang dikenali sebagai parlimen penuh tanpa kebenaran diraja pada tahun 1265? || Earl of Leicester <> Sebagai hasilnya, uskup, abbots, earls, dan baron membentuk badan parlimen? || House of Lords <> Badan mana yang membentuk wakil shire dan borough? || House of Commons <> Dari apa yang parlimen berkembang? || Curia Regis, atau Majlis Diraja <> Apakah kedudukan yang terkandung dalam Dewan Pertuanan? || uskup, abbots, earls, dan barons <> Yang cawangan parlimen mengandungi wakil shire dan borough? || House of Commons <> Rang undang-undang tidak boleh menjadi undang-undang tanpa persetujuannya? || yang berdaulat <> Yang dianggap sebagai undang-undang? || yang berdaulat", {"context": "Originally, legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia Regis, or Royal Council, in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament. The so-called Model Parliament included bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough among its members. In 1265, the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorisation. The body eventually came to be divided into two branches: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed the House of Lords, while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons. The King would seek the advice and consent of both houses before making any law. During Henry VI's reign, it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which would not become law unless the sovereign's assent was obtained, as the sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws. Hence, all acts include the clause \"Be it enacted by the Queen's (King's) most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows...\". The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Royal Council"}], "question": "What is another name for \"Curia Regis\"?", "id": "572805d92ca10214002d9bca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Earl of Leicester"}], "question": "Who was it that peculiarly called a full parliament without royal authorization in 1265?", "id": "572805d92ca10214002d9bcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "House of Lords"}], "question": "As a result, the bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed which body of parliament?", "id": "572805d92ca10214002d9bcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "House of Commons"}], "question": "Which body did the shire and borough representatives form?", "id": "572805d92ca10214002d9bcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Curia Regis, or Royal Council"}], "question": "From what did parliament evolve?", "id": "572a9804be1ee31400cb8095"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "bishops, abbots, earls, and barons"}], "question": "What positions were contained within the House of Lords?", "id": "572a9804be1ee31400cb8096"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "House of Commons"}], "question": "Which branch of parliament contains shire and borough representatives?", "id": "572a9804be1ee31400cb8097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 890, "text": "the sovereign"}], "question": "A bill could not become a law without whose assent?", "id": "572a9804be1ee31400cb8098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 930, "text": "the sovereign"}], "question": "Who is considered the enactor of laws?", "id": "572a9804be1ee31400cb8099"}]}], ["Di United Kingdom, satu rang undang-undang dibentangkan untuk persetujuan diraja setelah melepasi semua peringkat yang diperlukan di Dewan Rakyat dan Dewan Pertuanan. Di bawah Akta Parlimen 1911 dan 1949, Dewan Rakyat boleh, dalam keadaan tertentu, mengarahkan supaya rang undang-undang dikemukakan sebagai persetujuan walaupun kekurangan laluan oleh Dewan Pertuanan. Secara rasmi, persetujuan diberikan oleh pihak berdaulat atau oleh Pesuruhjaya Lords yang diberi kuasa untuk bertindak melalui surat paten. Ia boleh diberikan di parlimen atau di luar parlimen; dalam kes yang kedua, setiap rumah mesti dimaklumkan berasingan sebelum rang undang-undang berkuatkuasa. <> Rumah yang mana di UK mesti meluluskan rang undang-undang sebelum ia diizinkan? || House of Commons dan House of Lords <> Yang mana Akta Parlimen membenarkan rang undang-undang untuk disampaikan untuk persetujuan walaupun Dewan Pertuanan menolaknya? || Akta Parlimen 1911 dan 1949 <> Siapa yang boleh diberi kuasa untuk memberi persetujuan dengan surat paten? || kedaulatan atau oleh Pesuruhjaya Lords", {"context": "In the United Kingdom, a bill is presented for royal assent after it has passed all the required stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the House of Commons may, under certain circumstances, direct that a bill be presented for assent despite lack of passage by the House of Lords. Officially, assent is granted by the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners authorised to act by letters patent. It may be granted in parliament or outside parliament; in the latter case, each house must be separately notified before the bill takes effect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "House of Commons and the House of Lords"}], "question": "Which Houses in the UK must approve a bill before it is assented?", "id": "572aa35334ae481900deabeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949"}], "question": "Which Parliamentary Acts allow a bill to be presented for assent even after the House of Lords has refused it?", "id": "572aa35334ae481900deabec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners"}], "question": "Who can be authorized to grant assent by letters patent?", "id": "572aa35334ae481900deabed"}]}], ["Prosedur khas berlaku untuk undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh Tynwald, badan perundangan Isle of Man. Sebelum ketuanan Pulau itu dibeli oleh Mahkota British pada 1765 (Revestment), persetujuan Lord of Mann kepada rang undang-undang ditandakan dengan surat kepada gabenor. Selepas 1765, persetujuan diraja pada mulanya ditandakan dengan surat dari Setiausaha Negara kepada gabenor; tetapi, semasa Kerajaan British, amalan ini mula memberikan persetujuan diraja oleh Order in Council, yang terus hingga ke hari ini, walaupun terbatas pada kes-kes yang luar biasa sejak 1981. <> Apa istilah merujuk kepada badan perundangan Isle of man? || Tynwald <> Pada tahun apakah kepimpinan Isle of Man yang dibeli? || 1765 <> Apa maksud istilah Revestment? || ketuanan Pulau itu dibeli oleh Mahkota British pada tahun 1765 <Sebelumnya Sebelum Perintah dalam kaedah Majlis, bagaimanakah pentadbiran diraja diluluskan sebelum ini di dalam Isle of Man? || dengan surat dari Setiausaha Negara kepada gabenor <> Bagaimana persetujuan diraja sekarang diberikan di Isle of Man? || Perintah dalam Majlis", {"context": "Special procedures apply to legislation passed by Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man. Before the lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 (the Revestment), the assent of the Lord of Mann to a bill was signified by letter to the governor. After 1765, royal assent was at first signified by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor; but, during the British Regency, the practice began of granting royal assent by Order in Council, which continues to this day, though limited to exceptional cases since 1981.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Tynwald"}], "question": "What term refers to the legislature of the Isle of man?", "id": "572a9cebf75d5e190021fb96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "1765"}], "question": "In what year was lordship of the Isle of Man purchased?", "id": "572a9cebf75d5e190021fb97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765"}], "question": "What does the term the Revestment refer to?", "id": "572a9cebf75d5e190021fb98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor"}], "question": "Previous to the Order in Council method, how was royal assent passed previously within the Isle of Man?", "id": "572a9cebf75d5e190021fb9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Order in Council"}], "question": "How is royal assent currently granted in the Isle of Man?", "id": "572a9cebf75d5e190021fb99"}]}], ["Sebelum pemerintahan Henry VIII, kedaulatannya selalu diberikan persetujuannya sendiri. Yang berdaulat, memakai Maharaja Maharaja Negara, akan duduk di atas takhta di ruang Lords, dikelilingi oleh pengarang dan anggota istana diraja-suatu adegan yang pada masa kini hanya diulang pada Pembukaan Parlimen tahunan tahunan. The Commons, dipimpin oleh penceramah mereka, akan mendengar dari Bar of the Lords, hanya di luar ruang. Kerani Parlimen membentangkan rang undang-undang yang menunggu persetujuan kepada raja, kecuali bahawa bil bekalan secara tradisinya dibangkitkan oleh penceramah. Kerani Mahkota, berdiri di atas hak berdaulat, kemudian membaca dengan tajuk tajuk-tajuk bil (pada masa dahulu, seluruh teks bil). Kerani Parlimen, berdiri di sebelah kiri kerajaan, menjawab dengan menyatakan formula Norman Perancis yang sesuai. <> Apabila pertimbangan secara rasmi diberikan secara langsung, yang membaca tajuk-tajuk bil? || The Clerk of the Crown <> Pekerjaan apa yang telah Kerani Parlimen semasa pemberitahuan pemberitahuan? || menyatakan formula Perancis Norman yang sesuai <> Sebelum pemerintahannya persetujuan selalu diberikan secara langsung? || Henry VIII <> Pada masa ini, bilakah satu-satunya masa penyampaian rasmi diadakan? || Pembukaan Parlimen tahunan tahunan <> Di sebelah mana orang soverign apakah Kerani Crown berdiri? || betul", {"context": "Before the reign of Henry VIII, the sovereign always granted his or her assent in person. The sovereign, wearing the Imperial State Crown, would be seated on the throne in the Lords chamber, surrounded by heralds and members of the royal court\u2014a scene that nowadays is repeated only at the annual State Opening of Parliament. The Commons, led by their speaker, would listen from the Bar of the Lords, just outside the chamber. The Clerk of the Parliaments presented the bills awaiting assent to the monarch, save that supply bills were traditionally brought up by the speaker. The Clerk of the Crown, standing on the sovereign's right, then read aloud the titles of the bills (in earlier times, the entire text of the bills). The Clerk of the Parliaments, standing on the sovereign's left, responded by stating the appropriate Norman French formula.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "The Clerk of the Crown"}], "question": "When assention was formally granted in person, who read the titles of the bills?", "id": "572aa5d8f75d5e190021fbec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "stating the appropriate Norman French formula"}], "question": "What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications?", "id": "572aa5d8f75d5e190021fbed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Henry VIII"}], "question": "Before whose reign was assent always granted in person?", "id": "572aa5d8f75d5e190021fbee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "the annual State Opening of Parliament"}], "question": "Nowadays, when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs?", "id": "572aa5d8f75d5e190021fbef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "right"}], "question": "On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand?", "id": "572aa5d8f75d5e190021fbf0"}]}], ["Di Australia, isu teknikal timbul dengan persetujuan diraja pada tahun 1976 dan 2001. Pada tahun 1976, satu rang undang-undang yang berasal dari Dewan Perwakilan telah tersilap disampaikan kepada Gubernur Jenderal dan disetujui. Walau bagaimanapun, ia kemudiannya mendapati bahawa ia tidak diluluskan oleh setiap rumah. Kesilapan itu timbul kerana dua bil tajuk yang sama berasal dari rumah. Gabenor-Jenderal membatalkan persetujuan pertama, sebelum menyetujui rang undang-undang yang sebenarnya diluluskan. Prosedur yang sama diikuti untuk membetulkan kesilapan serupa yang timbul pada tahun 2001. <> Rang undang-undang dari Dewan Perwakilan Australia tersilap dihantar dan disetujui oleh siapa pada tahun 1976? || Gabenor Jeneral <> Mengapa ini terjadi? || dua bil gelaran yang sama berasal dari rumah <> Apa yang dilakukan Gabenor Jeneral dengan persetujuan pertama? || dibatalkan persetujuan pertama <> Prosedur yang sama ini baru-baru ini dilakukan untuk membetulkan kesilapan yang sama di mana tahun itu? || 2001 <> Apa alasan rang undang-undang itu tidak disengajakan secara tidak sengaja pada tahun 1976? || dua bil tajuk yang sama telah berasal dari rumah <> Selepas menimbulkan suatu bil yang tidak sengaja dengan nama yang sama pada tahun 1976, bilakah penyebutan yang sama berlaku di Australia? || 2001 <> Apa protokol yang tidak disusuli pada tahun 1976 apabila bil dibuat secara tersilap? || ia tidak diluluskan oleh setiap rumah <> Bagaimana kes dua bil secara keliru menyetujui diperbetulkan pada 1796 dan 2001? || Gabenor-Jenderal membatalkan persetujuan pertama, sebelum menyetujui rang undang-undang yang sebenarnya diluluskan", {"context": "In Australia, a technical issue arose with the royal assent in both 1976 and 2001. In 1976, a bill originating in the House of Representatives was mistakenly submitted to the Governor-General and assented to. However, it was later discovered that it had not been passed by each house. The error arose because two bills of the same title had originated from the house. The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed. The same procedure was followed to correct a similar error which arose in 2001.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Governor-General"}], "question": "The bill from the Australian House of Representatives was mistakenly sent and assented to by whom in 1976?", "id": "572819772ca10214002d9dce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "two bills of the same title had originated from the house"}], "question": "Why did this occur?", "id": "572819772ca10214002d9dcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "revoked the first assent"}], "question": "What did the Governor-General do with the first assent?", "id": "572819772ca10214002d9dd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "2001"}], "question": "This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year?", "id": "572819772ca10214002d9dd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "two bills of the same title had originated from the house"}], "question": "What was the reason a bill was accidentally assented in 1976?", "id": "572aa244f75d5e190021fbde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "2001"}], "question": "After an accidental assention of a bill with same name in 1976, when did a similar mistaken assention occur in Australia?", "id": "572aa244f75d5e190021fbdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "it had not been passed by each house"}], "question": "What protocol was not followed in 1976 when a bill was mistakenly assented?", "id": "572aa244f75d5e190021fbe0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed"}], "question": "How was the case of two bills mistakenly assented corrected both in 1796 and 2001?", "id": "572aa244f75d5e190021fbe1"}]}], ["Di negara-negara Komanwel selain daripada Inggeris, persetujuan diraja diberikan atau ditahan sama ada oleh kerajaan yang berdaulat atau, lebih kerap, oleh wakil pemerintah yang berdaulat, gabenor jeneral. Dalam alam persekutuan, persetujuan di setiap negeri, wilayah, atau wilayah diberikan atau ditahan oleh wakil-wakil kedaulatan. Di Australia, ini adalah gabenor negeri, pentadbir wilayah, atau gabenor umum di Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia. Untuk Kanada, ini adalah gabenor letnan di wilayah-wilayah. Seorang gabenor letnan boleh menangguhkan persetujuan kepada gubernur jenderal, dan gubernur jenderal dapat menunda persetujuan kepada tagihan persekutuan untuk berdaulat. <> Dalam alam Komanwel, yang merupakan wakil kedaulatan? || gubernur umum <> Siapa yang memberikan persetujuan diraja di Kanada? || gubernur Leftenan wilayah <> Di Kanada, yang diberi kuasa untuk menangguhkan persetujuan dan kepada siapa? || Seorang gabenor letnan boleh menangguhkan persetujuan kepada gubernur jenderal, dan gubernur jenderal dapat menunda persetujuan kepada tagihan persekutuan untuk berdaulat. <> Siapa yang memberikan persetujuan diraja di negara Komanwel selain daripada UK? || oleh kerajaan yang berdaulat atau, lebih kerap, oleh wakil berdaulat", {"context": "In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign, the governor-general. In federated realms, assent in each state, province, or territory is granted or withheld by the representatives of the sovereign. In Australia, this is the governors of the states, administrators of the territories, or the governor-general in the Australian Capital Territory. For Canada, this is the lieutenant governors of the provinces. A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "the governor-general"}], "question": "In Commonwealth realms, who is the representative of the sovereign?", "id": "572a9ea734ae481900deabe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "lieutenant governors of the provinces"}], "question": "Who grants royal assent in Canada?", "id": "572a9ea734ae481900deabe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign."}], "question": "In Canada, who is authorized to defer assent and to whom?", "id": "572a9ea734ae481900deabe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign"}], "question": "Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK?", "id": "572a9ea734ae481900deabe6"}]}], ["Sejak 1993, Sodod dan Manusia Diocesan Synod mempunyai kuasa untuk membuat langkah-langkah membuat peruntukan \"berkenaan dengan apa-apa perkara yang berkaitan dengan Gereja England di Pulau\". Sekiranya diluluskan oleh Tynwald, satu langkah \"hendaklah mempunyai kuasa dan kesan Akta Tynwald atas Perakuan Diraja yang diumumkan kepada Tynwald\". Antara tahun 1979 dan 1993, Synod mempunyai kuasa yang sama, tetapi terhad kepada perpanjangan kepada Isle of Man dari ukuran Synod Umum. Sebelum tahun 1994, persetujuan diraja diberikan oleh Perintah dalam Majlis, seperti rang undang-undang, tetapi kuasa untuk memberi persetujuan diraja untuk langkah kini telah diwakilkan kepada gabenor letnan. Langkah A tidak memerlukan pengumuman. <> Sejak tahun 1993, badan mana yang mempunyai kuasa untuk membuat langkah-langkah? || Sodor dan Man Synod Diocesan <> Badan ini membuat peruntukan berkenaan dengan perkara-perkara mengenai siapa? || Gereja England di Pulau <Sehingga tahun 1994, persetujuan diraja diberikan oleh siapa? || Perintah dalam Majlis <> Kedudukan mana yang sekarang mempunyai kuasa untuk memberikan persetujuan diraja? || Gubernur Leftenan <> Sebelum tahun apakah persetujuan diraja diluluskan oleh Perintah dalam Majlis? || 1994 <> Siapa yang sekarang memegang kuasa untuk memberikan persetujuan diraja untuk langkah-langkah? || gubernur Leftenan <> Selama tahun apakah Synod mempunyai kuasa untuk membuat langkah-langkah? || Antara tahun 1979 dan 1993", {"context": "Since 1993, the Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod has had power to enact measures making provision \"with respect to any matter concerning the Church of England in the Island\". If approved by Tynwald, a measure \"shall have the force and effect of an Act of Tynwald upon the Royal Assent thereto being announced to Tynwald\". Between 1979 and 1993, the Synod had similar powers, but limited to the extension to the Isle of Man of measures of the General Synod. Before 1994, royal assent was granted by Order in Council, as for a bill, but the power to grant royal assent to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor. A Measure does not require promulgation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod"}], "question": "Since 1993, which body has had power to enact measures?", "id": "572810aa3acd2414000df393"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Church of England in the Island"}], "question": "This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom?", "id": "572810aa3acd2414000df394"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Order in Council"}], "question": "Up until 1994, royal assent was given by whom?", "id": "572810aa3acd2414000df395"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "lieutenant governor"}], "question": "Which position now has the power to grant royal assent?", "id": "572810aa3acd2414000df396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "1994"}], "question": "Before what year was royal assent approved by Order in Council?", "id": "572a9e1bf75d5e190021fba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "the lieutenant governor"}], "question": "Who currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures?", "id": "572a9e1bf75d5e190021fba7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Between 1979 and 1993"}], "question": "During which years did the Synod have power to enact measures?", "id": "572a9e1bf75d5e190021fba8"}]}], ["Kerani Parlimen, seorang pegawai Dewan Pertuanan, secara tradisinya menyatakan formula dalam Undang-undang Anglo-Norman Perancis, yang menunjukkan keputusan berdaulat. Pemberian persetujuan diraja kepada rang undang-undang bekalan ditandakan dengan kata-kata \"La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, menerima kebajikan, et ainsi le veult\", diterjemahkan sebagai \"Ratu mengucapkan terima kasih kepada subjek yang baik, menerima karunia mereka, dan menghendaki supaya . \" Untuk bil awam atau swasta lain, formula itu hanya \"La Reyne le veult\" (\"Queen wills it\"). Untuk bil peribadi, frasa adalah \"Soit fait comme il est d\u00e9sir\u00e9\" (\"biarkan ia seperti yang dikehendaki\"). Formula yang sesuai untuk menahan persetujuan adalah \"La Reyne s'avisera\" (\"Ratu akan menganggapnya\"). Apabila berdaulat adalah lelaki, Le Roy diganti untuk La Reyne. <> Dalam bahasa apa yang kerani Parlimen mengumumkan keputusan Parlimen? || Undang-undang Anglo-Norman Perancis <> Apa perkataan dalam Undang-undang Anglo-Norman Perancis mengumumkan persetujuan yang diberikan? || \"La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, menerima kebajikan yang baik, et ainsi le veult\" <> Apakah versi disingkat pemberitahuan persetujuan? || \"La Reyne le veult\" <> Frasa apa yang digunakan untuk mengumumkan persetujuan menahan diri? || \"La Reyne s'avisera\"", {"context": "The Clerk of the Parliaments, an official of the House of Lords, traditionally states a formula in Anglo-Norman Law French, indicating the sovereign's decision. The granting of royal assent to a supply bill is indicated with the words \"La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult\", translated as \"The Queen thanks her good subjects, accepts their bounty, and wills it so.\" For other public or private bills, the formula is simply \"La Reyne le veult\" (\"the Queen wills it\"). For personal bills, the phrase is \"Soit fait comme il est d\u00e9sir\u00e9\" (\"let it be as it is desired\"). The appropriate formula for withholding assent is the euphemistic \"La Reyne s'avisera\" (\"the Queen will consider it\"). When the sovereign is male, Le Roy is substituted for La Reyne.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Anglo-Norman Law French"}], "question": "In what language does the Clerk of the Parliaments announce Parliament's decision?", "id": "572aa3fcbe1ee31400cb80fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "\"La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult\""}], "question": "What words in Anglo-Norman Law French announce a granted assent?", "id": "572aa3fcbe1ee31400cb80fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "\"La Reyne le veult\""}], "question": "What is the shortened version of the notification of assent?", "id": "572aa3fcbe1ee31400cb80ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "\"La Reyne s'avisera\""}], "question": "What phrase is used to announce a withheld assent?", "id": "572aa3fcbe1ee31400cb8100"}]}], ["Sejak Deklarasi Balfour tahun 1926 dan Statut Westminster 1931, semua alam Komanwel telah menjadi kerajaan yang berdaulat, raja dan gabenor jeneral bertindak semata-mata atas nasihat menteri-menteri setempat yang pada umumnya mengekalkan sokongan badan perundangan dan adalah orang-orang yang selamatkan laluan bil. Oleh itu, mereka tidak akan menasihatkan pihak berdaulat atau wakilnya untuk menahan persetujuan. Kuasa untuk menahan persetujuan diraja dilaksanakan oleh gabenor letnan Alberta, John C. Bowen, pada tahun 1937, berkenaan dengan tiga undang-undang yang diluluskan dalam badan perundangan yang dikuasai oleh parti Kredit Sosial William Aberhart. Dua rang undang-undang berusaha untuk meletakkan bank di bawah kuasa wilayah, dengan itu mengganggu kuasa kerajaan persekutuan. Ketiga, Rang Undang-undang Berita dan Maklumat yang Tepat, yang dimaksudkan untuk memaksa akhbar-akhbar untuk mencetak penolakan pemerintah kepada cerita-cerita yang kabinet provinsi membantah. Ketidakststitiiti kesemua tiga bil telah disahkan oleh Mahkamah Agung Kanada dan oleh Jawatankuasa Kehakiman Majlis Privy. <> Apa dua dokumen yang menyatakan semua alam Komanwel sebagai kerajaan yang berdaulat? || Pengisytiharan Balfour tahun 1926 dan Statut Westminster 1931 <> Siapa yang menggunakan kuasa untuk mengabulkan persetujuan diraja di Alberta pada tahun 1937? || John C. Bowen <> Apa yang Pantau Berita dan Maklumat Rang Undang-Undang berharap dapat dicapai? || memaksa akhbar-akhbar untuk mencetak penjelasan kerajaan kepada cerita-cerita yang kabinet provinsi itu menolak <> siapa yang membuat keputusan yang tidak konstitusionaliti dari tiga rang undang-undang yang dikeluarkan oleh parti Kredit Sosial? || Mahkamah Agung Kanada dan oleh Jawatankuasa Kehakiman Majlis Privy.", {"context": "Since the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931, the all Commonwealth realms have been sovereign kingdoms, the monarch and governors-general acting solely on the advice of the local ministers who generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills. They, therefore, are unlikely to advise the sovereign or his or her representative to withhold assent. The power to withhold the royal assent was exercised by Alberta's lieutenant governor, John C. Bowen, in 1937, in respect of three bills passed in the legislature dominated by William Aberhart's Social Credit party. Two bills sought to put banks under the authority of the province, thereby interfering with the federal government's powers. The third, the Accurate News and Information Bill, purported to force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected. The unconstitutionality of all three bills was later confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931"}], "question": "What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms?", "id": "572aa16ff75d5e190021fbd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "John C. Bowen"}], "question": "Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?", "id": "572aa16ff75d5e190021fbd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected"}], "question": "What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?", "id": "572aa16ff75d5e190021fbd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1000, "text": "Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}], "question": "Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party?", "id": "572aa16ff75d5e190021fbd3"}]}], ["Walaupun persetujuan diraja tidak ditahan di United Kingdom sejak tahun 1708, ia sering ditahan di koloni British dan bekas tanah jajahan oleh gabenor yang bertindak atas perintah kerajaan. Dalam Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat, penjajah mengadu bahawa George III \"telah menolak Akidahnya untuk Undang-Undang, yang paling sihat dan diperlukan untuk kebaikan orang awam [dan] telah mengharamkan Gubernurnya untuk meluluskan Undang-undang tentang kepentingan segera dan mendesak, kecuali digantung dalam operasi sehingga Persijilannya harus diperoleh dan apabila begitu digantung, dia telah mengabaikannya dengan penuh perhatian. \" Walaupun selepas koloni seperti Kanada, Australia, New Zealand, Kesatuan Afrika Selatan, dan Newfoundland diberikan kerajaan yang bertanggungjawab, kerajaan British terus menasihatkan gabenor jeneral mengenai pemberian persetujuan; persetujuan juga kadang-kadang terpelihara untuk membenarkan kerajaan British mengkaji rang undang-undang sebelum memberi nasihat kepada gabenor jeneral. <> Tahun manakah persetujuan diraja yang terakhir ditahan di UK? || 1708 <> Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat yang menyebut raja mana? || George III <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh jajahan Amerika terhadap raja? || menolak Akidahnya untuk Undang-Undang <> Pada tahun apakah persetujuan diraja yang terakhir di UK? || 1708 <Siapa yang terus memberi nasihat kepada gubernur-jenderal pemberian persetujuan, walaupun setelah jajahan mereka mempunyai pemerintah yang bertanggungjawab? || Kerajaan British <> Kepada siapa kerajaan British kadang-kadang masih nasihat mengenai persetujuan diraja, walaupun mereka mempunyai kerajaan yang bertanggungjawab sendiri? || jajahan seperti Kanada, Australia, New Zealand, Kesatuan Afrika Selatan, dan Newfoundland", {"context": "While royal assent has not been withheld in the United Kingdom since 1708, it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions. In the United States Declaration of Independence, colonists complained that George III \"has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.\" Even after colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland were granted responsible government, the British government continued to sometimes advise governors-general on the granting of assent; assent was also occasionally reserved to allow the British government to examine a bill before advising the governor-general.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "1708"}], "question": "Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK?", "id": "5728147dff5b5019007d9cac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "George III"}], "question": "The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?", "id": "5728147dff5b5019007d9cad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "refused his Assent to Laws"}], "question": "What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of?", "id": "5728147dff5b5019007d9cae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "1708"}], "question": "In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK?", "id": "572aa0a1be1ee31400cb80d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "the British government"}], "question": "Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent, even after their colonies had responsible government?", "id": "572aa0a1be1ee31400cb80d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland"}], "question": "To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent, although they had their own responsible governments?", "id": "572aa0a1be1ee31400cb80d7"}]}], ["Jika Gubernur Jeneral Kanada tidak dapat memberi persetujuan, ia boleh dilakukan oleh Timbalan Gabenor Jeneral Kanada-Ketua Hakim Negara Kanada-atau keadilan lain Mahkamah Agung Kanada. Ia tidak semestinya diperlukan untuk gabenor umum untuk menandatangani rang undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh badan perundangan, tandatangan itu hanyalah pengesahan. Dalam setiap kes, parlimen mesti dimaklumkan mengenai pemberian persetujuan sebelum rang undang-undang dianggap sebagai undang-undang. Dua kaedah boleh didapati: wakil rakyat yang berdaulat boleh memberi persetujuan dengan kehadiran kedua-dua rumah parlimen; Sebagai alternatif, setiap rumah boleh diberitahu secara berasingan, biasanya oleh pembicara rumah itu. Walau bagaimanapun, walaupun kedua-dua rumah mesti dimaklumkan pada hari yang sama, notis kepada Dewan Rakyat sementara ia tidak dalam sesi boleh diberikan dengan cara menerbitkan isu khas Jurnal Dewan Rakyat, sedangkan Dewan Negara perlu duduk dan surat gabenor umum dibaca dengan kuat oleh pembicara. <> Dalam kerajaan persekutuan Kanada, yang biasanya bertanggungjawab untuk memutuskan masa untuk memberi persetujuan? || Gubernur Jeneral Kanada <> Jawatan mana dari Mahkamah Agung Kanada juga boleh memberi persetujuan jika perlu? || Ketua Hakim Kanada-atau keadilan lain <> Siapa yang mempunyai kemampuan memberi persetujuan jika Ketua Umum Kanada tidak dapat? || Timbalan Gabenor Jeneral Kanada-Ketua Hakim Kanada-atau keadilan lain Mahkamah Agung Kanada <> Berapa banyak kaedah yang tersedia untuk memberikan persetujuan di Kanada? || Dua <> Jika setiap rumah parlimen diberitahu secara berasingan, peraturan apa yang terpakai? || kedua-dua rumah mesti dimaklumkan pada hari yang sama <> Bagaimana Dewan Rakyat boleh dimaklumkan jika tidak bersidang? || menerbitkan isu khas Jurnal Dewan Rakyat <> Berbeza dengan Dewan Rakyat, bagaimanakah Senat harus diberitahu tentang persetujuan? || surat gabenor umum dibaca dengan kuat oleh pembicara", {"context": "If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent, it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada\u2014the Chief Justice of Canada\u2014or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. It is not actually necessary for the governor general to sign a bill passed by a legislature, the signature being merely an attestation. In each case, the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law. Two methods are available: the sovereign's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament; alternatively, each house may be notified separately, usually by the speaker of that house. However, though both houses must be notified on the same day, notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons, whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the Governor General of Canada"}], "question": "In the Canadian federal government, who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent?", "id": "572812fa3acd2414000df3cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Chief Justice of Canada\u2014or another justice"}], "question": "Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?", "id": "572812fa3acd2414000df3d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada\u2014the Chief Justice of Canada\u2014or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada"}], "question": "Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada cannot?", "id": "572a9f99111d821400f38c54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada?", "id": "572a9f99111d821400f38c55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "both houses must be notified on the same day"}], "question": "If each house of parliament is notified seperately, what regulation applies?", "id": "572a9f99111d821400f38c56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons"}], "question": "How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session?", "id": "572a9f99111d821400f38c57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 936, "text": "governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker"}], "question": "In contrast to the House of Commons, how must the Senate be notified of assent?", "id": "572a9f99111d821400f38c58"}]}], ["Di Australia, upacara rasmi memberi persetujuan di parlimen tidak digunakan secara kerap sejak awal abad ke-20. Sekarang, rang undang-undang itu dihantar ke kediaman gabenor oleh rumah tempat asalnya. Ketua Gubernur kemudian menandatangani rang undang-undang, menghantar mesej kepada Presiden Senat dan Speaker Dewan Perwakilan, yang memberitahu rumah masing-masing tentang tindakan gubernur. Amalan serupa diikuti di New Zealand, di mana gubernur jeneral tidak secara peribadi diberikan Perakuan Diraja di parlimen sejak tahun 1875. <> Pada tahun apakah gubernur jeneral New Zealand akhirnya secara peribadi memberikan persetujuan diraja di parlimen? || 1875 <> Negara mana yang tidak pernah menggunakan upacara rasmi sejak abad ke-20? || Australia <> Siapa pemimpin setiap rumah yang diberikan tanggungjawab untuk memaklumkan kepada mereka kumpulan tindakan gubernur-jeneral? || Presiden Senat dan Speaker Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat", {"context": "In Australia, the formal ceremony of granting assent in parliament has not been regularly used since the early 20th century. Now, the bill is sent to the governor-general's residence by the house in which it originated. The governor-general then signs the bill, sending messages to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who notify their respective houses of the governor-general's action. A similar practice is followed in New Zealand, where the governor-general has not personally granted the Royal Assent in parliament since 1875.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "1875"}], "question": "In what year did the New Zealand governor-general last personally grant the royal assent in parliament?", "id": "572aad7d34ae481900deac1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "Which country has not used the formal assention ceremony since the early 20th century?", "id": "572aad7d34ae481900deac20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives"}], "question": "Who are the leaders of each house given the responsibility of informing their group of the governor-generals actions?", "id": "572aad7d34ae481900deac21"}]}], ["Peranti baru untuk memberi persetujuan telah dibuat semasa pemerintahan Raja Henry VIII. Pada tahun 1542, Henry berusaha untuk melaksanakan isteri kelimanya, Catherine Howard, yang dituduh melakukan zina; pelaksanaan itu akan diberi kuasa bukan selepas perbicaraan tetapi oleh rang undang-undang pencapai, yang mana dia perlu persetujuan secara peribadi selepas mendengar keseluruhan teks. Henry memutuskan bahawa \"pengulangan kisah yang sangat menyedihkan dan pembacaan jenayah yang sangat terkenal\" di hadapannya \"mungkin membuka semula Luka yang telah ditutup di Royal Bosom\". Oleh itu, parlimen memasukkan suatu fasal ke dalam Akta Attainder, yang memberikan persetujuan yang diberikan oleh Pesuruhjaya \"adalah dan yang selama-lamanya adalah, sebaik\" sebagai persetujuan yang diberikan oleh kedaulatan secara peribadi. Prosedur itu digunakan hanya lima kali pada abad ke-16, tetapi lebih sering pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18, terutama ketika kesihatan George III mulai merosot. Ratu Victoria menjadi raja terakhir untuk memberi persetujuan sendiri pada 1854. <> Mengapa Henry VIII ingin melaksanakan istrinya yang kelima? || melakukan perzinaan <> Apakah Henry VIII cuba mengelakkan dengan membuat prosedur baru untuk memberi persetujuan? || Mendengarkan seluruh teks <> Berapa kali pada abad ke 16 diberikan persetujuan oleh Pesuruhjaya? || lima <> Siapakah raja terakhir yang memberikan persetujuan secara peribadi? || Queen Victoria", {"context": "A new device for granting assent was created during the reign of King Henry VIII. In 1542, Henry sought to execute his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, whom he accused of committing adultery; the execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a bill of attainder, to which he would have to personally assent after listening to the entire text. Henry decided that \"the repetition of so grievous a Story and the recital of so infamous a crime\" in his presence \"might reopen a Wound already closing in the Royal Bosom\". Therefore, parliament inserted a clause into the Act of Attainder, providing that assent granted by Commissioners \"is and ever was and ever shall be, as good\" as assent granted by the sovereign personally. The procedure was used only five times during the 16th century, but more often during the 17th and 18th centuries, especially when George III's health began to deteriorate. Queen Victoria became the last monarch to personally grant assent in 1854.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "committing adultery"}], "question": "Why did Henry VIII wish to execute his fifth wife?", "id": "572aa7e3111d821400f38c90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "listening to the entire text"}], "question": "What was Henry VIII trying to avoid by creating a new procedure for granting assent?", "id": "572aa7e3111d821400f38c91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners?", "id": "572aa7e3111d821400f38c92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 902, "text": "Queen Victoria"}], "question": "Who was the last monarch to grant assent personally?", "id": "572aa7e3111d821400f38c93"}]}], ["Semasa tahun 1960-an, upacara meyakinkan oleh komisen dihentikan dan kini hanya bekerja sekali setahun, pada akhir sesi parlimen tahunan. Pada tahun 1960, Pelayan Lelaki Hitam Rod tiba untuk memanggil House of Commons semasa perbahasan yang hangat dan beberapa ahli membantah terhadap gangguan itu dengan menolak menghadiri majlis tersebut. Kebingungan itu diulang pada tahun 1965; kali ini, apabila Speaker meninggalkan kerusi untuk pergi ke Dewan Pertuanan, beberapa ahli terus membuat ucapan. Akibatnya, Akta Persetujuan Diraja 1967 telah diluluskan, mewujudkan satu bentuk tambahan untuk pemberian persetujuan diraja. Seperti yang dijelaskan oleh jaksa umum, \"terdapat kebencian yang hebat bukan sahaja pada kehilangan masa Parlimen yang telah terlibat tetapi pada pemecahan benang ucapan yang mungkin fasih dan gangguan perdebatan yang mungkin disebabkan . \" Pemberian persetujuan oleh raja sendiri, atau oleh komisen, masih boleh dilakukan, tetapi bentuk ketiga ini digunakan pada hari ke hari. <> Dalam tempoh sedekad yang diasaskan oleh komisen yang dihentikan? || 1960-an <> Bilakah pentadbiran oleh komisen berlaku hari ini? || setahun sekali, pada akhir sesi parlimen tahunan <> Dalam apa juga beberapa ahli enggan menghadiri upacara penyerahan diri setelah perdebatan hangat? || 1960 <> Apa yang diluluskan merujuk kepada perselisihan pada tahun 1960 dan 1965 semasa penyusuan? || Akta Persetujuan Diraja 1967", {"context": "During the 1960s, the ceremony of assenting by commission was discontinued and is now only employed once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session. In 1960, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod arrived to summon the House of Commons during a heated debate and several members protested against the disruption by refusing to attend the ceremony. The debacle was repeated in 1965; this time, when the Speaker left the chair to go to the House of Lords, some members continued to make speeches. As a result, the Royal Assent Act 1967 was passed, creating an additional form for the granting of royal assent. As the attorney-general explained, \"there has been a good deal of resentment not only at the loss of Parliamentary time that has been involved but at the breaking of the thread of a possibly eloquent speech and the disruption of a debate that may be caused.\" The granting of assent by the monarch in person, or by commission, is still possible, but this third form is used on a day-to-day basis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "the 1960s"}], "question": "During which decade was assention by commission discontinued?", "id": "572aa9e7be1ee31400cb812b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session"}], "question": "When does assention by commission occur today?", "id": "572aa9e7be1ee31400cb812c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "1960"}], "question": "In whatear did several members refuse to attend the assention ceremony after a heated debate?", "id": "572aa9e7be1ee31400cb812d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Royal Assent Act 1967"}], "question": "What was passed in reference to the discord in 1960 and 1965 during assention cremonies?", "id": "572aa9e7be1ee31400cb812e"}]}], ["Dengan bebas daripada kaedah yang digunakan untuk menandakan persetujuan diraja, ia adalah tanggungjawab Kerani Parlimen, sebaik sahaja persetujuan itu telah diberitahu dengan sewajarnya kepada kedua-dua rumah, bukan sahaja untuk mengesahkan perbuatan itu atas nama raja dengan formula formal Norman Perancis , tetapi untuk mengesahkan bahawa persetujuan telah diberikan. Kerani itu menandatangani satu salinan yang sah dan memasukkan tarikh (dalam Bahasa Inggeris) di mana persetujuan itu diberitahu kepada kedua-dua rumah selepas tajuk akta itu. Apabila sesuatu akta diterbitkan, tandatangan kerani tidak disertakan, seperti formula Norman Perancis, sekiranya pengesahan dibuat secara bertulis. Walau bagaimanapun, tarikh di mana persetujuan diberitahu dicetak dalam kurungan. <> Kepada siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk memastikan bahawa persetujuan telah diberikan? || Kerani Parlimen <> Apa yang ditinggalkan ketika suatu akta diterbitkan? || tandatangan kerani dihilangkan, seperti formula bahasa Perancis Norman <> Siapa yang menulis formula Norman Perancis secara formal mengenai tindakan berlalu? || Kerani Parlimen", {"context": "Independently of the method used to signify royal assent, it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments, once the assent has been duly notified to both houses, not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula, but to certify that assent has been granted. The clerk signs one authentic copy of the bill and inserts the date (in English) on which the assent was notified to the two houses after the title of the act. When an act is published, the signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula, should the endorsement have been made in writing. However, the date on which the assent was notified is printed in brackets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Clerk of the Parliaments"}], "question": "Whose responsibility is it to assure that assent has been granted?", "id": "572aaca8be1ee31400cb8143"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula"}], "question": "What is omitted when an act is published?", "id": "572aaca8be1ee31400cb8144"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Clerk of the Parliaments"}], "question": "Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts?", "id": "572aaca8be1ee31400cb8145"}]}], ["Di Belgium, sanksi royale mempunyai kesan undang-undang yang sama seperti persetujuan diraja; perlembagaan Belgia memerlukan suatu teori yang membenarkan penolakan sanksi diraja untuk ditandatangani-sebagai tindakan lain raja-oleh seorang menteri yang bertanggungjawab di hadapan Dewan Perwakilan. Raja memerintahkan undang-undang, yang bermaksud bahawa dia secara rasmi memerintahkan supaya undang-undang secara rasmi diterbitkan dan dilaksanakan. Pada tahun 1990, ketika Raja Baudouin menasihatkan kabinetnya, dia tidak dapat, dalam hati nurani, menandatangani sebuah undang-undang yang mendekriminalkan pengguguran (penolakan secara tegas tidak diliputi oleh seorang menteri yang bertanggung jawab), Dewan Menteri, atas permintaan Raja sendiri, menyatakan Baudouin tidak mampu melaksanakannya kuasa. Selaras dengan perlembagaan Belgium, selepas pengisytiharan ketidakmampuan berdaulat, Majlis Menteri-menteri mengambil alih kuasa ketua negara sehingga parlemen dapat memerintah atas ketidakmampuan Raja dan melantik seorang bupati. Rang undang-undang itu kemudiannya diakui oleh semua ahli Majlis Menteri \"bagi pihak Orang Belgium\". Dalam satu mesyuarat bersama, kedua-dua rumah parlimen mengisytiharkan Raja mampu melaksanakan kuasanya semula hari berikutnya. <> Apakah persetujuan diraja yang dipanggil di Belgium? || sanksi royale <> Siapa yang mengisytiharkan raja tidak berupaya bertindak atas rang undang-undang penggubalan aborsi pada tahun 1990? || Majlis Menteri-menteri <> Raja mana yang enggan menandatangani undang-undang penggubalan jenayah pengguguran pada tahun 1990? || Raja Baudouin <> Siapa yang mengisytiharkan Raja yang berkuasa mengasah lagi setelah luput pada tahun 1990? || kedua-dua rumah parlimen", {"context": "In Belgium, the sanction royale has the same legal effect as royal assent; the Belgian constitution requires a theoretically possible refusal of royal sanction to be countersigned\u2014as any other act of the monarch\u2014by a minister responsible before the House of Representatives. The monarch promulgates the law, meaning that he or she formally orders that the law be officially published and executed. In 1990, when King Baudouin advised his cabinet he could not, in conscience, sign a bill decriminalising abortion (a refusal patently not covered by a responsible minister), the Council of Ministers, at the King's own request, declared Baudouin incapable of exercising his powers. In accordance with the Belgian constitution, upon the declaration of the sovereign's incapacity, the Council of Ministers assumed the powers of the head of state until parliament could rule on the King's incapacity and appoint a regent. The bill was then assented to by all members of the Council of Ministers \"on behalf of the Belgian People\". In a joint meeting, both houses of parliament declared the King capable of exercising his powers again the next day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "sanction royale"}], "question": "What is royal assent called in Belgium?", "id": "572ab0ca111d821400f38cd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Council of Ministers"}], "question": "Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?", "id": "572ab0ca111d821400f38cd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "King Baudouin"}], "question": "Which King refused to sign an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?", "id": "572ab0ca111d821400f38cd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1044, "text": "both houses of parliament"}], "question": "Who declared the King capable of excersizing power again after a brief lapse in 1990?", "id": "572ab0ca111d821400f38cd9"}]}], ["Apabila perbuatan itu diakui oleh orang berdaulat secara langsung, atau dengan memberi kuasa kepada Pesuruhjaya Diraja, persetujuan diraja dianggap diberikan pada masa ini apabila persetujuan itu diisytiharkan di hadapan kedua-dua rumah yang dipasang secara bersama. Apabila prosedur yang dibuat oleh Akta Kebajikan Diraja 1967 diikuti, persetujuan dianggap diberikan apabila pegawai yang mempengerusikan kedua-dua rumah, setelah menerima surat paten dari raja atau ratu yang menandakan persetujuan, telah memberitahu rumah masing-masing pemberian persetujuan diraja . Oleh itu, jika setiap pegawai presiden membuat pengumuman pada masa yang berlainan (contohnya kerana satu rumah tidak duduk pada tarikh tertentu), persetujuan dianggap berkesan apabila pengumuman kedua dibuat. Ini adalah penting kerana, di bawah Undang-Undang British, melainkan terdapat sebarang peruntukan sebaliknya, suatu perbuatan berkuat kuasa pada tarikh ia menerima persetujuan diraja dan tarikh itu tidak dianggap sebagai tarikh apabila paten surat ditandatangani, atau apabila mereka dihantar ke pejabat ketua setiap rumah, tetapi tarikh kedua rumah telah secara rasmi mengenali persetujuan itu. <> Apabila persetujuan diberikan secara langsung, bilakah ia secara rasmi dianggap muktamad? || apabila persetujuan itu diisytiharkan di hadapan kedua-dua rumah yang disatukan bersama <> Persetujuan dianggap diberikan apabila memohon Akta Pentadbiran Diraja 1967 apabila kedua-dua pegawai presiden telah melakukan apa? || dimaklumkan kepada rumah masing-masing pemberian persetujuan diraja <> Bilakah persetujuan berkesan jika pegawai presiden memberitahu rumah mereka pada masa yang berlainan? || apabila pengumuman kedua dibuat", {"context": "When the act is assented to by the sovereign in person, or by empowered Royal Commissioners, royal assent is considered given at the moment when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled. When the procedure created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 is followed, assent is considered granted when the presiding officers of both houses, having received the letters patent from the king or queen signifying the assent, have notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent. Thus, if each presiding officer makes the announcement at a different time (for instance because one house is not sitting on a certain date), assent is regarded as effective when the second announcement is made. This is important because, under British Law, unless there is any provision to the contrary, an act takes effect on the date on which it receives royal assent and that date is not regarded as being the date when the letters patent are signed, or when they are delivered to the presiding officers of each house, but the date on which both houses have been formally acquainted of the assent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled"}], "question": "When assent is granted in person, when is it formally considered final?", "id": "572aabf334ae481900deac19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent"}], "question": "An assent is considered granted when applying the Royal Assent Act 1967 when both presiding officers have done what?", "id": "572aabf334ae481900deac1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "when the second announcement is made"}], "question": "When is assent effective if the presiding officers inform their houses at different times?", "id": "572aabf334ae481900deac1b"}]}], ["Apabila memberi persetujuan oleh komisen, kedaulatan membenarkan tiga atau lebih (biasanya lima) tuan-tuan yang merupakan Penasihat Privy untuk memberi persetujuan atas namanya. Para Pesuruhjaya Lords, sebagai wakil raja diketahui, memakai jubah parlemen yang merah dan duduk di bangku simpanan di antara takhta dan Woolsack. Kerani Membaca Lords membaca komik itu dengan kuat; Pesuruhjaya kanan kemudian menyatakan, \"Tuan-tuan saya, dalam ketaatan kepada Perintah Yang Mulia, dan menurut Suruhanjaya yang telah dibaca sekarang, Kami mengisytiharkan dan memberitahu kepada anda, Lords Rohani dan Temporal dan Commons di Parlimen berkumpul, bahawa Dia Baginda telah memberikan Perakuan Diraja kepada beberapa akta yang disebut dalam Suruhanjaya. \" <> Berapa ramai tuan biasanya hadir semasa persetujuan oleh Pesuruhjaya? || lima <> Apa yang dipakai oleh Pesuruhjaya Lords untuk upacara persetujuan? || jubah parlimen yang berwarna merah <> Komisaris mana yang membaca pernyataan penutupan rasmi ke upacara penyerahan diri? || yang senior <> kedudukan manakah yang membaca komisinya dengan kuat semasa majlis tersebut? || The Clerk Reading Clerk", {"context": "When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud; the senior commissioner then states, \"My Lords, in obedience to Her Majesty's Commands, and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read, We do declare and notify to you, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many lords are usually present during assent by Commissioner?", "id": "572aa8b4f75d5e190021fc06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "scarlet parliamentary robes"}], "question": "What do the Lords Commissioners wear to a ceremony of assent?", "id": "572aa8b4f75d5e190021fc07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "the senior"}], "question": "Which commissioner reads the formal closing statement to the assention ceremony?", "id": "572aa8b4f75d5e190021fc08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "The Lords Reading Clerk"}], "question": "Which position reads the commisssion aloud during tthe ceremony?", "id": "572aa8b4f75d5e190021fc09"}]}], ["Di bawah Akta Pentadbiran Diraja 1967, persetujuan diraja boleh diberikan oleh berdaulat secara bertulis, melalui surat paten, yang dikemukakan kepada pegawai yang mempengerusikan setiap rumah parlimen. Kemudian, pegawai yang mempengerusikan membuat pernyataan rasmi, tetapi ringkas kepada rumah itu, mengenali setiap rumah yang diberikan oleh pentadbiran diraja kepada tindakan yang disebutkan. Oleh itu, tidak seperti pemberian persetujuan diraja oleh raja secara sendiri atau oleh Pesuruhjaya Diraja, kaedah yang dibuat oleh Akta Pengakuan Diraja 1967 tidak menghendaki kedua-dua rumah untuk bertemu secara bersama untuk maksud menerima notis persetujuan diraja. Teks piawai paten huruf ditetapkan dalam Perintah Crown Office (Peraturan dan Perisytiharan) Order 1992, dengan pindaan kecil pada tahun 2000. Dalam praktiknya ini tetap merupakan metode standard, fakta yang diduga oleh kata-kata paten huruf untuk pelantikan Pesuruhjaya Diraja dan dengan kata-kata surat paten untuk pemberian persetujuan diraja secara bertulis di bawah Akta 1967 (\"... Dan kerana Kami tidak boleh pada masa ini hadir di Dewan Tinggi Parlimen kami tempat yang biasa untuk memberikan Penghargaan Royal ... \"). <> Apa yang unik mengenai kaedah yang digunakan untuk memberi alasan yang dibenarkan oleh Akta Perakuan Diraja 1967? || tidak memerlukan kedua-dua rumah untuk bertemu bersama <> Bagaimana persetujuan diberikan di bawah Akta Pentadbiran Diraja 1967? || oleh kedaulatan secara bertulis, melalui surat paten, yang dikemukakan kepada pegawai yang mempengerusikan setiap rumah parlemen <> Dokumen manakah format surat paten? || Perintah Pejabat Crown (Kaedah-kaedah dan Perisytiharan) 1992 <> Di mana tahun pindaan kecil dibuat kepada Perintah Pejabat Crown? || 2000", {"context": "Under the Royal Assent Act 1967, royal assent can be granted by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament. Then, the presiding officer makes a formal, but simple statement to the house, acquainting each house that royal assent has been granted to the acts mentioned. Thus, unlike the granting of royal assent by the monarch in person or by Royal Commissioners, the method created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 does not require both houses to meet jointly for the purpose of receiving the notice of royal assent. The standard text of the letters patent is set out in The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992, with minor amendments in 2000. In practice this remains the standard method, a fact that is belied by the wording of the letters patent for the appointment of the Royal Commissioners and by the wording of the letters patent for the granting of royal assent in writing under the 1967 Act (\"... And forasmuch as We cannot at this time be present in the Higher House of Our said Parliament being the accustomed place for giving Our Royal Assent...\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "does not require both houses to meet jointly"}], "question": "What is unique about the method used for assention allowed by the Royal Assent Act 1967?", "id": "572aaae8be1ee31400cb8133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament"}], "question": "How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967?", "id": "572aaae8be1ee31400cb8134"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992"}], "question": "Which document formats the letters patent?", "id": "572aaae8be1ee31400cb8135"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "2000"}], "question": "In which year were minor amendments made to the Crown Office Order?", "id": "572aaae8be1ee31400cb8136"}]}], ["Di Kanada, upacara tradisional untuk memberi persetujuan di parlimen sering digunakan sehingga abad ke-21, lama selepas ia dihentikan di United Kingdom dan alam Komanwel lain. Satu keputusan, yang dipertanggungjawabkan sebagai sebahagian daripada tugas raja yang bertujuan untuk menunjukkan status Kanada sebagai kerajaan merdeka, ialah Raja George VI secara peribadi menyetujui sembilan rang undang-undang parlimen Kanada semasa lawatan kerajaan diraja Kanada -85 tahun selepas perjumpaannya yang besar- nenek, Queen Victoria, telah memberikan persetujuan diraja terakhir secara peribadi di United Kingdom. Walau bagaimanapun, di bawah Akta Pengesahan Diraja 2002, amalan alternatif memberi persetujuan secara bertulis, dengan setiap rumah diberitahu secara berasingan (Yang di-Pertua Dewan Negara atau wakilnya membaca kepada senator surat-surat dari gubernur umum mengenai pernyataan tertulis Penghargaan Diraja ), telah dikuatkuasakan. Seperti yang dilakukan oleh perbuatan itu, persetujuan diraja juga akan ditandakan oleh gubernur jeneral, atau, lebih sering, oleh timbalan, biasanya Keadilan Mahkamah Agung, sekurang-kurangnya dua kali setiap tahun kalender: untuk ukuran pengalokasian pertama dan untuk sekurang-kurangnya satu tindakan lain, biasanya langkah pertama yang tidak digunakan ditetapkan. Walau bagaimanapun, perbuatan itu memberi bahawa pemberian persetujuan diraja tidak diberikan tidak sah oleh kegagalan untuk mengambil upacara tradisional di mana diperlukan. <> Bilakah Kanada akhirnya berhenti menggunakan upacara tradisional untuk memberikan persetujuan sebagai amalan biasa? || abad ke 21 <> Mengapa persetujuan peribadi Raja George VI pada 1939 patut diberi perhatian? || 85 tahun selepas neneknya yang besar, Ratu Victoria, telah lama memberikan persetujuan diraja secara peribadi <> Dengan apa rang undang-undang di Kanada yang memberikan persetujuan dengan menulis menjadi berkesan? || Akta Pentadbiran Diraja 2002", {"context": "In Canada, the traditional ceremony for granting assent in parliament was regularly used until the 21st century, long after it had been discontinued in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. One result, conceived as part of a string of royal duties intended to demonstrate Canada's status as an independent kingdom, was that King George VI personally assented to nine bills of the Canadian parliament during the 1939 royal tour of Canada\u201485 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally in the United Kingdom. Under the Royal Assent Act 2002, however, the alternative practice of granting assent in writing, with each house being notified separately ( the Speaker of the Senate or a representative reads to the senators the letters from the governor general regarding the written declaration of Royal Assent), was brought into force. As the act also provides, royal assent is to be signified\u2014by the governor general, or, more often, by a deputy, usually a Justice of the Supreme Court, at least twice each calendar year: for the first appropriation measure and for at least one other act, usually the first non-appropriation measure passed. However, the act provides that a grant of royal assent is not rendered invalid by a failure to employ the traditional ceremony where required.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "the 21st century"}], "question": "When did Canada finally cease to use the traditional ceremony for granting assent as regular practice?", "id": "572aaec2111d821400f38cb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally"}], "question": "Why was King George VI's personal assent in 1939 noteworthy?", "id": "572aaec2111d821400f38cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Royal Assent Act 2002"}], "question": "With what bill in Canada did granting assent by writing become effective?", "id": "572aaec2111d821400f38cb4"}]}], ["Upacara Pengabdian Diraja berlaku di Senat, kerana kedaulatan secara tradisinya dihalang daripada Dewan Rakyat. Pada hari kejadian, Speaker Senat akan membaca ke ruang notis dari setiausaha kepada gubernur umum yang menunjukkan apabila wakil atau wakilnya akan tiba. Senat kemudian tidak dapat menangguhkan sehingga selepas upacara. Pembesar suara bergerak untuk duduk di sebelah takhta, Pembawa Mace, dengan gada di tangan, berdiri bersebelahan dengannya, dan gubernur umum memasuki kursi pembicara. The Usher of the Black Rod kemudian diarahkan oleh pembesar suara untuk memanggil Anggota Parlimen, yang mengikuti Black Rod kembali ke Senat, Sarjan-at-Arms yang membawa nama Dewan Rakyat. Di Senat, orang-orang dari orang awam berdiri di belakang bar, sementara Black Rod meneruskan untuk berdiri di sebelah gubernur jeneral, yang kemudian mengangguk kepalanya untuk menandakan Perintah Diraja kepada rang undang-undang yang dibentangkan (yang tidak termasuk bil peruntukan). Sebaik sahaja senarai bil selesai, Kerani Senat menyatakan: \"Dalam nama Yang Mulia, Tuan Yang Terutama [Gabenor] [atau timbalan] bersetuju dengan tagihan ini.\" Sekiranya terdapat sebarang bil peruntukan untuk menerima Perakuan Diraja, Speaker Dewan Rakyat akan membaca tajuk mereka dan kerani Senat mengulangi mereka kepada gabenor umum, yang mengetuk kepalanya untuk menyampaikan Perintah Diraja. Apabila semua rang undang-undang ini telah diajukan, Kerani Senat membaca \"dalam nama Yang Mulia, Tuan Yang Terutama, Gabenor Jeneral [atau timbalan] terima kasih kepada subjek yang setia, menerima kebajikan mereka dan menyetujui bil-bil tersebut. Gubernur umum atau timbalannya kemudian meninggalkan parlimen. <> Dari manakah yang menjadi penghormatan yang berdaulat? || House of Commons <> Yang kerja adalah untuk melepaskan parlimen selepas upacara? > Siapa yang membaca pernyataan rasmi selepas senarai bil telah selesai? || Kerani Senat <> Kedudukan mana yang mengangguk kepala mereka untuk menandakan penyampaian? || gubernur umum", {"context": "The Royal Assent ceremony takes place in the Senate, as the sovereign is traditionally barred from the House of Commons. On the day of the event, the Speaker of the Senate will read to the chamber a notice from the secretary to the governor general indicating when the viceroy or a deputy thereof will arrive. The Senate thereafter cannot adjourn until after the ceremony. The speaker moves to sit beside the throne, the Mace Bearer, with mace in hand, stands adjacent to him or her, and the governor general enters to take the speaker's chair. The Usher of the Black Rod is then commanded by the speaker to summon the Members of Parliament, who follow Black Rod back to the Senate, the Sergeant-at-Arms carrying the mace of the House of Commons. In the Senate, those from the commons stand behind the bar, while Black Rod proceeds to stand next to the governor general, who then nods his or her head to signify Royal Assent to the presented bills (which do not include appropriations bills). Once the list of bills is complete, the Clerk of the Senate states: \"in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] doth assent to these bills.\" If there are any appropriation bills to receive Royal Assent, the Speaker of the House of Commons will read their titles and the Senate clerk repeats them to the governor general, who nods his or her head to communicate Royal Assent. When these bills have all been assented to, the Clerk of the Senate recites \"in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] thanks her loyal subjects, accepts their benevolence and assents to these bills. The governor general or his or her deputy then depart parliament.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "House of Commons"}], "question": "From where is the sovereign typically forbidden?", "id": "572aafd5be1ee31400cb8177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1651, "text": "The governor general or his or her deputy"}], "question": "Whose job is it to release parliament after the ceremony?", "id": "572aafd5be1ee31400cb8178"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1033, "text": "Clerk of the Senate"}], "question": "Who reads the formal statement after the list of bills has been finished?", "id": "572aafd5be1ee31400cb8179"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1337, "text": "governor general"}], "question": "Which position nods their head to signify assention?", "id": "572aafd5be1ee31400cb817a"}]}], ["Perlembagaan Jordan memberikan monarku hak untuk menahan persetujuan undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh parlimennya. Perkara 93 dokumen itu memberikan enam bulan berdaulat Jordan untuk menandatangani atau veto mana-mana undang-undang yang dihantar kepadanya dari Dewan Negara; jika dia membatalkannya dalam jangka masa itu, perhimpunan itu boleh mengatasi veto oleh dua pertiga undi kedua-dua rumah; jika tidak, undang-undang tidak berkuatkuasa (tetapi ia boleh dipertimbangkan semula dalam sesi sidang seterusnya). Sekiranya raja tidak bertindak dalam tempoh enam bulan dari bil yang dibentangkan kepadanya, ia menjadi undang-undang tanpa tandatangannya. <> Berapa banyak masa yang dilakukan oleh pemimpin Jordinian untuk menandatangani atau veto undang-undang? || enam bulan <> Sebilangan besar apa yang diperlukan untuk mengalahkan veto dari soverign? || dua pertiga <> Apa yang terjadi jika soverign tidak menandatangani bil dalam jangka waktu enam bulan? || , ia menjadi undang-undang tanpa tandatangannya", {"context": "The constitution of Jordan grants its monarch the right to withhold assent to laws passed by its parliament. Article 93 of that document gives the Jordanian sovereign six months to sign or veto any legislation sent to him from the National Assembly; if he vetoes it within that timeframe, the assembly may override his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses; otherwise, the law does not go into effect (but it may be reconsidered in the next session of the assembly). If the monarch fails to act within six months of the bill being presented to him, it becomes law without his signature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "six months"}], "question": "How much time does a Jordinian leader have to sign or veto legislation?", "id": "572ab241be1ee31400cb8189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "two-thirds"}], "question": "What majority is required to override a veto from the soverign?", "id": "572ab241be1ee31400cb818a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": ", it becomes law without his signature"}], "question": "What happens if the soverign doesn't sign the bill within the six-month time frame?", "id": "572ab241be1ee31400cb818b"}]}], ["Sekiranya raja Sepanyol itu enggan dalam hati nurani memberikan persetujuan diraja, suatu prosedur yang serupa dengan penanganan Belgia terhadap bantahan Raja Baudouin tidak mungkin dilakukan di bawah perlembagaan sekarang. Sekiranya kedaulatannya diisytiharkan tidak mampu melaksanakan kuasa diraja, kuasa-kuasanya tidak akan dipindahkan ke Kabinet, sementara menunggu pelantikan parlimen kabupaten. Sebaliknya, perlembagaan mandat orang yang akan datang pada masa penggantian akan segera menjadi bupati. Oleh itu, jika Juan Carlos mengikuti contoh Belgium pada tahun 2005 atau 2010, pengisytiharan ketidakupayaan akan memindahkan kuasa kepada Felipe, maka pewarisnya jelas. <> Jika raja Sepanyol dianggap tidak mampu memberi persetujuan, siapakah kuasa yang dipindahkan ke? || orang yang akan datang pada baris penggantian <> Bolehkah seorang penguasa Sepanyol mengikut tindakan yang sama seperti yang dilakukan Raja Baudouin di Belgium? || tidak mungkin di bawah perlembagaan semasa", {"context": "If the Spanish monarch ever refused in conscience to grant royal assent, a procedure similar to the Belgian handling of King Baudouin's objection would not be possible under the current constitution. If the sovereign were ever declared incapable of discharging royal authority, his or her powers would not be transferred to the Cabinet, pending the parliamentary appointment of a regency. Instead, the constitution mandates the next person of age in the line of succession would immediately become regent. Therefore, had Juan Carlos followed the Belgian example in 2005 or 2010, a declaration of incapacity would have transferred power to Felipe, then the heir apparent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "the next person of age in the line of succession"}], "question": "If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?", "id": "572ab969111d821400f38cf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "not be possible under the current constitution"}], "question": "Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium?", "id": "572ab969111d821400f38cf3"}]}], ["Kerajaan, yang terdiri daripada raja dan menteri, biasanya akan meluluskan cadangan itu dan yang berdaulat dan salah satu menteri menandatangani cadangan itu dengan penambahan fasal yang memberlakukan, kemudian memberitahu Negara Jeneral bahawa \"Raja menyetujui proposal itu. \" Ia telah berlaku dalam keadaan yang luar biasa bahawa kerajaan tidak meluluskan undang-undang yang telah diluluskan di parlimen. Dalam kes sedemikian, raja atau menteri tidak akan menandatangani rang undang-undang itu, memaklumkan kepada Negara Jeneral bahawa \"Raja akan menyimpan cadangan itu di bawah penasihat.\" Undang-undang yang telah menerima persetujuan diraja akan diterbitkan di Majalah Negeri, dengan asalnya disimpan dalam arkib Pejabat Raja. <> Di mana undang-undang diterbitkan selepas menerima persetujuan? || Majalah Negeri <> Dimana teks undang-undang asal disimpan? || dalam arkib Pejabat Raja <> Apa yang berlaku dalam kes yang jarang berlaku kerajaan tidak meluluskan undang-undang yang telah melewati kedua-dua rumah? || tidak raja atau menteri akan menandatangani rang undang-undang itu, memaklumkan kepada Negara Jeneral bahawa \"Raja akan menyimpan cadangan itu di bawah nasihat.\"", {"context": "The government, consisting of the monarch and the ministers, will then usually approve the proposal and the sovereign and one of the ministers signs the proposal with the addition of an enacting clause, thereafter notifying the States General that \"The King assents to the proposal.\" It has happened in exceptional circumstances that the government does not approve a law that has been passed in parliament. In such a case, neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that \"The King will keep the proposal under advisement.\" A law that has received royal assent will be published in the State Magazine, with the original being kept in the archives of the King's Offices.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "the State Magazine"}], "question": "Where are laws published after receiving assent?", "id": "572ab3b034ae481900deac67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "in the archives of the King's Offices"}], "question": "Where is the original law text stored?", "id": "572ab3b034ae481900deac68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that \"The King will keep the proposal under advisement.\""}], "question": "What happens in the rare case the government doesn't approve of a law that has passed both houses?", "id": "572ab3b034ae481900deac69"}]}], ["Tiada peruntukan di dalam perlembagaan memberikan monarki keupayaan untuk veto perundangan secara langsung; Walau bagaimanapun, tiada peruntukan melarang kedaulatan daripada menahan persetujuan diraja, yang secara efektif membentuk veto. Apabila media Sepanyol meminta Raja Juan Carlos jika dia akan mengesahkan rang undang-undang yang mengesahkan perkahwinan sejenis, dia menjawab \"Soy el Rey de Espa\u00f1a y no el de B\u00e9lgica\" (\"Saya Raja Sepanyol dan bukannya Belgium\") - rujukan kepada Raja Baudouin I dari Belgium, yang enggan menandatangani undang-undang Belgium yang mengesahkan pengguguran. Raja memberikan persetujuan diraja kepada Undang-undang 13/2005 pada 1 Julai 2005; undang-undang tersebut telah diwartakan di Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado pada 2 Julai dan berkuatkuasa pada 3 Julai 2005. Begitu juga, pada tahun 2010, Raja Juan Carlos memberi persetujuan diraja kepada undang-undang yang membenarkan pengguguran atas permintaan. <> Apa jawapan Raja Juan Carlos kepada media apabila ditanya apakah dia akan menandatangani satu rang undang-undang yang menyokong perkahwinan sejenis? || \"Soy el Rey de Espa\u00f1a y no el de B\u00e9lgica\" <> Apa rang undang-undang kontroversi lain yang raja memberi persetujuannya pada tahun 2010? || undang-undang membenarkan pengguguran atas permintaan <> Bilakah perkahwinan jantina yang sama menjadi undang-undang di Sepanyol? || 3 Julai 2005", {"context": "No provision within the constitution grants the monarch an ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the sovereign from withholding royal assent, which effectively constitutes a veto. When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages, he answered \"Soy el Rey de Espa\u00f1a y no el de B\u00e9lgica\" (\"I am the King of Spain and not that of Belgium\")\u2014a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion. The King gave royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was gazetted in the Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado on 2 July and came into effect on 3 July 2005. Likewise, in 2010, King Juan Carlos gave royal assent to a law permitting abortion on demand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "\"Soy el Rey de Espa\u00f1a y no el de B\u00e9lgica\""}], "question": "What was King Juan Carlos' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?", "id": "572ab71734ae481900deac79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "a law permitting abortion on demand"}], "question": "What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?", "id": "572ab71734ae481900deac7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "3 July 2005"}], "question": "When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain?", "id": "572ab71734ae481900deac7b"}]}], ["Tajuk IV dari 1978 Perlembagaan Sepanyol melaburkan Konsentimia Real (Royal Assent) dan pengumuman (penerbitan) undang-undang dengan raja Sepanyol, sementara Judul III, The Cortes Generales, Bab 2, Penyusunan Bil, menggariskan kaedah dengan mana tagihan diluluskan. Menurut Artikel 91, dalam masa lima belas hari dari perletakan rang undang-undang oleh Cortes Generales, kedaulatan hendaklah memberi persetujuannya dan menerbitkan undang-undang baru. Artikel 92 melabur raja dengan hak untuk memanggil referendum, atas nasihat presiden kerajaan (biasa disebut dalam bahasa Inggeris sebagai perdana menteri) dan pemberian kuasa cortes. <> Artikel manakah dalam perlembagaan Sepanyol memberi raja hak untuk meminta referendum? || Perkara 92 <> Artikel manakah yang menentukan bilangan hari yang ada pada raja untuk memberikan tandatangan pada rang undang-undang yang disahkan? || Artikel 91 <> Dalam perlembagaan Sepanyol pada tahun 1978, tajuk yang menerangkan bagaimana bil-bil yang diluluskan? || Judul III, The Cortes Generales <> Bab apa dalam perlembagaan Sepanyol menggambarkan bagaimana bil akan diluluskan? || Bab 2, Penggubalan Bil", {"context": "Title IV of the 1978 Spanish constitution invests the Consentimiento Real (Royal Assent) and promulgation (publication) of laws with the monarch of Spain, while Title III, The Cortes Generales, Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills, outlines the method by which bills are passed. According to Article 91, within fifteen days of passage of a bill by the Cortes Generales, the sovereign shall give his or her assent and publish the new law. Article 92 invests the monarch with the right to call for a referendum, on the advice of the president of the government (commonly referred to in English as the prime minister) and the authorisation of the cortes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Article 92"}], "question": "Which article in the Spanish constitution gives the monarch the right to ask for a referendum?", "id": "572ab654be1ee31400cb81c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Article 91"}], "question": "Which article specifies the number of days available to the monarch to provide a signature on an assended bill?", "id": "572ab654be1ee31400cb81c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Title III, The Cortes Generales"}], "question": "In the 1978 Spanish constitution, which title describes how bills are passed?", "id": "572ab654be1ee31400cb81c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills"}], "question": "What chapter in the Spanish constitution describes how bills are to be passed?", "id": "572ab654be1ee31400cb81c8"}]}], ["Selepas Dewan Rakyat telah membahaskan undang-undang, ia meluluskannya dan menghantarnya kepada Senat dengan teks \"Dewan Kedua Negara-Negara Amerika menghantar usul undang-undang yang diluluskan ke Dewan Pertama\", atau menolaknya dan kembali ia kepada kerajaan dengan teks \"Dewan Kedua Negara-Negara Amerika telah menolak usulan undang-undang yang disertakan.\" Sekiranya rumah atas itu meluluskan undang-undang, ia menghantarnya semula kepada kerajaan dengan teks \"Kepada Raja, Negara-negara Amerika telah menerima cadangan undang-undang seperti yang ditawarkan di sini.\" <> Teks apa yang ditulis dan dihantar kepada Senat jika Dewan meluluskan undang-undang? || \"Dewan Kedua Negara-Negara Amerika menghantar cadangan undang-undang yang diluluskan berikut ke Dewan Pertama\" <> Teks apa yang ditulis dan dihantar kembali kepada kerajaan jika suatu rang undang-undang ditolak? || Dewan Kedua Negara-Negara Amerika telah menolak usulan undang-undang yang disertakan. \"<> Jika Senat meluluskan undang-undang setelah menerima dari Dewan, apa yang ditulis dan dikirimkan kepada pemerintah? |\" \"Kepada Raja, telah menerima cadangan undang-undang seperti yang ditawarkan di sini. \"", {"context": "After the House of Representatives has debated the law, it either approves it and sends it to the Senate with the text \"The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber\", or it rejects it and returns it to the government with the text \"The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law.\" If the upper house then approves the law, it sends it back to the government with the text \"To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "\"The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber\""}], "question": "What text is written and sent to the Senate if the House approves of a law?", "id": "572ab33ff75d5e190021fc56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law.\""}], "question": "What text is written and sent back to the government if a bill is rejected?", "id": "572ab33ff75d5e190021fc57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "\"To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here.\""}], "question": "If the Senate approves the law after receiving it from the House, what is written and sent to the government?", "id": "572ab33ff75d5e190021fc58"}]}], ["Artikel 77-79 dari Perlembagaan Norway secara khusus memberikan raja Norway hak untuk menahan persetujuan diraja dari apa-apa rang undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh Storting. Sekiranya pemerintah memilih untuk menjalankan keistimewaan ini, Perkara 79 menyediakan cara dengan mana vetonya boleh ditarik balik: \"Sekiranya satu Rang Undang-undang telah diluluskan tidak diubah oleh dua sesi Storting, yang dibentuk selepas dua pilihan raya berturut-turut yang berasingan dan dipisahkan dari setiap lain-lain dengan sekurang-kurangnya dua sesi campur tangan dari Storting, tanpa Rang Undang-undang yang berlainan yang diluluskan oleh mana-mana Storting dalam tempoh antara penggunaan pertama dan terakhir, dan kemudian diserahkan kepada Raja dengan petisyen bahawa Yang Mulia tidak akan menolak persetujuannya kepada Rang Undang-undang yang, selepas pertimbangan yang paling matang, Storting dianggap bermanfaat, ia akan menjadi undang-undang walaupun Perakuan Diraja tidak diberikan sebelum Storting masuk ke dalam rehat. \" <> Artikel manakah dalam Perlembagaan Norway membenarkan raja menolak rang undang-undang yang telah melalui Penyusunan? || Artikel 77-79 <> Artikel manakah dalam Perlembagaan Norweigan menyediakan cara untuk mengatasi kuasa veto kerajaan? || Perkara 79 <> Berapa banyak pemilihan yang diperlukan untuk mengesahkan rang undang-undang yang telah dimansuhkan oleh raja? || dua", {"context": "Articles 77\u201379 of the Norwegian Constitution specifically grant the monarch of Norway the right to withhold royal assent from any bill passed by the Storting. Should the sovereign ever choose to exercise this privilege, Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be over-ridden: \"If a Bill has been passed unaltered by two sessions of the Storting, constituted after two separate successive elections and separated from each other by at least two intervening sessions of the Storting, without a divergent Bill having been passed by any Storting in the period between the first and last adoption, and it is then submitted to the King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which, after the most mature deliberation, the Storting considers to be beneficial, it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Articles 77\u201379"}], "question": "Which articles in the Norwegian Constitution allow the monarch to reject a bill that has been passed through the Sorting?", "id": "572ab52e34ae481900deac73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Article 79"}], "question": "Which article in the Norweigan Constitution provides a way to override a monarch's veto?", "id": "572ab52e34ae481900deac74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many elections are required to assend a bill that the monarch has vetoed?", "id": "572ab52e34ae481900deac75"}]}], ["Artikel 41 dan 68 perlembagaan memberi kuasa kepada pemerintah untuk menahan persetujuan diraja daripada rang undang-undang yang diguna pakai oleh Dewan Undangan. Pada tahun 2010, kerajaan bergerak ke arah demokrasi yang lebih besar, dengan Raja George Tupou V mengatakan bahawa dia akan dibimbing oleh perdana menterinya dalam menjalankan kuasanya. Walau bagaimanapun, ini tidak menghalang keputusan diraja bebas untuk melaksanakan hak veto. Pada bulan November 2011, perhimpunan itu menggunakan Rang Undang-undang Senjata dan Ammunisi (Pindaan), yang mengurangkan hukuman jenayah yang mungkin untuk pemilikan haram senjata. Rang undang-undang itu diterima pakai oleh sepuluh undi kepada lapan. Dua anggota dewan baru-baru ini telah didakwa dengan pemilikan haram senjata api. Perdana Menteri, Lord Tu'ivakan\u014d, mengundi memihak kepada pindaan itu. Ahli-ahli pembangkang mengecam rang undang-undang itu dan meminta Raja memecatnya, yang dilakukannya pada bulan Disember. <> Artikel manakah yang membenarkan soverign untuk menaikkan persetujuan walaupun bil telah diluluskan oleh Dewan Undangan? || 41 dan 68 <> Apa pernyataan oleh Raja George Tupou menekankan demokrasi? || dia akan dibimbing oleh perdana menteri beliau dalam menjalankan kuasanya <> Di mana tahun itu adalah Rang Undang-undang Arms dan Amunisi (Amemndment) diterima pakai? || 2011 <> Dalam bulan apakah Raja membatalkan Rang Undang-undang Pindaan Senjata dan Ammunition? || Disember", {"context": "Articles 41 and 68 of the constitution empower the sovereign to withhold royal assent from bills adopted by the Legislative Assembly. In 2010, the kingdom moved towards greater democracy, with King George Tupou V saying that he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers. Nonetheless, this does not preclude an independent royal decision to exercise a right of veto. In November 2011, the assembly adopted an Arms and Ammunitions (Amendment) Bill, which reduced the possible criminal sentences for the illicit possession of firearms. The bill was adopted by ten votes to eight. Two members of the assembly had recently been charged with the illicit possession of firearms. The Prime Minister, Lord Tu\u02bbivakan\u014d, voted in favour of the amendment. Members of the opposition denounced the bill and asked the King to veto it, which he did in December.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "41 and 68"}], "question": "Which articles allow the soverign to refise consent even when the bills have been passed through the Legislative assembly?", "id": "572abc90be1ee31400cb81ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers"}], "question": "What statement by King George Tupou emphasized democracy?", "id": "572abc90be1ee31400cb81ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In which year was the Arms and Ammunitions (Amemndment) Bill adopted?", "id": "572abc90be1ee31400cb81ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 863, "text": "December"}], "question": "In what month did the King veto the Arms and Ammunitions Amendment Bill?", "id": "572abc90be1ee31400cb81f0"}]}]], [["Set G dipanggil set dasar kumpulan (G, \u2022). Selalunya kumpulan asas kumpulan G digunakan sebagai nama pendek untuk kumpulan (G, \u2022). Di sepanjang baris yang sama, ungkapan pendek seperti \"subset kumpulan G\" atau \"elemen kumpulan G\" digunakan apabila sebenarnya dimaksudkan adalah \"subset dari set dasar G kumpulan (G, \u2022)\" atau \"satu elemen set dasar G kumpulan (G, \u2022)\". Biasanya, jelas dari konteks sama ada simbol seperti G merujuk kepada kumpulan atau set asas. <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai kumpulan asas kumpulan? || Set <> Apa yang sering digunakan sebagai nama pendek untuk kumpulan itu? || kumpulan asas kumpulan <> Ungkapan apa yang digunakan apabila benar-benar tersirat untuk menjadi ungkapan yang lebih panjang? || ungkapan tersendiri", {"context": "The set G is called the underlying set of the group (G, \u2022). Often the group's underlying set G is used as a short name for the group (G, \u2022). Along the same lines, shorthand expressions such as \"a subset of the group G\" or \"an element of group G\" are used when what is actually meant is \"a subset of the underlying set G of the group (G, \u2022)\" or \"an element of the underlying set G of the group (G, \u2022)\". Usually, it is clear from the context whether a symbol like G refers to a group or to an underlying set.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The set"}], "question": "What is known as underlying set of the group?", "id": "57280b474b864d19001642e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the group's underlying set"}], "question": "What is often utilized as a short name for the group?", "id": "57280b474b864d19001642e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "shorthand expressions"}], "question": "What expressions are utilized when is really implied to be a longer expression?", "id": "57280b474b864d19001642e8"}]}], ["Dua kumpulan G dan H dipanggil isomorfik jika terdapat homomorphism kumpulan a: G \u2192 H dan b: H \u2192 G, seperti yang menerapkan kedua-dua fungsi satu demi satu dalam setiap dua perintah yang mungkin memberikan fungsi identiti G dan H. Iaitu, (b (h)) = h dan b (a (g)) = g bagi mana-mana g dalam G dan h dalam H. Dari sudut abstrak, kumpulan isomorfik membawa maklumat yang sama. Sebagai contoh, membuktikan bahawa g \u2022 g = 1G bagi sesetengah elemen g G bersamaan dengan membuktikan bahawa (g) * a (g) = 1H, kerana memohon kepada kesamaan pertama menghasilkan kedua, dan memohon b kepada kedua memberikan kembali yang pertama. <> Apakah dua kumpulan dipanggil jika mereka termasuk homomorfisme? || isomorphic <> Unsur yang sama yang membawa kumpulan isomorfik? || kumpulan isomorfik <> Bagaimana dapat menunjukkan persamaan kedua menghasilkan yang pertama membuktikan konsep kumpulan isomorfik? || memohon untuk mencapai kesamaan pertama yang kedua", {"context": "Two groups G and H are called isomorphic if there exist group homomorphisms a: G \u2192 H and b: H \u2192 G, such that applying the two functions one after another in each of the two possible orders gives the identity functions of G and H. That is, a(b(h)) = h and b(a(g)) = g for any g in G and h in H. From an abstract point of view, isomorphic groups carry the same information. For example, proving that g \u2022 g = 1G for some element g of G is equivalent to proving that a(g) \u2217 a(g) = 1H, because applying a to the first equality yields the second, and applying b to the second gives back the first.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "isomorphic"}], "question": "What are two groups called if they include homomorphisms?", "id": "57281407ff5b5019007d9ca6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "isomorphic groups"}], "question": "What similar element do isomorphic groups carry?", "id": "57281407ff5b5019007d9ca7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "applying a to the first equality yields the second"}], "question": "How can showing the second equality yields the first prove the concept of isomorphic groups?", "id": "57281407ff5b5019007d9ca8"}]}], ["Tahun Teori Kumpulan 1960-61 di University of Chicago membawa ahli teori kumpulan seperti Daniel Gorenstein, John G. Thompson dan Walter Feit, meletakkan asas kolaborasi yang, dengan input daripada ahli matematik yang lain, mengelaskan semua kumpulan sederhana yang terhad pada tahun 1982. Projek ini telah melampaui usaha matematik sebelum ini dengan saiznya, dalam kedua-dua panjang bukti dan bilangan penyelidik. Penyelidikan sedang dijalankan untuk mempermudahkan bukti klasifikasi ini. Hari-hari ini, teori kumpulan masih menjadi cabang matematik yang sangat aktif, memberi kesan kepada banyak bidang lain. []] <> Di mana kumpulan ahli teori pertama bertemu? || The University of Chicago <> Apa tahun kelas universiti kepunyaan kumpulan ahli teori? || 1960-61 <> Apakah kumpulan ahli teori mengklasifikasikan pada tahun 1982? || semua kumpulan mudah terhingga <> Apa dua faktor yang menggambarkan saiz besar projek? || panjang bukti dan bilangan penyelidik.", {"context": "The University of Chicago's 1960\u201361 Group Theory Year brought together group theorists such as Daniel Gorenstein, John G. Thompson and Walter Feit, laying the foundation of a collaboration that, with input from numerous other mathematicians, classified all finite simple groups in 1982. This project exceeded previous mathematical endeavours by its sheer size, in both length of proof and number of researchers. Research is ongoing to simplify the proof of this classification. These days, group theory is still a highly active mathematical branch, impacting many other fields.a[\u203a]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The University of Chicago"}], "question": "Where did the group of theorists first meet?", "id": "572811cc2ca10214002d9d22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "1960\u201361"}], "question": "What university class year belonged to the group of theorists?", "id": "572811cc2ca10214002d9d23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "all finite simple groups"}], "question": "What did the group of theorists classify in 1982?", "id": "572811cc2ca10214002d9d24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "length of proof and number of researchers."}], "question": "What two factors describe the large size of the project?", "id": "572811cc2ca10214002d9d25"}]}], ["Untuk memahami kumpulan di luar tahap manipulasi semata-mata simbolik seperti di atas, konsep-konsep yang lebih struktur harus digunakan.c [>] Terdapat prinsip konseptual yang mendasari semua tanggapan berikut: untuk memanfaatkan struktur yang ditawarkan oleh kumpulan (yang menetapkan, menjadi \"tidak berstruktur\", tidak mempunyai), pembinaan yang berkaitan dengan kumpulan perlu bersesuaian dengan operasi kumpulan. Keserasian ini memperlihatkan dirinya dalam pandangan berikut dalam pelbagai cara. Sebagai contoh, kumpulan boleh dikaitkan dengan satu sama lain melalui fungsi yang dipanggil homomorphism kumpulan. Dengan prinsip yang disebutkan, mereka dikehendaki menghormati struktur kumpulan dengan tepat. Struktur kumpulan juga boleh difahami dengan memecahkannya ke dalam kumpulan yang dipanggil subkelompok dan kumpulan berborongan. Prinsip \"struktur pemeliharaan\" - satu topik yang berulang dalam matematik sepanjang-adalah contoh bekerja dalam kategori, dalam kes ini kategori kumpulan. <> Idea apa yang digunakan untuk memahami kumpulan melebihi simbol? || konsep struktur <> Apa yang harus serasi dengan operasi kumpulan? || pembinaan yang berkaitan dengan kumpulan <> Konsep apa yang menggambarkan kumpulan yang boleh dikaitkan dengan satu sama lain melalui fungsi? || homomorfisme kumpulan", {"context": "To understand groups beyond the level of mere symbolic manipulations as above, more structural concepts have to be employed.c[\u203a] There is a conceptual principle underlying all of the following notions: to take advantage of the structure offered by groups (which sets, being \"structureless\", do not have), constructions related to groups have to be compatible with the group operation. This compatibility manifests itself in the following notions in various ways. For example, groups can be related to each other via functions called group homomorphisms. By the mentioned principle, they are required to respect the group structures in a precise sense. The structure of groups can also be understood by breaking them into pieces called subgroups and quotient groups. The principle of \"preserving structures\"\u2014a recurring topic in mathematics throughout\u2014is an instance of working in a category, in this case the category of groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "structural concepts"}], "question": "What ideas are used to understand groups beyond symbols?", "id": "572812cd2ca10214002d9d48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "constructions related to groups"}], "question": "What has to be compatible with the group operation?", "id": "572812cd2ca10214002d9d49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "group homomorphisms"}], "question": "What concept describes groups that can be related to each other via functions?", "id": "572812cd2ca10214002d9d4a"}]}], ["Konvergensi dari pelbagai sumber menjadi teori seragam kumpulan bermula dengan Camille Jordan's Trait\u00e9 des substitutions et des \u00e9quations alg\u00e9briques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) memperkenalkan idea untuk menentukan kumpulan dengan cara penjana dan hubungan, dan juga yang pertama memberikan definisi axiomatik dari \"kumpulan abstrak\", dalam istilah masa itu. Pada abad ke-20, kumpulan mendapat pengiktirafan yang luas oleh karya perintis Ferdinand Georg Frobenius dan William Burnside, yang bekerja pada teori perwakilan kumpulan terhingga, teori perwakilan modular Richard Brauer dan kertas Issai Schur. Teori kumpulan Lie, dan lebih umum secara umum kumpulan padat dipelajari oleh Hermann Weyl, \u00c9lie Cartan dan banyak lagi. Rakan sejawat algebranya, teori kumpulan algebra, mula-mula dibentuk oleh Claude Chevalley (dari akhir 1930-an) dan kemudiannya oleh karya Armand Borel dan Jacques Tits. <> Kapan teori seragam kumpulan berkembang dari pelbagai sumber? || 1870 <> Siapa yang membentangkan kaedah untuk menentukan kumpulan dengan cara penjana dan hubungan? || Walther von Dyck <> Teori apa yang diajar oleh Hermann Weyl sebagai tambahan kepada kumpulan padat tempatan? || Teori kumpulan Lie <> Yang pada awalnya membentuk teori kumpulan algebra? || Claude Chevalley", {"context": "The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan's Trait\u00e9 des substitutions et des \u00e9quations alg\u00e9briques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an \"abstract group\", in the terminology of the time. As of the 20th century, groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside, who worked on representation theory of finite groups, Richard Brauer's modular representation theory and Issai Schur's papers. The theory of Lie groups, and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl, \u00c9lie Cartan and many others. Its algebraic counterpart, the theory of algebraic groups, was first shaped by Claude Chevalley (from the late 1930s) and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "1870"}], "question": "When did the uniform theory of groups develop from different sources? ", "id": "5728106fff5b5019007d9c3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Walther von Dyck"}], "question": "Who presented a method for specifying a group by means of generators and relations?", "id": "5728106fff5b5019007d9c3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "The theory of Lie groups"}], "question": "What theory did Hermann Weyl study in addition to locally compact groups?", "id": "5728106fff5b5019007d9c3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 841, "text": "Claude Chevalley"}], "question": "Who initially molded the theory of algebraic groups?", "id": "5728106fff5b5019007d9c3d"}]}], ["Dalam matematik, kumpulan adalah struktur algebra yang terdiri daripada satu set elemen yang dilengkapi dengan operasi yang menggabungkan dua elemen untuk membentuk elemen ketiga. Operasi ini memenuhi empat syarat yang dipanggil aksioma kumpulan, iaitu penutupan, persamaan, identiti dan ketidakupayaan. Salah satu contoh yang paling biasa dalam kumpulan ialah set integer bersama-sama dengan penambahan operasi, tetapi formulasi abstrak dari aksioma kumpulan, terpisah daripada sifat konkrit dari mana-mana kumpulan tertentu dan operasinya, lebih banyak digunakan. Ia membolehkan entiti-entiti dengan pelbagai matematik yang sangat pelbagai dalam algebra abstrak dan di luar untuk dikendalikan dengan cara yang fleksibel sambil mengekalkan aspek struktur penting mereka. Keabadian kumpulan dalam banyak bidang di dalam dan di luar matematik menjadikan mereka prinsip penganjuran utama matematik kontemporari. <> Apakah struktur aritmetik yang terdiri daripada satu set elemen termasuk operasi yang bergabung dengan dua elemen untuk membentuk elemen ketiga? || sebuah kumpulan <> Apakah nama yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan empat keadaan penutupan, persamaan, identiti dan ketidakbalikan? || kumpulan aksioma <> Apa yang membenarkan unsur-unsur dengan mata permulaan matematik yang berbeza dijaga dengan cara yang fleksibel sambil memegang aspek asas utama mereka? || pengumuman abstrak kumpulan aksiom", {"context": "In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element. The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility. One of the most familiar examples of a group is the set of integers together with the addition operation, but the abstract formalization of the group axioms, detached as it is from the concrete nature of any particular group and its operation, applies much more widely. It allows entities with highly diverse mathematical origins in abstract algebra and beyond to be handled in a flexible way while retaining their essential structural aspects. The ubiquity of groups in numerous areas within and outside mathematics makes them a central organizing principle of contemporary mathematics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "a group"}], "question": "What is an arithmetical structure comprising of a set of elements including an operation that joins any two elements to form a third element?", "id": "5728062d3acd2414000df281"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "group axioms"}], "question": "What is the name used to describe the four conditions of closure, associativity, identity and invertibility?", "id": "5728062d3acd2414000df282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "abstract formalization of the group axioms"}], "question": "What permits elements with different mathematical starting points to be taken care of in a flexible manner while holding their key basic aspects?", "id": "5728062d3acd2414000df283"}]}], ["Kumpulan berkongsi persaudaraan asas dengan pengertian simetri. Sebagai contoh, kumpulan simetri menggabungkan ciri simetri objek geometri: kumpulan terdiri daripada set transformasi yang meninggalkan objek tidak berubah dan operasi menggabungkan dua transformasi sedemikian dengan melaksanakan satu demi satu. Kumpulan berbohong adalah kumpulan simetri yang digunakan dalam Model Standard fizik zarah; Kumpulan titik digunakan untuk membantu memahami fenomena simetri dalam kimia molekul; dan kumpulan Poincar\u00e9 dapat menyatakan simetri fizikal yang mendasari kerelatifan khas. <> Apa yang berkongsi hubungan penting dengan kumpulan? || simetri <> Apakah kumpulan simetri digunakan sebagai sebahagian daripada fizik zarah Model Standard? || Kumpulan berbohong <> kumpulan apa yang digunakan untuk memahami keajaiban simetri dalam kimia? || Kumpulan titik <> Kumpulan apa yang boleh menyatakan simetri fizikal yang tersembunyi di sebalik kerelatifan khas? || Kumpulan Poincar\u00e9", {"context": "Groups share a fundamental kinship with the notion of symmetry. For example, a symmetry group encodes symmetry features of a geometrical object: the group consists of the set of transformations that leave the object unchanged and the operation of combining two such transformations by performing one after the other. Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics; Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry; and Poincar\u00e9 groups can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "symmetry"}], "question": "What shares an essential relationship to groups?", "id": "572807e2ff5b5019007d9b64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Lie groups"}], "question": "What are the symmetry groups utilized as a part of the Standard Model particle physics?", "id": "572807e2ff5b5019007d9b65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Point groups"}], "question": "What groups are are utilized toward comprehending symmetry wonders in chemistry? ", "id": "572807e2ff5b5019007d9b66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Poincar\u00e9 groups"}], "question": "What groups can express the physical symmetry hidden behind special relativity?", "id": "572807e2ff5b5019007d9b67"}]}], ["Simetri ini diwakili oleh fungsi. Setiap fungsi ini menghantar satu titik di dataran ke titik yang sama di bawah simetri. Sebagai contoh, r1 menghantar satu titik kepada putarannya 90 \u00b0 mengikut arah jam di sekitar pusat persegi, dan fh menghantar satu titik kepada pantulannya di garis tengah menegak persegi itu. Mengarang dua fungsi simetri ini memberikan satu lagi fungsi simetri. Simetri ini menentukan kumpulan yang dipanggil kumpulan dihedral ijazah 4 dan dilambangkan D4. Kumpulan asas kumpulan adalah set fungsi simetri di atas, dan operasi kumpulan adalah komposisi fungsi. Dua simetri digabungkan dengan menyusunnya sebagai fungsi, iaitu, menggunakan yang pertama kepada alun, dan yang kedua kepada hasil permohonan pertama. Hasil daripada melakukan pertama a dan kemudian b ditulis secara simbolik dari kanan ke kiri sebagai <> Apa yang menghantar titik di dataran ke titik yang berkaitan di bawah simetri? || fungsi <> Apa yang memberi fungsi simetri yang lain? || Mengarang dua fungsi simetri ini <> Apa kumpulan termasuk simetri ijazah 4 dan dilambangkan D4? || kumpulan dihedral", {"context": "These symmetries are represented by functions. Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry. For example, r1 sends a point to its rotation 90\u00b0 clockwise around the square's center, and fh sends a point to its reflection across the square's vertical middle line. Composing two of these symmetry functions gives another symmetry function. These symmetries determine a group called the dihedral group of degree 4 and denoted D4. The underlying set of the group is the above set of symmetry functions, and the group operation is function composition. Two symmetries are combined by composing them as functions, that is, applying the first one to the square, and the second one to the result of the first application. The result of performing first a and then b is written symbolically from right to left as", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "functions"}], "question": "What sends a point in the square to the relating point under the symmetry? ", "id": "57280d1c4b864d190016431a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Composing two of these symmetry functions"}], "question": " What gives another symmetry function?", "id": "57280d1c4b864d190016431b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "the dihedral group"}], "question": "What group includes the symmetries of degree 4 and denoted D4?", "id": "57280d1c4b864d190016431c"}]}], ["Konsep moden sebuah kumpulan abstrak berkembang dari beberapa bidang matematik. Motivasi asal teori kumpulan adalah usaha untuk menyelesaikan persamaan polinomial darjah yang lebih tinggi daripada 4. Matematik Perancis abad ke-19 \u00c9variste Galois, memperluas karya sebelumnya Paolo Ruffini dan Joseph-Louis Lagrange, memberikan kriteria untuk kebolehbacaan sesuatu yang tertentu persamaan polinomial dari segi kumpulan simetri akarnya (penyelesaian). Unsur-unsur seperti kumpulan Galois sesuai dengan permutasi tertentu akar. Pada mulanya, idea-idea Galois ditolak oleh sezamannya, dan diterbitkan hanya selepas kematian. Lebih banyak kumpulan permutasi umum disiasat khususnya oleh Augustin Louis Cauchy. Arthur Cayley Mengenai teori kumpulan, bergantung kepada persamaan simbolik \u03b8n = 1 (1854) memberikan definisi abstrak pertama kumpulan terhingga. <> Yang ahli matematik Perancis berkembang pada kerja awal Paolo Ruffini dan Joseph-Louis Lagrange? || \u00c9variste Galois <> Perjalanan untuk menjawab persamaan polinomial derajat yang lebih tinggi daripada 4 adalah motivasi asal untuk teori apa? || teori kumpulan <> Siapa yang membangun teori yang memberikan definisi abstrak pertama kumpulan terhingga? || Arthur Cayley <> Konsep moden apa yang dibuat dari banyak bidang matematik? || kumpulan abstrak", {"context": "The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics. The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4. The 19th-century French mathematician \u00c9variste Galois, extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange, gave a criterion for the solvability of a particular polynomial equation in terms of the symmetry group of its roots (solutions). The elements of such a Galois group correspond to certain permutations of the roots. At first, Galois' ideas were rejected by his contemporaries, and published only posthumously. More general permutation groups were investigated in particular by Augustin Louis Cauchy. Arthur Cayley's On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation \u03b8n = 1 (1854) gives the first abstract definition of a finite group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "\u00c9variste Galois"}], "question": " Which French mathematician expanded on earlier work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange?", "id": "57280ee3ff5b5019007d9c02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "group theory"}], "question": "The journey for answers to polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 was the original motivation for what theory?", "id": "57280ee3ff5b5019007d9c01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "Arthur Cayley"}], "question": " Who developed a theory giving the first abstract definition of a finite group?", "id": "57280ee3ff5b5019007d9c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "abstract group"}], "question": "What modern concept was created from many fields of mathematics?", "id": "57280ee3ff5b5019007d9c00"}]}], ["Konsep satu kumpulan timbul dari kajian persamaan polinomial, bermula dengan \u00c9variste Galois pada tahun 1830-an. Selepas sumbangan dari bidang-bidang lain seperti teori nombor dan geometri, tanggapan kumpulan adalah umum dan tegas ditubuhkan sekitar 1870. Teori kumpulan moden-kumpulan disiplin matematik yang aktif-mengkaji kumpulan-kumpulan mereka sendiri.a [>] Untuk meneroka kumpulan, ahli matematik telah mencipta pelbagai tanggapan untuk memecah kumpulan menjadi lebih kecil, kepingan yang lebih mudah difahami, seperti subkumpulan, kumpulan perbilangan dan kumpulan mudah. Sebagai tambahan kepada sifat-sifat abstrak mereka, ahli teori kumpulan juga mempelajari cara-cara yang berbeza di mana satu kumpulan dapat dinyatakan secara konkrit (perwakilan kumpulannya), baik dari segi teori dan sudut pandangan komputasi. Teori telah dibangunkan untuk kumpulan-kumpulan terhingga, yang memuncak dengan klasifikasi kumpulan mudah terhingga yang diumumkan pada 1983.aa [>] Sejak pertengahan tahun 1980-an, teori kumpulan geometri, yang mengkaji kumpulan-kumpulan yang dijana secara genetik sebagai objek geometrik, telah menjadi sangat aktif kawasan dalam teori kumpulan. <> Di manakah idea kumpulan datang? || kajian persamaan polinomial, <> Bilakah tanggapan kumpulan disimpulkan dan diselesaikan dengan kukuh? || 1870 <> Apa yang lebih kecil dan lebih mudah untuk memahami kumpulan yang dipecah? || subkumpulan, kumpulan perbelanjaan dan kumpulan mudah. <> Bilakah pengumuman untuk klasifikasi kumpulan mudah terhingga? || 1983", {"context": "The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations, starting with \u00c9variste Galois in the 1830s. After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry, the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870. Modern group theory\u2014an active mathematical discipline\u2014studies groups in their own right.a[\u203a] To explore groups, mathematicians have devised various notions to break groups into smaller, better-understandable pieces, such as subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups. In addition to their abstract properties, group theorists also study the different ways in which a group can be expressed concretely (its group representations), both from a theoretical and a computational point of view. A theory has been developed for finite groups, which culminated with the classification of finite simple groups announced in 1983.aa[\u203a] Since the mid-1980s, geometric group theory, which studies finitely generated groups as geometric objects, has become a particularly active area in group theory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "the study of polynomial equations,"}], "question": "Where did the idea of a group come from?", "id": "572809ab2ca10214002d9c38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "1870"}], "question": "When was the group notion summed up and solidly settled?", "id": "572809ab2ca10214002d9c39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups."}], "question": "What are smaller and easier to understand groups broken down into?", "id": "572809ab2ca10214002d9c3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 872, "text": "1983"}], "question": "When was announcement for the classification of finite simple groups?", "id": "572809ab2ca10214002d9c3b"}]}], ["Untuk mana-mana nombor perdana p, terdapat juga kumpulan berbilang mod integer modulo p. Unsur-unsurnya adalah bilangan bulat 1 hingga p - 1. Operasi kumpulan adalah modulus pendaraban p. Iaitu, produk biasa dibahagikan dengan p dan baki bahagian ini adalah hasil pendaraban modular. Sebagai contoh, jika p = 5, terdapat empat elemen kumpulan 1, 2, 3, 4. Dalam kumpulan ini, 4 \u00b7 4 = 1, kerana produk biasa 16 bersamaan dengan 1, yang dibahagikan dengan 5 hasil baki 1 untuk 5 membahagi 16 - 1 = 15, dilabelkan <> Istilah apa yang menggambarkan kumpulan bilangan bulat yang berkaitan dengan nombor perdana? || modulo p <> Apa integer dimasukkan dalam modulo p? || 1 hingga p - 1 <> Berapa banyak elemen kumpulan yang wujud jika p = 5? || empat elemen kumpulan", {"context": "For any prime number p, there is also the multiplicative group of integers modulo p. Its elements are the integers 1 to p \u2212 1. The group operation is multiplication modulo p. That is, the usual product is divided by p and the remainder of this division is the result of modular multiplication. For example, if p = 5, there are four group elements 1, 2, 3, 4. In this group, 4 \u00b7 4 = 1, because the usual product 16 is equivalent to 1, which divided by 5 yields a remainder of 1. for 5 divides 16 \u2212 1 = 15, denoted", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "modulo p"}], "question": "What term describes the group of integers related to a prime number?", "id": "572827c73acd2414000df5b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "1 to p \u2212 1"}], "question": "What integers are included in modulo p?", "id": "572827c73acd2414000df5b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "four group elements"}], "question": "How many group elements exist if p=5?", "id": "572827c83acd2414000df5b7"}]}], ["Dalam aritmetik modular, dua bilangan bulat ditambah dan jumlahnya dibahagikan dengan integer positif dipanggil modulus. Hasil tambahan modular adalah baki bahagian itu. Untuk mana-mana modulus, n, kumpulan bilangan bulat dari 0 hingga n-1 membentuk satu kumpulan di bawah penambahan modular: sebaliknya unsur mana-mana adalah n - a, dan 0 ialah elemen identiti. Ini biasa dari penambahan jam di muka jam: jika jam tangan berada pada 9 dan maju 4 jam, ia berakhir pada 1, seperti yang ditunjukkan di sebelah kanan. Ini dinyatakan dengan menyatakan bahawa 9 + 4 sama dengan 1 \"modulo 12\" atau, dalam simbol, <> Berapa integer positif digunakan untuk membahagikan jumlah dua bilangan bulat positif dalam matematik modular? || modulus <> Apa hasil daripada penambahan modular? || baki bahagian itu <> Apa jenis peranti yang boleh digunakan untuk menunjukkan penambahan modular? || sebuah jam", {"context": "In modular arithmetic, two integers are added and then the sum is divided by a positive integer called the modulus. The result of modular addition is the remainder of that division. For any modulus, n, the set of integers from 0 to n \u2212 1 forms a group under modular addition: the inverse of any element a is n \u2212 a, and 0 is the identity element. This is familiar from the addition of hours on the face of a clock: if the hour hand is on 9 and is advanced 4 hours, it ends up on 1, as shown at the right. This is expressed by saying that 9 + 4 equals 1 \"modulo 12\" or, in symbols,", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "the modulus"}], "question": "What positive integer is used to divide the sum of two positive integers in modular mathematics?", "id": "572826e63acd2414000df5a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "the remainder of that division"}], "question": "What results from modular addition?", "id": "572826e63acd2414000df5a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "a clock"}], "question": "What type of device can be use to demonstrate modular addition?", "id": "572826e63acd2414000df5a9"}]}], ["Dalam banyak situasi, adalah wajar untuk mempertimbangkan dua elemen kumpulan yang sama jika mereka berbeza dengan unsur subkumpulan yang diberikan. Sebagai contoh, dalam D4 di atas, sekali refleksi dilakukan, persegi tidak pernah kembali kepada konfigurasi r2 dengan hanya menggunakan operasi putaran (dan tidak ada lagi refleksi), iaitu operasi putaran tidak berkaitan dengan soalan sama ada refleksi telah dilakukan . Coset digunakan untuk memformalkan pandangan ini: subkumpulan H mentakrifkan koset kiri dan kanan, yang boleh dianggap sebagai terjemahan H oleh elemen kumpulan sewenang-wenang g. Dalam istilah simbolik, koset kiri dan kanan H yang mengandungi g ialah <> Bilakah lebih baik untuk mempertimbangkan dua elemen kumpulan untuk menjadi sama? || tidak berkaitan dengan soalan sama ada refleksi telah dilakukan <> Apa yang tidak boleh dipertimbangkan ketika bertanya apakah refleksi telah dilakukan? || operasi putaran <> Set nombor nombor yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana subkelompok boleh dilihat sebagai terjemahan kumpulan yang lebih besar? || Coset", {"context": "In many situations it is desirable to consider two group elements the same if they differ by an element of a given subgroup. For example, in D4 above, once a reflection is performed, the square never gets back to the r2 configuration by just applying the rotation operations (and no further reflections), i.e. the rotation operations are irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed. Cosets are used to formalize this insight: a subgroup H defines left and right cosets, which can be thought of as translations of H by arbitrary group elements g. In symbolic terms, the left and right cosets of H containing g are", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed"}], "question": "When is it preferable to consider two group elements to be the same?", "id": "572821b7ff5b5019007d9dac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "rotation operations"}], "question": "What should not be considered when asking if a reflection has been performed?", "id": "572821b7ff5b5019007d9dad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Cosets"}], "question": "What number sets are used to show how subgroups can be seen as translations of the larger group?", "id": "572821b7ff5b5019007d9dae"}]}], ["Dalam kumpulan Z / nZ yang diperkenalkan di atas, elemen 1 adalah primitif, jadi kumpulan ini adalah kitaran. Sesungguhnya, setiap elemen boleh diungkapkan sebagai jumlah yang semuanya adalah 1. Setiap kumpulan kitaran dengan elemen n adalah isomorfik kepada kumpulan ini. Contoh kedua bagi kumpulan kitaran adalah kumpulan akar kompleks n-keuniversiti, diberikan oleh nombor kompleks z yang memuaskan zn = 1. Angka-angka ini dapat divisualisasikan sebagai simpul pada n-gon biasa, seperti ditunjukkan di bawah biru di sebelah kanan untuk n = 6. Operasi kumpulan adalah pendaraban nombor kompleks. Dalam gambar, mendarab dengan z sepadan dengan putaran lawan jam mengikut 60 \u00b0. Dengan menggunakan beberapa teori bidang, kumpulan Fp \u00d7 dapat ditunjukkan sebagai siklik: misalnya, jika p = 5, 3 adalah penjana sejak 31 = 3, 32 = 9 \u2261 4, 33 \u2261 2, dan 34 \u2261 1. < Apakah kumpulan yang dilabelkan apabila elemen 1 adalah primitif? || siklik <> Apakah kumpulan isomorfik kepada kumpulan siklik? || Mana-mana kumpulan kitaran dengan unsur-unsur n <> Contoh contoh kumpulan siklus memenuhi keterangan zn = 1? || kumpulan akar kompleks n-ke perpaduan", {"context": "In the groups Z/nZ introduced above, the element 1 is primitive, so these groups are cyclic. Indeed, each element is expressible as a sum all of whose terms are 1. Any cyclic group with n elements is isomorphic to this group. A second example for cyclic groups is the group of n-th complex roots of unity, given by complex numbers z satisfying zn = 1. These numbers can be visualized as the vertices on a regular n-gon, as shown in blue at the right for n = 6. The group operation is multiplication of complex numbers. In the picture, multiplying with z corresponds to a counter-clockwise rotation by 60\u00b0. Using some field theory, the group Fp\u00d7 can be shown to be cyclic: for example, if p = 5, 3 is a generator since 31 = 3, 32 = 9 \u2261 4, 33 \u2261 2, and 34 \u2261 1.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "cyclic"}], "question": "What is a group labeled when the element 1 is primitive?", "id": "572829024b864d1900164612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Any cyclic group with n elements"}], "question": "What group is isomorphic to cyclic groups?", "id": "572829024b864d1900164613"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "the group of n-th complex roots of unity"}], "question": "What example of cyclic group satisfies the express of zn = 1?", "id": "572829024b864d1900164614"}]}], ["Kumpulan sub-dan quotient berkaitan dengan cara berikut: subset H of G dapat dilihat sebagai peta inisial H \u2192 G, iaitu setiap unsur sasaran mempunyai paling banyak elemen yang memetakannya. Rakan sejawat ke peta dalam peta adalah peta suruhan (setiap elemen sasaran dipetakan ke atas), seperti peta kanonik G \u2192 G / Ny [>] Menterjemahkan subkumpulan dan sebutan berdasarkan homomorfisme ini menekankan konsep struktur yang melekat pada definisi ini yang disebutkan dalam pengenalan. Secara umum, homomorphisms tidak bersifat tidak jelas atau suram. Kernel dan imej homomorphism kumpulan dan teorem isomorphism yang pertama menangani fenomena ini. <> Peta apa yang menunjukkan hubungan antara kumpulan sub dan quotient? || peta insi <> Apakah bertentangan dengan peta insien? || peta surti <> Apa contoh peta suruhan? || peta kanonik <> Teori apa yang menangani fenomena homomorphisms yang tidak bersifat tidak bersifat atau tidak? || teorem isomorphism yang pertama", {"context": "Sub- and quotient groups are related in the following way: a subset H of G can be seen as an injective map H \u2192 G, i.e. any element of the target has at most one element that maps to it. The counterpart to injective maps are surjective maps (every element of the target is mapped onto), such as the canonical map G \u2192 G / N.y[\u203a] Interpreting subgroup and quotients in light of these homomorphisms emphasizes the structural concept inherent to these definitions alluded to in the introduction. In general, homomorphisms are neither injective nor surjective. Kernel and image of group homomorphisms and the first isomorphism theorem address this phenomenon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "injective map"}], "question": "What map shows the relation between sub and quotient groups?", "id": "5728250a4b864d1900164588"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "surjective maps"}], "question": "What are the opposites of injective maps?", "id": "5728250a4b864d1900164589"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "canonical map"}], "question": "What is an example of a surjective map?", "id": "5728250a4b864d190016458a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "the first isomorphism theorem"}], "question": "What theory address the phenomenon of homomorphisms being neither injective nor surjective?", "id": "5728250a4b864d190016458b"}]}], ["Set ini mewarisi operasi kumpulan (kadangkala disebut pendaraban coset, atau penambahan koset) dari kumpulan asal G: (gN) \u2022 (hN) = (gh) N untuk semua g dan h dalam G. Definisi ini termotivasi oleh idea ( sendiri suatu pertimbangan struktur umum yang digariskan di atas) bahawa peta G \u2192 G / N yang bersekutu dengan mana-mana elemen g nya coset gN menjadi homomorphism kumpulan, atau oleh pertimbangan abstrak umum yang disebut sifat universal. Kosong eN = N berfungsi sebagai identiti dalam kumpulan ini, dan kebalikan dari gN dalam kumpulan perbilangan adalah (gN) -1 = (g-1) N.e [>] <> Apakah istilah lain untuk pendaraban coset? || kos tambahan <> Apakah operasi kumpulan yang diambil oleh kumpulan asal? || pendaraban koset <> Apakah kumpulan yang membalikkan gn termasuk? || kumpulan khatan", {"context": "This set inherits a group operation (sometimes called coset multiplication, or coset addition) from the original group G: (gN) \u2022 (hN) = (gh)N for all g and h in G. This definition is motivated by the idea (itself an instance of general structural considerations outlined above) that the map G \u2192 G / N that associates to any element g its coset gN be a group homomorphism, or by general abstract considerations called universal properties. The coset eN = N serves as the identity in this group, and the inverse of gN in the quotient group is (gN)\u22121 = (g\u22121)N.e[\u203a]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "coset addition"}], "question": "What is another term for coset multiplication?", "id": "572823544b864d1900164546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "coset multiplication"}], "question": "What group operation is taken by the set from the original group?", "id": "572823544b864d1900164547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "quotient group"}], "question": "What group does the inverse of gN include?", "id": "572823544b864d1900164548"}]}], ["Kumpulan dan subkumpulan kumpulan bersama membentuk satu cara untuk menggambarkan setiap kumpulan dengan persembahannya: mana-mana kumpulan adalah hasil dari kumpulan bebas atas penjana kumpulan, yang disebut oleh subkumpulan hubungan. Sebagai contoh, kumpulan dihedral D4 boleh dihasilkan oleh dua elemen r dan f (contohnya r = r1, putaran kanan dan f = fv pantulan menegak (atau yang lain)), yang bermaksud bahawa setiap simetri segi empat adalah komposisi terhingga daripada dua simetri atau penyongsang mereka. Bersama-sama dengan hubungan <> Kumpulan apa yang boleh digabungkan untuk menggambarkan setiap kumpulan? || ialah kuota kumpulan percuma ke atas penjana kumpulan <> Kumpulan apa yang boleh menjadi hasil daripada kumpulan percuma ke atas penjana kumpulan? || mana-mana kumpulan <> Apakah komposisi terhad dua simetri atau penyongsang mereka? || setiap simetri segi empat", {"context": "Quotient groups and subgroups together form a way of describing every group by its presentation: any group is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group, quotiented by the subgroup of relations. The dihedral group D4, for example, can be generated by two elements r and f (for example, r = r1, the right rotation and f = fv the vertical (or any other) reflection), which means that every symmetry of the square is a finite composition of these two symmetries or their inverses. Together with the relations", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group"}], "question": "What groups can be combined to describe every group?", "id": "572823f82ca10214002d9ec6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "any group"}], "question": "What group can be the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group?", "id": "572823f82ca10214002d9ec7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "every symmetry of the square"}], "question": "What is a finite composition of two symmetries or their inverses?", "id": "572823f82ca10214002d9ec8"}]}], ["Dalam contoh di atas, identiti dan putaran membentuk subkumpulan R = {id, r1, r2, r3}, diserlahkan dalam warna merah dalam jadual kumpulan di atas: mana-mana dua putaran yang dihasilkan masih putaran, dan putaran boleh dibatalkan oleh (iaitu terbalik kepada) putaran pelengkap 270 \u00b0 untuk 90 \u00b0, 180 \u00b0 untuk 180 \u00b0, dan 90 \u00b0 untuk 270 \u00b0 (ambil perhatian bahawa putaran dalam arah yang bertentangan tidak ditakrifkan). Ujian subkelompok adalah syarat yang perlu dan mencukupi untuk subset H dari kumpulan G menjadi subkumpulan: cukup untuk memeriksa g-1h \u2208 H untuk semua elemen g, h \u2208 H. Mengetahui subkelompok penting dalam memahami kumpulan sebagai keseluruhan.d [>] <> Apa yang terdiri daripada dua putaran? || putaran <> Apa putaran boleh putaran berbalik? || songsang <> Apakah syarat penting yang perlu dipenuhi untuk subset kumpulan untuk menjadi subkumpulan? || Ujian subkumpulan", {"context": "In the example above, the identity and the rotations constitute a subgroup R = {id, r1, r2, r3}, highlighted in red in the group table above: any two rotations composed are still a rotation, and a rotation can be undone by (i.e. is inverse to) the complementary rotations 270\u00b0 for 90\u00b0, 180\u00b0 for 180\u00b0, and 90\u00b0 for 270\u00b0 (note that rotation in the opposite direction is not defined). The subgroup test is a necessary and sufficient condition for a subset H of a group G to be a subgroup: it is sufficient to check that g\u22121h \u2208 H for all elements g, h \u2208 H. Knowing the subgroups is important in understanding the group as a whole.d[\u203a]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "a rotation"}], "question": "What is composed of two rotations?", "id": "572820982ca10214002d9e86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "inverse"}], "question": "What rotation can a rotation be reversed by?", "id": "572820982ca10214002d9e87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "The subgroup test"}], "question": "What essential condition must be met for a subset of a group to be a subgroup?", "id": "572820982ca10214002d9e88"}]}], ["Kumpulan juga digunakan di banyak bidang matematik yang lain. Objek matematik sering diperiksa oleh kumpulan yang mengaitkannya dengan mereka dan mengkaji sifat-sifat kumpulan yang sepadan. Sebagai contoh, Henri Poincar\u00e9 mengasaskan apa yang kini dipanggil topologi algebra dengan memperkenalkan kumpulan asas. Dengan cara ini, sifat topologi seperti kedekatan dan kesinambungan diterjemahkan ke dalam sifat kumpulan. [>] Sebagai contoh, unsur-unsur kumpulan asas diwakili oleh gelung. Imej kedua di sebelah kanan menunjukkan beberapa gelung dalam satah minus satu titik. Gelung biru dianggap sebagai null-homotopic (dan dengan itu tidak relevan), kerana ia boleh terus menyusut ke satu titik. Kehadiran lubang menghalang gelung oren dari menjadi menyeberang ke satu titik. Kumpulan asas pesawat dengan titik yang dipadamkan ternyata menjadi kitaran tak terhingga, yang dihasilkan oleh gelung oren (atau sebarang gelung lain yang berliku sekeliling lubang). Dengan cara ini, kumpulan asas mengesan lubang itu. <> Apa yang biasanya dianalisis oleh kumpulan yang mengaitkannya dengan mereka dan mengkaji elemen-elemen kumpulan yang sepadan? || Matematik objek <> Siapa yang mengasaskan topologi algebra? || Henri Poincar\u00e9 <> Apa yang diperkenalkan Henri Poincar\u00e9 ketika dia mendirikan topologi aljabar? || kumpulan asas <> Apakah sifat topologi yang diterjemahkan ke dalam sifat kumpulan? || kedekatan dan kesinambungan <> Apa yang mewakili elemen kumpulan asas? || gelung", {"context": "Groups are also applied in many other mathematical areas. Mathematical objects are often examined by associating groups to them and studying the properties of the corresponding groups. For example, Henri Poincar\u00e9 founded what is now called algebraic topology by introducing the fundamental group. By means of this connection, topological properties such as proximity and continuity translate into properties of groups.i[\u203a] For example, elements of the fundamental group are represented by loops. The second image at the right shows some loops in a plane minus a point. The blue loop is considered null-homotopic (and thus irrelevant), because it can be continuously shrunk to a point. The presence of the hole prevents the orange loop from being shrunk to a point. The fundamental group of the plane with a point deleted turns out to be infinite cyclic, generated by the orange loop (or any other loop winding once around the hole). This way, the fundamental group detects the hole.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Mathematical objects"}], "question": "What are usually analyzed by associating groups to them and studying the elements of the corresponding groups?", "id": "572826002ca10214002d9f12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Henri Poincar\u00e9"}], "question": "Who founded algebraic topology?", "id": "572826002ca10214002d9f13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "the fundamental group"}], "question": "What did Henri Poincar\u00e9 introduce when he established algebraic topology?", "id": "572826002ca10214002d9f14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "proximity and continuity"}], "question": "What topological properties translate into properties of groups?", "id": "572826002ca10214002d9f15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "loops"}], "question": "What represents elements of the fundamental group?", "id": "572826002ca10214002d9f16"}]}], ["Kumpulan simetri adalah kumpulan yang terdiri daripada simetri objek matematik yang diberikan-bersifat geometrik, seperti kumpulan simetri pengantar segiempat, atau sifat algebra, seperti persamaan polinom dan penyelesaiannya. Secara konseptual, teori kumpulan boleh dianggap sebagai kajian simetri. []] Symmetries dalam matematik sangat mempermudahkan kajian objek geometri atau analitik. Kumpulan dikatakan bertindak pada objek matematik lain X jika setiap elemen kumpulan melakukan beberapa operasi pada X secara bersesuaian dengan undang-undang kumpulan. Dalam contoh paling kanan di bawah, satu elemen susunan 7 kumpulan (2,3,7) segi tiga bertindak pada jubin dengan membiarkan segitiga melengkung yang diserlahkan (dan yang lain juga). Dengan tindakan kumpulan, corak kumpulan disambungkan ke struktur objek yang bertindak. <> Apakah kumpulan yang terdiri daripada simetri konsep aritmetik yang diberikan? || Kumpulan simetri <> Istilah apa yang menggambarkan kumpulan simetri pengantar segiempat? || sifat geometri <> Apa yang boleh dianggap sebagai kajian simetri? || teori kumpulan <> Apakah nama peraturan yang mesti dipenuhi untuk operasi kumpulan berlaku? || undang-undang kumpulan <> Corak kumpulan disambungkan ke struktur sasaran dengan apa perilaku? || tindakan kumpulan", {"context": "Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects\u2014be they of geometric nature, such as the introductory symmetry group of the square, or of algebraic nature, such as polynomial equations and their solutions. Conceptually, group theory can be thought of as the study of symmetry.t[\u203a] Symmetries in mathematics greatly simplify the study of geometrical or analytical objects. A group is said to act on another mathematical object X if every group element performs some operation on X compatibly to the group law. In the rightmost example below, an element of order 7 of the (2,3,7) triangle group acts on the tiling by permuting the highlighted warped triangles (and the other ones, too). By a group action, the group pattern is connected to the structure of the object being acted on.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Symmetry groups"}], "question": "What are groups consisting of symmetries of given arithmetic concepts?", "id": "57282a4b2ca10214002d9fc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "geometric nature"}], "question": "What term describes the introductory symmetry group of the square?", "id": "57282a4b2ca10214002d9fc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "group theory"}], "question": "What can regarded as the study of symmetry?", "id": "57282a4b2ca10214002d9fc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "group law"}], "question": "What is the name of the rule that must be met for a group operation to occur?", "id": "57282a4b2ca10214002d9fc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "group action"}], "question": "The group pattern is connected to the structure of the target by what behavior?", "id": "57282a4b2ca10214002d9fc4"}]}], ["Bertukar \"+\" dan \"-\" dalam ungkapan, iaitu mengizinkan kedua-dua penyelesaian persamaan itu dapat dilihat sebagai operasi kumpulan (sangat mudah). Formula yang sama dikenali dengan persamaan kubik dan kuartik, tetapi tidak wujud secara umum untuk darjah 5 dan lebih tinggi. Sifat abstrak kumpulan Galois yang dikaitkan dengan polinomial (khususnya kebarangkalian mereka) memberikan kriteria untuk polinomial yang mempunyai semua penyelesaiannya yang boleh diungkapkan oleh radikal, iaitu penyelesaian yang dinyatakan dengan menggunakan tambahan, pendaraban, dan akar yang serupa dengan formula di atas. <> Tahap apa yang tidak termasuk formula mudah untuk persamaan kubik dan quatric? || ijazah 5 dan lebih tinggi <> Konsep apa yang berkaitan dengan kebarangkalian polinomial? || Sifat abstrak kumpulan Galois <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menyatakan penyelesaian polinomial? || radikal", {"context": "Exchanging \"+\" and \"\u2212\" in the expression, i.e. permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a (very simple) group operation. Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations, but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher. Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials (in particular their solvability) give a criterion for polynomials that have all their solutions expressible by radicals, i.e. solutions expressible using solely addition, multiplication, and roots similar to the formula above.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "degree 5 and higher"}], "question": "What degree does not include simple formulas for cubic and quatric equations?", "id": "572838983acd2414000df749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Abstract properties of Galois groups"}], "question": "What concept is associated with the solvability of polynomials?", "id": "572838983acd2414000df74a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "radicals"}], "question": "What are used to express the solutions of polynomials?", "id": "572838983acd2414000df74b"}]}], ["Begitu juga, teori kumpulan membantu meramalkan perubahan dalam sifat fizikal yang berlaku apabila bahan mengalami peralihan fasa, contohnya, dari kubik ke bentuk kristal tetrahedral. Contohnya ialah bahan ferroelektrik, di mana perubahan dari paraelektrik kepada keadaan ferroelektrik berlaku pada suhu Curie dan berkaitan dengan perubahan dari keadaan elektronik simetri tinggi ke keadaan ferroelektrik simetri yang lebih rendah, disertai dengan mod phonon lembut , mod kekisi getar yang pergi ke kekerapan sifar pada peralihan. <> Apakah bantuan dalam meramalkan perubahan sifat fizikal? || teori kumpulan <> Apakah tahap transformasi fizikal yang boleh digunakan oleh teori kumpulan untuk membuat ramalan? || peralihan fasa <> Apa suhu menyebabkan perubahan bahan ferroelektrik? || Suhu curie <> Istilah apa yang menerangkan mod kekisi getar yang bertukar kepada frekuensi 0 pada perubahan? || mod phonon lembut", {"context": "Likewise, group theory helps predict the changes in physical properties that occur when a material undergoes a phase transition, for example, from a cubic to a tetrahedral crystalline form. An example is ferroelectric materials, where the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs at the Curie temperature and is related to a change from the high-symmetry paraelectric state to the lower symmetry ferroelectic state, accompanied by a so-called soft phonon mode, a vibrational lattice mode that goes to zero frequency at the transition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "group theory"}], "question": "What aids in predicting changes of physical traits?", "id": "57282d592ca10214002d9ff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "phase transition"}], "question": "What stage of a physical transformation can group theory be used to make prediction?", "id": "57282d592ca10214002d9ff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Curie temperature"}], "question": "What temperature causes the change of ferroelectric materials?", "id": "57282d592ca10214002d9ff2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "soft phonon mode"}], "question": "What term describes the vibrational lattice mode that turns to 0 frequency at the change?", "id": "57282d592ca10214002d9ff3"}]}], ["Kumpulan simetri hujung seperti kumpulan Mathieu digunakan dalam teori pengekodan, yang kemudiannya digunakan dalam pembetulan kesilapan data yang dihantar dan dalam pemain CD. Satu lagi aplikasi adalah teori Galois yang berbeza, yang menyifatkan fungsi yang mempunyai antidivatif bentuk yang ditetapkan, memberikan kriteria teori-teorinya apabila penyelesaian persamaan pembezaan tertentu adalah berkelakuan baik.u [>] Ciri-ciri geometri yang kekal stabil di bawah tindakan kumpulan disiasat dalam ( geometri) teori invarian. <> Apakah contoh kumpulan simetri yang digunakan dalam teori pengekodan? || Kumpulan Mathieu <> Apa yang digunakan untuk pembetulan ralat bagi data yang dipindahkan? || teori pengekodan <> Apa yang menggambarkan fungsi yang mempunyai antidivatif bentuk yang ditetapkan? || perbezaan teori Galois <> Konsep apa yang menyiasat elemen geometri yang tetap stabil di bawah tindakan kumpulan? || teori invarian", {"context": "Finite symmetry groups such as the Mathieu groups are used in coding theory, which is in turn applied in error correction of transmitted data, and in CD players. Another application is differential Galois theory, which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form, giving group-theoretic criteria for when solutions of certain differential equations are well-behaved.u[\u203a] Geometric properties that remain stable under group actions are investigated in (geometric) invariant theory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Mathieu groups"}], "question": "What are examples of finite symmetry groups used in coding theory?", "id": "5728362a3acd2414000df70f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "coding theory"}], "question": "What is used for error correction of transferred data?", "id": "5728362a3acd2414000df710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "differential Galois theory"}], "question": "What describes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form?", "id": "5728362a3acd2414000df711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "invariant theory"}], "question": "What concept investigates geometric elements that stay stable under group action?", "id": "5728362a3acd2414000df712"}]}], ["Sebuah kumpulan dipanggil terhingga jika ia mempunyai bilangan elemen yang terhingga. Bilangan elemen dipanggil susunan kumpulan. Kelas penting ialah kumpulan simetri SN, kumpulan permutasi huruf N. Sebagai contoh, kumpulan simetri pada 3 huruf S3 adalah kumpulan yang terdiri daripada semua susunan tiga surat ABC, iaitu elemen ABC, ACB, ..., sehingga CBA, dalam jumlah 6 (atau 3 faktorial). Kelas ini adalah asas sehingga mana-mana kumpulan terhingga boleh dinyatakan sebagai subkumpulan dari kumpulan simetrik SN untuk integer yang sesuai N (Teorem Cayley). Selari dengan kumpulan simetri persegi di atas, S3 juga boleh ditafsirkan sebagai kumpulan simetri segitiga sama sisi. <> Apa yang terdapat dalam kumpulan terbatas? || jumlah elemen terhingga <> Berapakah bilangan elemen dalam kumpulan bernama? || urutan kumpulan <> Jenis kelas apa yang mempunyai kumpulan terhingga yang boleh dinyatakan sebagai subkelompok kumpulan simetris? || asas <> Apa yang boleh digambarkan sebagai kumpulan simetri segitiga sama sisi? || S3", {"context": "A group is called finite if it has a finite number of elements. The number of elements is called the order of the group. An important class is the symmetric groups SN, the groups of permutations of N letters. For example, the symmetric group on 3 letters S3 is the group consisting of all possible orderings of the three letters ABC, i.e. contains the elements ABC, ACB, ..., up to CBA, in total 6 (or 3 factorial) elements. This class is fundamental insofar as any finite group can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group SN for a suitable integer N (Cayley's theorem). Parallel to the group of symmetries of the square above, S3 can also be interpreted as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "a finite number of elements"}], "question": "What does a finite group include?", "id": "5728396e2ca10214002da110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "the order of the group"}], "question": "What is the number of elements in a group named?", "id": "5728396e2ca10214002da111"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "fundamental"}], "question": "What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group?", "id": "5728396e2ca10214002da112"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "S3"}], "question": "What can be described as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle?", "id": "5728396e2ca10214002da113"}]}], ["untuk mana-mana pemalar c. Kumpulan matriks di atas bidang ini berada di bawah rejim ini, seperti cincin adele dan kumpulan algebra adelic, yang merupakan asas kepada teori nombor. Kumpulan Galois sambungan bidang tak terhingga seperti kumpulan Galois mutlak juga boleh dilengkapi dengan topologi, yang dipanggil topologi Krull, yang pada gilirannya adalah pusat untuk menyebarkan sambungan sketsa di atas bidang dan kumpulan ke sambungan bidang tak terhingga. Penyelidikan idea yang lebih maju, disesuaikan dengan keperluan geometri algebra, adalah kumpulan fundamental \u00e9lei. <> Konsep apa yang menjadi asas kepada teori nombor? || cincin adele dan kumpulan algebra adelic <> Kumpulan apa yang menggunakan sambungan medan terhingga dengan topologi? || kumpulan Galois mutlak <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menyamaratakan sambungan medan dan kumpulan ke sambungan medan yang tak terbatas? || Topologi Krull <> Kelompok apa yang merupakan pemerhatian lanjutan dari sambungan bidang yang tidak terhingga dan kumpulan yang disesuaikan untuk keperluan geometri algebra? || kumpulan asas \u00e9lea", {"context": "for any constant c. Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime, as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups, which are basic to number theory. Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology, the so-called Krull topology, which in turn is central to generalize the above sketched connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions. An advanced generalization of this idea, adapted to the needs of algebraic geometry, is the \u00e9tale fundamental group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "adele rings and adelic algebraic groups"}], "question": "What concepts are fundamental to number theory?", "id": "57283d5cff5b5019007d9fb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "the absolute Galois group"}], "question": "What group uses infinite field extensions with topology?", "id": "57283d5cff5b5019007d9fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Krull topology"}], "question": "What is used to generalize the connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions?", "id": "57283d5cff5b5019007d9fb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "the \u00e9tale fundamental group"}], "question": "What group is an advanced observation of infinite field extensions and groups that is adapted for the needs of algebraic geometry?", "id": "57283d5cff5b5019007d9fb7"}]}], ["Kumpulan matriks terdiri daripada matriks bersama pendaraban matriks. Kumpulan linear umum GL (n, R) terdiri daripada semua matriks n-by-n yang boleh ditukar dengan penyertaan sebenar. Subkumpulannya dirujuk sebagai kumpulan matriks atau kumpulan linier. Contoh kumpulan dihedral yang disebutkan di atas boleh dilihat sebagai kumpulan matriks (sangat kecil). Satu lagi kumpulan matriks penting adalah kumpulan ortogonal khas SO (n). Ia menerangkan semua putaran mungkin dalam dimensi n. Melalui sudut Euler, matriks penggiliran digunakan dalam grafik komputer. <> Apakah kumpulan yang menggabungkan matriks dengan pendaraban matriks? || Matriks kumpulan <> Apa yang termasuk semua matriks n-by-n yang boleh diubah dengan penyertaan sebenar? || Kumpulan linear umum <> Apakah istilah menggambarkan subkumpulan kumpulan linear umum? || kumpulan matriks <> Apakah kumpulan matriks menggambarkan semua putaran mungkin dalam dimensi n? || kumpulan ortogonal khas SO (n) <> Kumpulan matriks putaran digunakan dalam grafik komputer dengan konsep apa? || Sudut Euler", {"context": "Matrix groups consist of matrices together with matrix multiplication. The general linear group GL(n, R) consists of all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries. Its subgroups are referred to as matrix groups or linear groups. The dihedral group example mentioned above can be viewed as a (very small) matrix group. Another important matrix group is the special orthogonal group SO(n). It describes all possible rotations in n dimensions. Via Euler angles, rotation matrices are used in computer graphics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Matrix groups"}], "question": "What groups combine matrices with matrix multiplication?", "id": "5728372a4b864d190016475c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "The general linear group"}], "question": "What includes all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries?", "id": "5728372a4b864d190016475d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "matrix groups"}], "question": "What term describes subgroups of the general linear group?", "id": "5728372a4b864d190016475e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "the special orthogonal group SO(n)"}], "question": "What matrix group portrays all possible rotations in n dimensions?", "id": "5728372a4b864d190016475f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Euler angles"}], "question": "Rotation matrix groups are utilized in computer graphics with what concept?", "id": "5728372a4b864d1900164760"}]}], ["Beberapa ruang topologi boleh diberkati dengan undang-undang kumpulan. Agar undang-undang kumpulan dan topologi dapat diselaraskan dengan baik, operasi kumpulan mesti berfungsi secara berterusan, iaitu, g, h, dan g-1 tidak boleh berubah secara liar jika g dan h berbeza sedikit. Kumpulan sedemikian dipanggil kumpulan topologi, dan mereka adalah objek kumpulan dalam kategori ruang topologi. Contoh-contoh yang paling asas ialah reals R di samping, (R \u2216 {0}, \u00b7), dan juga dengan mana-mana bidang topologi lain seperti nombor kompleks atau nombor p-adik. Semua kumpulan ini berskala tempatan, jadi mereka mempunyai langkah Haar dan boleh dikaji melalui analisis harmonik. Yang pertama menawarkan formalisme abstrak bagi integral invarian. Invarians bermakna, dalam kes nombor nyata contohnya: <> Apakah operasi kelompok apa yang mesti berlaku untuk undang-undang dan topologi kumpulan untuk menyatukan dengan baik? || fungsi yang berterusan <> Apakah contoh kumpulan topologi yang paling mudah? || reals R di samping itu, (R \u2216 {0}, \u00b7), <> Apa pembolehubah melakukan kumpulan kompak tempatan yang dapat dikaji oleh analisis harmonik? || Langkah-langkah Haar", {"context": "Some topological spaces may be endowed with a group law. In order for the group law and the topology to interweave well, the group operations must be continuous functions, that is, g \u2022 h, and g\u22121 must not vary wildly if g and h vary only little. Such groups are called topological groups, and they are the group objects in the category of topological spaces. The most basic examples are the reals R under addition, (R \u2216 {0}, \u00b7), and similarly with any other topological field such as the complex numbers or p-adic numbers. All of these groups are locally compact, so they have Haar measures and can be studied via harmonic analysis. The former offer an abstract formalism of invariant integrals. Invariance means, in the case of real numbers for example:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "continuous functions"}], "question": "What group operations must occur for group law and topology to integrate well?", "id": "57283bec2ca10214002da13c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "reals R under addition, (R \u2216 {0}, \u00b7),"}], "question": "What is the most simple example of topological groups?", "id": "57283bec2ca10214002da13d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Haar measures"}], "question": "What variables do locally compact groups share that can be studied by harmonic analysis?", "id": "57283bec2ca10214002da13e"}]}], ["Dalam algebra abstrak, lebih banyak struktur umum ditakrifkan dengan melonggarkan beberapa aksiom yang menentukan kumpulan. Sebagai contoh, jika keperluan bahawa setiap elemen mempunyai songsangan dihapuskan, struktur algebra yang dihasilkan dipanggil monoid. Nombor semula jadi N (termasuk 0) di bawah bentuk tambahan sebagai monoid, seperti juga integer nonzero di bawah pendaraban (Z \u2216 {0}, \u00b7), lihat di atas. Terdapat kaedah umum untuk secara formal menambah invers ke elemen ke mana-mana (abelian) monoid, sama seperti (Q \u2216 {0}, \u00b7) berasal dari (Z \u2216 {0}, \u00b7), yang dikenali sebagai kumpulan Grothendieck . Groupoids adalah sama dengan kumpulan kecuali komposisi a \u2022 b tidak perlu ditakrifkan untuk semua a dan b. Mereka timbul dalam kajian bentuk simetri yang lebih rumit, selalunya dalam struktur topologi dan analisis, seperti kumpulanoid atau susunan asas. Akhir sekali, adalah mungkin untuk meramal mana-mana konsep-konsep ini dengan menggantikan operasi binari dengan n-ary yang sewenang-wenangnya (iaitu operasi yang mengambil argumen n). Dengan generalisasi yang betul dari aksioma kumpulan ini, ia menimbulkan kumpulan n-ary. Jadual ini memberikan senarai beberapa struktur kumpulan umum. <> Produk apa yang dicipta jika keperluan bahawa setiap elemen mempunyai songsangan dihapuskan? || monoid <> Apa jenis nombor di samping membentuk monoid? || nombor semula jadi N (termasuk 0) <> Kaedah apa secara rasmi menambah penyongsang kepada elemen kepada mana-mana monoid? || kumpulan Grothendieck <> Apa yang boleh digantikan untuk memudahkan konsep algebra abstrak? || operasi binari", {"context": "In abstract algebra, more general structures are defined by relaxing some of the axioms defining a group. For example, if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated, the resulting algebraic structure is called a monoid. The natural numbers N (including 0) under addition form a monoid, as do the nonzero integers under multiplication (Z \u2216 {0}, \u00b7), see above. There is a general method to formally add inverses to elements to any (abelian) monoid, much the same way as (Q \u2216 {0}, \u00b7) is derived from (Z \u2216 {0}, \u00b7), known as the Grothendieck group. Groupoids are similar to groups except that the composition a \u2022 b need not be defined for all a and b. They arise in the study of more complicated forms of symmetry, often in topological and analytical structures, such as the fundamental groupoid or stacks. Finally, it is possible to generalize any of these concepts by replacing the binary operation with an arbitrary n-ary one (i.e. an operation taking n arguments). With the proper generalization of the group axioms this gives rise to an n-ary group. The table gives a list of several structures generalizing groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "monoid"}], "question": "What product is created if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated?", "id": "57283f6d2ca10214002da17a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "natural numbers N (including 0)"}], "question": "What type of numbers under addition form a monoid?", "id": "57283f6d2ca10214002da17b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "the Grothendieck group"}], "question": "What method formally adds inverses to elements to any monoid?", "id": "57283f6d2ca10214002da17c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 896, "text": "the binary operation"}], "question": "What can be replaced to simplify abstract algebra concepts?", "id": "57283f6d2ca10214002da17d"}]}], ["Kumpulan berbohong sangat penting dalam fizik moden: Teorema Noether menghubungkan simetri berterusan untuk kuantiti yang dipelihara. Putaran, serta terjemahan dalam ruang dan masa adalah simetri asas undang-undang mekanik. Contohnya, mereka boleh digunakan untuk membina model mudah-memaksakan, katakan, simetri paksi pada situasi biasanya akan membawa kepada penyederhanaan yang signifikan dalam persamaan yang perlu diselesaikan untuk memberikan keterangan fizikal. []] Contoh lain adalah Lorentz transformasi, yang menghubungkan pengukuran masa dan halaju dua pemerhati dalam gerakan relatif terhadap satu sama lain. Mereka boleh disimpulkan dengan cara teori secara purba, dengan menyatakan transformasi sebagai simetri putaran ruang Minkowski. Yang terakhir berfungsi - jika tidak ada gravitasi yang ketara-sebagai model waktu ruang dalam relativiti khusus. Kumpulan simetri penuh ruang Minkowski, iaitu terjemahan, dikenali sebagai kumpulan Poincar\u00e9. Oleh itu, ia memainkan peranan penting dalam kerelatifan khas dan, dengan implikasi, untuk teori bidang kuantum. Symmetries yang bervariasi dengan lokasi adalah pusat kepada penerangan moden interaksi fizikal dengan bantuan teori tolok. <> Konsep apa yang penting dalam fizik moden? || Kumpulan berbohong <> Apa yang menghubungkan simetri berterusan kepada kuantiti yang dipelihara? || Teorem Noether <> Istilah apa yang menggambarkan simetri asas undang-undang mekanik? || Putaran <> Konsep apa yang berkaitan dengan pengukuran masa dan halaju dari dua pemerhati bergerak dalam hubungan antara satu sama lain? || Lorentz transformations <> Apa yang menerangkan kumpulan simetri lengkap ruang Minkowski termasuk terjemahan? || Kumpulan Poincar\u00e9", {"context": "Lie groups are of fundamental importance in modern physics: Noether's theorem links continuous symmetries to conserved quantities. Rotation, as well as translations in space and time are basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics. They can, for instance, be used to construct simple models\u2014imposing, say, axial symmetry on a situation will typically lead to significant simplification in the equations one needs to solve to provide a physical description.v[\u203a] Another example are the Lorentz transformations, which relate measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other. They can be deduced in a purely group-theoretical way, by expressing the transformations as a rotational symmetry of Minkowski space. The latter serves\u2014in the absence of significant gravitation\u2014as a model of space time in special relativity. The full symmetry group of Minkowski space, i.e. including translations, is known as the Poincar\u00e9 group. By the above, it plays a pivotal role in special relativity and, by implication, for quantum field theories. Symmetries that vary with location are central to the modern description of physical interactions with the help of gauge theory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lie groups"}], "question": "What concept is of basic importance in modern physics?", "id": "57283e51ff5b5019007d9fd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Noether's theorem"}], "question": "What connects continuous symmetries to conserved quantities?", "id": "57283e51ff5b5019007d9fd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Rotation"}], "question": "What term describes the basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics?", "id": "57283e51ff5b5019007d9fda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Lorentz transformations"}], "question": "What concept relates measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other?", "id": "57283e51ff5b5019007d9fdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 937, "text": "Poincar\u00e9 group"}], "question": "What describe the complete symmetry group of Minkowski space including translations?", "id": "57283e51ff5b5019007d9fdc"}]}], ["Ahli matematik sering berusaha untuk mengklasifikasikan (atau menyenaraikan) idea matematik yang lengkap. Dalam konteks kumpulan terhingga, matlamat ini membawa kepada matematik yang sukar. Menurut teorem Lagrange, kumpulan pesanan yang terhingga p, bilangan prima, semestinya kumpulan siklus (abelian) Zp. Kumpulan pesanan p2 juga boleh ditunjukkan sebagai abelian, pernyataan yang tidak umum untuk memerintahkan p3, kerana kumpulan bukan abel D4 urutan 8 = 23 di atas menunjukkan. Sistem algebra komputer boleh digunakan untuk menyenaraikan kumpulan kecil, tetapi tidak ada klasifikasi semua groups.q terbatas [>] Langkah perantaraan ialah klasifikasi kumpulan mudah terhingga. []] Kelompok nontrivial dipanggil mudah jika hanya normal subkumpulan adalah kumpulan remeh dan kumpulan itu sendiri.s [>] Teorem Jordan-H\u00f6lder mempamerkan kumpulan mudah terhingga sebagai blok bangunan untuk semua kumpulan terhingga. Menyenaraikan semua kumpulan mudah terhingga adalah pencapaian utama dalam teori kumpulan kontemporari. Pemenang Bidang Pingat 1998 Richard Borcherds berhasil membuktikan ramalan moonshine yang mengerikan, hubungan yang mengejutkan dan mendalam antara kelompok sporadis sederhana yang paling terbatas-\"kumpulan rakasa\" -dan fungsi modular tertentu, sekumpulan analisis rumit klasik, dan teori string teori sepatutnya menyatukan gambaran banyak fenomena fizikal. <> Tahap akhir apakah ahli matematik cuba mencapai konsep matematik? || klasifikasi lengkap <> Apa bidang klasifikasi membawa kepada aritmetik yang menyusahkan? || kumpulan terhingga <> Apa yang mentakrifkan kumpulan pesanan yang terhingga p, bilangan prima, sebagai kumpulan siklus (abelian) Zp semestinya? || Lagrange's theorem <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan kumpulan kecil walaupun tidak ada klasifikasi semua kumpulan terhingga? || Sistem algebra komputer <> Apa yang menggambarkan kumpulan mudah terhingga sebagai kepingan bangunan untuk semua kumpulan terhingga? || Teorem Jordan-H\u00f6lder", {"context": "Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion. In the context of finite groups, this aim leads to difficult mathematics. According to Lagrange's theorem, finite groups of order p, a prime number, are necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp. Groups of order p2 can also be shown to be abelian, a statement which does not generalize to order p3, as the non-abelian group D4 of order 8 = 23 above shows. Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups, but there is no classification of all finite groups.q[\u203a] An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups.r[\u203a] A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself.s[\u203a] The Jordan\u2013H\u00f6lder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups. Listing all finite simple groups was a major achievement in contemporary group theory. 1998 Fields Medal winner Richard Borcherds succeeded in proving the monstrous moonshine conjectures, a surprising and deep relation between the largest finite simple sporadic group\u2014the \"monster group\"\u2014and certain modular functions, a piece of classical complex analysis, and string theory, a theory supposed to unify the description of many physical phenomena.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "complete classification"}], "question": "What level of finality do mathematicians try to reach with math concepts? ", "id": "57283ac63acd2414000df75f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "finite groups"}], "question": "What area of classification leads to troublesome arithmetic?", "id": "57283ac63acd2414000df760"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Lagrange's theorem"}], "question": "What defines finite groups of order p, a prime number, as being necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp?", "id": "57283ac63acd2414000df761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Computer algebra systems"}], "question": "What can be used to classify small groups even though there is no classification of all finite groups?", "id": "57283ac63acd2414000df762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "The Jordan\u2013H\u00f6lder theorem"}], "question": "What describes finite simple groups as the building pieces for all finite groups?", "id": "57283ac63acd2414000df763"}]}]], [["Apabila pusingan kedua pemilihan akhirnya diadakan pada tahun 1993, sekali lagi dengan bantuan komuniti antarabangsa yang diselaraskan oleh GIBAFOR, Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9 memenangi pusingan kedua pengundian dengan 53% undi sementara Goumba memenangi 45.6%. Parti Patass\u00e9, Mouvement tuang la Lib\u00e9ration du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) atau Gerakan untuk Pembebasan Orang-orang Afrika Tengah, memperoleh yang paling sederhana tetapi bukan majoriti kerusi di parlimen, yang bermaksud Partai Patass\u00e9 memerlukan rakan-rakan koalisi. [Rujukan?] <> Bilakah pilihan raya demokratik kedua diadakan? || pada tahun 1993 <> Siapa yang menjadi presiden pertama yang dipilih secara demokratik? || Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9 <> Berapa peratuskah yang Patasse menang dengan? || 53% daripada undi <> Apakah parti yang menang? || Mouvement pour la Lib\u00e9ration du Peuple Centrafricain <> Did Patasse mendapat majoriti undi? || memperoleh yang sederhana tetapi bukan majoriti mutlak", {"context": "When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR, Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9 won in the second round of voting with 53% of the vote while Goumba won 45.6%. Patass\u00e9's party, the Mouvement pour la Lib\u00e9ration du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People, gained a simple but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament, which meant Patass\u00e9's party required coalition partners.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "in 1993"}], "question": "When was a second democratic election held?", "id": "572811614b864d1900164396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9"}], "question": "Who became the first democratically elected president?", "id": "572811614b864d1900164397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "53% of the vote"}], "question": "What percentage did Patasse win with?", "id": "572811614b864d1900164398"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Mouvement pour la Lib\u00e9ration du Peuple Centrafricain"}], "question": "What was the winning party?", "id": "572811614b864d1900164399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "gained a simple but not an absolute majority"}], "question": "Did Patasse get a majority of the votes?", "id": "572811614b864d190016439a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1920 Afrika Khatulistiwa Perancis ditubuhkan dan Ubangi-Shari ditadbir dari Brazzaville. Semasa tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an Perancis memperkenalkan dasar penanaman kapas wajib, rangkaian jalan dibina, percubaan dibuat untuk memerangi penyakit tidur dan misi Protestan ditubuhkan untuk menyebarkan agama Kristian. Bentuk kerja buruh yang baru juga diperkenalkan dan sebilangan besar orang Ubangian dihantar untuk bekerja di Keretapi Kongo-Lautan. Kebanyakan buruh paksa ini mati akibat keletihan, sakit, atau keadaan miskin yang mendakwa antara 20% dan 25% daripada 127,000 pekerja. <> Bilakah Afrika Khatulistiwa ditubuhkan? || 1920 <> Di mana Afrika Khatulistiwa berlari dari? || Brazzaville <> Tanaman apa yang dimandatkan untuk ditanam oleh Perancis? || kapas <> Apa infrastruktur penting yang dibina pada tahun 1920-an. || rangkaian jalan raya <> Agama apa yang tersebar melalui CAR? || Kristian", {"context": "In 1920 French Equatorial Africa was established and Ubangi-Shari was administered from Brazzaville. During the 1920s and 1930s the French introduced a policy of mandatory cotton cultivation, a network of roads was built, attempts were made to combat sleeping sickness and Protestant missions were established to spread Christianity. New forms of forced labor were also introduced and a large number of Ubangians were sent to work on the Congo-Ocean Railway. Many of these forced laborers died of exhaustion, illness, or the poor conditions which claimed between 20% and 25% of the 127,000 workers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1920"}], "question": "When was Equatorial Africa established?", "id": "57280b994b864d19001642fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Brazzaville"}], "question": "Where was Equatorial African ran from?", "id": "57280b994b864d19001642fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "cotton"}], "question": "What plant was mandated to be grown by the French?", "id": "57280b994b864d19001642fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "a network of roads"}], "question": "What important infrastructure was built in the 1920s.", "id": "57280b994b864d19001642ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "What religion was spread through CAR?", "id": "57280b994b864d1900164300"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17 peniaga-peniaga hamba mula menyerang rantau ini sebagai sebahagian daripada perkembangan laluan hamba Sungai Sahara dan Sungai Nil. Penangkapan mereka telah dikosongkan dan dihantar ke pantai Mediterania, Eropah, Arabia, Hemisfera Barat, atau pelabuhan dan kilang hamba di sepanjang Barat dan Afrika Utara atau Selatan sungai Ubanqui dan Congo. Pada pertengahan abad ke-19, rakyat Bobangi menjadi pedagang hamba utama dan menjual tawanan mereka ke Amerika menggunakan sungai Ubangi untuk sampai ke pantai. Pada abad ke-18 bangsa Bandia-Nzakara mendirikan Kerajaan Bangassou di sepanjang Sungai Ubangi. <> Bilakah perdagangan hamba memukul kawasan CAR? || Abad ke-16 dan ke-17 <> Apa satu kawasan di mana budak-budak tawanan telah dihantar? || Eropah <> Orang manakah pedagang hamba utama pada abad ke-19? || Bobangi orang <> Siapa yang menjual budak Bobangi? || the Americas <> Apa sungai melihat penubuhan Kerajaan baru? || Ubangi River", {"context": "During the 16th and 17th centuries slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were slaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers. In the mid 19th century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast. During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "16th and 17th centuries"}], "question": "When did the slave trade hit the CAR region?", "id": "57280ab8ff5b5019007d9ba0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "What is one area where captive slaves were sent?", "id": "57280ab8ff5b5019007d9ba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Bobangi people"}], "question": "Which people were major slave traders in the 19th century?", "id": "57280ab8ff5b5019007d9ba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "the Americas"}], "question": "Who did the Bobangi sell slave to?", "id": "57280ab8ff5b5019007d9ba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Ubangi River"}], "question": "What river saw the establishment of a new Kingdom?", "id": "57280ab8ff5b5019007d9ba4"}]}], ["Pada September 1940, semasa Perang Dunia Kedua, pegawai-pegawai pro-Gaullist Perancis menguasai Ubangi-Shari dan Jeneral Leclerc menubuhkan markasnya untuk Angkatan Perancis Percuma di Bangui. Pada tahun 1946 Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Boganda dipilih dengan 9,000 undi kepada Dewan Negara Perancis, menjadi wakil pertama untuk CAR di kerajaan Perancis. Boganda mengekalkan pendirian politik terhadap perkauman dan rejim kolonial tetapi secara beransur-ansur menjadi lemah dengan sistem politik Perancis dan kembali ke CAR untuk menubuhkan Gerakan untuk Evolusi Sosial Hitam Afrika (MESAN) pada tahun 1950. <> Semasa perang apa yang dilakukan oleh pegawai Perancis ibu pejabat di CAR? || Perang Dunia Kedua <> Siapa yang dipilih pada tahun 1946 sebagai wakil pertama? || Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Boganda <> Berapa banyak undi yang diperoleh Boganda? || 9,000 undian <> Apakah platform Bogandas yang dia lari? || pendirian politik terhadap perkauman <> Apa yang menyebabkan Boganda meninggalkan jawatannya? || lemah dengan sistem politik Perancis", {"context": "In September 1940, during the Second World War, pro-Gaullist French officers took control of Ubangi-Shari and General Leclerc established his headquarters for the Free French Forces in Bangui. In 1946 Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Boganda was elected with 9,000 votes to the French National Assembly, becoming the first representative for CAR in the French government. Boganda maintained a political stance against racism and the colonial regime but gradually became disheartened with the French political system and returned to CAR to establish the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MESAN) in 1950.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Second World War"}], "question": "During what war did French officers setup headquarters in CAR?", "id": "57280d3d4b864d1900164320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Boganda"}], "question": "Who was elected in 1946 as the first representative?", "id": "57280d3d4b864d1900164321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "9,000 votes"}], "question": "How many votes did Boganda get?", "id": "57280d3d4b864d1900164322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "political stance against racism"}], "question": "What was Bogandas platform that he ran for?", "id": "57280d3d4b864d1900164323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "disheartened with the French political system"}], "question": "What caused Boganda to leave his elected post?", "id": "57280d3d4b864d1900164324"}]}], ["Apa yang hari ini Republik Afrika Tengah telah didiami selama ribuan tahun; Walau bagaimanapun, sempadan negara kini ditubuhkan oleh Perancis, yang memerintah negara sebagai koloni bermula pada akhir abad ke-19. Setelah mendapat kemerdekaan dari Perancis pada tahun 1960, Republik Afrika Tengah diperintah oleh beberapa pemimpin autokratik; oleh tahun 1990-an, panggilan untuk demokrasi membawa kepada pemilihan demokratik berbilang parti pertama pada tahun 1993. Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9 menjadi presiden, tetapi kemudian dikeluarkan oleh General Fran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9 dalam rampasan kuasa tahun 2003. Republik Afrika Tengah Perang Bush bermula pada tahun 2004 dan, walaupun perjanjian damai pada tahun 2007 dan satu lagi pada tahun 2011, pertempuran meletus antara pelbagai puak pada bulan Disember 2012, yang membawa kepada pembersihan etnik dan agama minoriti Muslim dan anjakan penduduk yang besar pada tahun 2013 dan 2014 . <> Siapa yang menubuhkan sempadan CAR? || Perancis <> Apa negara memerintah CAR sebagai tanah jajahan? || Perancis <> Bilakah CAR menjadi bebas? || pada tahun 1960 <> Siapa presiden pertama yang dipilih secara demokratik? || Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9 <> Agama apakah yang minoriti dalam CAR? || Minoriti Muslim", {"context": "What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia; however, the country's current borders were established by France, which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders; by the 1990s, calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993. Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9 became president, but was later removed by General Fran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9 in the 2003 coup. The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and, despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011, fighting broke out between various factions in December 2012, leading to ethnic and religious cleansing of the Muslim minority and massive population displacement in 2013 and 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "France"}], "question": "Who established CAR's borders?", "id": "572808ff4b864d19001642a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country ruled CAR as a colony?", "id": "572808ff4b864d19001642a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "in 1960"}], "question": "When did CAR become independent?", "id": "572808ff4b864d19001642a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9"}], "question": "Who was the first democratically elected President?", "id": "572808ff4b864d19001642a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "Muslim minority"}], "question": "What religion is a minority in CAR?", "id": "572808ff4b864d19001642a8"}]}], ["Kira-kira 10,000 tahun yang lalu, pengasingan telah memaksa masyarakat pemburu-pengumpul selatan ke kawasan Sahel di utara Afrika Tengah, di mana beberapa kumpulan menetap dan memulakan pertanian sebagai sebahagian daripada Revolusi Neolitik. Ladang awal yam putih berkembang menjadi bijirin dan sorghum, dan sebelum 3000 SM pengekalan kelapa sawit Afrika meningkatkan pemakanan kumpulan dan membenarkan pengembangan penduduk setempat. Pisang tiba di rantau ini dan menambah sumber karbohidrat penting kepada diet; Mereka juga digunakan dalam pengeluaran minuman beralkohol. [ketika?] Revolusi Pertanian ini, digabungkan dengan \"Revolusi Ikan-rebus\", di mana perikanan mulai berlaku, dan penggunaan bot, yang dibenarkan untuk pengangkutan barang. Produk sering dipindahkan ke dalam periuk seramik, yang merupakan contoh pertama ungkapan artistik dari penduduk di rantau ini. <> Berapa lama orang mula hidup di kawasan itu? || Kira-kira 10,000 tahun yang lalu <> Apakah pekerjaan pertanian yang dilakukan oleh orang yang menetap di kawasan tersebut? || pertanian <> Apakah tumbuh-tumbuhan yang membantu populasi berkembang? || Afrika kelapa sawit <> Apakah makanan yang diimport yang menyediakan kebanyakan karbohidrat? || Pisang <> Apakah protein yang penting membantu perkembangan penduduk? || Ikan", {"context": "Approximately 10,000 years ago, desertification forced hunter-gatherer societies south into the Sahel regions of northern Central Africa, where some groups settled and began farming as part of the Neolithic Revolution. Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum, and before 3000 BC the domestication of African oil palm improved the groups' nutrition and allowed for expansion of the local populations. Bananas arrived in the region and added an important source of carbohydrates to the diet; they were also used in the production of alcoholic beverages.[when?] This Agricultural Revolution, combined with a \"Fish-stew Revolution\", in which fishing began to take place, and the use of boats, allowed for the transportation of goods. Products were often moved in ceramic pots, which are the first known examples of artistic expression from the region's inhabitants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Approximately 10,000 years ago"}], "question": "How long ago did people start living in the area?", "id": "572809fd2ca10214002d9c4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "farming"}], "question": "What agricultural job did people settling in the area perform?", "id": "572809fd2ca10214002d9c4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "African oil palm"}], "question": "What vegetation helped populations expand?", "id": "572809fd2ca10214002d9c50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Bananas"}], "question": "What was an imported food that provided most of the carbohydrates?", "id": "572809fd2ca10214002d9c51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Fish"}], "question": "What important protein helped with expansion of the inhabitants?", "id": "572809fd2ca10214002d9c52"}]}], ["Pada bulan April 1979, pelajar muda membantah dekrit Bokassa bahawa semua peserta sekolah perlu membeli pakaian seragam dari sebuah syarikat yang dimiliki oleh salah seorang isteri-isterinya. Kerajaan dengan kuat menindas protes, membunuh 100 kanak-kanak dan remaja. Bokassa sendiri mungkin terlibat secara langsung dalam beberapa pembunuhan. Pada September 1979, Perancis membongkar Bokassa dan \"dipulihkan\" Dacko menjadi kuasa (kemudian memulihkan nama negara itu ke Republik Afrika Tengah). Dacko, sekali lagi, telah digulingkan dalam rampasan kuasa oleh Jeneral Andr\u00e9 Kolingba pada 1 September 1981. <> Apa yang menyebabkan pemberontakan ganas? || pelajar muda membantah dekrit Bokassa <> Berapa ramai yang terbunuh dalam protes April 1979? || 100 kanak-kanak dan remaja <> Yang membasmi Bokassa selepas insiden ini? || Perancis <> Siapa yang Perancis memulihkan kuasa? || Dacko <> Siapa yang akhirnya menggulingkan Dacko? || Ketua Umum Andr\u00e9 Kolingba", {"context": "In April 1979, young students protested against Bokassa's decree that all school attendees would need to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives. The government violently suppressed the protests, killing 100 children and teenagers. Bokassa himself may have been personally involved in some of the killings. In September 1979, France overthrew Bokassa and \"restored\" Dacko to power (subsequently restoring the name of the country to the Central African Republic). Dacko, in turn, was again overthrown in a coup by General Andr\u00e9 Kolingba on 1 September 1981.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "young students protested against Bokassa's decree"}], "question": "What caused a violent uprising?", "id": "57280e7d2ca10214002d9cc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "100 children and teenagers"}], "question": "How many were killed in the April 1979 protests?", "id": "57280e7d2ca10214002d9cc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "France"}], "question": "Who overthrew Bokassa after this incident?", "id": "57280e7d2ca10214002d9cc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Dacko"}], "question": "Who did France restore into power?", "id": "57280e7d2ca10214002d9cc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "General Andr\u00e9 Kolingba"}], "question": "Who eventually overthrew Dacko?", "id": "57280e7d2ca10214002d9cc8"}]}], ["Republik Afrika Tengah (CAR; Sango: K\u00f6d\u00f6r\u00f6s\u00ease t\u00ee B\u00eaafr\u00eeka; Perancis: R\u00e9publique centrafricaine diucapkan: [\u0281epyblik s\u0251t\u0281af\u0281ik\u025bn], atau Centrafrique [s\u0251t\u0280af\u0281ik]) adalah negara terkunci di Afrika Tengah. Ia bersempadan dengan Chad di utara, Sudan di timur laut, Sudan Selatan di timur, Republik Demokratik Kongo dan Republik Congo di selatan dan Cameroon di barat. CAR ini meliputi kawasan tanah sekitar 620,000 kilometer persegi (240,000 meter persegi) dan mempunyai anggaran penduduk sekitar 4.7 juta pada tahun 2014 [kemas kini]. <> Di mana terletak Republik Afrika Tengah? || Afrika Tengah <> Negara apa yang bersempadan dengan CAR di Utara? || Chad <> Apa negara sempadan CAR di Selatan? || Republik Congo <> Apa negara sempadan CAR di Barat? || Kamerun <> Apakah populasi CAR lebih kurang? || 4.7 juta", {"context": "The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: K\u00f6d\u00f6r\u00f6s\u00ease t\u00ee B\u00eaafr\u00eeka; French: R\u00e9publique centrafricaine  pronounced: [\u0281epyblik s\u0251\u0303t\u0281af\u0281ik\u025bn], or Centrafrique [s\u0251\u0303t\u0280af\u0281ik]) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo to the south and Cameroon to the west. The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi) and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million as of 2014[update].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Central Africa"}], "question": "Where is the Central African Republic located?", "id": "5728082c3acd2414000df2c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Chad"}], "question": "What country borders CAR in the North?", "id": "5728082c3acd2414000df2c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "the Republic of the Congo"}], "question": "What Country borders CAR in the South?", "id": "5728082c3acd2414000df2c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Cameroon"}], "question": "What Country borders CAR in the West?", "id": "5728082c3acd2414000df2c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "4.7 million"}], "question": "What is the population of CAR approximately?", "id": "5728082c3acd2414000df2c5"}]}], ["Menjelang tahun 1990, yang diinspirasikan oleh kejatuhan Tembok Berlin, gerakan pro-demokrasi muncul. Tekanan dari Amerika Syarikat, Perancis, dan dari sekumpulan negara dan agensi yang diwakili oleh negara-negara yang dipanggil GIBAFOR (Perancis, Amerika Syarikat, Jerman, Jepun, EU, Bank Dunia, dan PBB) akhirnya memimpin Kolingba, untuk mengadakan pemilihan bebas pada bulan Oktober 1992 dengan bantuan dari Pejabat Hal Ehwal Pemilihan PBB. Selepas menggunakan alasan dugaan penyelewengan untuk menggantung keputusan pilihan raya sebagai dalih untuk berkuasa, Presiden Kolingba mendapat tekanan hebat dari GIBAFOR untuk menubuhkan \"Konsili Negara Politik Provisoire de la R\u00e9publique\" (Majlis Politik Kebangsaan Sedang, CNPPR ) dan menubuhkan \"Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Campur\", yang merangkumi wakil dari semua parti politik. [rujukan?] Apa yang diilhamkan oleh kejatuhan tembok Berlin? || pergerakan pro-demokrasi <> Apa negara besar yang dipaksa CAR memegang pilihan raya? || Amerika Syarikat <> Bilakah pemilihan bebas diadakan? || Oktober 1992 <> Siapa yang membantu dengan Pilihan Raya Bebas? || Pejabat Hal Ehwal Pemilihan PBB <> Apakah alasan yang digunakan Kolingba untuk menolak keputusan pilihan raya? || dakwaan penyelewengan", {"context": "By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a \"Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la R\u00e9publique\" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a \"Mixed Electoral Commission\", which included representatives from all political parties.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "a pro-democracy movement"}], "question": "What was inspired by the fall of the Berlin wall?", "id": "57280f912ca10214002d9cec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "the United States"}], "question": "What large country pressured CAR to hold elections?", "id": "57280f912ca10214002d9ced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "October 1992"}], "question": "When were free elections held?", "id": "57280f912ca10214002d9cee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "UN Office of Electoral Affairs"}], "question": "Who helped with the Free Elections?", "id": "57280f912ca10214002d9cef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "alleged irregularities"}], "question": "What excuse did Kolingba use to deny the election results?", "id": "57280f912ca10214002d9cf0"}]}], ["Dalam pilihan raya Perhimpunan Wilayah Ubangi-Shari pada tahun 1957, MESAN meraih 347,000 dari jumlah 356,000 undi, dan memenangkan setiap kursi legislatif, yang menyebabkan Boganda dipilih sebagai presiden Dewan Besar Afrika Khatulistiwa Perancis dan wakil presiden Ubangi- Majlis Kerajaan Syari'ah. Dalam setahun, beliau mengisytiharkan penubuhan Republik Afrika Tengah dan berkhidmat sebagai perdana menteri pertama di negara ini. MESAN terus wujud, tetapi peranannya terhad. Selepas kematian Boganda dalam kemalangan pesawat pada 29 Mac 1959, sepupunya, David Dacko, menguasai MESAN dan menjadi presiden pertama negara selepas CAR secara rasmi menerima kemerdekaan dari Perancis. Dacko melemparkan saingan politiknya, termasuk bekas Perdana Menteri dan Mouvement d'\u00e9volution d\u00e9mocratique de l'Afrique centrale (MEDAC), pemimpin Abel Goumba, yang dipaksa dia diasingkan di Perancis. Dengan semua parti pembangkang yang ditindas menjelang November 1962, Dacko mengisytiharkan MESAN sebagai parti rasmi negeri itu. <> Berapakah jumlah undian MESAN yang ditangkap? || 347,000 daripada jumlah 356,000 undi <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang menang MESAN? || setiap kerusi perundangan <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai presiden Dewan Besar? || Boganda <> Bagaimana Boganda mati? || nahas kapal terbang <> Siapa yang mengambil alih selepas Boganda meninggal? || sepupunya, David Dacko", {"context": "In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes, and won every legislative seat, which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council. Within a year, he declared the establishment of the Central African Republic and served as the country's first prime minister. MESAN continued to exist, but its role was limited. After Boganda's death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959, his cousin, David Dacko, took control of MESAN and became the country's first president after the CAR had formally received independence from France. Dacko threw out his political rivals, including former Prime Minister and Mouvement d'\u00e9volution d\u00e9mocratique de l'Afrique centrale (MEDAC), leader Abel Goumba, whom he forced into exile in France. With all opposition parties suppressed by November 1962, Dacko declared MESAN as the official party of the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes"}], "question": "What was the overwhelming amount of votes MESAN captured?", "id": "57280ddbff5b5019007d9bdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "every legislative seat"}], "question": "How many seats did MESAN win?", "id": "57280ddbff5b5019007d9bdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Boganda"}], "question": "Who was elected president of the Grand Council?", "id": "57280ddbff5b5019007d9bde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "a plane crash"}], "question": "How did Boganda die?", "id": "57280ddbff5b5019007d9bdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "his cousin, David Dacko"}], "question": "Who took over after Boganda died?", "id": "57280ddbff5b5019007d9be0"}]}], ["Pendapatan per kapita Republik sering disenaraikan sebagai kira-kira $ 400 setahun, salah satu yang paling rendah di dunia, tetapi angka ini didasarkan pada jualan eksport yang dilaporkan dan sebahagian besarnya mengabaikan penjualan makanan tidak berdaftar, minuman beralkohol tempatan yang dihasilkan, berlian, gading, semak belukar, dan ubat tradisional. Bagi kebanyakan orang-orang Afrika Tengah, ekonomi tidak formal CAR adalah lebih penting daripada ekonomi formal. Perdagangan eksport dihalang oleh pembangunan ekonomi yang tidak baik dan kedudukan negara yang terkunci. <> Apa pendapatan per kapita CAR? || $ 400 setahun <> Bagaimana pendapatan per kapita berbanding dengan dunia? || salah satu yang paling rendah <> Apa batu permata yang berasal dari CAR? || berlian <> Item apa yang pemburu membunuh gajah boleh didapati di CAR? || gading <> Apa yang menghalang ekspor? || kedudukan landlocked negara", {"context": "The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine. For most Central Africans, the informal economy of the CAR is more important than the formal economy.[citation needed] Export trade is hindered by poor economic development and the country's landlocked position.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "$400 a year"}], "question": "What is the per capita income in CAR?", "id": "572820623acd2414000df50d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "one of the lowest"}], "question": "How is the per capita income compared to the world?", "id": "572820623acd2414000df50e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "diamonds"}], "question": "What gemstone comes from the CAR?", "id": "572820623acd2414000df50f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "ivory"}], "question": "Which item that poachers kill elephants for can be obtained in CAR?", "id": "572820623acd2414000df510"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "country's landlocked position"}], "question": "What hinders export?", "id": "572820623acd2414000df511"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak kumpulan mubal yang beroperasi di negara ini, termasuk Lutheran, Baptist, Katolik, Grace Brethren, dan Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa. Walaupun para mubaligh ini kebanyakannya dari Amerika Syarikat, Perancis, Itali, dan Sepanyol, ramai juga dari Nigeria, Republik Demokratik Congo, dan negara-negara Afrika yang lain. Sejumlah besar mubaligh meninggalkan negara ini ketika pertempuran meletus antara pasukan pemberontak dan kerajaan pada tahun 2002-3, tetapi banyak daripada mereka sekarang telah kembali untuk meneruskan kerja mereka. <> Apakah kumpulan keagamaan beroperasi di CAR? || kumpulan mubaligh <> Di mana kebanyakan mubaligh datang? || Amerika Syarikat <> Apa yang menyebabkan kebanyakan mubaligh meninggalkan negara ini? || ketika berperang meletus antara pasukan pemberontak dan pemerintah <> Apa negara Afrika yang berbatasan dengan CAR adalah beberapa dari para misionaris ini? || Republik Demokratik Congo <> Kapan pertempuran keluar di CAR? || 2002-3", {"context": "There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah's Witnesses. While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States, France, Italy, and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other African countries. Large numbers of missionaries left the country when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces in 2002\u20133, but many of them have now returned to continue their work.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "missionary groups"}], "question": "What religious groups operate in CAR?", "id": "57281c7f4b864d19001644ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "United States"}], "question": "Where do most of the missionaries come from?", "id": "57281c7f4b864d19001644ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces"}], "question": "What caused most of the missionaries to leave the country?", "id": "57281c7f4b864d19001644ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"}], "question": "What African country bordering CAR are some of these missionaries from?", "id": "57281c7f4b864d19001644af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "2002\u20133"}], "question": "When did fighting break out in CAR?", "id": "57281c7f4b864d19001644b0"}]}], ["Selepas rampasan kuasa gagal, anggota militia yang setia kepada Patass\u00e9 membalas dendam terhadap pemberontak di banyak kawasan di Bangui dan menghasut kerusuhan termasuk pembunuhan banyak pihak politik. Akhirnya, Patass\u00e9 mengesyaki bahawa General Fran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9 terlibat dalam percubaan rampasan lain terhadapnya, yang menyebabkan Boziz\u00e9 melarikan diri dengan tentera setia kepada Chad. Pada bulan Mac 2003, Boziz\u00e9 melancarkan serangan kejutan terhadap Patass\u00e9, yang berada di luar negara. Tentera Libya dan kira-kira 1,000 askar organisasi pemberontak Kongo Bemba gagal menghentikan pemberontak dan pasukan Boziz\u00e9 berjaya menggulingkan Patass\u00e9. || pembunuhan banyak lawan politik <> Yang mana yang terlibat dalam rampasan kuasa yang lain? || General Fran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9 <> Di mana General Bozize melarikan diri? || Chad <> Bilakah Bozize akhirnya cuba rampasan kuasa? || Mac 2003 <> Siapa berjaya akhirnya menggulingkan Patasse? || Pasukan Boziz\u00e9", {"context": "In the aftermath of the failed coup, militias loyal to Patass\u00e9 sought revenge against rebels in many neighborhoods of Bangui and incited unrest including the murder of many political opponents. Eventually, Patass\u00e9 came to suspect that General Fran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9 was involved in another coup attempt against him, which led Boziz\u00e9 to flee with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Boziz\u00e9 launched a surprise attack against Patass\u00e9, who was out of the country. Libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of Bemba's Congolese rebel organization failed to stop the rebels and Boziz\u00e9's forces succeeded in overthrowing Patass\u00e9.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "murder of many political opponents"}], "question": "The failed coup caused what effects?", "id": "572816292ca10214002d9d8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "General Fran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9"}], "question": "Which General was involved in another coup?", "id": "572816292ca10214002d9d8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Chad"}], "question": "Where did General Bozize flee to escape?", "id": "572816292ca10214002d9d90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "March 2003"}], "question": "When did Bozize finally attempt his coup?", "id": "572816292ca10214002d9d91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Boziz\u00e9's forces"}], "question": "Who succeeded in finally overthrowing Patasse?", "id": "572816292ca10214002d9d92"}]}], ["Kerajaan baru dilantik pada 31 Mac 2013, yang terdiri daripada ahli-ahli S\u00e9l\u00e9ka dan wakil-wakil pembangkang kepada Boziz\u00e9, seorang pro-Boziz\u00e9, dan beberapa wakil masyarakat madani. Pada 1 April, bekas parti pembangkang mengumumkan bahawa mereka akan memboikot kerajaan. Selepas pemimpin Afrika di Chad enggan mengiktiraf Djotodia sebagai Presiden, mencadangkan untuk membentuk majlis peralihan dan mengadakan pemilihan baru, Djotodia menandatangani sebuah keputusan pada 6 April untuk pembentukan sebuah dewan yang akan bertindak sebagai parlemen peralihan. Majlis itu ditugaskan untuk memilih presiden untuk berkhidmat sebelum pilihan raya dalam 18 bulan. <> Bilakah kerajaan baru duduk di CAR? || 31 Mac 2013 <> Apa yang diisytiharkan bekas parti pembangkang? || memboikot kerajaan <> Yang ditolak sebagai presiden baru? || Djotodia <> Siapa yang akan memerintah negara buat sementara waktu? || parlimen peralihan <> Berapa lamakah parlimen sampai pilihan raya akan datang? || 18 bulan", {"context": "A new government was appointed on 31 March 2013, which consisted of members of S\u00e9l\u00e9ka and representatives of the opposition to Boziz\u00e9, one pro-Boziz\u00e9 individual, and a number representatives of civil society. On 1 April, the former opposition parties declared that they would boycott the government. After African leaders in Chad refused to recognize Djotodia as President, proposing to form a transitional council and the holding of new elections, Djotodia signed a decree on 6 April for the formation of a council that would act as a transitional parliament. The council was tasked with electing a president to serve prior to elections in 18 months.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "31 March 2013"}], "question": "When was the new Government seated in CAR?", "id": "57281f4a2ca10214002d9e56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "boycott the government"}], "question": "What did the former opposition parties declare?", "id": "57281f4a2ca10214002d9e57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Djotodia"}], "question": "Who was refused as new president?", "id": "57281f4a2ca10214002d9e58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "a transitional parliament"}], "question": "Who would rule the country temporarily?", "id": "57281f4a2ca10214002d9e59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "18 months"}], "question": "How long did the parliament have until the next election?", "id": "57281f4a2ca10214002d9e5a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2004, Perang Bush Republik Afrika Tengah bermula apabila pasukan menentang Boziz\u00e9 mengambil senjata melawan kerajaannya. Pada bulan Mei 2005 Boziz\u00e9 memenangi pilihan raya presiden yang mengecualikan Patass\u00e9 dan pada tahun 2006 pertempuran berterusan antara kerajaan dan pemberontak. Pada November 2006, kerajaan Boziz\u00e9 meminta sokongan ketenteraan Perancis untuk membantu mereka menangkis pemberontak yang telah mengawal bandar-bandar di wilayah utara negara itu. Walaupun perincian awal tentang perjanjian itu berkaitan dengan logistik dan kecerdasan, bantuan Perancis akhirnya termasuk serangan oleh jet Mirage terhadap jawatan pemberontak. <> Perang apa yang bermula pada tahun 2004? || Perang Bush <> Dengan cara apa Bozize membuat pemerintahannya sah? || Boziz\u00e9 memenangi pilihan raya presiden <> Bilakah KWSP meminta bantuan dari Perancis terhadap pemberontak? || November 2006 <> Bagaimana Perancis membantu menentang pemberontak? || serangan oleh jet Mirage <> Apa yang diambil para pemberontak? || bandar di kawasan utara negara ini", {"context": "In 2004 the Central African Republic Bush War began as forces opposed to Boziz\u00e9 took up arms against his government. In May 2005 Boziz\u00e9 won a presidential election that excluded Patass\u00e9 and in 2006 fighting continued between the government and the rebels. In November 2006, Boziz\u00e9's government requested French military support to help them repel rebels who had taken control of towns in the country's northern regions. Though the initially public details of the agreement pertained to logistics and intelligence, the French assistance eventually included strikes by Mirage jets against rebel positions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Bush War"}], "question": "What war started in 2004?", "id": "572817492ca10214002d9da6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Boziz\u00e9 won a presidential election"}], "question": "In what way did Bozize made his rule legitimate?", "id": "572817492ca10214002d9da7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "November 2006"}], "question": "When did CAR ask for assistance from the French against rebels?", "id": "572817492ca10214002d9da8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "strikes by Mirage jets"}], "question": "How did the French assist against the rebels?", "id": "572817492ca10214002d9da9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "towns in the country's northern regions"}], "question": "What did the rebels take over?", "id": "572817492ca10214002d9daa"}]}], ["Michel Djotodia mengambil alih sebagai presiden dan pada Mei 2013 Perdana Menteri Republik Afrika Tengah, Nicolas Tiangaye meminta pasukan pengaman PBB dari Majlis Keselamatan PBB dan pada 31 Mei bekas Presiden Boziz\u00e9 didakwa atas jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan dan penghasutan genosida. Keadaan keselamatan tidak bertambah baik pada bulan Jun-Ogos 2013 dan terdapat laporan mengenai lebih 200,000 orang pengungsi (IDP) dalaman serta pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan pertempuran baru diperbaharui antara penyokong S\u00e9l\u00e9ka dan Boziz\u00e9. <> Siapa yang menjadi presiden pada tahun 2013? || Michel Djotodia <> Apakah Bozize didakwa? || jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan <> Apa pembunuhan besar-besaran yang dilakukan Bozize? || pembunuhan beramai-ramai <> Berapa ramai orang yang berpindah ke tempat yang tidak diuji? || 200,000 <> Apa puak berjuang melawan baki pengikut lurus Bozize? || S\u00e9l\u00e9ka", {"context": "Michel Djotodia took over as president and in May 2013 Central African Republic's Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Boziz\u00e9 was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide. The security situation did not improve during June\u2013August 2013 and there were reports of over 200,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) as well as human rights abuses and renewed fighting between S\u00e9l\u00e9ka and Boziz\u00e9 supporters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Michel Djotodia"}], "question": "Who became president in 2013?", "id": "57281a552ca10214002d9dd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "crimes against humanity"}], "question": "What was Bozize indicted for?", "id": "57281a552ca10214002d9dd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "genocide"}], "question": "What mass murder did Bozize commit?", "id": "57281a552ca10214002d9dd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "How many people were displaced in the unrests?", "id": "57281a552ca10214002d9dd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "S\u00e9l\u00e9ka"}], "question": "What faction was fighting against the remaining Bozize loyalists?", "id": "57281a552ca10214002d9dda"}]}], ["Di barat daya, Taman Negara Dzanga-Sangha terletak di kawasan hutan hujan. Negara ini terkenal dengan populasi gajah hutan dan gorila tanah rendah barat. Di utara, Taman Negara Manovo-Gounda St Floris mempunyai penduduk yang kaya dengan hidupan liar, termasuk harimau, singa, cheetah dan badak, dan Taman Negara Bamingui-Bangoran terletak di timur laut CAR. Taman-taman telah terjejas teruk oleh aktiviti-aktiviti pemburu, terutamanya dari Sudan, sejak dua dekad yang lalu. Apa bahagian negara terletak di Barat Daya? || Taman Negara Dzanga-Sangha <> Apa haiwan besar tinggal di taman nasional? || gajah hutan <> Yang manakah primata boleh didapati di taman nasional? || gorillas tanah rendah <> Apa Taman Negara boleh didapati di Utara? || Manovo-Gounda St Floris <> Apa yang mengancam hidupan liar di taman ini? || aktiviti pemburu haram", {"context": "In the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is located in a rain forest area. The country is noted for its population of forest elephants and western lowland gorillas. In the north, the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park is well-populated with wildlife, including leopards, lions, cheetahs and rhinos, and the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park is located in the northeast of CAR. The parks have been seriously affected by the activities of poachers, particularly those from Sudan, over the past two decades.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Dzanga-Sangha National Park"}], "question": "What national part is located in the South West?", "id": "57281b783acd2414000df4a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "forest elephants"}], "question": "What large animals reside in the national park?", "id": "57281b783acd2414000df4a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "lowland gorillas"}], "question": "Which Primate can be found in the national park?", "id": "57281b783acd2414000df4a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Manovo-Gounda St Floris"}], "question": "What National Park can be found in the North?", "id": "57281b783acd2414000df4a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "the activities of poachers"}], "question": "What has threatened the wildlife in this park?", "id": "57281b783acd2414000df4a9"}]}], ["Perjanjian Syrte pada bulan Februari dan Perjanjian Perdamaian Birao pada bulan April 2007 menyeru pemberhentian permusuhan, pemogokan pejuang FDPC dan integrasi mereka dengan FACA, pembebasan tahanan politik, integrasi FDPC ke dalam kerajaan, pengampunan untuk UFDR, yang pengiktirafan sebagai parti politik, dan pengintegrasian pejuangnya ke dalam tentera negara. Beberapa kumpulan terus berjuang tetapi kumpulan lain menandatangani perjanjian, atau perjanjian serupa dengan kerajaan (misalnya UFR pada 15 Disember 2008). Satu-satunya kumpulan utama yang tidak menandatangani perjanjian pada masa itu ialah CPJP, yang meneruskan kegiatannya dan menandatangani perjanjian damai dengan kerajaan pada 25 Ogos 2012. <> Persetujuan apa yang dipanggil untuk menghentikan Permusuhan? || Perjanjian Syrte <> Apa yang dipanggil Perjanjian Damai Birao? || pembebasan tahanan politik <> Apa kumpulan utama tidak menandatangani perjanjian damai dengan segera? || CPJP <> Bilakah CPJP akhirnya menandatangani perjanjian damai? || 25 Ogos 2012 <> Bilakah Perjanjian Damai Birao ditandatangani? || April 2007", {"context": "The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities, the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA, the liberation of political prisoners, integration of FDPC into government, an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the national army. Several groups continued to fight but other groups signed on to the agreement, or similar agreements with the government (e.g. UFR on 15 December 2008). The only major group not to sign an agreement at the time was the CPJP, which continued its activities and signed a peace agreement with the government on 25 August 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Syrte Agreement"}], "question": "What agreement called for the stop of Hostilities?", "id": "57281922ff5b5019007d9d3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "the liberation of political prisoners"}], "question": "What did the Birao Peace Agreement call for?", "id": "57281922ff5b5019007d9d3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "CPJP"}], "question": "What major group did not sign the peace agreement immediately?", "id": "57281922ff5b5019007d9d3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "25 August 2012"}], "question": "When did the CPJP finally sign the peace agreement?", "id": "57281922ff5b5019007d9d3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "April 2007"}], "question": "When was the Birao Peace Agreement signed?", "id": "57281922ff5b5019007d9d3e"}]}], ["Patass\u00e9 membersihkan banyak unsur Kolingba dari pemerintah dan penyokong Kolingba menuduh kerajaan Patass\u00e9 menjalankan \"pemburu sihir\" terhadap Yakoma. Perlembagaan baru diluluskan pada 28 Disember 1994 tetapi mempunyai sedikit kesan terhadap politik negara. Pada tahun 1996-1997, mencerminkan keyakinan orang ramai yang semakin berkurangan dalam tingkah laku yang tidak menentu kerajaan, tiga mutasi terhadap pentadbiran Patass\u00e9 disertai dengan kemusnahan harta benda yang meluas dan ketegangan etnik yang semakin meningkat. Pada masa ini (1996) Peace Corps mengalihkan semua sukarelawannya ke negara jiran Cameroon. Sehingga kini, Peace Corps tidak kembali ke Republik Afrika Tengah. Perjanjian Bangui yang ditandatangani pada bulan Januari 1997, yang disediakan untuk misi tentera antar-Afrika, ke Republik Afrika Tengah dan masuk semula mantan penguasa ke dalam kerajaan pada 7 April 1997. Misi ketenteraan antara Afrika kemudian digantikan oleh pasukan pengaman PBB (MINURCA). <> Bilakah perlembagaan baru untuk CAR diluluskan? || 28 Disember 1994 <> Bilakah bentuk pemberontakan terhadap Patasse? || Pada 1996-1997 <> The mutinies menyebabkan apa kesan ke atas negara? || kemusnahan harta benda yang meluas <> Perjanjian apa yang memberikan kuasa untuk campur tangan campur tangan tentera? || Perjanjian Bangui <> Di manakah korps perdamaian berpindah ke? || Kamerun", {"context": "Patass\u00e9 purged many of the Kolingba elements from the government and Kolingba supporters accused Patass\u00e9's government of conducting a \"witch hunt\" against the Yakoma. A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impact on the country's politics. In 1996\u20131997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in the government's erratic behaviour, three mutinies against Patass\u00e9's administration were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension. During this time (1996) the Peace Corps evacuated all its volunteers to neighboring Cameroon. To date, the Peace Corps has not returned to the Central African Republic. The Bangui Agreements, signed in January 1997, provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, to Central African Republic and re-entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997. The inter-African military mission was later replaced by a U.N. peacekeeping force (MINURCA).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "28 December 1994"}], "question": "When was the new constitution for CAR approved?", "id": "572812164b864d19001643a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "In 1996\u20131997"}], "question": "When did a mutiny form against Patasse?", "id": "572812164b864d19001643a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "widespread destruction of property"}], "question": "The mutinies caused what effects on the country?", "id": "572812164b864d19001643aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "The Bangui Agreements"}], "question": "What agreement gave the authority for deployment of military intervention?", "id": "572812164b864d19001643ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "Cameroon"}], "question": "Where did the peace corps evacuate to?", "id": "572812164b864d19001643ab"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2006, disebabkan keganasan yang berterusan, lebih 50,000 orang di barat laut negara ini berisiko terkena kebuluran tetapi ia telah dielakkan kerana bantuan dari Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. [8] Pada 8 Januari 2008, Setiausaha Agung PBB Ban Ki-Moon mengisytiharkan bahawa Republik Afrika Tengah layak menerima bantuan daripada Dana Peacebuilding. Tiga bidang keutamaan telah dikenalpasti: pertama, pembaharuan sektor keselamatan; kedua, promosi pemerintahan yang baik dan kedaulatan undang-undang; dan ketiga, revitalisasi masyarakat terjejas oleh konflik. Pada 12 Jun 2008, Republik Afrika Tengah meminta bantuan daripada Suruhanjaya Peacebuilding PBB, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 2005 untuk membantu negara-negara yang muncul dari konflik untuk mengelakkan diri daripada perang atau huru-hara. <> Oleh kerana berjuang, apa yang mengancam orang di NorthWest? || risiko kelaparan <> yang membantu menyelamatkan rakyat dari kelaparan? || Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu <> Siapa yang mengetuai usaha PBB untuk membina semula CAR? || Sekretaris Jeneral Ban Ki-Moon <> Bilakah bantuan CAR meminta bantuan secara langsung untuk mencegah peperangan? || 12 Jun 2008 <> Siapa yang membantu KK dalam mengelakkan peperangan? || Suruhanjaya Peacebuilding PBB", {"context": "In 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country's northwest were at risk of starvation but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations.[citation needed] On 8 January 2008, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon declared that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistance from the Peacebuilding Fund. Three priority areas were identified: first, the reform of the security sector; second, the promotion of good governance and the rule of law; and third, the revitalization of communities affected by conflicts. On 12 June 2008, the Central African Republic requested assistance from the UN Peacebuilding Commission, which was set up in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid devolving back into war or chaos.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "risk of starvation"}], "question": "Due to fighting, what threatened people in the NorthWest?", "id": "57281e0fff5b5019007d9d7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "United Nations"}], "question": "Who assisted in saving the people from starvation?", "id": "57281e0fff5b5019007d9d7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon"}], "question": "Who headed the UN effort to rebuild CAR?", "id": "57281e0fff5b5019007d9d7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "12 June 2008"}], "question": "When did CAR request assistance directly to prevent war?", "id": "57281e0fff5b5019007d9d7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "UN Peacebuilding Commission"}], "question": "Who assisted CAR in avoiding war?", "id": "57281e0fff5b5019007d9d80"}]}], ["Pada masa ini, Republik Afrika Tengah mempunyai perkhidmatan televisyen aktif, stesen radio, penyedia perkhidmatan internet dan pembawa telefon bimbit; Socatel adalah pembekal utama untuk akses internet dan telefon bimbit di seluruh negara. Badan pengawal selia utama kerajaan telekomunikasi adalah Minist\u00e8re des Postes dan T\u00e9l\u00e9communications et des Nouvelles Technologies. Di samping itu, Republik Afrika Tengah menerima sokongan antarabangsa mengenai operasi berkaitan telekomunikasi daripada Sektor Pembangunan Telekomunikasi ITU (ITU-D) dalam Kesatuan Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa untuk memperbaiki infrastruktur. <> Apakah pembekal telekomunikasi utama dalam CAR? || Socatel <> Komunikasi yang terkawal badan mana? || Minist\u00e8re des Postes and T\u00e9l\u00e9communications et des Nouvelles Technologies <> Apakah jenis akses yang tersedia? || perkhidmatan internet <> Siapa yang membantu CAR dengan telekomunikasi? || ITU Sektor Pembangunan Telekomunikasi <> Apakah CAR membantu dengan komunikasi ITU-D? || memperbaiki infrastruktur", {"context": "Presently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Minist\u00e8re des Postes and T\u00e9l\u00e9communications et des Nouvelles Technologies. In addition, the Central African Republic receives international support on telecommunication related operations from ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) within the International Telecommunication Union to improve infrastructure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Socatel"}], "question": "What is the major telecommunications provider in CAR?", "id": "572823b93acd2414000df57d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Minist\u00e8re des Postes and T\u00e9l\u00e9communications et des Nouvelles Technologies"}], "question": "Which body regulated communications?", "id": "572823b93acd2414000df57e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "internet service"}], "question": "What type of access is available?", "id": "572823b93acd2414000df57f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "ITU Telecommunication Development Sector"}], "question": "Who assists CAR with telecommunications?", "id": "572823b93acd2414000df580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "improve infrastructure"}], "question": "What does the CAR get help with with regards to communication from ITU-D?", "id": "572823b93acd2414000df581"}]}], ["Laporan Hak Asasi Manusia 2009 oleh Jabatan Negara Amerika Syarikat menyatakan bahawa hak asasi manusia dalam CAR adalah kurang baik dan menyatakan kebimbangan terhadap banyak penyalahgunaan kerajaan. Jabatan Negara A.S. mendakwa pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang besar seperti eksekusi ekstrudisial oleh pasukan keselamatan, penyeksaan, pemecatan dan rogol suspek dan banduan berlaku dengan sewenang-wenangnya. Ia juga mendakwa keadaan yang keras dan mengancam nyawa di penjara dan pusat tahanan, penangkapan sewenang-wenangnya, penahanan pretrial yang berpanjangan dan penafian perbicaraan yang adil, sekatan ke atas kebebasan bergerak, rasuah rasmi, dan sekatan terhadap hak pekerja. <> Bagaimana hak asasi manusia dalam CAR? || miskin <> Apa kebimbangan mengenai hak asasi manusia? || penyalahgunaan kerajaan <> Apakah hukuman adalah pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di setiap negeri di Amerika Syarikat? || eksekusi tanpa eksekusi <> Bagaimana mutu penjara dalam CAR? || keadaan yang keras dan mengancam nyawa <> Apa yang betul di mahkamah ditolak dan dianggap sebagai pelanggaran hak asasi manusia? || penangkapan sewenang-wenangnya, penahanan pretrial yang berpanjangan dan penafian perbicaraan yang adil", {"context": "The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses. The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, torture, beatings and rape of suspects and prisoners occurred with impunity. It also alleged harsh and life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention centers, arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial, restrictions on freedom of movement, official corruption, and restrictions on workers' rights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "poor"}], "question": "How are the human rights in the CAR?", "id": "5728249e4b864d190016457e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "government abuses"}], "question": "What concerns are there regarding to human rights?", "id": "5728249e4b864d190016457f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "extrajudicial executions"}], "question": "What punishment is a human rights violation per the US state Dept?", "id": "5728249e4b864d1900164580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "harsh and life-threatening conditions"}], "question": "How is the prison quality in the CAR?", "id": "5728249e4b864d1900164581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial"}], "question": "What right in a court is denied and considered a human right violation?", "id": "5728249e4b864d1900164582"}]}], ["Pertanian didominasi oleh penanaman dan penjualan tanaman makanan seperti ubi kayu, kacang tanah, jagung, sorgum, madu, wijen, dan pisang. Kadar pertumbuhan tahunan KDNK sebenar hanya melebihi 3%. Kepentingan tanaman makanan di atas tanaman tunai yang dieksport ditunjukkan oleh fakta bahawa jumlah pengeluaran ubi kayu, makanan ruji kebanyakan orang Afrika Tengah, berkisar antara 200,000 hingga 300,000 tan metrik setahun, manakala pengeluaran kapas, pokok tanaman eksport utama, antara 25,000 hingga 45,000 tan setahun. Tanaman makanan tidak dieksport dalam kuantiti yang banyak, tetapi masih merupakan tanaman tunai utama negara, kerana orang Afrika Tengah mendapat lebih banyak pendapatan daripada penjualan tanaman lebihan berkala daripada tanaman hasil eksport seperti kapas atau kopi. [Rujukan?] Kebanyakan negara ini cukup mandiri dalam tanaman makanan; Walau bagaimanapun, perkembangan ternakan dihalang oleh kehadiran terbang tsetse. [Jenis petikan] <> Jenis pertanian apa yang popular di dalam CAR? || tanaman makanan <> Ekonomi berkembang pada kadar berapa dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan? || 3% <> Berapa banyak tan Cassave dihasilkan setiap tahun? || 200,000 dan 300,000 <> Produk apa yang dihasilkan yang dieksport? || kapas <> Serangga mana yang menghalang perkembangan ternakan? || terbang tsetse", {"context": "Agriculture is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, and plantain. The annual real GDP growth rate is just above 3%. The importance of food crops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava, the staple food of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes a year, while the production of cotton, the principal exported cash crop, ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tonnes a year. Food crops are not exported in large quantities, but still constitute the principal cash crops of the country, because Central Africans derive far more income from the periodic sale of surplus food crops than from exported cash crops such as cotton or coffee.[citation needed] Much of the country is self-sufficient in food crops; however, livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "food crops"}], "question": "What type of agriculture is popular in the CAR?", "id": "572821484b864d190016451a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "3%"}], "question": "The economy grows at what rate in the last few years?", "id": "572821484b864d190016451b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "200,000 and 300,000"}], "question": "How many tonnes of Cassave is produced per year?", "id": "572821484b864d190016451c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "cotton"}], "question": "What product is produced that is exported?", "id": "572821484b864d190016451d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 905, "text": "tsetse fly"}], "question": "Which insect hinders livestock development?", "id": "572821484b864d190016451e"}]}]], [["Saat ini tidak ada ujian yang tepat dengan diagnosis yang biasanya berdasarkan pola gejala dan respon terhadap terapi dari waktu ke waktu. Diagnosis asma perlu disyaki jika terdapat riwayat: menghidu berulang, batuk atau kesukaran bernafas dan gejala-gejala ini berlaku atau bertambah teruk akibat senaman, jangkitan virus, alergen atau pencemaran udara. Spirometry kemudian digunakan untuk mengesahkan diagnosis. Pada kanak-kanak di bawah usia enam tahun diagnosis lebih sukar kerana mereka terlalu muda untuk spirometri. <> Adakah terdapat ujian untuk menentukan asma pada individu? || Pada masa ini tiada ujian yang tepat <> Apakah diagnosis berdasarkan biasanya? || corak simptom dan tindak balas kepada terapi sepanjang masa <> Bilakah anda perlu mengesyaki asma? || jika terdapat riwayat: menghidu berulang, batuk atau kesukaran bernafas <> Apa yang digunakan untuk mengesahkan diagnosis asma? || Spirometry <> Berapa umur terlalu muda untuk menggunakan spirometri untuk menentukan asma? || kanak-kanak di bawah umur enam tahun", {"context": "There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infections, allergens or air pollution. Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis. In children under the age of six the diagnosis is more difficult as they are too young for spirometry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "There is currently no precise test"}], "question": "Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual?", "id": "5728ac5d2ca10214002da58c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time"}], "question": "What is diagnosis based on typically?", "id": "5728ac5d2ca10214002da58d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing"}], "question": "When should you suspect asthma?", "id": "5728ac5d2ca10214002da58e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Spirometry"}], "question": "What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma?", "id": "5728ac5d2ca10214002da58f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "children under the age of six"}], "question": "What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma?", "id": "5728ac5d2ca10214002da590"}]}], ["Beberapa keadaan kesihatan lain berlaku lebih kerap pada mereka yang mengalami asma, termasuk penyakit refluks gastro-esophageal (GERD), rhinosinusitis, dan apnea tidur yang menghalang. Gangguan psikologi juga lebih biasa, dengan gangguan kecemasan yang berlaku di antara 16-52% dan gangguan mood dalam 14-41%. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak diketahui jika asma menyebabkan masalah psikologi atau jika masalah psikologi menyebabkan asma. Mereka yang menghidap asma, terutamanya jika dikawal dengan buruk, berisiko tinggi untuk tindak balas radiokontrast. <> Adakah kebimbangan kesihatan lain berlaku lebih kerap atau lebih kerap dengan asma? || lebih kerap <> Apakah tiga keadaan kesihatan lain yang berlaku lebih kerap dengan asma? || gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, dan apnea tidur obstruktif <> Apa jenis gangguan lain yang kerap dalam penghidap asma? || Gangguan psikologi <> Apakah mereka yang menghidap asma yang kurang dapat dikawal? || reaksi radiocontrast", {"context": "A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16\u201352% and mood disorders in 14\u201341%. However, it is not known if asthma causes psychological problems or if psychological problems lead to asthma. Those with asthma, especially if it is poorly controlled, are at high risk for radiocontrast reactions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "more frequently"}], "question": "Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma?", "id": "57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea"}], "question": "What are three of the other health conditions that occur more frequently with asthma?", "id": "57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Psychological disorders"}], "question": "What other type of disorders are frequent in asthma sufferers?", "id": "57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "radiocontrast reactions"}], "question": "What are those with asthma that is poorly controll more susceptable to? ", "id": "57280d0a2ca10214002d9cb5"}]}], ["Tiada ubat untuk asma. Gejala boleh dicegah dengan mengelakkan pencetus, seperti alergen dan kerengsaan, dan dengan menggunakan kortikosteroid yang dihirup. Agonis beta lama bertindak (LABA) atau agen antileukotrien boleh digunakan sebagai tambahan kepada kortikosteroid yang disedut jika gejala asma tetap tidak terkawal. Rawatan gejala-gejala yang semakin memburuk biasanya dengan agonis beta-2 yang menyedut pendek seperti salbutamol dan kortikosteroid yang diambil oleh mulut. Dalam kes yang sangat teruk, kortikosteroid intravena, magnesium sulfat, dan hospital mungkin diperlukan. <> Adakah terdapat ubat untuk asma? || Tiada ubat untuk asma <> Bagaimana gejala boleh dicegah? || dengan mengelakkan pencetus, seperti alergen dan kerengsaan, dan dengan menggunakan kortikosteroid yang dihirup <> Apa yang diambil oleh mulut untuk merawat gejala yang semakin memburuk? || ubat beta-2 yang menyedut pendek seperti salbutamol dan kortikosteroid <> Apa yang berlaku dalam kes-kes asma yang sangat teruk? || Kortikosteroid intravena, magnesium sulfat, dan hospital mungkin diperlukan", {"context": "There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapidly worsening symptoms is usually with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids taken by mouth. In very severe cases, intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "There is no cure for asthma"}], "question": "Is there a cure for asthma?", "id": "5728098f2ca10214002d9c30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids"}], "question": "How can symptoms be prevented?", "id": "5728098f2ca10214002d9c31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids"}], "question": "What is taken by mouth to treat rapidly worsening symptoms?", "id": "5728098f2ca10214002d9c32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required"}], "question": "What happens in very severe cases of asthma?", "id": "5728098f2ca10214002d9c33"}]}], ["Asma dianggap disebabkan oleh kombinasi faktor genetik dan alam sekitar. Faktor alam sekitar termasuk pendedahan kepada pencemaran udara dan alergen. Pencetus potensi lain termasuk ubat-ubatan seperti aspirin dan beta blockers. Diagnosis biasanya didasarkan pada corak gejala, tindak balas terhadap terapi dari masa ke masa, dan spirometri. Asma dikelaskan mengikut kekerapan gejala, jumlah pendedahan terpaksa dalam satu saat (FEV1), dan kadar aliran ekspirasi puncak. Ia juga boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai atopik atau bukan atopik di mana atopy merujuk kepada kecenderungan untuk membangunkan reaksi hipersensitiviti jenis 1. <> Apa dua faktor yang menyebabkan asma? || faktor genetik dan persekitaran <> Apakah dua faktor persekitaran? || pendedahan kepada pencemaran udara dan alergen <> Apakah ubat-ubatan yang boleh mencetuskan asma? || aspirin dan penyekat beta <> Apakah pola yang digunakan untuk mendiagnosis asma? || corak simptom, tindak balas kepada terapi dari masa ke masa, dan spirometri <> Bagaimana asma dikelaskan? || mengikut kekerapan gejala, jumlah pendedahan terpaksa dalam satu saat (FEV1), dan kadar aliran ekspirasi puncak", {"context": "Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry. Asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. It may also be classified as atopic or non-atopic where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "genetic and environmental factors"}], "question": "What two factors cause asthma?", "id": "572808852ca10214002d9c08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "exposure to air pollution and allergens"}], "question": "What are two enviromental factors?", "id": "572808852ca10214002d9c09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "aspirin and beta blockers"}], "question": "What medications can also trigger asthma?", "id": "572808852ca10214002d9c0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry"}], "question": "What patterns are used to diagnose asthma?", "id": "572808852ca10214002d9c0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate"}], "question": "How is asthma classified?", "id": "572808852ca10214002d9c0c"}]}], ["Banyak faktor alam sekitar telah dikaitkan dengan perkembangan asma dan keterukan termasuk alergen, pencemaran udara, dan bahan kimia alam sekitar yang lain. Merokok semasa kehamilan dan selepas bersalin dikaitkan dengan risiko gejala seperti asma. Kualiti udara yang rendah dari faktor-faktor seperti pencemaran lalu lintas atau paras ozon yang tinggi, telah dikaitkan dengan kedua-dua perkembangan asma dan peningkatan keparahan asma. Pendedahan kepada sebatian organik meruap dalaman mungkin menjadi pencetus untuk asma; Pendedahan formaldehida, sebagai contoh, mempunyai persatuan positif. Juga, phthalates dalam beberapa jenis PVC dikaitkan dengan asma pada kanak-kanak dan orang dewasa. <> Apakah beberapa faktor alam sekitar yang dikaitkan dengan asma? || alergen, pencemaran udara, dan lain-lain bahan kimia alam sekitar <> Apa dua perkara yang dikaitkan dengan risiko gejala seperti asma? || Merokok semasa mengandung dan selepas penghantaran <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan gejala dan kebergantungan asma berubah? || Kualiti udara yang rendah dari faktor-faktor seperti pencemaran lalu lintas atau paras ozon yang tinggi <> Pendedahan kepada apa sebatian yang boleh juga mencetuskan asma? || sebatian organik meruap dalaman", {"context": "Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels, has been associated with both asthma development and increased asthma severity. Exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds may be a trigger for asthma; formaldehyde exposure, for example, has a positive association. Also, phthalates in certain types of PVC are associated with asthma in children and adults.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals"}], "question": "What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma?", "id": "57280e8c4b864d190016433e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery"}], "question": "What two things are associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms?", "id": "57280e8c4b864d190016433f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels"}], "question": "What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change?", "id": "57280e8c4b864d1900164340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "indoor volatile organic compounds"}], "question": "Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma?", "id": "57280e8c4b864d1900164341"}]}], ["Sejarah keluarga adalah faktor risiko untuk asma, dengan banyak gen yang berbeza. Jika satu kembar yang sama terjejas, kebarangkalian yang lain mempunyai penyakit itu adalah kira-kira 25%. Menjelang akhir tahun 2005, 25 gen telah dikaitkan dengan asma di enam atau lebih populasi berasingan, termasuk GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4, SPINK5, LTC4S, IL4R dan ADAM33, antara lain. Kebanyakan gen ini berkaitan dengan sistem imun atau keradangan modulasi. Walaupun di kalangan senarai gen yang disokong oleh kajian yang sangat direplikasi, hasilnya tidak konsisten di kalangan semua populasi yang diuji. Pada tahun 2006 lebih 100 gen dikaitkan dengan asma dalam satu kajian persatuan genetik sahaja; lebih banyak lagi dijumpai. <> Apa lagi faktor risiko asma? || Sejarah keluarga <> Jika kembar yang sama mempunyai asma, apakah kemungkinan kembar yang lain mempunyai asma? || kira-kira 25% <> Berapa banyak gen dikaitkan dengan asma menjelang penghujung tahun 2005? || 25 gen <> Berapa banyak gen dikaitkan dengan asma pada tahun 2006? || lebih 100 gen <> Apa lagi yang berkaitan dengan gen ini? || sistem imun atau keradangan modulasi", {"context": "Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4, SPINK5, LTC4S, IL4R and ADAM33, among others. Many of these genes are related to the immune system or modulating inflammation. Even among this list of genes supported by highly replicated studies, results have not been consistent among all populations tested. In 2006 over 100 genes were associated with asthma in one genetic association study alone; more continue to be found.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Family history"}], "question": "What else is a risk factor for asthma?", "id": "57281206ff5b5019007d9c62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "approximately 25%"}], "question": "If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma?", "id": "57281206ff5b5019007d9c63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "25 genes"}], "question": "How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005?", "id": "57281206ff5b5019007d9c64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "over 100 genes"}], "question": "How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006?", "id": "57281206ff5b5019007d9c66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "the immune system or modulating inflammation"}], "question": "What else are these genes closely related to?", "id": "57281206ff5b5019007d9c65"}]}], ["Asma disifatkan sebagai episod berulang yang menghidu, sesak nafas, sesak dada, dan batuk. Sputum boleh dihasilkan dari paru-paru dengan batuk tetapi sering sukar untuk dibesarkan. Semasa pemulihan dari serangan, ia mungkin kelihatan seperti nanah kerana tahap tinggi sel darah putih yang dipanggil eosinofil. Gejala biasanya lebih buruk pada waktu malam dan pada waktu pagi atau sebagai tindak balas kepada senaman atau udara sejuk. Sesetengah orang yang menghidap asma jarang mengalami gejala, biasanya sebagai tindak balas kepada pencetus, sementara yang lain mungkin mempunyai tanda-tanda dan gejala yang berterusan. <> Apakah ciri-ciri asma? || episod berulang-ulang bernafas, sesak nafas, sesak dada, dan batuk <> Bilakah gejala-gejala asma biasanya lebih teruk? || pada waktu malam dan pada waktu pagi atau sebagai tindak balas kepada latihan atau udara sejuk <> Apa yang dihasilkan di dalam paru-paru dengan batuk? || Sputum <> Adakah asma paling buruk pada waktu siang atau waktu malam? || lebih buruk pada waktu malam <> Adakah setiap orang mempunyai episod asma yang dahsyat? || Sesetengah orang yang menghidap asma jarang mengalami gejala, anda", {"context": "Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air. Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, usually in response to triggers, whereas others may have marked and persistent symptoms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing"}], "question": "What are the characteristics of asthma?", "id": "57280b532ca10214002d9c7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air"}], "question": "When are symptoms of asthma normally worse?", "id": "57280b532ca10214002d9c7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Sputum"}], "question": "What is produced in the lungs by coughing?", "id": "57280b532ca10214002d9c7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "worse at night"}], "question": "Is asthma worst during the day or at night time?", "id": "57280b532ca10214002d9c7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, u"}], "question": "Does everyone have horrible episodes of asthma?", "id": "57280b532ca10214002d9c7e"}]}], ["Walaupun asma adalah keadaan yang diiktiraf dengan baik, tidak ada definisi sejagat yang dipersetujui. Ia ditakrifkan oleh Global Initiative for Asthma sebagai \"gangguan radang kronik saluran pernafasan di mana banyak sel dan unsur selular memainkan peranan. Peradangan kronik dikaitkan dengan respon hiper-saluran yang membawa kepada berulang-ulang berulang-ulang bernafas, sesak nafas, dada sesak dan batuk terutamanya pada waktu malam atau pada waktu pagi. Episod ini biasanya dikaitkan dengan halangan aliran udara yang meluas tetapi berubah-ubah di dalam paru-paru yang sering diterbalikkan secara spontan atau dengan rawatan \". <> Adakah definisi universal astham? || tidak ada satu definisi sejagat yang dipersetujui <> Apakah komponen utama memainkan peranan dalam asma? || banyak sel dan unsur selular memainkan peranan <> Apakah hasil keradangan itu? || respon hiper jalanan <> Apa yang menyebabkan keberkesanan saluran pernafasan? || episod denyut, sesak nafas, sesak dada dan batuk <> Apakah dua cara untuk membalikkan serangan asma? || secara spontan atau dengan rawatan", {"context": "While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as \"a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction within the lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "there is not one universal agreed upon definition"}], "question": "Is there a universal definition of astham?", "id": "5728abac3acd2414000dfc8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "many cells and cellular elements play a role"}], "question": "What main components play a role in asthma?", "id": "5728abac3acd2414000dfc90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "airway hyper-responsiveness"}], "question": "What is the inflamation a result of?", "id": "5728abac3acd2414000dfc91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing"}], "question": "What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause?", "id": "5728abac3acd2414000dfc92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "spontaneously or with treatment"}], "question": "What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack?", "id": "5728abac3acd2414000dfc93"}]}], ["Asma adalah akibat keradangan kronik zon pernafasan saluran pernafasan (terutamanya bronkus dan bronkiol), yang kemudian mengakibatkan peningkatan kontraksi otot licin di sekitarnya. Ini antara faktor-faktor lain yang membawa kepada penyempitan saluran udara dan gejala klasik mengi. Penyempitan biasanya boleh diterbalikkan dengan atau tanpa rawatan. Kadang-kadang saluran udara sendiri berubah. Perubahan biasa dalam saluran udara termasuk peningkatan eosinofil dan penebalan lamina reticularis. Secara kronik otot licin saluran udara dapat meningkatkan saiznya dengan peningkatan jumlah kelenjar mukosa. Jenis sel lain yang terlibat termasuk: Limfosit T, makrofaj, dan neutrofil. Mungkin terdapat juga penglibatan komponen lain sistem imun termasuk: sitokin, chemokin, histamin, dan leukotrien antara lain. <> Apakah asma hasilnya? || keradangan kronik zon mengendalikan saluran udara <> Apakah dua saluran pernafasan yang paling berkesan oleh asma? || bronkus dan bronkus <> Bagaimana cara menukar saluran udara? || peningkatan eosinofil dan penebalan lamina reticularis Apa jenis sel lain yang terlibat dengan perubahan saluran pernafasan? || Limfosit T, makrofaj, dan neutrophil <> Apakah komponen lain sistem imun dimasukkan? || sitokin, chemokin, histamin, dan leukotrien antara lain", {"context": "Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. The narrowing is typically reversible with or without treatment. Occasionally the airways themselves change. Typical changes in the airways include an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis. Chronically the airways' smooth muscle may increase in size along with an increase in the numbers of mucous glands. Other cell types involved include: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. There may also be involvement of other components of the immune system including: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways"}], "question": "What is asthma the result of?", "id": "5728a925ff5b5019007da3ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "the bronchi and bronchioles"}], "question": "What two airways are most effected by asthma?", "id": "5728a925ff5b5019007da3cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis"}], "question": "In what ways do airways change?", "id": "5728a925ff5b5019007da3d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils"}], "question": "What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways?", "id": "5728a925ff5b5019007da3d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others"}], "question": "What other components of the immune systems are included?", "id": "5728a925ff5b5019007da3d2"}]}], ["Hipotesis kebersihan cuba untuk menjelaskan peningkatan kadar asma di seluruh dunia sebagai akibat langsung dan tidak diingini pendedahan yang berkurang, semasa kanak-kanak, kepada bakteria dan virus bukan patogen. Adalah dicadangkan bahawa pendedahan yang dikurangkan kepada bakteria dan virus adalah sebahagian, untuk meningkatkan kebersihan dan mengurangkan saiz keluarga dalam masyarakat moden. Pendedahan kepada endotoksin bakteria pada awal usia kanak-kanak boleh menghalang perkembangan asma, tetapi pendedahan pada usia yang lebih tua boleh menimbulkan bronkokstriksi. Bukti yang menyokong hipotesis kebersihan termasuk kadar asma yang lebih rendah di ladang dan di rumah tangga dengan haiwan peliharaan. <> Apa hipotesis yang cuba untuk menjelaskan peningkatan jumlah asma di seluruh dunia? || Hipotesis kebersihan <> Bagaimana hipotesis kebersihan menjelaskan peningkatan asma? || akibat langsung dan tidak diingini pendedahan yang dikurangkan, semasa kanak-kanak, kepada bakteria dan virus yang tidak patogen <> Apa yang menyebabkan pendedahan yang berkurangan pada zaman kanak-kanak? || meningkatkan kebersihan dan mengurangkan saiz keluarga dalam masyarakat moden <> Apa yang boleh menghalang asma? || Pendedahan kepada endotoksin bakteria pada awal kanak-kanak <> Apakah beberapa bukti yang menyokong hipotesis kebersihan? || kadar asma yang lebih rendah di ladang dan di rumah dengan haiwan peliharaan.", {"context": "The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies. Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood may prevent the development of asthma, but exposure at an older age may provoke bronchoconstriction. Evidence supporting the hygiene hypothesis includes lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The hygiene hypothesis"}], "question": "What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide?", "id": "57280f752ca10214002d9ce2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses"}], "question": "How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma?", "id": "57280f752ca10214002d9ce3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies"}], "question": "What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood?", "id": "57280f752ca10214002d9ce4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood"}], "question": "What could prevent asthma?", "id": "57280f752ca10214002d9ce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets."}], "question": "What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis?", "id": "57280f752ca10214002d9ce6"}]}], ["Walaupun asma adalah keadaan obstruktif kronik, ia tidak dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada penyakit pulmonari obstruktif kronik kerana istilah ini merujuk secara khusus kepada gabungan penyakit yang tidak dapat dipulihkan seperti bronchiectasis, bronkitis kronik, dan emphysema. Tidak seperti penyakit ini, halangan saluran nafas dalam asma biasanya boleh diterbalikkan; Walau bagaimanapun, jika tidak dirawat, keradangan kronik dari asma dapat menyebabkan paru-paru menjadi tidak terputus akibat gangguan pembentukan saluran udara. Berbeza dengan emphysema, asma menjejaskan bronkus, bukan alveoli. <> Keadaan apa jenis asma? || keadaan obstruktif kronik <> Apakah contoh penyakit pulmonari obstruktif kronik? || bronkiektasis, bronkitis kronik, dan emphysema <> Adakah penghadaman saluran pernafasan boleh terbalik dalam asma? || asma biasanya boleh diterbalikkan <> Apa bahagian dalam saluran nafas yang mempengaruhi emphysema? || alveoli <> Apakah bahagian saluran udara menjejaskan asma? || bronkus", {"context": "Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible; however, if left untreated, the chronic inflammation from asthma can lead the lungs to become irreversibly obstructed due to airway remodeling. In contrast to emphysema, asthma affects the bronchi, not the alveoli.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "a chronic obstructive condition"}], "question": "What kind of condition is asthma?", "id": "5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema"}], "question": "What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?", "id": "5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "asthma is usually reversible"}], "question": "Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma?", "id": "5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "alveoli"}], "question": "What part of the airway does emphysema affect?", "id": "5728cb54ff5b5019007da6b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "the bronchi"}], "question": "What part of the airway does asthma affect?", "id": "5728cb54ff5b5019007da6ba"}]}], ["Asma secara klinikal dikelaskan mengikut kekerapan gejala, jumlah pendedahan terpaksa dalam satu saat (FEV1), dan kadar aliran ekspirasi puncak. Asma juga boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai atopik (ekstrinsik) atau bukan atopik (intrinsik), berdasarkan sama ada simptom diakibatkan oleh alergen (atopik) atau tidak (bukan atopik). Walaupun asma dikelaskan berdasarkan keparahan, pada masa ini tidak ada kaedah yang jelas untuk mengklasifikasikan subkumpulan yang berbeza dari asma di luar sistem ini. Mencari cara untuk mengenalpasti subkumpulan yang bertindak balas dengan baik untuk pelbagai jenis rawatan adalah matlamat penting semasa penyelidikan asma. <> Bagaimana asma dikelaskan secara klinikal? || mengikut frekuensi simptom, jumlah pendedahan terpaksa dalam satu saat (FEV1), dan kadar aliran ekspirasi puncak <> Bagaimana lagi asma dikelaskan? || sebagai atopik (ekstrinsik) atau bukan atopik (intrinsik) <> Apabila asma disebabkan oleh alergen yang dipanggil apa? || atopic <> Apakah asma biasanya dikelaskan berdasarkan? || keterukan <> Apakah tujuan utama penyelidikan asma? || Mencari cara untuk mengenal pasti subkelompok yang bertindak balas dengan baik untuk pelbagai jenis rawatan", {"context": "Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While asthma is classified based on severity, at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system. Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments is a current critical goal of asthma research.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate"}], "question": "How is asthma clinically classified?", "id": "5728c5952ca10214002da776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)"}], "question": "How else is asthma classified?", "id": "5728c5952ca10214002da777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "atopic"}], "question": "When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what? ", "id": "5728c5952ca10214002da778"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "severity"}], "question": "What  is asthma usually classified based on?", "id": "5728c5952ca10214002da779"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments"}], "question": "What is a important goal of asthma research?", "id": "5728c5952ca10214002da77a"}]}], ["Bukti sokongan lain termasuk: \u226520% perbezaan kadar aliran ekspirasi puncak pada sekurang-kurangnya tiga hari dalam seminggu selama sekurang-kurangnya dua minggu, \u226520% peningkatan aliran puncak berikut rawatan dengan salbutamol, kortikosteroid yang dihirup atau prednisone, atau \u226520% penurunan aliran puncak berikutan pendedahan kepada pencetus. Pengujian aliran ekspirasi puncak lebih berubah daripada spirometri, bagaimanapun, dan oleh itu tidak disyorkan untuk diagnosis rutin. Ia mungkin berguna untuk pemantauan sendiri setiap hari pada mereka yang mempunyai penyakit yang sederhana dan parah dan untuk memeriksa keberkesanan ubat-ubatan baru. Ia juga boleh membantu dalam membimbing rawatan pada mereka yang mengalami masalah akut. <> Apakah kadar yang digunakan dalam kebanyakan bukti? || \u2265 20% <> Apa yang lebih berubah daripada spirometri tetapi tidak disyorkan? || . Menguji aliran ekspirasi puncak", {"context": "Other supportive evidence includes: a \u226520% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a \u226520% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a \u226520% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger. Testing peak expiratory flow is more variable than spirometry, however, and thus not recommended for routine diagnosis. It may be useful for daily self-monitoring in those with moderate to severe disease and for checking the effectiveness of new medications. It may also be helpful in guiding treatment in those with acute exacerbations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "\u226520%"}], "question": "What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence?", "id": "5728bffb3acd2414000dfda3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": ". Testing peak expiratory flow"}], "question": "What is more variable than spirometry but not recommended?", "id": "5728bffb3acd2414000dfda4"}]}], ["Spirometri disyorkan untuk membantu diagnosis dan pengurusan. Ini adalah satu ujian terbaik untuk asma. Jika FEV1 diukur dengan teknik ini meningkatkan lebih daripada 12% selepas pentadbiran bronkodilator seperti salbutamol, ini menyokong diagnosis. Walau bagaimanapun, ia mungkin normal pada mereka yang mempunyai riwayat asma ringan, tidak bertindak saat ini. Seperti kafein adalah bronchodilator pada orang yang menghidap asma, penggunaan kafein sebelum ujian fungsi paru-paru boleh mengganggu hasilnya. Kapasiti penyebaran tunggal-nafas boleh membantu membezakan asma daripada COPD. Adalah munasabah untuk melakukan spirometri setiap satu atau dua tahun untuk mengikuti bagaimana asma seseorang dikawal. <> Apa yang disarankan untuk membantu dalam diagnosis asma? || Spirometry <> Mengapa spirometri yang biasa digunakan untuk mendiagnosis asma? || Ia adalah satu ujian terbaik untuk asma <> Apa yang membantu menyokong bukti asma? || Sekiranya FEV1 diukur dengan teknik ini meningkatkan lebih daripada 12% selepas pentadbiran bronkodilator <> Apakah bahan yang boleh mengawal keputusan ujian asma? || kafein <> Ujian apa yang boleh memberitahu perbezaan antara asma dan COPD? || Kapasiti penyebaran tunggal-nafas", {"context": "Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mild asthma, not currently acting up. As caffeine is a bronchodilator in people with asthma, the use of caffeine before a lung function test may interfere with the results. Single-breath diffusing capacity can help differentiate asthma from COPD. It is reasonable to perform spirometry every one or two years to follow how well a person's asthma is controlled.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Spirometry"}], "question": "What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma?", "id": "5728ad4eff5b5019007da45e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "It is the single best test for asthma"}], "question": "Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma?", "id": "5728ad4eff5b5019007da45f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator"}], "question": "What helps support the evidence of asthma?", "id": "5728ad4eff5b5019007da460"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "caffeine"}], "question": "What substance can skew the results of an asthma test?", "id": "5728ad4eff5b5019007da461"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Single-breath diffusing capacity"}], "question": "What test can tell the difference between asthma and COPD?", "id": "5728ad4eff5b5019007da462"}]}], ["Pengelakan pencetus adalah komponen penting untuk meningkatkan kawalan dan mencegah serangan. Pencetus yang paling biasa termasuk alergen, asap (tembakau dan lain-lain), pencemaran udara, penyekat beta bukan selektif, dan makanan mengandungi sulfit. Rokok rokok dan asap rokok (asap pasif) boleh mengurangkan keberkesanan ubat-ubatan seperti kortikosteroid. Undang-undang yang membatasi merokok mengurangkan bilangan orang yang dimasukkan ke hospital untuk asma. Langkah-langkah kawalan habuk hama, termasuk penapisan udara, bahan kimia untuk membunuh hama, membuang sampah, melindungi tilam dan kaedah lain tidak memberi kesan kepada gejala asma. Secara keseluruhannya, senaman bermanfaat kepada orang yang mempunyai asma yang stabil. Yoga boleh memberikan peningkatan kecil dalam kualiti hidup dan gejala pada orang yang mempunyai asma. <> Apakah komponen utama kawalan dan mencegah serangan asma? || Mengelakkan pencetus <> Apa yang menjadi pencetus yang lebih biasa? || alergen, asap (tembakau dan lain-lain), pencemaran udara, penyekat beta bukan selektif, dan makanan mengandungi sulfite <> Apa yang boleh mengurangkan keberkesanan ubat-ubatan? || Rokok dan asap rokok <> Apa undang-undang yang membatasi merokok? || Mengurangkan bilangan orang yang dimasukkan ke hospital untuk asma <> Apakah jenis senaman yang boleh memberi penambahbaikan kecil? || Yoga", {"context": "Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of medications such as corticosteroids. Laws that limit smoking decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma. Dust mite control measures, including air filtration, chemicals to kill mites, vacuuming, mattress covers and others methods had no effect on asthma symptoms. Overall, exercise is beneficial in people with stable asthma. Yoga could provide small improvements in quality of life and symptoms in people with asthma.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Avoidance of triggers"}], "question": "What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks?", "id": "5728d079ff5b5019007da71e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods"}], "question": "What are some of the more common triggers?", "id": "5728d079ff5b5019007da71f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke"}], "question": "What can reduce the effectiveness of medications?", "id": "5728d079ff5b5019007da720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma"}], "question": "What did law that limit smoking accomplish? ", "id": "5728d079ff5b5019007da721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "Yoga"}], "question": "What type of exercise can provide small improvements?", "id": "5728d079ff5b5019007da722"}]}], ["Senaman boleh mencetuskan bronkokonstriksi baik pada orang dengan atau tanpa asma. Ia berlaku pada kebanyakan orang dengan asma dan sehingga 20% orang tanpa asma. Latihan bronkokonstrasi disebabkan oleh senaman adalah perkara biasa dalam atlet profesional. Kadar tertinggi adalah antara penunggang basikal (sehingga 45%), perenang, dan pemain ski bersilang negara. Walaupun ia mungkin berlaku dengan keadaan cuaca, ia lebih biasa apabila ia kering dan sejuk. Beta2-agonis yang terhidang tidak muncul untuk meningkatkan prestasi sukan di kalangan mereka tanpa asma tetapi dos oral boleh meningkatkan ketahanan dan kekuatan. <> Bronkokonstriksi yang disebabkan oleh senaman adalah perkara biasa dalam profesion apa? || atlet profesional <> Apa profesi mempunyai kadar tertinggi bronchoconstriction yang disebabkan oleh Latihan? || penunggang basikal (sehingga 45%), perenang, dan pemain ski bersilang negara <> Keadaan apa yang lebih mungkin menyebabkan bronkokonstrik yang disebabkan oleh senaman? || apabila kering dan sejuk <> Apa yang tidak kelihatan untuk membantu prestasi sukan yang tidak mempunyai asma? || Beta2-agonists terhidang", {"context": "Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. While it may occur with any weather conditions it is more common when it is dry and cold. Inhaled beta2-agonists do not appear to improve athletic performance among those without asthma however oral doses may improve endurance and strength.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "professional athletes"}], "question": "Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession?", "id": "5728cc524b864d1900164e42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers"}], "question": "What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?", "id": "5728cc524b864d1900164e43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "when it is dry and cold"}], "question": "What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?", "id": "5728cc524b864d1900164e44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Inhaled beta2-agonists"}], "question": "What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma?", "id": "5728cc524b864d1900164e45"}]}], ["Asma akibat daripada (atau lebih teruk) pendedahan tempat kerja, adalah penyakit pekerjaan yang sering dilaporkan. Banyak kes bagaimanapun tidak dilaporkan atau diiktiraf seperti itu. Dianggarkan 5-25% kes asma pada orang dewasa adalah berkaitan dengan pekerjaan. Beberapa ratus ejen yang berbeza telah terlibat dengan yang paling biasa: isosianat, bijirin dan debu kayu, colophony, fluks solder, lateks, haiwan, dan aldehid. Pekerjaan yang dikaitkan dengan risiko yang paling tinggi termasuk: orang yang menyembur cat, tukang roti dan mereka yang memproses makanan, jururawat, pekerja kimia, mereka yang bekerja dengan haiwan, tukang las, pendandan rambut dan pekerja kayu. <> Asma yang disebabkan oleh atau diperburuk dengan pendedahan di tempat kerja dilaporkan sebagai apa? || penyakit pekerjaan <> Apakah peratus kes-kes asma pada orang dewasa berkaitan dengan kerja? || Dianggarkan 5-25% <> Apakah beberapa agen yang paling biasa? || isosianat, bijirin dan debu kayu, colophony, flux soldering, lateks, haiwan, dan aldehid <> Profesion apa yang biasanya mempunyai masalah risiko yang paling tinggi? || mereka yang menyembur cat, tukang roti dan mereka yang memproses makanan, jururawat, pekerja kimia, mereka yang bekerja dengan haiwan, tukang las, pendandan rambut dan pekerja kayu", {"context": "Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5\u201325% of asthma cases in adults are work\u2013related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes. The employment associated with the highest risk of problems include: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "occupational disease"}], "question": "Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what?", "id": "5728ccd02ca10214002da80c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "It is estimated that 5\u201325%"}], "question": "What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related?", "id": "5728ccd02ca10214002da80d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes"}], "question": "What are some of the most common agents?", "id": "5728ccd02ca10214002da80e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers"}], "question": "What professions normally have the highest risk of problems?", "id": "5728ccd02ca10214002da80f"}]}], ["Bukti keberkesanan langkah-langkah untuk mencegah perkembangan asma adalah lemah. Ada yang menunjukkan janji termasuk: mengehadkan pendedahan asap dalam utero dan selepas penyerahan, penyusuan susu ibu, dan peningkatan pendedahan kepada penjagaan harian atau keluarga besar tetapi tidak ada yang cukup disokong untuk dicadangkan untuk petunjuk ini. Pendedahan haiwan kesayangan awal mungkin berguna. Hasil daripada pendedahan kepada haiwan peliharaan pada waktu lain tidak dapat disimpulkan dan hanya disyorkan bahawa haiwan peliharaan akan dikeluarkan dari rumah jika seseorang mengalami gejala alahan terhadap haiwan kesayangan tersebut. Sekatan diet selama kehamilan atau ketika menyusui belum ditemukan efektif dan oleh itu tidak dianjurkan. Mengurangkan atau menghapuskan sebatian yang dikenali kepada orang yang sensitif dari tempat kerja mungkin berkesan. Tidak jelas jika vaksin influenza tahunan memberi kesan kepada risiko pemburasan. Imunisasi; Walau bagaimanapun, disyorkan oleh Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia. Larangan merokok adalah berkesan dalam mengurangkan keterukan asma. <> Apa yang lemah yang tidak membantu menghalang perkembangan asma? || Bukti keberkesanan langkah-langkah untuk mencegah <> Apakah langkah-langkah pencegahan sentiasa berfungsi untuk mencegah asma? || tidak ada yang cukup disokong untuk dicadangkan untuk petunjuk ini <> Apa yang telah ditentukan mengenai larangan pemakanan selama kehamilan dan ketika menyusui? || tidak dijumpai berkesan dan oleh itu tidak disyorkan <> Mengapa larangan merokok berlaku? || berkesan untuk mengurangkan keterukan asma <> Siapa yang mengesyorkan imunisasi? || Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia", {"context": "The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication. Early pet exposure may be useful. Results from exposure to pets at other times are inconclusive and it is only recommended that pets be removed from the home if a person has allergic symptoms to said pet. Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended. Reducing or eliminating compounds known to sensitive people from the work place may be effective. It is not clear if annual influenza vaccinations effects the risk of exacerbations. Immunization; however, is recommended by the World Health Organization. Smoking bans are effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent"}], "question": "What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?", "id": "5728cf512ca10214002da860"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication"}], "question": "What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma?", "id": "5728cf512ca10214002da861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended"}], "question": "What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding?", "id": "5728cf512ca10214002da862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 924, "text": "effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma"}], "question": "Why are smoking bans in place?", "id": "5728cf512ca10214002da863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "World Health Organization"}], "question": "Who recoomends immunizations?", "id": "5728cf512ca10214002da864"}]}], ["Banyak keadaan lain boleh menyebabkan simptom yang serupa dengan asma. Pada kanak-kanak, penyakit pernafasan lain seperti rhinitis alergi dan sinusitis perlu dipertimbangkan dan juga sebab-sebab lain dari halangan saluran udara termasuk: aspirasi badan asing, stenosis trakea atau laryngotracheomalacia, cincin vaskular, nodus limfa yang diperbesar atau massa leher. Bronchiolitis dan jangkitan virus lain juga boleh mengeringkan. Pada orang dewasa, COPD, kegagalan jantung kongestif, massa saluran udara, dan batuk yang disebabkan oleh ubat-ubatan disebabkan oleh pengencer ACE perlu dipertimbangkan. Dalam kedua-dua populasi disfungsi kord vokal boleh hadir sama. <> Apakah keadaan yang boleh menyebabkan gejala astham pada kanak-kanak? || rhinitis alahan dan sinusitis <> Apakah beberapa penyebab lain halangan saluran udara? || aspirasi badan asing, stenosis trakea atau laryngotracheomalacia, cincin vaskular, nodus limfa yang diperbesarkan atau massa leher <> Apakah keadaan lain yang boleh menyebabkan mengering? || Bronchiolitis dan jangkitan virus lain <> Pada orang dewasa, keadaan apa yang boleh menyebabkan gejala asma? || COPD, kegagalan jantung kongestif, jisim laluan udara, serta ubat-ubatan yang disebabkan oleh ubat disebabkan oleh ACE inhibitors", {"context": "Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses. Bronchiolitis and other viral infections may also produce wheezing. In adults, COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors should be considered. In both populations vocal cord dysfunction may present similarly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "allergic rhinitis and sinusitis"}], "question": "What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children?", "id": "5728cd713acd2414000dfee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses"}], "question": "What are some other causes of airway obstruction?", "id": "5728cd713acd2414000dfee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Bronchiolitis and other viral infections"}], "question": "What other conditions can cause wheezing?", "id": "5728cd713acd2414000dfee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors"}], "question": "In adults, what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma?", "id": "5728cd713acd2414000dfee6"}]}], ["Penyakit pulmonari obstruktif kronik boleh wujud bersama asma dan boleh berlaku sebagai komplikasi asma kronik. Selepas berumur 65 tahun, kebanyakan orang yang mengalami penyakit saluran pernafasan akan mengalami asma dan COPD. Dalam suasana ini, COPD boleh dibezakan dengan peningkatan neutrophil saluran udara, ketebalan dinding yang tidak normal, dan meningkatkan otot licin dalam bronkus. Walau bagaimanapun, tahap penyiasatan ini tidak dilakukan kerana COPD dan asma berkongsi prinsip-prinsip pengurusan yang sama: kortikosteroid, agonis beta bertindak lama, dan berhenti merokok. Ia berkait rapat dengan asma dalam gejala, dikaitkan dengan lebih banyak pendedahan kepada asap rokok, umur yang lebih tua, kurang kebalikan gejala selepas pentadbiran bronkodilator, dan penurunan kemungkinan sejarah keluarga atopy. <> Apakah komplikasi asma kronik? || Penyakit paru-paru obstruktif kronik <> Jika anda berumur 65 tahun dan mempunyai disesase saluran udara yang menghalang, anda lebih cenderung untuk mempunyai apa keadaan lain? || asma dan COPD <> Bagaimana COPD dibezakan? || dengan peningkatan neutrophil saluran udara, ketebalan dinding yang luar biasa meningkat, dan peningkatan otot licin dalam bronchi <> Mengapa ini tidak ditentukan dalam pesakit dengan COPD? || kerana COPD dan asma berkongsi prinsip-prinsip pengurusan yang sama <> Apakah prinsip pengurusan asma dan COPD? || kortikosteroid, agonis beta bertindak lama, dan berhenti merokok", {"context": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi. However, this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation. It closely resembles asthma in symptoms, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older age, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration, and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"}], "question": "What is a complication of chronic asthma?", "id": "5728ce573acd2414000dfef5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "asthma and COPD"}], "question": "If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions?", "id": "5728ce573acd2414000dfef6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi"}], "question": "How is COPD differentiated?", "id": "5728ce573acd2414000dfef7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management"}], "question": "Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD?", "id": "5728ce573acd2414000dfef8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation"}], "question": "What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD?", "id": "5728ce573acd2414000dfef9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1873, salah satu kertas pertama dalam perubatan moden mengenai subjek itu cuba menjelaskan patofisiologi penyakit itu pada tahun 1872, menyimpulkan bahawa asma dapat disembuhkan dengan menggosok dada dengan liniment kloroform. Rawatan perubatan pada tahun 1880, termasuk penggunaan ubat dosis intravena yang dipanggil pilocarpin. Pada tahun 1886, F.H. Bosworth memberi teori hubungan antara asma dan demam hay. Epinephrine pertama kali dirujuk dalam rawatan asma pada tahun 1905. Kortikosteroid mulut mula digunakan untuk keadaan ini pada tahun 1950-an sementara kortikosteroid yang disedut dan agonist beta bertindak selektif pendek terpilih digunakan pada tahun 1960-an. <> Bilakah kertas pertama ditulis mengenai asma? || Pada tahun 1873 <> Apa yang pertama digunakan sebagai ubat bagi asma? || dengan menggosok dada dengan kloroform liniment <> Pada tahun 1880 apa yang digunakan intraveniously untuk asma? || pilocarpin <> Bilakah kortikosteroid yang disedut dan agonis beta bertindak pendek mula digunakan? || pada tahun 1960-an", {"context": "In 1873, one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872, concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment. Medical treatment in 1880, included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin. In 1886, F.H. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever. Epinephrine was first referred to in the treatment of asthma in 1905. Oral corticosteroids began to be used for this condition in the 1950s while inhaled corticosteroids and selective short acting beta agonist came into wide use in the 1960s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1873"}], "question": "When was the first paper written about asthma?", "id": "5728d8654b864d1900164f62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment"}], "question": "What was first used as a cure for asthma?", "id": "5728d8654b864d1900164f63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "pilocarpin"}], "question": "In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma?", "id": "5728d8654b864d1900164f64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "in the 1960s"}], "question": "When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used? ", "id": "5728d8654b864d1900164f65"}]}], ["Sehingga 2011, 235-330 juta orang di seluruh dunia terjejas oleh asma, dan kira-kira 250,000-345,000 orang mati setahun dari penyakit ini. Kadar berbeza antara negara yang mempunyai kelaziman antara 1 dan 18%. Ia lebih biasa di negara maju daripada negara-negara membangun. Oleh itu, kadarnya rendah di Asia, Eropah Timur dan Afrika. Di negara-negara maju, ia lebih biasa bagi mereka yang kurang bernasib baik dari segi ekonomi dan sebaliknya di negara-negara membangun, ia lebih kerap berlaku di makmur. Sebab perbezaan ini tidak diketahui. Negara berpendapatan rendah dan sederhana membentuk lebih daripada 80% kematian. <> Menjelang tahun 2011, berapa ramai orang yang terkena asma? || 235-330 juta orang di seluruh dunia terjejas oleh asma <> Berapa banyak orang mati setahun dari asma? || 250,000-345,000 orang <> Negara apa yang asma lebih sering dilihat? || Ia lebih biasa di negara berkembang daripada negara-negara membangun <> Mengapa negara-negara yang berlainan berbeza? || Sebab perbezaan ini tidak diketahui", {"context": "As of 2011, 235\u2013330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma, and approximately 250,000\u2013345,000 people die per year from the disease. Rates vary between countries with prevalences between 1 and 18%. It is more common in developed than developing countries. One thus sees lower rates in Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa. Within developed countries it is more common in those who are economically disadvantaged while in contrast in developing countries it is more common in the affluent. The reason for these differences is not well known. Low and middle income countries make up more than 80% of the mortality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "235\u2013330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma"}], "question": "By 2011, how many people were affected by asthma?", "id": "5728d47d2ca10214002da8d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "250,000\u2013345,000 people"}], "question": "How many people die per year from asthma?", "id": "5728d47d2ca10214002da8d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "It is more common in developed than developing countries"}], "question": "What countries is asthma more commonly seen?", "id": "5728d47d2ca10214002da8da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "The reason for these differences is not well known"}], "question": "Why are different countries effected differently?", "id": "5728d47d2ca10214002da8db"}]}], ["Prognosis untuk asma biasanya baik, terutamanya untuk kanak-kanak dengan penyakit ringan. Kematian menurun sejak beberapa dekad yang lalu disebabkan pengiktirafan dan penambahbaikan yang lebih baik. Secara global ia menyebabkan ketidakupayaan sederhana atau teruk dalam 19.4 juta orang pada tahun 2004 (16 juta di antaranya berada di negara berpendapatan rendah dan sederhana). Daripada asma yang didiagnosis semasa kanak-kanak, separuh daripada kes tidak lagi membawa diagnosis selepas satu dekad. Pembentukan semula laluan udara diperhatikan, tetapi tidak diketahui sama ada ini merupakan perubahan berbahaya atau bermanfaat. Rawatan awal dengan kortikosteroid seolah-olah menghalang atau memperbaiki penurunan fungsi paru-paru. <> Apakah prognosis untuk asma? || umumnya baik <> Apa yang menyebabkan kadar kematian menurun? || kerana pengiktirafan dan penambahbaikan yang lebih baik di penjagaan <> Seluruh dunia, berapa ramai yang menderita asma? || 19.4 juta orang pada tahun 2004 <> Berapa banyak kes yang didiagnosis pada masa kanak-kanak menjadikannya 10 tahun yang lalu dengan asma? || separuh daripada kes tidak akan membawa diagnosis selepas satu dekad", {"context": "The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income countries). Of asthma diagnosed during childhood, half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. Airway remodeling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes. Early treatment with corticosteroids seems to prevent or ameliorates a decline in lung function.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "generally good"}], "question": "What is the prognosis for asthma? ", "id": "5728d2b3ff5b5019007da772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "due to better recognition and improvement in care"}], "question": "What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?", "id": "5728d2b3ff5b5019007da773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "19.4 million people as of 2004"}], "question": "Worldwide, how many people suffer from asthma?", "id": "5728d2b3ff5b5019007da774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade"}], "question": "How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma?", "id": "5728d2b3ff5b5019007da775"}]}], ["Bagi mereka yang menghidap asma berterusan yang tidak dikawal oleh kortikosteroid dan LABA yang tersedut, termoplasty bronkus mungkin menjadi pilihan. Ia melibatkan penghantaran tenaga haba terkawal ke dinding jalan udara semasa siri bronkoskopi. Walaupun ia mungkin meningkatkan kekerapan penguraian dalam beberapa bulan pertama, ia berkemungkinan untuk mengurangkan kadar seterusnya. Kesan melebihi satu tahun tidak diketahui. Bukti menunjukkan bahawa imunoterapi sublingual pada mereka yang mempunyai kedua-dua rhinitis alahan dan asma meningkatkan hasil. <> Jenis jenis orang yang akan menggunakan termoplasty bronkial sebagai pilihan? || Bagi mereka yang mempunyai asma berterusan yang teruk yang tidak dikawal oleh kortikosteroid yang disedut dan LABAs <> Apa yang termoplasti bronkus terdiri daripada? || Ia melibatkan penghantaran tenaga terma terkawal ke dinding saluran udara semasa siri bronchoscopies <> Apa kesannya termoplasti bronkus? || ia kelihatan mengurangkan kadar seterusnya. <> Apakah rawatan yang membantu memperbaiki mereka dengan rinitis alergi dan asma? || imunoterapi sublingual", {"context": "For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs, bronchial thermoplasty may be an option. It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies. While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appears to decrease the subsequent rate. Effects beyond one year are unknown. Evidence suggests that sublingual immunotherapy in those with both allergic rhinitis and asthma improve outcomes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs"}], "question": "What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option?", "id": "5728d1664b864d1900164eb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies"}], "question": "What does bronchial thermoplasty consist of?", "id": "5728d1664b864d1900164eb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "it appears to decrease the subsequent rate."}], "question": "What effect does bronchial thermoplasty have?", "id": "5728d1664b864d1900164eb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "sublingual immunotherapy"}], "question": "What treatment helps improve those with allergic rhinitis and asthma?", "id": "5728d1664b864d1900164eb7"}]}], ["Dari tahun 2000 hingga 2010, kos purata bagi hospital yang berkaitan dengan asma di Amerika Syarikat untuk kanak-kanak kekal stabil pada kira-kira $ 3,600, sementara kos purata bagi hospital yang berkaitan dengan asma untuk orang dewasa meningkat dari $ 5,200 hingga $ 6,600. Pada tahun 2010, Medicaid adalah pembayar utama yang paling kerap di kalangan kanak-kanak dan orang dewasa berusia 18-44 tahun di Amerika Syarikat; Insurans swasta adalah pembayar kedua yang paling kerap. Antara kedua-dua kanak-kanak dan orang dewasa dalam masyarakat berpendapatan rendah di Amerika Syarikat terdapat kadar hospital yang lebih tinggi untuk asma pada tahun 2010 berbanding dengan golongan berpendapatan tinggi. <> Berapa kos purata hospital tetap untuk masalah asma untuk kanak-kanak? || kira-kira $ 3,600 <> Berapakah kos purata hospital tetap untuk masalah asma yang berkaitan dengan orang dewasa? || dari $ 5,200 hingga $ 6,600 <> Siapa jumlah pembayar utama kanak-kanak dan orang dewasa yang paling kerap? || Medicaid <> Siapa yang lebih cenderung untuk mendapatkan bantuan hospital di Amerika Syarikat atas alasan asma? || masyarakat berpendapatan rendah", {"context": "From 2000 to 2010, the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay in the United States for children remained relatively stable at about $3,600, whereas the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay for adults increased from $5,200 to $6,600. In 2010, Medicaid was the most frequent primary payer among children and adults aged 18\u201344 years in the United States; private insurance was the second most frequent payer. Among both children and adults in the lowest income communities in the United States there is a higher rates of hospital stays for asthma in 2010 than those in the highest income communities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "about $3,600"}], "question": "How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for children??", "id": "5728d7c4ff5b5019007da7f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "from $5,200 to $6,600"}], "question": "How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for adults?", "id": "5728d7c4ff5b5019007da7f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Medicaid"}], "question": "Who was the most frequent primary payer amount children and adults?", "id": "5728d7c4ff5b5019007da7f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "the lowest income communities"}], "question": "Who was more likely to seek hospital help in the US for asthma reasons?", "id": "5728d7c4ff5b5019007da7f7"}]}]], [["Pada pertengahan hingga akhir 1990-an banyak penerima AV yang lebih tinggi termasuk litar demodulator khusus untuk pemain LaserDisc RF yang dimodulasi isyarat Dolby Digital AC-3. Menjelang akhir 1990-an dengan pemain LaserDisc dan jualan cakera merosot kerana populariti DVD semakin meningkat, pengeluar penerima AV telah mengeluarkan litar demodulator. Walaupun pemain DVD mampu bermain trek Dolby Digital, isyarat daripada pemain DVD tidak dalam bentuk termodulat dan tidak serasi dengan input yang direka untuk LaserDisc AC-3. Demodulator Outboard disediakan untuk tempoh yang menukar isyarat AC-3 kepada isyarat Dolby Digital standard yang serasi dengan input Dolby Digital / PCM piawai pada penerima AV yang mampu. Satu lagi jenis yang dipasarkan oleh Onkyo dan yang lain menukarkan isyarat RF AC-3 kepada audio analog 6-saluran. <> Apa persaingan yang menyebabkan jualan LaserDisc menurun? || Populariti yang semakin meningkat DVD <> Adakah semua penerima AV membawa litar demodulator yang diperlukan untuk LaserDiscs, atau hanya model mewah? || end-end <> Apakah demodulator luar Onkyo menyembunyikan isyarat RF AC-2? || Audio analog 6-saluran", {"context": "In the mid to late 1990s many higher-end AV receivers included the demodulator circuit specifically for the LaserDisc players RF modulated Dolby Digital AC-3 signal. By the late 1990s with LaserDisc players and disc sales declining due to DVD's growing popularity the AV receiver manufacturers removed the demodulator circuit. Although DVD players were capable of playing Dolby Digital tracks, the signal out of DVD player were not in a modulated form and not compatible with the inputs designed for LaserDisc AC-3. Outboard demodulators were available for a period that convert the AC-3 signal to standard Dolby Digital signal that was compatible with the standard Dolby Digital/PCM inputs on capable AV receivers. Another type marketed by Onkyo and others converted the RF AC-3 signal to 6-channel analog audio.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "DVD's growing popularity"}], "question": "What competition caused LaserDisc sales to decline?", "id": "572828724b864d1900164606"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "higher-end"}], "question": "Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs, or only high-end models?", "id": "572828724b864d1900164607"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "6-channel analog audio"}], "question": "What did the Onkyo outboard demodulator covert the RF AC-2 signal to?", "id": "572828724b864d1900164608"}]}], ["LaserDisc pertama kali terdapat di pasaran, di Atlanta, Georgia, pada 15 Disember 1978, dua tahun selepas pengenalan VHS VCR, dan empat tahun sebelum pengenalan CD (yang berdasarkan teknologi cakera laser). Pada mulanya dilesenkan, dijual, dan dipasarkan sebagai MCA DiscoVision (juga dikenali sebagai \"DiscoVision\") di Amerika Utara pada tahun 1978, teknologi itu sebelum ini dirujuk secara dalaman sebagai Sistem Videodisc Optik, Videodisc Optik Refleksif, Laser Optical Videodisc, dan Disco-Vision dengan sengkang), dengan pemain pertama merujuk kepada format sebagai \"Video Long Play\". <> Di manakah terdapat LaserDisc yang pertama? || Atlanta, Georgia <> Berapa tahun selepas VHS dikeluarkan LaserDisk? || dua tahun <> Di bawah namanya apa LaserDisc mula-mula dipasarkan? || DiscoVision MCA <> Bagaimana penonton pertama merujuk kepada media? || \"Video Long Play\"", {"context": "LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978, two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR, and four years before the introduction of the CD (which is based on laser disc technology). Initially licensed, sold, and marketed as MCA DiscoVision (also known as simply \"DiscoVision\") in North America in 1978, the technology was previously referred to internally as Optical Videodisc System, Reflective Optical Videodisc, Laser Optical Videodisc, and Disco-Vision (with a dash), with the first players referring to the format as \"Video Long Play\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Atlanta, Georgia"}], "question": "Where was LaserDisc first available?", "id": "572812a04b864d19001643c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "two years"}], "question": "How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?", "id": "572812a04b864d19001643c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "MCA DiscoVision"}], "question": "Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?", "id": "572812a04b864d19001643c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "\"Video Long Play\""}], "question": "How did the first viewers refer to the media?", "id": "572812a04b864d19001643c3"}]}], ["LaserDisc video rumah standard adalah diameter 30 cm (12 in) dan terdiri daripada dua cakera aluminium bermuka dua berlapis dalam plastik. Walaupun terdapat cakera padat atau DVD kompak, LaserDiscs menggunakan video analog yang disimpan dalam domain komposit (mempunyai lebar jalur video kira-kira bersamaan dengan format VTR C-Type 1 inci (25 mm)) dengan bunyi stereo FM analog dan audio digital PCM. LaserDisc pada tahap paling asasnya masih direkodkan sebagai satu siri lubang dan tanah seperti CD, DVD, dan juga cakera Blu-ray adalah hari ini. Walau bagaimanapun, sementara pengekodan adalah sifat binari, maklumat itu dikodkan sebagai modulasi lebar denyut analog dengan kitaran tugas 50%, di mana maklumat tersebut terkandung dalam panjang dan jarak lubang. Dalam media digital yang benar lubang, atau tepi mereka, secara langsung mewakili 1s dan 0s aliran maklumat digital binari. LaserDisc yang awal yang dipaparkan pada tahun 1978 adalah sepenuhnya analog tetapi formatnya berkembang untuk memasukkan bunyi stereo digital dalam format CD (kadang-kadang dengan TOSlink atau output yang memujuk untuk memberi makan DAC luaran), dan kemudian format pelbagai saluran seperti Dolby Digital dan DTS. <> Seberapa besar adalah LaserDisc standard? || Diameter 30 cm (12 in) <> Bilangan nombor yang digunakan dalam pengekodan maklumat Perduaan? || 1s dan 0s <> Adakah LaserDiscs yang paling terang pada tahun 1978 analog atau diformat secara digital? || analog", {"context": "The standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic. Although appearing similar to compact discs or DVDs, LaserDiscs used analog video stored in the composite domain (having a video bandwidth approximately equivalent to the 1-inch (25 mm) C-Type VTR format) with analog FM stereo sound and PCM digital audio. The LaserDisc at its most fundamental level was still recorded as a series of pits and lands much like CDs, DVDs, and even Blu-ray Discs are today. However, while the encoding is of a binary nature, the information is encoded as analog pulse width modulation with a 50% duty cycle, where the information is contained in the lengths and spacing of the pits. In true digital media the pits, or their edges, directly represent 1s and 0s of a binary digital information stream. Early LaserDiscs featured in 1978 were entirely analog but the format evolved to incorporate digital stereo sound in CD format (sometimes with a TOSlink or coax output to feed an external DAC), and later multi-channel formats such as Dolby Digital and DTS.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "30 cm (12 in) in diameter"}], "question": "How large was a standard LaserDisc?", "id": "57281b8eff5b5019007d9d5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "1s and 0s"}], "question": "What numbers are used in Binary information coding?", "id": "57281b8eff5b5019007d9d5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "analog"}], "question": "Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted?", "id": "57281b8eff5b5019007d9d5e"}]}], ["Perintis Elektronik kemudian membeli majoriti saham dalam format dan memasarkannya sebagai kedua-dua LaserVision (nama format) dan LaserDisc (nama jenama) pada tahun 1980, dengan beberapa keluaran yang secara tidak rasmi merujuk kepada media sebagai \"Laser Videodisc\". Philips menghasilkan pemain manakala MCA menghasilkan cakera. Kerjasama Philips-MCA tidak berjaya, dan dihentikan selepas beberapa tahun. Beberapa saintis yang bertanggungjawab untuk penyelidikan awal (Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin dan John Winslow) mengasaskan Perbadanan Disc Optical (kini ODC Nimbus). <> Siapa yang membeli saham majoriti dan memasarkan kembali produk tersebut pada tahun 1980? || Perintis Elektronik <> Adakah Laserdisk secara rasminya atau secara tidak rasmi dinamakan sebagai \"Laser Videodisc\"? || secara tidak rasmi <> Adakah MCA menghasilkan cakera atau pemain selepas dibeli? || cakera <> Siapa saintis yang bekerja pada penyelidikan awal untuk Laserdiscs? || Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin dan John Winslow <> Syarikat apa yang dilakukan penyelidik Laserdisc awal kemudian dijumpai? || Perbadanan Disc Optical (sekarang ODC Nimbus)", {"context": "Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as \"Laser Videodisc\". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years. Several of the scientists responsible for the early research (Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow) founded Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pioneer Electronics"}], "question": "Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?", "id": "57281747ff5b5019007d9cfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "unofficially"}], "question": "Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as \"Laser Videodisc\"?", "id": "57281747ff5b5019007d9cfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "discs"}], "question": "Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?", "id": "57281747ff5b5019007d9cfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow"}], "question": "Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?", "id": "57281747ff5b5019007d9cff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)"}], "question": "What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found?", "id": "57281747ff5b5019007d9d00"}]}], ["Memandangkan Pioneer memperkenalkan Digital Audio kepada LaserDisc pada tahun 1985, mereka terus memperincikan format CAA. CAA55 diperkenalkan pada tahun 1985 dengan kapasiti main balik sebanyak 55 minit 5 saat, mengurangkan kapasiti video untuk menyelesaikan masalah lebar jalur dengan kemasukan Digital Audio. Beberapa tajuk yang dikeluarkan antara tahun 1985 dan 1987 adalah audio analog sahaja kerana panjang tajuk dan keinginan untuk menyimpan filem itu pada satu cakera (mis., Kembali ke Masa Depan). Menjelang tahun 1987, Pioneer telah mengatasi cabaran-cabaran teknikal dan dapat sekali lagi menyandikan dalam CAA60, membolehkan sejumlah 60 minit 5 saat. Perintis selanjutnya disempurnakan CAA, menawarkan CAA45, pengekodan 45 minit bahan, tetapi mengisi keseluruhan permukaan main balik dari sisi. Digunakan hanya segelintir tajuk, CAA65 menawarkan 65 minit 5 saat masa main semula setiap sisi. Terdapat beberapa tajuk yang ditekan oleh Technidisc yang menggunakan CAA50. Varian akhir CAA ialah CAA70, yang dapat menampung 70 minit masa main balik per satu. Tidak ada kegunaan yang diketahui mengenai format ini di pasaran pengguna. <> Apakah kapasiti panjang format CAA55 itu? || 55 minit 5 saat <> Kenapa Back to the Future dikeluarkan dengan bunyi analog? || kerana panjang tajuk dan keinginan untuk mengekalkan filem pada satu cakera <> Apakah tempoh maksimum format CAA60? || 60 minit 5 saat <> Berapa banyak kerja yang dikeluarkan kepada orang ramai dengan format CAA70? || Tidak ada kegunaan yang diketahui mengenai format ini di pasaran pengguna", {"context": "As Pioneer introduced Digital Audio to LaserDisc in 1985, they further refined the CAA format. CAA55 was introduced in 1985 with a total playback capacity per side of 55 minutes 5 seconds, reducing the video capacity to resolve bandwidth issues with the inclusion of Digital Audio. Several titles released between 1985 and 1987 were analog audio only due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc (e.g., Back to the Future). By 1987, Pioneer had overcome the technical challenges and was able to once again encode in CAA60, allowing a total of 60 minutes 5 seconds. Pioneer further refined CAA, offering CAA45, encoding 45 minutes of material, but filling the entire playback surface of the side. Used on only a handful of titles, CAA65 offered 65 minutes 5 seconds of playback time per side. There are a handful of titles pressed by Technidisc that used CAA50. The final variant of CAA is CAA70, which could accommodate 70 minutes of playback time per side. There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "55 minutes 5 seconds"}], "question": "What was the length capacity of the CAA55 format?", "id": "57281dd5ff5b5019007d9d74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc"}], "question": "Why was Back to the Future released with analog sound?", "id": "57281dd5ff5b5019007d9d75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "60 minutes 5 seconds"}], "question": "What was the maximum length of the CAA60 format?", "id": "57281dd5ff5b5019007d9d76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 988, "text": "There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market"}], "question": "How many works were released to the public with the CAA70 format?", "id": "57281dd5ff5b5019007d9d77"}]}], ["Sekurang-kurangnya di mana trek audio digital berkenaan, kualiti bunyi tidak dapat ditandingi pada masa berbanding kaset video pengguna, tetapi kualiti soundtracks analog sangat berbeza bergantung kepada cakera dan, kadangkala, pemain. Ramai pemain LD yang awal dan rendah mempunyai komponen audio analog yang lemah, dan banyak cakera awal yang kurang menguasai trek audio analog, membuat soundtracks digital dalam bentuk yang paling diinginkan untuk peminat yang serius. DiscoVision awal dan tajuk LaserDisc tidak mempunyai pilihan audio digital, tetapi kebanyakan filem itu menerima bunyi digital dalam isu-isu semula kemudian oleh Universal, dan kualiti trek audio analog pada umumnya menjadi jauh lebih baik seiring dengan berjalannya masa. Ramai cakera yang pada asalnya membawa trek stereo analog lama menerima trek Dolby Stereo dan Dolby Surround baru, selalunya sebagai tambahan kepada trek digital, membantu meningkatkan kualiti bunyi. Cakera analog kemudian juga menggunakan Pengurangan Kebisingan CX, yang meningkatkan nisbah bunyi-bunyi audio mereka. <> Adakah kualiti bunyi dari cakera ke cakera dan antara pemain konsisten atau berbeza? || sangat berbeza <> Adakah format analog atau digital lebih popular dengan peminat? || digital <> Apa hasilnya menambahkan Pengurangan Kebisingan CX pada cakera analog? || meningkatkan nisbah isyarat bunyi-bunyi audio mereka <> Syarikat manakah yang menambah pilihan bunyi digital apabila mengeluarkan semula filem? || Universal", {"context": "At least where the digital audio tracks were concerned, the sound quality was unsurpassed at the time compared to consumer videotape, but the quality of the analog soundtracks varied greatly depending on the disc and, sometimes, the player. Many early and lower-end LD players had poor analog audio components, and many early discs had poorly mastered analog audio tracks, making digital soundtracks in any form most desirable to serious enthusiasts. Early DiscoVision and LaserDisc titles lacked the digital audio option, but many of those movies received digital sound in later re-issues by Universal, and the quality of analog audio tracks generally got far better as time went on. Many discs that had originally carried old analog stereo tracks received new Dolby Stereo and Dolby Surround tracks instead, often in addition to digital tracks, helping boost sound quality. Later analog discs also applied CX Noise Reduction, which improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "varied greatly"}], "question": "Was sound quality from disc to disc and between players consistent or varied?", "id": "57282cbd4b864d1900164658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "digital"}], "question": "Was analog or digital formatting more popular with enthusiasts?", "id": "57282cbd4b864d1900164659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 934, "text": "improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio"}], "question": "What result did adding CX Noise Reduction have on analog discs?", "id": "57282cbd4b864d190016465a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Universal"}], "question": "Which company added digital sound option when re-releasing movies?", "id": "57282cbd4b864d190016465b"}]}], ["Walaupun format itu mampu menawarkan video dan audio yang lebih berkualiti daripada pesaingnya, sistem VideSasset VHS dan Betamax, LaserDisc tidak pernah berjaya mendapatkan penggunaan secara meluas di Amerika Utara, sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh kos yang tinggi untuk para pemain dan tajuk video sendiri dan ketidakupayaan untuk merakam pengaturcaraan TV. Ia juga kekal sebagai format yang tidak jelas di Eropah dan Australia. Sebaliknya, formatnya lebih popular di Jepun dan di kawasan Asia Tenggara yang lebih kaya, seperti Hong Kong, Singapura, dan Malaysia, yang merupakan medium video penyewaan lazim di Hong Kong pada tahun 1990-an. Kualiti video dan audio yang unggul menjadikannya pilihan yang agak popular di kalangan videophiles dan penggemar filem sepanjang hayatnya. <> Adakah LaserDisks menawarkan bunyi dan gambar berkualiti tinggi atau lebih rendah daripada VHS? || Kualiti yang lebih tinggi <> Mengapa LaserDisk tidak mendapat populariti di Amerika Utara? || kos tinggi untuk pemain dan tajuk video sendiri dan ketidakupayaan untuk merakam pengaturcaraan TV <> Dengan siapa LaserDisk merupakan pilihan yang popular untuk gambar dan kualiti bunyi? || videophile dan penggemar filem <> Dalam bandar apa LaserDisk digunakan sebagai medium sewa popular pada 1990-an? || Hong Kong", {"context": "Although the format was capable of offering higher-quality video and audio than its consumer rivals, the VHS and Betamax videocassette systems, LaserDisc never managed to gain widespread use in North America, largely due to high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming. It also remained a largely obscure format in Europe and Australia. By contrast, the format was much more popular in Japan and in the more affluent regions of Southeast Asia, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, being the prevalent rental video medium in Hong Kong during the 1990s. Its superior video and audio quality did make it a somewhat popular choice among videophiles and film enthusiasts during its lifespan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "higher-quality"}], "question": "Did LaserDisks offer higher or lower quality sound and picture than VHS?", "id": "57280c4bff5b5019007d9bb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming"}], "question": "Why didn't LaserDisk gain popularity in North America?", "id": "57280c4bff5b5019007d9bb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "videophiles and film enthusiasts"}], "question": "With whom was LaserDisk a popular choice for it's picture and sound quality?", "id": "57280c4bff5b5019007d9bb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "Hong Kong"}], "question": "In what city was LaserDisk used as a popular rental medium in the 1990s?", "id": "57280c4bff5b5019007d9bb5"}]}], ["Menjelang tahun 2000-an, LaserDisc telah digantikan sepenuhnya oleh DVD di pasaran runcit Amerika Utara, kerana tidak ada pemain atau perisian yang dihasilkan. Pemain masih dieksport ke Amerika Utara dari Jepun sehingga akhir tahun 2001. Format ini mengekalkan populariti di kalangan pengumpul Amerika, dan ke tahap yang lebih tinggi di Jepun, di mana format itu disokong dengan lebih baik dan lebih lazim semasa hidupnya. Di Eropah, LaserDisc sentiasa menjadi format yang tidak jelas. Ia telah dipilih oleh British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) untuk Projek Domesday BBC pada pertengahan 1980-an, sebuah projek berasaskan sekolah untuk memperingati 900 tahun sejak Domesday Book asal di England. Dari tahun 1991 hingga awal tahun 2000, BBC juga menggunakan teknologi LaserDisc untuk memainkan saluran saluran. <> Produk apa yang menggantikan LaserDisc di Amerika Utara pada awal tahun 2000? || DVD <> Siapa yang memilih LaserFisc untuk Projek Domesday mereka pada pertengahan 1980-an? || Perbadanan Penyiaran British (BBC) <> Apakah Projek BBC Domesday? || projek berasaskan sekolah untuk memperingati 900 tahun sejak Domesday Book asal di England <> Negara manakah yang masih mengeksport pemain ke Amerika Utara hingga tahun 2001? || Jepun", {"context": "By the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001. The format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater degree in Japan, where the format was better supported and more prevalent during its life. In Europe, LaserDisc always remained an obscure format. It was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s, a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England. From 1991 up until the early 2000s, the BBC also used LaserDisc technology to play out the channel idents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "DVD"}], "question": "What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?", "id": "57281a754b864d1900164492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)"}], "question": "Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s?", "id": "57281a754b864d1900164493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England"}], "question": "What was the BBC Domesday Project?", "id": "57281a754b864d1900164494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Which country still exported players to North America until 2001?", "id": "57281a754b864d1900164495"}]}], ["Bunyi boleh disimpan dalam format analog atau digital dan dalam pelbagai format bunyi sekeliling; Cakera NTSC boleh membawa dua trek audio analog, ditambah dua trek audio digital PCM yang tidak dikompresi, iaitu (contoh sampel EFM, CIRC, 16-bit dan 44.056 kHz). Cakera PAL boleh membawa sepasang trek audio, sama ada analog atau digital dan trek digital pada cakera PAL adalah 16-bit 44.1 kHz seperti pada CD; di UK, istilah \"LaserVision\" digunakan untuk merujuk kepada cakera dengan bunyi analog, sementara \"LaserDisc\" digunakan untuk mereka yang mempunyai audio digital. Isyarat bunyi digital dalam kedua-dua format adalah EFM yang dikodkan seperti dalam CD. Dolby Digital (juga dikenali sebagai AC-3) dan DTS-yang sekarang biasa di tajuk DVD-mula-mula menjadi tersedia di LaserDisc, dan Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace (1999) yang dikeluarkan pada LaserDisc di Jepun, siaran video rumah pertama yang pernah termasuk 6.1 saluran Dolby Digital EX Surround. Tidak seperti DVD, yang membawa audio Dolby Digital dalam bentuk digital, LaserDiscs menyimpan Dolby Digital dalam bentuk termodulat frekuensi dalam trek yang biasanya digunakan untuk audio analog. Mengekstrak Dolby Digital dari LaserDisc memerlukan pemain dilengkapi dengan output \"AC-3 RF\" khusus dan demodulator luaran sebagai tambahan kepada penyahkod AC-3. Demodulator adalah perlu untuk menukar maklumat AC-3 2.88 MHz yang dimodulasi pada cakera ke dalam isyarat 384 kbit / s yang boleh dikendalikan oleh penyahkod. Audio DTS, apabila terdapat pada cakera, menggantikan trek audio digital; pendengaran bunyi DTS hanya memerlukan sambungan digital S / PDIF yang mematuhi DOD decoder. <> Apakah perbezaan antara LaserDisc dan LaserVision di UK? || \"LaserVision\" digunakan untuk merujuk kepada cakera dengan bunyi analog, manakala \"LaserDisc\" digunakan untuk mereka yang mempunyai audio digital <> The Phantom Menace adalah salah satu video rumah pertama yang menggunakan format suara apa? || 6.1 saluran Dolby Digital EX Surround. <> Apakah format bunyi yang digunakan oleh DVD? || Audio Dolby Digital dalam bentuk digital", {"context": "Sound could be stored in either analog or digital format and in a variety of surround sound formats; NTSC discs could carry two analog audio tracks, plus two uncompressed PCM digital audio tracks, which were (EFM, CIRC, 16-bit and 44.056 kHz sample rate). PAL discs could carry one pair of audio tracks, either analog or digital and the digital tracks on a PAL disc were 16-bit 44.1 kHz as on a CD; in the UK, the term \"LaserVision\" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while \"LaserDisc\" is used for those with digital audio. The digital sound signal in both formats are EFM-encoded as in CD. Dolby Digital (also called AC-3) and DTS\u2014which are now common on DVD titles\u2014first became available on LaserDisc, and Star Wars: Episode I \u2013 The Phantom Menace (1999) which was released on LaserDisc in Japan, is among the first home video releases ever to include 6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround. Unlike DVDs, which carry Dolby Digital audio in digital form, LaserDiscs store Dolby Digital in a frequency modulated form within a track normally used for analog audio. Extracting Dolby Digital from a LaserDisc required a player equipped with a special \"AC-3 RF\" output and an external demodulator in addition to an AC-3 decoder. The demodulator was necessary to convert the 2.88 MHz modulated AC-3 information on the disc into a 384 kbit/s signal that the decoder could handle. DTS audio, when available on a disc, replaced the digital audio tracks; hearing DTS sound required only an S/PDIF compliant digital connection to a DTS decoder.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "\"LaserVision\" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while \"LaserDisc\" is used for those with digital audio"}], "question": "What was the difference between LaserDisc and LaserVision in the UK?", "id": "572826224b864d19001645a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 864, "text": "6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround."}], "question": "The Phantom Menace was one of the first home videos to use what sound format?", "id": "572826224b864d19001645a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 928, "text": "Dolby Digital audio in digital form"}], "question": "What sound formatting do DVDs use?", "id": "572826224b864d19001645a6"}]}], ["Kedua-dua audio AC-3 dan DTS yang dikelilingi secara terang-terangan dilaksanakan pada LaserDiscs, yang membawa kepada beberapa isu menarik dan isu-isu cakera yang menarik. Satu cakera yang memasukkan audio AC-3 melepaskan saluran audio analog kanan ke aliran RF AC-3 yang dimodulasi. Sekiranya pemain tidak mempunyai keluaran AC-3 yang tersedia, pilihan main semula yang paling menarik akan datang adalah trek Dolby Digital atau trek audio stereo. Alasannya ialah isyarat RF perlu memintas litar audio untuk diproses dengan betul oleh demodulator. Sekiranya sama ada pemain tidak menyokong trek audio digital (umum pada pemain yang lebih tua), atau cakera tidak termasuk trek audio digital sama sekali (tidak biasa untuk cakera yang dikuasai dengan trek AC-3), pilihan yang tinggal adalah untuk kembali ke persembahan monophonic trek audio analog kiri. Walau bagaimanapun, ramai pemain analog yang lama tidak hanya gagal menghasilkan aliran AC-3 dengan betul, tetapi tidak menyedari keberadaan potensi mereka. Pemain sedemikian dengan senang akan memainkan trek audio analog verbatim, mengakibatkan sampah (statik) output dalam saluran yang betul. <> Saluran mana yang tidak akan berfungsi bersamaan dengan audio AC-3? || saluran audio analog kanan <> Apa pilihan main balik audio yang tersedia jika output AC-3 tidak hadir? || trek Dolby Digital atau trek audio stereo <> Apa yang berlaku kepada saluran yang betul dalam pemain yang tidak mengenali AC-3? || keluaran sampah (statik)", {"context": "Both AC-3 and DTS surround audio were clumsily implemented on LaserDiscs, leading to some interesting player- and disc-dependent issues. A disc that included AC-3 audio forfeited the right analog audio channel to the modulated AC-3 RF stream. If the player did not have an AC-3 output available, the next most attractive playback option would be the digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks. The reason for this is the RF signal needs to bypass the audio circuitry in order to be properly processed by the demodulator. If either the player did not support digital audio tracks (common in older players), or the disc did not include digital audio tracks at all (uncommon for a disc which is mastered with an AC-3 track), the only remaining option was to fall back to a monophonic presentation of the left analog audio track. However, many older analog-only players not only failed to output AC-3 streams correctly, but were not even aware of their potential existence. Such a player will happily play the analog audio tracks verbatim, resulting in garbage (static) output in the right channel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "right analog audio channel"}], "question": "Which channel would not work in conjunction with AC-3 audio?", "id": "57282ff14b864d19001646a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks"}], "question": "What audio playback options were available if an AC-3 output was not present?", "id": "57282ff14b864d19001646a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1052, "text": "garbage (static) output"}], "question": "What happens to the right channel in a player that doesn't recognize AC-3?", "id": "57282ff14b864d19001646a6"}]}], ["PAL LaserDiscs mempunyai masa bermain sedikit lebih lama daripada cakera NTSC, tetapi mempunyai kurang pilihan audio. Cakera PAL hanya mempunyai dua trek audio, yang terdiri daripada dua trek analog sahaja pada LD PAL yang lebih tua, atau dua trek digital sahaja pada cakera yang lebih baru. Sebagai perbandingan, kemudian NTSC LDs mampu membawa empat trek (dua analog dan dua digital). Pada siaran tertentu, salah satu trek analog digunakan untuk membawa isyarat AC-3 untuk audio 5.1 saluran (untuk penyahkodan dan main semula oleh pemain LD yang lebih baru dengan output \"AC-3 RF\"). Bagaimanapun, LTS NTSC yang lebih lama dibuat sebelum tahun 1984 (seperti cakera DiscoVision asal) hanya mempunyai dua trek audio analog. <> Yang mempunyai masa bermain lebih lama: PAL LaserDiscs atau cakera NTSC? || PAL LaserDiscs <> Berapa banyak trek audio yang dilakukan oleh PAL LaserDiscs? || dua <> Yang mana dua pilihan audio boleh didapati di PAL LaserDiscs? || dua trek analog sahaja pada LD PAL yang lebih tua, atau dua trek digital sahaja pada cakera yang lebih baru", {"context": "PAL LaserDiscs have a slightly longer playing time than NTSC discs, but have fewer audio options. PAL discs only have two audio tracks, consisting of either two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs. In comparison, later NTSC LDs are capable of carrying four tracks (two analog and two digital). On certain releases, one of the analog tracks is used to carry a modulated AC-3 signal for 5.1 channel audio (for decoding and playback by newer LD players with an \"AC-3 RF\" output). However, older NTSC LDs made before 1984 (such as the original DiscoVision discs) only have two analog audio tracks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "PAL LaserDiscs"}], "question": "Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?", "id": "572831634b864d19001646d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?", "id": "572831634b864d19001646d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs"}], "question": "Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs?", "id": "572831634b864d19001646d8"}]}], ["LaserDisc mempunyai beberapa kelebihan berbanding VHS. Ia menampilkan gambar jauh lebih tajam dengan resolusi mendatar 425 saluran TVL untuk NTSC dan 440 saluran TVL untuk cakera PAL, manakala VHS hanya menampilkan 240 saluran TVL dengan NTSC. Ia boleh mengendalikan audio analog dan digital di mana VHS kebanyakannya hanya analog (VHS boleh mempunyai audio PCM dalam aplikasi profesional tetapi tidak biasa), dan cakera NTSC boleh menyimpan pelbagai trek audio. Ini membenarkan tambahan seperti jejak ulasan pengarah dan ciri-ciri lain yang akan ditambah ke dalam sebuah filem, yang membuat siaran \"Edisi Khas\" yang mungkin tidak mungkin dengan VHS. Akses cakera adalah berdasarkan rawak dan bab, seperti format DVD, yang bermaksud bahawa seseorang boleh melompat ke mana-mana titik pada cakera tertentu dengan cepat. Sebagai perbandingan, VHS akan memerlukan penggantian yang membosankan dan penghantaran pantas untuk mendapatkan mata tertentu. <> Berapa banyak saluran TV mendatar yang LaserDisc mempunyai berbanding dengan VHS 240? || 425 <> Media mana yang berdasarkan bab seperti format DVD, Laserdisc atau VHS? || LaserDisc <> Media mana yang dibenarkan untuk pelbagai trek audio, Laserdisc atau VHS? || LaserDisc", {"context": "LaserDisc had a number of advantages over VHS. It featured a far sharper picture with a horizontal resolution of 425 TVL lines for NTSC and 440 TVL lines for PAL discs, while VHS featured only 240 TVL lines with NTSC. It could handle analog and digital audio where VHS was mostly analog only (VHS can have PCM audio in professional applications but is uncommon), and the NTSC discs could store multiple audio tracks. This allowed for extras like director's commentary tracks and other features to be added onto a film, creating \"Special Edition\" releases that would not have been possible with VHS. Disc access was random and chapter based, like the DVD format, meaning that one could jump to any point on a given disc very quickly. By comparison, VHS would require tedious rewinding and fast-forwarding to get to specific points.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "425"}], "question": "How many horizontal TVL lines did LaserDisc have in comparison to VHS's 240?", "id": "57283dc84b864d19001647da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "LaserDisc"}], "question": "Which medium was chapter based like DVD format, Laserdisc or VHS?", "id": "57283dc84b864d19001647db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "LaserDisc"}], "question": "Which medium allowed for multiple audio tracks, Laserdisc or VHS?", "id": "57283dc84b864d19001647dc"}]}], ["Terdapat satu pilihan bunyi sekeliling 5.1 yang ada pada LaserDisc yang diberikan (sama ada Dolby Digital atau DTS), jadi jika bunyi sekeliling dikehendaki, cakera mesti dipadankan dengan keupayaan peralatan main balik (LD Player dan Receiver / Decoder) oleh pembeli. Sistem main balik LaserDisc yang berkebolehan termasuk pemain LaserDisc yang lebih baru yang mampu bermain trek digital, mempunyai output optik digital untuk PCM digital dan audio DTS, menyedari trek audio AC-3, dan mempunyai keluaran coaxial AC-3; demodulator RF luaran atau dalaman AC-3 dan penyahkod AC-3; dan penyahkod DTS. Banyak penerima A / V tahun 1990 menggabungkan penyahkod AC-3 dan Dod decoder DTS, tetapi demodulator AC-3 bersepadu jarang terdapat dalam pemain LaserDisc dan kemudian penerima A / V. <> Adakah demodulator AC-3 yang bersepadu dalam pemain LaserDisc atau mencari jarang? || jarang <> Berapa banyak 5.1 pilihan bunyi sekeliling wujud di LaserDiscs? || Hanya satu <> Apakah jenis logik penyahkodan biasa pada tahun 1990an penerima A / V? || DTS", {"context": "Only one 5.1 surround sound option exists on a given LaserDisc (either Dolby Digital or DTS), so if surround sound is desired, the disc must be matched to the capabilities of the playback equipment (LD Player and Receiver/Decoder) by the purchaser. A fully capable LaserDisc playback system includes a newer LaserDisc player that is capable of playing digital tracks, has a digital optical output for digital PCM and DTS audio, is aware of AC-3 audio tracks, and has an AC-3 coaxial output; an external or internal AC-3 RF demodulator and AC-3 decoder; and a DTS decoder. Many 1990s A/V receivers combine the AC-3 decoder and DTS decoder logic, but an integrated AC-3 demodulator is rare both in LaserDisc players and in later A/V receivers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "rare"}], "question": "Are integrated AC-3 demodulators common in LaserDisc players or a rare find?", "id": "572830d54b864d19001646c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Only one"}], "question": "How many 5.1 surround sound options exist in LaserDiscs?", "id": "572830d54b864d19001646c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "DTS"}], "question": "What type of decoder logic is common in 1990s A/V receivers?", "id": "572830d54b864d19001646c8"}]}], ["Semasa perkembangannya, MCA, yang mempunyai teknologi itu, merujuknya sebagai Sistem Videodisc Optik, \"Videodisc Optik Reflektif\" atau \"Laser Optical Videodisc\", bergantung kepada dokumen itu; menukar nama sekali pada tahun 1969 kepada Disco-Vision dan sekali lagi pada tahun 1978 untuk DiscoVision (tanpa sempang), yang menjadi ejaan rasmi. Dokumen dan risalah teknikal yang dihasilkan oleh Disko-Visi MCA pada awal dan pertengahan '70 juga menggunakan istilah \"Rekod Penglihatan Disco\" untuk merujuk kepada cakera-cakera yang ditekan. MCA memiliki hak untuk katalog filem terbesar di dunia pada masa ini, dan mereka mengeluarkan dan mengedarkan siaran DiscoVision filem-filem tersebut di bawah label perisian dan pembuatan \"MCA DiscoVision\"; Jualan pengguna gelaran tersebut bermula pada 15 Disember 1978, dengan Jaws yang disebutkan di atas. <> Tiga nama yang digunakan oleh MCA untuk teknologi LaserDisc semasa perkembangannya? || Sistem Videodisc Optik, \"Videodisc Optik Reflektif\" atau \"Laser Optical Videodisc\" <> Kepada apa yang diubah oleh MCA pada tahun 1969? || Disco-Vision <> Bilakah MCA memadamkan tanda hubung dari nama Disco-Vision? || 1978 <> Syarikat mana yang memiliki hak untuk koleksi filem terbesar di dunia pada tahun 1970an? || MCA <> Pengguna jualan filem MCA bermula pada tahun 1978 dengan filem apa? || Jaws", {"context": "During its development, MCA, which co-owned the technology, referred to it as the Optical Videodisc System, \"Reflective Optical Videodisc\" or \"Laser Optical Videodisc\", depending on the document; changing the name once in 1969 to Disco-Vision and then again in 1978 to DiscoVision (without the hyphen), which became the official spelling. Technical documents and brochures produced by MCA Disco-Vision during the early and mid-'70s also used the term \"Disco-Vision Records\" to refer to the pressed discs. MCA owned the rights to the largest catalog of films in the world during this time, and they manufactured and distributed the DiscoVision releases of those films under the \"MCA DiscoVision\" software and manufacturing label; consumer sale of those titles began on December 15, 1978, with the aforementioned Jaws.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Optical Videodisc System, \"Reflective Optical Videodisc\" or \"Laser Optical Videodisc\""}], "question": "Which three names did MCA use for LaserDisc technology during its development?", "id": "572833943acd2414000df6d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Disco-Vision"}], "question": "To what did MCA change the name to in 1969?", "id": "572833943acd2414000df6d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "1978"}], "question": "When did MCA remove the hyphen from the name Disco-Vision?", "id": "572833943acd2414000df6d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "MCA"}], "question": "Which company owned the rights to the world's largest collection of films during the 1970s?", "id": "572833943acd2414000df6d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "Jaws"}], "question": "Consumer sales of MCA films began in 1978 with what movie?", "id": "572833943acd2414000df6d7"}]}], ["LaserDisc pada mulanya lebih murah daripada videocassettes untuk mengeluarkan, kerana mereka tidak mempunyai bahagian yang bergerak dan shell luar plastik yang diperlukan untuk pita VHS untuk berfungsi, dan proses duplikasi lebih mudah. Kaset VHS mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya 14 bahagian termasuk pita sebenar manakala LaserDisc mempunyai satu bahagian dengan lima atau enam lapisan. Cakera boleh dicap dalam beberapa saat manakala pendokumentasian rakaman video memerlukan mekanisme pendaraban pita pukal yang kompleks dan merupakan proses yang memakan masa. Walau bagaimanapun, menjelang akhir tahun 1980-an, purata harga cakera menekan lebih daripada $ 5.00 setiap cakera dua sisi, kerana jumlah besar bahan plastik dan proses penguasaan kaca yang mahal diperlukan untuk membuat mekanisme pena logam. Oleh kerana jumlah permintaan yang lebih besar, videocassettes dengan cepat menjadi lebih murah untuk ditiru, dengan kos sebanyak $ 1.00 pada awal tahun 1990-an. <> Adakah Laserdiscs pada mulanya lebih murah atau lebih mahal untuk menghasilkan daripada rakan-rakan VHS mereka? || lebih murah <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang mempunyai pita VHS yang mesti dihasilkan? || sekurang-kurangnya 14 <> Berapakah kos LaserDiscs untuk dihasilkan menjelang penghujung tahun 1980-an? || $ 5.00 setiap cakera dua sisi <> Berapakah kos VHS untuk dihasilkan pada 1990-an? || serendah $ 1.00", {"context": "LaserDiscs were initially cheaper than videocassettes to manufacture, because they lacked the moving parts and plastic outer shell that are necessary for VHS tapes to work, and the duplication process was much simpler. A VHS cassette has at least 14 parts including the actual tape while LaserDisc has one part with five or six layers. A disc can be stamped out in a matter of seconds whereas duplicating videotape required a complex bulk tape duplication mechanism and was a time-consuming process. However, by the end of the 1980s, average disc-pressing prices were over $5.00 per two-sided disc, due to the large amount of plastic material and the costly glass-mastering process needed to make the metal stamper mechanisms. Due to the larger volume of demand, videocassettes quickly became much cheaper to duplicate, costing as little as $1.00 by the beginning of the 1990s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "cheaper"}], "question": "Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts?", "id": "57283f892ca10214002da182"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "at least 14"}], "question": "How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?", "id": "57283f892ca10214002da183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "$5.00 per two-sided disc"}], "question": "How much did LaserDiscs cost to produce by the end of the 1980s?", "id": "57283f892ca10214002da184"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "as little as $1.00"}], "question": "How much did VHS cost to produce by the 1990s?", "id": "57283f892ca10214002da185"}]}], ["Perintis Elektronik juga memasuki pasaran cakera optik pada tahun 1977 sebagai usaha sama 50/50 dengan MCA dipanggil Universal-Pioneer dan pembuatan pemain industri direka bentuk MCA di bawah nama MCA DiscoVision (PR-7800 dan PR-7820). Untuk pelancaran pertama pemain Universal-Perintis pada tahun 1980, VP-1000 telah disebut sebagai \"pemain cakera laser\", walaupun logo \"LaserDisc\" dipaparkan dengan jelas pada peranti. Pada tahun 1981, \"LaserDisc\" digunakan secara eksklusif untuk media itu sendiri, walaupun nama rasmi adalah \"LaserVision\" (seperti yang dilihat pada permulaan banyak siaran LaserDisc sebelum permulaan filem). Walau bagaimanapun, apabila Pioneer mengingatkan banyak majalah dan kedai video pada tahun 1984, LaserDisc adalah kata tanda dagangan, hanya untuk produk LaserVision yang dibuat untuk dijual oleh Video Pioneer atau Perintis Elektronik. Iklan 1984 Ray Charles untuk pemain LD-700 mempunyai istilah \"pemain pioneer LaserDisc videodisc player\". Dari tahun 1981 hingga awal 1990-an, semua cakera berlesen yang betul membawa nama dan logo LaserVision, walaupun tajuk Artis Pioneer. <> Syarikat manakah yang menyertai perkongsian 50/50 dengan MCA pada tahun 1977? || Perintis Elektronik <> Pada tahun apakah pemain Universal-Perintis pertama yang dikeluarkan? || 1980 <> Apa nama pemain Universal-Perintis yang pertama? || VP-1000 <> Penyanyi manakah yang membuat iklan untuk pemain LD-700 pada tahun 1984? || Ray Charles", {"context": "Pioneer Electronics also entered the optical disc market in 1977 as a 50/50 joint-venture with MCA called Universal-Pioneer and manufacturing MCA designed industrial players under the MCA DiscoVision name (the PR-7800 and PR-7820). For the 1980 launch of the first Universal-Pioneer player, the VP-1000 was noted as a \"laser disc player\", although the \"LaserDisc\" logo displayed clearly on the device. In 1981, \"LaserDisc\" was used exclusively for the medium itself, although the official name was \"LaserVision\" (as seen at the beginning of many LaserDisc releases just before the start of the film). However, as Pioneer reminded numerous video magazines and stores in 1984, LaserDisc was a trademarked word, standing only for LaserVision products manufactured for sale by Pioneer Video or Pioneer Electronics. A 1984 Ray Charles ad for the LD-700 player bore the term \"Pioneer LaserDisc brand videodisc player\". From 1981 until the early 1990s, all properly licensed discs carried the LaserVision name and logo, even Pioneer Artists titles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pioneer Electronics"}], "question": "Which company joined a 50/50 partnership with MCA in 1977?", "id": "5728390b3acd2414000df74f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "1980"}], "question": "In what year was the first Universal-Pioneer player released?", "id": "5728390b3acd2414000df750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "the VP-1000"}], "question": "What was the name of the first Universal-Pioneer player?", "id": "5728390b3acd2414000df751"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "Ray Charles"}], "question": "Which singer did an ad for the LD-700 player in 1984?", "id": "5728390b3acd2414000df752"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mac 1984, Pioneer memperkenalkan pemain pengguna pertama dengan laser keadaan pepejal, LD-700. Ia juga merupakan pemain LD yang pertama untuk memuat dari depan dan bukan bahagian atas. Satu tahun sebelumnya, Hitachi memperkenalkan pemain perindustrian mahal dengan diod laser, tetapi pemain, yang mempunyai kualiti gambar yang kurang baik disebabkan oleh pemampat putus sekolah yang tidak mencukupi, hanya dibuat dalam jumlah yang terhad. Selepas Pioneer melepaskan LD-700, laser gas tidak lagi digunakan dalam pemain pengguna, walaupun kelebihannya, walaupun Philips terus menggunakan laser gas dalam unit perindustrian mereka hingga tahun 1985. <> Apa nama pengguna laser keadaan pepejal pertama Pemain laserdisc? || LD-700 <> Selain laser keadaan pepejal, apa lagi yang unik mengenai LD-700? || pemain LD yang pertama untuk memuat dari depan dan bukan bahagian atas <> Bilakah Pioneer melepaskan LD-700? || Mac 1984 <> Syarikat mana yang terus menggunakan gas-lasers dalam model industri pemain LD walaupun mereka tidak lagi digunakan dalam model pengguna? || Philips", {"context": "In March 1984, Pioneer introduced the first consumer player with a solid-state laser, the LD-700. It was also the first LD player to load from the front and not the top. One year earlier Hitachi introduced an expensive industrial player with a laser diode, but the player, which had poor picture quality due to an inadequate dropout compensator, was made only in limited quantities. After Pioneer released the LD-700, gas lasers were no longer used in consumer players, despite their advantages, although Philips continued to use gas lasers in their industrial units until 1985.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "LD-700"}], "question": "What was the name of the first solid-state laser consumer LaserDisc player?", "id": "57283235ff5b5019007d9ed8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "first LD player to load from the front and not the top"}], "question": "Besides a solid-state laser, what else was unique about the LD-700?", "id": "57283235ff5b5019007d9ed9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 1984"}], "question": "When did Pioneer release the LD-700?", "id": "57283235ff5b5019007d9eda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Philips"}], "question": "Which company continued to use gas-lasers in industrial models of LD players although they were no longer used in consumer models?", "id": "57283235ff5b5019007d9edb"}]}], ["Nama pilihan Philips untuk formatnya adalah \"VLP\", selepas kata-kata Belanda Video Langspeel-Plaat (\"Video lama cakera cakera\"), yang dalam negara berbahasa Inggeris berdiri untuk Video Long-Play. Pemain pengguna pertama, Magnavox VH-8000 juga mempunyai logo VLP pada pemain. Untuk sementara pada awal dan pertengahan 1970-an, Philips juga membincangkan format audio-hanya serasi yang mereka sebut sebagai \"ALP\", tetapi itu tidak lama kemudian jatuh kerana sistem Disc Compact menjadi projek yang tidak serasi di syarikat Philips. Sehingga awal tahun 1980, format itu tidak mempunyai nama \"rasmi\". Persatuan LaserVision, yang terdiri daripada MCA, Universal-Perintis, IBM, dan Philips / Magnavox, ditubuhkan untuk menyeragamkan spesifikasi teknikal format (yang telah menyebabkan masalah untuk pasaran pengguna) dan akhirnya menamakan sistem secara rasmi sebagai \"LaserVision \". <> Apa VLP berdiri di negara berbahasa Inggeris? || Video Long-Play <> Apakah pemain VLP pengguna pertama? || Magnavox VH-8000 <> Kumpulan mana yang secara rasmi memilih nama \"Laservision\"? || Persatuan LaserVision <> Persatuan Laservision terdiri daripada syarikat mana? || MCA, Universal-Perintis, IBM, dan Philips / Magnavox", {"context": "Philips' preferred name for the format was \"VLP\", after the Dutch words Video Langspeel-Plaat (\"Video long-play disc\"), which in English-speaking countries stood for Video Long-Play. The first consumer player, the Magnavox VH-8000 even had the VLP logo on the player. For a while in the early and mid-1970s, Philips also discussed a compatible audio-only format they called \"ALP\", but that was soon dropped as the Compact Disc system became a non-compatible project in the Philips corporation. Until early 1980, the format had no \"official\" name. The LaserVision Association, made up of MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox, was formed to standardize the technical specifications of the format (which had been causing problems for the consumer market) and finally named the system officially as \"LaserVision\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Video Long-Play"}], "question": "What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries?", "id": "572834ffff5b5019007d9f1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Magnavox VH-8000"}], "question": "What was the first consumer VLP player?", "id": "572834ffff5b5019007d9f1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "The LaserVision Association"}], "question": "Which group officially chose the name \"Laservision\"?", "id": "572834ffff5b5019007d9f1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox"}], "question": "The Laservision Association was comprised of which companies?", "id": "572834ffff5b5019007d9f1f"}]}], ["LaserDisc berpotensi mempunyai jangka hayat yang lebih panjang daripada videocassettes. Kerana cakera dibaca secara optikal dan bukannya magnet, tidak ada hubungan fizikal yang perlu dibuat antara pemain dan cakera, kecuali pengapit pemain yang memegang cakera di pusatnya seperti yang diputar dan dibaca. Hasilnya, main balik tidak akan memakai bahagian yang mengandungi maklumat cakera, dan menghasilkan LD dengan betul secara teorinya akan melebihi tempoh seumur hidupnya. Sebaliknya, pita VHS memegang semua gambaran dan maklumat bunyi pada pita di lapisan magnet yang bersentuhan dengan kepala berputar pada drum kepala, menyebabkan memakai progresif dengan setiap penggunaan (walaupun kemudian dalam jangka hayat VHS, pembaikan kejuruteraan dibenarkan pita untuk dibuat dan dimainkan semula tanpa sentuhan). Juga, pita itu nipis dan halus, dan ia mudah untuk mekanisme pemain, terutamanya pada model yang berkualiti rendah atau tidak berfungsi, untuk mengelak pita dan merosakkannya dengan merangsangnya, membengkokkan (meregangkan) tepinya, atau memecahkannya. <> Adakah Laserdiscs atau VHS lebih tahan lama dalam jangka masa panjang? || LaserDiscs <> Mengapa hubungan fizikal dengan pita VHS kurang diingini daripada bacaan optik? || memakai progresif dengan setiap penggunaan <> Di mana pita VHS menyimpan maklumat mereka? || lapisan magnet", {"context": "LaserDiscs potentially had a much longer lifespan than videocassettes. Because the discs were read optically instead of magnetically, no physical contact needs to be made between the player and the disc, except for the player's clamp that holds the disc at its center as it is spun and read. As a result, playback would not wear the information-bearing part of the discs, and properly manufactured LDs would theoretically last beyond one's lifetime. By contrast, a VHS tape held all of its picture and sound information on the tape in a magnetic coating which is in contact with the spinning heads on the head drum, causing progressive wear with each use (though later in VHS's lifespan, engineering improvements allowed tapes to be made and played back without contact). Also, the tape was thin and delicate, and it was easy for a player mechanism, especially on a low quality or malfunctioning model, to mishandle the tape and damage it by creasing it, frilling (stretching) its edges, or even breaking it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "LaserDiscs"}], "question": "Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?", "id": "572841bd3acd2414000df7d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "progressive wear with each use"}], "question": "Why is physical contact with a VHS tape less desirable than an optical reading?", "id": "572841bd3acd2414000df7da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "magnetic coating"}], "question": "Where do VHS tapes store their information?", "id": "572841bd3acd2414000df7db"}]}], ["Pada tahun-tahun awal, MCA juga mengeluarkan cakera untuk syarikat lain termasuk Paramount, Disney dan Warner Bros. Sesetengah daripada mereka menambah nama mereka sendiri kepada jaket cakera untuk menandakan bahawa filem itu tidak dimiliki oleh MCA. Selepas Discovision Associates ditutup pada awal 1982, label perisian videodisc Universal Studio, yang dipanggil MCA Videodisc sehingga tahun 1984, mula menerbitkan semula banyak gelaran DiscoVision. Malangnya, beberapa orang, seperti Battlestar Galactica dan Jaws, merupakan versi mampatan masa CAV atau asal CLV Disco Vision mereka. Masa semula CLV yang dikompresi oleh Jaws tidak lagi mempunyai soundtrack asal, kerana mempunyai muzik latar belakang yang tidak sengaja digantikan untuk versi cakera video kerana kos pelesenan (muzik tidak akan tersedia sehingga set kotak THX LaserDisc dikeluarkan pada tahun 1995) . Satu pengeluaran bersama Universal / Columbia yang dikeluarkan oleh Visi Disko MCA dalam kedua-dua versi CAV dan CLV, The Electric Horseman, masih tidak terdapat dalam mana-mana format video rumah lain dengan skor asalnya utuh; bahkan pelepasan DVD yang paling baru-baru ini mempunyai penggantian muzik yang besar dari kedua-dua skor instrumental dan lagu-lagu Willie Nelson. Pelepasan MCA daripada Howard the Duck Universal, hanya melihat kredit permulaan yang ditunjukkan dalam skrin lebar sebelum berubah menjadi 4: 3 untuk seluruh filem. Selama bertahun-tahun ini adalah satu-satunya pelepasan berasaskan cakera filem, sehingga format DVD skrin lebar dikeluarkan dengan tambahan. Juga, pelepasan LaserDisc E.T. Extra-Terrestrial adalah satu-satunya format untuk memasukkan adegan potong Harrison Ford yang memainkan bahagian kepala sekolah yang menceritakan Elliott kerana membiarkan katak bebas dalam kelas biologi. <> Apa syarikat lain yang membuat cakera MCA mengeluarkan? || Paramount, Disney dan Warner Bros <> Apa kecerdasan yang ada dalam pembebasan Howard the Duck MCA? || hanya kredit permulaan yang ditunjukkan dalam skrin lebar sebelum menukar kepada 4: 3 untuk seluruh filem <> Apa yang unik mengenai pelepasan LaserDisc E.T.? || hanya format untuk memasukkan adegan potong Harrison Ford yang memainkan bahagian kepala sekolah sekolah <> Filem mana yang hanya tersedia dengan skor asalnya dalam format LD, walaupun hari ini? || The Electric Horseman", {"context": "During the early years, MCA also manufactured discs for other companies including Paramount, Disney and Warner Bros. Some of them added their own names to the disc jacket to signify that the movie was not owned by MCA. After Discovision Associates shut down in early 1982, Universal Studio's videodisc software label, called MCA Videodisc until 1984, began reissuing many DiscoVision titles. Unfortunately, quite a few, such as Battlestar Galactica and Jaws, were time-compressed versions of their CAV or CLV Disco Vision originals. The time-compressed CLV re-issue of Jaws no longer had the original soundtrack, having had incidental background music replaced for the video disc version due to licensing cost (the music would not be available until the THX LaserDisc box set was released in 1995). One Universal/Columbia co-production issued by MCA Disco Vision in both CAV and CLV versions, The Electric Horseman, is still not available in any other home video format with its original score intact; even the most recent DVD release has had substantial music replacements of both instrumental score and Willie Nelson's songs. An MCA release of Universal's Howard the Duck, sees only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film. For many years this was the only disc-based release of the film, until widescreen DVD formats were released with extras. Also, the LaserDisc release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is the only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster telling off Elliott for letting the frogs free in the biology class.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Paramount, Disney and Warner Bros"}], "question": "What other companies did MCA manufacture discs for?", "id": "57283a6a3acd2414000df757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1180, "text": "only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film"}], "question": "What quirk is present in MCA's release of Howard the Duck?", "id": "57283a6a3acd2414000df758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1458, "text": "only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster"}], "question": "What is unique about the LaserDisc release of E.T.?", "id": "57283a6a3acd2414000df759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 893, "text": "The Electric Horseman"}], "question": "Which film is only available with its original score in LD format , even today?", "id": "57283a6a3acd2414000df75a"}]}], ["Sama seperti perdebatan kualiti suara CD versus LP biasa dalam komuniti audiophile, sesetengah videophiles berhujah bahawa LaserDisc mengekalkan \"licin\", lebih \"seperti filem\", imej semula jadi manakala DVD masih kelihatan sedikit lebih tiruan. Cakera demo DVD awal sering mengalami masalah mampatan atau pengekodan, memberi sokongan tambahan terhadap tuntutan tersebut pada masa itu. Bagaimanapun, nisbah isyarat dan kebolehan isyarat video dan lebar jalur LaserDisc jauh lebih rendah daripada DVD, menjadikan DVD kelihatan lebih tajam dan jelas kepada kebanyakan penonton. <> Format mana yang dianggap paling realistik, LaserDisc atau DVD? || LaserDisc <> Format mana, LaserDisc atau DVD, dikatakan kelihatan lebih tajam dan jelas kepada kebanyakan penonton? || DVD <> Ciri-ciri apa yang kurang LaserDiscs, menyebabkan DVD kelihatan lebih tajam dan jelas? || nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi video dan jalur lebar", {"context": "Similar to the CD versus LP sound quality debates common in the audiophile community, some videophiles argue that LaserDisc maintains a \"smoother\", more \"film-like\", natural image while DVD still looks slightly more artificial. Early DVD demo discs often had compression or encoding problems, lending additional support to such claims at the time. However, the video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of LaserDisc are substantially less than that of DVDs, making DVDs appear sharper and clearer to most viewers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "LaserDisc"}], "question": "Which format is considered to look most realistic, LaserDisc or DVD?", "id": "572848e94b864d19001648c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "DVDs"}], "question": "Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, is said to appear sharper and clearer to most viewers?", "id": "572848e94b864d19001648c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth"}], "question": "What features do LaserDiscs lack in, causing DVDs to appear sharper and clearer?", "id": "572848e94b864d19001648c6"}]}], ["Maklumat analog yang dikodkan pada LaserDiscs tidak termasuk apa-apa bentuk checksum terbina dalam atau pembetulan ralat. Oleh itu, debu dan calar yang sedikit pada permukaan cakera boleh menyebabkan kesilapan baca yang menyebabkan pelbagai masalah kualiti video: gangguan, coretan, pecahan statik, atau gangguan gambar seketika. Sebaliknya, maklumat format MPEG-2 digital yang digunakan pada DVD mempunyai pembetulan ralat terbina dalam yang memastikan bahawa isyarat daripada cakera yang rosak akan tetap sama dengan cakera yang sempurna sehingga titik di mana kerosakan pada permukaan cakera adalah begitu besar bahawa ia menghalang laser daripada dapat mengenal pasti data yang boleh digunakan. <> Apakah masalah video mengenai LaserDisc boleh disebabkan oleh habuk atau calar? || glitches, garis-garis, pecahan statik, atau gangguan gambar seketika <> Format manakah yang digunakan dalam DVD mempunyai pembetulan ralat terbina dalam? || digital MPEG-2 <> Apa jenis pengekodan, analog atau digital, menyebabkan LaserDiscs dapat diterima untuk kerosakan? || analog", {"context": "The analog information encoded on LaserDiscs does not include any form of built-in checksum or error correction. Because of this, slight dust and scratches on the disc surface can result in read-errors which cause various video quality problems: glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions. In contrast, the digital MPEG-2 format information used on DVDs has built-in error correction which ensures that the signal from a damaged disc will remain identical to that from a perfect disc right up until the point at which damage to the disc surface is so substantial that it prevents the laser from being able to identify usable data.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions"}], "question": "What video problems on a LaserDisc can be caused by dust or scratches?", "id": "57284e4b2ca10214002da26e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "digital MPEG-2"}], "question": "Which format used in DVDs has built-in error correction?", "id": "57284e4b2ca10214002da26f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "analog"}], "question": "What type of encoding, analog or digital, causes LaserDiscs to be succeptable to damages?", "id": "57284e4b2ca10214002da270"}]}], ["Sokongan laserDisc untuk pelbagai trek audio yang dibenarkan untuk bahan-bahan tambahan yang besar untuk disertakan pada cakera dan menjadikannya format yang pertama tersedia untuk siaran \"Edisi Khas\"; edisi Koleksi Kritikan 1984 Citizen Kane pada umumnya dikreditkan sebagai yang pertama \"Edisi Khas\" melepaskan ke video rumah, [rujukan?] dan untuk menetapkan standard di mana cakera SE masa depan diukur. Cakera ini menyediakan temuduga, trek ulasan, dokumentari, gambar foto, dan ciri-ciri lain untuk ahli sejarah dan pengumpul. <> LaserDisc adalah format pertama untuk menyediakan jenis keluaran kepada pengguna? || \"Edisi Khas\" <> Apa filem pertama \"Edisi Khas\" yang akan dikeluarkan ke video rumah? || edisi Koleksi Kritikan 1984 Citizen Kane <> Apakah ciri bonus yang ada pada video rumah pertama \"Edisi Khas\"? || wawancara, trek ulasan, dokumentari, gambar masih <> Apa ciri, unik untuk LaserDisc, menjadikan kandungan bonus mungkin? || sokongan untuk pelbagai trek audio", {"context": "LaserDisc's support for multiple audio tracks allowed for vast supplemental materials to be included on-disc and made it the first available format for \"Special Edition\" releases; the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane is generally credited as being the first \"Special Edition\" release to home video,[citation needed] and for setting the standard by which future SE discs were measured. The disc provided interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs, and other features for historians and collectors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "\"Special Edition\""}], "question": "LaserDisc was the first format to provide what type of releases to consumers?", "id": "57284b0c4b864d19001648da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane"}], "question": "What was the first \"Special Edition\" film to be released to home video?", "id": "57284b0c4b864d19001648db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs"}], "question": "What bonus features were available on the first home video \"Special Edition\"?", "id": "57284b0c4b864d19001648dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "support for multiple audio tracks"}], "question": "What feature, unique to LaserDisc, made bonus content possible?", "id": "57284b0c4b864d19001648dd"}]}], ["LaserDisc adalah format video komposit: maklumat luminance (hitam dan putih) dan krominans (warna) dihantar dalam satu isyarat, dipisahkan oleh penerima. Walaupun penapis sikat yang baik dapat melakukannya secukupnya, kedua-dua isyarat ini tidak boleh dipisahkan sepenuhnya. Pada DVD, data disimpan dalam bentuk blok digital yang membentuk setiap bingkai bebas. Isyarat yang dihasilkan bergantung kepada peralatan yang digunakan untuk menguasai cakera. Isyarat terdiri dari komposit dan berpecah, kepada YUV dan RGB. Bergantung kepada format mana yang digunakan, ini boleh menyebabkan kesetiaan yang jauh lebih tinggi, terutamanya pada sempadan warna yang kuat atau kawasan terperinci tinggi (terutamanya jika ada pergerakan sederhana dalam gambar) dan butiran rendah seperti nada kulit, di mana penapis menyikat hampir tidak dapat dielakkan terperinci beberapa detail. <> Bagaimana data disimpan pada DVD? || blok digital yang membentuk setiap bingkai bebas <> Alat apa yang memisahkan isyarat hitam dan putih dan warna dalam LaserDiscs? || penerima <> Di mana bidang penapis sisir yang paling mungkin kehilangan detail? || butir-butir kontras rendah seperti nada kulit <> Adakah menapis penapis tepat, atau adakah beberapa data yang diletupkan? || penapis sisir hampir tidak dapat dielakkan dengan teliti beberapa terperinci", {"context": "LaserDisc was a composite video format: the luminance (black and white) and chrominance (color) information were transmitted in one signal, separated by the receiver. While good comb filters can do so adequately, these two signals cannot be completely separated. On DVDs, data is stored in the form of digital blocks which make up each independent frame. The signal produced is dependent on the equipment used to master the disc. Signals range from composite and split, to YUV and RGB. Depending upon which format is used, this can result in far higher fidelity, particularly at strong color borders or regions of high detail (especially if there is moderate movement in the picture) and low-contrast details like skin tones, where comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "digital blocks which make up each independent frame"}], "question": "How is data stored on DVDs?", "id": "57284314ff5b5019007da038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "the receiver"}], "question": "What device seperated the black and white and color signals in LaserDiscs?", "id": "57284314ff5b5019007da039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "low-contrast details like skin tones"}], "question": "In what areas are comb filters most likely to lose detail?", "id": "57284314ff5b5019007da03b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail"}], "question": "Are comb filters exact, or is some data smudged?", "id": "57284314ff5b5019007da03a"}]}], ["Berbeza dengan DVD digital sepenuhnya, LaserDisc hanya menggunakan video analog. Oleh kerana format LaserDisc tidak dikodkan secara digital dan tidak menggunakan teknik pemampatan, ia adalah kebal kepada video macroblocking (paling kelihatan sebagai penghalang semasa urutan gerakan tinggi) atau perbandingan kontras (garis kelihatan halus di kawasan kecerunan, seperti out-of- fokus latar belakang, langit, atau cahaya dari lampu sorot) yang boleh disebabkan oleh proses pengekodan MPEG-2 seperti video disediakan untuk DVD. Siaran DVD awal memegang potensi untuk mengatasi rakan LaserDisc mereka, tetapi sering dikendalikan hanya untuk memadankan mereka untuk kualiti imej, dan dalam beberapa kes, versi LaserDisc dipilih. Walau bagaimanapun, pengekod pembantu manusia yang dikendalikan secara manual yang dikendalikan oleh pakar boleh mengurangkan kejadian artifak, bergantung kepada masa bermain dan kerumitan imej. Menjelang akhir latihan LaserDisc, DVD telah memenuhi potensi mereka sebagai format unggul. <> Adakah LaserDiscs atau DVD menggunakan video analog? || LaserDiscs <> Adakah DVD sebahagian atau sepenuhnya digital? || sepenuhnya <> Apakah perbandingan kontras? || garis ketara yang ketara di kawasan kecerunan <> Apa langkah proses pengeluaran DVD menyebabkan perbandingan sebanding? || Proses pengekodan MPEG-2", {"context": "In contrast to the entirely digital DVD, LaserDiscs use only analog video. As the LaserDisc format is not digitally encoded and does not make use of compression techniques, it is immune to video macroblocking (most visible as blockiness during high motion sequences) or contrast banding (subtle visible lines in gradient areas, such as out-of-focus backgrounds, skies, or light casts from spotlights) that can be caused by the MPEG-2 encoding process as video is prepared for DVD. Early DVD releases held the potential to surpass their LaserDisc counterparts, but often managed only to match them for image quality, and in some cases, the LaserDisc version was preferred. However, proprietary human-assisted encoders manually operated by specialists can vastly reduce the incidence of artifacts, depending on playing time and image complexity. By the end of LaserDisc's run, DVDs were living up to their potential as a superior format.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "LaserDiscs"}], "question": "Do LaserDiscs or DVD use analog video?", "id": "572844d0ff5b5019007da070"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "entirely"}], "question": "Are DVDs partially or entirely digital?", "id": "572844d0ff5b5019007da071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "subtle visible lines in gradient areas"}], "question": "What is contrast banding?", "id": "572844d0ff5b5019007da072"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "MPEG-2 encoding process"}], "question": "What step of the DVD production process causes contrast banding?", "id": "572844d0ff5b5019007da073"}]}], ["Keuntungan lain, sekurang-kurangnya kepada sesetengah pengguna, adalah kekurangan sebarang teknologi anti-cetak rompak. Ia mendakwa bahawa perlindungan Copyguard Macrovision tidak dapat digunakan untuk LaserDisc, kerana reka bentuk formatnya. Jeda kosong menegak, di mana isyarat Macrovision akan dilaksanakan, juga digunakan untuk pemasaan dalaman pemain LaserDisc, jadi cakera ujian dengan Macrovision tidak akan bermain sama sekali. Tidak pernah ada usaha untuk mengubah reka bentuk walaupun potensi yang nyata untuk cetak rompak disebabkan oleh pangsa pasar yang agak kecil. Industri ini hanya memutuskan untuk membuat kejuruteraan ke dalam spesifikasi DVD. <> Apakah jarak selang menegak yang digunakan dalam LaserDiscs, yang menghalang isyarat Macrovision dilaksanakan? || Masa dalaman <> Mengapa tidak ada keperluan untuk merekabentuk semula format LaserDisc untuk mengelakkan cetak rompak? || bahagian pasaran yang agak kecil <> Perlindungan apa yang tidak boleh digunakan untuk LaserDiscs, menjadikan mereka mudah cetak rompak? || Perlindungan Copyguard Macrovision", {"context": "Another advantage, at least to some consumers, was the lack of any sort of anti-piracy technology. It was claimed that Macrovision's Copyguard protection could not be applied to LaserDisc, due to the format's design. The vertical blanking interval, where the Macrovision signal would be implemented, was also used for the internal timing on LaserDisc players, so test discs with Macrovision would not play at all. There was never a push to redesign the format despite the obvious potential for piracy due to its relatively small market share. The industry simply decided to engineer it into the DVD specification.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "internal timing"}], "question": "What was the vertical blanking interval used for in LaserDiscs, preventing Macrovision signal to be implemented?", "id": "57284a1b4b864d19001648ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "relatively small market share"}], "question": "Why wasn't there a need to redesign the LaserDisc format to prevent piracy?", "id": "57284a1b4b864d19001648cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Macrovision's Copyguard protection"}], "question": "What protection could not be applied to LaserDiscs, making them prone to piracy?", "id": "57284a1b4b864d19001648cc"}]}], ["Tempat yang rusak pada LaserDisc boleh dimainkan melalui atau dilangkau, sementara DVD akan menjadi tidak dapat dimainkan melewati kerosakan. Sesetengah pemain DVD yang lebih baru mempunyai algoritma pembaikan + skip, yang mengatasi masalah ini dengan terus memainkan cakera, mengisi ruang yang tidak boleh dibaca gambar dengan ruang kosong atau bingkai beku imej dan bunyi yang boleh dibaca yang terakhir. Kejayaan ciri ini bergantung pada jumlah kerosakan. Pemain LaserDisc, ketika bekerja dalam analog penuh, pulih dari kesalahan tersebut lebih cepat daripada pemain DVD. Perbandingan langsung di sini hampir mustahil kerana perbezaan saiz semata-mata di antara kedua-dua media. A scratch 1 in (3 cm) pada DVD mungkin akan menyebabkan lebih banyak masalah daripada calar 1 dalam (3 cm) pada LaserDisc, tetapi cap jari yang mengambil 1% dari kawasan DVD akan hampir pasti menyebabkan masalah lebih sedikit daripada tanda yang sama meliputi 1% permukaan LaserDisc. [rujukan?] <> Apakah ciri pembaikan + skip pada pemain DVD yang lebih baru? || mengisi kawasan yang tidak boleh dibaca gambar dengan ruang kosong atau bingkai beku imej dan suara yang boleh dibaca yang terakhir <> Format mana, DVD atau Laserdisc, boleh menjadi tidak boleh dibaca dengan kerosakan? || DVD <> Akankah gumpalan saiz yang sama menyebabkan lebih banyak masalah untuk DVD atau LaserDisc? || DVD", {"context": "Damaged spots on a LaserDisc can be played through or skipped over, while a DVD will often become unplayable past the damage. Some newer DVD players feature a repair+skip algorithm, which alleviates this problem by continuing to play the disc, filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound. The success of this feature depends upon the amount of damage. LaserDisc players, when working in full analog, recover from such errors faster than DVD players. Direct comparison here is almost impossible due to the sheer size differences between the two media. A 1 in (3 cm) scratch on a DVD will probably cause more problems than a 1 in (3 cm) scratch on a LaserDisc, but a fingerprint taking up 1% of the area of a DVD would almost certainly cause fewer problems than a similar mark covering 1% of the surface of a LaserDisc.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound"}], "question": "What does the repair+skip feature on newer DVD players do?", "id": "572847713acd2414000df863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "DVD"}], "question": "Which format, DVD or Laserdisc, can become unreadable with damage?", "id": "572847713acd2414000df864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "DVD"}], "question": "Will the same size scratch cause more problems for a DVD or LaserDisc?", "id": "572847713acd2414000df865"}]}], ["Di samping itu, video LaserDisc kadang-kadang menunjukkan masalah yang dikenali sebagai \"crosstalk\". Isu ini boleh timbul apabila pemasangan pikap laser optik dalam pemain tidak diselaraskan atau kerana cakera rosak atau terlalu meleding, tetapi ia juga boleh berlaku walaupun dengan pemain yang berfungsi dengan baik dan cakera baru kilang, bergantung kepada elektrik dan mekanikal masalah penyelarasan. Dalam kes ini, isu ini timbul kerana fakta bahawa cakera CLV memerlukan perubahan halus dalam kelajuan putar pada pelbagai titik semasa main balik. Semasa perubahan kelajuan, pikap optik di dalam pemain mungkin membaca maklumat video dari jejak yang bersebelahan dengan yang dimaksudkan, menyebabkan data dari kedua-dua trek itu \"menyeberang\"; maklumat video tambahan yang diambil dari lagu kedua menunjukkan sebagai penyelewengan dalam gambar yang kelihatan mengingatkan \"kutub tong\" berputar atau garis bergulir statik. <> Bilakah \"crosstalk\" berlaku? || apabila perhimpunan pickup laser optik dalam pemain tidak diselaraskan atau kerana cakera rosak atau terlalu melengkung <> Masalah apa yang boleh disebabkan oleh pemain yang tidak diselaraskan? || \"crosstalk\" <> Bagaimana \"crosstalk\" muncul kepada penonton? || berputar \"tiang tukang gunting\" atau garisan rolling statik", {"context": "In addition, LaserDisc videos sometimes exhibit a problem known as \"crosstalk\". The issue can arise when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped, but it could also occur even with a properly functioning player and a factory-new disc, depending on electrical and mechanical alignment problems. In these instances, the issue arose due to the fact that CLV discs require subtle changes in rotating speed at various points during playback. During a change in speed, the optical pickup inside the player might read video information from a track adjacent to the intended one, causing data from the two tracks to \"cross\"; the extra video information picked up from that second track shows up as distortion in the picture which looks reminiscent of swirling \"barber poles\" or rolling lines of static.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped"}], "question": "When does \"crosstalk\" occur?", "id": "57284ee52ca10214002da27c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "\"crosstalk\""}], "question": "What problem can be caused by a player becoming out of alignment?", "id": "57284ee52ca10214002da27d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "swirling \"barber poles\" or rolling lines of static"}], "question": "How does \"crosstalk\" appear to the viewer?", "id": "57284ee52ca10214002da27e"}]}], ["Pemain LaserDisc boleh memberikan tahap kawalan yang tinggi ke atas proses main balik. Tidak seperti kebanyakan pemain DVD, mekanisme pengangkutan selalu mematuhi arahan dari pengguna: jeda, cepat maju, dan arahan cepat-terbalik selalu diterima (tentu saja, tidak senonoh). Tidak ada \"Pengguna Dilarang Pilihan\" di mana kod perlindungan kandungan mengarahkan pemain untuk menolak arahan untuk melangkau bahagian tertentu (seperti penghantaran pantas melalui amaran hak cipta). (Beberapa pemain DVD, terutamanya unit yang lebih tinggi, mempunyai keupayaan untuk mengabaikan kod menyekat dan memainkan video tanpa sekatan, tetapi ciri ini tidak biasa di pasaran pengguna biasa.) <> Bagaimana operasi laserDisc berbeza dari DVD? || mekanisme pengangkutan selalu mematuhi perintah dari pengguna <> Apa itu \"Pilihan Dilindungi Pengguna\" pada DVD? || di mana kod perlindungan kandungan mengarahkan pemain menolak arahan untuk melangkau bahagian tertentu <> Di manakah Pilihan Dilindungi Pengguna yang biasa dijumpai pada DVD? || amaran hak cipta <> Format mana, LaserDisc atau DVD, memberikan pengguna kawalan yang paling atas main semula? || LaserDisc", {"context": "LaserDisc players can provide a great degree of control over the playback process. Unlike many DVD players, the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user: pause, fast-forward, and fast-reverse commands are always accepted (barring, of course, malfunctions). There were no \"User Prohibited Options\" where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part (such as fast forwarding through copyright warnings). (Some DVD players, particularly higher-end units, do have the ability to ignore the blocking code and play the video without restrictions, but this feature is not common in the usual consumer market.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user"}], "question": "How does LaserDisc operation vary from DVD?", "id": "57284672ff5b5019007da0b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part"}], "question": "What are \"User Protected Options\" on DVDs?", "id": "57284672ff5b5019007da0b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "copyright warnings"}], "question": "Where are User Protected Options commonly found on DVDs?", "id": "57284672ff5b5019007da0b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "LaserDisc"}], "question": "Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, gives the user the most control over playback?", "id": "57284672ff5b5019007da0b5"}]}], ["Isyarat video analog yang memakan ruang masa main balik LaserDisc terhad kepada 30 minit (CAV) atau 60 minit (CLV) setiap sisi kerana keengganan pengeluar perkakasan untuk mengurangkan bilangan baris untuk permainan tambahan. Selepas satu bahagian selesai bermain, cakera perlu dibalikkan untuk terus menonton filem, dan beberapa tajuk mengisi dua atau lebih cakera. Ramai pemain, terutamanya unit yang dibina selepas pertengahan tahun 1980-an, boleh \"cakap\" cakera secara automatik dengan memutarkan pikap optik ke bahagian lain cakera, tetapi ini disertai oleh jeda dalam filem semasa perubahan sampingan. Sekiranya filem itu lebih panjang daripada apa yang boleh disimpan di kedua-dua belah cakera tunggal, secara manual bertukar ke cakera kedua diperlukan pada satu ketika semasa filem itu. Satu pengecualian kepada peraturan ini ialah Pioneer LD-W1, yang mempunyai dua piring cakera. Di samping itu, bingkai masih sempurna dan akses rawak kepada bingkai masih individu hanya terhad kepada cakera CAV yang lebih mahal, yang hanya mempunyai waktu bermain kira-kira 30 minit setiap sisi. Pada tahun-tahun kemudian, Pioneer dan pengeluar lain mengatasi halangan ini dengan memasukkan penampan memori digital, yang \"meraih\" satu bingkai dari cakera CLV. <> Apa yang diperlukan oleh LaserDisc untuk meneruskan main balik selepas 60 minit? || cakera perlu dibalik untuk terus menonton <> Pemain laserDisc mana yang menyelesaikan masalah dilancarkan cakera? || Perintis LD-W1 <> Apa yang perlu dikurangkan untuk membolehkan masa main semula LaserDisc meningkat? || kiraan baris <> Format manakah yang membolehkan lebih banyak main balik ikatan, CLV atau CAV? || CLV", {"context": "The space-consuming analog video signal of a LaserDisc limited playback duration to 30 minutes (CAV) or 60 minutes (CLV) per side because of the hardware manufacturer's refusal to reduce line count for increased playtime. After one side was finished playing, a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching a movie, and some titles fill two or more discs. Many players, especially units built after the mid-1980s, can \"flip\" discs automatically by rotating the optical pickup to the other side of the disc, but this is accompanied by a pause in the movie during the side change. If the movie is longer than what could be stored on two sides of a single disc, manually swapping to a second disc is necessary at some point during the film. One exception to this rule is the Pioneer LD-W1, which features two disc platters. In addition, perfect still frames and random access to individual still frames is limited only to the more expensive CAV discs, which only had a playing time of approximately 30 minutes per side. In later years, Pioneer and other manufacturers overcame this limitation by incorporating a digital memory buffer, which \"grabbed\" a single frame from a CLV disc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching"}], "question": "What was required of a LaserDisc to continue playback after 60 minutes?", "id": "57284d94ff5b5019007da136"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "Pioneer LD-W1"}], "question": "Which LaserDisc player solves the disc switching dilemma?", "id": "57284d94ff5b5019007da137"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "line count"}], "question": "What must be reduced in order to allow LaserDisc playback time to increase?", "id": "57284d94ff5b5019007da138"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "CLV"}], "question": "Which format allows for more playback tie per side, CLV or CAV?", "id": "57284d94ff5b5019007da139"}]}], ["Dengan menganggap pickup optik pemain berada dalam urutan kerja yang betul, gangguan crosstalk biasanya tidak berlaku semasa main balik format LaserDiscs CAV, kerana kelajuan putaran tidak berubah. Walau bagaimanapun, jika penentukuran pemain tidak teratur atau jika cakera CAV rosak atau rosak, masalah lain yang menjejaskan ketepatan pengesanan boleh berlaku. Satu masalah seperti itu adalah \"kunci laser\", di mana pemain membaca dua bidang yang sama untuk bingkai yang diberikan berulang-ulang, menyebabkan gambar kelihatan beku seolah-olah filem itu dijeda. <> Dalam format mana crosstalk umumnya tidak berlaku? || CAV <> Mengapa format CAV menghalang crosstalk? || kelajuan putaran tidak pernah berubah <> Apa yang berlaku semasa \"kunci laser\"? || pemain membaca dua medan yang sama untuk bingkai tertentu berulang-ulang, menyebabkan gambar kelihatan beku", {"context": "Assuming the player's optical pickup is in proper working order, crosstalk distortion normally does not occur during playback of CAV format LaserDiscs, as the rotational speed never varies. However, if the player calibration is out of order or if the CAV disc is faulty or damaged, other problems affecting tracking accuracy can occur. One such problem is \"laser lock\", where the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen as if the movie were paused.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "CAV"}], "question": "In which format does crosstalk generally not occur?", "id": "57284fd82ca10214002da282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "the rotational speed never varies"}], "question": "Why does the CAV format prevent crosstalk?", "id": "57284fd82ca10214002da283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen"}], "question": "What happens during \"laser lock\"?", "id": "57284fd82ca10214002da284"}]}], ["Pada awal 1980-an, Philips menghasilkan model pemain LaserDisc yang disesuaikan untuk antara muka komputer, yang digelar \"profesional\". Pada tahun 1985, Jasmine Multimedia mencipta LaserDisc Juke Boxes yang menampilkan video muzik dari Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, dan Cyndi Lauper. Apabila disambungkan ke PC kombinasi ini boleh digunakan untuk memaparkan imej atau maklumat untuk tujuan pendidikan atau arkib, contohnya beribu-ribu manuskrip zaman pertengahan yang diimbas. Peranti aneh ini boleh dianggap setara dengan CD-ROM. <> Dalam apa dekad apakah Philips menghasilkan model \"profesional\" LD untuk komputer? || Awal 1980-an <> Dalam tahun berapa jukebox dibuat LD? || 1985 <> Siapa yang membuat Jukebox LD pada tahun 1985? || Jasmine Multimedia <> Yang artis muzik telah dipaparkan pada LD Jukeboxes pada tahun 1985? || Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, dan Cyndi Lauper", {"context": "In the early 1980s, Philips produced a LaserDisc player model adapted for a computer interface, dubbed \"professional\". In 1985, Jasmine Multimedia created LaserDisc Juke Boxes featuring music videos from Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, and Cyndi Lauper. When connected to a PC this combination could be used to display images or information for educational or archival purposes, for example thousands of scanned medieval manuscripts. This strange device could be considered a very early equivalent of a CD-ROM.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "early 1980s"}], "question": "In what decade did Philips produce a \"professional\" LD model for computer?", "id": "572855143acd2414000df91d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "1985"}], "question": "In what year were LD jukeboxes created?", "id": "572855143acd2414000df91e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Jasmine Multimedia"}], "question": "Who created LD Jukeboxes in 1985?", "id": "572855143acd2414000df91f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, and Cyndi Lauper"}], "question": "Which musical artists were featured on LD Jukeboxes in 1985?", "id": "572855143acd2414000df920"}]}], ["Walaupun format LaserDisc telah digantikan oleh DVD pada akhir tahun 1990-an, banyak tajuk LD masih diasyikkan oleh peminat filem (contohnya Song of the South Disney yang tidak tersedia di Amerika Syarikat dalam sebarang format, tetapi dikeluarkan di Jepun pada LD) . Ini sebahagian besarnya kerana terdapat banyak filem yang masih boleh didapati di LD dan banyak siaran LD lain yang mengandungi bahan tambahan yang tidak tersedia pada versi DVD seterusnya dari filem-filem tersebut. Sehingga akhir tahun 2001, banyak tajuk dikeluarkan pada VHS, LD, dan DVD di Jepun. <> Pada tahun apakah DVD telah mengambil alih pasaran LaserDisc? || akhir 1990an <> Kumpulan pemungut mana yang sangat menghargai LaserDisc untuk kelenturan mereka? || peminat filem <> Sehingga akhir tahun berapa filem-filem yang dikeluarkan di VHS, LD, dan DVD di Jepun? || 2001 <> Apa negara yang hanya menerima pelepasan LD Disney Song of the South? || Jepun", {"context": "Although the LaserDisc format was supplanted by DVD by the late 1990s, many LD titles are still highly coveted by movie enthusiasts (for example, Disney's Song of the South which is unavailable in the US in any format, but was issued in Japan on LD). This is largely because there are many films that are still only available on LD and many other LD releases contain supplemental material not available on subsequent DVD versions of those films. Until the end of 2001, many titles were released on VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "late 1990s"}], "question": "By what year had DVD taken over the LaserDisc market?", "id": "572854802ca10214002da29c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "movie enthusiasts"}], "question": "Which collector group highly values LaserDisc for their rareness?", "id": "572854802ca10214002da29d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "2001"}], "question": "Until the end of what year were movies released in VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan?", "id": "572854802ca10214002da29e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "What country was the only to receive a LD release of Disney's Song of the South?", "id": "572854802ca10214002da29f"}]}], ["Bahasa skrip HyperCard Apple menyediakan pengguna komputer Macintosh dengan cara untuk merekabentuk pangkalan data slaid, animasi, video dan bunyi dari LaserDiscs dan kemudian membuat antara muka untuk pengguna untuk memainkan kandungan tertentu dari cakera melalui perisian yang disebut LaserStacks. \"Susunan\" yang dicipta pengguna telah dikongsi dan sangat popular di pendidikan di mana tumpuan yang dihasilkan guru digunakan untuk mengakses cakera dari koleksi seni ke proses biologi asas. Tumpuan yang disediakan secara komersil juga popular dengan syarikat Voyager yang mungkin merupakan pengedar yang paling berjaya. <> Antara bahasa pengaturcaraan mana yang membolehkan pengguna untuk tidak memanipulasi LaserDiscs? || HyperCard <> Apakah yang dilakukan oleh perisian LaserStacks yang membolehkan pengguna Mac lakukan? || mainkan kandungan tertentu dari cakera <> Di manakah \"tumpukan\" dibuat dengan perisian LaserStack yang digunakan? || dalam pendidikan <> Syarikat dagang mana yang paling pengedar LaserStack? || Voyager", {"context": "Apple's HyperCard scripting language provided Macintosh computer users with a means to design databases of slides, animation, video and sounds from LaserDiscs and then to create interfaces for users to play specific content from the disc through software called LaserStacks. User-created \"stacks\" were shared and were especially popular in education where teacher-generated stacks were used to access discs ranging from art collections to basic biological processes. Commercially available stacks were also popular with the Voyager company being possibly the most successful distributor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "HyperCard"}], "question": "Which of Apple's programming languages allowed users to ceatively manipulate LaserDiscs?", "id": "572868bd4b864d19001649a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "play specific content from the disc"}], "question": "What did LaserStacks software enable Mac users to do?", "id": "572868bd4b864d19001649a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "in education"}], "question": "Where were \"stacks\" created with the LaserStack software used?", "id": "572868bd4b864d19001649a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Voyager"}], "question": "Which commercial company was LaserStack's most successful distributor?", "id": "572868bd4b864d19001649a9"}]}], ["Banyak LD awal tidak dibuat dengan betul; kadang-kadang suatu pelekat substandard digunakan untuk sandwic bersama-sama kedua-dua belah cakera. [rujukan?] Pelekat mengandungi kekotoran yang dapat menembusi lapisan meterai pelacur dan kimia menyerang lapisan aluminium reflektif logam, menyebabkan ia mengoksidakan dan kehilangan reflektif ciri-ciri. Ini adalah masalah yang disebut \"reput laser\" di kalangan peminat LD, juga dikenali sebagai \"flash warna\" secara dalaman oleh tumbuhan LaserDisc-menekan. Sesetengah bentuk reput laser boleh muncul sebagai bintik hitam yang kelihatan seperti acuan atau plastik yang terbakar yang menyebabkan cakera itu melangkau dan filem menunjukkan bunyi bising berlebihan. Tetapi, untuk sebahagian besar, cakera yang rosak sebenarnya boleh kelihatan dengan sempurna dengan mata kasar. <> Apa produk standard yang digunakan dalam pembuatan LD yang menyebabkan \"reput laser\"? || pelekat <> Apakah nama dalaman \"reput laser\" dalam loji pemprosesan LD? || \"warna kilat\" <> Masalah apa yang boleh berlaku dengan reput laser? || bintik-bintik hitam yang kelihatan seperti acuan atau plastik yang terbakar yang menyebabkan cakera melompat dan filem menunjukkan bunyi berotot yang berlebihan", {"context": "Many early LDs were not manufactured properly; sometimes a substandard adhesive was used to sandwich together the two sides of the disc.[citation needed] The adhesive contained impurities that were able to penetrate the lacquer seal layer and chemically attack the metalized reflective aluminium layer, causing it to oxidize and lose its reflective characteristics. This was a problem that was termed \"laser rot\" among LD enthusiasts, also called \"color flash\" internally by LaserDisc-pressing plants. Some forms of laser rot could appear as black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise. But, for the most part, rotted discs could actually appear perfectly fine to the naked eye.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "adhesive"}], "question": "What substandard product was used in LD manufacturing that caused \"laser rot\"?", "id": "572851ba4b864d190016493c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "\"color flash\""}], "question": "What was the internal name for \"laser rot\" within LD processing plants?", "id": "572851ba4b864d190016493d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise"}], "question": "What problems could occur with laser rot?", "id": "572851ba4b864d190016493e"}]}], ["Format ini juga menjadi sangat popular di Hong Kong pada tahun 1990-an sebelum pengenalan VCD dan DVD; walaupun orang jarang membeli cakera (kerana setiap LD berharga sekitar USD100), aktiviti sewa yang tinggi membantu perniagaan sewa video di bandar berkembang lebih besar daripada sebelumnya. Oleh kerana integrasi dengan pasaran eksport Jepun, NTSC LaserDiscs digunakan di pasaran Hong Kong, berbanding dengan standard PAL yang digunakan untuk siaran (Anomali ini juga wujud untuk DVD). Ini mewujudkan pasaran untuk TV berbilang sistem dan VCR pelbagai sistem yang boleh memaparkan atau memainkan kedua-dua bahan PAL dan NTSC sebagai tambahan kepada bahan SECAM (yang tidak pernah popular di Hong Kong). Sesetengah pemain LD boleh menukar isyarat NTSC ke PAL supaya kebanyakan TV yang digunakan di Hong Kong dapat memaparkan bahan LD. <> Berapakah kos LD di Hong Kong pada tahun 1990-an? || USD100 <> Siaran di Hong Kong menggunakan format piawai? || Standard PAL <> Berbeza dengan siaran, format mana yang digunakan pengguna di Hong Kong? || NTSC", {"context": "The format also became quite popular in Hong Kong during the 1990s before the introduction of VCDs and DVD; although people rarely bought the discs (because each LD was priced around USD100), high rental activity helped the video rental business in the city grow larger than it had ever been previously. Due to integration with the Japanese export market, NTSC LaserDiscs were used in the Hong Kong market, in contrast to the PAL standard used for broadcast (This anomaly also exists for DVD). This created a market for multi-system TVs and multi-system VCRs which could display or play both PAL and NTSC materials in addition to SECAM materials (which were never popular in Hong Kong). Some LD players could convert NTSC signals to PAL so that most TVs used in Hong Kong could display the LD materials.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "USD100"}], "question": "How much did a LD cost in Hong Kong in the 1990s?", "id": "572853c14b864d1900164950"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "PAL standard"}], "question": "Broadcast in Hong Kong used which standard formatting?", "id": "572853c14b864d1900164951"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "NTSC"}], "question": "In contrast to broadcast, which format did consumers use in Hong Kong?", "id": "572853c14b864d1900164952"}]}], ["Satu lagi isu penting yang unik untuk LaserDisc adalah salah satu yang melibatkan ketidakkonsepsi kualiti main balik antara pembuat dan model pemain yang berbeza. Pada kebanyakan televisyen, pemain DVD yang diberikan akan menghasilkan gambar yang tidak dapat dibezakan dari unit lain. Perbezaan dalam kualiti imej antara pemain hanya menjadi mudah dilihat pada televisyen besar dan lonjakan besar dalam kualiti imej biasanya hanya diperolehi dengan pemain mahal dan mewah yang membolehkan pemproses pasca aliran MPEG-2 semasa main balik. Sebaliknya, kualiti main balik LaserDisc sangat bergantung pada kualiti perkakasan. Variasi utama dalam kualiti gambar muncul di antara pembuat dan model pemain LD yang berbeza, walaupun diuji pada televisyen rendah hingga pertengahan. Faedah jelas menggunakan peralatan berkualiti tinggi telah membantu mempertahankan permintaan bagi sesetengah pemain yang tinggi, oleh itu juga mengekalkan harga untuk unit-unit yang tinggi. Pada tahun 1990-an, pemain terkenal dijual di mana saja dari US $ 200 hingga lebih dari $ 1,000, manakala pemain yang lebih tua dan kurang diingini boleh dibeli dalam keadaan kerja sekurang-kurangnya $ 25. <> Adakah kualiti LaserDisc konsisten atau tidak konsisten antara jenama pemain? || tidak konsisten <> Apakah kualiti main balik LaserDisc bergantung kepada? || kualiti perkakasan <> Seberapa murah boleh pemain LaserDisc yang lebih lama dibeli pada tahun 1990-an? || $ 25 <> Apa harga pelbagai adalah pemain LaserDisc yang mewah pada tahun 1990-an? || US $ 200 hingga lebih dari $ 1,000", {"context": "Another significant issue unique to LaserDisc is one involving the inconsistency of playback quality between different makers and models of player. On most televisions, a given DVD player will produce a picture that is visually indistinguishable from other units. Differences in image quality between players only becomes easily apparent on large televisions and substantial leaps in image quality are generally only obtained with expensive, high-end players that allow for post-processing of the MPEG-2 stream during playback. In contrast, LaserDisc playback quality is highly dependent on hardware quality. Major variances in picture quality appear between different makers and models of LD players, even when tested on a low to mid-range television. The obvious benefits of using high quality equipment has helped keep demand for some players high, thus also keeping pricing for those units comparably high. In the 1990s, notable players sold for anywhere from US$200 to well over $1,000, while older and less desirable players could be purchased in working condition for as little as $25.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "inconsistency"}], "question": "Is LaserDisc quality consistent or inconsistent between player brands? ", "id": "572850e43acd2414000df8f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "hardware quality"}], "question": "What is LaserDisc playback quality dependent on?", "id": "572850e43acd2414000df8f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1088, "text": "$25"}], "question": "How cheaply could an older LaserDisc player be purchased in the 1990s?", "id": "572850e43acd2414000df8f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 964, "text": "US$200 to well over $1,000"}], "question": "What range of prices were high-end LaserDisc players in the 1990s?", "id": "572850e43acd2414000df8f6"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1986, pemain SCSI yang dilengkapi SCSI yang dilampirkan pada komputer Master BBC telah digunakan untuk Projek Domestial BBC. Pemain ini dirujuk sebagai LV-ROM (LaserVision Read Only Memory) kerana cakera mengandungi perisian pemanduan serta bingkai video. Cakera menggunakan format CAV, dan mengodkan data sebagai isyarat binari yang diwakili oleh rakaman audio analog. Cakera ini boleh mengandungi dalam setiap bingkai video / audio atau video / data biner CAV, tetapi tidak keduanya. Bingkai \"data\" akan kelihatan kosong apabila dimainkan sebagai video. Ia adalah tipikal untuk setiap cakera bermula dengan katalog cakera (beberapa bingkai kosong) maka pengenalan video sebelum seluruh data. Kerana format (berdasarkan format cakera keras ADFS) menggunakan sektor permulaan untuk setiap fail, susun atur data dengan berkesan melangkau mana-mana bingkai video. Jika semua 54,000 bingkai digunakan untuk penyimpanan data, cakera LV-ROM boleh mengandungi 324 MB data setiap sisi. Sistem Projek Domesday juga termasuk genlock, yang membolehkan bingkai video, klip dan audio dicampur dengan grafik yang berasal dari BBC Master; ini digunakan untuk memberi kesan hebat untuk memaparkan gambar dan peta resolusi tinggi, yang kemudiannya boleh dizumkan ke dalamnya. <> Dalam tahun berapakah projek Doomsday berlaku? || 1986 <> Peralatan mana yang digunakan untuk Projek Doomsday? || pemain LaserDisc yang dilengkapi SCSI yang dilampirkan kepada komputer BBC Master <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh LV-ROM? || Memori Read Only LaserVision <> The Doomsday Project cakera digunakan yang memformat? || CAV", {"context": "In 1986, a SCSI-equipped LaserDisc player attached to a BBC Master computer was used for the BBC Domesday Project. The player was referred as an LV-ROM (LaserVision Read Only Memory) as the discs contained the driving software as well as the video frames. The discs used the CAV format, and encoded data as a binary signal represented by the analog audio recording. These discs could contain in each CAV frame video/audio or video/binary data, but not both. \"Data\" frames would appear blank when played as video. It was typical for each disc to start with the disc catalog (a few blank frames) then the video introduction before the rest of the data. Because the format (based on the ADFS hard disc format) used a starting sector for each file, the data layout effectively skipped over any video frames. If all 54,000 frames are used for data storage an LV-ROM disc can contain 324 MB of data per side. The Domesday Project systems also included a genlock, allowing video frames, clips and audio to be mixed with graphics originated from the BBC Master; this was used to great effect for displaying high resolution photographs and maps, which could then be zoomed into.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1986"}], "question": "In what year did the Doomsday project occur?", "id": "572868002ca10214002da306"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "a SCSI-equipped LaserDisc player attached to a BBC Master computer"}], "question": "Which equipment was used for the Doomsday Project?", "id": "572868002ca10214002da307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "LaserVision Read Only Memory"}], "question": "What does LV-ROM stand for?", "id": "572868002ca10214002da308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "CAV"}], "question": "The Doomsday Project discs used which formatting?", "id": "572868002ca10214002da309"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan tahun 1980-an, Lucasfilm mempelopori sistem pengeditan bukan linear EditDroid untuk filem dan televisyen berdasarkan pemain LaserDisc yang dikawal komputer. Daripada mencetak filem pada filem, negatif yang diproses dari pukulan hari akan dihantar ke kilang penguasai untuk dipasang dari elemen kamera 10 minit ke dalam segmen filem selama 20 minit. Ini kemudiannya dikuasai ke LaserDiscs kosong sebelah, sama seperti DVD akan dibakar di rumah hari ini, membolehkan pilihan dan penyediaan Senarai Keputusan Keputusan lebih mudah. Pada hari-hari sebelum bantuan video tersedia dalam sinematografi, ini satu-satunya cara krew filem dapat melihat kerja mereka. EDL pergi ke pemotong negatif yang kemudian memotong kamera negatif sewajarnya dan memasang filem selesai. Hanya 24 sistem EditDroid yang pernah dibina, walaupun idea dan teknologi masih digunakan hari ini. Kemudian percubaan EditDroid dipinjam dari teknologi cakera keras yang mempunyai cakera berganda pada gelendong yang sama dan menambah banyak main main balik dan banyak elektronik ke reka bentuk jukebox asas supaya setiap titik pada setiap cakera akan dapat diakses dalam beberapa saat. Ini menghapuskan keperluan untuk rak dan rak pemain LaserDisc industri sejak cakera EditDroid hanya satu sisi. <> Berapa banyak sistem EditDroid yang pernah dibina? || 24 <> Adakah cakera EditDroid tunggal atau multi-sisi? || satu pihak <> Syarikat produksi manakah yang merekayasa mesin EditDroid pada tahun 1980-an? || Lucasfilm", {"context": "In the mid-1980s Lucasfilm pioneered the EditDroid non-linear editing system for film and television based on computer-controlled LaserDisc players. Instead of printing dailies out on film, processed negatives from the day's shoot would be sent to a mastering plant to be assembled from their 10-minute camera elements into 20-minute film segments. These were then mastered onto single-sided blank LaserDiscs, just as a DVD would be burnt at home today, allowing for much easier selection and preparation of an Edit Decision List. In the days before video assist was available in cinematography, this was the only other way a film crew could see their work. The EDL went to the negative cutter who then cut the camera negative accordingly and assembled the finished film. Only 24 EditDroid systems were ever built, even though the ideas and technology are still in use today. Later EditDroid experiments borrowed from hard-drive technology of having multiple discs on the same spindle and added numerous playback heads and numerous electronics to the basic jukebox design so that any point on each of the discs would be accessible within seconds. This eliminated the need for racks and racks of industrial LaserDisc players since EditDroid discs were only single-sided.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "24"}], "question": "How many EditDroid systems were ever built?", "id": "5728562e3acd2414000df92f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1256, "text": "single-sided"}], "question": "Were EditDroid discs single or multi-sided?", "id": "5728562e3acd2414000df930"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Lucasfilm"}], "question": "Which production company engineered the EditDroid machines in the 1980s?", "id": "5728562e3acd2414000df931"}]}], ["LaserDisc tidak mempunyai penembusan pasaran yang tinggi di Amerika Utara berikutan kos tinggi pemain dan cakera, yang jauh lebih mahal daripada pemain VHS dan pita, dan disebabkan kekeliruan di pasaran dengan CED teknologi yang lebih rendah, yang juga dilancarkan oleh Videodisc . Walaupun format ini tidak digunakan secara meluas oleh pengguna Amerika Utara, ia diterima dengan baik di kalangan videofil kerana kualiti audio dan video unggul berbanding dengan pita VHS dan Betamax, mencari tempat di hampir satu juta rumah Amerika menjelang akhir tahun 1990. Format adalah lebih popular di Jepun daripada di Amerika Utara kerana harga tetap rendah untuk memastikan penggunaan, menyebabkan perbezaan harga minimum antara pita VHS dan LaserDiscs berkualiti tinggi, membantu memastikan ia dengan cepat menjadi format video pengguna dominan di Jepun. Pengumpul Anime di setiap negara format LD yang dikeluarkan, yang termasuk kedua-dua Amerika Utara dan Jepun, juga cepat menjadi biasa dengan format ini, dan mencari video dan kualiti suara LaserDisc yang lebih tinggi dan ketersediaan banyak tajuk yang tidak tersedia pada VHS. LaserDisc juga merupakan alternatif yang popular kepada videocassettes di kalangan peminat filem di kawasan Asia Tenggara yang lebih kaya, seperti Singapura, kerana integrasi mereka yang tinggi dengan pasaran eksport Jepun dan panjang umur unggul media berasaskan cakera berbanding videocassette, terutamanya dalam lembap keadaan yang endemik di kawasan itu di dunia. <> Mengapa LaserDiscs tidak menjadi popular di Amerika Utara? || kos pemain dan cakera yang tinggi <> Menjelang tahun 1990, berapa rumah Amerika dianggarkan menggunakan LD? || hampir satu juta <> Mengapa LaserDiscs lebih popular di Jepun? || harga tetap rendah untuk memastikan penggunaan <> Format manakah yang lebih popular di kawasan kelembapan tinggi seperti Singapura? || LaserDiscs", {"context": "LaserDisc did not have high market penetration in North America due to the high cost of the players and discs, which were far more expensive than VHS players and tapes, and due to marketplace confusion with the technologically inferior CED, which also went by the name Videodisc. While the format was not widely adopted by North American consumers, it was well received among videophiles due to the superior audio and video quality compared to VHS and Betamax tapes, finding a place in nearly one million American homes by the end of 1990. The format was more popular in Japan than in North America because prices were kept low to ensure adoption, resulting in minimal price differences between VHS tapes and the higher quality LaserDiscs, helping ensure that it quickly became the dominant consumer video format in Japan. Anime collectors in every country the LD format was released, which includes both North America and Japan, also quickly became familiar with this format, and sought the higher video and sound quality of LaserDisc and the availability of numerous titles not available on VHS. LaserDiscs were also popular alternatives to videocassettes among movie enthusiasts in the more affluent regions of South East Asia, such as Singapore, due to their high integration with the Japanese export market and the disc-based media's superior longevity compared to videocassette, especially in the humid conditions endemic to that area of the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "high cost of the players and discs"}], "question": "Why didn't LaserDiscs become popular in North America?", "id": "572853173acd2414000df915"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "nearly one million"}], "question": "By 1990, how many American homes were estimated to use LD?", "id": "572853173acd2414000df916"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "prices were kept low to ensure adoption"}], "question": "Why were LaserDiscs more popular in Japan?", "id": "572853173acd2414000df917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1098, "text": "LaserDiscs"}], "question": "Which format was more popular in high humidity areas such as Singapore?", "id": "572853173acd2414000df918"}]}], ["Keupayaan akses segera format membolehkan kemungkinan permainan arcade video berasaskan LaserDisc yang baru dan beberapa syarikat berpotensi menggunakan LaserDiscs untuk permainan video pada tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an, bermula pada tahun 1983 dengan Sega's Astron Belt. Permainan Laser Amerika dan Cinematronics menghasilkan konsol arcade rumit yang menggunakan ciri-ciri akses rawak untuk membuat filem interaktif seperti Dragon's Lair dan Space Ace. Begitu juga, Pioneer Laseractive dan Halcyon diperkenalkan sebagai konsol permainan video rumah yang menggunakan media LaserDisc untuk perisian mereka. <> Kualiti apa yang membuatkan LDs pertimbangan untuk videogame pada tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an? || keupayaan akses segera <> Apakah permainan pertama menggunakan LaserDiscs? || Sega's Astron Belt <> Dalam tahun apakah Sega's AStron Belt dibebaskan? || 1983", {"context": "The format's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s, beginning in 1983 with Sega's Astron Belt. American Laser Games and Cinematronics produced elaborate arcade consoles that used the random-access features to create interactive movies such as Dragon's Lair and Space Ace. Similarly, the Pioneer Laseractive and Halcyon were introduced as home video game consoles that used LaserDisc media for their software.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "instant-access capability"}], "question": "What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s?", "id": "57286a604b864d19001649c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Sega's Astron Belt"}], "question": "What was the first game to use LaserDiscs?", "id": "57286a604b864d19001649c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "1983"}], "question": "In what year was Sega's AStron Belt released?", "id": "57286a604b864d19001649c4"}]}], ["Satu lagi bentuk LaserDisc yang boleh dirakam yang sepenuhnya bersesuaian dengan format LaserDisc (tidak seperti CRVdisc dengan kepungan cadarnya) adalah RLV, atau cakera LaserVisionable. Ia dibangunkan dan mula dipasarkan oleh Perbadanan Disc Optical (ODC, sekarang ODC Nimbus) pada tahun 1984. Cakera RLV, seperti CRVdisc, juga merupakan teknologi WORM, dan berfungsi seperti cakera CD-R. RlV cakera kelihatan hampir sama seperti LaserDiscs standard, dan boleh bermain dalam mana-mana pemain LaserDisc standard selepas mereka telah direkodkan. <> Apa maksud RLV singkatan? || Rak LaserVision yang boleh dirakam <> Syarikat mana yang asalnya membangun dan memasarkan RLV? || Perbadanan Cakera Optik (ODC, kini ODC Nimbus) <> Dalam tahun berapakah ODC membina Disc LaserVisionable? || 1984.", {"context": "Another form of recordable LaserDisc that is completely playback-compatible with the LaserDisc format (unlike CRVdisc with its caddy enclosure) is the RLV, or Recordable LaserVision disc. It was developed and first marketed by the Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus) in 1984. RLV discs, like CRVdisc, are also a WORM technology, and function exactly like a CD-R disc. RLV discs look almost exactly like standard LaserDiscs, and can play in any standard LaserDisc player after they have been recorded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Recordable LaserVision disc"}], "question": "What does the acronym RLV stand for?", "id": "5728a0c84b864d1900164afe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus)"}], "question": "Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV?", "id": "5728a0c84b864d1900164aff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "1984."}], "question": "In what year did ODC develop the Recordable LaserVision Disc?", "id": "5728a0c84b864d1900164b00"}]}], ["Di bawah kontrak dari Tentera A.S., Matrox menghasilkan pemain komputer / LaserDisc gabungan untuk tujuan pengajaran. Komputer adalah 286, pemain LaserDisc hanya mampu membaca trek audio analog. Bersama-sama mereka beratnya 43 lb (20 kg) dan pemegang kokoh disediakan sekiranya dua orang dikehendaki mengangkat unit tersebut. Komputer mengawal pemain melalui port siri 25-pin di belakang pemain dan kabel reben disambungkan ke port proprietari pada motherboard. Kebanyakannya dijual sebagai lebihan oleh tentera pada tahun 1990-an, selalunya tanpa perisian pengawal. Walau bagaimanapun, adalah mungkin untuk mengawal unit dengan mengeluarkan kabel reben dan menyambung kabel bersiri langsung dari port siri komputer ke port pada pemain LaserDisc. <> Kombinasi komputer / pemain LD telah dicadangkan oleh entiti kerajaan mana? || Tentera A.S. <> Berapakah berat komputer / LD kombo Matrox? || 43 lb (20 kg) <> Bagaimana komputer Matrox tidak terkawal? || mengeluarkan kabel reben dan menyambung kabel bersiri langsung dari port siri komputer ke port pada pemain LaserDisc", {"context": "Under contract from the U.S. Military, Matrox produced a combination computer/LaserDisc player for instructional purposes. The computer was a 286, the LaserDisc player only capable of reading the analog audio tracks. Together they weighed 43 lb (20 kg) and sturdy handles were provided in case two people were required to lift the unit. The computer controlled the player via a 25-pin serial port at the back of the player and a ribbon cable connected to a proprietary port on the motherboard. Many of these were sold as surplus by the military during the 1990s, often without the controller software. Nevertheless, it is possible to control the unit by removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "the U.S. Military"}], "question": "A combination computer/LD player was comissioned by what government entity?", "id": "572869712ca10214002da318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "43 lb (20 kg)"}], "question": "How much did Matrox's computer/LD combo weigh?", "id": "572869712ca10214002da319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player"}], "question": "How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled?", "id": "572869712ca10214002da31a"}]}], ["Terdapat juga 12 cm (4.7 in) (saiz CD) cakera gaya \"tunggal\" yang dihasilkan yang dimainkan oleh pemain LaserDisc. Ini dirujuk sebagai cakera CD Video (CD-V), dan Video Single Disc (VSD). CD-V membawa sehingga lima minit kandungan video LaserDisc jenis analog (biasanya video muzik), serta sehingga 20 minit trek CD audio digital. Pelancaran original CD Box Visi David Bowie yang dikeluarkan pada 1989, menampilkan CD-V video Ashes to Ashes dan CD-V promo mandiri menampilkan video itu, ditambah tiga trek audio: \"John, I'm Only Dancing\" , \"Perubahan\", dan \"The Supermen\". <> Berbeza dengan cakera LD yang besar, apakah saiz CD standard? || 12 cm (4.7 in) <> Apakah cakera cakera gaya \"tunggal\" yang dipanggil CD yang serasi dengan pemain LaserDisc? || CD Video (CD-V) cakera, dan Video Single Disc (VSD) <> Berapa banyak kandungan video yang boleh disimpan pada cakera CD-V? || sehingga lima minit kandungan video LaserDisc jenis analog <> Apakah kapasiti video CD-V biasanya digunakan? || video muzik <> Artis mana yang mengeluarkan video muzik dan tiga trek audio pada CD-V pada tahun 1989? || David Bowie", {"context": "There were also 12 cm (4.7 in) (CD size) \"single\"-style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players. These were referred to as CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD). A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content (usually a music video), as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks. The original 1989 release of David Bowie's retrospective Sound + Vision CD box set prominently featured a CD-V video of Ashes to Ashes, and standalone promo CD-Vs featured the video, plus three audio tracks: \"John, I'm Only Dancing\", \"Changes\", and \"The Supermen\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "12 cm (4.7 in)"}], "question": "In contrast to large LD disks, what is the size of a standard CD?", "id": "5728a20a2ca10214002da4fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD)"}], "question": "What were CD size \"single\"-style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players?", "id": "5728a20a2ca10214002da4fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content"}], "question": "How much video content could be stored on a CD-V disk?", "id": "5728a20a2ca10214002da4fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "music video"}], "question": "What were CD-V's video capacities usually used for?", "id": "5728a20a2ca10214002da4fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "David Bowie"}], "question": "Which artist released a music video and three audio tracks on CD-V in 1989?", "id": "5728a20a2ca10214002da4fe"}]}], ["CD-V tidak akan dikelirukan dengan Video CD (yang semuanya digital dan hanya boleh dimainkan pada pemain VCD, pemain DVD, pemain CD-i, komputer, dan pemain LaserDisc kemudian model, seperti siri DVL dari Pioneer yang juga boleh memainkan DVD). CD-V hanya boleh dimainkan semula pada pemain LaserDisc dengan keupayaan CD-V. VSD adalah sama seperti CD-V, tetapi tanpa trek CD audio. CD-Vs agak popular untuk masa yang singkat di seluruh dunia, tetapi tidak lama lagi memudar dari pandangan. VSD hanya popular di Jepun dan bahagian-bahagian lain di Asia, dan tidak pernah diperkenalkan sepenuhnya ke seluruh dunia. <> Apakah VSDs yang tidak termasuk CD-V? || CD audio trek <> Dalam apa bidang di dunia adalah popular VSD? || hanya di Jepun dan bahagian-bahagian lain di Asia <> Adakah VSD atau CD-V semua digital dan juga dimainkan pada pemain DVD? || VSDs", {"context": "CD-Vs are not to be confused with Video CDs (which are all-digital and can only be played on VCD players, DVD players, CD-i players, computers, and later-model LaserDisc players, such as the DVL series from Pioneer that can also play DVDs). CD-Vs can only be played back on LaserDisc players with CD-V capability. VSDs were the same as CD-Vs, but without the audio CD tracks. CD-Vs were somewhat popular for a brief time worldwide, but soon faded from view. VSDs were popular only in Japan and other parts of Asia, and were never fully introduced to the rest of the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "audio CD tracks"}], "question": "What were VSDs lacking that CD-Vs included?", "id": "5728a2e94b864d1900164b0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "only in Japan and other parts of Asia"}], "question": "In what areas of the world were VSDs popular?", "id": "5728a2e94b864d1900164b0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "VSDs"}], "question": "Were VSDs or CD-Vs all digital and also playable on DVD players?", "id": "5728a2e94b864d1900164b10"}]}], ["Satu-satunya perbezaan kosmetik antara cakera RLV dan LaserDiscs yang ditekan kilang tetap ialah warna ungu-violet (atau biru dengan beberapa cakera RLV) yang mencerminkan warna yang terbenam dalam lapisan reflektif cakera untuk menjadikannya boleh dirakam, berbanding dengan penampilan cermin perak LD biasa. Warna purba RLVs sangat mirip dengan cakera DVD-R dan DVD + R. RLVs popular untuk membuat kuantiti LaserDiscs jangka pendek untuk aplikasi khusus seperti kiosk interaktif dan simulator penerbangan. <> Apakah perbezaan di antara cakera RLV dan LD biasa? || ungu berwarna ungu (atau biru dengan beberapa cakera RLV) <> Mengapa cakera RLV mempunyai warna reflektif biru atau ungu? || untuk menjadikannya boleh dirakam, berbanding dengan penampilan cermin perak dari LD biasa <> Untuk apa tujuan RLV popular? || membuat kuantiti LaserDiscs jangka pendek untuk aplikasi khusus seperti kiosk interaktif dan simulator penerbangan <> Warna apa yang LaserDiscs biasa, berbeza dengan RLV warna biru ungu? || cermin perak", {"context": "The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color"}], "question": "What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD?", "id": "5728a13eff5b5019007da34e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs"}], "question": "Why do RLV discs have a blue or purple reflective color?", "id": "5728a13eff5b5019007da34f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators"}], "question": "For what purpose were RLVs popular?", "id": "5728a13eff5b5019007da350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "silver mirror"}], "question": "What color were regular LaserDiscs, in contrast to RLVs blueish purple hues?", "id": "5728a13eff5b5019007da351"}]}], ["Dengan pelancaran televisyen 16: 9 pada pertengahan 1990-an, Pioneer dan Toshiba memutuskan bahawa sudah tiba masanya untuk mengambil kesempatan daripada nisbah aspek ini. Memasang LDs telah dipertingkatkan LaserDiscs skrin lebar nisbah 16: 9. Semasa peringkat pemindahan video, filem itu disimpan dalam format \"diperah\" anamorfik. Imej filem layar lebar telah diregangkan untuk mengisi keseluruhan bingkai video dengan kurang atau tiada resolusi video yang terbuang untuk membuat bar peti surat. Kelebihannya ialah resolusi menegak 33% lebih besar berbanding dengan LaserDisc skrin lebar kotak surat. Prosedur yang sama ini digunakan untuk DVD anamorfik, tetapi tidak seperti semua pemain DVD, pemain LD yang sangat sedikit mempunyai keupayaan untuk mengaburi imej untuk set 4: 3, dan sangat sedikit jika mana-mana set 4: 3 dapat ditetapkan untuk memainkannya dengan baik sama ada. Sekiranya cakera dimainkan pada televisyen standard 4: 3 imej akan diputarbelitkan. Oleh kerana sesetengah orang memaparkan 16: 9 memaparkan, kebolehan cakera khas ini terhad. <> Apa itu \"Squeeze LDs\"? || meningkatkan lebar skrin 16: 9-LaserDiscs <> Dengan nisbah aspek apa yang dilakukan Squeeze LDs? || 16: 9-nisbah skrin lebar <> Mengapa LDs Squeeze mempunyai pasaran yang sangat terhad? || sangat sedikit orang yang memiliki 16: 9 memaparkan <> Bolehkah nisbah aspek 16: 9 mudah diubah saiznya oleh pemain LD biasa, atau adakah gambar itu secara signifikan diputarbelitkan? || terdistorsi <> Berapa peratus peningkatan resolusi menegak melakukan ciri LDs Squeeze melalui LDs skrin lebar biasa? || 33%", {"context": "With the release of 16:9 televisions in the mid-1990s, Pioneer and Toshiba decided that it was time to take advantage of this aspect ratio. Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs. During the video transfer stage, the movie was stored in an anamorphic \"squeezed\" format. The widescreen movie image was stretched to fill the entire video frame with less or none of the video resolution wasted to create letterbox bars. The advantage was a 33% greater vertical resolution compared to letterboxed widescreen LaserDisc. This same procedure was used for anamorphic DVDs, but unlike all DVD players, very few LD players had the ability to unsqueeze the image for 4:3 sets, and very few if any 4:3 sets could be set to play them properly either. If the discs were played on a standard 4:3 television the image would be distorted. Since very few people owned 16:9 displays, the marketability of these special discs was very limited.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs"}], "question": "What were \"Squeeze LDs\"?", "id": "57289f843acd2414000dfb85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "16:9-ratio widescreen"}], "question": "With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate?", "id": "57289f843acd2414000dfb86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "very few people owned 16:9 displays"}], "question": "Why did Squeeze LDs have a very limited market?", "id": "57289f843acd2414000dfb87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "distorted"}], "question": "Could the 16:9 aspect ratio be easily resized by a normal LD player, or was the image significantly distorted?", "id": "57289f843acd2414000dfb88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "33%"}], "question": "What percent vertical resolution increase did Squeeze LDs feature over regular widescreen LDs?", "id": "57289f843acd2414000dfb89"}]}], ["Untuk melihat cakera MUSE yang dikodkan, ia perlu mempunyai penyahkod MUSE sebagai tambahan kepada pemain yang serasi. Terdapat televisyen dengan penyahkodan MUSE terbina dalam dan menetapkan penala atas dengan penyahkod yang boleh memberikan input MUSE yang sesuai. Harga peralatan adalah tinggi, terutamanya untuk HDTV awal yang secara amnya melepasi US $ 10,000, dan bahkan di Jepun pasaran MUSE adalah kecil. Pemain dan cakera tidak pernah dijual secara rasmi di Amerika Utara, walaupun beberapa pengedar mengimport cakera MUSE bersama dengan tajuk import yang lain. Terminator 2: Hari Penghakiman, Lawrence of Arabia, League of Own Owners, Bugsy, Close Encounters of Third Kind, Dramula dan Chaplin Bram Stoker adalah antara siaran teater yang tersedia di MUSE LDs. Beberapa dokumentari, termasuk satu mengenai Formula Satu di Litar Suzuka Jepun juga dibebaskan. <> Apakah harga untuk HDTV awal? || US $ 10,000 <> Adakah MUSE mempunyai pasaran sasaran besar atau kecil, walaupun di Jepun? || kecil <> Apa beberapa filem yang dikeluarkan pada MUSE LaserDiscs? || Terminator 2: Hari Penghakiman, Lawrence of Arabia, League of Own Owners, Bugsy, Close Encounters of Third Kind, Dramula Bram Stoker dan Chaplin", {"context": "In order to view MUSE encoded discs, it was necessary to have a MUSE decoder in addition to a compatible player. There are televisions with MUSE decoding built-in and set top tuners with decoders that can provide the proper MUSE input. Equipment prices were high, especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$10,000, and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny. Players and discs were never officially sold in North America, although several distributors imported MUSE discs along with other import titles. Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin were among the theatrical releases available on MUSE LDs. Several documentaries, including one about Formula One at Japan's Suzuka Circuit were also released.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "US$10,000"}], "question": "What was the price for early HDTVs?", "id": "57289ecb4b864d1900164adc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "tiny"}], "question": "Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan?", "id": "57289ecb4b864d1900164add"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin"}], "question": "What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs?", "id": "57289ecb4b864d1900164ade"}]}], ["Tiada tajuk LaserDisc anamorf yang terdapat di AS kecuali untuk tujuan promosi. Apabila membeli penonton televisyen Toshiba 16: 9 mempunyai pilihan untuk memilih beberapa filem Warner Bros 16: 9. Tajuk termasuk Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, dan Willy Percuma. Barisan tajuk Jepun berbeza. Satu siri pelepasan di bawah spanduk \"SQUEEZE LD\" dari Perintis kebanyakannya tajuk Carolco termasuk Senjata Asas, Stargate, Terminator 2: Hari Penghakiman, Wanita Showgirl, Cutthroat Island, dan Cliffhanger. Terminator 2 dilepaskan dua kali di Squeeze LD, pelepasan kedua menjadi THX certified dan peningkatan yang ketara sejak pertama. <> Filem mana yang dilepaskan dua kali pada LD Squeeze? || Terminator 2 <> Apakah peningkatan yang telah ditambah kepada pelepasan LD kedua Terminator 2? || THX certified <> Apa filem Warner Brothers boleh didapati dalam nisbah aspek 16: 9 Squeeze LDs? || Tidak diingini, Lelaki Lama yang Grumpy, The Fugitive, dan Willy Percuma <> Filem apa yang tersedia untuk pasar Jepun Squeeze LDs? || Naluri Asas, Stargate, Terminator 2: Hari Penghakiman, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, dan Cliffhanger", {"context": "There were no anamorphic LaserDisc titles available in the US except for promotional purposes. Upon purchase of a Toshiba 16:9 television viewers had the option of selecting a number of Warner Bros. 16:9 films. Titles include Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy. The Japanese lineup of titles was different. A series of releases under the banner \"SQUEEZE LD\" from Pioneer of mostly Carolco titles included Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger. Terminator 2 was released twice in Squeeze LD, the second release being THX certified and a notable improvement over the first.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "Terminator 2"}], "question": "Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD?", "id": "5728a02e4b864d1900164af6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "THX certified"}], "question": "What improvement was added to Terminator 2's second Squeeze LD release?", "id": "5728a02e4b864d1900164af7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy"}], "question": "What Warner Brothers films were available in 16:9 aspect ratio Squeeze LDs?", "id": "5728a02e4b864d1900164af8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger"}], "question": "What films were available for Japanese market Squeeze LDs?", "id": "5728a02e4b864d1900164af9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1991, beberapa pengeluar mengumumkan spesifikasi untuk apa yang akan dikenali sebagai MUSE LaserDisc, yang mewakili hampir 15 tahun sehingga pencapaian sistem cakera optik analog HD ini akhirnya akan diduplikasi secara digital oleh HD DVD dan Disc Blu-ray. Dikodkan menggunakan sistem TV analog MUSE \"Hi-Vision\" MUSE, cakera MUSE akan beroperasi seperti LaserDiscs standard tetapi akan mengandungi video tinggi 1,125 baris (1,035 garis ketara) (Sony HDVS) dengan nisbah aspek 5: 3. Pemain MUSE juga mampu memainkan cakera format NTSC standard dan unggul dalam prestasi kepada pemain bukan MUSE walaupun dengan cakera NTSC ini. Pemain MUSE mempunyai beberapa kelebihan yang perlu diberi perhatian berbanding pemain LaserDisc standard, termasuk laser merah dengan panjang gelombang yang lebih sempit daripada laser yang terdapat dalam pemain standard. Laser merah mampu membaca melalui cacat cakera seperti goresan dan bahkan cakera cakera ringan yang akan menyebabkan kebanyakan pemain lain berhenti, gagap atau keluar. Crosstalk bukan masalah dengan cakera MUSE, dan panjang gelombang sempit laser yang dibenarkan untuk penghapusan crosstalk maya dengan cakera biasa. <> Dengan nisbah operasi apakah MUSE Disc akan beroperasi? || 5: 3 <> Apa faedah yang mempunyai laser merah panjang gelombang UV MUSE? || mampu membaca melalui kecacatan cakera seperti goresan dan bahkan cakera ringan yang akan menyebabkan kebanyakan pemain lain berhenti, gagap atau keluar. <> Sebagai tambahan kepada goresan dan reput, apakah isu LaserDisc yang biasa untuk disingkirkan oleh cakera MUSE? || Crosstalk <> Berapa tahun yang diambil oleh pemain Blu-ray dan HD-DVD untuk menduplikasi teknologi MUSE? || hampir 15 tahun", {"context": "In 1991, several manufacturers announced specifications for what would become known as MUSE LaserDisc, representing a span of almost 15 years until the feats of this HD analog optical disc system would finally be duplicated digitally by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Encoded using NHK's MUSE \"Hi-Vision\" analogue TV system, MUSE discs would operate like standard LaserDiscs but would contain high-definition 1,125-line (1,035 visible lines) (Sony HDVS) video with a 5:3 aspect ratio. The MUSE players were also capable of playing standard NTSC format discs and are superior in performance to non-MUSE players even with these NTSC discs. The MUSE-capable players had several noteworthy advantages over standard LaserDisc players, including a red laser with a much narrower wavelength than the lasers found in standard players. The red laser was capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out. Crosstalk was not an issue with MUSE discs, and the narrow wavelength of the laser allowed for the virtual elimination of crosstalk with normal discs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "5:3"}], "question": "With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate?", "id": "57289de03acd2414000dfb73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 839, "text": "capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out"}], "question": "What benefits did the MUSE narrow wavelength red laser have?", "id": "57289de03acd2414000dfb74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 986, "text": "Crosstalk"}], "question": "In addition to scratches and rot, what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs?", "id": "57289de03acd2414000dfb75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "almost 15 years"}], "question": "How many years did it take Blu-ray and HD-DVD players to duplicate MUSE technology?", "id": "57289de03acd2414000dfb76"}]}]], [["Walaupun banyak spesies boleh menghasilkan semula aseksual dan menggunakan mekanisme yang sama untuk membiakkan semula selepas kecederaan yang teruk, pembiakan seksual adalah kaedah biasa dalam spesies yang telah dikaji semula. Minoritas polychaetes hidup yang pembiakan dan siklus hidup diketahui menghasilkan larva trochophore, yang hidup sebagai plankton dan kemudian tenggelam dan metamorfosa menjadi dewasa kecil. Oligochaetes adalah hermaphrodit penuh dan menghasilkan kepompong seperti cincin di sekeliling badan mereka, di mana telur dan selendang dipelihara sehingga mereka siap untuk muncul. <> Bagaimana annelid biasanya membiak? || pembiakan seksual <> Apa teknik pembiakan aseksual yang boleh membantu pembasmian darah? || tumbuh semula selepas kecederaan teruk <> Apa larva hidup seperti plankton? || trochophore <> Apakah annelids yang hermaphrodites? || Oligochaetes <> Apa kelelawar membuat kepompong di cincin di sekeliling mereka? || Oligochaetes", {"context": "Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as plankton and then sink and metamorphose into miniature adults. Oligochaetes are full hermaphrodites and produce a ring-like cocoon around their bodies, in which the eggs and hatchlings are nourished until they are ready to emerge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "sexual reproduction"}], "question": "How do annelids normally reproduce?", "id": "5728247c4b864d1900164574"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "regenerate after severe injuries"}], "question": "What can asexual reproduction techniques help annelids do?", "id": "5728247c4b864d1900164575"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "trochophore"}], "question": "What larvae live like plankton?", "id": "5728247c4b864d1900164576"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Oligochaetes"}], "question": "What annelids are hermaphrodites?", "id": "5728247c4b864d1900164577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Oligochaetes"}], "question": "What annelids make a cocoon in a ring around themselves?", "id": "5728247c4b864d1900164578"}]}], ["Hampir semua polychaetes mempunyai parapodia yang berfungsi sebagai anggota badan, sementara kumpulan utama lain yang kekurangan mereka. Parapodia adalah sambungan berpasangan yang tidak berpanjangan dari dinding badan, dan otot mereka berasal dari otot pekeliling badan. Mereka sering disokong secara dalaman oleh satu atau lebih besar, kental tebal. The parapodia buruk dan polychaetes yang tinggal di tiub seringkali hanya rabung yang tipnya menanggung cheetah yang ketagih. Dalam perayap yang aktif dan perenang, parapodia sering dibahagikan kepada ruas atas dan bawah yang besar di atas batang yang sangat pendek, dan paddles pada umumnya dibingkai dengan chetae dan kadang-kadang dengan cirri (bersatu berkas cilia) dan insang. <> Apa cirri? || menyusun berkas silia <> Apa jenis parapodia yang sering dibuang? || punggung yang tipnya menanggung kancing kecubung <> Apa jenis pewangi mempunyai parapodia seperti anggota badan? || polychaetes <> Apa parapodia? || sambungan berpasangan yang tidak teratur pada dinding badan", {"context": "Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia of burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes are often just ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae. In active crawlers and swimmers the parapodia are often divided into large upper and lower paddles on a very short trunk, and the paddles are generally fringed with chetae and sometimes with cirri (fused bundles of cilia) and gills.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "fused bundles of cilia"}], "question": "What are cirri?", "id": "5728283a2ca10214002d9f70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae"}], "question": "What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have?", "id": "5728283a2ca10214002d9f71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "polychaetes"}], "question": "What type of annelids have limb-like parapodia?", "id": "5728283a2ca10214002d9f72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "unjointed paired extensions of the body wall"}], "question": "What are parapodia?", "id": "5728283a2ca10214002d9f73"}]}], ["Annelid adalah bilateral simetrik, triploblastic, koelomat, organisma invertebrat. Mereka juga mempunyai parapodia untuk pergerakan. Kebanyakan buku teks masih menggunakan pembahagian tradisional menjadi polychaetes (hampir semua marin), oligochaetes (termasuk cacing tanah) dan spesies seperti lintah. Penyelidikan kladistik sejak tahun 1997 secara radikal telah mengubah skema ini, melihat lintah sebagai subkumpulan oligochaetes dan oligochaetes sebagai subkumpulan polychaetes. Di samping itu, Pogonophora, Echiura dan Sipuncula, yang sebelum ini dianggap sebagai phyla berasingan, kini dianggap sebagai subkumpulan polychaetes. Annelids dianggap anggota Lophotrochozoa, \"super-phylum\" protostomes yang juga termasuk moluska, brachiopods, flatworms dan nemerteans. <> Apa jenis simetri yang ada? || dua hala <> Apa yang digunakan untuk bergerak? || parapodia <> Apa jenis subelip yang mengandungi kebanyakan cacing laut? || polychaetes <subtype of annelids termasuk cacing tanah? || oligochaetes <> Sejak 1997, apakah lintah yang dilihat sebagai subkumpulan? || oligochaetes", {"context": "The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a \"super-phylum\" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "bilateral"}], "question": "What kind of symmetry do annelids have?", "id": "572822da3acd2414000df55f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "parapodia"}], "question": "What do annelids use to move?", "id": "572822da3acd2414000df560"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "polychaetes"}], "question": "Which subtype of annelids includes most marine worms?", "id": "572822da3acd2414000df561"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "oligochaetes"}], "question": "Which subtype of annelids includes earthworms?", "id": "572822da3acd2414000df562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "oligochaetes"}], "question": "Since 1997, what are leeches seen as a subgroup of?", "id": "572822da3acd2414000df563"}]}], ["The setae (\"hairs\") daripada annelids mengeluarkan dari epidermis untuk memberikan daya tarikan dan keupayaan lain. Yang paling mudah adalah unjointed dan membentuk pasangan berpasangan di bahagian atas dan bawah setiap sisi setiap segmen. Parapodia (\"anggota badan\") daripada ular merah yang mempunyai mereka sering menanggung cheetah yang lebih rumit di hujungnya - contohnya bersatu, seperti sikat atau ketagih. Chetae diperbuat daripada \u03b2-chitin yang cukup fleksibel dan dibentuk oleh folikel, masing-masing mempunyai sel yang chetoblast (\"membentuk rambut\") di bahagian bawah dan otot yang boleh memanjang atau menarik balik cheta. Chetoblast menghasilkan cheta dengan membentuk microvilli, sambungan seperti halus rambut yang meningkatkan kawasan yang tersedia untuk menyembunyikan cheta. Apabila cheta selesai, microvilli menarik diri ke chetoblast, meninggalkan terowong selari yang berjalan hampir panjang penuh cheta. Oleh itu, kura-kura annelid berbeza daripada struktur setae (\"bulu\") arthropod, yang dibuat daripada \u03b1-chitin yang lebih tegar, mempunyai rongga dalaman tunggal, dan dipasang pada sendi fleksibel di lubang cetek di kutikula. <> Apa parapodia? || anggota badan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh sel-sel chetoblast? || pembentukan rambut <> Apakah sambungan rambut seperti yang dilakukan oleh chetoblasts? || microvilli <> Apa itu setae? || bulu", {"context": "The setae (\"hairs\") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia (\"limbs\") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips \u2013 for example jointed, comb-like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible \u03b2-chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast (\"hair-forming\") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the setae (\"bristles\") of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid \u03b1-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "limbs"}], "question": "What are parapodia?", "id": "572827843acd2414000df5ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "hair-forming"}], "question": "What do chetoblast cells do?", "id": "572827843acd2414000df5ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "microvilli"}], "question": "What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make?", "id": "572827843acd2414000df5af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "bristles"}], "question": "What are setae?", "id": "572827843acd2414000df5b0"}]}], ["Kutikula Annelids diperbuat daripada serat kolagen, biasanya di lapisan yang berputar di arah bergantian sehingga serat saling melintang. Ini disembuhkan oleh epidermis dalam satu sel (lapisan kulit paling luar). Beberapa annelid marin yang hidup dalam tiub tidak mempunyai kutikula, tetapi tiubnya mempunyai struktur yang sama, dan kelenjar-lendir-rahasia di epidermis melindungi kulit mereka. Di bawah epidermis adalah dermis, yang terbuat dari tisu penghubung, dengan kata lain kombinasi sel dan bahan bukan selular seperti kolagen. Di bawah ini terdapat dua lapisan otot, yang terbentuk daripada lapisan selubung (rongga badan): otot pekeliling membuat segmen lebih panjang dan langsing apabila mereka mengikat, manakala di bawahnya adalah otot membujur, biasanya empat jalur yang berbeza, yang kontraksi membuat segmen lebih pendek dan lebih gemuk. Sesetengah anelid juga mempunyai otot dalaman serong yang menghubungkan bahagian bawah badan ke setiap sisi. <> Bagaimana lapisan yang disusun dalam kutikula annelids? || lingkaran dalam arah bergantian <> Apa yang diperbuat daripada kutub berwarna merah? || serat kolagen <> Apa yang digunakan untuk mencegah kulit mereka? || kelenjar rahsia-rahsia di epidermis <> Apa lapisan di bawah epidermis? || dermis <> Apa maksud 'coelom'? || (rongga badan", {"context": "Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis protect their skins. Under the epidermis is the dermis, which is made of connective tissue, in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen. Below this are two layers of muscles, which develop from the lining of the coelom (body cavity): circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract, while under them are longitudinal muscles, usually four distinct strips, whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter. Some annelids also have oblique internal muscles that connect the underside of the body to each side.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "spiral in alternating directions"}], "question": "How are the layers arranged in annelids' cuticles?", "id": "572827192ca10214002d9f52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "collagen fibers"}], "question": "What are annelids' cuticles made out of?", "id": "572827192ca10214002d9f53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis"}], "question": "What do non-cuticle annelids use to protect their skin?", "id": "572827192ca10214002d9f54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "the dermis"}], "question": "What layer is under the epidermis?", "id": "572827192ca10214002d9f55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "(body cavity"}], "question": "What does 'coelom' mean?", "id": "572827192ca10214002d9f56"}]}], ["Sebahagian besar badan anelid terdiri daripada segmen-segmen yang hampir sama, mempunyai set organ dalaman dan chaetae luaran (Greek \u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7, yang bermaksud \"rambut\") dan, dalam beberapa spesies, lampiran. Walau bagaimanapun, bahagian depan dan belakang tidak dianggap sebagai segmen benar kerana mereka tidak mengandungi set organ standard dan tidak berkembang dengan cara yang sama seperti segmen sebenar. Bahagian depan, yang disebut prostomium (Greek \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf- yang bermaksud \"di depan\" dan \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 yang bermaksud \"mulut\") mengandungi otak dan organ-organ indera, manakala yang paling belakang disebut pygidium (Greek \u03c0\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, yang bermaksud \"sedikit ekor\") atau periproct mengandungi dubur, pada umumnya di bahagian bawah. Bahagian pertama di belakang prostomium, yang dipanggil peristomium (Greek \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9- yang bermaksud \"sekitar\" dan \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 yang bermaksud \"mulut\"), dianggap oleh beberapa zoologists sebagai tidak segmen sebenar, tetapi dalam beberapa polychaetes peristomium mempunyai chetae dan appendages seperti segmen lain. <> Bahasa apa istilah 'chaetae' berasal? || Greek <> Apa maksud 'chaetae'? || rambut <> Bahagian manakah yang berbeza dari segmen benar? || bahagian depan dan belakang <> Bahasa apa yang berasal dari 'prostomium'? || Greek <> Apa maksud 'pygidium'? || ekor kecil", {"context": "Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek \u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7, meaning \"hair\") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments. The frontmost section, called the prostomium (Greek \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf- meaning \"in front of\" and \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 meaning \"mouth\") contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the pygidium (Greek \u03c0\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, meaning \"little tail\") or periproct contains the anus, generally on the underside. The first section behind the prostomium, called the peristomium (Greek \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9- meaning \"around\" and \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 meaning \"mouth\"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some polychaetes the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What language does the term 'chaetae' come from?", "id": "572826b34b864d19001645d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "hair"}], "question": "What does 'chaetae' mean?", "id": "572826b34b864d19001645d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "the frontmost and rearmost sections"}], "question": "Which parts of annelids are different from true segments?", "id": "572826b34b864d19001645d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What language does 'prostomium' come from?", "id": "572826b34b864d19001645d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "little tail"}], "question": "What does 'pygidium' mean?", "id": "572826b34b864d19001645d4"}]}], ["Kerana annelid adalah berbadan lembut, fosil mereka jarang - kebanyakannya rahang dan tiub mineral yang beberapa spesies dirahsiakan. Walaupun beberapa fosil Ediacaran lewat mungkin mewakili ular, fosil tertua yang dikenal pasti dengan keyakinan berasal dari sekitar 518 juta tahun yang lalu pada masa awal Kambrium. Fosil-fosil kumpulan polychaete mudah alih moden muncul pada akhir Carboniferous, kira-kira 299 juta tahun yang lalu. Ahli paleontologi tidak bersetuju sama ada beberapa fosil badan dari Ordovician pertengahan, kira-kira 472 hingga 461 juta tahun yang lalu, adalah sisa-sisa oligochaetes, dan fosil-fosil kumpulan yang paling tidak dapat dipertikaikan muncul dalam tempoh Tersier yang bermula 65 juta tahun yang lalu. <> Mengapa fosil annelid jarang berlaku? || ular berbulu <> Apakah tanda-tanda fosil yang terdapat di dalamnya? || rahang dan tiub mineralisasi bahawa sesetengah spesis dirahsiakan <> Berapa lama fosil annelid terawal? || 518 juta tahun yang lalu <> Apa jenis annelid muncul 299 juta tahun yang lalu? || kumpulan polychaete mudah alih moden <> Tempoh apa yang bermula sekitar 472 juta tahun yang lalu? || Ordovician pertengahan", {"context": "Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare \u2013 mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago. Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about 472 to 461 million years ago, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "annelids are soft-bodied"}], "question": "Why are annelid fossils rare?", "id": "572825ad4b864d190016459a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted"}], "question": "What fossil signs of annelids are found?", "id": "572825ad4b864d190016459b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "518 million years ago"}], "question": "How old is the earliest annelid fossil?", "id": "572825ad4b864d190016459c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "modern mobile polychaete groups"}], "question": "What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago?", "id": "572825ad4b864d190016459d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "the mid Ordovician"}], "question": "What period started around 472 million years ago?", "id": "572825ad4b864d190016459e"}]}], ["Cacing tanah adalah Oligochaetes yang menyokong rantaian makanan terestrial sebagai mangsa dan di beberapa kawasan penting dalam pengudaraan dan memperkaya tanah. Penyebaran polychaetes marin, yang boleh membentuk satu pertiga daripada semua spesies di persekitaran berhampiran pantai, menggalakkan pembangunan ekosistem dengan membolehkan air dan oksigen menembusi dasar laut. Sebagai tambahan untuk meningkatkan kesuburan tanah, penyakit annelid berfungsi sebagai makanan dan umpan. Para saintis mengamati anelid untuk memantau kualiti air laut dan air tawar. Walaupun penyebaran darah tidak lagi memihak kepada doktor, sesetengah spesies lintah dianggap spesies terancam kerana mereka telah dituai untuk tujuan ini dalam beberapa abad yang lalu. Rahang ragworms kini sedang dikaji oleh para jurutera kerana mereka menawarkan kombinasi yang luar biasa ringan dan kekuatan. <> Bagaimana cacing tanah membantu tanah yang mereka tinggalkan? || pengudaraan dan pengayaan <> Berapa banyak dari anelid marin yang berdekatan dengan pantai? || sehingga satu pertiga <> Bagaimana cara menguburkan anel laut marin membantu ekosistem lautan? || membolehkan air dan oksigen menembusi dasar laut <> Rahang apa pun yang dikaji oleh jurutera? || Ragworms <> Mengapa beberapa lintah terancam? || mereka telah dituai lebih banyak", {"context": "Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait. Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although blood-letting is no longer in favor with doctors, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "aeration and enriching"}], "question": "How do earthworms help the soil they live in?", "id": "572825042ca10214002d9eea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "up to a third"}], "question": "How much of near-shore marine annelids are burrowing?", "id": "572825042ca10214002d9eeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor"}], "question": "How do burrowing marine annelids help ocean ecosystems?", "id": "572825042ca10214002d9eec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "Ragworms"}], "question": "What annelids' jaws are being studied by engineers?", "id": "572825042ca10214002d9eed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "they have been over-harvested"}], "question": "Why are some leeches endangered?", "id": "572825042ca10214002d9eee"}]}], ["Tiada ciri tunggal membezakan Annelid dari phyla invertebrata yang lain, tetapi mereka mempunyai kombinasi ciri khas. Badan mereka panjang, dengan segmen yang dibahagi secara luaran oleh penyempitan seperti cincin cetek yang disebut annuli dan secara dalaman oleh septa (\"sekatan\") pada titik yang sama, walaupun dalam beberapa spesies septa tidak lengkap dan dalam beberapa kes hilang. Kebanyakan segmen mengandungi set organ yang sama, walaupun berkongsi usus, sistem peredaran darah dan sistem saraf yang sama menyebabkan mereka saling bergantung. Tubuh mereka diliputi oleh kutikula (selimut luar) yang tidak mengandungi sel tetapi disekresi oleh sel-sel di bawah kulit, diperbuat daripada kolagen yang sukar tetapi fleksibel dan tidak menggelembung - di sisi lain kutikula arthropod dibuat lebih banyak kaku \u03b1-chitin, dan molt sehingga arthropoda mencapai saiz penuhnya. Kebanyakan ulser telah menutup sistem peredaran darah, di mana darah membuat seluruh litarnya melalui saluran darah. <> Apa yang membahagikan bahagian segmen annelids? || penyempitan seperti cincin cetek dipanggil annuli <> Apa yang membahagi segmen annelids 'secara dalaman? || septa (\"partition\") <> Apa bahagian segmen annelid? || usus, sistem peredaran darah dan sistem saraf <> Apa yang merangkumi bahagian luar? || kutikula <> Apa kutikula annelid terbuat dari? || kolagen", {"context": "No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa (\"partitions\") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a cuticle (outer covering) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt \u2013 on the other hand arthropods' cuticles are made of the more rigid \u03b1-chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli"}], "question": "What externally divides annelids' segments?", "id": "572826494b864d19001645b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "septa (\"partitions\")"}], "question": "What divides annelids' segments internally?", "id": "572826494b864d19001645b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system"}], "question": "What do the segments of an annelid share?", "id": "572826494b864d19001645b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "a cuticle"}], "question": "What covers an annelid's exterior?", "id": "572826494b864d19001645b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "collagen"}], "question": "What is an annelid's cuticle made of?", "id": "572826494b864d19001645b8"}]}], ["Bentuk annelid asas terdiri daripada pelbagai segmen. Setiap segmen mempunyai set organ yang sama dan, dalam kebanyakan polychaetes, mempunyai sepasang parapodia yang banyak digunakan untuk pergerakan. Septa memisahkan segmen-segmen banyak spesies, tetapi kurang jelas atau tidak ada dalam orang lain, dan Echiura dan Sipuncula tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda segmentasi yang jelas. Dalam spesies dengan septa yang dikembangkan dengan baik, darah beredar sepenuhnya di dalam saluran darah, dan kapal-kapal dalam segmen berhampiran hujung depan spesies ini sering dibina dengan otot yang bertindak sebagai hati. Septa spesies tersebut juga membolehkan mereka mengubah bentuk segmen individu, yang memudahkan gerakan dengan peristalsis (\"riak\" yang melewati badan) atau oleh undulations yang meningkatkan keberkesanan parapodia. Dalam spesies yang tidak lengkap atau sepatutnya, darah beredar melalui rongga badan utama tanpa apa-apa jenis pam, dan terdapat pelbagai teknik locomotori - sesetengah spesies burrowing menjadikan farynges mereka di dalamnya untuk menyeret diri melalui sedimen. <> Apa yang memisahkan beberapa segmen annelids? || Septa <> Yang mana yang tidak menunjukkan segmen? || Echiura dan Sipuncula <> Apa end of annelids dengan segmentasi yang maju mempunyai otot-otot yang bertindak seperti hati? || depan <> Apakah pergerakan oleh riak dipanggil? || peristalsis <> Apakah kaedah pergerakan yang digunakan untuk kegunaan anelope? || putar fikiran mereka di dalamnya untuk menyeret diri mereka sendiri", {"context": "The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis (\"ripples\" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques \u2013 some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Septa"}], "question": "What separates many annelids' segments?", "id": "5728240b4b864d1900164560"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Echiura and Sipuncula"}], "question": "Which annelids show no segmentation?", "id": "5728240b4b864d1900164561"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "front"}], "question": "What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like hearts?", "id": "5728240b4b864d1900164562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "peristalsis"}], "question": "What is movement by ripples called?", "id": "5728240b4b864d1900164563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 972, "text": "turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves"}], "question": "What movement method do some burrowing annelids use?", "id": "5728240b4b864d1900164564"}]}], ["Banyak anelid bergerak oleh peristalsis (gelombang pengecutan dan pengembangan yang menyapu di sepanjang badan), atau membengkokkan badan semasa menggunakan parapodia untuk merangkak atau berenang. Dalam haiwan ini, septa membolehkan otot bulat dan membujur untuk mengubah bentuk segmen individu, dengan menjadikan setiap segmen sebagai \"balon\" yang dipenuhi bendalir yang berasingan. Walau bagaimanapun, septa selalunya tidak lengkap dalam annelids yang semi-sessile atau yang tidak bergerak oleh peristalsis atau oleh pergerakan parapodia - contohnya beberapa bergerak dengan mencetuskan pergerakan badan, beberapa spesies marin kecil bergerak dengan cara silia (otot halus rambut yang berkuasa) dan sesetengah burrowers menghidupkan faringnya (kerongkong) di dalamnya untuk menembusi lantai laut dan menyeret diri ke dalamnya. <> Bagaimana peristalsis berfungsi? || gelombang penguncupan dan pengembangan yang menyapu di sepanjang badan <> Mengapa segmen annelids 'seperti belon air? || septa membolehkan otot pekeliling dan membujur untuk mengubah bentuk segmen individu <> Apa itu phrynges? || kerongkong <> Apakah silia? || rambut berkuasa otot yang halus", {"context": "Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled \"balloon\". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia \u2013 for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body"}], "question": "How does peristalsis work?", "id": "57282af73acd2414000df5fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments"}], "question": "Why are annelids' segments like water-balloons?", "id": "57282af73acd2414000df5fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "throats"}], "question": "What are phrynges?", "id": "57282af73acd2414000df5ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "fine muscle-powered hairs"}], "question": "What are cilia?", "id": "57282af73acd2414000df600"}]}], ["Seperti pada arthropods, setiap serat otot (sel) dikawal oleh lebih daripada satu neuron, dan kelajuan dan kekuatan pengambilan serat bergantung kepada gabungan gabungan semua neuronnya. Vertebrat mempunyai sistem yang berbeza, di mana satu neuron mengawal sekumpulan serat otot. Sebahagian besar batang saraf longitudinal termasuk anjung gergasi (garis isyarat keluaran sel saraf). Kalori besar mereka mengurangkan rintangan mereka, yang membolehkan mereka menghantar isyarat yang sangat cepat. Ini membolehkan cacing ini menarik diri dari bahaya dengan memendekkan badan mereka. Eksperimen telah menunjukkan bahawa memotong paksi gergasi menghalang tindak balas melarikan diri ini tetapi tidak menjejaskan pergerakan biasa. <> Apa kumpulan spesies adalah kawalan otot annelids yang serupa dengan? || arthropod <> Apakah axons gergasi? || garisan isyarat output sel-sel saraf <> Bagaimanakah penyakit annelid menarik diri dari bahaya? || memendekkan badan mereka", {"context": "As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant axons (the output signal lines of nerve cells). Their large diameter decreases their resistance, which allows them to transmit signals exceptionally fast. This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies. Experiments have shown that cutting the giant axons prevents this escape response but does not affect normal movement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "arthropods"}], "question": "What species group are annelids' muscle control similar to?", "id": "5728293c4b864d1900164618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "the output signal lines of nerve cells"}], "question": "What are giant axons?", "id": "5728293c4b864d1900164619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "shortening their bodies"}], "question": "How do annelids withdraw from danger?", "id": "5728293c4b864d190016461a"}]}], ["Gut umumnya adalah tiub hampir lurus yang disokong oleh mesenteries (partition menegak dalam segmen), dan berakhir dengan anus di bawah pygidium. Walaubagaimanapun, dalam keluarga anggota keluarga tiub Siboglinidae usus disekat oleh lapisan bengkak yang menempatkan bakteria simbiotik, yang boleh membentuk 15% daripada jumlah berat cacing. Bakteria menukar bahan bukan organik - seperti hidrogen sulfida dan karbon dioksida dari lubang hidroterma, atau metana dari meresap - kepada bahan organik yang memakan diri dan tuan rumah mereka, sementara cacing memanjangkan palpa mereka ke aliran gas untuk menyerap gas yang diperlukan oleh bakteria . <> Apa jenis annelids yang tinggal di tabung? || Siboglinidae <> Apa yang menghalangi usus Siboglinidae? || lapisan bengkak <> Berapakah berat badan Siboglinidae adalah bakteria simbiotik? || 15% <> Apa gas yang berasal dari lubang hidroterma? || hidrogen sulfida dan karbon dioksida <> Apakah gas yang datang daripada meresap? || metana", {"context": "The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up 15% of the worms' total weight. The bacteria convert inorganic matter \u2013 such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from hydrothermal vents, or methane from seeps \u2013 to organic matter that feeds themselves and their hosts, while the worms extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Siboglinidae"}], "question": "What type of annelids are tube-dwelling?", "id": "57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "a swollen lining"}], "question": "What blocks the Siboglinidae's gut?", "id": "57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "15%"}], "question": "How much of a Siboglinidae's weight is symbiotic bacteria?", "id": "57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide"}], "question": "What gases come from hydrothermal vents?", "id": "57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "methane"}], "question": "What gases come from seeps?", "id": "57282ce8ff5b5019007d9e92"}]}], ["Sensor adalah sel tunggal tunggal yang mengesan cahaya, bahan kimia, gelombang tekanan dan kontak, dan hadir di kepala, appendages (jika ada) dan bahagian-bahagian tubuh yang lain. Nuchal (\"di leher\") organ dipasangkan, struktur ciliated hanya terdapat dalam polychaetes, dan dianggap sebagai chemosensors. Beberapa polychaetes juga mempunyai pelbagai kombinasi ocelli (\"mata kecil\") yang mengesan arah dari mana cahaya akan datang dan mata kamera atau mata kompaun yang mungkin dapat membentuk imej. Mata kompaun mungkin berubah secara bebas dari mata arthropod. Sesetengah cacing tiub menggunakan ocelli yang tersebar luas ke atas badan mereka untuk mengesan bayang-bayang ikan, supaya mereka dapat dengan cepat menarik diri ke dalam tiub mereka. Beberapa polychaetes yang berdebu dan tabung mempunyai statocysts (kecondongan dan keseimbangan sensor) yang memberitahu mereka cara yang mana turun. Beberapa genetik polychaete mempunyai bahagian bawah kepala palpa yang digunakan dalam pemakanan dan sebagai \"merasakan\", dan sesetengahnya juga mempunyai antena yang berstruktur sama tetapi mungkin digunakan terutamanya sebagai \"merasakan\". <> Apakah jenis perkara yang boleh mengesan sensor 'mengesan? || cahaya, bahan kimia, gelombang tekanan dan kenalan <> Apa maksud 'nuchal'? || di leher <> Apa jenis annelid mempunyai organ nuchal? || polychaetes <> Apakah organ-organ nuchal yang perlu dilakukan? || chemosensors <> Apa istilah bermaksud 'mata kecil'? || ocelli", {"context": "The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal (\"on the neck\") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes also have various combinations of ocelli (\"little eyes\") that detect the direction from which light is coming and camera eyes or compound eyes that can probably form images. The compound eyes probably evolved independently of arthropods' eyes. Some tube-worms use ocelli widely spread over their bodies to detect the shadows of fish, so that they can quickly withdraw into their tubes. Some burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes have statocysts (tilt and balance sensors) that tell them which way is down. A few polychaete genera have on the undersides of their heads palps that are used both in feeding and as \"feelers\", and some of these also have antennae that are structurally similar but probably are used mainly as \"feelers\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact"}], "question": "What kind of things can annelids' sensors detect?", "id": "57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "on the neck"}], "question": "What does 'nuchal' mean?", "id": "57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "polychaetes"}], "question": "What type of annelids have nuchal organs?", "id": "57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "chemosensors"}], "question": "What are the nuchal organs thought to do?", "id": "57282a2e2ca10214002d9fb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "ocelli"}], "question": "What term means 'little eyes'?", "id": "57282a2e2ca10214002d9fba"}]}], ["Otak biasanya membentuk cincin pusingan pharynx (tenggorokan), yang terdiri daripada sepasang ganglia (pusat kawalan tempatan) di atas dan di depan pharynx, yang dikaitkan dengan tali saraf sama ada sisi faring kepada pasangan lain ganglia tepat di bawah dan belakang ia. Otak polychaetes umumnya di prostomium, sedangkan golongan klitellat berada di peristomium atau kadangkala segmen pertama di belakang peristomium. Dalam sesetengah polychaetes yang sangat mudah alih dan aktif otak diperbesar dan lebih kompleks, dengan bahagian belakang hindbrain, midbrain dan forebrain yang kelihatan. Selebihnya sistem saraf pusat biasanya \"tangga seperti\", yang terdiri daripada sepasang tali saraf yang berjalan melalui bahagian bawah badan dan mempunyai dalam setiap segmen berpasangan ganglia yang dikaitkan dengan sambungan melintang. Dari setiap ganglion segmen, sistem cawangan saraf tempatan berjalan ke dinding badan dan kemudian mengepung badan. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam kebanyakan polychaetes kedua-dua tali saraf utama bersatu, dan dalam genus Owenia genus kediaman, saraf saraf tunggal tidak mempunyai ganglia dan terletak di epidermis. <> Apakah ganglia? || pusat kawalan tempatan <> Apakah otak anelid dalam cincin sekitar? || pharynx <> Apa itu pharynx? || tekak <> Di manakah otak clitellates? || di peristomium atau kadangkala segmen pertama di belakang peristomium <> Di mana otak polychaetes? || dalam prostomium", {"context": "The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium. In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections. The rest of the central nervous system is generally \"ladder-like\", consisting of a pair of nerve cords that run through the bottom part of the body and have in each segment paired ganglia linked by a transverse connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body. However, in most polychaetes the two main nerve cords are fused, and in the tube-dwelling genus Owenia the single nerve chord has no ganglia and is located in the epidermis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "local control centers"}], "question": "What are ganglia?", "id": "572828b12ca10214002d9f7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the pharynx"}], "question": "What is an annelid's brain in a ring around?", "id": "572828b12ca10214002d9f7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "throat"}], "question": "What is a pharynx?", "id": "572828b12ca10214002d9f80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium"}], "question": "Where are clitellates' brains?", "id": "572828b12ca10214002d9f81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "in the prostomium"}], "question": "Where are polychaetes' brains?", "id": "572828b12ca10214002d9f82"}]}], ["Kebanyakan anelid mempunyai sepasang coelomata (rongga badan) di setiap segmen, dipisahkan dari segmen lain oleh septa dan dari satu sama lain oleh mesenteries menegak. Setiap septum membentuk sandwic dengan tisu penghubung di tengah dan mesothelium (membran yang berfungsi sebagai lapisan) dari segmen sebelumnya dan berikut pada kedua-dua sisi. Setiap mesentery adalah sama kecuali mesothelium adalah lapisan setiap pasangan coelomata, dan saluran darah dan, dalam polychaetes, tali saraf utama tertanam di dalamnya. Mesothelium diperbuat daripada sel-sel epitheliomuscular yang telah diubah suai; dengan kata lain, badan mereka menjadi sebahagian daripada epitelium tetapi asasnya diperluas untuk membentuk serat otot di dinding badan. Mesothelium juga boleh membentuk otot radial dan bulatan pada septa, dan otot pekeliling di sekitar saluran darah dan usus. Sebahagian mesothelium, terutamanya di luar usus, juga boleh membentuk sel-sel chloragogen yang melakukan fungsi yang sama ke bahagian vertebrata: menghasilkan dan menyimpan glikogen dan lemak; menghasilkan hemoglobin pembawa oksigen; memecahkan protein; dan mengubah produk sisa nitrogen ke ammonia dan urea untuk dikeluarkan. <> Apa itu coelomata? || rongga badan <> Apakah rongga badan anelid dipisahkan dari segmen lain? || septa <> Apakah rongga badan anelid dipisahkan antara satu sama lain? || mesenterium menegak <> Apakah mesothelium diperbuat daripada? || sel-sel epitheliomuscular yang diubahsuai", {"context": "Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side. Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it. The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall. The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut. Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form chloragogen cells that perform similar functions to the livers of vertebrates: producing and storing glycogen and fat; producing the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin; breaking down proteins; and turning nitrogenous waste products into ammonia and urea to be excreted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "body cavities"}], "question": "What are coelomata?", "id": "57282a944b864d1900164638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "septa"}], "question": "What are annelids' body cavities separated from other segments by?", "id": "57282a944b864d1900164639"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "vertical mesenteries"}], "question": "What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by?", "id": "57282a944b864d190016463a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "modified epitheliomuscular cells"}], "question": "What is the mesothelium made of?", "id": "57282a944b864d190016463b"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, lintah dan saudara terdekat mereka mempunyai struktur badan yang sangat seragam dalam kumpulan tetapi jauh berbeza dengan uluran-uluran lain, termasuk ahli-ahli lain dari Clitellata. Dalam lintah tidak ada septa, lapisan tisu penghubung dinding badan sangat tebal sehingga ia menduduki sebahagian besar badan, dan kedua coelomata secara luas dipisahkan dan menjalankan panjang badan. Mereka berfungsi sebagai saluran darah utama, walaupun mereka bersebelahan dan bukannya atas dan bawah. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka dipenuhi dengan mesothelium, seperti coelomata dan tidak seperti pembuluh darah yang lain. Lintah biasanya menggunakan penyedut di hujung depan dan belakang mereka untuk bergerak seperti cacing inci. Anus berada di permukaan atas pygidium. <> Apa jenis annelid yang sangat berbeza dari yang lain? || lintah dan saudara terdekat mereka <> Jenis tisu jenis apa yang kebanyakan badan lintah? || lapisan tisu penghubung dinding badan <> Berapakah bilangan lintah coelomata yang ada? || dua <> baris apa yang coelomata lintah? || mesothelium <> Apakah lintah yang digunakan untuk bergerak? || penyedut di hujung depan dan belakang mereka", {"context": "However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of the body, and the two coelomata are widely separated and run the length of the body. They function as the main blood vessels, although they are side-by-side rather than upper and lower. However, they are lined with mesothelium, like the coelomata and unlike the blood vessels of other annelids. Leeches generally use suckers at their front and rear ends to move like inchworms. The anus is on the upper surface of the pygidium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "leeches and their closest relatives"}], "question": "What type of annelids are very different from others?", "id": "57282c162ca10214002d9fdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "connective tissue layer of the body wall"}], "question": "What type of tissue takes up most of the body of a leech?", "id": "57282c162ca10214002d9fdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many coelomata do leeches have?", "id": "57282c162ca10214002d9fde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "mesothelium"}], "question": "What lines the coelomata of leeches?", "id": "57282c162ca10214002d9fdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "suckers at their front and rear ends"}], "question": "What do leeches use to move?", "id": "57282c162ca10214002d9fe0"}]}], ["Annelids dengan saluran darah menggunakan metanephridia untuk menghilangkan produk sisa larut, sementara mereka yang tidak menggunakan protonephridia. Kedua-dua sistem ini menggunakan proses penapisan dua peringkat, di mana produk cecair dan sisa mula-mula diekstrak dan ini ditapis sekali lagi untuk menyerap apa-apa bahan semula jadi sementara membuang bahan-bahan toksik dan membuang air kencing. Perbezaannya ialah protonephridia menggabungkan kedua-dua peringkat penapisan dalam organ yang sama, sementara metanephridia hanya menjalankan penapisan kedua dan bergantung kepada mekanisme lain untuk yang pertama - di dalam penapis sel khusus penapis di dinding saluran darah yang membiarkan cecair dan molekul kecil yang lain masuk ke dalam cecair coelomic, di mana ia beredar ke metanephridia. Dalam annelids mata di mana bendalir memasuki protonephridia atau metanephridia berada di bahagian hadapan septum manakala penapis tahap kedua dan nephridiopore (keluar pembukaan di dinding badan) berada dalam segmen berikut. Hasilnya, segmen paling belakang (sebelum zon pertumbuhan dan pygidium) tidak mempunyai struktur yang mengeluarkan sisa-sisanya, kerana tidak ada segmen berikut untuk menapis dan melepaskannya, sementara segmen pertama mengandungi struktur pengekstrakan yang melepaskan sampah ke tempat kedua, tetapi tidak mengandungi struktur yang menapis semula dan mengeluarkan air kencing. <> Apakah metanephridia dikeluarkan? || produk buangan terlarut <> Apa yang dibangkitkan tanpa pembuangan darah untuk membuang buangan? || protonephridia <> Berapa banyak peringkat di dalam penapisan sisa anel? || dua <> Sistem annelid apa yang menggabungkan kedua-dua negeri penapisan dalam satu organ? || protonephridia", {"context": "Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as urine. The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first \u2013 in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia. In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment. As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "soluble waste products"}], "question": "What do metanephridia remove?", "id": "57282ddd3acd2414000df663"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "protonephridia"}], "question": "What do annelids without blood vessels do to remove waste?", "id": "57282ddd3acd2414000df664"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many stages are there in annelids' waste filtration?", "id": "57282ddd3acd2414000df665"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "protonephridia"}], "question": "What annelid system combines both filtration states in one organ?", "id": "57282ddd3acd2414000df666"}]}], ["Bendalir dalam coelomata mengandungi sel-sel koelomokte yang mempertahankan haiwan terhadap parasit dan jangkitan. Dalam sesetengah spesis koelomosit juga boleh mengandungi pigmen pernafasan - hemoglobin merah dalam sesetengah spesies, chlorocruorin hijau pada yang lain (larut dalam plasma) - dan menyediakan pengangkutan oksigen dalam segmen mereka. Pigilan pernafasan juga dibubarkan dalam plasma darah. Spesies dengan septa yang dikembangkan dengan baik juga mempunyai saluran darah yang mengalir sepanjang badan mereka di atas dan di bawah usus, bahagian atas membawa darah ke depan sementara yang lebih rendah membawa ke belakang. Rangkaian kapilari dalam dinding badan dan sekitar usus memindahkan darah antara saluran darah utama dan bahagian-bahagian segmen yang memerlukan oksigen dan nutrien. Kedua-dua vesel utama, terutama yang lebih tinggi, boleh mengepam darah melalui kontrak. Dalam beberapa annelids akhir ke hadapan saluran darah atas diperbesar dengan otot untuk membentuk hati, manakala di hujung ke hadapan banyak cacing tanah beberapa kapal yang menghubungkan kapal utama atas dan bawah berfungsi sebagai hati. Spesies yang tidak maju atau tidak septa secara amnya tidak mempunyai saluran darah dan bergantung kepada peredarannya di dalam koelom untuk menyampaikan nutrien dan oksigen. <> Apa yang boleh melindungi sel-sel coelomocyte? || parasit dan jangkitan <> Jenis pigmen apa yang dibubarkan dalam darah annelids? || Pernafasan <> Apa yang mengendalikan panjang badan anelid dengan septa yang berkembang dengan baik? || pembuluh darah <> Apa yang perlu dibaca tanpa separa? || peredaran dalam lingkaran", {"context": "The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment \u2013 red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) \u2013 and provide oxygen transport within their segments. Respiratory pigment is also dissolved in the blood plasma. Species with well-developed septa generally also have blood vessels running all long their bodies above and below the gut, the upper one carrying blood forwards while the lower one carries it backwards. Networks of capillaries in the body wall and around the gut transfer blood between the main blood vessels and to parts of the segment that need oxygen and nutrients. Both of the major vessels, especially the upper one, can pump blood by contracting. In some annelids the forward end of the upper blood vessel is enlarged with muscles to form a heart, while in the forward ends of many earthworms some of the vessels that connect the upper and lower main vessels function as hearts. Species with poorly developed or no septa generally have no blood vessels and rely on the circulation within the coelom for delivering nutrients and oxygen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "parasites and infections"}], "question": "What can coelomocyte cells defend against?", "id": "57282b9b3acd2414000df617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Respiratory"}], "question": "What type of pigment is dissolved in annelids' blood?", "id": "57282b9b3acd2414000df618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "blood vessels"}], "question": "What runs the length of annelids' bodies with well-developed septa?", "id": "57282b9b3acd2414000df619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1158, "text": "circulation within the coelom"}], "question": "What do annelids without septa have to use for circulation?", "id": "57282b9b3acd2414000df61a"}]}], ["Struktur pemakanan di rantau mulut berbeza-beza, dan mempunyai sedikit kaitan dengan diet haiwan. Banyak polychaetes mempunyai pharynx otot yang boleh diturunkan (dihidupkan keluar untuk melanjutkannya). Dalam haiwan ini beberapa segmen utama sering kekurangan septa sehingga apabila otot dalam kontrak segmen ini, peningkatan tajam tekanan cecair dari semua segmen ini menimbulkan pharynx dengan cepat. Dua keluarga, Eunicidae dan Phyllodocidae, telah berkembang rahang, yang boleh digunakan untuk merampas mangsa, menggigit kepingan tumbuh-tumbuhan, atau menggenggam benda mati dan membusuk. Sebaliknya, beberapa polychaetes pemangsa tidak mempunyai rahang atau farynges yang tidak dapat dibuktikan. Pengumpan deposit terpilih biasanya hidup di dalam tiub di dasar laut dan menggunakan palpa untuk mencari zarah makanan di sedimen dan kemudian lap ke mulut mereka. Penapis penapis menggunakan \"mahkota\" palpa yang diliputi dalam silia yang mencuci zarah makanan ke mulut mereka. Pengumpan deposit bukan selektif menumpuk sedimen tanah atau marin melalui mulut yang umumnya tidak dikhususkan. Sesetengah klitelat mempunyai pad melekit di atas bumbung mulut mereka, dan sesetengahnya boleh menimbulkan pad untuk menangkap mangsa. Lintah sering mempunyai proboscis yang boleh dibaca, atau pharynx berotot dengan dua atau tiga gigi. <> Apakah maksud 'everted'? || bertukar di dalam untuk melanjutkan <> Apa bahagian dari polychaete boleh dibuktikan? || pharynx <> Apakah jenis rahang yang telah berkembang rahang? || Eunicidae dan Phyllodocidae <> Apakah kegilaan menggunakan rahang? || merampas mangsa, menggigit potongan tumbuh-tumbuhan, atau menggenggam benda mati dan membusuk <> Apa yang ada di kalangan mereka yang mempunyai 'mahkota'? || palp diliputi dalam silia", {"context": "Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly. Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter. On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges. Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea-floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths. Filter feeders use \"crowns\" of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths. Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine sediments via mouths that are generally unspecialized. Some clitellates have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey. Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "turned inside out to extend"}], "question": "What does 'everted' mean?", "id": "57282c833acd2414000df63d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "pharynx"}], "question": "What part of a polychaete can be everted?", "id": "57282c833acd2414000df63e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae"}], "question": "What types of annelids have evolved jaws?", "id": "57282c833acd2414000df63f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter"}], "question": "What do annelids use jaws for?", "id": "57282c833acd2414000df640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 859, "text": "palps covered in cilia"}], "question": "What do some annelids have 'crowns' of?", "id": "57282c833acd2414000df641"}]}], ["Annelid terestrial boleh menyerang dalam beberapa keadaan. Di kawasan glasiasi Amerika Utara, contohnya, hampir semua cacing tanah asli dianggap telah dibunuh oleh glasier dan cacing yang terdapat di kawasan tersebut semuanya diperkenalkan dari kawasan lain, terutamanya dari Eropah, dan, baru-baru ini, dari Asia . Hutan kayu kelapa di utara terutamanya dipengaruhi oleh cacing invasif melalui kehilangan duff daun, kesuburan tanah, perubahan dalam kimia tanah dan kehilangan kepelbagaian ekologi. Terutama kebimbangan ialah Amynthas agrestis dan sekurang-kurangnya satu negeri (Wisconsin) telah menyenaraikannya sebagai spesies yang dilarang. <> Di manakah cacing tanah asli yang dibunuh oleh glasier? || kawasan glasier di Amerika Utara <> Di manakah kebanyakan cacing tanah semasa di kawasan glasier berasal? || Eropah <> Jenis hutan apa yang boleh dilukai oleh cacing invasif? || Hutan kayu kelapa di utara", {"context": "Terrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations. In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more recently, from Asia. Northern hardwood forests are especially negatively impacted by invasive worms through the loss of leaf duff, soil fertility, changes in soil chemistry and the loss of ecological diversity. Especially of concern is Amynthas agrestis and at least one state (Wisconsin) has listed it as a prohibited species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "glaciated areas of North America"}], "question": "Where were native earthworms killed by glaciers?", "id": "572830df2ca10214002da03c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Where did most of the current earthworms in glacial areas come from?", "id": "572830df2ca10214002da03d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Northern hardwood forests"}], "question": "What type of forests can be hurt by invasive worms?", "id": "572830df2ca10214002da03e"}]}], ["Ia dianggap sebagai anelid pada asalnya haiwan dengan dua jantina yang berasingan, yang mengeluarkan ova dan sperma ke dalam air melalui nephridia mereka. Telur yang disenyawakan menjadi larva trochophore, yang hidup sebagai plankton. Kemudian mereka tenggelam ke dasar laut dan metamorphose menjadi orang dewasa kecil: sebahagian daripada trochophore antara bulu apikal dan prototroch menjadi prostomium (kepala); kawasan kecil di sekeliling anus trochophore menjadi pygidium (ekor); sebuah band sempit dengan segera di hadapannya menjadi zon pertumbuhan yang menghasilkan segmen baru; dan selebihnya trochophore menjadi peristomium (segmen yang mengandungi mulut). <> Berapa banyak jenis jantina yang terdapat di awalnya? || dua <> Apa yang membebaskan sperma daripada ular ular? || nephridia <> Apa yang menjadi telur ayam? || larva trochophore <> Apa larva larva hidup? || plankton <> Apa itu trochophore menjadi ketika matang matang? || prostomium (kepala)", {"context": "It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore between the apical tuft and the prototroch becomes the prostomium (head); a small area round the trochophore's anus becomes the pygidium (tail-piece); a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium (the segment that contains the mouth).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many sexes of annelids were there originally?", "id": "57282e373acd2414000df66b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "nephridia"}], "question": "What releases sperm from annelids?", "id": "57282e373acd2414000df66c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "trochophore larvae"}], "question": "What do annelid eggs become?", "id": "57282e373acd2414000df66d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "plankton"}], "question": "What do annelids' larvae live like?", "id": "57282e373acd2414000df66e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "the prostomium (head)"}], "question": "What does the trochophore become when annelids mature?", "id": "57282e373acd2414000df66f"}]}], ["Cacing tanah memberi sumbangan penting kepada kesuburan tanah. Akhir belakang worm Palolo, polychaete laut yang terowongan melalui karang, terlepas untuk menelurkan di permukaan, dan orang-orang Samoa menganggap modul pemula sebagai makanan istimewa. Anglers kadang-kadang mendapati bahawa cacing adalah umpan yang lebih berkesan daripada lalat tiruan, dan cacing boleh disimpan selama beberapa hari dalam timah yang dibarisi dengan lumut lembap. Ragworms adalah penting secara komersial sebagai umpan dan sebagai sumber makanan untuk akuakultur, dan ada cadangan untuk menanamnya untuk mengurangkan lebih banyak penangkapan penduduk asli mereka. Sebilangan predikma marin polchaetes terhadap moluska menyebabkan kerugian yang serius kepada operasi perikanan dan akuakultur. <> Apakah jenis terowong annelid melalui karang? || Cacing Palolo <> Apa belakang belakang orang yang suka makan orang Samoans? || Palolo worm <> Apakah jenis umpan yang diingini oleh pemancing? || modul pemula <> Apa yang dimakan oleh polychaetes yang menyebabkan masalah? || moluska <> Apa jenis cacing yang ada cadangan untuk ladang? || Ragworms", {"context": "Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss. Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations. Some marine polychaetes' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Palolo worm"}], "question": "What type of annelid tunnels through coral?", "id": "5728318bff5b5019007d9ece"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Palolo worm"}], "question": "What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat?", "id": "5728318bff5b5019007d9ecf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "spawning modules"}], "question": "What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer?", "id": "5728318bff5b5019007d9ed0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "molluscs"}], "question": "What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems?", "id": "5728318bff5b5019007d9ed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Ragworms"}], "question": "What type of worm have there been proposals to farm?", "id": "5728318bff5b5019007d9ed2"}]}], ["Kelompok yang paling matang (kumpulan yang merangkumi cacing dan lintah) adalah hermaphrodit penuh, walaupun dalam beberapa spesies lintah dewasa muda berfungsi sebagai lelaki dan menjadi wanita pada waktu matang. Semua mempunyai gonad yang baik, dan semua bersopan. Cacing tanah menyimpan sperma rakan kongsi mereka dalam spermathecae (\"sperma kedai\") dan kemudian clitellum menghasilkan kepompong yang mengumpul ova dari ovari dan kemudian sperma dari spermathecae. Persenyawaan dan perkembangan telur cacing tanah berlaku di kepompong. Telur lintah disenyawakan di ovari, dan kemudian dipindahkan ke kepompong. Dalam semua klitellates kepompong juga menghasilkan kuning telur apabila telur disenyawakan atau nutrien semasa mereka sedang berkembang. Semua clitellates menetas sebagai orang dewasa kecil daripada larva. <> Apa kumpulan annelid termasuk lintah dan cacing tanah? || clitellates <> Apa jenis seks yang paling cacing tanah? || hermaphrodites <> Di mana telur lintah dibuahi? || di ovari <> Di manakah lintah memindahkan telur mereka? || kepompong <> Jenis jenis anak ayam seperti orang dewasa kecil? || clitellates", {"context": "Most mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae (\"sperm stores\") and then the clitellum produces a cocoon that collects ova from the ovaries and then sperm from the spermathecae. Fertilization and development of earthworm eggs takes place in the cocoon. Leeches' eggs are fertilized in the ovaries, and then transferred to the cocoon. In all clitellates the cocoon also either produces yolk when the eggs are fertilized or nutrients while they are developing. All clitellates hatch as miniature adults rather than larvae.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "clitellates"}], "question": "What annelid group includes leeches and earthworms?", "id": "57282fdf3acd2414000df693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "hermaphrodites"}], "question": "What type of sex are most earthworms?", "id": "57282fdf3acd2414000df694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "in the ovaries"}], "question": "Where are leeches' eggs fertilized?", "id": "57282fdf3acd2414000df695"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "the cocoon"}], "question": "Where do leeches move their eggs to?", "id": "57282fdf3acd2414000df696"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "clitellates"}], "question": "What type of annelids hatch as miniature adults?", "id": "57282fdf3acd2414000df697"}]}], ["Bukti yang paling awal untuk oligochaetes berlaku dalam tempoh Tersier, yang bermula 65 juta tahun yang lalu, dan telah dicadangkan bahawa haiwan ini berkembang sekitar masa yang sama sebagai tumbuhan berbunga di Cretaceous awal, dari 130 hingga 90 juta tahun yang lalu. Sebuah fosil jejak yang terdiri daripada buruk yang berbelit-belit yang sebahagiannya diisi dengan pelet fecal kecil mungkin menjadi bukti bahawa cacing tanah hadir pada masa awal Triassic dari 251 hingga 245 juta tahun yang lalu. Fosil badan yang kembali ke Ordovician pertengahan, dari 472 hingga 461 juta tahun yang lalu, telah diklasifikasikan sebagai oligochaetes, namun pengenalan ini tidak pasti dan ada yang dipertikaikan. <> Bilakah tempoh Tertiari bermula? || 65 juta tahun yang lalu <> Era apa oligochaetes berkembang? || awal Cretaceous <> Apa jenis fosil annelid telah dijumpai dari pertengahan Ordovician period? || oligochaetes <> Bilakah fosil annelid paling awal dijumpai? || 472 hingga 461 juta tahun lalu", {"context": "The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from 251 to 245 million years ago. Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from 472 to 461 million years ago, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "65 million years ago"}], "question": "When did the Tertiary period begin?", "id": "572833674b864d1900164704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "early Cretaceous"}], "question": "What era did oligochaetes evolve in?", "id": "572833674b864d1900164705"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "oligochaetes"}], "question": "What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period?", "id": "572833674b864d1900164706"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "472 to 461 million years ago"}], "question": "When were the earliest annelid fossils found?", "id": "572833674b864d1900164707"}]}], ["Buku Charles Darwin Pembentukan Sayuran Sayuran melalui Tindakan Worms (1881) menyampaikan analisis saintifik cacing tanah pertama untuk kesuburan tanah. Beberapa burrow manakala yang lain hidup sepenuhnya di permukaan, umumnya dalam sampah daun basah. Penggerek melonggarkan tanah supaya oksigen dan air dapat menembusnya, dan kedua-dua cacing permukaan dan burrowing membantu menghasilkan tanah dengan mencampurkan bahan organik dan mineral, dengan mempercepat penguraian bahan organik dan dengan itu menjadikannya lebih cepat untuk organisma lain, dan dengan menumpukan mineral dan menukarkannya kepada bentuk yang tumbuh dengan lebih mudah. Cacing tanah juga menjadi mangsa penting untuk burung yang berkisar dari robin hingga bangau, dan untuk mamalia mulai dari shrews ke badgers, dan dalam sesetengah kes memelihara cacing tanah adalah penting untuk memelihara burung yang terancam. <> Siapa yang menerbitkan sebuah buku mengenai cacing pada tahun 1881? || Charles Darwin <> Apa kajian ilmiah pertama tentang bagaimana cacing tanah membantu tanah? || Pembentukan Acuan Sayur melalui Tindakan Worms <> Di manakah cacing tanah lebih suka hidup di permukaan? || secara umumnya dalam sampah daun basah <> Bagaimana kelumpuhan burrowers membantu tanah? || oksigen dan air boleh menembusnya <> Apakah burung terbesar yang memakan cacing tanah? || bangsat", {"context": "Charles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water can penetrate it, and both surface and burrowing worms help to produce soil by mixing organic and mineral matter, by accelerating the decomposition of organic matter and thus making it more quickly available to other organisms, and by concentrating minerals and converting them to forms that plants can use more easily. Earthworms are also important prey for birds ranging in size from robins to storks, and for mammals ranging from shrews to badgers, and in some cases conserving earthworms may be essential for conserving endangered birds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Darwin"}], "question": "Who published a book about worms in 1881?", "id": "572830622ca10214002da032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms"}], "question": "What was the first scientific study of how earthworms help soil?", "id": "572830622ca10214002da033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "generally in moist leaf litter"}], "question": "Where do earthworms prefer to live on the surface?", "id": "572830622ca10214002da034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "oxygen and water can penetrate it"}], "question": "How does burrowers' loosening help the soil?", "id": "572830622ca10214002da035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "storks"}], "question": "What is the largest bird that eats earthworms?", "id": "572830622ca10214002da036"}]}], ["Akaun penggunaan lintah untuk amalan perubatan yang meragukan pembebasan darah datang dari China sekitar 30 AD, India sekitar 200 AD, Rom kuno sekitar 50 AD dan kemudian di seluruh Eropah. Pada abad ke-19 permintaan perubatan untuk lintah sangat tinggi sehingga beberapa stok kawasan telah habis dan wilayah lain dikenakan sekatan atau larangan ekspor, dan Hirudo medicinalis dianggap sebagai spesies terancam oleh IUCN dan CITES. Lintah baru-baru ini telah digunakan untuk membantu mikrosurgeri, dan air liur mereka telah menyediakan sebatian anti-radang dan beberapa antikoagulan penting, salah satunya juga menghalang tumor daripada menyebar. <> Bilakah lintah mula digunakan untuk membuang darah? || 30 AD <> Di manakah lintah mula digunakan untuk membuang darah? || China <> Bilakah Rom mulakan menggunakan lintah? || 50 AD <> Bilakah India mula menggunakan lintah? || 200 AD <> Organisasi mana yang menyenaraikan Hirudo medicinalis sebagai terancam? || IUCN dan CITES", {"context": "Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES. More recently leeches have been used to assist in microsurgery, and their saliva has provided anti-inflammatory compounds and several important anticoagulants, one of which also prevents tumors from spreading.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "30 AD"}], "question": "When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?", "id": "572831fa2ca10214002da05c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "China"}], "question": "Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?", "id": "572831fa2ca10214002da05d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "50 AD"}], "question": "When did Rome begin using leeches?", "id": "572831fa2ca10214002da05e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "200 AD"}], "question": "When did India begin using leeches?", "id": "572831fa2ca10214002da05f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "IUCN and CITES"}], "question": "Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as endangered?", "id": "572831fa2ca10214002da060"}]}], ["Beberapa polychaetes membiak hanya sekali dalam hidup mereka, sementara yang lain membiak hampir berterusan atau melalui beberapa musim pembiakan. Walaupun kebanyakan polychaetes kekal satu seks sepanjang hidup mereka, peratusan spesies yang signifikan adalah hermaphrodit penuh atau perubahan seks semasa hidup mereka. Kebanyakan polychaetes yang pembiakan telah dikaji kekurangan gonad kekal, dan tidak pasti bagaimana mereka menghasilkan ova dan sperma. Dalam beberapa spesies bahagian belakang badan berpecah dan menjadi individu berasingan yang hidup cukup lama untuk berenang ke persekitaran yang sesuai, biasanya berhampiran dengan permukaan, dan bertelur. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh polychaetes tanpa jantina tunggal? || menukar seks <> Apa yang paling kurang polychaetes kurang untuk pembiakan? || gonad kekal <> Bagaimana sesetengah anak ayam mendapat peluang satu kali di tempat pemijahan yang lebih baik? || bahagian belakang badan berpecah dan menjadi individu yang berasingan", {"context": "Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose reproduction has been studied lack permanent gonads, and it is uncertain how they produce ova and sperm. In a few species the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual that lives just long enough to swim to a suitable environment, usually near the surface, and spawn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "change sex"}], "question": "What do some non-single-sex polychaetes do?", "id": "57282f6c2ca10214002da018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "permanent gonads"}], "question": "What are most polychaetes lacking for reproduction?", "id": "57282f6c2ca10214002da019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual"}], "question": "How do some annelids get a one-time chance at a better spawning spot?", "id": "57282f6c2ca10214002da01a"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, kitaran hidup kebanyakan polychaetes yang hidup, yang hampir semua haiwan laut, tidak diketahui, dan hanya kira-kira 25% daripada 300 spesies yang menjalani kehidupan seharian mengikuti corak ini. Sekitar 14% menggunakan persenyawaan luaran yang sama tetapi menghasilkan telur yang kaya dengan kuning telur, yang mengurangkan masa larva perlu dibelanjakan di kalangan plankton, atau telur dari mana orang dewasa kecil muncul daripada larva. Penjagaan selebihnya untuk telur yang disenyawakan sehingga mereka menetas - sesetengahnya dengan menghasilkan jisim telur yang dilindungi oleh jeli yang mereka cenderung, beberapa dengan melampirkan telur ke badan mereka dan beberapa spesies dengan menyimpan telur dalam tubuh mereka sehingga mereka menetas. Spesies ini menggunakan pelbagai kaedah untuk pemindahan sperma; Sebagai contoh, dalam sesetengah wanita mengumpul sperma yang dilepaskan ke dalam air, manakala di lain-lain lelaki mempunyai zakar yang menyuntik sperma ke dalam wanita. Tidak ada jaminan bahawa ini adalah contoh corak pembiusan polychaetes, dan ia hanya mencerminkan pengetahuan semasa saintis. <> Berapa banyak spesies polychaetes yang telah menjalani kehidupan seharian? || kira-kira 25% <> Berapa peratus daripada polychaetes menghasilkan telur kaya dengan kuning telur? || 14% <> Apa manfaat telur kaya dengan kuning telur? || mengurangkan masa larva perlu dibelanjakan di kalangan plankton <> Apa yang paling telur di dalamnya? || jeli", {"context": "However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae. The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch \u2013 some by producing jelly-covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch. These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female. There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists' current knowledge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "about 25%"}], "question": "How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles?", "id": "57282ee62ca10214002da010"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "14%"}], "question": "What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs?", "id": "57282ee62ca10214002da011"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton"}], "question": "What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs?", "id": "57282ee62ca10214002da012"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "jelly"}], "question": "What are most polychaetes' eggs covered in?", "id": "57282ee62ca10214002da013"}]}], ["Memandangkan ular-ular adalah berbadan lembut, fosil mereka jarang berlaku. Rekod fosil Polychaetes terdiri terutamanya daripada rahang yang ada sesetengah spesies dan tiub mineral yang beberapa disiarkan. Beberapa fosil Ediacaran seperti Dickinsonia dalam beberapa cara menyerupai polychaetes, tetapi persamaannya terlalu samar untuk fosil-fosil ini diklasifikasikan dengan keyakinan. Cloudina fosil kecil, dari 549 hingga 542 juta tahun yang lalu, telah diklasifikasikan oleh sesetengah pengarang sebagai penglihatan, tetapi oleh orang lain sebagai cnidarian (iaitu dalam filum yang menjadi ubur-ubur dan anemoni laut). Sehingga tahun 2008 fosil terawal yang diterima secara meluas sebagai annelid adalah polychaetes Canadia dan Burgessochaeta, kedua-duanya dari Burgess Shale dari Kanada, dibentuk kira-kira 505 juta tahun yang lalu pada awal Kemboja. Myoscolex, yang ditemui di Australia dan sedikit lebih tua dari Shrewsbury Burgess, mungkin menjadi cabaran. Walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak mempunyai ciri-ciri annelid yang tipikal dan mempunyai ciri-ciri yang biasanya tidak dijumpai di annelids dan beberapa di antaranya dikaitkan dengan phyla lain. Kemudian Simon Conway Morris dan John Peel melaporkan Phragmochaeta dari Sirius Passet, kira-kira 518 juta tahun, dan membuat kesimpulan bahawa ia adalah annelid tertua yang diketahui setakat ini. Terdapat perdebatan kuat mengenai sama ada fosil Burgess Shale Wiwaxia adalah moluska atau annelid. Polychaetes mempelbagaikan pada awal Ordovician, kira-kira 488 hingga 474 juta tahun yang lalu. Tidak sampai Ordovician awal bahawa rahang anelid pertama dijumpai, oleh itu kumpulan mahkota tidak boleh muncul sebelum tarikh ini dan mungkin kelihatan agak lewat. Menjelang akhir Karbon, kira-kira 299 juta tahun yang lalu, fosil kebanyakan kumpulan polychaete bergerak moden telah muncul. Banyak tiub fosil kelihatan seperti yang dibuat oleh polychaetes sessile moden, tetapi tiub pertama jelas dihasilkan oleh tarikh polychaetes dari Jurassic, kurang daripada 199 juta tahun lalu. <> Bilakah Cloudina wujud? || 549 hingga 542 juta tahun yang lalu <> Apa yang orang fikir Cloudina harus dipanggil dan bukannya annelid? || cnidarian <> Berapa lama fosil Canadia dan Burgessochaeta dijumpai di Kanada? || 505 juta tahun <> Era apa yang sedang berlangsung 505 juta tahun yang lalu? || awal Cambrian <> Di mana terdapat Myoscolex? || Australia", {"context": "Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from 549 to 542 million years ago, has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian (i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada's Burgess Shale, formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian. Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla. Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about 518 million years old, and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about 488 to 474 million years ago. It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago, fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes  , but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than 199 million years ago.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "549 to 542 million years ago"}], "question": "When did Cloudina exist?", "id": "572832dc4b864d19001646f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "cnidarian"}], "question": "What do some people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid?", "id": "572832dc4b864d19001646f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "505 million years"}], "question": "How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Canada?", "id": "572832dc4b864d19001646f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "early Cambrian"}], "question": "What era was underway 505 million years ago?", "id": "572832dc4b864d19001646f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "Where was Myoscolex found?", "id": "572832dc4b864d19001646f4"}]}], ["Hipotesis \"Lophotrochozoa\" juga disokong oleh fakta bahawa banyak phyla dalam kumpulan ini, termasuk annelids, moluska, nemesis dan flatworms, mengikuti corak yang sama dalam perkembangan telur yang disenyawakan. Apabila sel-sel mereka dibahagikan selepas peringkat sel 4, keturunan 4 sel ini membentuk corak lingkaran. Dalam phyla ini, \"nasib\" sel-sel embrio, dengan kata lain peranan keturunan mereka akan bermain dalam haiwan dewasa, adalah sama dan boleh diramalkan dari peringkat awal. Oleh itu, corak pembangunan ini sering digambarkan sebagai \"belahan perpanjangan spiral\". <> Yang mana Lophotrochozoa phyla mempunyai perkembangan telur yang serupa? || annelids, moluscs, nemerteans dan flatworms <> Bagaimana sel telur Lophotrochozoa mengatur diri mereka sendiri? || selepas peringkat sel 4, keturunan dari 4 sel ini membentuk corak lingkaran <> Apakah corak sel telur Lophotrochozoa yang kadangkala dipanggil? || belahan berputar spiral", {"context": "The \"Lophotrochozoa\" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development. When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern. In these phyla the \"fates\" of the embryo's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage. Hence this development pattern is often described as \"spiral determinate cleavage\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms"}], "question": "Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development?", "id": "572836213acd2414000df709"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern"}], "question": "How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves?", "id": "572836213acd2414000df70a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "spiral determinate cleavage"}], "question": "What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called?", "id": "572836213acd2414000df70b"}]}], ["Secara tradisinya, annelid dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan utama, iaitu polychaetes dan clitellates. Sebaliknya klitellates dibahagikan kepada oligochaetes, termasuk cacing tanah, dan hirudinomorphs, yang ahli-ahli yang paling terkenal adalah lintah. Selama bertahun-tahun tidak ada susunan yang jelas tentang sekitar 80 keluarga polychaete ke dalam kumpulan yang lebih tinggi. Pada tahun 1997 Greg Rouse dan Kristian Fauchald cuba \"langkah heuristik pertama dari segi membawa systematics polychaete ke tahap ketegasan yang boleh diterima\", berdasarkan struktur anatomi, dan polychaetes dibahagikan kepada: <> Apa dua kumpulan yang annelids tradisional dibahagikan antara? || polychaetes dan clitellates <> Apakah subtipe clitellates mengandungi cacing tanah? || oligochaetes <> Apakah subtipe clitellates mengandungi lintah? || hirudinomorphs <> Berapa banyak keluarga polychaete di sana? || lebih kurang 80 <> Bilakah Greg Rouse mula cuba untuk mengkategorikan polychaetes? || 1997", {"context": "Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher-level groups. In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a \"first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour\", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "polychaetes and clitellates"}], "question": "What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among?", "id": "572833dd2ca10214002da0a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "oligochaetes"}], "question": "What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms?", "id": "572833dd2ca10214002da0a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "hirudinomorphs"}], "question": "What subtype of clitellates contains leeches?", "id": "572833dd2ca10214002da0a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "approximately 80"}], "question": "How many polychaete families are there?", "id": "572833dd2ca10214002da0a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize polychaetes?", "id": "572833dd2ca10214002da0a4"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan untuk menulis semula klasifikasi annelids dan 3 phyla sebelum ini bebas, analisa filogenetik molekul menjejaskan penekanan bahawa beberapa dekad penulisan terdahulu diletakkan pada kepentingan segmentasi dalam klasifikasi invertebrata. Polychaetes, yang mana analisis ini dijumpai sebagai kumpulan induk, mempunyai segmen-segmen yang tersusun sepenuhnya, sementara echiurans polychaetes dan cabang sipunculan tidak dibahagikan dan pogonophores hanya dibahagikan kepada bahagian belakang badan mereka. Sekarang seolah-olah segmen itu boleh muncul dan hilang jauh lebih mudah dalam perjalanan evolusi daripada sebelumnya difikirkan. Kajian tahun 2007 juga menyatakan bahawa sistem saraf seperti tangga, yang dikaitkan dengan segmentasi, adalah kurang universal yang difikirkan sebelum ini dalam kedua-dua anelid dan arthropod. [N 2] <> Berapa banyak phyla sebelum-terpisah yang dilakukan kajian semula 2007? || 3 <> Apa yang telah diputuskan oleh kajian tahun 2007 adalah kumpulan orang tua untuk penyakit annelid? || Polychaetes <> Apa jenis polychaetes yang tidak diukur? || echiurans dan sipunculan <> Apa jenis polychaetes hanya dibahagikan di belakang? || pogonophores <> Apakah struktur sistem saraf kurang unggul di kalangan ulangan daripada yang difikirkan sebelum tahun 2007? || tangga seperti", {"context": "In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies. It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought. The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal previously thought in both annelids and arthropods.[n 2]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify?", "id": "572835282ca10214002da0c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Polychaetes"}], "question": "What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids?", "id": "572835282ca10214002da0c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "echiurans and sipunculan"}], "question": "What offshoots of polychaetes are unsegmented?", "id": "572835282ca10214002da0c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "pogonophores"}], "question": "What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the rear?", "id": "572835282ca10214002da0c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "ladder-like"}], "question": "What nervous system structure is less univeral among annelids than was thought before 2007?", "id": "572835282ca10214002da0ca"}]}], ["Annelids adalah anggota protostomes, salah satu daripada dua superphyla utama haiwan bilateria - yang lain adalah deuterostomes, yang termasuk vertebrata. Dalam protostom, annelid digunakan untuk dikelompokkan dengan arthropod di bawah kumpulan super Articulata (\"haiwan berserabut\"), kerana segmentasi adalah jelas dalam kebanyakan ahli kedua-dua phyla. Walau bagaimanapun, gen yang mendorong segmentasi di arthropod tidak muncul untuk melakukan perkara yang sama di annelids. Arthropods dan annelids kedua-duanya mempunyai kerabat dekat yang tidak dipastikan. Sekurang-kurangnya mudah untuk mengandaikan bahawa mereka berevolusi badan-badan yang dibahagikan secara berasingan kerana mengandaikan bahawa protostome atau bilaterian leluhur telah dibahagikan dan segmen itu hilang dalam banyak phyla keturunan. Pandangan semasa adalah bahawa annelid dikelompokkan dengan moluska, brachiopods dan beberapa phyla lain yang mempunyai lophofores (struktur penyokong seperti kipas) dan / atau larva trochophore sebagai ahli Lophotrochozoa. Bryzoa mungkin merupakan filum paling basal (yang pertama kali menjadi tersendiri) dalam Lophotrochozoa, dan hubungan antara ahli-ahli lain belum diketahui. Arthropod kini dianggap sebagai ahli-ahli Ecdysozoa (\"haiwan yang menggelitik\"), bersama dengan beberapa phyla yang tidak dipastikan. <> Apa superphylum adalah annelids dalam? || protostomes <> Apa superphylum lain selain protostomes? || deuterostomes <> Apakah superphylum adalah vertebrata? || deuterostomes <> Apakah maksud 'Articulata'? || Haiwan berserabut <> Apakah lophophores? || struktur pemakan seperti peminat", {"context": "Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals \u2013 the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata (\"jointed animals\"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa. Bryzoa may be the most basal phylum (the one that first became distinctive) within the Lophotrochozoa, and the relationships between the other members are not yet known. Arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa (\"animals that molt\"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "protostomes"}], "question": "What superphylum are annelids in?", "id": "57283593ff5b5019007d9f24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "deuterostomes"}], "question": "What is the other superphylum besides protostomes?", "id": "57283593ff5b5019007d9f25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "deuterostomes"}], "question": "What superphylum are vertebrates in?", "id": "57283593ff5b5019007d9f26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "jointed animals"}], "question": "What does 'Articulata' mean?", "id": "57283593ff5b5019007d9f27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "fan-like feeding structures"}], "question": "What are lophophores?", "id": "57283593ff5b5019007d9f28"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2007, Torsten Struck dan rakan sekerja membandingkan 3 gen dalam 81 taksonomi, di mana 9 adalah kumpulan luar, dengan kata lain tidak dianggap berkait rapat dengan annelids tetapi dimasukkan untuk memberi petunjuk tentang mana organisme yang sedang dikaji diletakkan di pokok kehidupan yang lebih besar. Untuk pemeriksaan salib kajian ini digunakan analisis 11 gen (termasuk 3 asal) dalam 10 taksiran. Analisis ini bersetuju bahawa clitellates, pogonophorans dan echiurans berada di pelbagai cabang keluarga polychaete. Ia juga membuat kesimpulan bahawa klasifikasi polychaetes ke Scolecida, Canalipalpata dan Aciculata tidak berguna, kerana ahli-ahli kumpulan yang dikatakan itu tersebar di seluruh pokok keluarga yang diperoleh daripada membandingkan 81 taksiran. Di samping itu, ia juga diletakkan sipunculans, pada umumnya dianggap pada masa sebagai phylum berasingan, di cabang lain dari pokok polychaete, dan membuat kesimpulan bahawa lintah adalah subkumpulan oligochaetes dan bukannya kumpulan saudara mereka di antara klitel. Rouse menerima analisis berdasarkan filoginetik molekul, dan kesimpulan utama mereka kini menjadi konsensus saintifik, walaupun butiran pokok keluarga annelid tetap tidak menentu. <> Siapa yang membandingkan gen annelid pada tahun 2007? || Torsten Struck dan rakan sekerja <> Berapa banyak gen annelid yang dilakukan Torsten Struck berbanding dahulu? || 3 <> Berapa banyak gen annelid yang dibuat oleh Torsten Struck untuk pemeriksaan silang? || 11 <> Apakah jenis subtipe polychaetes adalah klasifikasi yang tidak berguna, menurut kajian 2007? || Scolecida, Canalipalpata dan Aciculata <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Rouse menentukan lintah adalah subkumpulan? || oligochaetes", {"context": "In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes (including the original 3) in 10 taxa. This analysis agreed that clitellates, pogonophorans and echiurans were on various branches of the polychaete family tree. It also concluded that the classification of polychaetes into Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata was useless, as the members of these alleged groups were scattered all over the family tree derived from comparing the 81 taxa. In addition, it also placed sipunculans, generally regarded at the time as a separate phylum, on another branch of the polychaete tree, and concluded that leeches were a sub-group of oligochaetes rather than their sister-group among the clitellates. Rouse accepted the analyses based on molecular phylogenetics, and their main conclusions are now the scientific consensus, although the details of the annelid family tree remain uncertain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Torsten Struck and colleagues"}], "question": "Who compared annelid genes in 2007?", "id": "572834aeff5b5019007d9f08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck first compare?", "id": "572834aeff5b5019007d9f09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck compare for a cross-check?", "id": "572834aeff5b5019007d9f0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata"}], "question": "What subtypes of polychaetes were useless classifications, according to the 2007 study?", "id": "572834aeff5b5019007d9f0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 892, "text": "oligochaetes"}], "question": "What did Rouse decide leeches were a subgroup of?", "id": "572834aeff5b5019007d9f0c"}]}]], [["Dalam teisme, Tuhan adalah pencipta dan penyokong alam semesta, sementara dalam deisme, Tuhan adalah pencipta, tetapi bukan pemelihara, alam semesta. Monoteisme adalah kepercayaan terhadap kewujudan satu Tuhan atau kesatuan Tuhan. Dalam pantheisme, Tuhan adalah alam semesta itu sendiri. Di atheisme, Tuhan tidak diyakini wujud, sedangkan Tuhan dianggap tidak diketahui atau tidak diketahui dalam konteks agnostikisme. Tuhan juga telah diandaikan sebagai tidak bermoral (tidak material), makhluk peribadi, sumber semua kewajiban moral, dan \"yang paling besar yang ada\". Banyak ahli falsafah yang terkenal telah mengembangkan hujah-hujah untuk dan terhadap kewujudan Tuhan. <> Dalam kepercayaan apakah Tuhan pencipta dan alam semesta? || theism <> Apakah deism percaya peranan Tuhan di alam semesta? || pencipta, tetapi bukan penyokong <> Kepercayaan mana yang Tuhan adalah alam semesta? || penganisme <> Sistem kepercayaan mana yang secara pasti percaya dengan tiada Kuasa Tinggi atau Ketuhanan? || atheisme <> Sistem kepercayaan mana yang belives dalam beberapa bentuk lebih tinggi powwer, atau sesuatu, tetapi bukan agama yang teratur? || agnosticism <> Apakah Tuhan dalam teisme? || pencipta dan pemelihara alam semesta <> Apakah monoteisme? || kepercayaan terhadap kewujudan satu Tuhan <> Apakah panteisme? || Tuhan adalah alam semesta sendiri <> Apakah ateisme? || Tuhan tidak dipercayai wujud <> Apakah Tuhan dalam deisme? || Pencipta", {"context": "In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the \"greatest conceivable existent\". Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "theism"}], "question": "In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?", "id": "572837da4b864d1900164770"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "the creator, but not the sustainer"}], "question": "What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?", "id": "572837da4b864d1900164771"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "pantheism"}], "question": "Which belief is that God is the universe?", "id": "572837da4b864d1900164772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "atheism"}], "question": "Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being?", "id": "572837da4b864d1900164773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "agnosticism"}], "question": "Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?", "id": "572837da4b864d1900164774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "creator and sustainer of the universe"}], "question": "What is God in theism?", "id": "572bf917750c471900ed4c4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "belief in the existence of one God"}], "question": "What is monotheism?", "id": "572bf917750c471900ed4c4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "God is the universe itself"}], "question": "What is pantheism?", "id": "572bf917750c471900ed4c4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "God is not believed to exist"}], "question": "What is atheism?", "id": "572bf917750c471900ed4c50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "the creator"}], "question": "What is God in deism?", "id": "572bf917750c471900ed4c4d"}]}], ["Dalam monoteisme dan henotheism, Tuhan dianggap sebagai Makhluk Tertinggi dan tujuan utama iman. Konsep Tuhan seperti yang digambarkan oleh ahli teologi biasanya merangkumi sifat-sifat ilmu pengetahuan (pengetahuan yang tidak terbatas), kekuatan maha kuasa (kekuasaan tanpa had), keindentian (hadir di mana-mana), keabnormalan (kebaikan sempurna), kesederhanaan ilahi, dan kewujudan yang kekal dan diperlukan. Tuhan juga biasanya didefinisikan sebagai makhluk tanpa jasmani tanpa jantina biologi manusia, tetapi konsep Tuhan secara aktif (bertentangan dengan penerimaan) menciptakan alam semesta telah menyebabkan beberapa agama memberi \"Dia\" nama metafora \"Bapa\". Kerana Tuhan dikandung sebagai tidak menjadi makhluk jasmani, Tuhan tidak boleh (sesetengah mengatakan tidak seharusnya) digambarkan dalam imej visual yang harfiah; sesetengah kumpulan agama menggunakan seorang lelaki (kadang-kadang tua dan berjanggut) untuk melambangkan Tuhan kerana perbuatannya yang menciptakan fikiran manusia dengan imejnya sendiri. <> Apa artinya mengatakan bahawa Tuhan adalah maha kuasa? || kuasa tanpa had <> Apakah perasaan Tuhan di mana-mana? || omnipresence <> Apa sejauh mana pengetahuan Tuhan? || pengetahuan tak terbatas <> Apa pengetahuan yang tak terbatas diklasifikasikan sebagai? || Tahap kemuliaan <> Apa gunanya Tuhan dipanggil? || omnibenevolence <> Adakah Tuhan mempunyai jantina? || tanpa sebarang jantina biologi manusia <> Jenis manusia apakah yang digambarkan Tuhan seperti dalam beberapa agama? || seorang lelaki (kadang-kadang tua dan berjanggut) <> Apakah Tuhan dalam tauhid? || Makhluk Tertinggi dan tujuan utama iman", {"context": "In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), omnibenevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. God is also usually defined as a non-corporeal being without any human biological gender, but the concept of God actively (as opposed to receptively) creating the universe has caused some religions to give \"Him\" the metaphorical name of \"Father\". Because God is conceived as not being a corporeal being, God cannot(some say should not) be portrayed in a literal visual image; some religious groups use a man (sometimes old and bearded) to symbolize God because of His deed of creating man's mind in the image of His own.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "unlimited power"}], "question": "What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent?", "id": "572837113acd2414000df725"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "omnipresence"}], "question": "What is the feeling of God being everywhere?", "id": "572837113acd2414000df726"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "infinite knowledge"}], "question": "What is the extent of God's knowledge?", "id": "572837113acd2414000df727"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "omniscience"}], "question": "What is infinite knowledge classified as?", "id": "572837113acd2414000df728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "omnibenevolence"}], "question": "What is the benevolence of God called?", "id": "572837113acd2414000df729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "without any human biological gender"}], "question": "Does God have a gender?", "id": "572bf75fdfb02c14005c6b0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "a man (sometimes old and bearded)"}], "question": "What type of human is God portrayed as in some religions?", "id": "572bf75fdfb02c14005c6b10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Supreme Being and principal object of faith"}], "question": "What is a God in monotheism?", "id": "572bf75fdfb02c14005c6b11"}]}], ["Dalam bahasa Inggeris, bentuk Tuhan yang dikapitalisasi terus mewakili pembezaan antara \"Tuhan\" dan \"tuhan\" monoteis dalam politeisme. Perkataan Inggeris Allah dan rakan-rakannya dalam bahasa lain biasanya digunakan untuk semua dan semua konsep dan, walaupun terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara agama, istilah ini tetap merupakan terjemahan bahasa Inggeris yang umum untuk semua orang. Perkara yang sama berlaku untuk Ibrani El, tetapi dalam agama Yahudi, Allah juga diberi nama yang betul, tetragrammaton YHWH, dalam asal mungkin nama seorang orang Edom atau dewa Midian, TUHAN. Dalam banyak terjemahan Alkitab, apabila kata Tuhan dalam semua huruf besar, ia menandakan bahawa perkataan itu mewakili tetragrammaton. <> Apa yang membedakan Allah daripada tuhan-tuhan? || bentuk huruf besar Tuhan <> Apa kepercayaan memiliki banyak tuhan? || politeisme <> Apa artinya membaca perkataan Tuhan di semua ibu kota dalam Alkitab? || menandakan bahawa perkataan itu mewakili tetragrammaton <> Apakah tetragrammaton gor Tuhan? || YHWH <> Tidak peduli apa agama, apa yang biasanya digunakan sebagai nama untuk Makhluk Tertinggi? || Tuhan <> Apakah bentuk perkataan Allah merujuk kepada tuhan-tuhan yang bersifat polytheistik? || dewa <> Apakah nama Tuhan dalam agama Yahudi? || YHWH <> Apa yang digunakan oleh semua kata yang digunakan oleh Tuhan dalam beberapa Kitab Suci? || YHWH", {"context": "In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic \"God\" and \"gods\" in polytheism. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "the capitalized form of God"}], "question": "What differentiates God from gods?", "id": "57283a80ff5b5019007d9f84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "polytheism"}], "question": "What belief has many gods?", "id": "57283a80ff5b5019007d9f85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton"}], "question": "What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?", "id": "57283a80ff5b5019007d9f86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "YHWH"}], "question": "What is the tetragrammaton gor God?", "id": "57283a80ff5b5019007d9f87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "God"}], "question": "No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being?", "id": "57283a80ff5b5019007d9f88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "gods"}], "question": "What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods?", "id": "572bfc03f182dd1900d7c7a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "YHWH"}], "question": "What is the name of God in Judaism?", "id": "572bfc03f182dd1900d7c7a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "YHWH"}], "question": "What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent?", "id": "572bfc03f182dd1900d7c7aa"}]}], ["Deism memegang bahawa Tuhan adalah sepenuhnya transenden: Tuhan wujud, tetapi tidak campur tangan di dunia melampaui apa yang diperlukan untuk menciptanya. Dalam pandangan ini, Tuhan tidak antropomorfik, dan tidak menjawab sembahyang dan tidak menghasilkan mukjizat. Biasa dalam Deism adalah kepercayaan bahawa Tuhan tidak mempunyai minat terhadap kemanusiaan dan mungkin tidak menyedari kemanusiaan. Pandeisme dan Panendeisme, masing-masing, menggabungkan Deism dengan kepercayaan Pantheistic atau Panentheistik. Pandeisme dicadangkan untuk menjelaskan tentang Deism mengapa Tuhan akan menciptakan alam semesta dan kemudian meninggalkannya, dan tentang Pantheisme, asal dan tujuan alam semesta. <> Apakah pandangan deistic tentang Tuhan? || Tuhan wujud, tetapi tidak campur tangan di dunia melampaui apa yang diperlukan untuk menciptanya <> Bagaimana Tuhan yang deistic merasakan kita? || tidak ada minat dalam kemanusiaan dan mungkin tidak menyedari kemanusiaan <> Apa itu Pandeisme? || mengapa Tuhan akan menciptakan alam semesta dan kemudian meninggalkannya <> Apa yang tidak dilakukan oleh Tuhan yang deistic? || tidak menjawab sembahyang dan tidak menghasilkan mukjizat <> Jenis agama apa yang percaya bahawa Tuhan adalah transenden? || Deism <> Apakah deism? || Tuhan tidak mempunyai minat terhadap kemanusiaan <> Dalam deisme adalah Tuhan yang diwakili dalam bentuk manusia? || Tuhan tidak antropomorfik <> Dalam deisme, apakah Tuhan menjawab doa? || tidak menjawab sembahyang", {"context": "Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs. Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it, and as to Pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it"}], "question": "What is a deistic view of God?", "id": "572857772ca10214002da2a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity"}], "question": "How does a deistic God feel about us?", "id": "572857772ca10214002da2a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "why God would create a universe and then abandon it"}], "question": "What is Pandeism?", "id": "572857772ca10214002da2a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "neither answers prayers nor produces miracles"}], "question": "What does a deistic God not do?", "id": "572857772ca10214002da2a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Deism"}], "question": "What type of religion believes that God is transcendent?", "id": "572c0039dfb02c14005c6b3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "God has no interest in humanity"}], "question": "What is deism?", "id": "572c0039dfb02c14005c6b3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "God is not anthropomorphic"}], "question": "In deism is God represented in human form?", "id": "572c0039dfb02c14005c6b3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "neither answers prayers"}], "question": "In deism, does God answer prayers?", "id": "572c0039dfb02c14005c6b40"}]}], ["Bentuk tertulis yang paling awal dari perkataan Jerman Tuhan (selalu, dalam penggunaan ini, huruf besar) berasal dari Kristian Codex Argenteus abad ke-6. Perkataan Inggeris itu sendiri berasal dari Proto-Germanic * \u01e5u\u0111an. Formula Proto-Indo-Eropah yang dibentuk semula * \u01f5hu-t\u00f3-m mungkin berdasarkan pada akar * \u01f5hau (\u0259) - yang bermaksud \"memanggil\" atau \"memanggil\". Kata-kata Jerman untuk Tuhan pada awalnya tidak digunakan untuk kedua-dua jantina-tetapi semasa proses Kristianisasi orang-orang Jerman dari paganisme mereka yang berasal dari Jerman, kata-kata itu menjadi bentuk sintaksis maskulin. <> Di mana perkataan Inggeris berasal dari Bahasa Inggeris? || Proto-Germanic * \u01e5u\u0111an <> Di mana perkataan Jerman pertama untuk Tuhan maskulin atau feminin? || neuter-apply to both gender <> Bilakah kata-kata Jerman untuk Tuhan mengambil bentuk maskulin? || Kristianisasi orang-orang Jerman <> Apa yang diamalkan oleh orang-orang Jerman sebelum Kristianisasi mereka? || Paganisme Jermanik <> Apa artinya akar gael bagi perkataan Allah? || \"untuk memanggil\" atau \"untuk memanggil\" <> Di mana perkataan Tuhan berasal dari asalnya? || Codex Argenteus <> Bahasa apa yang berasal dari bahasa Inggeris Tuhan? || Bahasa Jerman <> Apa jantina di mana kata-kata asal Jerman yang bermaksud Allah? || neuter", {"context": "The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * \u01e5u\u0111an. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * \u01f5hu-t\u00f3-m was likely based on the root * \u01f5hau(\u0259)-, which meant either \"to call\" or \"to invoke\". The Germanic words for God were originally neuter\u2014applying to both genders\u2014but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "the Proto-Germanic * \u01e5u\u0111an"}], "question": "Where is the English word God derived from?", "id": "572839b44b864d190016479a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "neuter\u2014applying to both genders"}], "question": "Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?", "id": "572839b44b864d190016479b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Christianization of the Germanic peoples"}], "question": "When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form?", "id": "572839b44b864d190016479c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Germanic paganism"}], "question": "What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?", "id": "572839b44b864d190016479d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "\"to call\" or \"to invoke\""}], "question": "What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean?", "id": "572839b44b864d190016479e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Codex Argenteus"}], "question": "Where does the word God come from originally?", "id": "572bfa9ef182dd1900d7c7a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "German"}], "question": "What language does the English word God come from?", "id": "572bfa9ef182dd1900d7c7a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "neuter"}], "question": "What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in?", "id": "572bfa9ef182dd1900d7c7a4"}]}], ["Pantheisme memegang bahawa Tuhan adalah alam semesta dan alam semesta adalah Tuhan, sedangkan Panentheisme memegang bahawa Tuhan mengandungi, tetapi tidak sama dengan, Alam Semesta. Ia juga adalah pandangan Gereja Katolik Liberal; Theosophy; beberapa pandangan agama Hindu kecuali Vaishnavism, yang percaya pada panentheisme; Sikhisme; beberapa bahagian Neopaganisme dan Taoisme, bersama dengan pelbagai denominasi dan individu dalam denominasi. Kabbalah, mistik Yahudi, melukis pandangan pantheistik / panentheistik tentang Tuhan-yang telah diterima luas dalam Judaisme Hasidic, terutamanya dari pengasasnya Baal Shem Tov-tetapi hanya sebagai tambahan kepada pandangan Yahudi tuhan peribadi, bukan dalam pantheistik asal rasa yang menafikan atau membatasi orang kepada Tuhan. [rujukan?] <> Apakah Pantheisme? || Tuhan adalah alam semesta dan alam semesta adalah Allah <> Apakah Panentheisme? || Tuhan mengandungi, tetapi tidak sama dengan, Alam Semesta <> WHat adalah Kabbalah? || Mistisisme Yahudi <> Siapakah pengasas Judaisme Hasidic? || Baal Shem Tov <> Apakah panteisme? || Tuhan adalah alam semesta <> Siapakah pengasas Judaisme Hasidic? || Baal Shem Tov <> Apakah Panentheisme? || Tuhan mengandungi, tetapi tidak sama dengan, alam semesta <> Apa dari agama Hindu tidak percaya pada panentheisme? || Vaishnavism <> Apakah nama lain untuk mistik Yahudi? || Kabbalah <> Apakah panteisme? || Tuhan adalah alam semesta", {"context": "Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God\u2014which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov\u2014but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "God is the universe and the universe is God"}], "question": "What is Pantheism?", "id": "572857f42ca10214002da2ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe"}], "question": "WHat is Panentheism?", "id": "572857f42ca10214002da2ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Jewish mysticism"}], "question": "WHat is Kabbalah?", "id": "572857f42ca10214002da2ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "The Baal Shem Tov"}], "question": "Who is the founder of Hasidic Judaism?", "id": "572857f42ca10214002da2af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "God is the universe"}], "question": "What is pantheism?", "id": "572c010e750c471900ed4c70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "The Baal Shem Tov"}], "question": "Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism?", "id": "572c010e750c471900ed4c71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe"}], "question": "What is Panentheism?", "id": "572c010e750c471900ed4c72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Vaishnavism"}], "question": "What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism?", "id": "572c010e750c471900ed4c73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Kabbalah"}], "question": "What is another name for Jewish mysticism?", "id": "572c010e750c471900ed4c74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "God is the universe"}], "question": "What is pantheism?", "id": "572c0112dfb02c14005c6b45"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak nama untuk Tuhan, dan nama-nama yang berbeza dilampirkan kepada idea budaya yang berbeza mengenai identiti dan sifat Allah. Di era zaman kuno Atenisme Mesir kuno, mungkin agama dewa monoteistik terawal, dewa ini dipanggil Aten, yang menjadi dasar \"Makhluk Tertinggi\" dan Pencipta Alam Semesta. Dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Yudaisme, \"Dia Yang\", \"Saya Adakah Saya Am\", dan tetragrammaton YHWH digunakan sebagai nama Tuhan, sementara Yahweh dan Yehuwa kadang-kadang digunakan dalam agama Kristian sebagai penyulingan YHWH. Dalam doktrin Kristian Tritunggal, Tuhan, secara konsubstantial dalam tiga orang, dipanggil Bapa, Anak, dan Roh Kudus. Dalam agama Yahudi, adalah biasa untuk merujuk kepada Tuhan dengan nama-nama titel Elohim atau Adonai, yang kemudiannya dipercayai oleh beberapa ulama untuk turun dari Aten Mesir. Dalam Islam, nama Allah, \"Al-El\", atau \"Al-Elah\" (\"Tuhan\") digunakan, sedangkan umat Islam juga mempunyai banyak nama titular untuk Tuhan. Dalam agama Hindu, Brahman sering dianggap sebagai dewa monistik. Agama-agama lain mempunyai nama untuk Tuhan, misalnya, Baha dalam Iman Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Waheguru dalam Sikhisme, dan Ahura Mazda dalam Zoroastrianisme. <> Apakah penyuaran nama Tuhan, YHWH? || Yahweh dan Yehuwa <> Apakah Tritunggal Suci? || Bapa, Anak, dan Roh Kudus <> Pada zaman Atenisme, apa yang dipanggil Allah? || Aten <> Apakah nama Islam untuk Tuhan? || Allah <> Apakah ahli-ahli agama Bah\u00e1'i memanggil Tuhan? || Baha <> Apakah agama monoteistik pertama? || Atenisme <> Apa yang dipanggil Tuhan Alkitab Ibrani? || YHWH <> Apa yang dipanggil Tuhan Kristian? || Yahweh dan Yehuwa <> Apakah 2 nama titular Tuhan dalam agama Yahudi? || Elohim atau Adonai <> Di mana para sarjana percaya nama Adonai berasal? || Aten", {"context": "There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one \"true\" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, \"He Who Is\", \"I Am that I Am\", and the tetragrammaton YHWH are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam, the name Allah, \"Al-El\", or \"Al-Elah\" (\"the God\") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Yahweh and Jehovah"}], "question": "What are vocalizations of the name of God, YHWH?", "id": "572838bcff5b5019007d9f6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit"}], "question": "What is the Holy Trinity?", "id": "572838bcff5b5019007d9f6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Aten"}], "question": "In the time of Atenism, what was God called?", "id": "572838bcff5b5019007d9f6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "Allah"}], "question": "What is the Islamic name for God?", "id": "572838bcff5b5019007d9f6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1066, "text": "Baha"}], "question": "What do members of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith call God?", "id": "572838bcff5b5019007d9f6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Atenism"}], "question": "What was the first monotheistic religion?", "id": "572bfa0f750c471900ed4c56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "YHWH"}], "question": "What is the God of the Hebrew Bible called?", "id": "572bfa0f750c471900ed4c57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Yahweh and Jehovah"}], "question": "What is the Christian God called?", "id": "572bfa0f750c471900ed4c58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "Elohim or Adonai"}], "question": "What are the 2 titular names of God in the Jewish religion?", "id": "572bfa0f750c471900ed4c59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "Aten"}], "question": "Where do scholars believe the name Adonai came from?", "id": "572bfa0f750c471900ed4c5a"}]}], ["Tidak ada konsensus yang jelas tentang sifat atau bahkan kewujudan Tuhan. Konsep-konsep Allah tentang Tuhan termasuk definisi monoteisme Tuhan dalam agama Yahudi, pandangan trinitarian terhadap orang Kristian, dan konsep Islam tentang Tuhan. Agama dharmik berbeza dalam pandangan mereka tentang ilahi: pandangan Tuhan dalam agama Hindu bervariasi mengikut rantau, mazhab, dan kasta, mulai dari monoteistik hingga politeistik kepada ateis. Keilahian diakui oleh Buddha sejarah, khususnya \u015aakra dan Brahma. Bagaimanapun, makhluk lain, termasuk dewa, hanya boleh memainkan peranan yang menyokong dalam laluan peribadi untuk keselamatan. Konsep-konsep Allah dalam perkembangan tradisi Mahayana yang terakhir memberikan tempat yang lebih menonjol untuk pengertian ilahi. Apa pandangan yang dilakukan oleh orang Kristian terhadap Tuhan? || trinitarian <> Berapa banyak yang boleh mempercayai Tuhan bervariasi dalam Hindu? || rantau, mazhab, dan kasta <> Adakah hindu hanya percaya kepada tuhan tunggal? || dari monoteistik kepada politeistik kepada atheistik <> Pandangan apa yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Yahudi terhadap Tuhan? || monoteistik <> Apakah jenis agama yang dianggap Hindu? || dharmic <> Apa agama jenis agama Yahudi? || monoteistik <> Apakah agama macam apakah agama Kristian? || trinitarian <> Berapa banyak tuhan yang ada di dalam Hindu? || monoteistik kepada politeistik kepada ateis.", {"context": "There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God. The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic. Divinity was recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly \u015aakra and Brahma. However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more prominent place to notions of the divine.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "trinitarian"}], "question": "What type of view do Christians take on God?", "id": "57283bd62ca10214002da132"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "region, sect, and caste"}], "question": "How much can belief in God vary in Hinduism?", "id": "57283bd62ca10214002da133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic"}], "question": "Does hinduism only believe in a single god?", "id": "57283bd62ca10214002da134"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "monotheistic"}], "question": "What view does the Jewish community take on God?", "id": "57283bd62ca10214002da135"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "dharmic"}], "question": "What kind of religion is Hinduism considered?", "id": "57283bd62ca10214002da136"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "monotheistic"}], "question": "What type of religion is Judaism?", "id": "572bfdaadfb02c14005c6b1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "trinitarian"}], "question": "What type of religion is Christianity?", "id": "572bfdaadfb02c14005c6b20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic."}], "question": "How many gods do the Hindu's have?", "id": "572bfdaadfb02c14005c6b21"}]}], ["Monotheist berpendapat bahawa hanya ada satu tuhan, dan boleh mendakwa bahawa satu tuhan benar disembah dalam agama yang berlainan di bawah nama yang berbeza. Pandangan bahawa semua ahli teori sebenarnya menyembah tuhan yang sama, sama ada mereka tahu atau tidak, terutama ditekankan dalam Hinduisme dan Sikhisme. Dalam agama Kristian, doktrin Tritunggal menggambarkan Tuhan sebagai satu Tuhan dalam tiga orang. Tritunggal terdiri daripada Allah Bapa, Tuhan Anak (Yesus), dan Allah Roh Kudus. Konsep Islam yang paling asas adalah tawhid (bermaksud \"kesatuan\" atau \"keunikan\"). Allah dijelaskan dalam al-Quran sebagai: \"Katakanlah: Dia adalah Allah, Yang Maha Esa, Allah, Yang Abadi, Mutlak, Dia tidak melahirkan anak, dan Dia tidak dilahirkan, dan tidak ada yang serupa dengan-Nya.\" Umat Islam menolak doktrin Kristian mengenai Trinitas dan ketuhanan Yesus, membandingkannya dengan politeisme. Dalam Islam, Tuhan adalah di luar segala pemahaman atau sama dan tidak menyerupai mana-mana ciptaannya dengan cara apapun. Oleh itu, umat Islam bukan ikonodul, dan tidak diharapkan untuk memvisualisasikan Tuhan. <> Apa yang orang Islam percaya bahawa Trinitisme terlalu mirip? || politeisme <> Kepercayaan mana yang diharapkan tidak pernah cuba dan menggambarkan Tuhan? || iconodul <> Apakah kepercayaan paling asas agama Islam? || tawhid <> Apa teks keagamaan yang membantu memperkuatkan umat Islam bahawa agama Kristian lebih seperti politeisme? || Quran <> Apa arti di sebalik konsep tauhid Muslim? || \"kesatuan\" atau \"keunikan\" <> Apa agama percaya bahawa semua tuhan yang menyembah tuhan yang sama? || Hindu dan Sikhisme <> Apakah triniti dalam agama Kristian? || satu Tuhan dalam tiga orang <> Apa yang orang percaya? || satu tuhan <> Apa yang orang Islam berfikir tentang Kekristenan? || membandingkannya dengan politeisme", {"context": "Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism. In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three persons. The Trinity comprises God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit. Islam's most fundamental concept is tawhid (meaning \"oneness\" or \"uniqueness\"). God is described in the Quran as: \"Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him.\" Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, and are not expected to visualize God.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 796, "text": "polytheism"}], "question": "What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles?", "id": "57283f072ca10214002da170"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 936, "text": "iconodules"}], "question": "Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God?", "id": "57283f072ca10214002da171"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "tawhid"}], "question": "What is the most basic belief of the Muslim religion?", "id": "57283f072ca10214002da172"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Quran"}], "question": "What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism?", "id": "57283f072ca10214002da173"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "\"oneness\" or \"uniqueness\""}], "question": "What is the meaning behind the Muslim concept of tawhid?", "id": "57283f072ca10214002da174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Hinduism and Sikhism"}], "question": "What religion believes that all theist worship the same god?", "id": "572bfe69dfb02c14005c6b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "one God in three persons"}], "question": "What is the trinity in Christianity?", "id": "572bfe69dfb02c14005c6b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "one god"}], "question": "What do monotheists believe?", "id": "572bfe69dfb02c14005c6b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 780, "text": "comparing it to polytheism"}], "question": "What do Muslims think of Christianity?", "id": "572bfe69dfb02c14005c6b28"}]}], ["Teisme umumnya berpendapat bahawa Tuhan wujud secara realistik, secara objektif, dan bebas daripada pemikiran manusia; bahawa Allah menciptakan dan menopang segala-galanya; bahawa Tuhan adalah maha kuasa dan abadi; dan bahawa Tuhan adalah peribadi dan berinteraksi dengan alam semesta melalui, misalnya, pengalaman agama dan doa manusia. Theism memegang bahawa Tuhan adalah kedua-dua transenden dan kekal; oleh itu, Tuhan secara serentak tidak terhingga dan dalam beberapa cara hadir dalam urusan dunia. Tidak semua ahli teori melanggan semua cadangan ini, tetapi masing-masing biasanya melanggan sebahagian mereka (lihat, dengan perbandingan, persamaan keluarga). Teologi Katolik memegang bahawa Tuhan adalah sangat sederhana dan tidak secara sukarela tertakluk kepada masa. Kebanyakan ahli teori berpendapat bahawa Tuhan adalah maha kuasa, maha tahu, dan murah hati, walaupun kepercayaan ini menimbulkan persoalan tentang tanggungjawab Tuhan terhadap kejahatan dan penderitaan di dunia. Sesetengah ahli teori menegaskan Tuhan yang menyedari diri atau membatasi kemahakuasaan, kemahakuasaan, atau kebajikan. Sebaliknya, Open Theism, menegaskan bahawa, disebabkan sifat waktu, ketuhanan Allah tidak berarti dewa dapat meramalkan masa depan. Theism kadang-kadang digunakan untuk merujuk secara umum kepada kepercayaan mana-mana tuhan atau tuhan, iaitu monoteisme atau politeisme. <> Apakah asas di sebalik teologi Katolik? || Tuhan adalah sangat sederhana dan tidak secara sukarela tertakluk kepada masa <> Bagaimana cara Tuhan berinteraksi dengan alam semesta? || pengalaman agama dan doa-doa manusia <> Mengapa kadang-kadang sukar untuk memikirkan Tuhan sebagai kebajikan? || Tanggungjawab Tuhan terhadap kejahatan dan penderitaan di dunia <> Apakah teisme akhiran digunakan? || digunakan untuk merujuk secara umum kepada kepercayaan mana-mana tuhan atau tuhan <> Apakah contoh-contoh jenis teisme yang berlainan? || tauhid atau politeisme <> Apa tiga titik yang paling disokong oleh para ahli? || Tuhan adalah maha kuasa, maha tahu, dan murah hati, <> Apa agama percaya bahawa Tuhan adalah sangat sederhana dan tidak tertakluk kepada masa? || Katolik <> Apa arti teisme secara umum? || kepercayaan kepada tuhan atau tuhan", {"context": "Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world. Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance). Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time"}], "question": "What is the basis behind Catholic theology?", "id": "572842d74b864d1900164834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "religious experience and the prayers of humans"}], "question": "What ways can God interact with the universe?", "id": "572842d74b864d1900164835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world"}], "question": "Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent?", "id": "572842d74b864d1900164836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1140, "text": "used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods"}], "question": "What is the suffix theism used for?", "id": "572842d74b864d1900164837"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1203, "text": "monotheism or polytheism"}], "question": "What are examples of different types of theism?", "id": "572842d74b864d1900164838"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent,"}], "question": "What three points do most theists agree on?", "id": "572bff5edfb02c14005c6b2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Catholic"}], "question": "What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time?", "id": "572bff5edfb02c14005c6b2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1172, "text": "belief in a god or gods"}], "question": "What does theism mean in general?", "id": "572bff5edfb02c14005c6b2f"}]}], ["Beberapa penemuan dalam bidang kosmologi, biologi evolusi dan neurosains ditakrifkan oleh atheis (termasuk Lawrence M. Krauss dan Sam Harris) sebagai bukti bahawa Tuhan adalah entiti khayalan sahaja, tanpa asas dalam realiti. Tuhan yang tunggal, maha tahu yang dibayangkan telah mencipta alam semesta dan sangat memperhatikan kehidupan manusia telah dibayangkan, dihiasi dan diisytiharkan dalam cara trans generasi. Richard Dawkins menafsirkan pelbagai penemuan bukan sahaja sebagai kekurangan bukti untuk kewujudan material seperti Tuhan tetapi bukti yang luas sebaliknya. <> Bagaimana Dawkins menafsirkan bukti untuk atau terhadap kewujudan Tuhan? || kekurangan bukti untuk kewujudan material <> Apa yang ateis percaya kepada Tuhan? || satu entiti khayalan sahaja <> Berapa lama pemikiran kewujudan Tuhan telah dijalankan? || trans-generational <> Bagaimana Dawkins mentafsir penemuannya tentang keberadaan, atau tidak, dari Tuhan. || kekurangan bukti untuk kewujudan material seperti Tuhan <> Siapa percaya bahawa Tuhan tidak nyata? || Lawrence M. Krauss dan Sam Harris", {"context": "Some findings in the fields of cosmology, evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by atheists (including Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris) as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only, with no basis in reality. A single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly attentive to the lives of humans has been imagined, embellished and promulgated in a trans-generational manner. Richard Dawkins interprets various findings not only as a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God but extensive evidence to the contrary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "a lack of evidence for the material existence"}], "question": "How does Dawkins interpret evidence for or against the existence of God?", "id": "57286a723acd2414000df9b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "an imaginary entity only"}], "question": "What do atheists believe of God?", "id": "57286a723acd2414000df9ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "trans-generational"}], "question": "How long has the thought of the existence of God been carried on?", "id": "57286a723acd2414000df9bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God"}], "question": "How does Dawkins interpret his findings on the existence, or not, of God.", "id": "57286a723acd2414000df9bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris"}], "question": "Who believes God isn't real?", "id": "572c07642babe914003c2982"}]}], ["Pandangan lain, yang diketengahkan oleh Richard Dawkins, ialah kewujudan Tuhan adalah persoalan empiris, dengan alasan bahawa \"alam semesta dengan tuhan akan menjadi satu jenis alam yang sangat berbeza dari satu tanpa, dan itu akan menjadi perbezaan saintifik.\" Carl Sagan berhujah bahawa doktrin Pencipta Alam Semesta sukar untuk membuktikan atau membuktikan dan bahawa penemuan saintifik yang boleh difahami hanya boleh membuktikan kewujudan Pencipta akan menjadi penemuan bahawa alam semesta adalah tidak lama lagi. <> Apa yang dikatakan Sagan adalah satu-satunya untuk membuktikan kewujudan Tuhan? || penemuan bahawa alam semesta adalah tak terhingga lama <> Apakah kepercayaan Richard Dawkins tentang kewujudan Tuhan? || \"alam semesta dengan tuhan akan menjadi satu jenis alam semesta yang sangat berbeza dari satu tanpa, dan ia akan menjadi perbezaan saintifik.\" <> Apa jenis perbezaan yang Dawkins percaya akan datang dari kewujudan Tuhan? || perbezaan saintifik <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa kewujudan Tuhan adalah persoalan empiris? || Richard Dawkins <> Siapa menyatakan bahawa Allah sukar untuk membuktikan atau membantah? || Carl Sagan <> Bagaimana sains boleh menemui jika tidak ada pencipta? || alam semesta sudah tua.", {"context": "Another view, advanced by Richard Dawkins, is that the existence of God is an empirical question, on the grounds that \"a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference.\" Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "the discovery that the universe is infinitely old"}], "question": "What did Sagan argue was the only was to prove the existence of God?", "id": "57285a642ca10214002da2b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "\"a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference.\""}], "question": "What is Richard Dawkins belief about the existence of God?", "id": "57285a642ca10214002da2b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "a scientific difference"}], "question": "What kind of difference does Dawkins believe would come from the existence of God?", "id": "57285a642ca10214002da2b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Richard Dawkins"}], "question": "Who argued that the existence of God is an empirical question?", "id": "572c02d82babe914003c297c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Carl Sagan"}], "question": "Who stated that God was difficult both to prove or disprove?", "id": "572c02d82babe914003c297d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "the universe is infinitely old."}], "question": "How could science discover if there was not a creator?", "id": "572c02d82babe914003c297e"}]}], ["Pendekatan St. Anselm adalah untuk menentukan Tuhan sebagai, \"dari mana tidak ada yang lebih besar dapat dipahami\". Ahli falsafah pantheist yang terkenal Baruch Spinoza kemudiannya akan membawa idea ini kepada ekstrimnya: \"Oleh Tuhan, saya mengerti yang benar-benar tidak terhingga, iaitu bahan yang terdiri daripada sifat-sifat tak terhingga, yang masing-masing mengekspresikan intipati yang kekal dan tidak terhingga.\" Bagi Spinoza, seluruh alam semesta diperbuat daripada satu bahan, Tuhan, atau Alam yang bersamaan. Buktinya untuk kewujudan Tuhan adalah variasi hujah Ontologis. <> Bagaimana St. Anselm menentukan kewujudan Tuhan? || \"yang mana tidak ada yang lebih besar dapat dipahami\" <> Yang mengatakan bahawa Allah adalah \"bahan yang terdiri daripada sifat-sifat tak terbatas\"? || Baruch Spinoza <> Apa gunanya Baruch Spinoza sebagai bukti untuk keberadaan Tuhan? || variasi argumen Ontological <> Apa yang Spinoza percaya dunia dibuat? || satu bahan, Tuhan, atau yang bersamaan, Alam <> Yang mendefinisikan tuhan sebagai \"yang mana tidak ada yang lebih besar dapat dipahami\"? || St Anselm <> Nama pantheist yang terkenal? || Baruch Spinoza <> Apakah konsep Tuhan Spinoza? || tidak terbatas <> Spinoza percaya bahawa alam semesta itu terdiri daripada satu bahan yang mana? || Tuhan", {"context": "St. Anselm's approach was to define God as, \"that than which nothing greater can be conceived\". Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme: \"By God I understand a being absolutely infinite, i.e., a substance consisting of infinite attributes, of which each one expresses an eternal and infinite essence.\" For Spinoza, the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature. His proof for the existence of God was a variation of the Ontological argument.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "\"that than which nothing greater can be conceived\""}], "question": "How did St. Anselm define the existence of God?", "id": "572867304b864d190016499e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Baruch Spinoza"}], "question": "Who said that God is \"a substance consisting of infinite attributes\"?", "id": "572867304b864d190016499f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "a variation of the Ontological argument"}], "question": "What did Baruch Spinoza use as proof for the existence of God?", "id": "572867304b864d19001649a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature"}], "question": "What did Spinoza believe the world was made of?", "id": "572867304b864d19001649a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "St. Anselm"}], "question": "Who defined god as \"that than which nothing greater can be conceived\"?", "id": "572c061cdfb02c14005c6b6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Baruch Spinoza"}], "question": "Name a famous pantheist?", "id": "572c061cdfb02c14005c6b6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "infinite"}], "question": "What was Spinoza's concept of God?", "id": "572c061cdfb02c14005c6b6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "God"}], "question": "Spinoza believed that the universe was made up of one substance which is?", "id": "572c061cdfb02c14005c6b70"}]}], ["Begitu juga, \u00c9mile Durkheim adalah salah satu yang paling awal untuk mencadangkan bahawa tuhan-tuhan mewakili perpanjangan kehidupan sosial manusia untuk memasukkan makhluk ghaib. Selaras dengan alasan ini, pakar psikologi Matt Rossano berpendapat bahawa apabila manusia mula hidup dalam kumpulan yang lebih besar, mereka mungkin telah menciptakan dewa sebagai cara untuk menguatkuasakan moral. Dalam kumpulan kecil, moral dapat dikuatkuasakan oleh kekuatan sosial seperti gosip atau reputasi. Walau bagaimanapun, adalah lebih sukar untuk menguatkuasakan moral menggunakan kuasa sosial dalam kumpulan yang lebih besar. Rossano menunjukkan bahawa dengan memasukkan tuhan-tuhan dan semangat yang sentiasa berjaga-jaga, manusia telah menemukan strategi yang berkesan untuk menahan rasa mementingkan diri dan membina lebih banyak kumpulan kerjasama. <> Apakah cara-cara kumpulan sosial yang kecil dapat memaksa moralitas? || gosip atau reputasi <> Siapa yang mencadangkan bahawa dengan memasukkan kehadiran Tuhan yang Maha Tahu, keegoisan dapat dikendalikan dan kerjasama dapat diperoleh? || Matt Rossano <> Apa yang dicadangkan oleh \u00c9mile Durkheim tentang kewujudan Tuhan? || tuhan mewakili perpanjangan kehidupan sosial manusia untuk memasukkan makhluk ghaib <> Mengapa manusia mula menciptakan dewa? || cara untuk menguatkuasakan moralitas <> Siapa yang mengemukakan bahawa manusia menciptakan tuhan untuk mencipta moral dalam kumpulan sosial? || Matt Rossano <> Dewa-dewi yang ada di hadapan adalah cara untuk menonton kumpulan besar dan menguatkuasakan apa? || moral <<> Dewa Omniprestent membantu membina apa? || lebih banyak kumpulan kerjasama", {"context": "Likewise, \u00c9mile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "gossip or reputation"}], "question": "What are ways that small social groups can force morality?", "id": "572864644b864d190016496e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Matt Rossano"}], "question": "Who suggested that by including the presence of an omniscient God, selfishness can be controlled and cooperation can be gained?", "id": "572864644b864d190016496f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings"}], "question": "What did \u00c9mile Durkheim suggest about the existence of God?", "id": "572864644b864d1900164970"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "a means of enforcing morality"}], "question": "Why would humans have begun to create gods?", "id": "572864644b864d1900164971"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Matt Rossano"}], "question": "Who posited that humans created gods to create morality in social groups?", "id": "572c0541dfb02c14005c6b67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "morality"}], "question": "Omnipresent gods are a way to watch large groups and enforce what?", "id": "572c0541dfb02c14005c6b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "more cooperative groups"}], "question": "Omniprestent gods helped build what?", "id": "572c0541dfb02c14005c6b69"}]}], ["Mengikut paradoks Omnipotence atau 'Paradoks Batu', bolehkah Allah menciptakan batu yang begitu berat sehingga ia tidak dapat mengangkatnya? Sama ada dia atau dia tidak boleh. Jika dia tidak boleh, hujah itu berlaku, maka ada sesuatu yang tidak boleh dilakukannya, iaitu mencipta batu, dan oleh itu dia tidak mahakuasa. Sekiranya dia boleh, ia terus, maka ada juga sesuatu yang tidak boleh dilakukannya, iaitu mengangkat batu tersebut, dan oleh itu dia tidak mahakuasa. Oleh itu, dengan cara ini, Tuhan tidak mahakuasa. Namun, makhluk yang tidak mahakuasa, bukanlah Tuhan, menurut banyak model teologi. Oleh itu, Tuhan semacam itu tidak wujud. Beberapa jawapan kepada paradoks ini telah dicadangkan. <> Apakah paradoks Omnipotence? || boleh Allah menciptakan batu yang sangat berat sehingga ia tidak dapat mengangkatnya <> Apa istilah lain untuk paradoks Omnipotence? || Paradox of the Stone <> Adakah sama ada hasil Paradox of Stone membuktikan kewujudan Tuhan? || Tuhan tidak maha kuasa. Namun, makhluk yang tidak mahakuasa, bukanlah Allah <> Apa yang menunjukkan Allah tidak maha kuasa jika dia menciptakan batu yang tidak dapat ditariknya? || ada sesuatu yang dia tidak boleh lakukan <> Apa yang harus Allah, untuk menjadi Makhluk Tertinggi? || maha kuasa <> Apa paradoks menyatakan bahawa jika tuhan tidak dapat membuat batu yang begitu berat ia tidak dapat mengangkatnya? || Paradox of the Stone <> Apa yang dikatakan Paradox of the Stone? || dia tidak mahakuasa kuat <> Apa maksudnya jika Tuhan tidak maha kuasa? || bukan Tuhan <> Adakah terdapat jawapan kepada Pradox Stone? || Beberapa", {"context": "According to the Omnipotence paradox or 'Paradox of the Stone', can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it? Either he can or he can\u2019t. If he can\u2019t, the argument goes, then there is something that he cannot do, namely create the stone, and therefore he is not omnipotent. If he can, it continues, then there is also something that he cannot do, namely lift the stone, and therefore he is not omnipotent. Either way, then, God is not omnipotent. A being that is not omnipotent, though, is not God, according to many theological models. Such a God, therefore, does not exist. Several answers to this paradox have been proposed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it"}], "question": "What is the Omnipotence paradox?", "id": "57286e382ca10214002da33c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Paradox of the Stone"}], "question": "What is another term for the Omnipotence paradox?", "id": "57286e382ca10214002da33d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "God is not omnipotent. A being that is not omnipotent, though, is not God"}], "question": "Does either outcome of the Paradox of the Stone prove the existence of God?", "id": "57286e382ca10214002da33e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "there is something that he cannot do"}], "question": "What shows God is not omnipotent if he creates a stone that he cannot lift?", "id": "57286e382ca10214002da33f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "omnipotent"}], "question": "What must God be, in order to be a Supreme Being?", "id": "57286e382ca10214002da340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Paradox of the Stone"}], "question": "What paradox states that if a god can't create a stone so heavy he can't lift it?", "id": "572c0840750c471900ed4c88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "he is not omnipotent"}], "question": "What does the Paradox of the Stone posit?", "id": "572c0840750c471900ed4c89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "is not God"}], "question": "What does it mean if a God is not omnipotent?", "id": "572c0840750c471900ed4c8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Several"}], "question": "Are there any answers to the Pradox of the Stone?", "id": "572c0840750c471900ed4c8b"}]}], ["Malah pandangan bukan-teisme tentang tuhan berbeza-beza. Sesetengah bukan ahli teori mengelakkan konsep Tuhan, sambil menerima bahawa ia adalah penting kepada banyak; bukan ahli teologi yang lain memahami Tuhan sebagai lambang nilai dan aspirasi manusia. Ateis Inggeris abad kesembilan belas Charles Bradlaugh mengisytiharkan bahawa dia enggan mengatakan \"Tidak ada Tuhan\", kerana \"kata 'Tuhan' adalah bunyi yang menyampaikan tiada pengakuan yang jelas atau jelas\"; dia berkata lebih khusus bahawa dia tidak percaya kepada tuhan Kristian. Stephen Jay Gould mencadangkan pendekatan membahagikan dunia falsafah ke dalam apa yang dia sebut sebagai \"non-overlapping magisteria\" (NOMA). Dalam pandangan ini, persoalan-persoalan supernatural, seperti yang berkaitan dengan kewujudan dan sifat Allah, adalah bukan empirikal dan domain teologi yang betul. Kaedah sains harus digunakan untuk menjawab soalan empirikal tentang dunia semulajadi, dan teologi harus digunakan untuk menjawab soalan mengenai makna muktamad dan nilai moral. Dalam pandangan ini, kekurangan apa-apa jejak empirik daripada magisterium supernatural ke alam semula jadi menjadikan sains sebagai pemain tunggal di dunia semula jadi. <> Apa yang dilihat oleh beberapa ahli bukan Yahudi sebagai Tuhan? || simbol nilai dan cita-cita manusia. Walaupun ada yang menyatakan atheis, siapakah yang mengatakan \"kata 'Tuhan' adalah suara saya yang tidak memberikan pengakuan yang jelas atau jelas\"? || Charles Bradlaugh <> Apa NOMA? || tidak bertindih magisteria <> Di NOMA, apa yang harus digunakan untuk menjawab soalan mengenai dunia fizikal? || sains <> Apa yang harus digunakan untuk menjawab soalan-soalan muktamad mengenai moral dan makna? || teologi <> Nama ateis Inggeris abad kesembilan belas? || Charles Bradlaugh <> Apa yang dikatakan Stephen Jay Gould bahawa falsafah yang berkaitan dengan supernatural? || magisteria yang tidak bertindih \"(NOMA) <> Apakah kategori NOMA jatuh di bawah? || teologi", {"context": "Even non-theist views about gods vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say \"There is no God\", because \"the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation\"; he said more specifically that he disbelieved in the Christian god. Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called \"non-overlapping magisteria\" (NOMA). In this view, questions of the supernatural, such as those relating to the existence and nature of God, are non-empirical and are the proper domain of theology. The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "a symbol of human values and aspirations"}], "question": "What do some non-theists view God as?", "id": "572859253acd2414000df935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Charles Bradlaugh"}], "question": "Although a proclaimed atheist, who was it that said \"the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation\"?", "id": "572859253acd2414000df936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "non-overlapping magisteria"}], "question": "What is NOMA?", "id": "572859253acd2414000df937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 776, "text": "science"}], "question": "In NOMA, what should be used to answer questions about the physical world?", "id": "572859253acd2414000df938"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "theology"}], "question": "What should be used to answer ultimate questions on morality and meaning?", "id": "572859253acd2414000df939"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Charles Bradlaugh"}], "question": "Name the nineteenth century English atheist?", "id": "572c0233dfb02c14005c6b4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "non-overlapping magisteria\" (NOMA)"}], "question": "What does Stephen Jay Gould call philosophy that deals in the supernatural?", "id": "572c0233dfb02c14005c6b50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "theology"}], "question": "What category does NOMA fall under?", "id": "572c0233dfb02c14005c6b51"}]}], ["Jantina Allah dapat dilihat sebagai salah satu aspek literal atau alegatif dari dewa yang, dalam falsafah barat klasik, melampaui bentuk tubuh. Agama-agama polytheistic biasanya menonjolkan kepada setiap dewa jantina, membolehkan setiap orang berinteraksi dengan mana-mana yang lain, dan mungkin dengan manusia, secara seksual. Dalam agama-agama yang paling monoteistik, Tuhan tidak mempunyai rakan sejawatan yang berkaitan dengan seks. Oleh itu, dalam falsafah barat klasik, jantina dari satu-satunya dewa satu-satunya adalah yang paling mungkin merupakan pernyataan analogi bagaimana manusia dan alamat Tuhan, dan berkaitan dengan, satu sama lain. Yaitu, Allah dilihat sebagai penyembah dunia dan wahyu yang sesuai dengan peranan aktif (yang bertentangan dengan penerimaan) dalam hubungan seksual. <> Bagaimana hubungan seks oleh Tuhan ditangani dalam agama monoteistik? || Tuhan tidak mempunyai rakan sejawatan yang berkaitan dengan seksual <> Bagaimana agama-agama polytheistik melihat seks oleh Tuhan atau tuhan-tuhan? || atribut kepada setiap dewa jantina, membolehkan setiap orang berinteraksi dengan mana-mana orang lain, dan mungkin dengan manusia, secara seksual <> Apakah peranan Tuhan dalam penciptaan dunia? || begetter <> Dalam apa cara boleh dilihat oleh jantina Allah? || harfiah atau aspek alegoris <> Apakah agama-agama polytheistic menyerah kepada tuhan-tuhan mereka? || jantina <> Apakah peranan yang dimainkan dalam persetubuhan? || yang aktif (berbanding dengan yang menerima) peranan <> Di mana jenis agama apakah Tuhan tidak mempunyai pasangan seksual? || monoteistik", {"context": "The gender of God may be viewed as either a literal or an allegorical aspect of a deity who, in classical western philosophy, transcends bodily form. Polytheistic religions commonly attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually. In most monotheistic religions, God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually. Thus, in classical western philosophy the gender of this one-and-only deity is most likely to be an analogical statement of how humans and God address, and relate to, each other. Namely, God is seen as begetter of the world and revelation which corresponds to the active (as opposed to the receptive) role in sexual intercourse.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually"}], "question": "How is sex by God handled in a monotheistic religion?", "id": "572871812ca10214002da364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually"}], "question": "How do polytheistic religions view sex by God or gods?", "id": "572871812ca10214002da365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "begetter"}], "question": "What is God's role in the creation of the world?", "id": "572871812ca10214002da366"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "literal or an allegorical aspect"}], "question": "In what ways can the gender of God be viewed?", "id": "572871812ca10214002da367"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "gender"}], "question": "What do polytheistic religions assign to their gods?", "id": "572c0adff182dd1900d7c7c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "the active (as opposed to the receptive) role"}], "question": "What role does got serve in a sexual intercourse?", "id": "572c0adff182dd1900d7c7c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "monotheistic"}], "question": "In which type of religion does God have no sexual partner?", "id": "572c0adff182dd1900d7c7ca"}]}], ["Stephen Hawking dan pengarang bersama Leonard Mlodinow menyatakan dalam buku mereka, The Grand Design, bahawa adalah munasabah untuk bertanya siapa atau apa yang menciptakan alam semesta, tetapi jika jawapannya adalah Tuhan, maka persoalan itu hanya telah dipertahankan oleh yang menciptakan Allah . Kedua-dua penulis menegaskan, bahawa adalah mungkin untuk menjawab soalan-soalan ini semata-mata dalam bidang sains, dan tanpa menggunakan sebarang makhluk ilahi. Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas telah mencadangkan bahawa persoalan kewujudan Tuhan tidak berbeza dengan soalan sains semula jadi. Berikutan pendekatan komparatif biologi, dia menyimpulkan bahawa sangat mungkin bahawa Tuhan wujud, dan, walaupun tidak dapat dilihat, mungkin kita mengetahui beberapa sifatnya. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Stephen Hawking dan Leonard Mlodinow sebagai soalan yang lebih baik iaitu \"Adakah Tuhan\"? || yang menciptakan Allah <> Siapa yang menulis Reka Bentuk Besar? || Stephen Hawking dan pengarang bersama Leonard Mlodinow <> Apakah profesi Michael Nikoletseas? || Neuroscientist <> Bagaimana Hawking dan Mlodinow percaya persoalan Tuhan boleh dijawab? || semata-mata dalam bidang sains <> Apakah nama buku Stephen Hawking? || The Grand Design <> Siapa pengarang Hawking? || Leonard Mlodinow <> Siapa kata bahawa sama ada ada atau bukan Tuhan adalah seperti soalan dalam sains semulajadi? || Michael Nikoletseas", {"context": "Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book, The Grand Design, that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings. Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences. Following a biological comparative approach, he concludes that it is highly probable that God exists, and, although not visible, it is possible that we know some of his attributes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "who created God"}], "question": "What does Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow pose as a better question that \"Is there a God\"?", "id": "57285c604b864d1900164956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow"}], "question": "Who wrote The Grand Design?", "id": "57285c604b864d1900164957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Neuroscientist"}], "question": "What is Michael Nikoletseas profession?", "id": "57285c604b864d1900164958"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "purely within the realm of science"}], "question": "How do Hawking and Mlodinow believe the question of God can be answered?", "id": "57285c604b864d1900164959"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "The Grand Design"}], "question": "What is the name of Stephen Hawking's book?", "id": "572c0399f182dd1900d7c7b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Leonard Mlodinow"}], "question": "Who was Hawking's co-author?", "id": "572c0399f182dd1900d7c7b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Michael Nikoletseas"}], "question": "Who says the that whether there is or isn't a God are just like questions in natural science?", "id": "572c0399f182dd1900d7c7ba"}]}], ["Tradisi keagamaan yang berbeza memberikan ciri-ciri dan ciri-ciri yang berbeza (walaupun sering serupa) kepada Tuhan, termasuk kuasa dan kebolehan luas, ciri-ciri psikologi, ciri jantina, dan tatanama pilihan. Penugasan sifat-sifat ini sering berbeza mengikut konsep-konsep Tuhan dalam budaya yang mereka timbul. Contohnya, sifat-sifat Tuhan dalam Kekristianan, sifat-sifat Allah dalam Islam, dan Ketiga-tiga Ciri-ciri Kasih dalam agama Yahudi berkongsi persamaan tertentu yang timbul dari akar-akarnya. <> Apa agama yang dikongsi merentasi struktur kepercayaan mereka? || persamaan yang timbul daripada akar biasa mereka <> Apa sajakah beberapa tradisi keagamaan yang terdapat di dalam agama yang berbeza? || kuasa luas dan kebolehan, ciri-ciri psikologi, ciri jantina, dan tatanama pilihan <> Siapakah yang berkongsi dengan Kristian? || sifat-sifat Allah dalam Islam, dan Ketiga-tiga sifat-sifat rahmat dalam agama Yahudi <> Berapa banyak sifat-sifat rahmat dalam agama Yahudi? || Tiga belas <> Apa tiga agama yang berkongsi bahagian yang sama? || Tuhan dalam agama Kristian, sifat-sifat Allah dalam Islam, dan Ketiga-tiga sifat-sifat rahmat dalam agama Yahudi <> Apa tiga agama yang berkongsi permulaan yang serupa? || Kekristianan, sifat-sifat Allah dalam Islam, dan Ketiga-tiga sifat-sifat rahmat dalam agama Yahudi <> Apa sifat-sifat agama yang semua berkongsi? || kuasa luas dan kebolehan, ciri psikologi, ciri jantina, dan tatanama pilihan", {"context": "Different religious traditions assign differing (though often similar) attributes and characteristics to God, including expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature. The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God in the culture from which they arise. For example, attributes of God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "similarities arising from their common roots"}], "question": "What do religions share across their belief structures?", "id": "5728706c4b864d19001649fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature"}], "question": "What are some religious traditions that are found within differing religions?", "id": "5728706c4b864d19001649fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism"}], "question": "Who does Christianity share roots with?", "id": "5728706c4b864d19001649fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Thirteen"}], "question": "How many Attributes of Mercy are in Judaism?", "id": "5728706c4b864d19001649ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism"}], "question": "What three religions share similar parts?", "id": "572c09a82babe914003c2984"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism"}], "question": "What three religions share similar beginnings?", "id": "572c09a82babe914003c2985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature"}], "question": "What attributes do religions all roughly share?", "id": "572c09a82babe914003c2986"}]}], ["Pascal Boyer berhujah bahawa walaupun ada pelbagai konsep ghaib yang terdapat di seluruh dunia, pada umumnya, makhluk ghaib cenderung untuk berkelakuan seperti orang. Pembinaan tuhan-tuhan dan roh seperti orang adalah salah satu sifat agama yang paling terkenal. Beliau mengutip contoh-contoh dari mitologi Yunani, yang, pada pendapatnya, lebih seperti opera sabun moden daripada sistem agama lain. Bertrand du Castel dan Timothy Jurgensen menunjukkan melalui formalisasi bahawa model penjelasan Boyer memadankan epistemologi fizik dalam meletakkan entiti yang tidak dapat dilihat secara langsung sebagai perantara. Ahli antropologi Stewart Guthrie berpendapat bahawa manusia memproyeksikan ciri-ciri manusia ke aspek bukan manusia di dunia kerana ia menjadikan aspek-aspek tersebut lebih biasa. Sigmund Freud juga mencadangkan konsep tuhan adalah ramalan bapa seseorang. <> Mengapa Stewart Guthrie percaya bahawa orang memproyeksikan ciri-ciri manusia mereka ke hal-hal bukan manusia? || ia menjadikan aspek-aspek yang lebih biasa <> Apa salah satu ciri agama yang paling umum menurut Boyer? || Pembinaan tuhan-tuhan dan roh seperti orang <> Apa yang Frued percaya tentang kepercayaan pada Tuhan? || konsep tuhan adalah ramalan bapa seseorang <> Bagaimana Pascal Boyer percaya bahawa tuhan-tuhan dan makhluk ghaib yang lain berkelakuan? || sama seperti orang <> yang berpendapat bahawa terdapat banyak perkara ghaib di dunia? || Pascal Boyer <> Bagaimana entiti supranatural bertindak? || sama seperti orang <> Agama mana yang Boyer menyamakan dengan opera sabun moden? || Mitos Yunani <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa tuhan hanyalah ramalan bapa seseorang? || Sigmund Freud", {"context": "Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology, which is, in his opinion, more like a modern soap opera than other religious systems. Bertrand du Castel and Timothy Jurgensen demonstrate through formalization that Boyer's explanatory model matches physics' epistemology in positing not directly observable entities as intermediaries. Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto non-human aspects of the world because it makes those aspects more familiar. Sigmund Freud also suggested that god concepts are projections of one's father.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "it makes those aspects more familiar"}], "question": "Why does Stewart Guthrie believe that people project their human features onto non human things?", "id": "57285eda3acd2414000df970"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "The construction of gods and spirits like persons"}], "question": "What is one of the most common traits of religion according to Boyer?", "id": "57285eda3acd2414000df972"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "god concepts are projections of one's father"}], "question": "What did Frued believe about the belief in God?", "id": "57285eda3acd2414000df971"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "much like people"}], "question": "How does Pascal Boyer believe that gods and other supernatural beings behave?", "id": "57285eda3acd2414000df96f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pascal Boyer"}], "question": "Who argues that there are lots of supernatural things in the world?", "id": "572c0480dfb02c14005c6b5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "much like people"}], "question": "How do supernatural entities act?", "id": "572c0480dfb02c14005c6b60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Greek mythology"}], "question": "Which religion does Boyer equate with a modern soap opera?", "id": "572c0480dfb02c14005c6b61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "Sigmund Freud"}], "question": "Who believed that gods are just projections of a person's father?", "id": "572c0480dfb02c14005c6b62"}]}], ["Banyak ahli falsafah zaman pertengahan yang membangunkan hujah-hujah bagi kewujudan Tuhan, sambil cuba memahami implikasi yang tepat dari sifat Allah. Menyelaraskan beberapa sifat tersebut yang menghasilkan masalah falsafah dan perdebatan penting. Sebagai contoh, ketiadaan pengetahuan Tuhan mungkin menyerupai bahawa Tuhan tahu bagaimana ejen bebas memilih untuk bertindak. Sekiranya Tuhan mengetahui ini, keinginan bebas mereka mungkin ilusi, atau pengetahuan terdahulu tidak menyiratkan penentuan, dan jika Tuhan tidak tahu, Tuhan mungkin tidak tahu sepenuhnya. <> Apa maksudnya jika Tuhan tidak dapat meramal masa depan? || Tuhan mungkin tidak tahu sepenuhnya. <> Siapa yang memunculkan kewujudan Tuhan? || ahli falsafah zaman pertengahan <> Apa perdebatan filosofis timbul di zaman pertengahan? || Ketiadaan Tuhan", {"context": "Many medieval philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God, while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agents will choose to act. If God does know this, their ostensible free will might be illusory, or foreknowledge does not imply predestination, and if God does not know it, God may not be omniscient.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "God may not be omniscient."}], "question": "What does it mean if God can't predict the future?", "id": "572c0e9b750c471900ed4c9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "medieval philosophers"}], "question": "Who posited the existence of God?", "id": "572c0e9b750c471900ed4c9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "God's omniscience"}], "question": "What philosophical debates arose in the middle ages?", "id": "572c0e9b750c471900ed4c9c"}]}], ["Doa memainkan peranan penting di kalangan ramai orang yang beriman. Umat Islam percaya bahawa tujuan kewujudan adalah untuk menyembah Tuhan. Dia dilihat sebagai Tuhan peribadi dan tidak ada perantara, seperti paderi, untuk menghubungi Tuhan. Doa sering juga merayu dan meminta maaf. Tuhan sering dipercayai memaafkan. Contohnya, hadith menyatakan bahawa Allah akan menggantikan orang yang tidak berdosa dengan seseorang yang berdosa tetapi masih meminta pertobatan. Ahli teologi Kristian Alister McGrath menulis bahawa terdapat sebab-sebab yang baik untuk mencadangkan bahawa \"tuhan peribadi\" adalah penting untuk pandangan Kristian, tetapi yang harus dipahami adalah analogi. \"Untuk mengatakan bahawa Allah adalah seperti seseorang adalah untuk menegaskan keupayaan ilahi dan kesanggupan untuk berhubungan dengan orang lain. Ini tidak bermaksud bahawa Allah adalah manusia, atau terletak pada titik tertentu di alam semesta.\" <> Apakah tujuan kehidupan muslim? || untuk menyembah Allah <> Jenis Tuhan apa Tuhan Allah? || Tuhan peribadi <> Aspek apa yang Alister McGrath berhujah penting dalam Kekristenan? || \"tuhan peribadi\" <> Apakah doa biasanya termasuk dalam Islam? || pengampunan <> Jenis Tuhan apa Tuhan Allah? || pengampunan", {"context": "Prayer plays a significant role among many believers. Muslims believe that the purpose of existence is to worship God. He is viewed as a personal God and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God. Prayer often also includes supplication and asking forgiveness. God is often believed to be forgiving. For example, a hadith states God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance. Christian theologian Alister McGrath writes that there are good reasons to suggest that a \"personal god\" is integral to the Christian outlook, but that one has to understand it is an analogy. \"To say that God is like a person is to affirm the divine ability and willingness to relate to others. This does not imply that God is human, or located at a specific point in the universe.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "to worship God"}], "question": "What is a muslims life purpose?", "id": "572c0bcb750c471900ed4c90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "a personal God"}], "question": "What type of God is the Muslim God?", "id": "572c0bcb750c471900ed4c91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "a \"personal god\""}], "question": "What aspect does Alister McGrath argue is important in Christianity?", "id": "572c0bcb750c471900ed4c92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "forgiveness"}], "question": "What does prayer usually include in Islam?", "id": "572c0bcb750c471900ed4c93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "forgiving"}], "question": "What type of God is the Muslim God?", "id": "572c0bcb750c471900ed4c94"}]}], ["Tahun-tahun terakhir falsafah telah melihat persoalan yang kuat mengenai hujah-hujah tentang kewujudan Tuhan yang dibangkitkan oleh para filsuf seperti Immanuel Kant, David Hume dan Antony Flew, walaupun Kant berpendapat bahwa argumen dari akhlak adalah sah. Tindak balas theist itu sama ada untuk bertanding, sama seperti Alvin Plantinga, iman itu adalah \"asas yang betul\", atau mengambil, seperti yang dikatakan oleh Richard Swinburne, kedudukan rohani. Sesetengah ahli teori bersetuju bahawa tidak ada argumen untuk kewujudan Tuhan yang menarik, tetapi berpendapat bahawa iman bukan produk sebab, tetapi memerlukan risiko. Tidak ada risiko, mereka berkata, jika argumen-argumen untuk kewujudan Tuhan adalah sama dengan undang-undang logik, kedudukan yang disimpulkan oleh Pascal sebagai \"jantung mempunyai sebab yang alasannya tidak tahu.\" Teori baru-baru ini menggunakan konsep dari fizik dan neurofisiologi mencadangkan bahawa Tuhan boleh dikonseptualisasikan dalam teori tahap integratif. <> Bagaimana Alvin Plantinga menggambarkan kepercayaan? || \"betul asas\" <> Siapa yang menyatakan \"hati mempunyai sebab yang alasannya tidak tahu\"? || Pascal <> Ahli falsafah mana yang mengambil kedudukan penjajah? || Richard Swinburne <> Nama tiga ahli falsafah dalam 100 tahun yang lalu berhujah untuk kewujudan Tuhan? || Immanuel Kant, David Hume dan Antony Flew", {"context": "The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God's existence raised by such philosophers as Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew, although Kant held that the argument from morality was valid. The theist response has been either to contend, as does Alvin Plantinga, that faith is \"properly basic\", or to take, as does Richard Swinburne, the evidentialist position. Some theists agree that none of the arguments for God's existence are compelling, but argue that faith is not a product of reason, but requires risk. There would be no risk, they say, if the arguments for God's existence were as solid as the laws of logic, a position summed up by Pascal as \"the heart has reasons of which reason does not know.\" A recent theory using concepts from physics and neurophysiology proposes that God can be conceptualized within the theory of integrative level.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "\"properly basic\""}], "question": "How does Alvin Plantinga describe faith?", "id": "572c101b2babe914003c298a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "Pascal"}], "question": "Who stated \"the heart has reasons of which reason does not know\"?", "id": "572c101b2babe914003c298b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Richard Swinburne"}], "question": "Which philosopher takes the evidentialist position?", "id": "572c101b2babe914003c298c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew"}], "question": "Name three philosophers of the last 100 years arguing for the existence of God?", "id": "572c101b2babe914003c298d"}]}], ["Penganut-penganut agama yang berbeza umumnya tidak bersetuju mengenai cara terbaik untuk menyembah Tuhan dan apakah rancangan Tuhan bagi manusia, jika ada satu. Ada pendekatan yang berbeza untuk mendamaikan tuntutan bercanggah agama-agama monoteistik. Satu pandangan diambil oleh exclusivists, yang percaya mereka adalah orang pilihan atau mempunyai akses eksklusif kepada kebenaran mutlak, umumnya melalui wahyu atau pertemuan dengan Ilahi, yang penganut agama lain tidak. Pandangan lain adalah pluralisme agama. Seorang pluralis biasanya percaya bahawa agamanya adalah hak, tetapi tidak menyangkal kebenaran separa agama-agama lain. Contoh pandangan pluralis dalam agama Kristian adalah supersessionisme, iaitu, kepercayaan bahawa agama seseorang adalah pemenuhan agama-agama sebelumnya. Pendekatan ketiga adalah inclusivism relativistik, di mana semua orang dilihat sebagai hak yang sama; contohnya universalisme: doktrin bahawa keselamatan akhirnya tersedia untuk semua orang. Pendekatan keempat adalah sinkretisme, mencampurkan unsur-unsur yang berbeza dari agama yang berbeza. Contoh sinkretisme adalah pergerakan New Age. <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa mereka adalah satu dan hanya dipilih sedikit? || exclusivists <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa mereka adalah satu-satunya orang yang tahu kebenaran? || exclusivists <> Apa yang dipanggil seseorang yang percaya dia mempunyai satu agama, tetapi yang lain tidak semestinya salah? || pluralisme <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila seseorang belives bahawa agama mereka sendiri adalah kemajuan agama yang lebih tua? || supersessionism <> Apakah agama yang percaya bahawa semua agama betul? || universalisme", {"context": "Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is religious pluralism. A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is supersessionism, i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is relativistic inclusivism, where everybody is seen as equally right; an example being universalism: the doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is syncretism, mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the New Age movement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "exclusivists"}], "question": "Who believe they are the one and only chosen few?", "id": "572c0ccddfb02c14005c6b75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "exclusivists"}], "question": "Who believe that they are the only people that know the truth?", "id": "572c0ccddfb02c14005c6b76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "pluralism"}], "question": "What is one called that believes he has the one religion, but that the others aren't necessarily wrong?", "id": "572c0ccddfb02c14005c6b77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "supersessionism"}], "question": "What is it called when someone belives that their own religion is an advancement of older religions?", "id": "572c0ccddfb02c14005c6b78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 864, "text": "universalism"}], "question": "What is a religion that believes that all religions are correct?", "id": "572c0ccddfb02c14005c6b79"}]}]], [["Seterusnya, pada bulan Oktober 2001, pasukan A.S. (dengan sekutu Inggeris dan sekutu gabungan) menyerang Afghanistan untuk menggulingkan rejim Taliban. Pada 7 Oktober 2001, serangan rasmi bermula dengan pasukan British dan A.S. yang mengendalikan kempen serangan udara terhadap sasaran musuh. Kabul, ibu kota Afghanistan, jatuh pada pertengahan November. Selebihnya sisa al-Qaeda dan Taliban jatuh kembali ke pergunungan Afghanistan timur, terutamanya Tora Bora. Pada bulan Disember, pasukan Gabungan (A.S. dan sekutu-sekutunya) berjuang di rantau itu. Adalah dipercayai bahawa Osama bin Laden melarikan diri ke Pakistan semasa pertempuran. <> Bilakah AS menyerang Afghanistan? || Oktober 2001 <> Siapa yang membantu AS menyerang Afghanistan? || UK dan sekutu gabungan <> Apakah matlamat AS menyerang Afghanistan? || menggulingkan rejim Taliban <> Bilakah AS memulakan serangan udara ke Afghanistan? || 7 Oktober 2001 <> Di manakah bin Laden melarikan diri pada Disember 2001? || Pakistan", {"context": "Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the U.S. and its allies) fought within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "October 2001"}], "question": "When did the US invade Afghanistan?", "id": "572844774b864d190016486a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "UK and coalition allies"}], "question": "Who helped the US invade Afghanistan?", "id": "572844774b864d190016486b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "oust the Taliban regime"}], "question": "What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan?", "id": "572844774b864d190016486c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "7 October 2001"}], "question": "When did the US begin airstrikes on Afghanistan?", "id": "572844774b864d190016486d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Pakistan"}], "question": "Where did bin Laden escape to in Dec 2001?", "id": "572844774b864d190016486e"}]}], ["Pada Januari 2002, Komando Operasi Khas Amerika Syarikat, Pasifik dikerahkan ke Filipina untuk memberi nasihat dan membantu Angkatan Tentera Filipina dalam memerangi kumpulan Islam Filipina. Operasi ini terutamanya tertumpu kepada menghapus kumpulan Abu Sayyaf dan Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) dari kubu kuat mereka di pulau Basilan. Bahagian kedua operasi itu dijalankan sebagai program kemanusiaan yang dipanggil \"Operasi Smiles\". Matlamat program ini adalah untuk menyediakan rawatan dan perkhidmatan perubatan ke rantau Basilan sebagai sebahagian daripada program \"Hati dan Minda\". Pasukan Petugas Operasi Khas Bersama - Filipina dibubarkan pada bulan Jun 2014, mengakhiri misi selama 14 tahun. Selepas JSOTF-P dibubarkan, sehingga November 2014, tentera Amerika terus beroperasi di Filipina dengan nama \"PACOM Augmentation Team\". <> Di mana ASSOC Pasifik dilancarkan pada Jan 2002? || Filipina <> Apakah matlamat penerapan Filipina tahun 2002? || memerangi kumpulan Islam Filipina <> Apa yang menjadi penyerang kelompok Islam Filipina? || Abu Sayyaf <> Apa usaha kemanusiaan mengikuti operasi ketenteraan 2002 di Filipina? || Operasi Smiles <> Apa yang dilakukan Operasi Smiles untuk Filipina? || menyediakan rawatan perubatan dan perkhidmatan ke rantau Basilan", {"context": "In January 2002, the United States Special Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups. The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the island of Basilan. The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called \"Operation Smiles\". The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan as part of a \"Hearts and Minds\" program. Joint Special Operations Task Force \u2013 Philippines disbanded in June 2014, ending a 14-year mission. After JSOTF-P disbanded, as late as November 2014, American forces continued to operate in the Philippines under the name \"PACOM Augmentation Team\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Philippines"}], "question": "Where did the USSOC Pacific deploy to in Jan 2002?", "id": "57284581ff5b5019007da08a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "combating Filipino Islamist groups"}], "question": "What was the goal of the 2002 Philippines deployment?", "id": "57284581ff5b5019007da08b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Abu Sayyaf"}], "question": "What was the main Filipino Islamist group being attacked?", "id": "57284581ff5b5019007da08c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Operation Smiles"}], "question": "What humanitarian effort followed the 2002 military operation in the Philippines?", "id": "57284581ff5b5019007da08d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan"}], "question": "What did Operation Smiles do for the Philippines?", "id": "57284581ff5b5019007da08e"}]}], ["Kerana tindakan yang terlibat dalam \"perang terhadap keganasan\" tersebar luas, dan kriteria untuk dimasukkan adalah tidak jelas, ahli teori politik Richard Jackson berpendapat bahawa \"perang 'terhadap keganasan, pada masa yang sama, adalah satu set praktikal perang, operasi rahsia , agensi, dan institusi-dan siri-siri anggapan, kepercayaan, justifikasi, dan naratif yang disertakan-ia adalah bahasa atau wacana keseluruhan. \" Jackson mengutip antara banyak contoh kenyataan John Ashcroft bahawa \"serangan 11 September menarik garis penandaan yang jelas antara sivil dan orang yang ganas\". Pegawai-pegawai pentadbiran juga menyifatkan \"pengganas\" sebagai kebencian, khianat, biadab, gila, berpintal, sesat, tanpa iman, parasitikal, tidak berperikemanusiaan, dan yang paling biasa, kejahatan. Sebaliknya, orang Amerika digambarkan sebagai berani, penyayang, murah hati, kuat, akal, heroik, dan menghormati hak asasi manusia. <> Siapa kata 'perang terhadap keganasan' adalah 'seluruh bahasa wacana'? || Richard Jackson <> Siapa kata bahawa 9/11 menarik garis antara 'orang sivil dan orang liar'? || John Ashcroft <> Apa pentadbiran Bush menggambarkan sebagai parasit? || pengganas <> Apa pentadbiran Bush menggambarkan sebagai heroik? || Amerika", {"context": "Because the actions involved in the \"war on terrorism\" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that \"the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices\u2014wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions\u2014and an accompanying series of assumptions, beliefs, justifications, and narratives\u2014it is an entire language or discourse.\" Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that \"the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage\". Administration officials also described \"terrorists\" as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, and, most commonly, evil. Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Richard Jackson"}], "question": "Who said the 'war on terrorism' is 'an entire language of discourse'?", "id": "57284244ff5b5019007da028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "John Ashcroft"}], "question": "Who said that 9/11 drew a line between 'the civil and the savage'?", "id": "57284244ff5b5019007da029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "terrorists"}], "question": "What did the Bush administration describe as parasitical?", "id": "57284244ff5b5019007da02a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "Americans"}], "question": "What did the Bush administration describe as heroic?", "id": "57284244ff5b5019007da02b"}]}], ["Pada pagi 11 September 2001, 19 lelaki yang bergabung dengan al-Qaeda merampas empat pesawat yang terikat ke California. Sebaik sahaja para perampas mengambil alih kawalan pesawat, mereka memberitahu penumpang bahawa mereka mempunyai bom di atas kapal dan akan menyelamatkan nyawa penumpang dan anak kapal apabila tuntutan mereka dipenuhi - tidak ada penumpang dan anak kapal yang mengesyaki bahawa mereka akan menggunakan pesawat sebagai senjata bunuh diri kerana ia tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini dalam sejarah. Perampas - anggota sel Hamburg al-Qaeda - dengan sengaja melanggar dua pesawat ke Menara Berkembar di Pusat Dagangan Dunia di New York City. Kedua-dua bangunan runtuh dalam masa dua jam dari kerosakan kebakaran yang berkaitan dengan kemalangan, memusnahkan bangunan berdekatan dan merosakkan orang lain. Pesawat perompak itu jatuh ke dalam pesawat Pentagon di Arlington County, Virginia, di luar Washington DC Pesawat keempat terhempas di padang berhampiran Shanksville, Pennsylvania, selepas beberapa penumpang dan kru penerbangannya cuba merampas semula kapal terbang, yang mana perampas telah dialihkan ke arah Washington DC, untuk menyasarkan Rumah Putih, atau Capitol AS. Tiada penerbangan yang terselamat. Sejumlah 2,977 mangsa dan 19 pembajak telah musnah dalam serangan itu. <> Berapa banyak pesawat yang dirampas pada 9/11? || empat <> Mana al-Qaeda sel adalah 9/11 pembajak ahli? || Hamburg <> Di manakah pesawat 9/11 mula-mula pergi? || California <> Berapa banyak koperasi al-Qaeda merampas pesawat pada 9/11? || 19 <> Sebaik sahaja selepas pesawat jatuh ke dalamnya apakah menara WTC runtuh? || dalam masa dua jam", {"context": "On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met \u2013 no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history. The hijackers \u2013 members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell \u2013 intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White House, or the U.S. Capitol. No flights had survivors. A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many planes were hijacked on 9/11?", "id": "572843933acd2414000df804"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Hamburg"}], "question": "Which al-Qaeda cell were the 9/11 hijackers members of?", "id": "572843933acd2414000df806"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "California"}], "question": "Where were the 9/11 planes originally going?", "id": "572843933acd2414000df805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "19"}], "question": "How many al-Qaeda operatives hijacked planes on 9/11?", "id": "572843933acd2414000df803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "within two hours"}], "question": "How soon after planes crashed into them did the WTC towers collapse?", "id": "572843933acd2414000df807"}]}], ["Pada 16 September 2001, di Camp David, Presiden George W. Bush menggunakan frase perang mengenai keganasan dalam komen yang tidak tersurat dan kontroversial ketika dia berkata, \"Perang salib ini - perang ini mengenai keganasan - akan mengambil sedikit masa, ...\" Bush kemudian memohon maaf atas kenyataan ini kerana konotasi negatif istilah perang salib kepada orang, misalnya agama Islam. Perang salib perkataan tidak digunakan lagi. Pada 20 September 2001, dalam ucapan yang disiarkan di kongres bersama, Bush menyatakan, \"(o) perang 'keganasan' bermula dengan al-Qaeda, tetapi tidak berakhir di sana. kumpulan capaian global telah dijumpai, dihentikan, dan dikalahkan. \" <> Bilakah George W. Bush mula-mula mengatakan 'perang terhadap keganasan'? || 16 September 2001 <> Kata apa yang George W. Bush meminta maaf kerana menggunakan ketika bercakap tentang perang? || perang salib <> Bilakah George W. Bush mula-mula mengatakan 'perang terhadap keganasan'? || 20 September 2001 <> Di manakah Bush mengatakan perang 'keganasan' bermula? || dengan al-Qaeda <> Bilakah Bush mengatakan 'peperangan atas keganasan' berakhir? || setiap kumpulan pengganas jangkauan global telah dijumpai, dihentikan, dan dikalahkan", {"context": "On 16 September 2001, at Camp David, President George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an unscripted and controversial comment when he said, \"This crusade \u2013 this war on terrorism \u2013 is going to take a while, ... \" Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people, e.g. of Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again. On 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of congress, Bush stated that, \"(o)ur 'war on terror' begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "16 September 2001"}], "question": "When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terrorism'?", "id": "572840513acd2414000df7c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "crusade"}], "question": "Which word did George W. Bush apologize for using when talking about the war?", "id": "572840513acd2414000df7c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "20 September 2001"}], "question": "When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terror'?", "id": "572840513acd2414000df7c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "with al-Qaeda"}], "question": "Where did Bush say the 'war on terror' begins?", "id": "572840513acd2414000df7ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated"}], "question": "When did Bush say the 'war on terror' ends?", "id": "572840513acd2414000df7cb"}]}], ["Taliban berkumpul semula di barat Pakistan dan mula melancarkan serangan gaya melawan pasukan Koalisi pada akhir 2002. Sepanjang Afghanistan selatan dan timur, pertempuran antara pasukan Taliban dan Gabungan yang melonjak. Pasukan pakatan bertindak balas dengan beberapa siri serangan ketenteraan dan peningkatan jumlah tentera di Afghanistan. Pada Februari 2010, pasukan Gabungan melancarkan Operasi Moshtarak di Afghanistan selatan bersama-sama dengan serangan ketenteraan yang lain dengan harapan mereka akan memusnahkan pemberontakan Taliban sekali dan untuk semua. Rundingan damai juga sedang berlangsung antara pejuang Taliban dan pasukan Gabungan Taliban. Pada bulan September 2014, Afghanistan dan Amerika Syarikat menandatangani perjanjian keselamatan, yang membolehkan pasukan Amerika Syarikat dan NATO kekal di Afghanistan sehingga sekurang-kurangnya 2024. Amerika Syarikat dan pasukan NATO dan bukan NATO lain merancang untuk menarik diri; dengan Taliban mendakwa ia telah mengalahkan Amerika Syarikat dan NATO, dan Pentadbiran Obama melihatnya sebagai kemenangan. Pada bulan Disember 2014, ISAF melengkapkan warna, dan Sokongan Tegasnya bermula sebagai operasi NATO di Afghanistan. Operasi berterusan Amerika Syarikat di Afghanistan akan diteruskan dengan nama \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\". <> Di manakah golongan Taliban berkumpul semula pada tahun 2002? || barat Pakistan <> Dalam apa bahagian Afghanistan melakukan serangan Taliban pada tahun 2002? || selatan dan timur <> operasi apa yang bermula pada Feb 2010? || Operasi Moshtarak <> Dimana Operasi Moshtarak berlaku? || selatan Afghanistan <> Bilakah Afghanistan menandatangani perjanjian keamanan dengan AS? || September 2014", {"context": "The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the Obama Administration viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name \"Operation Freedom's Sentinel\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "western Pakistan"}], "question": "Where did the Taliban regroup in 2002?", "id": "572844f92ca10214002da210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "southern and eastern"}], "question": "In what parts of Afghanistan did the Taliban attack Coalition forces in 2002?", "id": "572844f92ca10214002da211"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Operation Moshtarak"}], "question": "What operation began in Feb 2010?", "id": "572844f92ca10214002da212"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "southern Afghanistan"}], "question": "Where did Operation Moshtarak take place?", "id": "572844f92ca10214002da213"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "September 2014"}], "question": "When did Afghanistan sign a security agreement with the US?", "id": "572844f92ca10214002da214"}]}], ["Pada 7 Ogos 1998, al-Qaeda melanda kedutaan-kedutaan A.S. di Kenya dan Tanzania, membunuh 224 orang, termasuk 12 orang Amerika. Sebagai tindak balas, Presiden A.S. Bill Clinton melancarkan Operasi Infinite Reach, sebuah kempen pengeboman di Sudan dan Afghanistan terhadap sasaran AS menegaskan telah dikaitkan dengan WIFJAJC, walaupun ada yang mempersoalkan sama ada tumbuhan farmaseutikal di Sudan digunakan sebagai tanaman perang kimia. Kilang ini menghasilkan banyak ubat antimalaria di rantau ini dan sekitar 50% keperluan farmaseutikal Sudan. Serangan gagal membunuh mana-mana pemimpin WIFJAJC atau Taliban. <> Bilakah al-Qaeda menyerang kedutaan AS di Kenya? || 7 Ogos 1998 <> Berapa banyak orang terbunuh ketika al-Qaeda menyerang kedutaan AS pada tahun 1998? || 224 <> Berapa banyak rakyat AS terbunuh ketika al-Qaeda menyerang kedutaan AS pada tahun 1998? || 12 <> Operasi apa yang dilakukan Bill Clinton untuk membalas dendam untuk serangan kedutaan 1998? || Operasi Infinite Reach <> Berapa banyak ubat Sudan yang dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan farmaseutikal yang dibom operasi Clinton? || sekitar 50%", {"context": "On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, including 12 Americans. In retaliation, U.S. President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the U.S. asserted were associated with WIFJAJC, although others have questioned whether a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan was used as a chemical warfare plant. The plant produced much of the region's antimalarial drugs and around 50% of Sudan's pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "7 August 1998"}], "question": "When did al-Qaeda attack the US embassy in Kenya?", "id": "572843362ca10214002da1e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "224"}], "question": "How many people were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?", "id": "572843362ca10214002da1e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many Americans were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?", "id": "572843362ca10214002da1e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Operation Infinite Reach"}], "question": "What operation did Bill Clinton start to retaliate for the 1998 embassy attacks?", "id": "572843362ca10214002da1e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "around 50%"}], "question": "How much of Sudan's medicines were produced by a pharmaceutical plant Clinton's operation bombed?", "id": "572843362ca10214002da1e6"}]}], ["Kebenaran untuk Penggunaan Angkatan Tentera Terhadap Pengganas atau \"AUMF\" telah dibuat undang-undang pada 14 September 2001, untuk memberi kuasa penggunaan Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Syarikat terhadap mereka yang bertanggungjawab atas serangan itu pada 11 September 2001. Ia memberi kuasa kepada Presiden untuk menggunakan semua yang diperlukan dan kuasa yang sesuai terhadap negara-negara, pertubuhan atau orang-orang yang dia menentukan dirancang, diberi kuasa, komited, atau dibantu serangan pengganas yang berlaku pada 11 September 2001, atau menyerang organisasi atau orang-orang sedemikian, untuk mengelakkan tindakan keganasan antarabangsa yang akan datang terhadap United Negeri oleh negara, organisasi atau orang tersebut. Kongres mengisytiharkan ini dimaksudkan untuk membentuk kewenangan berkanun tertentu dalam pengertian seksyen 5 (b) Resolusi Kuasa Perang 1973. <> Apa undang-undang ditandatangani pada 14 Sep 2001? || Kebenaran untuk Penggunaan Pasukan Ketenteraan Terhadap Pengganas <> Siapa yang AUMF memberi kuasa kepada serangan tentera AS? || yang bertanggungjawab atas serangan pada 11 September 2001 <> Apa undang-undang yang Kongres merujuk sebagai asas untuk AUMF? || seksyen 5 (b) Resolusi Kuasa Perang <> Bilakah Resolusi Kuasa Perang diluluskan? || 1973", {"context": "The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or \"AUMF\" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001. It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons. Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists"}], "question": "What law was signed on Sep 14, 2001?", "id": "572843fc4b864d1900164862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001"}], "question": "Who did the AUMF authorize the US military attacking?", "id": "572843fc4b864d1900164863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution"}], "question": "What law did Congress refer to as a basic for the AUMF?", "id": "572843fc4b864d1900164864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 780, "text": "1973"}], "question": "When was the War Powers Resolution passed?", "id": "572843fc4b864d1900164865"}]}], ["Presiden A.S. Barack Obama jarang menggunakan istilah itu, tetapi dalam ucapan sulungnya pada 20 Januari 2009, dia menyatakan \"Negara kita berperang, terhadap rangkaian kekerasan dan kebencian yang meluas.\" Pada bulan Mac 2009, Jabatan Pertahanan secara rasmi telah mengubah nama operasi dari \"Perang Global ke atas Keganasan\" ke \"Operasi Luar Angkasa Luar Negeri\" (OCO). Pada bulan Mac 2009, pentadbiran Obama meminta agar ahli-ahli kakitangan Pentagon mengelakkan penggunaan istilah itu, sebaliknya menggunakan \"Operasi Luar Angkasa Luar Negara\". Objektif asas pemerintahan Bush \"perang terhadap keganasan\", seperti menargetkan al-Qaeda dan membina aliansi kontra-terorisme antarabangsa, tetap ada. Pada bulan Disember 2012, Jeh Johnson, Penasihat Am Jabatan Pertahanan menyatakan bahawa perjuangan ketenteraan akan digantikan oleh operasi penguatkuasaan undang-undang ketika bercakap di Oxford University, meramalkan bahawa al-Qaeda akan menjadi lemah untuk menjadi tidak efektif dan telah \"dimusnahkan dengan berkesan\", dan oleh itu konflik itu tidak akan menjadi konflik bersenjata di bawah undang-undang antarabangsa. Pada Mei 2013, Obama menyatakan bahawa matlamatnya adalah \"untuk membongkar rangkaian khusus pelampau ganas yang mengancam Amerika\"; yang bertepatan dengan Pejabat Pengurusan dan Bajet A.S. yang telah menukar kata-kata dari \"Operasi Luar Bandar Luar Negeri\" kepada \"Mengatasi Extremism yang Kekerasan\" pada tahun 2010. <> Apa yang Obama mengatakan AS berperang dengan, pada tahun 2009? || rangkaian keganasan dan kebencian yang meluas <> Apa \"Perang Global pada Keganasan\" secara rasmi dinamakan semula pada Mac 2009? || Operasi luar jangka luar negeri <> Apakah istilah Obama mahu kerajaan berhenti menggunakannya? || perang terhadap keganasan <> Siapa kata pada tahun 2012 bahawa perjuangan itu akan berubah dari tentera ke penguatkuasaan undang-undang? || Jeh Johnson <> Apakah \"Operasi Luar Bandar Luar Negeri\" dinamakan semula pada tahun 2010? || Mengimbangi Extremism yang Keras", {"context": "U.S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009, he stated \"Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.\" In March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from \"Global War on Terror\" to \"Overseas Contingency Operation\" (OCO). In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid use of the term, instead using \"Overseas Contingency Operation\". Basic objectives of the Bush administration \"war on terror\", such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place. In December 2012, Jeh Johnson, the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, stated that the military fight will be replaced by a law enforcement operation when speaking at Oxford University, predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened to be ineffective, and has been \"effectively destroyed\", and thus the conflict will not be an armed conflict under international law. In May 2013, Obama stated that the goal is \"to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America\"; which coincided with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget having changed the wording from \"Overseas Contingency Operations\" to \"Countering Violent Extremism\" in 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "a far-reaching network of violence and hatred"}], "question": "What did Obama say the US is at war with, in 2009?", "id": "572841da2ca10214002da1be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Overseas Contingency Operation"}], "question": "What was the \"Global War on Terror\" officially renamed to in March 2009?", "id": "572841da2ca10214002da1bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "war on terror"}], "question": "What term did Obama want the government to stop using?", "id": "572841da2ca10214002da1c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "Jeh Johnson"}], "question": "Who said in 2012 that the fight would change from military to law enforcement?", "id": "572841da2ca10214002da1c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1279, "text": "Countering Violent Extremism"}], "question": "What was the  \"Overseas Contingency Operations\" renamed to in 2010?", "id": "572841da2ca10214002da1c2"}]}], ["Asal-usul al-Qaeda dapat dikesan untuk perang Soviet di Afghanistan (Disember 1979 - Februari 1989). Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom, Arab Saudi, Pakistan, dan Republik Rakyat China menyokong gerila mujahadin Islam Islam menentang tentera Kesatuan Soviet dan Republik Demokratik Afghanistan. Sebilangan kecil sukarelawan \"Arab Afghanistan\" menyertai perjuangan menentang Soviet, termasuk Osama bin Laden, tetapi tidak ada bukti yang mereka terima bantuan luaran. Pada bulan Mei 1996 kumpulan Islam Dunia untuk Jihad Terhadap Yahudi dan Tentara Salib (WIFJAJC), yang ditaja oleh bin Laden (dan kemudian dibentuk semula sebagai al-Qaeda), mula membentuk pangkalan operasi besar di Afghanistan, di mana rejim pelampau Islam Taliban telah merampas kuasa pada awal tahun ini. Pada bulan Februari 1998, Osama bin Laden menandatangani fatwa, sebagai ketua al-Qaeda, mengisytiharkan perang di Barat dan Israel, kemudian pada Mei tahun yang sama al-Qaeda mengeluarkan video mengisytiharkan perang di A.S. dan Barat. <> Perang mana yang melahirkan al-Qaeda? || perang Soviet di Afghanistan <> Bilakah Soviet meninggalkan Afghanistan? || Februari 1989 <> Negara mana yang menyokong islamis Afghanistan terhadap Soviet? || Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom, Arab Saudi, Pakistan, dan Republik Rakyat China <> Siapa yang sukarelawan Osama bin Laden untuk membantu berperang pada tahun 80-an? || Soviet <> Kumpulan mana yang kemudian menjadi al-Qaeda? || Barisan Islam Dunia untuk Jihad terhadap Yahudi dan Tentara Salib", {"context": "The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 \u2013 February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of \"Afghan Arab\" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw\u0101, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "the Soviet war in Afghanistan"}], "question": "Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda?", "id": "572842b53acd2414000df7f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "February 1989"}], "question": "When did the Soviets leave Afghanistan?", "id": "572842b53acd2414000df7f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China"}], "question": "Which countries supported Afghan islamists against the Soviets?", "id": "572842b53acd2414000df7f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Soviets"}], "question": "Who did Osama bin Laden volunteer to help fight in the 80s?", "id": "572842b53acd2414000df7f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders"}], "question": "Which group later became al-Qaeda?", "id": "572842b53acd2414000df7f5"}]}], ["Pada 14 September 2009, Pasukan Khas A.S. menewaskan dua orang dan cedera dan menangkap dua orang lain berhampiran kampung Somalia di Baarawe. Saksi-saksi mendakwa bahawa helikopter digunakan untuk operasi yang dilancarkan dari kapal perang Perancis, tetapi itu tidak dapat disahkan. Kumpulan afiliasi al-Qaida yang berpangkalan di Somalia, Al-Shabaab, telah mengesahkan kematian \"komander sheik\" Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan bersama dengan jumlah militan yang tidak ditentukan. Nabhan, seorang Kenya, dikehendaki berkaitan dengan serangan Mombasa 2002. <> Berapa banyak orang yang dibunuh oleh Pasukan Khas AS pada 14 Sep 2009? || dua <> Di mana tindakan 14 Sep 2009? || berhampiran kampung Somalia di Baarawe <> Kapal-kapal mana negara yang dikatakan beberapa saksi terlibat dalam serangan Baarawe? || Perancis <> Apakah kumpulan Somalia yang bergabung dengan al-Qaeda? || Al-Shabaab <> Apa kewarganegaraannya Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan? || Kenya", {"context": "On 14 September 2009, U.S. Special Forces killed two men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of Baarawe. Witnesses claim that helicopters used for the operation launched from French-flagged warships, but that could not be confirmed. A Somali-based al-Qaida affiliated group, the Al-Shabaab, has confirmed the death of \"sheik commander\" Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan along with an unspecified number of militants. Nabhan, a Kenyan, was wanted in connection with the 2002 Mombasa attacks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many people were killed by US Special Forces on Sep 14, 2009?", "id": "572845f7ff5b5019007da09e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "near the Somali village of Baarawe"}], "question": "Where was the Sep 14, 2009 action?", "id": "572845f7ff5b5019007da09f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "French"}], "question": "What country's ships did some witnesses say were involved in the Baarawe attack?", "id": "572845f7ff5b5019007da0a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Al-Shabaab"}], "question": "What Somali group is affiliated with al-Qaeda?", "id": "572845f7ff5b5019007da0a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Kenyan"}], "question": "What nationality was Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan?", "id": "572845f7ff5b5019007da0a2"}]}], ["Konflik di utara Mali bermula pada bulan Januari 2012 dengan kaum Islam radikal (yang bersekutu dengan al-Qaeda) maju ke utara Mali. Kerajaan Malian mempunyai masa yang sukar untuk mengawal sepenuhnya negara mereka. Kerajaan baru meminta sokongan daripada masyarakat antarabangsa dalam memerangi militan Islam. Pada Januari 2013, Perancis campur tangan atas permintaan pemerintah Malian dan menghantar tentera ke rantau ini. Mereka melancarkan Operasi Serval pada 11 Januari 2013, dengan harapan melepaskan kumpulan gabungan al-Qaeda dari utara Mali. <> Bilakah konflik Mali bermula? || Januari 2012 <> Apa kumpulan radikal Mali yang bergabung dengannya? || al-Qaeda <> Bilakah Perancis menyediakan tentera di Mali? || Januari 2013 <> Apa yang dipanggil Perancis operasi Mali? || Operasi Serval <> Apakah matlamat Operasi Serval? || menyebarkan kumpulan gabungan al-Qaeda dari utara Mali", {"context": "The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists (affiliated to al-Qaeda) advancing into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country. The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic militants. In January 2013, France intervened on behalf of the Malian government's request and deployed troops into the region. They launched Operation Serval on 11 January 2013, with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "January 2012"}], "question": "When did a Mali conflict begin?", "id": "5728464e3acd2414000df853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "al-Qaeda"}], "question": "What group were the Mali radicals affiliated with?", "id": "5728464e3acd2414000df854"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "January 2013"}], "question": "When did France provide troops in Mali?", "id": "5728464e3acd2414000df855"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Operation Serval"}], "question": "What did France call its Mali operation?", "id": "5728464e3acd2414000df856"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali"}], "question": "What was Operation Serval's goal?", "id": "5728464e3acd2414000df857"}]}], ["Berikutan perjanjian gencatan senjata yang menggagalkan permusuhan (tetapi tidak secara rasmi berakhir) pada Perang Teluk 1991, Amerika Syarikat dan sekutu-sekutunya telah memulakan dan memulakan rondaan zon terbang tanpa Iraq, untuk melindungi populasi Kurdish dan Arab Iraq yang keduanya menderita serangan dari rezim Hussein sebelum dan selepas Perang Teluk di wilayah utara dan selatan Iraq. Angkatan A.S. meneruskan pergerakan zon pertempuran melalui November 1995 dan melancarkan Operasi Gurun Fox terhadap Iraq pada tahun 1998 setelah gagal memenuhi tuntutan \"kerjasama tanpa syarat\" dalam pemeriksaan senjata. <> Bilakah Perang Teluk pertama bermula? || 1991 <> Bagaimana Perang Teluk pertama berakhir? || Perjanjian gencatan senjata yang mengganggunya permusuhan (tetapi tidak secara rasmi berakhir) <> Siapa yang AS cuba melindungi di Iraq selepas Perang Teluk pertama? || Iraq Kurdi dan penduduk Arab Shi'a <> Wilayah mana Iraq yang tinggal di Kurds? || utara <> Wilayah manakah Iraq yang tinggal di Syiah? || selatan", {"context": "Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population\u2014both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War\u2014in Iraq's northern and southern regions, respectively. U.S. forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet U.S. demands of \"unconditional cooperation\" in weapons inspections.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When did the first Gulf War begin?", "id": "572846aa4b864d1900164894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended)"}], "question": "How did the first Gulf War end?", "id": "572846aa4b864d1900164895"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population"}], "question": "Who did the US try to protect in Iraq after the first Gulf War?", "id": "572846aa4b864d1900164896"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "northern"}], "question": "Which region of Iraq do the Kurds live in?", "id": "572846aa4b864d1900164897"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "southern"}], "question": "Which region of Iraq do the Shi'a live in?", "id": "572846aa4b864d1900164898"}]}], ["Pada 12 Januari 2002, Musharraf memberi ucapan terhadap ekstremisme Islam. Dia secara terang-terangan mengutuk semua tindakan keganasan dan berjanji untuk memerangi ekstremisme Islam dan keburukan di Pakistan sendiri. Dia menyatakan bahawa kerajaannya komited untuk membakar ekstremisme dan menyatakan dengan jelas bahawa organisasi militan diharamkan tidak akan dibenarkan untuk memajukan semula di bawah nama baru. Beliau berkata, \"keputusan baru-baru ini untuk mengharamkan kumpulan ekstremis yang mempromosikan militan telah diambil demi kepentingan nasional selepas perundingan yang teliti dan tidak diambil di bawah pengaruh asing\". <> Bilakah Musharraf memberikan ucapan anti-Islam? || 12 Januari 2002 <> Apa Musharraf mengatakan dia akan berperang? || Ekstremisme Islam dan kejahatan dalam Pakistan <> Apa larangan Musharraf? || organisasi militan <> Apa Musharraf mengatakan larangannya tidak dipengaruhi? || pengaruh asing", {"context": "On 12 January 2002, Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism. He unequivocally condemned all acts of terrorism and pledged to combat Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan itself. He stated that his government was committed to rooting out extremism and made it clear that the banned militant organizations would not be allowed to resurface under any new name. He said, \"the recent decision to ban extremist groups promoting militancy was taken in the national interest after thorough consultations. It was not taken under any foreign influence\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "12 January 2002"}], "question": "When did Musharraf give an anti-Islamism speech?", "id": "572849242ca10214002da246"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan"}], "question": "What did Musharraf say he'd combat?", "id": "572849242ca10214002da247"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "militant organizations"}], "question": "What did Musharraf ban?", "id": "572849242ca10214002da248"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "foreign influence"}], "question": "What did Musharraf say his ban wasn't influenced by?", "id": "572849242ca10214002da249"}]}], ["Penggunaan drone oleh Agensi Perisikan Pusat di Pakistan untuk menjalankan operasi yang berkaitan dengan Perang Dunia pada Keganasan membangkitkan perdebatan mengenai kedaulatan dan undang-undang perang. Kerajaan A.S. menggunakan CIA daripada Tentera Udara A.S. untuk mogok di Pakistan untuk mengelakkan berlakunya kedaulatan melalui pencerobohan ketenteraan. Amerika Syarikat dikritik oleh [menurut siapa?] Laporan mengenai perang dwarf dan kedaulatan udara kerana menyalahgunakan istilah 'Global War on Terror' untuk menjalankan operasi ketenteraan melalui agensi kerajaan tanpa secara rasmi mengisytiharkan perang. <> Apakah teknologi kontroversial yang digunakan AS di Pakistan? || drones <> Agensi AS mana yang menjalankan drone di Pakistan? || Agensi Intelijen Pusat <> Mengapa AS menggunakan CIA daripada Angkatan Udara untuk menjalankan drone? || untuk mengelakkan pelanggaran kedaulatan melalui pencerobohan ketenteraan <> Penyalahgunaan istilah apa yang membenarkan kekurangan perisytiharan perang formal? || Perang Global Teror", {"context": "The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in order to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion. The United States was criticized by[according to whom?] a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term 'Global War on Terror' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "drones"}], "question": "What controversial technology did the US use in Pakistan?", "id": "572849ebff5b5019007da0fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "the Central Intelligence Agency"}], "question": "Which US agency runs its drones in Pakistan?", "id": "572849ebff5b5019007da0fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion"}], "question": "Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones?", "id": "572849ebff5b5019007da0fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Global War on Terror"}], "question": "Abuse of what term allowed a lack of a formal war declaration?", "id": "572849ebff5b5019007da0ff"}]}], ["Serangan pertama terjadi pada Pertempuran Umm Qasr pada 21 Mac 2003 ketika pasukan gabungan pasukan British, Amerika dan Polandia merampas bandar pelabuhan Umm Qasr. Baghdad, ibu kota Iraq, jatuh ke angkatan Amerika pada bulan April 2003 dan kerajaan Saddam Hussein dengan cepat dibubarkan. Pada 1 Mei 2003, Bush mengumumkan bahawa operasi pertempuran utama di Iraq telah berakhir. Walau bagaimanapun, pemberontakan muncul terhadap gabungan Amerika yang diketuai dan kerajaan tentera Iraq dan pasca Saddam yang baru membangun. Pemberontakan itu, yang termasuk kumpulan gabungan al-Qaeda, membawa kepada lebih banyak lagi kecederaan gabungan daripada pencerobohan. Unsur-unsur lain pemberontakan dipimpin oleh anggota buruan rejim Ba'ath Presiden Hussein, yang termasuk kaum nasionalis Iraq dan pan-Arabis. Ramai pemimpin pemberontakan adalah orang Islam dan mendakwa berperang sebagai agama untuk menubuhkan semula Khalifah Islam yang lalu. Bekas presiden Iraq, Saddam Hussein ditangkap oleh pasukan A.S. pada bulan Disember 2003. Ia dibunuh pada tahun 2006. <Sebelumnya Kapanlagi.com - Kapan serangan serangan pertama di perang 9/11? || 21 Mac 2003 <> Negara mana yang bekerjasama dalam Pertempuran Umm Qasr? || British, American and Polish <> Bilakah AS menawan Baghdad? || April 2003 <> Bilakah Bush mengatakan 'operasi pertempuran utama' telah lengkap di Iraq? || 1 Mei 2003 <> Rejim apa yang menjadi sebahagian daripada pengikut Loyalitas Hussein? || Ba'ath", {"context": "The first ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr on 21 March 2003 when a combined force of British, American and Polish forces seized control of the port city of Umm Qasr. Baghdad, Iraq's capital city, fell to American forces in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein's government quickly dissolved. On 1 May 2003, Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq had ended. However, an insurgency arose against the U.S.-led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi military and post-Saddam government. The insurgency, which included al-Qaeda affiliated groups, led to far more coalition casualties than the invasion. Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein's Ba'ath regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists. Many insurgency leaders are Islamists and claim to be fighting a religious war to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of centuries past. Iraq's former president, Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces in December 2003. He was executed in 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "21 March 2003"}], "question": "When was the first ground attack in the post-9/11 Iraq war?", "id": "572847174b864d190016489e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "British, American and Polish"}], "question": "Which nationalities worked together in the Battle of Umm Qasr?", "id": "572847174b864d190016489f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "April 2003"}], "question": "When did the US capture Baghdad?", "id": "572847174b864d19001648a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "1 May 2003"}], "question": "When did Bush say 'major combat operations' were complete in Iraq?", "id": "572847174b864d19001648a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "Ba'ath"}], "question": "What regime were Hussein loyalists part of?", "id": "572847174b864d19001648a2"}]}], ["Berikutan serangan 11 September 2001, bekas Presiden Pakistan Pervez Musharraf memihak kepada A.S. melawan kerajaan Taliban di Afghanistan selepas ultimatum oleh Presiden AS A.S. George W. Bush. Musharraf bersetuju untuk memberi A.S. penggunaan tiga pangkalan udara untuk Operasi Berlaku Kebebasan. Setiausaha Negara Amerika Syarikat Colin Powell dan pegawai pentadbiran A.S. yang lain bertemu dengan Musharraf. Pada 19 September 2001, Musharraf menyampaikan ucapan kepada rakyat Pakistan dan menyatakan bahawa, ketika dia menentang taktik tentera terhadap Taliban, Pakistan mempertaruhkan terancam oleh persekutuan India dan A.S. jika ia tidak bekerjasama. Pada tahun 2006, Musharraf memberi keterangan bahawa pendirian ini ditekan oleh ancaman dari A.S., dan mendedahkan dalam memoirnya bahawa dia telah \"berperang\" Amerika Syarikat sebagai musuh dan memutuskan bahawa ia akan berakhir dengan kerugian bagi Pakistan. <> Yang mana presiden Pakistan menyokong AS menyerang Taliban? || Pervez Musharraf <> Berapa banyak paksi udara Pakistan yang Musharraf membiarkan AS menggunakan? || tiga <> Apa nama operasi Afghanistan AS? || Operasi Kekal Berterusan <> Siapa Setiausaha Negara AS pada tahun 2001? || Colin Powell <> Siapa kata dia mempunyai 'berperang' AS? || Musharraf", {"context": "Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf sided with the U.S. against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after an ultimatum by then U.S. President George W. Bush. Musharraf agreed to give the U.S. the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom. United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and other U.S. administration officials met with Musharraf. On 19 September 2001, Musharraf addressed the people of Pakistan and stated that, while he opposed military tactics against the Taliban, Pakistan risked being endangered by an alliance of India and the U.S. if it did not cooperate. In 2006, Musharraf testified that this stance was pressured by threats from the U.S., and revealed in his memoirs that he had \"war-gamed\" the United States as an adversary and decided that it would end in a loss for Pakistan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Pervez Musharraf"}], "question": "Which Pakistan president supported the US attacking the Taliban?", "id": "572848bfff5b5019007da0de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many Pakistan airbases did Musharraf let the US use?", "id": "572848bfff5b5019007da0df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Operation Enduring Freedom"}], "question": "What was the name of the US's Afghanistan operation?", "id": "572848bfff5b5019007da0e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Colin Powell"}], "question": "Who was the US Secretary of State in 2001?", "id": "572848bfff5b5019007da0e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "Musharraf"}], "question": "Who said he had 'war-gamed' the US?", "id": "572848bfff5b5019007da0e2"}]}], ["Pentadbiran Obama mula mengejar semula di Iraq dengan beberapa serangan udara yang bertujuan ISIS bermula pada 10 Ogos 2014. Pada 9 September 2014 Presiden Obama mengatakan bahawa dia mempunyai kuasa yang diperlukan untuk memusnahkan kumpulan militan yang dikenal sebagai Negara Islam Iraq dan Levant, memetik Perintah 2001 Penggunaan Angkatan Tentera Terhadap Pengganas, dan dengan itu tidak memerlukan kelulusan tambahan dari Kongres. Hari berikutnya pada 10 September 2014 Presiden Barack Obama membuat ucapan televisyen mengenai ISIL, yang mana ia menyatakan \"Objektif kami adalah jelas: Kami akan merendahkan, dan akhirnya memusnahkan, ISIL melalui strategi kaunter keganasan yang komprehensif dan berterusan\". Obama telah membenarkan penggunaan tambahan Angkatan A.S. ke Iraq, serta memberi kuasa operasi ketenteraan langsung terhadap ISIL di Syria. Pada malam 21/22 September Amerika Syarikat, Arab Saudi, Bahrain, UAE, Jordan dan Qatar memulakan serangan udara terhadap ISIS di Syria. [1] Ketika Obama melancarkan serangan udara ke ISIS? || 10 Ogos 2014 <> Apa undang-undang yang Obama memetik pada 9 Sep 2014? || 2001 Kebenaran untuk Penggunaan Pasukan Ketenteraan Terhadap Pengganas <> Bilakah Obama membuat ucapan mengenai ISIS di TV? || 10 September 2014 <> Negara mana yang bekerjasama untuk membom ISIS pada 21-22 September 2014? || Amerika Syarikat, Arab Saudi, Bahrain, UAE, Jordan dan Qatar <> Di mana serangan udara 21-21 Sep? || Syria", {"context": "The Obama administration began to reengage in Iraq with a series of airstrikes aimed at ISIS beginning on 10 August 2014. On 9 September 2014 President Obama said that he had the authority he needed to take action to destroy the militant group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, citing the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, and thus did not require additional approval from Congress. The following day on 10 September 2014 President Barack Obama made a televised speech about ISIL, which he stated \"Our objective is clear: We will degrade, and ultimately destroy, ISIL through a comprehensive and sustained counter-terrorism strategy\". Obama has authorized the deployment of additional U.S. Forces into Iraq, as well as authorizing direct military operations against ISIL within Syria. On the night of 21/22 September the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar started air attacks against ISIS in Syria.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "10 August 2014"}], "question": "When did Obama launch airstrikes on ISIS?", "id": "5728484a3acd2414000df873"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists"}], "question": "What law did Obama cite on Sep 9, 2014?", "id": "5728484a3acd2414000df874"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "10 September 2014"}], "question": "When did Obama make a speech about ISIS on TV?", "id": "5728484a3acd2414000df875"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 865, "text": "the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar"}], "question": "Which countries worked together to bomb ISIS on Sep 21-22, 2014?", "id": "5728484a3acd2414000df876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 969, "text": "Syria"}], "question": "Where were the Sep 21-22 airstrikes?", "id": "5728484a3acd2414000df877"}]}], ["Dalam perpecahan besar dalam pangkat organisasi Al Qaeda, francais Iraq, yang dikenali sebagai Al Qaeda di Iraq secara terang-terangan menyerang Syria dan Levant dan mula mengambil bahagian dalam Perang Saudara Syria yang sedang berlangsung, mendapat cukup sokongan dan kekuatan untuk menyerang semula wilayah barat Iraq di bawah nama Negara Islam Iraq dan Levant (ISIS / ISIL), mengambil alih banyak negara dalam tindakan seperti blitzkrieg dan menggabungkan pemberontakan Iraq dan Perang Saudara Syria ke dalam satu konflik. Oleh kerana kekejaman melampau dan perubahan sepenuhnya dalam ideologi keseluruhan mereka, organisasi teras Al Qaeda di Asia Tengah akhirnya mengecam ISIS dan mengarahkan sekutunya untuk memotong semua hubungan dengan organisasi ini. Ramai penganalisis [yang? Percaya bahawa kerana perpecahan ini, Al Qaeda dan ISIL kini berada dalam persaingan untuk mempertahankan gelaran organisasi pengganas yang paling kuat di dunia. <> Perang saudara mana yang dilakukan oleh cawangan Iraq Al Qaeda? || Syrian <> Dengan sokongan daripada orang Syria, apakah cabang Al Qaeda Iraq yang menamakan diri mereka? || Negara Islam Iraq dan Levant (ISIS / ISIL) <> Apa bahagian Iraq yang menyerang ISIS? || barat <> yang mengecam ISIS? || Organisasi inti Al Qaeda <> Hubungan apa hubungan dengan Al Qaeda dan ISIS sekarang? || persaingan", {"context": "In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda's organization, the Iraqi franchise, known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War, gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq's western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL), taking over much of the country in a blitzkrieg-like action and combining the Iraq insurgency and Syrian Civil War into a single conflict. Due to their extreme brutality and a complete change in their overall ideology, Al Qaeda's core organization in Central Asia eventually denounced ISIS and directed their affiliates to cut off all ties with this organization. Many analysts[who?] believe that because of this schism, Al Qaeda and ISIL are now in a competition to retain the title of the world's most powerful terrorist organization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Syrian"}], "question": "Which civil war did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda begin fighting in?", "id": "572847c4ff5b5019007da0ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL)"}], "question": "With support from Syrians, what did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda rename themselves to?", "id": "572847c4ff5b5019007da0bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "western"}], "question": "What part of Iraq did ISIS invade?", "id": "572847c4ff5b5019007da0bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Al Qaeda's core organization"}], "question": "Who denounced ISIS?", "id": "572847c4ff5b5019007da0bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "competition"}], "question": "What relationship do Al Qaeda and ISIS now have?", "id": "572847c4ff5b5019007da0be"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2002, kerajaan yang dipimpin oleh Musharraf telah berdiri teguh menentang organisasi dan kumpulan jihadi yang mempromosikan ekstremisme, dan menahan Maulana Masood Azhar, ketua Jaish-e-Mohammed, dan Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, ketua Lashkar-e-Taiba, dan mengambil berpuluh-puluh aktivis dalam jagaan. Larangan rasmi dikenakan ke atas kumpulan pada 12 Januari. Pada tahun itu, Zayn al-Abidn Muhammad yang dilahirkan Saudi Muhamad Hasayn Abu Zubaydah ditangkap oleh pegawai-pegawai Pakistan semasa siri serangan serbuan A.S.-Pakistan. Zubaydah dikatakan sebagai pegawai tinggi al-Qaeda dengan tajuk ketua operasi dan bertanggungjawab menjalankan kem latihan al-Qaeda. Ahli-ahli al-Qaeda lain yang terkenal telah ditangkap dalam dua tahun berikutnya, iaitu Ramzi bin al-Shibh, yang dikenali sebagai penyokong kewangan operasi al-Qaeda, dan Khalid Sheikh Mohammed yang pada masa penangkapannya adalah pegawai tertinggi ketiga di al-Qaeda dan telah bertanggungjawab secara langsung terhadap perancangan serangan 11 September ini. <> Bilakah Musharraf menangkap Maulana Masood Azhar? || 2002 <> Apa kumpulan yang memimpin Maulana Masood Azhar? || Jaish-e-Mohammed <> Kumpulan apa yang dilakukan oleh Hafiz Muhammad Saeed? || Lashkar-e-Taiba <> Apa kewarganegaraan Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah? || Saudi <> Pegawai al-Qaeda peringkat ketiga yang ditangkap? || Khalid Sheikh Mohammed", {"context": "In 2002, the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism, and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar, head of the Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and took dozens of activists into custody. An official ban was imposed on the groups on 12 January. Later that year, the Saudi born Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah was arrested by Pakistani officials during a series of joint U.S.-Pakistan raids. Zubaydah is said to have been a high-ranking al-Qaeda official with the title of operations chief and in charge of running al-Qaeda training camps. Other prominent al-Qaeda members were arrested in the following two years, namely Ramzi bin al-Shibh, who is known to have been a financial backer of al-Qaeda operations, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who at the time of his capture was the third highest-ranking official in al-Qaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for the 11 September attacks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2002"}], "question": "When did Musharraf arrest Maulana Masood Azhar?", "id": "5728499a2ca10214002da24e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Jaish-e-Mohammed"}], "question": "What group did Maulana Masood Azhar lead?", "id": "5728499a2ca10214002da24f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Lashkar-e-Taiba"}], "question": "What group did Hafiz Muhammad Saeed lead?", "id": "5728499a2ca10214002da250"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Saudi"}], "question": "What nationality is Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah?", "id": "5728499a2ca10214002da251"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed"}], "question": "Which third-highest-ranking al-Qaeda officer was captured?", "id": "5728499a2ca10214002da252"}]}], ["Sokongan untuk AS disejukkan ketika Amerika membuat jelas penentuannya untuk menyerang Iraq pada akhir 2002. Meskipun begitu, banyak \"gabungan dari negara-negara yang bersedia\" yang tanpa syarat menyokong tindakan ketenteraan pimpinan Amerika telah menghantar tentera ke Afghanistan, Pakistan yang berdekatan, yang telah menyangkal sokongannya yang terdahulu untuk Taliban dan menyumbang puluhan ribu tentera ke konflik itu. Pakistan juga terlibat dalam Perang di Pakistan Barat Laut (Perang Waziristan). Disokong oleh kecerdasan A.S., Pakistan cuba menghalau pemberontakan Taliban dan elemen al-Qaeda dari daerah puak utara. <> Apakah negara-negara yang menyokong serangan selepas 9/11? || \"koalisi yang bersedia\" <> Negara manakah yang melepaskan Taliban? || Pakistan <> Berapa banyak tentera yang menyumbang Pakistan untuk melawan Taliban? || puluhan ribu <> Di mana di Pakistan adalah Waziristan? || Utara-Barat <> Dimana Pakistan cuba menghilangkan Taliban dan Al-Qaeda? || kawasan puak utara", {"context": "Support for the U.S. cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the \"coalition of the willing\" countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighboring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Pakistan was also engaged in the War in North-West Pakistan (Waziristan War). Supported by U.S. intelligence, Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "the \"coalition of the willing\""}], "question": "What were the countries who supported the US's post-9/11 invasions called?", "id": "57284c23ff5b5019007da11c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Pakistan"}], "question": "Which country disavowed the Taliban?", "id": "57284c23ff5b5019007da11d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "tens of thousands"}], "question": "How many soldiers did Pakistan contribute to fight the Taliban?", "id": "57284c23ff5b5019007da11e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "North-West"}], "question": "Where in Pakistan is Waziristan?", "id": "57284c23ff5b5019007da11f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "northern tribal areas"}], "question": "Where did Pakistan try to remove the Taliban and Al-Qaeda?", "id": "57284c23ff5b5019007da120"}]}], ["Pada bulan-bulan berikutnya, NATO mengambil pelbagai langkah untuk bertindak balas terhadap ancaman keganasan. Pada 22 November 2002, negara ahli Majlis Perkongsian Euro-Atlantik (EAPC) memutuskan Pelan Tindakan Kemitraan melawan Keganasan, yang secara eksplisit menyatakan, \"Negara-negara EAPC berkomitmen untuk melindungi dan mempromosikan kebebasan asas dan hak asasi manusia, sebagai peraturan undang-undang, dalam memerangi keganasan. \" NATO memulakan operasi tentera laut di Laut Mediterranean yang direka untuk mencegah pergerakan pengganas atau senjata pemusnah besar-besaran serta meningkatkan keselamatan penghantaran secara umum yang disebut Operation Active Endeavor. <> Siapa yang mengisytiharkan Pelan Tindakan Perkongsian Menentang Keganasan? || ahli-ahli Majlis Kerjasama Euro-Atlantik <> Bilakah Pelan Tindakan Perkongsian Menentang Keganasan diumumkan? || 22 November 2002 <> Dimana NATO memulakan operasi angkatan laut selepas tahun 2002? || Laut Mediterranean <> Apakah operasi NATO di Mediterranean disebut? || Operasi Aktif Beroperasi", {"context": "In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, \"EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism.\" NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council"}], "question": "Who declared the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism?", "id": "57284b682ca10214002da25e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "22 November 2002"}], "question": "When was the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism announced?", "id": "57284b682ca10214002da25f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "the Mediterranean Sea"}], "question": "Where did NATO begin naval operations after 2002?", "id": "57284b682ca10214002da260"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Operation Active Endeavour"}], "question": "What was NATO's operation in the Mediterranean called?", "id": "57284b682ca10214002da261"}]}], ["Kritikan Perang terhadap Keganasan membincangkan isu-isu, moral, kecekapan, ekonomi, dan soalan-soalan lain yang berkaitan dengan Perang Teror dan dibuat terhadap frasa itu sendiri, memanggilnya sebagai salah faham. Konsep \"peperangan\" terhadap \"keganasan\" telah terbukti sangat bertentangan, dengan pengkritik mengaku bahawa ia telah dieksploitasi oleh pemerintah yang mengambil bahagian untuk mencapai tujuan dasar / militer yang lama, mengurangkan kebebasan sivil, dan melanggar hak asasi manusia. Adalah diperdebatkan bahawa istilah perang tidak sesuai dalam konteks ini (seperti dalam Perang Narkoba), kerana tidak ada musuh yang dapat dikenal pasti, dan bahawa keganasan antarabangsa tidak mungkin dapat diakhiri dengan cara ketenteraan. <> Frasa apa yang dipanggil salah faham? || Perang Teror <> Apa yang telah 'perang terhadap keganasan' digunakan sebagai alasan untuk? || untuk mencapai matlamat dasar / ketenteraan yang lama, mengurangkan kebebasan sivil, dan melanggar hak asasi manusia <> Yang mana yang lain 'perang' yang tidak dikenali telah 'perang terhadap keganasan' berbanding? || Perang ke atas Dadah <> Apakah nasib yang mungkin 'perang terhadap keganasan'? || ia adalah keganasan antarabangsa yang mungkin tidak dapat diatasi dengan cara ketenteraan", {"context": "Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morality, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a \"war\" against \"terrorism\" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights. It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context (as in War on Drugs), since there is no identifiable enemy, and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "War on Terror"}], "question": "What phrase has been called a misnomer?", "id": "57284ec24b864d190016491e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights"}], "question": "What has the 'war on terror' been used as an excuse for?", "id": "57284ec24b864d190016491f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "War on Drugs"}], "question": "Which other misnamed 'war' has 'war on terror' been compared to?", "id": "57284ec24b864d1900164920"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means"}], "question": "What is the likely fate of the 'war on terror'?", "id": "57284ec24b864d1900164921"}]}], ["Pada September 2009, mogok Drone A.S. dilaporkan membunuh Ilyas Kashmiri, yang merupakan ketua Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, kumpulan militan Kashmir yang dikaitkan dengan Al-Qaeda. Kashmiri digambarkan oleh Bruce Riedel sebagai anggota 'terkemuka' Al-Qaeda, sementara yang lain menyifatkannya sebagai ketua operasi ketenteraan untuk Al-Qaeda. Waziristan kini menjadi medan perang baru untuk militan Kashmir, yang kini berperang dengan NATO untuk menyokong Al-Qaeda. Pada 8 Julai 2012, Al-Badar Mujahideen, kumpulan pemecahan kumpulan pengganas Kashmir Hizbul Mujahideen, pada penghujung Persidangan Shuhada dua hari mereka menyeru untuk menggerakkan sumber untuk meneruskan jihad di Kashmir. <> Siapa yang membunuh drone AS pada Sep 2009? || Ilyas Kashmiri <> Kumpulan apa yang dilakukan oleh Ilyas Kashmiri? || Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami <> Selepas 2009, yang mula berperang di Waziristan? || Militan Kashmir <> Kumpulan apa yang dilakukan oleh Al-Badar Mujahidin? || Hizbul Mujahideen <> Apa yang dipanggil Al-Badar Mujahideen pada tahun 2012? || pengerahan sumber untuk meneruskan jihad di Kashmir", {"context": "In September 2009, a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri, who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda. Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member, while others described him as the head of military operations for Al-Qaeda. Waziristan had now become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants, who were now fighting NATO in support of Al-Qaeda. On 8 July 2012, Al-Badar Mujahideen, a breakaway faction of Kashmir centric terror group Hizbul Mujahideen, on conclusion of their two-day Shuhada Conference called for mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Ilyas Kashmiri"}], "question": "Who did a US drone kill in Sep 2009?", "id": "57284af44b864d19001648d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami"}], "question": "What group did Ilyas Kashmiri lead?", "id": "57284af44b864d19001648d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Kashmiri militants"}], "question": "After 2009, who began fighting in Waziristan?", "id": "57284af44b864d19001648d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Hizbul Mujahideen"}], "question": "What group did Al-Badar Mujahideen break away from?", "id": "57284af44b864d19001648d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir"}], "question": "What did Al-Badar Mujahideen call for in 2012?", "id": "57284af44b864d19001648d4"}]}], ["Selain usaha ketenteraan di luar negeri, setelah 9/11 Pentadbiran Bush meningkatkan usaha domestik untuk mencegah serangan masa depan. Pelbagai birokrasi kerajaan yang mengendalikan fungsi keselamatan dan tentera telah disusun semula. Sebuah agensi tingkat kabinet baru yang dipanggil Jabatan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri Amerika Syarikat telah diwujudkan pada bulan November 2002 untuk memimpin dan menyelaraskan penyusunan semula terbesar kerajaan persekutuan AS sejak penggabungan angkatan bersenjata ke Jabatan Pertahanan. Apa agensi baru yang dibuat oleh Bush selepas 9/11? || Jabatan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri <> Bilakah DHS dibuat? || November 2002 <> Apa yang dicipta agensi besar lain adalah DHS berbanding dengan? || Jabatan Pertahanan <> Apa yang difokuskan pada DHS? || usaha domestik untuk mencegah serangan masa depan", {"context": "In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucracies that handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Department of Homeland Security"}], "question": "What new agency did Bush create after 9/11?", "id": "57284ce5ff5b5019007da12e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "November 2002"}], "question": "When was the DHS created?", "id": "57284ce5ff5b5019007da12f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "the Department of Defense"}], "question": "What other massive agency's creation was the DHS compared to?", "id": "57284ce5ff5b5019007da130"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "domestic efforts to prevent future attacks"}], "question": "What did the DHS focus on?", "id": "57284ce5ff5b5019007da131"}]}], ["Briged Assault Brigade ke-16 (kemudiannya diperkuat oleh Royal Marines) membentuk teras pasukan di selatan Afghanistan, bersama pasukan dan helikopter dari Australia, Kanada dan Belanda. Pasukan awal terdiri daripada kira-kira 3,300 orang Inggeris, 2,000 Kanada, 1,400 dari Belanda dan 240 dari Australia, bersama dengan pasukan khas dari Denmark dan Estonia dan kontingen kecil dari negara-negara lain. Pembekalan kontena kargo bulanan melalui laluan Pakistan ke ISAF di Afghanistan adalah lebih dari 4,000 yang bernilai kira-kira 12 bilion rupee Pakistan. <> Apakah pasukan tempur utama di selatan Afghanistan? || British Brigade Serangan Udara Ke-16 <> Negara-negara mana selain dari UK menyumbang dengan ketara ke perbatasan Afghanistan selatan? || Australia, Kanada dan Belanda <> Berapa banyak pasukan yang menghantar Kanada pada mulanya? || 2,000 <> Berapa banyak askar yang dihantar oleh Australia pada mulanya? || 240 <> Berapa banyak pasukan menghantar Belanda pada mulanya? || 1,400", {"context": "The British 16th Air Assault Brigade (later reinforced by Royal Marines) formed the core of the force in southern Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia, along with special forces from Denmark and Estonia and small contingents from other nations. The monthly supply of cargo containers through Pakistani route to ISAF in Afghanistan is over 4,000 costing around 12 billion in Pakistani Rupees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The British 16th Air Assault Brigade"}], "question": "What was the primary fighting force in southern Afghanistan?", "id": "57284c933acd2414000df8c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Australia, Canada and the Netherlands"}], "question": "Which nations besides the UK contributed significantly to the southern Afghanistan fight?", "id": "57284c933acd2414000df8c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "2,000"}], "question": "How many troops did Canada send initially?", "id": "57284c933acd2414000df8c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "240"}], "question": "How many troops did Australia send initially?", "id": "57284c933acd2414000df8ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "1,400"}], "question": "How many troops did the Netherlands send initially?", "id": "57284c933acd2414000df8cb"}]}], ["Kumpulan-kumpulan kepentingan politik telah menyatakan bahawa undang-undang ini menghapuskan sekatan penting ke atas pihak berkuasa kerajaan, dan merupakan pencerobohan berbahaya terhadap kebebasan awam, kemungkinan pelanggaran yang tidak berperlembagaan terhadap Pindaan Keempat. Pada 30 Julai 2003, Kesatuan Kebebasan Sivil Amerika (ACLU) memfailkan cabaran undang-undang pertama terhadap Seksyen 215 Akta Patriot, dengan mendakwa ia membenarkan FBI melanggar hak Pindaan Pertama, Hak Amaun Keempat, dan hak untuk proses yang wajar, dengan memberi kerajaan hak untuk mencari perniagaan, kedai buku, dan rekod perpustakaan seseorang dalam siasatan pengganas, tanpa mendedahkan kepada individu bahawa rekod sedang dicari. Juga, badan pentadbiran dalam beberapa komuniti telah meluluskan resolusi simbolik terhadap perbuatan itu. <> Bilakah ACLU pertama mencabar Akta Patriot? || 30 Julai 2003 <> Apa hak yang ACLU katakan Akta Patriot melanggar? || Hak Pindaan Pertama, Hak Pindaan Keempat, dan hak untuk proses yang wajar <> Apakah Seksyen 215 Akta Patriot membenarkan FBI untuk mencari? || perniagaan, kedai buku, dan rekod pustaka seseorang <> Siapa yang meluluskan resolusi simbolik terhadap Akta Patriot? || badan pentadbiran dalam beberapa komuniti", {"context": "Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "30 July 2003"}], "question": "When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act?", "id": "57284dd0ff5b5019007da13e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process"}], "question": "What rights did the ACLU say the Patriot Act violated?", "id": "57284dd0ff5b5019007da13f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "a person's business, bookstore, and library records"}], "question": "What did Section 215 of the Patriot Act allow the FBI to search?", "id": "57284dd0ff5b5019007da140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "governing bodies in a number of communities"}], "question": "Who passed symbolic resolutions against the Patriot Act?", "id": "57284dd0ff5b5019007da141"}]}], ["Akta PATRIOT Amerika Syarikat pada Oktober 2001 secara dramatik mengurangkan sekatan terhadap kemampuan agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang untuk mencari komunikasi telefon, komunikasi e-mel, perubatan, kewangan, dan rekod lain; memudahkan sekatan ke atas perhimpunan perisikan asing di Amerika Syarikat; memperluaskan Setiausaha pihak Perbendaharaan untuk mengawal selia transaksi kewangan, terutamanya yang melibatkan individu dan entiti asing; dan meluaskan kebijaksanaan penguatkuasaan undang-undang dan pihak berkuasa imigresen dalam menahan dan mengusir pendatang yang disyaki tindakan yang berkaitan dengan keganasan. Akta ini juga memperluaskan takrif keganasan untuk memasukkan keganasan domestik, dengan itu membesarkan bilangan aktiviti yang membolehkan Akta Penguatkuasaan Undang-undang PATRIOT Amerika Syarikat dapat digunakan. Program Penjejakan Kewangan Terrorist baru memantau pergerakan sumber kewangan pengganas (dihentikan selepas diturunkan oleh The New York Times). Penggunaan telekomunikasi global, termasuk mereka yang tidak mempunyai kaitan dengan keganasan, dikumpulkan dan dipantau melalui program pengawasan elektronik NSA. Akta Patriot masih berlaku. <> Bilakah Akta Patriot diluluskan? || Oktober 2001 <> Apa Akta Patriot memudahkan penguatkuasaan undang-undang untuk dicari? || telefon, komunikasi e-mel, perubatan, kewangan, dan rekod lain <> Apakah Akta Patriot menjadikannya lebih mudah dilakukan kepada pendatang? || menahan dan mengusir pendatang yang disyaki tindakan yang berkaitan dengan keganasan <> Bagaimana definisi keganasan diperluaskan oleh Akta Patriot? || untuk memasukkan keganasan domestik <> Akhbar mana yang mendedahkan Program Penjejakan Kewangan Pengganas? || The New York Times", {"context": "The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury's authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act's expanded law enforcement powers could be applied. A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program monitored the movements of terrorists' financial resources (discontinued after being revealed by The New York Times). Global telecommunication usage, including those with no links to terrorism, is being collected and monitored through the NSA electronic surveillance program. The Patriot Act is still in effect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "October 2001"}], "question": "When was the Patriot Act passed?", "id": "57284d5f3acd2414000df8d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records"}], "question": "What did the Patriot Act make it easier for law enforcement to search?", "id": "57284d5f3acd2414000df8da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts"}], "question": "What did the Patriot Act make it easier to do to immigrants?", "id": "57284d5f3acd2414000df8db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "to include domestic terrorism"}], "question": "How was the definition of terrorism expanded by the Patriot Act?", "id": "57284d5f3acd2414000df8dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "The New York Times"}], "question": "Which newspaper revealed the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program?", "id": "57284d5f3acd2414000df8dd"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2005, Majlis Keselamatan PBB mengguna pakai Resolusi 1624 mengenai hasutan untuk melakukan tindakan keganasan dan kewajipan negara untuk mematuhi undang-undang hak asasi antarabangsa. Walaupun kedua-dua resolusi itu memerlukan laporan tahunan mandatori mengenai aktiviti keganasan keganasan dengan mengadopsi negara-negara, Amerika Syarikat dan Israel telah kedua-duanya enggan menyerahkan laporan. Pada tahun yang sama, Jabatan Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat dan Pengerusi Ketua Staf Bersama mengeluarkan dokumen perancangan, dengan nama \"Pelan Strategik Ketenteraan Negara untuk Perang Terorisme\", yang menyatakan bahawa ia merupakan \"pelan tentera komprehensif untuk mendakwa Perang Global terhadap Keganasan untuk Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Syarikat ... termasuk penemuan dan cadangan Suruhanjaya 9/11 dan peperiksaan yang ketat dengan Jabatan Pertahanan \". <> Apakah resolusi yang berkaitan dengan keganasan yang dimulakan oleh Majlis Keselamatan PBB pada tahun 2005? || Resolusi 1624 <> Negara mana yang belum menyerahkan laporan yang diperlukan kepada Majlis Keselamatan PBB? || Amerika Syarikat dan Israel <> Apa rancangan yang dikeluarkan oleh DoD pada tahun 2005? || Pelan Strategik Tentera Nasional untuk Perang Terorisme <> Apa yang Resolusi 1624 cuba untuk melindungi? || undang-undang hak asasi manusia antarabangsa", {"context": "In 2005, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws. Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations, the United States and Israel have both declined to submit reports. In the same year, the United States Department of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a planning document, by the name \"National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism\", which stated that it constituted the \"comprehensive military plan to prosecute the Global War on Terror for the Armed Forces of the United States...including the findings and recommendations of the 9/11 Commission and a rigorous examination with the Department of Defense\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Resolution 1624"}], "question": "What terrorism-related resolution did the UN Security Council adopt in 2005?", "id": "57284e682ca10214002da274"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "the United States and Israel"}], "question": "Which countries haven't submitted the required reports to the UN Security Council?", "id": "57284e682ca10214002da275"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism"}], "question": "What plan did the DoD release in 2005?", "id": "57284e682ca10214002da276"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "international human rights laws"}], "question": "What did Resolution 1624 try to protect?", "id": "57284e682ca10214002da277"}]}], ["Dalam sebuah 'Surat kepada Rakyat Amerika' yang ditulis oleh Osama bin Laden pada tahun 2002, beliau menyatakan bahawa salah satu sebab dia berperang di Amerika adalah kerana sokongan India terhadap isu Kashmir. Semasa dalam perjalanan ke Delhi pada tahun 2002, Setiausaha Pertahanan A.S. Donald Rumsfeld mencadangkan bahawa Al-Qaeda aktif di Kashmir, walaupun dia tidak mempunyai bukti keras. Penyiasatan pada tahun 2002 menunjukkan bahawa Al-Qaeda dan sekutu-sekutunya telah berjaya di Kashmir yang ditadbir oleh Pakistan dengan kelulusan tersirat dari agensi perisikan kebangsaan Pakistan Intelligence Inter-Services. Satu pasukan dari Perkhidmatan Udara Khas dan Delta Force dihantar ke Kashmir yang ditadbir India pada tahun 2002 untuk memburu Osama bin Laden setelah melaporkan bahawa dia diselamatkan oleh kumpulan militan Kashmiri Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. Pegawai A.S. percaya bahawa Al-Qaeda membantu menganjurkan kempen keganasan di Kashmir untuk menimbulkan konflik antara India dan Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, ketua Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, menandatangani perisytiharan perang suci al-Qaeda 1998, yang menyeru umat Islam untuk menyerang semua orang Amerika dan sekutu mereka. Sumber India mendakwa bahawa Pada tahun 2006, Al-Qaeda mendakwa mereka telah menubuhkan sayap di Kashmir; ini bimbang kerajaan India. India juga mendakwa Al-Qaeda mempunyai hubungan yang kuat dengan kumpulan militan Kashmir Lashkar-e-Taiba dan Jaish-e-Mohammed di Pakistan. Semasa dalam lawatan ke Pakistan pada Januari 2010, Setiausaha Pertahanan A.S. Robert Gates menyatakan bahawa Al-Qaeda sedang berusaha untuk menjejaskan kestabilan rantau ini dan merancang untuk mencetuskan perang nuklear antara India dan Pakistan. <> Siapa yang menulis 'Surat kepada Orang Amerika' pada tahun 2002? || Osama bin Laden <> Siapa Setiausaha Pertahanan AS pada tahun 2002? || Donald Rumsfeld <> Kumpulan mana yang difikirkan Rumsfeld aktif di Kashmir? || Al-Qaeda <> Apa pasukan diburu untuk Bin Laden di Kashmir pada tahun 2002? || Perkhidmatan Udara Khas dan Delta Force <> Yang mengetuai Harkat-ul-Mujahideen? || Fazlur Rehman Khalil", {"context": "In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue. While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hard evidence. An investigation in 2002 unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence. A team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian-administered Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. U.S. officials believed that Al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies. Indian sources claimed that In 2006, Al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this worried the Indian government. India also claimed that Al-Qaeda has strong ties with the Kashmir militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan. While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Defense secretary Robert Gates stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Osama bin Laden"}], "question": "Who wrote 'Letter to American People' in 2002?", "id": "57284a5bff5b5019007da104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Donald Rumsfeld"}], "question": "Who was the US Secretary of Defense in 2002?", "id": "57284a5bff5b5019007da105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Al-Qaeda"}], "question": "Which group did Rumsfeld think was active in Kashmir?", "id": "57284a5bff5b5019007da106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Special Air Service and Delta Force"}], "question": "What teams hunted for Bin Laden in Kashmir in 2002?", "id": "57284a5bff5b5019007da107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 934, "text": "Fazlur Rehman Khalil"}], "question": "Who led the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen?", "id": "57284a5bff5b5019007da108"}]}], ["Pengkritik lain, seperti Francis Fukuyama, ambil perhatian bahawa \"keganasan\" bukan musuh, tetapi taktik; memanggilnya sebagai \"perang terhadap keganasan\", mengaburkan perbezaan antara konflik seperti pemberontak anti-pendudukan dan mujahidin antarabangsa. Dengan kehadiran ketenteraan di Iraq dan Afghanistan serta kerosakan cagaran yang berkaitan, Shirley Williams mengekalkan ancaman kebencian ini dan ancaman pengganas terhadap Barat. Terdapat juga kepura-puraan A.S., hysteria yang disebabkan oleh media, dan perbezaan dalam polisi asing dan keselamatan telah merosakkan imej Amerika di kebanyakan dunia. <> Apa kerosakan dalam nama 'perang terhadap keganasan' yang ditegaskan oleh Francis Fukuyama? || \"keganasan\" bukanlah musuh, tetapi taktik <> Apa arti nama 'perang terhadap keganasan'? || perbezaan antara konflik seperti pemberontak anti-pendudukan dan mujahidin antarabangsa <> Siapa kata kehadiran AS di Iraq meningkatkan kebencian dan pengganas? || Shirley Williams <> Apa yang menyedarkan histeria AS mengenai keganasan? || media <> Apa yang telah 'perang terhadap keganasan' dilakukan pada imej antarabangsa AS? || rosak", {"context": "Other critics, such as Francis Fukuyama, note that \"terrorism\" is not an enemy, but a tactic; calling it a \"war on terror\", obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen. With a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan and its associated collateral damage Shirley Williams maintains this increases resentment and terrorist threats against the West. There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy, media-induced hysteria, and that differences in foreign and security policy have damaged America's image in most of the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "\"terrorism\" is not an enemy, but a tactic"}], "question": "What flaw in the 'war on terror' name did Francis Fukuyama point out?", "id": "57284f5f3acd2414000df8e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen"}], "question": "What does the 'war on terror' name obscure?", "id": "57284f5f3acd2414000df8ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Shirley Williams"}], "question": "Who said the US's presence in Iraq increases resentment and terrorists?", "id": "57284f5f3acd2414000df8eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "media"}], "question": "What fed US hysteria about terrorism?", "id": "57284f5f3acd2414000df8ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "damaged"}], "question": "What has the 'war on terror' done to the US's international image?", "id": "57284f5f3acd2414000df8ed"}]}]], [["Pilihan raya umum 1923 diperjuangkan pada cadangan perlindungan Protokol Konservatif tetapi, walaupun mereka mendapat undi paling tinggi dan kekal sebagai parti terbesar, mereka kehilangan majoriti mereka di parlimen, yang memerlukan pembentukan sebuah kerajaan yang menyokong perdagangan bebas. Oleh itu, dengan persetujuan Liberal Asquith, Ramsay MacDonald menjadi Perdana Menteri Buruh yang pertama pada bulan Januari 1924, membentuk kerajaan Buruh pertama, walaupun Buruh hanya memiliki 191 Ahli Parlimen (kurang daripada satu pertiga dari Dewan Rakyat). <> Dalam tahun apakah Ramsay MacDonald menjadi PM Buruh? || 1924 <> Berapa banyak ahli parlimen yang mereka perolehi dalam pilihan raya pada tahun 1924? || 191", {"context": "The 1923 general election was fought on the Conservatives' protectionist proposals but, although they got the most votes and remained the largest party, they lost their majority in parliament, necessitating the formation of a government supporting free trade. Thus, with the acquiescence of Asquith's Liberals, Ramsay MacDonald became the first ever Labour Prime Minister in January 1924, forming the first Labour government, despite Labour only having 191 MPs (less than a third of the House of Commons).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "1924"}], "question": "In what year did Ramsay MacDonald become the Labour PM?", "id": "572863cb3acd2414000df98f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "191"}], "question": "How many MP did they get in the election in 1924?", "id": "572863cb3acd2414000df990"}]}], ["Sokongan untuk LRC telah dirangsang oleh 1901 Taff Vale Case, pertikaian antara penyerang dan syarikat kereta api yang berakhir dengan kesatuan yang diperintahkan untuk membayar \u00a3 23,000 kerosakan untuk mogok. Penghakiman itu secara berkesan membuat serangan menyalahi undang-undang kerana majikan boleh mendapatkan balik kos perniagaan yang hilang dari kesatuan. Persetujuan Kerajaan Konservatif Arthur Balfour yang jelas kepada kepentingan perindustrian dan perniagaan (secara tradisi sekutu Parti Liberal yang bertentangan dengan kepentingan mendarat Konservatif) meningkatkan sokongan untuk LRC terhadap kerajaan yang kelihatan kurang prihatin terhadap proletariat industri dan masalahnya. <> Apa sokongan yang didorong pada tahun 1901? || Taff Vale Case <> Apakah kes Taft Vale? || pertikaian antara penyerang dan syarikat keretapi <> Dari kes ini, apa yang berlaku? || membuat mogok haram <> Berapa banyak mereka diperintahkan membayar ganti rugi untuk mogok? || \u00a3 23,000", {"context": "Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay \u00a323,000 damages for a strike. The judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. The apparent acquiescence of the Conservative Government of Arthur Balfour to industrial and business interests (traditionally the allies of the Liberal Party in opposition to the Conservative's landed interests) intensified support for the LRC against a government that appeared to have little concern for the industrial proletariat and its problems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Taff Vale Case"}], "question": "What boosted support in 1901?", "id": "572849043acd2414000df88f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "a dispute between strikers and a railway company"}], "question": "What was the Taft Vale Case?", "id": "572849043acd2414000df890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "made strikes illegal"}], "question": "From this case, what happened?", "id": "572849043acd2414000df891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "\u00a323,000"}], "question": "How much were they ordered to pay in damages for the strike?", "id": "572849043acd2414000df892"}]}], ["Dalam mesyuarat pertama mereka selepas pilihan raya Ahli Parlimen kumpulan memutuskan untuk mengadaptasikan nama \"Parti Buruh\" secara rasmi (15 Februari 1906). Keir Hardie, yang telah mengambil peranan utama untuk mendapatkan parti itu, dipilih sebagai Pengerusi Parti Buruh Parlimen (sebenarnya, Pemimpin), walaupun hanya melalui satu undi ke atas David Shackleton selepas beberapa undi. Dalam tahun-tahun awal parti, Parti Buruh Bebas (ILP) memberikan sebahagian besar aktivisnya kerana parti itu tidak mempunyai keahlian individu sehingga tahun 1918 tetapi dikendalikan sebagai konglomerat badan gabungan. Persatuan Fabian memberikan banyak rangsangan intelektual untuk parti itu. Salah satu tindakan pertama Kerajaan Liberal yang baru adalah untuk membalikkan penghakiman Taff Vale. <> Siapa yang membatalkan penghakiman Taft Vale? || Kerajaan Liberal <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai Pengerusi Parti Buruh Parlimen? || Keir Hardie <> Berapa banyak undian yang dimenangi oleh Keir Hardie? || satu undi <> Siapa lawan Keir Hardie? || David Shackleton", {"context": "In their first meeting after the election the group's Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name \"The Labour Party\" formally (15 February 1906). Keir Hardie, who had taken a leading role in getting the party established, was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (in effect, the Leader), although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots. In the party's early years the Independent Labour Party (ILP) provided much of its activist base as the party did not have individual membership until 1918 but operated as a conglomerate of affiliated bodies. The Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "Liberal Government"}], "question": "Who overturned the Taft Vale judgement?", "id": "57284d303acd2414000df8d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Keir Hardie"}], "question": "Who was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party?", "id": "57284d303acd2414000df8d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "one vote"}], "question": "How many votes did Keir Hardie win by?", "id": "57284d303acd2414000df8d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "David Shackleton"}], "question": "Who was Keir Hardie's opponent?", "id": "57284d303acd2414000df8d4"}]}], ["Buruh menjalankan kerajaan minoriti dalam Perhimpunan Welsh di bawah Carwyn Jones, adalah parti pembangkang terbesar di Parlimen Scotland dan mempunyai dua puluh MEP di Parlimen Eropah, duduk di Kumpulan Sosialis dan Demokrat. Parti itu juga menganjurkan di Ireland Utara, tetapi tidak bertanding dalam pilihan raya ke Perhimpunan Ireland Utara. Parti Buruh adalah ahli penuh Parti Sosialis Eropah dan Perikatan Progresif, dan memegang status pemerhati dalam Sosialis Antarabangsa. Pada September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn dipilih sebagai Pemimpin Parti Buruh. <> Siapa yang mengendalikan Perhimpunan Welsh? || Carwyn Jones <> Apakah parti pembangkang terbesar di Parlimen Scotland? || Parti Buruh <> Berapa banyak MEP yang ada di Parlimen British? || dua puluh <> tahun apa yang dipilih oleh Jeremy Corbyn? || 2015", {"context": "Labour runs a minority government in the Welsh Assembly under Carwyn Jones, is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament, sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group. The party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Carwyn Jones"}], "question": "Who runs the Welsh Assembly?", "id": "5728407e3acd2414000df7d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "The Labour Party"}], "question": "What is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament?", "id": "5728407e3acd2414000df7d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "twenty"}], "question": "How many MEPs does it have in the British Parliament?", "id": "5728407e3acd2414000df7d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "2015"}], "question": "What year was Jeremy Corbyn elected?", "id": "5728407e3acd2414000df7d4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1899, seorang anggota Doncaster Persatuan Pekerja Kereta Api yang Amalgamated, Thomas R. Steels, mencadangkan di cawangan kesatuannya bahawa Kongres Kesatuan Sekerja memanggil persidangan khas untuk membawa bersama semua organisasi sayap kiri dan membentuk mereka menjadi satu badan tunggal yang akan penaja calon Parlimen. Usul itu telah diluluskan pada semua peringkat oleh TUC, dan persidangan yang dicadangkan telah diadakan di Dewan Memorial di Farringdon Street pada 26 dan 27 Februari 1900. Pertemuan itu dihadiri oleh spektrum luas kelas pekerja dan organisasi sayap kiri - perdagangan kesatuan yang mewakili kira-kira satu pertiga daripada keanggotaan perwakilan TUC. <> Tahun berapa Thomas R. Steels mencadangkan cawangan kesatuan badan tunggal? || 1899 <> Di manakah Thomas R. Steels seorang ahli? || Doncaster <> Ketika persidangan yang dicadangkan diadakan? || Dewan Memorial", {"context": "In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, and the proposed conference was held at the Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street on 26 and 27 February 1900. The meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations \u2014 trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1899"}], "question": "What year did Thomas R. Steels propose the single body union branch?", "id": "572844ec4b864d190016487c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Doncaster"}], "question": "Where was Thomas R. Steels a member?", "id": "572844ec4b864d190016487d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "Memorial Hall"}], "question": "WHere was the proposed conference held?", "id": "572844ec4b864d190016487e"}]}], ["Kerajaan runtuh selepas hanya sembilan bulan ketika Liberal mengundi untuk penyelidikan Komite Pilih ke dalam Campbell Case, undi yang MacDonald telah mengumumkan sebagai undi keyakinan. Pilihan raya umum 1924 yang lalu menyaksikan penerbitan itu, empat hari sebelum hari pengundian, surat Zinoviev, di mana Moscow bercakap tentang revolusi Komunis di Britain. Surat itu sedikit memberi impak kepada undi Buruh yang dipegang. Ia adalah kejatuhan parti Liberal yang membawa kepada tanah runtuh Konservatif. Konservatif dikembalikan kepada kuasa walaupun Buruh meningkatkan undinya dari 30.7% kepada satu pertiga daripada undi popular, kebanyakan keuntungan Konservatif berada pada perbelanjaan Liberal. Bagaimanapun banyak Buruh selama bertahun-tahun menyalahkan kekalahan mereka terhadap permainan busuk (Surat Zinoviev), oleh itu menurut A. J. P. Taylor salah faham kekuatan politik di tempat kerja dan menangguhkan pembaharuan yang diperlukan dalam parti. <> Bilakah surat Zinoviev diterbitkan? || 1924 <> Berapa lama kerajaan runtuh? || Sembilan bulan", {"context": "The government collapsed after only nine months when the Liberals voted for a Select Committee inquiry into the Campbell Case, a vote which MacDonald had declared to be a vote of confidence. The ensuing 1924 general election saw the publication, four days before polling day, of the Zinoviev letter, in which Moscow talked about a Communist revolution in Britain. The letter had little impact on the Labour vote\u2014which held up. It was the collapse of the Liberal party that led to the Conservative landslide. The Conservatives were returned to power although Labour increased its vote from 30.7% to a third of the popular vote, most Conservative gains being at the expense of the Liberals. However many Labourites for years blamed their defeat on foul play (the Zinoviev Letter), thereby according to A. J. P. Taylor misunderstanding the political forces at work and delaying needed reforms in the party.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "1924"}], "question": "When was the Zinoviev letter published?", "id": "572867b23acd2414000df9ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "nine months"}], "question": "After how long did the government collapse?", "id": "572867b23acd2414000df9ac"}]}], ["Parti Komunis Great Britain telah ditolak gabungan kepada Parti Buruh antara 1921 dan 1923. Sementara itu, Parti Liberal merosot dengan cepat, dan parti itu juga mengalami perpecahan bencana yang membolehkan Parti Buruh memperoleh banyak sokongan Liberal. Oleh itu, Liberal dalam keadaan bimbang, Buruh memenangi 142 kerusi pada tahun 1922, menjadikannya kumpulan politik kedua terbesar di Dewan Rakyat dan pembangkang rasmi kepada kerajaan Konservatif. Selepas pemilihan, Ramsay MacDonald yang telah dipulihkan sekarang telah dipilih sebagai pemimpin rasmi Parti Buruh. <> Ketika parti COmmunist menolak gabungan? || antara 1921 dan 1923 <> HOw banyak kerusi id Buruh menang pada tahun 1922? || 142 <> Siapa yang mengundi pemimpin pertama Parti Buruh? || Ramsay MacDonald", {"context": "The Communist Party of Great Britain was refused affiliation to the Labour Party between 1921 and 1923. Meanwhile, the Liberal Party declined rapidly, and the party also suffered a catastrophic split which allowed the Labour Party to gain much of the Liberals' support. With the Liberals thus in disarray, Labour won 142 seats in 1922, making it the second largest political group in the House of Commons and the official opposition to the Conservative government. After the election the now-rehabilitated Ramsay MacDonald was voted the first official leader of the Labour Party.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "between 1921 and 1923"}], "question": "WHen was the COmmunist party refused affiliation?", "id": "57286292ff5b5019007da1e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "142"}], "question": "HOw many seats id Labour win in 1922?", "id": "57286292ff5b5019007da1e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Ramsay MacDonald"}], "question": "Who was voted the first leader of the Labour Party?", "id": "57286292ff5b5019007da1e8"}]}], ["Asal-usul Parti Buruh terletak pada abad ke-19, apabila menjadi jelas bahawa ada keperluan untuk parti politik baru untuk mewakili kepentingan dan keperluan proletariat bandar, demografi yang telah meningkat jumlahnya dan baru-baru ini diberikan francais. Beberapa ahli pergerakan kesatuan perdagangan menjadi berminat untuk berpindah ke medan politik, dan selepas melanjutkan francais pengundian pada tahun 1867 dan 1885, Parti Liberal mengesahkan beberapa calon tajaan kesatuan perdagangan. Calon Lib-Lab pertama yang bertanding adalah George Odger dalam pilihan raya kecil Southwark pada 1870. Selain itu, beberapa kumpulan sosialis kecil telah terbentuk pada masa ini, dengan niat untuk menghubungkan pergerakan itu kepada dasar-dasar politik. Antaranya ialah Parti Buruh Bebas, golongan intelektual dan sebahagian besar pertengahan Fabian Society, Persekutuan Demokratik Sosial Marxis dan Parti Buruh Scotland. <> Kira-kira ketika Parry Buruh bermula? || lewat abad ke 19 <> ketika george odger dipilih? || 1870", {"context": "The Labour Party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise. Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib\u2013Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. Among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "late 19th century"}], "question": "About when did the Labour Parry start?", "id": "572840802ca10214002da194"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "1870"}], "question": "when was george odger elected?", "id": "572840802ca10214002da195"}]}], ["Pilihan raya 1910 menyaksikan 42 Ahli Parlimen Buruh dipilih ke Dewan Rakyat, kemenangan besar sejak, setahun sebelum pilihan raya, Dewan Pertuanan telah meluluskan keputusan penghakiman Osborne bahawa Kesatuan Sekerja di United Kingdom tidak dapat lagi mendermakan wang untuk membiayai kempen pilihan raya dan upah Ahli Parlimen Buruh. Liberal yang memerintah tidak mahu memansuhkan keputusan kehakiman dengan undang-undang utama. Ketinggian kompromi Liberal adalah memperkenalkan upah bagi Ahli Parlimen untuk menghapuskan keperluan untuk melibatkan Kesatuan Sekerja. Menjelang tahun 1913, menghadapi pembangkang Kesatuan Sekerja yang terbesar, kerajaan Liberal meluluskan Akta Pertikaian Perdagangan untuk membolehkan Kesatuan Sekerja membiayai Ahli Parlimen Buruh sekali lagi. <> Berapa banyak Ahli Parlimen yang dipilih dalam pilihan raya 1910? || 42 <> Siapa yang meluluskan penghakiman Osborne? || Akta Pertikaian Perdagangan <> Bilakah Akta Pertikaian Dagangan diluluskan? || 1913", {"context": "The 1910 election saw 42 Labour MPs elected to the House of Commons, a significant victory since, a year before the election, the House of Lords had passed the Osborne judgment ruling that Trades Unions in the United Kingdom could no longer donate money to fund the election campaigns and wages of Labour MPs. The governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation. The height of Liberal compromise was to introduce a wage for Members of Parliament to remove the need to involve the Trade Unions. By 1913, faced with the opposition of the largest Trades Unions, the Liberal government passed the Trade Disputes Act to allow Trade Unions to fund Labour MPs once more.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "42"}], "question": "How many MP were elected in the 1910 election?", "id": "572852394b864d1900164942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "Trade Disputes Act"}], "question": "Who passed the Osborne judgment?", "id": "572852394b864d1900164943"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "1913"}], "question": "When was the Trade Disputes Act passed?", "id": "572852394b864d1900164944"}]}], ["Selepas perdebatan, 129 perwakilan telah meluluskan usul Hardie untuk menubuhkan \"kumpulan Buruh yang berbeza di Parlimen, yang akan mempunyai cambuk mereka sendiri, dan bersetuju dengan dasar mereka, yang mesti menerima kesediaan untuk bekerjasama dengan mana-mana pihak yang pada masa ini mungkin yang terlibat dalam mempromosikan undang-undang dalam kepentingan langsung buruh. \" Ini mewujudkan sebuah persatuan yang dipanggil Jawatankuasa Perwakilan Buruh (LRC), bertujuan untuk menyelaraskan percubaan untuk menyokong Ahli Parlimen yang ditaja oleh kesatuan sekerja dan mewakili penduduk kelas pekerja. Ia tidak mempunyai pemimpin tunggal, dan tanpa ketiadaan, calon Parti Buruh Bebas Ramsay MacDonald dipilih sebagai Setiausaha. Beliau mempunyai tugas yang sukar untuk menjaga pelbagai helah pendapat di LRC bersatu. October 1900 \"Pemilihan khaki\" terlalu cepat untuk parti baru berkempen dengan berkesan; jumlah perbelanjaan untuk pilihan raya hanya sebanyak \u00a3 33. Hanya 15 calon ditaja, tetapi dua berjaya; Keir Hardie di Merthyr Tydfil dan Richard Bell di Derby. <> Berapa banyak perwakilan meluluskan usul itu? || 129 <> Siapa yang dipilih Setiausaha? || Ramsay MacDonald <> Berapa banyak calon yang ditaja dalam electron 1900? || 15", {"context": "After a debate, the 129 delegates passed Hardie's motion to establish \"a distinct Labour group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour.\" This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and represent the working-class population. It had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the difficult task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 \"Khaki election\" came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively; total expenses for the election only came to \u00a333. Only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful; Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "129"}], "question": "How many delegates passed the motion?", "id": "572846ff2ca10214002da22c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "Ramsay MacDonald"}], "question": "Who was elected Secretary?", "id": "572846ff2ca10214002da22d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 889, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many candidates were sponsored in the 1900 electrion?", "id": "572846ff2ca10214002da22e"}]}], ["Buruh meningkatkan prestasinya pada tahun 1987, memperoleh 20 kerusi dan sekali gus mengurangkan majoriti Konservatif dari 143 kepada 102. Mereka kini ditubuhkan semula sebagai parti politik kedua di Britain kerana Perikatan sekali lagi gagal membuat kejayaan dengan kerusi. Penggabungan SDP dan Liberal membentuk Demokrat Liberal. Berikutan pilihan raya 1987, Jawatankuasa Eksekutif Negara menyambung semula tindakan disiplin terhadap ahli-ahli Militan, yang kekal dalam parti itu, yang membawa kepada pengusiran lanjut aktivis mereka dan kedua-dua Ahli Parlimen yang menyokong kumpulan itu. <> Berapa banyak lagi kerusi yang diperoleh pada tahun 1987? || 20 <> Apakah penggabungan SDP dan Liberal itu? || Liberal Demokrat <> Siapa yang mengusir NEC || aktivis dan dua orang Ahli Parlimen yang menyokong kumpulan itu.", {"context": "Labour improved its performance in 1987, gaining 20 seats and so reducing the Conservative majority from 143 to 102. They were now firmly re-established as the second political party in Britain as the Alliance had once again failed to make a breakthrough with seats. A merger of the SDP and Liberals formed the Liberal Democrats. Following the 1987 election, the National Executive Committee resumed disciplinary action against members of Militant, who remained in the party, leading to further expulsions of their activists and the two MPs who supported the group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987?", "id": "572875ea2ca10214002da38e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Liberal Democrats"}], "question": "What was the merger of SDP and the Liberals called?", "id": "572875ea2ca10214002da38f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "activists and the two MPs who supported the group."}], "question": "Who did the NEC expel ", "id": "572875ea2ca10214002da390"}]}], ["Kaki meletak jawatan dan digantikan sebagai pemimpin oleh Neil Kinnock, dengan Roy Hattersley sebagai timbalannya. Kepimpinan baru semakin menurunkan dasar tidak popular. Perlombongan pelombong tahun 1984-85 atas penutupan lombong arang batu, yang mana pemimpin pelombong Arthur Scargill dipersalahkan, dan pertikaian Wapping menyebabkan pertengkaran di sebelah kiri parti, dan liputan negatif di kebanyakan media. Pembongkaran tabloid yang dipanggil loony kiri terus mencemari parti parlimen oleh persatuan dari kegiatan militan 'tambahan-parlimen' di kerajaan tempatan. <> Siapa kaki digantikan oleh? || Neil Kinnock <> Siapa yang Timbalan Neil Knnocks? || Roy Hattersley <> Berapa tahun berlakunya penambang? || 1984-85 <> Apa nama pemimpin pelombong yang dipersalahkan kerana mogok itu? || Arthur Scargill", {"context": "Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock, with Roy Hattersley as his deputy. The new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies. The miners strike of 1984\u201385 over coal mine closures, for which miners' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed, and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the party, and negative coverage in most of the press. Tabloid vilification of the so-called loony left continued to taint the parliamentary party by association from the activities of 'extra-parliamentary' militants in local government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Neil Kinnock"}], "question": "Who was Foot replaced by?", "id": "5728720dff5b5019007da22a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Roy Hattersley"}], "question": "Who was Neil Knnocks deputy?", "id": "5728720dff5b5019007da22b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "1984\u201385"}], "question": "What years were the miners strike?", "id": "5728720dff5b5019007da22c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Arthur Scargill"}], "question": "What was the name of the miner's leader that was blamed for the strike?", "id": "5728720dff5b5019007da22d"}]}], ["Kinnock kemudian meletak jawatan sebagai pemimpin dan digantikan oleh John Smith. Kepimpinan Smith sekali lagi menyaksikan kemunculan semula ketegangan antara mereka yang berada di kiri dan yang dikenalpasti sebagai \"pemandunya\", yang kedua-duanya menganjurkan semakan radikal pendirian parti walaupun dengan cara yang berbeza. Pada persidangan 1993, Smith berjaya mengubah peraturan parti dan mengurangkan pengaruh kesatuan sekerja ke atas pemilihan calon untuk mendirikan Parlimen dengan memperkenalkan satu ahli, satu sistem undi yang dipanggil \"OMOV\" - tetapi hanya dengan sedikitnya, selepas ucapan yang menggerunkan oleh John Prescott yang memerlukan Smith untuk berkompromi dengan rundingan individu lain. <> Siapa yang menggantikan Kinnock? || John Smith <> Bilakah Smith menukar peraturan parti? || 1993 <> Apakah OMOV berdiri? || satu ahli, satu undi", {"context": "Kinnock then resigned as leader and was replaced by John Smith. Smith's leadership once again saw the re-emergence of tension between those on the party's left and those identified as \"modernisers\", both of whom advocated radical revisions of the party's stance albeit in different ways. At the 1993 conference, Smith successfully changed the party rules and lessened the influence of the trade unions on the selection of candidates to stand for Parliament by introducing a one member, one vote system called \"OMOV\" \u2014 but only barely, after a barnstorming speech by John Prescott which required Smith to compromise on other individual negotiations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "John Smith"}], "question": "Who replaced Kinnock?", "id": "572876a82ca10214002da394"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "1993"}], "question": "When did Smith change the party's rules?", "id": "572876a82ca10214002da395"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "one member, one vote"}], "question": "What does OMOV stand for?", "id": "572876a82ca10214002da396"}]}], ["Parti-parti nasionalis pula menuntut penyebaran kepada negara-negara konstituen masing-masing sebagai balasan kerajaan mereka. Apabila referendum untuk penyulingan Skotlandia dan Welsh diadakan pada bulan Mac 1979, devolusi Welsh ditolak secara terang-terangan sementara referendum Scotland kembali majoriti sempit yang memihak tanpa mencapai ambang yang diperlukan 40% sokongan. Apabila kerajaan Buruh dengan sewenang-wenangnya menolak untuk mendirikan Dewan Perhimpunan yang dicadangkan, SNP menarik sokongannya kepada kerajaan: ini akhirnya membawa kerajaan turun kerana ia mencetuskan suara keyakinan terhadap kerajaan Callaghan yang hilang dengan satu suara pada 28 Mac 1979, memerlukan pilihan raya umum. <> Dalam tahun apakah penolakan Scotland dan Welsh ditolak? || 1979 <> Berapa banyak undi mengundi hilang keyakinan pada tahun 1979? || undi tunggal", {"context": "The nationalist parties, in turn, demanded devolution to their respective constituent countries in return for their supporting the government. When referendums for Scottish and Welsh devolution were held in March 1979 Welsh devolution was rejected outright while the Scottish referendum returned a narrow majority in favour without reaching the required threshold of 40% support. When the Labour government duly refused to push ahead with setting up the proposed Scottish Assembly, the SNP withdrew its support for the government: this finally brought the government down as it triggered a vote of confidence in Callaghan's government that was lost by a single vote on 28 March 1979, necessitating a general election.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "1979"}], "question": "In what year was the Scottish and Welsh devolution rejected?", "id": "57286d4b4b864d19001649dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "a single vote"}], "question": "How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979?", "id": "57286d4b4b864d19001649dd"}]}], ["Callaghan telah dijangkakan secara meluas untuk memanggil satu pilihan raya pada musim luruh tahun 1978 apabila kebanyakan tinjauan pendapat menunjukkan Buruh mempunyai petunjuk sempit. Walau bagaimanapun, beliau memutuskan untuk melanjutkan dasar pengekalan upahnya untuk satu tahun lagi dengan harapan bahawa ekonomi akan menjadi lebih baik untuk pilihan raya 1979. Tetapi semasa musim sejuk tahun 1978-79 terdapat serangan yang meluas di kalangan pemandu lori, pekerja keretapi, pekerja kereta dan kerajaan tempatan dan pekerja hospital yang memihak kepada kenaikan gaji yang lebih tinggi yang menyebabkan gangguan yang ketara terhadap kehidupan seharian. Acara-acara ini dijuluki \"Winter of Discontent\". <> Dalam tahun apakah Buruh ditunjukkan untuk memimpin sedikit? || 1978 <> Siapakah orang yang menyerang pada tahun 1978-1979? || pemandu lori <> Mengapa mereka menyerang? || gaji yang lebih tinggi <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pemogokan ini? || Winter of Discontent", {"context": "Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 when most opinion polls showed Labour to have a narrow lead. However he decided to extend his wage restraint policy for another year hoping that the economy would be in a better shape for a 1979 election. But during the winter of 1978\u201379 there were widespread strikes among lorry drivers, railway workers, car workers and local government and hospital workers in favour of higher pay-rises that caused significant disruption to everyday life. These events came to be dubbed the \"Winter of Discontent\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "1978"}], "question": "In what year was Labour shown to have a slight lead?", "id": "57286dad4b864d19001649ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "lorry drivers"}], "question": "Who were some of the people striking in 1978-1979?", "id": "57286dad4b864d19001649eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "higher pay"}], "question": "Why were they striking?", "id": "57286dad4b864d19001649ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Winter of Discontent"}], "question": "What was this strike called?", "id": "57286dad4b864d19001649ed"}]}], ["Pada pilihan raya umum 2010 pada 6 Mei tahun itu, Buruh dengan 29.0% undi memenangi kerusi kedua terbesar (258). Konservatif dengan 36.5% undi memenangi jumlah kerusi terbesar (307), tetapi tiada parti mempunyai majoriti keseluruhan, bermakna Buruh masih boleh berkuasa jika mereka berjaya membentuk gabungan dengan sekurang-kurangnya satu pihak yang lebih kecil. Walau bagaimanapun, Parti Buruh mestilah membentuk gabungan dengan lebih daripada satu pihak yang lebih kecil untuk memperoleh majoriti keseluruhan; apa-apa yang kurang akan menyebabkan kerajaan minoriti. Pada 10 Mei 2010, selepas perbincangan untuk membentuk gabungan dengan Liberal Demokrat tercetus, Brown mengumumkan hasratnya untuk bertanding sebagai Pemimpin sebelum Persidangan Parti Buruh tetapi sehari kemudian meletak jawatan sebagai Perdana Menteri dan pemimpin parti. <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang memenangi Buruh pada tahun 2010? || 258 <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang dimenangi oleh Konservatif? || 307 <> Ketika Brown mengumumkan hasratnya untuk menundukkan diri? || 10 Mei 2010", {"context": "In the 2010 general election on 6 May that year, Labour with 29.0% of the vote won the second largest number of seats (258). The Conservatives with 36.5% of the vote won the largest number of seats (307), but no party had an overall majority, meaning that Labour could still remain in power if they managed to form a coalition with at least one smaller party. However, the Labour Party would have had to form a coalition with more than one other smaller party to gain an overall majority; anything less would result in a minority government. On 10 May 2010, after talks to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats broke down, Brown announced his intention to stand down as Leader before the Labour Party Conference but a day later resigned as both Prime Minister and party leader.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "258"}], "question": "How many seats did Labour win in 2010?", "id": "572874fe3acd2414000dfa17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "307"}], "question": "How many seats did the Conservatives win?", "id": "572874fe3acd2414000dfa18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "10 May 2010"}], "question": "WHen did Brown announce his intention to stand down?", "id": "572874fe3acd2414000dfa19"}]}], ["Kewangan membuktikan masalah utama bagi Parti Buruh dalam tempoh ini; satu skandal \"wang tunai untuk kelakuan\" di bawah Blair mengakibatkan pemadaman banyak sumber utama sumbangan. Mengurangkan keahlian parti, sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh pengurangan pengaruh aktivis atas pembuatan dasar di bawah pembaharuan Neil Kinnock dan Blair, juga menyumbang kepada masalah kewangan. Antara bulan Januari hingga Mac 2008, Parti Buruh menerima lebih kurang \u00a3 3 juta dalam sumbangan dan \u00a3 17 juta hutang; berbanding dengan \u00a3 6 juta sumbangan Conservatives dan hutang \u00a3 12 juta. <> Berapa banyak sumbangan yang diambil oleh parti Buruh dari Januari hingga Mac 2008? || \u00a3 3 juta <> Seberapa jauh pihak dalam hutang untuk tempoh yang sama? || \u00a3 17 juta <> Seberapa besar pihak Konservatif dalam hutang? || \u00a3 12 juta", {"context": "Finance proved a major problem for the Labour Party during this period; a \"cash for peerages\" scandal under Blair resulted in the drying up of many major sources of donations. Declining party membership, partially due to the reduction of activists' influence upon policy-making under the reforms of Neil Kinnock and Blair, also contributed to financial problems. Between January and March 2008, the Labour Party received just over \u00a33 million in donations and were \u00a317 million in debt; compared to the Conservatives' \u00a36 million in donations and \u00a312 million in debt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "\u00a33 million"}], "question": "How much in contributions did the Labour party get from January to Marrch 2008?", "id": "572875602ca10214002da388"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "\u00a317 million"}], "question": "How far was the party in debt for the same time period?", "id": "572875602ca10214002da389"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "\u00a312 million"}], "question": "How far was the Conservative party in debt?", "id": "572875602ca10214002da38a"}]}], ["\"Yo yo\" dalam tinjauan pendapat terus ke 1992, walaupun selepas November 1990 mana-mana Buruh yang memimpin dalam pemilihan itu jarang cukup untuk majoriti. Mayor menentang panggilan Kinnock untuk pemilihan umum sepanjang tahun 1991. Kinnock berkampanye dengan tema \"It's Time for a Change\", mendesak pengundi memilih kerajaan baru setelah lebih dari satu dekad kekuasaan Konservatif yang tidak terputus. Walau bagaimanapun, Konservatif sendiri telah mengalami perubahan dramatik dalam perubahan pemimpin dari Thatcher ke Major, sekurang-kurangnya dari segi gaya jika bukan bahan. Dari awal lagi, ia jelas merupakan perubahan yang diterima dengan baik, memandangkan memimpin 14 mata Buruh dalam November 1990 \"Undian Undian\" digantikan oleh 8% Tory memimpin sebulan kemudian. <> Berapa tahun Kinnock memanggil untuk pilihan raya umum? || 1991 <> Apa tema parti Kinnocks? || \"Ia adalah Masa untuk Perubahan\" <> Apakah peratusan Tory yang asli? || 14 <> Apa peratusan jatuh ke? || 8%", {"context": "The \"yo yo\" in the opinion polls continued into 1992, though after November 1990 any Labour lead in the polls was rarely sufficient for a majority. Major resisted Kinnock's calls for a general election throughout 1991. Kinnock campaigned on the theme \"It's Time for a Change\", urging voters to elect a new government after more than a decade of unbroken Conservative rule. However, the Conservatives themselves had undergone a dramatic change in the change of leader from Thatcher to Major, at least in terms of style if not substance. From the outset, it was clearly a well-received change, as Labour's 14-point lead in the November 1990 \"Poll of Polls\" was replaced by an 8% Tory lead a month later.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "1991"}], "question": "What year did Kinnock call for a general election?", "id": "5728765c3acd2414000dfa1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "\"It's Time for a Change\""}], "question": "What was Kinnocks party theme?", "id": "5728765c3acd2414000dfa1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "14"}], "question": "What was the original Tory lead percentage?", "id": "5728765c3acd2414000dfa1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "8%"}], "question": "What did the percentage fall to?", "id": "5728765c3acd2414000dfa20"}]}], ["Apabila keadaan ekonomi yang semakin buruk MacDonald bersetuju untuk membentuk \"Kerajaan Kebangsaan\" dengan Konservatif dan Liberal. Pada 24 Ogos 1931 MacDonald mengemukakan peletakan jawatan menteri-menterinya dan mengetuai sebilangan kecil rakan sejawatnya dalam membentuk Kerajaan Negara bersama-sama dengan pihak-pihak lain. Ini menyebabkan kemarahan yang besar di kalangan Parti Buruh yang merasa dikhianati oleh tindakan MacDonald: dia dan penyokongnya diusir segera dari Parti Buruh dan membentuk Organisasi Perburuhan Nasional yang berasingan. Sisa Ahli Parlimen Parti Buruh (dipimpin semula oleh Arthur Henderson) dan beberapa Liberal pergi ke pembangkang. Pilihan raya umum 1931 yang lalu mengakibatkan kemenangan besar bagi Kerajaan Kebangsaan dan bencana untuk Parti Buruh yang memenangi hanya 52 kerusi, 225 kurang daripada pada tahun 1929. <> Bilakah MacDonald menyerahkan peletakan jawatan menterinya? || 1931 <> Apa yang menyebabkan MacDonald membentuk parti yang berasingan? || dia dan penyokongnya segera diusir <> Siapa memenangi pilihan raya 1931? || Kerajaan Negara", {"context": "As the economic situation worsened MacDonald agreed to form a \"National Government\" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties. This caused great anger among those within the Labour Party who felt betrayed by MacDonald's actions: he and his supporters were promptly expelled from the Labour Party and formed a separate National Labour Organisation. The remaining Labour Party MPs (led again by Arthur Henderson) and a few Liberals went into opposition. The ensuing 1931 general election resulted in overwhelming victory for the National Government and disaster for the Labour Party which won only 52 seats, 225 fewer than in 1929.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "1931"}], "question": "When did MacDonald submit the resignation of his ministers?", "id": "57286c3b3acd2414000df9cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "he and his supporters were promptly expelled"}], "question": "What caused MacDonald to form a separate party?", "id": "57286c3b3acd2414000df9cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "National Government"}], "question": "Who won the 1931 election?", "id": "57286c3b3acd2414000df9cd"}]}], ["Selepas kekalahannya pada pilihan raya umum 1979 Parti Buruh menjalani tempoh persaingan dalaman antara kiri yang diwakili oleh Tony Benn, dan hak yang diwakili oleh Denis Healey. Pemilihan Michael Foot sebagai pemimpin pada tahun 1980, dan dasar-dasar kiri yang disokongnya, seperti pelucutan senjata nuklear unilateral, meninggalkan Komuniti Ekonomi Eropah (EEC) dan NATO, pengaruh pemerintah yang lebih dekat dalam sistem perbankan, penciptaan upah minimum nasional dan larangan memburu rubah yang diketuai pada tahun 1981 kepada empat bekas menteri kabinet dari kanan Parti Buruh (Shirley Williams, William Rodgers, Roy Jenkins dan David Owen) membentuk Parti Demokratik Sosial. Benn hanya dikalahkan oleh Healey dalam pemilihan timbalan kepimpinan yang hebat pada tahun 1981 selepas pengenalan sebuah kolej pilihan raya bertujuan untuk memperluaskan francais mengundi untuk memilih pemimpin dan timbalan mereka. Menjelang tahun 1982, Jawatankuasa Eksekutif Kebangsaan telah membuat kesimpulan bahawa kumpulan kecenderungan Militan yang masuk masuk bertentangan dengan perlembagaan parti. Dewan editorial lima ahli majalah Militant telah diusir pada 22 Februari 1983. <> Bilakah Parti Labout dikalahkan? || 1979 <> Tahun apakah Michael Foot dipilih sebagai pemimpin? || 1980 <> Apa yang telah dibangkitkan oleh empat orang ahli Parti Buruh? || Parti Sosial Demokratik <> Mengapa kolej pemilihan diperkenalkan? || memperluaskan francais mengundi", {"context": "After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn, and the right represented by Denis Healey. The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980, and the leftist policies he espoused, such as unilateral nuclear disarmament, leaving the European Economic Community (EEC) and NATO, closer governmental influence in the banking system, the creation of a national minimum wage and a ban on fox hunting led in 1981 to four former cabinet ministers from the right of the Labour Party (Shirley Williams, William Rodgers, Roy Jenkins and David Owen) forming the Social Democratic Party. Benn was only narrowly defeated by Healey in a bitterly fought deputy leadership election in 1981 after the introduction of an electoral college intended to widen the voting franchise to elect the leader and their deputy. By 1982, the National Executive Committee had concluded that the entryist Militant tendency group were in contravention of the party's constitution. The Militant newspaper's five member editorial board were expelled on 22 February 1983.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "1979"}], "question": "When was the Labout party defeated?", "id": "572871a52ca10214002da36c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "1980"}], "question": "What year was Michael Foot elected as leader?", "id": "572871a52ca10214002da36d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "Social Democratic Party"}], "question": "What did four members of the Labour Party leave to creat?", "id": "572871a52ca10214002da36e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "widen the voting franchise"}], "question": "Why was the electoral college introduced?", "id": "572871a52ca10214002da36f"}]}], ["\"Buruh Baru\" mula-mula disebut sebagai penjenamaan alternatif untuk Parti Buruh, yang berasal dari slogan persidangan yang pertama kali digunakan oleh Parti Buruh pada tahun 1994, yang kemudiannya dilihat dalam draf manifesto yang diterbitkan oleh parti pada tahun 1996, yang dipanggil Buruh Baru, Baru Hidup Untuk Britain. Ia adalah kesinambungan trend yang telah bermula di bawah pimpinan Neil Kinnock. \"Buruh Baru\" sebagai nama tidak mempunyai status rasmi, tetapi tetap digunakan secara umum untuk membezakan pemandian daripada mereka yang memegang kedudukan lebih tradisional, biasanya disebut sebagai \"Buruh Lama\". <> Apakah nama lain untuk Parti Labout? || \"Buruh Baru\" <> Bilakah penjenamaan pertama digunakan? || 1994 <> Bilakah Buruh menerbitkan manifesto draf baru? || 1996 <> Apakah manifesto ini dipanggil? || Buruh Baru, Kehidupan Baru Untuk Britain", {"context": "\"New Labour\" was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun under the leadership of Neil Kinnock. \"New Labour\" as a name has no official status, but remains in common use to distinguish modernisers from those holding to more traditional positions, normally referred to as \"Old Labour\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "\"New Labour\""}], "question": "What was the other name for the Labout Party?", "id": "572877c6ff5b5019007da264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When was this branding first used?", "id": "572877c6ff5b5019007da265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "1996"}], "question": "When did Labour publish a new draft manifesto?", "id": "572877c6ff5b5019007da266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "New Labour, New Life For Britain"}], "question": "What was this manifesto called?", "id": "572877c6ff5b5019007da267"}]}], ["Bencana ekonomi Black Wednesday pada September 1992 meninggalkan reputasi kerajaan Konservatif untuk kecemerlangan kewangan dalam tatters, dan menjelang akhir tahun Buruh mempunyai kedudukan yang selesa di atas Tories dalam tinjauan pendapat. Walaupun kemelesetan diumumkan pada April 1993 dan tempoh pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kukuh dan berterusan diikuti, ditambah pula dengan kejatuhan yang agak perlahan dalam pengangguran, tenaga kerja Buruh dalam tinjauan pendapat tetap kukuh. Walau bagaimanapun, Smith meninggal dunia akibat serangan jantung pada bulan Mei 1994. <> Ketika itu Black Wednesday? || September 1992 <> Apakah Black Wednesday? || bencana ekonomi <> Bilakah kemelesetan diisytiharkan? || April 1993 <> Bilakah Smith mati? || Mei 1994 <> Apa yang Smith mati? || serangan jantung", {"context": "The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters, and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls. Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sustained economic growth followed, coupled with a relatively swift fall in unemployment, the Labour lead in the opinion polls remained strong. However, Smith died from a heart attack in May 1994.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "September 1992"}], "question": "WHen was Black Wednesday?", "id": "572876fb3acd2414000dfa25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "economic disaster"}], "question": "What was Black Wednesday?", "id": "572876fb3acd2414000dfa26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "April 1993"}], "question": "When was the recession declared over?", "id": "572876fb3acd2414000dfa27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "May 1994"}], "question": "When did Smith die?", "id": "572876fb3acd2414000dfa28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "a heart attack"}], "question": "What did Smith die of?", "id": "572876fb3acd2414000dfa29"}]}], ["Satu titik perubahan yang dilihat ialah ketika Blair bercanggah dengan Presiden AS George W. Bush dalam menyokong Perang Iraq, yang menyebabkan dia kehilangan banyak sokongan politiknya. Setiausaha Agung PBB, di kalangan banyak, menganggap perang itu menyalahi undang-undang. Perang Iraq sangat tidak popular di kebanyakan negara barat, dengan kerajaan-kerajaan Barat dibahagikan kepada sokongan mereka dan di bawah tekanan dari protes popular di seluruh dunia. Keputusan yang membawa kepada perang Iraq dan tingkah laku seterusnya kini menjadi subjek dari Siasatan Sir John Chilcot di Iraq. <> Siapa yang bersama dengan Tony Blair? || Presiden George W. Bush <> Mengapa Blair memihak kepada Bush? || Perang Iraq <> Siapa yang mempunyai siasatan Perang Iraq yang aktif? || Sir John Chilcot <> Adakah idea Perang Iraq popular atau tidak popular di negara-negara Barat? || sangat tidak popular", {"context": "A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal. The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support and under pressure from worldwide popular protests. The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "President George W. Bush"}], "question": "Who did Tony Blair side with?", "id": "572878562ca10214002da39a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "the Iraq War"}], "question": "Why did Blair side with Bush?", "id": "572878562ca10214002da39b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Sir John Chilcot"}], "question": "Who has an active Iraq War inquiry?", "id": "572878562ca10214002da39c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "deeply unpopular"}], "question": "Was the idea of the Iraq War popular or unpopular in Western countries?", "id": "572878562ca10214002da39d"}]}], ["Blair mengumumkan pada September 2006 bahawa dia akan berhenti sebagai pemimpin dalam tahun ini, walaupun dia telah berada di bawah tekanan untuk berhenti lebih awal daripada Mei 2007 untuk mendapatkan pemimpin baru sebelum pilihan raya Mei yang dijangka menjadi bencana untuk Buruh. Dalam acara tersebut, parti itu kehilangan kuasa di Scotland kepada minoriti kerajaan Parti Nasional Skotlandia pada pemilihan 2007 dan, sejurus selepas itu, Blair meletak jawatan sebagai Perdana Menteri dan digantikan oleh Canselornya, Gordon Brown. Walaupun parti itu mengalami kenaikan singkat dalam pemilihan selepas ini, popularitinya tidak lama lagi merosot ke tahap terendah sejak zaman Michael Foot. Pada Mei 2008, Buruh mengalami kekalahan berat dalam pilihan raya mayoral London, pilihan raya tempatan dan kekalahan dalam pilihan raya kecil Crewe dan Nantwich, yang memuncak dalam parti yang mendaftarkan hasil pendapat terburuk sejak catatan bermula pada tahun 1943, sebanyak 23%, dengan ramai yang memetik kepimpinan Brown sebagai faktor utama. Keanggotaan parti juga mencapai kejatuhan rendah, jatuh ke 156,205 menjelang akhir tahun 2009: lebih 40 peratus daripada puncak 405,000 yang dicapai pada tahun 1997 dan dianggap sebagai jumlah terendah sejak pesta itu ditubuhkan. <> Bilakah Blair mengumumkan dia berhenti? || September 2006 <> Bilakah pilihan raya akan datang? || Mei 2007 <> Siapa Buruh kehilangan kuasa dalam pilihan raya? || Parti Kebangsaan Scotland <> Siapa Blair digantikan oleh? || Canselornya, Gordon Brown <> Apakah keahlian parti pada akhir tahun 2009? || 156,205", {"context": "Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor, Gordon Brown. Although the party experienced a brief rise in the polls after this, its popularity soon slumped to its lowest level since the days of Michael Foot. During May 2008, Labour suffered heavy defeats in the London mayoral election, local elections and the loss in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election, culminating in the party registering its worst ever opinion poll result since records began in 1943, of 23%, with many citing Brown's leadership as a key factor. Membership of the party also reached a low ebb, falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "September 2006"}], "question": "When did Blair announce he was quitting?", "id": "572878f12ca10214002da3aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "May 2007"}], "question": "When were the next elections?", "id": "572878f12ca10214002da3ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Scottish National Party"}], "question": "Who did Labour lose power in the election to?", "id": "572878f12ca10214002da3ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "his Chancellor, Gordon Brown"}], "question": "Who was Blair replaced by?", "id": "572878f12ca10214002da3ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1003, "text": "156,205"}], "question": "What was the party membership at the end of 2009?", "id": "572878f12ca10214002da3ae"}]}]], [["The Oeselians atau Osilians (bahasa Estonia: singular: saarlane) adalah subdivisi bersejarah dari Estonians yang mendiami Saaremaa (Denmark: \u00d8sel; Jerman: \u00d6sel; Sweden: \u00d6sel), sebuah pulau Estonia di Laut Baltik. Mereka mula-mula disebut seawal abad kedua SM di Geografi III Ptolemy. The Oeselians dikenali di Old Norse Icelandic Sagas dan di Heimskringla sebagai V\u00edkingr fr\u00e1 Esthland (Vikings Estonia). Kapal pelayaran mereka dipanggil kapal lanun oleh Henry Latvia dalam kronik Latinnya yang ditulis pada awal abad ke-13. <> Subkumpulan mana yang penduduk Estonia tinggal di Saaremaa? || The Oeselians <> Di mana terletak Saaremaa? || Laut Baltik <> Dimana sebutan awal orang-orang Oseelia? || Geografi Ptolemy III <> Siapa yang menggambarkan perahu layar orang Estonians sebagai kapal lanun? || Henry dari Latvia", {"context": "The Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: \u00d8sel; German: \u00d6sel; Swedish: \u00d6sel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The Oeselians were known in the Old Norse Icelandic Sagas and in Heimskringla as V\u00edkingr fr\u00e1 Esthland (Estonian Vikings). Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Latvia in his Latin chronicles written at the beginning of the 13th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Oeselians"}], "question": "Which subdivision of Estonians lived in Saaremaa?", "id": "572844b64b864d1900164874"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "the Baltic Sea"}], "question": "Where is Saaremaa located?", "id": "572844b64b864d1900164875"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Ptolemy's Geography III"}], "question": "Where was the initial mention of the Oeselians?", "id": "572844b64b864d1900164876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "Henry of Latvia"}], "question": "Who described the sailboats of the Estonians as pirate ships?", "id": "572844b64b864d1900164877"}]}], ["Dewa Oeselia yang unggul seperti yang digambarkan oleh Henry dari Latvia disebut Tharapita. Menurut legenda dalam kisah Tharapita dilahirkan di gunung berhutan di Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), daratan Estonia dari mana dia terbang ke Oesel, Saaremaa Nama Taarapita telah ditafsirkan sebagai \"Taara, tolong!\" / \"Thor, membantu ! \" (Taara a (v) ita dalam bahasa Estonia) atau \"penjaga Taara\" / \"Thor keeper\" (Taara pidaja) Taara dikaitkan dengan tuhan Scandinavia Thor. Kisah perjalanan Thandarita atau Taara dari Vironia ke Saaremaa telah dikaitkan dengan bencana meteor utama yang dianggarkan telah berlaku di 660 \u00b1 85 SM yang membentuk kawah Kaali di Saaremaa. <> Apa tuhan yang menyembah orang Oeselians? || Tharapita <> Siapa yang menggambarkan Tharapita? || Henry of Latvia <> Dimana Tharapita dilahirkan dalam kisah legendanya? || di atas gunung berhutan di Virumaa <> Apa yang Viking Tuhan terkenal dengan Tharapita? || Thor <> Apakah kejadian yang membentuk kawah di Saaremaa? || bencana meteor", {"context": "The superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as \"Taara, help!\"/\"Thor, help!\" (Taara a(v)ita in Estonian) or \"Taara keeper\"/\"Thor keeper\" (Taara pidaja) Taara is associated with the Scandinavian god Thor. The story of Tharapita's or Taara's flight from Vironia to Saaremaa has been associated with a major meteor disaster estimated to have happened in 660 \u00b1 85 BC that formed Kaali crater in Saaremaa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Tharapita"}], "question": "What god did the Oeselians worship?", "id": "572846033acd2414000df843"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Henry of Latvia"}], "question": "Who described Tharapita?", "id": "572846033acd2414000df844"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "on a forested mountain in Virumaa"}], "question": "Where was Tharapita born in his legend story?", "id": "572846033acd2414000df845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Thor"}], "question": "What famous Viking God is associated with Tharapita?", "id": "572846033acd2414000df846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "meteor disaster"}], "question": "What event formed a crater in Saaremaa?", "id": "572846033acd2414000df847"}]}], ["Estonia (i / \u025bsto\u028ani\u0259 /; Estonia: Eesti [e\u02d0sti]), secara rasmi Republik Estonia (Estonia: Eesti Vabariik), adalah sebuah negara di rantau Baltik Eropah Utara. Ia bersempadan dengan utara dari Teluk Finland, di barat oleh Laut Baltik, ke selatan oleh Latvia (343 km), dan ke timur oleh Lake Peipus dan Rusia (338.6 km). Di seluruh Laut Baltik terletak Sweden di barat dan Finland di utara. Wilayah Estonia terdiri daripada tanah besar dan 2,222 pulau dan pulau kecil di Laut Baltik, meliputi tanah seluas 45,339 km2 (17,505 mil persegi), dan dipengaruhi oleh iklim benua lembap. <> Apakah nama rasmi untuk Estonia? || Republik Estonia <> Di mana Estonia terletak di Eropah Utara? || rantau Baltik <> Apa yang sempadan utara Estonia? || Teluk Finland <> Apa badan air yang bersempadan dengan Estonia di barat? || Laut Baltik <> Negara apa yang bersempadan dengan selatan Estonia? || Latvia", {"context": "Estonia (i/\u025b\u02c8sto\u028ani\u0259/; Estonian: Eesti [\u02c8e\u02d0sti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45,339 km2 (17,505 sq mi) of land, and is influenced by a humid continental climate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the Republic of Estonia"}], "question": "What is the official name for Estonia?", "id": "5728418cff5b5019007da014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "the Baltic region"}], "question": "Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe?", "id": "5728418cff5b5019007da015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "the Gulf of Finland"}], "question": "What borders the north of Estonia?", "id": "5728418cff5b5019007da016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "the Baltic Sea"}], "question": "What body of water borders Estonia on the west?", "id": "5728418cff5b5019007da017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Latvia"}], "question": "What country borders south Estonia?", "id": "5728418cff5b5019007da018"}]}], ["Pada Malam St. George (Estonian: J\u00fcri\u00f6\u00f6 \u00fclest\u00f5us) 23 April 1343, penduduk Estonia yang asli di Duchy of Estonia, Bishopric of \u00d6sel-Wiek dan wilayah-wilayah perbatasan Negara Pesuruh Teutonik cuba menyingkirkan diri dari Denmark dan Raja-raja dan tuan-tuan tanah Jerman, yang telah menakluki negara itu pada abad ke-13 semasa perang salib Livonia, dan membasmi agama Kristian bukan asli. Selepas kejayaan awal pemberontakan itu berakhir dengan pencerobohan Perintah Teutonik. Pada tahun 1346, Duchy of Estonia telah dijual untuk markah 19.000 K\u00f6ln kepada Perintah Teutonik oleh Raja Denmark. Peralihan kedaulatan dari Denmark ke Negara Perintah Teutonik berlaku pada 1 November 1346. <> Apakah tarikh Malam St. George? || 23 April 1343 <> Bilakah orang-orang Estonia asli cuba menggulingkan raja-raja Denmark dan Jerman? || Malam St. George <> Sistem kepercayaan apa yang cuba dicabut oleh orang Estonia? || agama bukan agama Kristian <> Apa acara berakhir pemberontakan? || pencerobohan Perintah Teutonik. <> Apa tarikh peralihan kedaulatan dari negeri Denmark? || 1 November 1346", {"context": "On St. George's Night (Estonian: J\u00fcri\u00f6\u00f6 \u00fclest\u00f5us) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of \u00d6sel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered the country in the 13th century during the Livonian crusade, and to eradicate the non-indigenous Christian religion. After initial success the revolt was ended by the invasion of the Teutonic Order. In 1346 the Duchy of Estonia was sold for 19,000 K\u00f6ln marks to the Teutonic Order by the King of Denmark. The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the State of the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "23 April 1343"}], "question": "What is the date of St. George's Night?", "id": "5728479b4b864d19001648b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "St. George's Night"}], "question": "When did the indigenous Estonians try to overthrow their Danish and German rulers?", "id": "5728479b4b864d19001648b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "the non-indigenous Christian religion"}], "question": "What belief system did the native Estonians try to remove? ", "id": "5728479b4b864d19001648b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "the invasion of the Teutonic Order."}], "question": "What event ended the uprising?", "id": "5728479b4b864d19001648b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "1 November 1346"}], "question": "What date did sovereignty shift from the state of Denmark?", "id": "5728479b4b864d19001648b6"}]}], ["Selepas berabad-abad Denmark, Sweden dan Jerman memerintah negara-negara Estonia yang mula merindukan kemerdekaan semasa tempoh kebangkitan negara ketika ditadbir oleh Empayar Rusia. Ditubuhkan pada 24 Februari 1918, Republik Estonia muncul pada akhir Perang Dunia I. Semasa Perang Dunia II, Estonia kemudiannya diduduki oleh Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1940, kemudian Jerman Nazi setahun kemudian dan lagi pada tahun 1944 membentuk Estonia Republik Sosialis Soviet. Pada tahun 1988, semasa Revolusi nyanyian, SSR Estonia mengeluarkan Deklarasi Kedaulatan Estonia untuk menentang peraturan haram Soviet. Estonia kemudian memulihkan kemerdekaannya semasa kudeta tahun 1991 oleh Soviet pada malam 20 Ogos 1991. <> Bilakah Estonia mula mengharapkan kebebasan? || tempoh kebangkitan kebangsaan <> Siapa yang terkawal semasa kebangkitan kebangsaan? || Kerajaan Rusia <> Siapa yang mengawal Estonia untuk kebanyakan sejarah negara? || Denmark, Sweden dan Jerman <> Tahun apakah Republik Estonia telah ditubuhkan? || 1918 <> Apa perang berakhir apabila Estonia dilahirkan? || Perang Dunia I", {"context": "After centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. During World War II, Estonia was then occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, then Nazi Germany a year later and again in 1944 establishing the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian SSR issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration to defy against the illegal Soviet rule. Estonia then restored its independence during the 1991 coup by the Soviets on the night of 20 August 1991.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "the period of national awakening"}], "question": "When did Estonia start hoping for freedom?", "id": "572842434b864d1900164823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "the Russian Empire"}], "question": "Who was in control during the national awakening?", "id": "572842434b864d1900164824"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Danish, Swedish and German rule"}], "question": "Who was in control of Estonia for most of the country's history?", "id": "572842434b864d1900164822"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "1918"}], "question": "What year was the Republic of Estonia established?", "id": "572842434b864d1900164825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "World War I"}], "question": "What war ended as Estonia was born?", "id": "572842434b864d1900164826"}]}], ["Ibukota Denmark Estonia (Denmark: Hertugd\u00f8mmet Estland) adalah Reval (Tallinn), yang diasaskan di tempat Lyndanisse selepas pencerobohan 1219. Danes membina benteng Castrum Danorum di Toompea Hill. Estonia masih memanggil modal mereka \"Tallinn\", yang menurut legenda berasal dari Taani linna (yang bermaksud bandar atau kastil Denmark). Reval diberikan hak bandar L\u00fcbeck (1248) dan menyertai Liga Hanseatic. Malah hari ini, pengaruh Denmark dapat dilihat dalam simbol heraldia. Salib Denmark terletak di bandar tengkorak Tallinn, dan mantel Estonia menampilkan tiga singa serupa dengan yang terdapat pada lengan Denmark. <> Apa modal Estonia Estonia? || Reval <> Apa acara mendahului penubuhan modal? || pencerobohan 1219 <> Struktur apa yang dibina di Toompea Hill? || kubu Castrum Danorum <> Apa tahun Reval diberikan dengan hak bandar L\u00fcbeck? || 1248", {"context": "The capital of Danish Estonia (Danish: Hertugd\u00f8mmet Estland) was Reval (Tallinn), founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill. Estonians still call their capital \"Tallinn\", which according to legend derives from Taani linna (meaning Danish town or castle). Reval was granted L\u00fcbeck city rights (1248) and joined the Hanseatic League. Even today, Danish influence can be seen in heraldic symbols. The Danish cross is on the city of Tallinn's coat of arms, and Estonia's coat of arms displays three lions similar to those found on the Danish coat of arms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Reval"}], "question": "What was the capital of Danish Estonia?", "id": "572846ce2ca10214002da224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "the invasion of 1219"}], "question": "What event preceded the founding of the capital?", "id": "572846ce2ca10214002da225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "the fortress of Castrum Danorum"}], "question": "What structure was built at Toompea Hill?", "id": "572846ce2ca10214002da226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "1248"}], "question": "What year was Reval granted with L\u00fcbeck city rights?", "id": "572846ce2ca10214002da227"}]}], ["Dari 1228, selepas Perang Salib Livonia, melalui tahun 1560-an, Estonia adalah sebahagian daripada Terra Mariana, yang ditubuhkan pada 2 Februari 1207 sebagai sebuah kerajaan Empayar Rom Suci dan diisytiharkan oleh Pope Innocent III pada 1215 sebagai tertakluk kepada Holy See. Bahagian selatan negara ini ditawan oleh Livonian Brothers of the Sword yang menyertai Order Teutonik pada tahun 1237 dan menjadi cawangannya yang dikenali sebagai Ordo Livonia. The Duchy of Estonia diciptakan dari bahagian utara negara ini dan merupakan penguasaan langsung Raja Denmark dari 1219 hingga 1346, ketika ia dijual kepada Ordo Teutonik dan menjadi bagian dari Ordenstaat. Pada tahun 1343, rakyat Estonia utara dan Saaremaa telah memberontak terhadap pemerintahan Jerman di Pemberontakan Malam St. George, yang diturunkan oleh 1345. Pemberontakan yang tidak berjaya membawa kepada penyatuan kuasa untuk minoriti Jerman Baltik. Untuk abad-abad berikutnya mereka kekal sebagai elit pemerintah di kedua-dua bandar dan di kawasan luar bandar. <> Bilakah Terra Mariana ditubuhkan? || 2 Februari 1207 <> Siapa yang memerintah bahagian selatan Estonia? || Livonian Brothers the Sword <> Tahun berapakah Livonia Brothers menyertai Order Teutonik? || 1237 <> Tahun berapakah Raja Denmark menjual Estonia ke Perintah Teutonik? || 1346 <> Siapa pemberontak Estonia melawan pada tahun 1343? || Peraturan Jerman", {"context": "From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "2 February 1207"}], "question": "When was Terra Mariana established?", "id": "5728484dff5b5019007da0ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword"}], "question": "Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?", "id": "5728484dff5b5019007da0cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "1237"}], "question": "What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?", "id": "5728484dff5b5019007da0d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "1346"}], "question": "What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?", "id": "5728484dff5b5019007da0d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "German rule"}], "question": "Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?", "id": "5728484dff5b5019007da0d2"}]}], ["Negara maju dengan ekonomi berpendapatan tinggi dan taraf hidup yang tinggi, Estonia berada di Indeks Pembangunan Manusia yang sangat tinggi, dan melakukan pengukuran dalam kebebasan ekonomi, kebebasan sivil, pendidikan, dan kebebasan akhbar (ketiga di dunia pada tahun 2012 ). Estonia telah menjadi antara ekonomi yang paling pesat berkembang di Kesatuan Eropah dan merupakan sebahagian daripada Pertubuhan Perdagangan Dunia dan Nordic Investment Bank. Estonia sering digambarkan sebagai salah satu negara yang paling fokus di internet di Eropah. <> Apakah ciri-ciri menggambarkan Estonia sebagai negara maju? || ekonomi berpendapatan tinggi dan taraf hidup yang tinggi <> Apakah taraf hidup Estonia dalam kedudukan baik? || Indeks Pembangunan Manusia <> Negara mana yang berfungsi dengan baik dalam penilaian kebebasan ekonomi, kebebasan sivil, dan pendidikan? || Estonia <> Tahun apakah Estonia menduduki tempat ketiga dalam kebebasan akhbar? || 2012 <> Apa institusi kewangan dikaitkan dengan Estonia? || Nordic Investment Bank", {"context": "A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is a part of the World Trade Organization and the Nordic Investment Bank. Estonia is often described as one of the most internet-focused countries in Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "high-income economy and high living standards"}], "question": "What features describe Estonia as a developed nation?", "id": "572843282ca10214002da1d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "the Human Development Index"}], "question": "What standard of living does Estonia rank well in?", "id": "572843282ca10214002da1d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Estonia"}], "question": "What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom, civil liberties, and education?", "id": "572843282ca10214002da1da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "2012"}], "question": "What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom?", "id": "572843282ca10214002da1db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "the Nordic Investment Bank"}], "question": "What financial institution is associated with Estonia?", "id": "572843282ca10214002da1dc"}]}], ["Pada abad pertama AD, subdivisi politik dan pentadbiran mula muncul di Estonia. Dua bahagian yang lebih besar muncul: wilayah (Estonia: kihelkond) dan tanah (Estonia: maakond). Beberapa penatua atau kampung membentuk sebuah wilayah. Hampir semua wilayah mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya satu kubu. Raja atau pejabat tinggi pentadbiran tertinggi yang lain mengarahkan pembelaan kawasan setempat. Pada abad ke-13 Estonia terdiri daripada wilayah-wilayah berikut: Revala, Harjumaa, Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, L\u00e4\u00e4nemaa, Alempois, Sakala, Ugandi, Jogentagana, Soopoolitse, Vaiga, M\u00f5hu, Nurmekund, J\u00e4rvamaa dan Virumaa. <> Bilakah subkumpulan politik mula muncul di Estonia? || abad pertama AD <> Apakah bahagian yang berkaitan dengan wilayah itu? || kihelkond <> Apa bahagian yang dikaitkan dengan tanah itu? || maakond <> Apakah jenis struktur yang terdapat di kebanyakan wilayah? || kubu <> yang memerintahkan pertahanan suatu daerah? || Raja atau penatua rasmi pentadbiran tertinggi lainnya", {"context": "In the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The king or other highest administrative official elder directed the defense of the local area. By the thirteenth century Estonia consisted of the following provinces: Revala, Harjumaa, Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, L\u00e4\u00e4nemaa, Alempois, Sakala, Ugandi, Jogentagana, Soopoolitse, Vaiga, M\u00f5hu, Nurmekund, J\u00e4rvamaa and Virumaa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "first centuries AD"}], "question": "When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia?", "id": "5728442cff5b5019007da052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "kihelkond"}], "question": "What subdivision was associated with the province?", "id": "5728442cff5b5019007da053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "maakond"}], "question": "What subdivision was associated with the land?", "id": "5728442cff5b5019007da054"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "fortress"}], "question": "What type of structure did most provinces have?", "id": "5728442cff5b5019007da055"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "The king or other highest administrative official elder"}], "question": "Who commanded the defense of an area?", "id": "5728442cff5b5019007da056"}]}], ["Mungkin serangan yang paling terkenal oleh lanun Oeselian berlaku pada 1187, dengan serangan ke atas bandar Sigtuna Sweden oleh penyerang Finnic dari Couronia dan Oesel. Antara korban serangan ini ialah uskup agung Sweden Johannes. Bandar ini kekal sibuk beberapa lama, menyumbang kepada kemerosotannya sebagai pusat perdagangan pada abad ke-13 dan kebangkitan Uppsala, Visby, Kalmar dan Stockholm. Chrononian Livonian menggambarkan orang Oeselians menggunakan dua jenis kapal, piratica dan liburna. Yang pertama adalah kapal perang, yang terakhir adalah kapal dagang. Piratica boleh membawa kira-kira 30 orang dan mempunyai prow yang tinggi seperti naga atau snakehead dan sebuah pelayaran persegi panjang. Khazanah zaman Viking dari Estonia kebanyakannya mengandungi syiling perak dan bar. Saaremaa mempunyai penemuan terkaya harta Viking selepas Gotland di Sweden. Ini menunjukkan bahawa Estonia adalah negara transit penting semasa era Viking. <> Tahun berapakah lanun Oeselian menjalankan serbuan yang terkenal? || 1187 <> Siapa yang telah merampas lanun Oeselian? || bandar Sigtuna Sweden <> Apa angka penting yang terbunuh dalam serbuan itu? || Uskup Sweden Johannes <> Apa dua kapal telah digunakan oleh lanun Oeselian? || the piratica and the liburna <> Apa jenis kapal adalah liburna? || kapal dagang", {"context": "Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a center of commerce in the 13th century and the rise of Uppsala, Visby, Kalmar and Stockholm. The Livonian Chronicle describes the Oeselians as using two kinds of ships, the piratica and the liburna. The former was a warship, the latter mainly a merchant ship. A piratica could carry approximately 30 men and had a high prow shaped like a dragon or a snakehead and a rectangular sail. Viking-age treasures from Estonia mostly contain silver coins and bars. Saaremaa has the richest finds of Viking treasures after Gotland in Sweden. This strongly suggests that Estonia was an important transit country during the Viking era.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "1187"}], "question": "What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?", "id": "5728456d3acd2414000df82f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "the Swedish town of Sigtuna"}], "question": "Who did the Oeselian pirates atack?", "id": "5728456d3acd2414000df830"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Swedish archbishop Johannes"}], "question": "What important figure was killed in the raid?", "id": "5728456d3acd2414000df831"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "the piratica and the liburna"}], "question": "What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates?", "id": "5728456d3acd2414000df832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "merchant ship"}], "question": "What type of ship was the liburna?", "id": "5728456d3acd2414000df833"}]}], ["Di hadapan negara yang diduduki semula oleh Tentera Merah, puluhan ribu orang Estonia (termasuk majoriti pendidikan, kebudayaan, sains, pakar politik dan sosial) memilih sama ada berundur dengan orang Jerman atau melarikan diri ke Finland atau Sweden di mana mereka mencari tempat perlindungan di negara-negara barat lain, selalunya oleh kapal-kapal pelarian seperti SS Walnut. Pada 12 Januari 1949, Majlis Soviet Soviet mengeluarkan perintah \"pengusiran dan pengusiran\" dari negara-negara Baltik \"semua kulaks dan keluarga mereka, keluarga penyamun dan nasionalis\", dan lain-lain. <> Berapa banyak orang Estonia memilih untuk berundur atau lari ketika menjangkakan serangan Soviet yang lain? || puluhan ribu <> Negara manakah yang kebanyakan orang Estonia ingin melarikan diri? || Finland atau Sweden <> Apa nama kapal pelarian yang dimasuki Estonia? || SS Walnut <> Apa tarikh Majlis Soviet Soviet mengeluarkan perisytiharan untuk menghapus Estonia asli? || 12 Januari 1949", {"context": "In the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including a majority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countries, often by refugee ships such as the SS Walnut. On 12 January 1949, the Soviet Council of Ministers issued a decree \"on the expulsion and deportation\" from Baltic states of \"all kulaks and their families, the families of bandits and nationalists\", and others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "tens of thousands"}], "question": "How many Estonians chose to retreat or flee when in anticipation of another Soviet invasion?", "id": "5728b2d64b864d1900164c48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Finland or Sweden"}], "question": "Which countries did most Estonians desire to flee to?", "id": "5728b2d64b864d1900164c49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "the SS Walnut"}], "question": "What was the name of the refugee ship that Estonians boarded?", "id": "5728b2d64b864d1900164c4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "12 January 1949"}], "question": "What date did the Soviet Council of Ministers issue a declaration to remove native Estonians?", "id": "5728b2d64b864d1900164c4b"}]}], ["Walaupun pada mulanya orang Jerman disambut oleh kebanyakan orang Estonians sebagai pembebasan dari USSR dan penindasannya, dan harapan yang dibangkitkan untuk pemulihan kemerdekaan negara, tidak lama kemudian menyedari bahawa Nazi adalah tetapi satu lagi kuasa menduduki. Orang-orang Jerman menggunakan sumber Estonia untuk usaha perang mereka; untuk tempoh pendudukan Estonia telah dimasukkan ke dalam wilayah Ostland Jerman. Orang Jerman dan kolaborator mereka juga menjalankan Holocaust di Estonia di mana mereka menubuhkan rangkaian kem-kem tahanan dan membunuh beribu-ribu orang Yahudi Estonian dan Gypsies Estonia, Estonia lain, orang Yahudi bukan Yahudi, dan tawanan perang Soviet. <> Apakah majoriti orang Estonia melihat Jerman sebagai? || pembebasan <> Siapa yang mengawal Estonia sebelum Jerman? || USSR <> Apa yang Estonia berharap untuk memulihkan selepas penyingkiran USSR? || kemerdekaan negara <> Apa yang diambil oleh Jerman dari Estonia untuk strategi perang mereka? || Sumber Estonia", {"context": "Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their war effort; for the duration of the occupation Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland. The Germans and their collaborators also carried out The Holocaust in Estonia in which they established a network of concentration camps and murdered thousands of Estonian Jews and Estonian Gypsies, other Estonians, non-Estonian Jews, and Soviet prisoners of war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "liberators"}], "question": "What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as?", "id": "5728b1624b864d1900164c36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "the USSR"}], "question": "Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans?", "id": "5728b1624b864d1900164c37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "the country's independence"}], "question": "What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR?", "id": "5728b1624b864d1900164c38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Estonia's resources"}], "question": "What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy?", "id": "5728b1624b864d1900164c39"}]}], ["Sebagai hasil penghapusan keringkasan dan ketersediaan pendidikan kepada penduduk asli berbahasa Estonia, gerakan nasionalis Estonia yang aktif berkembang pada abad ke-19. [Rujukan?] Ia bermula pada tahap kebudayaan, yang mengakibatkan penubuhan bahasa Estonia kesusasteraan, teater dan muzik profesional dan membawa kepada pembentukan identiti kebangsaan Estonia dan Zaman Kebangkitan. Antara pemimpin gerakan itu ialah Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt dan Carl Robert Jakobson. <> Apa bentuk penghambaan dihapuskan? || serfdom <> Bilakah gerakan nasionalis Estonia bermula? || Abad ke-19 <> Perkembangan identiti kebangsaan Estonia ditemani dengan era apa? || Zaman Kebangkitan <> Siapa pemimpin Zaman Kebangkitan? || Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt dan Carl Robert Jakobson.", {"context": "As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, theatre and professional music and led on to the formation of the Estonian national identity and the Age of Awakening. Among the leaders of the movement were Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "serfdom"}], "question": "What form of servitude was eliminated?", "id": "5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When did the Estonian nationalist movement begin?", "id": "5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "the Age of Awakening"}], "question": "The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied with what era?", "id": "5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson."}], "question": "Who were the leaders of the Age of Awakening?", "id": "5728aaa53acd2414000dfc6e"}]}], ["Pada 6 Ogos 1940, Estonia telah dilampirkan oleh Kesatuan Soviet sebagai SSR Estonia. Peruntukan dalam perlembagaan Estonia yang memerlukan referendum popular untuk memutuskan untuk menyertai badan supra-nasional diabaikan. Sebaliknya undi untuk bergabung dengan Kesatuan Soviet telah diambil oleh mereka yang dipilih dalam pemilihan yang diadakan bulan sebelumnya. Tambahan pula, mereka yang gagal melakukan \"tugas politik\" mereka untuk mengundi Estonia ke dalam USSR, khususnya mereka yang gagal memfailkan pasport mereka untuk mengundi, telah dihukum mati oleh tribunal Soviet. Penindasan diikuti dengan pengusiran besar-besaran yang dilakukan oleh Soviet di Estonia pada 14 Jun 1941. Banyak pemimpin politik dan intelektual negara terbunuh atau dideportasi ke kawasan pedalaman USSR oleh pihak berkuasa Soviet pada tahun 1940-1941. Tindakan penindasan juga diambil terhadap beribu-ribu orang biasa. <> Apa tarikh Estonia dilampirkan oleh Soviet? || 6 Ogos 1940 <> Siapa yang merampas Estonia sebagai SSR Estonia? || Kesatuan Soviet <> Peraturan-peraturan untuk bergabung dengan kuasa super telah diabaikan dari dokumen apa? || Perlembagaan Estonia <> Sistem apa yang digunakan untuk membuat keputusan untuk menyertai Soviet? || pilihan raya", {"context": "On 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held the previous month. Additionally those who had failed to do their \"political duty\" of voting Estonia into the USSR, specifically those who had failed to have their passports stamped for voting, were condemned to death by Soviet tribunals. The repressions followed with the mass deportations carried out by the Soviets in Estonia on 14 June 1941. Many of the country's political and intellectual leaders were killed or deported to remote areas of the USSR by the Soviet authorities in 1940\u20131941. Repressive actions were also taken against thousands of ordinary people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "6 August 1940"}], "question": "What date was Estonia annexed by the Soviets?", "id": "5728ac583acd2414000dfcab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "the Soviet Union"}], "question": "Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR?", "id": "5728ac583acd2414000dfcac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "the Estonian constitution"}], "question": "The rules of joining a super power were ignored from what document?", "id": "5728ac583acd2414000dfcad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "elections"}], "question": "What system was used to decide on joining the Soviets?", "id": "5728ac583acd2414000dfcae"}]}], ["Selepas Jerman menyerang Kesatuan Soviet pada 22 Jun 1941, Wehrmacht menyeberangi sempadan selatan Estonia pada 7 Julai. Tentera Merah berundur di belakang Sungai P\u00e4rnu - Emaj\u00f5gi pada 12 Julai. Pada akhir bulan Julai, Jerman kembali maju di Estonia bekerja bersamaan dengan Hutan Pertahanan Estonia. Kedua-dua tentera Jerman dan parti Estonia mengambil Narva pada 17 Ogos dan ibukota Estonia di Tallinn pada 28 Ogos. Selepas Soviet dipulangkan dari Estonia, tentera Jerman melucutkan senjata semua kumpulan partisan. <> Apa tarikh Jerman menyerang Soviet? || 22 Jun 1941 <> Bilakah Werhmacht melintasi sempadan selatan Estonia? || 7 Julai <> Apakah air yang dimasuki Tentera Merah di belakang? || Sungai P\u00e4rnu <> Bilakah Tentera Merah jatuh ke Sungai Parnu? || 12 Julai <> Bilakah orang-orang Jerman menyerang Kesatuan Soviet? || 22 Jun 1941 <> Bilakah Werhmacht menyeberangi sempadan selatan Estonia? || 7 Julai <> Siapa yang membantu Jerman mengambil alih Estonia? || Estonia Hutan Estonia", {"context": "After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the P\u00e4rnu River \u2013 Emaj\u00f5gi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothers. Both German troops and Estonian partisans took Narva on 17 August and the Estonian capital Tallinn on 28 August. After the Soviets were driven out from Estonia, German troops disarmed all the partisan groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "22 June 1941"}], "question": "What date did the Germans invade the Soviets?", "id": "5728acd92ca10214002da59e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "7 July"}], "question": "When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia?", "id": "5728acd92ca10214002da59f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "the P\u00e4rnu River"}], "question": "What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind?", "id": "5728acd92ca10214002da5a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "12 July"}], "question": "When did the Red Army fall back to the Parnu River?", "id": "5728acd92ca10214002da5a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "22 June 1941"}], "question": "When did the Germans invade the Soviet Union?", "id": "5728b0db2ca10214002da5d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "7 July"}], "question": "When did the Werhmacht cross south border of Estonia?", "id": "5728b0db2ca10214002da5d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "the Estonian Forest Brothers"}], "question": "Who helped the Germans take over Estonia?", "id": "5728b0db2ca10214002da5db"}]}], ["Pada 14 Jun, ketika perhatian dunia difokuskan pada kejatuhan Paris ke Nazi Jerman sehari sebelumnya, blokade tentera Soviet ke Estonia berlaku, dua pengebom Soviet menurunkan pesawat penumpang Finlandia \"Kaleva\" yang terbang dari Tallinn ke Helsinki membawa tiga kantung diplomatik dari delegasi AS di Tallinn, Riga dan Helsinki. Pada 16 Jun, Kesatuan Soviet menyerbu Estonia. Tentera Merah keluar dari pangkalan tentera mereka di Estonia pada 17 Jun. Pada hari berikutnya, kira-kira 90,000 tentera tambahan memasuki negara ini. Dalam menghadapi pasukan Soviet yang hebat, kerajaan Estonia mengabdikan pada 17 Jun 1940 untuk mengelakkan pertumpahan darah. <> Apa modal Perancis hilang kepada orang Jerman Nazi? || Paris <> Bilakah tentera Soviet memulakan sekatan mereka di Estonia? || 14 Jun <> Apakah nama kapal terbang Finland yang diserang oleh Soviet? || Kaleva <> Di mana destinasi Kaleva? || Helsinki", {"context": "On 14 June, while the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect, two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane \"Kaleva\" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the US delegations in Tallinn, Riga and Helsinki. On 16 June, the Soviet Union invaded Estonia. The Red Army exited from their military bases in Estonia on 17 June. The following day, some 90,000 additional troops entered the country. In the face of overwhelming Soviet force, the Estonian government capitulated on 17 June 1940 to avoid bloodshed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "What capital of France was lost to the Nazi Germans?", "id": "5728ab303acd2414000dfc7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "14 June"}], "question": "When did the Soviet army initiate their blockade on Estonia?", "id": "5728ab303acd2414000dfc7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Kaleva"}], "question": "What was the name of the Finnish aeroplane attacked by the Soviets?", "id": "5728ab303acd2414000dfc7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Helsinki"}], "question": "Where was the destination of Kaleva?", "id": "5728ab303acd2414000dfc80"}]}], ["Selepas penurunan Orde Teutonik berikutan kekalahannya dalam Pertempuran Grunwald pada tahun 1410, dan kekalahan Ordo Livonia dalam Pertempuran Swienta pada 1 September 1435, Perjanjian Gabungan Livonia ditandatangani pada 4 Disember 1435. Konfederasi Livonia itu berhenti. untuk wujud semasa Perang Livonian (1558-82). Peperangan telah mengurangkan populasi Estonia dari kira-kira 250-300,000 orang sebelum Perang Livonia menjadi 120-140,000 pada 1620-an. Grand Duchy of Moscow dan Tsardom of Russia juga mencuba pencerobohan di 1481 dan 1558, kedua-duanya tidak berjaya. <> Kapan Pertempuran Grunwald berlaku? || 1410 <> Apa peristiwa yang berlaku sebelum penurunan Perintah Teutonik? || Pertempuran Grunwald <> Siapa yang ditewaskan Estonians dalam Pertempuran Swienta? || Ordo Livonia <> Apa tarikh Pertempuran Swienta? || 1 September 1435 <> Bilakah Perjanjian Gabungan Livonia ditandatangani? || 4 Disember 1435", {"context": "After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War (1558\u201382). The wars had reduced the Estonian population from about 250\u2013300,000 people before the Livonian War to 120\u2013140,000 in the 1620s. The Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia also attempted invasions in 1481 and 1558, both of which were unsuccessful .", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1410"}], "question": "When did the Battle of Grunwald take place?", "id": "5728a94c4b864d1900164bbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "the Battle of Grunwald"}], "question": "What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order?", "id": "5728a94c4b864d1900164bbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "the Livonian Order"}], "question": "Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta?", "id": "5728a94c4b864d1900164bc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "1 September 1435"}], "question": "What is date of the Battle of Swienta?", "id": "5728a94c4b864d1900164bc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "4 December 1435"}], "question": "When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed?", "id": "5728a94c4b864d1900164bc2"}]}], ["Kebanyakan Angkatan Pertahanan Estonia diserahkan mengikut arahan kerajaan Estonia, dengan percaya bahawa perlawanan itu tidak berguna dan dilucutkan oleh Tentera Merah. Hanya Batalion Isyarat Bebas Estonia yang menentang tentara Tentera Merah dan militia Komunis \"Unit Pertahanan Diri\" di hadapan Sekolah Gramata XXI di Tallinn pada 21 Jun. Ketika Tentera Merah membawa bantuan tambahan yang disokong oleh enam kenderaan pertempuran berperisai, pertempuran berlangsung beberapa jam sehingga matahari terbenam. Akhirnya rintangan tentera berakhir dengan perundingan dan Batalion Isyarat Bebas menyerah dan dilucutkan senjata. Terdapat dua anggota tentera Estonia yang mati, Aleksei M\u00e4nnikus dan Johannes Mandre, dan beberapa cedera di sebelah Estonia dan kira-kira sepuluh tewas dan lebih cedera di sebelah Soviet. <> Siapa yang memerintahkan pembelaan Estonia untuk menyerahkan diri? || Kerajaan Estonia <> Yang melucutkan senjata Pertahanan Estonia? || Tentera Merah <> Apa nama unit tunggal yang tidak menyerah? || Batalion Isyarat Bebas Estonian <> Bilakah Batalion Isyarat Bebas Estonian berhadapan dengan Soviet? || 21 Jun", {"context": "Most of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia \"People's Self-Defence\" units in front of the XXI Grammar School in Tallinn on 21 June. As the Red Army brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle lasted several hours until sundown. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed. There were two dead Estonian servicemen, Aleksei M\u00e4nnikus and Johannes Mandre, and several wounded on the Estonian side and about ten killed and more wounded on the Soviet side.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "the Estonian government"}], "question": "Who commanded the defense of the Estonia to surrender?", "id": "5728abc13acd2414000dfc99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "the Red Army"}], "question": "Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces?", "id": "5728abc13acd2414000dfc9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion"}], "question": "What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender?", "id": "5728abc13acd2414000dfc9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "21 June"}], "question": "When did the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion face off against the Soviets?", "id": "5728abc13acd2414000dfc9c"}]}], ["Reformasi di Eropah secara rasminya bermula pada 1517 dengan Martin Luther (1483-1546) dan 95 Tesisnya. Reformasi sangat mengubah rantau Baltik. Ideanya datang dengan cepat ke Konfederasi Livonia dan pada tahun 1520-an telah tersebar luas. Bahasa, pendidikan, agama dan politik telah berubah. Perkhidmatan gereja kini dijalankan dalam bahasa vernakular dan bukannya dalam bahasa Latin, sebelum digunakan. Semasa Perang Livonian pada tahun 1561, Estonia utara menyerahkan diri kepada kawalan Sweden. Pada tahun 1560-an, dua wilayah Mazda di selatan Estonia, Wilayah Dorpat (wilayah Tartu) dan Wilayah Parnawa (wilayah P\u00e4rnu), menjadi Duchy of Livonia dalam Komanwel Poland-Lithuania, di bawah kawalan bersama Crown Poland dan Grand Duchy . Pada tahun 1629, tanah besar Estonia datang sepenuhnya di bawah pemerintahan Sweden. Estonia secara administratif dibahagikan antara wilayah Estonia di utara dan Livonia di selatan Estonia dan utara Latvia. Bahagian ini berterusan sehingga awal abad kedua puluh. <> Bilakah Reformasi di Eropah bermula? || 1517 <> Siapa yang mengetuai Reformasi di Eropah? || Martin Luther <> Apa tahun kematian Martin Luther? || 1546 <> Apa bahagian masyarakat berubah Reformasi? || Bahasa, pendidikan, agama dan politik <> Apakah bahasa gereja terdahulu? || Latin", {"context": "The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483\u20131546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Church services were now conducted in the vernacular instead of in Latin, previously used. During the Livonian War in 1561, northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control. In the 1560s two voivodeships of present-day southern Estonia, Dorpat Voivodeship (Tartu region) and Parnawa Voivodeship (P\u00e4rnu region), became the autonomous Duchy of Livonia within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under joint control of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy. In 1629, mainland Estonia came entirely under Swedish rule. Estonia was administratively divided between the provinces of Estonia in the north and Livonia in southern Estonia and northern Latvia. This division persisted until the early twentieth century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "1517"}], "question": "When did the The Reformation in Europe start?", "id": "5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Martin Luther"}], "question": "Who led the The Reformation in Europe?", "id": "5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "1546"}], "question": "What was the year of Martin Luther's death?", "id": "5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Language, education, religion and politics"}], "question": "What parts of society did the Reformation change?", "id": "5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "What was the previous language of the church?", "id": "5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e6"}]}], ["Sesetengah orang Estonians, yang tidak sanggup berpihak kepada Nazi, menyertai Tentera Finland (yang bersekutu dengan Nazi) untuk berperang melawan Kesatuan Soviet. Rejimen Infanteri Finland 200 (Bahasa Estonia: soomepoisid) dibentuk daripada sukarelawan Estonia di Finland. Walaupun banyak orang Estonia telah direkrut ke angkatan bersenjata Jerman (termasuk Estonia Waffen-SS), majoriti mereka hanya melakukannya pada tahun 1944 apabila ancaman serangan baru ke Estonia oleh Tentara Merah telah menjadi dekat. Pada bulan Januari 1944 Estonia sekali lagi menghadapi prospek pencerobohan dari Tentera Merah dan perdana menteri terakhir Republik Estonia yang sah (menurut Perlembagaan Republik Estonia) menyampaikan alamat radio yang meminta semua lelaki bertubuh lahir dari tahun 1904 menjelang tahun 1923 untuk melaporkan perkhidmatan tentera. Panggilan itu mengakibatkan kira-kira 38,000 pendaftaran baru dan beberapa ribu orang Estonia yang menyertai Tentera Finland kembali menyertai Pasukan Pertahanan Teritorial yang baru ditubuhkan, ditugaskan untuk mempertahankan Estonia melawan kemajuan Soviet. Diharapkan [dengan siapa?] Bahawa dengan melibatkan diri dalam perang seperti Estonia akan dapat menarik sokongan Barat untuk kemerdekaan Estonia. <> Siapa yang beberapa orang Estonia bergabung sebagai alternatif kepada orang Jerman? || Tentera Finlandia <> Siapa Tentera Finland bersekutu? || Nazi <> Siapa yang merumuskan Rejimen Infanteri Finland 200? || Sukarelawan Estonia di Finland <> Tahun berapa kebanyakan orang Estonia menyertai Jerman selepas ancaman baru Soviet muncul? || 1944", {"context": "Some Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed forces (including Estonian Waffen-SS), the majority of them did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent. In January 1944 Estonia was again facing the prospect of invasion from the Red Army and the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) delivered a radio address asking all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service. The call resulted in around 38,000 new enlistments and several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army came back to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped[by whom?] that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for Estonian independence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the Finnish Army"}], "question": "Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans?", "id": "5728b21f2ca10214002da5f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "the Nazis"}], "question": "Who was the Finnish Army allied with?", "id": "5728b21f2ca10214002da5f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Estonian volunteers in Finland"}], "question": "Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200?", "id": "5728b21f2ca10214002da5f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "1944"}], "question": "What year did most Estonians join the Germans after a new Soviet threat was emerging?", "id": "5728b21f2ca10214002da5f5"}]}], ["A maakond (daerah) adalah subdivisi pentadbiran terbesar. Kerajaan daerah (Maavalitsus) di setiap daerah dipimpin oleh seorang gabenor daerah (Maavanem), yang mewakili pemerintah nasional di tingkat regional. Gabenor dilantik oleh Kerajaan Estonia untuk tempoh lima tahun. Beberapa perubahan dibuat ke sempadan daerah selepas Estonia menjadi bebas, terutamanya pembentukan Valga County (dari bahagian V\u00f5ru, Tartu dan Viljandi) dan Petseri County (kawasan yang diperoleh dari Rusia dengan Perjanjian Tartu Keamanan 1920). <> Apakah subbahagian pentadbiran terbesar di Estonia? || A maakond <> Apakah kerajaan daerah di Estonia dipanggil? || Maavalitsus <> A Maavanem memegang kedudukan apa di Estonia? || gabenor daerah <> Yang mewakili kerajaan negara pada peringkat tempatan? || Maavanem", {"context": "A maakond (county) is the biggest administrative subdivision. The county government (Maavalitsus) of each county is led by a county governor (Maavanem), who represents the national government at the regional level. Governors are appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years. Several changes were made to the borders of counties after Estonia became independent, most notably the formation of Valga County (from parts of V\u00f5ru, Tartu and Viljandi counties) and Petseri County (area acquired from Russia with the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "A maakond"}], "question": "What is the largest administrative subdivision in Estonia?", "id": "5728b7453acd2414000dfd39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Maavalitsus"}], "question": "What is the county government in Estonia called?", "id": "5728b7453acd2414000dfd3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "county governor"}], "question": "A Maavanem holds what position in Estonia?", "id": "5728b7453acd2414000dfd3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Maavanem"}], "question": "Who represents the national government on a local level?", "id": "5728b7453acd2414000dfd3c"}]}], ["Estonia terletak di bahagian utara zon iklim sederhana dan di zon peralihan antara iklim maritim dan benua. Estonia mempunyai empat musim panjang hampir sama. Purata suhu adalah dari 16.3 \u00b0 C (61.3 \u00b0 F) di kepulauan Baltik hingga 18.1 \u00b0 C (64.6 \u00b0 F) di pedalaman pada bulan Julai, bulan paling panas, dan dari -3.5 \u00b0 C (25.7 \u00b0 F) 7.6 \u00b0 C (18.3 \u00b0 F) ke darat pada bulan Februari, bulan paling sejuk. Purata suhu tahunan di Estonia ialah 5.2 \u00b0 C (41.4 \u00b0 F). Purata hujan pada tahun 1961-1990 adalah dari 535 hingga 727 mm (21.1 hingga 28.6 in) setahun. <> Apa seksyen zon iklim sederhana yang Estonia tinggal? || bahagian utara <> Apakah ciri-ciri yang serupa dalam empat musim Estonia? || hampir sama panjang <> Apakah suhu purata Kepulauan Baltik? || 16.3 \u00b0 C (61.3 \u00b0 F) <> Apa bulan paling panas di Estonia? || Julai", {"context": "Estonia is situated in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length. Average temperatures range from 16.3 \u00b0C (61.3 \u00b0F) on the Baltic islands to 18.1 \u00b0C (64.6 \u00b0F) inland in July, the warmest month, and from \u22123.5 \u00b0C (25.7 \u00b0F) on the Baltic islands to \u22127.6 \u00b0C (18.3 \u00b0F) inland in February, the coldest month. The average annual temperature in Estonia is 5.2 \u00b0C (41.4 \u00b0F). The average precipitation in 1961\u20131990 ranged from 535 to 727 mm (21.1 to 28.6 in) per year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "northern part"}], "question": "What section of the temperate climate zone does Estonia reside?", "id": "5728b6bbff5b5019007da53e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "near-equal length"}], "question": "What is the similar trait of Estonia's four seasons?", "id": "5728b6bbff5b5019007da53f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "16.3 \u00b0C (61.3 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands?", "id": "5728b6bbff5b5019007da540"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "July"}], "question": "What is the warmest month in Estonia?", "id": "5728b6bbff5b5019007da541"}]}], ["Sekurang-kurangnya separuh daripada pengusiran itu mati, dan separuh lagi tidak dibenarkan kembali sehingga awal 1960-an (bertahun-tahun selepas kematian Stalin). Kegiatan pasukan Soviet pada tahun 1940-41 dan selepas penyerahan mencetuskan perang gerila melawan pihak berkuasa Soviet di Estonia oleh Hutan Hutan, yang kebanyakannya terdiri daripada veteran Estonia tentera Jerman dan Finland dan beberapa orang awam. Konflik ini terus berlaku pada awal 1950-an. Kerosakan bahan yang disebabkan oleh peperangan dunia dan era Soviet yang kemudiannya memperlahankan pertumbuhan ekonomi Estonia, menyebabkan jurang kekayaan yang luas berbanding dengan negara jiran Finland dan Sweden. <> Berapa peratus daripada Estonia mati selepas pengambilan? || Setengah yang dihantar pulang dipenjara <> Bilakah orang Estonian dihantar pulang? || awal 1960-an <> Apa acara yang membawa kepada kembalinya Estonians pulang ke rumah? || Kematian Stalin <> Siapa yang berperang dengan gerila melawan Soviet? || Hutan Brothers", {"context": "Half the deported perished, and the other half were not allowed to return until the early 1960s (years after Stalin's death).[citation needed] The activities of Soviet forces in 1940\u201341 and after reoccupation sparked a guerrilla war against Soviet authorities in Estonia by the Forest Brothers, who consisted mostly of Estonian veterans of the German and Finnish armies and some civilians. This conflict continued into the early 1950s. Material damage caused by the world war and the following Soviet era significantly slowed Estonia's economic growth, resulting in a wide wealth gap in comparison with neighbouring Finland and Sweden.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Half the deported perished"}], "question": "What percentage of Estonians died after deporation?", "id": "5728b383ff5b5019007da4de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "the early 1960s"}], "question": "When were the deported Estonians allowed to return?", "id": "5728b383ff5b5019007da4df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Stalin's death"}], "question": "What event led to the return of Estonians back home?", "id": "5728b383ff5b5019007da4e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "the Forest Brothers"}], "question": "Who fought a guerrilla war against the Soviets?", "id": "5728b383ff5b5019007da4e1"}]}], ["Tanah sempadan Estonia dengan Latvia berjalan 267 kilometer; sempadan Rusia berjalan 290 kilometer. Dari 1920 hingga 1945, sempadan Estonia dengan Rusia, yang ditetapkan oleh Perjanjian Tartu Keamanan 1920, melangkaui Sungai Narva di timur laut dan di luar bandar Pechory (Petseri) di tenggara. Wilayah ini, yang berjumlah kira-kira 2,300 kilometer persegi (888 meter persegi), dimasukkan ke Rusia oleh Stalin pada akhir Perang Dunia II. Oleh sebab itu, sempadan antara Estonia dan Rusia masih belum ditakrifkan. <> Berapakah panjang sempadan yang Estonia berkongsi dengan Lativa? || 267 kilometer <> Apa panjang perbatasan yang Estonia berkongsi dengan Rusia? || 290 kilometer <> Dokumen apa yang menubuhkan sempadan antara Rusia dan Estonia? || Perjanjian Tartu Keamanan 1920", {"context": "Estonia's land border with Latvia runs 267 kilometers; the Russian border runs 290 kilometers. From 1920 to 1945, Estonia's border with Russia, set by the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty, extended beyond the Narva River in the northeast and beyond the town of Pechory (Petseri) in the southeast. This territory, amounting to some 2,300 square kilometres (888 sq mi), was incorporated into Russia by Stalin at the end of World War II. For this reason the borders between Estonia and Russia are still not defined.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "267 kilometers"}], "question": "What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Lativa?", "id": "5728b5ba3acd2414000dfd29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "290 kilometers"}], "question": "What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Russia?", "id": "5728b5ba3acd2414000dfd2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty"}], "question": "What document established the border between Russia and Estonia?", "id": "5728b5ba3acd2414000dfd2b"}]}], ["Estonia adalah wakil parlimen demokratik republik di mana Perdana Menteri Estonia adalah ketua kerajaan dan termasuk sistem multi-partai. Budaya politik stabil di Estonia, di mana kuasa diadakan antara dua dan tiga pihak yang telah lama berpolitik. Keadaan ini serupa dengan negara-negara lain di Eropah Utara. Bekas Perdana Menteri Estonia, Andrus Ansip, juga Perdana Menteri paling lama berkhidmat di Eropah (dari tahun 2005 hingga 2014). Perdana Menteri semasa Estonia ialah Taavi R\u00f5ivas, yang merupakan bekas Menteri Hal Ehwal Sosial dan ketua Partai Pembaharuan Estonia. <> Siapa pemimpin kerajaan Estonia? || Perdana Menteri Estonia <> Apa struktur politik yang membantu Perdana Menteri? || sistem multi-parti <> Pemandangan politik Estonia serupa dengan negara lain di benua apa? || Eropah Utara <> Siapa Perdana Menteri yang paling lama berkhidmat di Eropah? || Andrus Ansip", {"context": "Estonia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and which includes a multi-party system. The political culture is stable in Estonia, where power is held between two and three parties that have been in politics for a long time. This situation is similar to other countries in Northern Europe. The former Prime Minister of Estonia, Andrus Ansip, is also Europe's longest-serving Prime Minister (from 2005 until 2014). The current Estonian Prime Minister is Taavi R\u00f5ivas, who is the former Minister of Social Affairs and the head of the Estonian Reform Party.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "the Prime Minister of Estonia"}], "question": "Who is the leader of Estonia's government?", "id": "5728b8064b864d1900164cba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "a multi-party system"}], "question": "What political structure aids the Prime Minister?", "id": "5728b8064b864d1900164cbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Northern Europe"}], "question": "The political scene of Estonia is similar to other countries in what continent?", "id": "5728b8064b864d1900164cbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Andrus Ansip"}], "question": "Who is Europe's longest serving Prime Minister?", "id": "5728b8064b864d1900164cbd"}]}], ["Parlimen Estonia (Estonia: Riigikogu) atau cawangan perundangan dipilih oleh rakyat untuk jangka masa empat tahun dengan perwakilan berkadar. Sistem politik Estonia beroperasi di bawah rangka kerja yang diletakkan dalam dokumen perlembagaan 1992. Parlimen Estonia mempunyai 101 ahli dan mempengaruhi pentadbiran negeri terutamanya dengan menentukan pendapatan dan perbelanjaan negeri (menubuhkan cukai dan mengguna pakai belanjawan). Pada masa yang sama Parlimen mempunyai hak untuk mengemukakan kenyataan, pengisytiharan dan rayuan kepada rakyat Estonia, mengesahkan dan menolak perjanjian antarabangsa dengan negara-negara dan organisasi antarabangsa lain dan memutuskan pinjaman Kerajaan. <> Apakah kedudukan warga Estonia memilih selama empat tahun? || Parlemen Estonia <> Tahun berapakah orang Estonia mencipta dokumen perlembagaan untuk sistem politik moden mereka? || 1992 <> Berapa banyak wakil dalam parlimen Estonia? || 101 ahli <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh parlimen Estonia berkaitan dengan triti? || meratifikasi dan menolak perjanjian antarabangsa", {"context": "The Parliament of Estonia (Estonian: Riigikogu) or the legislative branch is elected by people for a four-year term by proportional representation. The Estonian political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1992 constitutional document. The Estonian parliament has 101 members and influences the governing of the state primarily by determining the income and the expenses of the state (establishing taxes and adopting the budget). At the same time the parliament has the right to present statements, declarations and appeals to the people of Estonia, ratify and denounce international treaties with other states and international organisations and decide on the Government loans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Parliament of Estonia"}], "question": "What position do the citizens of Estonia elect for a four year term?", "id": "5728b8a54b864d1900164ccc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "1992"}], "question": "What year did the Estonians create a constitutional document for their modern political system?", "id": "5728b8a54b864d1900164ccd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "101 members"}], "question": "How many representatives are in the Estonian parliament?", "id": "5728b8a54b864d1900164cce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "ratify and denounce international treaties"}], "question": "What can the Estonian parliament do in regards to treaties?", "id": "5728b8a54b864d1900164ccf"}]}], ["Estonia terletak di pesisir timur Laut Baltik dengan segera melintasi Teluk Finland dari Finland pada bahagian barat laut sebahagian dari platform Eropah Timur yang semakin meningkat antara 57.3 \u00b0 dan 59.5 \u00b0 N dan 21.5 \u00b0 dan 28.1 \u00b0 E. Ketinggian purata hanya mencapai 50 meter (164 kaki) dan titik tertinggi negara ialah Suur Munam\u00e4gi di tenggara pada 318 meter (1,043 kaki). Terdapat 3,794 kilometer (2,357 mi) garis pantai yang ditandakan oleh banyak teluk, selat, dan masjid. Bilangan pulau dan pulau kecil dianggarkan sekitar 2,355 (termasuk di dalam tasik). Dua daripadanya cukup besar untuk membentuk daerah yang berasingan: Saaremaa dan Hiiumaa. Satu kelompok kawah meteorit baru-baru ini, yang terbesar yang dipanggil Kaali ditemui di Saaremaa, Estonia. <> Apa badan air bersempadan dengan Estonia? || Laut Baltik <> Apakah ketinggian purata Estonia? || 50 meter (164 kaki) <> Apa gunanya gunung tertinggi di Estonia? || Suur Munam\u00e4gi <> Berapa tinggi adalah Suur Munam\u00e4gi? || 318 meter (1,043 kaki)", {"context": "Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3\u00b0 and 59.5\u00b0 N and 21.5\u00b0 and 28.1\u00b0 E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres (164 ft) and the country's highest point is the Suur Munam\u00e4gi in the southeast at 318 metres (1,043 ft). There is 3,794 kilometres (2,357 mi) of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits, and inlets. The number of islands and islets is estimated at some 2,355 (including those in lakes). Two of them are large enough to constitute separate counties: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. A small, recent cluster of meteorite craters, the largest of which is called Kaali is found on Saaremaa, Estonia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "the Baltic Sea"}], "question": "What body of water borders Estonia?", "id": "5728b62eff5b5019007da52c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "50 metres (164 ft)"}], "question": "What is the average elevation of Estonia?", "id": "5728b62eff5b5019007da52d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "the Suur Munam\u00e4gi"}], "question": "What is Estonia's highest mountain point?", "id": "5728b62eff5b5019007da52e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "318 metres (1,043 ft)"}], "question": "How tall is the the Suur Munam\u00e4gi?", "id": "5728b62eff5b5019007da52f"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1989, semasa \"Revolusi Penyanyi\", dalam demonstrasi mercu tanda untuk lebih banyak kemerdekaan, lebih daripada dua juta orang membentuk rantaian manusia yang merentasi Lithuania, Latvia dan Estonia, yang dipanggil Way Baltik. Ketiga negara ini mempunyai pengalaman pendudukan yang sama dan aspirasi yang sama untuk mendapatkan semula kemerdekaan. Deklarasi Kedaulatan Estonia dikeluarkan pada 16 November 1988. Pada 20 Ogos 1991, Estonia mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan rasmi semasa percubaan rampasan kuasa Soviet di Moscow, menyusun semula keadaan pra-1940. Kesatuan Soviet mengiktiraf kebebasan Estonia pada 6 September 1991. Negara pertama yang secara diplomatik mengakui kemerdekaan yang ditebang Estonia adalah Iceland. Unit terakhir tentera Rusia ditinggalkan pada 31 Ogos 1994. <> Tahun apa Revolusi nyanyian berlaku? || 1989 <> Apa demonstrasi Revolusi Nyanyian cuba untuk berjuang? || kemerdekaan <> Berapa ramai orang yang menciptakan rantaian perpaduan yang membawa Estonia dan negara lain? || lebih daripada dua juta orang <> Apakah nama rantaian manusia? || jalan Baltik", {"context": "In 1989, during the \"Singing Revolution\", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independence. The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration was issued on 16 November 1988. On 20 August 1991, Estonia declared formal independence during the Soviet military coup attempt in Moscow, reconstituting the pre-1940 state. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991. The first country to diplomatically recognise Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland. The last units of the Russian army left on 31 August 1994.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1989"}], "question": "What year did the Singing Revolution occur?", "id": "5728b55c2ca10214002da628"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "independence"}], "question": "What was the demonstration of the Singing Revolution trying to fight for?", "id": "5728b55c2ca10214002da629"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "more than two million people"}], "question": "How many people created a chain of solidarity that went Estonia and other countries?", "id": "5728b55c2ca10214002da62a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "the Baltic Way"}], "question": "What was the name of the human chain?", "id": "5728b55c2ca10214002da62b"}]}], ["Militerisasi adalah satu lagi aspek negara Soviet. Sebahagian besar negara, terutamanya kawasan pesisir, ditutup kepada semua tetapi tentera Soviet. Kebanyakan pantai laut dan semua pulau laut (termasuk Saaremaa dan Hiiumaa) telah diisytiharkan sebagai \"zon sempadan\". Orang yang tidak benar-benar tinggal di sana adalah terhad dari perjalanan ke mereka tanpa izin. Pemasangan ketenteraan tertutup yang ketara ialah bandar Paldiski, yang ditutup sepenuhnya untuk semua akses awam. Bandar ini mempunyai pangkalan sokongan untuk kapal selam Soviet Baltic Fleet dan beberapa pangkalan tentera yang besar, termasuk pusat latihan kapal selam nuklear lengkap dengan model skala penuh kapal selam nuklear dengan reaktor nuklear yang berfungsi. Bangunan reaktor Paldiski melepasi kawalan Estonia pada 1994 selepas tentera Rusia yang terakhir meninggalkan negara ini. Imigresen adalah satu lagi kesan pendudukan Soviet. Beratus-ratus ribu pendatang dipindahkan ke Estonia dari bahagian lain dari Uni Soviet untuk membantu perindustrian dan militerisasi, menyumbang peningkatan kira-kira setengah juta orang dalam tempoh 45 tahun. <> Apa strategi politik hanya membenarkan sebahagian besar Estonia untuk diakses oleh Soviet? || Militarization <> Apa pulau laut telah diisytiharkan zon sempadan? || Saaremaa dan Hiiumaa <> Dokumen apa yang perlu orang pergi ke zon sempadan? || permit <> Apa yang ditubuhkan di bandar Paldiski? || Pemasangan ketenteraan tertutup yang ketara", {"context": "Militarization was another aspect of the Soviet state. Large parts of the country, especially the coastal areas, were closed to all but the Soviet military. Most of the sea shore and all sea islands (including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) were declared \"border zones\". People not actually residing there were restricted from travelling to them without a permit. A notable closed military installation was the city of Paldiski, which was entirely closed to all public access. The city had a support base for the Soviet Baltic Fleet's submarines and several large military bases, including a nuclear submarine training centre complete with a full-scale model of a nuclear submarine with working nuclear reactors. The Paldiski reactors building passed into Estonian control in 1994 after the last Russian troops left the country. Immigration was another effect of Soviet occupation. Hundreds of thousands of migrants were relocated to Estonia from other parts of the Soviet Union to assist industrialisation and militarisation, contributing an increase of about half a million people within 45 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Militarization"}], "question": "What political strategy only allowed major parts of of Estonia to be accessed by the Soviets?", "id": "5728b435ff5b5019007da4ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Saaremaa and Hiiumaa"}], "question": "What sea islands were declared border zones?", "id": "5728b435ff5b5019007da4ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "permit"}], "question": "What document did people need to travel to the border zones?", "id": "5728b435ff5b5019007da4f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "A notable closed military installation"}], "question": "What was established in the city of Paldiski?", "id": "5728b435ff5b5019007da4f1"}]}], ["A.S., UK, France, Italy dan majoriti negara-negara Barat yang lain menganggap pencerobohan Estonia oleh USSR yang menyalahi undang-undang. Mereka mengekalkan hubungan diplomatik dengan wakil Republik Independen Estonia, tidak pernah de jure mengakui kewujudan SSR Estonian, dan tidak pernah mengakui Estonia sebagai sebahagian konstitusional undang-undang dari Kesatuan Soviet. Kembali ke kemerdekaan Estonia menjadi mungkin apabila Kesatuan Soviet menghadapi cabaran rejim dalaman, melonggarkan pegangan ke atas empayar luar. Ketika tahun 1980-an berkembang, gerakan untuk autonomi Estonia bermula. Pada masa awal 1987-1989, ini sebahagiannya untuk kemerdekaan ekonomi yang lebih banyak, tetapi ketika Uni Soviet melemah dan menjadi semakin jelas sehingga tidak ada kemerdekaan sepenuhnya yang akan dilakukan, Estonia memulakan perjalanan ke arah penentuan nasib sendiri. <> Apa yang dilihat oleh kebanyakan negara-negara Barat sebagai tuntutan haram oleh USSR? || pengilhakan Estonia <> Hubungan apa hubungannya dengan negara-negara Barat dengan Estonia? || hubungan diplomatik <> Institusi apa yang negara-negara Barat enggan dikenali? || SSR Estonian <> Apa dekad yang memulakan pendirian untuk kemerdekaan Estonia? || 1980-an", {"context": "The U.S., UK, France, Italy and the majority of other Western countries considered the annexation of Estonia by the USSR illegal. They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia, never de jure recognised the existence of the Estonian SSR, and never recognised Estonia as a legal constituent part of the Soviet Union. Estonia's return to independence became possible as the Soviet Union faced internal regime challenges, loosening its hold on the outer empire. As the 1980s progressed, a movement for Estonian autonomy started. In the initial period of 1987\u20131989, this was partially for more economic independence, but as the Soviet Union weakened and it became increasingly obvious that nothing short of full independence would do, Estonia began a course towards self-determination.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "the annexation of Estonia"}], "question": "What did most Western countries view as an illegal claim by the USSR?", "id": "5728b4cd2ca10214002da620"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "diplomatic relations"}], "question": "What relationship did Western countries continue with Estonia?", "id": "5728b4cd2ca10214002da621"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "the Estonian SSR"}], "question": "What institution did Western countries refuse to recognize?", "id": "5728b4cd2ca10214002da622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "What decade started the push for Estonian independence?", "id": "5728b4cd2ca10214002da623"}]}], ["Sejak mendapatkan semula kemerdekaan, Estonia telah mengejar dasar asing untuk kerjasama erat dengan rakan-rakan Eropah Baratnya. Kedua-dua objektif dasar yang paling penting dalam hal ini telah diterima pakai ke NATO dan Kesatuan Eropah, masing-masing dicapai pada bulan Mac dan Mei 2004. Penyusunan semula Estonia ke arah Barat telah ditemani oleh kemerosotan umum dalam hubungan dengan Rusia, yang paling baru-baru ini ditunjukkan oleh protes yang dipicu oleh penempatan semula kontroversi peringatan Bronze Soldier World War II di Tallinn. <> Apakah jenis dasar luar yang dicari oleh Estonia setelah mendapat kemerdekaannya? || kerjasama rapat <> Apakah keutamaan dasar luar negara yang paling penting? || penyertaan ke NATO dan Kesatuan Eropah <> Trend apa yang telah mengiringi kerjasama Estonia dengan kuasa Barat? || kemerosotan dalam hubungan dengan Rusia", {"context": "Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close co-operation with its Western European partners. The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia, most recently demonstrated by the protest triggered by the controversial relocation of the Bronze Soldier World War II memorial in Tallinn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "close co-operation"}], "question": "What type of foreign policy has Estonia sought after getting their independence?", "id": "5728bda43acd2414000dfd8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "accession into NATO and the European Union"}], "question": "What were the most important foreign policy priorities?", "id": "5728bda43acd2414000dfd8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "deterioration in relations with Russia"}], "question": "What trend has accompanied Estonia's cooperation with Western powers?", "id": "5728bda43acd2414000dfd8d"}]}], ["Kerajaan Estonia (Estonia: Vabariigi Valitsus) atau cabang eksekutif dibentuk oleh Perdana Menteri Estonia, yang dicalonkan oleh presiden dan diluluskan oleh parlemen. Pemerintah menjalankan kuasa eksekutif berdasarkan Perlembagaan Estonia dan undang-undang Republik Estonia dan terdiri dari dua belas menteri, termasuk Perdana Menteri. Perdana Menteri juga berhak melantik menteri lain dan memberi mereka perkara yang perlu ditangani. Ini adalah menteri tanpa portfolio - mereka tidak mempunyai kementerian untuk mengawal. <> Siapa yang menetapkan cabang eksekutif Estonia? || Perdana Menteri Estonia <> Siapa yang perlu meluluskan Kerajaan Estonia selepas ia dicalonkan oleh Presiden? || parlimen <> Berapa banyak menteri yang berkhidmat dalam kerajaan? || dua belas <> yang mempunyai keupayaan untuk menetapkan menteri lain? || Perdana Menteri", {"context": "The Government of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) or the executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia, nominated by the president and approved by the parliament. The government exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution of Estonia and the laws of the Republic of Estonia and consists of twelve ministers, including the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister also has the right to appoint other ministers and assign them a subject to deal with. These are ministers without portfolio \u2014 they don't have a ministry to control.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "the Prime Minister of Estonia"}], "question": "Who establishes the executive branch of Estonia?", "id": "5728baedff5b5019007da592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "parliament"}], "question": "Who has to approve the Government of Estonia after it is nominated by the President?", "id": "5728baedff5b5019007da593"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "twelve"}], "question": "How many ministers serve in the government?", "id": "5728baedff5b5019007da594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "The Prime Minister"}], "question": "Who has the ability to assign other ministers?", "id": "5728baedff5b5019007da595"}]}], ["Unsur penting dalam reorientasi pasca kemerdekaan Estonia semakin dekat dengan negara-negara Nordik, terutama Finland dan Sweden. Malah, Estonians menganggap diri mereka sebagai orang Nordic daripada Balts, berdasarkan hubungan sejarah mereka dengan Sweden, Denmark dan Finland. Pada Disember 1999, kemudian menteri luar negeri Estonia (dan sejak 2006, presiden Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves menyampaikan ucapan bertajuk \"Estonia sebagai Negara Nordik\" kepada Institut Swedish for International Affairs. Pada tahun 2003, kementerian luar negara juga menganjurkan pameran yang dipanggil \"Estonia: Nordic dengan Twist\". <> Apakah faktor utama dalam pemulihan Estonia selepas memenangi kemerdekaan mereka? || hubungan rapat dengan negara-negara Nordik <> Bilakah Toomas Hendrik Ilves menyampaikan ucapannya? || Disember 1999 <> Siapa yang menyatakan ucapan yang dipanggil \"Estonia sebagai Negara Nordik\"? || Toomas Hendrik Ilves <> Tahun berapa kementerian luar negara mengadakan pameran menjelajah hubungan Nordik Estonia? || 2003", {"context": "An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people rather than Balts, based on their historical ties with Sweden, Denmark and particularly Finland. In December 1999, then Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006, president of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled \"Estonia as a Nordic Country\" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs. In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called \"Estonia: Nordic with a Twist\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "closer ties with the Nordic countries"}], "question": "What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence?", "id": "5728bf712ca10214002da6da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "December 1999"}], "question": "When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech?", "id": "5728bf712ca10214002da6db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Toomas Hendrik Ilves"}], "question": "Who expressed a speech called \"Estonia as a Nordic Country\"?", "id": "5728bf712ca10214002da6dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "2003"}], "question": "What year did the foreign ministry hold an exhibit exploring the Nordic ties of Estonia?", "id": "5728bf712ca10214002da6dd"}]}], ["Perdana Menteri mempunyai hak untuk melantik maksimum tiga menteri tersebut, kerana had menteri dalam satu kerajaan adalah lima belas. Ia juga dikenali sebagai kabinet. Kabinet menjalankan dasar domestik dan luar negara, dibentuk oleh parlimen; ia mengarahkan dan menyelaraskan kerja institusi kerajaan dan bertanggungjawab sepenuhnya terhadap segala sesuatu yang berlaku di dalam kuasa kuasa eksekutif. Kerajaan yang diketuai oleh Perdana Menteri mewakili kepimpinan politik negara dan membuat keputusan atas nama seluruh kuasa eksekutif. <> Berapakah jumlah menteri yang boleh ditetapkan Perdana Menteri? || tiga <> Apakah nama lain untuk badan mentadbir menteri? || Kabinet <> Apakah strategi yang dilaksanakan oleh kabinet? || dasar domestik dan luar <> Apakah tanggungjawab utama yang dimiliki kabinet? || segala sesuatu yang berlaku di dalam kuasa kuasa eksekutif", {"context": "The Prime Minister has the right to appoint a maximum of three such ministers, as the limit of ministers in one government is fifteen. It is also known as the cabinet. The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament; it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, thus represents the political leadership of the country and makes decisions in the name of the whole executive power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "three"}], "question": "What is the most amount of ministers that a Prime Minister can assign?", "id": "5728bb98ff5b5019007da59a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "the cabinet"}], "question": "What is another name for the governing body of ministers?", "id": "5728bb98ff5b5019007da59b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "domestic and foreign policy"}], "question": "What strategy does the cabinet execute?", "id": "5728bb98ff5b5019007da59c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "everything occurring within the authority of executive power"}], "question": "What major responsibility does the cabinet hold?", "id": "5728bb98ff5b5019007da59d"}]}], ["Menurut Perlembagaan Estonia (Estonian: P\u00f5hiseadus) kuasa tertinggi negara terletak pada rakyat. Orang-orang menjalankan kuasa tertinggi negara mereka pada pilihan raya Riigikogu melalui warga negara yang mempunyai hak untuk mengundi. Kuasa kehakiman tertinggi terletak pada Mahkamah Agung atau Riigikohus, dengan sembilan belas hakim. Ketua Hakim Negara dilantik oleh parlimen selama sembilan tahun atas pencalonan oleh presiden. Kepala Negara resmi adalah Presiden Estonia, yang memberikan persetujuan terhadap undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh Riigikogu, juga memiliki hak mengirim mereka kembali dan mengusulkan undang-undang baru. <> Dokumen apa yang menyatakan kuasa tertinggi untuk rakyat? || Perlembagaan Estonia <> Yang memegang kuasa kehakiman tertinggi di Estonia? || Mahkamah Agung atau Riigikohus <> Berapa banyak hakim di mahkamah tertinggi Estonia? || sembilan belas <> Berapa tahunkah Ketua Mahkamah Agung berkhidmat? || sembilan", {"context": "According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: P\u00f5hiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "the Constitution of Estonia"}], "question": "What document declares supreme power for the people?", "id": "5728bcadff5b5019007da5c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "the Supreme Court or Riigikohus"}], "question": "Who holds supreme judicial power in Estonia?", "id": "5728bcadff5b5019007da5c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "nineteen"}], "question": "How many judges are on Estonia's supreme court?", "id": "5728bcadff5b5019007da5c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many years does the Chief justice serve?", "id": "5728bcadff5b5019007da5c3"}]}], ["Riigikogu memilih dan melantik beberapa pegawai tinggi kerajaan, termasuk Presiden Republik. Di samping itu, Riigikogu melantik, atas cadangan Presiden Estonia, Pengerusi Mahkamah Nasional, pengerusi lembaga Bank of Estonia, Ketua Audit Negara, Canselor Hukum dan Ketua Komandan daripada Angkatan Pertahanan. Seorang ahli Riigikogu mempunyai hak untuk menuntut penjelasan daripada Kerajaan Republik dan anggotanya. Ini membolehkan anggota parlimen melihat aktiviti-aktiviti kuasa eksekutif dan pegawai tinggi negara yang disebut di atas. <> Siapa yang memilih pegawai negeri Estonia yang tinggi? || The Riigikogu <> Siapa yang kerajaan perlu menerangkan tindakan mereka? || Riigikogu <> Apa yang dapat dilakukan oleh monitor Riigikogu kerana penyalahgunaan pengaruh? || aktiviti kuasa eksekutif", {"context": "The Riigikogu elects and appoints several high officials of the state, including the President of the Republic. In addition to that, the Riigikogu appoints, on the proposal of the President of Estonia, the Chairman of the National Court, the chairman of the board of the Bank of Estonia, the Auditor General, the Legal Chancellor and the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces. A member of the Riigikogu has the right to demand explanations from the Government of the Republic and its members. This enables the members of the parliament to observe the activities of the executive power and the above-mentioned high officials of the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Riigikogu"}], "question": "Who chooses high state officials of Estonia?", "id": "5728b9462ca10214002da67c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "the Riigikogu"}], "question": "Who does the government have to explain their actions to?", "id": "5728b9462ca10214002da67d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "activities of the executive power"}], "question": "What can the Riigikogu monitor for abuse of influence?", "id": "5728b9462ca10214002da67e"}]}], ["Estonia adalah ahli Liga Bangsa-Bangsa dari 22 September 1921, telah menjadi anggota Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu sejak 17 September 1991, dan NATO sejak 29 Mac 2004, serta Kesatuan Eropah sejak 1 Mei 2004. Estonia juga ahli Pertubuhan Keselamatan dan Kerjasama di Eropah (OSCE), Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan (OECD), Majlis Negara Laut Baltik (CBSS) dan Nordic Investment Bank (NIB). Sebagai negara peserta OSCE, komitmen antarabangsa Estonia tertakluk kepada pemantauan di bawah mandat Suruhanjaya Helsinki A.S.. Estonia juga telah menandatangani Protokol Kyoto. <> Apa tarikh Estonia menyertai Liga Bangsa? || 22 September 1921 <> Apa tarikh Estonia menyertai Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu? || 17 September 1991 <> Apa tarikh Estonia bergabung dengan NATO? || 29 Mac 2004 <> Apa tarikh Estonia bergabung dengan Kesatuan Eropah? || 1 Mei 2004", {"context": "Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, and of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004. Estonia is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB). As an OSCE participating State, Estonia's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. Estonia has also signed the Kyoto Protocol.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "22 September 1921"}], "question": "What date did Estonia join the League of Nations?", "id": "5728bd063acd2414000dfd79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "17 September 1991"}], "question": "What date did Estonia join the United Nations?", "id": "5728bd063acd2414000dfd7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "29 March 2004"}], "question": "What date did Estonia join NATO?", "id": "5728bd063acd2414000dfd7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "1 May 2004"}], "question": "What date did Estonia join the European Union?", "id": "5728bd063acd2414000dfd7c"}]}], ["Estonia telah mengejar pembangunan e-kerajaan dan e-kerajaan. Pengundian Internet digunakan dalam pilihan raya di Estonia. Pengundian internet pertama berlaku pada pilihan raya tempatan 2005 dan yang pertama dalam pilihan raya parlimen disediakan untuk pilihan raya 2007, di mana 30,275 individu mengundi melalui internet. Pengundi mempunyai peluang untuk membatalkan undi elektronik mereka dalam pilihan raya tradisional, jika mereka mahu. Pada tahun 2009 dalam Indeks Kebebasan Akhbar Worldwide kelapan, Reporters Without Sempadan menduduki tangga keenam Estonia dari 175 negara. Dalam laporan Indeks Kebebasan Sedunia yang pertama, Estonia menduduki tempat pertama dari 159 negara. <> Apa teknologi digital seperti Estonia yang dilayan? || Pengundian Internet <> Berapa tahun undi internet pertama terjadi dalam pilihan raya tempatan Estonia? || 2005 <> Apa tahun pertama undi internet berlaku di pilihan raya parlemen Estonia? || 2007 <> Pada tahun 2007, berapa orang Estonia menggunakan pengundian internet? || 30,275", {"context": "Estonia has pursued the development of the e-state and e-government. Internet voting is used in elections in Estonia. The first internet voting took place in the 2005 local elections and the first in a parliamentary election was made available for the 2007 elections, in which 30,275 individuals voted over the internet. Voters have a chance to invalidate their electronic vote in traditional elections, if they wish to. In 2009 in its eighth Worldwide Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked Estonia sixth out of 175 countries. In the first ever State of World Liberty Index report, Estonia was ranked first out of 159 countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Internet voting"}], "question": "What digital technology as Estonia been advacning?", "id": "5728bc254b864d1900164d14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year did the first internet vote occur in local Estonia elections?", "id": "5728bc254b864d1900164d15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "2007"}], "question": "What year did the first internet vote occur in Estonia parliamentary elections?", "id": "5728bc254b864d1900164d16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "30,275"}], "question": "In 2007, how many Estonians used internet voting?", "id": "5728bc254b864d1900164d17"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2005, Estonia menyertai Kumpulan Pertempuran Nordik Kesatuan Eropah. Ia juga menunjukkan minat berterusan dalam menyertai Majlis Nordic. Sedangkan pada tahun 1992 Rusia menyumbang 92% perdagangan antarabangsa Estonia, hari ini terdapat saling ketergantungan ekonomi antara Estonia dan jiran Nordicnya: tiga perempat dari pelaburan asing di Estonia berasal dari negara-negara Nordik (terutama Finland dan Sweden), di mana Estonia menghantar 42 % daripada eksportnya (berbanding dengan 6.5% ke Rusia, 8.8% ke Latvia, dan 4.7% ke Lithuania). Di sisi lain, sistem politik Estonia, kadar cukai pendapatannya yang rata, dan model negara bukan kebajikan membezakannya dari negara-negara Nordik dan model Nordik mereka, dan sememangnya dari banyak negara Eropah lain. <> Bilakah Estonia menyertai Kumpulan Pertempuran Nordik Kesatuan Eropah? || 2005 <> Apa institusi kerajaan Estonia terus menunjukkan keinginan untuk menyertai? || Majlis Nordic <> Sebanyak peratus perdagangan asing Estonia telah diadakan oleh Rusia pada tahun 1992? || 92% <> Apakah peratusan eksport Estonia dihantar ke negara-negara Nordik? || 42%", {"context": "In 2005, Estonia joined the European Union's Nordic Battle Group. It has also shown continued interest in joining the Nordic Council. Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92% of Estonia's international trade, today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbours: three quarters of foreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries (principally Finland and Sweden), to which Estonia sends 42% of its exports (as compared to 6.5% going to Russia, 8.8% to Latvia, and 4.7% to Lithuania). On the other hand, the Estonian political system, its flat rate of income tax, and its non-welfare-state model distinguish it from the Nordic countries and their Nordic model, and indeed from many other European countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2005"}], "question": "When did Estonia join the European Union's Nordic Battle Group?", "id": "5728c01f4b864d1900164d50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "the Nordic Council"}], "question": "What government institution did Estonia continue to show desire in joining?", "id": "5728c01f4b864d1900164d51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "92%"}], "question": "What percentage of Estonia's foreign trade was held by Russia in 1992?", "id": "5728c01f4b864d1900164d52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "42%"}], "question": "What percentage of Estonia exports are sent to Nordic countries?", "id": "5728c01f4b864d1900164d53"}]}], ["Sejak awal 1990-an, Estonia terlibat dalam kerjasama Baltik tiga belas aktif dengan Latvia dan Lithuania, dan kerjasama Nordic-Baltic dengan negara-negara Nordik. Majlis Baltik adalah forum bersama Dewan Baltik antara Parlimen (BA) dan Majlis Menteri-menteri Baltik antara kerajaan (BCM). Nordic-Baltic Lapan (NB-8) adalah kerjasama bersama kerajaan Denmark, Estonia, Finlandia, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway dan Sweden. Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), yang terdiri daripada negara-negara Nordic-Baltic yang merupakan negara anggota Kesatuan Eropah, adalah rangka kerja bagi mesyuarat mengenai isu-isu berkaitan EU. Kerjasama Parlimen antara Perhimpunan Baltik dan Majlis Nordik bermula pada tahun 1989. Puncak tahunan berlangsung, dan di samping itu mesyuarat dianjurkan pada semua peringkat yang mungkin: penceramah, presidium, komisen, dan ahli individu. Majlis Menteri Nordik mempunyai pejabat di Tallinn dengan anak syarikat di Tartu dan titik maklumat di Narva, Valga dan P\u00e4rnu. Projek Nordic-Baltic bersama termasuk program pendidikan Nordplus dan program mobiliti untuk perniagaan dan industri dan pentadbiran awam. <> Mana negara-negara Baltik yang telah bekerjasama dengan Estonia sejak awal 1990-an? || Latvia dan Lithuania <> Apa kumpulan gabungan Dewan Baltik antara Parlimen dan Majlis Menteri-menteri Baltik antara kerajaan? || Dewan Baltik <> Apakah nama kumpulan bersama yang Estonia berkongsi dengan Denmark dan 7 negara lain? || Nordic-Baltic Eight <> Tahun berapakah kerjasama Parlimen antara Dewan Perhimpunan dan Majlis Nordik bermula? || 1989", {"context": "Since the early 1990s, Estonia is involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with Latvia and Lithuania, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries. The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly (BA) and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers (BCM). Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden. Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), comprising Nordic-Baltic countries that are European Union member states, is a framework for meetings on EU related issues. Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council began in 1989. Annual summits take place, and in addition meetings are organised on all possible levels: speakers, presidiums, commissions, and individual members. The Nordic Council of Ministers has an office in Tallinn with a subsidiary in Tartu and information points in Narva, Valga and P\u00e4rnu. Joint Nordic-Baltic projects include the education programme Nordplus and mobility programmes for business and industry and for public administration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Latvia and Lithuania"}], "question": "Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s?", "id": "5728be814b864d1900164d3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "The Baltic Council"}], "question": "What is the combined group of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers?", "id": "5728be814b864d1900164d3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Nordic-Baltic Eight"}], "question": "What is the name of the joint group that Estonia shares with Denmark and 7 other countries?", "id": "5728be814b864d1900164d40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "1989"}], "question": "What year did Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council start?", "id": "5728be824b864d1900164d41"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1999, Estonia mengalami tahun yang paling buruk sejak ekonomi meraih kemerdekaan pada tahun 1991, sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh kesan krisis kewangan Rusia pada tahun 1998. Estonia menyertai WTO pada bulan November 1999. Dengan bantuan dari Kesatuan Eropah, Bank Dunia dan Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia menyelesaikan sebagian besar persiapannya untuk keanggotaan Kesatuan Eropah pada akhir tahun 2002 dan sekarang memiliki salah satu ekonomi terkuat dari negara-negara anggota Uni Eropa yang baru. [rujukan?] Estonia menyertai OECD pada tahun 2010. <> Apakah tahun ekonomi terburuk bagi Estonia selepas memenangi kemerdekaan? || 1999 <> Tahun apakah Estonia menuntut semula kemerdekaan mereka? || 1991 <> Apa acara yang memainkan peranan penting dalam kemerosotan ekonomi pada tahun 1999? || krisis kewangan Rusia 1998 <> Bilakah Estonia bersatu dengan WTO? || November 1999", {"context": "In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[citation needed] Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of 2002 and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union.[citation needed] Estonia joined the OECD in 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1999"}], "question": "What was the worst economic year for Estonia after winning independence?", "id": "5728c5e62ca10214002da780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "1991"}], "question": "What year did Estonia reclaim their independence?", "id": "5728c5e62ca10214002da781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "the 1998 Russian financial crisis"}], "question": "What event played a major part in the decline of the economy during 1999?", "id": "5728c5e62ca10214002da782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "November 1999"}], "question": "When did Estonia unite with the WTO?", "id": "5728c5e62ca10214002da783"}]}], ["Estonia mempunyai ekonomi pasaran sejak penghujung tahun 1990-an dan salah satu daripada tahap pendapatan per kapita tertinggi di Eropah Timur. Jarak ke pasaran Scandinavia, lokasinya di antara Timur dan Barat, struktur kos yang kompetitif dan tenaga buruh yang berkemahiran tinggi merupakan kelebihan perbandingan Estonia utama pada awal tahun 2000an (dekad). Sebagai bandar terbesar, Tallinn telah muncul sebagai pusat kewangan dan Bursa Saham Tallinn menyertai baru-baru ini dengan sistem OMX. Kerajaan sekarang telah melaksanakan dasar-dasar fiskal yang ketat, menyebabkan anggaran seimbang dan hutang awam yang rendah. <> Di rantau apakah Estonia memegang salah satu daripada tahap pendapatan per kapita tertinggi? || Timur <> Menjadi dekat dengan kawasan komersial apa yang memberi Estonia kelebihan daya saing? || Pasaran Scandinavia <> Apakah sifat utama pekerja Estonia yang bekerja? || sangat mahir <> Apa bandar terbesar di Estonia? || Tallinn", {"context": "Estonia has had a market economy since the end of the 1990s and one of the highest per capita income levels in Eastern Europe. Proximity to the Scandinavian markets, its location between the East and West, competitive cost structure and a highly skilled labour force have been the major Estonian comparative advantages in the beginning of the 2000s (decade). As the largest city, Tallinn has emerged as a financial centre and the Tallinn Stock Exchange joined recently with the OMX system. The current government has pursued tight fiscal policies, resulting in balanced budgets and low public debt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Eastern"}], "question": "In what region does Estonia hold one of the highest per capita income levels?", "id": "5728c74d2ca10214002da7a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Scandinavian markets"}], "question": "Being close to what commercial area gives Estonia a competitive advantage?", "id": "5728c74d2ca10214002da7a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "highly skilled"}], "question": "What is a major trait of the Estonian employed workers?", "id": "5728c74d2ca10214002da7a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Tallinn"}], "question": "What is the largest city in Estonia?", "id": "5728c74d2ca10214002da7a7"}]}], ["Kementerian Pertahanan dan Angkatan Pertahanan telah bekerja pada pembentukan siber dan pertahanan selama beberapa tahun sekarang. Pada tahun 2007, satu doktrin tentera e-tentera Estonia secara rasminya diperkenalkan kerana negara itu berada di bawah cyberattacks besar-besaran pada tahun 2007. Tujuan e-tentera yang dicadangkan adalah untuk mendapatkan infrastruktur dan e-infrastruktur penting Estonia. Kemudahan peperangan siber utama adalah Pasukan Respons Kecemasan Komputer Estonia (CERT), yang diasaskan pada tahun 2006. Organisasi ini beroperasi pada isu-isu keselamatan di rangkaian tempatan. <> Siapa yang telah bekerjasama melindungi perlindungan terhadap cyberwarfare? || Kementerian Pertahanan dan Angkatan Pertahanan <> Tahun apakah perisytiharan e-ketenteraan diperkenalkan? || 2007 <> Apa peristiwa pada tahun 2007 membawa kepada keperluan untuk tindakan e-ketenteraan? || cyberattacks besar-besaran <> Bilakah Pasukan Respon Kecemasan Komputer Estonia ditubuhkan? || 2006", {"context": "The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces have been working on a cyberwarfare and defence formation for some years now. In 2007, a military doctrine of an e-military of Estonia was officially introduced as the country was under massive cyberattacks in 2007. The proposed aim of the e-military is to secure the vital infrastructure and e-infrastructure of Estonia. The main cyber warfare facility is the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia (CERT), founded in 2006. The organisation operates on security issues in local networks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces"}], "question": "Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare?", "id": "5728c1f53acd2414000dfdb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "2007"}], "question": "What year was a declaration of e-military introduced?", "id": "5728c1f53acd2414000dfdba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "massive cyberattacks"}], "question": "What event in 2007 led to a need for e-military action?", "id": "5728c1f53acd2414000dfdbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When was the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia established?", "id": "5728c1f53acd2414000dfdbc"}]}], ["Kerana kemelesetan ekonomi global yang bermula pada 2007, KDNK Estonia menurun sebanyak 1.4% pada suku ke-2 tahun 2008, lebih 3% pada suku ke-3 tahun 2008, dan lebih 9% pada suku keempat tahun 2008. Kerajaan Estonia membuat bajet negatif tambahan, yang diluluskan oleh Riigikogu. Perolehan belanjawan itu menurun pada tahun 2008 sebanyak EEK 6,1 milyar dan belanja EEK 3,2 milyar. Pada tahun 2010, keadaan ekonomi stabil dan memulakan pertumbuhan berdasarkan eksport yang kukuh. Pada suku keempat tahun 2010, pengeluaran industri Estonia meningkat sebanyak 23% berbanding tahun sebelumnya. Negara ini telah mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi sejak itu. <> Bilakah kemelesetan ekonomi global bermula? || 2007 <> Kecenderungan apa yang menyebabkan penurunan KDNK Estonia? || kemelesetan ekonomi global <> Yang meluluskan bajet negatif tambahan yang digubal oleh kerajaan Estonia? || Riigikogu <> Tahun apakah Estonia memulakan kenaikan ekonomi mereka berdasarkan eksport yang kuat? || 2010", {"context": "Because of the global economic recession that began in 2007, the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% in the 2nd quarter of 2008, over 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the 4th quarter of 2008. The Estonian government made a supplementary negative budget, which was passed by Riigikogu. The revenue of the budget was decreased for 2008 by EEK 6.1 billion and the expenditure by EEK 3.2 billion. In 2010, the economic situation stabilized and started a growth based on strong exports. In the fourth quarter of 2010, Estonian industrial output increased by 23% compared to the year before. The country has been experiencing economic growth ever since.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When did the global economic recession start?", "id": "5728c4c42ca10214002da74a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "global economic recession"}], "question": "What trend led to the decrease of Estonia's GDP?", "id": "5728c4c42ca10214002da74b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Riigikogu"}], "question": "Who approved the supplementary negative budget drafted by the Estonian government?", "id": "5728c4c42ca10214002da74c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "2010"}], "question": "What year did Estonia start their economic rise based on strong exports?", "id": "5728c4c42ca10214002da74d"}]}], ["Estonia bekerjasama dengan Latvia dan Lithuania dalam beberapa inisiatif kerjasama pertahanan Baltik, termasuk Battalion Baltik (BALTBAT), Baltik Naval Skuadron Baltik (BALTRON), Jaringan Pengawasan Baltik Udara (BALTNET) dan institusi pendidikan tentera bersama seperti Baltik Pertahanan Baltik di Tartu. Kerjasama masa depan akan termasuk perkongsian infrastruktur negara untuk tujuan latihan dan pengkhususan bidang latihan (BALTTRAIN) dan pembentukan kolektif kontinjen bersaiz batalion untuk digunakan dalam pasukan tindak balas pantas NATO. Pada bulan Januari 2011, negara-negara Baltik telah dijemput untuk menyertai NORDEFCO, rangka kerja pertahanan negara-negara Nordik. <> Negara mana yang membantu Estonia dalam strategi pertahanan tiga belas? || Latvia dan Lithuania <> Apa akademi pendidikan tentera bersama sama dengan Estonia di Baltik? || Baltik Pertahanan Baltik <> Dimana Baltik Pertahanan Baltik terletak? || Tartu <> Bilakah negara-negara Baltik diminta untuk menyertai NORDEFCO? || Januari 2011", {"context": "Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Latvia and Lithuania"}], "question": "Which countries aid Estonia in trilateral defense strategies?", "id": "5728c1523acd2414000dfda7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "the Baltic Defence College"}], "question": "What joint military educational academy does Estonia share with Baltic Countries?", "id": "5728c1523acd2414000dfda8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Tartu"}], "question": "Where is the Baltic Defence College located?", "id": "5728c1523acd2414000dfda9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "January 2011"}], "question": "When were the Baltic states asked to join NORDEFCO?", "id": "5728c1523acd2414000dfdaa"}]}], ["Estonia adalah negara yang bergantung kepada segi tenaga dan pengeluaran tenaga. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, banyak syarikat tempatan dan asing telah melabur dalam sumber tenaga boleh diperbaharui. Kepentingan kuasa angin semakin meningkat di Estonia dan pada masa ini jumlah pengeluaran tenaga dari angin hampir 60 MW manakala pada masa yang sama kira-kira 399 projek bernilai MW sedang dibangunkan dan lebih daripada 2800 projek bernilai MW dicadangkan di kawasan Lake Peipus dan kawasan pantai Hiiumaa. <> Apa sumber yang tidak diperlukan Estonia bergantung kepada negara lain? || tenaga <> Apa jenis pengeluaran tenaga kerana banyak syarikat telah melabur dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini? || sumber tenaga boleh diperbaharui <> Apakah sumber tenaga semakin meningkat di Estonia? || kuasa angin <> Berapakah jumlah pengeluaran tenaga dari kuasa angin? || hampir 60 MW", {"context": "Estonia is a dependent country in the terms of energy and energy production. In recent years many local and foreign companies have been investing in renewable energy sources.[citation needed] The importance of wind power has been increasing steadily in Estonia and currently the total amount of energy production from wind is nearly 60 MW while at the same time roughly 399 MW worth of projects are currently being developed and more than 2800 MW worth of projects are being proposed in the Lake Peipus area and the coastal areas of Hiiumaa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "energy"}], "question": "What lacking resource does Estonia depend on other countries for?", "id": "5728c6a94b864d1900164dd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "renewable energy sources"}], "question": "What type of energy production as many companies been investing in recent years?", "id": "5728c6a94b864d1900164dd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "wind power"}], "question": "What energy source has been increasing in Estonia?", "id": "5728c6a94b864d1900164dd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "nearly 60 MW"}], "question": "What is total amount of energy production from wind power?", "id": "5728c6a94b864d1900164dd9"}]}], ["Sebagai ahli Kesatuan Eropah, Estonia dianggap sebagai ekonomi berpendapatan tinggi oleh Bank Dunia. KDNK (PPP) per kapita negara, penunjuk kekayaan yang baik, pada tahun 2015 $ 28,781 mengikut IMF, antara Republik Slovak dan Lithuania, tetapi di bawah ahli-ahli EU lama yang lain seperti Itali atau Sepanyol. Negara ini menduduki tempat ke-8 dalam Indeks Kebebasan Ekonomi pada tahun 2015, dan ekonomi bebas ke-4 di Eropah. Kerana pertumbuhan pesatnya, Estonia sering digambarkan sebagai Tiger Baltik di samping Lithuania dan Latvia. Mulai 1 Januari 2011, Estonia menerima euro dan menjadi negara anggota zon euro ke-17. <> Institusi apa yang memandang ekonomi Estonia sebagai pendapatan tinggi? || Bank Dunia <> Apakah GDP Estonia pada tahun 2015? || $ 28,781 <> Negara apa yang berkongsi tahap KDNK sama dengan Estonia? || Republik Slovak dan Lithuania <> Di mana Estonia berada dalam kedudukan Indeks Ekonomi Bebas 2015? || 8hb", {"context": "As a member of the European Union, Estonia is considered a high-income economy by the World Bank. The GDP (PPP) per capita of the country, a good indicator of wealth, was in 2015 $28,781 according to the IMF, between that of Slovak Republic and Lithuania, but below that of other long-time EU members such as Italy or Spain. The country is ranked 8th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom, and the 4th freest economy in Europe. Because of its rapid growth, Estonia has often been described as a Baltic Tiger beside Lithuania and Latvia. Beginning 1 January 2011, Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th eurozone member state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "the World Bank"}], "question": "What institution views the economy of Estonia as high income?", "id": "5728c2833acd2414000dfdc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "$28,781"}], "question": "What was the GDP of Estonia in 2015?", "id": "5728c2833acd2414000dfdc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Slovak Republic and Lithuania"}], "question": "What countries share similar levels of GDP with Estonia?", "id": "5728c2833acd2414000dfdc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "8th"}], "question": "Where is Estonia ranked in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom?", "id": "5728c2833acd2414000dfdc4"}]}], ["Tentera Estonia didasarkan pada Angkatan Pertahanan Estonia (Estonia: Kaitsev\u00e4gi), yang merupakan nama angkatan bersenjata republik bersatu dengan Maav\u00e4gi (Tentara), Merev\u00e4gi (Angkatan Laut), \u00d5huv\u00e4gi (Angkatan Udara) dan pengawal kebangsaan paramiliter organisasi Kaitseliit (Pertahanan Liga). Matlamat Dasar Pertahanan Nasional Estonia adalah untuk menjamin pemeliharaan kemerdekaan dan kedaulatan negara, keutuhan tanahnya, perairan wilayah, ruang udara dan susunan perlembagaannya. Matlamat strategik semasa adalah untuk mempertahankan kepentingan negara, membangunkan angkatan bersenjata untuk saling beroperasi dengan NATO dan pasukan anggota EU yang lain, dan penyertaan dalam misi NATO. <> Apa nama Tentera Estonia? || Maav\u00e4gi <> Apakah nama Tentera Laut Estonia? || Merev\u00e4gi <> Apakah nama Tentera Udara Estonia? || \u00d5huv\u00e4gi <> Nama apa yang menggambarkan badan gabungan semua tentera Estonia? || Angkatan Pertahanan Estonia", {"context": "The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces (Estonian: Kaitsev\u00e4gi), which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maav\u00e4gi (Army), Merev\u00e4gi (Navy), \u00d5huv\u00e4gi (Air Force) and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit (Defence League). The Estonian National Defence Policy aim is to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land, territorial waters, airspace and its constitutional order. Current strategic goals are to defend the country's interests, develop the armed forces for interoperability with other NATO and EU member forces, and participation in NATO missions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Maav\u00e4gi"}], "question": "What is the name of Estonia's Army?", "id": "5728c0912ca10214002da701"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Merev\u00e4gi"}], "question": "What is the name of Estonia's Navy?", "id": "5728c0912ca10214002da702"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "\u00d5huv\u00e4gi"}], "question": "What is the name of Estonia's Air Force?", "id": "5728c0912ca10214002da703"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "the Estonian Defence Forces"}], "question": "What name describes the combined body of all Estonia military?", "id": "5728c0912ca10214002da700"}]}], ["Estonia menghasilkan kira-kira 75% daripada penggunaan elektriknya. Pada tahun 2011 kira-kira 85% daripadanya dijana dengan syal minyak ditambang tempatan. Sumber tenaga alternatif seperti kayu, gambut, dan biomas menghasilkan kira-kira 9% daripada pengeluaran tenaga primer. Tenaga angin yang boleh diperbaharui adalah kira-kira 6% daripada jumlah penggunaan pada tahun 2009. Estonia mengimport produk petroleum dari Eropah barat dan Rusia. Tenaga syal minyak, telekomunikasi, tekstil, produk kimia, perbankan, perkhidmatan, makanan dan memancing, kayu, pembinaan kapal, elektronik, dan pengangkutan merupakan sektor utama ekonomi. Pelabuhan bebas Mu Muu, dekat Tallinn, merupakan kemudahan modern yang mempunyai keupayaan transshipment yang baik, lif biji kapasiti tinggi, penyimpanan beku / beku, dan kapabilitas tangki minyak baru yang dimuatkan. saluran antara Barat, Rusia, dan titik-titik lain ke Timur. [rujukan?] <> Berapa banyak elektrik yang dimakan Estonia yang dihasilkan dengan sendirinya? || 75% <> Apakah peratusan tenaga elektrik dihasilkan dengan syal minyak tempatan pada tahun 2011? || kira 85% <> Apakah sumber tenaga alternatif yang menyumbang 9% pengeluaran tenaga? || kayu, gambut dan biomassa> Berapa peratuskah bekalan elektrik yang dihasilkan daripada tenaga boleh diperbaharui pada tahun 2009? || 6%", {"context": "Estonia produces about 75% of its consumed electricity. In 2011 about 85% of it was generated with locally mined oil shale. Alternative energy sources such as wood, peat, and biomass make up approximately 9% of primary energy production. Renewable wind energy was about 6% of total consumption in 2009. Estonia imports petroleum products from western Europe and Russia. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy. The ice-free port of Muuga, near Tallinn, is a modern facility featuring good transshipment capability, a high-capacity grain elevator, chill/frozen storage, and new oil tanker off-loading capabilities.[citation needed] The railroad serves as a conduit between the West, Russia, and other points to the East.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "75%"}], "question": "How much of consumed electricity does Estonia produce by itself?", "id": "5728c3354b864d1900164d84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "about 85%"}], "question": "What percentage of electricity was produced with local oil shale in 2011?", "id": "5728c3354b864d1900164d85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "wood, peat, and biomass"}], "question": "What alternative energy sources account for 9% of energy production?", "id": "5728c3354b864d1900164d86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "6%"}], "question": "What percentage of electricity was produced from renewable energy in 2009?", "id": "5728c3354b864d1900164d87"}]}], ["Sejak mendirikan semula kemerdekaan, Estonia telah menggambarkan dirinya sebagai gerbang antara Timur dan Barat dan agresif mengejar pembaharuan ekonomi dan integrasi dengan Barat. Reformasi pasaran Estonia meletakkannya di kalangan pemimpin ekonomi di kawasan COMECON yang dahulu. [Rujukan?] Pada tahun 1994, berdasarkan teori ekonomi Milton Friedman, Estonia menjadi salah satu negara pertama yang mengamalkan cukai yang rata, dengan kadar seragam 26 % tanpa mengira pendapatan peribadi. Pada bulan Januari 2005, kadar cukai pendapatan peribadi dikurangkan kepada 24%. Pengurangan lain kepada 23% diikuti pada Januari 2006. Kadar cukai pendapatan menurun kepada 21% pada Januari 2008. Kerajaan Estonia memuktamadkan reka bentuk koin euro Estonia pada akhir tahun 2004, dan menerima euro sebagai mata wang negara pada 1 Januari 2011 , lebih awal daripada yang dirancang kerana inflasi yang tinggi. Cukai Nilai Tanah dilevi yang digunakan untuk membiayai majlis perbandaran tempatan. Ia adalah cukai peringkat negeri, namun 100% daripada hasil itu digunakan untuk membiayai Majlis Tempatan. Kadar ini ditetapkan oleh Majlis Tempatan dalam had sebanyak 0.1-2.5%. Ia merupakan salah satu sumber pendanaan yang paling penting untuk majlis perbandaran. Cukai Nilai Tanah dikenakan ke atas nilai tanah hanya dengan penambahbaikan dan bangunan yang tidak dipertimbangkan. Sangat sedikit pengecualian yang dipertimbangkan pada cukai nilai tanah dan bahkan institusi awam tertakluk kepada cukai. Cukai ini telah menyumbang kepada kadar tinggi (~ 90%) dari kediaman yang diduduki pemilik di Estonia, berbanding kadar 67.4% di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah Estonia melihat dirinya sebagai selepas memenangi kemerdekaan? || gerbang antara Timur dan Barat <> Tahun apakah Estonia menubuhkan cukai rata? || 1994 <> Siapa pun sumber pengaruh untuk cukai rata? || Milton Friedman <> Apakah kadar cukai yang dikenakan ke atas pendapatan peribadi? || kadar seragam sebanyak 26%", {"context": "Since re-establishing independence, Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. Estonia's market reforms put it among the economic leaders in the former COMECON area.[citation needed] In 1994, based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman, Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. In January 2005, the personal income tax rate was reduced to 24%. Another reduction to 23% followed in January 2006. The income tax rate was decreased to 21% by January 2008. The Government of Estonia finalised the design of Estonian euro coins in late 2004, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2011, later than planned due to continued high inflation. A Land Value Tax is levied which is used to fund local municipalities. It is a state level tax, however 100% of the revenue is used to fund Local Councils. The rate is set by the Local Council within the limits of 0.1\u20132.5%. It is one of the most important sources of funding for municipalities. The Land Value Tax is levied on the value of the land only with improvements and buildings not considered. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax. The tax has contributed to a high rate (~90%) of owner-occupied residences within Estonia, compared to a rate of 67.4% in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "the gateway between East and West"}], "question": "What Estonia view itself as after winning independence?", "id": "5728c53f4b864d1900164db6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "1994"}], "question": "What year did Estonia establish a flat tax?", "id": "5728c53f4b864d1900164db7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Milton Friedman"}], "question": "Who was the source of influence for the flat tax?", "id": "5728c53f4b864d1900164db8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "a uniform rate of 26%"}], "question": "What was tax rate imposed on the personal income?", "id": "5728c53f4b864d1900164db9"}]}], ["Antara tahun 1945 hingga 1989, bahagian etnik Estonia dalam penduduk penduduk dalam sempadan yang ditetapkan di Estonia kini menurun kepada 61%, disebabkan terutamanya oleh program Soviet mempromosikan imigrasi massal pekerja industri bandar dari Rusia, Ukraine, dan Belarus, serta oleh pergerakan masa perang dan pengusiran dan hukuman mati Joseph Stalin. [rujukan?] Pada tahun 1989, minoriti merupakan lebih daripada satu pertiga daripada populasi, kerana bilangan orang bukan Estonia telah berkembang hampir lima kali lipat. <> Berapa tempoh jumlah etnik Estonia menurun sebanyak 61%? || Antara tahun 1945 dan 1989 <> Apa trendnya menyebabkan kejatuhan etnik Estonia? || imigrasi massa pekerja industri bandar dari Rusia, Ukraine, dan Belarus <> Siapa yang memerintahkan skala besar pengusiran dan hukuman mati? || Joseph Stalin <> Berapa tahun minoriti di Estonia membentuk lebih daripada satu pertiga negara? || 1989", {"context": "Between 1945 and 1989, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin's mass deportations and executions.[citation needed] By 1989, minorities constituted more than one-third of the population, as the number of non-Estonians had grown almost fivefold.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 1945 and 1989"}], "question": "What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61%?", "id": "5728c96c4b864d1900164e20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus"}], "question": "What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians?", "id": "5728c96c4b864d1900164e21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Joseph Stalin"}], "question": "Who ordered large scales of deportations and executions?", "id": "5728c96c4b864d1900164e22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "1989"}], "question": "What year did minorities in Estonia make up more than a third of the country?", "id": "5728c96c4b864d1900164e23"}]}], ["Pada akhir 1980-an, orang Estonia melihat perubahan demografi mereka sebagai bencana kebangsaan. Ini adalah hasil daripada dasar-dasar penghijrahan yang penting kepada Program Kebangsaan Soviet yang bertujuan untuk russify Estonia - imigresen pentadbiran dan tentera bukan-Estonia dari USSR ditambah dengan pengusiran Estonians ke USSR. Dalam dekad ini selepas penyusunan semula kemerdekaan, pergerakan besar-besaran oleh kaum etnik Rusia dan penyingkiran pangkalan tentera Rusia pada tahun 1994 menyebabkan perkadaran etnik Estonia di Estonia meningkat dari 61% kepada 69% pada tahun 2006. <Bagaimana bahasa Estonia melihat perubahan demografi kurang Estonia etnik? || sebuah malapetaka kebangsaan <> Apa institusi Rusia telah dibuang pada dekad selepas rejim kemerdekaan Estonia? || Pangkalan tentera Rusia <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk Estonia yang etnik pada tahun 2006? || 69%", {"context": "At the end of the 1980s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. This was a result of the migration policies essential to the Soviet Nationalisation Programme aiming to russify Estonia \u2013 administrative and military immigration of non-Estonians from the USSR coupled with the deportation of Estonians to the USSR. In the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61% to 69% in 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "a national catastrophe"}], "question": "How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians?", "id": "5728ca18ff5b5019007da6b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Russian military bases"}], "question": "What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia's reclaim of independence?", "id": "5728ca18ff5b5019007da6b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "69%"}], "question": "What percentage of Estonians were ethnic in 2006?", "id": "5728ca18ff5b5019007da6b2"}]}], ["Undang-undang Otonomi Kebudayaan Estonia yang diluluskan pada tahun 1925 adalah unik di Eropah pada masa itu. Autonomi budaya boleh diberikan kepada minoriti yang berjumlah lebih daripada 3,000 orang yang mempunyai hubungan panjang dengan Republik Estonia. Sebelum pendudukan Soviet, orang-orang Jerman dan minoriti Yahudi berjaya memilih majlis kebudayaan. Undang-undang mengenai Otonomi Kebudayaan untuk Negara-negara Minoriti Kebangsaan telah dikembalikan semula pada tahun 1993. Secara sejarah, sebahagian besar pantai barat laut dan pulau-pulau di Estonia telah didiami oleh kaum asli Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes). <> Tahun apakah undang-undang Otonomi Kebudayaan Estonia ditubuhkan? || 1925 <> Pada tahun 1925, apakah peraturan yang dibuat Estonia yang unik di Eropah? || Undang-undang Otonomi Kebudayaan Estonia <> Berapa banyak minoriti yang diberikan autonomi budaya? || Lebih daripada 3,000 orang <> Apa kelompok minoriti boleh memilih majlis budaya sebelum pendudukan Soviet? || Jerman dan minoriti Yahudi", {"context": "The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Before the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. Historically, large parts of Estonia's northwestern coast and islands have been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "1925"}], "question": "What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?", "id": "5728d0114b864d1900164ea2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law"}], "question": "In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?", "id": "5728d0114b864d1900164ea3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "more than 3,000 people"}], "question": "How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?", "id": "5728d0114b864d1900164ea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Germans and Jewish minorities"}], "question": "What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation?", "id": "5728d0114b864d1900164ea5"}]}], ["Antara 2007 dan 2013, Estonia menerima 53.3 bilion kroons (3.4 bilion euro) daripada pelbagai Dana Struktur Kesatuan Eropah sebagai sokongan langsung dengan mewujudkan pelaburan asing terbesar ke Estonia yang pernah ada. Majoriti bantuan kewangan Kesatuan Eropah akan dilaburkan ke bidang berikut: ekonomi tenaga, keusahawanan, keupayaan pentadbiran, pendidikan, masyarakat maklumat, perlindungan alam sekitar, pembangunan serantau dan tempatan, aktiviti penyelidikan dan pembangunan, penjagaan kesihatan dan kebajikan, pengangkutan dan pasaran buruh . <> Berapa banyak wang yang diterima Estonia daripada Dana Struktur Kesatuan Eropah antara tahun 2007 dan 2013? || 53.3 bilion kroons (3.4 bilion euro) <> Tahun berapa adalah permulaan pelaburan dari Dana Struktur Kesatuan Eropah? || 2007 <> Tahun apa akhir pelaburan dari Dana Struktur Kesatuan Eropah? || 2013", {"context": "Between 2007 and 2013, Estonia receives 53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros) from various European Union Structural Funds as direct supports by creating the largest foreign investments into Estonia ever. Majority of the European Union financial aid will be invested into to the following fields: energy economies, entrepreneurship, administrative capability, education, information society, environment protection, regional and local development, research and development activities, healthcare and welfare, transportation and labour market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros)"}], "question": "How much money did Estonia receive from European Union Structural Funds between 2007 and 2013?", "id": "5728c8c03acd2414000dfe59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "2007"}], "question": "What year was the start of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?", "id": "5728c8c03acd2414000dfe5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "2013"}], "question": "What year was the end of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?", "id": "5728c8c03acd2414000dfe5b"}]}], ["Perlembagaan Estonia menjamin kebebasan beragama, pemisahan gereja dan negara, dan hak individu untuk privasi kepercayaan dan agama. Menurut Institut Komunikasi Dentsu Inc, Estonia adalah salah satu negara paling kurang religius di dunia, dengan 75.7% penduduk mendakwa tidak beragama. The Eurobarometer Poll 2005 mendapati bahawa hanya 16% daripada orang Estonia menganggap kepercayaan kepada tuhan, kepercayaan terendah semua negara dikaji (kajian EU). Menurut Persekutuan Dunia Lutheran, denominasi Lutheran bersejarah ini tetap ada dengan 180,000 anggota yang berdaftar. <> Apa yang menjamin kebebasan beragama untuk warga Estonia? || Perlembagaan Estonia <> Perlembagaan Estonia mengisytiharkan pembahagian bahagian masyarakat? || pemisahan gereja dan negeri <> Apa hak privasi individu yang diberikan oleh rakyat? || kepercayaan dan agama <> Berapa peratus daripada orang Estonia menuntut agama? || 75.7%", {"context": "Estonia's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion. According to the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is one of the least religious countries in the world, with 75.7% of the population claiming to be irreligious. The Eurobarometer Poll 2005 found that only 16% of Estonians profess a belief in a god, the lowest belief of all countries studied (EU study). According to the Lutheran World Federation, the historic Lutheran denomination remains a large presence with 180,000 registered members.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Estonia's constitution"}], "question": "What guarantees freedom of religion for Estonian citizens?", "id": "5728d14fff5b5019007da738"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "separation of church and state"}], "question": "Estonia's constitution declares the division of what parts of society?", "id": "5728d14fff5b5019007da739"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "belief and religion"}], "question": "What individual privacy rights are citizens granted?", "id": "5728d14fff5b5019007da73a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "75.7%"}], "question": "What percentage of Estonians claim no religion?", "id": "5728d14fff5b5019007da73b"}]}], ["Moden Estonia adalah negara yang agak etnik dan heterogen, tetapi heterogenitas ini bukan ciri kebanyakan negara kerana populasi bukan Estonia tertumpu di dua daerah Estonia. Tiga belas Estonia 15 daerah adalah lebih dari 80% etnis Estonia, yang paling homogen adalah Hiiumaa, di mana Estonians menyumbang 98.4% penduduk. Di daerah-daerah Harju (termasuk ibukota, Tallinn) dan Ida-Viru, bagaimanapun, etnik Estonia mewakili 60% dan 20% penduduk. Rusia terdiri daripada 25.6% daripada jumlah penduduk tetapi menyumbang 36% daripada penduduk di daerah Harju dan 70% penduduk di Ida-Viru county. <> Berapa bilangan wilayah Estonia lebih 80% etnik Estonia? || Tiga belas <> Berapa banyak daerah di Estonia? || 15 <> Wilayah mana di Estonia yang paling seragam? || Hiiumaa <> Berapakah jumlah peratusan bagi jumlah penduduk yang tinggal di Hiiumaa yang etnik Estonia? || 98.4% <> Berapa angka yang menyatakan peratusan Estonia Estonians? || 25.6%", {"context": "Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, but this heterogeneity is not a feature of much of the country as the non-Estonian population is concentrated in two of Estonia's counties. Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju (including the capital city, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Russians make up 25.6% of the total population but account for 36% of the population in Harju county and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Thirteen"}], "question": "What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?", "id": "5728cbb5ff5b5019007da6c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many counties are in Estonia?", "id": "5728cbb5ff5b5019007da6c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Hiiumaa"}], "question": "Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?", "id": "5728cbb5ff5b5019007da6c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "98.4%"}], "question": "What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians?", "id": "5728cbb5ff5b5019007da6c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "25.6%"}], "question": "What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians?", "id": "5728cbb5ff5b5019007da6ca"}]}], ["Laporan Majlis Hak Asasi Manusia PBB 2008 menyebut \"sangat kredibel\" penerangan tentang kebijakan kewarganegaraan Estonia sebagai \"diskriminatif\". Mengikut kaji selidik, hanya 5% masyarakat Rusia yang telah mempertimbangkan kembali ke Rusia dalam masa terdekat. Rusia Estonia telah mengembangkan identiti mereka sendiri - lebih separuh daripada responden mengiktiraf bahawa Rusia Estonia berbeza berbeza dengan Rusia di Rusia. Apabila membandingkan keputusan dengan tinjauan dari tahun 2000, sikap Russia terhadap masa depan jauh lebih positif. <> Dokumen apa yang melabelkan keterangan dasar kewarganegaraan Estonia sebagai \"diskriminasi\"? || Laporan Majlis Hak Asasi Manusia Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu 2008 <> Seberapa besar peratusan orang Rusia Estonia telah kembali ke Rusia? || 5% <> Seberapa besar penduduk Estonia Estonia melihat diri mereka berbeza dengan rakan-rakan Rusia mereka? || lebih daripada separuh", {"context": "The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report called \"extremely credible\" the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as \"discriminatory\". According to surveys, only 5% of the Russian community have considered returning to Russia in the near future. Estonian Russians have developed their own identity \u2013 more than half of the respondents recognised that Estonian Russians differ noticeably from the Russians in Russia. When comparing the result with a survey from 2000, then Russians' attitude toward the future is much more positive.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report"}], "question": "What document labeled the the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as \"discriminatory\"? ", "id": "5728d0ccff5b5019007da728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "5%"}], "question": "What percentage of Estonian Russians have though of going back to Russia?", "id": "5728d0ccff5b5019007da729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "more than half"}], "question": "What proportion of Estonian Russians see themselves as different from their Russian counterparts?", "id": "5728d0ccff5b5019007da72a"}]}], ["Satu lagi kumpulan utama, penduduk yang mengikuti Kristian Ortodoks Timur, diamalkan terutamanya oleh minoriti Rusia, dan Gereja Ortodoks Rusia adalah denominasi kedua terbesar dengan 150,000 ahli. Gereja Ortodoks Apostolik Estonia, di bawah Patriarkat Ekumenikal Yunani-Ortodoks, mendakwa 20,000 lagi anggota. Oleh itu, bilangan penganut Lutheranisme dan Orthodoksi, tanpa mengambil kira kewarganegaraan atau etnik, adalah hampir sama. Rujuk jadual di bawah. Katolik mempunyai Pentadbiran Apostolik Latin dari Estonia. <> Apakah kumpulan utama yang percaya kepada Kristian Ortodoks Timur? || Minoriti Rusia <> Yang kumpulan agama mana yang kedua terbesar dengan 150,000 ahli? || Gereja Ortodoks Rusia <> Apakah kumpulan agama yang melakukan Katolik di Estonia? || Pentadbiran Apostolik Latin Estonia", {"context": "Another major group, inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practised chiefly by the Russian minority, and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, claims another 20,000 members. Thus, the number of adherents of Lutheranism and Orthodoxy, without regard to citizenship or ethnicity, is roughly equal. Refer to the Table below. The Catholics have their Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Russian minority"}], "question": "What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity?", "id": "5728d1d7ff5b5019007da74a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "the Russian Orthodox Church"}], "question": "Which religious group is the second largest with 150,000 members?", "id": "5728d1d7ff5b5019007da74b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia"}], "question": "What religious group do Catholics in Estonia follow?", "id": "5728d1d7ff5b5019007da74c"}]}], ["Walaupun bahasa Estonia dan Jerman berasal dari asal-usul yang sangat berbeza, seseorang boleh mengenal pasti banyak perkataan serupa dalam bahasa Estonia dan Jerman, contohnya. Ini terutamanya kerana bahasa Estonia telah meminjam hampir satu pertiga dari perbendaharaan kata mereka dari bahasa Jerman, terutamanya dari Low Saxon (Middle Low German) semasa tempoh pemerintahan Jerman, dan High German (termasuk bahasa Jerman). Peratusan perkataan pinjaman Saxon Rendah dan Tinggi Jerman boleh dianggarkan pada 22-25 peratus, dengan Low Saxon membentuk kira-kira 15 peratus. <> Bahasa apa bahasa Estonia berkongsi perkataan yang serupa dengan? || Bahasa Jerman <> Seberapa banyak perbendaharaan kata Estonia meminjam dari Jerman? || hampir satu pertiga <> Bahasa Estonia apa yang digunakan oleh Estonia semasa pemerintahan Jerman? || Bahasa Jerman Tinggi <> Berapa peratus daripada bahasa Estonia termasuk perkataan Low Saxon? || kira-kira 15 peratus", {"context": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Germanic"}], "question": "What language does Estonian share similar words with?", "id": "5728d26f3acd2414000dff5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "nearly one third"}], "question": "What proportion of vocabulary did Estonia borrow from Germany?", "id": "5728d26f3acd2414000dff5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "High German"}], "question": "What standard language did Estonia adopt during German rule?", "id": "5728d26f3acd2414000dff5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "about 15 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of the Estonia language includes Low Saxon words?", "id": "5728d26f3acd2414000dff5e"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 2007, defisit akaun semasa yang besar dan kenaikan inflasi memberi tekanan kepada mata wang Estonia, yang dipatokkan ke Euro, yang menonjolkan keperluan pertumbuhan dalam industri yang menjana eksport. Eksport Estonia terutamanya mesin dan peralatan, kayu dan kertas, tekstil, produk makanan, perabot, dan logam dan produk kimia. Estonia juga mengeksport 1.562 bilion kilowatt jam elektrik setiap tahun. Pada masa yang sama Estonia mengimport jentera dan peralatan, produk kimia, tekstil, produk makanan dan kelengkapan pengangkutan. Estonia mengimport 200 juta kilowatt jam elektrik setiap tahun. <> Bilakah defisit yang besar dan peningkatan tekanan inflasi terhadap mata wang Estonia? || 2007 <> Apa bidang perdagangan Estonia perlu berkembang? || industri penjanaan eksport <> Berapa banyak elektrik yang diimport oleh Estonia setiap tahun? || 200 juta kilowatt jam <> Berapa banyak elektrik dieksport oleh Estonia setiap tahun? || 1.562 bilion kilowatt jam", {"context": "In 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia's currency, which was pegged to the Euro, highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries. Estonia exports mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food products, furniture, and metals and chemical products. Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually. At the same time Estonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, textiles, food products and transportation equipment. Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When did a huge deficit and rising inflation place pressure on Estonia's currency?", "id": "5728c8262ca10214002da7b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "export-generating industries"}], "question": "What area of commerce did Estonia need to expand?", "id": "5728c8262ca10214002da7b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "200 million kilowatt hours"}], "question": "How much electricity is imported by Estonia annually?", "id": "5728c8262ca10214002da7b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "1.562 billion kilowatt hours"}], "question": "How much electricity is exported by Estonia annually?", "id": "5728c8262ca10214002da7b9"}]}], ["Sejarah seni bina Estonia terutamanya mencerminkan perkembangan kontemporarinya di Eropah utara. Perlu disebutkan terutamanya ensemble senibina yang menjadikan bandar Tallinn, zaman pertengahan, yang terletak di Senarai Warisan Dunia UNESCO. Di samping itu, negara ini mempunyai beberapa kubu bukit unik yang dipelihara dari masa pra-Kristian, sejumlah besar kastil zaman pertengahan dan gereja yang masih utuh, manakala kawasan desa masih dibentuk dengan kehadiran sejumlah besar rumah manor dari abad yang lalu. <> Pekan abad pertengahan mana yang terdapat pada Senarai Warisan Dunia UNESCO? || Tallinn <> Bilakah kubu bukit terpencil di Estonia dibina? || sebelum zaman Kristian <> Apakah struktur institusi masih wujud dari zaman pertengahan? || istana dan gereja", {"context": "The architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary development in northern Europe. Worth mentioning is especially the architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times, a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches, while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Tallinn"}], "question": "Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?", "id": "5728d8144b864d1900164f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "pre-Christian times"}], "question": "When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built?", "id": "5728d8144b864d1900164f5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "castles and churches"}], "question": "What institutional structures still exist from medieval times?", "id": "5728d8144b864d1900164f5e"}]}], ["Kesusasteraan Estonia merujuk kepada kesusasteraan yang ditulis dalam bahasa Estonia (kira-kira 1 juta penceramah). Penguasaan Estonia selepas Perang Salib Utara, dari abad ke-13 hingga 1918 oleh Jerman, Sweden, dan Rusia menghasilkan beberapa karya sastra awal yang ditulis dalam bahasa Estonia. Rekod tertua dari tarikh Estonia yang ditulis dari abad ke-13. Asal Livoniae dalam Chronicle of Henry of Livonia mengandungi nama, kata-kata dan serpihan ayat bahasa Estonia. Banci Liber Daniae (1241) mengandungi nama dan nama keluarga Estonia. <> Apa acara mendahului dominasi Estonia oleh kuasa Eropah yang berbeza? || Perang Salib Utara <> Yang tiga negara menduduki Estonia sehingga tahun 1918? || Jerman, Sweden, dan Rusia <> Era apa yang mengandungi rekod tertua dari kerja-kerja Estonia yang ditulis? || abad ke-13 <> Dokumen apa yang bertarikh 1241 mengandungi nama tempat dan keluarga? || Banci Liber Daniae", {"context": "The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "the Northern Crusades"}], "question": "What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?", "id": "5728d6f84b864d1900164f34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Germany, Sweden, and Russia"}], "question": "Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?", "id": "5728d6f84b864d1900164f35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "the 13th century"}], "question": "What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?", "id": "5728d6f84b864d1900164f36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "The Liber Census Daniae"}], "question": "What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?", "id": "5728d6f84b864d1900164f37"}]}], ["Estonia memenangi Peraduan Lagu Eurovision pada tahun 2001 dengan lagu \"Everybody\" dilakukan oleh Tanel Padar dan Dave Benton. Pada tahun 2002, Estonia menganjurkan acara itu. Maarja-Liis Ilus telah berkompetisi untuk Estonia pada dua kesempatan (1996 dan 1997), manakala Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome dan Evelin Samuel berhutang popularitinya sebahagiannya kepada Peraduan Lagu Eurovision. Lenna Kuurmaa adalah penyanyi yang sangat popular di Eropah [rujukan?], Dengan bandnya Vanilla Ninja. \"R\u00e4ndajad\" oleh Urban Symphony, adalah lagu pertama dalam bahasa Estonia untuk carta di UK, Belgium, dan Switzerland. <> Tahun apakah Estonia memenangi Peraduan Lagu Eurovision? || 2001 <> Tahun apakah Estonia menjadi tuan rumah Peraduan Lagu Eurovision? || 2002 <> Siapa yang mempersembahkan lagu \"Everybody\"? || Tanel Padar dan Dave Benton <> Apa pelaku telah mewakili Estonia dua kali berbeza? || Maarja-Liis Ilus <> Apakah lagu Estonia pertama yang memukul carta Eropah yang popular? || \"R\u00e4ndajad\" oleh Urban Symphony", {"context": "Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song \"Everybody\" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovision Song Contest. Lenna Kuurmaa is a very popular singer in Europe[citation needed], with her band Vanilla Ninja. \"R\u00e4ndajad\" by Urban Symphony, was the first ever song in Estonian to chart in the UK, Belgium, and Switzerland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "2001"}], "question": "What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?", "id": "5728d63f2ca10214002da904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?", "id": "5728d63f2ca10214002da906"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Tanel Padar and Dave Benton"}], "question": "Who performed the song \"Everybody\"?", "id": "5728d63f2ca10214002da905"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Maarja-Liis Ilus"}], "question": "What performer has represented Estonia two different times?", "id": "5728d63f2ca10214002da907"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "\"R\u00e4ndajad\" by Urban Symphony"}], "question": "What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts?", "id": "5728d63f2ca10214002da908"}]}], ["Akademi Seni Estonia (Bahasa Estonia: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) menyediakan pendidikan tinggi dalam seni, reka bentuk, seni bina, media, sejarah seni dan pemuliharaan sementara Akademi Kebudayaan Viljandi dari Universiti Tartu mempunyai pendekatan untuk mempopularkan budaya asli melalui kurikulum semacam itu pembinaan, kemasan hitam asli, reka bentuk tekstil asli, kraftangan tradisional dan muzik tradisional, tetapi juga muzik jazz dan gereja. Pada tahun 2010, terdapat 245 muzium di Estonia yang koleksinya mengandungi lebih daripada 10 juta objek. <> Institusi apa yang menyediakan pendidikan dalam seni, reka bentuk, dan media? || Akademi Seni Estonia <> Institusi apa yang menggalakkan kesedaran tentang budaya asli? || Akademi Budaya Viljandi dari Universiti Tartu <> Apa bahagian budaya asli yang menyerlahkan budaya Akademi Viljandi? || pembinaan semula jadi, penambangan hitam asli, reka bentuk tekstil asli <> Berapa banyak muzium Estonia yang wujud pada tahun 2010? || 245", {"context": "The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design, traditional handicraft and traditional music, but also jazz and church music. In 2010, there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Estonian Academy of Arts"}], "question": "What institute provides education in art, design, and media?", "id": "5728d51a4b864d1900164f06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu"}], "question": "What institute promotes awareness of native culture?", "id": "5728d51a4b864d1900164f07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design"}], "question": "What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?", "id": "5728d51a4b864d1900164f08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "245"}], "question": "How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?", "id": "5728d51a4b864d1900164f09"}]}], ["Secara historis, masakan Estonia telah banyak bergantung pada musim dan makanan petani sederhana, yang hari ini dipengaruhi oleh banyak negara. Hari ini, ia termasuk banyak makanan antarabangsa yang biasa. Makanan yang paling lazat di Estonia adalah roti hitam, daging babi, kentang, dan produk tenusu. Secara tradisinya pada musim panas dan musim bunga, Estonians suka makan segalanya segar - beri, herba, sayur-sayuran, dan segala-galanya yang datang dari taman. Memburu dan memancing juga sangat biasa, walaupun kini memburu dan memancing kebanyakannya dinikmati sebagai hobi. Hari ini, ia juga sangat popular untuk panggang di luar musim panas. <> Apakah faktor yang mempengaruhi makanan Estonia untuk kebanyakan sejarah mereka? || musim dan makanan petani yang mudah <> Apakah makanan yang paling biasa di Estonia? || roti hitam, daging babi, kentang, dan produk tenusu. <> Apa barang-barang segar yang Estonia menikmati pada musim panas dan musim bunga? || beri, sayur-sayuran, sayur-sayuran <> Apakah perilaku pengumpulan makanan yang kini dilihat sebagai hobi dalam budaya Estonia moden? || Memburu dan menangkap ikan", {"context": "Historically, the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food, which today is influenced by many countries. Today, it includes many typical international foods.[citation needed] The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. Traditionally in summer and spring, Estonians like to eat everything fresh \u2013 berries, herbs, vegetables, and everything else that comes straight from the garden. Hunting and fishing have also been very common, although currently hunting and fishing are enjoyed mostly as hobbies. Today, it is also very popular to grill outside in summer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "seasons and simple peasant food"}], "question": "What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history?", "id": "5728d8be4b864d1900164f6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products."}], "question": "What are the most common foods in Estonia?", "id": "5728d8be4b864d1900164f6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "berries, herbs, vegetables"}], "question": "What fresh items do Estonians traditionally enjoy in summer and spring?", "id": "5728d8be4b864d1900164f6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Hunting and fishing"}], "question": "What food gathering behaviors are now seen as hobbies in modern Estonian culture?", "id": "5728d8be4b864d1900164f6d"}]}], ["Akademi Sains Estonia adalah akademi sains kebangsaan. Institut penyelidikan bukan keuntungan awam yang paling kuat yang menjalankan penyelidikan asas dan digunakan ialah Institut Kimia Fizik dan Biofizik Kebangsaan (NICPB; KBFI Estonia). Pusat komputer pertama ditubuhkan pada akhir 1950-an di Tartu dan Tallinn. Pakar estonian menyumbang dalam pembangunan standard kejuruteraan perisian untuk kementerian-kementerian Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1980-an. Sehingga 2011 [update], Estonia menghabiskan sekitar 2.38% daripada KDNKnya dalam Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan, berbanding dengan purata EU sekitar 2.0%. <> Apa institusi sains utama di Estonia? || Akademi Sains Estonia <> Apakah badan penyelidikan yang paling kuat yang menjalankan penyelidikan asas dan digunakan? || Institut Kimia Kimia dan Biofizik Kebangsaan <> Berapa dekad yang merupakan pusat komputer pertama yang dibuat di Estonia? || akhir tahun 1950-an <> Apa bandar-bandar adalah lokasi pusat komputer pertama? || Tartu dan Tallinn", {"context": "The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. As of 2011[update], Estonia spends around 2.38% of its GDP on Research and Development, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Estonian Academy of Sciences"}], "question": "What is the main science institution in Estonia?", "id": "5728d3cd2ca10214002da8be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics"}], "question": "What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?", "id": "5728d3cd2ca10214002da8bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "the late 1950s"}], "question": "What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?", "id": "5728d3cd2ca10214002da8c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Tartu and Tallinn"}], "question": "What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?", "id": "5728d3cd2ca10214002da8c1"}]}], ["Oskar Luts adalah penulis prosa yang paling menonjol dalam kesusasteraan Estonia awal, yang masih banyak dibaca hari ini, terutama novel sekolah lyrical Kevade (Spring). Psikologi sosial dan psikologi realistik Anton Hansen Tammsaare Kebenaran dan Keadilan menangkap evolusi masyarakat Estonia dari masyarakat petani ke sebuah negara merdeka. Pada zaman moden, Jaan Kross dan Jaan Kaplinski adalah penulis terkenal dan paling banyak diterjemah di Estonia. Antara penulis yang paling popular pada abad ke-20 dan awal abad ke-21 ialah T\u00f5nu \u00d5nnepalu dan Andrus Kivir\u00e4hk, yang menggunakan unsur-unsur dongeng dan mitologi Estonia, mengubahnya menjadi tidak masuk akal dan menakutkan. <> Siapa penulis prosa yang paling terkenal dalam sejarah awal Estonia? || Oskar Luts <> Apakah nama novel lirikal yang ditulis oleh Oskar Luts? || Kevade <> Apa nama buku yang ditulis oleh Anton Hansen Tammsaare? || Kebenaran dan Keadilan <> Siapa yang menulis buku yang merumuskan kenaikan Estonia dari para petani ke kemerdekaan? || Anton Hansen Tammsaare", {"context": "Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature, who is still widely read today, especially his lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring). Anton Hansen Tammsaare's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant community to an independent nation. In modern times, Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski are Estonia's best known and most translated writers. Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are T\u00f5nu \u00d5nnepalu and Andrus Kivir\u00e4hk, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into absurd and grotesque.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Oskar Luts"}], "question": "Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?", "id": "5728d78e4b864d1900164f44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Kevade"}], "question": "What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts?", "id": "5728d78e4b864d1900164f45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Truth and Justice"}], "question": "What is the name of the book written by Anton Hansen Tammsaare?", "id": "5728d78e4b864d1900164f46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Anton Hansen Tammsaare"}], "question": "Who wrote a book detailing Estonia's rise from peasants to independence?", "id": "5728d78e4b864d1900164f47"}]}], ["Tradisi Perayaan Song Estonian (Laulupidu) bermula pada ketinggian kebangkitan kebangsaan Estonia pada tahun 1869. Hari ini, ia adalah salah satu acara choral amatur terbesar di dunia. Pada tahun 2004, kira-kira 100,000 orang menyertai Festival Song. Sejak tahun 1928, Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluv\u00e4ljak) telah menganjurkan acara itu setiap lima tahun pada bulan Julai. Perayaan terakhir berlangsung pada bulan Julai 2014. Selain itu, Festival Song Belia juga diadakan setiap empat atau lima tahun, yang terakhir mereka pada tahun 2011, dan seterusnya dijadualkan untuk 2017. <> Nama apa yang menggambarkan Festival Song Estonian? || Laulupidu <> Berapa tahun tradisi Laulupidu bermula? || 1869 <> Berapa ramai orang merayakan Laulupidu pada tahun 2004? || kira-kira 100,000 orang <> Di manakah Laulupidu biasanya berlaku? || Lagu Festival Muzik Tallinn <> Bilakah Laulupidu berlaku? || setiap lima tahun pada bulan Julai", {"context": "The tradition of Estonian Song Festivals (Laulupidu) started at the height of the Estonian national awakening in 1869. Today, it is one of the largest amateur choral events in the world. In 2004, about 100,000 people participated in the Song Festival. Since 1928, the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluv\u00e4ljak) have hosted the event every five years in July. The last festival took place in July 2014. In addition, Youth Song Festivals are also held every four or five years, the last of them in 2011, and the next is scheduled for 2017.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Laulupidu"}], "question": "What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals?", "id": "5728d5aa3acd2414000dffc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "1869"}], "question": "What year did the tradition of Laulupidu start?", "id": "5728d5aa3acd2414000dffc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "about 100,000 people"}], "question": "How many people celebrated Laulupidu in 2004?", "id": "5728d5aa3acd2414000dffc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds"}], "question": "Where does Laulupidu usually take place?", "id": "5728d5aa3acd2414000dffc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "every five years in July"}], "question": "When does Laulupidu occur?", "id": "5728d5aa3acd2414000dffc9"}]}], ["Hari ini, masyarakat Estonia menggalakkan kebebasan dan liberalisme, dengan komitmen yang popular terhadap cita-cita kerajaan terhad, tidak mengecewakan kuasa berpusat dan rasuah. Etika kerja Protestan tetap menjadi ruji budaya yang penting, dan pendidikan percuma adalah institusi yang sangat berharga. Seperti budaya arus perdana di negara-negara Nordik yang lain, kebudayaan Estonia dapat dilihat untuk membina realiti persekitaran pertikaian dan mata pencaharian tradisional, warisan egalitarianisme yang agak meluas daripada sebab-sebab praktikal (lihat hak pilih sejagat dan hak universal), dan cita-cita kedekatan alam dan kecukupan (lihat: kampung musim panas). <> Kebajikan apa yang dimajukan oleh masyarakat Estonia moden? || kebebasan dan liberalisme Apa saiz dan kuasa kerajaan yang popular di Estonia? || kerajaan yang terhad, tidak mengendahkan kuasa berpusat dan rasuah <> Apakah pertandingan masyarakat Estonia yang sangat berharga? || pendidikan percuma <> Apa yang ideal Estonia memegang terhadap alam sekitar? || kedekatan dengan alam semula jadi", {"context": "Today, Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism, with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption. The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural staple, and free education is a highly prized institution. Like the mainstream culture in the other Nordic countries, Estonian culture can be seen to build upon the ascetic environmental realities and traditional livelihoods, a heritage of comparatively widespread egalitarianism out of practical reasons (see: Everyman's right and universal suffrage), and the ideals of closeness to nature and self-sufficiency (see: summer cottage).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "liberty and liberalism"}], "question": "What virtues does modern Estonian society promote?", "id": "5728d481ff5b5019007da7a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption"}], "question": "What size and power of government is popular in Estonia?", "id": "5728d481ff5b5019007da7a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "free education"}], "question": "What is a highly prized fixture of Estonian society?", "id": "5728d481ff5b5019007da7aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "closeness to nature"}], "question": "What ideal does Estonia hold towards the environment?", "id": "5728d481ff5b5019007da7ab"}]}], ["Pendidikan tinggi akademik di Estonia dibahagikan kepada tiga tahap: kajian sarjana muda, sarjana, dan doktoral. Dalam beberapa kepakaran (kajian perubatan asas, veterinar, farmasi, pergigian, jurutera arkitek, dan program guru bilik darjah) peringkat sarjana dan sarjana diintegrasikan ke dalam satu unit. Universiti awam Estonia mempunyai lebih banyak autonomi daripada institusi pengajian tinggi yang digunakan. Di samping menganjurkan kehidupan akademik universiti, universiti boleh mencipta kurikulum baru, menubuhkan syarat dan syarat kemasukan, meluluskan belanjawan, meluluskan pelan pembangunan, memilih rektor, dan membuat keputusan terhad dalam perkara berkaitan aset. Estonia mempunyai bilangan universiti awam dan swasta yang sederhana. Universiti awam terbesar adalah Universiti Tartu, Universiti Teknologi Tallinn, Universiti Tallinn, Universiti Sains Hayat Estonia, Akademi Seni Estonia; universiti swasta terbesar adalah Sekolah Perniagaan Estonian. <> Apakah tiga tahap pengajian tinggi di Estonia? || sarjana muda, sarjana dan pengajian kedoktoran <> Apakah medan medis mempunyai tahap bachelor dan sarjana mereka digabungkan menjadi satu unit? || kajian perubatan asas, veterinar, farmasi, pergigian <> Apakah universiti awam Estonia mempunyai lebih daripada institusi pendidikan tinggi? || otonomi <> Apa universiti swasta terbesar di Estonia? || Sekolah Perniagaan Estonian", {"context": "Academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies. In some specialties (basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry, architect-engineer, and a classroom teacher programme) the bachelor's and master's levels are integrated into one unit. Estonian public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied higher education institutions. In addition to organising the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets. Estonia has a moderate number of public and private universities. The largest public universities are the University of Tartu, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn University, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonian Academy of Arts; the largest private university is Estonian Business School.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies"}], "question": "What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia?", "id": "5728d3294b864d1900164ee2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry"}], "question": "What medical fields have their bachelor's and master's levels combined into one unit?", "id": "5728d3294b864d1900164ee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "autonomy"}], "question": "What do Estonian public universities have more of than higher education institutions?", "id": "5728d3294b864d1900164ee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 965, "text": "Estonian Business School"}], "question": "What is the largest private university in Estonia?", "id": "5728d3294b864d1900164ee5"}]}], ["Bola keranjang juga merupakan sukan yang terkenal di Estonia. Pasukan bola keranjang kebangsaan Estonia sebelum ini menyertai Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1936, muncul di EuroBasket empat kali. Pasukan kebangsaan Estonia juga layak menyertai EuroBasket 2015, yang akan diadakan di Ukraine. BC Kalev / Cramo, yang menyertai EuroCup, merupakan pemenang Korvpalli Meistriliiga yang paling baru selepas menjadi juara liga untuk kali ke-6. Tartu \u00dclikool / Rock, yang menyertai EuroChallenge, adalah kelab bola keranjang terbesar kedua di Estonia, sebelum memenangi Korvpalli Meistriliiga sebanyak 22 kali. Enam kelab bola keranjang Estonia menyertai Liga Bola Keranjang Baltic. <> Tahun berapa pasukan bola keranjang Estonia mula bersaing dalam Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas || 1936 <> Berapa banyak contoh telah muncul di Estonia dalam kejohanan EuroBasket? || empat <> Kelab bola sepak Estonia mana yang bersaing di EuroCup? || BC Kalev / Cramo <> Apa nama kelab bola keranjang kedua yang terbaik di Estonia? || Tartu \u00dclikool / Rock <> Berapa banyak pasukan Estonia yang berada dalam Liga Bola Keranjang Baltik? || Enam", {"context": "Basketball is also a notable sport in Estonia. Estonia national basketball team previously participated in 1936 Summer Olympics, appeared in EuroBasket four times. Estonia national team also qualified to EuroBasket 2015, which will be held in Ukraine. BC Kalev/Cramo, which participates in EuroCup, is the most recent Korvpalli Meistriliiga winner after becoming champion of the league for the 6th time. Tartu \u00dclikool/Rock, which participates in EuroChallenge, is the second strongest Estonian basketball club, previously winning Korvpalli Meistriliiga 22 times. Six Estonian basketball clubs participates in Baltic Basketball League.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "1936"}], "question": "What year did Estonia's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics", "id": "5728da2b2ca10214002da98c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament?", "id": "5728da2b2ca10214002da98d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "BC Kalev/Cramo"}], "question": "Which Estonian football club competes in the EuroCup?", "id": "5728da2b2ca10214002da98e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Tartu \u00dclikool/Rock"}], "question": "What is the name of second best basketball club in Estonia?", "id": "5728da2b2ca10214002da98f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Six"}], "question": "How many Estonian teams are in the Baltic Basketball League?", "id": "5728da2b2ca10214002da990"}]}], ["Sukan memainkan peranan penting dalam budaya Estonia. Selepas mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan dari Rusia pada tahun 1918, Estonia mula-mula bersaing sebagai sebuah negara pada Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1920, walaupun Jawatankuasa Olimpik Kebangsaan ditubuhkan pada tahun 1923. Atlet-atlet Estonia mengambil bahagian dalam Sukan Olimpik sehingga negara itu dilampirkan oleh Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1940. Regatta Pelayaran Olimpik Musim Panas 1980 telah diadakan di ibu kota Tallinn. Selepas merdeka pada tahun 1991, Estonia telah mengambil bahagian dalam semua Olimpik. Estonia telah memenangi sebahagian besar pingatnya dalam olahraga, angkat berat, bergelut dan bermain ski merentas desa. Estonia telah berjaya dalam permainan Olimpik kerana penduduk kecil negara itu. Keputusan terbaik Estonia telah menduduki tangga ke-13 dalam pingat pada Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1936, dan ke-12 pada Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk 2006. <> Apakah aktiviti fizikal memainkan peranan penting dalam masyarakat Estonia? || Sukan <> Tahun apakah Estonia mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan dari Rusia? || 1918 <> Apakah peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan oleh Estonia sebagai negara untuk pertama kalinya? || Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1920 <> Tahun apakah Estonia telah dilampirkan oleh Rusia? || 1940 <> Apa bandar yang menjadi tuan rumah perlumbaan Olimpik Musim Panas 1980? || Tallinn", {"context": "Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. After declaring independence from Russia in 1918, Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing. Estonia has had very good success at the Olympic games given the country's small population. Estonia's best results were being ranked 13th in the medal table at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sport"}], "question": "What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?", "id": "5728d95f2ca10214002da96e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "1918"}], "question": "What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia?", "id": "5728d95f2ca10214002da96f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "the 1920 Summer Olympics"}], "question": "What event did Estonia compete in as a nation for the first time ever?", "id": "5728d95f2ca10214002da970"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "1940"}], "question": "What year was Estonia annexed by Russia?", "id": "5728d95f2ca10214002da971"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Tallinn"}], "question": "What city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta?", "id": "5728d95f2ca10214002da972"}]}]], [["Slavik Selatan secara sejarah membentuk suatu dialect continuum, iaitu setiap dialek mempunyai beberapa persamaan dengan jiran, dan perbezaan tumbuh dengan jarak. Walau bagaimanapun, perpindahan dari abad ke-16 hingga ke-18 yang disebabkan oleh penyebaran Empayar Uthmaniyyah di Balkan telah menyebabkan anjakan penduduk berskala besar yang memecahkan konteks dialek ke dalam banyak poket geografi. Penghijrahan pada abad ke-20, terutamanya disebabkan oleh urbanisasi dan peperangan, turut menyumbang kepada pengurangan perbezaan dialek. <> Apakah kontinum dialek? || setiap dialek mempunyai beberapa persamaan dengan jiran, dan perbezaan tumbuh dengan jarak. <> Apa yang menyebabkan terus menerus dialek menjadi patah? || perpindahan dari abad ke-16 hingga ke-18 akibat penyebaran Empayar Uthmaniyyah di Balkan <> Berlawanan dengan abad ke-16 dan ke-18, apa yang menyebabkan migrasi pada abad ke-20? || pembandaran dan peperangan", {"context": "South Slavic historically formed a dialect continuum, i.e. each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance. However, migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans have caused large-scale population displacement that broke the dialect continuum into many geographical pockets. Migrations in the 20th century, primarily caused by urbanization and wars, also contributed to the reduction of dialectal differences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance."}], "question": "What is a dialect continuum?", "id": "572996e06aef051400155006"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans"}], "question": "What caused the dialect continuum to become fractured?", "id": "572996e06aef051400155007"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "urbanization and wars"}], "question": "Contrary to the 16th and 18th centuries, what caused migrations in the 20th century?", "id": "572996e06aef051400155008"}]}], ["Linguistik perbandingan dan sejarah menawarkan beberapa petunjuk untuk menghafal kedudukan aksen: Jika seseorang membandingkan banyak perkataan Serbo-Croatian yang standard untuk contohnya. kata-kata cognate Rusia, aksen dalam perkataan Serbo-Croatian akan menjadi satu suku kata sebelum perkataan Rusia, dengan nada yang semakin meningkat. Secara bersejarah, nada naik muncul apabila tempat aksen beralih ke suku kata sebelumnya (yang disebut \"penarikan Neoshtokavian\"), tetapi kualiti aksen baru ini berbeza - melodinya masih \"tertarik\" ke arah suku kata asal. Kebanyakan dialek dialek Shtokavian (Neoshtokavian) mengalami perubahan ini, tetapi Chakavian, Kajkavian dan dialek Lama Shtokavian tidak. <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan ketika menghulurkan aken ke suku kata sebelum ini? || \"Pencabulan Neoshtokavian\" <> Dialek mana yang tidak mengikuti penarikan Neoshtokavian? || Chakavian, Kajkavian dan Old Shtokavian <> Di manakah seseorang boleh mencari petunjuk hafalan mengenai kedudukan aksen? || Linguistik perbandingan dan sejarah", {"context": "Comparative and historical linguistics offers some clues for memorising the accent position: If one compares many standard Serbo-Croatian words to e.g. cognate Russian words, the accent in the Serbo-Croatian word will be one syllable before the one in the Russian word, with the rising tone. Historically, the rising tone appeared when the place of the accent shifted to the preceding syllable (the so-called \"Neoshtokavian retraction\"), but the quality of this new accent was different \u2013 its melody still \"gravitated\" towards the original syllable. Most Shtokavian dialects (Neoshtokavian) dialects underwent this shift, but Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian dialects did not.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "\"Neoshtokavian retraction\""}], "question": "What is the term used when shifing the acent to the next preceding syllable?", "id": "572996166aef051400154ff2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian"}], "question": "Which dialects did not follow the Neoshtokavian retraction?", "id": "572996166aef051400154ff3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Comparative and historical linguistics"}], "question": "Where can one look for memorization clues concerning accent positions?", "id": "572996166aef051400154ff4"}]}], ["Seperti kebanyakan bahasa Slavia, terdapat tiga jenis jantina untuk kata nama: maskulin, feminin, dan neuter, perbezaan yang masih wujud walaupun dalam jamak (tidak seperti Rusia dan, sebahagiannya, dialek \u010cakavian). Mereka juga mempunyai dua nombor: tunggal dan jamak. Walau bagaimanapun, ada yang menganggap bahawa terdapat tiga nombor (duanya, dva, dvije / dve), tiga (tri) dan empat (\u010detiri), dan semua nombor yang berakhir di dalamnya (misalnya dua puluh dua, sembilan puluh tiga, seratus empat) digunakan tunggal genitive, dan selepas semua nombor lima (haiwan kesayangan) dan ke atas, plural genitive digunakan. (Nombor satu [jedan] dianggap sebagai kata sifat.) Kata sifat diletakkan di hadapan kata nama yang mereka ubah dan mesti bersetuju dalam kedua-dua kes dan nombor dengannya. <> Apa tiga jenis jantina bahasa Serbia? || maskulin, feminin, dan neuter <> Di mana adjektif ditempatkan dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian? || di depan kata nama mereka mengubah suai <> Jumlah mana dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian diperlakukan sebagai kata sifat? || satu [jedan]", {"context": "Like most Slavic languages, there are mostly three genders for nouns: masculine, feminine, and neuter, a distinction which is still present even in the plural (unlike Russian and, in part, the \u010cakavian dialect). They also have two numbers: singular and plural. However, some consider there to be three numbers (paucal or dual, too), since (still preserved in closely related Slovene) after two (dva, dvije/dve), three (tri) and four (\u010detiri), and all numbers ending in them (e.g. twenty-two, ninety-three, one hundred four) the genitive singular is used, and after all other numbers five (pet) and up, the genitive plural is used. (The number one [jedan] is treated as an adjective.) Adjectives are placed in front of the noun they modify and must agree in both case and number with it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "masculine, feminine, and neuter"}], "question": "What three noun genders does Serbo-Croatian have?", "id": "57299518af94a219006aa533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "in front of the noun they modify"}], "question": "Where are adjectives properly placed in the Serbo-Croatian language?", "id": "57299518af94a219006aa534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "one [jedan]"}], "question": "Which number in the Serbo-Croatian language is treated as an adjective?", "id": "57299518af94a219006aa535"}]}], ["Abjad Latin Kroasia (Gajica) mengikutinya tidak lama selepas itu, apabila Ljudevit Gaj menerangkannya sebagai bahasa Latin standard dengan lima huruf tambahan yang mempunyai huruf diakritik, nampaknya banyak meminjam dari bahasa Czech, tetapi juga dari bahasa Poland, dan mencipta draf unik \"lj\", \"nj \"dan\" d\u017e \". Digraf ini diwakili sebagai \"\u013c, \u0144 dan \u01f5\" masing-masing dalam \"Rje\u010dnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika\", diterbitkan oleh bekas Akademi Sains dan Kesenian Yugoslav di Zagreb. Digraf kedua, bagaimanapun, tidak digunakan dalam piawaian sastera bahasa. Secara keseluruhan, ini menjadikan Serbo-Croatian satu-satunya bahasa Slavik untuk secara rasmi menggunakan skrip Latin dan Cyrillic, walaupun versi Latin lebih kerap digunakan. <> Serbo-Croatian adalah satu-satunya bahasa Slavik untuk menggunakan apa yang kedua skrip bersama-sama? || Latin dan Cyrillic <> Versi mana, Latin atau Cyrillic, paling biasa digunakan? || Latin <> Berapa banyak huruf tambahan yang mempunyai abjad Latin Croatia? || lima", {"context": "The Croatian Latin alphabet (Gajica) followed suit shortly afterwards, when Ljudevit Gaj defined it as standard Latin with five extra letters that had diacritics, apparently borrowing much from Czech, but also from Polish, and inventing the unique digraphs \"lj\", \"nj\" and \"d\u017e\". These digraphs are represented as \"\u013c, \u0144 and \u01f5\" respectively in the \"Rje\u010dnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika\", published by the former Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. The latter digraphs, however, are unused in the literary standard of the language. All in all, this makes Serbo-Croatian the only Slavic language to officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, albeit the Latin version is more commonly used.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "Latin and Cyrillic"}], "question": "Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language to use what two scripts together?", "id": "572996956aef051400154ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "Which version, Latin or Cyrillic, is most commonly used?", "id": "572996956aef051400154ff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many extra letters does the Croatian Latin alphabet have?", "id": "572996956aef051400154ffa"}]}], ["Seperti bahasa Slavia Selatan yang lain, Serbo-Croatian mempunyai fonologi yang mudah, dengan sistem lima-vokal bersama dan dua puluh lima konsonan. Tatabahasanya berkembang dari Common Slavic, dengan kelainan kompleks, memelihara tujuh kes gramatikal dalam kata nama, kata ganti, dan kata sifat. Kata kerja memperlihatkan aspek yang tidak sempurna atau sempurna, dengan sistem tegang yang sederhana. Serbo-Croatian adalah bahasa pro-drop dengan urutan kata yang fleksibel, subjek-verba-objek menjadi lalai. Ia boleh ditulis dalam Bahasa Serbia Cyrillic atau abjad Latin Gaj, yang tiga puluh huruf saling memetakan satu sama lain, dan ortografi adalah sangat fonemik dalam semua piawai. <> Apakah jenis fonologi bahasa South Slavic? || mudah <> Berapa banyak konsonan dalam abjad Serbo-Croatian? || dua puluh lima <> Apakah struktur kalimat lalai untuk bahasa Serbo-Croatian? || subjek-kata kerja-objek <> Bahasa jenis apa Serbo-Croatian? || pro-drop <> Selain daripada abjad Latin Gaj, apa bahasa tulisan lain yang boleh ditulis oleh Serbo-Croatian? || Cyrillic Serbia <> Berapa banyak huruf vokal yang mempunyai bahasa Serbo-Croatian? || lima <> Berapa banyak konsonan yang mempunyai bahasa Serbo-Croatian? || dua puluh lima <> Dari mana asal Serbo-Croatian memperoleh tatabahasa? || Bahasa Slavik Biasa <> Alphabets mana yang boleh digunakan untuk menyatakan bahasa Serbo-Croatian? || Cyrillic Serbia atau Latin Gaj", {"context": "Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with complex inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order, subject\u2013verb\u2013object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "simple"}], "question": "What kind of phonology do South Slavic languages have?", "id": "572851be3acd2414000df8fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "twenty-five"}], "question": "How many consonants are in the Serbo-Croatian alphabet?", "id": "572851be3acd2414000df8fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object"}], "question": "What is the default sentence structure for the Serbo-Croatian language?", "id": "572851be3acd2414000df8fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "pro-drop"}], "question": "What kind of language is Serbo-Croatian?", "id": "572851be3acd2414000df8fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Serbian Cyrillic"}], "question": "Other than Gaj's Latin alphabet, what other written language can Serbo-Croatian be written in?", "id": "572851be3acd2414000df8ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many vowels does the Serbo-Croatian language have?", "id": "572976fd3f37b31900478451"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "twenty-five"}], "question": "How many consonants does the Serbo-Croatian language have?", "id": "572976fd3f37b31900478452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Common Slavic"}], "question": "From where does Serbo-Croatian derive its grammar?", "id": "572976fd3f37b31900478453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin"}], "question": "Which alphabets can be used to express the Serbo-Croatian language?", "id": "572976fd3f37b31900478454"}]}], ["Dialek-dialek Slavia Selatan secara sejarah membentuk satu kontinum. Sejarah bergelora kawasan itu, terutamanya disebabkan oleh pengembangan Empayar Uthmaniyyah, mengakibatkan perselisihan antara dialek dan agama. Oleh kerana penghijrahan penduduk, Shtokavian menjadi yang paling meluas di Balkan barat, menyusur ke barat ke kawasan yang sebelum ini diduduki oleh Chakavian dan Kajkavian (yang kemudiannya menjadi campuran di Slovenia di barat laut). Bosniaks, Croats dan Serbs berbeza dalam agama dan secara historis sering menjadi sebahagian daripada kalangan budaya yang berbeza, walaupun sebahagian besar bangsa telah hidup berdampingan di bawah tuan-tuan asing. Dalam tempoh itu, bahasa itu dirujuk di bawah pelbagai nama, seperti \"Slavik\", \"Illyrian\", atau mengikut rantau, \"Bosnia\", \"Serbian\" dan \"Kroasia\", yang sering digabungkan dengan \"Slavonia \"atau\" Dalmatian \". <> Apa salah satu punca utama sejarah bergelora? || perkembangan Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Apa penyebab utama penyebaran Shtokavian? || penghijrahan penduduk <> Di mana rantau geografi membuat Shtokavian menjadi luas? || barat Balkan <> Apa salah satu perbezaan utama antara Bosniaks, Croats dan Serbs? || agama <> Apakah \"Illyrian?\" || bahasa <> Apakah beberapa nama yang diberikan kepada bahasa semasa tempoh kawalan asing? || \"Slavic\", \"Illyrian\", atau mengikut rantau, \"Bosnia\", \"Serbia\" dan \"Croatia\" <> Apa peristiwa sejarah yang spesifik menyebabkan kumpulan perbezaan agama dan lisan dalam dialek Slavik Selatan? || perkembangan Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Kenapa budaya Shtokavia paling luas di Balkan barat? || penghijrahan penduduk", {"context": "South Slavic dialects historically formed a continuum. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans, intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian (which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest). Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. During that period, the language was referred to under a variety of names, such as \"Slavic\", \"Illyrian\", or according to region, \"Bosnian\", \"Serbian\" and \"Croatian\", the latter often in combination with \"Slavonian\" or \"Dalmatian\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "expansion of the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "What is one of the main causes of the turbulent history?", "id": "572847faff5b5019007da0c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "population migrations"}], "question": "What was the main cause of the spread of Shtokavian?", "id": "572847faff5b5019007da0c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "western Balkans"}], "question": "In which geographical region did Shtokavian become wide spread?", "id": "572847faff5b5019007da0c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "religion"}], "question": "What was one of the major differences between the Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs?", "id": "572847faff5b5019007da0c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "language"}], "question": "What is \"Illyrian?\"", "id": "572847faff5b5019007da0c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "\"Slavic\", \"Illyrian\", or according to region, \"Bosnian\", \"Serbian\" and \"Croatian\""}], "question": "What were some of the names given to language during period of foreign control?", "id": "572975a8af94a219006aa46d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "expansion of the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "What specific historical event caused a group of religious and verbal differences in South Slavic dialect?", "id": "572975a8af94a219006aa46e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "population migrations"}], "question": "Why was Shtokavian the most widespread culture in the western Balkans? ", "id": "572975a8af94a219006aa46f"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan abad ke-19, Serbia (diketuai oleh penulis sendiri dan ahli folklor Vuk Stefanovi\u0107 Karad\u017ei\u0107) dan kebanyakan penulis dan ahli bahasa Croatia (diwakili oleh gerakan Illyrian dan diketuai oleh Ljudevit Gaj dan \u0110uro Dani\u010di\u0107), mencadangkan penggunaan yang paling meluas dialek, Shtokavian, sebagai pangkalan untuk bahasa standard biasa mereka. Karad\u017ei\u0107 menyeragamkan abjad Cyrillic Serbia, dan Gaj dan Dani\u010di\u0107 menyeragamkan abjad Latin Croatia, berdasarkan fonem ucapan bahasa dan prinsip ejaan fonologi. Pada tahun 1850, penulis dan ahli bahasa Serbia dan Croatia menandatangani Perjanjian Sastera Vienna, mengisytiharkan niat mereka untuk mencipta piawaian bersatu. Oleh itu, bahasa bi-varian kompleks muncul, yang Serbia secara rasmi dikenali sebagai \"Serbo-Croatian\" atau \"Serbian atau Croatia\" dan Croats \"Croato-Serbian\", atau \"Croatia atau Serbia\". Namun, dalam praktiknya, varian dari bahasa sastera yang biasa dipakai sebagai varian sastera yang berlainan, terutama sekali dalam persamaan leksikal dan alat gaya. Frasa umum yang menggambarkan keadaan ini ialah Serbo-Croatian atau \"Croatia atau Serbia\" adalah bahasa tunggal. Semasa pendudukan Austro-Hungarian Bosnia dan Herzegovina, bahasa ketiga-tiga negara itu dipanggil \"Bosnia\" sehingga kematian pentadbir von K\u00e1llay pada tahun 1907, di mana nama itu diubah menjadi \"Serbo-Croatian\". <> Dialek manakah para penulis dan ahli bahasa dari kedua-dua latar belakang Serbia dan Croatia ingin menggunakan bahasa standard mereka? || Shtokavian <> Mengapa Shtokavian dicadangkan sebagai bahasa umum? || dialek paling meluas <> Apa 1850 dokumen secara rasmi mengisytiharkan niat untuk mewujudkan standard bersatu? || Perjanjian Sastera Vienna <> Selepas kematiannya pada tahun 1907 adalah nama \"Bosnia\" berubah menjadi \"Serbuan-Serbuan\"? || pentadbir von K\u00e1llay", {"context": "In the mid-19th century, Serbian (led by self-taught writer and folklorist Vuk Stefanovi\u0107 Karad\u017ei\u0107) and most Croatian writers and linguists (represented by the Illyrian movement and led by Ljudevit Gaj and \u0110uro Dani\u010di\u0107), proposed the use of the most widespread dialect, Shtokavian, as the base for their common standard language. Karad\u017ei\u0107 standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, and Gaj and Dani\u010di\u0107 standardized the Croatian Latin alphabet, on the basis of vernacular speech phonemes and the principle of phonological spelling. In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the Vienna Literary Agreement, declaring their intention to create a unified standard. Thus a complex bi-variant language appeared, which the Serbs officially called \"Serbo-Croatian\" or \"Serbian or Croatian\" and the Croats \"Croato-Serbian\", or \"Croatian or Serbian\". Yet, in practice, the variants of the conceived common literary language served as different literary variants, chiefly differing in lexical inventory and stylistic devices. The common phrase describing this situation was that Serbo-Croatian or \"Croatian or Serbian\" was a single language. During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the language of all three nations was called \"Bosnian\" until the death of administrator von K\u00e1llay in 1907, at which point the name was changed to \"Serbo-Croatian\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Shtokavian"}], "question": "Which dialect did writers and linguists of both Serbian and Croatian backgrounds wish to use as their common standard language?", "id": "57298de23f37b31900478487"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "most widespread dialect"}], "question": "Why was Shtokavian suggested as a common language base?", "id": "57298de23f37b31900478488"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Vienna Literary Agreement"}], "question": "What 1850 document formally declared the intent to create a unified standard?", "id": "57298de23f37b31900478489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1287, "text": "administrator von K\u00e1llay"}], "question": "After whose death in 1907 was the \"Bosnian\" name changed to \"Serbo-Creation\"?", "id": "57298de23f37b3190047848a"}]}], ["Serbo-Croatian telah diseragamkan pada abad ke-19 Perjanjian Sastera Vienna oleh penulis Croatia dan Serbia, beberapa dekad sebelum sebuah negara Yugoslavia ditubuhkan. Sejak awal, terdapat beberapa piawaian Serbia dan Croatia yang sedikit berbeza, walaupun kedua-duanya didasarkan pada subdialect Shtokavian yang sama, Timur Herzegovinian. Pada abad ke-20, Serbo-Croatian berkhidmat sebagai bahasa rasmi Kerajaan Yugoslavia (ketika ia disebut \"Serbo-Croato-Slovenian\"), dan kemudian sebagai salah satu bahasa rasmi Republik Sosialis Federal Yugoslavia. Pemisahan Yugoslavia yang mempengaruhi sikap bahasa, sehingga konsepsi sosial bahasa dipisahkan pada garis etnik dan politik. Sejak pecahnya Yugoslavia, Bosnia juga telah ditubuhkan sebagai taraf rasmi di Bosnia dan Herzegovina, dan terdapat pergerakan yang berterusan untuk memodifikasi piawai Montenegrin yang terpisah. Serbo-Kroasia secara umumnya berjalan dengan nama etnik Serbia, Kroasia, Bosnia, dan kadang-kadang Montenegrin dan Bunjevac. <> Di mana tempoh masa adalah Serbo-Croatia yang diseragamkan? || pertengahan abad ke-19 <> Apakah nama dokumen yang diseragamkan Serbo-Croatian? || Perjanjian Sastera Vienna <> Apakah kedua-dua piawaian Serbia dan Croatia berasaskan? || Timur Herzegovinian <> Apa Serbo-Croatian bahasa rasmi pada abad ke-20? || Kerajaan Yugoslavia <> Bahasa tambahan mana yang ditambah sebagai bahasa rasmi selepas pecahnya Yugoslavia? || Bosnia <> Apakah kedua-dua piawaian Serbia dan Croation berdasarkan? || Shtokavian subdialect, Timur Herzegovinian <> Bahasa manakah yang secara rasmi berkhidmat kepada Kerajaan Yugoslavia? || Serbo-Croatian <> Apa nama etnik yang bersekutu dengan Serbo-Croatia? || Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, dan kadang-kadang Montenegrin dan Bunjevac", {"context": "Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called \"Serbo-Croato-Slovenian\"), and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard. Serbo-Croatian thus generally goes by the ethnic names Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "mid-19th-century"}], "question": "In which time period was Serbo-Croatian standardized?", "id": "572848bc3acd2414000df87d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Vienna Literary Agreement"}], "question": "What was the name of the document that standardized Serbo-Croatian?", "id": "572848bc3acd2414000df87e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Eastern Herzegovinian"}], "question": "What were both Serbian and Croatian standards based off of?", "id": "572848bc3acd2414000df87f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia"}], "question": "What was Serbo-Croatian the official language for in the 20th century?", "id": "572848bc3acd2414000df880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "Bosnian"}], "question": "Which additional language was added as an official language after the breakup of Yugoslavia?", "id": "572848bc3acd2414000df881"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian"}], "question": "What were both Serbian and Croation standards based on?", "id": "572976773f37b3190047843b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Serbo-Croatian"}], "question": "Which language officially served the Kingdom of Yugoslavia?", "id": "572976773f37b3190047843c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 988, "text": "Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac"}], "question": "What ethnic names does Serbo-Croatian associate with?", "id": "572976773f37b3190047843d"}]}], ["Para saintis Eropah Barat menilai dasar bahasa Yugoslav sebagai contoh yang teladan: walaupun tiga perempat daripada penduduk bercakap satu bahasa, tiada bahasa tunggal rasmi di peringkat persekutuan. Bahasa rasmi telah diisytiharkan hanya di peringkat republik dan wilayah konstitusi, dan sangat murah hati: Vojvodina mempunyai lima (antara mereka Slovak dan Romania, yang dituturkan oleh 0.5 peratus daripada penduduk), dan empat Kosovo (Albania, Turki, Romany dan Serbo- Croatia). Akhbar-akhbar, radio dan televisyen menggunakan enam belas bahasa, empat belas digunakan sebagai bahasa tuisyen di sekolah, dan sembilan di universiti. Hanya Tentera Yugoslav yang menggunakan Serbo-Croatian sebagai satu-satunya bahasa perintah, dengan semua bahasa lain yang diwakili dalam kegiatan tentera lain-namun, ini tidak berbeza dengan tentera-tentera lain negara-negara berbilang bahasa, atau di institusi khusus lain, seperti trafik udara antarabangsa kawalan di mana bahasa Inggeris digunakan di seluruh dunia. Semua varian Serbo-Croatian digunakan dalam pentadbiran negeri dan republik dan institusi persekutuan. Kedua-dua varian Serbia dan Croatia diwakili dalam buku tatabahasa, kamus, buku teks sekolah dan dalam buku yang dikenali sebagai pravopis (yang memperinci peraturan ejaan). Serbo-Croatian adalah sejenis standardisasi lembut. Walau bagaimanapun, persamaan undang-undang tidak dapat melemahkan prestij Serbo-Croatian telah: kerana ia adalah bahasa tiga suku penduduk, ia berfungsi sebagai lingua franca tidak rasmi. Dan dalam bahasa Serbo-Croatian, varian Serbia, dengan dua kali lebih banyak penutur bahasa Kroasia, menjadi lebih terkenal, dipertegas oleh fakta bahawa para penyanyi Slovene dan Macedonian lebih suka dengan varian Kroasia kerana bahasa mereka juga Ekavian. Ini adalah situasi biasa dalam bahasa lain yang plurisentrik, mis. varian Jerman berbeza mengikut prestij mereka, varian Portugis juga. Selain itu, semua bahasa berbeza dari segi prestij: \"kenyataannya ialah bahasa (dari segi prestij, keboleh belajar dll) tidak sama, dan undang-undang tidak dapat menjadikannya sama\". <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk buku yang meletakkan peraturan ejaan? || pravopis <> Bahasa manakah ialah 3/4 daripada populasi? || Serbo-Croatian <> Daripada dua varian Serbo-Kroasia, yang mempunyai dua kali lebih banyak pembesar suara sebagai yang lain? || Serbia", {"context": "West European scientists judge the Yugoslav language policy as an exemplary one: although three-quarters of the population spoke one language, no single language was official on a federal level. Official languages were declared only at the level of constituent republics and provinces, and very generously: Vojvodina had five (among them Slovak and Romanian, spoken by 0.5 per cent of the population), and Kosovo four (Albanian, Turkish, Romany and Serbo-Croatian). Newspapers, radio and television studios used sixteen languages, fourteen were used as languages of tuition in schools, and nine at universities. Only the Yugoslav Army used Serbo-Croatian as the sole language of command, with all other languages represented in the army\u2019s other activities\u2014however, this is not different from other armies of multilingual states, or in other specific institutions, such as international air traffic control where English is used worldwide. All variants of Serbo-Croatian were used in state administration and republican and federal institutions. Both Serbian and Croatian variants were represented in respectively different grammar books, dictionaries, school textbooks and in books known as pravopis (which detail spelling rules). Serbo-Croatian was a kind of soft standardisation. However, legal equality could not dampen the prestige Serbo-Croatian had: since it was the language of three quarters of the population, it functioned as an unofficial lingua franca. And within Serbo-Croatian, the Serbian variant, with twice as many speakers as the Croatian, enjoyed greater prestige, reinforced by the fact that Slovene and Macedonian speakers preferred it to the Croatian variant because their languages are also Ekavian. This is a common situation in other pluricentric languages, e.g. the variants of German differ according to their prestige, the variants of Portuguese too. Moreover, all languages differ in terms of prestige: \"the fact is that languages (in terms of prestige, learnability etc.) are not equal, and the law cannot make them equal\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1191, "text": "pravopis"}], "question": "What is the term used for books that lay out spelling rules?", "id": "572994856aef051400154fe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1336, "text": "Serbo-Croatian"}], "question": "Which language was that of 3/4 of the population?", "id": "572994856aef051400154fe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1496, "text": "Serbian"}], "question": "Of the two Serbo-Croatian variants, which had twice as many speakers as the other?", "id": "572994856aef051400154fe4"}]}], ["Sepanjang sejarah Slav Selatan, bahasa vernakular, sastera, dan tulisan (contohnya Chakavian, Kajkavian, Shtokavian) dari pelbagai wilayah dan etnik berkembang maju dan tersebar secara bebas. Sebelum abad ke-19, mereka secara kolektif dikenali sebagai \"Illyric\", \"Slavic\", \"Slavonian\", \"Bosnian\", \"Dalmatian\", \"Serbian\" atau \"Croatian\". Oleh itu, istilah Serbo-Croatian pertama kali digunakan oleh Jacob Grimm pada tahun 1824, dipopularkan oleh ahli falsafah Vienna, Jernej Kopitar pada dekad berikut, dan diterima oleh ahli bahasa Croatia Zagreb pada tahun 1854 dan 1859. Pada masa itu, tanah Serbia dan Croat masih sebahagian daripada Empayar Uthmaniyyah dan Austria. Secara rasmi, bahasa itu dipanggil dengan pelbagai Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbia, Serbia dan Kroasia, Kroasia dan Serbia, Serbia atau Kroasia, Kroasia atau Serbia. Secara tidak rasmi, Serbia dan Croat dipanggil bahasa \"Serbian\" atau \"Kroasia\" tanpa menyinggung perbezaan antara keduanya, dan sekali lagi di Bosnia dan Herzegovina yang independen, \"Bosnian\", \"Kroasia\" dan \"Serbia\" menjadi tiga nama satu bahasa rasmi tunggal. Ahli bahasa Croatia, Dalibor Brozovi\u0107 menganjurkan istilah Serbo-Croatian pada lewat tahun 1988, mendakwa bahawa dalam analogi dengan Indo-Eropah, Serbo-Croatian tidak hanya menamakan dua komponen bahasa yang sama, tetapi hanya mencatatkan batas wilayah di mana ia bercakap dan termasuk segala-galanya di antara had ('Bosnian' dan 'Montenegrin'). Hari ini, penggunaan istilah \"Serbo-Croatian\" adalah kontroversi kerana prasangka bahawa negara dan bahasa mesti sepadan. Ia masih digunakan untuk kekurangan alternatif yang ringkas, walaupun nama alternatif telah digunakan, seperti Bosnia / Bahasa Croatia / Serbia (BCS), yang sering dilihat dalam konteks politik seperti tribunal Kejahatan Perang Hague. <> Bilakah istilah Serbo-Croatian digunakan dahulu? || 1824 <> Siapa yang mempelopori istilah Serbo-Croatian? || Jernej Kopitar <> Selain dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah, yang mana empayar lain menjadikan tanah Serbia dan Kroat pada pertengahan abad ke-19 tergolong? || Austria <> Di mana rantau tanah adalah bahasa Serbo-Croat yang disebut sebagai \"Bosnia\"? || Bosnia dan Herzegovina <> Apa contoh teks politik di mana istilah Bosnia / Croatia / Serbia digunakan untuk menggambarkan bahasa tersebut? || Tragedi Kejahatan Perang Hague <> Adakah bahasa Slav Selatan berkembang dengan sendirinya atau secara bebas? || secara bebas <> Apakah nama-nama yang diberikan kepada pelbagai dialek yang mendahului abad ke-19? || \"Illyric\", \"Slavic\", \"Slavonian\", \"Bosnian\", \"Dalmatian\", \"Serbian\" atau \"Croatian\" <> Yang pertama kali menggunakan istilah Serbo-Croatian pada tahun 1824? || Jacob Grimm <> Sebab mengapa istilah \"Serbo-Croatian\" kontroversial hari ini? || prasangka bahawa bangsa dan bahasa mesti sepadan", {"context": "Throughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages (e.g. Chakavian, Kajkavian, Shtokavian) of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called \"Illyric\", \"Slavic\", \"Slavonian\", \"Bosnian\", \"Dalmatian\", \"Serbian\" or \"Croatian\". As such, the term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824, popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades, and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859. At that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian. Unofficially, Serbs and Croats typically called the language \"Serbian\" or \"Croatian\", respectively, without implying a distinction between the two, and again in independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, \"Bosnian\", \"Croatian\", and \"Serbian\" were considered to be three names of a single official language. Croatian linguist Dalibor Brozovi\u0107 advocated the term Serbo-Croatian as late as 1988, claiming that in an analogy with Indo-European, Serbo-Croatian does not only name the two components of the same language, but simply charts the limits of the region in which it is spoken and includes everything between the limits (\u2018Bosnian\u2019 and \u2018Montenegrin\u2019). Today, use of the term \"Serbo-Croatian\" is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match. It is still used for lack of a succinct alternative, though alternative names have been used, such as Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), which is often seen in political contexts such as the Hague War Crimes tribunal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "1824"}], "question": "When was the term Serbo-Croatian first used?", "id": "572852b53acd2414000df90b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Jernej Kopitar"}], "question": "Who popularized the term Serbo-Croatian?", "id": "572852b53acd2414000df90c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "Austrian"}], "question": "Aside from the Ottoman Empire, which other empire did the Serb and Croat lands in the mid 19th century belong to?", "id": "572852b53acd2414000df90d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 983, "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"}], "question": "In which region of land was the Serbo-Croat language referred to as \"Bosnian\"?", "id": "572852b53acd2414000df90e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1760, "text": "Hague War Crimes tribunal"}], "question": "What is an example of a political text where the term Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian was used to describe the language?", "id": "572852b53acd2414000df90f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "independently"}], "question": "Did South Slav languages develop coherently or independently?", "id": "572985b41d0469140077950b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "\"Illyric\", \"Slavic\", \"Slavonian\", \"Bosnian\", \"Dalmatian\", \"Serbian\" or \"Croatian\""}], "question": "What were the names given to the various dialects predating the 19th century?", "id": "572985b41d0469140077950c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Jacob Grimm"}], "question": "Who first used the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?", "id": "572985b41d0469140077950d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1525, "text": "prejudice that nation and language must match"}], "question": "For what reason is the term \"Serbo-Croatian\" controversial today?", "id": "572985b41d0469140077950e"}]}], ["Peraturan-peraturan refleks tidak sama sekali tidak terkecuali. Sebagai contoh, apabila jarak pendek didahului oleh r, dalam kebanyakan dialek Ijekavian berkembang menjadi / semula / atau, kadang-kadang, / ri /. Awalan awalan (\"trans-, over-\") ketika lama menjadi pra-dialek dialek timur tetapi untuk prije- dalam dialek barat; dalam sebutan Ikavian, ia juga berubah menjadi pra- atau prije- kerana kekaburan yang berpotensi dengan pri- (\"pendekatan, datang dekat\"). Untuk kata kerja yang mempunyai - dalam takrifan mereka, penyertaan terakhir yang berakhir -e berkembang menjadi -io dalam Ijekavian Neo\u0161tokavian. <> Kepada apa yang berakhir -ei berkembang dalam Ijekavian Neostokavian? || -io <> Apa yang setara dengan awalan \"pra\"? || > Mengapa pra atau prije berkembang daripada simbol \"pra\"? || kerana kekaburan yang berpotensi dengan pri <> Apa maksud \"pri\"? || pendekatan, datang dekat", {"context": "The jat-reflex rules are not without exception. For example, when short jat is preceded by r, in most Ijekavian dialects developed into /re/ or, occasionally, /ri/. The prefix pr\u011b- (\"trans-, over-\") when long became pre- in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije- in western dialects; in Ikavian pronunciation, it also evolved into pre- or prije- due to potential ambiguity with pri- (\"approach, come close to\"). For verbs that had -\u011bti in their infinitive, the past participle ending -\u011bl evolved into -io in Ijekavian Neo\u0161tokavian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "-io"}], "question": "To what did the ending -ei evolve into in Ijekavian Neostokavian?", "id": "572a0fec3f37b31900478689"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "prije"}], "question": "What is the western equivalent of the prefix \"pre\"?", "id": "572a0fec3f37b3190047868a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "due to potential ambiguity with pri"}], "question": "Why did pre or prije develop rather than the symboled \"pre\"?", "id": "572a0fec3f37b3190047868b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "approach, come close to"}], "question": "What is the meaning of \"pri\"?", "id": "572a0fec3f37b3190047868c"}]}], ["Teks-teks perwakilan mewah dan hiasan dari Slavonik Gereja Serbo-Croatia tergolong dalam era kemudian, ketika mereka bersekali dengan kesusasteraan vernakular Serbo-Croatian. Yang paling ketara adalah \"Missal of Duke Novak\" dari rantau Lika di barat laut Croatia (1368), \"Evangel dari Reims\" (1395, dinamakan sempena bandar tujuan akhir), Mississippi Hrvoje dari Bosnia dan Split di Dalmatia (1404 ), dan buku cetak pertama di Serbo-Croatian, Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483). <> Apa buku pertama yang diterbitkan di Serbo-Croatian? || Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483) <> Untuk apa yang dinamakan \"Evangel dari Reims\"? || bandar tujuan akhir <> Pada tahun apakah buku pertama yang dicetak di Serbo-Croatian? || (1483)", {"context": "The luxurious and ornate representative texts of Serbo-Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Serbo-Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the \"Missal of Duke Novak\" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), \"Evangel from Reims\" (1395, named after the town of its final destination), Hrvoje's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404), and the first printed book in Serbo-Croatian, the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483)"}], "question": "What was the first book published in Serbo-Croatian?", "id": "572a0e601d04691400779711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "the town of its final destination"}], "question": "For what was \"Evangel from Reims\" named?", "id": "572a0e601d04691400779712"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "(1483)"}], "question": "In what year was the first book printed in Serbo-Croatian?", "id": "572a0e601d04691400779713"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, pendapat Jagi\u0107 dari 1864 dikatakan tidak mempunyai alasan kukuh. Apabila Jagi\u0107 berkata \"bahasa Croatia\", dia merujuk kepada beberapa kes merujuk kepada bahasa vokal Dubrovnik sebagai ilirski (Illyrian). Ini adalah nama yang biasa untuk semua pengikut bahasa Slavia di bandar-bandar Dalmatian di kalangan penduduk Rom. Pada masa yang sama, monumen bertulis lain didapati menyebutkan srpski, lingua serviana (= Serbia), dan beberapa yang menyebut bahasa Croatia. Setakat ini saintis Serbia yang paling cekap mengenai isu bahasa Dubrovnik, Milan Re\u0161etar, yang dilahirkan di Dubrovnik sendiri, menulis nama ciri-ciri bahasa: \"Orang yang menganggap bahasa Kroasia dan Serbia adalah dua bahasa yang berasingan harus mengakui bahawa Dubrovnik selalu (bahasa linguistik) dulu orang Serbia. \" <> Semua vernakular Slavic dipanggil apa yang ada di kalangan orang Rom? || (Illyrian) <> Siapa yang dianggap saintis Serbia yang paling kompeten dalam bahasa? || Milan Re\u0161etar <> Di mana Milan Resetar dilahirkan? || Dubrovnik <> Bahasa yang manakah Milan Resetar menyatakan bahawa Dubrovnik berasal dari? || Serbia", {"context": "On the other hand, the opinion of Jagi\u0107 from 1864 is argued not to have firm grounds. When Jagi\u0107 says \"Croatian\", he refers to a few cases referring to the Dubrovnik vernacular as ilirski (Illyrian). This was a common name for all Slavic vernaculars in Dalmatian cities among the Roman inhabitants. In the meantime, other written monuments are found that mention srpski, lingua serviana (= Serbian), and some that mention Croatian. By far the most competent Serbian scientist on the Dubrovnik language issue, Milan Re\u0161etar, who was born in Dubrovnik himself, wrote behalf of language characteristics: \"The one who thinks that Croatian and Serbian are two separate languages must confess that Dubrovnik always (linguistically) used to be Serbian.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "(Illyrian)"}], "question": "All Slavic vernaculars were called what among Romans?", "id": "572a1096af94a219006aa797"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "Milan Re\u0161etar"}], "question": "Who is considered the most competent Serbian scientist on language?", "id": "572a1096af94a219006aa798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Dubrovnik"}], "question": "Where was Milan Resetar born?", "id": "572a1096af94a219006aa799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "Serbian"}], "question": "Which language does Milan Resetar state that Dubrovnik derived from?", "id": "572a1096af94a219006aa79a"}]}], ["Selain itu, seperti kebanyakan bahasa Slavia, kata kerja Shtokavia juga mempunyai salah satu daripada dua aspek: sempurna atau tidak sempurna. Kebanyakan kata kerja datang secara berpasangan, dengan kata kerja sempurna yang dibuat dari ketidaksempurnaan dengan menambah awalan atau membuat perubahan batang. Aspek yang tidak sempurna biasanya menunjukkan bahawa tindakan itu belum selesai, sedang berlangsung, atau berulang-ulang; manakala aspek yang sempurna biasanya menandakan bahawa tindakan itu selesai, seketika, atau tempoh yang terhad. Sesetengah toto \u0160tokavia (iaitu, aorist dan tidak sempurna) memihak kepada satu aspek tertentu (tetapi mereka jarang atau tidak hadir dalam \u010cakavian dan Kajkavian). Sebenarnya, aspek \"mengimbangi\" untuk kekurangan relatif tenses, kerana aspek kata kerja menentukan sama ada perbuatan itu selesai atau sedang berjalan dalam masa yang dirujuk. <> Yang tegang menunjukkan bahawa tindakan belum selesai? || tidak sempurna <> Yang dua negara mempunyai kata kerja Shtokavian? || sempurna atau tidak sempurna <> Bilakah aspek perspektif kata kerja yang digunakan? || tindakan telah selesai, seketika, atau tempoh yang terhad", {"context": "In addition, like most Slavic languages, the Shtokavian verb also has one of two aspects: perfective or imperfective. Most verbs come in pairs, with the perfective verb being created out of the imperfective by adding a prefix or making a stem change. The imperfective aspect typically indicates that the action is unfinished, in progress, or repetitive; while the perfective aspect typically denotes that the action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration. Some \u0160tokavian tenses (namely, aorist and imperfect) favor a particular aspect (but they are rarer or absent in \u010cakavian and Kajkavian). Actually, aspects \"compensate\" for the relative lack of tenses, because aspect of the verb determines whether the act is completed or in progress in the referred time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "imperfective"}], "question": "Which tense indicates that an action hasn't finished?", "id": "572a0f656aef05140015521c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "perfective or imperfective"}], "question": "Which two states do Shtokavian verbs have?", "id": "572a0f656aef05140015521d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration"}], "question": "When is the perspective aspect of a verb used?", "id": "572a0f656aef05140015521e"}]}], ["Topik bahasa untuk penulis dari Dalmatia dan Dubrovnik sebelum abad ke-19 membuat perbezaan hanya antara penutur bahasa Itali atau Slavik, kerana mereka adalah dua kumpulan utama yang mendiami negeri-kota kota Dalmatian pada masa itu. Sama ada seseorang yang bercakap bahasa Croatia atau Serbia bukanlah perbezaan yang penting, kerana kedua-dua bahasa itu tidak dibezakan oleh kebanyakan penceramah. Ini telah digunakan sebagai hujah menyatakan kesusasteraan Kroasia Croatian per se, tetapi juga termasuk bahasa Serbia dan bahasa-bahasa lain yang merupakan sebahagian dari Serbo-Croatian. Fakta-fakta ini menjejaskan hujah pendukung bahasa Kroasia 'bahawa bahasa Kroasia modern berdasarkan bahasa yang dipanggil Old Croatian. <> Kumpulan bahasa mana yang tinggal di negeri-negeri Dalmation sebelum abad ke-19? || Bahasa Itali atau Slavik <> Bahasa Croatia hari ini mempunyai akarnya dalam apa bahasa lain? || Lama Croatia <> Sebelum abad ke-19, kenapa tidak relevan sama ada orang bercakap bahasa Croatia atau Serbia? || dua bahasa tidak dibezakan oleh kebanyakan penceramah", {"context": "The topic of language for writers from Dalmatia and Dubrovnik prior to the 19th century made a distinction only between speakers of Italian or Slavic, since those were the two main groups that inhabited Dalmatian city-states at that time. Whether someone spoke Croatian or Serbian was not an important distinction then, as the two languages were not distinguished by most speakers. This has been used as an argument to state that Croatian literature Croatian per se, but also includes Serbian and other languages that are part of Serbo-Croatian, These facts undermine the Croatian language proponents' argument that modern-day Croatian is based on a language called Old Croatian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Italian or Slavic"}], "question": "Which language groups lived in Dalmation city-states prior to the 19th century?", "id": "572a0b606aef0514001551fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "Old Croatian"}], "question": "Today's Croatian language has its roots in what other language?", "id": "572a0b606aef0514001551ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "two languages were not distinguished by most speakers"}], "question": "Prior to the 19th century, why was it irrelevant whether a person spoke Croatian or Serbian?", "id": "572a0b606aef051400155200"}]}], ["Enisa Kafadar berhujah bahawa hanya ada satu bahasa Serbo-Croatian dengan beberapa jenis. Ini telah memungkinkan untuk memasukkan semua empat jenis ke dalam buku tatabahasa yang baru. Daniel Bun\u010di\u0107 menyimpulkan bahawa ia adalah bahasa plurikentric, dengan empat varian standard yang dituturkan di Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro dan Bosnia dan Herzegovina. Kecerdasan bersama antara penceramah mereka \"melampauinya antara variasi standard bahasa Inggeris, Perancis, Jerman, atau Sepanyol\". Ahli bahasa lain berpendapat bahawa perbezaan antara varian Serbo-Croatian kurang penting berbanding dengan varian Bahasa Inggeris, Jerman, Belanda, dan Hindi-Urdu. <> Berapa banyak varian standard Serbo-Croatian yang dituturkan? || empat <> Dalam bidang mana empat varian Serbo-Croatian yang biasa digunakan? || Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro dan Bosnia dan Herzegovina. <> Siapa yang membuat kesimpulan bahawa Serbo-Croatian adalah bahasa plurikentrik? || Daniel Bun\u010di\u0107 <> Siapa percaya Serbo-Croatian adalah satu bahasa dengan pelbagai varian? || Enisa Kafadar", {"context": "Enisa Kafadar argues that there is only one Serbo-Croatian language with several varieties. This has made possible to include all four varieties into a new grammar book. Daniel Bun\u010di\u0107 concludes that it is a pluricentric language, with four standard variants spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mutual intelligibility between their speakers \"exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German, or Spanish\". Other linguists have argued that the differences between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant than those between the variants of English, German,, Dutch, and Hindi-Urdu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many standard variants of the Serbo-Croatian are spoken?", "id": "572998533f37b319004784cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina."}], "question": "In which areas are the four standard Serbo-Croatian variants spoken?", "id": "572998533f37b319004784ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Daniel Bun\u010di\u0107"}], "question": "Who concluded that Serbo-Croatian is a pluricentric language?", "id": "572998533f37b319004784cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Enisa Kafadar"}], "question": "Who believes Serbo-Croatian is one language with multiple variants?", "id": "572998533f37b319004784d0"}]}], ["Dialek Serbo-Croatian berbeza bukan hanya dalam perkataan soalan yang dinamakan selepasnya, tetapi juga sangat banyak dalam fonologi, aksentuasi dan intonasi, pengakhiran kes dan sistem tegang (morfologi) dan perbendaharaan kata asas. Di masa lalu, dialek Chakavian dan Kajkavian dituturkan di wilayah yang lebih besar, tetapi telah digantikan oleh \u0160tokavian semasa tempoh perpindahan yang disebabkan oleh penaklukan Turki Uthmaniyyah di Balkan pada abad ke-15 dan ke-16. Perpindahan ini menyebabkan koin\u00e9isation dialek Shtokavian, yang digunakan untuk membentuk Shtokavian Barat (lebih dekat dan transisi ke arah dialek Chakavian dan Kajkavian jiran) dan Shtokavian Timur (peralihan ke arah Torlakian dan seluruh daerah Bulgarian-Macedonia), dan penyebaran mereka seterusnya dengan perbelanjaan Chakavian dan Kajkavian. Akibatnya, \u0160tokavian kini merangkumi satu kawasan yang lebih besar daripada semua dialek lain yang digabungkan, dan terus membuat kemajuan di kawasan-kawasan di mana dialek-dialek bukan kesusasteraan masih dituturkan. <> Dialek mana yang lebih luas daripada semua dialek lain yang digabungkan? || \u0160tokavian <> Apakah morfologi kepada bahasa? || sistem tegang <> Apa yang menyebabkan Stokavian menjadi lebih luas? || perpindahan yang disebabkan oleh penaklukan Turki Uthmaniyyah di Balkan", {"context": "The Serbo-Croatian dialects differ not only in the question word they are named after, but also heavily in phonology, accentuation and intonation, case endings and tense system (morphology) and basic vocabulary. In the past, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects were spoken on a much larger territory, but have been replaced by \u0160tokavian during the period of migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans in the 15th and the 16th centuries. These migrations caused the koin\u00e9isation of the Shtokavian dialects, that used to form the West Shtokavian (more closer and transitional towards the neighbouring Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects) and East Shtokavian (transitional towards the Torlakian and the whole Bulgaro-Macedonian area) dialect bundles, and their subsequent spread at the expense of Chakavian and Kajkavian. As a result, \u0160tokavian now covers an area larger than all the other dialects combined, and continues to make its progress in the enclaves where non-literary dialects are still being spoken.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "\u0160tokavian"}], "question": "Which dialect covers more area than all other dialects combined?", "id": "572997743f37b319004784c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "tense system"}], "question": "What is morphology to a language?", "id": "572997743f37b319004784c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans"}], "question": "What has caused Stokavian to become more widely spoken?", "id": "572997743f37b319004784c9"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan cendekiawan dan penulis dari Dalmatia yang menggunakan dialek \u0160tokavian dan mengamalkan kepercayaan Katolik melihat diri mereka sebagai sebahagian daripada negara Croatia sejak abad ke-16 hingga ke-17, kira-kira 300 tahun sebelum ideologi Serbo-Kroasia muncul. Kesetiaan mereka adalah yang pertama dan terpenting kepada Kristian Katolik, tetapi apabila mereka mengakui identiti etnik, mereka menyebut diri mereka sebagai \"Slovin\" dan \"Illyrian\" (semacam pelopor barok pano-Katolik Katolik) dan Croat - penulis 30-ganjil ini sepanjang tempoh c. 350 tahun selalu melihat diri mereka sebagai orang Croatia terlebih dahulu dan tidak pernah menjadi sebahagian dari negara Serbia. Perlu juga diperhatikan bahawa, dalam era pra-nasional, orientasi keagamaan Katolik tidak semestinya sama dengan identitas etnik Croat di Dalmatia. Seorang pengikut Croatia dari Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107, Ivan Broz, menyatakan bahawa untuk seorang Dalmatian untuk mengenal pasti diri sebagai seorang Serbia dilihat sebagai asing sebagai mengenal pasti diri sebagai orang Macedonia atau Yunani. Vatroslav Jagi menegaskan pada tahun 1864: <> Kepada kumpulan mana yang orang-orang agama Katolik merujuk kepada diri mereka sendiri? || Kristian Katolik <> Selepas membenarkan agama mereka, adakah orang-orang kepercayaan Katolik melihat diri mereka sebagai Serbia atau Croatia? || Croatian <> Ivan Broz menyatakan bahawa Dalmatian mengiktiraf sebagai Serb adalah sama asing seperti apa dua etnis lain? || Macedonia atau Yunani", {"context": "However, most intellectuals and writers from Dalmatia who used the \u0160tokavian dialect and practiced the Catholic faith saw themselves as part of a Croatian nation as far back as the mid-16th to 17th centuries, some 300 years before Serbo-Croatian ideology appeared. Their loyalty was first and foremost to Catholic Christendom, but when they professed an ethnic identity, they referred to themselves as \"Slovin\" and \"Illyrian\" (a sort of forerunner of Catholic baroque pan-Slavism) and Croat \u2013 these 30-odd writers over the span of c. 350 years always saw themselves as Croats first and never as part of a Serbian nation. It should also be noted that, in the pre-national era, Catholic religious orientation did not necessarily equate with Croat ethnic identity in Dalmatia. A Croatian follower of Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107, Ivan Broz, noted that for a Dalmatian to identify oneself as a Serb was seen as foreign as identifying oneself as Macedonian or Greek. Vatroslav Jagi\u0107 pointed out in 1864:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Catholic Christendom"}], "question": "To which group did the people of the Catholic faith refer to themselves primarily?", "id": "572a0e246aef05140015520e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Croatian"}], "question": "After allowing for their religion, did the people of the Catholic faith see themselves as Serbian or Croatian?", "id": "572a0e246aef05140015520f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "Macedonian or Greek"}], "question": "Ivan Broz stated that a Dalmatian identifiying as a Serb was just as foreign as what two other ethnicities?", "id": "572a0e246aef051400155210"}]}], ["Pendapat majoriti ahli bahasa Croatia [rujukan diperlukan] adalah tidak pernah ada bahasa Serbo-Croatian, tetapi dua bahasa standard yang berlainan yang bertindih dalam sejarah. Walau bagaimanapun, ahli bahasa Croatia, Snje\u017eana Kordi\u0107 telah mengetuai perbincangan akademik mengenai isu itu dalam jurnal Croatian Knji\u017eevna republika dari tahun 2001 hingga 2010. Dalam perbincangan itu, beliau menunjukkan bahawa kriteria linguistik seperti saling kejelasan, bertindih besar dalam sistem linguistik, dan dialektik yang sama Asas bahasa standard memberikan bukti bahawa bahasa Kroasia, Serbia, Bosnia dan Montenegra adalah empat varian kebangsaan bahasa Serbo-Kroasia pluricentric. Igor Mandi\u0107 menyatakan: \"Sepanjang sepuluh tahun yang lalu, ia telah menjadi yang paling lama, perbincangan yang paling serius dan paling melimpah (...) dalam budaya Croatia abad ke-21\". Diilhamkan oleh perbincangan itu, monograf mengenai bahasa dan nasionalisme telah diterbitkan. <> Adakah pendapat majoriti atau minoriti bahawa dua bahasa standard yang berbeza wujud dan bertindih di beberapa titik sejarah? || majoriti <> Siapa yang menyatakan bahawa argumen antara klasifikasi piawai atau dual standard adalah \"perbincangan yang paling lama, paling serius, dan paling menjengkelkan dalam budaya Croatia abad ke-21?\" || Igor Mandi\u0107 <> Yang ahli bahasa Croatia bersetuju dengan Igor Mandic dan merasakan bahawa bahasa Serbo-Croatian adalah pluricentric? || Ahli bahasa Croatia Snje\u017eana Kordi\u0107", {"context": "The opinion of the majority of Croatian linguists[citation needed] is that there has never been a Serbo-Croatian language, but two different standard languages that overlapped sometime in the course of history. However, Croatian linguist Snje\u017eana Kordi\u0107 has been leading an academic discussion on that issue in the Croatian journal Knji\u017eevna republika from 2001 to 2010. In the discussion, she shows that linguistic criteria such as mutual intelligibility, huge overlap in linguistic system, and the same dialectic basis of standard language provide evidence that Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are four national variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language. Igor Mandi\u0107 states: \"During the last ten years, it has been the longest, the most serious and most acrid discussion (\u2026) in 21st-century Croatian culture\". Inspired by that discussion, a monograph on language and nationalism has been published.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "majority"}], "question": "Is it the majority or minority opinion that two different standard languages existed and overlapped at some historical point?", "id": "572999813f37b319004784e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "Igor Mandi\u0107"}], "question": "Who stated that the argument between pluricentric or dual standard classifications has been the \"longest, most serious, and most acrid discussion in 21st century Croatian culture?\"", "id": "572999813f37b319004784e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Croatian linguist Snje\u017eana Kordi\u0107"}], "question": "Which Croatian linguist agrees with Igor Mandic and feels that Serbo-Croatian language is pluricentric?", "id": "572999813f37b319004784e9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1954, penulis-penulis utama, ahli bahasa dan pengkritik Serbia, yang disokong oleh Matica srpska dan Matica hrvatska menandatangani Perjanjian Novi Sad, yang pada kesimpulan pertama menyatakan: \"Serb, Croat dan Montenegrin berkongsi bahasa tunggal dengan dua varian yang sama yang dibangunkan di sekitar Zagreb (barat) dan Belgrade (timur) \". Perjanjian itu menegaskan status sama skrip Cyrillic dan Latin, dan penyebutan Ekavian dan Ijekavian. Ia juga menyatakan bahawa Serbo-Croatian harus menjadi nama bahasa dalam konteks rasmi, sementara penggunaan tidak rasmi Serbia dan Kroasia tradisional dipertahankan. Matica hrvatska dan Matica srpska akan bekerjasama dalam kamus, dan jawatankuasa ahli bahasa Serbia dan Croatia diminta untuk menyediakan pravopis. Semasa tahun enam puluhan kedua buku itu diterbitkan serentak di Ijekavian Latin di Zagreb dan Cyrillic Ekavian di Novi Sad. Walau bagaimanapun ahli bahasa Croatia mendakwa bahawa ia adalah satu tindakan unitarianisme. Bukti-bukti yang menyokong tuntutan ini adalah berselimut: Ahli bahasa Croatia Stjepan Babi\u0107 mengadu bahawa penghantaran televisyen dari Belgrade selalu menggunakan abjad Latin - yang benar, tetapi bukan bukti hak yang tidak sama rata, tetapi kekerapan penggunaan dan prestij. Babi\u0107 mengadu lagi bahawa Novi Sad Dictionary (1967) menyenaraikan kata demi kata dari kedua-dua varian Croatia dan Serbia di mana sahaja mereka berbeza, yang boleh dilihat sebagai bukti penghormatan yang berhati-hati terhadap kedua-dua varian, dan bukannya unitarisme. Lebih-lebih lagi, ahli bahasa Croatia mengkritik bahagian-bahagian Kamus untuk menjadi unitaristik yang ditulis oleh ahli bahasa Croatia. Dan akhirnya, ahli bahasa Croatia mengabaikan hakikat bahawa bahan untuk Pravopisni rje\u010dnik berasal dari Masyarakat Persatuan Croatia. Tidak kira apa-apa fakta ini, para cendekiawan Kroasia membawa Deklarasi mengenai Status dan Nama Bahasa Sastera Croatia pada tahun 1967. Pada kesempatan ulang tahun ke-45 penerbitan, Forum jurnal mingguan Croatia menerbitkan Deklarasi sekali lagi pada tahun 2012, disertai dengan analisis kritis. <> Perjanjian mana yang ditandatangani pada tahun 1954 oleh para penulis, ahli bahasa, dan pengkritik sastera? || Perjanjian Novi Sad <> Mengenai prinsip apa yang ditumpukan kepada Perjanjian Novi Sad? || status yang sama <> Siapa yang diberi tugas membuat kamus dalam Perjanjian Novi Sad? || Matica hrvatska dan Matica srpska", {"context": "In 1954, major Serbian and Croatian writers, linguists and literary critics, backed by Matica srpska and Matica hrvatska signed the Novi Sad Agreement, which in its first conclusion stated: \"Serbs, Croats and Montenegrins share a single language with two equal variants that have developed around Zagreb (western) and Belgrade (eastern)\". The agreement insisted on the equal status of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations. It also specified that Serbo-Croatian should be the name of the language in official contexts, while in unofficial use the traditional Serbian and Croatian were to be retained. Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska were to work together on a dictionary, and a committee of Serbian and Croatian linguists was asked to prepare a pravopis. During the sixties both books were published simultaneously in Ijekavian Latin in Zagreb and Ekavian Cyrillic in Novi Sad. Yet Croatian linguists claim that it was an act of unitarianism. The evidence supporting this claim is patchy: Croatian linguist Stjepan Babi\u0107 complained that the television transmission from Belgrade always used the Latin alphabet\u2014 which was true, but was not proof of unequal rights, but of frequency of use and prestige. Babi\u0107 further complained that the Novi Sad Dictionary (1967) listed side by side words from both the Croatian and Serbian variants wherever they differed, which one can view as proof of careful respect for both variants, and not of unitarism. Moreover, Croatian linguists criticized those parts of the Dictionary for being unitaristic that were written by Croatian linguists. And finally, Croatian linguists ignored the fact that the material for the Pravopisni rje\u010dnik came from the Croatian Philological Society. Regardless of these facts, Croatian intellectuals brought the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language in 1967. On occasion of the publication\u2019s 45th anniversary, the Croatian weekly journal Forum published the Declaration again in 2012, accompanied by a critical analysis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Novi Sad Agreement"}], "question": "Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers, linguists, and literary critics?", "id": "572a0efb3f37b31900478679"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "equal status"}], "question": "On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon?", "id": "572a0efb3f37b3190047867a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska"}], "question": "Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement?", "id": "572a0efb3f37b3190047867b"}]}], ["Di Serbia, bahasa Serbia adalah bahasa rasmi, sementara Serbia dan Kroasia adalah rasmi di wilayah Vojvodina. Sebuah minoriti Bosniak yang besar hadir di wilayah barat daya Sand\u017eak, tetapi \"pengiktirafan resmi\" bahasa Bosnia dipertikaikan. Bosnia adalah kursus pilihan dalam kelas 1 dan 2 di sekolah rendah, sementara ia juga digunakan secara rasmi di perbandaran Novi Pazar. Walau bagaimanapun, nomenklaturnya adalah kontroversi, kerana terdapat insentif bahawa ia dirujuk sebagai \"Bosniak\" (bo\u0161nja\u010dki) daripada \"Bosnian\" (bosanski) (lihat bahasa Bosnia untuk butiran). <> Di mana wilayah Serbia dan Croatia kedua-dua bahasa bahasa? || Vojvodina <> Untuk apa bahasa itu harus dirujuk sebagai bukan \"Bosnia\"? || \"Bosniak\" (bo\u0161nja\u010dki) <> Dalam gred asas apa bahasa Bosnia adalah kursus pilihan? || 1 dan 2", {"context": "In Serbia, the Serbian language is the official one, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of Sand\u017eak, but the \"official recognition\" of Bosnian language is moot. Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the elementary school, while it is also in official use in the municipality of Novi Pazar. However, its nomenclature is controversial, as there is incentive that it is referred to as \"Bosniak\" (bo\u0161nja\u010dki) rather than \"Bosnian\" (bosanski) (see Bosnian language for details).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Vojvodina"}], "question": "In which province are Serbian and Croatian both languages offial?", "id": "572a12b41d04691400779735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "\"Bosniak\" (bo\u0161nja\u010dki)"}], "question": "To what should the language be referred to instead of \"Bosnian\"?", "id": "572a12b41d04691400779736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "1st and 2nd"}], "question": "In what elementary grades is Bosnian an optional course?", "id": "572a12b41d04691400779737"}]}], ["Kebangsaan mempunyai pandangan yang bercanggah tentang bahasa. Para nasionalis di kalangan orang Kroat bercanggah sama ada mereka bercakap bahasa yang sama sekali terpisah dari Serbia dan Bosnia atau bahawa kedua orang ini, kerana tradisi leksikrafi yang lebih panjang di kalangan Croats, entah bagaimana \"meminjam\" bahasa standard mereka dari mereka. [Rujukan?] Bosniak nasionalis mendakwa bahawa orang Croatia dan Serbia telah \"memperuntukkan\" bahasa Bosnia, kerana Ljudevit Gaj dan Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 lebih suka dialek Neo\u0161tokavian-Ijekavian, yang banyak dituturkan di Bosnia dan Herzegovina, sebagai asas untuk pembentukan bahasa, sedangkan kaum nasionalis di kalangan orang Serbia menuntut sama ada bahawa sebarang kecenderungan dalam bahasa adalah tiruan, atau mendakwa bahawa dialek \u0160tokavian adalah bahasa mereka dan \u010cakavian Croats'-dalam formulasi yang lebih melampau. Croats telah \"mengambil\" atau \"dicuri\" bahasa mereka dari Serbia. Adakah Croatia Kebangsaan mempunyai isu bahasa? || mereka bercakap bahasa yang sama sekali berbeza dari Serbia dan Bosnia <> Apa pendapat yang ada pada bahasa Kebangsaan Croatia mengenai isu bahasa? || mereka bercakap bahasa yang sama sekali berbeza dari Serbia dan Bosnia <> Bahasa mana yang lebih suka Ljudevit Gaj dan Vuk Karadzic? || Neo\u0161tokavian-Ijekavian <> Di mana bahasa Neostokavia-Ijekavian paling banyak dituturkan? || Bosnia dan Herzegovina <> Bagaimana kaum nasionalis Serbia merasakan orang-orang Croat menggunakan bahasa mereka? || Croat telah \"mengambil\" atau \"dicuri\" bahasa mereka", {"context": "Nationalists have conflicting views about the language(s). The nationalists among the Croats conflictingly claim either that they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians or that these two peoples have, due to the longer lexicographic tradition among Croats, somehow \"borrowed\" their standard languages from them.[citation needed] Bosniak nationalists claim that both Croats and Serbs have \"appropriated\" the Bosnian language, since Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107 preferred the Neo\u0161tokavian-Ijekavian dialect, widely spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as the basis for language standardization, whereas the nationalists among the Serbs claim either that any divergence in the language is artificial, or claim that the \u0160tokavian dialect is theirs and the \u010cakavian Croats'\u2014 in more extreme formulations Croats have \"taken\" or \"stolen\" their language from the Serbs.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians"}], "question": "What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue?", "id": "572a10fe3f37b31900478691"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians"}], "question": "What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue?", "id": "572a119a6aef05140015522c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Neo\u0161tokavian-Ijekavian"}], "question": "Which language did Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadzic prefer?", "id": "572a119a6aef05140015522d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"}], "question": "Where is the Neostokavian-Ijekavian language predominantely spoken?", "id": "572a119a6aef05140015522e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "Croats have \"taken\" or \"stolen\" their language"}], "question": "How do Serbian nationalists feel about the Croatians using their language?", "id": "572a119a6aef05140015522f"}]}]], [["Lereng Utara kebanyakannya tundra dibumbui dengan kampung kecil. Kawasan ini dikenali dengan rizab minyak mentah yang besar, dan mengandungi kedua-dua National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska dan Lapangan Minyak Prudhoe Bay. Barrow, bandar paling utara di Amerika Syarikat, terletak di sini. Kawasan Arktik Utara, yang berlabuh oleh Kotzebue dan juga mengandungi lembah Sungai Kobuk, sering dianggap sebagai sebahagian wilayah ini. Walau bagaimanapun, Inupiat Lereng Utara dan Arctic Utara jarang menganggap diri mereka sebagai satu orang. <> Kawasan mana yang mengandungi Bidang Minyak Prudhoe Bay? || Lereng Utara <> Apa bandar paling utara di Amerika Syarikat? || Barrow <> Sumber apa yang diketahui oleh Lereng Utara? || rizab minyak mentah yang besar", {"context": "The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve\u2013Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is located here. The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regarded as being part of this region. However, the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom consider themselves to be one people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The North Slope"}], "question": "Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field?", "id": "57285d362ca10214002da2ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Barrow"}], "question": "What is the northernmost city in the US?", "id": "57285d362ca10214002da2bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "massive reserves of crude oil"}], "question": "What resource is the North Slope known for?", "id": "57285d362ca10214002da2bc"}]}], ["Dari kawasan tanah yang tinggal, negeri Alaska memiliki 101 juta ekar (41 juta hektar), haknya di bawah Akta Alaska Statehood. Sebahagian kawasan itu kadang-kadang diserahkan kepada borough yang dianjurkan, di bawah peruntukan undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan borough yang baru ditubuhkan. Bahagian-bahagian yang lebih kecil diketepikan untuk subdivisi luar bandar dan peluang-peluang berkaitan dengan rumah lain. Ini tidak terlalu popular kerana lokasi yang sering terpencil dan tidak jalan. University of Alaska, sebagai universiti geran tanah, juga memiliki keluasan yang besar yang ia kendalikan secara bebas. <> Berapa banyak ekar tanahnya yang dimiliki negara Alaska? || 101 juta ekar <> Berapa banyak tanah adalah keadaan Alaska yang disediakan oleh Akta Alaska Statehood? || 101 juta ekar (41 juta hektar) <> Kenapa kawasan homestead dan subdivisi tidak lebih popular? || lokasi terpencil dan tanpa jalan", {"context": "Of the remaining land area, the state of Alaska owns 101 million acres (41 million hectares), its entitlement under the Alaska Statehood Act. A portion of that acreage is occasionally ceded to organized boroughs, under the statutory provisions pertaining to newly formed boroughs. Smaller portions are set aside for rural subdivisions and other homesteading-related opportunities. These are not very popular due to the often remote and roadless locations. The University of Alaska, as a land grant university, also owns substantial acreage which it manages independently.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "101 million acres"}], "question": "How many acres of its land does the state of Alaska own?", "id": "572861923acd2414000df97f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "101 million acres (41 million hectares)"}], "question": "How much land is the state of Alaska provided by the Alaska Statehood Act?", "id": "572861923acd2414000df980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "remote and roadless locations"}], "question": "Why aren't homestead and subdivision areas more popular?", "id": "572861923acd2414000df981"}]}], ["Alaska adalah negara paling utara dan barat di Amerika Syarikat dan mempunyai bujur paling timur di Amerika Syarikat kerana Kepulauan Aleutian memanjangkan ke hemisfera timur. Alaska adalah satu-satunya negeri A.S. yang tidak bersebelahan di benua Amerika Utara; kira-kira 500 batu (800 km) British Columbia (Kanada) memisahkan Alaska dari Washington. Secara teknisnya adalah sebahagian daripada benua A.S., tetapi kadang-kadang tidak termasuk dalam penggunaan bahasa sehari-hari; Alaska bukanlah sebahagian daripada A.S. bersebelahan, yang sering disebut \"Lower 48\". Ibu kota, Juneau, terletak di tanah besar benua Amerika Utara tetapi tidak dihubungkan dengan jalan ke seluruh sistem lebuh raya Amerika Utara. <> Apakah keadaan bersebelahan kadangkala dipanggil? || \"Lower 48\" <> Apa itu ibu kota Alaska? || Juneau <> Berapa batu antara Alaska dan Washington? || 500 <> Yang manakah kepulauan yang memanjangkan ke Hemisfera Timur? || Kepulauan Aleutian", {"context": "Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the eastern hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 miles (800 km) of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called \"the Lower 48\". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "\"the Lower 48\""}], "question": "What are the contiguous states sometimes called?", "id": "572859fdff5b5019007da1ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Juneau"}], "question": "What is Alaska's capital city?", "id": "572859fdff5b5019007da1af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "500"}], "question": "How many miles are between Alaska and Washington state?", "id": "572859fdff5b5019007da1b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Aleutian Islands"}], "question": "Which set of islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere?", "id": "572859fdff5b5019007da1b1"}]}], ["Menurut laporan Oktober 1998 oleh Biro Pengurusan Tanah Amerika Syarikat, kira-kira 65% daripada Alaska dimiliki dan diuruskan oleh kerajaan persekutuan A.S. sebagai tanah awam, termasuk banyak hutan negara, taman negara, dan perlindungan hidupan liar negara. Daripada jumlah ini, Biro Pengurusan Tanah menguruskan 87 juta ekar (35 juta hektar), atau 23.8% daripada negeri. Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Kebangsaan Arctic diuruskan oleh Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar Amerika Syarikat. Ia adalah tempat perlindungan hidupan liar terbesar di dunia, yang terdiri daripada 16 juta ekar (6.5 juta hektar). <> Berapa peratuskah Alaska dikekalkan oleh kerajaan persekutuan AS? || 65% <> Apakah jenis kawasan yang diuruskan oleh kerajaan persekutuan sebagai tanah awam? || hutan negara, taman negara, dan perlindungan hidupan liar negara <> Berapa banyak ekar adalah Biro Pengurusan Tanah yang bertanggungjawab? || 87 juta <> Berapa banyak negeri yang dikendalikan oleh Biro Pengurusan Tanah? || 23.8% <> Apa perlindungan alam liar terbesar di dunia? || Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Kebangsaan Artik", {"context": "According to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management, approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges. Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres (35 million hectares), or 23.8% of the state. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is the world's largest wildlife refuge, comprising 16 million acres (6.5 million hectares).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "65%"}], "question": "What percentage of Alaska is maintained by the US federal government?", "id": "572860b02ca10214002da2c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges"}], "question": "What types of areas are managed by the federal government as public lands?", "id": "572860b02ca10214002da2c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "87 million"}], "question": "How many acres is the Bureau of Land Management in charge of?", "id": "572860b02ca10214002da2c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "23.8%"}], "question": "How much of the state is controlled by the Bureau of Land Management?", "id": "572860b02ca10214002da2c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge"}], "question": "What is the world's largest wildlife refuge?", "id": "572860b02ca10214002da2c4"}]}], ["Juga disebut sebagai Panhandle atau Inside Passage, ini adalah wilayah Alaska yang paling dekat dengan seluruh Amerika Syarikat. Oleh itu, inilah di mana sebahagian besar penyelesaian permulaan bukan asli berlaku pada tahun-tahun selepas Pembelian Alaska. Wilayah ini dikuasai oleh Alexander Archipelago serta Hutan Nasional Tongass, hutan negara terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Ia mengandungi ibu kota negara bagian Juneau, bekas ibu kota Sitka, dan Ketchikan, pada masa yang sama bandar terbesar Alaska. Lebuhraya Marin Alaska menyediakan hubungan pengangkutan penting di seluruh kawasan itu, kerana hanya tiga komuniti (Haines, Hyder dan Skagway) menikmati sambungan terus ke sistem jalan Amerika Utara yang bersebelahan. <> Yang mana hutan adalah hutan kebangsaan terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? || Hutan Nasional Tongass <> Yang mana bandar ibu negara Alaska? || Sitka <> Apa kawasan yang paling dekat dengan US benua dipanggil? || Panhandle atau Inside Passage <> Di manakah kebanyakan penyelesaian berlaku selepas Pembelian Louisiana? || Panhandle atau Inside Passage", {"context": "Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States. As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States. It contains the state capital Juneau, the former capital Sitka, and Ketchikan, at one time Alaska's largest city. The Alaska Marine Highway provides a vital surface transportation link throughout the area, as only three communities (Haines, Hyder and Skagway) enjoy direct connections to the contiguous North American road system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Tongass National Forest"}], "question": "Which forest is the largest national forest in the US?", "id": "57285c163acd2414000df953"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Sitka"}], "question": "Which city was Alaska's former capital?", "id": "57285c163acd2414000df954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Panhandle or Inside Passage"}], "question": "What is the area closest to the continental US called?", "id": "57285c163acd2414000df955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Panhandle or Inside Passage"}], "question": "Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase?", "id": "57285c163acd2414000df956"}]}], ["Alaska (i / \u0259l\u00e6sk\u0259 /) adalah sebuah negeri A.S. yang terletak di hujung barat laut Amerika. Bahagian pentadbiran Kanada British Columbia dan Yukon sempadan negara itu ke timur manakala Rusia mempunyai sempadan maritim dengan negara di barat merentasi Selat Bering. Di utara adalah Laut Chukchi dan Beaufort, bahagian selatan Lautan Artik. Di selatan dan barat daya adalah Lautan Pasifik. Alaska adalah negara terbesar di Amerika Syarikat mengikut kawasan, yang paling kurang 3 orang penduduk dan kurang padat penduduk 50 Amerika Syarikat. Kira-kira separuh daripada penduduk Alaska (jumlah yang dianggarkan pada 738,432 oleh Biro Banci pada 2015) tinggal di kawasan metropolitan Anchorage. Ekonomi Alaska didominasi oleh perikanan, gas asli, dan industri minyak, sumber yang banyak. Pangkalan dan pelancongan ketenteraan juga merupakan sebahagian besar daripada ekonomi. <> Apakah jumlah penduduk Alaska mengikut Banci 2015? || 738,432 <> Berapa ramai penduduk Alaska yang tinggal di kawasan Anchorage? || Kira-kira separuh <> Industri manakah yang paling lazim dalam ekonomi Alaska? || penangkapan ikan, gas asli, dan minyak <> Bagaimana perbandingan Alaska bersamaan dengan negara-negara AS yang lain? || negara terbesar di Amerika Syarikat mengikut kawasan <> Di manakah kedudukan Alaska dalam perbandingan penduduk dengan negara-negara AS yang lain? || Ke-3 tidak ramai", {"context": "Alaska (i/\u0259\u02c8l\u00e6sk\u0259/) is a U.S. state situated in the northwest extremity of the Americas. The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east while Russia has a maritime border with the state to the west across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean. To the south and southwest is the Pacific Ocean. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 3rd least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's residents (the total estimated at 738,432 by the Census Bureau in 2015) live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaska's economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, and oil industries, resources which it has in abundance. Military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "738,432"}], "question": "What is Alaska's total population according to the 2015 Census?", "id": "5728591aff5b5019007da1a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Approximately half"}], "question": "How many of Alaska's residents reside in the Anchorage area?", "id": "5728591aff5b5019007da1a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "fishing, natural gas, and oil"}], "question": "Which industries are most prevalent in Alaska's economy?", "id": "5728591aff5b5019007da1a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "largest state in the United States by area"}], "question": "How does Alaska compare in size to other US states?", "id": "5728591aff5b5019007da1a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "3rd least populous"}], "question": "Where does Alaska rank in population comparative to other US states?", "id": "5728591aff5b5019007da1a7"}]}], ["Iklim di tenggara Alaska adalah iklim lautan tengah latitud (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen: Cfb) di bahagian selatan dan iklim lautan subarctic (K\u00f6ppen Cfc) di bahagian utara. Pada asas tahunan, Tenggara adalah kedua-dua bahagian paling basah dan paling panas di Alaska dengan suhu yang lebih ringan pada musim sejuk dan hujan yang tinggi sepanjang tahun. Juneau purata lebih daripada 50 dalam (130 cm) hujan setahun, dan Ketchikan purata lebih daripada 150 dalam (380 cm). Ini juga merupakan satu-satunya rantau di Alaska di mana suhu tinggi siang hari adalah melebihi pembekuan semasa bulan-bulan musim sejuk. <> Berapa banyak hujan yang diterima oleh Juno setiap tahun? || Lebih 50 di <> Di kawasan apa Alaska adalah suhu siang hari di atas beku semasa musim panas? || Tenggara <> Southern Alaska mempunyai dua klasifikasi iklim Koppen? || iklim lautan tengah latitud (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen: Cfb) di bahagian selatan dan iklim lautan subarctic (K\u00f6ppen Cfc) di bahagian utara <> Berapa banyak hujan yang diterima oleh Ketchikan setiap tahun? || lebih dari 150 dalam (380 cm)", {"context": "The climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfc) in the northern parts. On an annual basis, Southeast is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year. Juneau averages over 50 in (130 cm) of precipitation a year, and Ketchikan averages over 150 in (380 cm). This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "over 50 in"}], "question": "How much precipitation does Juno receive each year?", "id": "572863e5ff5b5019007da1ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Southeast"}], "question": "In what region of Alaska is the daytime temperature above freezing during summer?", "id": "572863e5ff5b5019007da1ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "mid-latitude oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfc) in the northern parts"}], "question": "Southern Alaska has what two Koppen climate classifications?", "id": "572863e5ff5b5019007da1ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "over 150 in (380 cm)"}], "question": "How much precipitation does Ketchikan receive each year?", "id": "572863e5ff5b5019007da1ef"}]}], ["Sebanyak 44 juta ekar (18 juta hektar) dimiliki oleh 12 serantau, dan beberapa syarikat tempatan, yang diwujudkan di bawah Akta Penyelesaian Tuntutan Asli Alaska (ANCSA) pada tahun 1971. Perbadanan Native Regional, Doyon, Limited sering menggalakkan dirinya sebagai pemilik tanah swasta terbesar di Alaska dalam iklan dan komunikasi lain. Peruntukan ANCSA membenarkan pegangan tanah korporat untuk dijual di pasaran terbuka bermula pada tahun 1991 telah dimansuhkan sebelum ia berkuatkuasa. Secara berkesan, syarikat memegang tajuk (termasuk tajuk bawah permukaan dalam banyak kes, keistimewaan yang ditolak untuk individu Alaska) tetapi tidak boleh menjual tanah itu. Walau bagaimanapun, peruntukan Native Individu boleh dijual dan dijual di pasaran terbuka. <> Kelompok mana yang mendakwa ia adalah pemilik tanah persendirian terbesar Alaska? || Doyon, Limited <> Apakah hak istimewa syarikat swasta Alaskan mempunyai warganegara awam? || memegang tajuk (termasuk tajuk bawah permukaan dalam banyak kes <> Adakah undang-undang digubal pada tahun 1991 yang membolehkan syarikat menjual pegangan tanah atau telah dimansuhkan? || dimansuhkan sebelum mereka dapat berkuatkuasa", {"context": "Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971. Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications. Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect. Effectively, the corporations hold title (including subsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to individual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land. Individual Native allotments can be and are sold on the open market, however.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Doyon, Limited"}], "question": "Which group claims it is Alaska's largest private land owner?", "id": "572862bf4b864d1900164968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "hold title (including subsurface title in many cases"}], "question": "What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?", "id": "572862bf4b864d1900164969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "repealed before they could take effect"}], "question": "Was a law enacted in 1991 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?", "id": "572862bf4b864d190016496a"}]}], ["Iklim Barat Alaska ditentukan sebahagian besarnya oleh Laut Bering dan Teluk Alaska. Ia adalah iklim lautan subarctic di barat daya dan iklim subarctium kontinental jauh di utara. Suhu agak sederhana memandangkan sejauh utara kawasan itu. Wilayah ini mempunyai jumlah yang sangat banyak dalam pemendakan. Kawasan yang terbentang dari sebelah utara Semenanjung Seward ke lembah Sungai Kobuk (i. E., Kawasan sekitar Kotzebue Sound) secara teknikal adalah padang pasir, dengan bahagian yang menerima kurang daripada 10 inci (25 cm) hujan setiap tahun. Pada yang lain melampau, beberapa lokasi antara Dillingham dan Bethel adalah sekitar 100 dalam (250 cm) hujan. <> Apakah dua mayat air mempengaruhi iklim di Alaska Barat? || Bering Sea dan Teluk Alaska <> Adakah hujan bervariasi atau seragam di Western Alaska? || jumlah yang sangat besar <> Kawasan mana di Alaska Barat yang secara teknikalnya adalah padang pasir? || kawasan sekitar Kotzebue Sound <> Berapa banyak hujan yang berlaku di kawasan padang pasir Barat Alaska? || kurang daripada 10 dalam (25 cm) hujan setiap tahun", {"context": "The climate of Western Alaska is determined in large part by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continental subarctic climate farther north. The temperature is somewhat moderate considering how far north the area is. This region has a tremendous amount of variety in precipitation. An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley (i. e., the region around Kotzebue Sound) is technically a desert, with portions receiving less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually. On the other extreme, some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around 100 in (250 cm) of precipitation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska"}], "question": "What two bodies of water influene the climate in Western Alaska?", "id": "5728651aff5b5019007da1f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "tremendous amount of variety"}], "question": "Is precipitation varied or uniform in Western Alaska?", "id": "5728651aff5b5019007da1f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "the region around Kotzebue Sound"}], "question": "Which area of Western Alaska is techincally a desert?", "id": "5728651aff5b5019007da1f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually"}], "question": "How much precipitation does the desert area of Western Alaska receive?", "id": "5728651aff5b5019007da1f7"}]}], ["Dengan kepulauan yang luasnya, Alaska mempunyai hampir 34,000 batu (54,720 km) pantai pasang surut. Rantaian Kepulauan Aleutian menjangkau barat dari hujung selatan Semenanjung Alaska. Banyak gunung berapi aktif yang terdapat di Aleutian dan di kawasan pantai. Sebagai contoh, Pulau Unimak adalah rumah Gunung Shishaldin, yang merupakan gunung berapi yang kadang-kadang meletus sehingga 10,000 kaki (3,048 m) di atas Pasifik Utara. Ia adalah kerucut vulkanik yang paling sempurna di Bumi, bahkan lebih simetris daripada Gunung Fuji di Jepun. Rantaian gunung berapi meluas ke Gunung Spurr, barat Anchorage di tanah besar. Ahli geologi telah mengenal pasti Alaska sebagai sebahagian daripada Wrangellia, rantau besar yang terdiri daripada pelbagai negeri dan wilayah Kanada di Barat Laut Pasifik, yang secara aktif menjalani bangunan benua. <> Berapa banyak pantai pasang surut yang ada di Alaska? || hampir 34,000 batu <Di mana pulau itu terletak Gunung Shishaldin? || Pulau Unimak <> Apa yang dipercayai geoligis adalah unik tentang Wrangellia? || aktif menjalani bangunan kontinen <> Apa yang paling mengagumkan tentang Gunung Shishaldin berbanding Mount Fuji? || paling kerap volkanik di bumi <> Berapa tinggi Gunung Shishaldin naik di atas paras laut? || 10,000 kaki (3,048 m)", {"context": "With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles (54,720 km) of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet (3,048 m) above the North Pacific. It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan's Mount Fuji. The chain of volcanoes extends to Mount Spurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland. Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest, which is actively undergoing continent building.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "nearly 34,000 miles"}], "question": "How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles?", "id": "57285f8eff5b5019007da1c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Unimak Island"}], "question": "On which island is Mount Shishaldin located?", "id": "57285f8eff5b5019007da1c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "actively undergoing continent building"}], "question": "What do geoligists believe is unique about Wrangellia?", "id": "57285f8eff5b5019007da1c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "most perfect volcanic cone on Earth"}], "question": "What is most impressive about Mount Shishaldin in comparison to Mount Fuji?", "id": "57285f8eff5b5019007da1c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "10,000 feet (3,048 m)"}], "question": "How high does Mount Shishaldin rise above sea level?", "id": "57285f8eff5b5019007da1c4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1795, Gereja Ortodoks Pertama Rusia ditubuhkan di Kodiak. Perkahwinan dengan Alaskan Natives membantu pendatang Rusia mengintegrasikan ke dalam masyarakat. Akibatnya, semakin banyak gereja Ortodoks Rusia semakin beransur-ansur berkembang di Alaska. Alaska juga mempunyai penduduk Quaker terbesar (oleh peratusan) dari mana-mana negeri. Pada tahun 2009 terdapat 6,000 orang Yahudi di Alaska (yang mana pematuhan halakha mungkin menimbulkan masalah khusus). Alaskan Hindu sering berkongsi tempat dan perayaan dengan ahli-ahli komuniti agama Asia yang lain, termasuk Sikh dan Jains. <> Gereja mana yang ditubuhkan di Kodiak pada tahun 1795? || Jemaat Ortodoks Pertama Rusia <> Apa salah satu cara di mana pendatang Rusia diintegrasikan ke dalam masyarakat Alaska? || Perkahwinan dengan Orang Asli Alaska <> Alaska mempunyai populasi terbesar dalam gaya hidup agama apa-apa negara? || Penduduk Quaker <> Apa tradisi keagamaan mungkin menjadi masalah bagi Yahudi Alaskan? || pematuhan halakha", {"context": "In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any state. In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of halakha may pose special problems). Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other Asian religious communities, including Sikhs and Jains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "First Russian Orthodox Church"}], "question": "Which church was established in Kodiak in 1795?", "id": "5728abbaff5b5019007da41c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives"}], "question": "What was one way in which Russian immigrants integrated into Alaskan society?", "id": "5728abbaff5b5019007da41d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Quaker population"}], "question": "Alaska has the largest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?", "id": "5728abbaff5b5019007da41e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "observance of halakha"}], "question": "What religious tradition may be a problem for Alaskan Jews?", "id": "5728abbaff5b5019007da41f"}]}], ["Bermula pada tahun 1890-an dan meregangkan di beberapa tempat pada awal tahun 1910-an, emas bergegas di Alaska dan Wilayah Yukon yang berdekatan membawa ribuan penambang dan peneroka ke Alaska. Alaska secara rasmi digabungkan sebagai wilayah yang teratur pada tahun 1912. Ibukota Alaska, yang telah berada di Sitka hingga 1906, telah dipindahkan ke utara ke Juneau. Pembinaan Mansion Gabenor Alaska bermula pada tahun yang sama. Pendatang Eropah dari Norway dan Sweden juga menetap di tenggara Alaska, di mana mereka memasuki industri perikanan dan pembalakan. <> Apa peristiwa yang membawa ribuan orang ke Alaska pada tahun 1890-an hingga awal 1910an? || emas bergegas <> Tahun apakah Alaska secara rasmi diperbadankan sebagai wilayah? || 1912 <> Pada tahun apakah ibu negara Alaska secara rasmi berubah menjadi Juneau? || 1906 <> Industri mana yang peneroka Eropah di Alaska bermula? || memancing dan pembalakan <> Dari negara manakah peneroka Eropah di Alaska? || Norway dan Sweden", {"context": "Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until 1906, was moved north to Juneau. Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. European immigrants from Norway and Sweden also settled in southeast Alaska, where they entered the fishing and logging industries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "gold rushes"}], "question": "What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s?", "id": "5728a4674b864d1900164b3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "1912"}], "question": "What year was Alaska officially incorporated as a territory?", "id": "5728a4674b864d1900164b3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "1906"}], "question": "In what year was Alaska's capital officially changed to Juneau?", "id": "5728a4674b864d1900164b3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "fishing and logging"}], "question": "Which industries did European settlers in Alaska begin?", "id": "5728a4674b864d1900164b3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Norway and Sweden"}], "question": "From what countries were European settlers in Alaska?", "id": "5728a4674b864d1900164b40"}]}], ["Kepulauan Aleutian masih menjadi rumah kepada masyarakat pelayaran orang Aleut, walaupun mereka adalah Orang Asli Asli yang dieksploitasi oleh orang Rusia. Barat dan Barat Daya Alaska adalah rumah kepada Yup'ik, sementara sepupu mereka Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq tinggal di kawasan Southcentral Alaska sekarang. Orang-orang Gwich'in di rantau Interior Utara adalah Athabaskan dan terutama dikenali hari ini kerana ketergantungan mereka di caribou dalam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Kebangsaan Arctic yang dipertikaikan. Lereng Utara dan Pulau Little Diomede diduduki oleh orang-orang Inupiat yang meluas. <> Kumpulan induk yang mana yang diketahui kontroversial untuk memburu caribou di atas tanah yang dilindungi? || Orang Gwich'in di rantau Interior Utara <> Penduduk Inuplat mendiami kawasan apa? || The Slope Utara dan Little Diomede Island <> Yang mana kumpulan pribumi Alaska adalah penumbuk yang akan dieksploitasi oleh Rusia? || Aleut", {"context": "The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region"}], "question": "Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on protected land?", "id": "5728671d3acd2414000df99b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "The North Slope and Little Diomede Island"}], "question": "The Inuplat population inhabit what areas?", "id": "5728671d3acd2414000df99c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Aleut"}], "question": "Which Alaskan indigenous group was the fist to be exploited by Russians?", "id": "5728671d3acd2414000df99d"}]}], ["Kewarganegaraan untuk Alaska merupakan penyebab utama James Wickersham pada awal masa jabatannya sebagai perwakilan kongres. Dekad kemudian, pergerakan kenegaraan mendapat momentum sebenar pertama berikutan referendum wilayah pada tahun 1946. Jawatankuasa Alaska Statehood dan Konvensyen Perlembagaan Alaska tidak lama lagi akan mengikutinya. Penyokong kesadaran juga mendapati diri mereka berperang melawan musuh-musuh politik, kebanyakannya di Kongres A.S. tetapi juga di Alaska. Keagungan diluluskan oleh Kongres pada 7 Julai 1958. Alaska secara rasmi mengisytiharkan sebuah negara pada 3 Januari 1959. <> Pada hari apakah Alaska secara rasmi menamakan negara? || 3 Januari 1959 <> Pada tahun berapakah Alaskan Statehood mendapat momentum berikutan referendum wilayah? || 1946 <> Apa sebabnya James Wickersham memberi tumpuan dalam tempoh pemegangan awalnya? || Keanaraan untuk Alaska <> Dari mana kawasan penyokong Alaskan menghadapi cabaran politik? || kebanyakannya di Kongres A.S. tetapi juga di Alaska <> Pada hari apakah Alaskan Statehood akhirnya diluluskan oleh Kongres? || 7 Julai 1958", {"context": "Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "January 3, 1959"}], "question": "On what day was Alaska officially named a state?", "id": "5728a5753acd2414000dfbc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "1946"}], "question": "In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum?", "id": "5728a5753acd2414000dfbc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Statehood for Alaska"}], "question": "What cause did James Wickersham focus on in his early Congressional tenure?", "id": "5728a5753acd2414000dfbc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska"}], "question": "From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges?", "id": "5728a5753acd2414000dfbc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "July 7, 1958"}], "question": "On what day was Alaskan Statehood finally approved by Congress?", "id": "5728a5753acd2414000dfbbf"}]}], ["Pusat Bahasa Asli Alaska di University of Alaska Fairbanks mendakwa bahawa sekurang-kurangnya 20 bahasa asli Alaska ada dan terdapat juga beberapa bahasa dengan dialek yang berbeza. Kebanyakan bahasa ibunda Alaska adalah sama ada keluarga bahasa Eskimo-Aleut atau Na-Dene tetapi sesetengah bahasa dianggap isolat (contohnya Haida) atau belum diklasifikasikan (mis. Tsimshianic). Sehingga 2014 [kemas kini] hampir semua bahasa asli Alaska telah diklasifikasikan sebagai sama ada terancam, peralihan, musibah, hampir pupus, atau bahasa yang tidak aktif. <> Sekurang-kurangnya berapa banyak bahasa asli Alaskan yang ada, menurut Pusat Bahasa Asli Alaska? || sekurang-kurangnya 20 <> Apakah dua bahasa asli Alaskan asli? || Eskimo-Aleut atau Na-Dene <> Berapa banyak bahasa asli Alaska yang berada dalam bahaya untuk menjadi bahasa yang tidak aktif atau punah menurut kajian tahun 2014? || hampir semua <> Satu kajian selesai pada tahun apa yang mendapati bahawa hampir semua bahasa asli Alaska berisiko menjadi pupus? || 2014", {"context": "The Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks claims that at least 20 Alaskan native languages exist and there are also some languages with different dialects. Most of Alaska's native languages belong to either the Eskimo\u2013Aleut or Na-Dene language families however some languages are thought to be isolates (e.g. Haida) or have not yet been classified (e.g. Tsimshianic). As of 2014[update] nearly all of Alaska's native languages were classified as either threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "at least 20"}], "question": "At least how many native Alaskan languages exist, according to the Alaska Native Language Center?", "id": "5728a9973acd2414000dfc47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Eskimo\u2013Aleut or Na-Dene"}], "question": "What are the two main native Alaskan language families?", "id": "5728a9973acd2414000dfc48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "nearly all"}], "question": "How many of Alaska's native languages are in danger of becoing dormant or extinct languages according to a 2014 study?", "id": "5728a9973acd2414000dfc49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "2014"}], "question": "A study completed in what year found that nearly all of Alaska's native languages are at risk of becoming extinct?", "id": "5728a9973acd2414000dfc4a"}]}], ["Sesetengah penyelidik percaya bahawa penempatan pertama Rusia di Alaska ditubuhkan pada abad ke-17. Mengikut hipotesis ini, pada tahun 1648 beberapa kumpulan ekspedisi Semyon Dezhnyov datang ke darat di Alaska oleh ribut dan mendirikan penyelesaian ini. Hipotesis ini didasarkan pada kesaksian ahli geografi Chukchi Nikolai Daurkin, yang telah melawat Alaska pada 1764-1765 dan telah melaporkan di sebuah kampung di Sungai Kheuveren, dihuni oleh \"lelaki berjanggut\" yang \"berdoa kepada ikon\". Beberapa penyelidik moden mengaitkan Kheuveren dengan Sungai Koyuk. <> Dalam tempoh masa apa yang dilakukan beberapa penyelidik percaya bahawa penduduk Rusia menetap di Alaska? || Abad ke-17 <> Yang ekspedisi yang berpotensi mendarat di Alaska semasa ribut dan mengasaskan penyelesaian pada tahun 1648? || Semyon Dezhnyov <> Siapa yang Nikolai Durkin berkata tinggal di sebuah kampung di Sungai Kheuveren? || \"lelaki berjanggut\" yang \"berdoa kepada ikon\" <> Selama mana Nikolai Durkin melawat Alaska? || 1764-1765", {"context": "Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century. According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin, who had visited Alaska in 1764\u20131765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by \"bearded men\" who \"pray to the icons\". Some modern researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "17th century"}], "question": "During what time period do some researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska?", "id": "5728a3a93acd2414000dfbb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Semyon Dezhnyov"}], "question": "Whose expedidion potentially landed in Alaska during a storm and founded a settlement in 1648?", "id": "5728a3a93acd2414000dfbb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "\"bearded men\" who \"pray to the icons\""}], "question": "Whom did Nikolai Durkin say lived in a village on the Kheuveren River?", "id": "5728a3a93acd2414000dfbb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "1764\u20131765"}], "question": "During which years did Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska?", "id": "5728a3a93acd2414000dfbba"}]}], ["Keluaran negara kasar 2007 ialah $ 44.9 bilion, ke-45 dalam negara. Pendapatan peribadi per kapita untuk tahun 2007 adalah $ 40,042, ranking ke-15 di negara ini. Menurut kajian 2013 oleh Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska mempunyai bilangan jutawan per kapita terbesar kelima di Amerika Syarikat, dengan nisbah 6.75 peratus. Industri minyak dan gas menguasai ekonomi Alaska, dengan lebih daripada 80% daripada hasil negeri yang diperoleh daripada pengeluaran petroleum. Produk eksport utama Alaska (tidak termasuk minyak dan gas asli) adalah makanan laut, terutamanya ikan salmon, ikan kod, pollock dan kepiting. <> Apakah pendapatan peribadi per kapita di Alaska pada tahun 2007? || $ 40,042 <> Bagaimana perolehan pendapatan peribadi per kapita Alaska terhadap negeri-negeri lain? || Ke-15 di negara <> Berapa banyak hasil negeri Alaskan berasal dari pengekstrakan petroleum? || 80% <> Di luar petroleum, apakah eksport terbesar Alaska? || makanan laut, terutamanya ikan salmon, ikan kod, pollock dan ketam", {"context": "The 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska had the fifth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.75 percent. The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with more than 80% of the state's revenues derived from petroleum extraction. Alaska's main export product (excluding oil and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "$40,042"}], "question": "What was the per capita personal income in Alaska in 2007?", "id": "5728ac7b2ca10214002da596"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "15th in the nation"}], "question": "How does Alaska's per capita personal income rank against other states?", "id": "5728ac7b2ca10214002da597"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "80%"}], "question": "How much of Alaskan state revenue comes from petroleum extraction?", "id": "5728ac7b2ca10214002da598"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab"}], "question": "Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's largest export?", "id": "5728ac7b2ca10214002da599"}]}], ["Pada 27 Mac 1964, gempa bumi besar Jumaat lalu membunuh 133 orang dan memusnahkan beberapa kampung dan sebahagian daripada komuniti pantai yang besar, terutamanya oleh tsunami dan tanah runtuh yang dihasilkan. Ia adalah gempa kedua paling kuat dalam sejarah yang direkodkan di dunia, dengan magnitud momen 9.2. Ia lebih daripada seribu kali lebih kuat daripada gempa bumi San Francisco tahun 1989. Masa hari (5:36 petang), masa tahun dan lokasi pusat gempa itu dinamakan sebagai faktor yang berpotensi membiarkan beribu-ribu nyawa, terutamanya di Anchorage. <> Apakah kejadian utama yang berlaku di Alaska pada 27 Mac 1964 membunuh 133 orang? || Gempa bumi Jumaat yang baik <> Adakah gempa bumi atau tsunami dan tanah runtuh menyebabkan kerosakan yang paling besar kepada komuniti Alaskan? || tsunami yang berlaku dan tanah runtuh <> Bagaimana gempa bumi Jumaat yang baik berbanding dengan gempa bumi yang didokumenkan di dunia? || gempa bumi paling dahsyat kedua dalam sejarah yang direkodkan di dunia <> Faktor-faktor yang berkaitan dengan gempa bumi yang baik Jumaat ini, ada yang percaya menyebabkan kadar kelangsungan hidup yang lebih tinggi? || Waktu hari (5:36 petang), masa tahun dan lokasi episenter <> Bagaimana gempa bumi Jumaat yang baik berbanding dengan gempa bumi San Francisco tahun 1989? || lebih seribu kali lebih berkuasa", {"context": "On March 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides. It was the second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world, with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was over one thousand times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives, particularly in Anchorage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Good Friday earthquake"}], "question": "What major event happened in Alaska on March 27, 1964 killing 133 people?", "id": "5728a8e0ff5b5019007da3c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "resultant tsunamis and landslides"}], "question": "Did the earthquake or resulting tsunamis and landslides do the most damage to Alaskan communities?", "id": "5728a8e0ff5b5019007da3c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world"}], "question": "How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other documented earthquakes in the world?", "id": "5728a8e0ff5b5019007da3c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter"}], "question": "Which factors concerning the Good Friday earthquake do some believe caused a higher survival rate?", "id": "5728a8e0ff5b5019007da3c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "over one thousand times more powerful"}], "question": "How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to the 1989 San Francisco earthquake?", "id": "5728a8e0ff5b5019007da3c7"}]}], ["Menurut statistik yang dikumpulkan oleh Persatuan Data Arkib Data dari tahun 2010, kira-kira 34% daripada penduduk Alaska adalah anggota jemaat agama. 100,960 orang yang dikenal sebagai Protestan Evangelis, 50,866 sebagai Katolik Romawi, dan 32,550 sebagai Protestan utama. Secara kasar 4% adalah Mormon, 0.5% adalah Yahudi, 1% adalah Muslim, 0.5% adalah Buddha, dan 0.5% adalah Hindu. Denominasi agama terbesar di Alaska pada tahun 2010 [kemas kini] adalah Gereja Katolik dengan 50,866 penganut, Protestan Evangelis bukan denominasi dengan 38,070 penganut, Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir dengan 32,170 penganut, dan Southern Baptist Convention dengan 19,891 penganut. Alaska telah dikenal pasti, bersama-sama dengan negara-negara Barat Laut Pasifik Washington dan Oregon, sebagai negara-negara keagamaan di Amerika Syarikat, dari segi keanggotaan gereja. <> Menurut Persatuan Data Agama pada tahun 2010, apakah peratusan orang Alaskan adalah anggota jemaah yang relgious? || 34% <> Agama mana yang paling lazim di Alaska? || Protestan Evangelikal <> Bagaimana perbandingan Alaska dengan negara-negara lain dalam keanggotaan gereja? || sekurang-kurangnya negara-negara agama di Amerika Syarikat <> Yang lain-lain negeri berdekatan juga dianggap kurang religius daripada yang lain? || Washington dan Oregon", {"context": "According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations. 100,960 people identified as Evangelical Protestants, 50,866 as Roman Catholic, and 32,550 as mainline Protestants. Roughly 4% are Mormon, 0.5% are Jewish, 1% are Muslim, 0.5% are Buddhist, and 0.5% are Hindu. The largest religious denominations in Alaska as of 2010[update] were the Catholic Church with 50,866 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 38,070 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 32,170 adherents, and the Southern Baptist Convention with 19,891 adherents. Alaska has been identified, along with Pacific Northwest states Washington and Oregon, as being the least religious states of the USA, in terms of church membership.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "34%"}], "question": "According to the Association of Religion Data in 2010, what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation?", "id": "5728aa0f2ca10214002da56a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Evangelical Protestants"}], "question": "Which religion is most prevalent in Alaska?", "id": "5728aa0f2ca10214002da56b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 780, "text": "least religious states of the USA"}], "question": "How does Alaska compare with other states in church membership?", "id": "5728aa0f2ca10214002da56c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "Washington and Oregon"}], "question": "Which other nearby states are also considered to be less religious than others?", "id": "5728aa0f2ca10214002da56d"}]}], ["Banyak orang asli menduduki Alaska selama beribu-ribu tahun sebelum kedatangan orang-orang Eropah ke kawasan itu. Kajian linguistik dan DNA yang dilakukan di sini telah menyediakan bukti untuk penyelesaian Amerika Utara melalui jambatan tanah Bering. [Rujukan?] Orang Tlingit telah membangunkan sebuah masyarakat dengan sistem kekeluargaan matrilineal harta pusaka dan keturunan kepunyaan apa yang hari ini di Alaska Selatan, bersama dengan bahagian British Columbia dan Yukon. Juga di Tenggara adalah Haida, kini terkenal dengan kesenian mereka yang unik. Orang Tsimshian datang ke Alaska dari British Columbia pada 1887, ketika Presiden Grover Cleveland, dan kemudian Kongres A.S., memberi mereka izin untuk menetap di Annette Island dan menemukan kota Metlakatla. Ketiga-tiga orang ini, serta orang-orang pribumi di Pantai Barat Laut Pasifik, mengalami wabah penyakit cacar dari akhir abad ke-18 hingga pertengahan abad ke-19, dengan wabak yang paling dahsyat yang terjadi pada tahun 1830-an dan 1860-an, mengakibatkan kematian dan sosial yang tinggi gangguan. <> Yang mana yang membenarkan para peneroka Tsimshian mendiami Pulau Annette? || Grover Cleveland <> Apa wabak yang mengakibatkan banyak kematian antara 1830-an dan 1860-an? || cacar <> Dalam tahun berapa orang Tsimshian tiba di Alaska? || 1887 <> Apa kumpulan pribumi Alaskan kini terkenal dengan seni mereka? || Haida", {"context": "Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. Linguistic and DNA studies done here have provided evidence for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge.[citation needed] The Tlingit people developed a society with a matrilineal kinship system of property inheritance and descent in what is today Southeast Alaska, along with parts of British Columbia and the Yukon. Also in Southeast were the Haida, now well known for their unique arts. The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from British Columbia in 1887, when President Grover Cleveland, and later the U.S. Congress, granted them permission to settle on Annette Island and found the town of Metlakatla. All three of these peoples, as well as other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, experienced smallpox outbreaks from the late 18th through the mid-19th century, with the most devastating epidemics occurring in the 1830s and 1860s, resulting in high fatalities and social disruption.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "Grover Cleveland"}], "question": "Which President allowed Tsimshian settlers to inhabit Annette Island?", "id": "572866543acd2414000df993"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 857, "text": "smallpox"}], "question": "What epidemic resulted in numerous deaths between the 1830s and 1860s?", "id": "572866543acd2414000df995"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "1887"}], "question": "In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska?", "id": "572866543acd2414000df994"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "the Haida"}], "question": "Which Alaskan indigenous group is now well-known for their art?", "id": "572866543acd2414000df996"}]}], ["Alaska mempunyai beberapa laluan jalan berbanding dengan seluruh A.S. Sistem jalan raya negeri merangkumi kawasan yang agak kecil di negeri ini, yang menghubungkan pusat-pusat penduduk pusat dan Lebuhraya Alaska, laluan utama dari negeri itu melalui Kanada. Ibu negara, Juneau, tidak dapat diakses melalui jalan raya, hanya sebuah feri kereta, yang telah mendorong beberapa perdebatan selama beberapa dekad mengenai memindahkan ibu kota ke sebuah bandar di sistem jalan raya, atau membina sambungan jalan dari Haines. Bahagian barat Alaska tidak mempunyai sistem jalan raya yang menghubungkan komuniti dengan seluruh Alaska. <> Mengapa terdapat perdebatan tentang memindahkan ibu kota Alaska ke bandar lain? || Juneau, tidak boleh diakses dengan jalan <> Bahagian mana di Alaska tidak mempunyai sistem jalan raya yang menyambungkannya ke kawasan lain? || bahagian barat <> Berbanding dengan seluruh AS, adakah Alaska mempunyai banyak atau sedikit sambungan jalan? || beberapa", {"context": "Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a car ferry, which has spurred several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system, or building a road connection from Haines. The western part of Alaska has no road system connecting the communities with the rest of Alaska.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Juneau, is not accessible by road"}], "question": "Why is there a debate about moving the capital of Alaska to another town?", "id": "5728edab2ca10214002daaaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "western part"}], "question": "Which part of Alaska has no road system connecting it to other areas?", "id": "5728edab2ca10214002daaab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "few"}], "question": "Compared to the rest of the US, does Alaska has many or few road connections?", "id": "5728edab2ca10214002daaac"}]}], ["Lembah Tanana merupakan satu lagi kawasan pertanian yang terkenal, terutamanya kawasan Delta Junction, kira-kira 100 batu (160 km) tenggara Fairbanks, dengan kepekatan ladang agronomik yang besar; ladang-ladang ini kebanyakannya terletak di utara dan timur Fort Greely. Kawasan ini sebahagian besarnya diketepikan dan dibangunkan di bawah program negeri yang diterajui oleh Hammond semasa penggal kedua sebagai gabenor. Tanaman delta terdiri daripada kebanyakan barli dan rumput kering. West Fairbanks terletak satu lagi tumpuan petani kecil yang memenuhi restoran, hotel dan industri pelancongan, dan pertanian yang disokong masyarakat. <> Mana tanaman yang dihasilkan di kawasan Delta? || barley dan hay <> Ladang-ladang kecil di barat Fairbanks memenuhi siapa? || restoran, industri hotel dan pelancongan, dan pertanian yang disokong masyarakat <> Kawasan manakah yang dilakukan oleh Hammond semasa penggal kedua? || Kawasan Delta Junction", {"context": "The Tanana Valley is another notable agricultural locus, especially the Delta Junction area, about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Fairbanks, with a sizable concentration of farms growing agronomic crops; these farms mostly lie north and east of Fort Greely. This area was largely set aside and developed under a state program spearheaded by Hammond during his second term as governor. Delta-area crops consist predominately of barley and hay. West of Fairbanks lies another concentration of small farms catering to restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "barley and hay"}], "question": "Which crops are produced in the Delta-area?", "id": "5728d690ff5b5019007da7e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture"}], "question": "Small farms west of Fairbanks cater to whom?", "id": "5728d690ff5b5019007da7e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Delta Junction area"}], "question": "Which area did Hammond develeop during his second term?", "id": "5728d690ff5b5019007da7e6"}]}], ["Perlembagaan Alaska ditulis supaya tidak menggalakkan dana negara untuk tujuan tertentu. Tabung Tetap telah menjadi pengecualian yang jarang berlaku untuk ini, kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh ketidakpercayaan iklim politik yang wujud semasa penciptaannya. Dari prinsipal awalnya sebanyak $ 734,000, dana itu telah meningkat kepada $ 50 bilion akibat royalti minyak dan program pelaburan modal. Kebanyakan jika tidak semua prinsipal dilaburkan secara konservatif di luar Alaska. Ini telah menyebabkan panggilan kerap oleh ahli politik Alaska untuk Dana untuk membuat pelaburan di Alaska, walaupun pendirian sedemikian tidak pernah mendapat momentum. <> Adakah Perlembagaan Alaska ditulis untuk menggalakkan atau menghalang dana negeri yang digunakan untuk tujuan tertentu? || tidak menggalakkan <> Mengapa Tabung Tetap merupakan pengecualian kepada premis Perlembagaan Alaskan? || iklim politik ketidakpercayaan yang sedia ada pada masa penciptaan <> Di mana prinsipal Dana Tetap dilaburkan? || di luar Alaska <> Berapa banyak modal awal Tabung Tetap? || $ 734,000 <> Berapa tinggi mempunyai modal Tabung Tetap berkembang? || $ 50 bilion", {"context": "The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose. The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this, mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $50 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs. Most if not all the principal is invested conservatively outside Alaska. This has led to frequent calls by Alaskan politicians for the Fund to make investments within Alaska, though such a stance has never gained momentum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "discourage"}], "question": "Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for a particular purpose?", "id": "5728d4c43acd2414000dffa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation"}], "question": "Why is the Permanent Fund an exception to the premise of the Alaskan Constitution?", "id": "5728d4c43acd2414000dffaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "outside Alaska"}], "question": "Where is the principal of the Permanent Fund invested?", "id": "5728d4c43acd2414000dffab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "$734,000"}], "question": "How much was the initial principal of the Permanent Fund?", "id": "5728d4c43acd2414000dffac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "$50 billion"}], "question": "How high has the principal of the Permanent Fund grown?", "id": "5728d4c43acd2414000dffad"}]}], ["Bermula pada tahun 1982, dividen daripada pertumbuhan tahunan dana telah dibayar setiap tahun kepada Alaska yang layak, mulai dari awal $ 1,000 pada tahun 1982 (bersamaan dengan pembayaran tiga tahun, kerana pengagihan pembayaran diadakan dalam tuntutan undang-undang ke atas skim pengagihan ) kepada $ 3,269 pada tahun 2008 (termasuk $ 1,200 \"Rebat Sumber\" sekali sahaja). Setiap tahun, badan perundangan negeri mengambil 8% dari pendapatan, meletakkan 3% kembali ke prinsipal untuk pemeriksaan inflasi, dan baki 5% diedarkan kepada semua orang Alaska yang layak. Untuk melayakkan diri untuk Dividen Dana Tetap, seseorang mestilah tinggal di negeri itu untuk sekurang-kurangnya 12 bulan, memelihara kediaman yang tetap tertakluk kepada ketidakhadiran yang dibenarkan, dan tidak tertakluk kepada penghakiman mahkamah atau sabitan jenayah yang berada di bawah klasifikasi yang membatalkan kelayakan yang berlainan atau mungkin tertakluk kepada jumlah bayaran kepada ganjaran sivil. <> Berapa lama haruskah Alaskan tinggal di negeri ini untuk menerima Dividen Dana Tetap? || minimum 12 bulan <> Berapa peratuskah Dana Tetap dibahagikan penduduk Alaska yang layak? || 5% <> Bilakah pembubaran dari Dana Tetap bermula? || 1982 <> Berapakah penghapusan awal dari Tabung Tetap? || $ 1,000", {"context": "Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from an initial $1,000 in 1982 (equal to three years' payout, as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme) to $3,269 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1,200 \"Resource Rebate\"). Every year, the state legislature takes out 8% from the earnings, puts 3% back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5% is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Permanent Fund Dividend, one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, maintain constant residency subject to allowable absences, and not be subject to court judgments or criminal convictions which fall under various disqualifying classifications or may subject the payment amount to civil garnishment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "minimum of 12 months"}], "question": "How long must an Alaskan have lived in the state in order to receive a Permanent Fund Dividend?", "id": "5728d59e3acd2414000dffbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "5%"}], "question": "What percentage of the Permanent Fund is divided betwen Alaska's eligible residents?", "id": "5728d59e3acd2414000dffbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When did disembursements from the Permanent Fund begin?", "id": "5728d59e3acd2414000dffbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "$1,000"}], "question": "How much was the initial disembursement from the Permanent Fund?", "id": "5728d59e3acd2414000dffc0"}]}], ["Ekonomi Alaska sangat bergantung pada bahan api diesel yang semakin mahal untuk pemanasan, pengangkutan, tenaga elektrik dan cahaya. Walaupun kuasa angin dan hidroelektrik berleluasa dan kurang berkembang, cadangan untuk sistem tenaga statewide (contohnya dengan gangguan elektrik khas rendah) dinilai tidak ekonomik (pada masa laporan, 2001) kerana bahan api rendah (kurang daripada 50 \u00a2 / gal) harga, jarak jauh dan penduduk yang rendah. Kos satu galon gas di bandar Alaska hari ini biasanya 30-60 \u00a2 lebih tinggi daripada purata negara; Harga di kawasan luar bandar secara amnya jauh lebih tinggi tetapi berbeza-beza bergantung kepada kos pengangkutan, puncak penggunaan bermusim, infrastruktur pembangunan petroleum yang berhampiran dan banyak lagi faktor lain. <> Mengapa sumber tenaga alternatif dinilai tidak ekonomik pada tahun 2001? || rendah (kurang daripada 50 \u00a2 / gal) harga minyak, jarak jauh dan penduduk yang rendah <> Berapakah kos gas di Alaska, berbanding dengan purata negara? || 30-60 \u00a2 lebih tinggi <> Apakah beberapa sebab mengapa harga gas mungkin berbeza di Alaska, terutamanya? || kos pengangkutan, puncak penggunaan bermusim, infrastruktur pembangunan petroleum berhampiran <> Apakah ekonomi Alaska sangat bergantung? || bahan api diesel <> Apa tujuan bahan api diesel di Alaska? || pemanasan, pengangkutan, kuasa elektrik dan cahaya", {"context": "Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (less than 50\u00a2/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population. The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually 30\u201360\u00a2 higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "low (less than 50\u00a2/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population"}], "question": "Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2001?", "id": "5728d311ff5b5019007da784"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "30\u201360\u00a2 higher"}], "question": "How much does gas cost in Alaska, in comparison to the national average?", "id": "5728d311ff5b5019007da785"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure"}], "question": "What are some reasons why gas prices may vary in Alaska, especially?", "id": "5728d311ff5b5019007da786"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "diesel fuel"}], "question": "What does Alaska's economy heavily rely on?", "id": "5728d311ff5b5019007da787"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "heating, transportation, electric power and light"}], "question": "What purpose does diesel fuel have in Alaska?", "id": "5728d311ff5b5019007da788"}]}], ["Paip Trans-Alaska boleh mengangkut dan mengepam hingga 2.1 juta tong (330,000 m3) minyak mentah setiap hari, lebih daripada apa-apa talian paip minyak mentah yang lain di Amerika Syarikat. Selain itu, deposit arang batu yang besar terdapat di lembangan arang batu bituminous, sub-bituminous, dan lignite Alaska. Kajian Geologi Amerika Syarikat menganggarkan bahawa terdapat 85.4 trilion kaki kubik (2,420 km3) dari gas yang belum dapat diperolehi secara teknikal dari gas asli yang hidrat di Alaskan North Slope. Alaska juga menawarkan beberapa potensi kuasa hidroelektrik tertinggi di negara ini dari pelbagai sungai. Swaths besar pantai Alaska menawarkan potensi angin dan tenaga geoterma juga. <> Berapa banyak minyak boleh pengangkutan Trans-Alaska Pipeline setiap hari? || Sehingga 2.1 juta tong <> Berapa banyak gas yang boleh diperolehi masih belum ditemui di Alaska, menurut Kajian Geologi AS? || 85.4 trilion kaki padu <> garis pantai Alaska juga mempunyai potensi di mana dua jenis tenaga mesra alam? || angin dan tenaga geoterma <> Sungai-sungai besar Alaska berpotensi untuk apa jenis pengeluaran tenaga yang mesra alam? || hidroelektrik", {"context": "The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope. Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "up to 2.1 million barrels"}], "question": "How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day?", "id": "5728d22a3acd2414000dff53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "85.4 trillion cubic feet"}], "question": "How much recoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey?", "id": "5728d22a3acd2414000dff54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "wind and geothermal energy"}], "question": "Alaska's coastline also has potential in which two environmentally friendly energy types?", "id": "5728d22a3acd2414000dff55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "hydroelectric"}], "question": "Alaska's large rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production?", "id": "5728d22a3acd2414000dff56"}]}], ["Alaska mempunyai sumber tenaga yang luas, walaupun rizab minyaknya sebahagian besarnya habis. Rizab minyak dan gas utama ditemui di lembangan Alaska North Slope (ANS) dan Cook Inlet, tetapi menurut Pentadbiran Maklumat Tenaga, pada Februari 2014 Alaska telah jatuh ke tempat keempat dalam negara dalam pengeluaran minyak mentah selepas Texas, North Dakota, dan California. Prudhoe Bay di North Slope Alaska masih merupakan ladang minyak tertinggi kedua di Amerika Syarikat, biasanya menghasilkan kira-kira 400,000 barrels per hari (64,000 m3 / d), walaupun pada awal tahun 2014 Pembentukan Bakken Utara Dakota menghasilkan lebih dari 900,000 tong sehari ( 140,000 m3 / d). Prudhoe Bay adalah medan minyak konvensional terbesar yang pernah ditemui di Amerika Utara, tetapi jauh lebih kecil daripada medan pasir minyak Athabasca yang besar di Kanada, dimana pada tahun 2014 menghasilkan kira-kira 1,500,000 barel per hari (240,000 m3 / d) minyak tidak konvensional, dan beratus-ratus tahun rizab berjangka pada kadar tersebut. <> Apa negeri-negeri lain lebih tinggi daripada Alaska dalam pengeluaran minyak mentah? || Texas, North Dakota, dan California <> Bagaimana kadar Alaska berbanding dengan negara lain dalam pengeluaran minyak mentah? || Keempat <> Kawasan mana di Alaska adalah medan minyak tertinggi kedua negara? || Prudhoe Bay <> Berapa banyak barel minyak yang dihasilkan oleh Prudhoe Bay setiap hari? || 400,000 <> Prudhoe Bay adalah tempat kedua dalam pengeluaran untuk apa bidang minyak lain di Amerika Syarikat? || Pembentukan Bakken Utara Dakota", {"context": "Alaska has vast energy resources, although its oil reserves have been largely depleted. Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins, but according to the Energy Information Administration, by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas, North Dakota, and California. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States, typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d), although by early 2014 North Dakota's Bakken Formation was producing over 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m3/d). Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field ever discovered in North America, but was much smaller than Canada's enormous Athabasca oil sands field, which by 2014 was producing about 1,500,000 barrels per day (240,000 m3/d) of unconventional oil, and had hundreds of years of producible reserves at that rate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Texas, North Dakota, and California"}], "question": "What other states rank higher than Alaska in crude oil production?", "id": "5728d160ff5b5019007da740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "fourth"}], "question": "How does Alaska rate in comparison with other states in crude oil production?", "id": "5728d160ff5b5019007da741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Prudhoe Bay"}], "question": "Which area in Alaska is the nation's second highest-yielding oil field?", "id": "5728d160ff5b5019007da742"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "400,000"}], "question": "How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day?", "id": "5728d160ff5b5019007da743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "North Dakota's Bakken Formation"}], "question": "Prudhoe Bay is second place in production to what other oil field in the US?", "id": "5728d160ff5b5019007da744"}]}], ["Pekerjaan terutamanya dalam kerajaan dan industri seperti pengekstrakan sumber semula jadi, perkapalan, dan pengangkutan. Pangkalan ketenteraan adalah komponen penting dalam ekonomi di Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage dan Kodiak Island, serta Kodiak. Subsidi Persekutuan juga merupakan bahagian penting dalam ekonomi, yang membolehkan kerajaan mengekalkan cukai yang rendah. Keluaran industrinya adalah petroleum mentah, gas asli, arang batu, emas, logam berharga, zink dan perlombongan lain, pemprosesan makanan laut, kayu dan produk kayu. Terdapat juga sektor perkhidmatan dan pelancongan yang berkembang. Pelancong telah menyumbang kepada ekonomi dengan menyokong penginapan tempatan. <> Di mana kawasan Alaskan adalah pangkalan tentera yang berleluasa sebagai bahagian penting dalam ekonomi tempatan? || Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage dan Kodiak Island borough, serta Kodiak <> Program apa yang membolehkan Alaska untuk menjaga cukai yang rendah? || Subsidi Persekutuan <> Apakah beberapa produk perindustrian Alaska? || petroleum mentah, gas asli, arang batu, emas, logam berharga, zink dan perlombongan lain, pemprosesan makanan laut, kayu dan produk kayu <> Bagaimana, khususnya, mempunyai pelancong membantu ekonomi tempatan di Alaska? || menyokong penginapan tempatan", {"context": "Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak"}], "question": "In which Alaskan areas are military bases prevalent as an important part of the local economy?", "id": "5728cfe02ca10214002da87e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Federal subsidies"}], "question": "What program allows Alaska to keep low taxes?", "id": "5728cfe02ca10214002da87f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products"}], "question": "What are some of Alaska's industrial products?", "id": "5728cfe02ca10214002da880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "supporting local lodging"}], "question": "How, specifically, have tourists helped the local economy in Alaska?", "id": "5728cfe02ca10214002da881"}]}], ["Kebanyakan makanan di Alaska diangkut ke negeri dari \"Luar\", dan kos penghantaran membuat makanan di bandar-bandar agak mahal. Di kawasan luar bandar, perburuan dan pengumpulan makan tengah hari merupakan aktiviti penting kerana makanan yang diimport secara haram mahal. Walaupun kebanyakan bandar kecil dan kampung-kampung kecil di Alaska terletak di sepanjang pantai, kos mengimport makanan ke kampung-kampung terpencil boleh tinggi, kerana keadaan jalan raya dan keadaan jalan yang sukar, yang berubah secara dramatik, disebabkan perubahan cuaca dan hujan yang berbeza. Kos pengangkutan boleh mencapai setinggi 50 \u00a2 per paun ($ 1.10 / kg) atau lebih di beberapa kawasan terpencil, semasa waktu yang paling sukar, jika lokasi-lokasi ini dapat dicapai sama sekali semasa cuaca buruk dan keadaan medan. Kos penyampaian 1 galon AS (3.8 L) susu adalah kira-kira $ 3.50 di banyak kampung di mana pendapatan per kapita boleh menjadi $ 20,000 atau kurang. Kos bahan api setiap gelen secara rutin 20-30 \u00a2 lebih tinggi daripada rata-rata benua Amerika Syarikat, dengan hanya Hawaii yang mempunyai harga yang lebih tinggi. <> Apa yang menyebabkan makanan di bandaraya Alaska menjadi agak mahal? || kos penghantaran <> Berapakah kos pengangkutan di beberapa kawasan terpencil? || 50 \u00a2 per paun ($ 1.10 / kg) <> Yang mana di Amerika Syarikat adalah satu-satunya yang mempunyai harga bahan api yang lebih tinggi daripada Alaska? || Hawaii <> Berapakah kos untuk mengangkut galon susu di beberapa kawasan luar bandar di Alaska? || $ 3.50", {"context": "Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from \"Outside\", and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. Though most small towns and villages in Alaska lie along the coastline, the cost of importing food to remote villages can be high, because of the terrain and difficult road conditions, which change dramatically, due to varying climate and precipitation changes. The cost of transport can reach as high as 50\u00a2 per pound ($1.10/kg) or more in some remote areas, during the most difficult times, if these locations can be reached at all during such inclement weather and terrain conditions. The cost of delivering a 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of milk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $20,000 or less. Fuel cost per gallon is routinely 20\u201330\u00a2 higher than the continental United States average, with only Hawaii having higher prices.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "shipping costs"}], "question": "What causes food in Alaskan cities to be relatively expensive?", "id": "5728ec472ca10214002daa98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "50\u00a2 per pound ($1.10/kg)"}], "question": "How high can the cost of transport be in some remote areas?", "id": "5728ec472ca10214002daa99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 979, "text": "Hawaii"}], "question": "Which state in the US is the only to have higher fuel prices than Alaska?", "id": "5728ec472ca10214002daa9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 806, "text": "$3.50"}], "question": "How much does it cost to transport a gallon of milk in some rural areas of Alaska?", "id": "5728ec472ca10214002daa9b"}]}], ["Dana Tetap Alaska adalah peruntukkan kuasa yang sah dari perlembagaan yang ditubuhkan oleh pengundi pada tahun 1976 untuk menguruskan lebihan hasil petroleum negeri daripada minyak, sebahagian besarnya menjangkakan sistem Paip Trans-Alaska yang baru dibina. Dana itu pada asalnya dicadangkan oleh Gabenor Keith Miller pada malam hari jualan sewa Prudhoe Bay 1969, kerana ketakutan bahawa badan perundangan akan menghabiskan keseluruhan hasil penjualan (yang berjumlah $ 900 juta) sekaligus. Ia kemudian dipertahankan oleh Gabenor Jay Hammond dan wakil negeri Kenai Hugh Malone. Ia telah menjadi prospek politik yang menarik sejak itu, mengalihkan pendapatan yang biasanya akan dimasukkan ke dalam dana am. <> Apakah Dana Tetap Alaska? || peruntukan perlembagaan yang sah dari perlembagaan <> Dalam tahun apakah Dana Permanen Alaska ditubuhkan? || 1976 <> Mengapa Dana Permint Alaska ditubuhkan? || untuk menguruskan lebihan pendapatan petroleum negeri daripada minyak <> Yang asalnya mencadangkan Dana Tetap Alaska? || Gabenor Keith Miller <> Mengapa Gabenor Keith Miller mencadangkan Dana Tetap Alaska sebelum penjualan Prudhoe Bay? || ketakutan bahawa badan perundangan akan menghabiskan keseluruhan hasil jualan (yang berjumlah $ 900 juta) sekaligus", {"context": "The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once. It was later championed by Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai state representative Hugh Malone. It has served as an attractive political prospect ever since, diverting revenues which would normally be deposited into the general fund.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues"}], "question": "What is the Alaska Permanent Fund?", "id": "5728d3d92ca10214002da8c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "1976"}], "question": "In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund established?", "id": "5728d3d92ca10214002da8c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil"}], "question": "Why was the Alaska Permament Fund established?", "id": "5728d3d92ca10214002da8c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Governor Keith Miller"}], "question": "Who originally proposed the Alaska Permanent Fund?", "id": "5728d3d92ca10214002da8c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once"}], "question": "Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund before the Prudhoe Bay sale?", "id": "5728d3d92ca10214002da8ca"}]}], ["Penerbangan tetap ke kebanyakan kampung dan bandar dalam negeri yang berdaya maju secara komersil adalah mencabar untuk diberikan, oleh itu mereka banyak disubsidi oleh kerajaan persekutuan melalui program Essential Air Service. Alaska Airlines adalah satu-satunya syarikat penerbangan utama yang menawarkan perjalanan dalam negeri dengan perkhidmatan jet (kadang-kadang dalam kombinasi kargo dan penumpang Boeing 737-400s) dari Anchorage dan Fairbanks ke hab serantau seperti Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, dan komuniti lain yang lebih besar dan juga kepada komuniti utama Tenggara dan Semenanjung Alaska. <> Servis mana yang membolehkan kerajaan mensubsidi perjalanan udara tetap di Alaska? || Program Perkhidmatan Air Essential <> Syarikat penerbangan mana yang menawarkan perjalanan dalam negeri dengan jet-service? || Alaska Airlines <> Apakah beberapa hab regional Alaskan? || Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak", {"context": "Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state that are commercially viable are challenging to provide, so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program. Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Essential Air Service program"}], "question": "Which service allows government to subsidise regular air travel in Alaska?", "id": "5728fc476aef051400154946"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Alaska Airlines"}], "question": "Which airline offers in-state travel with jet-service?", "id": "5728fc476aef051400154947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak"}], "question": "What are some Alaskan regional hubs?", "id": "5728fc476aef051400154948"}]}], ["Untuk membiayai operasi kerajaan negeri, Alaska bergantung terutamanya kepada pendapatan petroleum dan subsidi persekutuan. Ini membolehkan ia mempunyai beban cukai individu yang paling rendah di Amerika Syarikat. Ia adalah satu daripada lima negeri yang tidak mempunyai cukai jualan negeri, salah satu daripada tujuh negeri yang tidak mengenakan cukai pendapatan individu, dan salah satu daripada dua negeri yang tidak mempunyai. Bahagian Cukai Pendapatan Jabatan melaporkan secara terperinci mengenai sumber hasil negeri. Jabatan ini juga mengeluarkan ringkasan tahunan operasinya, termasuk undang-undang negeri baru yang secara langsung mempengaruhi bahagian cukai. <> Bagaimana Alaska membiayai operasi kerajaan negeri? || pendapatan petroleum dan subsidi persekutuan <> Berapa banyak negeri di AS tidak mempunyai cukai jualan? || lima <> Berapa banyak negara AS tidak mengumpul cukai pendapatan individu? || tujuh <> Negeri manakah yang mempunyai beban cukai terendah di seluruh AS? || Alaska", {"context": "To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "petroleum revenues and federal subsidies"}], "question": "How does Alaska finance its state government operations?", "id": "57293ccf3f37b31900478165"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many states in the US do not have sales tax?", "id": "57293ccf3f37b31900478166"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many US states do not collect an individual income tax?", "id": "57293ccf3f37b31900478167"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Alaska"}], "question": "Which state has the lowest tax burden of the entire US?", "id": "57293ccf3f37b31900478168"}]}], ["Sebahagian besar tawaran penerbangan komersil yang tersisa datang dari syarikat penerbangan komuter kecil serantau seperti Ravn Alaska, PenAir, dan Frontier Flying Service. Pekan dan kampung terkecil mesti bergantung pada perkhidmatan terbang belukar yang dijadualkan atau disewa menggunakan pesawat penerbangan am seperti Cessna Caravan, pesawat paling popular yang digunakan di negeri ini. Kebanyakan perkhidmatan ini boleh dikaitkan dengan program mel pintasan Alaska yang mensubsidi penghantaran mel secara massal kepada masyarakat luar bandar Alaska. Program ini memerlukan 70% daripada subsidi untuk pergi ke pembawa yang menawarkan perkhidmatan penumpang kepada komuniti. <> Apakah nama beberapa syarikat penerbangan Alaska yang serantau? || Ravn Alaska, PenAir, dan Frontier Flying Service <> Model apa yang paling popular di Alaska? || Cessna Caravan <> Berapa banyak program penghantaran mel pukal bersubsidi ke pembawa yang menawarkan perkhidmatan penumpang? || 70%", {"context": "The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings come from small regional commuter airlines such as Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service. The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in use in the state. Much of this service can be attributed to the Alaska bypass mail program which subsidizes bulk mail delivery to Alaskan rural communities. The program requires 70% of that subsidy to go to carriers who offer passenger service to the communities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service"}], "question": "What are the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines?", "id": "5728fd6e3f37b31900477f35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Cessna Caravan"}], "question": "What model is the most popular aicraft in Alaska?", "id": "5728fd6e3f37b31900477f36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "70%"}], "question": "How much of the subsidized bulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service?", "id": "5728fd6e3f37b31900477f37"}]}], ["Sistem feri milik negara Alaska yang maju (dikenali sebagai Lebuhraya Marin Alaska) berfungsi di bandar-bandar tenggara, Pantai Teluk dan Semenanjung Alaska. Kenderaan pengangkutan feri serta penumpang. Sistem ini juga mengendalikan perkhidmatan feri dari Bellingham, Washington dan Prince Rupert, British Columbia di Kanada melalui Laluan Dalam ke Skagway. Pihak Berkuasa Feri Antara Pulau juga berfungsi sebagai pautan laut penting bagi banyak komuniti di wilayah Pulau Prince of Wales di Tenggara dan bekerja bersamaan dengan Lebuhraya Marin Alaska. <> Apakah nama sistem feri Alaska? || Lebuhraya Marin Alaska <> Yang mana kumpulan Feri lain yang bekerja di sepanjang Lebuhraya Marin Alaska untuk menyelaraskan perjalanan? || Pihak Berkuasa Feri Antara Pulau <> Kawasan manakah yang digunakan oleh Alaska Marine Highway? || tenggara, pantai Teluk dan Semenanjung Alaska", {"context": "Alaska's well-developed state-owned ferry system (known as the Alaska Marine Highway) serves the cities of southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula. The ferries transport vehicles as well as passengers. The system also operates a ferry service from Bellingham, Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia in Canada through the Inside Passage to Skagway. The Inter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an important marine link for many communities in the Prince of Wales Island region of Southeast and works in concert with the Alaska Marine Highway.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "the Alaska Marine Highway"}], "question": "What is the name of Alaska's ferry system?", "id": "5728fae2af94a219006a9ead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "The Inter-Island Ferry Authority"}], "question": "Which other Ferry group works alongside the Alaska Marine Highway to coordinate travel?", "id": "5728fae2af94a219006a9eae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula"}], "question": "Which areas does the Alaska Marine Highway serve?", "id": "5728fae2af94a219006a9eaf"}]}], ["Bandar-bandar yang tidak dilayani oleh jalan raya, laut atau sungai boleh dicapai hanya melalui udara, kaki, anjing, atau salju, yang merangkumi perkhidmatan udara belukar yang sangat baik Alaska-sebuah kebaharuan di Alaska. Anchorage dan, ke tahap yang lebih rendah Fairbanks, dihidangkan oleh banyak syarikat penerbangan utama. Oleh kerana akses lebuh raya yang terhad, perjalanan udara kekal sebagai bentuk pengangkutan yang paling berkesan di dalam dan di luar negara. Anchorage baru-baru ini telah menyelesaikan pembentukan semula dan pembinaan yang luas di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Ted Stevens Anchorage untuk membantu menampung peningkatan dalam pelancongan (pada 2012-2013, Alaska menerima hampir 2 juta pelawat). <> Yang dua bandar dihidangkan oleh syarikat penerbangan utama? || Anchorage dan, ke tahap yang lebih rendah Fairbanks <> Apakah kaedah pengangkutan yang paling berkesan masuk dan keluar dari Alaska? || perjalanan udara <> Berapa ramai pengunjung datang ke Alaska antara 2012-2013? || hampir 2 juta", {"context": "Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services\u2014an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012-2013, Alaska received almost 2 million visitors).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks"}], "question": "Which two cities are served by major airlines?", "id": "5728fb513f37b31900477ef7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "air travel"}], "question": "What is the most efficient means of transportation into and out of Alaska?", "id": "5728fb513f37b31900477ef8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "almost 2 million"}], "question": "How many visitors came to Alaska between 2012-2013?", "id": "5728fb513f37b31900477ef9"}]}], ["Dibina pada tahun 1915, Alaska Railroad (ARR) memainkan peranan utama dalam pembangunan Alaska melalui abad ke-20. Ia menghubungkan penghantaran utara Pasifik dengan menyediakan infrastruktur kritikal dengan trek yang berlari dari Seward ke Interior Alaska dengan cara South Central Alaska, melalui Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali dan Fairbanks, dengan tujahan ke Whittier, Palmer dan Kutub Utara. Bandar-bandar, bandar-bandar, kampung-kampung, dan wilayah yang dilawati oleh trek ARR dikenali sebagai negara \"The Railbelt\". Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, sistem lebuh raya bertingkat yang semakin bertambah mula mengerikan kepentingan kereta api di ekonomi Alaska. <> Tahun apakah kereta api Alaska itu dibina? || sekitar 1915 <> Untuk apa yang dimaksudkan \"The Railbelt\"? || rantau yang dilayani oleh ARR trek <> Pembangunan mana pada tahun 1915 memainkan peranan utama dalam membangunkan Alaska? || Alaska Railroad (ARR)", {"context": "Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links north Pacific shipping through providing critical infrastructure with tracks that run from Seward to Interior Alaska by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and North Pole. The cities, towns, villages, and region served by ARR tracks are known statewide as \"The Railbelt\". In recent years, the ever-improving paved highway system began to eclipse the railroad's importance in Alaska's economy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "around 1915"}], "question": "What year was the Alaska Railroad built?", "id": "5728f3b82ca10214002dab28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "region served by ARR tracks"}], "question": "To what does \"The Railbelt\" refer?", "id": "5728f3b82ca10214002dab29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Alaska Railroad (ARR)"}], "question": "Which development in 1915 played a key role in developing Alaska?", "id": "5728f3b82ca10214002dab2a"}]}], ["Keretapi Alaska adalah salah satu kereta api terakhir di Amerika Utara untuk menggunakan cabooses dalam perkhidmatan tetap dan masih menggunakannya di beberapa kerikil kerikil. Ia terus menawarkan salah satu laluan berhenti bendera terakhir di negara ini. Selat kira-kira 60 batu (100 km) trek sepanjang kawasan utara Talkeetna kekal tidak boleh diakses oleh jalan raya; kereta api menyediakan satu-satunya pengangkutan ke rumah-rumah dan kabin luar bandar di kawasan itu. Sehingga pembinaan Lebuhraya Taman pada tahun 1970-an, kereta api menyediakan satu-satunya akses tanah ke kebanyakan rantau sepanjang laluannya. <> ARR adalah salah satu kereta api terakhir di AS untuk menggunakan apa? || cabooses <> Bilakah cabooses masih digunakan sesekali? || beberapa kereta api kerikil <> Bilakah Lebuhraya Taman dibina? || 1970-an", {"context": "The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about 60 miles (100 km) of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area. Until construction of the Parks Highway in the 1970s, the railroad provided the only land access to most of the region along its entire route.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "cabooses"}], "question": "The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what?", "id": "5728f9ce6aef05140015491a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "some gravel trains"}], "question": "When are cabooses still used occasionally?", "id": "5728f9ce6aef05140015491b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "When was the Parks Highway constructed?", "id": "5728f9ce6aef05140015491c"}]}], ["Banyak komuniti mempunyai perkhidmatan teksi udara kecil. Operasi ini berasal dari permintaan pengangkutan khusus ke kawasan terpencil. Mungkin pesawat Alaskan yang paling ketara adalah pesawat laut belukar. Pangkalan pangkalan laut tersibuk di dunia adalah Lake Hood, terletak di sebelah Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Ted Stevens Anchorage, di mana penerbangan terikat ke kampung terpencil tanpa pesawat udara membawa penumpang, kargo, dan banyak barangan dari kedai-kedai dan kelab gudang. Pada tahun 2006 Alaska mempunyai bilangan tertinggi juruterbang per kapita di mana-mana negeri A.S.. <> Pesawat apa yang dikatakan sebagai Alaskan? || seaplane belukar <> Di mana pangkalan kapal terbang tersibuk di dunia? || Lake Hood <> Negara mana yang paling banyak juruterbang per kapita daripada mana-mana negara AS yang lain? || Alaska <> Lake Hood terletak bersebelahan dengan Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Ted Stevens Anchorage", {"context": "Many communities have small air taxi services. These operations originated from the demand for customized transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs. In 2006 Alaska had the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "bush seaplane"}], "question": "Which plane is considered quintessentially Alaskan?", "id": "572904aeaf94a219006a9f57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Lake Hood"}], "question": "Where is the busiest seaplane base in the world?", "id": "572904aeaf94a219006a9f58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Alaska"}], "question": "Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other US state?", "id": "572904aeaf94a219006a9f59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport"}], "question": "Lake Hood is located next to what International Airport?", "id": "572904aeaf94a219006a9f5a"}]}], ["Internet dan sistem pengangkutan data Alaska lain disediakan sebahagian besarnya melalui dua syarikat telekomunikasi utama: GCI dan Alaska Communications. GCI memiliki dan mengendalikan apa yang dipanggil sistem Fiber Optic Alaska United dan sehingga akhir 2011 Alaska Communications mengiklankan bahawa ia mempunyai \"dua jalur gentian optik ke 48 yang lebih rendah dan dua lagi di Alaska. Pada bulan Januari 2011, ia melaporkan bahawa $ 1 bilion projek untuk menjalankan menghubungkan Asia dan luar bandar Alaska sedang dirancang, dibantu sebahagiannya oleh $ 350 juta rangsangan dari kerajaan persekutuan. <> Yang mana dua syarikat menyediakan pengangkutan internet dan data ke Alaska? || GCI dan Alaska Communications <> Pada tahun apakah sebuah projek untuk menyambungkan Asia dan luar bandar Alaska mengumumkan? || 2011 <> Berapa banyak wang kerajaan persekutuan menyumbang melalui rangsangan ke connectvitiy antara Asia dan Alaska? || $ 350 juta <> Syarikat mana yang memiliki dan mengendalikan Sistem Fiber Optik Alaska United ? || GCI", {"context": "Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has \"two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska. In January 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "GCI and Alaska Communications"}], "question": "Which two companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?", "id": "57293c5e6aef051400154bc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska announced?", "id": "57293c5e6aef051400154bc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "$350 million"}], "question": "How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?", "id": "57293c5e6aef051400154bc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "GCI"}], "question": "Which company owns and operates the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?", "id": "57293c5e6aef051400154bc3"}]}], ["Satu lagi kaedah pengangkutan Alaskan adalah anjing. Pada zaman moden (iaitu, pada bila-bila masa selepas pertengahan tahun 1920-an), anjing pemendam adalah lebih daripada sukan daripada cara pengangkutan yang benar. Pelbagai bangsa diadakan di seluruh negeri ini, tetapi yang paling terkenal ialah Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, laluan 1,150 mil (1,850 km) dari Anchorage ke Nome (walaupun jaraknya berbeza dari tahun ke tahun, jarak rasmi ditetapkan pada 1,049 batu atau 1,688 km). Perlumbaan itu memperingati serum seramai 1925 yang terkenal di Nome di mana para pemulung dan anjing seperti Togo dan Balto mengambil ubat yang sangat diperlukan untuk komuniti Nome yang dilanda difteri apabila semua cara pengangkutan lain gagal. Mushrik dari seluruh dunia datang ke Anchorage setiap Mac untuk bersaing dengan wang tunai, hadiah, dan prestij. \"Serum Run\" adalah perlumbaan anjing luncur lain yang lebih tepat mengikut laluan relay yang terkenal pada tahun 1925, meninggalkan masyarakat Nenana (barat daya Fairbanks) ke Nome. <> Alapa cara pengangkutan yang lebih baik untuk sukan daripada pengangkutan? || Dogled <> Perlumbaan anjing mana yang paling terkenal di Alaska adalah yang paling terkenal? || Trail Iditarod Sled Dog Race <> Apakah Trail Iditarod Sled Dog Race memperingati sejarah Alaska? || Seram 1925 yang terkenal di Nome <> Mengapa anjing-anjing luncur digunakan untuk menyampaikan ubat kepada Nome pada tahun 1925? || semua cara pengangkutan yang lain telah gagal <> Perlumbaan yang mana paling tepat mengikut laluan serum 1925? || \"Serum Run\"", {"context": "Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a 1,150-mile (1,850 km) trail from Anchorage to Nome (although the distance varies from year to year, the official distance is set at 1,049 miles or 1,688 km). The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed. Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige. The \"Serum Run\" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "dogsled"}], "question": "Which Alaskan way of transport is more for sport than for transportation?", "id": "57293b9f3f37b3190047813d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race"}], "question": "Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the most famous?", "id": "57293b9f3f37b3190047813e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "the famous 1925 serum run to Nome"}], "question": "What does the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history?", "id": "57293b9f3f37b3190047813f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "all other means of transportation had failed"}], "question": "Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1925?", "id": "57293b9f3f37b31900478140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "\"Serum Run\""}], "question": "Which dogsled race most accurately follows the route of the 1925 serum run?", "id": "57293b9f3f37b31900478141"}]}], ["Borough Unorganized tidak mempunyai kerajaan sendiri, tetapi Biro Banci A.S. bekerjasama dengan negara membahagi Borough Unorganized ke 11 kawasan banci semata-mata untuk tujuan analisis dan persembahan statistik. Daerah rakaman adalah mekanisme pentadbiran rekod awam di Alaska. Negeri ini dibahagikan kepada 34 daerah rakaman yang diletakkan di bawah Perakam Negeri. Semua daerah rakaman menggunakan kriteria penerimaan yang sama, jadual bayaran, dan lain-lain, untuk menerima dokumen ke dalam rekod awam. <> Ke berapa banyak daerah rakaman dibahagikan kepada Alaska? || 34 <> Apakah fungsi kawasan rakaman Alaskan? || satu mekanisme untuk pentadbiran rekod awam di Alaska <> Dokumen-dokumen mana yang merekodkan daerah-daerah secara umum menggunakan antara kawasan? || kriteria penerimaan, jadual bayaran, dll.", {"context": "The Unorganized Borough has no government of its own, but the U.S. Census Bureau in cooperation with the state divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation. A recording district is a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska. The state is divided into 34 recording districts which are centrally administered under a State Recorder. All recording districts use the same acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc., for accepting documents into the public record.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "34"}], "question": "Into how many recording districts is Alaska divided?", "id": "57293ec33f37b31900478195"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska"}], "question": "What is the function of an Alaskan recording district?", "id": "57293ec33f37b31900478196"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc."}], "question": "Which documents do recording districts universally use between areas?", "id": "57293ec33f37b31900478197"}]}], ["Seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Banci Amerika Syarikat 2010, Alaska mempunyai sejumlah 355 bandar yang diperbadankan dan tempat yang ditetapkan banci (CDPs). Penghitungan bandar termasuk empat majlis perbandaran yang bersatu, pada asasnya bersamaan dengan kota-kota yang disatukan. Majoriti komuniti ini terletak di kawasan luar bandar Alaska yang dikenali sebagai \"The Bush\" dan tidak berkaitan dengan rangkaian jalan Amerika Utara yang berdekatan. Jadual di bahagian bawah bahagian ini menyenaraikan 100 bandar-bandar terbesar dan tempat-tempat yang ditetapkan banci di Alaska, dalam susunan penduduk. <> Apakah CDP? || tempat yang ditetapkan banci <> Berapa banyak bandar yang diperbadankan dan CDP yang ada di Alaska, menurut Banci 2010? || 355 <> Adakah majoriti CDP disambung atau diputuskan dari rangkaian jalan Amerika Utara? || tidak berkaitan <> Di kawasan apakah majoriti bandar dan CDPS terletak di Alaska? || \"Bush\"", {"context": "As reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city\u2013county. The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as \"The Bush\" and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network. The table at the bottom of this section lists the 100 largest cities and census-designated places in Alaska, in population order.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "census-designated places"}], "question": "What are CDPs?", "id": "57293f3e6aef051400154bd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "355"}], "question": "How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?", "id": "57293f3e6aef051400154bd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "unconnected"}], "question": "Are the majority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?", "id": "57293f3e6aef051400154bd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "\"The Bush\""}], "question": "In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?", "id": "57293f3e6aef051400154bd9"}]}], ["Salah satu filem paling menonjol yang difilemkan di Alaska ialah Eskimo / Mala The Magnificent MGM, dibintangi oleh Alaska Native Ray Mala. Pada tahun 1932 ekspedisi yang dikeluarkan dari studio-studio MGM di Hollywood ke Alaska untuk filem yang kemudiannya dibebankan sebagai \"The Picture Terbesar yang Pernah Dibuat.\" Apabila tiba di Alaska, mereka menubuhkan \"Camp Hollywood\" di Northwest Alaska, di mana mereka tinggal selama tempoh penggambaran. Louis B. Mayer tidak membebankan kos walaupun di lokasi terpencil, akan pergi untuk mengupah koki dari Hotel Roosevelt di Hollywood untuk menyediakan makanan. <> Yang asli Alaskan membintangi sebuah filem juga ditetapkan di Alaska? || Ray Mala <> Di manakah pelakon di set The Magnificent hidup semasa mereka tinggal di Alaska? || \"Camp Hollywood\" <> Di mana kawasan Alaska terletak Camp Hollywood? || Northwest <> Koki mana yang diupah untuk menyediakan makanan untuk para pelakon di The Magnificent? || dari Hotel Roosevelt di Hollywood", {"context": "One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring Alaska Native Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as \"The Biggest Picture Ever Made.\" Upon arriving in Alaska, they set up \"Camp Hollywood\" in Northwest Alaska, where they lived during the duration of the filming. Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of the remote location, going so far as to hire the chef from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Ray Mala"}], "question": "Which Alaskan native starred in a film also set in Alaska?", "id": "572945bdaf94a219006aa237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "\"Camp Hollywood\""}], "question": "Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?", "id": "572945bdaf94a219006aa238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Northwest"}], "question": "In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located?", "id": "572945bdaf94a219006aa239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood"}], "question": "Which chef was hired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?", "id": "572945bdaf94a219006aa23a"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak festival muzik di Alaska, termasuk Festival Rakyat Alaska, Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, Anchorage Folk Festival, Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, Jazz Sitka Jazz, dan Sitka Summer Music Festival. Orkestra yang paling menonjol di Alaska adalah Orkestra Simfoni Anchorage, walaupun Orkestra Symphony Fairbanks dan Symphony Juneau juga terkenal. Anchorage Opera pada masa ini merupakan syarikat opera profesional sahaja, walaupun terdapat beberapa organisasi sukarela dan separa profesional di negeri ini. <> Apa orkestra Alaska yang paling menonjol? || Orkestra Symphony Anchorage <> Syarikat mana yang merupakan satu-satunya opera profesional di Alaska? || The Anchorage Opera <> Apakah beberapa festival muzik Alaska yang patut diberi perhatian? || Festival Rakyat Alaska, Festival Seni Musim Panas Fairbanks, Anchorage Folk Festival", {"context": "There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival, the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Anchorage Symphony Orchestra"}], "question": "What is Alaska's most prominent orchestra?", "id": "572945531d04691400779229"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "The Anchorage Opera"}], "question": "Which company is Alaska's only professional opera?", "id": "572945531d0469140077922a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival"}], "question": "What are a few of Alaska's noteworthy music festivals?", "id": "572945531d0469140077922b"}]}], ["Alaska Bush, pusat bandar Juneau, pusat bandar dan pusat bandar Anchorage, dan kawasan sekitar kampus University of Alaska Fairbanks dan Ester telah menjadi kubu kuat Parti Demokratik. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, majoriti Fairbanks (termasuk North Pole dan pangkalan ketenteraan), dan Anchorage Selatan biasanya mempunyai menunjukkan Republik yang paling kuat. Sehingga tahun 2004 [kemas kini], lebih separuh daripada semua pengundi berdaftar telah memilih \"Bukan Partisan\" atau \"Tidak Diisytiharkan\" sebagai gabungan mereka, walaupun percubaan baru-baru ini untuk menutup primari kepada pengundi tidak bersekutu. <> Kawasan di sekeliling mana universiti telah menjadi kubu kuat Demokratik? || University of Alaska Fairbanks <> Kawasan mana yang mana Alaska mempunyai kepekatan tertinggi Republik? || The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, majoriti Fairbanks (termasuk North Pole dan pangkalan militer), dan Anchorage Selatan <> Pada tahun 2004, berapa penduduk Alaskan enggan memilih parti politik? || lebih separuh", {"context": "The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the areas surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Ester have been strongholds of the Democratic Party. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing. As of 2004[update], well over half of all registered voters have chosen \"Non-Partisan\" or \"Undeclared\" as their affiliation, despite recent attempts to close primaries to unaffiliated voters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "University of Alaska Fairbanks"}], "question": "The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic stronghold?", "id": "57293e123f37b31900478185"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage"}], "question": "Which areas of Alaska have the highest Republican concentrations?", "id": "57293e123f37b31900478186"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "well over half"}], "question": "As of 2004, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?", "id": "57293e123f37b31900478187"}]}], ["Pasukan Alaska Alaska adalah pasukan polis di seluruh negara Alaska. Mereka mempunyai sejarah yang panjang dan bertingkat, tetapi bukan organisasi rasmi sehingga tahun 1941. Sebelum pasukan itu diorganisasi secara rasmi, penguatkuasaan undang-undang di Alaska dikendalikan oleh pelbagai agensi persekutuan. Pekan yang lebih besar biasanya mempunyai polis tempatan dan beberapa kampung bergantung kepada \"Pegawai Keselamatan Awam\" yang mempunyai latihan polis tetapi tidak membawa senjata api. Di kebanyakan negeri, pasukan berkhidmat sebagai satu-satunya pasukan polis yang ada. Di samping menguatkuasakan undang-undang lalu lintas dan jenayah, Troopers hidupan liar menguatkuasakan peraturan memburu dan memancing. Oleh kerana rupa bumi dan tugas yang luas dari tugas Pasukan, mereka menggunakan pelbagai jenis kenderaan peronda tanah, udara, dan air. <> Dalam tahun berapakah Pasukan Negara Alaskan menjadi organisasi rasmi? || 1941 <> Apa yang berbeza mengenai \"Pegawai Keselamatan Awam\" yang menonjolkan kedudukan dari seorang anggota polis? || mempunyai latihan polis tetapi tidak membawa senjata api <> Apa yang dikawal oleh penguatkuasa hidupan liar? || peraturan memburu dan memancing <> Apakah jenis kenderaan yang beroperasi di Troopers? || pelbagai jenis kenderaan peronda tanah, udara, dan air", {"context": "The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on \"Public Safety Officers\" who have police training but do not carry firearms. In much of the state, the troopers serve as the only police force available. In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations. Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers' duties, they employ a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "1941"}], "question": "In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?", "id": "572943f4af94a219006aa213"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "have police training but do not carry firearms"}], "question": "What is different about a \"Public Safety Officer\" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?", "id": "572943f4af94a219006aa214"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "hunting and fishing regulations"}], "question": "What do wildlife enforcers regulate?", "id": "572943f4af94a219006aa215"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles"}], "question": "What type of vehicles do Troopers operate?", "id": "572943f4af94a219006aa216"}]}], ["Daripada jumlah penduduk Banci 2010 Alaska sebanyak 710,231, 20,429 orang, atau 2.88% penduduk, tidak tinggal di kota yang diperbadankan atau tempat yang ditetapkan banci. Kira-kira tiga perempat daripada angka itu adalah orang yang tinggal di kawasan kejiranan bandar dan pinggir bandar di pinggir bandar bandar Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer dan Wasilla. CDP tidak ditubuhkan untuk kawasan-kawasan ini oleh Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, kecuali tujuh CDP ditubuhkan untuk kawasan kejiranan Ketchikan pada Banci 1980 (Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan Timur, Titik Gunung, Lebuhraya Tongass Utara, Pulau Pennock dan Saxman Timur), tetapi belum digunakan semenjak itu. Penduduk yang lain tersebar di seluruh Alaska, baik di dalam daerah yang teratur dan di Borough yang Tidak Terorganisir, di kawasan yang jauh. <> Pada tahun 2010, berapa peratus penduduk Alaska tidak tinggal di sebuah bandar atau CDP? || 2.88% <> Apa empat kawasan belum ditetapkan sebagai CDP oleh Biro Banci? || Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer dan Wasilla <> Yang tujuh CDP dimasukkan sebagai sebahagian daripada Banci 1980? || Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan Timur, Mountain Point, Lebuhraya Tongass Utara, Pennock Island dan Saxman East", {"context": "Of Alaska's 2010 Census population figure of 710,231, 20,429 people, or 2.88% of the population, did not live in an incorporated city or census-designated place. Approximately three-quarters of that figure were people who live in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city limits of Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla. CDPs have not been established for these areas by the United States Census Bureau, except that seven CDPs were established for the Ketchikan-area neighborhoods in the 1980 Census (Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East), but have not been used since. The remaining population was scattered throughout Alaska, both within organized boroughs and in the Unorganized Borough, in largely remote areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "2.88%"}], "question": "In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?", "id": "5729436b1d04691400779213"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla"}], "question": "What four areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau?", "id": "5729436b1d04691400779214"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East"}], "question": "Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1980 Census?", "id": "5729436b1d04691400779215"}]}], ["Alaska secara kerap menyokong Republik dalam pemilihan presiden dan telah melakukannya sejak kebangkitan. Republikan telah memenangi undi kolej negeri dalam semua kecuali satu pilihan raya yang telah mengambil bahagian dalam (1964). Tiada negeri telah mengundi calon presiden Demokrat lebih sedikit kali. Alaska dibawa oleh calon Demokrat Lyndon B. Johnson semasa pilihan raya tanah runtuhnya pada tahun 1964, manakala pilihan raya tahun 1960 dan 1968 telah dekat. Sejak tahun 1972, bagaimanapun, Republikan telah membawa negeri dengan margin besar. Pada tahun 2008, Republikan John McCain mengalahkan Demokrat Barack Obama di Alaska, 59.49% hingga 37.83%. Pasangan berjalan McCain ialah Sarah Palin, gabenor negeri dan Alaskan pertama di tiket parti utama. Obama kehilangan Alaska sekali lagi pada tahun 2012, tetapi dia menawan 40% undi negeri dalam pilihan raya itu, menjadikannya Demokrat pertama yang melakukannya sejak 1968. <> Parti politik mana yang menyokong Alaska pada umumnya? || Republikan <> Berapa banyak pemilihan yang dimenangi Demokrat di Alaska? || satu <> calon mana satu-satunya Demokrat untuk memenangi Alaska dalam pilihan raya tanah runtuh pada tahun 1964? || Lyndon B. Johnson <> Yang mana calon Demokratik yang pertama memenangi 40% undi di Alaska sejak tahun 1964? || Barack Obama", {"context": "Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Republicans"}], "question": "Which political party does Alaska generally support?", "id": "57293d8b3f37b31900478173"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska?", "id": "57293d8b3f37b31900478174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson"}], "question": "Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1964?", "id": "57293d8b3f37b31900478175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Barack Obama"}], "question": "Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40% of the vote in Alaska since 1964?", "id": "57293d8b3f37b31900478176"}]}]], [["Anugerah lain dan pengiktirafan untuk Popper termasuk Hadiah Bandar Raya Vienna untuk Kemanusiaan (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978), Dekorasi Austria untuk Sains dan Seni (1980), Dr Leopold Lucas Prize (1981), Ring of Honor Bandar Vienna (1983) dan Premio Internazionale Persatuan Federico Nietzsche Itali (1988). Pada tahun 1992, beliau dianugerahkan Hadiah Kyoto dalam Seni dan Falsafah untuk \"melambangkan semangat terbuka abad ke-20\" dan \"pengaruh besarnya pada pembentukan iklim intelektual moden\". <> Di mana tahun Popper memenangi Hadiah Karl Renner? || 1978 <> Kota mana yang menjadikan Popper sebagai Ring of Honor pada tahun 1983? || Vienna <> Apa anugerah yang diberikan oleh yayasan Jepun membuat kemenangan Popper pada tahun 1992? || Hadiah Kyoto dalam Seni dan Falsafah <> Popper memenangi Hadiah Dr. Leopold Lucas pada tahun mana? || 1981", {"context": "Other awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978), Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1980), Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (1981), Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1983) and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Federico Nietzsche Society (1988). In 1992, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for \"symbolising the open spirit of the 20th century\" and for his \"enormous influence on the formation of the modern intellectual climate\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "1978"}], "question": "In which year did Popper win the Karl Renner Prize?", "id": "5728a2bfff5b5019007da37a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Vienna"}], "question": "Which city made Popper part of its Ring of Honour in 1983?", "id": "5728a2bfff5b5019007da37b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy"}], "question": "What award given by a Japanese foundation did Popper win in 1992?", "id": "5728a2bfff5b5019007da37c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "1981"}], "question": "Popper won the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize in which year?", "id": "5728a2bfff5b5019007da37d"}]}], ["Penolakan Karl Popper tentang Marxisme semasa zaman remaja beliau meninggalkan kesan yang mendalam terhadap pemikirannya. Beliau pada satu ketika menyertai pertubuhan sosialis, dan selama beberapa bulan pada 1919 menganggap dirinya sebagai komunis. Pada masa ini, beliau menjadi biasa dengan pandangan Marxis mengenai ekonomi, kelas perang, dan sejarah. Walaupun dia dengan cepat menjadi kecewa dengan pandangan yang dijelaskan oleh Marxisme, hubungannya dengan ideologi itu menyebabkan dia menjauhkan diri dari mereka yang percaya bahawa tumpahan darah demi revolusi diperlukan. Dia menyedari bahawa apabila ia mengorbankan kehidupan manusia, seseorang harus berfikir dan bertindak dengan bijak ekstrem. <> Apa falsafah politik yang menarik Popper sebagai seorang remaja mempunyai pengaruh mendalam terhadap pemikirannya ke depan? || Marxism <> Untuk masa di mana tahun Popper menganggap dirinya komunis? || 1919 <> Di mana tahap kehidupan Popper paling dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran Marxis? || tahun remaja <> Bagaimana perasaan Popper mengenai Marxsisme selepas hanya seketika bersekutu dengan Marxis lain? || kecewa", {"context": "Karl Popper's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought. He had at one point joined a socialist association, and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a communist. During this time he became familiar with the Marxist view of economics, class-war, and history. Although he quickly became disillusioned with the views expounded by Marxism, his flirtation with the ideology led him to distance himself from those who believed that spilling blood for the sake of a revolution was necessary. He came to realise that when it came to sacrificing human lives, one was to think and act with extreme prudence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Marxism"}], "question": "What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward?", "id": "5728a4824b864d1900164b46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "1919"}], "question": "For a time during which year did Popper consider himself a communist?", "id": "5728a4824b864d1900164b47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "teenage years"}], "question": "At which stage of life was Popper most strongly influenced by Marxist thinking?", "id": "5728a4824b864d1900164b48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "disillusioned"}], "question": "How did Popper feel about Marxism after only a short time associating with other Marxists?", "id": "5728a4824b864d1900164b49"}]}], ["Popper dikenali kerana penolakannya terhadap pandangan induktivis klasik mengenai kaedah saintifik, memihak kepada pemalsuan empirikal: Teori dalam ilmu empirikal tidak dapat dibuktikan, tetapi ia boleh dipalsukan, yang bermaksud bahawa ia boleh dan harus diteliti oleh eksperimen yang menentukan . Dia menggunakan kegelisahan mulut hitam untuk membincangkan pemalsuan. Sekiranya hasil percubaan bertentangan dengan teori, seseorang harus menahan diri dari manuver ad hoc yang mengelakkan percanggahan semata-mata dengan membuatnya kurang dipalsukan. Popper juga terkenal kerana pembangkangnya terhadap pengetahuan justifikasi sesetengah ahli ilmu pengetahuan, yang digantikan dengan rasionalisme kritikal, \"falsafah kritik yang tidak wajar dalam sejarah falsafah pertama.\" <> Mana pandangan klasik mengenai kaedah sains yang ditolak oleh Popper? || inductivist <> Siapa yang mencadangkan pemalsuan empirikal sebagai prinsip utama kaedah saintifik? || Popper <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk teori saintifik dipalsukan? || eksperimen tegas <> Alatan pengetahuan mana yang dimainkan oleh Popper? || pembenaran klasik <> Apa istilah bagi teori kritikan yang tidak adil oleh Popper? || rasionalisme kritikal", {"context": "Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favour of empirical falsification: A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments. He used the black swan fallacy to discuss falsification. If the outcome of an experiment contradicts the theory, one should refrain from ad hoc manoeuvres that evade the contradiction merely by making it less falsifiable. Popper is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge, which he replaced with critical rationalism, \"the first non-justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "inductivist"}], "question": "Which classical views about the method of science did Popper reject?", "id": "57288c842ca10214002da464"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Popper"}], "question": "Who proposed empirical falsification as the central principle of the scientific method?", "id": "57288c842ca10214002da465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "decisive experiments"}], "question": "What is necessary for a scientific theory to be falsified?", "id": "57288c842ca10214002da466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "classical justificationist"}], "question": "Which account of knowledge did Popper contest?", "id": "57288c842ca10214002da467"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "critical rationalism"}], "question": "What is the term for Popper's non-justificational theory of criticism?", "id": "57288c842ca10214002da468"}]}], ["Popper meninggal dunia akibat \"komplikasi kanser, radang paru-paru dan kegagalan buah pinggang\" di Kenley pada usia 92 pada 17 September 1994. Beliau telah bekerja secara berterusan dalam falsafahnya sehingga dua minggu sebelum itu, ketika dia tiba-tiba jatuh sakit. Selepas pembakaran mayat, abunya dibawa ke Vienna dan dikebumikan di tanah perkuburan Lainzer bersebelahan dengan Pusat ORF, di mana isterinya Josefine Anna Popper (dipanggil 'Hennie') telah dikebumikan. Estet Popper diuruskan oleh setiausaha dan pembantu peribadi Melitta Mew dan suaminya, Raymond. Manuskrip Popper pergi ke Institut Hoover di Stanford University, sebahagiannya sepanjang hayatnya dan sebahagian lagi sebagai bahan tambahan selepas kematiannya. Klagenfurt University mempunyai perpustakaan Popper, termasuk bibliophilia berharganya, serta salinan keras bahan Hoover dan mikrofilem asal bahan tambahan itu. Bahagian baki harta pusaka kebanyakannya dipindahkan ke Amal Amal Karl Popper. Pada bulan Oktober 2008 Klagenfurt University memperolehi hak cipta dari ladang itu. <> Berapa umur Popper ketika dia mati? || 92 <> Pemakaman mana di Vienna menerima abu Popper? || Lainzer <> Dimana manuskrip Popper disimpan sekarang? || Institusi Hoover di Stanford University <> Universiti mana yang mempunyai kandungan perpustakaan Popper? || Klagenfurt University <> Apakah nama isteri Popper itu? || Josefine Anna Popper", {"context": "Popper died of \"complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure\" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lainzer cemetery adjacent to the ORF Centre, where his wife Josefine Anna Popper (called \u2018Hennie\u2019) had already been buried. Popper's estate is managed by his secretary and personal assistant Melitta Mew and her husband Raymond. Popper's manuscripts went to the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, partly during his lifetime and partly as supplementary material after his death. Klagenfurt University possesses Popper's library, including his precious bibliophilia, as well as hard copies of the original Hoover material and microfilms of the supplementary material. The remaining parts of the estate were mostly transferred to The Karl Popper Charitable Trust. In October 2008 Klagenfurt University acquired the copyrights from the estate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "92"}], "question": "How old was Popper when he died?", "id": "5728935fff5b5019007da314"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Lainzer"}], "question": "Which cemetery in Vienna received Popper's ashes?", "id": "5728935fff5b5019007da315"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Hoover Institution at Stanford University"}], "question": "Where are Popper's manuscripts kept now?", "id": "5728935fff5b5019007da316"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "Klagenfurt University"}], "question": "Which university has the contents of Popper's library?", "id": "5728935fff5b5019007da317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Josefine Anna Popper"}], "question": "What was Popper's wife's name?", "id": "5728935fff5b5019007da318"}]}], ["Beliau bekerja dalam pembinaan jalan untuk masa yang singkat, tetapi tidak dapat mengatasi tenaga kerja yang berat. Berlanjut untuk menghadiri universiti sebagai pelajar pelajar, beliau memulakan perantis sebagai pembuat kabinet, yang mana ia diselesaikan sebagai seorang pengembara. Dia bermimpi pada waktu memulakan kemudahan penjagaan anak untuk anak-anak, yang mana dia menganggap keupayaan untuk membuat perabot mungkin berguna. Selepas itu, dia melakukan khidmat sukarela di salah satu klinik psychoanalyst Alfred Adler untuk kanak-kanak. Pada tahun 1922, beliau melakukan matura dengan cara pendidikan peluang kedua dan akhirnya menyertai Universiti sebagai pelajar biasa. Beliau menyelesaikan peperiksaan sebagai guru asas pada tahun 1924 dan mula bekerja di sebuah kelab penjagaan selepas sekolah untuk kanak-kanak yang terancam sosial. Pada tahun 1925, beliau pergi ke Institut P\u00e4dagogisches yang baru ditubuhkan dan terus mengkaji falsafah dan psikologi. Sekitar masa itu dia mula memujuk Josefine Anna Henninger, yang kemudiannya menjadi isterinya. <> Apa perdagangan yang masuk Popper sebagai perantis? || pembuat kabinet <> Apakah jenis kemudahan yang dilancarkan oleh Popper yang akan mendapat manfaat daripada kemahiran pembuatan perabotnya? || daycare <> Di mana klinik psychoanalyst melakukan sukarelawan Popper? || Alfred Adler <> Bilakah Popper menjadi pelajar biasa dan bukannya tetamu di universiti? || 1922 <> Untuk mana panggilan yang Popper menyelesaikan peperiksaan universiti? || guru asas", {"context": "He worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for children, for which he assumed the ability to make furniture might be useful. After that he did voluntary service in one of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler's clinics for children. In 1922, he did his matura by way of a second chance education and finally joined the University as an ordinary student. He completed his examination as an elementary teacher in 1924 and started working at an after-school care club for socially endangered children. In 1925, he went to the newly founded P\u00e4dagogisches Institut and continued studying philosophy and psychology. Around that time he started courting Josefine Anna Henninger, who later became his wife.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "cabinetmaker"}], "question": "What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?", "id": "57288fbf3acd2414000dfb1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "daycare"}], "question": "What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?", "id": "57288fbf3acd2414000dfb20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Alfred Adler"}], "question": "In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?", "id": "57288fbf3acd2414000dfb21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "1922"}], "question": "When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?", "id": "57288fbf3acd2414000dfb22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "elementary teacher"}], "question": "For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?", "id": "57288fbf3acd2414000dfb23"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1928, beliau memperoleh gelar doktor dalam psikologi, di bawah pengawasan Karl B\u00fchler. Disertasi beliau bertajuk \"Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie\" (Persoalan kaedah dalam psikologi kognitif). Pada tahun 1929, beliau memperoleh kebenaran untuk mengajar matematik dan fizik di sekolah menengah, yang dia mula lakukan. Beliau berkahwin dengan rakannya, Josefine Anna Henninger (1906-1985) pada tahun 1930. Takut dengan kebangkitan Nazisme dan ancaman Anschluss, dia mula menggunakan malam dan malam untuk menulis buku pertamanya Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (The Two Fundamental Masalah Teori Pengetahuan). Dia perlu menerbitkan satu untuk mendapatkan beberapa kedudukan akademik di negara yang selamat untuk orang keturunan Yahudi. Walau bagaimanapun, beliau akhirnya tidak menerbitkan karya dua biji itu, tetapi versi ringkasnya dengan beberapa bahan baru, Logik der Forschung (The Logic of Discovery Scientific), pada tahun 1934. Di sini, beliau mengkritik psikologi, naturalisme, induksiisme, dan logik positivisme, dan mengemukakan teori kepalsuan potensinya sebagai kriteria yang menghilangkan sains daripada sains. Pada tahun 1935 dan 1936, dia mengambil cuti tanpa gaji untuk pergi ke United Kingdom untuk lawatan belajar. <> Yang menyelia doktor Popper? || Karl B\u00fchler <> Apakah terjemahan bahasa Inggeris mengenai tesis kedoktoran Popper? || Persoalan kaedah dalam psikologi kognitif <> Apakah mata pelajaran Popper yang diberi kuasa untuk mengajar di sekolah menengah pada tahun 1929? || matematik dan fizik <> Yang meningkat kepada kuasa bermotivasi Popper untuk menerbitkan karya beliau dengan harapan mendapat kedudukan akademik di luar negeri? || Nazism <> Dalam karya yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1934, Popper memperkenalkan teori-teorinya yang berpusat pada kepalsuan? || Logik Penemuan Saintifik", {"context": "In 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl B\u00fchler. His dissertation was entitled \"Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie\" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, which he started doing. He married his colleague Josefine Anna Henninger (1906\u20131985) in 1930. Fearing the rise of Nazism and the threat of the Anschluss, he started to use the evenings and the nights to write his first book Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge). He needed to publish one to get some academic position in a country that was safe for people of Jewish descent. However, he ended up not publishing the two-volume work, but a condensed version of it with some new material, Logik der Forschung (The Logic of Scientific Discovery), in 1934. Here, he criticised psychologism, naturalism, inductionism, and logical positivism, and put forth his theory of potential falsifiability as the criterion demarcating science from non-science. In 1935 and 1936, he took unpaid leave to go to the United Kingdom for a study visit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Karl B\u00fchler"}], "question": "Who supervised Popper's doctorate?", "id": "572891182ca10214002da478"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "The question of method in cognitive psychology"}], "question": "What is an English translation of the title of Popper's doctoral thesis?", "id": "572891182ca10214002da479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "mathematics and physics"}], "question": "What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929?", "id": "572891182ca10214002da47a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Nazism"}], "question": "Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad?", "id": "572891182ca10214002da47b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "The Logic of Scientific Discovery"}], "question": "In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability?", "id": "572891182ca10214002da47c"}]}], ["Popper meninggalkan sekolah pada usia 16 tahun dan menghadiri kuliah matematik, fizik, falsafah, psikologi dan sejarah muzik sebagai pelajar tamu di University of Vienna. Pada tahun 1919, Popper menjadi tertarik oleh Marxisme dan seterusnya menyertai Persatuan Pelajar Sekolah Sosialis. Beliau juga menjadi ahli Parti Pekerja Sosial Demokratik Austria, yang pada masa itu merupakan sebuah partai yang sepenuhnya mengadopsi ideologi Marxis. Selepas pertempuran jalanan di H\u00f6rlgasse pada 15 Jun 1919, ketika polis menembak lapan rakannya yang tidak bersenjata, ia menjadi kecewa dengan apa yang dilihatnya sebagai materialisme sejarah \"pseudo-saintifik\" Marx, meninggalkan ideologi, dan tetap menjadi penyokong liberalisme sosial sepanjang hidupnya. <> Pada usia berapa Popper mula menghadiri universiti? || 16 <> Apa doktrin politik yang menarik Popper pada tahun 1919? || Marxism <> Parti politik Austria yang mana Popper bergabung sebagai pemuda? || Parti Pekerja Sosial Demokratik Austria <> Peristiwa apa yang membunuh beberapa rakan politik Poppers Marxis? || pertempuran jalanan di H\u00f6rlgasse <> Kepada falsafah politik apakah Popper terus mematuhi selepas berpindah dari Marxisme? || liberalisme sosial", {"context": "Popper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also became a member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria, which was at that time a party that fully adopted the Marxist ideology. After the street battle in the H\u00f6rlgasse on 15 June 1919, when police shot eight of his unarmed party comrades, he became disillusioned by what he saw to be the \"pseudo-scientific\" historical materialism of Marx, abandoned the ideology, and remained a supporter of social liberalism throughout his life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "16"}], "question": "At which age did Popper first attend university?", "id": "57288ea43acd2414000dfafb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Marxism"}], "question": "What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919?", "id": "57288ea43acd2414000dfafc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria"}], "question": "Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth?", "id": "57288ea43acd2414000dfafd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "street battle in the H\u00f6rlgasse"}], "question": "What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades?", "id": "57288ea43acd2414000dfafe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "social liberalism"}], "question": "To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism?", "id": "57288ea43acd2414000dfaff"}]}], ["Popper memenangi banyak anugerah dan penghormatan di bidangnya, termasuk Anugerah Lippincott Persatuan Sains Politik Amerika, Hadiah Sonning, Pingat Keamanan Otto Hahn dari Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu Jerman di Berlin dan persekutuan di Royal Society, British Academy, London Sekolah Ekonomi, Kolej King London, Kolej Darwin, Cambridge, dan Universiti Charles, Prague. Austria menganugerahkannya Grand Decoration of Honor in Gold untuk Perkhidmatan ke Republik Austria pada tahun 1986, dan Republik Persekutuan Jerman dengan Grand Cross dengan Star dan Sash of Order of Merit, dan kelas damai dari Order Pour le M\u00e9rite. Beliau menerima Anugerah Manusia Laureate dari Akademi Manusia Antarabangsa. Beliau berkelahi oleh Ratu Elizabeth II pada tahun 1965, dan dipilih sebagai Fellow dari Royal Society pada tahun 1976. Dia melabur dengan Insignia of Companion of Honor pada tahun 1982. Anugerah yang diterima Popper dari Persatuan Sains Politik Amerika? || Anugerah Lippincott <> Apakah pengiktirafan Austria terhadap Popper pada tahun 1986? || Grand Decoration of Honor in Gold for Services to Republic of Austria <> Who gave Popper its Humanist Laureate Award? || Akademi Manusia Antarabangsa <> Yang monarki Inggeris mana yang mengetengahkan Popper? || Queen Elizabeth II <> Universiti universiti mana yang mana yang membuat Popper menjadi rakan? || Charles University, Prague", {"context": "Popper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of Economics, King's College London, Darwin College, Cambridge, and Charles University, Prague. Austria awarded him the Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria in 1986, and the Federal Republic of Germany its Grand Cross with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit, and the peace class of the Order Pour le M\u00e9rite. He received the Humanist Laureate Award from the International Academy of Humanism. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1965, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976. He was invested with the Insignia of a Companion of Honour in 1982.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Lippincott Award"}], "question": "Which award did Popper receive from the American Political Science Association?", "id": "5728a1ddff5b5019007da35e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria"}], "question": "What recognition did Austria bestow on Popper in 1986?", "id": "5728a1ddff5b5019007da35f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "International Academy of Humanism"}], "question": "Who gave Popper its Humanist Laureate Award?", "id": "5728a1ddff5b5019007da360"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II"}], "question": "Which English monarch knighted Popper?", "id": "5728a1ddff5b5019007da361"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Charles University, Prague"}], "question": "Which central European university made Popper a fellow?", "id": "5728a1ddff5b5019007da362"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1937, Popper akhirnya berjaya mendapat kedudukan yang membolehkannya berpindah ke New Zealand, di mana beliau menjadi pensyarah falsafah di Canterbury University College di University of New Zealand di Christchurch. Di sinilah dia menulis karya berpengaruhnya The Open Society dan Enemiesnya. Di Dunedin, dia bertemu Profesor Physiology John Carew Eccles dan membentuk persahabatan seumur hidup dengannya. Pada tahun 1946, selepas Perang Dunia Kedua, beliau berpindah ke United Kingdom untuk menjadi pembaca dalam kaedah logik dan saintifik di London School of Economics. Tiga tahun kemudian, pada tahun 1949, beliau dilantik profesor logik dan kaedah saintifik di University of London. Popper adalah presiden Persatuan Aristotelia dari tahun 1958 hingga 1959. Beliau bersara dari kehidupan akademik pada tahun 1969, walaupun beliau tetap aktif secara intelektual sepanjang hayatnya. Pada tahun 1985, dia kembali ke Austria supaya isterinya boleh mempunyai sanak saudara sekelilingnya semasa bulan-bulan terakhir hidupnya; dia meninggal dunia pada November tahun itu. Selepas Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft gagal menubuhkannya sebagai pengarah cawangan baru yang ditubuhkan menyelidik falsafah sains, dia kembali lagi ke United Kingdom pada tahun 1986, menetap di Kenley, Surrey. <> Dimana bergerak Popper pada tahun 1937? || New Zealand <> Di mana pelantikan akademik Popper di New Zealand? || Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand <> Yang mana teman seumur hidup buat Popper di Dunedin? || John Carew Eccles <> Apakah bidang falsafah yang mengajar Popper di London School of Economics? || logik dan kaedah saintifik <> Sekolah mana kegagalan sekolah Austria untuk memberi Popper sebagai pengarah mendorongnya untuk kembali ke United Kingdom pada akhir hidupnya? || Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft", {"context": "In 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In Dunedin he met the Professor of Physiology John Carew Eccles and formed a lifelong friendship with him. In 1946, after the Second World War, he moved to the United Kingdom to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics. Three years later, in 1949, he was appointed professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London. Popper was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1958 to 1959. He retired from academic life in 1969, though he remained intellectually active for the rest of his life. In 1985, he returned to Austria so that his wife could have her relatives around her during the last months of her life; she died in November that year. After the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft failed to establish him as the director of a newly founded branch researching the philosophy of science, he went back again to the United Kingdom in 1986, settling in Kenley, Surrey.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "Where did Popper move in 1937?", "id": "5728929aff5b5019007da30a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand"}], "question": "Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?", "id": "5728929aff5b5019007da30b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "John Carew Eccles"}], "question": "Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?", "id": "5728929aff5b5019007da30c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "logic and scientific method"}], "question": "What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?", "id": "5728929aff5b5019007da30d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1008, "text": "Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft"}], "question": "Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?", "id": "5728929aff5b5019007da30e"}]}], ["Karl Popper dilahirkan di Vienna (kemudian di Austria-Hungary) pada tahun 1902, kepada ibu bapa kelas menengah atas. Semua datuk nenek Karl Popper adalah Yahudi, tetapi keluarga Popper ditukar kepada Lutheranisme sebelum Karl dilahirkan, dan oleh itu dia menerima baptisan Lutheran. Mereka memahami ini sebagai sebahagian daripada asimilasi budaya mereka, bukan sebagai ungkapan kepercayaan taat. Ayah Karl Simon Siegmund Carl Popper adalah seorang peguam dari Bohemia dan doktor undang-undang di Universiti Vienna, dan ibu Jenny Schiff berasal dari Silesian dan keturunan Hungaria. Selepas mendirikan sendiri di Vienna, Poppers membuat pendakian sosial yang pesat dalam masyarakat Wina: Simon Siegmund Carl menjadi rakan kongsi dalam firma undang-undang Burgomaster Herr Gr\u00fcbl liberal dari Vienna dan, selepas kematian Gr\u00fcbl pada tahun 1898, Simon mengambil alih perniagaan. (Malachi Hacohen mencatatkan bahawa nama pertama Herr Gr\u00fcbl adalah Raimund, selepas itu Karl menerima nama pertengahannya. Popper sendiri, dalam autobiografinya, secara keliru mengingatkan bahawa nama pertama Herr Gr\u00fcbl adalah Carl.) Ayahnya adalah bibliophile yang memiliki 12,000-14,000 jilid perpustakaan peribadinya. Popper mewarisi perpustakaan dan disposisi darinya. <> Di mana bandar Karl Popper dilahirkan? || Vienna <> Agama apakah yang diperhatikan oleh keluarga Popper pada masa mudanya? || Lutheranism <> Yang firma undang-undang membuat ayah Popper bergabung di Vienna? || Burgomaster Herr Gr\u00fcbl <> Apa julat bilangan berangka yang dilakukan oleh bapa Popper di perpustakaannya? || 12,000-14,000 <> Apa pelupusan mengenai buku-buku yang mewarisi Popper dari bapanya? || bibliophile", {"context": "Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902, to upper middle-class parents. All of Karl Popper's grandparents were Jewish, but the Popper family converted to Lutheranism before Karl was born, and so he received Lutheran baptism. They understood this as part of their cultural assimilation, not as an expression of devout belief. Karl's father Simon Siegmund Carl Popper was a lawyer from Bohemia and a doctor of law at the Vienna University, and mother Jenny Schiff was of Silesian and Hungarian descent. After establishing themselves in Vienna, the Poppers made a rapid social climb in Viennese society: Simon Siegmund Carl became a partner in the law firm of Vienna's liberal Burgomaster Herr Gr\u00fcbl and, after Gr\u00fcbl's death in 1898, Simon took over the business. (Malachi Hacohen records that Herr Gr\u00fcbl's first name was Raimund, after which Karl received his middle name. Popper himself, in his autobiography, erroneously recalls that Herr Gr\u00fcbl's first name was Carl.) His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000\u201314,000 volumes in his personal library. Popper inherited both the library and the disposition from him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Vienna"}], "question": "In which city was Karl Popper born?", "id": "57288d6b3acd2414000dfaed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Lutheranism"}], "question": "What religion did Popper's family observe during his youth?", "id": "57288d6b3acd2414000dfaee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "Burgomaster Herr Gr\u00fcbl"}], "question": "Whose law firm did Popper's father join in Vienna?", "id": "57288d6b3acd2414000dfaef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1031, "text": "12,000\u201314,000"}], "question": "What numerical range of volumes did Popper's father keep in his library?", "id": "57288d6b3acd2414000dfaf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1011, "text": "bibliophile"}], "question": "What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father?", "id": "57288d6b3acd2414000dfaf1"}]}], ["Popper berpendapat bahawa rasionalitas tidak terhad kepada teori empirikal atau saintifik, tetapi ia hanyalah satu kes khas kritikan umum, kaedah mencari dan menghapuskan percanggahan dalam pengetahuan tanpa langkah-langkah ad hoc. Menurut pandangan ini, perbincangan rasional mengenai idea-idea metafizik, mengenai nilai-nilai moral dan juga mengenai tujuan adalah mungkin. Pelajar Popper W.W. Bartley III cuba untuk meniru idea ini dan membuat tuntutan kontroversi bahawa bukan sahaja kritikan melampaui pengetahuan empirik, tetapi segala-galanya boleh dikritik secara rasional. <> Pendekatan rasional Popper menentang teknik apa yang kadangkala digunakan untuk menghilangkan percanggahan dalam pengetahuan? || ad-hoc-measures <> Yang mana dari pelajar Popper berhujah bahawa kritikan rasional harus paling banyak digunakan? || W.W. Bartley III <> Apa jenis ilmu bukan satu-satunya kritik rasional, menurut pelajar WB Popper. Bartley III? || empirikal", {"context": "Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discussion about metaphysical ideas, about moral values and even about purposes is possible. Popper's student W.W. Bartley III tried to radicalise this idea and made the controversial claim that not only can criticism go beyond empirical knowledge, but that everything can be rationally criticised.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "ad-hoc-measures"}], "question": "Popper's rational approach opposes what technique sometimes used to remove contradictions in knowledge?", "id": "5728b48a3acd2414000dfd1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "W.W. Bartley III"}], "question": "Which of Popper's students argued that rational criticism should be most widely applied?", "id": "5728b48a3acd2414000dfd20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "empirical"}], "question": "What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III?", "id": "5728b48a3acd2414000dfd21"}]}], ["Popper mencipta istilah \"rasionalisme kritikal\" untuk menggambarkan falsafahnya. Mengenai kaedah sains, istilah ini menandakan penolakannya terhadap empirisisme klasik, dan laporan pemerhati klasik-induktivist sains yang telah berkembang daripadanya. Popper berhujah kuat terhadap yang terakhir, memegang teori saintifik yang bersifat abstrak, dan boleh diuji hanya secara tidak langsung, dengan merujuk kepada implikasinya. Dia juga berpendapat bahawa teori saintifik dan pengetahuan manusia secara amnya adalah ramalan atau hipotesis yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan, dan dihasilkan oleh imaginasi kreatif untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang timbul dalam tatacara sejarah-budaya tertentu. <> Apakah istilah Popper digunakan untuk falsafahnya? || rasionalisme kritikal <> Alatan akaun kaedah saintifik yang ditolak oleh Popper? || akaun klasikal pemerhatian-induktivis <> Apakah kedudukan Popper mengenai empirisisme klasik? || Penolakan <> Menurut Popper, apakah satu-satunya cara seseorang dapat menguji teori saintifik kerana ia semestinya abstrak? || secara tidak langsung", {"context": "Popper coined the term \"critical rationalism\" to describe his philosophy. Concerning the method of science, the term indicates his rejection of classical empiricism, and the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it. Popper argued strongly against the latter, holding that scientific theories are abstract in nature, and can be tested only indirectly, by reference to their implications. He also held that scientific theory, and human knowledge generally, is irreducibly conjectural or hypothetical, and is generated by the creative imagination to solve problems that have arisen in specific historico-cultural settings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "critical rationalism"}], "question": "What term did Popper use for his philosophy?", "id": "5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "the classical observationalist-inductivist account"}], "question": "Which account of scientific method did Popper's repudiate?", "id": "5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "rejection"}], "question": "What was Popper's position on classical empiricism?", "id": "5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "indirectly"}], "question": "According to Popper, what is the only way one can test scientific theories because they are necessarily abstract?", "id": "5728a9fe3acd2414000dfc52"}]}], ["Kepada Popper, yang merupakan anti-pembenaran, falsafah tradisional disesatkan oleh prinsip palsu sebab yang mencukupi. Dia berfikir bahawa tidak ada asumsi yang pernah menjadi atau keperluan yang pernah dibenarkan, jadi kekurangan justifikasi bukan justifikasi keraguan. Sebaliknya, teori perlu diuji dan diteliti. Bukan matlamat untuk memberkati teori dengan tuntutan kepastian atau justifikasi, tetapi untuk menghapuskan kesilapan di dalamnya. Dia menulis, \"tidak ada perkara seperti alasan positif yang baik, dan kita juga tidak memerlukan perkara seperti itu. Tetapi [ahli falsafah] jelas tidak dapat membawa diri mereka percaya bahawa ini adalah pendapat saya, apatah lagi bahawa ia adalah benar \"(Falsafah Karl Popper, ms 1043) <> Menurut Popper, apa yang bukan alasan untuk keraguan? || kekurangan justifikasi <> Apa prinsip falsafah tradisional Popper mengambil sikap anti-justifikasi terhadap? || prinsip yang mencukupi <> Apa yang Popper percaya penting untuk dilakukan ke teori bukannya pembenaran? || menghapuskan kesalahan <> Apa yang kita tidak perlu mencari tentang teori di pandangan Popper? || sebab positif yang baik", {"context": "To Popper, who was an anti-justificationist, traditional philosophy is misled by the false principle of sufficient reason. He thinks that no assumption can ever be or needs ever to be justified, so a lack of justification is not a justification for doubt. Instead, theories should be tested and scrutinised. It is not the goal to bless theories with claims of certainty or justification, but to eliminate errors in them. He writes, \"there are no such things as good positive reasons; nor do we need such things [...] But [philosophers] obviously cannot quite bring [themselves] to believe that this is my opinion, let alone that it is right\" (The Philosophy of Karl Popper, p. 1043)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "lack of justification"}], "question": "According to Popper, what is not grounds for doubt?", "id": "5728b5f5ff5b5019007da524"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "principle of sufficient reason"}], "question": "What principle of traditional philosophy did Popper take an anti-justificationist stance against?", "id": "5728b5f5ff5b5019007da525"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "eliminate errors"}], "question": "What does Popper believe is essential to do to theories instead of justification?", "id": "5728b5f5ff5b5019007da526"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "good positive reasons"}], "question": "What don't we need to look for about theories in Popper's view?", "id": "5728b5f5ff5b5019007da527"}]}], ["Dalam Kehidupan Semua Penyelesaian Masalah, Popper berusaha untuk menerangkan kemajuan pengetahuan saintifik yang jelas - iaitu, pemahaman kita mengenai alam semesta seolah-olah bertambah baik dari masa ke masa. Masalah ini muncul dari kedudukannya bahawa kandungan kebenaran teori kita, bahkan yang terbaik dari mereka, tidak dapat disahkan oleh ujian saintifik, tetapi hanya boleh dipalsukan. Sekali lagi, dalam konteks ini perkataan \"dipalsukan\" tidak merujuk kepada sesuatu yang \"palsu\"; Sebaliknya, sesuatu yang boleh (iaitu, mampu menjadi) ditunjukkan sebagai palsu oleh pemerhatian atau eksperimen. Sesetengah perkara semata-mata tidak meminjamkan diri mereka untuk dilihat sebagai palsu, dan oleh itu, tidak boleh dipalsukan. Jika ya, maka bagaimanakah perkembangan sains muncul untuk menghasilkan pertumbuhan dalam pengetahuan? Dalam pandangan Popper, kemajuan pengetahuan saintifik adalah proses evolusi yang dicirikan oleh formulanya: <> Manakah dari karya Popper yang membincangkan peningkatan pemahaman saintifik dunia seiring dengan masa? || Semua Kehidupan Penyelesaian Masalah <> Popper menggambarkan pertumbuhan pemahaman saintifik sebagai jenis proses apa? || evolusi <> Apa aspek teori saintifik tidak dapat disahkan sepenuhnya, menurut Popper? || kandungan kebenaran", {"context": "In All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge \u2013 that is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot be verified by scientific testing, but can only be falsified. Again, in this context the word \"falsified\" does not refer to something being \"fake\"; rather, that something can be (i.e., is capable of being) shown to be false by observation or experiment. Some things simply do not lend themselves to being shown to be false, and therefore, are not falsifiable. If so, then how is it that the growth of science appears to result in a growth in knowledge? In Popper's view, the advance of scientific knowledge is an evolutionary process characterised by his formula:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "All Life is Problem Solving"}], "question": "Which of Popper's works addresses the improvement of scientific understanding of the world over time?", "id": "5728ac854b864d1900164c02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 812, "text": "evolutionary"}], "question": "Popper described the growth of scientific understanding as what kind of process?", "id": "5728ac854b864d1900164c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "truth content"}], "question": "What aspect of a scientific theory can never be fully verified, according to Popper?", "id": "5728ac854b864d1900164c04"}]}], ["Kegagalan partai demokratik menghalang fasisme daripada mengambil alih politik Austria pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an yang mengejutkan Popper. Dia mengalami akibat langsung dari kegagalan ini, sejak peristiwa-peristiwa setelah Anschluss, penggabungan Austria oleh Reich Jerman pada tahun 1938, memaksanya menjadi pengasingan permanen. Karya-karya beliau yang paling penting dalam bidang sains sosial-Kemiskinan Historicism (1944) dan Masyarakat Terbuka dan Musuh-Nya (1945) - terinspirasi oleh refleksi beliau pada peristiwa-peristiwa masa dan diwakili, ideologi totaliter yang lazim kemudian menguasai politik Eropah Tengah. Buku-buku beliau mempertahankan liberalisme demokratik sebagai falsafah sosial dan politik. Mereka juga mewakili kritikan yang mendalam dari presupposisi falsafah yang menyokong semua bentuk totalitarianisme. <> Apa ideologi politik menguasai politik Austria pada dekad sebelum perang dunia kedua? || fasisme <> Apa peristiwa penting pada tahun 1938 menolak Popper menjadi buangan dari Austria? || yang Anschluss <> Apa ideologi politik melakukan kerja-kerja utama Popper? || liberalisme demokrasi <> Apa bentuk organisasi politik yang dilakukan oleh Popper terutamanya kritikan? || totalitarianisme <> Apa itu Anschluss? || pencaplokan Austria oleh Reich Jerman", {"context": "The failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into permanent exile. His most important works in the field of social science\u2014The Poverty of Historicism (1944) and The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945)\u2014were inspired by his reflection on the events of his time and represented, in a sense, a reaction to the prevalent totalitarian ideologies that then dominated Central European politics. His books defended democratic liberalism as a social and political philosophy. They also represented extensive critiques of the philosophical presuppositions underpinning all forms of totalitarianism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "fascism"}], "question": "What political ideology dominated Austrian politics in the decades before the second world war?", "id": "5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "the Anschluss"}], "question": "What key event in 1938 pushed Popper into exile from Austria?", "id": "5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "democratic liberalism"}], "question": "What political ideology do Popper's major works defend?", "id": "5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 815, "text": "totalitarianism"}], "question": "What form of political organization do Popper's works mainly critique?", "id": "5728a5ce4b864d1900164b6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "the annexation of Austria by the German Reich"}], "question": "What was the Anschluss?", "id": "5728a5ce4b864d1900164b70"}]}], ["Di antara sumbangannya kepada falsafah adalah tuntutannya telah menyelesaikan masalah induksi falsafah. Dia menyatakan bahawa walaupun tidak ada cara untuk membuktikan bahawa matahari akan naik, ada kemungkinan untuk merumuskan teori bahawa setiap hari matahari akan naik; jika ia tidak muncul pada hari tertentu, teori itu akan dipalsukan dan perlu diganti oleh yang lain. Sehingga hari itu, tidak perlu menolak anggapan bahawa teori itu benar. Nor adalah rasional menurut Popper untuk membuat andaian yang lebih rumit bahawa matahari akan naik sehingga hari tertentu, tetapi akan berhenti berbuat demikian sehari selepas, atau kenyataan yang sama dengan syarat tambahan. <> Pemikiran Popper tentang pemalsuan memberikan penyelesaian kepada masalah filosofis mengenai jenis penalaran saintifik? || induksi <> Apa bahagian-bahagian teori yang tidak perlu sebelum teori mudah dipalsukan? || syarat-syarat tambahan <> Siapa yang memberikan penyelesaian kepada masalah induksi falsafah yang berpusat di sekitar kelakuan falsifiability? || Popper", {"context": "Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the theory will be falsified and will have to be replaced by a different one. Until that day, there is no need to reject the assumption that the theory is true. Nor is it rational according to Popper to make instead the more complex assumption that the sun will rise until a given day, but will stop doing so the day after, or similar statements with additional conditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "induction"}], "question": "Popper's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning?", "id": "5728b0f44b864d1900164c30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "additional conditions"}], "question": "What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified?", "id": "5728b0f44b864d1900164c31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Popper"}], "question": "Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability?", "id": "5728b0f44b864d1900164c32"}]}], ["Secara logiknya, tidak terdapat banyak hasil positif di peringkat ujian uji eksperimen yang boleh mengesahkan teori saintifik, tetapi satu contoh pengiraan tunggal secara logiknya menentukan: ia menunjukkan teori, dari mana implikasi itu diperoleh, menjadi palsu. Untuk mengatakan bahawa pernyataan yang diberikan (mis., Pernyataan undang-undang beberapa teori saintifik) - [sebut \"T\"] - adalah \"dipalsukan\" tidak bermakna \"T\" adalah palsu. Sebaliknya, ia bermakna bahawa, jika \"T\" adalah palsu, maka (pada dasarnya), \"T\" boleh ditunjukkan sebagai palsu, melalui pemerhatian atau percubaan. Akaun Popper mengenai asimetri logik antara pengesahan dan kepalsuan terletak di tengah-tengah falsafah sainsnya. Ia juga memberi inspirasi kepada beliau untuk mengambil falsifiability sebagai kriteria penandaan antara apa yang, dan tidak, benar-benar saintifik: teori harus dianggap saintifik jika, dan hanya jika, ia adalah falsifiable. Ini menyebabkan beliau menyerang tuntutan kedua-dua psikoanalisis dan Marxisme kontemporari kepada status saintifik, berdasarkan teori mereka tidak boleh dipalsukan. <> Popper menunjukkan asimetri logik penting antara dua konsep? || pengesahan dan kepalsuan <> Apa yang dikatakan Popper menanda teori saintifik daripada bukan sains? || falsifiability <> Apa teori politik yang dikatakan Popper tidak memenuhi kriteria kelayakannya? || Marxism <> Apa cabang psikologi yang Popper kritis kerana tidak menghasilkan teori yang boleh dipalsukan? || psikoanalisis", {"context": "Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of some scientific theory) -- [call it \"T\"] -- is \"falsifiable\" does not mean that \"T\" is false. Rather, it means that, if \"T\" is false, then (in principle), \"T\" could be shown to be false, by observation or by experiment. Popper's account of the logical asymmetry between verification and falsifiability lies at the heart of his philosophy of science. It also inspired him to take falsifiability as his criterion of demarcation between what is, and is not, genuinely scientific: a theory should be considered scientific if, and only if, it is falsifiable. This led him to attack the claims of both psychoanalysis and contemporary Marxism to scientific status, on the basis that their theories are not falsifiable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "verification and falsifiability"}], "question": "Popper pointed out an important logical asymmetry between what two concepts?", "id": "5728aba2ff5b5019007da414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "falsifiability"}], "question": "What does Popper say demarcates scientific theory from non-science?", "id": "5728aba2ff5b5019007da415"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 927, "text": "Marxism"}], "question": "What political theory did Popper say did not meet his falsifiability criterion?", "id": "5728aba2ff5b5019007da416"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "psychoanalysis"}], "question": "What branch of psychology was Popper critical of for not producing falsifiable theory?", "id": "5728aba2ff5b5019007da417"}]}], ["Ini membawa Popper untuk menyimpulkan bahawa apa yang dianggap [oleh siapa?] Kerana kekuatan yang luar biasa dari teori psikoanalitis sebenarnya adalah kelemahan mereka. Teori-teori psikoanalitis telah dibuat dengan cara yang membuat mereka dapat menolak sebarang kritikan dan memberikan penjelasan untuk setiap bentuk tingkah laku manusia yang mungkin. Sifat-sifat teori itu menjadikannya tidak mungkin untuk apa-apa kritikan atau eksperimen - walaupun pada prinsipnya - untuk menunjukkan kepada mereka bahawa salah. Kesedaran ini mempunyai akibat yang penting apabila Popper kemudian mengatasi masalah penandaan dalam falsafah sains, kerana ia mendorongnya untuk menyatakan bahawa kekuatan teori saintifik terletak pada kedua-duanya rentan terhadap pemalsuan, dan sebenarnya tidak dipalsukan dengan kritikan yang dibuat daripada itu. Dia menganggap bahawa jika teori tidak boleh, pada dasarnya, dipalsukan dengan kritikan, bukan teori saintifik. <> Menurut Popper, teori adalah saintifik sahaja yang mudah terdedah kepada apa? || pemalsuan <> Apakah komponen utama sains yang tidak berkesan apabila dibawa menanggung teori bukan saintifik? || kritikan atau eksperimen <> Bagaimana Popper mencirikan kebolehgunaan dan imuniti yang luas untuk mengkritik teori psikoanalitik? || kelemahan", {"context": "This led Popper to conclude that what were regarded[by whom?] as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses. Psychoanalytical theories were crafted in a way that made them able to refute any criticism and to give an explanation for every possible form of human behaviour. The nature of such theories made it impossible for any criticism or experiment - even in principle - to show them to be false. This realisation had an important consequence when Popper later tackled the problem of demarcation in the philosophy of science, as it led him to posit that the strength of a scientific theory lies in its both being susceptible to falsification, and not actually being falsified by criticism made of it. He considered that if a theory cannot, in principle, be falsified by criticism, it is not a scientific theory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "falsification"}], "question": "According to Popper, a theory is scientific only is it is susceptible to what?", "id": "5728a9042ca10214002da550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "criticism or experiment"}], "question": "What key components of science are ineffective when brought to bear on non-scientific theories?", "id": "5728a9042ca10214002da551"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "weaknesses"}], "question": "How did Popper characterize the wide applicability and immunity to criticism of psychoanalytic theory?", "id": "5728a9042ca10214002da552"}]}], ["Popper hairan dengan perbezaan yang jelas antara watak bukan saintifik teori Freud dan Adler dalam bidang psikologi dan revolusi yang dimulakan oleh teori relativiti Einstein dalam fizik pada awal abad ke-20. Popper berpendapat bahawa teori Einstein, sebagai teori yang berasaskan pemikiran dan kaedah saintifik, sangat \"berisiko\", dalam arti bahawa ia mungkin dapat menyimpulkan akibat dari itu, berdasarkan fenomena Newtonian yang kemudian dominan, sangat tidak mungkin (contohnya, cahaya itu dibelokkan ke badan pepejal-disahkan oleh eksperimen Eddington pada tahun 1919), dan yang jika mereka ternyata palsu, memalsukan seluruh teori. Sebaliknya, tidak ada yang boleh, bahkan pada dasarnya, memalsukan teori psikoanalitik. Oleh itu dia sampai pada kesimpulan bahawa teori-teori psikoanalitik mempunyai lebih banyak kesamaan dengan mitos-mitos primitif daripada sains tulen. <> Yang mana dua psikologi penting yang dilihat oleh Popper sebagai memajukan teori bukan saintifik? || Freud dan Adler <> Yang baru-baru ini kejayaan dalam fizik membuat pandangan Popper sebagai sains paradigmatik? || Einstein <> Apakah kualiti teori relativiti yang Popper percaya menjadikannya sains yang betul? || berisiko <> Apa yang dikatakan Popper teori psikoanalisis lebih banyak ciri daripada sains sebenar? || Mitos-mitos primitif <> Apa yang tidak boleh anda lakukan terhadap teori psikoanalitik yang Popper percaya penting dalam sains tulen? || memalsukan", {"context": "Popper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounded in scientific thought and method, was highly \"risky\", in the sense that it was possible to deduce consequences from it which were, in the light of the then-dominant Newtonian physics, highly improbable (e.g., that light is deflected towards solid bodies\u2014confirmed by Eddington's experiments in 1919), and which would, if they turned out to be false, falsify the whole theory. In contrast, nothing could, even in principle, falsify psychoanalytic theories. He thus came to the conclusion that psychoanalytic theories had more in common with primitive myths than with genuine science.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Freud and Adler"}], "question": "Which two important psychologists did Popper view as advancing non-scientific theories?", "id": "5728a7583acd2414000dfbef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Einstein"}], "question": "Whose recent breakthrough in physics did Popper view as paradigmatic science?", "id": "5728a7583acd2414000dfbf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "risky"}], "question": "What quality of the theory of relativity did Popper believe made it proper science?", "id": "5728a7583acd2414000dfbf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "primitive myths"}], "question": "What did Popper think psychoanalytic theory shared more feature with than real science ?", "id": "5728a7583acd2414000dfbf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "falsify"}], "question": "What could you not do to psychoanalytic theory that Popper believed crucial in genuine science?", "id": "5728a7583acd2414000dfbf3"}]}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada situasi masalah tertentu (), sebilangan saintifik yang bersaing, atau teori tentatif (), secara sistematik tertakluk kepada percubaan yang paling ketat pada pemalsuan yang mungkin. Proses ini, penghapusan ralat (), melakukan fungsi yang sama untuk sains yang melakukan pemilihan semula jadi untuk evolusi biologi. Teori-teori yang lebih selamat daripada proses penolakan tidak lebih benar, tetapi sebaliknya, lebih \"sesuai\" - dalam perkataan lain, lebih sesuai dengan keadaan masalah di tangan (). Oleh itu, sama seperti kecergasan biologi spesies tidak menjamin kelangsungan hidup yang berterusan, ujian tidak ketat melindungi teori saintifik dari penolakan pada masa akan datang. Walau bagaimanapun, seolah-olah enjin evolusi biologi telah, selama bertahun-tahun, menghasilkan sifat penyesuaian yang dilengkapi untuk menangani masalah yang lebih kompleks dan lebih hidup, begitu juga evolusi teori menerusi kaedah saintifik boleh, dalam pandangan Popper, mencerminkan jenis kemajuan tertentu: ke arah masalah yang lebih dan lebih menarik (). Bagi Popper, ia adalah dalam interaksi antara teori-teori tentatif (ramalan) dan penghapusan kesilapan (penghinaan) yang pengetahuan saintifik maju ke arah masalah yang lebih besar dan lebih besar; dalam proses yang sangat mirip dengan interaksi antara variasi genetik dan pemilihan semula jadi. <> Apa proses sains seperti proses pemilihan semulajadi? || penghapusan ralat <> Apakah penerangan yang lebih baik untuk teori-teori yang bertahan dalam penyelidikan saintifik daripada \"lebih benar?\" || lebih \"patut\" <> Apa istilah lain untuk teori tentatif memasuki proses penghapusan kesilapan dalam sains? || ramalan <> Mengenai apa yang Popper mempercayai pemahaman saintifik? || masalah yang lebih dan lebih menarik", {"context": "In response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs for biological evolution. Theories that better survive the process of refutation are not more true, but rather, more \"fit\"\u2014in other words, more applicable to the problem situation at hand (). Consequently, just as a species' biological fitness does not ensure continued survival, neither does rigorous testing protect a scientific theory from refutation in the future. Yet, as it appears that the engine of biological evolution has, over many generations, produced adaptive traits equipped to deal with more and more complex problems of survival, likewise, the evolution of theories through the scientific method may, in Popper's view, reflect a certain type of progress: toward more and more interesting problems (). For Popper, it is in the interplay between the tentative theories (conjectures) and error elimination (refutation) that scientific knowledge advances toward greater and greater problems; in a process very much akin to the interplay between genetic variation and natural selection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "error elimination"}], "question": "What process in science is like the process of natural selection in nature?", "id": "5728ae21ff5b5019007da47c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "more \"fit\""}], "question": "What is a better description for theories that survive scientific scrutiny than \"more true?\"", "id": "5728ae21ff5b5019007da47d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1085, "text": "conjectures"}], "question": "What is another term for the tentative theories enter the process of error elimination in science? ", "id": "5728ae21ff5b5019007da47e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 979, "text": "more and more interesting problems"}], "question": "Toward what does Popper believe scientific understandings progress?", "id": "5728ae21ff5b5019007da47f"}]}], ["Kontroversi penciptaan-evolusi di Amerika Syarikat menimbulkan isu sama ada ide penciptaan mungkin sah dipanggil sains dan sama ada evolusi itu sendiri mungkin sah disebut sains. Dalam perdebatan, kedua-dua pihak dan juga mahkamah dalam keputusan mereka sering mengajak kriteria pemalsuan Popper (lihat piawai Daubert). Dalam konteks ini, petikan-petikan yang ditulis oleh Popper sering dipetik di mana dia bercakap tentang isu-isu itu sendiri. Sebagai contoh, beliau terkenal menyatakan \"Darwinisme bukanlah teori saintifik yang boleh diuji, tetapi program penyelidikan metafizikal-rangka kerja yang mungkin untuk teori saintifik yang boleh diuji.\" Beliau meneruskan: <> Antara pendapat Popper yang sering digunakan dalam debat penciptaan-evolusi? || kriteria falsifiability <> Apa jenis program penyelidikan yang dilakukan Popper memanggil Darwinisme? || metafizik <> Frasa apa yang digunakan oleh Popper untuk menggambarkan hubungan Darwinisme dengan teori-teori yang betul-betul falsifiable? || Kerangka mungkin <> Filsafat Popper sering digunakan dalam perdebatan politik mengenai sains biologi? || penciptaan-evolusi", {"context": "The creation\u2013evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's criterion of falsifiability (see Daubert standard). In this context, passages written by Popper are frequently quoted in which he speaks about such issues himself. For example, he famously stated \"Darwinism is not a testable scientific theory, but a metaphysical research program\u2014a possible framework for testable scientific theories.\" He continued:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "criterion of falsifiability"}], "question": "Which of Popper's notions is often invoked in creation-evolution debates?", "id": "5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "metaphysical"}], "question": "What kind of research program did Popper call Darwinism?", "id": "5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "possible framework"}], "question": "What phrase did Popper use to describe Darwinism's relation to proper falsifiable theories?", "id": "5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "creation\u2013evolution"}], "question": "Popper's philosophy is often applied in what political debate concerning biological science?", "id": "5728cfdd4b864d1900164e9d"}]}], ["Atas dasar ini, bersama-sama dengan kandungan pernyataan logik (di mana kandungan logik adalah berkadar berbanding dengan kebarangkalian), Popper kemudiannya mengembangkan pemikiran utamanya tentang kebenaran atau kebenaran kebenaran. Idea intuitif di sebalik verisimilitude adalah bahawa pernyataan atau hipotesis teori saintifik boleh diukur secara objektif berkenaan dengan jumlah kebenaran dan kepalsuan yang mereka nyatakan. Dan, dengan cara ini, satu teori boleh dinilai sebagai lebih kurang atau kurang daripada yang lain berdasarkan asas kuantitatif yang, Popper menekankan dengan kuat, tidak ada kaitan dengan \"kebarangkalian subjektif\" atau lain-lain hanya \"pertimbangan epistemik\". <> Apa istilah yang digunakan Popper yang kira-kira bermaksud verisimilitud? || kesamaan kebenaran <> Pengertian poppers tentang kebenaran tidak meninggalkan tempat yang mana kebarangkalian dalam penilaian hipotesis saintifik? || subjektif <> Apa kelas pertimbangan yang dilakukan Popper percaya tidak penting dalam pengukuran saintifik? || epistemik <> Apakah kandungan logik hipotesis berbanding berkadar dengan penalaran Popper? || kebarangkalian", {"context": "Upon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or \"truthlikeness\". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses of scientific theories can be objectively measured with respect to the amount of truth and falsity that they imply. And, in this way, one theory can be evaluated as more or less true than another on a quantitative basis which, Popper emphasises forcefully, has nothing to do with \"subjective probabilities\" or other merely \"epistemic\" considerations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "truthlikeness"}], "question": "What term does Popper use that roughly means verisimilitude?", "id": "5728cceb2ca10214002da814"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "subjective"}], "question": "Poppers notion of verisimilitude leaves no place for which kind of probabilities in the evaluation of scientific hypotheses?", "id": "5728cceb2ca10214002da815"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "epistemic"}], "question": "What class of considerations did Popper believe were not important in scientific measurement?", "id": "5728cceb2ca10214002da816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "probability"}], "question": "What is the logical content of hypotheses inversely proportional to in Popper's reasoning?", "id": "5728cceb2ca10214002da817"}]}], ["Mengikut teori ini, syarat-syarat kebenaran ayat dan juga kalimat itu sendiri adalah sebahagian daripada bahasa. Jadi, sebagai contoh, kalimat \"Salji putih\" adalah benar jika dan hanya jika salji putih. Walaupun banyak ahli falsafah telah ditafsirkan, dan terus mentafsir, teori Tarski sebagai teori deflasi, Popper merujuknya sebagai teori di mana \"benar\" digantikan dengan \"sesuai dengan fakta\". Beliau menerangkan tafsiran ini pada fakta bahawa contoh-contoh seperti yang diterangkan di atas merujuk kepada dua perkara: pernyataan dan fakta yang mereka rujuk. Dia mengenal pasti pernyataan Tarski tentang keadaan kebenaran ayat sebagai pengenalan \"predikat metalinguistik\" dan membezakan kes-kes berikut: <> Apa istilah yang diberikan oleh para ahli falsafah kepada jenis teori Tarski yang dicadangkan tentang kebenaran? || deflasi <> Dengan apa yang dikatakan Popper teori Tarski menggantikan predikat itu \"benar?\" || \"sepadan dengan fakta\" <> Konsep apa yang Tarski memperkenalkan untuk membincangkan syarat-syarat kebenaran kenyataan? || metalanguage <> Apa dua perkara yang dikatakan oleh Popper bahawa teori Tarski melibatkan penilaian kebenaran? || pernyataan dan fakta yang mereka rujuk", {"context": "According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence \"Snow is white\" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a deflationary theory, Popper refers to it as a theory in which \"is true\" is replaced with \"corresponds to the facts\". He bases this interpretation on the fact that examples such as the one described above refer to two things: assertions and the facts to which they refer. He identifies Tarski's formulation of the truth conditions of sentences as the introduction of a \"metalinguistic predicate\" and distinguishes the following cases:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "deflationary"}], "question": "What term do philosophers give to the kind of theory Tarski proposed about truth?", "id": "5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "\"corresponds to the facts\""}], "question": "With what does Popper say Tarski's theory replaces the predicate \"is true?\"", "id": "5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "metalanguage"}], "question": "What concept did Tarski introduce to discuss the conditions for the truth of statements?", "id": "5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "assertions and the facts to which they refer"}], "question": "What two things does Popper argue Tarski's theory involves in an evaluation of truth?", "id": "5728ca7a2ca10214002da7e9"}]}], ["Seawal tahun 1934, Popper menulis mengenai mencari kebenaran sebagai \"salah satu motif kuat untuk penemuan saintifik.\" Walau bagaimanapun, beliau menerangkan tentang Objektif Pengetahuan (1972) tentang kebimbangan awal mengenai tanggapan kebenaran yang benar-benar dikritik sebagai korespondensi. Kemudian datang teori semantik kebenaran yang dirumuskan oleh ahli logik Alfred Tarski dan diterbitkan pada tahun 1933. Popper menulis tentang pembelajaran pada tahun 1935 tentang akibat teori Tarski, untuk kegembiraannya yang hebat. Teori ini menemui bantahan kritis terhadap kebenaran sebagai surat-menyurat dan dengan itu memulihkannya. Teori ini juga seolah-olah, di mata Popper, untuk menyokong realisme metafizik dan idea regulatif untuk mencari kebenaran. <> Teori kebenaran siapa yang didengar oleh Popper dengan minat yang kuat pada tahun 1935? || Alfred Tarski <> Apa teori kepentingan Popper yang dilakukan oleh Alfred Tarski pada tahun 1933? || teori semantik kebenaran <> Teori Tarski mengatasi beberapa bantahan terhadap konsepsi kebenaran? || kebenaran sebagai korespondensi <> Apa realisme semacam Popper percaya teori Tarski disokong? || metafizik", {"context": "As early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as \"one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery.\" Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the logician Alfred Tarski and published in 1933. Popper writes of learning in 1935 of the consequences of Tarski's theory, to his intense joy. The theory met critical objections to truth as correspondence and thereby rehabilitated it. The theory also seemed, in Popper's eyes, to support metaphysical realism and the regulative idea of a search for truth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Alfred Tarski"}], "question": "Whose theory of truth did Popper read with intense interest in 1935?", "id": "5728c8083acd2414000dfe3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "semantic theory of truth"}], "question": "What theory of interest to Popper did Alfred Tarski publish in 1933?", "id": "5728c8083acd2414000dfe3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "truth as correspondence"}], "question": "Tarski's theory overcame certain objections to what conception of truth?", "id": "5728c8083acd2414000dfe3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "metaphysical"}], "question": "What kind of realism did Popper believe Tarski's theory supported?", "id": "5728c8083acd2414000dfe40"}]}], ["Popper mempunyai pandangannya sendiri tentang evolusi yang jauh melebihi apa yang dikatakan ayat-ayat yang sering disebutkan. Sebenarnya, Popper bersetuju dengan beberapa titik pencipta dan naturalis, tetapi juga tidak bersetuju dengan kedua-dua pandangan mengenai aspek penting. Popper memahami alam semesta sebagai entiti kreatif yang mencipta benda-benda baru, termasuk kehidupan, tetapi tanpa keperluan sesuatu seperti tuhan, terutama bukan orang yang menarik tali dari belakang tirai. Beliau mengatakan bahawa evolusi mesti, seperti yang dikatakan oleh penciptaan, bekerja dengan cara yang dituju dengan matlamat tetapi tidak bersetuju dengan pandangan mereka bahawa ia semestinya menjadi tangan tuhan yang mengenakan matlamat ini ke peringkat kehidupan. <> Bersama dengan beberapa penciptaan, Popper percaya bahawa evolusi mesti mempunyai kualiti apa untuk kemajuannya? || tujuan yang diarahkan <> Popper tidak bersetuju dengan penciptaan yang tangannya mesti mengarahkan evolusi? || tuhan <> Apa jenis entiti yang Popper percaya alam semesta itu? || kreatif", {"context": "Popper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents new things, including life, but without the necessity of something like a god, especially not one who is pulling strings from behind the curtain. He said that evolution must, as the creationists say, work in a goal-directed way but disagreed with their view that it must necessarily be the hand of god that imposes these goals onto the stage of life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "goal-directed"}], "question": "Along with some creationists, Popper believed that evolution must have what quality to its progress?", "id": "5728d0ed2ca10214002da896"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "god"}], "question": "Popper disagreed with creationists that whose hand must be directing evolution?", "id": "5728d0ed2ca10214002da897"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "creative"}], "question": "What kind of an entity did Popper believe the universe to be?", "id": "5728d0ed2ca10214002da898"}]}], ["Popper membezakan pandangannya dengan tanggapan tentang \"raksasa yang berharap\" yang mempunyai mutasi fenotip yang besar dan menyebutnya \"raksasa tingkah laku yang harapan\". Selepas tingkah laku telah berubah secara radikal, perubahan kecil fenotip kecil tetapi pantas dilakukan untuk menjadikan organisme lebih baik untuk mencapai matlamatnya yang berubah. Dengan cara ini, seolah-olah fenotip berubah dengan dipandu oleh beberapa tangan yang tidak kelihatan, sementara itu hanya pemilihan semulajadi yang bekerja dalam kombinasi dengan tingkah laku baru. Contohnya, menurut hipotesis ini, tabiat makan zirafah mesti berubah sebelum leher memanjang berkembang. Popper membezakan pandangan ini sebagai \"evolusi dari dalam\" atau \"Darwinisme aktif\" (organisma yang aktif berusaha mencari cara hidup yang baru dan sedang berusaha untuk menakluk niche ekologi baru), dengan \"evolusi dari tanpa\" semula (yang mempunyai gambar persekitaran bermusuhan hanya cuba membunuh organisma yang kebanyakannya pasif, atau mungkin mengasingkan beberapa kumpulannya). <> Pandangan evolusi yang menegaskan perubahan besar dalam fenotipe organisma yang Popper menentangnya sendiri? || raksasa yang diharapkan <> Aspek organisma mana yang berubah paling radikal dalam proses evolusi Popper membayangkan? || tingkah laku <> Bagaimana Popper menggambarkan \"raksasa\" yang berkembang dalam pandangannya tentang proses evolusi? || monster tingkah laku yang diharapkan <> Apa jenis Darwinisme yang Melanggan Popper berbeza dengan jenis naturalistik? || aktif", {"context": "Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the \"hopeful monster\" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the \"hopeful behavioural monster\". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phenotype were changing guided by some invisible hand, while it is merely natural selection working in combination with the new behaviour. For example, according to this hypothesis, the eating habits of the giraffe must have changed before its elongated neck evolved. Popper contrasted this view as \"evolution from within\" or \"active Darwinism\" (the organism actively trying to discover new ways of life and being on a quest for conquering new ecological niches), with the naturalistic \"evolution from without\" (which has the picture of a hostile environment only trying to kill the mostly passive organism, or perhaps segregate some of its groups).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "hopeful monster"}], "question": "Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own?", "id": "5728d4494b864d1900164efe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "behaviour"}], "question": "Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions?", "id": "5728d4494b864d1900164eff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "hopeful behavioural monster"}], "question": "How does Popper describe the \"monsters\" that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes?", "id": "5728d4494b864d1900164f00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "active"}], "question": "What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind?", "id": "5728d4494b864d1900164f01"}]}], ["Dalam Masyarakat Terbuka dan Musuh-Nya dan Kemiskinan Bersejarah, Popper mengembangkan kritik historisisme dan membela \"Masyarakat Terbuka\". Popper menganggap historisisme sebagai teori bahawa sejarah berkembang dengan sempurna dan semestinya mengikut undang-undang am yang boleh dipelajari ke arah akhir penentu. Dia berpendapat bahawa pandangan ini adalah pengandaian teoretis utama yang menyokong kebanyakan bentuk autoritarianisme dan totalitarianisme. Dia berpendapat bahawa sejarahisme didasarkan pada andaian salah mengenai sifat undang-undang saintifik dan ramalan. Sejak pertumbuhan pengetahuan manusia adalah faktor penyebab dalam evolusi sejarah manusia, dan sejak \"tidak ada masyarakat dapat meramalkan, secara saintifik, masa depan pengetahuannya sendiri\", maka ia berpendapat, tidak ada ilmu manusia yang dapat memprediksi sejarah. Untuk Popper, indeterminisme metafizik dan sejarah bersatu. <> Apakah istilah untuk pandangan bahawa terdapat undang-undang umum yang dapat dikesan menghalang pembangunan sejarah? || sejarahisme Apa bentuk politik yang dilakukan Popper percaya sejarahisme disokong? || autoritarianisme dan totalitarianisme <> Apa ciri yang tidak dapat diramalkan di dunia yang dikatakan Popper yang disangkal sejarahisme? || pertumbuhan pengetahuan manusia <> Antara karya Popper yang mengkritik idea bahawa sejarah mempunyai jalan pembangunan yang tidak dapat dielakkan? || Kemiskinan Bersejarah", {"context": "In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the \"Open Society\". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that this view is the principal theoretical presupposition underpinning most forms of authoritarianism and totalitarianism. He argued that historicism is founded upon mistaken assumptions regarding the nature of scientific law and prediction. Since the growth of human knowledge is a causal factor in the evolution of human history, and since \"no society can predict, scientifically, its own future states of knowledge\", it follows, he argued, that there can be no predictive science of human history. For Popper, metaphysical and historical indeterminism go hand in hand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "historicism"}], "question": "What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development?", "id": "5728b7412ca10214002da647"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "authoritarianism and totalitarianism"}], "question": "What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported?", "id": "5728b7412ca10214002da648"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "the growth of human knowledge"}], "question": "What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism?", "id": "5728b7412ca10214002da649"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "The Poverty of Historicism"}], "question": "Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path?", "id": "5728b7412ca10214002da646"}]}], ["Mengenai kontroversi penciptaan-evolusi, Popper menulis bahawa dia menganggapnya sebagai \"pertembungan agak sensasional antara hipotesis sains yang cemerlang tentang sejarah pelbagai spesies haiwan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan di bumi, dan teori metafizik yang lebih tua yang, secara kebetulan, menjadi sebahagian daripada kepercayaan agama yang mantap \"dengan nota kaki kesan bahawa\" [dia] bersetuju dengan Profesor CE Raven ketika, dalam Sains, Agama, dan Masa Depannya, 1943, ia menyerukan konflik ini \"badai dalam teh Victoria -tapi \", walaupun tekanan kenyataan ini mungkin sedikit terganggu oleh perhatian yang beliau bayar kepada wap masih muncul dari cawan ke Sistem Great Philosophy Evolutionist yang dihasilkan oleh Bergson, Whitehead, Smuts, dan lain-lain.\" <> Profesor yang dipetik oleh Popper menggambarkan perdebatan penciptaan-evolusi sebagai \"badai dalam cawan teh Victoria?\" || C.E. Raven <> Apa kontroversi yang melibatkan ilmu sains apakah Popper percaya sensasi kerana hubungannya dengan agama? || penciptaan-evolusi <> Di mana tahun itu C.E. Raven menyiarkan ucapan tentang penciptaan-evolusi yang dipetik oleh Popper? || 1943 <> Apa istilah yang digunakan Popper ketika menggambarkan penciptaan sebagai satu jenis teori? || metafizik", {"context": "About the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it \"a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be part of an established religious belief\" with a footnote to the effect that \"[he] agree[s] with Professor C.E. Raven when, in his Science, Religion, and the Future, 1943, he calls this conflict \"a storm in a Victorian tea-cup\"; though the force of this remark is perhaps a little impaired by the attention he pays to the vapours still emerging from the cup\u2014to the Great Systems of Evolutionist Philosophy, produced by Bergson, Whitehead, Smuts, and others.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "C.E. Raven"}], "question": "Which professor cited by Popper described the creation-evolution debate as \"a storm in a Victorian tea-cup?\"", "id": "5728d5b12ca10214002da8ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "creation-evolution"}], "question": "What controversy involving science did Popper believe was sensationalized because of its connection with religion?", "id": "5728d5b12ca10214002da8eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "1943"}], "question": "In which year did C.E. Raven publish the remarks on creation-evolution quoted by Popper?", "id": "5728d5b12ca10214002da8ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "metaphysical"}], "question": "What term does Popper use when describing creationism as a type of theory?", "id": "5728d5b12ca10214002da8ed"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, dia membentuk model ujung tombak evolusi, versi pluralisme genetik. Menurut model ini, organisma hidup sendiri mempunyai matlamat, dan bertindak menurut matlamat ini, masing-masing dipandu oleh kawalan pusat. Dalam bentuk yang paling canggih, ini adalah otak manusia, tetapi kawalan juga wujud dalam cara yang kurang canggih untuk spesies kerumitan yang lebih rendah, seperti amuba. Organ kawalan ini memainkan peranan khusus dalam evolusi-ia adalah \"ujung tombak evolusi\". Matlamat membawa maksud ke dalam dunia. Mutasi dalam gen yang menentukan struktur kawalan kemudiannya boleh menyebabkan perubahan drastik dalam tingkah laku, keutamaan dan matlamat, tanpa memberi kesan kepada fenotip organisma. Popper mengemukakan bahawa perubahan tingkah laku semacam itu kurang cenderung menjadi maut bagi organisma berbanding dengan perubahan fenotip drastik. <> Apakah nama evolusi model Popper itu? || pendahuluan <> Model evolusi Popper adalah sebahagian daripada model keluarga apa? || pluralisme genetik <> Apa yang mengarahkan tindakan organisma dalam model biologi Popper? || Matlamat <> Matlamat organisma 'berubah bersama dengan proses genetik yang ketara? || Mutasi", {"context": "Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less sophisticated ways for species of lower complexity, such as the amoeba. This control organ plays a special role in evolution\u2014it is the \"spearhead of evolution\". The goals bring the purpose into the world. Mutations in the genes that determine the structure of the control may then cause drastic changes in behaviour, preferences and goals, without having an impact on the organism's phenotype. Popper postulates that such purely behavioural changes are less likely to be lethal for the organism compared to drastic changes of the phenotype.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "spearhead"}], "question": "What is the name of Popper's model of evolution?", "id": "5728d21b2ca10214002da8b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "genetic pluralism"}], "question": "Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models?", "id": "5728d21b2ca10214002da8b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "goals"}], "question": "What directs the actions of organisms in Popper's biological model?", "id": "5728d21b2ca10214002da8b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "Mutations"}], "question": "Organisms' goals shift along with which notable genetic process?", "id": "5728d21b2ca10214002da8b3"}]}], ["Pengetahuan, untuk Popper, adalah objektif, kedua-duanya dalam arti bahawa ia benar-benar benar (atau kebenaran), dan juga dalam arti bahawa pengetahuan mempunyai status ontologi (iaitu pengetahuan sebagai objek) bebas dari subjek yang diketahui (Objektif Pengetahuan: Pendekatan Evolusi, 1972). Dia mencadangkan tiga dunia: World One, dunia fizikal, atau negeri fizikal; Dunia Dua, menjadi dunia fikiran, atau keadaan mental, idea, dan persepsi; dan Dunia Tiga, sebagai badan pengetahuan manusia yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk manifoldnya, atau produk dunia kedua yang terbukti dalam bahan-bahan dunia pertama (yaitu, buku, kertas, lukisan, simfoni, dan semua produk manusia minda). Dunia Tiga, katanya, adalah produk dari manusia individu yang sama persis dengan jalan binatang adalah hasil dari hewan individu, dan, dengan demikian, memiliki kewujudan dan evolusi yang bebas dari setiap subjek yang diketahui oleh individu. Pengaruh Dunia Tiga, menurut pandangannya, mengenai minda manusia individu (Dunia Dua) setidaknya sekuat pengaruh Dunia Satu. Dalam erti kata lain, pengetahuan yang dipegang oleh minda individu diberikan sekurang-kurangnya sebanyak jumlah kekayaan pengetahuan manusia terkumpul, dibuat nyata, tentang dunia pengalaman langsung. Oleh itu, pertumbuhan pengetahuan manusia boleh dikatakan sebagai fungsi evolusi bebas Dunia Tiga. Banyak ahli falsafah kontemporari, seperti Daniel Dennett, tidak memeluk ramalan Popper Tiga Dunia, kerana kebanyakannya, seolah-olah, mirip dengan dualisme minda badan. <> Apa yang dikatakan Popper adalah objektif dan bebas dari subjeknya? || pengetahuan <> Berapa banyak dunia yang berbeza atau realiti yang Popper membezakan dalam Objektif Pengetahuan? || tiga <> Apa yang membentuk World One dalam teori Popper? || dunia fizikal <> Siapa yang menghasilkan kandungan Dunia Tiga? || evolusi manusia yang sejajar dengan pertumbuhan pengetahuan manusia? || Dunia Tiga", {"context": "Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, being the physical world, or physical states; World Two, being the world of mind, or mental states, ideas, and perceptions; and World Three, being the body of human knowledge expressed in its manifold forms, or the products of the second world made manifest in the materials of the first world (i.e., books, papers, paintings, symphonies, and all the products of the human mind). World Three, he argued, was the product of individual human beings in exactly the same sense that an animal path is the product of individual animals, and that, as such, has an existence and evolution independent of any individual knowing subjects. The influence of World Three, in his view, on the individual human mind (World Two) is at least as strong as the influence of World One. In other words, the knowledge held by a given individual mind owes at least as much to the total accumulated wealth of human knowledge, made manifest, as to the world of direct experience. As such, the growth of human knowledge could be said to be a function of the independent evolution of World Three. Many contemporary philosophers, such as Daniel Dennett, have not embraced Popper's Three World conjecture, due mostly, it seems, to its resemblance to mind-body dualism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "knowledge"}], "question": "What did Popper argue was objective and independent of its subject?", "id": "5728ce273acd2414000dfeeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many different worlds or realities did Popper differentiate in Objective Knowledge?", "id": "5728ce273acd2414000dfeec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "the physical world"}], "question": "What constituted World One in Popper's theory?", "id": "5728ce273acd2414000dfeed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "individual human beings"}], "question": "Who produced the contents of World Three?", "id": "5728ce273acd2414000dfeee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1375, "text": "World Three"}], "question": "Which world's evolution corresponds to the growth of human knowledge?", "id": "5728ce273acd2414000dfeef"}]}], ["Dia tidak berhujah bahawa kesimpulan sedemikian adalah benar, atau bahawa ini menerangkan kaedah sebenar mana-mana ahli sains tertentu. [Rujukan?] Sebaliknya, disyorkan sebagai prinsip penting metodologi yang, jika digubal oleh sistem atau komuniti, akan membawa kepada kemajuan yang lambat tetapi mantap semacam (berbanding dengan seberapa baik sistem atau komuniti menguatkan kaedah itu). Telah dicadangkan bahawa idea-idea Popper sering disalah anggap sebagai satu kenyataan logik yang benar tentang kebenaran kerana kejadian bersama bersejarah mereka muncul pada masa yang sama sebagai positivisme logik, para pengikutnya menyangka tujuannya sendiri. <> Apakah sekolah pemikiran lain yang sering dikelirukan dengan sumbangan Popper sendiri? || positivisme logik <> Popper menegaskan bahawa perihal metodologi ilmiahnya tidak sepatutnya salah untuk digunakan kepada siapa? || mana-mana saintis tertentu <> Pada tahap apakah Popper menunjukkan pandangannya tentang metodologi saintifik yang terpakai? || sistem atau komuniti <> Kemajuan macam apa yang dilakukan sains diberikan metodologi Popper yang menerangkan? || lambat tetapi mantap", {"context": "He does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort (relative to how well the system or community enacts the method). It has been suggested that Popper's ideas are often mistaken for a hard logical account of truth because of the historical co-incidence of their appearing at the same time as logical positivism, the followers of which mistook his aims for their own.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "logical positivism"}], "question": "What other contemporaneous school of thought is often confused with Popper's own contributions?", "id": "5728da9b2ca10214002da9a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "any particular scientist"}], "question": "Popper has stressed that his description of scientific methodology should not be mistaken to apply to whom?", "id": "5728da9b2ca10214002da9a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "system or community"}], "question": "At what level does Popper indicate his view of scientific methodology applies?", "id": "5728da9b2ca10214002da9a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "slow but steady"}], "question": "What kind of progress does science make given the methodology Popper describes?", "id": "5728da9b2ca10214002da9a3"}]}], ["Walaupun ada perselisihan tentang pengaruh, Popper mempunyai persahabatan yang lama dan dekat dengan ekonom Friedrich Hayek, yang juga dibawa ke London School of Economics dari Vienna. Setiap mendapat sokongan dan persamaan dalam kerja orang lain, sering saling memetik, walaupun tidak tanpa kelayakan. Dalam sebuah surat kepada Hayek pada tahun 1944, Popper menyatakan, \"Saya fikir saya telah belajar lebih banyak daripada anda daripada pemikir hidup lain, kecuali mungkin Alfred Tarski.\" Popper mendedikasikan Hujahan dan Penafsirannya kepada Hayek. Untuk bahagiannya, Hayek mendedikasikan koleksi kertas, Pengajian dalam Falsafah, Politik, dan Ekonomi, kepada Popper, dan pada tahun 1982 berkata, \"... sejak Logik der Forschung pertama kali keluar pada tahun 1934, saya telah menjadi pengikut lengkap kepada teori umum tentang metodologi. \" <> Yang mana lain cendekiawan Austria dan rakan Popper juga bekerja di dekatnya di London School of Economics? || Friedrich Hayek <> Apakah bidang akademik Hayek? || Ekonomi <> Di mana tahun Popper menulis Hayek surat yang menyatakan hutang intelektual kepadanya? || 1944 <> Siapa yang mengatakan Popper adalah satu-satunya pemikir yang mungkin mempunyai pengaruh yang lebih besar terhadapnya daripada Hayek? || Alfred Tarski <> Yang mana dari penerbitan Hayek didedikasikan untuk Popper? || Kajian Falsafah, Politik, dan Ekonomi", {"context": "While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualification. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, \"I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski.\" Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper, and in 1982 said, \"...ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Friedrich Hayek"}], "question": "Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics?", "id": "5728d96a2ca10214002da978"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Economics"}], "question": "What was Hayek's academic field?", "id": "5728d96a2ca10214002da979"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "1944"}], "question": "In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him?", "id": "5728d96a2ca10214002da97a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Alfred Tarski"}], "question": "Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek?", "id": "5728d96a2ca10214002da97b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics"}], "question": "Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?", "id": "5728d96a2ca10214002da97c"}]}], ["Dalam buku yang dipanggil Science Versus Crime, Houck menulis bahawa pemalsuan Popper boleh dipersoalkan secara logik: tidak jelas bagaimana Popper akan berurusan dengan kenyataan seperti \"untuk setiap logam, ada suhu di mana ia akan mencairkan.\" Hipotesis tidak boleh dipalsukan dengan apa-apa pemerhatian yang mungkin, kerana akan selalu menjadi suhu yang lebih tinggi daripada diuji di mana logam itu mungkin mencairkan, namun ia seolah-olah menjadi hipotesis saintifik yang sah. Contoh-contoh ini ditunjukkan oleh Carl Gustav Hempel. Hempel mengakui bahawa pengesahan logik Positivisme tidak dapat dipertahankan, tetapi berpendapat bahawa pemalsuan sama sekali tidak dapat dipertahankan berdasarkan asas logik sahaja. Tanggapan yang paling mudah untuk ini ialah, kerana Popper menerangkan bagaimana teori mencapai, menyelenggara dan kehilangan status saintifik, konsekuensi individu dari teori saintifik yang diterima kini adalah saintifik dalam erti menjadi sebahagian daripada pengetahuan saintifik sementara, dan kedua-dua contoh Hempel jatuh di bawah kategori ini . Sebagai contoh, teori atom menunjukkan bahawa semua logam mencairkan pada suhu tertentu. <> Buku manakah oleh Houck menunjukkan kelemahan logik dalam pemalsuan Popper? || Sains Versus Crime <> Siapa yang memperdebatkan bahawa pemalsuan Popper sama seperti yang tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara logik sebagai pengesahanisme Logical Positivism? || Carl Gustav Hempel <> Siapa yang menulis buku Science Versus Crime yang mencabar logik pemalsuan? || Houck", {"context": "In a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like \"for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt.\" The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observation, for there will always be a higher temperature than tested at which the metal may in fact melt, yet it seems to be a valid scientific hypothesis. These examples were pointed out by Carl Gustav Hempel. Hempel came to acknowledge that Logical Positivism's verificationism was untenable, but argued that falsificationism was equally untenable on logical grounds alone. The simplest response to this is that, because Popper describes how theories attain, maintain and lose scientific status, individual consequences of currently accepted scientific theories are scientific in the sense of being part of tentative scientific knowledge, and both of Hempel's examples fall under this category. For instance, atomic theory implies that all metals melt at some temperature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Science Versus Crime"}], "question": "Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper's falsificationism?", "id": "5728e27c3acd2414000e0111"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Carl Gustav Hempel"}], "question": "Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism?", "id": "5728e27c3acd2414000e0112"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Houck"}], "question": "Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism?", "id": "5728e27c3acd2414000e0113"}]}], ["Menurut John N. Grey, Popper berpendapat bahawa \"satu teori adalah saintifik hanya setakat yang falsifiable, dan harus diberikan segera setelah dipalsukan.\" Dengan menggunakan kaedah saintifik Popper, Gray's Straw Dogs menyatakan bahawa ini akan \"membunuh teori-teori Darwin dan Einstein semasa dilahirkan.\" Ketika mereka pertama kali maju, Grey mendakwa, masing-masing dari mereka \"bertentangan dengan beberapa bukti yang ada, kemudian kemudian bukti telah tersedia yang memberi mereka sokongan penting.\" Melawan ini, Gray berusaha untuk menubuhkan tesis irasionalis bahawa \"kemajuan sains datang daripada bertindak terhadap sebab.\" <> Yang dua ahli sains terkemuka maju teori-teori yang John N. Grey mendakwa tidak akan pernah terselamatkan kaedah saintifik Popper menggambarkan? || Darwin dan Einstein <> Yang kerja oleh John Gray mencabar pemalsuan Popper? || Anjing Jerami <> Menurut Grey, apa yang sepatutnya memalsukan teori-teori Einstein dan Darwin ketika pertama kali dicadangkan? || bukti yang ada <> Apakah jenis tesis yang Grey memajukan kemajuan saintifik? || tidak rasional", {"context": "According to John N. Gray, Popper held that \"a theory is scientific only in so far as it is falsifiable, and should be given up as soon as it is falsified.\" By applying Popper's account of scientific method, Gray's Straw Dogs states that this would have \"killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein at birth.\" When they were first advanced, Gray claims, each of them was \"at odds with some available evidence; only later did evidence become available that gave them crucial support.\" Against this, Gray seeks to establish the irrationalist thesis that \"the progress of science comes from acting against reason.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Darwin and Einstein"}], "question": "Which two prominent scientists advanced theories that John N. Gray claims would never have survived the scientific method Popper describes?", "id": "5728e55c3acd2414000e015f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Straw Dogs"}], "question": "Which work by John Gray challenges Popper's falsificationism?", "id": "5728e55c3acd2414000e0160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "available evidence"}], "question": "According to Gray, what should have falsified Einstein and Darwin's theories when first proposed?", "id": "5728e55c3acd2414000e0161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "irrationalist"}], "question": "What kind of thesis does Gray advance about scientific progress?", "id": "5728e55c3acd2414000e0162"}]}], ["Popper mendakwa telah mengiktiraf dalam versi 1934 dari Logic of Discovery yang kemudiannya ditekankan oleh Kuhn, \"bahawa saintis semestinya mengembangkan idea mereka dalam kerangka teoretis pasti\", dan setakat ini telah menjangkakan titik pusat Kuhn tentang \"sains biasa \". (Tetapi Popper mengkritik apa yang dilihatnya sebagai relativisme Kuhn.) Selain itu, dalam koleksinya, Konjektur dan Penafsiran: Pertumbuhan Pengetahuan saintifik (Harper & Row, 1963), Popper menulis, \"Sains mesti bermula dengan mitos, dan dengan kritikan mitos sama ada dengan pengumpulan pemerhatian, atau dengan penemuan eksperimen, tetapi dengan perbincangan kritikal mengenai mitos, dan teknik dan praktik ajaib. Tradisi saintifik dibezakan daripada tradisi pra-saintifik yang mempunyai dua lapisan, Teori-teori ini diteruskan, bukan seperti dogma, tetapi dengan cabaran untuk membincangkannya dan memperbaiki diri mereka. \" <> Popper percaya dia telah membahas idea yang sama untuk Kuhn tentang masyarakat saintifik dalam kerja apa? || Logik Penemuan <> Apa aspek pemikiran Kuhn yang mengkritik Popper? || relativisme <> Apa yang dikatakan Popper mesti menjadi fasa permulaan sains? || perbincangan kritikal mengenai mitos <> Menurut Popper, apa lapisan kedua yang disiasat saintifik mempunyai siasatan pra saintifik tidak? || sikap kritikal", {"context": "Popper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, \"that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework\", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about \"normal science\". (But Popper criticised what he saw as Kuhn's relativism.) Also, in his collection Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (Harper & Row, 1963), Popper writes, \"Science must begin with myths, and with the criticism of myths; neither with the collection of observations, nor with the invention of experiments, but with the critical discussion of myths, and of magical techniques and practices. The scientific tradition is distinguished from the pre-scientific tradition in having two layers. Like the latter, it passes on its theories; but it also passes on a critical attitude towards them. The theories are passed on, not as dogmas, but rather with the challenge to discuss them and improve upon them.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Logic of Discovery"}], "question": "Popper believed he had already discussed similar ideas to Kuhn's about scientific communities in what work?", "id": "5728de173acd2414000e00b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "relativism"}], "question": "What aspect of Kuhn's thinking did Popper criticize?", "id": "5728de173acd2414000e00b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "the critical discussion of myths"}], "question": "What did Popper say must be the beginning phase of science?", "id": "5728de173acd2414000e00b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "a critical attitude"}], "question": "According to Popper, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not?", "id": "5728de173acd2414000e00b8"}]}], ["Tesis Quine-Duhem berpendapat bahawa mustahil untuk menguji hipotesis tunggal sendiri, kerana masing-masing datang sebagai sebahagian daripada persekitaran teori. Oleh itu, kita hanya boleh mengatakan bahawa keseluruhan pakej teori-teori yang relevan telah dipalsukan secara kolektif, tetapi tidak dapat secara konklusif mengatakan unsur elemen pakej tersebut harus diganti. Contohnya diberikan oleh penemuan planet Neptunus: apabila gerakan Uranus didapati tidak sesuai dengan ramalan undang-undang Newton, teori \"Terdapat tujuh planet dalam sistem suria\" ditolak, dan bukan undang-undang Newton sendiri . Popper membincangkan kritikan terhadap pemalsuan naif naif dalam Bab 3 dan 4 The Logic of Discovery Scientific. Untuk Popper, teori diterima atau ditolak melalui satu proses pemilihan. Teori-teori yang mengatakan lebih banyak tentang bagaimana cara kelihatan adalah lebih disukai daripada yang tidak; teori yang lebih umum digunakan, semakin besar nilainya. Oleh itu, undang-undang Newton, dengan aplikasi umum yang luas, akan lebih disukai daripada \"sistem suria mempunyai tujuh planet\" yang lebih khusus. [Meragukan - membincangkan] <> Tesis apa yang mengatakan hipotesis saintifik tidak boleh diuji secara berasingan dari sistemnya teori? || Quine-Duhem <> Antara karya Popper yang bertindak balas terhadap kritikan pemalsuan naif? || Logik Penemuan Saintifik <> Planet Uranus 'kegagalan yang jelas untuk mematuhi undang-undang Newton membawa kepada penemuan planet apa? || Neptune <> Menurut Popper, proses pemilihan saintifik nikmat jenis teori yang mana? || lebih umum digunakan", {"context": "The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the package must be replaced. An example of this is given by the discovery of the planet Neptune: when the motion of Uranus was found not to match the predictions of Newton's laws, the theory \"There are seven planets in the solar system\" was rejected, and not Newton's laws themselves. Popper discussed this critique of na\u00efve falsificationism in Chapters 3 and 4 of The Logic of Scientific Discovery. For Popper, theories are accepted or rejected via a sort of selection process. Theories that say more about the way things appear are to be preferred over those that do not; the more generally applicable a theory is, the greater its value. Thus Newton's laws, with their wide general application, are to be preferred over the much more specific \"the solar system has seven planets\".[dubious \u2013 discuss]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Quine-Duhem"}], "question": "What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories?", "id": "5728dc82ff5b5019007da872"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "The Logic of Scientific Discovery"}], "question": "Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism?", "id": "5728dc82ff5b5019007da873"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Neptune"}], "question": "The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet?", "id": "5728dc82ff5b5019007da874"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 873, "text": "more generally applicable"}], "question": "According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory?", "id": "5728dc82ff5b5019007da875"}]}], ["Satu lagi bantahan adalah bahawa tidak selalu mungkin untuk menunjukkan kepalsuan secara pasti, terutama jika seseorang menggunakan kriteria statistik untuk menilai hipotesis nol. Lebih umum ia tidak selalu jelas, jika bukti bercanggah dengan hipotesis, bahawa ini adalah tanda kelemahan dalam hipotesis dan bukannya kekurangan bukti. Walau bagaimanapun, ini adalah salah faham tentang falsafah sains Popper yang perlu dilakukan. Daripada menawarkan satu set arahan yang hanya perlu diikuti dengan tekun untuk mencapai sains, Popper menjelaskan dengan jelas dalam The Logic of Discovery Scientific bahawa kepercayaannya adalah bahawa penyelesaian konflik antara hipotesis dan pemerhatian hanya boleh menjadi perkara penghakiman kolektif saintis, dalam setiap kes individu. <> Jenis kriteria yang kerap digunakan dalam sains merumitkan kesahihan beberapa pemalsuan hipotesis? || statistik <> Apa kelemahan yang lain merumitkan masalah mengenal pasti hipotesis saintifik yang salah? || kelemahan dalam keterangan <> Menurut Popper, apa yang menyelesaikan hipotesis dan pemerhatian yang bertentangan dalam jangka panjang? || penghakiman kolektif saintis", {"context": "Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in the evidence. However, this is a misunderstanding of what Popper's philosophy of science sets out to do. Rather than offering a set of instructions that merely need to be followed diligently to achieve science, Popper makes it clear in The Logic of Scientific Discovery that his belief is that the resolution of conflicts between hypotheses and observations can only be a matter of the collective judgment of scientists, in each individual case.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "statistical"}], "question": "What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses' falsification?", "id": "5728e14d2ca10214002daa18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "flaws in the evidence"}], "question": "What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses?", "id": "5728e14d2ca10214002daa19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "the collective judgment of scientists"}], "question": "According to Popper, what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run?", "id": "5728e14d2ca10214002daa1a"}]}], ["Dalam temu bual yang diberikan Popper pada tahun 1969 dengan syarat bahawa ia akan dirahsiakan sehingga selepas kematiannya, dia meringkaskan kedudukannya kepada Tuhan seperti berikut: \"Saya tidak tahu sama ada Tuhan wujud atau tidak ... Beberapa bentuk ateisme adalah orang yang sombong dan jahil dan harus ditolak, tetapi agnostikisme -mengaku bahawa kita tidak tahu dan mencari-cari-baiklah ... Apabila saya melihat apa yang saya sebut hadiah hidup, saya merasa bersyukur Sesuai dengan beberapa idea keagamaan Tuhan, tetapi ketika saya bercakap mengenainya, saya merasa malu agar saya melakukan sesuatu yang salah kepada Allah dalam membicarakan tentang Tuhan. \" Dia menentang agama yang terorganisir, mengatakan \"ia cenderung untuk menggunakan nama Tuhan dengan sia-sia\", mencatatkan bahaya fanatik kerana konflik agama: \"Semuanya kembali kepada mitos yang, walaupun mereka mempunyai inti kebenaran, adalah Tidak mengapa, mengapa mitos Yahudi menjadi benar dan mitos-mitos India dan Mesir tidak benar? \" Dalam surat yang tidak berkaitan dengan wawancara itu, dia menegaskan sikap tolerannya: \"Walaupun saya bukan untuk agama, saya fikir kita harus menghormati sesiapa yang percaya dengan jujur.\" <> Di mana tahun Popper memberikan temu bual rahsia mengenai pandangannya tentang Tuhan? || 1969 <> Yang istilah untuk pandangan keagamaannya memilih Popper? || agnosticism <> Apa yang Popper percaya adalah di tengah-tengah perselisihan agama, dan tidak sepatutnya menjadi punca konflik seperti itu? || mitos <> Walaupun dia menentang agama yang terorganisir, sikap apa yang difikirkan oleh Popper harus diambil terhadapnya: || toleran", {"context": "In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: \"I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism\u2014to admit that we don't know and to search\u2014is all right. ... When I look at what I call the gift of life, I feel a gratitude which is in tune with some religious ideas of God. However, the moment I even speak of it, I am embarrassed that I may do something wrong to God in talking about God.\" He objected to organised religion, saying \"it tends to use the name of God in vain\", noting the danger of fanaticism because of religious conflicts: \"The whole thing goes back to myths which, though they may have a kernel of truth, are untrue. Why then should the Jewish myth be true and the Indian and Egyptian myths not be true?\" In a letter unrelated to the interview, he stressed his tolerant attitude: \"Although I am not for religion, I do think that we should show respect for anybody who believes honestly.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "1969"}], "question": "In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God?", "id": "5728d7342ca10214002da922"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "agnosticism"}], "question": "Which term for his religious outlook did Popper prefer?", "id": "5728d7342ca10214002da923"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "myths"}], "question": "What did Popper believe were at the heart of religious disagreements, and should not be the cause of as much conflict as they are?", "id": "5728d7342ca10214002da924"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 971, "text": "tolerant"}], "question": "Although he opposed organized religion, what attitude did Popper think should be taken toward it:", "id": "5728d7342ca10214002da925"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2004, ahli falsafah dan psikolog Michel ter Hark (Groningen, Belanda) menerbitkan sebuah buku yang dipanggil Popper, Otto Selz dan munculnya epistemologi evolusi, di mana beliau mendakwa bahawa Popper mengambil beberapa ideanya dari tutornya, ahli psikologi Jerman, Otto Selz. Selz tidak pernah menerbitkan idea-ideanya, sebahagiannya kerana kebangkitan Nazisme, yang memaksanya untuk berhenti kerja pada tahun 1933, dan larangan merujuk kepada kerja Selz. Popper, ahli sejarah idea dan biasiswanya, dikritik di beberapa tempat akademik kerana penolakannya terhadap Plato, Hegel dan Marx. <> Yang psikologi Jerman dan tutor Popper mungkin berasal dari beberapa idea Popper? || Otto Selz <> Yang menuntut Otto Selz berhak mendapat kredit untuk idea-idea yang diterbitkan oleh Popper? || Michel ter Hark Apa yang menyumbang kepada penghentian kerja Otto Selz pada tahun 1933? || bangkit Nazism <> Apakah nama kertas tahun 2004 yang menghubungkan karya Popper dengan tutornya Otto Selz? || Popper, Otto Selz dan munculnya epistemologi evolusi <> Popper dikritik kerana menolak ahli falsafah utama dalam karyanya? || Plato, Hegel dan Marx", {"context": "In 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark (Groningen, The Netherlands) published a book, called Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology, in which he claimed that Popper took some of his ideas from his tutor, the German psychologist Otto Selz. Selz never published his ideas, partly because of the rise of Nazism, which forced him to quit his work in 1933, and the prohibition of referring to Selz' work. Popper, the historian of ideas and his scholarship, is criticised in some academic quarters for his rejection of Plato, Hegel and Marx.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Otto Selz"}], "question": "Which German psychologist and tutor of Popper may have originated some of Popper's ideas?", "id": "5728e3e62ca10214002daa3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Michel ter Hark"}], "question": "Who claimed Otto Selz deserved credit for ideas published by Popper?", "id": "5728e3e62ca10214002daa3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "the rise of Nazism"}], "question": "What contributed to Otto Selz's cessation of work in 1933?", "id": "5728e3e62ca10214002daa3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology"}], "question": "What is the name of the 2004 paper that links Popper's work to that of his tutor Otto Selz?", "id": "5728e3e62ca10214002daa3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Plato, Hegel and Marx"}], "question": "Popper is criticized for dismissing which major philosophers in his work?", "id": "5728e3e62ca10214002daa40"}]}], ["Popper memainkan peranan penting dalam menubuhkan falsafah sains sebagai disiplin autonomi yang kuat, dalam falsafah, melalui karya-karya sendiri yang berpengaruh dan berpengaruh, dan juga melalui pengaruhnya terhadap sezaman dan pelajarnya sendiri. Popper ditubuhkan pada tahun 1946 oleh Jabatan Falsafah, Logik dan Kaedah Saintifik di London School of Economics dan di sana mengajar dan mempengaruhi kedua-dua Imre Lakatos dan Paul Feyerabend, dua ahli falsafah utama sains dalam falsafah sains generasi akan datang. (Lakatos menduduki posisi Popper dengan ketara,: 1 dan Feyerabend menolaknya sepenuhnya, tetapi kerja kedua-duanya sangat dipengaruhi oleh Popper dan terlibat dengan banyak masalah yang ditetapkan oleh Popper.) <> Apakah cabang falsafah yang dimajukan oleh Popper? || falsafah sains <> Jabatan mana yang didapat oleh Popper di London School of Economics? || Jabatan Falsafah, Logik dan Kaedah saintifik <> Yang mana dua ahli falsafah utama sains belajar banyak daripada Popper di London School Economics? || Imre Lakatos dan Paul Feyerabend <> Apa yang Paul Feyerabend lakukan kepada falsafah ilmu pengetahuan Popper? || menolaknya sepenuhnya <> Di mana Popper menubuhkan jurusan universiti untuk falsafah sains pada tahun 1946? || Sekolah Ekonomi London", {"context": "Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics and there lectured and influenced both Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend, two of the foremost philosophers of science in the next generation of philosophy of science. (Lakatos significantly modified Popper's position,:1 and Feyerabend repudiated it entirely, but the work of both is deeply influenced by Popper and engaged with many of the problems that Popper set.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "philosophy of science"}], "question": "What branch of philosophy did Popper advance the most?", "id": "5728d86aff5b5019007da804"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method"}], "question": "Which department did Popper found at the London School of Economics?", "id": "5728d86aff5b5019007da805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend"}], "question": "Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics?", "id": "5728d86aff5b5019007da806"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "repudiated it entirely"}], "question": "What did Paul Feyerabend ultimate do to Popper's philosophy of science?", "id": "5728d86aff5b5019007da807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "London School of Economics"}], "question": "Where did Popper establish a university department for the philosophy of science in 1946?", "id": "5728d86aff5b5019007da808"}]}], ["Teori sedemikian akan benar dengan kebarangkalian yang lebih tinggi, kerana ia tidak boleh diserang begitu mudah: untuk memalsukan yang pertama, cukup untuk mendapati bahawa matahari telah berhenti meningkat; untuk memalsukan yang kedua, satu lagi juga memerlukan andaian bahawa hari yang diberikan belum dicapai. Popper berpendapat bahawa ia adalah teori paling tidak mungkin, atau yang paling mudah difalsifikasi, atau paling mudah (sifat yang dikenal pasti sebagai semua perkara yang sama) yang menjelaskan fakta-fakta yang diketahui bahawa seseorang itu harus lebih suka rasional. Penentangannya terhadap positivisme, yang berpendapat bahawa teori itu paling mungkin benar yang harus diutamakan, di sini menjadi sangat nyata. Tidak mustahil, Popper berhujah, untuk memastikan teori menjadi benar; adalah lebih penting bahawa kepalsuannya dapat dikesan semudah mungkin. <> Jenis teori mana yang paling boleh difalsifikan? || paling mudah <> Sekolah filsafat apakah yang difikirkan oleh Popper mengenai penentangan induksi? || positivisme <> Untuk Popper, mengetahui bahawa teori itu benar adalah apa? || mustahil <> Apakah mutu teori yang berguna mesti mudah dikesan? || kepalsuannya", {"context": "Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least likely, or most easily falsifiable, or simplest theory (attributes which he identified as all the same thing) that explains known facts that one should rationally prefer. His opposition to positivism, which held that it is the theory most likely to be true that one should prefer, here becomes very apparent. It is impossible, Popper argues, to ensure a theory to be true; it is more important that its falsity can be detected as easily as possible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "simplest"}], "question": "Which type of theory is most falsifiable?", "id": "5728e740ff5b5019007da91e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "positivism"}], "question": "What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?", "id": "5728e740ff5b5019007da91f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "impossible"}], "question": "For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what?", "id": "5728e740ff5b5019007da920"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "its falsity"}], "question": "What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable?", "id": "5728e740ff5b5019007da921"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, Grey tidak memberi apa-apa bukti tentang apa yang ada bukti teori-teori ini bertentangan, dan rayuannya kepada \"sokongan penting\" menggambarkan pendekatan yang sangat induktivis terhadap sains yang dicari oleh Popper adalah tidak sah secara logik. Kerana, menurut Popper, teori Einstein sekurang-kurangnya sama-sama bersatu dengan Newton setelah konsepsi awalnya; mereka berdua sama-sama menyumbang semua bukti yang ada hingga kini. Lebih-lebih lagi, sejak Einstein juga menjelaskan penafsiran empirikal teori Newton, relativiti umum segera disifatkan sesuai untuk penerimaan tentatif pada akaun Popperian. Malah, Popper menulis, beberapa dekad sebelum kritikan Gray, sebagai balasan kepada esei kritikal oleh Imre Lakatos: Pendekatan Grey sejajar dengan pendekatan yang Popper sendiri dianggap tidak dapat dipertahankan? || inductivist <> Perbalahan mungkin untuk hujah Grey muncul dalam jawapan Popper kepada ahli falsafah mana? || Imre Lakatos <> Apa relativitas umum yang membuatnya dapat diterima sementara apabila dicadangkan? || menjelaskan penafsiran empiris teori Newton <> Berbeza dengan Grey, teori mana yang dikatakan Popper adalah sekurang-kurangnya konsisten dengan Newton mengenai bukti yang ada? || Teori Einstein", {"context": "Gray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to \"crucial support\" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was at least equally as well corroborated as Newton's upon its initial conception; they both equally well accounted for all the hitherto available evidence. Moreover, since Einstein also explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory, general relativity was immediately deemed suitable for tentative acceptance on the Popperian account. Indeed, Popper wrote, several decades before Gray's criticism, in reply to a critical essay by Imre Lakatos:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "inductivist"}], "question": "Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable?", "id": "5728e7254b864d1900165060"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "Imre Lakatos"}], "question": "A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher?", "id": "5728e7254b864d1900165061"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory"}], "question": "What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed?", "id": "5728e7254b864d1900165062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Einstein's theory"}], "question": "In contrast to Gray, which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton's on the available evidence?", "id": "5728e7254b864d1900165063"}]}], ["Pada tahun-tahun awalnya Popper terkesan oleh Marxisme, sama ada komunis atau sosialis. Satu peristiwa yang berlaku pada tahun 1919 mempunyai kesan yang mendalam kepadanya: Semasa rusuhan, yang disebabkan oleh Komunis, polis menembak beberapa orang yang tidak bersenjata, termasuk beberapa kawan Popper, ketika mereka cuba membebaskan rakan parti dari penjara. Rusuhan itu, sebenarnya, menjadi sebahagian daripada rancangan yang mana para pemimpin parti Komunis dengan sambungan ke B\u00e9la Kun cuba mengambil kuasa dengan rampasan kuasa; Popper tidak tahu mengenainya pada masa itu. Walau bagaimanapun, dia tahu bahawa penghasut huru-hara telah digerakkan oleh doktrin Marxis bahawa perjuangan kelas akan menghasilkan lelaki yang jauh lebih banyak daripada revolusi yang tidak dapat dielakkan yang dibawa secepat mungkin, dan tidak ada rasa tidak percaya untuk meletakkan kehidupan para perusuh yang berisiko untuk mencapai matlamat mereka yang mementingkan diri menjadi pemimpin masa depan kelas pekerja. Ini adalah permulaan kritikan yang lebih lama terhadap sejarahisme. Popper mula menolak sejarah sejarah Marxis, yang mana ia berkaitan dengan cara yang dipersoalkan, dan kemudiannya sosialisme, yang mana ia berkaitan dengan meletakkan kesamaan sebelum kebebasan (kemungkinan kelemahan kesamaan). <> Siapa yang menghasut rusuhan tahun 1919 yang mengubah pandangan politik Popper? || Komunis <> Rusuhan 1919 yang melibatkan rakan-rakan Popper adalah sebahagian daripada apa yang bergerak politik yang lebih besar? || Kritikan Popper yang mana doktrin itu mempunyai asal-usulnya dalam pemerhatian pertama pengadukan komunis? || historisisme <> Yang aktivis komunis yang paling ketara sejarah dikaitkan dengan rusuhan tahun 1919 di mana beberapa sahabat Popper terbunuh? || B\u00e9la Kun <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh para perusuh Marxis akan menyebabkan lebih banyak kematian dan penderitaan daripada pergolakan mereka sendiri? || perjuangan kelas", {"context": "In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. The riot had, in fact, been part of a plan by which leaders of the Communist party with connections to B\u00e9la Kun tried to take power by a coup; Popper did not know about this at that time. However, he knew that the riot instigators were swayed by the Marxist doctrine that class struggle would produce vastly more dead men than the inevitable revolution brought about as quickly as possible, and so had no scruples to put the life of the rioters at risk to achieve their selfish goal of becoming the future leaders of the working class. This was the start of his later criticism of historicism. Popper began to reject Marxist historicism, which he associated with questionable means, and later socialism, which he associated with placing equality before freedom (to the possible disadvantage of equality).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Communists"}], "question": "Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?", "id": "5728e9f0ff5b5019007da934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "a coup"}], "question": "The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?", "id": "5728e9f0ff5b5019007da935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 900, "text": "historicism"}], "question": "Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation?", "id": "5728e9f0ff5b5019007da936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "B\u00e9la Kun"}], "question": "Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed?", "id": "5728e9f0ff5b5019007da937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "class struggle"}], "question": "What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation?", "id": "5728e9f0ff5b5019007da938"}]}]], [["Seperti mana-mana instrumen yang dicabut, mandolin mencatatkan peluruhan untuk berdiam diri dan bukannya membunyikan secara berterusan seperti nota tertunduk pada biola, dan nota mandolin mereput lebih cepat daripada instrumen bertenaga yang lebih besar seperti gitar. Ini menggalakkan penggunaan tremolo (pemilihan pesat satu atau lebih pasang tali) untuk mencipta nota atau akustik yang berterusan. Tali berpasangan mandolin memudahkan teknik ini: plectrum (pick) menyerang setiap sepasang tali secara bergantian, memberikan suara yang lebih penuh dan berterusan daripada rentetan tunggal. <> Apa yang berlaku pada nota mandolin apabila dipetik? || keruntuhan untuk berdiam diri <> Adakah nota mandolin merosakkan lebih pantas atau lebih perlahan daripada instrumen rentetan yang lebih besar? || cepat <> Apa itu tremolo? || pemilihan pesat satu atau lebih pasang tali <> Apakah bahagian mandolin yang melancarkan teknik tremolo? || tali berpasangan <> Apakah psprum? || pilih", {"context": "Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes or chords. The mandolin's paired strings facilitate this technique: the plectrum (pick) strikes each of a pair of strings alternately, providing a more full and continuous sound than a single string would.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "decay to silence"}], "question": "What happens to mandolin notes when plucked? ", "id": "5728a4972ca10214002da50c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "faster"}], "question": "Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than larger string instruments?", "id": "5728a4972ca10214002da50d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings"}], "question": "What is tremolo?", "id": "5728a4972ca10214002da50e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "paired strings"}], "question": "What parts of the mandolin faciliate the tremolo technique?", "id": "5728a4972ca10214002da50f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "pick"}], "question": "What is a plectrum?", "id": "5728a4972ca10214002da510"}]}], ["Terdapat kekeliruan pada masa ini sebagai nama anak sulung Vinaccia yang pertama kali menjalankan kedai. Nama beliau telah dijadikan sebagai Gennaro Vinaccia (aktif 1710 ke 1788) dan Nic. Vinaccia. Anaknya Antonio Vinaccia aktif c. 1734 ke c. 1796. Contoh awal mandolin adalah salah satu yang dibina oleh Antonio Vinaccia pada tahun 1759, yang tinggal di Universiti Edinburgh. Satu lagi ialah oleh Giuseppe Vinaccia, yang dibina pada tahun 1893, juga di Universiti Edinburgh. Mandolin yang paling awal dibina pada tahun 1744 oleh anak Antonio, Gaetano Vinaccia. Ia tinggal di Conservatoire Royal de Musique di Brussels, Belgium. <> Apa yang ada sekarang kekeliruan? || sulung Vinaccia luthier yang mula-mula berlari kedai <> Siapa yang dikatakan telah berlari kedai pertama? || Gennaro Vinaccia (aktif 1710 ke 1788) dan Nic <> Di manakah mandolin yang dibina oleh Antonio Vinaccia tinggal? || University of Edinburgh <> Di manakah mandolin yang dibina oleh Giuseppe Vinaccia tinggal? || University of Edinburgh <> Di manakah mandolin yang Gaetano Vinaccia tinggal? || Conservatoire Royal de Musique di Brussels, Belgium.", {"context": "There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia in 1759, which resides at the University of Edinburgh. Another is by Giuseppe Vinaccia, built in 1893, is also at the University of Edinburgh. The earliest extant mandolin was built in 1744 by Antonio's son, Gaetano Vinaccia. It resides in the Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop"}], "question": "What is there currently confusion over? ", "id": "57289f804b864d1900164ae2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic"}], "question": "Who is said to have ran the first shop? ", "id": "57289f804b864d1900164ae3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "University of Edinburgh"}], "question": "Where does the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia reside?", "id": "57289f804b864d1900164ae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "University of Edinburgh"}], "question": "Where does the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia reside?", "id": "57289f804b864d1900164ae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium."}], "question": "Where does the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia reside?", "id": "57289f804b864d1900164ae6"}]}], ["Kebanyakan pembangunan mandolin berputar di sekitar papan bunyi (bahagian atas). Instrumen pra-mandolin adalah instrumen yang tenang, diikat dengan sebanyak enam jalur usus, dan dipetik dengan jari-jari atau dengan kepalanya. Bagaimanapun, instrumen-instrumen moden lebih kuat menggunakan empat rentetan logam, yang menghasilkan lebih banyak tekanan daripada tali perut. Soundboard moden direka untuk menahan tekanan tali logam yang akan memecahkan instrumen sebelumnya. Soundboard ini terdapat dalam banyak bentuk-tetapi secara umumnya bulat atau berbentuk titik mata, kadang-kadang dengan skrol atau unjuran lain. Biasanya terdapat satu atau lebih lubang bunyi dalam soundboard, sama ada bulat, bujur, atau berbentuk seperti kaligrafi F (lubang f). Lubang bunyi bulat atau bujur boleh ditutup atau bersempadan dengan roset hiasan atau purfling. <> Apa yang sebahagian besar perkembangan mandolin berkisar? || soundboard (bahagian atas) <> Adakah premandolin instrumen yang tenang atau kuat? || instrumen yang tenang <> Apakah tali mandolin moden diperbuat daripada? || empat kursus tali logam, <> Apakah bentuk soundboard yang paling biasa? || umumnya bulat atau berbentuk titik air mata <> Apakah lubang bunyi ditutup? || bersempadan dengan roset dekoratif atau purfling", {"context": "Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder\u2014using four courses of metal strings, which exert more pressure than the gut strings. The modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes\u2014but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections. There is usually one or more sound holes in the soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic F (f-hole). A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "soundboard (the top)"}], "question": "What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around?", "id": "57289dd54b864d1900164ac8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "quiet instruments"}], "question": "Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments? ", "id": "57289dd54b864d1900164ac9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "four courses of metal strings,"}], "question": "What are modern mandolins' strings made of? ", "id": "57289dd54b864d1900164aca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "generally round or teardrop-shaped"}], "question": "What is the most common soundboard shape?", "id": "57289dd54b864d1900164acb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling"}], "question": "What are the sound holes covered with? ", "id": "57289dd54b864d1900164acc"}]}], ["Di samping pengenalan seruling ke Sepanyol (Andalusia) oleh Moors, satu lagi titik penting pemindahan seruling dari Arab ke budaya Eropah adalah Sicily, di mana ia dibawa oleh Byzantine atau kemudian oleh musisi muslim. Terdapat penyanyi-lutenis di mahkamah di Palermo berikutan penaklukan Norman pulau itu dari orang Islam, dan seruling digambarkan secara meluas dalam lukisan siling di Palma Cappella Palatina, yang dikhususkan oleh Norman King Roger II Sicily pada tahun 1140. Anak cucunya Hohenstaufen Frederick II, Kaisar Rom Suci (1194 - 1250) terus menyatukan umat Islam ke mahkamahnya, termasuk ahli muzik Moor. Pada abad ke-14, lute telah disebarkan di seluruh Itali dan, mungkin kerana pengaruh kebudayaan dari raja-raja dan kaisar Hohenstaufen, yang berpusat di Palermo, lute itu juga telah menimbulkan ketara ke tanah-tanah berbahasa Jerman. <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan kecapi ke Sepanyol? || The Moors <> Negara apa yang membantu memindahkan seruling dari Arab ke budaya Eropah? || Sicily <> Siapa yang membawa seruling ke Sicily? || Byzantine atau kemudian oleh pemuzik muslim <> Apa pengadilan mengadakan penyanyi-lutenis selepas penaklukan Norman? || Palermo <> Bangunan apa yang telah menimbulkan lukisan khusus untuk ahli luten? || Istana Cappella Palatina, Palermo,", {"context": "Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo\u2019s royal Cappella Palatina, dedicated by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily in 1140. His Hohenstaufen grandson Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194 - 1250) continued integrating Muslims into his court, including Moorish musicians. By the 14th century, lutes had disseminated throughout Italy and, probably because of the cultural influence of the Hohenstaufen kings and emperor, based in Palermo, the lute had also made significant inroads into the German-speaking lands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "the Moors"}], "question": "Who introduced the lute to Spain?", "id": "57289ec83acd2414000dfb7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Sicily"}], "question": "What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture? ", "id": "57289ec83acd2414000dfb7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians"}], "question": "Who brought the lute to Sicily?", "id": "57289ec83acd2414000dfb7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Palermo"}], "question": "What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest?", "id": "57289ec83acd2414000dfb7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Palermo\u2019s royal Cappella Palatina,"}], "question": "What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists? ", "id": "57289ec83acd2414000dfb7f"}]}], ["Penurunan kedua tidak lengkap seperti yang pertama. Beribu-ribu orang telah belajar memainkan instrumen tersebut. Walaupun populariti mandolin kedua merosot pada awal abad ke-20, versi baru mandolin mula digunakan dalam bentuk muzik baru. Luthiers mencipta mandolin resonator, mandolin rata, mandolin terulung atau terulung, mandolin-banjo dan mandolin elektrik. Pemuzik mula bermain dalam gaya Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz dan Rock-n-Roll - dan juga Klasik. <> Bilakah penurunan populariti mandolin kedua? || awal abad ke-20, <> Mengapa kejatuhan kedua populariti tidak kuat seperti yang pertama? || Beribu-ribu orang telah belajar bermain instrumen <> Siapa yang membuat mandolin rasonator? || Luthiers <> Apakah dua jenis mandolin baru yang dibuat Luthiers? || mandolin-banjo dan mandolin elektrik <> Apa jenis muzik yang dimainkan oleh pemuzik yang memainkan mandolin? || Gaya Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz dan Rock-n-Roll - dan klasik juga.", {"context": "The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mandolin, the carved-top or arched-top mandolin, the mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin. Musicians began playing it in Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles \u2014 and Classical too.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "early 20th century,"}], "question": "When was the second decline of mandolin popularity?", "id": "5728a4054b864d1900164b28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument"}], "question": "Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first?", "id": "5728a4054b864d1900164b29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Luthiers"}], "question": "Who created the rasonator mandolin?", "id": "5728a4054b864d1900164b2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin"}], "question": "What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created?", "id": "5728a4054b864d1900164b2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles \u2014 and Classical too."}], "question": "What types of music did musicians begin to play the mandolins in?", "id": "5728a4054b864d1900164b2c"}]}], ["Gaya Neapolitan mempunyai badan berbentuk almond yang menyerupai mangkuk, dibina dari jalur melengkung kayu. Biasanya ia mempunyai meja bunyi yang bengkok, yang dikehendaki dalam dua pesawat dengan reka bentuk untuk mengambil ketegangan dari 8 tali logam yang disusun dalam empat kursus. Fingerboard kayu keras duduk di atas atau terbenam dengan meja bunyi. Instrumen yang sangat lama mungkin menggunakan pasak penalaan kayu, sementara instrumen yang lebih baru cenderung menggunakan penala logam yang diarahkan. Jambatan ini adalah kayu keras yang boleh dipindah. Pengawal terpaku dibentangkan di bawah lubang bunyi di bawah rentetan. Bulatan Eropah biasanya menggunakan skala 13 inci dan bukannya 13.876 biasa pada Mandolin lengkung. <> Gaya apa jenis mandolin Neapolitan? || badan berbentuk almond menyerupai mangkuk, dibina dari jalur melengkung kayu <> Berapa banyak rentetan tidak mempunyai mandolin Neapolitan? || 8 <> Apakah mandolin Neapolitan terbuat dari? || tali logam <> Apa yang duduk di atas atau terbenam dengan jadual bunyi Mandolin? || fingerboard kayu keras <> Berapa lamakah skala yang biasa digunakan pada pusingan Eropah? || Skala 13-inci", {"context": "The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. Very old instruments may use wooden tuning pegs, while newer instruments tend to use geared metal tuners. The bridge is a movable length of hardwood. A pickguard is glued below the sound hole under the strings. European roundbacks commonly use a 13-inch scale instead of the 13.876 common on archtop Mandolins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood"}], "question": "What kind of style does the Neapolitan mandolin have?", "id": "5728a540ff5b5019007da394"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "8"}], "question": "How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have?", "id": "5728a540ff5b5019007da395"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "metal strings"}], "question": "What are the Neapolitan mandolin made of?", "id": "5728a540ff5b5019007da396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "hardwood fingerboard"}], "question": "What sits on top or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin?", "id": "5728a540ff5b5019007da397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "13-inch scale"}], "question": "How long is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks? ", "id": "5728a540ff5b5019007da398"}]}], ["Mandolin (Bahasa Itali: mandolino disebut [mandoli\u02d0no], secara harfiah \"mandola kecil\") adalah alat muzik dalam keluarga seruling dan biasanya dipetik dengan plectrum atau \"pick\". Ia biasanya mempunyai empat rentetan rangkap dua kali ganda (8 string), walaupun lima (10 string) dan enam (12 rentetan) versi kursus juga wujud. Kursus-kursus biasanya ditala dalam penggantian kelima yang sempurna. Ia adalah ahli soprano dari keluarga yang termasuk mandola, mandolin oktaf, mandocello dan mandobass. <> Negara apakah yang mandolin berasal? || Itali <> Apa yang diterjemahkan mandolin? || mandola kecil <> Apa keluarga muzik yang berasal dari mandolin? || Bagaimana cara mandolin biasanya dimainkan? || biasanya dipetik dengan plectrum atau \"pick\" <> Berapa banyak kursus yang biasanya mandolin? || empat", {"context": "A mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mando\u02c8li\u02d0no]; literally \"small mandola\") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or \"pick\". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versions also exist. The courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the soprano member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello and mandobass.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Italian"}], "question": "What country did the mandolin originate from?", "id": "57289b78ff5b5019007da330"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "small mandola"}], "question": "What does mandolin translate to? ", "id": "57289b78ff5b5019007da331"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "lute family"}], "question": "What musical family does the mandolin come from?", "id": "57289b78ff5b5019007da332"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "usually plucked with a plectrum or \"pick\""}], "question": "How is the mandolin usually played?", "id": "57289b78ff5b5019007da333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many courses does a mandolin commonly have? ", "id": "57289b78ff5b5019007da334"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak gaya mandolin, tetapi empat yang biasa, mandolin Neapolitan atau bulat yang disokong, mandolin terukir dan mandolin yang disokong dengan rata. Putaran belakang mempunyai bahagian bawah, dibentuk dari jalur kayu, terpaku bersama ke dalam mangkuk. Mandolin yang terukir atau lengkung teratas mempunyai punggung, belakang yang melengkung, dan topeng yang melengkung-kedua-duanya diukir dari kayu. Mandolin yang menggunakan rata menggunakan helai nipis kayu untuk badan, bersembunyi di dalam untuk kekuatan dengan cara yang sama dengan gitar. Setiap gaya instrumen mempunyai kualiti bunyi sendiri dan dikaitkan dengan bentuk muzik tertentu. Mandolin Neapolitan menampilkan ciri-ciri muzik klasik dan muzik tradisional Eropah. Instrumen terukir adalah perkara biasa dalam muzik rakyat Amerika dan muzik bluegrass. Instrumen yang disokong rata biasanya digunakan dalam muzik rakyat Ireland, British dan Brazil. Sesetengah instrumen Brazil moden mempunyai kursus tambahan kelima yang disenarai kelima lebih rendah daripada kursus keempat yang standard. <> Apakah empat gaya mandolin biasa? || mandolin Neapolitan atau bulat, mandolin terukir dan mandolin yang disokong dengan rata. <> Apakah mandolin pusingan dibuat? || jalur kayu, terpaku bersama-sama ke dalam mangkuk <> Gaya mandolin mana yang mempunyai cetek, belakang melengkung, dan melengkung atas? || bulat-bulat <> Bentuk muzik mana yang membuat ciri mandolin Neapolitan? || Muzik klasik Eropah dan muzik tradisional. <> Yang mandolin adalah komin dalam muzik Rakyat Amerika dan muzik rumput biru? || Instrumen terukir", {"context": "There are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, arched back, and an arched top\u2014both carved out of wood. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, braced on the inside for strength in a similar manner to a guitar. Each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music. Carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music. Flat-backed instruments are commonly used in Irish, British and Brazilian folk music. Some modern Brazilian instruments feature an extra fifth course tuned a fifth lower than the standard fourth course.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin."}], "question": "What are the four common styles of mandolins?", "id": "57289c363acd2414000dfb57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "strips of wood, glued together into a bowl"}], "question": "What is the round-back mandolin made of? ", "id": "57289c363acd2414000dfb58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "round-back"}], "question": "Which style of mandolin has a shallower, arched back, and arched top?", "id": "57289c363acd2414000dfb59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "European classical music and traditional music."}], "question": "Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins feature? ", "id": "57289c363acd2414000dfb5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "Carved-top instruments"}], "question": "Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music?", "id": "57289c363acd2414000dfb5b"}]}], ["Bermula dengan Pameran Paris pada tahun 1878, populariti instrumen kembali pulih. Eksposisi itu adalah salah satu daripada banyak perhentian untuk kumpulan persembahan yang baru yang dikenali sebagai Estudiantes Espa\u00f1oles (Pelajar Sepanyol). Mereka menari dan bermain gitar, biola dan bandurria, yang menjadi keliru dengan mandolin. Bersama dengan tenaga dan kesedaran yang dicipta oleh sensasi hit hari, gelombang mandolinis Itali mengembara Eropah pada tahun 1880-an dan 1890-an dan di Amerika Syarikat pada pertengahan 1880-an, bermain dan mengajar instrumen mereka. Populariti instrumen terus meningkat pada tahun 1890-an dan popularitas mandolin berada pada ketinggian dalam \"tahun-tahun awal abad ke-20.\" Beribu-ribu orang mengambil alat itu sebagai hobi, dan ia menjadi instrumen masyarakat, yang diambil oleh lelaki dan wanita muda. Orkestra Mandolin dibentuk di seluruh dunia, dengan memasukkan bukan sahaja keluarga instrumen mandolin, tetapi juga gitar, bass double dan zithers. <> Bilakah kemunculan popolit mandolin itu? || Bermula dengan Pameran Paris 1878 <> Apa kumpulan yang popular yang dilakukan di Paris Exposition? || Estudiantes Espa\u00f1oles (Pelajar Sepanyol) <> Bilakah dikatakan bahawa populariti mandolin memuncak? || tahun-tahun awal abad ke-20. <> Apa instrumen yang mandolin dikelirukan semasa tahun 1880-an? || bandurria <> Apa yang terbentuk di seluruh dunia yang memasukkan mandolin famiy instrumen dan instrumen lain juga? || Orkestra Mandolin", {"context": "Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Espa\u00f1oles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the energy and awareness created by the day's hit sensation, a wave of Italian mandolinists travelled Europe in the 1880s and 1890s and in the United States by the mid-1880s, playing and teaching their instrument. The instrument's popularity continued to increase during the 1890s and mandolin popularity was at its height in \"early years of the 20th century.\" Thousands were taking up the instrument as a pastime, and it became an instrument of society, taken up by young men and women. Mandolin orchestras were formed worldwide, incorporating not only the mandolin family of instruments, but also guitars, double basses and zithers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878"}], "question": "When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound?", "id": "5728a13e3acd2414000dfb99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Estudiantes Espa\u00f1oles (Spanish Students)"}], "question": "What popular group performed at the Paris Exposition? ", "id": "5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "early years of the 20th century."}], "question": "When was it said that mandolin's popularity peaked? ", "id": "5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "bandurria"}], "question": "What instrument was the mandolin confused with during the 1880's? ", "id": "5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "Mandolin orchestras"}], "question": "What were formed worldwide that incorporated the mandolin famiy of instruments and other instruments as well?", "id": "5728a13e3acd2414000dfb9d"}]}], ["Peralihan dari mandolino kepada mandolin bermula sekitar 1744 dengan merancang mandolin tali logam oleh keluarga Vinaccia, 3 tali tembaga dan satu usus, menggunakan pasak penalaan geseran pada fingerboard yang duduk \"siram\" dengan meja bunyi. Mandolin berkembang dalam populariti selama 60 tahun ke depan, di jalan-jalan di mana ia digunakan oleh lelaki muda memikat dan oleh pemuzik jalanan, dan di dewan konsert. Selepas Perang Napoleon 1815, namun popularitinya mula jatuh. Abad ke-19 menghasilkan beberapa pemain terkemuka, termasuk Bartolomeo Bortolazzi dari Venice dan Pietro Vimercati. Walau bagaimanapun, kebajikan profesional semakin menurun, dan muzik mandolin berubah sebagai mandolin menjadi alat rakyat; \"repertoar besar instrumental muzik bertanda untuk mandolino dan mandoline telah terlupa sepenuhnya\". Pasaran eksport mandolin dari Itali menjadi kering sekitar tahun 1815, dan ketika Carmine de Laurentiis menulis sebuah metode mandolin pada tahun 1874, majalah Music World menulis bahwa mandolin itu \"sudah ketinggalan zaman.\" Salvador L\u00e9onardi menyebut penurunan ini dalam buku 1921 nya, M\u00e9thode tuangkan Banjoline ou Mandoline-Banjo, mengatakan bahawa mandolin telah menurun popularitinya dari zaman dahulu. <> Tahun apakah permulaan peralihan dari mandolino ke mandolin? || 1744 <> Di manakah mandolin berkembang dengan populariti? || di jalan-jalan di mana ia digunakan oleh pemuda-pemuda dan pemuzik jalanan, dan di dewan konsert <> Bilakah populariti mandolin mula jatuh? || Selepas Perang Napoleon pada tahun 1815, namun popularitinya mula jatuh <> Siapa dua pemain promosi pada abad ke-19? || Bartolomeo Bortolazzi dari Venice dan Pietro Vimercati <> Berapa tahun pasaran eksport manodin dari Itali menjadi kering? || 1815", {"context": "The transition from the mandolino to the mandolin began around 1744 with the designing of the metal-string mandolin by the Vinaccia family, 3 brass strings and one of gut, using friction tuning pegs on a fingerboard that sat \"flush\" with the sound table. The mandolin grew in popularity over the next 60 years, in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall. After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall. The 19th century produced some prominent players, including Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati. However, professional virtuosity was in decline, and the mandolin music changed as the mandolin became a folk instrument; \"the large repertoire of notated instrumental music for the mandolino and the mandoline was completely forgotten\". The export market for mandolins from Italy dried up around 1815, and when Carmine de Laurentiis wrote a mandolin method in 1874, the Music World magazine wrote that the mandolin was \"out of date.\" Salvador L\u00e9onardi mentioned this decline in his 1921 book, M\u00e9thode pour Banjoline ou Mandoline-Banjo, saying that the mandolin had been declining in popularity from previous times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "1744"}], "question": "What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin?", "id": "5728a06a3acd2414000dfb8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall"}], "question": "Where did the mandolin grow in popularity? ", "id": "5728a06a3acd2414000dfb90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall"}], "question": "When did the mandolin's popularity begin to fall?", "id": "5728a06a3acd2414000dfb91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati"}], "question": "Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century?", "id": "5728a06a3acd2414000dfb92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 900, "text": "1815"}], "question": "What year did the export market for manodlins from Italy dry up?", "id": "5728a06a3acd2414000dfb93"}]}], ["Phil Skinner memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan pergerakan mandolin abad ke-20 di Australia, dan dianugerahkan MBE pada tahun 1979 untuk perkhidmatan muzik dan masyarakat. Beliau dilahirkan di Harry Skinner di Sydney pada tahun 1903 dan mula belajar muzik pada umur 10 tahun ketika pamannya mengajarnya di banjo. Skinner mula mengajar separuh masa pada usia 18 tahun, sehingga Kemelesetan Besar memaksa dia untuk memulakan pengajaran sepenuh masa dan mempelajari pelbagai instrumen yang lebih luas. Skinner mengasaskan Sydney Mandolin Orchestra, orkestra mandolin yang tertua di Australia. <> Siapa yang memainkan peranan penting pergerakan mandolin Australia? || Phil Skinner <> Bilakah gerakan mandolin Australia bermula? || 20th century <> Bilakah Phil Skinner dianugerahkan MBE? || 1979 <> Apakah nama kelahiran Phil Skinner itu? || Harry Skinner <> Pada umur berapa Phil Skinner mula bermain muzik? || 10", {"context": "Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-time at age 18, until the Great Depression forced him to begin teaching full-time and learn a broader range of instruments. Skinner founded the Sydney Mandolin Orchestra, the oldest surviving mandolin orchestra in Australia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Phil Skinner"}], "question": "Who played a key role Australian mandolin movement? ", "id": "5728aaa24b864d1900164be6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "When did the Australian mandolin movement begin?", "id": "5728aaa24b864d1900164be7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "1979"}], "question": "When was Phil Skinner awarded an MBE? ", "id": "5728aaa24b864d1900164be8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Harry Skinner"}], "question": "What was Phil Skinner's birth name? ", "id": "5728aaa24b864d1900164be9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "10"}], "question": "At what age did Phil Skinner begin playing music? ", "id": "5728aaa24b864d1900164bea"}]}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-19, gaya baru, dengan pembinaan atas dan belakang yang diukir diilhami oleh alat muzik biola mula menggantikan alat mangkuk bergaya Eropah di Amerika Syarikat. Gaya baru ini dikreditkan kepada mandolin yang direka dan dibina oleh Orville Gibson, seorang Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier yang mengasaskan \"Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited\" pada tahun 1902. Gibson mandolin berkembang menjadi dua gaya asas: gaya Florentine atau F , yang mempunyai tatal dekoratif berhampiran leher, dua mata pada badan yang lebih rendah dan biasanya tatal yang diukir ke dalam kepala; dan gaya A, yang berbentuk pir, tidak mempunyai mata dan biasanya mempunyai headstock yang lebih mudah. <> Bilakah pencipta baru mandolin pembinaan atas dan belakang terukir dibuat? || akhir abad ke-19 <> Apa syor mandolin baru yang diilhamkan? || alat muzik biola <> Apa yang lebih baik buat gaya mandolin baru? || Ubah gaya mangkuk Eropah <> Yang mengasaskan Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited? || Orville Gibson", {"context": "At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who founded the \"Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co., Limited\" in 1902. Gibson mandolins evolved into two basic styles: the Florentine or F-style, which has a decorative scroll near the neck, two points on the lower body and usually a scroll carved into the headstock; and the A-style, which is pear shaped, has no points and usually has a simpler headstock.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "end of the 19th century"}], "question": "When was a new sytle of carved top and back construction mandolins created?", "id": "5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "violin family instruments"}], "question": "What was the new sytle of mandolins inspired from?", "id": "5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "European-style bowl-back"}], "question": "What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant?", "id": "5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Orville Gibson"}], "question": "Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited? ", "id": "5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc10"}]}], ["Gaya-gaya ini secara amnya mempunyai sama ada dua soundholes berbentuk f seperti biola (F-5 dan A-5), atau lubang bunyi oval (F-4 dan A-4 dan model yang lebih rendah) secara langsung di bawah rentetan. Banyak variasi wujud antara pembuat yang bekerja dari archetypes ini, dan varian lain telah menjadi semakin umum. Secara amnya, di Amerika Syarikat, mandolin Gibson F-hole F-5 dan mandolin yang dipengaruhi oleh reka bentuk itu sangat dikaitkan dengan bluegrass, manakala gaya A dikaitkan dengan jenis muzik lain, walaupun ia juga sering digunakan dan dikaitkan dengan bluegrass. Kerangka kayu F-5 yang lebih rumit juga diterjemahkan ke dalam instrumen yang lebih mahal. <> Bentuk apa bunyi lubang melakukan gaya mandolin ini? || dua soundholes berbentuk f seperti biola (F-5 dan A-5), atau lubang bunyi oval (F-4 dan A-4 dan model lebih rendah) <> Di manakah bunyi bunyi terletak? || secara langsung di bawah rentetan <> Apa mandolin dikaitkan dengan muzik Bluegrass? || Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins <> Gaya apa yang dikaitkan dengan jenis muzik yang lain? || A-style <> Mengapa mandolin F-5 lebih mahal? || kerja kayu rumit", {"context": "These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States, Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins and mandolins influenced by that design are strongly associated with bluegrass, while the A-style is associated other types of music, although it too is most often used for and associated with bluegrass. The F-5's more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)"}], "question": "What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have? ", "id": "5728a8913acd2414000dfc1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "directly under the strings"}], "question": "Where are the soundholes located?", "id": "5728a8913acd2414000dfc20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins"}], "question": "What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music?", "id": "5728a8913acd2414000dfc21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "A-style"}], "question": "What style is associate with other types of music?", "id": "5728a8913acd2414000dfc22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "complicated woodwork"}], "question": "Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive?", "id": "5728a8913acd2414000dfc23"}]}], ["Mandolin keluarga lain datang dari Milan dan Lombardy. Mandolin ini lebih dekat dengan mandolino atau mandor daripada mandolin moden yang lain. Mereka lebih pendek dan lebih luas daripada mandolin Neapolitan standard, dengan belakang cetek. Instrumen ini mempunyai 6 rentetan, 3 dawai treble-string dan 3 usus atau kabel-dibalut-sutera bass-string. Rentetan berlari di antara pasak penalaan dan jambatan yang terpaku pada soundboard, sebagai gitar. Mandolin Lombardi ditala g b e 'a' d \"g\". Seorang pemaju dari Milanese stye adalah Antonio Monzino (Milan) dan keluarganya yang membuat mereka selama 6 generasi. <> Di manakah keluarga mandolin dari Lombardia berasal? || Milan dan Lombardy <> Apa mandolin Lombardia menyerupai lebih daripada mandolin moden? || mandolino atau mandore <> Apakah perbezaannya mandolin Lombardia dari mandolin Neapolitan? || Mereka lebih pendek dan lebih luas <> Berapa banyak rentetan melakukan mandolin Lombardia? || 6 string <> Siapa pemaju mandolin Milan? || Antonio Monzino", {"context": "Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings. The strings ran between the tuning pegs and a bridge that was glued to the soundboard, as a guitar's. The Lombardic mandolins were tuned g b e' a' d\" g\". A developer of the Milanese stye was Antonio Monzino (Milan) and his family who made them for 6 generations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Milan and Lombardy"}], "question": "Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from?", "id": "5728a6062ca10214002da520"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "mandolino or mandore"}], "question": "What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins?", "id": "5728a6062ca10214002da521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "They are shorter and wider"}], "question": "What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin?", "id": "5728a6062ca10214002da522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "6 strings"}], "question": "How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have?", "id": "5728a6062ca10214002da523"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Antonio Monzino"}], "question": "Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin?", "id": "5728a6062ca10214002da524"}]}], ["Samuel Adelstein menggambarkan mandolin Lombardi pada tahun 1893 sebagai lebih luas dan lebih pendek daripada mandolin Neapolitan, dengan kelebihan cetek dan leher yang lebih pendek dan lebih lebar, dengan enam tali tunggal dengan set mandolin biasa 4. Lombardi ditala C, D, A, E, B, G. Rentetan itu disambungkan ke jambatan seperti gitar. Terdapat 20 frets, meliputi tiga oktaf, dengan 5 nota tambahan. Apabila Adelstein menulis, tiada tali nilon, dan usus dan tali tunggal \"tidak bergetar dengan jelas dan manis seperti tali keluli berganda Neapolitan.\" <> Siapa yang menggambarkan mandolin Lombardi sebagai lebih luas dan lebih pendek daripada mandolin Neoapolitan? || Samuel Adelstein <> Berapa banyak rentetan melakukan mandolin biasa? || 4 <> Apakah Lombardi Mandolin ditala? || C, D, A, E, B, G. <> Berapa banyak fret yang dimiliki oleh Lombardi? || 20 frets <> Berapa banyak oktaf yang dimiliki oleh Lombardi? || tiga oktaf", {"context": "Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. There were 20 frets, covering three octaves, with an additional 5 notes. When Adelstein wrote, there were no nylon strings, and the gut and single strings \"do not vibrate so clearly and sweetly as the double steel string of the Neapolitan.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Samuel Adelstein"}], "question": "Who described the Lombardi mandolin as wider and shorter than the Neoapolitan mandolin?", "id": "5728a6773acd2414000dfbdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "4"}], "question": "How many strings do the regular mandolin's have?", "id": "5728a6773acd2414000dfbdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "C, D, A, E, B, G."}], "question": "What was the Lombardi Mandolin tuned to?", "id": "5728a6773acd2414000dfbdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "20 frets"}], "question": "How many frets did the Lombardi have?", "id": "5728a6773acd2414000dfbde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "three octaves"}], "question": "How many octaves did the Lombardi cover?", "id": "5728a6773acd2414000dfbdf"}]}], ["The Sydney Mandolins (Pengarah Artistik: Adrian Hooper) telah banyak menyumbang kepada himpunan melalui pentauliahan lebih daripada 200 karya oleh komposer Australia dan Antarabangsa. Kebanyakan kerja-kerja ini telah dikeluarkan pada Disk Kompak dan boleh didengar secara kerap di stesen radio di rangkaian ABC dan MBS. Salah seorang anggota mereka, mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper, mempunyai beberapa Concertos yang ditulis olehnya oleh para komposer seperti Eric Gross. Dia telah melakukan dan mencatat karya-karya ini dengan Sydney Symphony Orchestra dan Orkestra Symphony Tasmania. Selain itu, Paul Hooper mempunyai banyak karya solo yang didedikasikan kepadanya oleh para komposer Australia misalnya, Caroline Szeto, Ian Shanahan, Larry Sitsky dan Michael Smetanin. <> Siapa pengarah Sydney Mandolins? || Adrian Hooper <> Berapa banyak komisen di Sydney Mandolins? || lebih 200 karya <> Pada media apa yang paling banyak kerja-kerja ini dikeluarkan? || Cakera yang padat <> apa stesen radio yang mereka boleh dengar? || Rangkaian ABC dan MBS <> Siapa yang mempunyai banyak Concertos ditulis untuknya? || mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper", {"context": "The Sydney Mandolins (Artistic Director: Adrian Hooper) have contributed greatly to the repertoire through commissioning over 200 works by Australian and International composers. Most of these works have been released on Compact Disks and can regularly be heard on radio stations on the ABC and MBS networks. One of their members, mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper, has had a number of Concertos written for him by composers such as Eric Gross. He has performed and recorded these works with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra. As well, Paul Hooper has had many solo works dedicated to him by Australian composers e.g., Caroline Szeto, Ian Shanahan, Larry Sitsky and Michael Smetanin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Adrian Hooper"}], "question": "Who is the director of the Sydney Mandolins?", "id": "5728ab5aff5b5019007da400"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "over 200 works"}], "question": "How many commisions of Sydney Mandolins have their been?", "id": "5728ab5aff5b5019007da401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Compact Disks"}], "question": "On what media was most of these work released?", "id": "5728ab5aff5b5019007da402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "ABC and MBS networks"}], "question": "What radio stations can they be heard on? ", "id": "5728ab5aff5b5019007da403"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper"}], "question": "Who has had many Concertos written for him? ", "id": "5728ab5aff5b5019007da404"}]}], ["Banyak pembuat mandolin moden membina instrumen yang sebahagian besarnya meniru model-model artis Gibson F-5 yang dibina pada awal 1920an di bawah pengawasan ahli akustik Gibson Lloyd Loar. Instrumen yang ditandatangani oleh Loar asal dicari dan amat berharga. Pembuat lain dari tempoh Loar dan sebelumnya termasuk Lyon dan Healy, Vega dan Larson Brothers. Sesetengah pengeluar mandolin moden yang terkenal di Amerika Syarikat termasuk, sebagai tambahan kepada Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone dan Collings. Mandolins dari negara lain termasuk Loar (China), Santa, Rosa (China), Michael Kelly (Korea), Eastman (China), Kentucky (China), Heiden (Kanada), Gilchrist (Australia) dan Morgan Monroe (China). <> Apa gaya Gisbon Mandolin sebahagian besarnya direplikasi? || Gibson F-5 <> Bilakah Gibson F-5 sebahagian besarnya direplikasi? || awal 1920-an <> yang mengawasi replikasi Gibson F-5? || Gibson akustik Lloyd Loar <> Siapa pembuat-pembuat lain dari tempoh Loar? || Lyon dan Healy, Vega dan Larson Brothers <> Siapa yang terkenal pengeluar mandolin Amerika moden? || Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone dan Collings.", {"context": "Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers. Some notable modern American carved mandolin manufacturers include, in addition to Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings. Mandolins from other countries include The Loar (China), Santa, Rosa (China), Michael Kelly (Korea), Eastman (China), Kentucky (China), Heiden (Canada), Gilchrist (Australia) and Morgan Monroe (China).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Gibson F-5"}], "question": "What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated?", "id": "5728a91e3acd2414000dfc33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "early 1920s"}], "question": "When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated?", "id": "5728a91e3acd2414000dfc34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar"}], "question": "Who supervised the Gibson F-5's replication? ", "id": "5728a91e3acd2414000dfc35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers"}], "question": "Who are the other makers from the Loar period? ", "id": "5728a91e3acd2414000dfc36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings."}], "question": "Who were notable modern American mandolin manufacturers? ", "id": "5728a91e3acd2414000dfc37"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-20 beberapa orkestra mandolin (Estudiantinas) aktif di Belgium. Hari ini hanya beberapa kumpulan yang tinggal: Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (ditubuhkan pada tahun 1904) di Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest di Brasschaat dan orkestra di Mons (Bergen). Gerda Abts adalah mandolin virtuoso yang terkenal di Belgium. Dia juga guru mandolin dan memberikan pelajaran dalam akademi muzik Lier, Wijnegem dan Brasschaat. Dia kini juga profesor mandolin di sekolah tinggi muzik \"Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen\". Beliau juga memberi pelbagai konsert setiap tahun dalam pelbagai persembahan. Beliau berada dalam hubungan rapat dengan Orchestra Brasschaat mandolin. Lamannya adalah www.gevoeligesnaar.be <> Apa itu Etsudiantinas? || mandolin orchestras <> Di manakah Estudiantinas aktif pada awal abad ke-20? || Belgium <> Kumpulan apa yang kekal hari ini? || Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (ditubuhkan pada tahun 1904) di Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest di Brasschaat dan orkestra di Mons (Bergen). <> Di mana Gerda Abts tahu dengan baik? || Belgium <> Di manakah Gerda Abst seorang mandolin profesor? || Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen", {"context": "In the early 20th century several mandolin orchestras (Estudiantinas) were active in Belgium. Today only a few groups remain: Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen). Gerda Abts is a well known mandolin virtuoso in Belgium. She is also mandolin teacher and gives lessons in the music academies of Lier, Wijnegem and Brasschaat. She is now also professor mandolin at the music high school \u201cKoninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen\u201d. She also gives various concerts each year in different ensembles. She is in close contact to the Brasschaat mandolin Orchestra. Her site is www.gevoeligesnaar.be", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "mandolin orchestras"}], "question": "What is an Etsudiantinas? ", "id": "5728abdeff5b5019007da424"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Belgium"}], "question": "Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century?", "id": "5728abdeff5b5019007da425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen)."}], "question": "What groups remain today? ", "id": "5728abdeff5b5019007da426"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Belgium"}], "question": "Where is Gerda Abts well know in? ", "id": "5728abdeff5b5019007da427"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen"}], "question": "Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin?", "id": "5728abdeff5b5019007da428"}]}], ["Dalam kaedah 1805 mandolinnya, Anweisung mati Mandoline oleh selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi mempopularkan mandolin Cremonese, yang mempunyai empat rentetan tunggal dan jambatan tetap, yang mana tali itu dipasang. Bortolazzi berkata dalam buku ini bahawa mandolin dawai baru tidak selesa untuk dimainkan, berbanding dengan instrumen tali pinggang usus. Selain itu, dia merasakan mereka mempunyai \"nada yang susah seperti ... kurang sihat seperti\" berbanding dengan nada \"lembut, nyanyian penuh.\" Dia menyukai empat rentetan instrumen Cremonese yang disamakan dengan Neapolitan. <> Siapa yang mempopularkan Mandolin Cremonese? || Bartolomeo Bortolazzi <> Apakah kaedah mandolin popular Bartolomeo Bortolazzi? || Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi <> Berapa banyak rentetan yang dilakukan oleh Cremonese Mandolin? || empat rentetan tunggal <> Adakah Bortolazzi seperti bermain mandolin strung baru? || tidak selesa untuk bermain <> Apa yang Bortolazzi katakan mengenai bunyi itu? || kurang menyenangkan ... nada yang sengit, sengit", {"context": "In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play, when compared with the gut-string instruments. Also, he felt they had a \"less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone\" as compared to the gut string's \"softer, full-singing tone.\" He favored the four single strings of the Cremonese instrument, which were tuned the same as the Neapolitan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Bartolomeo Bortolazzi"}], "question": "Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin?", "id": "5728a75e4b864d1900164b92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi"}], "question": "What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's popular mandolin method?", "id": "5728a75e4b864d1900164b93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "four single-strings"}], "question": "How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?", "id": "5728a75e4b864d1900164b94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "uncomfortable to play"}], "question": "Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins? ", "id": "5728a75e4b864d1900164b95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone"}], "question": "What did Bortolazzi say about the sound? ", "id": "5728a75e4b864d1900164b96"}]}], ["Repertoar muzik antarabangsa untuk mandolin hampir tidak terhad, dan pemuzik menggunakannya untuk memainkan pelbagai jenis muzik. Ini terutama berlaku pada muzik biola, kerana mandolin mempunyai penalaan biola yang sama. Berikutan ciptaannya dan perkembangan awal di Itali, mandolin tersebar di seluruh benua Eropah. Alat ini digunakan terutamanya dalam tradisi klasik dengan orkestra Mandolin, yang dipanggil Estudiantinas atau di Jerman Zupforchestern muncul di banyak bandar. Berikutan populariti kontinental keluarga mandolin tradisi tempatan muncul di luar Eropah di Amerika dan di Jepun. Perjalanan mandolin virtuosi seperti Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace dan Silvio Ranieri menyumbang kepada mandolin menjadi instrumen \"fad\" pada awal abad ke-20. Ini \"kegilaan mandolin\" telah pudar pada tahun 1930-an, tetapi seperti amalan ini tidak digunakan, mandolin menemui niche baru di negara Amerika, muzik lama, bluegrass dan muzik rakyat. Baru-baru ini, gaya dan gaya mandolin Baroque dan Klasik telah mendapat manfaat daripada kesedaran dan minat terhadap muzik Awal, dengan perhatian media kepada pemain klasik seperti Avi Avital Israel, Carlo Aonzo, dan Amerika Joseph Brent. <> Alat apa yang mandolin berkongsi penalaan yang sama? || biola <> Di manakah mandolin digunakan terutamanya? || tradisi klasik dengan orkestra Mandolin <> Bilakah mandolin dianggap sebagai pelukan? || awal abad ke-20 <> Yang menyumbang kepada idea bahawa mandolin adalah fad? || Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace dan Silvio Ranieri <> Bilakah kegilaan mandolin berakhir? || 1930-an", {"context": "The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European continent. The instrument was primarily used in a classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras, so called Estudiantinas or in Germany Zupforchestern appearing in many cities. Following this continental popularity of the mandolin family local traditions appeared outside of Europe in the Americas and in Japan. Travelling mandolin virtuosi like Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri contributed to the mandolin becoming a \"fad\" instrument in the early 20th century. This \"mandolin craze\" was fading by the 1930s, but just as this practice was falling into disuse, the mandolin found a new niche in American country, old-time music, bluegrass and folk music. More recently, the Baroque and Classical mandolin repertory and styles have benefited from the raised awareness of and interest in Early music, with media attention to classical players such as Israeli Avi Avital, Italian Carlo Aonzo and American Joseph Brent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "violin"}], "question": "What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of?  ", "id": "5728a9a74b864d1900164bd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras"}], "question": "Where was the mandolin primarily used? ", "id": "5728a9a74b864d1900164bd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "early 20th century"}], "question": "When was the mandolin considered a fad?", "id": "5728a9a74b864d1900164bd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri"}], "question": "Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad? ", "id": "5728a9a74b864d1900164bd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 839, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "When did the mandolin craze end?", "id": "5728a9a74b864d1900164bd6"}]}], ["Perkembangan penggunaan mandolin diteruskan selepas Perang Dunia II lewat tahun 1960-an, dan Jepun masih mengekalkan tradisi muzik klasik yang kuat menggunakan mandolin, dengan orkestra aktif dan program muzik universiti. Orkestra baru diasaskan dan komposisi orkestra baru disusun. Orkestra mandolin Jepun hari ini mungkin terdiri daripada sehingga 40 atau 50 orang ahli, dan boleh termasuk bahagian-bahagian woodwind, perkusi, dan tembaga. Jepun juga mengekalkan koleksi muzik mandolin abad ke-20 yang luas dari Eropah dan salah satu koleksi paling lengkap majalah mandolin dari zaman keemasan mandolin, yang dibeli oleh Morishige Takei. <> Negara apakah yang masih mengekalkan tradisi muzik klasik yang kuat dengan mandolin? || Jepun <> Berapa ramai orang mengarang orkestra mandolin Jepun? || 40 atau 50 ahli <> Apa instrumen lain yang dimainkan oleh orkestra madnolin Jepun? || termasuk tiupan kayu, perkusi, dan tembaga. <> Jepun memegang dan koleksi menyeluruh apa? || Muzik mandolin abad ke-20 dari Eropah dan salah satu koleksi majalah mandolin yang paling lengkap dari zaman keemasan mandolin <> Siapa yang merancang salah satu koleksi majalah mandolin? || Morishige Takei.", {"context": "The expansion of mandolin use continued after World War II through the late 1960s, and Japan still maintains a strong classical music tradition using mandolins, with active orchestras and university music programs. New orchestras were founded and new orchestral compositions composed. Japanese mandolin orchestras today may consist of up to 40 or 50 members, and can include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections. Japan also maintains an extensive collection of 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age, purchased by Morishige Takei.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "What country still maintains strong classic music tradition with mandolin?", "id": "5728b201ff5b5019007da4a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "40 or 50 members"}], "question": "How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras?", "id": "5728b201ff5b5019007da4a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections."}], "question": "What other instruments do the Japanese madnolin orchestras play?", "id": "5728b201ff5b5019007da4a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age"}], "question": "Japan hold and extensive collection of what? ", "id": "5728b201ff5b5019007da4a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "Morishige Takei."}], "question": "Who purhcased one of the collections of mandolin magazines? ", "id": "5728b201ff5b5019007da4a6"}]}], ["Di pulau Crete, bersama dengan lyra dan laouto (lute), mandolin merupakan salah satu alat utama yang digunakan dalam Cretan Music. Ia muncul di Crete sekitar zaman pemerintahan Venice di pulau itu. Varian yang berbeza dari mandolin, seperti \"mantola,\" digunakan untuk menemani lyra, biola, dan laouto. Stelios Foustalierakis melaporkan bahawa mandolin dan mpoulgari digunakan untuk menemani lyra pada awal abad ke-20 di kota Rethimno. Terdapat juga laporan bahawa mandolin kebanyakannya alat muzik wanita. Pada masa kini ia dimainkan terutamanya sebagai instrumen solo dalam peristiwa peribadi dan keluarga di pulau Ionia dan Crete. <> Pulau Apa mandolin alat utama dalam Cretan Muzik? || pulau Crete <> Bilakah mandolin muncul di Kreta? || sekitar zaman pemerintahan pulau Venesia itu. <> Apakah salah satu varian mandolin yang digunakan? || mantola <> Siapa yang melaporkan bahawa mandolin dan mouloulari digunakan untuk menemani lyria? || Stelios Foustalierakis <> Mandolin dilaporkan popular di kalangan seks apa? || wanita", {"context": "On the island of Crete, along with the lyra and the laouto (lute), the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music. It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the \"mantola,\" were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the laouto. Stelios Foustalierakis reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyra in the beginning of the 20th century in the city of Rethimno. There are also reports that the mandolin was mostly a woman's musical instrument. Nowadays it is played mainly as a solo instrument in personal and family events on the Ionian islands and Crete.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "island of Crete"}], "question": "What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music? ", "id": "5728aeb92ca10214002da5b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "around the time of the Venetian rule of the island."}], "question": "When did the mandolin appears on Crete?", "id": "5728aeb92ca10214002da5b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "mantola"}], "question": "What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used?", "id": "5728aeb92ca10214002da5b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Stelios Foustalierakis"}], "question": "Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyria? ", "id": "5728aeb92ca10214002da5b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "woman"}], "question": "The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex? ", "id": "5728aeb92ca10214002da5b4"}]}], ["Antonio Vivaldi menyusun konsol mandolin (Concerto in C major Op.3 6) dan dua konsert untuk dua mandolin dan orkestra. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart meletakkannya dalam karya 1787nya, Don Giovanni dan Beethoven mencipta empat variasi. Antonio Maria Bononcini terdiri daripada La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il giovane pada tahun 1707 dan George Frideric Handel terdiri Alexander Balus pada tahun 1748. Lain-lain termasuk Giovani Battista Gervasio (Sonata di D major untuk Mandolin dan Basso Continuo), Giuseppe Giuliano (Sonata di D major untuk Mandolin dan Basso Continuo), Emanuele Barbella (Sonata dalam D utama untuk Mandolin dan Basso Continuo), Domenico Scarlatti (Sonata n.54 (K.89) dalam D minor untuk Mandolin dan Basso Continuo), dan Addiego Guerra (Sonata dalam G major untuk Mandolin dan Basso Continuo). <> Siapa yang menyusun Concerto dalam C Major Op 3 6? || Antonio Vivaldi <> Siapa yang meletakkannya dalam karya 1787? || Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart <> Apa dua artis yang mencipta empat variasi Concerto dalam C Major Op 3 6? || Don Giovanni dan Beethoven <> Siapa yang menyusun La Conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance? || Antonio Maria Bononcini <> Ketika Alexander Balus disusun? || 1748", {"context": "Antonio Vivaldi composed a mandolin concerto (Concerto in C major Op.3 6) and two concertos for two mandolins and orchestra. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it. Antonio Maria Bononcini composed La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il giovane in 1707 and George Frideric Handel composed Alexander Balus in 1748. Others include Giovani Battista Gervasio (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Giuseppe Giuliano (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Emanuele Barbella (Sonata in D major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), Domenico Scarlatti (Sonata n.54 (K.89) in D minor for Mandolin and Basso Continuo), and Addiego Guerra (Sonata in G major for Mandolin and Basso Continuo).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Antonio Vivaldi"}], "question": "Who composed the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?", "id": "5728b18d3acd2414000dfce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"}], "question": "Who placed it in his 1787 work? ", "id": "5728b18d3acd2414000dfce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Don Giovanni and Beethoven"}], "question": "What two artists created four variations of the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?", "id": "5728b18d3acd2414000dfce7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Antonio Maria Bononcini"}], "question": "Who composed the La conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance?", "id": "5728b18d3acd2414000dfce8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "1748"}], "question": "When was Alexander Balus composed? ", "id": "5728b18d3acd2414000dfce9"}]}], ["The bandolim (bahasa Portugis untuk \"mandolin\") adalah alat kegemaran dalam borjuasi Portugis abad ke-19, tetapi penyebarannya yang cepat membawanya ke tempat-tempat lain, menyertai instrumen lain. Hari ini anda dapat melihat mandolin sebagai sebahagian daripada budaya tradisional dan kaum penyanyi Portugis dan majoriti adegan mandolin di Portugal di Pulau Madeira. Madeira mempunyai lebih daripada 17 orkestra Mandolin aktif dan Tunas. Mandolin virtuoso Fabio Machado adalah salah satu pemain mandolin Portugal yang paling berjaya. Pengaruh Portugis membawa mandolin ke Brazil. <> Apa maksud bandolim? || Bahasa Portugis untuk \"mandolin\" <> Bilakah porpular bandolim di kalangan borjuasi Portugis? || Abad ke-19 <> Di mana anda dapat melihat mandolin sebagai sebahagian daripada Portgal? || budaya tradisional dan rakyat <> Di mana adegan mandolin Portugis terletak? || Pulau Madeira <> Berapa banyak orkestra mandolin aktif yang dimiliki Pulau Madiera? || lebih 17 tahun", {"context": "The bandolim (Portuguese for \"mandolin\") was a favourite instrument within the Portuguese bourgeoisie of the 19th century, but its rapid spread took it to other places, joining other instruments. Today you can see mandolins as part of the traditional and folk culture of Portuguese singing groups and the majority of the mandolin scene in Portugal is in Madeira Island. Madeira has over 17 active mandolin Orchestras and Tunas. The mandolin virtuoso Fabio Machado is one of Portugal's most accomplished mandolin players. The Portuguese influence brought the mandolin to Brazil.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Portuguese for \"mandolin\""}], "question": "What does bandolim mean?", "id": "5728b2813acd2414000dfcf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When was the bandolim porpular among the Portugese bourgeoisie?", "id": "5728b2813acd2414000dfcf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "traditional and folk culture"}], "question": "Where can you see mandolins a part of in Portgal? ", "id": "5728b2813acd2414000dfcf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Madeira Island"}], "question": "Where is the Portuguese mandolin scene located? ", "id": "5728b2813acd2414000dfcfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "over 17"}], "question": "How many active mandolin orchestras does the Madiera Island have? ", "id": "5728b2813acd2414000dfcfb"}]}], ["Mandolinis Ireland yang terkenal termasuk Andy Irvine (yang, seperti Johnny Moynihan, hampir selalu menyanyi E atas ke D, untuk mencapai penalaan terbuka GDAD), Paul Brady, Mick Moloney, Paul Kelly dan Claudine Langille. John Sheahan dan barney McKenna, masing-masing pemain biola dan pemain tenis banjo dengan The Dubliners, juga telah berjaya menamatkan pemain mandolin Ireland. Instrumen-instrumen yang digunakan adalah contoh lubang bujur, seperti lubang bujur seperti yang dijelaskan di atas (dibuat oleh UK luthier Roger Bucknall dari Fylde Guitars), atau instrumen lubang bujur yang terukir, yang dibuat oleh Stefan Sobell di Northumberland. Pemain gitar Ireland Rory Gallagher sering memainkan mandolin di atas pentas, dan dia paling terkenal menggunakannya dalam lagu \"Going To My Hometown.\" <> Siapa yang beberapa Mandolinis Ireland terkenal? || Andy Irvine <> Siapa pemain biola yang popular dan pemain tenis banjo? || John Sheahan dan barney McKenna lewat <> Apakah John Sheahan dan band Barney Mckenna dipanggil? || The Dubliners, <> yang membuat instrumen yang digunakan oleh Dubliners? || UK luthier Roger Bucknall daripada Guitars Fylde <> Apa gitaris Ireland memainkan mandolin di atas pentas? || Rory Gallagher", {"context": "Noteworthy Irish mandolinists include Andy Irvine (who, like Johnny Moynihan, almost always tunes the top E down to D, to achieve an open tuning of GDAD), Paul Brady, Mick Moloney, Paul Kelly and Claudine Langille. John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna, respectively fiddle player and tenor banjo player with The Dubliners, are also accomplished Irish mandolin players. The instruments used are either flat-backed, oval hole examples as described above (made by UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars), or carved-top, oval hole instruments with arched back (made by Stefan Sobell in Northumberland). The Irish guitarist Rory Gallagher often played the mandolin on stage, and he most famously used it in the song \"Going To My Hometown.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Andy Irvine"}], "question": "Who are some of the famous Irish Mandolinists?", "id": "5728b1163acd2414000dfcd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna"}], "question": "Who are popular fiddle player and tenor banjo player?", "id": "5728b1163acd2414000dfcd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "The Dubliners,"}], "question": "What was John Sheahan and Barney Mckenna's band called?", "id": "5728b1163acd2414000dfcd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars"}], "question": "Who made the instruments used by the Dubliners?", "id": "5728b1163acd2414000dfcd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "Rory Gallagher"}], "question": "What Irish guitarist played the mandolin on stage?", "id": "5728b1163acd2414000dfcd5"}]}], ["Popularitas mandolin di Amerika Syarikat didorong oleh kejayaan sekumpulan turis muda dari Eropah yang dikenali sebagai Estudiantina Figaro, atau di Amerika Syarikat, hanya \"Pelajar Sepanyol\". Kumpulan itu mendarat di A.S. pada 2 Januari 1880 di New York City, dan bermain di Boston dan New York untuk orang ramai yang sangat bersemangat. Ironinya, ensemble ini tidak memainkan mandolin melainkan bandurrias, yang juga merupakan instrumen kecil dan berganda yang menyerupai mandolin. Kejayaan Pelajar Sepanyol Figaro menanam kumpulan lain yang meniru gaya dan pakaian mereka. Seorang pemuzik Itali, Carlo Curti, tergesa-gesa memulakan ensemble muzik selepas melihat Pelajar Sepanyol Figaro melaksanakan; sekelompok orang Amerika yang dilahirkan di Itali memanggil diri mereka sebagai \"Pelajar Bahasa Asal Sepanyol,\" menghitung orang Amerika untuk tidak mengetahui perbedaan antara bandurrias Spanyol dan mandolin Itali. Penggunaan mandolin yang meniru membantu menimbulkan minat awam yang besar di dalam instrumen yang sebelumnya tidak diketahui di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apa kumpulan di Amerika Syarikat yang popular? || Estudiantina Figaro <> Bilakah Estudiantina Figaro datang ke AS? || 2 Januari 1880 <> Dimana bermain Estudiantina Figaro? || Boston dan New York <> Kumpulan apa yang diilhamkan oleh Estudiantina Figaro? || Pelajar asal asal <> Apa yang pelajar Origianl Sepanyol mengharapkan orang Amerika tidak tahu? || perbezaan antara bandurrias Sepanyol dan mandolin Itali", {"context": "The mandolin's popularity in the United States was spurred by the success of a group of touring young European musicians known as the Estudiantina Figaro, or in the United States, simply the \"Spanish Students.\" The group landed in the U.S. on January 2, 1880 in New York City, and played in Boston and New York to wildly enthusiastic crowds. Ironically, this ensemble did not play mandolins but rather bandurrias, which are also small, double-strung instruments that resemble the mandolin. The success of the Figaro Spanish Students spawned other groups who imitated their musical style and costumes. An Italian musician, Carlo Curti, hastily started a musical ensemble after seeing the Figaro Spanish Students perform; his group of Italian born Americans called themselves the \"Original Spanish Students,\" counting on the American public to not know the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins. The imitators' use of mandolins helped to generate enormous public interest in an instrument previously relatively unknown in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Estudiantina Figaro"}], "question": "What group in the US was popular?", "id": "5728b4224b864d1900164c64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "January 2, 1880"}], "question": "When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US?", "id": "5728b4224b864d1900164c65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Boston and New York"}], "question": "Where did the Estudiantina Figaro play? ", "id": "5728b4224b864d1900164c66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "Original Spanish Students"}], "question": "What group was inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro? ", "id": "5728b4224b864d1900164c67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 851, "text": "the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins"}], "question": "What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the American  public not to know? ", "id": "5728b4224b864d1900164c68"}]}], ["Sebelum Zaman Emas Mandolins, Perancis mempunyai sejarah dengan mandolin, dengan mandolinis bermain di Paris sehingga Perang Napoleon. Para pemain, guru dan komposer termasuk Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, dan Gervasio. Semasa zaman Emas itu sendiri (1880-an-1920an), mandolin mempunyai kehadiran yang kuat di Perancis. Pemain atau komposer mandolin terkemuka termasuk Jules Cottin dan kakaknya Madeleine Cottin, Jean Pietrapertosa, dan Edgar Bara. Paris mempunyai berpuluh-puluh \"estudiantina\" orkestra mandolin pada awal tahun 1900-an. Majalah Mandolin termasuk L'Estudiantina, Le Plectre, \u00c9cole de la mandolie. <> Sebelum berumur berapa Perancis mempunyai sejarah dengan mandolin? || Golden Age of Mandolins <> Di mana di Perancis bermain mandolinis? || Paris <> Bilakah mandolinis berhenti bermain di Paris? || Perang Napoleon. <> Siapa pemain dan komposer pada masa ini? || Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, dan Gervasio <> Berapa tahun dianggap Zaman Emas Mandolins? || 1880s-1920s", {"context": "Prior to the Golden Age of Mandolins, France had a history with the mandolin, with mandolinists playing in Paris until the Napoleonic Wars. The players, teachers and composers included Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio. During the Golden age itself (1880s-1920s), the mandolin had a strong presence in France. Prominent mandolin players or composers included Jules Cottin and his sister Madeleine Cottin, Jean Pietrapertosa, and Edgar Bara. Paris had dozens of \"estudiantina\" mandolin orchestras in the early 1900s. Mandolin magazines included L'Estudiantina, Le Plectre, \u00c9cole de la mandolie.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Golden Age of Mandolins"}], "question": "Prior to what age did France have a history with the mandolin?", "id": "5728ac45ff5b5019007da436"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where in France did the mandolinists play?", "id": "5728ac45ff5b5019007da437"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Napoleonic Wars."}], "question": "When did the mandolinists stop playing in Paris?", "id": "5728ac45ff5b5019007da438"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio"}], "question": "Who were the players and composers during this time?", "id": "5728ac45ff5b5019007da439"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "1880s-1920s"}], "question": "What years was considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?", "id": "5728ac45ff5b5019007da43a"}]}], ["Banyak penyesuaian instrumen telah dilakukan untuk memenuhi keperluan khas muzik Carnatic India. Dalam muzik klasik India dan muzik ringan India, mandolin, yang mempunyai sedikit persamaan dengan mandolin Eropah, biasanya ditala E-B-E-B. Oleh kerana tidak ada konsep padang mutlak dalam muzik klasik India, apa-apa penalaan yang mudah untuk mengekalkan jarak selanjar relatif antara tali boleh digunakan. Satu lagi penalaan yang berleluasa dengan selang ini ialah C-G-C-G, yang sepadan dengan Sa-Pa-Sa-Pa dalam gaya muzik klasik karnatik India. Penalaan ini sepadan dengan cara biola ditala untuk muzik klasik karnatik. Mandolin jenis ini juga digunakan di Bhangra, muzik tarian yang popular di budaya Punjabi. <> Banyak penyesuaian instrumen telah dilakukan untuk memenuhi apa jenis muzik? || India Carnatic <> Apa mandolin biasanya ditala untuk muzik India? || E-B-E-B. <> Tidak ada konsep tentang apa dalam muzik India? || pitch mutlak <> Apa lagi penalaan madonlin yang popular? || C-G-C-G <> Mandolin ini digunakan dalam muzik tarian popular yang dipanggil? || Bhangra", {"context": "Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music. In Indian classical music and Indian light music, the mandolin, which bears little resemblance to the European mandolin, is usually tuned E-B-E-B. As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music, any convenient tuning maintaining these relative pitch intervals between the strings can be used. Another prevalent tuning with these intervals is C-G-C-G, which corresponds to Sa-Pa-Sa-Pa in the Indian carnatic classical music style. This tuning corresponds to the way violins are tuned for carnatic classical music. This type of mandolin is also used in Bhangra, dance music popular in Punjabi culture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Indian Carnatic"}], "question": "Many adaptations of the instruments were done to cater to what type of music? ", "id": "5728af434b864d1900164c1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "E-B-E-B."}], "question": "What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music?", "id": "5728af434b864d1900164c1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "absolute pitch"}], "question": "There is no concept of what in Indian music? ", "id": "5728af434b864d1900164c1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "C-G-C-G"}], "question": "What is another popular madonlin tuning? ", "id": "5728af434b864d1900164c1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "Bhangra"}], "question": "These mandolin are used in a popular dance music called? ", "id": "5728af434b864d1900164c20"}]}], ["Walaupun hampir semua jenis mandolin akustik mungkin mencukupi untuk muzik tradisional Ireland, hampir semua pemain Ireland lebih suka instrumen yang disokong dengan rata dengan lubang bunyi berongga dengan mandolin mangkuk gaya Itali atau mandolin yang terukir dengan lubang f yang disukai oleh bluegrass mandolinis. Yang pertama sering terlalu lembut untuk memegang mereka sendiri dalam satu sesi (dan juga mempunyai kecenderungan untuk tidak berada di tempat di pusingan pemain), sementara yang kedua cenderung untuk bunyi keras dan sombong kepada telinga tradisional. Walau bagaimanapun, mandolin f-lubang itu datang ke dalamnya sendiri dalam sesi tradisional, di mana nada yang lebih terang memotong melalui kekacauan sonik sebuah pub. Sangat disukai untuk prestasi formal dan rakaman mandolin gaya \"Irish gaya\" yang rata (mengingatkan mandolin era Tentera Laut Martin-WWI) dan mandolin atas dengan ukiran (gerbang) dengan bunyi berbentuk bujur, seperti gaya Gibson A 1920-an. <> Jenis instrumen apa yang lebih suka pemain irak? || mungkin cukup untuk muzik tradisional Ireland, hampir semua pemain Ireland memilih instrumen yang disokong dengan rata dengan lubang bunyi oval <> Mengapa dikatakan bahawa gaya Itali tidak dapat mengadakan sesi mereka sendiri? || terlalu lunak <> Yang jenis mandolin mempunyai kecenderungan untuk tidak tinggal di pangkuan pemain? || mandolin yang terukir dengan f-lubang <> Yang mandolin mana yang lebih disukai untuk persembahan dan rakaman rasmi? || mandolin bergaya \"gaya Ireland\" rata-rata <> Apa gaya mandolin Ireland mengingatkan? || Mandirin era Tentera Laut-Martin Martin", {"context": "Though almost any variety of acoustic mandolin might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes to the Italian-style bowl-back mandolins or the carved-top mandolins with f-holes favoured by bluegrass mandolinists. The former are often too soft-toned to hold their own in a session (as well as having a tendency to not stay in place on the player's lap), whilst the latter tend to sound harsh and overbearing to the traditional ear. The f-hole mandolin, however, does come into its own in a traditional session, where its brighter tone cuts through the sonic clutter of a pub. Greatly preferred for formal performance and recording are flat-topped \"Irish-style\" mandolins (reminiscent of the WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin) and carved (arch) top mandolins with oval soundholes, such as the Gibson A-style of the 1920s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes"}], "question": "What types of instruments do irish player prefer?", "id": "5728b027ff5b5019007da484"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "too soft-toned"}], "question": "Why is it said that the Italian style can't hold their own session? ", "id": "5728b027ff5b5019007da485"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "the carved-top mandolins with f-holes"}], "question": "Which type mandolin had a tendency not to stay in the player's lap?", "id": "5728b027ff5b5019007da486"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "flat-topped \"Irish-style\" mandolins"}], "question": "Which mandolin was preferred for formal performances and recordings? ", "id": "5728b027ff5b5019007da487"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin"}], "question": "What was the Irish style mandolin reminiscent of?", "id": "5728b027ff5b5019007da488"}]}], ["Mandolin telah digunakan secara meluas dalam muzik tradisional England dan Scotland untuk generasi. Simon Mayor adalah pemain British terkemuka yang telah menghasilkan enam album solo, buku pengajaran dan DVD, serta rakaman dengan kuartet mandolin Mandolinquents. Alat ini juga menemui jalan masuk ke dalam muzik rock British. Mandolin dimainkan oleh Mike Oldfield (dan diperkenalkan oleh Vivian Stanshall) di album Oldfield's Tubular Bells, serta beberapa album berikutnya (terutamanya ketara pada Hergest Ridge (1974) dan Ommadawn (1975)). Ia digunakan secara meluas oleh band rock-rakyat Britain, Lindisfarne, yang menampilkan dua orang ahli mengenai instrumen itu, Ray Jackson dan Simon Cowe, dan yang \"Kabut pada Tyne\" adalah album UK yang paling laris 1971-1972. Instrumen ini juga digunakan secara meluas dalam kebangkitan rakyat UK pada tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an dengan band-band seperti Fairport Convention dan Steeleye Span menjadikannya sebagai alat utama dalam banyak lagu mereka. Maggie May oleh Rod Stewart, yang melanda No. 1 pada kedua carta British dan Billboard Hot 100, turut menampilkan permainan Jackson. Ia juga telah digunakan oleh ahli muzik rock British lain. Ketua bass Led Zeppelin John Paul Jones adalah seorang pemain mandolin yang berjaya dan telah mencatatkan banyak lagu pada mandolin termasuk Going to California dan Itulah Way; bahagian mandolin pada Pertempuran Evermore dimainkan oleh Jimmy Page, yang menyusun lagu itu. Lain-lain lagu Led Zeppelin yang memaparkan mandolin adalah Hey Hey Apa yang Boleh Saya Lakukan, dan Wanita Negara Hitam. Pete Townshend of The Who yang memainkan mandolin di trek tema Mike Post, bersama-sama dengan banyak trek lain pada Wayar Endless. McGuinness Flint, yang mana Graham Lyle memainkan mandolin pada single yang paling berjaya, Apabila saya Mati Dan Pergi, adalah satu lagi contoh. Lyle juga secara ringkas menjadi anggota Slim Slim Lane, dan memainkan mandolin pada hit How How Come mereka. Salah satu pemain mandolin awal yang lebih terkenal dalam muzik popular ialah Robin Williamson dalam The Incredible String Band. Ian Anderson dari Jethro Tull adalah pemain mandolin yang sangat berjaya (lagu indah Pussy Willow), seperti gitarisnya, Martin Barre. Lagu yang popular Sila Sila Tolong Tolong Dapatkan Apa Yang Saya Mahu oleh The Smiths memaparkan solo mandolin yang dimainkan oleh Johnny Marr. Lebih baru-baru ini, kumpulan band Anak dan Perempuan yang berpangkalan di Glasgow memaparkan mandolin, yang dimainkan oleh Ailidh Lennon, di trek seperti Fight, Start to End, dan Perubatan. Ikon kaum punk British yang Levellers juga menggunakan mandolin dalam lagu mereka. Band-band semasa juga mula menggunakan Mandolin dan bunyi yang unik - seperti Indigo Moss dari London Selatan yang menggunakannya sepanjang rakaman dan pertunjukan live mereka. Mandolin juga dipaparkan dalam pertunjukan Matthew Bellamy di jalur rock Muse. Ia juga membentuk asas lagu \"Dance Tonight\" pada tahun 2007 oleh Paul McCartney. Itu bukan kali pertama Beatle memainkan mandolin, namun; perbezaan itu berlaku kepada George Harrison di Gone Troppo, tajuk pemotongan dari album 1982 dengan nama yang sama. Mandolin diajarkan di Lanarkshire oleh Persatuan Gitar dan Mandolin Lanarkshire kepada lebih dari 100 orang. Juga baru-baru ini rock hard supergroup Them Crooked Vultures telah memainkan lagu berdasarkan terutamanya menggunakan mandolin. Lagu ini ditinggalkan dari album debut mereka, dan menampilkan bekas bassis Led Zeppelin, John Paul Jones. [Sunting] <> Siapa pemain Inggeris terkenal? || Simon Mayor <> Apa hasil mayer Simon? || enam album solo, buku pengajaran dan DVD, serta rakaman dengan kuasanya mandolin Mandolinquents. <> Siapa yang memainkan mandolin pada album Tubular Bells? || Mike Oldfield <> Apakah album jualan terbesar di UK? || \"Kabut pada Tyne <> Apa lagu oleh Rod Stewart menggunakan mandolin? || Maggie May", {"context": "The mandolin has been used extensively in the traditional music of England and Scotland for generations. Simon Mayor is a prominent British player who has produced six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents. The instrument has also found its way into British rock music. The mandolin was played by Mike Oldfield (and introduced by Vivian Stanshall) on Oldfield's album Tubular Bells, as well as on a number of his subsequent albums (particularly prominently on Hergest Ridge (1974) and Ommadawn (1975)). It was used extensively by the British folk-rock band Lindisfarne, who featured two members on the instrument, Ray Jackson and Simon Cowe, and whose \"Fog on the Tyne\" was the biggest selling UK album of 1971-1972. The instrument was also used extensively in the UK folk revival of the 1960s and 1970s with bands such as Fairport Convention and Steeleye Span taking it on as the lead instrument in many of their songs. Maggie May by Rod Stewart, which hit No. 1 on both the British charts and the Billboard Hot 100, also featured Jackson's playing. It has also been used by other British rock musicians. Led Zeppelin's bassist John Paul Jones is an accomplished mandolin player and has recorded numerous songs on mandolin including Going to California and That's the Way; the mandolin part on The Battle of Evermore is played by Jimmy Page, who composed the song. Other Led Zeppelin songs featuring mandolin are Hey Hey What Can I Do, and Black Country Woman. Pete Townshend of The Who played mandolin on the track Mike Post Theme, along with many other tracks on Endless Wire. McGuinness Flint, for whom Graham Lyle played the mandolin on their most successful single, When I'm Dead And Gone, is another example. Lyle was also briefly a member of Ronnie Lane's Slim Chance, and played mandolin on their hit How Come. One of the more prominent early mandolin players in popular music was Robin Williamson in The Incredible String Band. Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull is a highly accomplished mandolin player (beautiful track Pussy Willow), as is his guitarist Martin Barre. The popular song Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want by The Smiths featured a mandolin solo played by Johnny Marr. More recently, the Glasgow-based band Sons and Daughters featured the mandolin, played by Ailidh Lennon, on tracks such as Fight, Start to End, and Medicine. British folk-punk icons the Levellers also regularly use the mandolin in their songs. Current bands are also beginning to use the Mandolin and its unique sound - such as South London's Indigo Moss who use it throughout their recordings and live gigs. The mandolin has also featured in the playing of Matthew Bellamy in the rock band Muse. It also forms the basis of Paul McCartney's 2007 hit \"Dance Tonight.\" That was not the first time a Beatle played a mandolin, however; that distinction goes to George Harrison on Gone Troppo, the title cut from the 1982 album of the same name. The mandolin is taught in Lanarkshire by the Lanarkshire Guitar and Mandolin Association to over 100 people. Also more recently hard rock supergroup Them Crooked Vultures have been playing a song based primarily using a mandolin. This song was left off their debut album, and features former Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Simon Mayor"}], "question": "Who is a famous British player?", "id": "5728b30aff5b5019007da4ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents."}], "question": "What did Simon mayer produce? ", "id": "5728b30aff5b5019007da4cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Mike Oldfield"}], "question": "Who played the mandolin on the album Tubular Bells? ", "id": "5728b30aff5b5019007da4cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "\"Fog on the Tyne"}], "question": "What was UK's biggest selling album? ", "id": "5728b30aff5b5019007da4cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 993, "text": "Maggie May"}], "question": "What song by Rod Stewart used the mandolin? ", "id": "5728b30aff5b5019007da4ce"}]}], ["Kesedaran Mandolin di Amerika Syarikat berkembang pada tahun 1880-an, kerana instrumen itu menjadi sebahagian daripada trend yang terus ke pertengahan tahun 1920-an. Menurut Clarence L. Partee, mandolin pertama yang dibuat di Amerika Syarikat dibuat pada tahun 1883 atau 1884 oleh Joseph Bohmann, yang merupakan pembuat biola yang terkenal di Chicago. Partee mencirikan instrumen awal sebagai lebih besar daripada instrumen Eropah yang digunakannya, dengan \"bentuk pelik\" dan \"pembinaan mentah,\" dan mengatakan bahawa kualiti bertambah baik, sehingga instrumen Amerika \"unggul\" kepada instrumen yang diimport. Pada masa itu, Partee menggunakan mandolin buatan Perancis yang diimport. <> Bilakah kesedaran madolin di AS menjadi fasih? || 1880s <> Bilakah madolin pertama yang dibuat di AS? || 1883 atau 1884 <> Siapa yang membuat mandolin AS pertama? || Joseph Bohm <> Di manakah Joseph Bohmann dari? || Chicago <> Apa jenis madolin yang digunakan Partee? || Mandolin buatan Perancis", {"context": "Mandolin awareness in the United States blossomed in the 1880s, as the instrument became part of a fad that continued into the mid-1920s. According to Clarence L. Partee, the first mandolin made in the United States was made in 1883 or 1884 by Joseph Bohmann, who was an established maker of violins in Chicago. Partee characterized the early instrument as being larger than the European instruments he was used to, with a \"peculiar shape\" and \"crude construction,\" and said that the quality improved, until American instruments were \"superior\" to imported instruments. At the time, Partee was using an imported French-made mandolin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "1880s"}], "question": "When did madolin awareness in the US become fluent?", "id": "5728b4714b864d1900164c6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "1883 or 1884"}], "question": "When was the first madolin made in the US?", "id": "5728b4714b864d1900164c6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Joseph Bohm"}], "question": "Who made the first US mandolin?", "id": "5728b4714b864d1900164c70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Chicago"}], "question": "Where was Joseph Bohmann from? ", "id": "5728b4714b864d1900164c71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "French-made mandolin"}], "question": "What type of madolin was Partee using ?", "id": "5728b4714b864d1900164c72"}]}], ["Instrumen tersebut digunakan terutamanya dalam tetapan ensemble dengan baik pada tahun 1930-an, dan walaupun fad mati pada permulaan tahun 1930-an, instrumen yang dibangunkan untuk orkestra mendapati rumah baru di bluegrass. Model Lloyd Loar Master yang terkenal dari Gibson (1923) direka untuk meningkatkan minat dalam mandolin, dengan sedikit kejayaan. Walau bagaimanapun, \"Loar\" menjadi instrumen muzik bluegrass yang menentukan ketika Bill Monroe membeli F-5 S / N 73987 di barbershop Florida pada tahun 1943 dan mempopularkannya sebagai instrumen utamanya. <> Penentuan mandolin digunakan pada tahun 1930-an? || setting ensemble <> Di manakah mandolin mencari rumah baru? || bluegrass <> Apa mandolin direka untuk meningkatkan minat pada mandolin? || Model Lloyd Loar Master dari Gibson <> Apa mandolin menjadi wajah muzik bluegrass? || Loar <> Apa instrumen yang digunakan oleh artis Bill Monroe? || F-5 S / N 73987", {"context": "The instrument was primarily used in an ensemble setting well into the 1930s, and although the fad died out at the beginning of the 1930s, the instruments that were developed for the orchestra found a new home in bluegrass. The famous Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson (1923) was designed to boost the flagging interest in mandolin ensembles, with little success. However, The \"Loar\" became the defining instrument of bluegrass music when Bill Monroe purchased F-5 S/N 73987 in a Florida barbershop in 1943 and popularized it as his main instrument.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "ensemble setting"}], "question": "The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1930's was? ", "id": "5728b6383acd2414000dfd2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "bluegrass"}], "question": "Where did the mandolins find a new home? ", "id": "5728b6383acd2414000dfd30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson"}], "question": "What mandolin was designed to boost interest in the mandolin?", "id": "5728b6383acd2414000dfd31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Loar"}], "question": "What mandolin became the face of bluegrass music?", "id": "5728b6383acd2414000dfd32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "F-5 S/N 73987"}], "question": "What instrument did artist Bill Monroe use? ", "id": "5728b6383acd2414000dfd33"}]}], ["Mandolin juga telah digunakan dalam muzik blues, terutamanya oleh Ry Cooder, yang membuat liputan yang luar biasa pada rakamannya yang pertama, Yank Rachell, Johnny \"Man\" Young, Carl Martin, dan Gerry Hundt. Howard Armstrong, yang terkenal dengan biola blues, bermula dengan mandolin ayahnya dan bermain dalam tali rentetan yang sama dengan band-band tali Tennessee lain yang disentuhnya, dengan solek band termasuk \"mandolin dan fiddles dan gitar dan banjos. dalam seketika mereka akan meredakan ukulele kecil di sana dan biola bass. \" Pemain-pemain blues lain dari band-band rentetan era termasuk Willie Black (Whistler dan Band Jugnya), Dink Brister, Jim Hill, Charles Johnson, Coley Jones (Band String Dallas), Bobby Leecan (Need More Band), Alfred Martin, Charlie McCoy 1909-1950), Al Miller, Matthew Prater, dan Herb Quinn. <> Siapa yang memulakannya dengan mandolin ayahnya? || Howard Armstrong, <> Siapa yang paling mandolinis muzik biru yang paling popular? || Ry Cooder <> Apa instrumen lain yang digunakan oleh band tali Tennessee? || ukulele di sana dan biola bass <> Siapa yang bermain di Whistler dan Band Jugnya? || Willie Black", {"context": "Mandolin has also been used in blues music, most notably by Ry Cooder, who performed outstanding covers on his very first recordings, Yank Rachell, Johnny \"Man\" Young, Carl Martin, and Gerry Hundt. Howard Armstrong, who is famous for blues violin, got his start with his father's mandolin and played in string bands similar to the other Tennessee string bands he came into contact with, with band makeup including \"mandolins and fiddles and guitars and banjos. And once in a while they would ease a little ukulele in there and a bass fiddle.\" Other blues players from the era's string bands include Willie Black (Whistler And His Jug Band), Dink Brister, Jim Hill, Charles Johnson, Coley Jones (Dallas String Band), Bobby Leecan (Need More Band), Alfred Martin, Charlie McCoy (1909-1950), Al Miller, Matthew Prater, and Herb Quinn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Howard Armstrong,"}], "question": "Who got his start with his father's mandolin? ", "id": "5728b988ff5b5019007da576"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Ry Cooder"}], "question": "Who is the most popular blue music mandolinist?", "id": "5728b988ff5b5019007da577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "ukulele in there and a bass fiddle"}], "question": "What other instrument did the Tennessee string bands use? ", "id": "5728b988ff5b5019007da578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Willie Black"}], "question": "Who played in the Whistler and His Jug Band? ", "id": "5728b988ff5b5019007da579"}]}], ["Jethro Burns, yang paling terkenal sebagai separuh daripada dua komedi Homer dan Jethro, juga merupakan mandolinis jazz penting pertama. Tiny Moore mempopularkan mandolin dalam muzik ayunan Barat. Dia pada mulanya memainkan Gibson 8-string tetapi beralih selepas 1952 untuk instrumen elektrik solid-string 5 yang dibina oleh Paul Bigsby. Pemain moden David Grisman, Sam Bush, dan Mike Marshall, antara lain, telah bekerja sejak awal 1970-an untuk menunjukkan kepelbagaian mandolin untuk semua gaya muzik. Chris Thile of California adalah pemain terkenal, dan telah mencapai banyak kebanggaan tradisional, klasik, kontemporari pop dan rock; band Nickel Creek menampilkan permainannya dalam gabungan gaya tradisional dan pop, dan dia kini bermain di bandnya Punch Brothers. Yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan bluegrass, mandolin telah digunakan banyak di negara muzik selama bertahun-tahun. Beberapa pemain terkenal termasuk Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, dan Ricky Skaggs. <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Jethro Burns? || separuh daripada komedi duo Homer dan Jethro <> Apa jenis muzik yang dimainkan oleh Jethro Burns? || mandatorin jazz <> Siapa yang mempopularkan mandolin dalam Muzik Swing Barat? || Tiny Moore <> Siapa yang terkenal dengan karya-karya penting yang biasa? || Chris Thile of California <<Siapa yang lebih tahu pemain? || Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, dan Ricky Skaggs", {"context": "Jethro Burns, best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro, was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby. Modern players David Grisman, Sam Bush, and Mike Marshall, among others, have worked since the early 1970s to demonstrate the mandolin's versatility for all styles of music. Chris Thile of California is a well-known player, and has accomplished many feats of traditional bluegrass, classical, contemporary pop and rock; the band Nickel Creek featured his playing in its blend of traditional and pop styles, and he now plays in his band Punch Brothers. Most commonly associated with bluegrass, mandolin has been used a lot in country music over the years. Some well-known players include Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro"}], "question": "What is Jethro Burns commonly known for?", "id": "5728b90e4b864d1900164cd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "jazz mandolinist"}], "question": "What type of music did Jethro Burns play? ", "id": "5728b90e4b864d1900164cd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Tiny Moore"}], "question": "Who popularized the mandolin in Western Swing Music?", "id": "5728b90e4b864d1900164cd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Chris Thile of California is"}], "question": "Who was well known for important works of traditional blugrass?", "id": "5728b90e4b864d1900164cd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 892, "text": "Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs"}], "question": "Who are othe rwell know players? ", "id": "5728b90e4b864d1900164cd8"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, orkestra mandolin tidak pernah pergi sepenuhnya. Sebenarnya, bersama-sama dengan semua bentuk muzik yang lain mandolin terlibat, ensemble mandolin (kumpulan biasanya diatur seperti bahagian rentetan orkestra simfoni moden, dengan mandolin pertama, mandolin kedua, mandolas, mandarellos, mando-basses, dan gitar , dan kadang-kadang ditambah oleh instrumen lain) terus bertambah popular. Sejak pertengahan tahun sembilan puluhan, beberapa program gitar berasaskan mandolin sekolah awam telah berkembang di seluruh negara, termasuk Fretworks Mandolin dan Orchestra Gitar, yang pertama seumpamanya. Organisasi kebangsaan, Persatuan Mandolin Klasik Amerika, yang diasaskan oleh Norman Levine, mewakili kumpulan-kumpulan ini. Mandolin moden dan komposer yang terkenal untuk mandolin dalam tradisi muzik klasik termasuk Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla, Dave Apollon, Neil Gladd, Evan Marshall, Marilynn Mair dan Mark Davis (Duke Mair-Davis), Brian Israel, David Evans, Emanuil Shynkman, Radim Zenkl, David Del Tredici dan Ernst Krenek. <> Kumpulan apa yang telah menjadi sekolah amonbgpublic yang popular? || program gitar berasaskan mandolin <> Apakah dua kumpulan sekolah awam yang popular? || Fretworks Mandolin dan Orchestra Gitar <> Siapa yang mendapati Persatuan Mandolin Klasik Amerika? || Norman Levine <> Siapa mandolinist moden dan komposer? || Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla", {"context": "The mandolin orchestras never completely went away, however. In fact, along with all the other musical forms the mandolin is involved with, the mandolin ensemble (groups usually arranged like the string section of a modern symphony orchestra, with first mandolins, second mandolins, mandolas, mandocellos, mando-basses, and guitars, and sometimes supplemented by other instruments) continues to grow in popularity. Since the mid-nineties, several public-school mandolin-based guitar programs have blossomed around the country, including Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra, the first of its kind. The national organization, Classical Mandolin Society of America, founded by Norman Levine, represents these groups. Prominent modern mandolinists and composers for mandolin in the classical music tradition include Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla, Dave Apollon, Neil Gladd, Evan Marshall, Marilynn Mair and Mark Davis (the Mair-Davis Duo), Brian Israel, David Evans, Emanuil Shynkman, Radim Zenkl, David Del Tredici and Ernst Krenek.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "mandolin-based guitar programs"}], "question": "What groups have become popular amonbgpublic schools?", "id": "5728b6ce2ca10214002da63e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra"}], "question": "What are two of the popular public school groups? ", "id": "5728b6ce2ca10214002da63f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "Norman Levine"}], "question": "Who found the Classical Mandolin Society of America?", "id": "5728b6ce2ca10214002da640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla"}], "question": "Who are modern mandolinists and composers?", "id": "5728b6ce2ca10214002da641"}]}], ["Instrumen dipasarkan oleh peniaga-guru, seperti watak tajuk dalam muzik The Music Man yang popular. Sering kali, peniaga-peniaga-peniaga ini telah menjalankan orkestra mandolin: kumpulan 4-50 pemuzik yang memainkan pelbagai instrumen keluarga mandolin. Walau bagaimanapun, di samping peniaga-guru adalah pemuzik yang serius, bekerja untuk mewujudkan tempat untuk instrumen dalam muzik klasik, ragtime dan jazz. Seperti peniaga-guru, mereka mengembara ke A.S., merakam rekod, memberi persembahan dan mengajar individu dan orkestra mandolin. Samuel Siegel memainkan mandolin di Vaudeville dan menjadi salah seorang mandolinis terkemuka Amerika. Seth Weeks adalah seorang Amerika Afrika yang bukan sahaja mengajar dan tampil di Amerika Syarikat, tetapi juga di Eropah, di mana dia mencatatkan rekod. Seorang lagi pemuzik dan pengarah Afrika yang merintis yang memulakannya dengan orkestra mandolin adalah komposer James Reese Europe. W. Eugene Page melawat negara dengan satu kumpulan, dan terkenal dengan pertunjukan mandolin dan mandolanya. Nama lain termasuk Valentine Abt, Samuel Adelstein, William Place, Jr., dan Aubrey Stauffer. <> Apa muzik yang popular memancarkan seorang guru-peniaga? || The Music Man <> Apa yang sering dilakukan peniaga-guru ini? || orkestra mandolin <> Berapa ramai orang biasanya dalam orkestra guru-peniaga ini? || 4-50 pemuzik <> Siapa yang memainkan mandolin di Vaudeville? || Samuel Siegel <> Siapa pemuzik dan pengarah Afrika Amerika yang terkenal? || komposer James Reese Europe.", {"context": "Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man. Often, these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments. However, alongside the teacher-dealers were serious musicians, working to create a spot for the instrument in classical music, ragtime and jazz. Like the teacher-dealers, they traveled the U.S., recording records, giving performances and teaching individuals and mandolin orchestras. Samuel Siegel played mandolin in Vaudeville and became one of America's preeminent mandolinists. Seth Weeks was an African American who not only taught and performed in the United States, but also in Europe, where he recorded records. Another pioneering African American musician and director who made his start with a mandolin orchestra was composer James Reese Europe. W. Eugene Page toured the country with a group, and was well known for his mandolin and mandola performances. Other names include Valentine Abt, Samuel Adelstein, William Place, Jr., and Aubrey Stauffer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "The Music Man"}], "question": "What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer? ", "id": "5728b5c04b864d1900164c94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "mandolin orchestras"}], "question": "What did these teacher-dealers often conduct? ", "id": "5728b5c04b864d1900164c95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "4-50 musicians"}], "question": "How many people were usually in these teacher-dealer orchestras? ", "id": "5728b5c04b864d1900164c96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Samuel Siegel"}], "question": "Who played the mandolin in Vaudeville? ", "id": "5728b5c04b864d1900164c97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "composer James Reese Europe."}], "question": "Who was the famous African American musican and director? ", "id": "5728b5c04b864d1900164c98"}]}], ["Mandolinis bluegrass yang lain yang muncul pada awal tahun 1950-an dan masih aktif termasuk Jesse McReynolds (dari Jim dan Jesse) yang mencipta gaya banjo-roll yang dipanggil crosspicking-dan Bobby Osborne dari Osborne Brothers, yang merupakan tuan kejelasan dan berkilat satu catatan. Pemain bluegrass moden yang sangat dihormati dan berpengaruh termasuk Herschel Sizemore, Doyle Lawson, dan pelbagai genre Sam Bush, yang sama di rumah dengan lagu-lagu biola lama, rock, reggae, dan jazz. Ronnie McCoury dari Band Del McCoury telah memenangi pelbagai anugerah untuk bermain dipengaruhi oleh Monroe. The late John Duffey dari Negara asal Gentlemen dan kemudian Scene Seldom melakukan banyak untuk mempopulerkan mandolin bluegrass di kalangan rakyat dan penonton bandar, terutama di pantai timur dan di kawasan Washington, D.C. <> Siapa yang mandolinis utama bluegrass yang menjadi popular pada tahun 1950-an? || Jesse McReynolds <> Apa tanaman Jesse McReynolds sebahagian? || Jim dan Jesse <> Teknik apa yang dibuat oleh Jesse McReynolds? || crosspicking <> Apa itu silang? || gaya banjo-roll syncopated <> Yang memenangi beberapa anugerah untuk muzik Monroe yang dipengaruhinya? || Ronnie McCoury", {"context": "Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds (of Jim and Jesse) who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking\u2014and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers, who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs. Highly respected and influential modern bluegrass players include Herschel Sizemore, Doyle Lawson, and the multi-genre Sam Bush, who is equally at home with old-time fiddle tunes, rock, reggae, and jazz. Ronnie McCoury of the Del McCoury Band has won numerous awards for his Monroe-influenced playing. The late John Duffey of the original Country Gentlemen and later the Seldom Scene did much to popularize the bluegrass mandolin among folk and urban audiences, especially on the east coast and in the Washington, D.C. area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Jesse McReynolds"}], "question": "Who was the major bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?", "id": "5728b835ff5b5019007da562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Jim and Jesse"}], "question": "What grop was Jesse McReynolds a part of?", "id": "5728b835ff5b5019007da563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "crosspicking"}], "question": "What technique did Jesse McReynolds create?", "id": "5728b835ff5b5019007da564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "syncopated banjo-roll-like style"}], "question": "What is crosspicking?", "id": "5728b835ff5b5019007da565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Ronnie McCoury"}], "question": "Who won several award for his Monroe influenced music? ", "id": "5728b835ff5b5019007da566"}]}], ["Gaya Monroe melibatkan melodi memimpin dalam gaya fiddler, dan juga bunyi chording percussive yang dirujuk sebagai \"potongan\" untuk bunyi yang dibuat dengan tali yang cepat dipukul dan disenyapkan. Dia juga menyempurnakan gaya blues yang jarang, percussive, terutamanya sehingga leher dalam kunci yang tidak digunakan banyak dalam muzik negara, terutamanya B dan E. Dia menekankan tangan kanan yang kuat dan tersembunyi dengan perbelanjaan kehebatan kiri. Pemimpin Monroe yang paling berpengaruh dalam generasi kedua adalah Frank Wakefield dan kini Mike Compton dari Nashville Bluegrass Band dan David Long, yang sering berkunjung sebagai duet. Tiny Moore daripada Texas Playboys mengembangkan mandolin lima tali elektrik dan membantu mempopularkan alat muzik Western Swing. <> Apa bunyi chording yang popular untuk Monroe? || The chop <> Apa kunci yang popular untuk Monroe? || B dan E <> Siapa pengikut Monroe yang paling berpengaruh? || Frank Wakefield <> Siapa yang membangun mandolin lima tali elektrik? || Moore dari Texas Playboys <> Apa jenis muzik yang membuat mandolin lima tali rentetan elektrik popularize? || Muzik swing barat", {"context": "Monroe's style involved playing lead melodies in the style of a fiddler, and also a percussive chording sound referred to as \"the chop\" for the sound made by the quickly struck and muted strings. He also perfected a sparse, percussive blues style, especially up the neck in keys that had not been used much in country music, notably B and E. He emphasized a powerful, syncopated right hand at the expense of left-hand virtuosity. Monroe's most influential follower of the second generation is Frank Wakefield and nowadays Mike Compton of the Nashville Bluegrass Band and David Long, who often tour as a duet. Tiny Moore of the Texas Playboys developed an electric five-string mandolin and helped popularize the instrument in Western Swing music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "the chop"}], "question": "What chording sound was Monroe popular for?", "id": "5728b7b9ff5b5019007da550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "B and E"}], "question": "What keys was Monroe popular for? ", "id": "5728b7b9ff5b5019007da551"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Frank Wakefield"}], "question": "Who was Monroe's most influential follower?", "id": "5728b7b9ff5b5019007da552"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Moore of the Texas Playboys"}], "question": "Who developed a electric five-string mandolin?", "id": "5728b7b9ff5b5019007da553"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "Western Swing music"}], "question": "What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize?", "id": "5728b7b9ff5b5019007da554"}]}], ["Mandolin telah digunakan kadang-kadang dalam muzik rock, pertama kali muncul dalam era psychedelic akhir tahun 1960-an. Levon Helm of The Band kadang-kadang berpindah dari kit drumnya untuk bermain mandolin, terutama pada Rag Mama Rag, Kerusi Rockin, dan Evangeline. Ian Anderson dari Jethro Tull memainkan mandolin pada Fat Man, dari album kedua mereka, Stand Up, dan juga kadang-kadang pada siaran kemudian. Rod Stewart's 1971 No. 1 memukul Maggie May mempunyai riff mandolin penting. David Grisman memainkan mandolin pada dua lagu Grateful Dead di album American Beauty, Friend of the Devil dan Ripple, yang menjadi kegemaran segera di kalangan peminat amatur pada sesi jam dan perhimpunan perkhemahan. John Paul Jones dan Jimmy Page kedua-duanya memainkan mandolin pada lagu Led Zeppelin. Kumpulan alt rock yang popular Imagine Dragons menampilkan mandolin pada beberapa lagu mereka, yang paling menonjol adalah It's Time. Dash Crofts dari seal rock lembut Seals dan Crofts menggunakan mandolin secara meluas dalam repertoar mereka pada tahun 1970-an. Styx mengeluarkan lagu Boat on the River pada tahun 1980, yang menampilkan Tommy Shaw pada vokal dan mandolin. Lagu itu tidak dicatatkan di Amerika Syarikat tetapi popular di banyak negara di Eropah dan Filipina. <> Bilakah mandolin mula-mula muncul dalam muzik rock? || era psychedelic pada akhir 1960-an <> Siapa yang memainkan drum dan mandolin dalam kumpulan yang dipanggil The Band? || Levon Helm <> Apa lagu Rod Stewart pada tahun 1971 menampilkan mandolin? || Maggie May <> Apa artis dari Greatful Dead memainkan mandolin? || David Grisman <> Tommy Shaw menyanyi dan memainkan mandolin di mana lagu Styx? || Bot di Sungai", {"context": "The mandolin has been used occasionally in rock music, first appearing in the psychedelic era of the late 1960s. Levon Helm of The Band occasionally moved from his drum kit to play mandolin, most notably on Rag Mama Rag, Rockin' Chair, and Evangeline. Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull played mandolin on Fat Man, from their second album, Stand Up, and also occasionally on later releases. Rod Stewart's 1971 No. 1 hit Maggie May features a significant mandolin riff. David Grisman played mandolin on two Grateful Dead songs on the American Beauty album, Friend of the Devil and Ripple, which became instant favorites among amateur pickers at jam sessions and campground gatherings. John Paul Jones and Jimmy Page both played mandolin on Led Zeppelin songs. The popular alt rock group Imagine Dragons feature the mandolin on a few of their songs, most prominently being It's Time. Dash Crofts of the soft rock duo Seals and Crofts extensively used mandolin in their repertoire during the 1970s. Styx released the song Boat on the River in 1980, which featured Tommy Shaw on vocals and mandolin. The song didn't chart in the United States but was popular in much of Europe and the Philippines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "psychedelic era of the late 1960s"}], "question": "When did the mandolin first appear in rock music?", "id": "5728ba044b864d1900164ce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Levon Helm"}], "question": "Who played the drums and the mandolin in the group called The Band?", "id": "5728ba044b864d1900164ce7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Maggie May"}], "question": "What Rod Stewart song in 1971 featured the mandolin?", "id": "5728ba044b864d1900164ce8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "David Grisman"}], "question": "What artist from the Greatful Dead played the mandolin?", "id": "5728ba044b864d1900164ce9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1012, "text": "Boat on the River"}], "question": "Tommy Shaw sang and played the mandolin in which Styx song?", "id": "5728ba044b864d1900164cea"}]}], ["Apabila Cowan Powers dan keluarganya mencatatkan muzik masa lama mereka dari tahun 1924-1926, anak perempuannya, Orpha Powers adalah salah satu daripada artis-artis selatan yang terdahulu dikenali untuk merakam mandolin. Pada tahun 1930-an, mandolin tunggal telah menjadi lebih biasa digunakan dalam muzik jalur tali selatan, terutamanya oleh duet saudara lelaki seperti Blue Sky Boys (Bill Bolick dan Earl Bolick) dan Monroe Brothers yang lebih keras (Bill Monroe dan Charlie Monroe ). Walau bagaimanapun, populariti moden mandolin dalam muzik negara boleh terus dikesan kepada seorang lelaki: Bill Monroe, bapa muzik bluegrass. Selepas Monroe Brothers bangkit pada tahun 1939, Bill Monroe membentuk kumpulannya sendiri, selepas masa yang singkat dipanggil Blue Grass Boys, dan menyelesaikan peralihan gaya mandolin dari bunyi \"ruang tamu\" khas duet saudara kepada gaya \"bluegrass\" moden . Beliau menyertai Grand Ole Opry pada tahun 1939 dan isyarat siaran saluran yang kuat pada WSM-AM menyebarkan gayanya di seluruh Selatan, secara langsung memberikan inspirasi kepada ramai pemuzik untuk mengambil mandolin. Monroe terkenal bermain Gibson F-5 mandolin, ditandatangani dan bertarikh 9 Julai 1923, oleh jurutera akustik ketua Lloyd Loar di Gibson. F-5 telah menjadi yang paling ditiru oleh para pembangun moden. <> Keluarga apa yang merekodkan muzik lama pada tahun 1924-1926? || Cowan Powers dan keluarganya <> Siapakah artis muzik selatan paling awal yang diketahui? || Orpha Powers <> Apa jenis mandolin menjadi popular pada tahun 1930? || mandolin tunggal <> Siapa yang dianggap bapa muzik Bluegrass? || Bill Monroe <> Apa kumpulan Bill Monroe dipanggil? || Blue Grass Boys", {"context": "When Cowan Powers and his family recorded their old-time music from 1924-1926, his daughter Orpha Powers was one of the earliest known southern-music artists to record with the mandolin. By the 1930s, single mandolins were becoming more commonly used in southern string band music, most notably by brother duets such as the sedate Blue Sky Boys (Bill Bolick and Earl Bolick) and the more hard-driving Monroe Brothers (Bill Monroe and Charlie Monroe). However, the mandolin's modern popularity in country music can be directly traced to one man: Bill Monroe, the father of bluegrass music. After the Monroe Brothers broke up in 1939, Bill Monroe formed his own group, after a brief time called the Blue Grass Boys, and completed the transition of mandolin styles from a \"parlor\" sound typical of brother duets to the modern \"bluegrass\" style. He joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1939 and its powerful clear-channel broadcast signal on WSM-AM spread his style throughout the South, directly inspiring many musicians to take up the mandolin. Monroe famously played Gibson F-5 mandolin, signed and dated July 9, 1923, by Lloyd Loar, chief acoustic engineer at Gibson. The F-5 has since become the most imitated tonally and aesthetically by modern builders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Cowan Powers and his family"}], "question": "What family recorded an old-time music in 1924-1926?", "id": "5728b741ff5b5019007da546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Orpha Powers"}], "question": "Who was the earliest known southern music artist?", "id": "5728b741ff5b5019007da547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "single mandolins"}], "question": "What type of mandolin was becoming popular by 1930's? ", "id": "5728b741ff5b5019007da548"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Bill Monroe"}], "question": "Who was considered the father of Bluegrass music?", "id": "5728b741ff5b5019007da549"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "Blue Grass Boys"}], "question": "What was Bill Monroe's group called? ", "id": "5728b741ff5b5019007da54a"}]}], ["Seperti di Brazil, mandolin memainkan peranan penting dalam Muzik Venezuela. Ia telah menikmati kedudukan istimewa sebagai instrumen melodi utama di beberapa kawasan di negara ini. Khususnya, negeri-negeri di timur Sucre, Nueva Esparta, Anzoategui dan Monagas telah menjadikan mandolin sebagai instrumen utama dalam versi Joropo mereka, seperti Score, Jotas, Polos, Fulias, Merengues dan Malague\u00f1as. Juga, di barat negara suara mandolin secara intrinsiknya dikaitkan dengan genre serantau dari Andes Venezuela: Bambucos, Pasillos, Pasodobles, dan Waltzes. Di bandar barat Maracaibo Mandolin telah dimainkan di Decimas, Danzas dan Contradanzas Zulianas; di ibukota, Caracas, Merengue Rucaneao, Pasodobles dan Waltzes juga telah dimainkan dengan mandolin selama hampir satu abad. Hari ini, para mandolis Venezuela termasuk kumpulan penting pemain kebajikan dan kebiasaan seperti Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, dan Cristobal Soto. <> Apa tempat di Brazil melakukan mandolin memainkan peranan penting? || Venezuela <> Apa bunyi mandolin yang berkaitan dengan negara barat? || genre serantau dari Andes Venezuela <> Siapa yang mandolinis Venezuela yang terkenal? || Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, dan Cristobal Soto.", {"context": "As in Brazil, the mandolin has played an important role in the Music of Venezuela. It has enjoyed a privileged position as the main melodic instrument in several different regions of the country. Specifically, the eastern states of Sucre, Nueva Esparta, Anzoategui and Monagas have made the mandolin the main instrument in their versions of Joropo as well as Puntos, Jotas, Polos, Fulias, Merengues and Malague\u00f1as. Also, in the west of the country the sound of the mandolin is intrinsically associated with the regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes: Bambucos, Pasillos, Pasodobles, and Waltzes. In the western city of Maracaibo the Mandolin has been played in Decimas, Danzas and Contradanzas Zulianas; in the capital, Caracas, the Merengue Rucaneao, Pasodobles and Waltzes have also been played with mandolin for almost a century. Today, Venezuelan mandolists include an important group of virtuoso players and ensembles such as Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Venezuela"}], "question": "What place in Brazil do mandolins play an important role?  ", "id": "5728bb153acd2414000dfd55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes"}], "question": "What is the sound of mandolin associated with in the west country? ", "id": "5728bb153acd2414000dfd56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 932, "text": "Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto."}], "question": "Who are the famous Venezuelen mandolinist? ", "id": "5728bb153acd2414000dfd57"}]}], ["Untuk mengisi jurang ini dalam kesusasteraan, orkestra mandolin secara tradisional memainkan banyak perkiraan muzik yang ditulis untuk orkestra biasa atau ansambel lain. Sesetengah pemain telah mencari komposer kontemporari untuk mendapatkan karya baru. Orkestra mandolin tradisional tetap popular di Jepun dan Jerman, tetapi juga wujud di seluruh Amerika Syarikat, Eropah dan seluruh dunia. Mereka melaksanakan kerja-kerja yang dibuat untuk instrumen keluarga mandolin, atau susunan semula kepingan tradisional. Struktur orkestra mandolin tradisional kontemporari terdiri daripada: mandolin pertama dan kedua, mandolas (sama ada mandolas oktaf, menyesuaikan oktaf di bawah mandolin, atau tenor mandolas, ditala seperti viola), mandarellos (disetel seperti selop), dan instrumen bass (bass rentetan konvensional atau, jarang, mandobasses). Konstruk yang lebih kecil, seperti quartet yang terdiri daripada dua mandolin, mandola, dan mandocello, juga boleh dijumpai. <> Apa jenis muzik yang dimainkan mandolin? || orkestra mandolin secara tradisional telah memainkan banyak perkiraan muzik yang ditulis untuk orkestra tetap atau kumpulan lain <> Di manakah orkestra mandolin tradisional tetap popular? || Jepun dan Jerman <> Apa struktur orkestra tradisional yang merenung? || mandolin pertama dan kedua, <> Apakah ensembel kecil yang terdiri daripada? || dua mandolin, mandola, dan mandocello, <> Apakah mandarellos biasanya ditala? || cello", {"context": "To fill this gap in the literature, mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles. Some players have sought out contemporary composers to solicit new works. Traditional mandolin orchestras remain especially popular in Japan and Germany, but also exist throughout the United States, Europe and the rest of the world. They perform works composed for mandolin family instruments, or re-orchestrations of traditional pieces. The structure of a contemporary traditional mandolin orchestra consists of: first and second mandolins, mandolas (either octave mandolas, tuned an octave below the mandolin, or tenor mandolas, tuned like the viola), mandocellos (tuned like the cello), and bass instruments (conventional string bass or, rarely, mandobasses). Smaller ensembles, such as quartets composed of two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello, may also be found.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles"}], "question": "What type of music has mandolins played? ", "id": "5728bbc42ca10214002da6ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Japan and Germany"}], "question": "Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popular? ", "id": "5728bbc42ca10214002da6ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "first and second mandolins,"}], "question": "What do the structure of a contempory traditional orchestra consist of?", "id": "5728bbc42ca10214002da6ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello,"}], "question": "What are smalled ensambles composed of? ", "id": "5728bbc42ca10214002da6af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "cello"}], "question": "What are the mandocellos usually tuned like? ", "id": "5728bbc42ca10214002da6b0"}]}], ["Sesetengah pemuzik rock hari ini menggunakan mandolin, sering sekali model elektrik bertenaga bukan mandolin akustik berganda berganda. Satu contoh ialah Tim Brennan dari band rock punk Irish-American Dropkick Murphys. Selain gitar elektrik, bass, dan gendang, band ini menggunakan beberapa instrumen yang berkaitan dengan muzik tradisional Celtic, termasuk mandolin, wisel timah, dan bagpipes Great Highland. Band ini menerangkan bahawa instrumen ini menyerlahkan bunyi yang menggemari mereka. The 1991 R.E.M. memukul \"Kehilangan Agama Saya\" dipandu oleh beberapa lilin mandolin yang mudah dimainkan oleh gitaris Peter Buck, yang juga memainkan mandolin dalam hampir sedozen lagu lain. Single yang memuncak di No. 4 di carta Billboard Hot 100 (# 1 di carta rock dan alternatif), Luther Dickinson dari North Mississippi Allstars dan The Black Crowes telah membuat penggunaan mandolin dengan kerap, terutama pada lagu Black Crowes \" Locust Street. \" Sistem kumpulan rock Amerika Armenia A Down membuat penggunaan mandolin secara meluas pada album double 2005 mereka Mezmerize / Hypnotize. Band punk Pop Green Day telah menggunakan mandolin dalam beberapa kali, terutama pada album 2000 mereka, Amaran. Boyd Tinsley, pemain biola Dave Matthews Band telah menggunakan mandolin elektrik sejak 2005. Frontman Colin Meloy dan gitaris Chris Funk dari The Decemberists kerap menggunakan mandolin dalam muzik band. Nancy Wilson, gitaris jantung Heart, menggunakan mandolin dalam lagu Heart's \"Dream of the Archer\" dari album Little Queen, serta dalam cover Heart of Led Zeppelin's \"The Battle of Evermore.\" \"Tunjukkan Saya Syurga\" oleh Maria McKee, lagu tema untuk filem Days of Thunder, yang memaparkan mandolin. <> Apa jenis mandolin yang digunakan pemuzik rock hari ini? || single-stringed electric <> yang band punk Irish-American menggunakan Mandolins? || Dropkick Murphys <> Apa lagu REM menggunakan lilin mandolin mudah? || Kehilangan Agama Saya <> Apa band rock Amerika mempunyai penggunaan mandolin yang meluas? || Sistem A Down <> Apa tema lagu lagu menggunakan mandolin? || Hari Guruh", {"context": "Some rock musicians today use mandolins, often single-stringed electric models rather than double-stringed acoustic mandolins. One example is Tim Brennan of the Irish-American punk rock band Dropkick Murphys. In addition to electric guitar, bass, and drums, the band uses several instruments associated with traditional Celtic music, including mandolin, tin whistle, and Great Highland bagpipes. The band explains that these instruments accentuate the growling sound they favor. The 1991 R.E.M. hit \"Losing My Religion\" was driven by a few simple mandolin licks played by guitarist Peter Buck, who also played the mandolin in nearly a dozen other songs. The single peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart (#1 on the rock and alternative charts), Luther Dickinson of North Mississippi Allstars and The Black Crowes has made frequent use of the mandolin, most notably on the Black Crowes song \"Locust Street.\" Armenian American rock group System of A Down makes extensive use of the mandolin on their 2005 double album Mezmerize/Hypnotize. Pop punk band Green Day has used a mandolin in several occasions, especially on their 2000 album, Warning. Boyd Tinsley, violin player of the Dave Matthews Band has been using an electric mandolin since 2005. Frontman Colin Meloy and guitarist Chris Funk of The Decemberists regularly employ the mandolin in the band's music. Nancy Wilson, rhythm guitarist of Heart, uses a mandolin in Heart's song \"Dream of the Archer\" from the album Little Queen, as well as in Heart's cover of Led Zeppelin's song \"The Battle of Evermore.\" \"Show Me Heaven\" by Maria McKee, the theme song to the film Days of Thunder, prominently features a mandolin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "single-stringed electric"}], "question": "What type of mandolin do rock musicians today use? ", "id": "5728ba8eff5b5019007da588"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Dropkick Murphys"}], "question": "Which Irish-American punk band uses Mandolins?", "id": "5728ba8eff5b5019007da589"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Losing My Religion"}], "question": "What REM song uses simple mandolin licks?", "id": "5728ba8eff5b5019007da58a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 944, "text": "System of A Down"}], "question": "What American rock band has extensive use of mandolins? ", "id": "5728ba8eff5b5019007da58b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1632, "text": "Days of Thunder"}], "question": "What film's theme song uses a mandolin?", "id": "5728ba8eff5b5019007da58c"}]}]], [["Serangga boleh dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan yang dikatakan sebagai subclass: serangga tanpa sayap, yang dikenali sebagai Apterygota, dan serangga bersayap, yang dikenali sebagai Pterygota. The Apterygota terdiri daripada urutan sayap primitif dari perak (Thysanura). Archaeognatha membentuk Monocondylia berdasarkan bentuk mandibles mereka, manakala Thysanura dan Pterygota dikelompokkan bersama sebagai Dicondylia. Thysanura sendiri mungkin tidak monophyletik, dengan keluarga Lepidotrichidae menjadi kumpulan kakak kepada Dicondylia (Pterygota dan baki Thysanura). <> Apakah istilah bagi kelas serangga dengan sayap? || Pterygota <> Apakah istilah bagi kelas serangga tanpa sayap? || Apterygota <> Apa kumpulan serangga yang termasuk dalam Monocondylia terutamanya disebabkan oleh bentuk mandible mereka? || Archaeognatha <> Apakah kumpulan kolektif yang mana Thysanura dan Pterygota tergolong? || Dicondylia <> Serangga secara historis dibahagikan kepada berapa banyak kumpulan? || dua kumpulan <> Serangga dengan sayap dikenali sebagai apa? || Pterygota <> Adakah Apterygots mempunyai sayap atau tanpa sayap? || wingless <> Apa itu Thysanura? || silverfish <> Thysanura dan Pterygota adalah apa? || Dicondylia", {"context": "Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects, known as Apterygota, and winged insects, known as Pterygota. The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish (Thysanura). Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles, while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia. The Thysanura themselves possibly are not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae being a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota and the remaining Thysanura).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Pterygota"}], "question": "What is the term for the class of insects with wings?", "id": "5728c5ae3acd2414000dfe03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Apterygota"}], "question": "What is the term for the class of insects without wings? ", "id": "5728c5ae3acd2414000dfe04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Archaeognatha"}], "question": "What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?", "id": "5728c5ae3acd2414000dfe05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Dicondylia"}], "question": "What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?", "id": "5728c5ae3acd2414000dfe06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "two groups"}], "question": "Insects are historically divided into how many groups?", "id": "572927373f37b3190047808b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Pterygota"}], "question": "Insects with wings are known as what?", "id": "572927373f37b3190047808c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "wingless"}], "question": "Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?", "id": "572927373f37b3190047808d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "silverfish"}], "question": "What is a Thysanura?", "id": "572927373f37b3190047808e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Dicondylia"}], "question": "Thysanura and Pterygota are what?", "id": "572927373f37b3190047808f"}]}], ["Sistematik berasaskan morfologi berasaskan atau rupa berasaskan biasanya memberikan Hexapoda pangkat superclass,: 180 dan mengenal pasti empat kumpulan di dalamnya: serangga (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, dan Diplura, tiga yang terakhir dikumpulkan bersama Entognatha berdasarkan bahagian mulut dalaman. Hubungan Supraordinal telah mengalami banyak perubahan dengan munculnya kaedah berdasarkan sejarah evolusi dan data genetik. Teori baru-baru ini adalah bahawa Hexapoda adalah polyphyletic (di mana nenek moyang bersama yang sama bukan ahli kumpulan), dengan kelas entognath yang mempunyai sejarah evolusi berasingan dari Insekta. Banyak jenis takrif berasaskan penampilan tradisional telah ditunjukkan sebagai paraphyletic, jadi bukannya menggunakan pangkat seperti subclass, superorder, dan infraorder, ia telah terbukti lebih baik untuk menggunakan kumpulan monophyletic (di mana nenek moyang yang terakhir adalah ahli kumpulan) . Berikut adalah kumpulan pengelompok monophyletik terbaik untuk Insecta. <> Berdasarkan berasaskan morfologi dan penampilan rupa yang dikenali sebagai apa? || sistematik <> Kelas apa yang disenaraikan di Hexapoda? || superclass <> Berapa banyak kumpulan yang ditakrifkan dalam kelas superclass? || empat kumpulan <> Springtails juga dikenali sebagai apa? || Collembola <> Collembola, protura, dan dipkura dalam kumpulan yang dipanggil apa? || Entognatha", {"context": "Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass,:180 and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that the Hexapoda are polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from the Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa have been shown to be paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder, and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best-supported monophyletic groupings for the Insecta.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "systematics"}], "question": "Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?", "id": "572925ca6aef051400154aae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "superclass"}], "question": "What class is the Hexapoda ranked?", "id": "572925ca6aef051400154aaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "four groups"}], "question": "How many groups are defined in the superclass?", "id": "572925ca6aef051400154ab0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Collembola"}], "question": "Springtails are also known as what?", "id": "572925ca6aef051400154ab1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Entognatha"}], "question": "Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?", "id": "572925ca6aef051400154ab2"}]}], ["Pesanan serangga Karboniferous dan Awal Permian termasuk kedua-dua kumpulan yang masih ada, kumpulan batang mereka, dan beberapa kumpulan Paleozoic, yang kini pupus. Dalam era ini, beberapa bentuk seperti Dragonfly yang gergasi mencapai wingspans 55 hingga 70 cm (22 hingga 28 inci), menjadikannya lebih besar daripada serangga hidup. Gantianisme ini mungkin disebabkan paras oksigen atmosfera yang tinggi yang membolehkan peningkatan kecekapan pernafasan berbanding hari ini. Kekurangan vertebrata terbang mungkin menjadi faktor lain. Perintah serangga yang paling pupus telah dibangunkan semasa tempoh Permian yang bermula sekitar 270 juta tahun yang lalu. Banyak kumpulan awal yang telah pupus semasa peristiwa kepupusan Permian-Triassic, kepupusan massal terbesar dalam sejarah Bumi, sekitar 252 juta tahun yang lalu. <> Sebagai tambahan kepada Karbon, apa perintah serangga lain termasuk kumpulan yang masih ada, kumpulan batang dan kumpulan Paleozoic? || Awal Permian <> Kepada pengukuran apakah, dalam cm, apakah sayap-sayap bentuk-bentuk seperti capung gergasi mencapai? || 55 hingga 70 <> Lebih tinggi tahap apa bahan yang mungkin menyumbang kepada fenomena gigantisme? || oksigen <> Berapa juta tahun yang lalu adalah tempoh Permian yang dipercayai telah bermula? || 270 <> Kepupusan besar-besaran kumpulan serangga yang paling ketara biasanya ditakrifkan pada apa tempoh? || Permian-Triassic <> Akhir Caboniferous dan Awal Perjudian adalah apa jenis pesanan? || perintah serangga <> Perintah serangga termasuk kedua-duanya? || kumpulan yang ada <> Pesanan serangga termasuk beberapa jenis kumpulan apa? || Kumpulan paleozoik <> Apakah jenis serangga gergasi mempunyai sayap? || bentuk seperti \"dragonfly\" <> Berapa luasnya sayap-sayap bentuk seperti naga? || 55 hingga 70 cm", {"context": "Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups, their stem groups, and a number of Paleozoic groups, now extinct. During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), making them far larger than any living insect. This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels that allowed increased respiratory efficiency relative to today. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor. Most extinct orders of insects developed during the Permian period that began around 270 million years ago. Many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, around 252 million years ago.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Early Permian"}], "question": "In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?", "id": "5728bc93ff5b5019007da5b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "55 to 70"}], "question": "To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?", "id": "5728bc93ff5b5019007da5b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "oxygen"}], "question": "Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism? ", "id": "5728bc93ff5b5019007da5b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "270"}], "question": "How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun? ", "id": "5728bc93ff5b5019007da5b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "Permian-Triassic"}], "question": "The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?", "id": "5728bc93ff5b5019007da5ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "insect orders"}], "question": "Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?", "id": "572923666aef051400154a92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "extant groups"}], "question": "The insect orders include both of what?", "id": "572923666aef051400154a93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Paleozoic groups"}], "question": "The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?", "id": "572923666aef051400154a94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "dragonfly-like forms"}], "question": "What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?", "id": "572923666aef051400154a95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "55 to 70 cm"}], "question": "How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?", "id": "572923666aef051400154a96"}]}], ["Phylogeny arthropod yang lebih tinggi dari arthropod terus menjadi perbahasan dan penyelidikan. Pada tahun 2008, penyelidik di Tufts University menemui apa yang mereka percaya adalah kesan badan penuh tertua di dunia mengenai serangga terbang primitif, spesimen berusia 300 juta tahun dari zaman Karbon. Fosil serangga muktamad tertua adalah Devy Rhyniognatha hirsti, dari Rhynie chert yang berusia 396 juta tahun. Ia mungkin bersamaan dengan serangga silverfish moden. Spesies ini sudah memiliki mandibles dicondylic (dua artikulasi dalam mandible), ciri yang berkaitan dengan serangga bersayap, menunjukkan bahawa sayap mungkin telah berkembang pada masa ini. Oleh itu, serangga pertama mungkin muncul lebih awal, dalam tempoh Silurian. <> Dari apa tempoh penyelidik percaya bahawa kesan badan penuh yang tertua tentang serangga terbang berasal? || Carboniferous <> Apa yang dipercayai sebagai fosil serangga yang paling lama diketahui? || Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti <> Pada tahun apa penyelidik Tufts dilaporkan mendedahkan apa yang dipercayai sebagai kesan tertua tentang serangga terbang? || 2008 <> Apakah istilah untuk mandible dengan dua artikulasi? || dicondylic <> Dengan apa jenis serangga adalah mandarin dicondylic dikaitkan? || bersayap <> Apakah tahap yang lebih tinggi sentiasa dibahaskan untuk perdebatan dan penyelidikan? || phylogeny <> Phylogeny tahap tinggi adalah apa? || arthropod <> Apakah jenis kesan yang telah ditemui oleh Universiti? || penuh badan <> Sebuah Universiti menemui primitif yang terbang apa? || serangga <> Berapa tua adalah serangga pirus primitif yang ditemui oleh Universiti? || 300 juta tahun", {"context": "The higher-level phylogeny of the arthropods continues to be a matter of debate and research. In 2008, researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect, a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period. The oldest definitive insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti, from the 396-million-year-old Rhynie chert. It may have superficially resembled a modern-day silverfish insect. This species already possessed dicondylic mandibles (two articulations in the mandible), a feature associated with winged insects, suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time. Thus, the first insects probably appeared earlier, in the Silurian period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Carboniferous"}], "question": "From what period do researchers believe that the oldest known full-body impression of a flying insect originates?", "id": "5728b8b93acd2414000dfd4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti"}], "question": "What is believed to be the oldest known insect fossil?", "id": "5728b8b93acd2414000dfd4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "2008"}], "question": "In what year did Tufts researchers reportedly uncover what is believed to be the oldest known impression of a flying insect?", "id": "5728b8b93acd2414000dfd4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "dicondylic"}], "question": "What is the term for a mandible with two articulations?", "id": "5728b8b93acd2414000dfd4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "winged"}], "question": "With what type of insect is a dicondylic mandible associated?", "id": "5728b8b93acd2414000dfd4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "phylogeny"}], "question": "What higher-level is constantly up for debate and research?", "id": "572921ae6aef051400154a80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "arthropods"}], "question": "The higher-level phylogeny is of the what?", "id": "572921ae6aef051400154a81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "full-body"}], "question": "What kind of impression has been uncovered by a University?", "id": "572921ae6aef051400154a82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "insect"}], "question": "A University discovered a primitive flying what?", "id": "572921ae6aef051400154a83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "300 million-year-old"}], "question": "How old is the primitive plying insect found by the University?", "id": "572921ae6aef051400154a84"}]}], ["Siklus hidup serangga berbeza tetapi kebanyakannya menetas dari telur. Pertumbuhan serangga terkekang oleh exoskeleton dan perkembangan yang tidak elok melibatkan siri molt. Tahap yang tidak matang boleh berbeza dari orang dewasa dalam struktur, tabiat dan habitat, dan boleh menyertakan tahap pasif pupus dalam kumpulan-kumpulan yang menjalani metamorfosis 4-tahap (lihat holometabolisme). Serangga yang menjalani metamorfosis 3-peringkat tidak mempunyai peringkat pupal dan dewasa berkembang melalui satu siri tahap nyamphal. Hubungan level yang lebih tinggi dari Hexapoda tidak jelas. Serangga fosil yang sangat besar telah didapati dari Era Paleozoic, termasuk pepatung raksasa dengan sayap 55 hingga 70 cm (22-28 inci). Kumpulan serangga yang paling beragam kelihatan mempunyai tumbuhan berbunga. <> Bagaimana kitaran hayat kebanyakan serangga biasanya bermula? || menetas dari telur <> Apakah kekangan utama pada pertumbuhan fizikal serangga? || exoskeleton inelastik <> Tahap perkembangan apa yang membezakan metamorfosis 4-peringkat dari metamorfosis 3-peringkat, terutamanya tidak ada di dalamnya? || peringkat pupal <> Apakah istilah yang diberikan untuk menunjukkan siri peringkat yang terlibat dalam perkembangan serangga dewasa? || nymphal <> Era apa yang dikaitkan dengan penemuan capung fosil yang sangat besar dengan sayap yang sangat panjang? || Paleozoic <> Serangga menetas dari apa? || telur <> Pertumbuhan serangga terkekang oleh apa? || exoskeleton yang tidak elok <> Sebuah perkembangan serangga melibatkan siri apa? || molts <> Berapa banyak tahapan metamorfosis yang dilakukan oleh serangga? || 4-stage <> Serangga yang paling pelbagai dikaitkan dengan apa? || tumbuhan berbunga", {"context": "The life cycles of insects vary but most hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts. The immature stages can differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat, and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo 4-stage metamorphosis (see holometabolism). Insects that undergo 3-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages. The higher level relationship of the Hexapoda is unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the Paleozoic Era, including giant dragonflies with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22\u201328 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to have coevolved with flowering plants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "hatch from eggs"}], "question": "How does the lifecycle of most insects typically begin?", "id": "5728a39f3acd2414000dfbad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "inelastic exoskeleton"}], "question": "What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect?", "id": "5728a39f3acd2414000dfbae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "pupal stage"}], "question": "What stage of development differentiates a 4-stage metamorphosis from a 3-stage metamorphosis, notably absent in the latter?", "id": "5728a39f3acd2414000dfbaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "nymphal"}], "question": "What is the term given to denote the series of stages involved in the development of an adult insect?", "id": "5728a39f3acd2414000dfbb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Paleozoic"}], "question": "What era is attributed to the findings of enormous fossilized dragonflies with extremely long wingspans? ", "id": "5728a39f3acd2414000dfbb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "eggs"}], "question": "Insects hatch from what?", "id": "57291034af94a219006aa013"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "the inelastic exoskeleton"}], "question": "Insects growth is constrained by what?", "id": "57291034af94a219006aa014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "molts"}], "question": "An insects developement involves a series of what?", "id": "57291034af94a219006aa015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "4-stage"}], "question": "How many stages of metamorphosis does an insect go through?", "id": "57291034af94a219006aa016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "flowering plants"}], "question": "The most diverse insects coevolved with what?", "id": "57291034af94a219006aa017"}]}], ["Serangga adalah antara herbivora terestrial terawal dan bertindak sebagai agen pilihan utama ke atas tumbuhan. Tumbuhan berkembang pertahanan kimia terhadap tanaman herbivori ini dan serangga, pada gilirannya, mengembangkan mekanisme untuk menangani toksin tumbuhan. Banyak serangga menggunakan racun ini untuk melindungi diri mereka dari pemangsa mereka. Serangga sedemikian sering mengiklankan ketoksikan mereka menggunakan warna amaran. Ini corak evolusi yang berjaya juga telah digunakan oleh meniru. Dari masa ke masa, ini telah membawa kepada kumpulan-kumpulan kompleks spesies yang sama. Sebaliknya, beberapa interaksi antara tumbuh-tumbuhan dan serangga, seperti pendebungaan, memberi manfaat kepada kedua-dua organisma. Coevolution telah membawa kepada perkembangan mutualisme yang sangat spesifik dalam sistem sedemikian. <> Apakah jenis pertahanan yang tumbuh tumbuhan secara adaptif berevolusi sebagai tindak balas terhadap serangga? || kimia <> Apakah istilah untuk serangga pemakan tumbuhan? || herbivora <> Apa yang serangga banyak digunakan secara adaptif dalam mempertahankan diri dari pemangsa? || toksin tumbuhan <> Bagaimana keracunan kadang-kadang kelihatan oleh serangga sebagai amaran? || warna <> Apa contoh proses saling menguntungkan yang menunjukkan pembentukan tumbuhan dan serangga? || penyebaran <> Serangga dianggap sebagai daratan? || herbivora <> Apakah serangga agen pemilihan utama? || tumbuhan <> Apa tumbuhan akhirnya terbentuk terhadap serangga? || pertahanan kimia <> Serangga membentuk mekanisme untuk melindungi daripada apa? || racun tumbuhan <> Serangga menunjukkan bagaimana toksik mereka dengan apa jenis warna? || warna amaran", {"context": "Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants. Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such insects often advertise their toxicity using warning colors. This successful evolutionary pattern has also been used by mimics. Over time, this has led to complex groups of coevolved species. Conversely, some interactions between plants and insects, like pollination, are beneficial to both organisms. Coevolution has led to the development of very specific mutualisms in such systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "chemical"}], "question": "What type of defense did plants adaptively evolve in response to insects?", "id": "5728bea42ca10214002da6c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "herbivores"}], "question": "What is the term for a plant-eating insect?", "id": "5728bea42ca10214002da6c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "plant toxins"}], "question": "What do many insects adaptively utilize in self-defense from predators?", "id": "5728bea42ca10214002da6ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "colors"}], "question": "How is toxicity sometimes visibly displayed by insects as a warning?", "id": "5728bea42ca10214002da6cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "pollination"}], "question": "What is an example of a mutually beneficial process indicating the coevolution of plants and insects?", "id": "5728bea42ca10214002da6cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "herbivores"}], "question": "Insects are considered terrestrial what?", "id": "5729247faf94a219006aa0e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "plants"}], "question": "What were insects the major selection agents of?", "id": "5729247faf94a219006aa0e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "chemical defenses"}], "question": "What did plants eventually form against insects?", "id": "5729247faf94a219006aa0e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "plant toxins"}], "question": "Insects formed mechanisms to shield against what?", "id": "5729247faf94a219006aa0e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "warning colors"}], "question": "Insects show how toxic they are with what kind of colors?", "id": "5729247faf94a219006aa0e9"}]}], ["Manusia menganggap serangga tertentu sebagai perosak, dan cuba mengawalnya menggunakan racun serangga dan pelbagai teknik lain. Sesetengah serangga merosakkan tanaman dengan memakan sap, daun atau buah-buahan. Beberapa spesies parasit adalah patogenik. Sesetengah serangga menjalankan peranan ekologi kompleks; tamparan, contohnya, membantu mengonsumsi bangkai tetapi juga menyebarkan penyakit. Penyengat serangga sangat penting untuk kitaran hayat banyak spesies tumbuhan berbunga di mana kebanyakan organisma, termasuk manusia, sekurang-kurangnya sebahagiannya bergantung; tanpa mereka, bahagian terestrial biosfera (termasuk manusia) akan hancur. Banyak serangga lain yang dianggap ekologi menguntungkan sebagai pemangsa dan beberapa memberikan faedah ekonomi langsung. Cacing sutera dan lebah telah digunakan secara meluas oleh manusia untuk pengeluaran sutera dan madu, masing-masing. Dalam sesetengah budaya, orang makan larva atau orang dewasa serangga tertentu. <> Dengan kaedah apa yang manusia sering cuba untuk mengawal penyebaran serangga? || racun serangga <> Apa bahagian biosfera yang akan dihancurkan tidak ada peranan penyerbukan kompleks serangga? || terestrial <> Serangga apa yang menyediakan manfaat ekonomi yang ketara melalui penghasilan sutera? || Silkworms <> Serangga apa yang diketahui mengonsumsi bangkai? || pukulan-lalat <> Manusia menganggap kebanyakan serangga sebagai apa? || perosak <> Manusia boleh mengawal serangga menggunakan apa? || racun serangga <> Serangga mempunyai potensi untuk merosakkan apa? || tanaman <> Serangga boleh merosakkan tanaman dengan membiayai sap, buah-buahan, atau apa? || daun <> Silkworms digunakan oleh manusia untuk menghasilkan apa? || sutera", {"context": "Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits. A few parasitic species are pathogenic. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for example, help consume carrion but also spread diseases. Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms, including humans, are at least partly dependent; without them, the terrestrial portion of the biosphere (including humans) would be devastated. Many other insects are considered ecologically beneficial as predators and a few provide direct economic benefit. Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey, respectively. In some cultures, people eat the larvae or adults of certain insects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "insecticides"}], "question": "By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?", "id": "5728aa3d2ca10214002da572"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "terrestrial"}], "question": "What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?", "id": "5728aa3d2ca10214002da573"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "Silkworms"}], "question": "What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk?", "id": "5728aa3d2ca10214002da574"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "blow-flies"}], "question": "What insect is known to consume carrion?", "id": "5728aa3d2ca10214002da575"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "pests"}], "question": "Humans consider most insects as what?", "id": "5729125daf94a219006aa027"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "insecticides"}], "question": "Humans can control insects using what?", "id": "5729125daf94a219006aa028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "crops"}], "question": "Insects have the potential to damage what?", "id": "5729125daf94a219006aa029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "leaves"}], "question": "Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap, fruits, or what?", "id": "5729125daf94a219006aa02a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "silk"}], "question": "Silkworms are used by humans for producing what?", "id": "5729125daf94a219006aa02b"}]}], ["Serangga dewasa biasanya bergerak dengan berjalan, terbang, atau kadang-kadang berenang (lihat di bawah, Locomotion). Oleh kerana ia membolehkan pergerakan yang cepat dan stabil, banyak serangga mengamalkan perjalanan berjalan kaki di mana mereka berjalan dengan kaki mereka menyentuh tanah dalam segi tiga bergantian. Serangga adalah satu-satunya invertebrata yang mempunyai penerbangan berevolusi. Banyak serangga menghabiskan sekurang-kurangnya sebahagian daripada kehidupan mereka di bawah air, dengan penyesuaian larva yang termasuk insang, dan beberapa serangga dewasa adalah akuatik dan mempunyai adaptasi untuk berenang. Sesetengah spesies, seperti penyerang air, mampu berjalan di permukaan air. Serangga kebanyakannya bersendirian, tetapi beberapa, seperti lebah tertentu, semut dan rayap, adalah sosial dan hidup di koloni yang besar dan teratur. Sesetengah serangga, seperti earwig, menunjukkan penjagaan ibu, menjaga telur mereka dan muda. Serangga boleh berkomunikasi dengan satu sama lain dalam pelbagai cara. Rama-rama betina boleh merasakan feromon-kupu betina dalam jarak jauh. Spesies lain berkomunikasi dengan bunyi: jangkrik melambangkan, atau menggosok sayap mereka bersama-sama, untuk menarik pasangan dan menghalau lelaki lain. Lampyridae dalam susunan kumbang Coleoptera berkomunikasi dengan cahaya. <> Apakah istilah untuk gaya serangga yang dicirikan dengan berjalan dalam segitiga bergantian? || tripedal <> Apa penyesuaian larva adalah perkara biasa bagi serangga bawah air? || insang <> Apakah spesies serangga mempunyai keupayaan untuk berjalan di atas permukaan air? || air striders <> Apa yang dilakukan jangkrik untuk menarik atau mengusir pasangan? || stridulate <> Apa variasi kumbang dalam perintah Coleoptera berkomunikasi dengan cara cahaya? || Lampyridae <> Serangga bergerak dengan berjalan, terbang, dan apa lagi? || berenang <> Yang serangga berjalan, terbang, dan berenang? || Dewasa <> Serangga berjalan di tanah dalam seli apa? || segitiga <> Serangga yang berjalan dalam segitiga bergantian dipanggil apa? || tripedal gait <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh serangga dengan pelbagai cara? || berkomunikasi", {"context": "Adult insects typically move about by walking, flying, or sometimes swimming (see below, Locomotion). As it allows for rapid yet stable movement, many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles. Insects are the only invertebrates to have evolved flight. Many insects spend at least part of their lives under water, with larval adaptations that include gills, and some adult insects are aquatic and have adaptations for swimming. Some species, such as water striders, are capable of walking on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such as certain bees, ants and termites, are social and live in large, well-organized colonies. Some insects, such as earwigs, show maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyridae in the beetle order Coleoptera communicate with light.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "tripedal"}], "question": "What is the term for the gait of an insect characterized by walking in alternating triangles?", "id": "5728a8b94b864d1900164baa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "gills"}], "question": "What larval adaptation is common to underwater insects?", "id": "5728a8b94b864d1900164bab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "water striders"}], "question": "What species of insect has the capability to walk on the surface of water?", "id": "5728a8b94b864d1900164bac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 983, "text": "stridulate"}], "question": "What do crickets do in order to attract or repel a mate?", "id": "5728a8b94b864d1900164bad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1065, "text": "Lampyridae"}], "question": "What variation of beetle in the Coleoptera order communicate by way of light?", "id": "5728a8b94b864d1900164bae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "swimming"}], "question": "Insects move by walking, flying, and what else?", "id": "572911821d04691400779011"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Adult"}], "question": "Which insects walk, fly, and swim?", "id": "572911821d04691400779012"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "triangles"}], "question": "Insects walk the ground in alternating what?", "id": "572911821d04691400779013"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "tripedal gait"}], "question": "Insects walking in an alternating triangle is called a what?", "id": "572911821d04691400779014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "communicate"}], "question": "What can insects do with each other in a variety of ways?", "id": "572911821d04691400779015"}]}], ["Serangga (dari serangga Latin, calci Greek \u1f14\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd [\u00e9ntomon], \"dipotong menjadi bahagian\") adalah kelas invertebrat dalam phylum arthropod yang mempunyai exoskeleton chitinous, badan tiga bahagian (kepala, toraks dan perut), tiga pasang kaki bersama, mata kompaun dan sepasang antena. Mereka adalah kumpulan haiwan yang paling pelbagai di planet ini, termasuk lebih daripada sejuta spesies yang dijelaskan dan mewakili lebih dari separuh daripada semua organisma hidup yang diketahui. Jumlah spesies yang masih ada dianggarkan antara enam dan sepuluh juta, dan berpotensi mewakili lebih dari 90% bentuk kehidupan haiwan yang berbeza di Bumi. Serangga boleh didapati di hampir semua persekitaran, walaupun hanya sebilangan kecil spesies yang tinggal di lautan, habitat yang dikuasai oleh kumpulan arthropod yang lain, krustasea. <> Dalam apa yang disebut phylum serangga dikelaskan? || arthropod <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang terdiri daripada badan serangga? || tiga bahagian <> Sebagai tambahan kepada kepala dan perut, apakah bahagian utama lain dari tubuh serangga? || thorax <> Apa jenis exoskeleton yang ada serangga? || chitinous <> Berapa banyak pasang kaki bersama yang dilakukan oleh serangga? || tiga <> Apa maksud serangga dalam latin? || dipotong menjadi bahagian <> Apakah perkataan Latin untuk serangga? || serangga <> Serangga adalah kelas apa? || invertebrata <> Serangga mempunyai apa jenis kerangka? || exoskeleton chitinous <> Sebuah serangga 3-bahagian badan termasuk tekak, perut, dan apa? || kepala", {"context": "Insects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek \u1f14\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd [\u00e9ntomon], \"cut into sections\") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "arthropod"}], "question": "In what phylum are insects classified? ", "id": "5728a0da2ca10214002da4e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "three-part"}], "question": "How many parts comprise the body of an insect?", "id": "5728a0da2ca10214002da4e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "thorax"}], "question": "In addition to the head and abdomen, what is the other major section of an insect's body?", "id": "5728a0da2ca10214002da4e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "chitinous"}], "question": "What type of exoskeleton do insects have?", "id": "5728a0da2ca10214002da4e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many pairs of jointed legs do insects have?", "id": "5728a0da2ca10214002da4ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "cut into sections"}], "question": "What does insect mean in latin?", "id": "57290f1faf94a219006aa009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "insectum"}], "question": "What is the Latin word for insect?", "id": "57290f1faf94a219006aa00a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "invertebrates"}], "question": "Insects are a class of what?", "id": "57290f1faf94a219006aa00b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "chitinous exoskeleton"}], "question": "Insects have what kind of skeleton?", "id": "57290f1faf94a219006aa00c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "head"}], "question": "An insects 3-part body includes a throat, abdomen, and what?", "id": "57290f1faf94a219006aa00d"}]}], ["Perkataan \"serangga\" berasal dari kata serangga bahasa Latin, yang bermaksud \"dengan badan berturut-turut atau dibahagi\", atau secara harfiah \"dipotong\", dari segi makhluk pasif yang tidak sempurna yang bersifat neuter tunggal, \"dipotong, dipotong\" dalam- \"masuk\" dan menjernihkan \"untuk memotong\"; kerana serangga muncul \"potong\" tiga bahagian. Pliny the Elder memperkenalkan istilah Latin sebagai terjemahan pinjaman perkataan Yunani \u1f14\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (\u00e9ntomos) atau \"serangga\" (seperti dalam entomologi), yang merupakan istilah Aristotle untuk kelas kehidupan ini, juga merujuk kepada badan-badan \"bertentangan\" mereka. \"Serangga\" mula-mula muncul didokumentasikan dalam Bahasa Inggeris pada 1601 dalam terjemahan Belanda Pliny. Terjemahan istilah Aristotle juga membentuk kata biasa untuk \"serangga\" di Welsh (trychfil, dari trychu \"untuk memotong\" dan mil, \"haiwan\"), Serbo-Croatian (zareznik, dari rezati, \"untuk memotong\"), Rusia (\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0435 nasekomoje, dari se\u010d '/ - sekat', \"untuk memotong\"), dan lain-lain <> Apakah istilah Latin untuk serangga? || insektum <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan istilah Latin untuk serangga, meminjam dari vernakular Yunani? || Pliny the Elder <> Berapa banyak bahagian tubuh badan serangga kelihatan dibahagikan? || Tiga <> ahli falsafah Yunani yang menggunakan istilah entomos untuk menggambarkan serangga, merujuk kepada badan-badan yang bertentangan mereka? || Aristotle <> Dalam tahun apakah ia biasanya melaporkan bahawa perkataan serangga pertama didokumentasikan dalam bahasa Inggeris? || 1601 <> Serangga bermaksud mempunyai sepasang atau membelah apa? || badan <> Serangga dipotong ke dalam berapa banyak bahagian? || tiga bahagian <> Siapa yang memberikan kelas kehidupan ini nama \"serangga\"? || Aristotle <> Dalam tahun apakah perkataan \"serangga\" muncul dalam dokumen? || 1601 <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan versi Latin perkataan \"serangga\"? || Pliny the Elder", {"context": "The word \"insect\" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning \"with a notched or divided body\", or literally \"cut into\", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare, \"to cut into, to cut up\", from in- \"into\" and secare \"to cut\"; because insects appear \"cut into\" three sections. Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word \u1f14\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (\u00e9ntomos) or \"insect\" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life, also in reference to their \"notched\" bodies. \"Insect\" first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland's translation of Pliny. Translations of Aristotle's term also form the usual word for \"insect\" in Welsh (trychfil, from trychu \"to cut\" and mil, \"animal\"), Serbo-Croatian (zareznik, from rezati, \"to cut\"), Russian (\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0435 nasekomoje, from se\u010d'/-sekat', \"to cut\"), etc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "insectum"}], "question": "What is the Latin term for insect?", "id": "5728ab90ff5b5019007da40a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Pliny the Elder"}], "question": "Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular?", "id": "5728ab90ff5b5019007da40b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many sections does an insect's body appear to be divided?", "id": "5728ab90ff5b5019007da40c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "Which Greek philosopher used the term entomos to describe insects, making reference to their notched bodies?", "id": "5728ab90ff5b5019007da40d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "1601"}], "question": "In what year is it typically reported that the word insect was first documented in English?", "id": "5728ab90ff5b5019007da40e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "body"}], "question": "Insect means to have a notched or divided what?", "id": "572913d3af94a219006aa041"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "three sections"}], "question": "Insects are cut into how many sections?", "id": "572913d3af94a219006aa042"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "Who gave this class of life the name \"insect\"?", "id": "572913d3af94a219006aa043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "1601"}], "question": "In what year did the word \"insect\" appear in a document?", "id": "572913d3af94a219006aa044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Pliny the Elder"}], "question": "Who introduced the Latin version of the word \"insect\"?", "id": "572913d3af94a219006aa045"}]}], ["Segmen toraks mempunyai satu ganglion pada setiap sisi, yang disambungkan kepada sepasang, satu pasang setiap segmen. Susunan ini juga dilihat di perut tetapi hanya dalam lapan segmen pertama. Banyak spesies serangga telah mengurangkan bilangan ganglia disebabkan oleh gabungan atau pengurangan. Sesetengah lipas hanya mempunyai enam ganglia di dalam perut, sedangkan tawon Vespa crabro hanya mempunyai dua di thorax dan tiga di dalam perut. Sesetengah serangga, seperti rumah terbang Musca domestica, mempunyai semua ganglia badan yang menyatu menjadi satu ganglion thoracic besar. <> Apakah pada setiap sisi segmen toraks? || ganglion <> Berapa banyak ganglia di setiap sisi segmen torak? || satu <> Ganglia disambungkan ke apa? || sepasang <> Berapa banyak pasangan ganglia dalam segmen? || satu pasangan <> Apakah lokasi lain pada serangga yang terdapat ganglia? || abdomen", {"context": "The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side, which are connected into a pair, one pair per segment. This arrangement is also seen in the abdomen but only in the first eight segments. Many species of insects have reduced numbers of ganglia due to fusion or reduction. Some cockroaches have just six ganglia in the abdomen, whereas the wasp Vespa crabro has only two in the thorax and three in the abdomen. Some insects, like the house fly Musca domestica, have all the body ganglia fused into a single large thoracic ganglion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "ganglion"}], "question": "What is on each side of a thoracic segment?", "id": "57293d721d046914007791c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment?", "id": "57293d721d046914007791c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "a pair"}], "question": "Ganglia are connected into a what?", "id": "57293d721d046914007791c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "one pair"}], "question": "How many pairs of ganglia are in a segment?", "id": "57293d721d046914007791c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "abdomen"}], "question": "What other location on an insect are ganglia located?", "id": "57293d721d046914007791c5"}]}], ["Rangkai luar serangga, kutikula, terdiri daripada dua lapisan: epoklik, yang merupakan lapisan luar yang tahan tipis dan lilin dan tidak mengandungi kitin, dan lapisan yang lebih rendah disebut procuticle. Procuticle adalah chitinous dan lebih tebal daripada epicuticle dan mempunyai dua lapisan: lapisan luar yang dikenali sebagai exocuticle dan lapisan dalaman yang dikenali sebagai endocuticle. Endocuticle yang kuat dan fleksibel dibina dari pelbagai lapisan kitin dan protein berserabut, saling silang antara satu sama lain dalam corak sandwic, manakala exocuticle adalah tegar dan keras. 22-24 Eksocuticle dikurangkan dalam banyak serangga berbusa lembut contohnya, ulat), terutamanya semasa peringkat larva mereka. <> Kerangka luar serangga dikenali sebagai apa? || kutikula <> Kutikula mempunyai bilangan lapisan? || dua <> kutikula manakah yang kemudiannya seperti lilin? || epicuticle <> Epikanicle tidak terdiri daripada apa? || chitin <> Adakah procuticle lebih tipis atau lebih tebal daripada epicuticle? || tebal", {"context": "The insect outer skeleton, the cuticle, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin, and a lower layer called the procuticle. The procuticle is chitinous and much thicker than the epicuticle and has two layers: an outer layer known as the exocuticle and an inner layer known as the endocuticle. The tough and flexible endocuticle is built from numerous layers of fibrous chitin and proteins, criss-crossing each other in a sandwich pattern, while the exocuticle is rigid and hardened.:22\u201324 The exocuticle is greatly reduced in many soft-bodied insects (e.g., caterpillars), especially during their larval stages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "the cuticle"}], "question": "Insect's outer skeleton is known as what?", "id": "57293aba3f37b31900478129"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "two"}], "question": "The cuticle has how many layers?", "id": "57293aba3f37b3190047812a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the epicuticle"}], "question": "Which cuticle later is like wax?", "id": "57293aba3f37b3190047812b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "chitin"}], "question": "The epicuticle does not consist of what?", "id": "57293aba3f37b3190047812c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "thicker"}], "question": "Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle?", "id": "57293aba3f37b3190047812d"}]}], ["Serangga adalah satu-satunya invertebrata yang telah membangunkan keupayaan penerbangan aktif, dan ini telah memainkan peranan penting dalam kejayaan mereka. 186 Otot mereka dapat berkali-kali berkali-kali untuk setiap impuls saraf tunggal, membolehkan sayap untuk mengalahkan lebih cepat daripada biasanya . Mempunyai otot mereka yang melekat pada exoskeleton mereka lebih cekap dan membolehkan lebih banyak sambungan otot; krustasea juga menggunakan kaedah yang sama, walaupun semua labah-labah menggunakan tekanan hidraulik untuk melanjutkan kaki mereka, sebuah sistem yang diwarisi dari nenek moyang mereka pra-arthropod. Tidak seperti serangga, walaupun, kebanyakan krustasea akuatik didominasi dengan kalsium karbonat yang diekstrak dari air. <> Serangga juga dikenali sebagai jenis vertebra? || invertebrata <> Serangga telah mengembangkan jenis kemampuan aktif apa? || penerbangan <> Keupayaan penerbangan aktif memainkan peranan apa saja untuk serangga? || penting <> Berapa kali otot serangga dapat berkontrak? || pelbagai>> Otot serangga dilampirkan kepada apa? || exoskeletons", {"context": "Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability, and this has played an important role in their success.:186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse, allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible. Having their muscles attached to their exoskeletons is more efficient and allows more muscle connections; crustaceans also use the same method, though all spiders use hydraulic pressure to extend their legs, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors. Unlike insects, though, most aquatic crustaceans are biomineralized with calcium carbonate extracted from the water.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "invertebrates"}], "question": "Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra?", "id": "57293c016aef051400154bae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "flight"}], "question": "Insects have developed what kind of active capability?", "id": "57293c016aef051400154baf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "important"}], "question": "Active flight ability has played what kind of role for insects?", "id": "57293c016aef051400154bb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "multiple"}], "question": "How many times are insects muscles able to contract?", "id": "57293c016aef051400154bb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "exoskeletons"}], "question": "Insects muscles are attached to their what?", "id": "57293c016aef051400154bb2"}]}], ["Serangga telah membahagikan badan yang disokong oleh exoskeleton, penutup luar keras yang kebanyakannya dibuat daripada kitin. Segmen tubuh disusun menjadi tiga unit yang tersendiri tetapi saling berkaitan, atau tagmata: kepala, dada dan perut. Kepala menyokong sepasang antena deria, sepasang mata kompaun, dan, jika ada, satu hingga tiga mata mudah (atau ocelli) dan tiga set pelengkap pelbagai modifikasi yang membentuk mulut. Thorax mempunyai enam kaki bersegmentasi-satu pasangan untuk prothorax, mesothorax dan segmen metathorax yang membentuk thorax-dan, tidak ada, dua atau empat sayap. Perut terdiri daripada sebelas segmen, walaupun dalam beberapa spesies serangga, segmen ini boleh disatu bersama atau dikurangkan dalam saiz. Perut juga mengandungi kebanyakan struktur dalaman pencernaan, pernafasan, ekskresi dan pembiakan. 22-45 Perubahan yang banyak dan banyak penyesuaian di bahagian-bahagian tubuh serangga berlaku, terutamanya sayap, kaki, antena dan mulut. <> Apakah jenis badan untuk serangga? || badan bersegmen <> Badan serangga disokong oleh apa? || exoskeletons <> Chitin adalah jenis penutup luar pada serangga? || keras <> Badan serangga dibahagikan kepada jenis unit apa? || saling berhubungan <> Apakah serangga, tenggorokan, dan abdomen disebut? || tagmata", {"context": "Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata: a head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and, if present, one to three simple eyes (or ocelli) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six segmented legs\u2014one pair each for the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax segments making up the thorax\u2014and, none, two or four wings. The abdomen consists of eleven segments, though in a few species of insects, these segments may be fused together or reduced in size. The abdomen also contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive internal structures.:22\u201348 Considerable variation and many adaptations in the body parts of insects occur, especially wings, legs, antenna and mouthparts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "segmented bodies"}], "question": "What kind of bodies to insects have?", "id": "572932821d0469140077914f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "exoskeletons"}], "question": "Insects bodies are supported by what?", "id": "572932821d04691400779150"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "hard"}], "question": "Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?", "id": "572932821d04691400779151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "interconnected"}], "question": "An insect's body is divided into what kind of units?", "id": "572932821d04691400779152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "tagmata"}], "question": "What is an insects head, throat, and abdomen called?", "id": "572932821d04691400779153"}]}], ["Paleoptera dan Neoptera adalah perintah bersayap serangga yang dibezakan oleh kehadiran bahagian tubuh yang keras yang disebut sklerit, dan dalam Neoptera, otot-otot yang membolehkan sayap mereka melipat rata di atas perut. Neoptera boleh dibahagikan kepada metamorfosis yang tidak lengkap (Polyneoptera dan Paraneoptera) dan kumpulan berasaskan metamorfosis yang lengkap. Ia terbukti sukar untuk menjelaskan hubungan antara pesanan di Polyneoptera kerana penemuan baru yang berterusan menyeru untuk mengkaji semula taksiran tersebut. Sebagai contoh, Paraneoptera telah bertukar menjadi lebih dekat dengan Endopterygota daripada seluruh Exopterygota. Penemuan molekular baru-baru ini bahawa perintah tradisional kutu Mallophaga dan Anoplura berasal dari dalam Psocoptera telah membawa kepada Psocodea taksonomi baru. Phasmatodea dan Embiidina telah dicadangkan untuk membentuk Eukinolabia. Mantodea, Blattodea, dan Isoptera dianggap membentuk kumpulan monophyletic yang dinamakan Dictyoptera. <> Paleoptera dan Neoptera adalah jenis pesanan serangga? || bersayap <> Serangga bahagian-bahagian tubuh keras dipanggil apa? || Sclerites <> Sayap serangga melipat rata atas apa yang mereka? || abdomen <> Neoptera boleh dibahagikan kepada kumpulan \"berasaskan\" apa? || metamorfosis berasaskan <> Paraneopter dan Endopterygota adalah apa? || berkaitan", {"context": "Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites, and in the Neoptera, muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen. Neoptera can further be divided into incomplete metamorphosis-based (Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera) and complete metamorphosis-based groups. It has proved difficult to clarify the relationships between the orders in Polyneoptera because of constant new findings calling for revision of the taxa. For example, the Paraneoptera have turned out to be more closely related to the Endopterygota than to the rest of the Exopterygota. The recent molecular finding that the traditional louse orders Mallophaga and Anoplura are derived from within Psocoptera has led to the new taxon Psocodea. Phasmatodea and Embiidina have been suggested to form the Eukinolabia. Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera are thought to form a monophyletic group termed Dictyoptera.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "winged"}], "question": "Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders? ", "id": "57292e806aef051400154b4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "sclerites"}], "question": "An insects hard body parts are called what?", "id": "57292e806aef051400154b4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "abdomen"}], "question": "Insect's wings fold flat over their what?", "id": "57292e806aef051400154b4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "metamorphosis-based"}], "question": "Neoptera can be divided into what kind of \"based\" group?", "id": "57292e806aef051400154b4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "related"}], "question": "Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?", "id": "57292e806aef051400154b4e"}]}], ["The Exopterygota mungkin paraphyletic berkenaan dengan Endopterygota. Perkara yang menimbulkan kontroversi termasuk Strepsiptera dan Diptera dikelompokkan sebagai Halteria berdasarkan pengurangan salah satu pasangan sayap - kedudukan yang tidak disokong dengan baik dalam komuniti entomologi. Neuropterida sering disusun atau dibahagikan kepada keinginan ahli taksonomi. Kutu kini dianggap berkait rapat dengan mecopteran boreid. Banyak soalan kekal dalam hubungan basal di antara pesanan endopterygote, terutamanya Hymenoptera. <> Apa yang mungkin paraphyletic? || The Exopterygota <> Strepsiptera dan Diptera adalah kontroversi apa? || Perkara <> Strepsiptera dan Diptera dikelompokkan bersama dipanggil apa? || Halteria <> Perbincangan mengenai pasangan sayap tidak disokong oleh komuniti apa? || komuniti entomologi <> Apa yang pecah atau disusun bersama oleh ahli taksonomi? || The Neuropterida", {"context": "The Exopterygota likely are paraphyletic in regard to the Endopterygota. Matters that have incurred controversy include Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together as Halteria based on a reduction of one of the wing pairs \u2013 a position not well-supported in the entomological community. The Neuropterida are often lumped or split on the whims of the taxonomist. Fleas are now thought to be closely related to boreid mecopterans. Many questions remain in the basal relationships amongst endopterygote orders, particularly the Hymenoptera.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Exopterygota"}], "question": "What are likely to be paraphyletic?", "id": "57292fb81d04691400779131"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Matters"}], "question": "Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what?", "id": "57292fb81d04691400779132"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Halteria"}], "question": "Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what?", "id": "57292fb81d04691400779133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "the entomological community"}], "question": "A discussion regarding wing pairs is not supported by what community?", "id": "57292fb81d04691400779134"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "The Neuropterida"}], "question": "What is split or lumped together by a taxonomist?", "id": "57292fb81d04691400779135"}]}], ["Kepala tertutup dalam kapsul kepala keras kepala yang tidak tersegmentasi, exoskeletal, atau epikranium, yang mengandungi kebanyakan organ penderia, termasuk antena, ocellus atau mata, dan mulut. Dari semua perintah serangga, Orthoptera memaparkan ciri-ciri yang paling banyak terdapat pada serangga lain, termasuk jahitan dan sclerite. Di sini, puncak, atau puncak (rantau dorsal), terletak di antara mata kompaun untuk serangga dengan kepala yang hipognata dan opisthognathous. Dalam serangga prognathous, vertex tidak terdapat antara mata kompaun, tetapi sebaliknya, di mana ocelli biasanya. Ini adalah kerana paksi utama kepala diputar 90 \u00b0 untuk menjadi selari dengan paksi utama badan. Dalam sesetengah spesies, rantau ini diubah suai dan menganggap nama yang berbeza. 13 <> Apa bahagian serangga yang mengandungi kebanyakan organ penderiaan? || kepala <> Apakah perkataan lain untuk kapsul kepala? || epicranium <> Apa yang memaparkan kebanyakan ciri pada serangga? || Orthoptera <> Apakah puncak ini juga dikenali sebagai? || puncak <> Titik biasanya terletak di antara jenis mata apa? || kompaun", {"context": "The head is enclosed in a hard, heavily sclerotized, unsegmented, exoskeletal head capsule, or epicranium, which contains most of the sensing organs, including the antennae, ocellus or eyes, and the mouthparts. Of all the insect orders, Orthoptera displays the most features found in other insects, including the sutures and sclerites. Here, the vertex, or the apex (dorsal region), is situated between the compound eyes for insects with a hypognathous and opisthognathous head. In prognathous insects, the vertex is not found between the compound eyes, but rather, where the ocelli are normally. This is because the primary axis of the head is rotated 90\u00b0 to become parallel to the primary axis of the body. In some species, this region is modified and assumes a different name.:13", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "head"}], "question": "What part of the insect contains most of the sensing organs?", "id": "572933aa3f37b319004780f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "epicranium"}], "question": "What is another word for head capsule?", "id": "572933aa3f37b319004780f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Orthoptera"}], "question": "What displays the most features on an insect?", "id": "572933aa3f37b319004780f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "apex"}], "question": "What is the vertex also known as?", "id": "572933aa3f37b319004780fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "compound"}], "question": "The vertex is usually located between what kind of eyes?", "id": "572933aa3f37b319004780fb"}]}], ["Perut adalah tagma terbesar serangga, yang biasanya terdiri daripada 11-12 segmen dan kurang kuat bersisik daripada kepala atau toraks. Setiap segmen abdomen diwakili oleh tergum sklerotized dan sternum. Terga dipisahkan antara satu sama lain dan dari sterna atau pleura bersebelahan dengan membran. Spiracles terletak di kawasan pleura. Pelbagai pelan dasar ini termasuk gabungan terga atau terga dan sterna untuk membentuk perisai dorsal atau perut yang berterusan atau tiub conical. Sesetengah serangga menanggung sklerit di kawasan pleura yang dipanggil laterotergit. Sclerites Ventral kadang-kadang dipanggil laterosternites. Semasa peringkat embrio banyak serangga dan tahap pascamaramisme serangga primitif, 11 segmen perut hadir. Dalam serangga moden terdapat kecenderungan untuk pengurangan bilangan segmen abdomen, tetapi bilangan primitif 11 dikekalkan semasa embriogenesis. Variasi dalam nombor segmen perut adalah besar. Jika Apterygota dianggap menandakan pelan tanah untuk pterygotes, kekeliruan memerintah: Protura dewasa mempunyai 12 segmen, Collembola mempunyai 6. Keluarga ortopteran Acrididae mempunyai 11 segmen, dan spesimen fosil Zoraptera mempunyai perut 10 bahagian. <> Apakah tagma terbesar serangga? || abdomen <> Berapa banyak segmen membentuk abdomen serangga? || 11-12 segmen <> Perut kurang kuat daripada thorax dan apa? || kepala <> Sebuah perut serangga mempunyai kerumitan sclerotized dan apa lagi? || sternum <> Kawasan pleura memegang apa? || Spiracles", {"context": "The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect, which typically consists of 11\u201312 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each segment of the abdomen is represented by a sclerotized tergum and sternum. Terga are separated from each other and from the adjacent sterna or pleura by membranes. Spiracles are located in the pleural area. Variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube. Some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite. Ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites. During the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects, 11 abdominal segments are present. In modern insects there is a tendency toward reduction in the number of the abdominal segments, but the primitive number of 11 is maintained during embryogenesis. Variation in abdominal segment number is considerable. If the Apterygota are considered to be indicative of the ground plan for pterygotes, confusion reigns: adult Protura have 12 segments, Collembola have 6. The orthopteran family Acrididae has 11 segments, and a fossil specimen of Zoraptera has a 10-segmented abdomen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "abdomen"}], "question": "What is the largest tagma of an insect?", "id": "572939f06aef051400154b94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "11\u201312 segments"}], "question": "How many segments make up an insects abdomen?", "id": "572939f06aef051400154b95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "head"}], "question": "The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what?", "id": "572939f06aef051400154b96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "sternum"}], "question": "An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else?", "id": "572939f06aef051400154b97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Spiracles"}], "question": "The pleural area holds what?", "id": "572939f06aef051400154b98"}]}], ["Walaupun dimensi sebenar kepelbagaian spesies tetap tidak menentu, anggarannya berkisar antara 2,7-7,8 juta spesies dengan rata-rata 5,5 juta. Ini mungkin mewakili kurang daripada 20% daripada semua spesies di Bumi [rujukan?], Dan dengan hanya kira-kira 20,000 spesies baru semua organisma yang digambarkan setiap tahun, kebanyakan spesies mungkin akan tidak digambarkan selama bertahun-tahun melainkan spesifikasi spesies meningkat dalam kadar. Sekitar 850,000-1,000,000 dari semua spesies yang dijelaskan adalah serangga. Daripada 24 pesanan serangga, empat mendominasi dari segi bilangan spesies yang diterangkan, dengan sekurang-kurangnya 3 juta spesies termasuk dalam Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera dan Lepidoptera. Satu kajian baru-baru ini menganggarkan jumlah kumbang pada 0.9-2.1 juta dengan min 1.5 juta. <> Kepelbagaian sebenar dalam spesies serangga kekal apa? || tidak pasti <> Berapa banyak spesies serangga dianggarkan wujud? || 2.6-7.8 juta spesies <> Berapa banyak spesies baru semua organisma ditemui setiap tahun? || 20,000 <> Daripada semua spesies di bumi, berapa banyak serangga yang ada? || kurang daripada 20% <> Selama bertahun-tahun akan datang, kebanyakan spesies serangga akan tetap seperti apa? || undescribed", {"context": "Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain, estimates range from 2.6\u20137.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million. This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate. About 850,000\u20131,000,000 of all described species are insects. Of the 24 orders of insects, four dominate in terms of numbers of described species, with at least 3 million species included in Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. A recent study estimated the number of beetles at 0.9\u20132.1 million with a mean of 1.5 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "uncertain"}], "question": "The true diversity within the insect species remains what?", "id": "572931841d04691400779145"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "2.6\u20137.8 million species"}], "question": "How many insect species are estimated to exist?", "id": "572931841d04691400779146"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "20,000"}], "question": "How many new species of all organisms are discovered each year?", "id": "572931841d04691400779147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "less than 20%"}], "question": "Of all the species on earth, how much do insects make up?", "id": "572931841d04691400779148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "undescribed"}], "question": "For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?", "id": "572931841d04691400779149"}]}], ["Thorax adalah tagma terdiri daripada tiga bahagian, prothorax, mesothorax dan metathorax. Segmen anterior, yang paling dekat dengan kepala, adalah prothorax, dengan ciri-ciri utama yang menjadi sepasang kaki pertama dan pronotum. Segmen pertengahan adalah mesothorax, dengan ciri-ciri utama adalah sepasang kaki kedua dan sayap anterior. Segmen ketiga dan paling posterior, yang merangkumi abdomen, adalah metathorax, yang mempunyai sepasang kaki ketiga dan sayap posterior. Setiap segmen dilancar oleh jahitan intersegmental. Setiap segmen mempunyai empat kawasan asas. Permukaan dorsal dipanggil tergum (atau notum) untuk membezakannya dari terga perut. Kedua-dua kawasan sisi disebut pleura (tunggal: pleuron) dan aspek ventral dipanggil sternum. Sebaliknya, notat prothorax dipanggil pronotum, notum untuk mesothorax dipanggil mesonotum dan notum untuk metathorax dipanggil metanotum. Melanjutkan dengan logik ini, mesopleura dan metapleura, serta mesosternum dan metasternum digunakan. <> Throax mempunyai berapa bahagian? || tiga bahagian <> Satu lagi istilah untuk tagma? || thorax <> Bahagian anterior paling dekat dengan apa? || kepala <> Prothrorax ialah segmen serangga? || anterior <> Pleura dibuat daripada berapa banyak kawasan sisi? || dua", {"context": "The thorax is a tagma composed of three sections, the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax. The anterior segment, closest to the head, is the prothorax, with the major features being the first pair of legs and the pronotum. The middle segment is the mesothorax, with the major features being the second pair of legs and the anterior wings. The third and most posterior segment, abutting the abdomen, is the metathorax, which features the third pair of legs and the posterior wings. Each segment is dilineated by an intersegmental suture. Each segment has four basic regions. The dorsal surface is called the tergum (or notum) to distinguish it from the abdominal terga. The two lateral regions are called the pleura (singular: pleuron) and the ventral aspect is called the sternum. In turn, the notum of the prothorax is called the pronotum, the notum for the mesothorax is called the mesonotum and the notum for the metathorax is called the metanotum. Continuing with this logic, the mesopleura and metapleura, as well as the mesosternum and metasternum, are used.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "three sections"}], "question": "The throax has how many sections?", "id": "572938fe3f37b3190047811f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "thorax"}], "question": "Another term for tagma is?", "id": "572938fe3f37b31900478120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "head"}], "question": "The anterior section is closest to the what?", "id": "572938fe3f37b31900478121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "anterior"}], "question": "The prothrorax is what segment of the insect?", "id": "572938fe3f37b31900478122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "two"}], "question": "The pleura is made of how many lateral regions?", "id": "572938fe3f37b31900478123"}]}], ["Sebaik sahaja makanan meninggalkan tanaman, ia berpindah ke midgut (elemen 13 dalam rajah bernombor), yang juga dikenali sebagai mesenteron, di mana majoriti pencernaan berlaku. Unjuran mikroskopi dari dinding midgut, yang dipanggil microvilli, meningkatkan luas permukaan dinding dan membolehkan lebih banyak nutrien diserap; mereka cenderung dekat dengan asal usul pertengahan. Dalam sesetengah serangga, peranan microvilli dan di mana mereka berada boleh berbeza-beza. Sebagai contoh, microvilli khusus yang menghasilkan enzim pencernaan mungkin lebih cenderung berada di dekat akhir midgut, dan penyerapan berhampiran asal atau permulaan midgut.:32 <> Apakah nama lain untuk mesenteron? || midgut <> Makanan masuk ke midgut selepas meninggalkan tempat? || tanaman <> Kebanyakan pencernaan serangga berlaku di mana? || mesenteron <> Apa jenis unjuran di dinding midgut? || Mikroskopik <> Apakah unjuran mikroskopik dipanggil? || microvilli", {"context": "Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed; they tend to be close to the origin of the midgut. In some insects, the role of the microvilli and where they are located may vary. For example, specialized microvilli producing digestive enzymes may more likely be near the end of the midgut, and absorption near the origin or beginning of the midgut.:32", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "midgut"}], "question": "What is another name for mesenteron?", "id": "572953b6af94a219006aa2ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "the crop"}], "question": "Food goes in to the midgut after leaving where?", "id": "572953b6af94a219006aa2ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "the mesenteron"}], "question": "The majority of an insects digestion happens where?", "id": "572953b6af94a219006aa2ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Microscopic"}], "question": "What kind of projections are in the midgut wall?", "id": "572953b6af94a219006aa2ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "microvilli"}], "question": "What are microscopic projections called?", "id": "572953b6af94a219006aa2af"}]}], ["Kelenjar air liur (elemen 30 dalam gambar rajah bernombor) dalam mulut serangga menghasilkan air liur. Saluran saliva memimpin dari kelenjar ke takungan dan kemudian meneruskan kepala ke pembukaan yang dipanggil salivarium, terletak di belakang hypopharynx. Dengan menggerakkan mulut (elemen 32 dalam rajah bernombor), serangga boleh mencampur makanannya dengan air liur. Campuran air liur dan makanan kemudian bergerak melalui tiub salivary ke dalam mulut, di mana ia mula pecah. Sesetengah serangga, seperti lalat, mempunyai pencernaan yang lebih lisan. Serangga yang menggunakan penghadaman ekstra oral mengeluarkan enzim pencernaan ke atas makanan mereka untuk memecahkannya. Strategi ini membolehkan serangga mengekstrak sebahagian besar nutrien yang ada dari sumber makanan. 31 Perut adalah di mana hampir semua pencernaan serangga berlaku. Ia boleh dibahagikan kepada foregut, midgut dan hindgut. <> Apa yang menghasilkan air liur dalam mulut serangga? || kelenjar air liur <> Apa yang membawa dari kelenjar air liur ke takungan? || saluran saliva <> Apa pembukaan melalui kepala yang dipanggil? || salivarium <> Di manakah salivarium terletak? || di belakang hypopharynx <> Di manakah pencernaan serangga berlaku? || Usus", {"context": "The salivary glands (element 30 in numbered diagram) in an insect's mouth produce saliva. The salivary ducts lead from the glands to the reservoirs and then forward through the head to an opening called the salivarium, located behind the hypopharynx. By moving its mouthparts (element 32 in numbered diagram) the insect can mix its food with saliva. The mixture of saliva and food then travels through the salivary tubes into the mouth, where it begins to break down. Some insects, like flies, have extra-oral digestion. Insects using extra-oral digestion expel digestive enzymes onto their food to break it down. This strategy allows insects to extract a significant proportion of the available nutrients from the food source.:31 The gut is where almost all of insects' digestion takes place. It can be divided into the foregut, midgut and hindgut.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "salivary glands"}], "question": "What produces saliva in an insects mouth?", "id": "572952a31d0469140077929f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "salivary ducts"}], "question": "What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs?", "id": "572952a31d046914007792a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "salivarium"}], "question": "What is an opening through the head called?", "id": "572952a31d046914007792a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "behind the hypopharynx"}], "question": "Where is the salivarium located?", "id": "572952a31d046914007792a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "The gut"}], "question": "Where does an insect's digestion happen?", "id": "572952a31d046914007792a3"}]}], ["Sekurang-kurangnya beberapa serangga mempunyai nociceptors, sel yang mengesan dan menghantar sensasi kesakitan. Ini telah ditemui pada tahun 2003 dengan mengkaji variasi dalam tindak balas larva buah Drosophila yang biasa dengan sentuhan panas yang panas dan yang tidak panas. Larva bertindak balas terhadap sentuhan siasat yang dipanaskan dengan tingkah laku rolling stereotip yang tidak dipamerkan apabila larva disentuh oleh penyelidikan yang tidak dipanaskan. Walaupun nociception telah ditunjukkan dalam serangga, tidak ada konsensus bahawa serangga merasakan rasa sakit secara sedar <> Berapa banyak serangga yang mempunyai nociceptors? || beberapa <> Sel yang mengesan dan menghantar sakit disebut apa? || nociceptors <> Bilakah nociceptors ditemui? || 2003 <> Nociceptors ditemui dengan mengkaji perkara biasa? || fruitfly Drosophila <> Siapa yang membuat larva bertindak balas? || siasat yang dipanaskan", {"context": "At least a few insects have nociceptors, cells that detect and transmit sensations of pain. This was discovered in 2003 by studying the variation in reactions of larvae of the common fruitfly Drosophila to the touch of a heated probe and an unheated one. The larvae reacted to the touch of the heated probe with a stereotypical rolling behavior that was not exhibited when the larvae were touched by the unheated probe. Although nociception has been demonstrated in insects, there is no consensus that insects feel pain consciously", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "a few"}], "question": "How many insects have nociceptors?", "id": "57293e7c1d046914007791df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "nociceptors"}], "question": "Cells that detect and transmit pain are called what?", "id": "57293e7c1d046914007791e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When were nociceptors discovered?", "id": "57293e7c1d046914007791e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "fruitfly Drosophila"}], "question": "Nociceptors were discovered by studying the common what?", "id": "57293e7c1d046914007791e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "the heated probe"}], "question": "Which probe did the larvae react to?", "id": "57293e7c1d046914007791e3"}]}], ["Pernafasan serangga dicapai tanpa paru-paru. Sebaliknya, sistem pernafasan serangga menggunakan sistem tiub dalaman dan kantung di mana gas sama ada meresap atau secara aktif dipam, memberikan oksigen secara langsung ke tisu yang memerlukannya melalui trakea mereka (elemen 8 dalam rajah bernomor). Oleh kerana oksigen dihantar secara langsung, sistem peredaran darah tidak digunakan untuk membawa oksigen, dan oleh itu dikurangkan. Sistem peredaran serangga tidak mempunyai urat atau arteri, dan sebaliknya terdiri daripada tiub punggung tunggal yang berlubang tunggal yang denyut secara peristaltik. Ke arah toraks, tiub dorsal (elemen 14) membahagikan ke dalam bilik dan bertindak seperti hati serangga. Akhir yang berlawanan dari tiub dorsal adalah seperti aorta serangga yang beredar hemolim, arthropods 'cairan analog darah, di dalam rongga badan .:61-65 Air diambil melalui bukaan pada sisi abdomen yang disebut spiracles. <> Pernafasan untuk serangga berlaku tanpa apa? || paru-paru <> Sistem pernafasan serangga mengandungi kantung, dan apa lagi? || tiub dalaman <> Apa yang tersebar atau aktif dipam melalui sistem pernafasan serangga? || gas <> Apa yang dihantar ke tisu dalam sistem pernafasan serangga? || oksigen <> Sistem manakah di dalam sistem pernafasan serangga tidak membawa oksigen? || sistem peredaran darah", {"context": "Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs. Instead, the insect respiratory system uses a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their trachea (element 8 in numbered diagram). Since oxygen is delivered directly, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced. The insect circulatory system has no veins or arteries, and instead consists of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube which pulses peristaltically. Toward the thorax, the dorsal tube (element 14) divides into chambers and acts like the insect's heart. The opposite end of the dorsal tube is like the aorta of the insect circulating the hemolymph, arthropods' fluid analog of blood, inside the body cavity.:61\u201365 Air is taken in through openings on the sides of the abdomen called spiracles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "lungs"}], "question": "Respiration for insects happens without what?", "id": "57295792af94a219006aa2dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "internal tubes"}], "question": "Insect's respiratory system contains sacs, and what else?", "id": "57295792af94a219006aa2de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "gases"}], "question": "What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect's respiratory system?", "id": "57295792af94a219006aa2df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "oxygen"}], "question": "What gets delivered to tissues in an insect's respiratory system?", "id": "57295792af94a219006aa2e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "circulatory system"}], "question": "Which system inside an insect's respiratory system does not carry oxygen?", "id": "57295792af94a219006aa2e1"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak corak pertukaran gas yang ditunjukkan oleh kumpulan serangga yang berlainan. Corak pertukaran gas dalam serangga boleh bervariasi dari pengudaraan yang berterusan dan berlimpah, ke pertukaran gas yang tidak berterusan .:65-68 Semasa pertukaran gas yang berterusan, oksigen diambil dan karbon dioksida dilepaskan dalam kitaran berterusan. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam pertukaran gas yang tidak berterusan, serangga mengambil oksigen semasa ia aktif dan sejumlah kecil karbon dioksida dibebaskan apabila serangga itu beristirahat. Pengudaraan diffusif hanyalah satu bentuk pertukaran gas yang berterusan yang terjadi oleh penyebaran dan bukannya mengambil secara fizikal dalam oksigen. Sesetengah spesies serangga yang terendam juga mempunyai adaptasi untuk membantu pernafasan. Sebagai larva, banyak serangga mempunyai insang yang boleh mengeluarkan oksigen yang larut dalam air, sementara yang lain perlu naik ke permukaan air untuk mengisi bekalan udara yang mungkin dipegang atau terperangkap dalam struktur khas. <> Apakah jenis pertukaran yang ditunjukkan oleh serangga yang berbeza? || pertukaran gas <> Gas pertukaran pola boleh mengandungi apa jenis pengudaraan? || pengudaraan diffusive <> Karbon dioksida dibebaskan secara berterusan dalam apa jenis pertukaran gas? || pertukaran gas berterusan <> Apakah pertukaran gas yang membebaskan karbon dioksida apabila serangga sedang berehat? || pertukaran gas tidak berterusan <> Pengudaraan berleluasa berlaku oleh apa? || penyebaran", {"context": "There are many different patterns of gas exchange demonstrated by different groups of insects. Gas exchange patterns in insects can range from continuous and diffusive ventilation, to discontinuous gas exchange.:65\u201368 During continuous gas exchange, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released in a continuous cycle. In discontinuous gas exchange, however, the insect takes in oxygen while it is active and small amounts of carbon dioxide are released when the insect is at rest. Diffusive ventilation is simply a form of continuous gas exchange that occurs by diffusion rather than physically taking in the oxygen. Some species of insect that are submerged also have adaptations to aid in respiration. As larvae, many insects have gills that can extract oxygen dissolved in water, while others need to rise to the water surface to replenish air supplies which may be held or trapped in special structures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "gas exchange"}], "question": "What kind of exchange is demonstrated by different insects?", "id": "572959251d046914007792ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "diffusive ventilation"}], "question": "Gas exchange patterns can contain what kind of ventilation?", "id": "572959251d046914007792ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "continuous gas exchange"}], "question": "Carbon dioxide is released continuously in what kind of gas exchange?", "id": "572959251d046914007792ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "discontinuous gas exchange"}], "question": "What gas exchanges does carbon dioxide release when the insect is resting?", "id": "572959251d046914007792f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "diffusion"}], "question": "Diffusive ventilation occurs by what?", "id": "572959251d046914007792f1"}]}], ["Dalam hindgut (elemen 16 dalam gambarajah bernomor), atau proctodaeum, zarah makanan yang tidak dicerai disertai oleh asid urik untuk membentuk pelet fecal. Rektum menyerap 90% air dalam pelet fecal ini, dan pelet kering kemudiannya dihapuskan melalui anus (elemen 17), menyelesaikan proses pencernaan. Asid urik terbentuk menggunakan produk buangan hemolymph yang terbebas dari tubula Malpighian (elemen 20). Ia kemudian dikosongkan terus ke saluran pencernaan, di persimpangan antara midgut dan hindgut. Bilangan tubula Malpighian yang dimiliki oleh serangga yang diberikan berbeza-beza antara spesies, yang terdiri daripada hanya dua tubul di sesetengah serangga ke lebih daripada 100 tiub di lain-lain .:71-72, 78-80 <> Apakah proctodaeum? || hindgut <> Apa jenis zarah makanan yang mempunyai asid urik? || undigested <> Apa jenis asid membentuk pelet fecal? || asid urik <> Rektum serangga menyerap berapa banyak air? || 90% <> Di manakah pelet kering serangga dibuang melalui? || dubur", {"context": "In the hindgut (element 16 in numbered diagram), or proctodaeum, undigested food particles are joined by uric acid to form fecal pellets. The rectum absorbs 90% of the water in these fecal pellets, and the dry pellet is then eliminated through the anus (element 17), completing the process of digestion. The uric acid is formed using hemolymph waste products diffused from the Malpighian tubules (element 20). It is then emptied directly into the alimentary canal, at the junction between the midgut and hindgut. The number of Malpighian tubules possessed by a given insect varies between species, ranging from only two tubules in some insects to over 100 tubules in others.:71\u201372, 78\u201380", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the hindgut"}], "question": "What is a proctodaeum?", "id": "57295470af94a219006aa2bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "undigested"}], "question": "What kind of food particles have uric acid?", "id": "57295470af94a219006aa2be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "uric acid"}], "question": "What kind of acid forms fecal pellets?", "id": "57295470af94a219006aa2bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "90%"}], "question": "An insects rectum absorbs how much water?", "id": "57295470af94a219006aa2c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "the anus"}], "question": "Where is an insects dry pellet discarded through?", "id": "57295470af94a219006aa2c1"}]}], ["Variasi perkembangan dan pembiakan lain termasuk haplodiploidy, polymorphism, paedomorphosis atau peramorfosis, dimorphism seksual, parthenogenesis dan lebih jarang hermaphroditism. 143 Dalam haplodiploidy, yang merupakan jenis sistem penentuan jantina, jantina keturunan ditentukan oleh bilangan set kromosom seseorang menerima. Sistem ini adalah tipikal dalam lebah dan tawon. Polimorfisme adalah di mana spesies mungkin mempunyai morphs atau bentuk yang berbeza, seperti dalam katydid bersayap bujur, yang mempunyai empat jenis yang berbeza: hijau, merah jambu dan kuning atau tan. Sesetengah serangga mungkin mengekalkan fenotip yang biasanya hanya dilihat pada remaja; ini dipanggil paedomorphosis. Dalam peramorfosis, sejenis fenomena bertentangan, serangga mengambil sifat-sifat sebelum ini yang tidak kelihatan setelah mereka dewasa menjadi dewasa. Banyak serangga memaparkan dimorphism seksual, di mana lelaki dan perempuan mempunyai penampilan yang berbeza, seperti rama Orgyia recens sebagai contoh dimorphism seksual dalam serangga. <> Polymophism adalah perkembangan dan reproduktif? || variasi <> Haplodiploidy adalah jenis sistem apa? || sistem penentuan jantina <> Bilangan set kromosom menentukan keturunan apa? || seks <> Sistem penentuan jantina didapati di mana serangga? || lebah dan tawon <> Spesies polymophism mempunyai bentuk yang berlainan atau apa lagi? || morphs", {"context": "Other developmental and reproductive variations include haplodiploidy, polymorphism, paedomorphosis or peramorphosis, sexual dimorphism, parthenogenesis and more rarely hermaphroditism.:143 In haplodiploidy, which is a type of sex-determination system, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. This system is typical in bees and wasps. Polymorphism is where a species may have different morphs or forms, as in the oblong winged katydid, which has four different varieties: green, pink and yellow or tan. Some insects may retain phenotypes that are normally only seen in juveniles; this is called paedomorphosis. In peramorphosis, an opposite sort of phenomenon, insects take on previously unseen traits after they have matured into adults. Many insects display sexual dimorphism, in which males and females have notably different appearances, such as the moth Orgyia recens as an exemplar of sexual dimorphism in insects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "variations"}], "question": "Polymophism is a developmental and reproductive what?", "id": "57295baf6aef051400154d5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "sex-determination system"}], "question": "Haplodiploidy is what type of system?", "id": "57295baf6aef051400154d5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "sex"}], "question": "The number of chromosome sets determines the offspring's what?", "id": "57295baf6aef051400154d60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "bees and wasps"}], "question": "The sex-determination system is found in which insects?", "id": "57295baf6aef051400154d61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "morphs"}], "question": "Polymophism species have different forms or what else?", "id": "57295baf6aef051400154d62"}]}], ["Sistem reproduktif serangga betina terdiri daripada sepasang ovari, kelenjar aksesori, satu atau lebih spermathecae, dan saluran yang menghubungkan bahagian-bahagian ini. Ovari terdiri daripada beberapa tiub telur, yang dipanggil ovariol, yang bervariasi dalam saiz dan bilangan oleh spesies. Bilangan telur yang serangga dapat bervariasi dengan jumlah ovariol dengan kadar telur yang dapat dikembangkan juga dipengaruhi oleh reka bentuk ovariol. Serangga betina mampu membuat telur, menerima dan menyimpan sperma, memanipulasi sperma dari lelaki yang berbeza, dan bertelur. Kelenjar aksesori atau bahagian kelenjar oviducts menghasilkan pelbagai bahan untuk penyelenggaraan, pengangkutan dan persenyawaan sperma, serta untuk melindungi telur. Mereka boleh menghasilkan gam dan bahan pelindung untuk telur salutan atau penutup keras untuk satu kelompok telur yang dipanggil oothecae. Spermathecae adalah tiub atau kantung di mana sperma boleh disimpan antara masa kawin dan masa telur disenyawakan .:880 <> Sistem pembiakan serangga betina mengandungi sepasang apa? || ovaries <> Apa jenis kelenjar dalam sistem pembiakan serangga betina? || kelenjar aksesori <> Apa yang menghubungkan bahagian dalam sistem reproduktif serangga betina? || saluran <> Di manakah tiub telur terdapat di dalam serangga? || ovari <> Apakah tiub telur dipanggil? || ovariol", {"context": "The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair of ovaries, accessory glands, one or more spermathecae, and ducts connecting these parts. The ovaries are made up of a number of egg tubes, called ovarioles, which vary in size and number by species. The number of eggs that the insect is able to make vary by the number of ovarioles with the rate that eggs can be develop being also influenced by ovariole design. Female insects are able make eggs, receive and store sperm, manipulate sperm from different males, and lay eggs. Accessory glands or glandular parts of the oviducts produce a variety of substances for sperm maintenance, transport and fertilization, as well as for protection of eggs. They can produce glue and protective substances for coating eggs or tough coverings for a batch of eggs called oothecae. Spermathecae are tubes or sacs in which sperm can be stored between the time of mating and the time an egg is fertilized.:880", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "ovaries"}], "question": "Female insects reproductive system contain a pair of what?", "id": "572955523f37b31900478271"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "accessory glands"}], "question": "What kind of glands are in a female insect's reproductive system?", "id": "572955523f37b31900478272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "ducts"}], "question": "What connects the parts inside a female insect's reproductive system?", "id": "572955523f37b31900478273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "ovaries"}], "question": "Where are egg tubes are found inside of an insect?", "id": "572955523f37b31900478274"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "ovarioles"}], "question": "What are egg tubes called?", "id": "572955523f37b31900478275"}]}], ["Majoriti serangga menetas dari telur. Pembuahan dan pembangunan berlaku di dalam telur, yang disertakan dengan kulit (chorion) yang terdiri dari tisu ibu. Berbeza dengan telur arthropod lain, kebanyakan telur serangga adalah tahan kering. Ini kerana di dalam chorion dua membran tambahan berkembang dari tisu embrio, amnion dan serosa. Serosa ini merembeskan kutikula kaya dengan chitin yang melindungi embrio daripada desiccation. Walau bagaimanapun dalam Schizophora serosa tidak berkembang, tetapi lalat ini meletakkan telur mereka di tempat yang lembap, seperti bahan membusuk. Sesetengah spesies serangga, seperti lipas Blbitica dubia, serta aphids anak muda dan lalat tsetse, ovoviviparous. Telur-telur haiwan ovoviviparous berkembang sepenuhnya di dalam betina, dan kemudian menetas segera setelah dibaringkan. Beberapa spesies lain, seperti yang terdapat dalam genus kecoa dikenali sebagai Diploptera, adalah viviparous, dan dengan itu melambangkan di dalam ibu dan dilahirkan hidup. Tiba-tiba, beberapa spesies serangga seperti parasit parasit menunjukkan polyembryony Telur disenyawakan tunggal membahagikan kepada banyak dan dalam sesetengah kes beribu-ribu embrio berasingan. Laki-laki serangga mungkin univoltine, bivoltine atau multivoltine, iaitu mereka mempunyai satu, dua atau banyak brood (generasi) dalam satu tahun. <> Di manakah serangga menetas? || telur. <> Pemupukan berlaku di mana? || dalam telur <> Persenyawaan dan apa lagi yang berlaku di dalam telur? || pembangunan <> Chorion adalah perkataan lain untuk apa? || shell <> Broods adalah istilah lain untuk perkataan apa? || generasi", {"context": "The majority of insects hatch from eggs. The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg, enclosed by a shell (chorion) that consists of maternal tissue. In contrast to eggs of other arthropods, most insect eggs are drought resistant. This is because inside the chorion two additional membranes develop from embryonic tissue, the amnion and the serosa. This serosa secretes a cuticle rich in chitin that protects the embryo against desiccation. In Schizophora however the serosa does not develop, but these flies lay their eggs in damp places, such as rotting matter. Some species of insects, like the cockroach Blaptica dubia, as well as juvenile aphids and tsetse flies, are ovoviviparous. The eggs of ovoviviparous animals develop entirely inside the female, and then hatch immediately upon being laid. Some other species, such as those in the genus of cockroaches known as Diploptera, are viviparous, and thus gestate inside the mother and are born alive.:129, 131, 134\u2013135 Some insects, like parasitic wasps, show polyembryony, where a single fertilized egg divides into many and in some cases thousands of separate embryos.:136\u2013137 Insects may be univoltine, bivoltine or multivoltine, i.e. they may have one, two or many broods (generations) in a year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "eggs."}], "question": "Where are insects hatched from?", "id": "57295a501d046914007792f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "inside the egg"}], "question": "Fertilization happens where?", "id": "57295a501d046914007792f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "development"}], "question": "Fertilization and what else happens inside the egg?", "id": "57295a501d046914007792f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "shell"}], "question": "Chorion is another word for what?", "id": "57295a501d046914007792fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1249, "text": "generations"}], "question": "Broods is another term for what word?", "id": "57295a501d046914007792fb"}]}], ["Bagi lelaki, sistem pembiakan adalah testis, digantung dalam rongga badan oleh tracheae dan badan lemak. Kebanyakan serangga lelaki mempunyai sepasang testis, di dalamnya adalah tiub sperma atau folikel yang disertakan dalam kantung membran. Folikel menyambung ke vas deferens oleh vas efferens, dan kedua vasa deferentia bersambung ke saluran ejaculatory median yang mengarah ke luar. Sebahagian daripada vas deferens sering diperbesarkan untuk membentuk vesicle mani, yang menyimpan sperma sebelum mereka dilepaskan ke dalam wanita. Vesikel mani mempunyai lapisan kelenjar yang membubarkan nutrien untuk makanan dan penyelenggaraan sperma. Saluran ejakulasi berasal dari penyebaran sel-sel epidermal semasa pembangunan dan, sebagai hasilnya, mempunyai lapisan serpihan. Bahagian terminal saluran ejakulasi boleh menjadi sclerotized untuk membentuk organ intrommiten, aedeagus. Selebihnya sistem pembiakan lelaki berasal dari mesoderm embrionik, kecuali untuk sel-sel kuman, atau spermatogonia, yang turun dari sel-sel tiang primordial sangat awal semasa embriogenesis .:885 <> Apa sistem reproduksi lelaki dipanggil? || testis <> Di mana terdapat tracheae? || rongga badan <> Kebanyakan membuat serangga mengandungi sepasang apa? || testis <> Apa yang ada dalam testis lelaki? || tiub sperma <> Follicles di dalam sistem pembiakan serangga lelaki menyambung kepada apa? || vas deferens", {"context": "For males, the reproductive system is the testis, suspended in the body cavity by tracheae and the fat body. Most male insects have a pair of testes, inside of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed within a membranous sac. The follicles connect to the vas deferens by the vas efferens, and the two tubular vasa deferentia connect to a median ejaculatory duct that leads to the outside. A portion of the vas deferens is often enlarged to form the seminal vesicle, which stores the sperm before they are discharged into the female. The seminal vesicles have glandular linings that secrete nutrients for nourishment and maintenance of the sperm. The ejaculatory duct is derived from an invagination of the epidermal cells during development and, as a result, has a cuticular lining. The terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct may be sclerotized to form the intromittent organ, the aedeagus. The remainder of the male reproductive system is derived from embryonic mesoderm, except for the germ cells, or spermatogonia, which descend from the primordial pole cells very early during embryogenesis.:885", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "testis"}], "question": "What is the male reproductive system called? ", "id": "5729561eaf94a219006aa2d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "the body cavity"}], "question": "Where is tracheae located?", "id": "5729561eaf94a219006aa2d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "testes"}], "question": "Most make insects contain a pair of what?", "id": "5729561eaf94a219006aa2d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "sperm tubes"}], "question": "What are inside male testes?", "id": "5729561eaf94a219006aa2d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "the vas deferens"}], "question": "Follicles inside a male insect's reproductive system connect to what?", "id": "5729561eaf94a219006aa2d7"}]}], ["Kebanyakan serangga, kecuali beberapa spesies jangkrik gua, dapat melihat cahaya dan gelap. Ramai spesies mempunyai penglihatan akut yang mampu mengesan pergerakan minit. Mata mungkin termasuk mata mudah atau ocelli serta mata kompaun dengan pelbagai saiz. Banyak spesies dapat mengesan cahaya dalam inframerah, ultraviolet dan panjang gelombang cahaya yang boleh dilihat. Penglihatan warna telah ditunjukkan dalam banyak spesies dan analisis phylogenetic menunjukkan bahawa trichromacy UV-hijau-biru wujud dari sekurang-kurangnya tempoh Devon antara 416 dan 359 juta tahun yang lalu. <> Kebanyakan serangga dapat melihat kegelapan dan apa lagi? || cahaya <> Apa serangga tidak dapat melihat cahaya dan gelap? || jangkrik gua <> Kebanyakan serangga mempunyai apa visi? || Akut <> Serangga perhatikan apa jenis gerakan? || minit <> Banyak serangga dapat melihat cahaya yang kelihatan, ultraviolet, dan apa jenis cahaya lain? || inframerah", {"context": "Most insects, except some species of cave crickets, are able to perceive light and dark. Many species have acute vision capable of detecting minute movements. The eyes may include simple eyes or ocelli as well as compound eyes of varying sizes. Many species are able to detect light in the infrared, ultraviolet and the visible light wavelengths. Color vision has been demonstrated in many species and phylogenetic analysis suggests that UV-green-blue trichromacy existed from at least the Devonian period between 416 and 359 million years ago.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "light"}], "question": "Most insects are able to perceive darkness and what else?", "id": "572988cc6aef051400154fb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "cave crickets"}], "question": "What insect is not abel to perceive light and dark?", "id": "572988cc6aef051400154fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "acute"}], "question": "Most insects have what kind of vision?", "id": "572988cc6aef051400154fb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "minute"}], "question": "Insects notice what type of movement?", "id": "572988cc6aef051400154fb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "infrared"}], "question": "Many insects are able to see visible light, ultraviolet, and what other kind of light?", "id": "572988cc6aef051400154fba"}]}], ["Sesetengah serangga memperlihatkan satu angka asas, seperti tawon yang bersendirian yang memakan spesies tunggal. The tawon ibu meletakkan telurnya di dalam sel-sel individu dan menyediakan setiap telur dengan sejumlah ulat hidup di mana makanan muda apabila menetas. Sesetengah spesies tawon selalu memberikan lima, yang lain dua belas, dan lain-lain setinggi dua puluh empat ulat per sel. Bilangan ulat adalah berbeza di kalangan spesies, tetapi selalu sama untuk setiap jenis larva. Pria tawon lelaki dalam genus Eumenes lebih kecil daripada wanita, jadi ibu satu spesies membekalkannya dengan hanya lima ulat; wanita yang lebih besar menerima sepuluh ulat dalam selnya. <> Serangga mempunyai jenis angka apa? || asas <> Serangga manakah yang mempamerkan angka asas? || berserabut bersendirian <> Spesies macam apa yang menjadi mangsa pembiakan tunggal? || single <> Apa yang diberikan oleh ayam ibu untuk telurnya apabila mereka menetas? || ular <> Adakah tawon lelaki tawon lebih besar atau lebih kecil daripada tawon wanita bersendirian? || lebih kecil", {"context": "Some insects display a rudimentary sense of numbers, such as the solitary wasps that prey upon a single species. The mother wasp lays her eggs in individual cells and provides each egg with a number of live caterpillars on which the young feed when hatched. Some species of wasp always provide five, others twelve, and others as high as twenty-four caterpillars per cell. The number of caterpillars is different among species, but always the same for each sex of larva. The male solitary wasp in the genus Eumenes is smaller than the female, so the mother of one species supplies him with only five caterpillars; the larger female receives ten caterpillars in her cell.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "rudimentary"}], "question": "Insects have what kind of sense of numbers?", "id": "572985e83f37b31900478473"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "solitary wasps"}], "question": "Which insect displays a rudimentary sense of numbers?", "id": "572985e83f37b31900478474"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "single"}], "question": "What kind of species does a solitary wasp prey upon?", "id": "572985e83f37b31900478475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "caterpillars"}], "question": "What does the mother wasp provide for her eggs when they hatch?", "id": "572985e83f37b31900478476"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "smaller"}], "question": "Is the male solitary wasp bigger or smaller than the female solitary wasp?", "id": "572985e83f37b31900478477"}]}], ["Sesetengah spesies menggunakan getaran untuk berkomunikasi dalam ahli-ahli spesies yang sama, seperti untuk menarik pasangan seperti dalam lagu-lagu pelindung bug Nezara viridula. Getaran juga boleh digunakan untuk berkomunikasi antara spesies yang sama sekali berbeza; ulat lycaenid (rama-rama bersayap gossamer) yang myrmecophilous (hidup dalam persatuan mutualistik dengan semut) berkomunikasi dengan semut dengan cara ini. Kecoa Madagascar menderita mempunyai keupayaan untuk menekan udara melalui semangatnya untuk membuat bunyi bising sebagai tanda pencerobohan; Death's-head Hawkmoth membuat bunyi bising dengan memaksa udara keluar dari faring mereka apabila gelisah, yang juga boleh mengurangkan tingkah laku tawar madu agresif ketika keduanya berada berdekatan. <> Apa yang digunakan oleh serangga untuk berkomunikasi dengan ahli-ahli spesies yang sama? || Getaran digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dengan ahli-ahli spesies yang sama, dan apa spesies lain? || spesies yang berbeza <> Serangga mana yang mempunyai lagu untuk menarik lelaki dari spesies yang sama? || Nezara viridula <> Apa itu ulat ulat lycaenid? || kupu-kupu bersayap gossamer <> Hidup dalam persatuan dengan semut dipanggil apa? || myrmecophilous", {"context": "Some species use vibrations for communicating within members of the same species, such as to attract mates as in the songs of the shield bug Nezara viridula. Vibrations can also be used to communicate between entirely different species; lycaenid (gossamer-winged butterfly) caterpillars which are myrmecophilous (living in a mutualistic association with ants) communicate with ants in this way. The Madagascar hissing cockroach has the ability to press air through its spiracles to make a hissing noise as a sign of aggression; the Death's-head Hawkmoth makes a squeaking noise by forcing air out of their pharynx when agitated, which may also reduce aggressive worker honey bee behavior when the two are in close proximity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "vibrations"}], "question": "What are used by insects to communicate with members of the same species?", "id": "57298d496aef051400154fca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "different species"}], "question": "Vibrations are used to communicate with members of the same species, and what other species?", "id": "57298d496aef051400154fcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Nezara viridula"}], "question": "Which insects has a song to attract males from the same species?", "id": "57298d496aef051400154fcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "gossamer-winged butterfly"}], "question": "What is a lycaenid caterpillar? ", "id": "57298d496aef051400154fcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "myrmecophilous"}], "question": "Living in association with ants is called what?", "id": "57298d496aef051400154fce"}]}], ["Bunyi yang sangat rendah juga dihasilkan dalam pelbagai spesies Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea dan Neuroptera. Bunyi yang rendah ini hanyalah suara yang dibuat oleh pergerakan serangga. Melalui struktur penstrukturan mikroskopik yang terletak pada otot dan sendi serangga, bunyi biasa serangga bergerak diperkuat dan boleh digunakan untuk memberi amaran atau berkomunikasi dengan serangga lain. Serangga yang membuat bunyi juga mempunyai organ tympanal yang dapat melihat bunyi bawaan udara. Sesetengah spesies di Hemiptera, seperti corixids (nelayan air), diketahui berkomunikasi melalui bunyi bawah air. Kebanyakan serangga juga dapat mengesan getaran yang dipancarkan melalui permukaan. <> Apakah jumlah bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh Coleoptera? || rendah <> bunyi serangga rendah dibuat oleh serangga apa? || pergerakan <> bunyi serangga rendah boleh didengar melalui apa? || struktur penstrukturan mikroskopik <> bunyi serangga bergerak digunakan untuk memberi amaran dan melakukan apa dengan serangga lain? || berkomunikasi <> Corixids dapat berkomunikasi dengan jenis bunyi apa? || bawah air", {"context": "Very low sounds are also produced in various species of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea and Neuroptera. These low sounds are simply the sounds made by the insect's movement. Through microscopic stridulatory structures located on the insect's muscles and joints, the normal sounds of the insect moving are amplified and can be used to warn or communicate with other insects. Most sound-making insects also have tympanal organs that can perceive airborne sounds. Some species in Hemiptera, such as the corixids (water boatmen), are known to communicate via underwater sounds. Most insects are also able to sense vibrations transmitted through surfaces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "low"}], "question": "What sound volume is produced by Coleoptera?", "id": "57298be2af94a219006aa4f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "movement"}], "question": "Low insect sounds are made by the insect's what?", "id": "57298be2af94a219006aa4f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "microscopic stridulatory structures"}], "question": "Low insect sounds can be heard through what?", "id": "57298be2af94a219006aa4f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "communicate"}], "question": "Insect moving sounds are used to warn and do what with other insects?", "id": "57298be2af94a219006aa4fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "underwater"}], "question": "Corixids are able to communicate with what type of sounds?", "id": "57298be2af94a219006aa4fb"}]}], ["Serangga hemimetabolisme, yang mempunyai metamorfosis yang tidak lengkap, berubah secara beransur-ansur dengan menjalani siri molt. Suatu serangga meleleh ketika ia mengatasi exoskeletonnya, yang tidak meregang dan sebaliknya akan menyekat pertumbuhan serangga. Proses molting bermula apabila epidermis serangga menyemburkan epekulas baru di dalam yang lama. Selepas epoksi baru ini dirahsiakan, epidermis membebaskan campuran enzim yang mencerna endokutikel dan dengan itu menghilangkan kutikula lama. Apabila tahap ini selesai, serangga membuat badannya membengkak dengan mengambil sejumlah besar air atau udara, yang membuat kutikula lama berpecah sepanjang kelemahan yang telah ditetapkan di mana exocuticle lama adalah nipis. 142 <> Serangga metamorfosis yang tidak lengkap dipanggil? || Hemimetabolus <> Apa jenis metamorfosis yang dilakukan oleh serangga hemimetabolus? || tidak lengkap <> Adakah serangga hemimetabolous berubah dengan cepat atau secara beransur-ansur? || Secara beransur-ansur <> Serangga hemimetabolous secara beransur-ansur berubah dengan satu siri apa? || molts <> Serangga molt apabila mereka mengatasi apa? || exoskeleton", {"context": "Hemimetabolous insects, those with incomplete metamorphosis, change gradually by undergoing a series of molts. An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton, which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect's growth. The molting process begins as the insect's epidermis secretes a new epicuticle inside the old one. After this new epicuticle is secreted, the epidermis releases a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle. When this stage is complete, the insect makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air, which makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where the old exocuticle was thinnest.:142", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hemimetabolous"}], "question": "Incomplete metamorphosis insects are called?", "id": "57295e7c6aef051400154d8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "incomplete"}], "question": "What kind of metamorphosis do hemimetabolous insects undergo?", "id": "57295e7c6aef051400154d8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "gradually"}], "question": "Do hemimetabolous insects change quickly or gradually?", "id": "57295e7c6aef051400154d8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "molts"}], "question": "Hemimetabolous insects gradually change by a series of what?", "id": "57295e7c6aef051400154d8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "exoskeleton"}], "question": "Insect's molt when they outgrow what?", "id": "57295e7c6aef051400154d90"}]}], ["Beberapa serangga, seperti ahli keluarga Poduridae dan Onychiuridae (Collembola), Mycetophilidae (Diptera) dan keluarga kumbang Lampyridae, Phengodidae, Elateridae dan Staphylinidae adalah bioluminesin. Kumpulan yang paling terkenal ialah kunang-kunang, kumbang dari Lampyridae keluarga. Sesetengah spesies dapat mengawal generasi cahaya ini untuk menghasilkan kilauan. Fungsi ini berbeza-beza dengan beberapa spesies yang menggunakannya untuk menarik pasangan, sementara yang lain menggunakannya untuk memikat mangsa. Larva kediaman gua Arachnocampa (Mycetophilidae, Gnats jamur) bercahaya untuk memikat serangga terbang kecil ke dalam helai sutra yang melekat. Sesetengah kunang dari genus Photuris meniru kilauan spesies Photinus wanita untuk menarik lelaki spesies itu, yang kemudian ditangkap dan dimakan. Warna cahaya yang dipancarkan bervariasi dari biru membosankan (Orfelia fultoni, Mycetophilidae) ke sayuran biasa dan merah jarang (Phrixothrix tiemanni, Phengodidae). <> Apa nama lain untuk Colleobola? || Onychiuridae <> Mycetophilldae adalah nama lain untuk apa? || Diptera <> Phengodidae adalah pesta keluarga serangga? || kumbang <> Elateridae dan Staphylinidae adalah sejenis pendarfluor? || bioluminescent <> Apa jenis terbang meniru kilauan Photinus perempuan untuk menarik lelaki? || kunang-kunang", {"context": "A few insects, such as members of the families Poduridae and Onychiuridae (Collembola), Mycetophilidae (Diptera) and the beetle families Lampyridae, Phengodidae, Elateridae and Staphylinidae are bioluminescent. The most familiar group are the fireflies, beetles of the family Lampyridae. Some species are able to control this light generation to produce flashes. The function varies with some species using them to attract mates, while others use them to lure prey. Cave dwelling larvae of Arachnocampa (Mycetophilidae, Fungus gnats) glow to lure small flying insects into sticky strands of silk. Some fireflies of the genus Photuris mimic the flashing of female Photinus species to attract males of that species, which are then captured and devoured. The colors of emitted light vary from dull blue (Orfelia fultoni, Mycetophilidae) to the familiar greens and the rare reds (Phrixothrix tiemanni, Phengodidae).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Onychiuridae"}], "question": "What is another name for Colleobola?", "id": "5729873f3f37b3190047847d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Diptera"}], "question": "Mycetophilldae is another name for what?", "id": "5729873f3f37b3190047847e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "beetle"}], "question": "Phengodidae is party of what insect family?", "id": "5729873f3f37b3190047847f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "bioluminescent"}], "question": "Elateridae and Staphylinidae are what kind of luminescent?", "id": "5729873f3f37b31900478480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "fireflies"}], "question": "What kind of fly mimics the flashing of female Photinus to attract males?", "id": "5729873f3f37b31900478481"}]}], ["Sesetengah serangga menggunakan parthenogenesis, satu proses di mana wanita boleh membiak dan melahirkan tanpa telur yang dibuahi oleh seorang lelaki. Ramai aphids menjalani satu bentuk parthenogenesis, yang dipanggil parthenogenesis kitaran, di mana mereka bergantian antara satu atau lebih banyak generasi pembiakan aseksual dan seksual. Pada musim panas, aphid biasanya pada wanita dan parthenogenetik; pada musim gugur, lelaki boleh dihasilkan untuk pembiakan seksual. Serangga lain yang dihasilkan oleh parthenogenesis adalah lebah, tawon dan semut, di mana mereka menelurkan jantan. Walau bagaimanapun, secara keseluruhan, kebanyakan individu adalah wanita, yang dihasilkan oleh persenyawaan. Laki-laki adalah haploid dan betina diploid. Lebih jarang, sesetengah serangga memaparkan hermafroditisme, di mana individu tertentu mempunyai kedua-dua organ pembiakan lelaki dan wanita. <> Berapa banyak serangga menggunakan parthenogenesis? || Sesetengah <> kelahiran GIving tanpa telur yang disenyawakan dipanggil apa? || parthenogenesis <> Apa yang biasanya membahagi dalam bentuk parthenogenesis? || aphids <> Aphis mempunyai apa yang tidak seksual dan seksual? || Pembiakan <> Aphis biasanya wanita dan apa lagi pada musim panas? || parthenogenetic", {"context": "Some insects use parthenogenesis, a process in which the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggs fertilized by a male. Many aphids undergo a form of parthenogenesis, called cyclical parthenogenesis, in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction. In summer, aphids are generally female and parthenogenetic; in the autumn, males may be produced for sexual reproduction. Other insects produced by parthenogenesis are bees, wasps and ants, in which they spawn males. However, overall, most individuals are female, which are produced by fertilization. The males are haploid and the females are diploid. More rarely, some insects display hermaphroditism, in which a given individual has both male and female reproductive organs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Some"}], "question": "How many insects use parthenogenesis?", "id": "57295d3e1d04691400779329"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "parthenogenesis"}], "question": "GIving birth without fertilized eggs is called what?", "id": "57295d3e1d0469140077932a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "aphids"}], "question": "What usually partakes in a form of parthenogenesis?", "id": "57295d3e1d0469140077932b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "reproduction"}], "question": "Aphis have asexual and sexual what?", "id": "57295d3e1d0469140077932c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "parthenogenetic"}], "question": "Aphis are usually female and what else during the summer?", "id": "57295d3e1d0469140077932d"}]}], ["Serangga adalah organisma terawal untuk menghasilkan dan merasakan bunyi. Serangga membuat bunyi kebanyakannya oleh tindakan mekanikal pelengkap. Dalam belalang dan kriket, ini dicapai melalui stridulasi. Cicadas membuat suara yang paling kuat di kalangan serangga dengan menghasilkan dan menguatkan bunyi dengan pengubahsuaian khas kepada badan dan otot mereka. Brevisana Brevis Afrika telah diukur pada 106.7 desibel pada jarak 50 cm (20 inci). Sesetengah serangga, seperti Helicoverpa zeamoths, rahang elang dan rama-rama Hedylid, boleh mendengar ultrasound dan mengambil tindakan mengelak apabila mereka merasakan bahawa mereka telah dikesan oleh kelawar. Sesetengah rama-rama menghasilkan klik ultrasonik yang pernah difikirkan mempunyai peranan dalam penggera penyekat. Klik ultrasonik kemudiannya didapati dihasilkan kebanyakannya oleh rama-rama yang tidak menyenangkan untuk memperingatkan kelawar, sama seperti pewarna amaran digunakan terhadap pemangsa yang memburu oleh penglihatan. Sesetengah rama yang tidak sedap telah berkembang untuk meniru panggilan ini. Lebih baru-baru ini, tuntutan bahawa sesetengah rama-rama boleh menendang anak kelawar kelawar telah ditinjau semula. Rakaman ultrasonik dan videografi inframerah berkelajuan tinggi interaksi bat-moth mencadangkan rama-rama harimau yang rasanya benar-benar mempertahankan diri daripada menyerang kelawar besar coklat dengan menggunakan klik ultrasonik yang menara jam kelawar. <> Apakah organisma terawal untuk menghasilkan bunyi? || Serangga <> Serangga boleh rasa apa? || bunyi <> Bunyi serangga datang dari jenis tindakan apa? || mekanik <> Tindakan mekanikal yang membolehkan serangga membuat bunyi? || appendages <> Moths membuat apa jenis bunyi klik? || ultrasonik", {"context": "Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds. Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages. In grasshoppers and crickets, this is achieved by stridulation. Cicadas make the loudest sounds among the insects by producing and amplifying sounds with special modifications to their body and musculature. The African cicada Brevisana brevis has been measured at 106.7 decibels at a distance of 50 cm (20 in). Some insects, such as the Helicoverpa zeamoths, hawk moths and Hedylid butterflies, can hear ultrasound and take evasive action when they sense that they have been detected by bats. Some moths produce ultrasonic clicks that were once thought to have a role in jamming bat echolocation. The ultrasonic clicks were subsequently found to be produced mostly by unpalatable moths to warn bats, just as warning colorations are used against predators that hunt by sight. Some otherwise palatable moths have evolved to mimic these calls. More recently, the claim that some moths can jam bat sonar has been revisited. Ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions suggest the palatable tiger moth really does defend against attacking big brown bats using ultrasonic clicks that jam bat sonar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Insects"}], "question": "What were the earliest organisms to produce sound?", "id": "57298a8baf94a219006aa4ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "sounds"}], "question": "Insects can sense what?", "id": "57298a8baf94a219006aa4ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "mechanical"}], "question": "Insect sounds come from what kind of action?", "id": "57298a8baf94a219006aa4ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "appendages"}], "question": "The mechanical action of what allows insects t make sound?", "id": "57298a8baf94a219006aa4f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "ultrasonic"}], "question": "Moths create what kind of click sounds?", "id": "57298a8baf94a219006aa4f1"}]}], ["Holometabolisme, atau metamorfosis lengkap, adalah di mana serangga berubah dalam empat peringkat, telur atau embrio, larva, pupa dan dewasa atau imago. Dalam spesies ini, telur menetas untuk menghasilkan larva, yang biasanya bentuk seperti cacing. Bentuk cacing seperti ini boleh menjadi salah satu daripada beberapa jenis: eruciform (seperti ulat), scarabaeiform (grub-like), campodeiform (memanjang, meratakan dan aktif), elateriform (seperti wirworm) atau vermiform (seperti halus). Larva tumbuh dan akhirnya menjadi pupa, tahap yang ditandai dengan pergerakan berkurang dan sering dimeterai dalam kepompong. Terdapat tiga jenis pupae: obtect, exarate atau coarctate. Obtect pupae adalah padat, dengan kaki dan lampiran lain tertutup. Pupae melepaskan mempunyai kaki dan pelengkap lain yang bebas dan dilanjutkan. Pupul Coarctate berkembang di dalam kulit larva. 151 Serangga mengalami perubahan dalam bentuk semasa tahap pupal, dan muncul sebagai orang dewasa. Kupu-kupu adalah contoh serangga terkenal yang menjalani metamorfosis lengkap, walaupun kebanyakan serangga menggunakan kitaran hidup ini. Sesetengah serangga telah mengembangkan sistem ini kepada hypermetamorphosis. <> Apa metamorfosis lengkap yang dipanggil? || Holometabolisme <> Berapa banyak peringkat berlaku dalam metamorfosis lengkap? || empat tahap <> Apa perkataan lain untuk telur? || embrio <> Apa itu imago? || orang dewasa <> Namakan contoh serangga yang menjalani metamorfosis lengkap? || Rama-rama", {"context": "Holometabolism, or complete metamorphosis, is where the insect changes in four stages, an egg or embryo, a larva, a pupa and the adult or imago. In these species, an egg hatches to produce a larva, which is generally worm-like in form. This worm-like form can be one of several varieties: eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grub-like), campodeiform (elongated, flattened and active), elateriform (wireworm-like) or vermiform (maggot-like). The larva grows and eventually becomes a pupa, a stage marked by reduced movement and often sealed within a cocoon. There are three types of pupae: obtect, exarate or coarctate. Obtect pupae are compact, with the legs and other appendages enclosed. Exarate pupae have their legs and other appendages free and extended. Coarctate pupae develop inside the larval skin.:151 Insects undergo considerable change in form during the pupal stage, and emerge as adults. Butterflies are a well-known example of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, although most insects use this life cycle. Some insects have evolved this system to hypermetamorphosis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Holometabolism"}], "question": "What is a complete metamorphosis called?", "id": "57295f293f37b319004782c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "four stages"}], "question": "How many stages happen in complete metamorphosis?", "id": "57295f293f37b319004782c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "embryo"}], "question": "What is another word for egg?", "id": "57295f293f37b319004782c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "the adult"}], "question": "What is an imago?", "id": "57295f293f37b319004782c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 911, "text": "Butterflies"}], "question": "Name an example of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis?", "id": "57295f293f37b319004782c9"}]}], ["Banyak serangga mempunyai organ persepsi yang sangat sensitif dan khusus. Sesetengah serangga seperti lebah boleh melihat panjang gelombang ultraviolet, atau mengesan cahaya terpolarisasi, sementara antena rama-rama lelaki dapat mengesan pheromone rama-rama betina di jarak jauh. Kertas kuning berwarna kuning (Polistes versicolor) dikenali kerana pergerakannya sebagai bentuk komunikasi dalam tanah jajahan; ia boleh berkeliaran dengan frekuensi 10.6 \u00b1 2.1 Hz (n = 190). Pergerakan gerak ini boleh memberi isyarat kedatangan bahan baru ke dalam sarang dan serangan antara pekerja boleh digunakan untuk merangsang orang lain untuk meningkatkan ekspedisi mencari makan. Terdapat kecenderungan ketara untuk menjadi pertukaran antara ketajaman penglihatan dan ketajaman kimia atau ketajaman, sehingga kebanyakan serangga dengan mata yang maju telah berkurang atau antena mudah, dan sebaliknya. Terdapat pelbagai mekanisme yang berbeza di mana serangga merasakan bunyi, sedangkan coraknya tidak universal, serangga umumnya dapat mendengar bunyi jika mereka dapat menghasilkannya. Spesies serangga yang berbeza boleh mempunyai pendengaran yang berbeza-beza, walaupun kebanyakan serangga dapat mendengar hanya sedikit frekuensi yang berkaitan dengan kekerapan bunyi yang dapat dihasilkannya. Nyamuk telah dijumpai untuk mendengar sehingga 2 kHz, dan beberapa belalang dapat mendengar sehingga 50 kHz. Sesetengah serangga pemangsa dan parasit dapat mengesan bunyi ciri yang dibuat oleh mangsa atau tuan rumah masing-masing. Sebagai contoh, sesetengah rama-rama pada waktu malam dapat melihat pelepasan ultrasonik kelawar, yang membantu mereka mengelakkan predasi .:87-94 Serangga yang menyeberang darah mempunyai struktur deria khusus yang dapat mengesan pelepasan inframerah, dan menggunakannya untuk pulang ke rumah mereka. <> Serangga mempunyai organ khusus apa? || Persepsi <> Organ serangga digambarkan sebagai sensitif dan apa? || khusus <> Serangga macam apa yang dapat mengesan panjang gelombang ultraviolet? || lebah <> Lebah dapat mengesan jenis cahaya apa? || cahaya polarisasi <> Apa itu versistik Polistis? || kertas kuning kuning", {"context": "Many insects possess very sensitive and, or specialized organs of perception. Some insects such as bees can perceive ultraviolet wavelengths, or detect polarized light, while the antennae of male moths can detect the pheromones of female moths over distances of many kilometers. The yellow paper wasp (Polistes versicolor) is known for its wagging movements as a form of communication within the colony; it can waggle with a frequency of 10.6\u00b12.1 Hz (n=190). These wagging movements can signal the arrival of new material into the nest and aggression between workers can be used to stimulate others to increase foraging expeditions. There is a pronounced tendency for there to be a trade-off between visual acuity and chemical or tactile acuity, such that most insects with well-developed eyes have reduced or simple antennae, and vice versa. There are a variety of different mechanisms by which insects perceive sound, while the patterns are not universal, insects can generally hear sound if they can produce it. Different insect species can have varying hearing, though most insects can hear only a narrow range of frequencies related to the frequency of the sounds they can produce. Mosquitoes have been found to hear up to 2 kHz., and some grasshoppers can hear up to 50 kHz. Certain predatory and parasitic insects can detect the characteristic sounds made by their prey or hosts, respectively. For instance, some nocturnal moths can perceive the ultrasonic emissions of bats, which helps them avoid predation.:87\u201394 Insects that feed on blood have special sensory structures that can detect infrared emissions, and use them to home in on their hosts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "perception"}], "question": "Insects have specialized organs of what kind?", "id": "572984bc1d046914007794f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "specialized"}], "question": "Insect organs are described as sensitive and what?", "id": "572984bc1d046914007794f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "bees"}], "question": "What kind of insect can detect ultraviolet wavelengths?", "id": "572984bc1d046914007794f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "polarized light"}], "question": "Bees can detect what kind of light?", "id": "572984bc1d046914007794fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "yellow paper wasp"}], "question": "What is a Polistes versicolor?", "id": "572984bc1d046914007794fb"}]}], ["Lipas adalah antara pelari serangga yang paling laju dan, dengan kelajuan penuh, mengamalkan larian bipedal untuk mencapai halaju yang tinggi mengikut saiz tubuh mereka. Apabila kecoa bergerak dengan cepat, mereka perlu dirakam video di beberapa ratus bingkai sesaat untuk mendedahkan gaya mereka. Pergerakan yang lebih sedap dilihat di serangga tongkat atau tongkat berjalan (Phasmatodea). Beberapa serangga telah berkembang untuk berjalan di permukaan air, terutama ahli keluarga Gerridae, yang biasanya dikenali sebagai penyerang air. Beberapa spesies pelaut laut dalam genus Halobates bahkan hidup di permukaan lautan terbuka, habitat yang mempunyai beberapa spesies serangga. <> Apa jenis pergerakan yang dilihat dalam serangga batang? || sedate <> Apakah nama lain untuk serangga tongkat berjalan? || Phasmatodea <> Beberapa serangga boleh berjalan di atas apa? || air <> Serangga apa yang boleh berjalan di permukaan air? || air striders <> Air striders adalah sebahagian daripada keluarga serangga apa? || Gerridae", {"context": "Cockroaches are among the fastest insect runners and, at full speed, adopt a bipedal run to reach a high velocity in proportion to their body size. As cockroaches move very quickly, they need to be video recorded at several hundred frames per second to reveal their gait. More sedate locomotion is seen in the stick insects or walking sticks (Phasmatodea). A few insects have evolved to walk on the surface of the water, especially members of the Gerridae family, commonly known as water striders. A few species of ocean-skaters in the genus Halobates even live on the surface of open oceans, a habitat that has few insect species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "sedate"}], "question": "What kind of locomotion is seen in stick insects?", "id": "572997463f37b319004784bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Phasmatodea"}], "question": "What is another name for walking stick insects?", "id": "572997463f37b319004784be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "water"}], "question": "Some insects can walk on top of what?", "id": "572997463f37b319004784bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "water striders"}], "question": "What insect can walk on the surface of water?", "id": "572997463f37b319004784c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Gerridae"}], "question": "Water striders are part of what insect family?", "id": "572997463f37b319004784c1"}]}], ["Hanya serangga yang tinggal di sarang atau koloni menunjukkan apa-apa keupayaan sebenar untuk orientasi spasial denda atau homing. Ini membolehkan serangga dapat kembali tanpa henti ke lubang tunggal beberapa milimeter diameter di antara beribu-ribu lubang yang sama serupa berkumpul bersama, selepas perjalanan sejauh jarak beberapa kilometer. Dalam fenomena yang dikenali sebagai philopatry, serangga yang hibernate telah menunjukkan keupayaan untuk mengingat lokasi tertentu sehingga setahun selepas melihat kawasan yang menarik. Beberapa serangga bermusim berpindah jarak jauh di antara kawasan geografi yang berlainan (mis., Kawasan overwintering rama-rama Monarch) .: 14 <> Serangga dengan orientasi spasial skala yang baik tinggal di koloni dan di mana lagi? || Sarang <> Sesetengah serangga mempunyai orientasi spasial skala yang baik dan / atau apa lagi? || homing <> Orientasi spacial / homing membolehkan serangga untuk kembali ke satu lubang tertentu di antara berapa banyak? || beribu-ribu <> Serangga yang mengimbau lokasi tertentu sehingga satu tahun dipanggil apa? || philopatry <> Serangga yang dapat mengingat lokasi tertentu sehingga satu tahun melakukan apa? || hibernate", {"context": "Only insects which live in nests or colonies demonstrate any true capacity for fine-scale spatial orientation or homing. This can allow an insect to return unerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of apparently identical holes clustered together, after a trip of up to several kilometers' distance. In a phenomenon known as philopatry, insects that hibernate have shown the ability to recall a specific location up to a year after last viewing the area of interest. A few insects seasonally migrate large distances between different geographic regions (e.g., the overwintering areas of the Monarch butterfly).:14", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "nests"}], "question": "Insects with fine scale spatial orientation live in colonies and where else?", "id": "572993a5af94a219006aa51f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "homing"}], "question": "Some insects have a fine scale spatial orientation and/or what else?", "id": "572993a5af94a219006aa520"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "thousands"}], "question": "Spacial orientation/homing allows an insect to return to one specific hole among how many?", "id": "572993a5af94a219006aa521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "philopatry"}], "question": "An insect recalling a specific location for up to a year is called what?", "id": "572993a5af94a219006aa522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "hibernate"}], "question": "An insect that can recall a specific location for up to a year does what?", "id": "572993a5af94a219006aa523"}]}], ["Komunikasi kimia dalam haiwan bergantung pada pelbagai aspek termasuk rasa dan bau. Chemoreception adalah tindak balas fisiologi dari organ rasa (iaitu rasa atau bau) kepada rangsangan kimia di mana bahan kimia bertindak sebagai isyarat untuk mengatur keadaan atau aktiviti sel. A semiokimia adalah bahan kimia penghantaran yang bertujuan untuk menarik, menolak, dan menyampaikan maklumat. Jenis-jenis semiokimia merangkumi feromon dan kairomon. Salah satu contohnya adalah kupu-kupu Phengaris kupu-kupu yang menggunakan isyarat kimia sebagai bentuk peniruan untuk membantu predasi. <> Rasa haiwan dan bau bergantung pada jenis komunikasi apa? || Kimia <> Apakah tindak balas fisiologi organ indera disebut? || Chemoreception <> Rangsangan kimia adalah isyarat yang mengawal aktiviti apa? || sel <> Apakah bahan kimia yang membawa mesej? || semiokimia <> Kairomones adalah jenis apa? || semiokimia", {"context": "Chemical communications in animals rely on a variety of aspects including taste and smell. Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ (i.e. taste or smell) to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell. A semiochemical is a message-carrying chemical that is meant to attract, repel, and convey information. Types of semiochemicals include pheromones and kairomones. One example is the butterfly Phengaris arion which uses chemical signals as a form of mimicry to aid in predation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chemical"}], "question": "Animal taste and smell rely on what kind of communication?", "id": "57298edfaf94a219006aa501"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Chemoreception"}], "question": "What is the physiological response of a sense organ called?", "id": "57298edfaf94a219006aa502"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "a cell"}], "question": "Chemical stimuli are signals that regulate the activity of what?", "id": "57298edfaf94a219006aa503"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "semiochemical"}], "question": "What is a message-carrying chemical called?", "id": "57298edfaf94a219006aa504"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "semiochemicals"}], "question": "Kairomones are a type of what?", "id": "57298edfaf94a219006aa505"}]}], ["Serangga yang eusosial membina sarang, telur pengawal, dan menyediakan makanan untuk anak-anak sepenuh masa (lihat Eusociality). Kebanyakan serangga, bagaimanapun, membawa kehidupan pendek sebagai orang dewasa, dan jarang berinteraksi dengan satu sama lain kecuali untuk pasangan atau bersaing untuk pasangan. Sebilangan kecil mempamerkan beberapa bentuk penjagaan ibu bapa, di mana mereka akan sekurang-kurangnya menjaga telur mereka, dan kadang-kadang terus menjaga anak mereka sehingga dewasa, dan mungkin juga memberi makan mereka. Satu lagi bentuk penjagaan ibu bapa yang mudah adalah untuk membina sarang (burrow atau pembinaan sebenar, salah satu daripadanya mungkin sederhana atau kompleks), menyimpan peruntukan di dalamnya, dan meletakkan telur di atas peruntukan tersebut. Orang dewasa tidak dapat menghubungi keturunan yang berkembang, tetapi ia tetap menyediakan makanan. Penjagaan ini adalah tipikal bagi kebanyakan spesies lebah dan pelbagai jenis tawon. <> Serangga Eusocial menyediakan makanan untuk anak-anak mereka sepenuh masa atau sambilan? || sepenuh masa <> Apa yang melindungi serangga eusocial? || telur <> Apa yang membina serangga eusocial? || sarang <> Kebanyakan serangga eososial memimpin kehidupan apa yang pernah menjadi dewasa? || pendek <> Serangga eusocial dewasa tidak menghubungi apa itu? || anak yang semakin meningkat", {"context": "The eusocial insects build nest, guard eggs, and provide food for offspring full-time (see Eusociality). Most insects, however, lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates. A small number exhibit some form of parental care, where they will at least guard their eggs, and sometimes continue guarding their offspring until adulthood, and possibly even feeding them. Another simple form of parental care is to construct a nest (a burrow or an actual construction, either of which may be simple or complex), store provisions in it, and lay an egg upon those provisions. The adult does not contact the growing offspring, but it nonetheless does provide food. This sort of care is typical for most species of bees and various types of wasps.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "full-time"}], "question": "Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time?", "id": "572994a7af94a219006aa529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "eggs"}], "question": "What do eusocial insects guard?", "id": "572994a7af94a219006aa52a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "nest"}], "question": "What do eusocial insects build?", "id": "572994a7af94a219006aa52b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "short"}], "question": "Most eusocial insects lead what kind of life once becoming an adult?", "id": "572994a7af94a219006aa52c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "growing offspring"}], "question": "An adult eusocial insect does not contact it's what?", "id": "572994a7af94a219006aa52d"}]}], ["Ekologi serangga adalah kajian saintifik tentang bagaimana serangga, secara individu atau sebagai komuniti, berinteraksi dengan persekitaran atau ekosistem sekitarnya.3 Serangga memainkan salah satu peranan yang paling penting dalam ekosistem mereka, yang merangkumi banyak peranan, seperti perubahan tanah dan pengudaraan, pemakaman kotoran, kawalan perosak, pendebungaan dan pemakanan hidupan liar. Contohnya ialah kumbang, yang merupakan pemulung yang memakan haiwan mati dan pokok yang jatuh dan dengan itu mengitar semula bahan biologi menjadi bentuk yang berguna oleh organisma lain. Serangga-serangga ini, dan yang lain, bertanggungjawab terhadap banyak proses di mana tanah atas telah dicipta.:3, 218-228 <> Belajar bagaimana serangga berinteraksi dengan persekitaran sekitar dipanggil apa? || Ekologi serangga <> Satu lagi istilah untuk persekitaran sekitar adalah apa? || ekosistem <> Apa jenis peranan yang dimainkan oleh serangga dalam ekosistem mereka? || penting <> Apa jenis pengkebumian yang dilakukan oleh serangga? || kumbang <> Kumbang juga dikenali sebagai apa? || penipu", {"context": "Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wildlife nutrition. An example is the beetles, which are scavengers that feed on dead animals and fallen trees and thereby recycle biological materials into forms found useful by other organisms. These insects, and others, are responsible for much of the process by which topsoil is created.:3, 218\u2013228", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Insect ecology"}], "question": "Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what?", "id": "572999816aef05140015500c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "ecosystem"}], "question": "Another term for surrounding environment is what?", "id": "572999816aef05140015500d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "important"}], "question": "What kind of role do insects play in their ecosystem?", "id": "572999816aef05140015500e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "dung"}], "question": "What type of burial do insects engage in?", "id": "572999816aef05140015500f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "scavengers"}], "question": "Beetles are also known as what?", "id": "572999816aef051400155010"}]}], ["Banyak serangga dewasa menggunakan enam kaki untuk berjalan dan telah menggunakan gaya berjalan kaki. Perjalanan perjalanan yang trendi membolehkan berjalan cepat sambil sentiasa mempunyai pendirian yang stabil dan telah dikaji secara meluas dalam lipas. Kaki digunakan dalam segitiga bergantian menyentuh tanah. Untuk langkah pertama, kaki kanan tengah dan kaki kiri depan dan belakang bersentuhan dengan tanah dan menggerakkan serangga ke hadapan, sementara kaki kanan depan dan belakang dan kaki kiri tengah diangkat dan bergerak maju ke posisi yang baru. Apabila mereka menyentuh tanah untuk membentuk segitiga stabil yang baru, kaki lain boleh diangkat dan dibawa ke hadapan seterusnya dan sebagainya. Bentuk murni trotoar tripedal dilihat pada serangga bergerak pada kecepatan tinggi. Walaubagaimanapun, jenis lokomotif ini tidak tegar dan serangga boleh menyesuaikan pelbagai jenis. Sebagai contoh, apabila bergerak dengan perlahan, berpaling, atau mengelakkan halangan, empat atau lebih kaki mungkin menyentuh tanah. Serangga juga boleh menyesuaikan langkah mereka untuk mengatasi kehilangan satu atau lebih anggota badan. <> Berapa banyak kaki yang mengandungi serangga dewasa? || enam <> Kebanyakan serangga dewasa telah mengamalkan gaya berjalan apa? || tripedal <> Perjalanan perjalanan berjalan kaki membolehkan apa yang berjalan? || cepat <> Serangga boleh mengamalkan berapa banyak kegunaan? || Pelbagai <> Serangga boleh mengubah gaya mereka untuk menangani kehilangan apa? || anggota badan", {"context": "Many adult insects use six legs for walking and have adopted a tripedal gait. The tripedal gait allows for rapid walking while always having a stable stance and has been studied extensively in cockroaches. The legs are used in alternate triangles touching the ground. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward, while the front and rear right leg and the middle left leg are lifted and moved forward to a new position. When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn and so on. The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, turning, or avoiding obstacles, four or more feet may be touching the ground. Insects can also adapt their gait to cope with the loss of one or more limbs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many legs do adult insects contain?", "id": "572996a1af94a219006aa543"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "tripedal"}], "question": "Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait?", "id": "572996a1af94a219006aa544"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "rapid"}], "question": "The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?", "id": "572996a1af94a219006aa545"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "a variety"}], "question": "Insects can adopt how many gaits?", "id": "572996a1af94a219006aa546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 983, "text": "limbs"}], "question": "Insects can change their gait to deal with the loss of what?", "id": "572996a1af94a219006aa547"}]}], ["Banyak spesies ini mempunyai adaptasi untuk membantu dalam pergerakan di bawah air. Kumbang air dan bug air mempunyai kaki disesuaikan menjadi struktur seperti dayung. Penampungan Dragonfly menggunakan pendorong jet, dengan paksa mengusir air keluar dari ruang rektum mereka. Sesetengah spesies seperti penyerang air mampu berjalan di atas permukaan air. Mereka boleh melakukan ini kerana cakar mereka tidak berada di hujung kaki seperti kebanyakan serangga, tetapi tersembunyi di dalam alur khas lebih jauh ke atas kaki; ini menghalang cakar dari menindikkan filem permukaan air. Serangga lain seperti kumbang Stove Stenus diketahui memancarkan rembesan kelenjar pygidial yang mengurangkan ketegangan permukaan yang membolehkan mereka bergerak di permukaan air oleh Marangoni propulsi (juga dikenali oleh istilah Jerman Entspannungsschwimmen). <> Kumbang air mempunyai kaki jenis struktur apa? || paddle-like <> Dragonflys menggunakan jenis propulsi apa? || jet <> Dragonflys menembak air dari mana? || ruang rektum <> Penyerang air mempunyai apa jenis alur khas di atas kaki mereka? || kumbang <> Rok kumbang Stenus memancarkan apa jenis kelenjar kelenjar? || pygidial", {"context": "Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of water. They can do this because their claws are not at the tips of the legs as in most insects, but recessed in a special groove further up the leg; this prevents the claws from piercing the water's surface film. Other insects such as the Rove beetle Stenus are known to emit pygidial gland secretions that reduce surface tension making it possible for them to move on the surface of water by Marangoni propulsion (also known by the German term Entspannungsschwimmen).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "paddle-like"}], "question": "Water beetles have legs of what type of structure?", "id": "572998921d04691400779565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "jet"}], "question": "Dragonflys use what kind of propulsion?", "id": "572998921d04691400779566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "rectal chamber"}], "question": "Dragonflys shoot water from where?", "id": "572998921d04691400779567"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "recessed"}], "question": "Water striders have what kind of special groove up their leg?", "id": "572998921d04691400779568"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "pygidial"}], "question": "Rove beetle Stenus emit what type of gland secretions?", "id": "572998921d04691400779569"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada penggunaan bunyi untuk komunikasi, pelbagai serangga telah mengubah cara kimia untuk komunikasi. Bahan kimia ini, yang disebut sebagai semiokimia, sering berasal dari metabolit tumbuhan termasuk yang dimaksudkan untuk menarik, menolak dan memberikan maklumat lain. Pheromones, sejenis semiokimia, digunakan untuk menarik pasangan seks yang bertentangan, untuk mengagregasi individu-individu tertentu dari kedua-dua jantina, untuk menghalang individu lain dari mendekati, menandakan jejak, dan mencetuskan pencerobohan dalam individu berdekatan. Allomonea memberi manfaat kepada pengeluar mereka dengan kesannya kepada penerima. Kairomones memberi manfaat kepada penerima mereka bukan pengeluar mereka. Synomone memberi manfaat kepada pengeluar dan penerima. Walaupun sesetengah bahan kimia disasarkan kepada individu spesies yang sama, yang lain digunakan untuk komunikasi merentas spesies. Penggunaan aroma sangat terkenal telah berkembang di serangga sosial .:96-105 <> Serangga menggunakan bunyi dan apa cara lain untuk komunikasi? || kimia bermakna <> Bahan kimia yang digunakan oleh serangga untuk berkomunikasi dipanggil apa? || semiokimia <> Semiokimia berasal dari mana? || metabolit tumbuhan <> Bahan kimia serangga digunakan untuk menarik dan apa lagi? || mengusir <> Apa bahan kimia serangga yang memberi manfaat kepada penerima dan pengeluar? || Synomone", {"context": "In addition to the use of sound for communication, a wide range of insects have evolved chemical means for communication. These chemicals, termed semiochemicals, are often derived from plant metabolites include those meant to attract, repel and provide other kinds of information. Pheromones, a type of semiochemical, are used for attracting mates of the opposite sex, for aggregating conspecific individuals of both sexes, for deterring other individuals from approaching, to mark a trail, and to trigger aggression in nearby individuals. Allomonea benefit their producer by the effect they have upon the receiver. Kairomones benefit their receiver instead of their producer. Synomones benefit the producer and the receiver. While some chemicals are targeted at individuals of the same species, others are used for communication across species. The use of scents is especially well known to have developed in social insects.:96\u2013105", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "chemical means"}], "question": "Insects use sound and what other means for communication?", "id": "572990451d04691400779537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "semiochemicals"}], "question": "The chemicals used by insects to communicate are called what?", "id": "572990451d04691400779538"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "plant metabolites"}], "question": "Semiochemicals come from where?", "id": "572990451d04691400779539"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "repel"}], "question": "Insect chemicals are used to attract and what else?", "id": "572990451d0469140077953a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "Synomones"}], "question": "What insect chemical benefits both the receiver and the producer?", "id": "572990451d0469140077953b"}]}], ["Serangga sosial, seperti rayap, semut dan banyak lebah dan tawon, adalah spesies haiwan eusosial yang paling biasa. Mereka hidup bersama dalam jajahan besar yang teratur yang mungkin begitu terintegrasi dan serupa dengan genetik bahawa jajahan beberapa spesies kadang-kadang dianggap superorganisma. Kadang-kadang berhujah bahawa pelbagai spesies lebah madu adalah satu-satunya invertebrat (dan sesungguhnya merupakan salah satu dari beberapa kumpulan bukan manusia) yang telah mengembangkan sistem komunikasi simbol abstrak di mana suatu tingkah laku digunakan untuk mewakili dan menyampaikan maklumat khusus tentang sesuatu Alam sekitar. Dalam sistem komunikasi ini, yang dipanggil bahasa tarian, sudut di mana tarian lebah mewakili arah yang berkaitan dengan matahari, dan panjang tarian mewakili jarak yang akan diterbangkan. 309 Walaupun mungkin tidak seperti lebah madu, Bumblebees juga berpotensi mempunyai beberapa tingkah laku komunikasi sosial. Sebagai contoh, Bombus terrestris mempamerkan lengkung pembelajaran yang lebih pantas untuk melawat bunga yang belum dikenali, namun memberi ganjaran, apabila mereka dapat melihat penemuan yang spesifik pada spesies yang sama. <> Termodin dianggap jenis serangga? || Sosial <> Termitis, lebah, tawon, dan apa serangga lain serangga sosial? || semut <> Apakah istilah lain untuk serangga sosial? || haiwan eusocial <> serangga sosial hidup dalam apa yang baik? || koloni <> Kaedah yang dipanggil tarian lebah? || bahasa tarian", {"context": "Social insects, such as termites, ants and many bees and wasps, are the most familiar species of eusocial animal. They live together in large well-organized colonies that may be so tightly integrated and genetically similar that the colonies of some species are sometimes considered superorganisms. It is sometimes argued that the various species of honey bee are the only invertebrates (and indeed one of the few non-human groups) to have evolved a system of abstract symbolic communication where a behavior is used to represent and convey specific information about something in the environment. In this communication system, called dance language, the angle at which a bee dances represents a direction relative to the sun, and the length of the dance represents the distance to be flown.:309\u2013311 Though perhaps not as advanced as honey bees, bumblebees also potentially have some social communication behaviors. Bombus terrestris, for example, exhibit a faster learning curve for visiting unfamiliar, yet rewarding flowers, when they can see a conspecific foraging on the same species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Social"}], "question": "Termites are considered what type of insect?", "id": "5729913b3f37b31900478497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "ants"}], "question": "Termites, bees, wasps, and what other insect are social insects?", "id": "5729913b3f37b31900478498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "eusocial animal"}], "question": "What is another term for social insect?", "id": "5729913b3f37b31900478499"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "colonies"}], "question": "Social insects live in well organized what?", "id": "5729913b3f37b3190047849a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "dance language"}], "question": "The method that a bee dances is called what?", "id": "5729913b3f37b3190047849b"}]}], ["Serangga adalah satu-satunya kumpulan invertebrata yang telah membangun penerbangan. Evolusi sayap serangga telah menjadi subjek perdebatan. Sesetengah ahli entomologi mencadangkan bahawa sayap adalah dari lobang paranotal, atau sambungan dari exoskeleton serangga dipanggil nota, yang dipanggil teori paranotal. Teori-teori lain adalah berdasarkan pada pleural origin. Teori-teori ini termasuk cadangan bahawa sayap berasal dari insang diubahsuai, flap spirakular atau sebagai tambahan dari epicoxa. Teori epikoksik menunjukkan sayap serangga diubah suai epicoxal exites, lampiran yang diubah suai di pangkal kaki atau coxa. Dalam usia Carboniferous, sesetengah Cap Dragoneye mempunyai kira-kira 50 cm (20 inci) sayap lebar. Kemunculan serangga raksasa telah didapati konsisten dengan oksigen atmosfera yang tinggi. Sistem pernafasan serangga mengehadkan saiznya, namun oksigen yang tinggi di atmosfer membiarkan saiz yang lebih besar. Serangga terbang terbesar hari ini jauh lebih kecil dan termasuk beberapa spesies rama seperti rama-rama Atlas dan Penyihir Putih (Thysania agrippina). <> Serangga adalah satu-satunya invertebrata yang telah berkembang menjadi apa? || penerbangan <> Apa bahagian serangga yang telah diselesaikan untuk perbahasan? || sayap <> Sayap dari lobang paranotal berdasarkan teori apa? || teori paranotal <> Sayap dari insang diubahsuai berasal dari asalnya? || asal pleural <> Teori epikoksik menunjukkan sayap serangga diubahsuai apa? || exit epikokal", {"context": "Insects are the only group of invertebrates to have developed flight. The evolution of insect wings has been a subject of debate. Some entomologists suggest that the wings are from paranotal lobes, or extensions from the insect's exoskeleton called the nota, called the paranotal theory. Other theories are based on a pleural origin. These theories include suggestions that wings originated from modified gills, spiracular flaps or as from an appendage of the epicoxa. The epicoxal theory suggests the insect wings are modified epicoxal exites, a modified appendage at the base of the legs or coxa. In the Carboniferous age, some of the Meganeura dragonflies had as much as a 50 cm (20 in) wide wingspan. The appearance of gigantic insects has been found to be consistent with high atmospheric oxygen. The respiratory system of insects constrains their size, however the high oxygen in the atmosphere allowed larger sizes. The largest flying insects today are much smaller and include several moth species such as the Atlas moth and the White Witch (Thysania agrippina).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "flight"}], "question": "Insects are the only invertebrates that have evolved into what?", "id": "572995e9af94a219006aa539"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "wings"}], "question": "What part of the insect has been up for debate?", "id": "572995e9af94a219006aa53a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "paranotal theory"}], "question": "Wings from the paranotal lobes are based on what theory?", "id": "572995e9af94a219006aa53b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "pleural origin"}], "question": "Wings from modified gills is from what origin?", "id": "572995e9af94a219006aa53c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "epicoxal exites"}], "question": "The epicoxal theory suggests insect wings are modified what?", "id": "572995e9af94a219006aa53d"}]}], ["Kumbang Scarab memegang simbolisme agama dan budaya di Mesir Lama, Yunani dan beberapa budaya Dunia Lama shamanistik. Orang Cina kuno menganggap cicadas sebagai simbol kelahiran semula atau keabadian. Dalam sastera Mesopotamia, puisi epik Gilgamesh mempunyai kiasan kepada Odonata yang menandakan kemustahilan keabadian. Di kalangan Orang Aborigin Australia dari kumpulan bahasa Arrernte, semut madu dan grill witchety berkhidmat sebagai totem klan peribadi. Dalam hal 'San' semak-laki-laki Kalahari, itu adalah mantis berdoa yang memegang banyak makna kebudayaan termasuk penciptaan dan zen-seperti kesabaran dalam menunggu.:9 <> Apa serangga dunia kuno dianggap simbolik? || Scarab beetles <> Cicadas melambangkan keabadian dalam budaya apa? || Cina <> The mantis berdoa melambangkan kesabaran dan apa lagi? || penciptaan <> Witchety grubs berfungsi sebagai totem klan peribadi di negara mana? || Australia <> Semut apa jenis simbolik di kalangan Orang Asli Australia? || semut madu", {"context": "Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of immortality. Amongst the Aborigines of Australia of the Arrernte language groups, honey ants and witchety grubs served as personal clan totems. In the case of the 'San' bush-men of the Kalahari, it is the praying mantis which holds much cultural significance including creation and zen-like patience in waiting.:9", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Scarab beetles"}], "question": "What ancient world insect is considered symbolic?", "id": "5729a5f51d046914007795a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Chinese"}], "question": "Cicadas symbolize immortality in what culture?", "id": "5729a5f51d046914007795a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "creation"}], "question": "The praying mantis symbolizes patience and what else?", "id": "5729a5f51d046914007795a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "Witchety grubs serve as personal clan totems in what country?", "id": "5729a5f51d046914007795a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "honey ants"}], "question": "What kind of ants are symbolic among the Australian Aborigines?", "id": "5729a5f51d046914007795a5"}]}], ["Serangga serangga, atau serangga yang memakan serangga lain, memberi manfaat kepada manusia kerana mereka makan serangga yang boleh menyebabkan kerosakan pada pertanian dan struktur manusia. Sebagai contoh, aphids memberi makan kepada tanaman dan menyebabkan masalah kepada petani, tetapi ubat kumbang makan aphids, dan boleh digunakan sebagai cara untuk dapat mengurangkan populasi aphid hama dengan ketara. Walaupun burung yang mungkin kelihatan pemangsa serangga, serangga itu sendiri menyumbang sebahagian besar penggunaan serangga. Semut juga membantu mengawal populasi haiwan dengan memakan vertebrata kecil. Tanpa pemangsa untuk memelihara mereka, serangga boleh menjalani letupan populasi hampir tidak dapat dihalang.:328-348: 400 <> Serangga apa yang menyembuhkan pada serangga lain? || Serangga <Insectivorous insectivorous bermanfaat atau berbahaya kepada manusia? || berfaedah <> Apa serangga makan pada aphids? || ladybugs <> Apa pemangsa serangga paling ketara? || burung <> Apakah pengguna serangga terbesar? || serangga sendiri", {"context": "Insectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get significantly reduce pest aphid populations. While birds are perhaps more visible predators of insects, insects themselves account for the vast majority of insect consumption. Ants also help control animal populations by consuming small vertebrates. Without predators to keep them in check, insects can undergo almost unstoppable population explosions.:328\u2013348:400", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Insectivorous"}], "question": "What insects feed on other insects?", "id": "5729a1066aef051400155050"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "beneficial"}], "question": "Insectivorous insects are beneficial or harmful to humans?", "id": "5729a1066aef051400155051"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "ladybugs"}], "question": "What insect feeds on aphids?", "id": "5729a1066aef051400155052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "birds"}], "question": "What are the most visible predators of insects?", "id": "5729a1066aef051400155053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "insects themselves"}], "question": "What is the largest consumer of insects?", "id": "5729a1066aef051400155054"}]}], ["Dalam sesetengah budaya, serangga, khususnya cicadas goreng, dianggap sebagai hidangan istimewa, sementara di tempat lain ia menjadi sebahagian dari diet biasa. Serangga mempunyai kandungan protein yang tinggi untuk jisimnya, dan beberapa pengarang mencadangkan potensi mereka sebagai sumber protein utama dalam pemakanan manusia. 10-13 Di kebanyakan negara dunia pertama, entomophagy (makan serangga), adalah pantang larang. Memandangkan tidak mungkin sepenuhnya menghilangkan serangga perosak dari rantai makanan manusia, serangga tidak sengaja hadir dalam banyak makanan, terutama bijirin. Undang-undang keselamatan makanan di banyak negara tidak melarang bahagian serangga dalam makanan, melainkan mengehadkan kuantiti mereka. Menurut ahli antropologi materialistik kebudayaan Marvin Harris, makan serangga adalah tabu dalam budaya yang mempunyai sumber protein lain seperti ikan atau ternakan. <> Serangga dianggap sebagai apa dalam sesetengah budaya? || makanan serangga <> Apa serangga yang sangat goreng adalah sebahagian daripada diet biasa dalam sesetengah budaya? || cicadas <> Serangga mempunyai apa kandungan protein? || tinggi <> Apakah istilah untuk makan serangga? || entomophagy <> Di mana makan serangga dianggap tabu? || negara dunia pertama", {"context": "In some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10\u201313 In most first-world countries, however, entomophagy (the eating of insects), is taboo. Since it is impossible to entirely eliminate pest insects from the human food chain, insects are inadvertently present in many foods, especially grains. Food safety laws in many countries do not prohibit insect parts in food, but rather limit their quantity. According to cultural materialist anthropologist Marvin Harris, the eating of insects is taboo in cultures that have other protein sources such as fish or livestock.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "delicacies"}], "question": "Insects are considered as what in some cultures?", "id": "5729a3d56aef051400155074"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "cicadas"}], "question": "What deep-fried insect is part of the normal diet in some cultures?", "id": "5729a3d56aef051400155075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "high"}], "question": "Insects have what kind of protein content?", "id": "5729a3d56aef051400155076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "entomophagy"}], "question": "What is the term for eating insects?", "id": "5729a3d56aef051400155077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "first-world countries"}], "question": "Where is eating insects considered taboo?", "id": "5729a3d56aef051400155078"}]}], ["Penyerbukan adalah proses di mana debunga dipindahkan dalam pembiakan tumbuhan, dengan itu membolehkan persenyawaan dan pembiakan seksual. Kebanyakan tumbuhan berbunga memerlukan haiwan untuk melakukan pengangkutan. Walaupun haiwan lain dimasukkan sebagai pendebunga, majoriti penyerbukan dilakukan oleh serangga. Kerana serangga biasanya mendapat manfaat untuk pendebungaan dalam bentuk nektar kaya energi itu adalah contoh utama mutualisme. Pelbagai ciri-ciri bunga (dan gabungannya) yang berbeza menarik satu jenis pendebunga atau yang lain dikenali sebagai sindrom penyerbukan. Ini timbul melalui penyesuaian tumbuhan-haiwan kompleks. Pollinators mencari bunga melalui pewarna terang, termasuk ultraviolet, dan pheromones yang menarik. Kajian pendebungaan oleh serangga dikenali sebagai anteologi. <> Serbuk yang dipindahkan dalam pembiakan tumbuhan dipanggil? || Penyelidikan <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk mengangkut debunga? || haiwan <> Kebanyakan penyerbukan selesai dengan apa? || serangga <> Apa yang serangga terima sebagai balasan untuk penyerbukan? || Nektar kaya tenaga <> Bunga yang membenarkan hanya satu jenis pendebunga dipanggil apa? || sindrom penyerbukan", {"context": "Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is a grand example of mutualism. The various flower traits (and combinations thereof) that differentially attract one type of pollinator or another are known as pollination syndromes. These arose through complex plant-animal adaptations. Pollinators find flowers through bright colorations, including ultraviolet, and attractant pheromones. The study of pollination by insects is known as anthecology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pollination"}], "question": "Pollen transferred in the reproduction of plants is called?", "id": "57299e233f37b319004784ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "an animal"}], "question": "What is required to transport pollen?", "id": "57299e233f37b31900478500"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "insects"}], "question": "Most pollination is completed by what?", "id": "57299e233f37b31900478501"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "energy rich nectar"}], "question": "What do insects receive in return for pollination?", "id": "57299e233f37b31900478502"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "pollination syndromes"}], "question": "Flowers that allow only one type of pollinator is called what?", "id": "57299e233f37b31900478503"}]}], ["Pertahanan kimia adalah pertahanan penting lain yang terdapat di kalangan spesies Coleoptera dan Lepidoptera, biasanya diiklankan oleh warna-warna terang, seperti rama-rama Monarch. Mereka memperoleh ketoksikan mereka dengan mengutip bahan kimia dari tumbuhan yang mereka makan ke dalam tisu mereka sendiri. Sesetengah Lepidoptera mengeluarkan toksin mereka sendiri. Pemangsa yang memakan rama-rama dan rama-rama yang beracun mungkin menjadi sakit dan muntah dengan kuat, belajar untuk tidak memakan jenis spesies tersebut; ini sebenarnya adalah asas mimicry M\u00fcllerian. Seorang pemangsa yang sebelum ini memakan lepidopteran beracun boleh mengelakkan spesies lain dengan tanda yang serupa pada masa akan datang, dengan itu menjimatkan banyak spesies lain juga. Beberapa kumbang tanah keluarga Carabidae boleh menyemburkan bahan kimia dari perut mereka dengan ketepatan yang besar, untuk menangkis pemangsa. <> Apakah jenis pertahanan yang terdapat dalam spesies Coleoptera? || Kimia <> Apakah pertahanan kimia yang digunakan oleh rama-rama Monarch? || warna-warna terang <> Serangga menjadi toksik dengan melakukan apa dengan bahan kimia dari tumbuh-tumbuhan? || penyusupan <> Serangga manakah yang mengeluarkan toksinnya sendiri? || Lepidoptera <> Beberapa kumbang boleh menyemburkan apa-apa dari perut mereka? || bahan kimia", {"context": "Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may become sick and vomit violently, learning not to eat those types of species; this is actually the basis of M\u00fcllerian mimicry. A predator who has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future, thus saving many other species as well. Some ground beetles of the Carabidae family can spray chemicals from their abdomen with great accuracy, to repel predators.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chemical"}], "question": "What kind of defense is found in the Coleoptera species?", "id": "57299cebaf94a219006aa56b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "bright colors"}], "question": "What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?", "id": "57299cebaf94a219006aa56c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "sequestering"}], "question": "Insects become toxic by doing what with the chemicals from plants?", "id": "57299cebaf94a219006aa56d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Lepidoptera"}], "question": "Which insect manufactures it's own toxins?", "id": "57299cebaf94a219006aa56e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "chemicals"}], "question": "Some beetles can spray what from their abdomen?", "id": "57299cebaf94a219006aa56f"}]}], ["Serangga memainkan peranan penting dalam penyelidikan biologi. Contohnya, kerana saiznya yang kecil, masa penjanaan yang pendek dan fecunditi yang tinggi, buah buatan umum Drosophila melanogaster adalah organisma model untuk kajian dalam genetik eukariot yang lebih tinggi. D. melanogaster telah menjadi sebahagian penting kajian terhadap prinsip-prinsip seperti hubungan genetik, interaksi antara gen, genetik kromosom, perkembangan, tingkah laku dan evolusi. Oleh sebab sistem genetik dipelihara dengan baik di kalangan eukariota, memahami proses selular asas seperti replikasi DNA atau transkripsi dalam lalat buah dapat membantu memahami proses-proses tersebut dalam eukariot lain, termasuk manusia. Genom D. melanogaster disusun pada tahun 2000, mencerminkan peranan penting organisma dalam penyelidikan biologi. Telah dijumpai bahawa 70% genom terbang mirip dengan genom manusia, menyokong teori evolusi. <> Serangga memainkan peranan penting dalam apa? || penyelidikan biologi <> Apakah serangga biasa yang digunakan untuk tujuan penyelidikan? || buah terbang Drosophila melanogaster <> Sebanyak peratus genom terbang serupa dengan genom manusia || 70% <> Drosophila telah membantu membangunkan prinsip-prinsip dalam apa jenis hubungan? || genetik <> sistem genetik dipelihara di antara apa? || eukariot", {"context": "Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies into principles like genetic linkage, interactions between genes, chromosomal genetics, development, behavior and evolution. Because genetic systems are well conserved among eukaryotes, understanding basic cellular processes like DNA replication or transcription in fruit flies can help to understand those processes in other eukaryotes, including humans. The genome of D. melanogaster was sequenced in 2000, reflecting the organism's important role in biological research. It was found that 70% of the fly genome is similar to the human genome, supporting the evolution theory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "biological research"}], "question": "Insects play prominent roles in what?", "id": "5729a26f3f37b3190047852b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster"}], "question": "What is a common insect used for research purposes?", "id": "5729a26f3f37b3190047852c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 796, "text": "70%"}], "question": "What percent of the fly genome is similar to the human genome", "id": "5729a26f3f37b3190047852f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "genetic"}], "question": "Drosophila has helped develop principles in what kind of linkage?", "id": "5729a26f3f37b3190047852d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "eukaryotes"}], "question": "Genetic systems are conserved among what?", "id": "5729a26f3f37b3190047852e"}]}], ["Banyak serangga dianggap sebagai perosak oleh manusia. Serangga biasanya dianggap sebagai perosak termasuk parasit (contohnya kutu, bed bugs), menghantar penyakit (nyamuk, lalat), struktur kerosakan (rayap), atau memusnahkan barang pertanian (belalang, weevils). Banyak ahli entomologi terlibat dalam pelbagai bentuk kawalan serangga, seperti dalam penyelidikan bagi syarikat-syarikat untuk menghasilkan racun serangga, tetapi semakin bergantung pada kaedah pengendalian perosak biologi, atau biocontrol. Biocontrol menggunakan satu organisma untuk mengurangkan ketumpatan populasi organisma lain - perosak - dan dianggap sebagai elemen penting dalam pengurusan perosak bersepadu. <> Manusia menganggap serangga sebagai apa? || perosak <> Kutu dan bug katil dianggap jenis serangga? || parasit <> Lalat dan jenis lain yang menyebarkan penyakit serangga? || nyamuk <> Serangga macam apa yang boleh merosakkan struktur seni bina? || rayap <> Locusts menghancurkan apa? || barangan pertanian", {"context": "Many insects are considered pests by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic (e.g. lice, bed bugs), transmit diseases (mosquitoes, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are involved in various forms of pest control, as in research for companies to produce insecticides, but increasingly rely on methods of biological pest control, or biocontrol. Biocontrol uses one organism to reduce the population density of another organism \u2014 the pest \u2014 and is considered a key element of integrated pest management.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "pests"}], "question": "Humans consider insects as what?", "id": "57299ef46aef05140015503c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "parasitic"}], "question": "Lice and bed bugs are considered what kind of insect?", "id": "57299ef46aef05140015503d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "mosquitoes"}], "question": "Flies and what other kind of insect transmit diseases?", "id": "57299ef46aef05140015503e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "termites"}], "question": "What kind of insect can damage architectural structures?", "id": "57299ef46aef05140015503f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "agricultural goods"}], "question": "Locusts destroy what?", "id": "57299ef46aef051400155040"}]}], ["Pertahanan lain yang sering menggunakan warna atau bentuk untuk menipu musuh yang berpotensi adalah meniru. Sejumlah kumbang longhorn (keluarga Cerambycidae) menonjolkan persamaan yang ketara kepada wasps, yang membantu mereka mengelakkan pemusnahan walaupun kumbang sebenarnya tidak berbahaya. Kompleks meniru Batesian dan M\u00fcllerian biasanya terdapat di Lepidoptera. Polimorfisme genetik dan pemilihan semulajadi menimbulkan spesies yang boleh dimakan (mimik) mendapat kelebihan kelangsungan hidup dengan menyerupai spesis yang tidak boleh dimakan (model). Kompleks meniru seperti dirujuk sebagai Batesian dan paling biasa dikenali oleh mimicry oleh rama-rama Viceroy limidit dari Monarch danaine yang tidak boleh dimakan. Kajian kemudiannya mendapati bahawa Viceroy, sebenarnya lebih toksik daripada Raja dan persamaan ini harus dipertimbangkan sebagai kes mimicry M\u00fcllerian. Dalam mimicry M\u00fcllerian, spesis yang tidak boleh dimakan, biasanya dalam susunan taksonomi, mendapati ia berfaedah untuk menyerupai satu sama lain untuk mengurangkan kadar sampel oleh pemangsa yang perlu belajar tentang ketidakmampuan serangga. Taxa dari genus toksik Heliconius membentuk salah satu kompleks M\u00fcllerian yang paling terkenal. <> Mimicry adalah satu lagi jenis strategi kanak-kanak? || pertahanan <> Mimicry digunakan untuk melakukan apa yang menjadi musuh potensial? || menipu <> Kumbang Longhorn kelihatan seperti serangga lain? || wasps <> Mimicry kompleks biasanya dijumpai di mana? || di Lepidoptera <> Apa kompleks Mullerian yang terkenal? || Taxa", {"context": "Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and M\u00fcllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species (the mimic) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the model). Such a mimicry complex is referred to as Batesian and is most commonly known by the mimicry by the limenitidine Viceroy butterfly of the inedible danaine Monarch. Later research has discovered that the Viceroy is, in fact more toxic than the Monarch and this resemblance should be considered as a case of M\u00fcllerian mimicry. In M\u00fcllerian mimicry, inedible species, usually within a taxonomic order, find it advantageous to resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators who need to learn about the insects' inedibility. Taxa from the toxic genus Heliconius form one of the most well known M\u00fcllerian complexes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "defense"}], "question": "Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy?", "id": "57299bd7af94a219006aa561"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "deceive"}], "question": "Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?", "id": "57299bd7af94a219006aa562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "wasps"}], "question": "Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?", "id": "57299bd7af94a219006aa563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "in Lepidoptera"}], "question": "Mimicry complexes are usually found where?", "id": "57299bd7af94a219006aa564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1037, "text": "Taxa"}], "question": "What is a well known Mullerian complex?", "id": "57299bd7af94a219006aa565"}]}], ["Walaupun serangga perosak menarik perhatian, banyak serangga bermanfaat kepada alam sekitar dan manusia. Sesetengah serangga, seperti tawon, lebah, rama-rama dan semut, tumbuh-tumbuhan berbunga. Penyelumputan adalah hubungan mutualistik antara tumbuhan dan serangga. Sebagai serangga mengumpul nektar dari tumbuh-tumbuhan yang berbeza dari spesies yang sama, mereka juga menyebarkan serbuk sari dari tumbuhan yang telah mereka makan sebelumnya. Ini sangat meningkatkan keupayaan tumbuhan untuk menyeberang, yang mengekalkan dan mungkin meningkatkan kecergasan evolusi mereka. Ini akhirnya memberi kesan kepada manusia sejak memastikan tanaman yang sihat adalah penting untuk pertanian. Serta semut pembiakan membantu pembahagian benih tumbuhan. Ini membantu menyebarkan tumbuhan yang meningkatkan kepelbagaian tumbuhan. Ini membawa kepada persekitaran keseluruhan yang lebih baik. Masalah alam sekitar yang serius ialah penurunan populasi serangga pendebunga, dan sejumlah spesies serangga kini dibudidayakan terutamanya untuk pengurusan penyerbukan untuk mempunyai pendebunga yang mencukupi di lapangan, kebun atau rumah hijau pada waktu mekar.:240-243 Penyelesaian lain , seperti yang ditunjukkan di Delaware, telah menaikkan tumbuhan asli untuk membantu menyokong pendebungaan asli seperti L. vierecki. Serangga juga menghasilkan bahan yang berguna seperti madu, lilin, lakuer dan sutera. Lebah madu telah dibiakkan oleh manusia selama beribu-ribu tahun untuk madu, walaupun kontrak untuk pendebungaan tanaman menjadi lebih penting bagi pemberian beekeepers. Cacing sutera telah banyak mempengaruhi sejarah manusia, kerana perdagangan didorong sutera menjalin hubungan antara China dan seluruh dunia. <> Serangga macam mana yang paling menarik perhatian manusia? || serangga perosak <> Banyak serangga adalah apa yang berlaku kepada alam sekitar? || berfaedah <> Apakah lebah, tawon, rama-rama, dan semut lakukan untuk bunga? || penyebaran <> Apa yang serangga berkumpul dari tumbuh-tumbuhan? || nektar <> Masalah persekitaran apa yang akan berlaku tanpa pendebungaan? || serius", {"context": "Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different plants of the same species, they also spread pollen from plants on which they have previously fed. This greatly increases plants' ability to cross-pollinate, which maintains and possibly even improves their evolutionary fitness. This ultimately affects humans since ensuring healthy crops is critical to agriculture. As well as pollination ants help with seed distribution of plants. This helps to spread the plants which increases plant diversity. This leads to an overall better environment. A serious environmental problem is the decline of populations of pollinator insects, and a number of species of insects are now cultured primarily for pollination management in order to have sufficient pollinators in the field, orchard or greenhouse at bloom time.:240\u2013243 Another solution, as shown in Delaware, has been to raise native plants to help support native pollinators like L. vierecki. Insects also produce useful substances such as honey, wax, lacquer and silk. Honey bees have been cultured by humans for thousands of years for honey, although contracting for crop pollination is becoming more significant for beekeepers. The silkworm has greatly affected human history, as silk-driven trade established relationships between China and the rest of the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "pest insects"}], "question": "What kind of insects attract the most attention from humans?", "id": "57299ff56aef051400155046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "beneficial"}], "question": "Many insects are what to the environment?", "id": "57299ff56aef051400155047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "pollinate"}], "question": "What do bees, wasps, butterflies, and ants do to flowers?", "id": "57299ff56aef051400155048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "nectar"}], "question": "What do insects gather from plants?", "id": "57299ff56aef051400155049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "serious"}], "question": "What kind of environmental problem would occur without pollination?", "id": "57299ff56aef05140015504a"}]}], ["Penyamaran adalah strategi pertahanan yang penting, yang melibatkan penggunaan pewarna atau bentuk untuk menggabungkan ke persekitaran sekitar. Pewarnaan jenis ini biasa dan tersebar luas di kalangan keluarga kumbang, terutama yang memakan kayu atau tumbuh-tumbuhan, seperti banyak kumbang daun (keluarga Chrysomelidae) atau weevils. Dalam sesetengah spesies ini, ukiran atau pelbagai skala berwarna atau rambut menyebabkan kumbang menyerupai kotoran burung atau benda tidak boleh dimakan yang lain. Kebanyakan mereka yang hidup dalam persekitaran berpasir bercampur dengan pewarna substrat. Kebanyakan phasmid dikenali dengan berkesan mereplikasi bentuk kayu dan daun, dan badan-badan beberapa spesies (seperti O. macklotti dan Palophus centaurus) diliputi dalam bunga lumut atau lichenous yang menambah penyamaran mereka. Sesetengah spesies mempunyai keupayaan untuk menukar warna kerana pergeseran persekitaran mereka (B. scabrinota, T. californica). Dalam penyesuaian tingkah laku lanjut untuk menambah crypsis, beberapa spesies telah diperhatikan untuk melakukan gerakan goyang di mana badan bergoyang dari sisi ke sisi yang dianggap mencerminkan pergerakan daun atau ranting bergoyang dalam angin. Kaedah lain di mana serangga melekat menghalang pemusnahan dan menyerupai ranting adalah dengan meragut kematian (catalepsy), di mana serangga memasuki keadaan tidak bergerak yang dapat dikekalkan untuk jangka masa yang lama. Tabiat makan malam orang dewasa juga membantu Phasmatodea dalam tersembunyi daripada pemangsa. <> Apakah strategi pertahanan penting bagi serangga untuk bertahan hidup? || Penyamaran <> Apa warna dan bentuk membantu serangga lakukan di persekitaran sekitar? || campuran <> Pewarnaan pelindung adalah perkara biasa dalam keluarga serangga? || kumbang <> Apa itu Chrysomelidae? || kumbang daun <> Kumbang boleh menyerupai jenis tahi apa? || kotoran burung", {"context": "Camouflage is an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families, especially those that feed on wood or vegetation, such as many of the leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae) or weevils. In some of these species, sculpturing or various colored scales or hairs cause the beetle to resemble bird dung or other inedible objects. Many of those that live in sandy environments blend in with the coloration of the substrate. Most phasmids are known for effectively replicating the forms of sticks and leaves, and the bodies of some species (such as O. macklotti and Palophus centaurus) are covered in mossy or lichenous outgrowths that supplement their disguise. Some species have the ability to change color as their surroundings shift (B. scabrinota, T. californica). In a further behavioral adaptation to supplement crypsis, a number of species have been noted to perform a rocking motion where the body is swayed from side to side that is thought to reflect the movement of leaves or twigs swaying in the breeze. Another method by which stick insects avoid predation and resemble twigs is by feigning death (catalepsy), where the insect enters a motionless state that can be maintained for a long period. The nocturnal feeding habits of adults also aids Phasmatodea in remaining concealed from predators.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Camouflage"}], "question": "What is an important defense strategy for insects to survive?", "id": "57299a913f37b319004784ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "blend"}], "question": "What does coloration and shape help an insect do in the surrounding environment?", "id": "57299a913f37b319004784ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "beetle"}], "question": "Protective coloring is common in what insect family?", "id": "57299a913f37b319004784ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "leaf beetles"}], "question": "What is Chrysomelidae?", "id": "57299a913f37b319004784f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "bird dung"}], "question": "A beetle can resemble what kind of dung?", "id": "57299a913f37b319004784f1"}]}]], [["1775 karya \"Varietas Semulajadi Manusia\", oleh Johann Friedrich Blumenbach mencadangkan lima bahagian utama: bangsa Caucasoid, bangsa Mongoloid, bangsa Ethiopia (kemudian dinamakan Negroid, dan tidak dikelirukan dengan bangsa Ethiopia yang sempit), bangsa India Amerika, dan bangsa Malaya, tetapi dia tidak mencadangkan mana-mana hierarki di kalangan kaum. Blumenbach juga memperhatikan peralihan yang dinilai dalam penampilan dari satu kumpulan ke kumpulan bersebelahan dan mencadangkan bahawa \"satu jenis manusia sangat masuk akal, yang tidak dapat menandakan batas di antara mereka\". <> Tahun apakah risalah Blumenbach diterbitkan? || 1775 <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang menyatakan risalah Blumenbach? || lima <> Apa jenis peralihan yang dicatatkan dari satu kumpulan ke seterusnya? || diberi nilai <> Apa yang tidak dapat ditandakan antara pelbagai umat manusia? || had <> Apa perlumbaan kemudian ditukar nama kepada Negroid? || Ethiopia", {"context": "The 1775 treatise \"The Natural Varieties of Mankind\", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan race, but he did not propose any hierarchy among the races. Blumenbach also noted the graded transition in appearances from one group to adjacent groups and suggested that \"one variety of mankind does so sensibly pass into the other, that you cannot mark out the limits between them\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "1775"}], "question": "What year was Blumenbach's treatise published?", "id": "5728daea3acd2414000e0053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many divisions did Blumenbach's treatise specify?", "id": "5728daea3acd2414000e0054"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "graded"}], "question": "What type of transition was noted from one group to the next?", "id": "5728daea3acd2414000e0056"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "limits"}], "question": "What can one not mark between the variety of mankind?", "id": "5728daea3acd2414000e0057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Ethiopian"}], "question": "What race was later renamed to Negroid?", "id": "5728daea3acd2414000e0055"}]}], ["Apabila orang mentakrifkan dan bercakap mengenai konsepsi kaum tertentu, mereka mewujudkan realiti sosial di mana pengkategorian sosial dicapai. Dalam pengertian ini, kaum dikatakan sebagai pembinaan sosial. Konstruk ini berkembang dalam pelbagai konteks undang-undang, ekonomi, dan sosiopolitik, dan mungkin kesannya, bukannya sebab, situasi sosial utama. Walaupun bangsa difahami sebagai pembinaan sosial oleh ramai, kebanyakan para ulama bersetuju bahawa kaum mempunyai kesan material yang nyata dalam kehidupan orang melalui amalan yang disusun keutamaan dan diskriminasi. <> Bagaimana orang membuat realiti sosial di mana pengkategorian sosial dicapai? || mentakrifkan dan bercakap mengenai konsep tertentu kaum <> Apa yang boleh dikatakan sebagai pembinaan sosial? || bangsa <> Apa konteks membina pembinaan sosial kaum di dalam? || undang-undang, ekonomi, dan sosiopolitik <> Membina mungkin hasil daripada inciter daripada apa? || situasi sosial utama <> Apakah kesan bangsa dalam kehidupan orang? || bahan sebenar", {"context": "When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause, of major social situations. While race is understood to be a social construct by many, most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "define and talk about a particular conception of race"}], "question": "How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved?", "id": "5728cd6b4b864d1900164e68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "races"}], "question": "What can be said to be a social construct?", "id": "5728cd6b4b864d1900164e69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "legal, economic, and sociopolitical"}], "question": "What contexts do racial social constructs develop within?", "id": "5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "major social situations"}], "question": "Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what?", "id": "5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "real material"}], "question": "What effect does race have in the lives of people?", "id": "5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6c"}]}], ["Faktor-faktor sosioekonomi, digabungkan dengan pandangan awal tetapi bertahan dari bangsa, telah membawa kepada penderitaan yang besar dalam kelompok kaum yang kurang bernasib baik. Diskriminasi kaum seringkali bertepatan dengan pemikiran perkauman, di mana individu dan ideologi satu kumpulan datang untuk melihat anggota kelompok keluar sebagai didefinisikan sebagai kaum dan lebih rendah daripada moral. Akibatnya, kumpulan perkauman yang mempunyai kuasa yang agak sedikit sering mendapati diri mereka dikecualikan atau ditindas, sementara individu dan institusi hegemonik dituduh dengan sikap perkauman. Racisme telah menyebabkan banyak kejadian tragedi, termasuk perhambaan dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai. <> Faktor-faktor sosioekonomi dan pandangan yang berpanjangan terhadap bangsa telah membawa kepada apa yang berlaku untuk kumpulan perkauman tertentu? || penderitaan yang besar <> Apakah diskriminasi yang sering dipasangkan? || mindsets perkauman <> Apakah ahli-ahli satu kumpulan biasanya melihat kedudukan moral kumpulan keluar sebagai? || rendah diri <> Apakah kumpulan yang kurang berkuasa mempunyai diri mereka sendiri? || dikecualikan atau ditindas <> Apa yang menyebabkan banyak kejadian tragis seperti perbudakan dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai? || Rasisme", {"context": "Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "considerable suffering"}], "question": "Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?", "id": "5728ce6b4b864d1900164e86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "racist mindsets"}], "question": "What is discrimination often paired with?", "id": "5728ce6b4b864d1900164e87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "inferior"}], "question": "What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?", "id": "5728ce6b4b864d1900164e88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "excluded or oppressed"}], "question": "What do groups with less power often find themselves?", "id": "5728ce6b4b864d1900164e89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Racism"}], "question": "What has led to many tragic instances of events like slavery and genocide?", "id": "5728ce6b4b864d1900164e8a"}]}], ["Terdapat konsensus luas bahawa kategori perkauman yang biasa digunakan dalam penggunaan sehari-hari dibina secara sosial, dan kumpulan perkauman tidak dapat ditentukan secara biologi. Walau bagaimanapun, sesetengah ulama berhujah bahawa kategori kaum jelas berkait rapat dengan ciri-ciri biologi (contohnya fenotip), dan penanda genetik tertentu mempunyai frekuensi yang berbeza-beza di antara populasi manusia, yang sebahagiannya sesuai dengan kumpulan perkauman tradisional. Atas sebab ini, tidak ada kesepakatan semasa mengenai sama ada kategori perkauman boleh dianggap mempunyai kepentingan untuk memahami variasi genetik manusia. <> Jenis kumpulan apa yang tidak boleh ditentukan secara biologi? || perkauman <> Apa jenis pengkategorian dalam penggunaan setiap hari ada persetujuan luas ia hanya membina sosial? || kaum <> Apa yang dikatakan sesetengah orang terhadap kategori perkauman yang berkaitan dengannya? || ciri-ciri biologi <> Sesetengah penanda genetik mempunyai frekuensi yang berbeza-beza antara populasi apa? || manusia <> Apakah pendapat majoriti mengenai sama ada kategori perkauman boleh dianggap memberi kesan kepada variasi genetik manusia? || tiada konsensus semasa", {"context": "There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain genetic markers have varying frequencies among human populations, some of which correspond more or less to traditional racial groupings. For this reason, there is no current consensus about whether racial categories can be considered to have significance for understanding human genetic variation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "racial"}], "question": "What type of group can't be biologically defined?", "id": "5728c94a2ca10214002da7c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "racial"}], "question": "What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?", "id": "5728c94a2ca10214002da7c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "biological traits"}], "question": "What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with?", "id": "5728c94a2ca10214002da7c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "human"}], "question": "Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations?", "id": "5728c94a2ca10214002da7c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "no current consensus"}], "question": "What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation? ", "id": "5728c94a2ca10214002da7ca"}]}], ["Walaupun ada perjanjian saintifik yang luas, konseptualistis dan konseptualisasi tipologi kaum tidak dapat dipertahankan, para saintis di seluruh dunia terus mengonsepkan bangsa dengan cara yang berbeza-beza, beberapa di antaranya mempunyai implikasi penting. Walaupun sesetengah penyelidik kadang-kadang menggunakan konsep bangsa untuk membuat perbezaan di antara ciri-ciri fuzzy ciri-ciri, yang lain dalam komuniti saintifik mencadangkan bahawa idea bangsa sering digunakan dalam cara naif atau sederhana, [diperlukan halaman] dan berpendapat bahawa, di kalangan manusia, bangsa tidak mempunyai kepentingan taksonomi dengan menunjukkan bahawa semua manusia yang hidup adalah spesies yang sama, Homo sapiens, dan subspesies, Homo sapiens sapiens. <> Apa gunanya semua manusia yang hidup? || spesies yang sama <> Apakah spesies semua manusia? || Homo sapiens <> Perlumbaan tidak mempunyai kepentingan taksonomi di kalangan mereka? || manusia <> Apakah ciri-ciri tertentu yang digunakan para saintis menggunakan bangsa untuk membuat perbezaan? || kabur <> Bagaimana saintis di seluruh dunia terus mengonsepkan bangsa? || dalam pelbagai cara", {"context": "Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "the same species"}], "question": "What do all living humans belong to?", "id": "5728ad892ca10214002da5a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "Homo sapiens"}], "question": "What species are all humans?", "id": "5728ad892ca10214002da5a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "humans"}], "question": "Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?", "id": "5728ad892ca10214002da5a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "fuzzy"}], "question": "What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among?", "id": "5728ad892ca10214002da5a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "in widely differing ways"}], "question": "How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race?", "id": "5728ad892ca10214002da5aa"}]}], ["Kumpulan manusia sentiasa mengenal pasti diri mereka sebagai berbeza dari kumpulan jiran, tetapi perbezaan tersebut tidak selalu difahami sebagai alam semula jadi, tidak berubah dan global. Ciri-ciri ini adalah ciri yang membezakan bagaimana konsep bangsa digunakan hari ini. Dengan cara ini idea bangsa seperti yang kita faham hari ini berlaku semasa proses penjelajahan dan penaklukan sejarah yang membawa orang Eropah ke dalam hubungan dengan kumpulan dari benua yang berlainan, dan ideologi klasifikasi dan tipologi yang terdapat dalam sains semula jadi. <> Apakah kumpulan manusia selalu menganggap diri mereka dibandingkan dengan kumpulan lain yang berdekatan? || berbeza <> Semasa proses apakah gagasan bangsa kita sekarang? || penerokaan dan penaklukan <> Dimana orang-orang Eropah bersentuhan dengan kumpulan lain? || benua yang berlainan <> Apa yang ada perbezaan antara kumpulan tidak biasanya dianggap sebagai? || alam semula jadi, tidak berubah dan global <> Idea apa yang terdapat dalam sains semulajadi? || klasifikasi dan tipologi", {"context": "Groups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the idea of race as we understand it today came about during the historical process of exploration and conquest which brought Europeans into contact with groups from different continents, and of the ideology of classification and typology found in the natural sciences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "distinct"}], "question": "What have human groups always considered themselves as compared to other nearby groups?", "id": "5728d7ba3acd2414000e0001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "exploration and conquest"}], "question": "During which process did our current idea of race come about?", "id": "5728d7ba3acd2414000e0003"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "different continents"}], "question": "Where did Europeans come into contact with other groups?", "id": "5728d7ba3acd2414000e0004"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "natural, immutable and global"}], "question": "What have differences among groups not typically been perceived as being?", "id": "5728d7ba3acd2414000e0002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "classification and typology"}], "question": "What ideaology is found in the natural sciences?", "id": "5728d7ba3acd2414000e0005"}]}], ["Di sesetengah negara, penguatkuasa undang-undang menggunakan bangsa kepada suspek profil. Penggunaan kategori perkauman ini kerap dikritik kerana mengekalkan pemahaman yang terlalu ketara tentang variasi biologi manusia, dan menggalakkan stereotaip. Kerana dalam sesetengah masyarakat kumpulan perkauman sesuai erat dengan corak stratifikasi sosial, bagi para saintis sosial yang mempelajari ketidaksamaan sosial, bangsa boleh menjadi pemboleh ubah yang signifikan. Sebagai faktor sosiologi, kategori kaum mungkin sebahagiannya menggambarkan tafsiran subjektif, identiti diri, dan institusi sosial. <> Apakah penguatkuasaan undang-undang di sesetengah negara menggunakan suspek profil? || bangsa <> Mengapa menggunakan pengkategorian kaum untuk profil kerap dikritik? || mengekalkan pemahaman yang ketara tentang variasi biologi manusia <> Apa yang menggalakkan stereotaip? || penggunaan kategori perkauman <> Siapa yang boleh berperanan sebagai faktor penting ketika mempelajari ketidaksamaan sosial? || saintis sosial <> Apa yang sebahagiannya boleh menggambarkan sifat subjektif, identiti diri dan institusi sosial? || faktor sosiologi", {"context": "In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratification, for social scientists studying social inequality, race can be a significant variable. As sociological factors, racial categories may in part reflect subjective attributions, self-identities, and social institutions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "race"}], "question": "What does law enforcement in some countries use to profile suspects?", "id": "5728cf173acd2414000dff09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation"}], "question": "Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized? ", "id": "5728cf173acd2414000dff0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "use of racial categories"}], "question": "What promotes stereotypes?", "id": "5728cf173acd2414000dff0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "social scientists"}], "question": "Who can race serve as a significant factor when studying social inequality?", "id": "5728cf173acd2414000dff0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "sociological factors"}], "question": "What may in part reflect subjective attributes, self-identities and social institutions? ", "id": "5728cf173acd2414000dff0d"}]}], ["Dari abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-19, penggabungan kepercayaan kaum tentang perbezaan kumpulan dengan penjelasan saintifik mengenai perbezaan tersebut menghasilkan apa yang dipanggil seorang ulama \"ideologi kaum\". Menurut ideologi ini, kaum adalah primordial, semula jadi, bertahan dan berbeza. Lebih lanjut berhujah bahawa sesetengah kumpulan mungkin hasil campuran antara penduduk yang terdahulu, tetapi kajian yang teliti dapat membedakan kaum leluhur yang digabungkan untuk menghasilkan kelompok-kelompok yang berlainan. Klasifikasi berpengaruh selanjutnya oleh Georges Buffon, Petrus Camper dan Christoph Meiners semua diklasifikasikan sebagai \"Negros\" sebagai lebih rendah daripada orang Eropah. Di Amerika Syarikat teori-teori perkauman Thomas Jefferson berpengaruh. Dia melihat orang Afrika lebih rendah daripada Orang Putih terutamanya berkaitan dengan akal mereka, dan disemai dengan selera seksual yang tidak normal, tetapi menggambarkan Orang Asli Amerika sebagai sama dengan orang kulit putih. <> Apakah penggabungan kepercayaan tahyul dan saintifik mengenai perbezaan kumpulan menghasilkan? || \"ideologi kaum\" <> Apa kaum yang dipertimbangkan, menurut ideologi bangsa? || primordial, semula jadi, berkekalan dan berbeza <> Bagaimana mungkin beberapa kumpulan telah menghasilkan, mengikut ideologi? || campuran antara bekas yang terdahulu <> kumpulan apa yang dikenal pasti sebagai rendah diri kepada orang Eropah? || Negros <> Siapa yang terutamanya menyatakan selera seksual luar biasa orang Afrika? || Thomas Jefferson", {"context": "From the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an \"ideology of race\". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. It was further argued that some groups may be the result of mixture between formerly distinct populations, but that careful study could distinguish the ancestral races that had combined to produce admixed groups. Subsequent influential classifications by Georges Buffon, Petrus Camper and Christoph Meiners all classified \"Negros\" as inferior to Europeans. In the United States the racial theories of Thomas Jefferson were influential. He saw Africans as inferior to Whites especially in regards to their intellect, and imbued with unnatural sexual appetites, but described Native Americans as equals to whites.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "an \"ideology of race\""}], "question": "What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce?", "id": "5728dbc5ff5b5019007da842"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "primordial, natural, enduring and distinct"}], "question": "What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of race?", "id": "5728dbc5ff5b5019007da843"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "mixture between formerly distinct populations"}], "question": "How might some groups have resulted, according to the ideology?", "id": "5728dbc5ff5b5019007da844"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "Negros"}], "question": "What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans?", "id": "5728dbc5ff5b5019007da845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "Thomas Jefferson"}], "question": "Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans?", "id": "5728dbc5ff5b5019007da846"}]}], ["Klasifikasi kelas pertama yang diterbitkan oleh manusia ke dalam perlumbaan yang berbeza nampaknya adalah bahagian Nouvelle Fran\u00e7ois Bernier de la terre par les diff\u00e9rents esp\u00e8ces ou races qui l'habitent (\"Pembahagian baru Bumi oleh spesies atau kaum yang berlainan yang menghuninya\"), diterbitkan pada tahun 1684. Pada abad ke-18, perbezaan di antara kumpulan manusia menjadi tumpuan penyelidikan saintifik. Tetapi klasifikasi saintifik variasi fenotipik sering digabungkan dengan idea-idea perkauman tentang kecenderungan semula bawaan kumpulan-kumpulan yang berlainan, yang selalu menyifatkan ciri-ciri yang paling diingini pada bangsa-bangsa Putih, Eropah dan mengatur kaum-kaum lain di sepanjang kontinum sifat-sifat yang tidak diingini yang tidak diingini. Klasifikasi 1735 Carl Linnaeus, pencipta taksonomi zoologi, membahagikan manusia Homo sapiens ke dalam benua europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, dan afer, masing-masing dikaitkan dengan humor yang berbeza: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, dan phlegmatic. Homo sapiens europaeus digambarkan sebagai aktif, akut, dan petualang, sedangkan Homo sapiens afer dikatakan licik, malas, dan cuai. <> Siapa penulis buku yang diterbitkan pertama mengelaskan manusia ke dalam perlumbaan yang berbeza? || Fran\u00e7ois Bernier <> Dalam abad apakah perbezaan antara kumpulan manusia menjadi tumpuan sains? || Abad ke-18 <> Apa perlumbaan yang biasanya dianggap ciri-ciri yang paling diingini? || Putih <> Bagaimana Homo sapiens europaeus digambarkan sebagai? || aktif, akut, dan mencabar <> Apakah sifat-sifat yang diberikan pada homo spaiens afer? || licik, malas, dan cuai", {"context": "The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be Fran\u00e7ois Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les diff\u00e9rents esp\u00e8ces ou races qui l'habitent (\"New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it\"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Fran\u00e7ois Bernier"}], "question": "Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races?", "id": "5728d9f14b864d1900164f8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "18th century"}], "question": "In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science?", "id": "5728d9f14b864d1900164f8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "White"}], "question": "What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features?", "id": "5728d9f14b864d1900164f8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1030, "text": "active, acute, and adventurous"}], "question": "How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?", "id": "5728d9f14b864d1900164f8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1103, "text": "crafty, lazy, and careless"}], "question": "What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer?", "id": "5728d9f14b864d1900164f90"}]}], ["Konsep \"bangsa\" Eropah, bersama dengan banyak idea yang kini dikaitkan dengan istilah itu, muncul pada masa revolusi saintifik, yang memperkenalkan dan mengagihkan kajian jenis semulajadi, dan zaman imperialisme Eropah dan penjajahan yang membentuk politik hubungan antara orang Eropah dan rakyat dengan tradisi budaya dan politik yang berbeza. Ketika orang Eropah menemui orang dari berbagai belahan dunia, mereka berspekulasi tentang perbezaan fizikal, sosial, dan budaya di kalangan pelbagai kumpulan manusia. Kebangkitan perdagangan hamba Atlantik, yang secara beransur-ansur mengalihkan perdagangan terdahulu dalam hamba dari seluruh dunia, menciptakan insentif lebih lanjut untuk mengkategorikan kumpulan manusia untuk membenarkan subordinasi hamba Afrika. Melukis pada sumber-sumber Klasik dan dengan interaksi dalaman mereka sendiri - sebagai contoh, permusuhan antara bahasa Inggeris dan bahasa Ireland dengan kuat mempengaruhi pemikiran Eropah awal mengenai perbezaan antara orang - orang Eropah mula menyusun diri mereka dan orang lain ke dalam kumpulan berdasarkan penampilan fizikal, individu yang dipunyai oleh tingkah laku dan kapasiti kumpulan ini yang dikatakan sangat mendalam. Satu set kepercayaan rakyat berpendapat bahawa disalin dikaitkan perbezaan fizikal antara kumpulan untuk mewarisi sifat intelektual, tingkah laku, dan moral. Idea yang sama boleh didapati dalam budaya lain, contohnya di China, di mana konsep yang sering diterjemahkan sebagai \"bangsa\" dikaitkan dengan keturunan biasa yang sepatutnya dari Maharaja Kuning, dan digunakan untuk menekankan perpaduan kumpulan etnik di China. Konflik kejam antara kumpulan etnik telah wujud sepanjang sejarah dan di seluruh dunia. <> Bilakah banyak idea yang berkaitan dengan istilah \"bangsa\" timbul? || masa revolusi saintifik <> Apa yang menciptakan hubungan antara orang Eropah dan orang dengan budaya yang berbeza? || penjajahan <> Siapa yang berspekulasi tentang perbezaan yang dapat dilihat di kalangan kumpulan manusia yang berbeza? || Orang-orang Eropah <> Memerhatikan subordinasi kumpulan apa yang menjadi salah satu insentif untuk mengkategorikan kumpulan manusia? || Hamba Afrika <> Apakah kumpulan-kumpulan yang ada selalu menjadi konflik yang brutal? || etnik", {"context": "The European concept of \"race\", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples with distinct cultural and political traditions. As Europeans encountered people from different parts of the world, they speculated about the physical, social, and cultural differences among various human groups. The rise of the Atlantic slave trade, which gradually displaced an earlier trade in slaves from throughout the world, created a further incentive to categorize human groups in order to justify the subordination of African slaves. Drawing on Classical sources and upon their own internal interactions \u2014 for example, the hostility between the English and Irish powerfully influenced early European thinking about the differences between people \u2014 Europeans began to sort themselves and others into groups based on physical appearance, and to attribute to individuals belonging to these groups behaviors and capacities which were claimed to be deeply ingrained. A set of folk beliefs took hold that linked inherited physical differences between groups to inherited intellectual, behavioral, and moral qualities. Similar ideas can be found in other cultures, for example in China, where a concept often translated as \"race\" was associated with supposed common descent from the Yellow Emperor, and used to stress the unity of ethnic groups in China. Brutal conflicts between ethnic groups have existed throughout history and across the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "time of the scientific revolution"}], "question": "When did many of the ideas associated with the term \"race\" arise?", "id": "5728d9162ca10214002da964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "colonization"}], "question": "What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures?", "id": "5728d9162ca10214002da965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Europeans"}], "question": "Who speculated about the observable difference among different groups of humans?", "id": "5728d9162ca10214002da966"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "African slaves"}], "question": "Justifying the subordination of what group was one of the incentives to categorize human groups?", "id": "5728d9162ca10214002da967"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1602, "text": "ethnic"}], "question": "What groups has there always been brutal conflict between?", "id": "5728d9162ca10214002da968"}]}], ["Ini bermakna bahawa populasi organisma mesti mencapai tahap tertentu yang boleh diukur untuk diiktiraf sebagai subspesies. Dean Amadon mencadangkan pada tahun 1949 bahawa subspesies akan ditakrifkan mengikut peraturan tujuh puluh lima peratus yang bermaksud bahawa 75% daripada penduduk mestilah berada di luar 99% daripada julat populasi lain untuk watak morfologi yang ditentukan atau satu set aksara. Peraturan tujuh puluh lima peratus masih mempunyai pembela tetapi ulama lain berpendapat bahawa ia harus diganti dengan sembilan puluh atau sembilan puluh lima persen peraturan. <> Apa yang mesti organisma mempunyai tahap yang boleh diukur sebagai subspesies? || perbezaan <> Siapa yang mencadangkan subspesies ditakrifkan oleh peraturan tujuh puluh lima peratus? || Dean Amadon <> Tahun apa Dean Amadon membuat cadangannya? || 1949 <> Peraturan 75% menyatakan berapa banyak populasi mesti berada di luar julat populasi lain untuk set aksara yang menentukan? || 99% <> Banyak ulama berpendapat apa yang harus diganti dengan sembilan puluh atau sembilan puluh lima persen aturan? || Peraturan tujuh puluh lima peratus", {"context": "This effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies. Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75% of a population must lie outside 99% of the range of other populations for a given defining morphological character or a set of characters. The seventy-five percent rule still has defenders but other scholars argue that it should be replaced with ninety or ninety-five percent rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "difference"}], "question": "What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies?", "id": "572908426aef0514001549d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Dean Amadon"}], "question": "Who proposed subspecies be defined by the seventy-five percent rule?", "id": "572908426aef0514001549d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "1949"}], "question": "What year did Dean Amadon make his proposal?", "id": "572908426aef0514001549d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "99%"}], "question": "The 75% rule states how much of a population must lie outside the range of other populations for a defining set of characters?", "id": "572908426aef0514001549d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "The seventy-five percent rule"}], "question": "Many scholars argue what should be replaced with a ninety or ninety-five percent rule?", "id": "572908426aef0514001549d6"}]}], ["Secara tradisinya, subspesies dilihat sebagai populasi geografi yang tersendiri dan genetik yang dibezakan. Iaitu, \"subspesies penamaan 'digunakan untuk menunjukkan tahap objektif perbezaan mikroevolusi.\" Satu bantahan kepada idea ini adalah bahawa ia tidak menyatakan tahap tahap pembezaan yang diperlukan. Oleh itu, mana-mana populasi yang agak berbeza secara biologi boleh dianggap sebagai subspesies, bahkan kepada tahap penduduk tempatan. Akibatnya, Templeton telah menegaskan bahawa adalah perlu untuk mengenakan ambang pada tahap perbezaan yang diperlukan untuk populasi yang ditetapkan sebagai subspesies. <> Apa yang diasingkan secara geografi secara tradisional? || subspesies <> Apakah \"subspesies\" yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan tahap objektif? || Perbezaan mikroevolusi <> Apakah keberatan terhadap idea subspesies kerana tidak menyatakan ini? || derajat pembezaan <> Apakah populasi sepatutnya dianggap sebagai subspesies? || Berbeza secara biologi <> Apa yang diperkatakan oleh Templeton diperlukan untuk mengenakan ambang bagi penduduk untuk menjadi subspesies? || tahap perbezaan", {"context": "Traditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, \"the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence\" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required. Therefore, any population that is somewhat biologically different could be considered a subspecies, even to the level of a local population. As a result, Templeton has argued that it is necessary to impose a threshold on the level of difference that is required for a population to be designated a subspecies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "subspecies"}], "question": "What are traditionally geographically isolated?", "id": "572907263f37b31900477f97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "microevolutionary divergence"}], "question": "What is \"subspecies\" used to indicate an objective degree of?", "id": "572907263f37b31900477f98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "degree of differentiation"}], "question": "What is an objection to the idea of subspecies because it doesn't specify this?", "id": "572907263f37b31900477f99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "biologically different"}], "question": "What would a population have to somewhat be to be considered a subspecies?", "id": "572907263f37b31900477f9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "level of difference"}], "question": "What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies?", "id": "572907263f37b31900477f9b"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1978, Sewall Wright mencadangkan bahawa populasi manusia yang telah lama tinggal di bahagian terpencil di dunia harus, pada amnya, dianggap subspesies yang berbeza oleh kriteria biasa bahawa kebanyakan individu penduduk sedemikian boleh diperuntukkan dengan betul oleh pemeriksaan. Wright berhujah bahawa ia tidak memerlukan ahli antropologi terlatih untuk mengklasifikasikan pelbagai orang Inggeris, Afrika Barat, dan Cina dengan ketepatan 100% oleh ciri-ciri, warna kulit, dan jenis rambut walaupun begitu banyak kebolehubahan dalam setiap kumpulan ini bahawa setiap individu boleh dengan mudah dibezakan dari satu sama lain. Walau bagaimanapun, ia adalah adat untuk menggunakan istilah bangsa bukannya subspesies untuk subdivisi utama spesies manusia dan juga untuk orang-orang kecil. <> Bilakah Sewall Wright membuat cadangannya tentang populasi manusia? || 1978 <> Bagaimana penduduk perlu menetap di bahagian yang berasingan di dunia? || subspesies yang berbeza <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk memperuntukkan individu dalam populasi subspesies dengan betul? || pemeriksaan <> Apa yang dirasakan oleh Wright tidak akan mengambil antropologi dengan mudah membezakan antara kumpulan? || individu <> Apakah istilahnya biasa digunakan selain daripada subspesies? || bangsa", {"context": "In 1978, Sewall Wright suggested that human populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should, in general, be considered different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection. Wright argued that it does not require a trained anthropologist to classify an array of Englishmen, West Africans, and Chinese with 100% accuracy by features, skin color, and type of hair despite so much variability within each of these groups that every individual can easily be distinguished from every other. However, it is customary to use the term race rather than subspecies for the major subdivisions of the human species as well as for minor ones.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1978"}], "question": "When did Sewall Wright make his suggestion about human populations?", "id": "572909393f37b31900477fc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "different subspecies"}], "question": "How should populations long inhabiting separate parts of the world be considered?", "id": "572909393f37b31900477fc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "inspection"}], "question": "What is required to allocate individuals in subspecies populations correctly?", "id": "572909393f37b31900477fc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "individual"}], "question": "What did Wright feel it wouldn't take an anthropologist to easily distinguish between of in groups?", "id": "572909393f37b31900477fc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "race"}], "question": "What term is it customary to use instead of subspecies?", "id": "572909393f37b31900477fc9"}]}], ["Hari ini, semua manusia diklasifikasikan sebagai kepunyaan spesies Homo sapiens dan sub-spesies Homo sapiens sapiens. Walau bagaimanapun, ini bukanlah spesies pertama hominina: spesies pertama genus Homo, Homo habilis, berteori telah berkembang di Afrika Timur sekurang-kurangnya 2 juta tahun yang lalu, dan ahli-ahli spesies ini mendiami bahagian-bahagian yang berlainan di Afrika dalam tempoh yang singkat masa. Homo erectus berteori telah berkembang lebih daripada 1.8 juta tahun yang lalu, dan sebanyak 1.5 juta tahun yang lalu telah tersebar di seluruh Eropah dan Asia. Hampir semua antropologi fizikal bersetuju bahawa Archaic Homo sapiens (Kumpulan termasuk spesies yang mungkin H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis dan H. neanderthalensis) berkembang daripada erektus Homo Afrika ((sensu lato) atau Homo ergaster). <> Spesies apa yang manakah semua manusia yang hidup hari ini? || Homo sapiens <> Bilakah ia berteori bahawa Homo habilis berkembang di Afrika Timur? || 2 juta tahun yang lalu <> Berapa berjuta-juta tahun yang lalu telah Homo erectus tersebar di seluruh Eropah dan Asia? || 1.5 <> Ahli-ahli spesies yang mengepung kawasan Afrika dalam masa yang singkat? || Homo habilis <> Apa kumpulan yang mungkin mempunyai Archaic Homo sapiens berevolusi? || Erektus Homo Afrika", {"context": "Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species populated different parts of Africa in a relatively short time. Homo erectus is theorized to have evolved more than 1.8 million years ago, and by 1.5 million years ago had spread throughout Europe and Asia. Virtually all physical anthropologists agree that Archaic Homo sapiens (A group including the possible species H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis and H. neanderthalensis) evolved out of African Homo erectus ((sensu lato) or Homo ergaster).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Homo sapiens"}], "question": "What species do all living humans today belong to?", "id": "572904223f37b31900477f83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "2 million years ago"}], "question": "When is it theorized that Homo habilis evolved in East Africa?", "id": "572904223f37b31900477f84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "1.5"}], "question": "How many millions of years ago had Homo erectus spread throughout Europa and Asia?", "id": "572904223f37b31900477f85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Homo habilis"}], "question": "Members of what species populated parts of Africa in a relatively short time?", "id": "572904223f37b31900477f86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 709, "text": "African Homo erectus"}], "question": "What group might have Archaic Homo sapiens evolve out of?", "id": "572904223f37b31900477f87"}]}], ["Ahli genetik penduduk telah membahaskan sama ada konsep penduduk dapat memberikan asas untuk konsepsi baru kaum. Untuk melakukan ini, satu definisi kerja penduduk mesti dijumpai. Yang menghairankan, tidak ada konsep populasi umum yang digunakan oleh ahli biologi. Walaupun konsep populasi adalah pusat kepada ekologi, biologi evolusi dan biologi pemuliharaan, kebanyakan definisi penduduk bergantung pada deskripsi kualitatif seperti \"sekumpulan organisma spesies yang sama menduduki ruang tertentu pada masa tertentu\" Waples dan Gaggiotti mengenal pasti dua luas jenis definisi untuk populasi; mereka yang jatuh ke dalam paradigma ekologi, dan mereka yang jatuh ke dalam paradigma evolusi. Contoh-contoh definisi tersebut adalah: <> Apa jenis ahli genetik yang mempunyai perdebatan tentang apa yang dapat memberikan asas untuk konsepsi baru kaum? || Penduduk <> Apakah kelas penyelidik yang menghairankan tidak mempunyai konsep populasi umum? || ahli biologi <> Apa yang paling definisi penduduk bergantung? || deskripsi kualitatif <> Apa yang Waples dan Gaggiotti mengenalpasti dua jenis yang luas? || definisi bagi populasi <> Apakah kedua-dua pengubah definisi ekologi dan evolusi? || paradigma", {"context": "Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as \"a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time\" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm. Examples of such definitions are:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Population"}], "question": "What type of geneticists have debates about what can provide a basis for a new conception of race?", "id": "57290635af94a219006a9f85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "biologists"}], "question": "What class of researchers surprisingly have no generally accepted concept of population?", "id": "57290635af94a219006a9f86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "qualitative descriptions"}], "question": "What do most definitions of population rely on?", "id": "57290635af94a219006a9f87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "definitions for populations"}], "question": "What do Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of?", "id": "57290635af94a219006a9f88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "paradigm"}], "question": "What are both ecological and evolutionary definition modifiers of?", "id": "57290635af94a219006a9f89"}]}], ["Cladistics adalah kaedah klasifikasi yang lain. Clade adalah kumpulan taksonomi dari organisma yang terdiri daripada nenek moyang tunggal dan semua keturunan nenek moyang itu. Setiap makhluk yang dihasilkan oleh pembiakan seksual mempunyai dua garis keturunan segera, satu ibu dan seorang ayah. Sedangkan Carl Linnaeus menubuhkan taksonomi organisma hidup berdasarkan persamaan dan perbezaan anatomi, kladistik bertujuan untuk menubuhkan taksonomi-pokok phylogenetic-berdasarkan persamaan genetik dan perbezaan dan mengesan proses pemerolehan pelbagai ciri oleh organisma tunggal. Sesetengah penyelidik cuba untuk memperjelaskan idea bangsa dengan menyamakannya dengan idea biologi clade itu. Selalunya DNA mitokondria atau urutan kromosom Y digunakan untuk mengkaji laluan penghijrahan manusia kuno. Sumber-sumber tunggal lokus DNA ini tidak dikombinasikan dan diwarisi daripada seorang ibu tunggal. Individu dari pelbagai kumpulan benua cenderung lebih mirip dengan satu sama lain daripada orang-orang dari benua lain, dan mengesan sama ada DNA mitokondria atau DNA kromosom Y yang tidak rekombinan menerangkan bagaimana orang di satu tempat mungkin berasal dari orang di beberapa lokasi terpencil . <> Apakah kaedah kladistik? || klasifikasi <> Apakah klade kumpulan taksonomi? || organisma <> Berapa banyak nenek moyang biasa yang mempunyai keldai? || tunggal <> Apakah istilah lain untuk pokok filogenetik? || taksonomi <> Susunan kromosom mana yang digunakan untuk mengkaji laluan penghijrahan manusia kuno? || Y", {"context": "Cladistics is another method of classification. A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. Every creature produced by sexual reproduction has two immediate lineages, one maternal and one paternal. Whereas Carl Linnaeus established a taxonomy of living organisms based on anatomical similarities and differences, cladistics seeks to establish a taxonomy\u2014the phylogenetic tree\u2014based on genetic similarities and differences and tracing the process of acquisition of multiple characteristics by single organisms. Some researchers have tried to clarify the idea of race by equating it to the biological idea of the clade. Often mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths. These single-locus sources of DNA do not recombine and are inherited from a single parent. Individuals from the various continental groups tend to be more similar to one another than to people from other continents, and tracing either mitochondrial DNA or non-recombinant Y-chromosome DNA explains how people in one place may be largely derived from people in some remote location.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "classification"}], "question": "What is cladistics a method of?", "id": "572909d51d04691400778fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "organisms"}], "question": "What is a clade a taxonomic group of?", "id": "572909d51d04691400778fb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "single"}], "question": "How many common ancestors does a clade have?", "id": "572909d51d04691400778fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "taxonomy"}], "question": "What is another term for a phylogenetic tree?", "id": "572909d51d04691400778fb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "Y"}], "question": "Which chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths?", "id": "572909d51d04691400778fb9"}]}], ["Dalam dua dekad terakhir abad ke-18, teori polygenism, kepercayaan bahawa berlainan kaum telah berkembang secara berasingan di setiap benua dan tidak berkongsi nenek moyang yang sama, disokong di England oleh sejarawan Edward Long dan anatomi Charles White, di Jerman oleh etnografer Christoph Meiners dan Georg Forster, dan di Perancis oleh Julien-Joseph Virey. Di Amerika Syarikat, Samuel George Morton, Josiah Nott dan Louis Agassiz mempromosikan teori ini pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas. Polygenism adalah popular dan paling meluas pada abad ke-19, yang memuncak dalam penubuhan Persatuan Antropologi London (1863) semasa tempoh Perang Saudara Amerika, bertentangan dengan Persatuan Etnologi, yang mempunyai simpati penyingkiran. <> Teori apa yang menjadi kepercayaan bahawa perbezaan kaum telah berkembang secara bebas di setiap benua? || polygenism <> Negara apakah Edward Long dan Charles White menganjurkan kepercayaan polygenism? || England <> Apakah profesion Christoph Meiners dan Georg Forster? || etnographers <> Dalam abad apakah polygenism yang paling meluas? || Abad ke-19 <> Persatuan Etnologi bersimpati terhadap apa sebabnya? || pemansuhan", {"context": "In the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, and in France by Julien-Joseph Virey. In the US, Samuel George Morton, Josiah Nott and Louis Agassiz promoted this theory in the mid-nineteenth century. Polygenism was popular and most widespread in the 19th century, culminating in the founding of the Anthropological Society of London (1863) during the period of the American Civil War, in opposition to the Ethnological Society, which had abolitionist sympathies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "polygenism"}], "question": "What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent?", "id": "572903331d04691400778f69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "England"}], "question": "What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in?", "id": "572903331d04691400778f6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "ethnographers"}], "question": "What was the profession of Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster?", "id": "572903331d04691400778f6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "In what century was polygenism most widespread?", "id": "572903331d04691400778f6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "abolitionist"}], "question": "The Ethnological Society was sympathetic towards what cause?", "id": "572903331d04691400778f6d"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-20, banyak ahli antropologi menerima dan mengajar kepercayaan bahawa kaum yang berbeza secara biologi adalah isomorfik dengan kumpulan linguistik, kebudayaan, dan sosial yang berbeza, sementara secara umum memohon kepercayaan terhadap bidang eugenik, bersamaan dengan amalan yang kini dikenali sebagai saintifik perkauman. Selepas program eugenik Nazi, keistimewaan kaum hilang populariti yang meluas. Ahli antropologi perlumbaan ditekan untuk mengakui penemuan yang datang dari kajian budaya dan genetik penduduk, dan untuk mengkaji semula kesimpulan mereka mengenai sumber-sumber variasi fenotipik. Sejumlah besar ahli antropologi moden dan ahli biologi di Barat datang untuk melihat bangsa sebagai sebutan genetik atau biologi yang tidak sah. <> Siapa yang mengajar dan menerima kepercayaan bahawa kaum yang berbeza secara biologi adalah isomorfik? || banyak ahli antropologi <> Amalan apa yang digabungkan dengan bidang eugenik mengenai kesenjangan kumpulan sosial? || rasisme saintifik <> Apa kesan program eugenik Nazi terhadap kepentingan perkauman? || kehilangan populariti yang meluas <> Apa kesimpulannya ahli antropologi kaum yang ditekan untuk menyemak? || sumber variasi fenotipik <> Apa yang banyak ahli antropologi moden di Barat datang untuk melihat perkauman kaum sebagai? || tidak sah", {"context": "In the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism. After the Nazi eugenics program, racial essentialism lost widespread popularity. Race anthropologists were pressured to acknowledge findings coming from studies of culture and population genetics, and to revise their conclusions about the sources of phenotypic variation. A significant number of modern anthropologists and biologists in the West came to view race as an invalid genetic or biological designation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "many anthropologists"}], "question": "Who taught and accepted the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic?", "id": "5729052baf94a219006a9f5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "scientific racism"}], "question": "What practice was combined with the field of eugenics regarding the distinctness of social groups?", "id": "5729052baf94a219006a9f60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "lost widespread popularity"}], "question": "What effect did the Nazi eugenics program have on racial essentialism? ", "id": "5729052baf94a219006a9f61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "sources of phenotypic variation"}], "question": "What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise?", "id": "5729052baf94a219006a9f62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "invalid"}], "question": "What did a lot of modern anthropologists in the West come to view racial designation as?", "id": "5729052baf94a219006a9f63"}]}], ["Selalunya ahli taksonomi memilih menggunakan analisis filogenetik untuk menentukan sama ada populasi boleh dianggap sebagai subspesies. Analisis Phylogenetic bergantung kepada konsep ciri-ciri yang diperolehi yang tidak dikongsi di antara kumpulan, biasanya memohon kepada populasi yang allopatrik (dipisahkan secara geografi) dan dengan itu dibezakan secara bulat. Ini akan menjadikan subspesies, evolvingly speaking, clade - kumpulan yang mempunyai populasi leluhur evolusi yang sama. Penggredan yang lancar dari variasi genetik manusia secara umumnya cenderung untuk menolak sebarang idea bahawa kumpulan populasi manusia boleh dianggap monophyletic (dibahagikan dengan kemas), kerana nampaknya selalu terdapat aliran gen yang besar di antara populasi manusia. Rachel Caspari (2003) berpendapat bahawa clade adalah berdasarkan definisi kumpulan monofiletik (taksonomi yang merangkumi semua keturunan moyang tertentu) dan kerana tiada kumpulan yang dianggap sebagai kaum adalah monophyletik, tidak ada kumpulan yang boleh menjadi clade. <> Kaedah analisis apa yang ahli-ahli taksonomi suka menggunakan dalam mempertimbangkan penduduk? || phylogenetic <> Bagaimana populasi allopatric dipisahkan? || geografi <> Apa kumpulan yang dipanggil penduduk leluhur evolusi yang sama? || a clade <> Apa kata belahan lidah yang hanya bermaksud \"dibahagikan secara bersih\"? || monophyletic <> Yang berhujah pada tahun 2003 bahawa semua clade adalah berdasarkan definisi kumpulan monophyletik? || Rachel Caspari", {"context": "Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore discretely bounded. This would make a subspecies, evolutionarily speaking, a clade \u2013 a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population. The smooth gradation of human genetic variation in general tends to rule out any idea that human population groups can be considered monophyletic (cleanly divided), as there appears to always have been considerable gene flow between human populations. Rachel Caspari (2003) have argued that clades are by definition monophyletic groups (a taxon that includes all descendants of a given ancestor) and since no groups currently regarded as races are monophyletic, none of those groups can be clades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "phylogenetic"}], "question": "What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population?", "id": "57290b1c6aef0514001549ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "geographically"}], "question": "How are allopatric populations separated? ", "id": "57290b1c6aef0514001549ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "a clade"}], "question": "What is a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population called?", "id": "57290b1c6aef0514001549ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "monophyletic"}], "question": "What is a tongue twister of a word that merely means \"cleanly divided\"?", "id": "57290b1c6aef0514001549ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "Rachel Caspari"}], "question": "Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups?", "id": "57290b1c6aef0514001549f0"}]}], ["Bagi ahli antropologi Lieberman dan Jackson (1995), bagaimanapun, terdapat masalah metodologi dan konseptual yang lebih mendalam dengan menggunakan kladistik untuk menyokong konsep bangsa. Mereka mendakwa bahawa \"penyokong molekul dan biokimia model ini secara eksplisit menggunakan kategori perkauman dalam kumpulan awal sampel mereka\". Sebagai contoh, kumpulan makroetik yang besar dan sangat pelbagai kaum India Timur, Afrika Utara, dan Eropah dianggapkan sebagai orang Caucasians sebelum analisis variasi DNA mereka. Ini dituntut untuk mengehadkan dan menafsirkan tafsiran, mengaburkan perhubungan keturunan yang lain, menegaskan kesan faktor alam sekeliling yang lebih cepat terhadap kepelbagaian genomik, dan dapat mendedahkan pemahaman kita tentang pola afiniti yang benar. Mereka berpendapat bahawa bagaimanapun penyelidikan empirikal yang signifikan, kajian ini menggunakan istilah bangsa dalam cara yang tidak konsisten dan tidak konsisten. Mereka mencadangkan bahawa penulis kajian ini mendapat sokongan untuk perbezaan kaum hanya kerana mereka bermula dengan mengandaikan kesahihan bangsa. \"Untuk alasan empiris, kita lebih suka menaruh penekanan pada variasi clana, yang mengakui keberadaan variasi keturunan manusia yang menyesuaikan diri dan pada masa yang sama menekankan bahwa variasi tersebut tidak terdapat dalam pakej yang dapat dilabelkan perlumbaan.\" <> Apa yang dilakukan Lieberman dan Jackon mencari masalah mendalam menggunakan kladistik untuk menyokong konsep? || bangsa <> Apakah kumpulan kaum India Timur, Afrika Utara dan Eropah akan dikelompokkan sebelum analisis DNA? || Caucasians <> Cladistics boleh mengehadkan dan menipu apa? || tafsiran <> Apa variasi yang terdapat dalam yang boleh dilabelkan sebagai kaum? || pakej <> Lieberman dan Jackson mencadangkan pengarang beberapa kajian menggunakan istilah perlombaan dalam apa cara? || konseptual tidak tepat dan cuai", {"context": "For the anthropologists Lieberman and Jackson (1995), however, there are more profound methodological and conceptual problems with using cladistics to support concepts of race. They claim that \"the molecular and biochemical proponents of this model explicitly use racial categories in their initial grouping of samples\". For example, the large and highly diverse macroethnic groups of East Indians, North Africans, and Europeans are presumptively grouped as Caucasians prior to the analysis of their DNA variation. This is claimed to limit and skew interpretations, obscure other lineage relationships, deemphasize the impact of more immediate clinal environmental factors on genomic diversity, and can cloud our understanding of the true patterns of affinity. They argue that however significant the empirical research, these studies use the term race in conceptually imprecise and careless ways. They suggest that the authors of these studies find support for racial distinctions only because they began by assuming the validity of race. \"For empirical reasons we prefer to place emphasis on clinal variation, which recognizes the existence of adaptive human hereditary variation and simultaneously stresses that such variation is not found in packages that can be labeled races.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "race"}], "question": "What did Lieberman and Jackon find profound problems using cladistics to support concepts of?", "id": "57290c2f3f37b31900477fcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Caucasians"}], "question": "What would the diverse group of East Indians, North Africans and Europeans be grouped as prior to DNA analysis?", "id": "57290c2f3f37b31900477fd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "interpretations"}], "question": "Cladistics can limit and skew what?", "id": "57290c2f3f37b31900477fd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1246, "text": "packages"}], "question": "What is variation found in that can be labeled as races?", "id": "57290c2f3f37b31900477fd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "conceptually imprecise and careless"}], "question": "Lieberman and Jackson suggest authors of some studies use the term race in what ways?", "id": "57290c2f3f37b31900477fd2"}]}], ["Wright sendiri percaya bahawa nilai> 0.25 mewakili variasi genetik yang sangat besar dan bahawa FST 0.15-0.25 mewakili variasi yang hebat. Walau bagaimanapun, kira-kira 5% variasi manusia berlaku di antara populasi di benua, oleh itu nilai FST di antara kumpulan benua manusia (atau kaum) serendah 0.1 (atau mungkin lebih rendah) didapati dalam beberapa kajian, mencadangkan tahap genetik yang lebih sederhana . Graves (1996) telah menegaskan bahawa FST tidak boleh digunakan sebagai penanda status subspesies, kerana statistik digunakan untuk mengukur tahap perbezaan antara populasi, walaupun lihat juga Wright (1978). <> Nilai FST lebih besar daripada .25 mewakili apa yang sangat besar? || variasi genetik <> Berapa banyak variasi manusia berlaku di antara penduduk benua? || 5% <> nilai FST serendah dengan jumlah yang telah dijumpai dalam beberapa kajian? || 0.1 <> Apa nama orang yang berfikir FST tidak boleh digunakan sebagai penanda status subspesies? || Graves <> FST digunakan untuk mengukur tahap perbezaan antara apa? || populasi", {"context": "Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15\u20130.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly lower) have been found in some studies, suggesting more moderate levels of genetic variation. Graves (1996) has countered that FST should not be used as a marker of subspecies status, as the statistic is used to measure the degree of differentiation between populations, although see also Wright (1978).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "genetic variation"}], "question": "FST values greater than .25 represent very great what?", "id": "57291b5a3f37b31900478023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "5%"}], "question": "About how much human variation occurs between continental populations?", "id": "57291b5a3f37b31900478024"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "0.1"}], "question": "FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies?", "id": "57291b5a3f37b31900478025"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Graves"}], "question": "What is the name of the person who thinks FST shouldn't be used as a marker of subspecies status?", "id": "57291b5a3f37b31900478026"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "populations"}], "question": "FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what?", "id": "57291b5a3f37b31900478027"}]}], ["Coop et al. (2009) mendapati \"alel terpilih yang sangat membezakan Perancis dari kedua-dua Yoruba dan Han boleh menjadi sangat tegang di seluruh Eropah, atau di frekuensi tinggi di Eropah dan tidak hadir di tempat lain, atau mengikuti sebarang pengedaran lain mengikut sifat geografi tekanan terpilih Walau bagaimanapun, kita dapati bahawa pengagihan geografi global dari alel-alel yang dipilih secara sedemikian sebahagian besarnya ditentukan hanya dengan frekuensi mereka di Yoruba, Perancis dan Han (Rajah 3). Pengedaran global jatuh ke dalam tiga corak geografi utama yang kita mentafsir sebagai penyapu bukan Afrika , Barat menyapu Eurasia dan menyapu Asia Timur. \" <> Apa yang sangat membezakan Perancis daripada sesetengah populasi yang lain di Eropah? || alel terpilih <> Bilakah Coop dan yang lain mengetahui sesuatu tentang alel yang terpilih? || 2009 <> Berapa banyak corak geografi utama yang mengagihkan pengedaran global? || tiga <> Apa yang menyapu? || corak geografi utama <> Sesuatu yang boleh didapati di frekuensi tinggi di Eropah boleh jadi apa di tempat lain? || tidak hadir", {"context": "Coop et al. (2009) found \"a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see that the global geographic distributions of these putatively selected alleles are largely determined simply by their frequencies in Yoruba, French and Han (Figure 3). The global distributions fall into three major geographic patterns that we interpret as non-African sweeps, west Eurasian sweeps and East Asian sweeps, respectively.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "a selected allele"}], "question": "What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe?", "id": "572910671d04691400779007"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele?", "id": "572910671d04691400779008"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many major geographic patterns do the global distributions fall into?", "id": "572910671d0469140077900a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "major geographic patterns"}], "question": "What are sweeps?", "id": "572910671d0469140077900b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "absent"}], "question": "Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere?", "id": "572910671d04691400779009"}]}], ["Satu inovasi penting dalam menyesuaikan semula genotip dan variasi phenotypic adalah pemerhatian antropolog C. C. Loring Brace bahawa variasi sedemikian, selagi ia dipengaruhi oleh pemilihan semulajadi, penghijrahan perlahan, atau hanyut genetik, diedarkan mengikut penggredan geografi atau duri. Sebahagiannya adalah disebabkan pengasingan mengikut jarak. Titik ini menimbulkan perhatian kepada masalah yang sama dengan penerangan berasaskan fenotip kaum (contohnya, berdasarkan tekstur rambut dan warna kulit): mereka mengabaikan banyak persamaan dan perbezaan lain (misalnya, jenis darah) yang tidak berkorelasi tinggi dengan penanda untuk perlumbaan. Oleh itu, kesimpulan antropolog Frank Livingstone, bahawa sejak dermaga menyeberangi sempadan kaum, \"tidak ada kaum, hanya duri\". <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh C. Loring Brace tentang variasi? || diedarkan sepanjang penggredan geografi atau klink <> Mengapa variasi diedarkan di sepanjang duri? || pengasingan dengan jarak <> Apakah masalah yang sama dengan penerangan berasaskan fenotip kaum? || mereka mengabaikan banyak persamaan dan perbezaan lain <> Apakah profesion Frank Livingstone? || antropologi <> Apakah kesimpulan dari bukti yang melintangi sempadan perkauman? || tidak ada kaum, hanya duri", {"context": "One crucial innovation in reconceptualizing genotypic and phenotypic variation was the anthropologist C. Loring Brace's observation that such variations, insofar as it is affected by natural selection, slow migration, or genetic drift, are distributed along geographic gradations or clines. In part this is due to isolation by distance. This point called attention to a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races (for example, those based on hair texture and skin color): they ignore a host of other similarities and differences (for example, blood type) that do not correlate highly with the markers for race. Thus, anthropologist Frank Livingstone's conclusion, that since clines cross racial boundaries, \"there are no races, only clines\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "distributed along geographic gradations or clines"}], "question": "What did C. Loring Brace observe about about variations?", "id": "57290ceeaf94a219006a9fd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "isolation by distance"}], "question": "Why are variations distributed along clines?", "id": "57290ceeaf94a219006a9fd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "they ignore a host of other similarities and differences"}], "question": "What is a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races?", "id": "57290ceeaf94a219006a9fd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "anthropologist"}], "question": "What is Frank Livingstone's profession?", "id": "57290ceeaf94a219006a9fda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "there are no races, only clines"}], "question": "What is the conclusion from the evidence that clines cross racial boundaries?", "id": "57290ceeaf94a219006a9fdb"}]}], ["Corak seperti yang dilihat dalam variasi fizikal dan genetik manusia seperti yang diterangkan di atas, telah membawa kepada akibat bahawa bilangan dan lokasi geografi mana-mana perlumbaan yang diterangkan sangat bergantung pada kepentingan yang dikaitkan dengan dan kuantiti, ciri-ciri yang dipertimbangkan. Para saintis menemui mutasi pencahayaan kulit yang sebahagiannya menyumbang kepada penampilan kulit Cahaya pada manusia (orang yang berhijrah dari Afrika ke utara ke apa yang kini Eropah) yang mereka perkirakan berlaku 20,000 hingga 50,000 tahun yang lalu. Orang Asia Timur mempunyai kulit yang agak ringan untuk mutasi yang berlainan. Sebaliknya, semakin banyak ciri (atau alel) yang dipertimbangkan, lebih banyak subdivisi manusia dikesan, kerana kekayaan dan kekerapan gen tidak selalu sesuai dengan lokasi geografi yang sama. Atau sebagai Ossorio & Duster (2005) meletakkannya: <> Apakah akibat dari bilangan dan lokasi geografi yang dianggap sebagai perlumbaan yang sangat bergantung? || kepentingan yang dikaitkan dengan, dan kuantiti, ciri-ciri yang dipertimbangkan. <> Apa yang sebahagiannya menyumbang kepada penampilan kulit cahaya pada manusia? || mutasi <> Apa mutasi yang ditemui oleh saintis? || pencahayaan kulit <> Apa yang orang Asia Timur perlu berterima kasih atas kulit yang agak ringan? || mutasi yang berlainan <> Ciri dan kekerapan gen tidak selalu sesuai dengan jenis lokasi apa? || geografi", {"context": "Patterns such as those seen in human physical and genetic variation as described above, have led to the consequence that the number and geographic location of any described races is highly dependent on the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered. Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation that partially accounts for the appearance of Light skin in humans (people who migrated out of Africa northward into what is now Europe) which they estimate occurred 20,000 to 50,000 years ago. The East Asians owe their relatively light skin to different mutations. On the other hand, the greater the number of traits (or alleles) considered, the more subdivisions of humanity are detected, since traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to the same geographical location. Or as Ossorio & Duster (2005) put it:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered."}], "question": "What is the consequence of the number and geographic location ascribed to a race highly dependent on?", "id": "57290f651d04691400778ffd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "mutation"}], "question": "What partially accounts for the appearance of light skin in humans?", "id": "57290f651d04691400778fff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "skin-lighting"}], "question": "What mutation did scientists discover?", "id": "57290f651d04691400778ffe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "different mutations"}], "question": "What do East Asians have to thank for their relatively light skin?", "id": "57290f651d04691400779000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "geographical"}], "question": "Traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to what type of location?", "id": "57290f651d04691400779001"}]}], ["Dalam karyanya 2003, \"Keanekaragaman Genetik Manusia: Kejatuhan Lewontin\", AWF Edwards berhujah bahawa daripada menggunakan analisis lokus-oleh-lokus variasi untuk memperoleh taksonomi, adalah mungkin untuk membina sistem klasifikasi manusia berdasarkan corak genetik ciri, atau kluster disimpulkan daripada data genetik multilocus. Kajian humanografi berdasarkan geografi telah menunjukkan bahawa kelompok genetik seperti ini boleh diperolehi daripada menganalisis sejumlah loci yang dapat membantu individu yang dicontohi dalam kumpulan yang sama dengan kumpulan perkauman benua tradisional. Joanna Mountain dan Neil Risch memberi amaran bahawa walaupun kelompok genetik mungkin satu hari ditunjukkan sesuai dengan variasi fenotipik antara kumpulan, andaian sedemikian adalah pramatang kerana hubungan antara gen dan ciri-ciri kompleks masih kurang difahami. Walau bagaimanapun, Risch menafikan batasan sedemikian menyebabkan analisis itu tidak berguna: \"Mungkin hanya menggunakan tahun kelahiran seseorang yang sebenarnya bukanlah cara yang sangat baik untuk mengukur usia. Adakah itu bermakna kita harus membuangnya? ... Mana-mana kategori yang anda temui akan pergi ke tidak sempurna, tetapi itu tidak menghalang anda daripada menggunakannya atau fakta bahawa ia mempunyai utiliti. \" <> Apa jenis sistem klasifikasi untuk manusia lakukan A.W.F. Edwards berhujah? || corak genetik ciri <> Apa yang mungkin ditunjukkan oleh kluster genetik untuk satu hari? || variasi fenotipik antara kumpulan <> Bagaimana hubungan antara gen dan sifat kompleks difahami? || kurang <> Risch merasakan mana-mana kategori seseorang yang datang dengan apa yang akan menjadi? || tidak sempurna <> Risch berfikir kategori yang tidak sempurna masih ada? || utiliti", {"context": "In his 2003 paper, \"Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy\", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic data. Geographically based human studies since have shown that such genetic clusters can be derived from analyzing of a large number of loci which can assort individuals sampled into groups analogous to traditional continental racial groups. Joanna Mountain and Neil Risch cautioned that while genetic clusters may one day be shown to correspond to phenotypic variations between groups, such assumptions were premature as the relationship between genes and complex traits remains poorly understood. However, Risch denied such limitations render the analysis useless: \"Perhaps just using someone's actual birth year is not a very good way of measuring age. Does that mean we should throw it out? ... Any category you come up with is going to be imperfect, but that doesn't preclude you from using it or the fact that it has utility.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "characteristic genetic patterns"}], "question": "What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for?", "id": "57291d851d0469140077906b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "phenotypic variations between groups"}], "question": "What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day?", "id": "57291d851d0469140077906c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "poorly"}], "question": "How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood?", "id": "57291d851d0469140077906d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1061, "text": "imperfect"}], "question": "Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what?", "id": "57291d851d0469140077906e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1140, "text": "utility"}], "question": "Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what?", "id": "57291d851d0469140077906f"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1964, para ahli biologi Paul Ehrlich dan Holm menunjukan kes di mana dua atau lebih kencing diedarkan secara tidak sengaja-contohnya, melanin diedarkan dalam corak yang semakin berkurang dari khatulistiwa utara dan selatan; Kekerapan untuk haplotype untuk hemoglobin beta-S, sebaliknya, memancarkan titik geografi tertentu di Afrika. Oleh kerana ahli antropologi Leonard Lieberman dan Fatimah Linda Jackson mengamati, \"Pola kekerasan heterogen memalsukan keterangan tentang populasi seolah-olah ia genotip atau bahkan secara fenotipikal homogen\". <> Apa yang dikatakan dua ahli biologi pada tahun 1964? || kes di mana dua atau lebih duri diedarkan secara tidak berkesudahan <> Pengagihan gen apa yang berkurangan apabila anda berpindah dari khatulistiwa ke arah mana-mana? || melanin <> Apakah frekuensi untuk haplotype untuk beta-5 hemogoblin lakukan dari titik tertentu di Afrika? || memancarkan <> Kepada profesion apa yang dilakukan Leonard Lieberman dan Fatimah Linda Jackson? || ahli antropologi <> Apa corak heterogeniti memalsukan sebarang perihalan penduduk? || Discordant", {"context": "In 1964, the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly\u2014for example, melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin, on the other hand, radiate out of specific geographical points in Africa. As the anthropologists Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson observed, \"Discordant patterns of heterogeneity falsify any description of a population as if it were genotypically or even phenotypically homogeneous\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly"}], "question": "What did two biologists point out in 1964?", "id": "57290ea91d04691400778ff3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "melanin"}], "question": "What gene distribution decreases as you move away from the equator in either direction?", "id": "57290ea91d04691400778ff4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "radiate"}], "question": "What do the frequencies for the haplotype for beta-5 hemogoblin do from specific points in Africa?", "id": "57290ea91d04691400778ff5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "anthropologists"}], "question": "To what profession do both Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson belong?", "id": "57290ea91d04691400778ff6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Discordant"}], "question": "What patterns of heterogeneity falsify any descriptions of population?", "id": "57290ea91d04691400778ff7"}]}], ["Ahli genetik penduduk Sewall Wright membangun satu cara mengukur perbezaan genetik antara populasi yang dikenali sebagai indeks Fixation, yang sering disingkat FST. Statistik ini sering digunakan dalam taksonomi untuk membandingkan perbezaan antara dua populasi tertentu dengan mengukur perbezaan genetik antara dan antara populasi untuk gen individu, atau untuk banyak gen serentak. Ia sering dinyatakan bahawa indeks penetapan untuk manusia adalah kira-kira 0.15. Ini diterjemahkan kepada kira-kira 85% variasi yang diukur dalam populasi manusia keseluruhan yang terdapat dalam individu yang sama, dan kira-kira 15% daripada variasi berlaku di antara populasi. Anggaran ini menyiratkan bahawa mana-mana dua individu dari populasi yang berbeza hampir mungkin lebih mirip dengan satu sama lain daripada sama ada ahli kumpulan mereka sendiri. Richard Lewontin, yang mengesahkan nisbah ini, sehingga menyimpulkan bahawa \"bangsa\" atau \"subspesies\" adalah cara yang sesuai atau berguna untuk menggambarkan populasi manusia. Walau bagaimanapun, yang lain mendapati bahawa variasi kumpulan relatif sama dengan variasi yang diperhatikan dalam spesies mamalia yang lain. <> Apa itu Sewall Wright membangun satu cara mengukur? || perbezaan genetik antara populasi <> Apakah kaedah Wright dikenali sebagai? || indeks penetapan <> Apa yang sering dinyatakan FST untuk manusia? || 0.15 <> Richard Lewontin, setelah melihat nisbah FST, menyimpulkan bahawa perlumbaan itu bukan cara yang sesuai atau berguna untuk menggambarkan apa? || populasi manusia <> Variasi kumpulan manusia serupa dengan variasi yang diamati dalam spesies lain? || mamalia", {"context": "The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and between populations for individual genes, or for many genes simultaneously. It is often stated that the fixation index for humans is about 0.15. This translates to an estimated 85% of the variation measured in the overall human population is found within individuals of the same population, and about 15% of the variation occurs between populations. These estimates imply that any two individuals from different populations are almost as likely to be more similar to each other than either is to a member of their own group. Richard Lewontin, who affirmed these ratios, thus concluded neither \"race\" nor \"subspecies\" were appropriate or useful ways to describe human populations. However, others have noticed that group variation was relatively similar to the variation observed in other mammalian species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "genetic differences between populations"}], "question": "What did Sewall Wright develop one way of measuring?", "id": "57291a91af94a219006aa075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "the Fixation index"}], "question": "What was Wright's method known as?", "id": "57291a91af94a219006aa076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "0.15"}], "question": "What is the often stated FST for humans?", "id": "57291a91af94a219006aa077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 981, "text": "human populations"}], "question": "Richard Lewontin, upon looking at the FST ratios, concluded race wasn't an appropriate or useful way to describe what?", "id": "57291a91af94a219006aa078"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1108, "text": "mammalian"}], "question": "Human group variation is similar to variation observed in what other species?", "id": "57291a91af94a219006aa079"}]}], ["Satu lagi cara untuk melihat perbezaan antara populasi adalah untuk mengukur perbezaan genetik berbanding perbezaan fizikal antara kumpulan. Ahli antropologi abad ke-20 William C. Boyd menamakan perlumbaan sebagai: \"Populasi yang berbeza jauh dari populasi lain yang berkaitan dengan kekerapan satu atau lebih gen yang dimilikinya Ini adalah perkara sewenang-wenang yang, dan berapa banyak, loci gen yang kita pilih untuk dianggap sebagai 'buruj' yang penting '. Leonard Lieberman dan Rodney Kirk telah menegaskan bahawa \"kelemahan utama pernyataan ini ialah jika satu gen dapat membezakan kaum maka bilangan kaum adalah sebanyak bilangan pasangan manusia yang dihasilkan semula.\" Selain itu, ahli antropologi Stephen Molnar telah mencadangkan bahawa percanggahan duri tidak dapat dielakkan menghasilkan multiplikasi kaum yang menjadikan konsep itu sendiri tidak berguna. Projek Genom Manusia menyatakan \"Orang yang telah tinggal di wilayah geografi yang sama untuk banyak generasi mungkin mempunyai beberapa alel yang sama, tetapi tidak ada alel yang dapat ditemukan dalam semua anggota satu populasi dan tidak ada anggota lain.\" <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk melihat perbezaan antara kumpulan dan bukannya perbezaan fizikal? || perbezaan genetik <> Siapa William C. Boyd? || anthropolog pertengahan abad ke-20 <> Boyd merasakan bangsa didasarkan pada pembezaan tertentu kekerapan apa dalam populasi? || gen <<Berapa banyak bilangan kaum jika satu gen dapat membezakan kaum? || bilangan pasangan manusia yang menghasilkan semula <> Apa mungkin orang yang tinggal di kawasan yang sama untuk generasi mempunyai persamaan? || alel", {"context": "Another way to look at differences between populations is to measure genetic differences rather than physical differences between groups. The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: \"A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the genes it possesses. It is an arbitrary matter which, and how many, gene loci we choose to consider as a significant 'constellation'\". Leonard Lieberman and Rodney Kirk have pointed out that \"the paramount weakness of this statement is that if one gene can distinguish races then the number of races is as numerous as the number of human couples reproducing.\" Moreover, the anthropologist Stephen Molnar has suggested that the discordance of clines inevitably results in a multiplication of races that renders the concept itself useless. The Human Genome Project states \"People who have lived in the same geographic region for many generations may have some alleles in common, but no allele will be found in all members of one population and in no members of any other.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "genetic differences"}], "question": "What can one use to look at differences between groups instead of physical differences?", "id": "5729117aaf94a219006aa01d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "mid-20th-century anthropologist"}], "question": "Who was William C. Boyd?", "id": "5729117aaf94a219006aa01e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "genes"}], "question": "Boyd felt race was based on a specific differentiation of the frequency of what in a population?", "id": "5729117aaf94a219006aa01f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "number of human couples reproducing"}], "question": "How numerous would the number of races be if one gene can distinguish races?", "id": "5729117aaf94a219006aa020"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 978, "text": "alleles"}], "question": "What may people who have lived in the same area for generations have in common?", "id": "5729117aaf94a219006aa021"}]}], ["Dalam respon kepada Livingstone, Theodore Dobzhansky berhujah bahawa apabila bercakap tentang bangsa satu mesti memperhatikan bagaimana istilah itu digunakan: \"Saya bersetuju dengan Dr Livingstone bahawa jika kaum harus 'unit diskrit,' maka tidak ada kaum, dan jika 'bangsa' digunakan sebagai 'penjelasan' dari variabilitas manusia, bukan sebaliknya, maka penjelasan itu tidak sah. \" Dia lebih berhujah bahawa seseorang boleh menggunakan istilah perlumbaan jika seseorang membezakan antara \"perbezaan kaum\" dan \"konsep perlumbaan.\" Yang pertama merujuk kepada apa-apa perbezaan dalam frekuensi gen antara populasi; yang terakhir adalah \"perkara penghakiman.\" Beliau juga memerhatikan bahawa walaupun terdapat variasi clinal, \"Perbezaan lumba adalah fenomena biologi yang pasti dapat dipastikan ... tetapi ia tidak mengikut bahawa populasi yang berbeza dari segi perkauman harus diberikan label perkauman (atau subspesifik).\" Ringkasnya, Livingstone dan Dobzhansky bersetuju bahawa terdapat perbezaan genetik di kalangan manusia; mereka juga bersetuju bahawa penggunaan konsep perlumbaan untuk mengklasifikasikan orang, dan bagaimana konsep bangsa digunakan, adalah satu perkara konvensyen sosial. Mereka berbeza sama ada konsep bangsa masih menjadi konvensyen sosial yang berguna dan berguna. <> Apa yang perlu diberi perhatian apabila bercakap mengenai bangsa? || bagaimana istilah itu digunakan <> Pada apa titik Dobzhansky bersetuju dengan Dr. Livingstone? || jika kaum harus 'unit diskret', maka tidak ada kaum <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan \"penghakiman\"? || \"konsep perlumbaan.\" <> Walaupun perbezaan berlainan mungkin mudah dilihat, mereka tidak perlu diberi apa? || label <> Livingston dan Dobzhansky tidak bersetuju sama ada konsep perlumbaan adalah apa? || konvensyen sosial yang berguna dan berguna", {"context": "In a response to Livingstone, Theodore Dobzhansky argued that when talking about race one must be attentive to how the term is being used: \"I agree with Dr. Livingstone that if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races, and if 'race' is used as an 'explanation' of the human variability, rather than vice versa, then the explanation is invalid.\" He further argued that one could use the term race if one distinguished between \"race differences\" and \"the race concept.\" The former refers to any distinction in gene frequencies between populations; the latter is \"a matter of judgment.\" He further observed that even when there is clinal variation, \"Race differences are objectively ascertainable biological phenomena\u2026 but it does not follow that racially distinct populations must be given racial (or subspecific) labels.\" In short, Livingstone and Dobzhansky agree that there are genetic differences among human beings; they also agree that the use of the race concept to classify people, and how the race concept is used, is a matter of social convention. They differ on whether the race concept remains a meaningful and useful social convention.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "how the term is being used"}], "question": "What must one be attentive to when talking about race?", "id": "57290dc41d04691400778fd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races"}], "question": "On what point did Dobzhansky agree with Dr. Livingstone?", "id": "57290dc41d04691400778fd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "\"the race concept.\""}], "question": "What is merely \"a matter of judgement\"?", "id": "57290dc41d04691400778fd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "labels"}], "question": "While race difference possible to easily see, they need not be given what?", "id": "57290dc41d04691400778fda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1122, "text": "a meaningful and useful social convention"}], "question": "Livingston and Dobzhansky disagree on whether the race concept is what?", "id": "57290dc41d04691400778fdb"}]}], ["Jeffrey Long dan Rick Kittles memberikan kritikan panjang pemakaian FST kepada populasi manusia dalam karya mereka 2003 \"Kepelbagaian Genetik Manusia dan Ketiadaan Rupa Biologi\". Mereka mendapati bahawa angka 85% adalah mengelirukan kerana ia membayangkan bahawa semua populasi manusia mengandungi purata 85% daripada kepelbagaian genetik. Mereka mendakwa bahawa ini tidak betul mencerminkan sejarah penduduk manusia, kerana ia merawat semua kumpulan manusia sebagai bebas. Gambaran yang lebih realistik mengenai cara kumpulan manusia berkaitan adalah memahami bahawa sesetengah kumpulan manusia adalah orang tua kepada kumpulan lain dan kumpulan-kumpulan ini mewakili kumpulan paraphyletic kepada kumpulan keturunan mereka. Sebagai contoh, di bawah teori asal Afrika baru-baru ini, populasi manusia di Afrika adalah paraphyletic kepada semua kumpulan manusia yang lain kerana ia mewakili kumpulan leluhur yang mana semua populasi bukan Afrika berasal, tetapi lebih daripada itu, kumpulan bukan Afrika hanya berasal dari kecil sampel bukan wakil penduduk Afrika ini. Ini bermakna bahawa semua kumpulan bukan Afrika lebih erat hubungan antara satu sama lain dan beberapa kumpulan Afrika (mungkin Afrika timur) daripada mereka kepada orang lain, dan seterusnya bahawa penghijrahan dari Afrika mewakili kesesakan genetik, dengan banyak kepelbagaian yang wujud di Afrika yang tidak dijalankan oleh Afrika oleh kumpulan yang berhijrah. Pandangan ini menghasilkan versi pergerakan penduduk manusia yang tidak menyebabkan semua populasi manusia bebas; tetapi sebaliknya, menghasilkan satu siri kepelbagaian kepelbagaian yang lebih jauh dari Afrika setiap kehidupan populasi, setiap peristiwa pendirian mewakili subset genetik populasi penduduknya. Long dan Kittles mendapati bahawa lebih daripada 85% kepelbagaian genetik manusia yang ada dalam semua populasi manusia, kira-kira 100% kepelbagaian manusia wujud dalam populasi Afrika tunggal, sedangkan hanya kira-kira 70% kepelbagaian genetik manusia wujud dalam populasi yang berasal dari New Guinea. Long dan Kittles berhujah bahawa ini masih menghasilkan populasi manusia global yang secara genetik homogen berbanding dengan populasi mamalia yang lain. <> Apa dua penyelidik memberi kritikan panjang mengenai penerapan FST kepada populasi manusia pada tahun 2003? || Jeffrey Long dan Rick Kittles <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Long dan Kittles tentang implikasi bahawa populasi manusia mengandungi purata 85% daripada kepelbagaian genetik? || mengelirukan <> Kelompok manusia bukan Afrika dari populasi manusia hanya boleh memandu dari jenis sampel penduduk Afrika? || bukan perwakilan <> Apa jenis hambatan yang dilakukan oleh migrasi keluar dari Afrika? || genetik <> Berapa banyak kepelbagaian genetik manusia wujud dalam populasi Afrika tunggal? || 100%", {"context": "Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper \"Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races\". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity. They claim that this does not correctly reflect human population history, because it treats all human groups as independent. A more realistic portrayal of the way human groups are related is to understand that some human groups are parental to other groups and that these groups represent paraphyletic groups to their descent groups. For example, under the recent African origin theory the human population in Africa is paraphyletic to all other human groups because it represents the ancestral group from which all non-African populations derive, but more than that, non-African groups only derive from a small non-representative sample of this African population. This means that all non-African groups are more closely related to each other and to some African groups (probably east Africans) than they are to others, and further that the migration out of Africa represented a genetic bottleneck, with much of the diversity that existed in Africa not being carried out of Africa by the emigrating groups. This view produces a version of human population movements that do not result in all human populations being independent; but rather, produces a series of dilutions of diversity the further from Africa any population lives, each founding event representing a genetic subset of its parental population. Long and Kittles find that rather than 85% of human genetic diversity existing in all human populations, about 100% of human diversity exists in a single African population, whereas only about 70% of human genetic diversity exists in a population derived from New Guinea. Long and Kittles argued that this still produces a global human population that is genetically homogeneous compared to other mammalian populations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles"}], "question": "What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003?", "id": "57291cb21d0469140077905b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "misleading"}], "question": "What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity?", "id": "57291cb21d0469140077905c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "non-representative"}], "question": "Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population?", "id": "57291cb21d0469140077905d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1208, "text": "genetic"}], "question": "What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent?", "id": "57291cb21d0469140077905e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1749, "text": "100%"}], "question": "How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population?", "id": "57291cb21d0469140077905f"}]}], ["Pada dasarnya, bangsa di Brazil adalah \"biologi\", tetapi dengan cara yang mengiktiraf perbezaan antara keturunan (yang menentukan genotip) dan perbezaan fenotip. Di sana, identiti kaum tidak ditadbir oleh peraturan keturunan yang tegar, seperti aturan satu-drop, seperti di Amerika Serikat. Seorang kanak-kanak Brazil tidak pernah dikenal pasti secara automatik dengan jenis kaum atau ibu bapa kedua-duanya, dan tidak terdapat hanya beberapa kategori yang sangat terhad untuk dipilih, setakat mana saudara kandung penuh boleh berkait dengan kumpulan kaum yang berbeza. <> Negara mana yang kaum \"Biologi\"? || Brazil <> Apa yang tidak dikenali identiti kaum di Brazil? || peraturan keturunan tegar <> Berapa anak Brazillian tidak pernah dikenalpasti secara automatik dengan jenis? || kaum <> Apa yang boleh dipunyai oleh saudara kandung? || kumpulan kaum yang berbeza <> Apa yang menentukan genotip? || keturunan", {"context": "Basically, race in Brazil was \"biologized\", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both parents, nor were there only a very limited number of categories to choose from, to the extent that full siblings can pertain to different racial groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "What country was race \"Biologized\" in?", "id": "572927316aef051400154ad4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "rigid descent rule"}], "question": "What wasn't racial identity governed by in Brazil?", "id": "572927316aef051400154ad5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "racial"}], "question": "What were Brazillian children never automatically identified with the type of?", "id": "572927316aef051400154ad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "different racial groups"}], "question": "What may full siblings belong to?", "id": "572927316aef051400154ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "ancestry"}], "question": "What determines genotype?", "id": "572927316aef051400154ad8"}]}], ["Sekiranya laporan yang lebih konsisten dengan kumpulan-kumpulan genetik dalam penggredan perpaduan adalah dipertimbangkan (contohnya, tidak akan mengelompokkan orang dengan tahap keturunan Afrika dan non-Afrika yang seimbang dalam kumpulan hitam bukannya kaum multiracial, tidak seperti di tempat lain di Latin Amerika di mana orang-orang yang berketurunan keturunan Afrika cenderung mengklasifikasikan diri mereka sebagai campuran), lebih banyak orang akan melaporkan diri mereka sebagai putih dan pardo di Brazil (47.7% dan 42.4% daripada penduduk pada 2010), kerana dengan penyelidikan penduduknya adalah dipercayai mempunyai antara 65 hingga 80% autosomal keturunan Eropah, secara purata (juga> 35% daripada mt-DNA Eropah dan> 95% daripada Y-DNA Eropah). <> Apa yang lebih ramai orang akan melaporkan diri seolah-olah laporan yang lebih konsisten dipertimbangkan? || putih <> Apakah orang yang mempunyai keturunan Afrika yang berkualiti tinggi seperti? || bercampur <> Penduduk Brazil dipercayai mempunyai antara peratusan keturunan autosomal Eropah? || 65 dan 80% <> Berapa banyak penduduk Brazil melaporkan diri mereka sebagai pardo pada tahun 2010? || 42.4% <> Penduduk Brazil difahamkan lebih besar daripada peratusan Y-DNA Eropah? || 95%", {"context": "If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of African descent tend to classify themselves as mixed), more people would report themselves as white and pardo in Brazil (47.7% and 42.4% of the population as of 2010, respectively), because by research its population is believed to have between 65 and 80% of autosomal European ancestry, in average (also >35% of European mt-DNA and >95% of European Y-DNA).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "white"}], "question": "What would more people report themselves as if a more consistent report were considered?", "id": "57292a336aef051400154b12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "mixed"}], "question": "What do people with a high quality of African descent classify themselves as?", "id": "57292a336aef051400154b13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "65 and 80%"}], "question": "Brazil's population is believed to have between what percentages of autosomal European ancestry?", "id": "57292a336aef051400154b15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "42.4%"}], "question": "How much of the population of Brazil reported themselves as pardo in 2010?", "id": "57292a336aef051400154b14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "95%"}], "question": "Brazil's population is thought to have greater than what percentage of European Y-DNA?", "id": "57292a336aef051400154b16"}]}], ["Banyak saintis sosial telah menggantikan perkataan bangsa dengan perkataan \"etnik\" untuk merujuk kepada kumpulan pengenalan diri berdasarkan kepercayaan mengenai budaya, keturunan dan sejarah bersama. Di samping masalah empirikal dan konseptual dengan \"bangsa\", berikutan Perang Dunia Kedua, saintis evolusi dan sosial menyedari betapa kepercayaan mengenai kaum telah digunakan untuk membenarkan diskriminasi, apartheid, perhambaan, dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai. Persoalan ini mendapat momentum pada 1960-an semasa pergerakan hak sivil A.S. dan kemunculan pergerakan anti-kolonial yang banyak di seluruh dunia. Oleh itu, mereka percaya bahawa perlumbaan itu sendiri adalah pembinaan sosial, konsep yang dipercayai sesuai dengan realiti objektif tetapi yang dipercayai kerana fungsi sosialnya. <> Kata apa yang banyak ahli sains sosial bukan kaum? || etnik <> Apa yang telah digunakan untuk mewajarkan diskriminasi, apartheid, perhambaan dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai di WWII? || kepercayaan tentang bangsa <> Bilakah pergerakan hak-hak sipil berlaku? || 1960-an <> Pergerakan apa yang mendapat momentum di seluruh dunia pada tahun 60-an? || anti-kolonial <> Apa jenis realiti yang ada yang percaya bahawa bangsa adalah pembinaan sosial sepadan? || objektif", {"context": "Many social scientists have replaced the word race with the word \"ethnicity\" to refer to self-identifying groups based on beliefs concerning shared culture, ancestry and history. Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with \"race\", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely aware of how beliefs about race had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery, and genocide. This questioning gained momentum in the 1960s during the U.S. civil rights movement and the emergence of numerous anti-colonial movements worldwide. They thus came to believe that race itself is a social construct, a concept that was believed to correspond to an objective reality but which was believed in because of its social functions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "ethnicity"}], "question": "What word do many social scientists instead of race?", "id": "57292506af94a219006aa0ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "beliefs about race"}], "question": "What had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery and genocide in WWII?", "id": "57292506af94a219006aa0f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "the 1960s"}], "question": "When did the civil rights movement take place?", "id": "57292506af94a219006aa0f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "anti-colonial"}], "question": "What movement gained momentum worldwide in the 60's?", "id": "57292506af94a219006aa0f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "objective"}], "question": "What type of reality do some believe race is a social construct corresponding to?", "id": "57292506af94a219006aa0f3"}]}], ["Teori bahawa perlumbaan adalah hanya sebuah pembinaan sosial yang telah dicabar oleh penemuan penyelidik di Sekolah Perubatan Universiti Stanford, yang diterbitkan dalam American Journal of Genetics Manusia sebagai \"Struktur Genetik, Bangsa-Bangsa yang Dikenal / Etnis, dan Menggabungkan dalam Kes- Kawalan Persatuan Kajian \". Salah seorang penyelidik, Neil Risch, berkata: \"Kami melihat korelasi antara struktur genetik [berdasarkan penanda mikrosatelit] berbanding penerangan diri, kami mendapati kesesuaian 99.9% di antara keduanya. seks dan penanda pada kromosom X Jadi anda boleh berhujah bahawa seks juga adalah kategori yang bermasalah Dan ada perbezaan antara jantina dan jantina, pengenalan diri mungkin tidak berkaitan dengan biologi dengan sempurna Dan ada seksisme. <> Para penyelidik dari mana universiti mencabar teori bangsa yang hanya membina sosial? || Stanford <> Di manakah tantangan kepada teori perlumbaan sebagai pembinaan sosial yang diterbitkan? || American Journal of Human Genetics <> Neil Risch mendapati persetujuan 99.9% antara struktur genetik dan penerangan orang tentang apa mereka? || diri <> Apakah kategori bermasalah selain bangsa? || seks <> Apa yang mungkin mengenal pasti diri tidak berkaitan dengan tepat? || biologi", {"context": "The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as \"Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies\". One of the researchers, Neil Risch, noted: \"we looked at the correlation between genetic structure [based on microsatellite markers] versus self-description, we found 99.9% concordance between the two. We actually had a higher discordance rate between self-reported sex and markers on the X chromosome! So you could argue that sex is also a problematic category. And there are differences between sex and gender; self-identification may not be correlated with biology perfectly. And there is sexism.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Stanford"}], "question": "Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct?", "id": "57292674af94a219006aa10d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "the American Journal of Human Genetics"}], "question": "Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published?", "id": "57292674af94a219006aa10e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "self"}], "question": "Neil Risch found a 99.9% agree between genetic structure and people's description of their what?", "id": "57292674af94a219006aa10f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "sex"}], "question": "What is a problematic category in addition to race?", "id": "57292674af94a219006aa110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 769, "text": "biology"}], "question": "What may self-identification not correlate with precisely?", "id": "57292674af94a219006aa111"}]}], ["Kecenderungan kategori perkauman, \"biologifikasi\" bangsa di Brazil yang disebutkan di atas akan menyamai konsep kontemporari bangsa di Amerika Syarikat dengan agak teliti, walaupun, jika Brazil sepatutnya memilih bangsa mereka sebagai satu di kalangan, Asia dan Orang Asli, tiga IBGE kategori banci. Walaupun Amerindians yang diasimilasi dan orang yang mempunyai keturunan Amerindian yang sangat tinggi biasanya dikelompokkan sebagai caboclos, subkumpulan pardos yang secara kasarnya diterjemahkan sebagai mestizo dan bukit bukit, bagi mereka yang mempunyai keturunan yang lebih rendah keturunan Amerindian, sumbangan genetik Eropah yang lebih tinggi dijangka dikumpulkan sebagai sebuah pardo. Dalam beberapa ujian genetik, orang yang kurang daripada 60-65% daripada keturunan Eropah dan 5-10% keturunan Amerindian biasanya berkelompok dengan Afro-Brazilians (seperti yang dilaporkan oleh individu), atau 6.9% penduduk, dan mereka yang mempunyai kira-kira 45 Sebilangan% atau lebih sumbangan Subsaharan paling banyak dilakukan (secara purata, DNA Afro-Brazil dilaporkan mempunyai kira-kira 50% Subsaharan Afrika, 37% Eropah dan 13% Amerindian). <> Kategori apa yang mempunyai aspek ketidakstabilan? || bangsa <> Apakah orang-orang yang mempunyai keturunan Amerindian yang tinggi dikumpulkan sebagai? || caboclos <> Apa terjemahan kasar \"pardos\"? || hillbilly <> Apakah orang yang kurang daripada 60-65% keturunan Eropah biasanya berkelompok? || Afro-Brazilians <> Berapa peratus daripada DNA Afro-Brazillian dilaporkan menjadi Subsaharan Afrika? || 50%", {"context": "Fluidity of racial categories aside, the \"biologification\" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's census categories. While assimilated Amerindians and people with very high quantities of Amerindian ancestry are usually grouped as caboclos, a subgroup of pardos which roughly translates as both mestizo and hillbilly, for those of lower quantity of Amerindian descent a higher European genetic contribution is expected to be grouped as a pardo. In several genetic tests, people with less than 60-65% of European descent and 5-10% of Amerindian descent usually cluster with Afro-Brazilians (as reported by the individuals), or 6.9% of the population, and those with about 45% or more of Subsaharan contribution most times do so (in average, Afro-Brazilian DNA was reported to be about 50% Subsaharan African, 37% European and 13% Amerindian).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "racial"}], "question": "What categories have an aspect of fluidity?", "id": "5729295d1d046914007790e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "caboclos"}], "question": "What are people with high quantities of Amerindian ancestry grouped as?", "id": "5729295d1d046914007790ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "hillbilly"}], "question": "What's a rough translation of \"pardos\"?", "id": "5729295d1d046914007790eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "Afro-Brazilians"}], "question": "What do people with less than 60-65% of European descent usually cluster with?", "id": "5729295d1d046914007790ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "50%"}], "question": "What percentage of Afro-Brazillian DNA is reported to be Subsaharan African?", "id": "5729295d1d046914007790ed"}]}], ["Craig Venter dan Francis Collins dari Institut Kesihatan Nasional bersama-sama membuat pengumuman pemetaan genom manusia pada tahun 2000. Setelah memeriksa data dari pemetaan genom, Venter menyedari bahawa walaupun variasi genetik dalam spesies manusia adalah pada perintah 1-3% (bukannya sebelumnya yang dianggap 1%), jenis variasi tidak menyokong pengertian kaum yang ditentukan secara genetik. Venter berkata, \"Race adalah satu konsep sosial, bukan satu saintifik. Tidak ada garis-garis terang (yang akan menonjol), jika kita dapat membandingkan semua genom yang diselaraskan semua orang di planet ini.\" \"Apabila kita cuba mengaplikasikan sains untuk mencuba perbezaan sosial ini, semuanya hancur.\" <> Organisasi apa saja yang dikaitkan dengan Craig Venter dan Francis Collins? || Institut Kesihatan Nasional <> Tahun apakah pengumuman bahawa genom manusia telah dipetakan dibuat? || 2000 <> Apa yang tidak variasi genetik dalam sokongan spesies manusia? || pengertian kaum yang didefinisikan secara genetik <> Apakah konsep sosial, bukan saintifik? || Bangsa <> Apa yang berlaku apabila saintis cuba menerapkan sains untuk mengatasi perbezaan sosial? || semuanya jatuh", {"context": "Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1\u20133% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, \"Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet.\" \"When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "the National Institute of Health"}], "question": "What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with?", "id": "5729259daf94a219006aa0f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "2000"}], "question": "What year was the announcement that the human genome had been mapped made in?", "id": "5729259daf94a219006aa0fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "notion of genetically defined races"}], "question": "What doesn't the genetic variation within the human species support?", "id": "5729259daf94a219006aa0fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "Race"}], "question": "What is a social concept, not a scientific one?", "id": "5729259daf94a219006aa0fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "it all falls apart"}], "question": "What happens when scientists try to apply science to sort out social differences?", "id": "5729259daf94a219006aa0fd"}]}], ["Lebih daripada sedozen kategori perkauman akan diiktiraf sesuai dengan semua kemungkinan kombinasi warna rambut, tekstur rambut, warna mata, dan warna kulit. Jenis ini menjadi satu sama lain seperti warna spektrum, dan tidak satu kategori berdiri dengan ketara terpencil dari selebihnya. Iaitu, kaum yang dimaksudkan dengan penampilan, bukan keturunan, dan penampilan adalah petunjuk keturunan yang kurang baik, kerana hanya beberapa gen yang bertanggungjawab untuk warna dan sifat kulit seseorang: seseorang yang dianggap putih mungkin mempunyai lebih banyak keturunan Afrika daripada orang yang dianggap hitam, dan sebaliknya mungkin juga benar tentang keturunan Eropah. Kerumitan klasifikasi kaum di Brazil mencerminkan sejauh mana penyatuan dalam masyarakat Brazil, sebuah masyarakat yang masih tinggi, tetapi tidak tegas, bertumpu di sepanjang garis warna. Faktor-faktor sosioekonomi ini juga penting kepada batas-batas garis perkauman, kerana minoriti pardos, atau orang-orang coklat, mungkin mula mengisytiharkan diri mereka putih atau hitam jika secara sosial ke atas, dan dilihat sebagai \"lebih putih\" sebagai status sosial yang mereka anggap meningkat (seperti di kawasan lain di Amerika Latin). <> Berapa banyak kategori kaum diperlukan dengan semua kemungkinan kombinasi ciri-ciri luar? || Lebih sedozen <> Apa cara kelas menilai satu sama lain, bukannya terpencil antara satu sama lain? || seperti warna spektrum <> Apa kaum kaum merujuk kepada keturunan? || penampilan <> Apa penampilan yang lemah? || keturunan <> Di mana terdapat banyak kerumitan dalam klasifikasi kaum? || Brazil", {"context": "Over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred preferentially to appearance, not heredity, and appearance is a poor indication of ancestry, because only a few genes are responsible for someone's skin color and traits: a person who is considered white may have more African ancestry than a person who is considered black, and the reverse can be also true about European ancestry. The complexity of racial classifications in Brazil reflects the extent of miscegenation in Brazilian society, a society that remains highly, but not strictly, stratified along color lines. These socioeconomic factors are also significant to the limits of racial lines, because a minority of pardos, or brown people, are likely to start declaring themselves white or black if socially upward, and being seen as relatively \"whiter\" as their perceived social status increases (much as in other regions of Latin America).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Over a dozen"}], "question": "How many racial categories would be needed with all the possible combinations of outward features?", "id": "572928253f37b31900478095"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "like the colors of the spectrum"}], "question": "What way would categories grade into each other, rather than being isolated from each other?", "id": "572928253f37b31900478096"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "appearance"}], "question": "What did race refer to instead of heredity?", "id": "572928253f37b31900478097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "ancestry"}], "question": "What is appearance a poor indication of?", "id": "572928253f37b31900478098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "Where is there a lot of complexity in racial classifications?", "id": "572928253f37b31900478099"}]}], ["Kajian analisis kluster genetik manusia awal dijalankan dengan sampel yang diambil dari kumpulan penduduk leluhur yang tinggal di jarak geografi yang melampau antara satu sama lain. Adalah difikirkan bahawa jarak geografi yang besar akan memaksimumkan variasi genetik antara kumpulan-kumpulan yang diambil dalam analisis dan dengan demikian memaksimumkan kebarangkalian mencari corak kluster yang unik untuk setiap kumpulan. Memandangkan percepatan penghijrahan manusia baru-baru ini (dan juga, aliran gen manusia) pada skala global, kajian selanjutnya telah dijalankan untuk menilai sejauh mana analisis kluster genetik boleh mencontohi kumpulan yang dikenal pasti keturunan dan juga kumpulan yang terpisah secara geografi. Satu kajian sedemikian meninjau populasi multietnis besar di Amerika Syarikat, dan \"hanya mengesan pembezaan genetik yang sederhana di antara geografi geografi yang berlainan dalam setiap kumpulan bangsa / etnik. Oleh itu, keturunan geografi kuno, yang sangat berkaitan dengan bangsa / etnis yang dikenal pasti diri - yang bertentangan dengan kediaman semasa-adalah penentu utama struktur genetik dalam populasi AS. \" (Tang et al. (2005)) <> Apakah kumpulan-kumpulan yang terdahulu daripada analisis kluster genetik? || Penduduk nenek moyang <> Di mana kumpulan-kumpulan kelompok genetik diambil dari hidup dari satu sama lain? || jarak geografi melampau <> Apa yang difikirkan mungkin memaksimumkan kemungkinan mencari corak kluster yang unik dalam kumpulan? || jarak geografi yang besar <> Apa aktiviti manusia baru sahaja dipercepatkan? || penghijrahan <> Penghijrahan manusia cenderung mempercepatkan jenis aliran ini? || gen", {"context": "Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other. It was thought that such large geographic distances would maximize the genetic variation between the groups sampled in the analysis and thus maximize the probability of finding cluster patterns unique to each group. In light of the historically recent acceleration of human migration (and correspondingly, human gene flow) on a global scale, further studies were conducted to judge the degree to which genetic cluster analysis can pattern ancestrally identified groups as well as geographically separated groups. One such study looked at a large multiethnic population in the United States, and \"detected only modest genetic differentiation between different current geographic locales within each race/ethnicity group. Thus, ancient geographic ancestry, which is highly correlated with self-identified race/ethnicity\u2014as opposed to current residence\u2014is the major determinant of genetic structure in the U.S. population.\" (Tang et al. (2005))", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "ancestral population"}], "question": "What groups were early samples from for genetic cluster analysis?", "id": "572920491d0469140077907d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "extreme geographic distances"}], "question": "Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other?", "id": "572920491d0469140077907e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "large geographic distances"}], "question": "What was thought might maximize the odds of finding unique cluster patterns in groups?", "id": "572920491d0469140077907f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "migration"}], "question": "What human activity has only recently accelerated?", "id": "572920491d04691400779080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "gene"}], "question": "Human migration tends to accelerate this type of what flow?", "id": "572920491d04691400779081"}]}], ["Ahli antropologi seperti C. Loring Brace, ahli falsafah Jonathan Kaplan dan Rasmus Winther, dan ahli genetik Joseph Graves, [perlu halaman] berpendapat bahawa walaupun terdapat kemungkinan untuk mencari variasi biologi dan genetik yang sepadan dengan kumpulan yang biasanya ditakrifkan sebagai \"kaum kontinental\", ini berlaku untuk hampir semua populasi yang berbeza secara geografi. Oleh itu, struktur kluster data genetik bergantung kepada hipotesis awal penyelidik dan populasi sampel. Apabila satu contoh kumpulan benua, kelompok menjadi benua; jika seseorang telah memilih pola pensampelan lain, klustering akan berbeza. Weiss dan Fullerton telah mencatatkan bahawa jika hanya satu sampel yang dibuat hanya orang Iceland, Mayans dan Maoris, tiga kluster yang berbeza akan terbentuk dan semua populasi lain boleh digambarkan sebagai klinikal yang terdiri daripada campuran bahan-bahan genetik Maori, Iceland dan Maya. Oleh itu Kaplan dan Winther berpendapat bahawa, dilihat dengan cara ini, kedua-dua Lewontin dan Edwards betul dalam hujah mereka. Mereka menyimpulkan bahawa walaupun kumpulan perkauman dicirikan oleh frekuensi alel yang berlainan, ini tidak bermakna bahawa klasifikasi kaum adalah taksonomi semulajadi spesies manusia, kerana corak genetik yang lain boleh didapati dalam populasi manusia yang memotong perbezaan kaum. Selain itu, data genom tidak dapat menentukan sama ada seseorang ingin melihat subdivisi (iaitu, splitters) atau kontinum (iaitu, lumper). Di bawah pandangan Kaplan dan Winther, kumpulan perkauman adalah pembinaan sosial objektif (lihat Mills 1998) yang mempunyai realiti biologi konvensional hanya kerana kategori dipilih dan dibina untuk alasan saintifik pragmatik. Dalam kerja awal, Winther telah mengenal pasti \"pembahagian kepelbagaian\" dan \"analisis kluster\" sebagai dua metodologi berasingan, dengan persoalan, anggapan, dan protokol yang berbeza. Masing-masing juga dikaitkan dengan akibat bertentangan ontologis berbanding dengan metafizik bangsa. <> Struktur kluster data genetik bergantung kepada apa perkara awal? || hipotesis <> Jika satu sampel kumpulan kontinental, apa yang menjadi kluster? || benua <> Apakah taksonomi semulajadi spesies manusia? || klasifikasi kaum <> Apakah pembinaan sosial objektif? || kumpulan kaum <> Apakah pemisahan kepelbagaian dan analisis kluster adalah contoh? || metodologi", {"context": "Anthropologists such as C. Loring Brace, the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther, and the geneticist Joseph Graves,[page needed] have argued that while there it is certainly possible to find biological and genetic variation that corresponds roughly to the groupings normally defined as \"continental races\", this is true for almost all geographically distinct populations. The cluster structure of the genetic data is therefore dependent on the initial hypotheses of the researcher and the populations sampled. When one samples continental groups, the clusters become continental; if one had chosen other sampling patterns, the clustering would be different. Weiss and Fullerton have noted that if one sampled only Icelanders, Mayans and Maoris, three distinct clusters would form and all other populations could be described as being clinally composed of admixtures of Maori, Icelandic and Mayan genetic materials. Kaplan and Winther therefore argue that, seen in this way, both Lewontin and Edwards are right in their arguments. They conclude that while racial groups are characterized by different allele frequencies, this does not mean that racial classification is a natural taxonomy of the human species, because multiple other genetic patterns can be found in human populations that crosscut racial distinctions. Moreover, the genomic data underdetermines whether one wishes to see subdivisions (i.e., splitters) or a continuum (i.e., lumpers). Under Kaplan and Winther's view, racial groupings are objective social constructions (see Mills 1998 ) that have conventional biological reality only insofar as the categories are chosen and constructed for pragmatic scientific reasons. In earlier work, Winther had identified \"diversity partitioning\" and \"clustering analysis\" as two separate methodologies, with distinct questions, assumptions, and protocols. Each is also associated with opposing ontological consequences vis-a-vis the metaphysics of race.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "hypotheses"}], "question": "Cluster structure of genetic data is dependent on what initial thing?", "id": "5729234a1d046914007790a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "continental"}], "question": "If one samples a continental group, what do the clusters become?", "id": "5729234a1d046914007790a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1156, "text": "racial classification"}], "question": "What is not a natural taxonomy of the human species?", "id": "5729234a1d046914007790a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1496, "text": "racial groupings"}], "question": "What are objective social constructions?", "id": "5729234a1d046914007790a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1807, "text": "methodologies"}], "question": "What are diversity partition and clustering analysis are examples of?", "id": "5729234a1d046914007790a9"}]}], ["Witherspoon et al. (2007) berhujah bahawa walaupun individu boleh ditugaskan dengan tepat kepada kumpulan populasi tertentu, mungkin masih ada dua individu yang dipilih secara rawak dari populasi / kluster yang berbeza untuk menjadi lebih mirip dengan satu sama lain daripada anggota kelompok yang dipilih secara rawak . Mereka mendapati bahawa beribu-ribu penanda genetik terpaksa digunakan untuk menjawab jawapannya \"Sejauh mana sepasang individu daripada satu populasi secara genetik lebih berbeza daripada dua individu yang dipilih dari dua populasi yang berlainan?\" untuk menjadi \"tidak pernah\". Ini mengandaikan tiga kumpulan populasi dipisahkan oleh julat geografi yang besar (Eropah, Afrika dan Asia Timur). Seluruh penduduk dunia jauh lebih rumit dan mengkaji semakin banyak kumpulan akan memerlukan peningkatan jumlah marker untuk jawapan yang sama. Penulis menyimpulkan bahawa \"hati-hati harus digunakan apabila menggunakan keturunan geografi atau genetik untuk membuat kesimpulan tentang fenotip individu.\" Witherspoon, et al. menyimpulkan bahawa, \"Hakikat bahawa, memberikan data genetik yang mencukupi, individu yang dapat diberikan dengan tepat kepada penduduk asalnya adalah serasi dengan pemerhatian bahawa kebanyakan variasi genetik manusia ditemui di dalam populasi, bukan di antara mereka. , walaupun populasi yang paling banyak dipertimbangkan dan beratus-ratus loci digunakan, individu sering lebih mirip dengan anggota populasi lain daripada ahli-ahli mereka sendiri. \" <> Orang yang dipilih secara rawak dari kumpulan yang berlainan mungkin lebih mirip dengan satu sama lain daripada dengan anggota mereka sendiri? || cluster <> Berapa banyak penanda genetik yang perlu digunakan untuk menunjukkan orang dari kumpulan yang berbeza tidak sama antara satu sama lain? || beribu-ribu <> Mempelajari semakin banyak kumpulan memerlukan peningkatan jumlah apa? || penanda <> Apa yang perlu digunakan apabila menggunakan keturunan untuk membuat kesimpulan mengenai fenotip individu? || berhati-hatilah <> Orang lebih kerap serupa dengan anggota populasi apa? || populasi lain", {"context": "Witherspoon et al. (2007) have argued that even when individuals can be reliably assigned to specific population groups, it may still be possible for two randomly chosen individuals from different populations/clusters to be more similar to each other than to a randomly chosen member of their own cluster. They found that many thousands of genetic markers had to be used in order for the answer to the question \"How often is a pair of individuals from one population genetically more dissimilar than two individuals chosen from two different populations?\" to be \"never\". This assumed three population groups separated by large geographic ranges (European, African and East Asian). The entire world population is much more complex and studying an increasing number of groups would require an increasing number of markers for the same answer. The authors conclude that \"caution should be used when using geographic or genetic ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes.\" Witherspoon, et al. concluded that, \"The fact that, given enough genetic data, individuals can be correctly assigned to their populations of origin is compatible with the observation that most human genetic variation is found within populations, not between them. It is also compatible with our \ufb01nding that, even when the most distinct populations are considered and hundreds of loci are used, individuals are frequently more similar to members of other populations than to members of their own population.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "cluster"}], "question": "Randomly chosen people from different groups may be more similar to each other than with members of their own what?", "id": "5729225a1d04691400779091"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "thousands"}], "question": "How many genetic markers need to be used to show people from different groups are dissimilar to each other?", "id": "5729225a1d04691400779092"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 812, "text": "markers"}], "question": "Studying increasing number of groups require an increasing number of what?", "id": "5729225a1d04691400779093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 868, "text": "caution"}], "question": "What should be used when using ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes?", "id": "5729225a1d04691400779094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1430, "text": "other populations"}], "question": "People are more frequently similar to members of what populations?", "id": "5729225a1d04691400779095"}]}], ["Satu hasil perdebatan mengenai makna dan kesahihan konsep bangsa adalah bahawa kesusasteraan semasa merentasi disiplin yang berbeza mengenai variasi manusia kurang konsensus, walaupun dalam beberapa bidang, seperti beberapa cabang antropologi, terdapat konsensus yang kuat. Sesetengah kajian menggunakan perlumbaan perkataan dalam erti kata taksonomi asas pentingnya. Ramai yang lain masih menggunakan istilah bangsa, tetapi menggunakannya sebagai populasi, klad, atau haplogroup. Orang lain menghindari konsep bangsa secara keseluruhan, dan menggunakan konsep populasi sebagai unit analisis yang kurang bermasalah. <> Apakah kesusahan semasa mengenai variasi manusia kurang? || konsensus <> Apa yang beberapa kajian menggunakan perlombaan perkataan dalam erti kata? || taksonomi <> Apa istilah yang digunakan untuk bermaksud penduduk, clade, atau haplogroup? || bangsa <> Apa yang sebahagiannya menghindari sama sekali? || konsep bangsa <> Apakah unit analisa yang kurang bermasalah? || konsep penduduk", {"context": "One result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies use the word race in its early essentialist taxonomic sense. Many others still use the term race, but use it to mean a population, clade, or haplogroup. Others eschew the concept of race altogether, and use the concept of population as a less problematic unit of analysis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "consensus"}], "question": "What does the current literature regarding human variation lack?", "id": "572931f26aef051400154b64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "taxonomic"}], "question": "What do some studies use the word race in the sense of?", "id": "572931f26aef051400154b65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "race"}], "question": "What term do some use to mean population, clade, or haplogroup?", "id": "572931f26aef051400154b66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "the concept of race"}], "question": "What do some eschew altogether? ", "id": "572931f26aef051400154b67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "concept of population"}], "question": "What is a less problematic unit of analysis?", "id": "572931f26aef051400154b68"}]}], ["Kaszycka et al. (2009) pada 2002-2003 meninjau pendapat antropologi Eropah terhadap konsep bangsa biologi. Tiga faktor, negara pendidikan akademik, disiplin, dan umur, didapati signifikan dalam membezakan balasan. Mereka yang berpendidikan di Eropah Barat, ahli antropologi fizikal, dan orang tengah pertengahan menolak perlumbaan lebih kerap daripada yang berpendidikan di Eropah Timur, orang dalam cabang sains yang lain, dan dari generasi muda dan lebih tua. \"Kajian menunjukkan bahawa pandangan mengenai perlumbaan adalah sosiopolitik (ideologi) yang dipengaruhi dan sangat bergantung kepada pendidikan. \" <> Berapa tahun kajian Kaszycka meninjau pendapat kaum antropologik Eureope terhadap konsep bangsa biologi? || 2002-2003 <> Berapa banyak faktor yang didapati signifikan dalam membezakan tanggapan ahli antropologi Eropah? || Tiga <> Apa yang dididik oleh orang-orang di Eropah Barat lebih kerap daripada mereka yang berpendidikan di Eropah Timur? || bangsa <> Bagaimana pandangan kaum berpengaruh? || ideologi <> Apa pandangan mengenai bangsa yang sangat bergantung? || pendidikan", {"context": "Kaszycka et al. (2009) in 2002\u20132003 surveyed European anthropologists' opinions toward the biological race concept. Three factors, country of academic education, discipline, and age, were found to be significant in differentiating the replies. Those educated in Western Europe, physical anthropologists, and middle-aged persons rejected race more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe, people in other branches of science, and those from both younger and older generations.\" The survey shows that the views on race are sociopolitically (ideologically) influenced and highly dependent on education.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "2002\u20132003"}], "question": "What years did Kaszycka survey Eureopean anthropolgists' opinions toward the biological race concept?", "id": "5729315c3f37b319004780d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Three"}], "question": "How many factors were found to be significant in differentiating the responses of European anthropologists?", "id": "5729315c3f37b319004780d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "race"}], "question": "What did the people educated in Western Europe reject more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe?", "id": "5729315c3f37b319004780d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "ideologically"}], "question": "How are views on race influenced?", "id": "5729315c3f37b319004780d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "education"}], "question": "What are views on race highly dependent on?", "id": "5729315c3f37b319004780d5"}]}], ["Wang, \u0160trkalj et al. (2003) mengkaji penggunaan bangsa sebagai konsep biologi dalam kertas penyelidikan yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal antropologi biologi China sahaja, Acta Anthropologica Sinica. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa konsep perlumbaan digunakan secara meluas di antropologi Cina. Dalam kertas ulasan kajian 2007, \u0160trkalj mencadangkan bahawa kontras yang nyata mengenai pendekatan perkauman antara Amerika Syarikat dan China adalah disebabkan oleh hakikat bahawa bangsa adalah faktor untuk perpaduan sosial di kalangan rakyat etnik China yang berbeza-beza, sedangkan \"kaum\" adalah sangat isu sensitif di Amerika dan pendekatan perkauman dianggap melemahkan perpaduan sosial - dengan hasil bahawa dalam konteks sosio-politik ahli sains akademik AS digalakkan untuk tidak menggunakan kategori ras, sedangkan di China mereka digalakkan untuk menggunakannya. <> Apakah nama jurnal antropologi China sahaja? || Acta Anthropologica Sinica <> Siapa konsep bangsa yang digunakan secara meluas? || Ahli antropologi Cina <> Apakah kaum merupakan faktor bagi orang-orang etnik China yang berbeza? || perpaduan sosial <> Mengapa bangsa melemahkan kohesi sosial di Amerika? || isu sensitif <> Apa akademik di China digalakkan untuk menggunakan bahawa rakan Amerika mereka tidak? || kategori kaum", {"context": "Wang, \u0160trkalj et al. (2003) examined the use of race as a biological concept in research papers published in China's only biological anthropology journal, Acta Anthropologica Sinica. The study showed that the race concept was widely used among Chinese anthropologists. In a 2007 review paper, \u0160trkalj suggested that the stark contrast of the racial approach between the United States and China was due to the fact that race is a factor for social cohesion among the ethnically diverse people of China, whereas \"race\" is a very sensitive issue in America and the racial approach is considered to undermine social cohesion - with the result that in the socio-political context of US academics scientists are encouraged not to use racial categories, whereas in China they are encouraged to use them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Acta Anthropologica Sinica"}], "question": "What is the name of China's only anthropology journal?", "id": "5729307e6aef051400154b54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Chinese anthropologists"}], "question": "Who is the race concept widely used by?", "id": "5729307e6aef051400154b55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "social cohesion"}], "question": "What is race a factor of for the ethnically diverse people of China?", "id": "5729307e6aef051400154b56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "sensitive issue"}], "question": "Why does race undermine social cohesion in America?", "id": "5729307f6aef051400154b57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 728, "text": "racial categories"}], "question": "What are academics in China encouraged to use that their American counterparts are not?", "id": "5729307f6aef051400154b58"}]}], ["Konsep asal perkauman bergantung kepada tanggapan bahawa manusia dapat dipisahkan menjadi \"ras\" secara biologi, sebuah ide yang umumnya ditolak oleh masyarakat saintifik. Oleh kerana semua manusia tergolong dalam spesies yang sama, ECRI (Suruhanjaya Eropah terhadap Rasisme dan Ketidaksahatan) menolak teori-teori berdasarkan kewujudan \"ras\" yang berbeza. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam ECRI Saranannya menggunakan istilah ini untuk memastikan bahawa orang-orang yang secara umum dan tersilap dianggap sebagai milik \"bangsa lain\" tidak dikecualikan daripada perlindungan yang diperuntukkan oleh undang-undang. Undang-undang itu mendakwa untuk menolak kewujudan \"bangsa\", namun menghukum situasi di mana seseorang dilayan dengan kurang baik atas alasan ini. <> Apa yang bergantung kepada gagasan manusia boleh dibahagikan kepada kaum yang secara biologi berbeza? || Konsep asal kaum <> Masyarakat apa yang menolak idea itu ada kaum yang berbeza secara biologi? || sains <> Mengapa ECRI menolak teori berdasarkan kewujudan kaum yang berlainan? || semua manusia tergolong dalam spesies yang sama <> Apa yang ECRI berusaha untuk memastikan tiada siapa yang menjadi? || dikecualikan dari perlindungan yang disediakan oleh undang-undang <> Hukum menghukum situasi di mana seseorang dilayan dengan kurang baik atas dasar apa? || bangsa", {"context": "The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct \"races\", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rejects theories based on the existence of different \"races\". However, in its Recommendation ECRI uses this term in order to ensure that those persons who are generally and erroneously perceived as belonging to \"another race\" are not excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation. The law claims to reject the existence of \"race\", yet penalize situations where someone is treated less favourably on this ground.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The concept of racial origin"}], "question": "What relies on the idea humans can be divided into biologically distinct races?", "id": "57292cb21d04691400779115"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "scientific"}], "question": "What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races?", "id": "57292cb21d04691400779116"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "all human beings belong to the same species"}], "question": "Why does the ECRI reject theories based on the existence of different races?", "id": "57292cb21d04691400779117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation"}], "question": "What does the ECRI strive to make sure no one becomes?", "id": "57292cb21d04691400779118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "race"}], "question": "The law penalizes situations where someone is treated less favourably on the ground of what?", "id": "57292cb21d04691400779119"}]}], ["Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, profesor Sosiologi di Duke University, berkata, \"Saya berpendapat bahawa perkauman adalah, lebih daripada apa-apa lagi, masalah kuasa kumpulan, ia adalah tentang kumpulan perkauman yang dominan yang berusaha untuk mengekalkan kelebihan sistemik dan pertarungan minoriti untuk menggulingkan status quo kaum. \" Jenis amalan yang berlaku di bawah perkauman buta warna baru ini adalah halus, dilembagakan, dan kononnya bukan perkauman. Perkauman warna-warna berkembang maju dengan idea bahawa bangsa tidak lagi menjadi isu di Amerika Syarikat. Terdapat percanggahan di antara buta warna yang paling dituntut oleh kebanyakan orang dan kegigihan sistem ketidaksetaraan berkod warna. <> Di mana Eduardo Bonilla-Silver seorang profesor Sosiologi? || Duke University <> Apa Bonilla-Silva menentang perkauman adalah lebih daripada apa-apa lagi? || kumpulan kuasa <> Siapa yang menurut pendapat Bonilla-Silva adalah kumpulan perkauman yang dominan? || putih <> Idea apa perkauman warna-bulu berkembang maju? || bahawa bangsa tidak lagi menjadi isu <> Apa yang ada antara buta warna-warni yang paling putih dan kegigihan sistem ketidaksamaan? || percanggahan", {"context": "Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Sociology professor at Duke University, remarks, \"I contend that racism is, more than anything else, a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racial status quo.\"  The types of practices that take place under this new color-blind racism is subtle, institutionalized, and supposedly not racial. Color-blind racism thrives on the idea that race is no longer an issue in the United States. There are contradictions between the alleged color-blindness of most whites and the persistence of a color-coded system of inequality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Duke University"}], "question": "Where is Eduardo Bonilla-Silver a Sociology professor?", "id": "572932863f37b319004780ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "group power"}], "question": "What does Bonilla-Silva contend racism is about more than anything else?", "id": "572932863f37b319004780ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "whites"}], "question": "Who does Bonilla-Silva think is the dominant racial group?", "id": "572932863f37b319004780ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "that race is no longer an issue"}], "question": "What idea does color-blind racism thrive on?", "id": "572932863f37b319004780f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "contradictions"}], "question": "What exists between the alleged color-blindness of most whites and the persistence of a system of inequality?", "id": "572932863f37b319004780f1"}]}], ["Istilah \"Hispanik\" sebagai etnonym muncul pada abad ke-20 dengan peningkatan penghijrahan buruh dari negara-negara berbahasa Latin Amerika Latin ke Amerika Syarikat. Hari ini, perkataan \"Latino\" sering digunakan sebagai sinonim untuk \"Hispanik\". Takrif kedua-dua istilah itu bukan khusus kaum, dan termasuk orang yang menganggap diri mereka sebagai kaum yang berbeza (Hitam, Putih, Amerindian, Asia, dan kumpulan bercampur). Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat kesalahpahaman umum di Amerika Syarikat bahawa Hispanik / Latino adalah bangsa atau kadang kala asal-usul kebangsaan seperti Mexico, Kuba, Kolombia, Salvadoran, dan lain-lain adalah kaum. Berbeza dengan \"Latino\" atau \"Hispanik\", \"Anglo\" merujuk kepada Hispanik Putih Amerika atau Hispanik bukan Hispanik yang bukan Hispanik, yang kebanyakannya berbahasa Inggeris tetapi tidak semestinya keturunan Inggeris. <> Bilakah istilah \"Hispanik\" mula digunakan? || abad ke-20 <> Apakah perkataan \"Latino\" yang sering digunakan sebagai sinonim? || Hispanik <> Bagaimana istilah Hispanic dan Latino tidak khusus? || <b> Apa kesalahpahaman umum di Amerika Syarikat mengenai apa yang berasal dari negara asal? || kaum <> Anglo boleh merujuk kepada orang Eropah bukan Hispanik yang berbahasa Inggeris tetapi tidak semestinya apa? || keturunan Inggeris", {"context": "The term \"Hispanic\" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word \"Latino\" is often used as a synonym for \"Hispanic\". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who consider themselves to be of distinct races (Black, White, Amerindian, Asian, and mixed groups). However, there is a common misconception in the US that Hispanic/Latino is a race or sometimes even that national origins such as Mexican, Cuban, Colombian, Salvadoran, etc. are races. In contrast to \"Latino\" or \"Hispanic\", \"Anglo\" refers to non-Hispanic White Americans or non-Hispanic European Americans, most of whom speak the English language but are not necessarily of English descent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "the 20th century"}], "question": "When did the term \"Hispanic\" begin being used?", "id": "57292f37af94a219006aa167"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Hispanic"}], "question": "What is the word \"Latino\" often used as a synonym for?", "id": "57292f37af94a219006aa168"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "non-race specific"}], "question": "How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific?", "id": "57292f37af94a219006aa169"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "races"}], "question": "What is common misconception in the US about what some national origins are?", "id": "57292f37af94a219006aa16a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "of English descent"}], "question": "Anglo can refer to non-Hispanic European Americans who speak English but are not necessarily what?", "id": "57292f37af94a219006aa16b"}]}], ["Kesatuan Eropah menggunakan istilah pengertian asal perkauman dan asal etnik dalam sinonimnya dan menurutnya \"penggunaan istilah 'asal-usul kaum' dalam arahan ini tidak membayangkan penerimaan teori [rasisme] tersebut.\" [Rujukan penuh diperlukan] Haney L\u00f3pez memberi amaran bahawa menggunakan \"bangsa\" sebagai kategori dalam undang-undang cenderung untuk mengesahkan kewujudannya dalam imaginasi yang popular. Dalam konteks geografi yang pelbagai di Eropah, etnik dan etnik boleh dikatakan lebih resonan dan kurang dibebani oleh bagasi ideologi yang berkaitan dengan \"bangsa\". Dalam konteks Eropah, resonans sejarah \"bangsa\" menggariskan sifatnya yang bermasalah. Di beberapa negeri, ia sangat dikaitkan dengan undang-undang yang diisytiharkan oleh kerajaan Nazi dan Fasis di Eropah pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an. Malah, pada tahun 1996, Parlimen Eropah telah menggunakan resolusi yang menyatakan bahawa \"istilah itu harus dielakkan dalam semua teks rasmi\". <> Siapa yang menggunakan istilah asal perkauman dan asal etnik secara bergantian? || Kesatuan Eropah <> Apa yang menggunakan bangsa sebagai kategori dalam undang-undang yang sahkan? || Kewujudannya <> Dalam konteks apakah penggunaan sejarah bangsa yang ditegaskan oleh sifatnya yang bermasalah? || Eropah <> Perlumbaan sangat dikaitkan dengan undang-undang oleh jenis kerajaan apa? || Fasis <Pada tahun apakah Parlimen Eropah mengamalkan resolusi untuk menghapuskan \"bangsa\" dari semua teks rasmi? || 1996", {"context": "The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it \"the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories\".[full citation needed] Haney L\u00f3pez warns that using \"race\" as a category within the law tends to legitimize its existence in the popular imagination. In the diverse geographic context of Europe, ethnicity and ethnic origin are arguably more resonant and are less encumbered by the ideological baggage associated with \"race\". In European context, historical resonance of \"race\" underscores its problematic nature. In some states, it is strongly associated with laws promulgated by the Nazi and Fascist governments in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. Indeed, in 1996, the European Parliament adopted a resolution stating that \"the term should therefore be avoided in all official texts\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The European Union"}], "question": "Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably? ", "id": "57292b8e6aef051400154b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "its existence"}], "question": "What does using race as a category within the law legitimize?", "id": "57292b8e6aef051400154b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "European"}], "question": "In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature?", "id": "57292b8e6aef051400154b28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "Fascist"}], "question": "Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments?", "id": "57292b8e6aef051400154b29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "1996"}], "question": "In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove \"race\" from all official texts?", "id": "57292b8e6aef051400154b2a"}]}], ["Sejak akhir Perang Dunia Kedua, Perancis telah menjadi sebuah negara yang beraneka ragam. Kini, kira-kira lima peratus populasi Perancis adalah bukan Eropah dan bukan putih. Ini tidak menghampiri jumlah warganegara bukan putih di Amerika Syarikat (kira-kira 28-37%, bergantung kepada bagaimana kaum Latin digolongkan; lihat Demografi Amerika Syarikat). Walau bagaimanapun, ia berjumlah sekurang-kurangnya tiga juta orang, dan telah memaksa isu kepelbagaian etnik ke agenda dasar Perancis. Perancis telah membangunkan satu pendekatan untuk menangani masalah etnik yang bertentangan dengan banyak negara maju dan perindustrian. Tidak seperti Amerika Syarikat, Britain, atau bahkan Belanda, Perancis mengekalkan model awam yang \"buta warna\". Ini bermakna ia mensasarkan hampir tiada dasar secara langsung di kalangan kaum atau etnik. Sebaliknya, ia menggunakan kriteria geografi atau kelas untuk menangani isu ketidaksamaan sosial. Walau bagaimanapun, ia telah membangunkan repertoir dasar anti-perkauman yang meluas sejak awal 1970-an. Sehingga baru-baru ini, dasar-dasar Perancis menumpukan perhatian terutamanya kepada isu-isu kebencian ucapan-jauh lebih jauh daripada rakan-rakan Amerika mereka-dan agak kurang mengenai isu-isu diskriminasi dalam pekerjaan, perumahan, dan penyediaan barangan dan perkhidmatan. <> Perancis telah menjadi negara yang lebih beretika etnik sejak akhir perangnya? || Perang Dunia Kedua <> Berapa peratus daripada populasi Perancis hari ini bukan Eropah? || kira-kira lima peratus <> Berapa jumlah warganegara bukan putih di Amerika Syarikat? || kira-kira 28-37% <> Apakah isu yang mempunyai kewujudan tiga juta orang bukan Eropah di Perancis memaksa agenda dasar Perancis? || kepelbagaian etnik <> Apa jenis model dasar awam yang dipelihara Perancis? || buta warna", {"context": "Since the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28\u201337%, depending on how Latinos are classified; see Demographics of the United States). Nevertheless, it amounts to at least three million people, and has forced the issues of ethnic diversity onto the French policy agenda. France has developed an approach to dealing with ethnic problems that stands in contrast to that of many advanced, industrialized countries. Unlike the United States, Britain, or even the Netherlands, France maintains a \"color-blind\" model of public policy. This means that it targets virtually no policies directly at racial or ethnic groups. Instead, it uses geographic or class criteria to address issues of social inequalities. It has, however, developed an extensive anti-racist policy repertoire since the early 1970s. Until recently, French policies focused primarily on issues of hate speech\u2014going much further than their American counterparts\u2014and relatively less on issues of discrimination in jobs, housing, and in provision of goods and services.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Second World War"}], "question": "France has become a more ethnically diverse country since the end of which war?", "id": "57292d7f1d0469140077911f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "approximately five percent"}], "question": "What percentage of the French population today is non-European?", "id": "57292d7f1d04691400779120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "roughly 28\u201337%"}], "question": "What is the number of non-white citizens in the United States?", "id": "57292d7f1d04691400779121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "ethnic diversity"}], "question": "What issue has the existence of three million non-European people in France forced onto French policy agendas?", "id": "57292d7f1d04691400779122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "color-blind"}], "question": "What type of model of public policy does France maintain?", "id": "57292d7f1d04691400779123"}]}], ["Ini tidak menghairankan, walaupun: Walaupun jumlah budak yang diimport dari Afrika dihantar ke Brazil, berjumlah kira-kira 3.5 juta orang, mereka hidup dalam keadaan sengsara seperti lelaki Afrika Y-DNA yang terdapat secara signifikan jarang kerana kekurangan sumber dan Masa yang terlibat dengan penjanaan anak-anak, supaya kebanyakan keturunan Afrika berasal dari hubungan antara tuan putih dan budak perempuan. Dari dekad terakhir Empayar hingga tahun 1950-an, perkadaran penduduk putih meningkat dengan ketara sementara Brazil mengalu-alukan 5.5 juta pendatang antara tahun 1821 dan 1932, tidak jauh dari negara jiran Argentina dengan 6.4 juta, dan menerima lebih banyak pendatang Eropah dalam sejarah penjajahannya daripada Amerika Syarikat. Antara 1500 dan 1760, 700.000 orang Eropah menetap di Brazil, sementara 530.000 orang Eropah menetap di Amerika Syarikat untuk masa yang sama. Oleh itu, pembinaan sejarah bangsa dalam masyarakat Brazil terutama berkaitan dengan penggredan antara orang-orang dari keturunan minoriti Eropah dan kumpulan kecil minoriti dengan kuantiti yang lebih rendah daripadanya sejak kebelakangan ini. <> Apa kira-kira jumlah budak Afrika yang diimport ke Brazil? || 3.5 juta <> Keadaan apa yang dilakukan oleh hamba Afrika di Brazil? || sengsara <> Kebanyakan keturunan Afrika di Brazil datang dari kongres apa? || hubungan antara tuan putih dan hamba perempuan <> Antara tahun berapa Brazil mengalu-alukan 5.5 juta pendatang? || 1821 dan 1932 <> Antara 1500 dan 1760, berapa ramai orang Eropah yang menetap di Brazil? || 700.000", {"context": "This is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children, so that most African descent originarily came from relations between white masters and female slaves. From the last decades of the Empire until the 1950s, the proportion of the white population increased significantly while Brazil welcomed 5.5 million immigrants between 1821 and 1932, not much behind its neighbor Argentina with 6.4 million, and it received more European immigrants in its colonial history than the United States. Between 1500 and 1760, 700.000 Europeans settled in Brazil, while 530.000 Europeans settled in the United States for the same given time. Thus, the historical construction of race in Brazilian society dealt primarily with gradations between persons of majoritarily European ancestry and little minority groups with otherwise lower quantity therefrom in recent times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "3.5 million"}], "question": "What is roughly the amount of African slaves imported to Brazil?", "id": "57292ae1af94a219006aa141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "miserable"}], "question": "What conditions did the African slaves in Brazil live in?", "id": "57292ae1af94a219006aa142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "relations between white masters and female slaves"}], "question": "Most African descent in Brazil came from what sort of congress?", "id": "57292ae1af94a219006aa143"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "1821 and 1932"}], "question": "Between what years did Brazil welcome 5.5 million immigrants?", "id": "57292ae1af94a219006aa144"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 769, "text": "700.000"}], "question": "Between 1500 and 1760, how many Europeans settled in Brazil?", "id": "57292ae1af94a219006aa145"}]}], ["Sejak sejarah awal Amerika Syarikat, Amerindians, Afrika-Amerika, dan Amerika Syarikat Eropah telah dikelaskan sebagai milik kaum yang berlainan. Usaha untuk mengesan percampuran antara kumpulan membawa kepada percambahan kategori, seperti mulatto dan octoroon. Kriteria keanggotaan dalam kaum ini divergen pada akhir abad ke-19. Semasa Semula, semakin banyak orang Amerika mula mempertimbangkan orang yang mempunyai \"satu drop\" yang diketahui \"Hitam darah\" menjadi Hitam, tanpa menghiraukan penampilan.3 Pada awal abad ke-20, gagasan ini dibuat berkanun di banyak negeri.4 Amerindians terus ditakrifkan oleh peratusan tertentu \"darah India\" (dipanggil kuantum darah). Untuk menjadi Putih, seseorang harus mempunyai keturunan putih \"tulen\". Peraturan satu drop atau pemerhatian hipoden merujuk kepada konvensyen yang menentukan seseorang sebagai orang kulit hitam jika dia mempunyai keturunan Afrika yang diketahui. Peraturan ini bermaksud bahawa bangsa-bangsa yang bercampur-campur tetapi dengan beberapa keturunan Afrika yang nyata dapat dilihat sebagai hitam. Peraturan one-drop adalah khusus untuk bukan sahaja orang-orang yang mempunyai keturunan Afrika tetapi ke Amerika Syarikat, menjadikannya pengalaman Afrika-Amerika. <> Kumpulan orang telah diklasifikasikan sebagai kepunyaan kaum perbezaan sejak bahagian sejarah A.S.? || awal <> Apa usaha untuk mengesan pencampuran antara kumpulan yang berbeza membawa kepada? || percambahan kategori <> Bilakah kriteria untuk keahlian dalam kumpulan bangsa campuran bercanggah? || di akhir abad ke-19 <> Bilakah semakin ramai orang Amerika menganggap siapa pun dengan setitik \"Hitam darah\" menjadi Hitam? || Semasa Rekonstruksi <> Apa pengalaman Afrika-Amerika terutamanya kerana ia khusus untuk Amerika Syarikat sahaja? || Peraturan one-drop", {"context": "Since the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African\u2013Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century. During Reconstruction, increasing numbers of Americans began to consider anyone with \"one drop\" of known \"Black blood\" to be Black, regardless of appearance.3 By the early 20th century, this notion was made statutory in many states.4 Amerindians continue to be defined by a certain percentage of \"Indian blood\" (called blood quantum). To be White one had to have perceived \"pure\" White ancestry. The one-drop rule or hypodescent rule refers to the convention of defining a person as racially black if he or she has any known African ancestry. This rule meant that those that were mixed race but with some discernible African ancestry were defined as black. The one-drop rule is specific to not only those with African ancestry but to the United States, making it a particularly African-American experience.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "early"}], "question": "Groups of people have been classified as belonging to difference races since what part of the U.S.'s history?", "id": "57292e273f37b319004780b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "a proliferation of categories"}], "question": "What did efforts to track mixing between different groups lead to?", "id": "57292e273f37b319004780b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "in the late 19th century"}], "question": "When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge?", "id": "57292e273f37b319004780b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "During Reconstruction"}], "question": "When did increasing numbers of Americans consider anyone with even a drop of \"Black blood\" to be Black?", "id": "57292e273f37b319004780b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 997, "text": "The one-drop rule"}], "question": "What is a particularly African-American experience because it's specific to only the United States?", "id": "57292e273f37b319004780b9"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, amalan pensyarah perkauman telah diperintah sama ada tidak berperlembagaan dan melanggar hak-hak sivil. Terdapat perdebatan aktif mengenai punca korelasi yang ditandakan antara jenayah yang direkodkan, hukuman yang dikeluarkan, dan populasi negara. Banyak yang menganggap profil perkauman secara de facto sebagai contoh perkauman institusi dalam penguatkuasaan undang-undang. Sejarah penyalahgunaan kategori perkauman untuk memberi kesan buruk kepada satu atau lebih kumpulan dan / atau untuk menawarkan perlindungan dan kelebihan kepada yang lain mempunyai kesan yang jelas terhadap perdebatan mengenai penggunaan sah ciri-ciri fenotipikal atau genotip yang diketahui berkaitan dengan perlakuan yang dianggap oleh kedua-dua mangsa dan pelaku oleh kerajaan. <> Di manakah amalan profil perkauman telah diperintah tidak mengikut perlembagaan? || Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah pelanggaran hak-hak sivil di Amerika Syarikat? || <p> Apa yang banyak dipertimbangkan sebagai contoh perkauman institusi dalam penguatkuasaan undang-undang? || de facto profiling perkauman <> Bagaimana penyalahgunaan kategori perkauman mempengaruhi sejarah satu atau lebih kumpulan? || buruk <> Apa yang mempengaruhi kesan perdebatan mengenai penggunaan fenotipik yang sah? || penyalahgunaan kategori perkauman", {"context": "In the United States, the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights. There is active debate regarding the cause of a marked correlation between the recorded crimes, punishments meted out, and the country's populations. Many consider de facto racial profiling an example of institutional racism in law enforcement. The history of misuse of racial categories to impact adversely one or more groups and/or to offer protection and advantage to another has a clear impact on debate of the legitimate use of known phenotypical or genotypical characteristics tied to the presumed race of both victims and perpetrators by the government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "United States"}], "question": "Where has the practice of racial profiling been ruled to be unconstitutional?", "id": "572942763f37b319004781b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "racial profiling"}], "question": "What is a violation of civil rights in the United States?", "id": "572942763f37b319004781b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "de facto racial profiling"}], "question": "What do many consider an example of institutional racism in law enforcement?", "id": "572942763f37b319004781b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "adversely"}], "question": "How has the misuse of racial categories historically impacted one or more groups?", "id": "572942763f37b319004781ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "misuse of racial categories"}], "question": "What has impacted the debate on the legitimate use of known phenotypical characteristics?", "id": "572942763f37b319004781bb"}]}], ["Konsep bangsa biologi telah menurun dengan ketara dalam kekerapan penggunaan dalam antropologi fizikal di Amerika Syarikat pada abad ke-20. Majoriti ahli antropologi fizikal di Amerika Syarikat telah menolak konsep kaum biologi. Sejak tahun 1932, semakin banyak buku teks kolej yang memperkenalkan antropologi fizikal telah menolak bangsa sebagai konsep yang sah: dari 1932 hingga 1976, hanya tujuh dari tiga puluh dua bangsa yang ditolak; dari 1975 hingga 1984, tiga belas daripada tiga puluh tiga bangsa yang ditolak; dari 1985 hingga 1993, tiga belas daripada sembilan belas bangsa yang ditolak. Menurut satu catatan jurnal akademik, di mana 78 peratus daripada artikel dalam Journal of Anthropology Fizikal 1931 menggunakan istilah-istilah ini atau hampir sinonim yang mencerminkan paradigma bio-bangsa, hanya 36 peratus melakukannya pada tahun 1965, dan hanya 28 peratus melakukan pada tahun 1996. < > Penggunaan konsep apa yang telah menurun dengan ketara di Amerika Syarikat pada abad ke-20? || bangsa biologi <> Sebahagian besar kumpulan apa di A.S. telah menolak konsep kaum biologi? || ahli antropologi fizikal <> Apa buku teks yang memperkenalkan antropologi telah menolak bangsa sebagai konsep yang sah sejak tahun 1932? || kolej <> Berapa banyak buku dari 33, dari tahun 1975 hingga 1984, kaum yang ditolak? || tiga belas <> Berapa peratus daripada artikel pada tahun 1996 menggunakan paradigma bio-perlumbaan? || 28 peratus", {"context": "The concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races. Since 1932, an increasing number of college textbooks introducing physical anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept: from 1932 to 1976, only seven out of thirty-two rejected race; from 1975 to 1984, thirteen out of thirty-three rejected race; from 1985 to 1993, thirteen out of nineteen rejected race. According to one academic journal entry, where 78 percent of the articles in the 1931 Journal of Physical Anthropology employed these or nearly synonymous terms reflecting a bio-race paradigm, only 36 percent did so in 1965, and just 28 percent did in 1996.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "biological race"}], "question": "What concept's use has declined significantly in the U.S. during the 20th century?", "id": "572933831d04691400779159"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "physical anthropologists"}], "question": "The majority of what group in the U.S. has rejected the concept of biological races?", "id": "572933831d0469140077915a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "college"}], "question": "What textbooks introducing anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept since 1932?", "id": "572933831d0469140077915b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "How many books out of 33, from 1975 to 1984, rejected race?", "id": "572933831d0469140077915c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "28 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of articles in 1996 employed a bio-race paradigm?", "id": "572933831d0469140077915d"}]}], ["Penyelidik lain menunjukkan bahawa mencari perbezaan dalam kelaziman penyakit antara dua kumpulan yang ditakrifkan secara sosial tidak semestinya membayangkan sebab-sebab genetik perbezaannya. Mereka mencadangkan bahawa amalan perubatan perlu mengekalkan tumpuan mereka kepada individu dan bukannya keahlian individu kepada mana-mana kumpulan. Mereka berpendapat bahawa terlalu banyak menyumbang sumbangan genetik kepada kesenjangan kesihatan membawa pelbagai risiko seperti mengukuhkan stereotaip, mempromosikan perkauman atau mengabaikan sumbangan faktor bukan genetik kepada kesenjangan kesihatan. Data epidemiologi antarabangsa menunjukkan bahawa keadaan hidup daripada kaum membuat perbezaan yang paling besar dalam hasil kesihatan walaupun untuk penyakit yang mempunyai \"perlumbaan tertentu\" rawatan. Sesetengah kajian mendapati bahawa pesakit enggan menerima pengkategorian kaum dalam amalan perubatan. <> Apa yang menemui perbezaan dalam kelaziman penyakit di antara dua kumpulan yang ditakrifkan secara sosial tidak semestinya? || penyebab genetik perbezaan <> Apa beberapa penyelidikan mencadangkan amalan perubatan harus mengekalkan tumpuan mereka? || individu <> Apakah risiko mengatasi lebih banyak sumbangan genetik terhadap isu-isu kesihatan? || menguatkan stereotaip <> Apa yang membuat lebih banyak perbezaan daripada kaum dalam hasil kesihatan untuk penyakit \"khusus kaum\"? || keadaan hidup <> Apa yang ada kajian yang mendapati pesakit enggan menerima dalam amalan perubatan? || pengkategorian kaum", {"context": "Other researchers point out that finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups does not necessarily imply genetic causation of the difference. They suggest that medical practices should maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual's membership to any group. They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes, promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities. International epidemiological data show that living conditions rather than race make the biggest difference in health outcomes even for diseases that have \"race-specific\" treatments. Some studies have found that patients are reluctant to accept racial categorization in medical practice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "genetic causation of the difference"}], "question": "What does finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups not necessarily imply?", "id": "57293db73f37b3190047817b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "the individual"}], "question": "What do some research suggest medical practices should maintain their focus on?", "id": "57293db73f37b3190047817c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "reinforcing stereotypes"}], "question": "What is a risk of overemphasizing genetic contributions to health issues?", "id": "57293db73f37b3190047817d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "living conditions"}], "question": "What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for \"race specific\" diseases?", "id": "57293db73f37b3190047817e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "racial categorization"}], "question": "What have some studies found patients reluctant to accept in medical practice?", "id": "57293db73f37b3190047817f"}]}], ["Pagi (2008) melihat buku teks biologi sekolah menengah dalam tempoh 1952-2002 dan pada mulanya mendapati corak yang sama dengan hanya 35% secara langsung membincangkan bangsa pada tahun 1983-92 dari awalnya 92% melakukannya. Walau bagaimanapun, ini telah meningkat sedikit selepas ini kepada 43%. Lebih banyak perbincangan tidak langsung dan ringkas mengenai perlumbaan dalam konteks gangguan perubatan telah meningkat daripada 93% buku teks. Secara umum, bahan pada bangsa telah berpindah dari ciri-ciri permukaan ke genetik dan sejarah evolusi. Kajian itu memperdebatkan bahawa mesej asas 'teks tentang kewujudan perlumbaan telah berubah sedikit. <> Apa yang dilakukan Pagi ketika dia melihat buku teks biologi dalam tempoh 1952-2002? || corak yang sama <> Berapa banyak buku teks antara 1983 dan 1992 membincangkan bangsa? || 35% <Selepas 1992, apakah peratusan buku teks membincangkan peningkatan kaum? || 43% <> Berapa peratuskah perbincangan kaum dalam konteks gangguan perubatan meningkat dari sifar ke? || 93% <> Apakah kajian itu membantah tentang mesej asas mengenai kewujudan kaum? || berubah sedikit", {"context": "Morning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983\u201392 period from initially 92% doing so. However, this has increased somewhat after this to 43%. More indirect and brief discussions of race in the context of medical disorders have increased from none to 93% of textbooks. In general, the material on race has moved from surface traits to genetics and evolutionary history. The study argues that the textbooks' fundamental message about the existence of races has changed little.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "similar pattern"}], "question": "What did Morning find when he looked at biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period?", "id": "57293a28af94a219006aa1bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "35%"}], "question": "How many of the textbooks between 1983 and 1992 discussed race?", "id": "57293a28af94a219006aa1c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "43%"}], "question": "After 1992, what did the percentage of textbooks discussing race increase to?", "id": "57293a28af94a219006aa1c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "93%"}], "question": "What percentage have discussions of race in the context of medical disorders increased from zero to?", "id": "57293a28af94a219006aa1c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "changed little"}], "question": "What does the study argue about the fundamental message regarding the existence of races?", "id": "57293a28af94a219006aa1c3"}]}], ["\"Perlumbaan\" kadang-kadang digunakan dalam antropologi forensik (ketika menganalisis kerangka tulang), penyelidikan biomedik, dan perubatan berasaskan kaum. Brace telah mengkritik ini, amalan antropologi forensik untuk menggunakan konsep \"bangsa\" kontroversi daripada konvensyen apabila mereka sebenarnya bercakap tentang keturunan serantau. Dia berpendapat bahawa walaupun ahli antropologi forensik dapat menentukan bahawa kerangka tetap berasal dari orang dengan nenek moyang di rantau tertentu Afrika, mengkategorikan bahawa rangka sebagai \"hitam\" adalah kategori yang dibina secara sosial yang hanya bermakna dalam konteks tertentu Amerika Syarikat , dan yang tidak sah secara saintifik. <> Apa jenis antropologi yang \"perlumbaan\" kadang-kadang masih digunakan dalam? || forensik <> Apa istilah yang akan digunakan oleh Pakar antropologi forensik? || keturunan serantau <> Apa yang boleh menentukan antropologi forensik tentang nenek moyang seseorang dari sisa rangka mereka? || kawasan tertentu <> Apakah Brace merasakan istilah \"hitam\" bermakna? || konteks tertentu <> Mengapa buruk bahawa kategori hanya dibina secara sosial? || adalah tidak sah secara saintifik", {"context": "\"Race\" is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology (when analyzing skeletal remains), biomedical research, and race-based medicine. Brace has criticized this, the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept \"race\" out of convention when they in fact should be talking about regional ancestry. He argues that while forensic anthropologists can determine that a skeletal remain comes from a person with ancestors in a specific region of Africa, categorizing that skeletal as being \"black\" is a socially constructed category that is only meaningful in the particular context of the United States, and which is not itself scientifically valid.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "forensic"}], "question": "What type of anthropology is \"race\" sometimes still used within?", "id": "5729355b1d0469140077916d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "regional ancestry"}], "question": "What term would Brace prefer forensic anthropologists use?", "id": "5729355b1d0469140077916e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "specific region"}], "question": "What can forensic anthropologists determine about the ancestors of someone from their skeletal remains?", "id": "5729355b1d0469140077916f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "particular context"}], "question": "What does Brace feel the term \"black\" in meaningful in?", "id": "5729355b1d04691400779170"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "is not itself scientifically valid"}], "question": "Why is it bad that a category is merely socially constructed?", "id": "5729355b1d04691400779171"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, dasar kerajaan persekutuan menggalakkan penggunaan data yang dikategorikan racun untuk mengenal pasti dan menangani masalah ketidaksamaan kesihatan antara kaum atau kumpulan etnik. Dalam tetapan klinikal, bangsa kadang-kadang dipertimbangkan dalam diagnosis dan rawatan keadaan perubatan. Doktor telah menyatakan bahawa beberapa keadaan perubatan lebih lazim di kalangan kaum atau etnik tertentu daripada yang lain, tanpa pasti punca perbezaan tersebut. Minat terkini dalam perubatan berasaskan kaum, atau farmacogenomics yang disasarkan oleh kaum, telah didorong oleh perkembangan data genetik manusia yang menyusul dekoding genom manusia dalam dekad pertama abad kedua puluh satu. Terdapat perdebatan aktif di kalangan para penyelidik biomedikal mengenai makna dan kepentingan bangsa dalam penyelidikan mereka. Penyokong penggunaan kategori perkauman dalam biomedin berpendapat bahawa penggunaan berterusan pengkategorian kaum dalam penyelidikan bioperubatan dan amalan klinikal memungkinkan penerapan penemuan genetik baru, dan memberikan petunjuk untuk diagnosis. <> Siapa yang mempromosikan penggunaan data yang dikategorikan rasis di Amerika Syarikat? || Kerajaan persekutuan <> Apa yang kadang-kadang digunakan oleh bangsa dalam tetapan klinikal untuk mendiagnosis dan merawat? || keadaan perubatan <> Apa yang telah diperhatikan oleh doktor mengenai beberapa keadaan perubatan dalam kumpulan perkauman tertentu? || lebih lazim <> Apa yang membangkitkan minat baru dalam perubatan berasaskan kaum? || percambahan data genetik manusia <> Apa penyokong penggunaan kategori perkauman dalam bioperubatan berfikir ia mungkin? || penerapan penemuan genetik baru,", {"context": "In the United States, federal government policy promotes the use of racially categorized data to identify and address health disparities between racial or ethnic groups. In clinical settings, race has sometimes been considered in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. Doctors have noted that some medical conditions are more prevalent in certain racial or ethnic groups than in others, without being sure of the cause of those differences. Recent interest in race-based medicine, or race-targeted pharmacogenomics, has been fueled by the proliferation of human genetic data which followed the decoding of the human genome in the first decade of the twenty-first century. There is an active debate among biomedical researchers about the meaning and importance of race in their research. Proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine argue that continued use of racial categorizations in biomedical research and clinical practice makes possible the application of new genetic findings, and provides a clue to diagnosis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "federal government"}], "question": "Who promotes the use of racially categorized data in the United States?", "id": "57293bbeaf94a219006aa1c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "medical conditions"}], "question": "What has race sometimes been used in clinical settings to diagnose and treat?", "id": "57293bbeaf94a219006aa1ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "more prevalent"}], "question": "What have doctors noted about some medical conditions in certain racial groups?", "id": "57293bbeaf94a219006aa1cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "proliferation of human genetic data"}], "question": "What fueled the recent interest in race-based medicine?", "id": "57293bbeaf94a219006aa1cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 972, "text": "application of new genetic findings,"}], "question": "What do proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine think it makes possible?", "id": "57293bbeaf94a219006aa1cd"}]}], ["Penulis kajian ini juga mengkaji 77 buku teks kolej dalam bidang biologi dan 69 dalam antropologi fizikal yang diterbitkan antara 1932 dan 1989. Teks antropologi fizikal berpendapat bahawa kaum biologi wujud sehingga tahun 1970-an, apabila mereka mula berpendapat bahawa kaum tidak wujud. Sebaliknya, buku teks biologi tidak mengalami pembalikan semata-mata tetapi ramai pula membincangkan perbincangan mereka tentang perlumbaan. Pengarang menyangkal ini kepada ahli biologi yang cuba mengelakkan membincangkan implikasi politik klasifikasi kaum, bukannya membincangkannya, dan perbincangan yang berterusan dalam biologi mengenai kesahihan konsep \"subspesies\". Penulis juga menyatakan bahawa beberapa buku teks yang digunakan secara meluas dalam biologi seperti 1986 \"Biologi Evolusi\" Douglas J. Futuyama telah meninggalkan konsep perlumbaan, \"Konsep bangsa, mengatasi kesamaan genetik yang melimpah semua orang dan corak mozaik variasi yang dilakukan tidak sepadan dengan bahagian perkauman, bukan sahaja tidak berfungsi secara sosial tetapi juga tidak dapat dipertahankan secara biologi (hlm. 5 18-5 19). \" (Lieberman et al 1992, ms 316-17) <> Berapa banyak buku teks sains dalam biologi yang diteliti penulis? || 77 <> Sehingga kapan teks antropologi fizikal masih membantah bahawa kaum biologi wujud? || the 1970s <> Apa buku teks biologi jatuh sama sekali? || Perbincangan mereka tentang bangsa <> Apa biologi yang cuba mengelakkan daripada membincangkan implikasi politik? || klasifikasi kaum <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Douglas J. Futuyama menganggap konsep bangsa bukan sahaja tidak berfungsi secara sosial tetapi ini juga? || biologi tidak dapat dipertahankan", {"context": "The authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989. Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist. In contrast, biology textbooks did not undergo such a reversal but many instead dropped their discussion of race altogether. The authors attributed this to biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of racial classifications, instead of discussing them, and to the ongoing discussions in biology about the validity of the concept \"subspecies\". The authors also noted that some widely used textbooks in biology such as Douglas J. Futuyama's 1986 \"Evolutionary Biology\" had abandoned the race concept, \"The concept of race, masking the overwhelming genetic similarity of all peoples and the mosaic patterns of variation that do not correspond to racial divisions, is not only socially dysfunctional but is biologically indefensible as well (pp. 5 18-5 19).\" (Lieberman et al. 1992, pp. 316\u201317)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "77"}], "question": "How many college textbooks in biology did the authors of the study examine?", "id": "57293627af94a219006aa199"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "the 1970s"}], "question": "Up until when did physical anthropology texts still argue that biological races exist?", "id": "57293627af94a219006aa19a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "their discussion of race"}], "question": "What did biology textbooks drop altogether?", "id": "57293627af94a219006aa19b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "racial classifications"}], "question": "What were biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of?", "id": "57293627af94a219006aa19c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 992, "text": "biologically indefensible"}], "question": "What did Douglas J. Futuyama consider the concept of race as not only being socially dysfunctional but this as well?", "id": "57293627af94a219006aa19d"}]}], ["Dalam cubaan untuk memberikan keterangan umum yang boleh memudahkan tugas pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang yang berusaha menangkap suspek, FBI Amerika Syarikat menggunakan istilah \"bangsa\" untuk meringkaskan penampilan umum (warna kulit, tekstur rambut, bentuk mata, dan lain-lain seperti mudah perasan ciri-ciri) individu yang mereka cuba tangkap. Dari sudut pandang pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang, secara amnya lebih penting untuk sampai ke suatu gambaran yang akan mencadangkan penampilan umum individu daripada membuat pengkategorian sah secara saintifik oleh DNA atau cara lain yang lain. Oleh itu, sebagai tambahan untuk menyerahkan individu yang dikehendaki kepada kategori perkauman, perihalan seperti itu termasuk: ketinggian, berat badan, warna mata, parut dan ciri-ciri lain yang berbeza. <> Apa yang FBI merasa memberikan penerangan umum membantu untuk memudahkan? || pekerjaan pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang <> Apa FBI menggunakan jangka masa untuk meringkaskan? || penampilan umum <> Apakah penguatkuasaan undang-undang merasakan ciri penampilan individu membantu mereka lakukan kepada individu-individu itu? || menangkap <> Apa yang lebih penting untuk penguatkuasaan undang-undang dalam mengkategorikan dan bukannya DNA? || tiba di deskripsi <> Apakah perihalan individu yang dikehendaki termasuk di luar kategori kaum mereka? || ketinggian, berat badan, warna mata, parut dan ciri-ciri lain yang berbeza.", {"context": "In an attempt to provide general descriptions that may facilitate the job of law enforcement officers seeking to apprehend suspects, the United States FBI employs the term \"race\" to summarize the general appearance (skin color, hair texture, eye shape, and other such easily noticed characteristics) of individuals whom they are attempting to apprehend. From the perspective of law enforcement officers, it is generally more important to arrive at a description that will readily suggest the general appearance of an individual than to make a scientifically valid categorization by DNA or other such means. Thus, in addition to assigning a wanted individual to a racial category, such a description will include: height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "job of law enforcement officers"}], "question": "What does the FBI feel providing general descriptions helps to facilitate?", "id": "572940edaf94a219006aa1ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "general appearance"}], "question": "What does the FBI employ the term race to summarize?", "id": "572940edaf94a219006aa1f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "apprehend"}], "question": "What does law enforcement feel appearance characteristics of individuals help them do to those individuals?", "id": "572940edaf94a219006aa1f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "arrive at a description"}], "question": "What is more important for law enforcement in categorizing instead of DNA?", "id": "572940edaf94a219006aa1f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics."}], "question": "What does a description of a wanted individual include beyond their racial category?", "id": "572940edaf94a219006aa1f3"}]}], ["Menurut edisi 2000 antropologi fizikal yang popular, pakar antropologi forensik sangat menyokong pemikiran tentang realiti biologi asas kaum manusia. Antropologi fizikal forensik dan profesor George W. Gill mengatakan bahawa idea bahawa kaum kulit hanya dalam \"tidak semestinya benar, kerana mana-mana ahli antropologi forensik yang berpengalaman akan mengesahkan\" dan \"Banyak ciri morfologi cenderung untuk mengikuti sempadan geografi serentak dengan zon iklim. Ini tidak menghairankan kerana kuasa terpilih iklim mungkin adalah daya utama alam yang telah membentuk kaum manusia bukan hanya berkaitan dengan warna kulit dan bentuk rambut tetapi juga struktur tulang belakang hidung, tulang pipi, dan lain-lain (Sebagai contoh, \"hidung yang lebih menonjol dapat melembapkan udara dengan lebih baik.)\" Walaupun dia dapat melihat hujah-hujah yang baik untuk kedua-dua belah pihak, penafian lengkap terhadap bukti lawan \"seolah-olah berpunca dari motivasi sosio-politik dan bukan sains sama sekali\". Beliau juga menyatakan bahawa banyak ahli antropologi biologi melihat kaum sebagai \"namun bukan satu buku pelajaran antropologi fizikal bahkan memperlihatkan perspektif sebagai kemungkinan. Dalam kes yang melambangkan ini, kita tidak berurusan dengan sains melainkan dengan penapisan bermotivasi secara terang-terangan, politik \". <> Apa kumpulan pakar antropologi menyokong idea tentang kaum manusia? || forensik <> Apa yang dipikirkan oleh George W. Gill tentang kebenaran ide bahawa bangsa kulit hanya dalam? || semata-mata tidak benar <> Apa mungkin kekuatan utama alam yang membentuk bangsa manusia? || daya terpilih iklim <> Apa yang dikatakan Gill penafian lengkap terhadap bukti menentang berasal? || motivasi sosio-politik <> Apa Gill menilai kekurangan persembahan perspektif sebagai kemungkinan untuk? || penapisan bermotivasi politik", {"context": "According to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook, forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races. Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race is only skin deep \"is simply not true, as any experienced forensic anthropologist will affirm\" and \"Many morphological features tend to follow geographic boundaries coinciding often with climatic zones. This is not surprising since the selective forces of climate are probably the primary forces of nature that have shaped human races with regard not only to skin color and hair form but also the underlying bony structures of the nose, cheekbones, etc. (For example, more prominent noses humidify air better.)\" While he can see good arguments for both sides, the complete denial of the opposing evidence \"seems to stem largely from socio-political motivation and not science at all\". He also states that many biological anthropologists see races as real yet \"not one introductory textbook of physical anthropology even presents that perspective as a possibility. In a case as flagrant as this, we are not dealing with science but rather with blatant, politically motivated censorship\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "forensic"}], "question": "What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races?", "id": "5729347aaf94a219006aa18f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "simply not true"}], "question": "What does George W. Gill think about the veracity of the idea that race is only skin deep?", "id": "5729347aaf94a219006aa190"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "selective forces of climate"}], "question": "What are probably the primary forces of nature which shaped human races?", "id": "5729347aaf94a219006aa191"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "socio-political motivation"}], "question": "What does Gill think the complete denial of opposing evidence stems from?", "id": "5729347aaf94a219006aa192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1237, "text": "politically motivated censorship"}], "question": "What does Gill attribute the lack of presenting the perspective as a possibility to?", "id": "5729347aaf94a219006aa193"}]}], ["Agensi keadilan jenayah di Inggris dan Wales menggunakan sekurang-kurangnya dua sistem klasifikasi kaum / etnis yang terpisah ketika melaporkan kejahatan, pada tahun 2010. Salah satu sistem yang digunakan dalam Banci 2001 ketika individu mengidentifikasi diri mereka sebagai anggota kelompok etnis tertentu: W1 (White- British), W2 (White-Irish), W9 (Lain-lain latar belakang putih); M1 (Putih dan hitam Caribbean), M2 (Putih dan hitam Afrika), M3 (Putih dan Asia), M9 (Sebarang latar belakang bercampur); A1 (Asia-India), A2 (Asia-Pakistan), A3 (Asia-Bangladesh), A9 (Sebarang latar belakang Asia yang lain); B1 (Black Caribbean), B2 (Black African), B3 (Mana-mana latar belakang hitam yang lain); O1 (Cina), O9 (Ada yang lain). Yang lain adalah kategori yang digunakan oleh polis apabila mereka secara visual mengenal pasti seseorang sebagai kepunyaan kumpulan etnik, mis. pada masa berhenti dan mencari atau penangkapan: Putih - Eropah Utara (IC1), Putih - Eropah Selatan (IC2), Hitam (IC3), Asia (IC4), Cina, Jepun, atau Asia Tenggara (IC5) Timur Tengah (IC6), dan Tidak Diketahui (IC0). \"IC\" bermaksud \"Kod Pengenalan;\" barang-barang ini juga dirujuk sebagai klasifikasi Phoenix. Pegawai diarahkan untuk \"merekodkan tindak balas yang telah diberikan\" walaupun orang itu memberikan jawapan yang mungkin salah; Persepsi mereka sendiri tentang latar belakang etnik seseorang direkod secara berasingan. Ketepatan maklumat yang direkodkan oleh pegawai telah dipersoalkan oleh Pejabat Statistik Kebangsaan (ONS) pada September 2007, sebagai sebahagian daripada Kajian Data Kesetaraannya; Satu masalah yang disebut adalah bilangan laporan yang mengandungi etnik \"Tidak Nyatakan\". <> Berapa banyak sistem klasifikasi berasingan yang digunakan agensi di England dan Wales? || sekurang-kurangnya dua <> Bilakah individu mengenal pasti diri sebagai kepunyaan kumpulan etnik tertentu? || Banci 2001 <> Bagaimana polis mengenal pasti seseorang sebagai kepunyaan kumpulan etnik? || visual <> Apakah IC berdiri? || Kod Pengenalan <> Apakah istilah etnik adalah satu masalah yang disebutkan mengenai bilangan laporan yang mengandunginya? || Tidak dinyatakan", {"context": "Criminal justice agencies in England and Wales use at least two separate racial/ethnic classification systems when reporting crime, as of 2010. One is the system used in the 2001 Census when individuals identify themselves as belonging to a particular ethnic group: W1 (White-British), W2 (White-Irish), W9 (Any other white background); M1 (White and black Caribbean), M2 (White and black African), M3 (White and Asian), M9 (Any other mixed background); A1 (Asian-Indian), A2 (Asian-Pakistani), A3 (Asian-Bangladeshi), A9 (Any other Asian background); B1 (Black Caribbean), B2 (Black African), B3 (Any other black background); O1 (Chinese), O9 (Any other). The other is categories used by the police when they visually identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group, e.g. at the time of a stop and search or an arrest: White \u2013 North European (IC1), White \u2013 South European (IC2), Black (IC3), Asian (IC4), Chinese, Japanese, or South East Asian (IC5), Middle Eastern (IC6), and Unknown (IC0). \"IC\" stands for \"Identification Code;\" these items are also referred to as Phoenix classifications. Officers are instructed to \"record the response that has been given\" even if the person gives an answer which may be incorrect; their own perception of the person's ethnic background is recorded separately. Comparability of the information being recorded by officers was brought into question by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in September 2007, as part of its Equality Data Review; one problem cited was the number of reports that contained an ethnicity of \"Not Stated.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "at least two"}], "question": "How many separate classification systems do agencies in England and Wales use?", "id": "572941bb1d04691400779203"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "the 2001 Census"}], "question": "When did individuals self-identify as belonging to a particular ethnic group?", "id": "572941bb1d04691400779204"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "visually"}], "question": "How do police identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group?", "id": "572941bb1d04691400779205"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1011, "text": "Identification Code"}], "question": "What does IC stand for?", "id": "572941bb1d04691400779206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1563, "text": "Not Stated"}], "question": "What ethnicity term was one problem cited about the number of reports containing it?", "id": "572941bb1d04691400779207"}]}], ["Satu masalah dengan tugasan ini adalah campuran. Ramai orang mempunyai keturunan yang sangat berbeza. Contohnya, di Amerika Syarikat, sejarah penjajah dan awal persekutuan adalah tempoh hubungan antara kaum, baik di luar dan dalam perhambaan. Ini telah menyebabkan majoriti orang yang mengenal pasti sebagai Amerika Afrika mempunyai beberapa nenek moyang Eropah. Begitu juga, ramai orang yang mengenal pasti putih mempunyai nenek moyang Afrika. Dalam kaji selidik di sebuah universiti di sebuah universiti A.S. timur laut yang dikenali sebagai \"putih\", kira-kira 30% dianggarkan mempunyai 10% keturunan Afrika. <> Apakah masalah dengan tugas perkauman? || admixture <> Berapa ramai orang mempunyai keturunan yang berbeza-beza? || Ramai <> Bilakah tempoh hubungan antara kaum di A.S.? || kolonial dan awal persekutuan sejarah <> Siapa yang ramai yang mengenal pasti putih mempunyai nenek moyang? || Afrika <> Berapa peratus daripada keturunan Afrika adalah 30% daripada pelajar kolej yang mengenal pasti sebagai anggaran putih yang ada? || 10%", {"context": "One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as \"white\", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "admixture"}], "question": "What is a problem with racial assignments? ", "id": "572947f33f37b31900478203"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Many"}], "question": "How many people have a varied ancestry?", "id": "572947f33f37b31900478204"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "colonial and early federal history"}], "question": "When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in the U.S.?", "id": "572947f33f37b31900478205"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "African"}], "question": "Who do many people who identify as white have for ancestors?", "id": "572947f33f37b31900478206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "10%"}], "question": "What percentage of African ancestry were 30% of college students identifying as white estimated to have?", "id": "572947f33f37b31900478207"}]}], ["Begitu juga, ahli antropologi forensik menggambarkan ciri-ciri morfologi yang amat merisaukan sisa manusia (mis. Pengukuran kranial) untuk membantu mengenal pasti badan, termasuk dari segi perlumbaan. Dalam artikel 1992, ahli antropologi Norman Sauer menyatakan bahawa ahli antropologi pada umumnya telah meninggalkan konsep bangsa sebagai perwakilan yang sah kepelbagaian biologi manusia, kecuali ahli antropologi forensik. Dia bertanya, \"Jika perlumbaan tidak wujud, mengapa ahli antropologi forensik begitu baik untuk mengenal pasti mereka?\" Beliau membuat kesimpulan: <> Apa ciri morfologi yang dilakukan oleh antropolog forensik? || sangat ternak <> Pengukuran apa yang boleh membantu mengenal pasti tubuh manusia? || cranial <> Yang menyatakan dalam artikel tahun 1992 bahawa ahli antropologi pada umumnya meninggalkan konsep bangsa sebagai sah? || Norman Sauer <> Kumpulan apa yang masih menggunakan bangsa sebagai cara yang sah untuk mewakili kepelbagaian biologi manusia? || ahli antropologi forensik <> Apa antropologi forensik yang sangat baik untuk mengenal pasti? || bangsa", {"context": "Similarly, forensic anthropologists draw on highly heritable morphological features of human remains (e.g. cranial measurements) to aid in the identification of the body, including in terms of race. In a 1992 article, anthropologist Norman Sauer noted that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as a valid representation of human biological diversity, except for forensic anthropologists. He asked, \"If races don't exist, why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them?\" He concluded:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "highly heritable"}], "question": "What morphological features do forensic anthropologists draw on?", "id": "5729458baf94a219006aa22d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "cranial"}], "question": "What measurement can aid in the identification of a human body?", "id": "5729458baf94a219006aa22e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Norman Sauer"}], "question": "Who noted in a 1992 article that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as valid?", "id": "5729458baf94a219006aa22f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "forensic anthropologists"}], "question": "What group still uses race as a valid means to represent human biological diversity?", "id": "5729458baf94a219006aa230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "races"}], "question": "What are forensic anthropologists very good at identifying?", "id": "5729458baf94a219006aa231"}]}], ["Sebagai contoh lain, dia menunjuk kepada kerja oleh Thomas et al., Yang cuba membezakan antara kromosom Y khotim Yahudi (Kohanim), (dalam agama Yahudi, keahlian dalam keimamatan diteruskan melalui garis ayah) dan kromosom Y bukan Yahudi. Abu el-Haj menyimpulkan bahawa \"sains perlumbaan\" yang baru ini memandang pentingnya \"keturunan\" (jelas tidak jelas, kerana tidak termasuk semua nenek moyang) dalam sesetengah agama dan budaya yang popular, dan keinginan orang ramai menggunakan sains untuk mengesahkan mereka tuntutan tentang keturunan; \"sains ras ini\", dia berpendapat, pada dasarnya berbeza dari tanggapan bangsa yang lebih tua yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan perbezaan dalam tingkah laku manusia atau status sosial: <> Thomas dan yang lain berusaha untuk membedakan antara kromosom imam Yahudi dan orang bukan Yahudi ? || Y <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan \"ilmu sains\" yang baru untuk kepentingan? || keturunan <> Apa yang orang mahu menggunakan sains untuk mengesahkan? || tuntutan mereka tentang keturunan <> Apa yang asasnya berbeza daripada tanggapan kaum yang lebih tua? || sains perlumbaan <> Bagaimana tanggapan kaum yang lebih tua digunakan? || untuk menjelaskan perbezaan dalam tingkah laku manusia atau status sosial", {"context": "As another example, she points to work by Thomas et al., who sought to distinguish between the Y chromosomes of Jewish priests (Kohanim), (in Judaism, membership in the priesthood is passed on through the father's line) and the Y chromosomes of non-Jews. Abu el-Haj concluded that this new \"race science\" calls attention to the importance of \"ancestry\" (narrowly defined, as it does not include all ancestors) in some religions and in popular culture, and people's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry; this \"race science\", she argues, is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Y"}], "question": "Thomas and others sought to distinguish between what chromosome of Jewish priests and that of non-Jews?", "id": "572947453f37b319004781f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "ancestry"}], "question": "What does the new \"race science\" call attention to the importance of?", "id": "572947453f37b319004781fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "their claims about ancestry"}], "question": "What do people desire to use science to confirm?", "id": "572947453f37b319004781fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "race science"}], "question": "What is fundamentally different from older notions of race?", "id": "572947453f37b319004781fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "to explain differences in human behaviour or social status"}], "question": "How were older notions of race used?", "id": "572947453f37b319004781fd"}]}], ["Abu el-Haj berhujah bahawa genomik dan pemetaan keturunan dan kluster membebaskan \"sains perkauman yang baru dari yang lebih tua dengan melucutkan keturunan daripada kebudayaan dan keupayaan.\" Sebagai contoh, dia merujuk kepada kerja-kerja baru-baru ini oleh Hammer et al ., yang bertujuan untuk menguji tuntutan bahawa orang-orang Yahudi hari ini lebih dekat dengan satu sama lain daripada populasi bukan Yahudi berjiran. Hammer et al. mendapati bahawa tahap persamaan genetik di kalangan orang Yahudi beralih bergantung kepada lokus yang disiasat, dan mencadangkan bahawa ini adalah hasil pemilihan semula jadi yang bertindak pada loci tertentu. Mereka memberi tumpuan kepada kromosom Y yang tidak menggabungkan semula untuk \"mengelakkan beberapa komplikasi yang berkaitan dengan pemilihan\". <> Apakah kumpulan pemetaan menyusun keturunan dari? || budaya <> Hammer dan yang lain-lain baru-baru ini bertujuan untuk menguji apa yang menuntut tentang bagaimana orang-orang Yahudi sekarang ini berkait rapat dengan kumpulan apa? || Penduduk bukan Yahudi berjiran <> Apa yang bergeser bergantung kepada locus diselidiki? || derajat persamaan genetik di kalangan orang Yahudi <> Apa yang dicadangkan sebab bagi tahap pergeseran genetik di kalangan orang Yahudi adalah akibat dari? || pemilihan semulajadi yang bertindak pada loci tertentu <> Apakah kromosom apa yang difokuskan untuk mengelakkan beberapa komplikasi yang berkaitan dengan pemilihan? || Y", {"context": "Abu el-Haj argues that genomics and the mapping of lineages and clusters liberates \"the new racial science from the older one by disentangling ancestry from culture and capacity.\"[citation needed] As an example, she refers to recent work by Hammer et al., which aimed to test the claim that present-day Jews are more closely related to one another than to neighbouring non-Jewish populations. Hammer et al. found that the degree of genetic similarity among Jews shifted depending on the locus investigated, and suggested that this was the result of natural selection acting on particular loci. They focused on the non-recombining Y-chromosome to \"circumvent some of the complications associated with selection\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "culture"}], "question": "What does mapping clusters disentangle ancestry from?", "id": "572946336aef051400154c42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "neighbouring non-Jewish populations"}], "question": "Hammer and others recently aimed to test what claim about how closely related present-day Jews are to what group?", "id": "572946336aef051400154c43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "the degree of genetic similarity among Jews"}], "question": "What shifted depending on the locus investigated?", "id": "572946336aef051400154c44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "natural selection acting on particular loci"}], "question": "What was suggested the reason for the degree of genetic shift among Jews was the result of?", "id": "572946336aef051400154c45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Y"}], "question": "What chromosome was focused on to circumvent some of the complications associated with selection?", "id": "572946336aef051400154c46"}]}], ["Penangkapan besar-besaran di Amerika Syarikat memberi impak yang tidak seimbang terhadap masyarakat Amerika Latin dan Latin. Michelle Alexander, pengarang The New Jim Crow: Penjara Massa di Age of Colorblindness (2010), berpendapat bahawa penjara besar dipahami sebagai bukan hanya sistem penjara yang penuh sesak. Penangkapan massal juga, \"undang-undang, peraturan, dasar, dan adat yang lebih besar yang mengawal penjenayah yang dilabelkan di dalam dan di luar penjara.\" Dia mendefinisikannya lagi sebagai \"sistem yang mengunci orang bukan sahaja di belakang bar sebenar di penjara yang sebenarnya, tetapi juga di belakang bar maya dan dinding maya\", menggambarkan kewarganegaraan bertaraf kedua yang dikenakan pada bilangan orang yang tidak seimbang warna, khususnya Afrika -American. Dia membandingkan penangkapan massa kepada undang-undang Jim Crow, menyatakan bahawa kedua-duanya berfungsi sebagai sistem kasta kaum. <> Apa kesan komuniti Afrika Amerika dan Latino dalam bilangan tidak seimbang? || Penangkapan Massa <> Siapakah pengarang \"The New Jim Crow: Penjara Massal dalam Zaman Warna Pencerahan\"? || Michelle Alexander <> Apa jenis bar dan dinding di luar fizikal yang Alexander fikir orang berada di belakang? || maya <> Siapa yang Alexander fikir kewarganegaraan kelas kedua dikenakan ke atas tidak seimbang? || orang warna <> Apa jenis sistem kasta yang dipenjarakan massa berbanding dengan? || perkauman", {"context": "Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarceration is also, \"the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison.\" She defines it further as \"a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons, but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls\", illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color, specifically African-Americans. She compares mass incarceration to Jim Crow laws, stating that both work as racial caste systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mass incarceration"}], "question": "What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers?", "id": "572944df6aef051400154c24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Michelle Alexander"}], "question": "Who is the author of \"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness\"?", "id": "572944df6aef051400154c25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "virtual"}], "question": "What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind?", "id": "572944df6aef051400154c26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "people of color"}], "question": "Who does Alexander think a second class citizenship is imposed upon disproportionately?", "id": "572944df6aef051400154c27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "racial"}], "question": "What type of caste system is mass incarceration compared to?", "id": "572944df6aef051400154c28"}]}]], [["Louis-Philippe digulingkan oleh pemberontakan yang popular di jalan-jalan di Paris pada tahun 1848. Penggantinya, Napoleon III, dan pengawas baru Seine, Georges-Eug\u00e8ne Haussmann, melancarkan projek kerja awam yang besar untuk membina jalan-jalan baru yang luas, rumah opera baru, pasar utama, saluran air baru, pembetung, dan taman, termasuk Bois de Boulogne dan Bois de Vincennes. Pada tahun 1860, Napoleon III juga menggabungkan bandar-bandar sekitar dan mewujudkan lapan arrondissements baru, memperluaskan Paris ke had semasa. <> Pada tahun apakah Louis-Phillipe dibuang? || 1848 <> Pada tahun apakah Napoleon III mencipta arrondissements baru? || 1860 <> Siapa yang menjadi penasihat Napoleon III Siene? || Georges-Eug\u00e8ne Haussmann", {"context": "Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in 1848. His successor, Napoleon III, and the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eug\u00e8ne Haussmann, launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes. In 1860, Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "1848"}], "question": "In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown?", "id": "5728c1482ca10214002da71a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "1860"}], "question": "In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements?", "id": "5728c1482ca10214002da71b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Georges-Eug\u00e8ne Haussmann"}], "question": "Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?", "id": "5728c1482ca10214002da71c"}]}], ["Menjelang akhir kurun ke-12, Paris telah menjadi ibu negara Perancis, politik, ekonomi, agama, dan budaya. \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 adalah tapak istana kerajaan. Pada tahun 1163, semasa pemerintahan Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, uskup Paris, melakukan pembinaan Katedral Notre Dame di hujung timurnya. The Left Bank adalah tapak Universiti Paris, sebuah perbadanan pelajar dan guru yang dibentuk pada pertengahan abad ke-12 untuk melatih para ulama dalam teologi, dan kemudian dalam undang-undang kanon, perubatan dan seni. <> Apakah tapak istana diraja pada abad ke-12? || \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap pembinaan Katedral Notre Dame? || Maurice de Sully <> Di mana terdapat Universiti Paris? || The Left Bank <> Di bawah pemerintahan yang mana adalah pembinaan Katedral Notre Dame? || Louis VII", {"context": "By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 was the site of the royal palace. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity. The Left Bank was the site of the University of Paris, a corporation of students and teachers formed in the mid-12th century to train scholars first in theology, and later in canon law, medicine and the arts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "\u00cele de la Cit\u00e9"}], "question": "What was the site of the royal palace in the 12th century?", "id": "5728bf3a2ca10214002da6d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Maurice de Sully"}], "question": "Who was in charge of the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral?", "id": "5728bf3a2ca10214002da6d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "The Left Bank"}], "question": "Where was the University of Paris located?", "id": "5728bf3a2ca10214002da6d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Louis VII"}], "question": "Under who's reign was the construction of Notre Dame Cathedral?", "id": "5728bf3a2ca10214002da6d5"}]}], ["Menjelang akhir Empayar Rom Barat, bandar ini dikenali sebagai Parisius di Latin dan Paris dalam bahasa Perancis. Kekristianan diperkenalkan pada pertengahan abad ke-3 AD. Menurut tradisi, ia dibawa oleh Saint Denis, Uskup pertama Paris. Apabila dia menolak untuk menolak imannya, dia dipenggal di atas bukit yang dikenali sebagai \"Gunung Martir\" (Mons Martyrum), akhirnya \"Montmartre\". Tempat penguburannya menjadi tempat suci agama yang penting; Basilika Saint-Denis dibina di sana dan menjadi tempat penguburan Raja-raja Perancis. <> Apakah Paris dikenali sebagai Latin? || Parisius <> Dalam abad apa yang diperkenalkan oleh Kristian? || 3 <> Siapa yang membawa agama Kristian ke Paris? || Saint Denis <> Apakah nama tempat penguburan Saint Denis? || Basilika Saint-Denis <> Dimana dipenggal kepala Saint Denis? || Gunung Syahid", {"context": "By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as the \"Mountain of Martyrs\" (Mons Martyrum), eventually \"Montmartre\". His burial place became an important religious shrine; the Basilica of Saint-Denis was built there and became the burial place of the French Kings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Parisius"}], "question": "What was Paris known as in Latin?", "id": "5728b6a6ff5b5019007da534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "3rd"}], "question": "In what century was Christianity introduced?", "id": "5728b6a6ff5b5019007da535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Saint Denis"}], "question": "Who brought Christianity to Paris?", "id": "5728b6a6ff5b5019007da536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Basilica of Saint-Denis"}], "question": "What is the name of Saint Denis burial place?", "id": "5728b6a6ff5b5019007da537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Mountain of Martyrs"}], "question": "Where was Saint Denis beheaded?", "id": "5728b6a6ff5b5019007da538"}]}], ["Sejak abad ke-19, kawasan terbina di Paris telah berkembang jauh melampaui batas pentadbirannya; bersama-sama dengan pinggiran bandarnya, keseluruhan aglomerasi mempunyai populasi 10,550,350 (Banci Januari 2012). Kawasan metropolitan Paris merangkumi kebanyakan kawasan Paris dan mempunyai populasi 12,341,418 (Banci Januari 2012), atau seperlima penduduk Perancis. Wilayah pentadbiran meliputi 12,012 km\u00b2 (4,638 mi\u00b2), dengan kira-kira 12 juta penduduk pada tahun 2014, dan mempunyai dewan dan presiden serantau sendiri. <> Apakah populasi agregat Paris? || 10,550,350 <> Dari apa banci maklumat ini? || Banci 2012 <> Apakah populasi kawasan metropolitan Paris? || 12,341,418 <> Berapa kilometer yang meliputi wilayah pentadbiran? || 12,012 km\u00b2 <> Sehingga tahun 2014 berapa ramai penduduk tinggal di kawasan pentadbiran? || 12 juta", {"context": "Since the 19th century, the built-up area of Paris has grown far beyond its administrative borders; together with its suburbs, the whole agglomeration has a population of 10,550,350 (Jan. 2012 census). Paris' metropolitan area spans most of the Paris region and has a population of 12,341,418 (Jan. 2012 census), or one-fifth of the population of France. The administrative region covers 12,012 km\u00b2 (4,638 mi\u00b2), with approximately 12 million inhabitants as of 2014, and has its own regional council and president.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "10,550,350"}], "question": "What is the aggregate population of Paris?", "id": "5728b2912ca10214002da5fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "2012 census"}], "question": "From what census is this information from?", "id": "5728b2912ca10214002da5fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "12,341,418"}], "question": "What is the population of Paris' metropolitan area?", "id": "5728b2912ca10214002da5fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "12,012 km\u00b2"}], "question": "How many kilometers does the administrative region cover?", "id": "5728b2912ca10214002da5fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "12 million"}], "question": "As of 2014 how many inhabitants lived in the administrative region?", "id": "5728b2912ca10214002da5fe"}]}], ["Paris adalah rumah kepada kelab bola sepak persatuan Paris Saint-Germain dan kelab kesatuan ragbi Stade Fran\u00e7ais. Stade de France yang bertaraf 80,000, dibina untuk Piala Dunia FIFA 1998, terletak di utara Paris di komune Saint-Denis. Paris menganjurkan kejohanan tenis Grand Slam Terbuka Perancis tahunan di tanah liat merah Roland Garros. Paris menjadi tuan rumah kepada Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1900 dan 1924, Piala Dunia FIFA 1938 dan 1998, dan Piala Dunia Ragbi 2007. Setiap Julai, Tour de France menunggang basikal di bandar. <> Apakah nama kelab bola sepak di Paris? || Paris Saint-Germain <> Apakah nama kesatuan ragbi di Paris? || Stade Fran\u00e7ais <> Berapa banyak kerusi di Stade de France? || 80,000 <> Pada tahun apakah Paris menjadi tuan rumah Piala Dunia? || 2007 <> Dalam bulan apakah Tour de France? || Julai", {"context": "Paris is home to the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Fran\u00e7ais. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris played host to the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, and the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Every July, the Tour de France of cycling finishes in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Paris Saint-Germain"}], "question": "What is the name of the football club in Paris?", "id": "5728b510ff5b5019007da51a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Stade Fran\u00e7ais"}], "question": "What is the name of the rugby union in Paris?", "id": "5728b510ff5b5019007da51b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "80,000"}], "question": "How many seats are in Stade de France?", "id": "5728b510ff5b5019007da51c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did Paris host the World Cup?", "id": "5728b510ff5b5019007da51d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "July"}], "question": "In what month is the Tour de France?", "id": "5728b510ff5b5019007da51e"}]}], ["Clovis yang Frank, raja pertama Dinasti Merovingian, menjadikan bandarnya sebagai ibu kota dari 508. Imigresen secara beransur-ansur oleh orang Frank juga terjadi di Paris pada permulaan dominasi Frank dari Gaul yang menciptakan dialek Francien Paris. Pengukuhan \u00cele-de-France gagal mencegah pemecatan oleh Vikings pada tahun 845 tetapi kepentingan strategik Paris-dengan jembatan-jembatannya yang menghalang kapal dari lulus-dibentuk oleh pertahanan yang berjaya di Pengepungan Paris (885-86). Pada 987 Hugh Capet, Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs) dipilih Raja Franks (roi des Franks). Di bawah pemerintahan raja-raja Capetian, Paris secara beransur-ansur menjadi bandar terbesar dan paling makmur di Perancis. <> yang merupakan raja pertama dinasti Merovingian? || Clovis the Frank <> Dalam tahun apakah Hugh Capet dipilih sebagai raja? || 987 <> Apa yang membantu mewujudkan pertahanan yang berjaya di Pengepungan Paris? || jambatan <> Penguasaan apa yang membantu mewujudkan dialek Paris? || Gaul", {"context": "Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. A gradual immigration by the Franks also occurred in Paris in the beginning of the Frankish domination of Gaul which created the Parisian Francien dialects. Fortification of the \u00cele-de-France failed to prevent sacking by Vikings in 845 but Paris' strategic importance\u2014with its bridges preventing ships from passing\u2014was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885\u201386). In 987 Hugh Capet, Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs) was elected King of the Franks (roi des Franks). Under the rule of the Capetian kings, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Clovis the Frank"}], "question": "who was the first king of the Merovingian dynasty?", "id": "5728bc102ca10214002da6b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "987"}], "question": "In what year was Hugh Capet elected as king?", "id": "5728bc102ca10214002da6b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "bridges"}], "question": "What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris?", "id": "5728bc102ca10214002da6b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Gaul"}], "question": "The domination of what helped create the Parisian dialect?", "id": "5728bc102ca10214002da6b9"}]}], ["Louis XVI dan keluarga diraja dibawa ke Paris dan membuat tahanan maya di dalam Tuileries Palace. Pada tahun 1793, ketika revolusi berubah menjadi lebih radikal, raja, ratu, dan walikota telah diarahkan, bersama dengan lebih dari 16.000 orang lain (di seluruh Perancis), semasa Kerajaan Teror. Harta bangsawan dan gereja dimodernisasi, dan gereja-gereja di bandar itu ditutup, dijual atau dirobohkan. Penggantian puak revolusioner memerintah Paris sehingga 9 November 1799 (rampasan kuasa 18 brumaire), ketika Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte merebut kuasa sebagai Konsul Pertama. <> Di mana Louis XVI dan keluarganya hidup? || Tuileries Palace <> Kapan Napoleon Bonaparte mendapat kuasa sebagai Konsul Pertama? || 9 November 1799 <> Berapa banyak orang yang telah dibunuh semasa Kerajaan Teror? || 16,000", {"context": "Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made virtual prisoners within the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned more and more radical, the king, queen, and the mayor were guillotined, along with more than 16,000 others (throughout France), during the Reign of Terror. The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished. A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'\u00e9tat du 18 brumaire), when Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Tuileries Palace"}], "question": "Where did Louis XVI and his family live?", "id": "5728c0daff5b5019007da600"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "9 November 1799"}], "question": "When did Napoleon Bonaparte gain power as the First Consul?", "id": "5728c0daff5b5019007da601"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "16,000"}], "question": "Approximately how many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?", "id": "5728c0daff5b5019007da602"}]}], ["Louis XIV tidak mempercayai orang Paris dan memindahkan mahkamahnya ke Versailles pada tahun 1682, tetapi pemerintahannya juga menyaksikan perkembangan seni dan sains di Paris yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya. The Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, Akademi Lukisan, dan Akademi Sains Perancis diasaskan dan menjadikan ibu pejabat mereka di bandar. Untuk memperlihatkan bahawa bandar itu selamat melawan serangan, dia memusnahkan tembok kota, menggantikannya dengan Grands Boulevards. Untuk meninggalkan monumen untuk pemerintahannya, beliau membina Coll\u00e8ge des Quatre-Nations, Place Vend\u00f4me, Place des Victoires, dan memulakan Les Invalides. <> Dalam apa tahun Louis XIV memindahkan mahkamahnya ke Versailles? || 1682 <> Apa monumen yang telah dibina oleh Louis XIV? || Coll\u00e8ge des Quatre-Nations, Place Vend\u00f4me, Place des Victoires, dan memulakan Les Invalides. <> Apakah sebab di balik dinding bandar? || Untuk memperlihatkan bahawa bandar itu selamat daripada serangan <> Di mana bandar itu Akademi Sains Perancis ditubuhkan || Paris", {"context": "Louis XIV distrusted the Parisians and moved his court to Versailles in 1682, but his reign also saw an unprecedented flourishing of the arts and sciences in Paris. The Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences were founded and made their headquarters in the city. To show that the city was safe against attack, he had the city walls demolished, replacing them with Grands Boulevards. To leave monuments to his reign, he built the Coll\u00e8ge des Quatre-Nations, Place Vend\u00f4me, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "1682"}], "question": "In what year did Louis XIV move his court to Versailles?", "id": "5728c068ff5b5019007da5f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Coll\u00e8ge des Quatre-Nations, Place Vend\u00f4me, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides."}], "question": "What monuments did Louis XIV have constructed?", "id": "5728c068ff5b5019007da5f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "To show that the city was safe against attack"}], "question": "What was the reason behind demolishing the city walls?", "id": "5728c068ff5b5019007da5fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "In what city was the French Academy of Science founded", "id": "5728c068ff5b5019007da5fb"}]}], ["Paris adalah rumah muzium seni yang paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia, Louvre, serta Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, yang terkenal dengan koleksi seni Impresionis Perancis, dan Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne, muzium moden dan kontemporari seni. Tanda-tanda seni bina terkenal Paris termasuk Katedral Notre Dame (abad ke-12); Sainte-Chapelle (abad ke-13); Menara Eiffel (1889); dan Basilika Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur di Montmartre (1914). Pada tahun 2014 Paris menerima 22.4 juta pelawat, menjadikannya salah satu destinasi pelancongan utama di dunia. Paris juga terkenal dengan fesyennya, terutamanya Minggu Fesyen Paris dua kali, dan untuk masakan haute, dan restoran tiga bintang. Kebanyakan universiti utama Perancis dan grandes \u00e9coles terletak di Paris, seperti akhbar utama Perancis, termasuk Le Monde, Le Figaro, dan Pengembaraan. <> Apakah muzium seni yang paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia? || Louvre <> apa yang dikenali oleh Musee de Orsay? || Seni Impresionis Perancis <> Dalam tahun berapa pula Menara Eiffel dibina? || 1889 <> Berapa ramai pengunjung yang menerima Paris pada tahun 2014? || 22.4 juta <> Dalam abad apakah Katedral Notre Dame dibina? || 12th", {"context": "Paris is the home of the most visited art museum in the world, the Louvre, as well as the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, noted for its collection of French Impressionist art, and the Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne, a museum of modern and contemporary art. The notable architectural landmarks of Paris include Notre Dame Cathedral (12th century); the Sainte-Chapelle (13th century); the Eiffel Tower (1889); and the Basilica of Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur on Montmartre (1914). In 2014 Paris received 22.4 million visitors, making it one of the world's top tourist destinations. Paris is also known for its fashion, particularly the twice-yearly Paris Fashion Week, and for its haute cuisine, and three-star restaurants. Most of France's major universities and grandes \u00e9coles are located in Paris, as are France's major newspapers, including Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Lib\u00e9ration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Louvre"}], "question": "What is the most visited art museum in the world?", "id": "5728b348ff5b5019007da4d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "French Impressionist art"}], "question": "what is the Musee de Orsay known for?", "id": "5728b348ff5b5019007da4d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "1889"}], "question": "In what year was the Eiffel Tower built?", "id": "5728b348ff5b5019007da4d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "22.4 million"}], "question": "How many visitors did Paris receive in 2014?", "id": "5728b348ff5b5019007da4d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "12th"}], "question": "In what century was the Notre Dame Cathedral built?", "id": "5728b348ff5b5019007da4d8"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Seratus Tahun, tentara Duke of Burgundy dan pasukan seramai kira-kira dua ratus askar Inggeris menduduki Paris dari Mei 1420 hingga 1436. Mereka menolak percubaan oleh Joan of Arc untuk membebaskan kota itu pada tahun 1429. Satu abad kemudian, semasa Perang Agama Perancis, Paris menjadi kubu kuat Liga Katolik. Pada 24 Ogos 1572, Paris adalah tapak pembunuhan Hari St. Bartholomew, ketika ribuan orang Protestan Perancis terbunuh. Peperangan terakhir, yang kedelapan, berakhir pada tahun 1594, selepas Henri IV telah memeluk agama Katolik dan akhirnya dapat masuk ke Paris ketika ia mengisytiharkan Paris vaut bien une messe (\"Paris bernilai Misa\"). Bandar telah diabaikan selama beberapa dekad; pada masa pembunuhannya pada tahun 1610, Henry IV telah membina semula Pont Neuf, jambatan Paris pertama dengan trotoar dan tidak dipenuhi dengan bangunan, dikaitkan dengan sayap baru Louvre ke Istana Tuileries, dan menciptakan persegi kediaman Paris pertama, Place Royale, sekarang Place des Vosges. <> Dalam berapa tahun tentera Inggeris menduduki Paris semasa Perang Seratus Tahun? || 1420 hingga 1436 <> Siapa yang cuba membebaskan bandar pada 1429? || Joan of Arc <> Apakah tarikh pembunuhan Hari St. Bartholomew? || 24 Ogos 1572 <> Pada tahun apakah Henri IV dibunuh? || 1610 <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk membina semula Paris pada tahun 1600 || Henry IV", {"context": "During the Hundred Years' War, the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436. They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429. A century later, during the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League. On 24 August 1572, Paris was the site of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, when thousands of French Protestants were killed. The last of these wars, the eighth one, ended in 1594, after Henri IV had converted to Catholicism and was finally able to enter Paris as he supposedly declared Paris vaut bien une messe (\"Paris is well worth a Mass\"). The city had been neglected for decades; by the time of his assassination in 1610, Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf, the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings, linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "1420 until 1436"}], "question": "In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War?", "id": "5728bfe53acd2414000dfd99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Joan of Arc"}], "question": "Who tried to liberate the city in 1429?", "id": "5728bfe53acd2414000dfd9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "24 August 1572"}], "question": "What was the date of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?", "id": "5728bfe53acd2414000dfd9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "1610"}], "question": "In what year was Henri IV assassinated?", "id": "5728bfe53acd2414000dfd9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "Henry IV"}], "question": "Who was responsible for rebuilding Paris in the 1600's", "id": "5728bfe53acd2414000dfd9d"}]}], ["Lewat abad ke-19, Paris menjadi tuan rumah kepada dua pameran antarabangsa utama: Pameran 1889 Universal, diadakan untuk menandakan abad ke-100 Revolusi Perancis dan memaparkan Menara Eiffel yang baru; dan Pameran 1900 Universal, yang memberikan Paris Pont Alexandre III, Grand Palais, Petit Palais dan barisan Paris M\u00e9tro pertama. Paris menjadi makmal Naturalism (\u00c9mile Zola) dan Simbolisme (Charles Baudelaire dan Paul Verlaine), dan Impresionisme dalam seni (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir.) <> Apa jenis seni yang dibuat Courbet, Manet, Monet dan Renoir ? || Impresionisme <> Apa maksud Ekspo Universal 1889? || untuk menandakan abad ke-100 Revolusi Perancis <> Di mana Menara Eiffel diturunkan? || 1889 Universal Exposition <> Apa jenis seni yang dicipta oleh Charles Baudelaire dan Paul Verlaine? || Simbolisme", {"context": "Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris M\u00e9tro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (\u00c9mile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Impressionism"}], "question": "What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?", "id": "5728c2beff5b5019007da618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "to mark the centennial of the French Revolution"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?", "id": "5728c2beff5b5019007da619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "1889 Universal Exposition"}], "question": "Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed?", "id": "5728c2beff5b5019007da61a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Symbolism"}], "question": "What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine?", "id": "5728c2beff5b5019007da61b"}]}], ["Kebanyakan presiden pasca perang dari Republik Kelima ingin meninggalkan monumen mereka sendiri di Paris; Presiden Georges Pompidou memulakan Pusat Georges Pompidou (1977), Val\u00e9ry Giscard d'Estaing memulakan Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay (1986); Presiden Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, yang berkuasa selama 14 tahun, membina Op\u00e9ra Bastille (1985-1989), Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (1996), Arche de la D\u00e9fense (1985-1989), dan Louvre Pyramid dengan halaman bawah tanahnya (1983 -1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly. <> Dalam tahun berapa adalah Pusat Georges Pompidou didirikan? || 1977 <> Apa yang telah didirikan oleh Valery Giscard d'Estaing? || Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay <> Berapa tahun Francois Mitterrand berkuasa? || 14 <> Pada tahun apakah bangunan Musee de quai Branly? || 2006 <> Apa yang telah dibina oleh Jacques Chirac? || Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly", {"context": "Most of the postwar's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Val\u00e9ry Giscard d'Estaing began the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay (1986); President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, in power for 14 years, built the Op\u00e9ra Bastille (1985-1989), the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la D\u00e9fense (1985-1989), and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983-1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "1977"}], "question": "In what year was the Centre Georges Pompidou erected?", "id": "5728c5bc4b864d1900164dc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay"}], "question": "What did Valery Giscard d'Estaing have erected?", "id": "5728c5bc4b864d1900164dc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many years was Francois Mitterrand in power?", "id": "5728c5bc4b864d1900164dc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year was the Musee de quai Branly built?", "id": "5728c5bc4b864d1900164dca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly"}], "question": "What did Jacques Chirac have built?", "id": "5728c5bc4b864d1900164dc9"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia Pertama, Paris kadang-kadang mendapati dirinya di barisan hadapan; 600 hingga 1,000 teksi Paris memainkan peranan simbolik kecil tetapi sangat penting dalam mengangkut 6,000 tentera ke garisan depan di Pertempuran Pertama Marne. Bandar ini juga dibom oleh Zeppelins dan ditembak oleh senjata Jerman jarak jauh. Pada tahun-tahun selepas perang, yang dikenali sebagai Les Ann\u00e9es Folles, Paris terus menjadi kiblat para penulis, pemuzik dan artis dari seluruh dunia, termasuk Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet dan surrealist Salvador Dal\u00ed . <> Berapa banyak askar melakukan pengangkutan teksi Paris ke barisan hadapan di Pertempuran Pertama Marne? || 6,000 <> Berapa tahun selepas perang yang dikenali sebagai? || Les Ann\u00e9es Folles <> Siapa artis, penulis dan pemuzik yang tinggal di Paris selepas perang? || Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet dan surrealist Salvador Dal\u00ed.", {"context": "During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. In the years after the war, known as Les Ann\u00e9es Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dal\u00ed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "6,000"}], "question": "How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne?", "id": "5728c34cff5b5019007da62a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Les Ann\u00e9es Folles"}], "question": "What are the years after the war commonly known as?", "id": "5728c34cff5b5019007da62b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dal\u00ed."}], "question": "Who are some popular artists, writers and musicians that resided in Paris after the war?", "id": "5728c34cff5b5019007da62c"}]}], ["Tidak termasuk taman-taman terpencil di Bois de Boulogne dan Bois de Vincennes, Paris merangkumi bujur berukuran sekitar 87 km2 (34 mil persegi) di kawasan, yang dilingkari jalan lingkaran 35 km (22 mi), Boulevard P\u00e9riph\u00e9rique. Penglibatan utama terakhir di wilayah terpencil di bandar pada tahun 1860 bukan sahaja memberikannya bentuk moden tetapi juga mewujudkan 20 arrondissements (spion bandar). Dari kawasan 1860 yang terletak 78 km2 (30 meter persegi), had bandaraya berkembang sedikit hingga 86.9 km2 (33.6 meter persegi) dalam tahun 1920an. Pada tahun 1929, taman-taman hutan Bois de Boulogne dan Bois de Vincennes secara rasmi telah dilampirkan ke bandar, membawa kawasannya menjadi kira-kira 105 km2 (41 meter persegi). Kawasan metropolitan bandar adalah 2,300 km2 (890 mil persegi). <> Jalan apa jalan mengelilingi Paris? || Boulevard P\u00e9riph\u00e9rique <> Seberapa besar kawasan metropolitan Paris? || 2,300 km2 <> Pada tahun apa tahun lampiran Paris di wilayah terpencil? || 1860 <> Berapa banyak arrondissement di sana? || 20 <> Pada tahun apakah Bois de Boulogne dan Bois de Vincennes dilampirkan? || 1929", {"context": "Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard P\u00e9riph\u00e9rique. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi). The metropolitan area of the city is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Boulevard P\u00e9riph\u00e9rique"}], "question": "What road encircles Paris?", "id": "5728c8d83acd2414000dfe5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "2,300 km2"}], "question": "How large is the metropolitan area of Paris?", "id": "5728c8d83acd2414000dfe60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1860"}], "question": "In what year was Paris' last annexation of outlying territories?", "id": "5728c8d83acd2414000dfe61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many arrondissements are there?", "id": "5728c8d83acd2414000dfe62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "1929"}], "question": "In what year were Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes annexed? ", "id": "5728c8d83acd2414000dfe63"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an, Paris menjadi satu bahagian depan Perang Aljazair untuk kemerdekaan; pada bulan Ogos 1961, pro-kemerdekaan FLN mensasarkan dan membunuh 11 anggota polis Paris, yang membawa kepada penguatkuasaan perintah berkurung ke atas umat Islam Algeria (yang pada waktu itu adalah warganegara Perancis). Pada 17 Oktober 1961, demonstrasi protes tanpa izin Algeria terhadap perintah berkurung membawa kepada konfrontasi ganas antara polis dan para penunjuk perasaan, di mana sekurang-kurangnya 40 orang terbunuh, termasuk beberapa yang dilemparkan ke dalam Seine. Organisasi anti-kemerdekaan de l'arm\u00e9e secr\u00e8te (OAS), untuk sebahagian mereka, telah melaksanakan beberapa siri pengeboman di Paris sepanjang tahun 1961 dan 1962. Berapa ramai pegawai polis yang membunuh pro-kemerdekaan FLN pada bulan Ogos 1961? || 11 <> Apa hasil pembunuhan polis? || perintah berkurung di Muslim Algeria <> Berapa banyak orang terbunuh semasa demonstrasi terhadap perintah berkurung? || sekurang-kurangnya 40 <> Siapa yang melakukan pengeboman di seluruh Paris antara 1961 dan 1962? || Organisasi de l'arm\u00e9e secr\u00e8te", {"context": "In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed, including some thrown into the Seine. The anti-independence Organisation de l'arm\u00e9e secr\u00e8te (OAS), for their part, carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many police officers did the pro-independence FLN kill in August of 1961?", "id": "5728c533ff5b5019007da65a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "curfew on Muslims of Algeria"}], "question": "What was the result of the police officer killing?", "id": "5728c533ff5b5019007da65b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "at least 40"}], "question": "How many people were killed during the demonstrations against the curfew?", "id": "5728c533ff5b5019007da65c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Organisation de l'arm\u00e9e secr\u00e8te"}], "question": "Who carried out bombings throughout Paris between 1961 and 1962?", "id": "5728c533ff5b5019007da65d"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-21, penduduk Paris mulai meningkat perlahan-lahan, apabila lebih ramai orang muda berpindah ke bandar. Ia mencapai 2.25 juta pada tahun 2011. Pada bulan Mac 2001, Bertrand Delano\u00eb menjadi walikota sosialis pertama Paris. Pada tahun 2007, dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan trafik kereta di bandar, beliau memperkenalkan V\u00e9lib ', sebuah sistem yang menyewa basikal untuk kegunaan penduduk tempatan dan pelawat. Bertrand Delano\u00eb juga mengubah seksyen lebuh raya di sepanjang tebing kiri Seine menjadi sebuah promenade dan taman bandar, Promenade des Berges de la Seine, yang ia diresmikan pada bulan Jun 2013. <> Berapa populasi Paris pada tahun 2011? || 2.25 juta <> Siapa yang menjadi walikota sosialis pertama di Paris? || Bertrand Delano\u00eb <> Apa sistem yang dipanggil yang membolehkan penduduk tempatan menyewa basikal? || V\u00e9lib '<> Bilakah Promenade des Berges de la Seine dirasmikan? || Jun 2013", {"context": "In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delano\u00eb became the first socialist mayor of Paris. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic in the city, he introduced the V\u00e9lib', a system which rents bicycles for the use of local residents and visitors. Bertrand Delano\u00eb also transformed a section of the highway along the left bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "2.25 million"}], "question": "What was the population of Paris in 2011?", "id": "5728c63d2ca10214002da792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Bertrand Delano\u00eb"}], "question": "Who was the first socialist mayor of Paris?", "id": "5728c63d2ca10214002da793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "V\u00e9lib'"}], "question": "What is the system called that allows local residents to rent bicycles?", "id": "5728c63d2ca10214002da794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "June 2013"}], "question": "When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine inaugurated?", "id": "5728c63d2ca10214002da795"}]}], ["Paris terletak di utara Perancis tengah. Dengan jalan raya ia adalah 450 kilometer (280 mi) tenggara London, 287 kilometer (178 mi) selatan Calais, 305 kilometer (190 mi) barat daya Brussels, 774 kilometer (481 mi) utara Marseille, 385 kilometer (239 mi) utara-timur Nantes, dan 135 kilometer (84 mi) tenggara Rouen. Paris terletak di arc utara lenturan sungai Seine dan termasuk dua pulau, \u00cele Saint-Louis dan \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 yang lebih besar, yang merupakan bahagian tertua bandar. Mulut sungai di Selat Inggeris (La Manche) adalah kira-kira 233 mi (375 km) di hilir bandar, ditubuhkan sekitar 7600 SM. Bandar ini tersebar luas di kedua-dua tebing sungai. Secara keseluruhan, bandar ini agak rata, dan titik terendah adalah 35 m (115 kaki) di atas paras laut. Paris mempunyai beberapa bukit menonjol, yang tertinggi adalah Montmartre di 130 m (427 kaki). Montmartre mendapat namanya dari martir Saint Denis, uskup pertama Paris, di atas Mons Martyrum, \"gundukan Martyr\", dalam 250. <> Di mana di Paris terletak Paris? || utara tengah <> Berapa kilometer dari London? || 450 <> Apakah sungai utama terletak di Paris? || Seine <> Apa pulau terbesar di Paris? || \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 <> Apa bukit terbesar di Paris? || Montmartre", {"context": "Paris is located in northern central France. By road it is 450 kilometres (280 mi) south-east of London, 287 kilometres (178 mi) south of Calais, 305 kilometres (190 mi) south-west of Brussels, 774 kilometres (481 mi) north of Marseille, 385 kilometres (239 mi) north-east of Nantes, and 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-east of Rouen. Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the \u00cele Saint-Louis and the larger \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9, which form the oldest part of the city. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream of the city, established around 7600 BC. The city is spread widely on both banks of the river. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft). Montmartre gained its name from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, first bishop of Paris, atop the Mons Martyrum, \"Martyr's mound\", in 250.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "northern central"}], "question": "Where in France is Paris located?", "id": "5728c8284b864d1900164e0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "450"}], "question": "How many kilometers is it away from London?", "id": "5728c8284b864d1900164e0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Seine"}], "question": "What major river is located in Paris?", "id": "5728c8284b864d1900164e0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "\u00cele de la Cit\u00e9"}], "question": "What is the largest island in Paris?", "id": "5728c8284b864d1900164e0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "Montmartre"}], "question": "What is the largest hill in Paris?", "id": "5728c8284b864d1900164e10"}]}], ["Pada 14 Jun 1940, tentera Jerman berarak ke Paris, yang telah diisytiharkan sebagai \"bandar terbuka\". Pada 16-17 Julai 1942, selepas perintah Jerman, polis Perancis dan gendarma menahan 12,884 orang Yahudi, termasuk 4,115 kanak-kanak, dan mengurung mereka selama lima hari di Vel d'Hiv (V\u00e9lodrome d'Hiver), di mana mereka diangkut dengan kereta api ke kem pemusnahan di Auschwitz. Tiada seorang pun daripada kanak-kanak yang kembali. Pada 25 Ogos 1944, bandar itu dibebaskan oleh Divisyen Perisai Kedua Perancis dan Bahagian Infantri ke-4 Tentera Amerika Syarikat. Jeneral Charles de Gaulle mengetuai orang ramai dan emosi di Champs \u00c9lys\u00e9es ke arah Notre Dame de Paris, dan membuat ucapan meriah dari H\u00f4tel de Ville. <> Pada tarikh apakah tentera Jerman mengisytiharkan Paris sebagai bandar terbuka? || 14 Jun 1940 <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi yang ditangkap mengikut pesanan Jerman? || 12,884 <> Di manakah orang Yahudi terkurung sebelum dibawa ke Auschwitz? || Vel d'Hiv <> Berapa banyak anak pulang dari Auschwitz? || Tiada <> Pada tarikh apa bandar dibebaskan? || 25 Ogos 1944", {"context": "On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an \"open city\". On 16\u201317 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv (V\u00e9lodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. None of the children came back. On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs \u00c9lys\u00e9es towards Notre Dame de Paris, and made a rousing speech from the H\u00f4tel de Ville.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "14 June 1940"}], "question": "On what date did the German army declare Paris as an open city?", "id": "5728c3cf2ca10214002da73a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "12,884"}], "question": "How many Jews were arrested following German orders?", "id": "5728c3cf2ca10214002da73b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Vel d'Hiv"}], "question": "Where were the Jews confined prior to being transported to Auschwitz?", "id": "5728c3cf2ca10214002da73c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "None"}], "question": "How many children came back from Auschwitz?", "id": "5728c3cf2ca10214002da73d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "25 August 1944"}], "question": "On what date was the city liberated?", "id": "5728c3cf2ca10214002da73e"}]}], ["Paris mempunyai iklim lautan Eropah yang tipikal (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen: Cfb) yang dipengaruhi oleh Semasa Atlantik Utara. Keseluruhan iklim sepanjang tahun adalah ringan dan sederhana basah. Hari-hari musim panas biasanya hangat dan menyenangkan dengan suhu purata berlegar antara 15 dan 25 \u00b0 C (59 dan 77 \u00b0 F), dan jumlah cahaya matahari yang cukup. Setiap tahun, bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa hari di mana suhu meningkat melebihi 32 \u00b0 C (90 \u00b0 F). Beberapa tahun bahkan telah menyaksikan tempoh musim panas yang sangat panas, seperti gelombang panas tahun 2003 apabila suhu melebihi 30 \u00b0 C (86 \u00b0 F) selama berminggu-minggu, meningkat sehingga 40 \u00b0 C (104 \u00b0 F) pada beberapa hari dan jarang disejukkan turun pada waktu malam. Baru-baru ini, suhu purata pada Julai 2011 adalah 17.6 \u00b0 C (63.7 \u00b0 F), dengan suhu minimum purata 12.9 \u00b0 C (55.2 \u00b0 F) dan suhu maksimum purata 23.7 \u00b0 C (74.7 \u00b0 F). <> Yang mana yang menjejaskan cuaca Paris? || Atlantik Utara Semasa <> Bagaimana iklim Paris dikategorikan? || ringan dan sederhana basah <> Apakah suhu purata untuk musim panas? || antara 15 dan 25 \u00b0 C <> Apakah suhu purata untuk bulan Julai 2011? || 17.6 \u00b0 C", {"context": "Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb\u202f) which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25 \u00b0C (59 and 77 \u00b0F), and a fair amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days where the temperature rises above 32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F). Some years have even witnessed long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the heat wave of 2003 when temperatures exceeded 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) for weeks, surged up to 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) on some days and seldom cooled down at night. More recently, the average temperature for July 2011 was 17.6 \u00b0C (63.7 \u00b0F), with an average minimum temperature of 12.9 \u00b0C (55.2 \u00b0F) and an average maximum temperature of 23.7 \u00b0C (74.7 \u00b0F).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "North Atlantic Current"}], "question": "Which current affects Paris' weather?", "id": "5728c9942ca10214002da7d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "mild and moderately wet"}], "question": "How is Paris' climate categorized?", "id": "5728c9942ca10214002da7d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "between 15 and 25 \u00b0C"}], "question": "What are the average temperatures for summer?", "id": "5728c9942ca10214002da7da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "17.6 \u00b0C"}], "question": "What was the average temperature for July 2011?", "id": "5728c9942ca10214002da7db"}]}], ["Pada 7 Januari 2015, dua ekstremis Muslim Perancis menyerang ibu pejabat Paris Charlie Hebdo dan membunuh tiga belas orang, dan pada 9 Januari, seorang pengganas ketiga membunuh empat sandera semasa serangan di sebuah kedai runcit Yahudi di Porte de Vincennes. Pada 11 Januari kira-kira 1.5 juta orang berarak di Paris-bersama pemimpin politik antarabangsa-untuk menunjukkan solidariti terhadap keganasan dan mempertahankan kebebasan bersuara. Sepuluh bulan kemudian, 13 November 2015, datang satu siri serangan pengganas yang diselaraskan di Paris dan Saint-Denis yang dituntut oleh organisasi 'ISIL' ISIL ('Daesh', ISIS); 130 orang terbunuh oleh tembakan dan bom, dan lebih daripada 350 cedera. Tujuh penyerang membunuh diri dan orang lain dengan menanggalkan jaket peledak mereka. Pada pagi 18 November tiga disyaki pengganas, termasuk pelaku yang dikatakan serangan Abdelhamid Abaaoud, terbunuh dalam tembak-menembak dengan polis di pinggir bandar Paris Saint-Denis. Presiden Hollande mengisytiharkan Perancis berada dalam keadaan kecemasan selama tiga bulan. <> Pada tarikh apa dua pelampau Muslim menyerang Charlie Hebdo? || 7 Januari 2015 <> Berapa ramai orang terbunuh dalam serangan Charlie Hebdo? || tiga belas <> Berapa banyak orang berarak pada 11 Januari terhadap keganasan? || 1.5 juta <> Organisasi Islam mana yang bertanggungjawab terhadap serangan? || ISIL <> Bagaimana penyerang membunuh diri? || menamatkan jaket letupan mereka", {"context": "On 7 January 2015, two French Muslim extremists attacked the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo and killed thirteen people, and on 9 January, a third terrorist killed four hostages during an attack at a Jewish grocery store at Porte de Vincennes. On 11 January an estimated 1.5 million people marched in Paris\u2013along with international political leaders\u2013to show solidarity against terrorism and in defence of freedom of speech. Ten months later, 13 November 2015, came a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris and Saint-Denis claimed by the 'Islamic state' organisation ISIL ('Daesh', ISIS); 130 people were killed by gunfire and bombs, and more than 350 were injured. Seven of the attackers killed themselves and others by setting off their explosive vests. On the morning of 18 November three suspected terrorists, including alleged planner of the attacks Abdelhamid Abaaoud, were killed in a shootout with police in the Paris suburb of Saint-Denis. President Hollande declared France to be in a three-month state of emergency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "7 January 2015"}], "question": "On what date did two Muslim extremists attack Charlie Hebdo?", "id": "5728c7b34b864d1900164dee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "How many people were killed at the Charlie Hebdo attack?", "id": "5728c7b34b864d1900164def"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "1.5 million"}], "question": "How many people marched on January 11 against terrorism?", "id": "5728c7b34b864d1900164df0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "ISIL"}], "question": "Which Islamic organisation took responsibility for the attacks?", "id": "5728c7b34b864d1900164df1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "setting off their explosive vests"}], "question": "How did the attackers kill themselves?", "id": "5728c7b34b864d1900164df2"}]}], ["Musim bunga dan musim gugur rata-rata, hari-hari ringan dan malam-malam segar tetapi berubah dan tidak stabil. Anehnya cuaca panas atau sejuk sering terjadi pada kedua-dua musim. Pada musim sejuk, cahaya matahari adalah terhad; hari sejuk tetapi secara amnya di atas beku dengan suhu sekitar 7 \u00b0 C (45 \u00b0 F). Frosts malam cahaya bagaimanapun biasa, tetapi suhu akan turun di bawah -5 \u00b0 C (23 \u00b0 F) selama beberapa hari setahun. Salji jatuh setiap tahun, tetapi jarang tinggal di atas tanah. Bandar ini kadang-kadang melihat cahaya salji atau fluri dengan atau tanpa pengumpulan. <> Apakah suhu purata semasa musim sejuk? || 7 \u00b0 C <> Adakah Paris melihat salji? || kadang-kadang melihat cahaya salji atau flurries <> Berapa kerap suhu jatuh di bawah -5 C || beberapa hari setahun", {"context": "Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around 7 \u00b0C (45 \u00b0F). Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below \u22125 \u00b0C (23 \u00b0F) for only a few days a year. Snow falls every year, but rarely stays on the ground. The city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "7 \u00b0C"}], "question": "What is the average temperature during winter?", "id": "5728cb7bff5b5019007da6c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "sometimes sees light snow or flurries"}], "question": "Does Paris see snow?", "id": "5728cb7bff5b5019007da6c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "a few days a year"}], "question": "How often does the temperature drop below -5 C", "id": "5728cb7bff5b5019007da6c2"}]}], ["Paris dan rantaunya menjadi tuan rumah bagi beberapa pertubuhan antarabangsa termasuk UNESCO, Organisasi untuk Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, Dewan Perniagaan Antarabangsa, Kelab Paris, Agensi Angkasa Eropah, Agensi Tenaga Antarabangsa, organisasi antarabangsa de la Francophonie , Institut Pengajian Keselamatan Kesatuan Eropah, Biro Antarabangsa Timbang dan Sukat, Biro Pameran Antarabangsa dan Persekutuan Antarabangsa untuk Hak Asasi Manusia. <> Di mana ibu pejabat UNESCO? || Paris <> Di mana ketua ibu pejabat Persekutuan Antarabangsa untuk Hak Asasi Manusia? || Paris <> Di mana ketua ibu pejabat Agensi Angkasa Eropah? || Paris", {"context": "Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the European Union Institute for Security Studies, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Exhibition Bureau and the International Federation for Human Rights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where is the headquarters for UNESCO?", "id": "5728d0683acd2414000dff2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where is the head quarters for the International Federation for Human Rights?", "id": "5728d0683acd2414000dff30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where is the head quarters for the European Space Agency?", "id": "5728d0683acd2414000dff31"}]}], ["Wilayah \u00cele de France, termasuk Paris dan komuniti sekitarnya, ditadbir oleh Majlis Serantau, yang mempunyai markasnya di arondisemen ke-7 di Paris. Ia terdiri daripada 209 orang yang mewakili komuniti yang berbeza di rantau ini. Pada 15 Disember 2015, senarai calon Kesatuan Hak, gabungan parti dan parti sayap kanan, yang dipimpin oleh Val\u00e9rie P\u00e9cresse, sempat memenangi pemilihan serantau, mengalahkan gabungan Sosialis dan ahli ekologi. Sosialis telah memerintah rantau ini selama tujuh belas tahun. Pada tahun 2016, majlis serantau baru akan mempunyai 121 ahli dari Kesatuan Hak, 66 dari Kesatuan Kiri dan 22 dari Barisan Nasional yang sangat melampau. <> Di mana daerah Coucil Wilayah ditempatkan? || 7th <> Berapa tahun sosialis memerintah rantau ini? || tujuh belas <> Berapa banyak ahli majlis yang akan mereka ada pada 2016 dari kesatuan Hak? || 121 <> Siapa yang mengetuai Kesatuan Hak? || Val\u00e9rie P\u00e9cresse", {"context": "The Region of \u00cele de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, which has its headquarters in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. It is composed of 209 members representing the different communes within the region. On December 15, 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Val\u00e9rie P\u00e9cresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. In 2016, the new regional council will have 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "7th"}], "question": "In which district is the Regional Coucil housed?", "id": "5728cf473acd2414000dff13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "seventeen"}], "question": "For how many years did the socialists governed the region?", "id": "5728cf473acd2414000dff14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "121"}], "question": "How many council members will they have in 2016 from the union of the Right?", "id": "5728cf473acd2414000dff15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Val\u00e9rie P\u00e9cresse"}], "question": "Who led the Union of the Right?", "id": "5728cf473acd2414000dff16"}]}], ["Mahkamah tertinggi di Perancis terletak di Paris. Mahkamah Cassation, mahkamah tertinggi dalam perintah kehakiman, yang mengkaji kes jenayah dan sivil, terletak di Palais de Justice di \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9, sementara Conseil d'\u00c9tat, yang memberikan nasihat undang-undang kepada eksekutif dan tindakan sebagai mahkamah tertinggi dalam perintah pentadbiran, menilai tindakan undang-undang terhadap badan awam, terletak di Palais-Royal dalam arrondissement pertama. Majlis Perlembagaan, badan penasihat dengan pihak berkuasa tertinggi mengenai perlembagaan undang-undang dan ketetapan kerajaan, juga bertemu di sayap Montpensier di Palais Royal. <> Di mana terdapat pengadilan tertinggi Perancis? || Paris <> Apakah pengadilan tertinggi dalam perintah kehakiman? || Mahkamah Kasasi <> Di manakah Majlis Perlembagaan? || Sayap Montpensier di Palais Royal <> Di mana Coutt of Cassation terletak? || Palais de Justice <> Dimana memenuhi Consiel d'Etat? || Palais-Royal", {"context": "France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9, while the Conseil d'\u00c9tat, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement. The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where are France's highest courts located?", "id": "5728cff2ff5b5019007da714"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Court of Cassation"}], "question": "What is the highest court in the judicial order?", "id": "5728cff2ff5b5019007da715"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal"}], "question": "Where does the Constitutional Council meet?", "id": "5728cff2ff5b5019007da716"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Palais de Justice"}], "question": "Where is the Coutt of Cassation located?", "id": "5728cff2ff5b5019007da717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Palais-Royal"}], "question": "Where does the Consiel d'Etat meet?", "id": "5728cff2ff5b5019007da718"}]}], ["Kebanyakan penguasa Perancis sejak Zaman Pertengahan membuat satu titik meninggalkan tanda mereka di sebuah bandar raya yang, bertentangan dengan banyak ibu kota dunia, tidak pernah dimusnahkan oleh malapetaka atau peperangan. Dalam memodenkan infrastrukturnya selama berabad-abad, Paris telah mengekalkan sejarahnya yang paling awal dalam peta jalannya. [Rujukan?] Pada asalnya, sebelum Zaman Pertengahan, bandar itu terdiri di sekitar beberapa pulau dan pasir di selekoh Seine; daripada mereka, dua kekal hari ini: \u00eele Saint-Louis, \u00eele de la Cit\u00e9; yang ketiga ialah 1827 yang dibuat secara buatan \u00cele aux Cygnes. Modern Paris berhutang banyak pada akhir abad ke-19 oleh pembentukan semula Empayar Kedua oleh Baron Haussmann: banyak jalan-jalan paling moden di Paris, jalan-jalan dan jalan-jalan hari ini adalah hasil daripada pengubahsuaian bandar itu. Paris juga berhutang dengan gaya jalan depannya yang sejajar, hiasan bangunan batu \"Grey Paris\" yang tersendiri, selaras dengan balkoni atas lantai, dan pokok-pokok yang dipenuhi pokok. Penduduk kediaman yang tinggi di pusat bandarnya menjadikannya jauh berbeza dari kebanyakan bandar-bandar global barat yang lain. <> Siapa yang telah mengubah Paris pada abad ke-19? || Baron Haussmann <> Yang mana dua pulau yang tinggal di Paris hari ini? || \u00cele Saint-Louis, \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 <> Ketika ile aux Cygnes dibuat? || 1827", {"context": "Most French rulers since the Middle Ages made a point of leaving their mark on a city that, contrary to many other of the world's capitals, has never been destroyed by catastrophe or war. In modernising its infrastructure through the centuries, Paris has preserved even its earliest history in its street map.[citation needed] At its origin, before the Middle Ages, the city was composed around several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the Seine; of those, two remain today: the \u00eele Saint-Louis, the \u00eele de la Cit\u00e9; a third one is the 1827 artificially created \u00eele aux Cygnes. Modern Paris owes much to its late 19th century Second Empire remodelling by the Baron Haussmann: many of modern Paris' busiest streets, avenues and boulevards today are a result of that city renovation. Paris also owes its style to its aligned street-fronts, distinctive cream-grey \"Paris stone\" building ornamentation, aligned top-floor balconies, and tree-lined boulevards. The high residential population of its city centre makes it much different from most other western global cities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "Baron Haussmann"}], "question": "Who remodeled Paris in the 19th century?", "id": "5728d235ff5b5019007da75a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "\u00eele Saint-Louis, the \u00eele de la Cit\u00e9"}], "question": "Which two islands remain in Paris today?", "id": "5728d235ff5b5019007da75b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "1827"}], "question": "When was ile aux Cygnes created?", "id": "5728d235ff5b5019007da75c"}]}], ["Anggaran bandar untuk tahun 2013 ialah \u20ac 7.6 bilion, di mana 5.4 bilion pergi untuk pentadbiran bandar, manakala \u20ac 2.2 bilion pergi untuk pelaburan. Sebahagian besar belanjawan (38 peratus) pergi untuk projek perumahan dan urbanisme awam; 15 peratus untuk jalan dan pengangkutan; 8 peratus untuk sekolah (yang kebanyakannya dibiayai oleh belanjawan negeri); 5 peratus untuk taman dan taman; dan 4 peratus untuk budaya. Sumber utama pendapatan kota adalah pajak langsung (35 persen), ditambah dengan pajak real estat 13 persen; 19 peratus daripada bajet datang dalam pemindahan dari kerajaan negara. <> Apa anggaran bandar pada 2013 || \u20ac 7.6 bilion <> Berapa banyak anggaran yang diperuntukkan untuk pentadbiran bandar? || 5.4 bilion <> Sebanyak peratus daripada belanjawan itu pergi ke projek perumahan dan urbanisme awam? || 38 <> Apa sumber pendapatan utama untuk Paris? || cukai <> Berapakah peratusan anggaran yang diperuntukkan untuk sekolah? || 8", {"context": "The budget of the city for 2013 was \u20ac7.6 billion, of which 5.4 billion went for city administration, while \u20ac2.2 billion went for investment. The largest part of the budget (38 percent) went for public housing and urbanism projects; 15 percent for roads and transport; 8 percent for schools (which are mostly financed by the state budget); 5 percent for parks and gardens; and 4 percent for culture. The main source of income for the city is direct taxes (35 percent), supplemented by a 13-percent real estate tax; 19 percent of the budget comes in a transfer from the national government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "\u20ac7.6 billion"}], "question": "What was the budget of the city in 2013", "id": "5728cc7b3acd2414000dfec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "5.4 billion"}], "question": "How much of the budget was allocated for city administration?", "id": "5728cc7b3acd2414000dfec6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "38"}], "question": "What percent of the budget goes towards public housing and urbanism projects?", "id": "5728cc7b3acd2414000dfec7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "taxes"}], "question": "What is the main source of income for Paris?", "id": "5728cc7b3acd2414000dfec8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "8"}], "question": "What percentage of the budget is allocated for schools?", "id": "5728cc7b3acd2414000dfec9"}]}], ["Struktur baru ini ditadbir oleh Majlis Metropolitan 210 ahli, tidak dipilih secara langsung, tetapi dipilih oleh majlis-majelis Komune anggota. Menjelang tahun 2020, kecekapan asasnya akan merangkumi perancangan bandar, perumahan, dan perlindungan alam sekitar. Presiden pertama dewan metropolitan, Patrick Ollier, seorang Republikan dan walikota bandar Rueil-Malmaison, dipilih pada 22 Januari 2016. Walaupun Metropole mempunyai penduduk hampir tujuh juta orang dan menyumbang 25% KDNK Perancis, ia mempunyai anggaran yang sangat kecil; hanya 65 juta Euro, berbanding dengan lapan bilion Euro untuk City of Paris. <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam Majlis Metropolitan? || 210 <> Siapa presiden pertama majlis metropolitan? || Patrick Ollier <> Bandar apakah Patrick Ollier seorang Datuk Bandar? || Rueil-Malmaison <> Pihak apa yang dikaitkan dengan Patrick Ollier? || Republikan <> Apakah anggaran untuk Metropole? || 65 juta Euro", {"context": "The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment. The first president of the metropolitan council, Patrick Ollier, a Republican and the mayor of the town of Rueil-Malmaison, was elected on January 22, 2016. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million persons and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget; just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "210"}], "question": "How many members are in the Metropolitan Council?", "id": "5728ce584b864d1900164e7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Patrick Ollier"}], "question": "Who was the first president of the metropolitan council?", "id": "5728ce584b864d1900164e7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Rueil-Malmaison"}], "question": "What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of?", "id": "5728ce584b864d1900164e7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "What party does Patrick Ollier associate with?", "id": "5728ce584b864d1900164e7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "65 million Euros"}], "question": "What is the budget for Metropole?", "id": "5728ce584b864d1900164e80"}]}], ["M\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris, atau Metropolis dari Greater Paris, secara rasmi wujud pada 1 Januari 2016. Ia adalah struktur pentadbiran untuk kerjasama antara Kota Paris dan pinggir bandar terdekatnya. Ia termasuk Kota Paris, ditambah dengan komune, atau bandar-bandar dari tiga jabatan di pinggir bandar; Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis dan Val-de-Marne; ditambah tujuh komune di pinggir pinggir luar, termasuk Argenteuil di Val d'Oise dan Paray-Vieille-Poste di Essonne, yang ditambah termasuk lapangan terbang utama Paris. Metropole meliputi 814 kilometer persegi dan mempunyai penduduk sebanyak 6.945 juta orang. <> Bilakah Metropole du Grand Paris wujud? || 1 Januari 2016 <> Berapa besarnya Metropole? || 814 kilometer persegi <> Apakah populasi metropole? || 6.945 juta <> Apa tiga jabatan di pinggir bandar dimasukkan ke dalam metropole? || Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis dan Val-de-Marne <> Berapa banyak komuniti pinggir luar yang termasuk dalam metropole? || tujuh", {"context": "The M\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris, or Metropolis of Greater Paris, formally came into existence on January 1, 2016. It is an administrative structure for cooperation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes, or towns of the three departments of the inner suburbs; Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne; plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 6.945 million persons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "January 1, 2016"}], "question": "When did the Metropole du Grand Paris come into existence?", "id": "5728ccfb4b864d1900164e5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "814 square kilometers"}], "question": "How large is the Metropole?", "id": "5728ccfb4b864d1900164e5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "6.945 million"}], "question": "What is the population of the metropole?", "id": "5728ccfb4b864d1900164e60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne"}], "question": "What three departments of the inner suburbs are included in the metropole?", "id": "5728ccfb4b864d1900164e61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many communes of the outer suburbs are included in the metropole?", "id": "5728ccfb4b864d1900164e62"}]}], ["Keamanan Paris adalah tanggungjawab utama Prefektur Polis Paris, sebuah subdivisi Kementerian Dalam Negeri Perancis. Ia menyelia unit-unit Polis Negara yang mengawal bandar dan tiga jiran jirannya. Ia juga bertanggungjawab untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan kecemasan, termasuk Brigade Bomba Paris. Ibu pejabatnya terletak di Place Louis L\u00e9pine di \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9. Terdapat 30,200 pegawai di bawah wilayah itu, dan sebuah armada lebih daripada 6,000 kenderaan, termasuk kereta polis, motosikal, trak kebakaran, bot dan helikopter. Di samping tugas polis tradisional, polis tempatan memantau jumlah jualan diskaun yang dipegang oleh kedai-kedai besar (tidak lebih dari dua tahun dibenarkan) dan mengesahkan bahawa, semasa cuti musim panas, sekurang-kurangnya satu kedai roti dibuka di setiap kawasan. Polis kebangsaan mempunyai unit tersendiri untuk mengawal rusuhan dan mengawal orang ramai dan keselamatan bangunan awam, yang dikenali sebagai Compagnies R\u00e9publaines de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 (CRS), sebuah unit yang dibentuk pada tahun 1944 selepas pembebasan Perancis. Vans agen CRS sering dilihat di pusat bandar apabila terdapat demonstrasi dan acara awam. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk keselamatan Paris? || Prefektur Polis Paris <> Di mana ibu pejabat untuk Prefektur Polis Paris? || Tempat Louis L\u00e9pine di \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 <> Berapa ramai pegawai di Prefektur Polis Paris? || 30,200 <> Bilakah terbentuknya Compagnies Republicaines de Securite? || 1944 <> Berapa banyak kenderaan dalam armada? || 6,000", {"context": "The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior of France. It supervises the units of the National Police who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the Paris Fire Brigade. Its headquarters is on Place Louis L\u00e9pine on the \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9. There are 30,200 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats and helicopters. In addition to traditional police duties, the local police monitors the number of discount sales held by large stores (no more than two a year are allowed) and verify that, during summer holidays, at least one bakery is open in every neighbourhood. The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control and security of public buildings, called the Compagnies R\u00e9publicaines de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 (CRS), a unit formed in 1944 right after the liberation of France. Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of the city when there are demonstrations and public events.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Prefecture of Police of Paris"}], "question": "Who is responsible for the security of Paris?", "id": "5728d0f4ff5b5019007da72e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Place Louis L\u00e9pine on the \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9"}], "question": "Where is the headquarters for the Prefecture of Police of Paris?", "id": "5728d0f4ff5b5019007da72f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "30,200"}], "question": "How many officers are in the Prefecture of Police of Paris?", "id": "5728d0f4ff5b5019007da730"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1005, "text": "1944"}], "question": "When was the Compagnies Republicaines de Securite formed?", "id": "5728d0f4ff5b5019007da731"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "6,000"}], "question": "How many vehicles are in the fleet?", "id": "5728d0f4ff5b5019007da732"}]}], ["Datuk Bandar Paris dipilih secara tidak langsung oleh pengundi Paris; pengundi setiap arondisemen memilih Conseil de Paris (Majlis Paris), terdiri daripada 163 ahli. Setiap arrondissement mempunyai beberapa ahli bergantung kepada penduduknya, dari 10 orang anggota untuk setiap wilayah yang paling ramai penduduk (1 hingga 9) hingga 36 orang yang paling ramai penduduknya (ke-15). Ahli majlis yang dipilih memilih Datuk Bandar. Kadang-kadang calon yang menerima undi paling banyak di seluruh bandar tidak dipilih jika calon lain telah memenangi sokongan majoriti ahli majlis. Datuk Bandar Bertrand Delano\u00eb (2001-2014) dipilih oleh hanya minoriti pengundi bandar, tetapi majoriti ahli majlis. Setelah dipilih, dewan memainkan peranan yang sangat pasif di kerajaan bandar; ia hanya bertemu sekali sebulan. Majlis semasa dibahagikan antara koalisi kiri 91 ahli, termasuk sosialis, komunis, hijau, dan kiri yang melampau; dan 71 ahli kanan pusat, ditambah beberapa ahli dari pihak yang lebih kecil. <> Berapa banyak ahli yang ada di Conseil de Paris? || 163 <> Bagaimana Pemilihan Mayor Bertand Delanoe || majoriti ahli majlis <> Berapa kerapkah majlis itu bertemu? || sekali sebulan <> Berapa tahun Bertrand Delanoe Walikota? || 2001-2014", {"context": "The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each arrondissement elect the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement has a number of members depending upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements (1st through 9th) to 36 members for the most populated (the 15th). The elected council members select the mayor. Sometimes the candidate who receives the most votes city-wide is not selected if the other candidate has won the support of the majority of council members. Mayor Bertrand Delano\u00eb (2001-2014) was elected by only a minority of city voters, but a majority of council members. Once elected, the council plays a largely passive role in the city government; it meets only once a month. The current council is divided between a coalition of the left of 91 members, including the socialists, communists, greens, and extreme left; and 71 members for the centre right, plus a few members from smaller parties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "163"}], "question": "How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris?", "id": "5728cbe3ff5b5019007da6d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "majority of council members"}], "question": "How was Mayor Bertand Delanoe elected", "id": "5728cbe3ff5b5019007da6d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "once a month"}], "question": "How often does the council meet?", "id": "5728cbe3ff5b5019007da6d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "2001-2014"}], "question": "What years was Bertrand Delanoe Mayor?", "id": "5728cbe3ff5b5019007da6d3"}]}], ["Penduduk Paris hari ini lebih rendah dari puncak sejarahnya yang mencapai 2.9 juta pada tahun 1921. Alasan utama adalah penurunan jumlah rumah tangga yang ketara, dan perpindahan penduduk yang dramatis ke pinggiran kota antara tahun 1962 dan 1975. Faktor-faktor penghijrahan termasuk de-perindustrian , sewa yang tinggi, gentrifikasi banyak ruang dalaman, transformasi ruang hidup ke pejabat, dan kemakmuran yang lebih besar di kalangan keluarga yang bekerja. Kehilangan populasi bandar telah berakhir pada abad ke-21; perkiraan penduduk pada bulan Julai 2004 menunjukkan peningkatan penduduk buat kali pertama sejak tahun 1954, dan penduduk mencapai 2,234,000 pada tahun 2009. <> Apa populasi puncak Paris? || 2.9 juta <> Ketika puncak penduduk Paris? || 1921 <> Tahun apakah peningkatan penduduk pertama sejak tahun 1954? || 2004 <> Apakah populasi pada tahun 2009? || 2,234,000", {"context": "The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss came to an end in the 21st century; the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, and the population reached 2,234,000 by 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "2.9 million"}], "question": "What is Paris' peak population?", "id": "5728da773acd2414000e004b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "1921"}], "question": "When was Paris' population peak?", "id": "5728da773acd2414000e004c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "2004"}], "question": "What year was the first population increase since 1954?", "id": "5728da773acd2414000e004d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "2,234,000"}], "question": "What was the population in 2009?", "id": "5728da773acd2414000e004e"}]}], ["Menurut Eurostat, agensi statistik EU, pada tahun 2012, Komune Paris adalah bandar paling padat penduduk di Kesatuan Eropah, dengan 21,616 orang per kilometer persegi dalam batas kota (wilayah statistik NUTS-3), menjelang Inner London West , yang mempunyai 10,374 orang setiap kilometer persegi. Menurut bancian yang sama, tiga jabatan yang bersempadan dengan Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis dan Val-de-Marne, mempunyai kepadatan penduduk lebih dari sepuluh ribu orang dalam satu kilometer persegi, di antara sepuluh kawasan yang paling padat penduduknya EU. <> Apa bandar paling padat di EU pada tahun 2012? || Commune of Paris <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal setiap kilometer persegi di sempadan bandar? || 21,616 <> Apa tiga jabatan di sekitar Paris mempunyai ketumpatan lebih besar daripada 10k / k? || Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis dan Val-de-Marne", {"context": "According to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over ten thousand people per square kilometre, ranking among the ten most densely populated areas of the EU.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Commune of Paris"}], "question": "What was the most populated city in the EU in 2012?", "id": "5728dbd84b864d1900164faa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "21,616"}], "question": "How many people lived per square kilometer in the city limits?", "id": "5728dbd84b864d1900164fab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne"}], "question": "What three departments surrounding Paris had densities greater than 10k/k?", "id": "5728dbd84b864d1900164fac"}]}], ["Kawasan ini, sensasi kuarza (\"tempat sensitif\"), terletak di utara dan timur Paris, iaitu sekitar kawasan kejiranan Goutte d'Or dan Belleville. Di utara bandar, mereka dikelompokkan terutamanya di jabatan Seine-Saint-Denis, dan lebih rendah ke timur di jabatan Val-d'Oise. Kawasan sukar lain terletak di Lembah Seine, di \u00c9vry et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne), di Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines), dan bertaburan di kalangan daerah perumahan sosial yang dicipta oleh inisiatif politik \"ville nouvelle\" 1961 Delouvrier. <> Di manakah sensasi-kuarki kuarza terletak? || utara dan timur Paris <> Apa dua kejiranan adalah pusat-pusat quartiers sensibles? || Goutte d'Or dan Belleville <> Mengapa kejiranan ini dibuat? || Inisiatif politik 1938 \"ville nouvelle\" Delouvrier", {"context": "These areas, quartiers sensibles (\"sensitive quarters\"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of the city they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, and to a lesser extreme to the east in the Val-d'Oise department. Other difficult areas are located in the Seine valley, in \u00c9vry et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne), in Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 \"ville nouvelle\" political initiative.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "northern and eastern Paris"}], "question": "Where are the quartiers sensibles located?", "id": "5728d9604b864d1900164f7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Goutte d'Or and Belleville"}], "question": "What two neighborhoods are the centers of the quartiers sensibles?", "id": "5728d9604b864d1900164f7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Delouvrier's 1961 \"ville nouvelle\" political initiative"}], "question": "Why were these neighborhoods created?", "id": "5728d9604b864d1900164f7e"}]}], ["Kumpulan yang selebihnya, orang yang dilahirkan di negara asing tanpa kewarganegaraan Perancis semasa kelahiran, adalah mereka yang ditakrifkan sebagai pendatang di bawah undang-undang Perancis. Menurut bancian 2012, 135,853 penduduk kota Paris adalah pendatang dari Eropah, 112,369 adalah pendatang dari Maghreb, 70,852 dari sub-Sahara Afrika dan Mesir, 5,059 dari Turki, 91,297 dari Asia (di luar Turki), 38,858 dari Amerika , dan 1,365 dari Pasifik Selatan. Perhatikan bahawa pendatang dari Amerika dan Pasifik Selatan di Paris jauh melebihi jumlah pendatang dari kawasan dan wilayah di luar negeri Perancis yang terletak di kawasan-kawasan di dunia ini. <> Berapa ramai pendatang di Paris pada tahun 2012 dari Eropah? || 135,853 <> Berapa ramai pendatang ke Paris pada tahun 2012 adalah dari Maghreb? || 112,369 <> Berapa banyak pendatang di Paris pada tahun 2012 adalah dari Afrika sub-Sahara dan Mesir? || 70,852 <> Berapa ramai orang Asia yang berhijrah ke Paris pada tahun 2012? || 91,297", {"context": "The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific. Note that the immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "135,853"}], "question": "How many immigrants were in Paris in 2012 from Europe?", "id": "5728e1c04b864d1900165006"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "112,369"}], "question": "How many immigrants to Paris in 2012 were from the Maghreb?", "id": "5728e1c04b864d1900165007"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "70,852"}], "question": "How many immigrants in Paris in 2012 were from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt?", "id": "5728e1c04b864d1900165008"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "91,297"}], "question": "How many Asians immigrated to Paris in 2012?", "id": "5728e1c04b864d1900165009"}]}], ["Paris 'mencabut pinggir bandarnya, kekurangan pengangkutan di pinggir bandar, menjadi terlalu jelas dengan pertumbuhan aglomerasi Paris. Paul Delouvrier berjanji untuk menyelesaikan pinggir bandar pinggiran Paris ketika ia menjadi ketua rantau Paris pada tahun 1961: dua projek yang paling bercita-cita tinggi untuk Wilayah itu ialah pembinaan lima villa nouvelles (\"kota baru\") dan rangkaian kereta api komuter RER . Banyak daerah kediaman pinggir bandar (grands ensembles) yang dibina antara tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an untuk menyediakan penyelesaian kos rendah bagi penduduk yang berkembang pesat: daerah-daerah ini bercampur dengan sosial pada mulanya, tetapi beberapa penduduk sebenarnya memiliki rumah mereka (ekonomi yang semakin berkembang membuat ini boleh diakses oleh kelas menengah hanya dari tahun 1970-an). Kualiti pembinaan mereka yang kurang baik dan kemasukan mereka yang tidak seragam ke dalam pertumbuhan bandar yang ada menyumbang kepada kemunduran mereka oleh mereka yang dapat bergerak di tempat lain dan repopulation mereka oleh mereka yang mempunyai kemungkinan yang lebih terhad. <> Bilakah Paul Delouvrier menjadi ketua rantau Paris? || 1961 <> Apakah masalah utama dengan Paris diputuskan dari pinggirannya? || kekurangan pengangkutan pinggir bandar <> Berapa ramai nouvelles di pinggir bandar melakukan perlembagaan Paul Delouvrier? || lima", {"context": "Paris' disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs m\u00e9sentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961: two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban villes nouvelles (\"new cities\") and the RER commuter train network. Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) were built between the 1960s and 1970s to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population: these districts were socially mixed at first, but few residents actually owned their homes (the growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s). Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere and their repopulation by those with more limited possibilities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "1961"}], "question": "When did Paul Delouvrier become the head of the Paris region?", "id": "5728d89f3acd2414000e0015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "lack of suburban transportation"}], "question": "What was a major problem with Paris being disconnected from its suburbs?", "id": "5728d89f3acd2414000e0016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many suburban villes nouvelles did Paul Delouvrier constuct?", "id": "5728d89f3acd2414000e0017"}]}], ["Selain penambahan Bois de Boulogne abad ke-20, Bois de Vincennes dan heliport Paris, had pentadbiran Paris kekal tidak berubah sejak tahun 1860. Jabatan Seine telah menguasai Paris dan pinggirannya sejak penciptaannya pada tahun 1790, tetapi penduduk pinggir bandar yang semakin meningkat telah menjadikannya sukar untuk mentadbir sebagai entiti yang unik. Masalah ini 'diselesaikan' apabila ibu bapa mereka \"Daerah de la r\u00e9gion parisienne\" (wilayah Paris) telah disusun semula menjadi beberapa jabatan baru dari tahun 1968: Paris menjadi jabatan itu sendiri, dan pentadbiran pinggirannya dibahagikan antara tiga jabatan yang mengelilinginya . Wilayah Paris dinamakan semula sebagai \"\u00cele-de-France\" pada tahun 1977, tetapi nama \"wilayah Paris\" masih digunakan pada hari ini. Paris bersatu semula dengan pinggir bandarnya pada 1 Januari 2016 ketika M\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris muncul. <> Apa yang mereka hanya dua penambahan kepada had pentadbiran Paris sejak 1860? || Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes <> Bilakah jabatan Siene dibuat? || 1790 <> Kapan reorganisasi rantau Daerah de la parisienne? || 1968 <> Apa kawasan Paris dinamakan semula? || \"\u00cele-de-France\" <> Bilakah Paris bersatu semula dengan pinggir bandarnya? || 1 Januari 2016", {"context": "Aside from the 20th century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes and Paris heliport, Paris' administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. The Seine d\u00e9partement had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to govern as a unique entity. This problem was 'resolved' when its parent \"District de la r\u00e9gion parisienne\" (Paris region) was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three departments surrounding it. The Paris region was renamed \"\u00cele-de-France\" in 1977, but the \"Paris region\" name is still commonly used today. Paris was reunited with its suburbs on January 1, 2016 when the M\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris came into existence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes"}], "question": "What are they only two additions to Paris' administrative limits since 1860?", "id": "5728d7cc2ca10214002da934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "1790"}], "question": "When was the Siene department created?", "id": "5728d7cc2ca10214002da935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "1968"}], "question": "WHen was District de la region parisienne reorganised?", "id": "5728d7cc2ca10214002da936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "\"\u00cele-de-France\""}], "question": "What was the Paris region renamed to?", "id": "5728d7cc2ca10214002da937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "January 1, 2016"}], "question": "When was Paris reunited with its suburbs?", "id": "5728d7cc2ca10214002da938"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2012, aglomerasi Paris (kawasan bandar) mengira 28,800 orang tanpa kediaman tetap, peningkatan 84 peratus sejak tahun 2001; ia mewakili 43 peratus daripada kehilangan tempat tinggal di seluruh Perancis. Empat puluh satu peratus adalah wanita, dan 29 peratus disertai oleh kanak-kanak. Lima puluh enam peratus daripada kehilangan tempat tinggal dilahirkan di luar Perancis, jumlah terbesar yang datang dari Afrika dan Eropah Timur. Kota Paris mempunyai enam puluh tempat penampungan tanpa tempat tinggal, yang dinamakan Centers d'h\u00e9bergement et de r\u00e9insertion sociale atau CHRS, yang dibiayai oleh bandar dan dikendalikan oleh badan amal dan persatuan swasta. <> Apakah populasi kawasan bandar Paris pada tahun 2012 tanpa kediaman tetap? || 28,800 <> Berapakah peratusan homelessness di Perancis tidak rumah Paris? || 43 <> Berapa peratus daripada orang yang tidak mempunyai rumah adalah wanita? || 43 <> Berapa banyak tempat perlindungan yang tiada tempat tinggal di Paris? || enam puluh <> yang membiayai perlindungan tempat tinggal ini? || Bandar", {"context": "In 2012 the Paris agglomeration (urban area) counted 28,800 people without a fixed residence, an increase of 84 percent since 2001; it represents 43 percent of the homeless in all of France. Forty-one percent were women, and 29 percent were accompanied by children. Fifty-six percent of the homeless were born outside France, the largest number coming from Africa and Eastern Europe. The city of Paris has sixty homeless shelters, called Centres d'h\u00e9bergement et de r\u00e9insertion sociale or CHRS, which are funded by the city and operated by private charities and associations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "28,800"}], "question": "What was the population of the urban area of Paris in 2012 without a fixed residence?", "id": "5728d7142ca10214002da918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "43"}], "question": "What percentage of homelessness in France does Paris house?", "id": "5728d7142ca10214002da919"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "43"}], "question": "What percentage of homeless people are women?", "id": "5728d7142ca10214002da91a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "sixty"}], "question": "How many homeless shelters are in Paris?", "id": "5728d7142ca10214002da91b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "the city"}], "question": "Who funds these homeless shelters?", "id": "5728d7142ca10214002da91c"}]}], ["Contoh-contoh seni bina Eropah pada masa itu lebih daripada satu milenium; termasuk gereja Romanesque Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pr\u00e9s (1014-1163); Senibina Gothic awal Basilika Saint-Denis (1144), Katedral Notre Dame (1163-1345), Gothic Flamboyan Saint Chapelle (1239-1248), gereja Baroque Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis (1627 -1641) dan Les Invalides (1670-1708). Abad ke-19 menghasilkan gereja neoklasik La Madeleine (1808-1842); Palais Garnier Opera House (1875); Basilika neo-Byzantine Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur (1875-1919), dan modernisme Belle \u00c9poque yang menonjol dari Menara Eiffel (1889). Contoh-contoh senibina abad ke-20 termasuk Pusat Georges Pompidou oleh Richard Rogers dan Renzo Piano (1977), dan Louvre Pyramid oleh I.M. Pei (1989). Senibina kontemporari termasuk Mus\u00e9e du Quai Branly oleh Jean Nouvel (2006) dan muzium seni kontemporari yang baru oleh Yayasan Louis Vuitton oleh Frank Gehry (2014). <> Bilakah La Madeleine dibina? || 1808-1842 <> Bilakah bangunan Palais Garnier dibina? || 1875 <> Bilakah menara Eiffel dibina? || 1889 <> Yang membina muzium seni Yayasan Louis Vuitton? || Frank Gehry <> Siapa yang membina Piramid Louvre? || I.M. Pei", {"context": "Parisian examples of European architecture date back more than a millennium; including the Romanesque church of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pr\u00e9s (1014-1163); the early Gothic Architecture of the Basilica of Saint-Denis (1144), the Notre Dame Cathedral (1163-1345), the Flamboyant Gothic of Saint Chapelle (1239-1248), the Baroque churches of Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis (1627-1641) and Les Invalides (1670-1708). The 19th century produced the neoclassical church of La Madeleine (1808-1842); the Palais Garnier Opera House (1875); the neo-Byzantine Basilica of Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur (1875-1919), and the exuberant Belle \u00c9poque modernism of the Eiffel Tower (1889). Striking examples of 20th century architecture include the Centre Georges Pompidou by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano (1977), and the Louvre Pyramid by I.M. Pei (1989). Contemporary architecture includes the Mus\u00e9e du Quai Branly by Jean Nouvel (2006) and the new contemporary art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation by Frank Gehry (2014).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "1808-1842"}], "question": "When was La Madeleine built?", "id": "5728d6963acd2414000dfff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "1875"}], "question": "When was teh Palais Garnier Opera House built?", "id": "5728d6963acd2414000dfff2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "1889"}], "question": "When was the Eiffel Tower built?", "id": "5728d6963acd2414000dfff3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 973, "text": "Frank Gehry"}], "question": "Who built the art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation?", "id": "5728d6963acd2414000dfff4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "I.M. Pei"}], "question": "Who built the Louvre Pyramid?", "id": "5728d6963acd2414000dfff5"}]}], ["Penduduk Paris dalam batas kota administratif adalah 2,241,346 pada bulan Januari 2014. Ini menjadikan Paris perbandaran kelima terbesar di Uni Eropa, berikutan London, Berlin, Madrid dan Rom. Eurostat, agensi statistik EU, menempatkan Paris (6.5 juta orang) di belakang London (8 juta) dan di hadapan Berlin (3.5 juta), berdasarkan populasi 2012 yang disebut Eurostat sebagai \"bandar utama audit bandar\". Kawasan Perbandaran Paris, atau \"unit\u00e9 urbaine\", adalah kawasan statistik yang dibuat oleh agensi statistik Perancis INSEE untuk mengukur penduduk kawasan terbina di sekitar bandar. Ia sedikit lebih kecil daripada Wilayah Paris. Menurut INSEE, Kawasan Urban Paris mempunyai populasi 10,550,350 pada banci Januari 2012, yang paling ramai penduduknya di Kesatuan Eropah, dan ketiga yang paling ramai penduduknya di Eropah, di belakang Istanbul dan Moscow. Kawasan Metropolitan Paris adalah penduduk kedua paling ramai di Kesatuan Eropah selepas London dengan populasi 12,341,418 pada banci Januari 2012. <> Pada Janurary tahun 2014, apakah populasi bandar Paris? || 2,241,346 <> Di mana Paris berada di EU dalam perbandaran terbesar? || kelima <> Apa 4 bandar lebih besar daripada Paris di EU? || London, Berlin, Madrid dan Rom <> Siapa yang membuat Kawasan Perbandaran Paris? || INSEE <> Menurut INSEE, penduduk Paris Urban Area? || 10,550,350", {"context": "The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2,241,346 in January 2014. This makes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union, following London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome. Eurostat, the statistical agency of the EU, places Paris (6.5 million people) second behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls \"urban audit core cities\". The Paris Urban Area, or \"unit\u00e9 urbaine\", is a statistical area created by the French statistical agency INSEE to measure the population of built-up areas around the city. It is slightly smaller than the Paris Region. According to INSEE, the Paris Urban Area had a population of 10,550,350 at the January 2012 census, the most populous in the European Union, and third most populous in Europe, behind Istanbul and Moscow. The Paris Metropolitan Area is the second most populous in the European Union after London with a population of 12,341,418 at the Jan. 2012 census.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "2,241,346"}], "question": "In Janurary of 2014, what was the population of Paris' city limits?", "id": "5728da082ca10214002da982"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "fifth"}], "question": "Where is Paris ranked in the EU by largest municipality?", "id": "5728da082ca10214002da983"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome"}], "question": "What 4 cities are larger than Paris in the EU?", "id": "5728da082ca10214002da984"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "INSEE"}], "question": "Who created The Paris Urban Area?", "id": "5728da082ca10214002da985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "10,550,350"}], "question": "According to the INSEE what is Paris Urban Area population?", "id": "5728da082ca10214002da986"}]}], ["Undang-undang urbanisme Paris telah dikendalikan dengan ketat sejak awal abad ke-17, terutama di mana penjajaran jalan depan, ketinggian bangunan dan pengedaran bangunan adalah berkenaan. Dalam perkembangan terkini, ketinggian ketinggian bangunan tahun 1974-2010 yang terletak 37 meter (121 kaki) dinaikkan kepada 50 m (160 kaki) di kawasan pusat dan 180 meter (590 kaki) di beberapa kawasan periferal Paris, namun bagi sebahagian lebih banyak pusat bandar, bahkan undang-undang ketinggian bangunan yang lebih tua masih lagi berkuatkuasa. Menara Montparnasse sejauh 210 meter (690 kaki) adalah bangunan tertinggi di Paris dan Perancis sehingga tahun 1973, tetapi rekod ini telah diadakan oleh menara Tour La Qu\u00e9bec pertama di Courbevoie sejak pembinaan tahun 2011. Projek baru untuk La Defense, yang dipanggil Hermitage Plaza, yang dilancarkan pada tahun 2009, bercadang untuk membina dua menara, 85 dan 86 tingkat atau 320 meter tinggi, yang akan menjadi bangunan tertinggi di Kesatuan Eropah, hanya sedikit lebih pendek daripada Menara Eiffel. Mereka dijadualkan siap pada tahun 2019 atau 2020, tetapi sejak pembinaan Januari 2015 masih belum dimulakan, dan ada soalan dalam akhbar mengenai masa depan projek. <> Apakah had ketinggian semasa di Paris di kawasan tengah? || 50 m <> Sehingga tahun 1973, apa yang Paris; bangunan tertinggi? || Montparnasse <> Apa nama projek La Defense yang dipanggil yang belum dimulakan? || Hermitage Plaza <> Bilakah Hermitage Plaza dilancarkan? || 2009 <> Berapa banyak menara dirancang untuk dibina? || dua", {"context": "Paris' urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century, particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned. In recent developments, a 1974-2010 building height limitation of 37 metres (121 ft) was raised to 50 m (160 ft) in central areas and 180 metres (590 ft) in some of Paris' peripheral quarters, yet for some of the city's more central quarters, even older building-height laws still remain in effect. The 210 metres (690 ft) Montparnasse tower was both Paris and France's tallest building until 1973, but this record has been held by the La D\u00e9fense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie since its 2011 construction. A new project for La Defense, called Hermitage Plaza, launched in 2009, proposes to build two towers, 85 and 86 stories or 320 metres high, which would be the tallest buildings in the European Union, just slightly shorter than the Eiffel Tower. They were scheduled for completion in 2019 or 2020, but as of January 2015 construction had not yet begun, and there were questions in the press about the future of the project.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "50 m"}], "question": "What is the current height limitation in Paris in central areas?", "id": "5728d5f23acd2414000dffcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Montparnasse"}], "question": "Until 1973, what was Paris; tallest building?", "id": "5728d5f23acd2414000dffd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "Hermitage Plaza"}], "question": "What is the name of the project for La Defense called that has not yet been started?", "id": "5728d5f23acd2414000dffd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When was the Hermitage Plaza launched?", "id": "5728d5f23acd2414000dffd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many towers were planned to be built?", "id": "5728d5f23acd2414000dffd3"}]}], ["Wilayah Paris adalah rantau utama Perancis untuk kegiatan ekonomi, dengan KDNK 2012 sebanyak \u20ac 624 bilion (AS $ 687.000.000). Pada tahun 2011, KDNK berada di kedudukan kedua di kalangan rantau Eropah dan per kapita KDNKnya adalah keempat tertinggi di Eropah. Walaupun populasi rantau Paris menyumbang 18.8 peratus daripada metropolitan Perancis pada tahun 2011, KDNK wilayah Paris menyumbang 30 peratus daripada KDNK Perancis metropolitan. Pada tahun 2015, ia menjadi ibu pejabat dunia 29 daripada 31 syarikat Fortune Global 500 yang terletak di Perancis. <> Apakah KDNK Wilayah Paris pada tahun 2012? || \u20ac 624 bilion <> Berapa banyak ibu pejabat dunia dari 31 syarikat Fortune Global 500 yang terletak di Paris? || 29 <> Sebanyak peratus daripada KDNK Frances terdiri daripada KDNK Wilayah Paris? || 30", {"context": "The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a 2012 GDP of \u20ac624 billion (US$687 billion). In 2011, its GDP ranked second among the regions of Europe and its per-capita GDP was the 4th highest in Europe. While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2011, the Paris region's GDP accounted for 30 percent of metropolitan France's GDP. In 2015 it hosts the world headquarters of 29 of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies located in France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "\u20ac624 billion"}], "question": "What was Paris Region's GDP in 2012?", "id": "5728e43b2ca10214002daa4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "29"}], "question": "How many world headquarters of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies are located in Paris?", "id": "5728e43b2ca10214002daa4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "30"}], "question": "What percentage of Frances GDP is made up from the Paris Region's GDP?", "id": "5728e43b2ca10214002daa50"}]}], ["Walaupun Paris mempunyai beberapa kejiranan terkaya di Perancis, ia juga mempunyai beberapa yang termiskin, kebanyakannya di sebelah timur bandar. Pada tahun 2012, 14 peratus isi rumah di bandar itu memperoleh kurang daripada \u20ac 977 sebulan, garis kemiskinan rasmi. Dua puluh lima peratus penduduk di arondisemen ke-19 tinggal di bawah garis kemiskinan; 24 peratus pada 18, 22 peratus pada 20 dan 18 peratus pada ke-10. Di kawasan kejiranan terkaya di bandar itu, arrondissement ke-7, 7 peratus hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan; 8 peratus di arondisemen ke-6; dan 9 peratus di arondisemen ke-16. <> Berapa peratus isi rumah yang diperoleh kurang dari 977 sebulan? || 14 <> Sebanyak peratus penduduk hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan di kejiranan Paris yang paling kaya? || 7 <> Apakah peratusan orang di arondisemen ke-19 tinggal di bawah garis kemiskinan? || Dua puluh lima", {"context": "While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in the city earned less than \u20ac977 per month, the official poverty line. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line; 24 percent in the 18th, 22 percent in the 20th and 18 percent in the 10th. In the city's wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line; 8 percent in the 6th arrondissement; and 9 percent in the 16th arrondissement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "14"}], "question": "What percentage of households earned less than 977 per month?", "id": "5728efe52ca10214002daad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "7"}], "question": "What percentage of people lived below the poverty line in Paris' wealthiest neighborhood?", "id": "5728efe52ca10214002daad8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Twenty-five"}], "question": "WHat percentage of people in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line?", "id": "5728efe52ca10214002daad7"}]}], ["Ekonomi Wilayah Paris secara beransur-ansur beralih dari industri ke industri perkhidmatan nilai tambah (kewangan, perkhidmatan IT, dll.) Dan pembuatan berteknologi tinggi (elektronik, optik, aeroangkasa, dan lain-lain). Aktiviti ekonomi yang paling sengit di rantau Paris melalui pusat perniagaan Hauts-de-Seine dan daerah perniagaan La D\u00e9fense di pinggir menempatkan pusat ekonomi Paris di barat bandar, dalam segitiga antara Op\u00e9ra Garnier, La D\u00e9fense dan Val de Seine. Walaupun ekonomi Paris didominasi oleh perkhidmatan, dan pekerjaan dalam sektor perkilangan telah menurun dengan ketara, rantau ini kekal sebagai pusat pembuatan penting, terutamanya untuk industri aeronautik, kereta, dan \"eko\". <> Bagaimana keadaan ekonomi Paris beralih ke arah? || industri perkhidmatan bernilai tambah tinggi <> Sebelum ini, apakah ekonomi terbesar Paris? || industri <> Di mana terdapat Pusat Ekonomi Paris? || barat kota, dalam segitiga antara Op\u00e9ra Garnier, La D\u00e9fense dan Val de Seine", {"context": "The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.). The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La D\u00e9fense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Op\u00e9ra Garnier, La D\u00e9fense and the Val de Seine. While the Paris economy is dominated by services, and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and \"eco\" industries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "high-value-added service industries"}], "question": "What as the Paris Region's economy shifted towards?", "id": "5728e4ca3acd2414000e014f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "industry"}], "question": "Prior to now, what was Paris' biggest economy?", "id": "5728e4ca3acd2414000e0150"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "west of the city, in a triangle between the Op\u00e9ra Garnier, La D\u00e9fense and the Val de Seine"}], "question": "Where is Paris economic Centre located?", "id": "5728e4ca3acd2414000e0151"}]}], ["Daerah perniagaan kedua terbesar dari segi pekerjaan ialah La D\u00e9fense, tepat di sebelah barat bandar, di mana banyak syarikat memasang pejabat mereka pada tahun 1990-an. Pada tahun 2010 adalah tempat kerja sebanyak 144,600 pekerja, di mana 38 peratus bekerja dalam kewangan dan insurans, 16 peratus dalam perkhidmatan sokongan perniagaan. Dua daerah penting lain, Neuilly-sur-Seine dan Levallois-Perret, adalah lanjutan dari daerah perniagaan Paris dan La Defense. Satu lagi daerah, termasuk Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux dan bahagian selatan arondisemen ke-15, adalah pusat aktiviti untuk media dan teknologi maklumat. <> Siapa majikan daerah perniagaan kedua terbesar? || La D\u00e9fense <> Berapa ramai yang bekerja untuk La Defense pada tahun 2010? || 144,600 <> Bidang apa yang dilakukan oleh majoriti pekerja di La Defense? || kewangan dan insurans <> Berapa peratus daripada orang yang bekerja dalam sokongan perniagaan? || 16 <> Apa dua daerah lanjutan kawasan perniagaan Paris? || Neuilly-sur-Seine dan Levallois-Perret", {"context": "The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La D\u00e9fense, just west of the city, where many companies installed their offices in the 1990s. In 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Defense. Another district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a center of activity for the media and information technology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "La D\u00e9fense"}], "question": "Who is the second largest business district employer?", "id": "5728e35a2ca10214002daa32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "144,600"}], "question": "How many people worked for La Defense in 2010?", "id": "5728e35a2ca10214002daa33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "finance and insurance"}], "question": "What field did the majority of the employees at La Defense work in?", "id": "5728e35a2ca10214002daa34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "16"}], "question": "What percentage of people worked in business support?", "id": "5728e35a2ca10214002daa35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret"}], "question": "What two districts are extensions of the Paris business district?", "id": "5728e35a2ca10214002daa36"}]}], ["Jabatan selatan Essonne mengkhususkan diri dalam sains dan teknologi, dan Val-de-Marne di selatan timur, dengan pasar makanan Rungis yang borong, mengkhususkan diri dalam pemprosesan makanan dan minuman. Penurunan pembuatan kawasan rantau Paris dengan cepat digantikan oleh eko-industri: ini menggunakan kira-kira 100,000 pekerja. Pada tahun 2011, hanya 56,927 pekerja pembinaan yang bekerja di Paris sendiri, kawasan metropolitannya menggunakan 246,639, dalam aktiviti yang berpusat di sekitar Seine-Saint-Denis (41,378) dan Hauts-de-Seine (37,303) pusat yang muncul di sana. <> Apa jabatan selatan Essonne pakar? || sains dan teknologi <> Apa yang berlaku di selatan-timur Val-de-Marne? || pemprosesan makanan dan minuman <> Berapa banyak pekerja pembinaan yang bekerja di Paris pada tahun 2011? || 56,927 <> Berapa banyak pekerja pembinaan yang bekerja di kawasan metropolitan? || 246,639", {"context": "The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology, and the south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its wholesale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages. The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries: these employ about 100,000 workers. In 2011, while only 56,927 construction workers worked in Paris itself, its metropolitan area employed 246,639, in an activity centred largely around the Seine-Saint-Denis (41,378) and Hauts-de-Seine (37,303) departments and the new business-park centres appearing there.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "science and technology"}], "question": "What does the southern Essonne department specialize in?", "id": "5728ef112ca10214002daaba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "food processing and beverages"}], "question": "What does south-eastern Val-de-Marne specialize in?", "id": "5728ef112ca10214002daabb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "56,927"}], "question": "How many construction workers worked in Paris in 2011?", "id": "5728ef112ca10214002daabc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "246,639"}], "question": "How many construction workers were employed in the metropolitan area?", "id": "5728ef112ca10214002daabd"}]}], ["Pengeluaran Paris kebanyakannya tertumpu di pinggir bandarnya, dan bandar itu sendiri hanya mempunyai kira-kira 75,000 pekerja perkilangan, yang kebanyakannya berada di tekstil, pakaian, barangan kulit dan perdagangan kasut. Pengeluaran rantau Paris mengkhusus dalam pengangkutan, terutamanya kereta, pesawat dan kereta api, tetapi ini adalah penurunan yang ketara: Pekerjaan pembuatan tepat Paris menurun sebanyak 64 peratus antara 1990 dan 2010, dan rantau Paris kehilangan 48 peratus dalam tempoh yang sama. Kebanyakannya adalah disebabkan oleh syarikat yang berpindah di luar kawasan Paris. Syarikat 800 syarikat aeroangkasa di rantau Paris menggunakan 100,000. Empat ratus syarikat industri automobil menggunakan lebih 100,000 pekerja: kebanyakannya berpusat di jabatan Yvelines sekitar Renault dan PSA-Citroen (jabatan ini sahaja menggunakan 33,000), tetapi industri secara keseluruhan mengalami kerugian besar dengan penutupan 2014 sebuah kilang pemasangan Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen utama. <> Apa pengilangan rantau Paris pakar dalam? || pengangkutan <> Berapa banyak penurunan dalam kerja pembuatan antara 1990 dan 2010? || 64 <> Berapa ramai orang yang menjalankan syarikat aeroangkasa di kawasan Paris? || 100,000 <> Penutupan loji apa-apa pada 20147 menyebabkan kerugian besar kepada industri kereta? || Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen <> Berapa banyak pekerja pembuatan yang ada di Paris? || 75,000", {"context": "Paris' manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs, and the city itself has only around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods and shoe trades. Paris region manufacturing specialises in transportation, mainly automobiles, aircraft and trains, but this is in a sharp decline: Paris proper manufacturing jobs dropped by 64 percent between 1990 and 2010, and the Paris region lost 48 percent during the same period. Most of this is due to companies relocating outside the Paris region. The Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000. Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers: many of these are centred in the Yvelines department around the Renault and PSA-Citroen plants (this department alone employs 33,000), but the industry as a whole suffered a major loss with the 2014 closing of a major Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen assembly plant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "transportation"}], "question": "What does Paris region manufacturing specialize in?", "id": "5728e5f64b864d1900165051"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "64"}], "question": "How much of a drop was there in manufacturing jobs between 1990 and 2010?", "id": "5728e5f64b864d1900165052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "100,000"}], "question": "How many people does the Paris regions aerospace companies employ?", "id": "5728e5f64b864d1900165053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 889, "text": "Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen"}], "question": "The closing of what plant in 20147 caused a major loss to the automobile industry?", "id": "5728e5f64b864d1900165054"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "75,000"}], "question": "How many manufacturing workers does Paris have?", "id": "5728e5f64b864d1900165050"}]}], ["Rantau Paris mempunyai 5.4 juta pekerja bergaji pada tahun 2010, di mana 2.2 juta terkumpul di 39 p\u00f4les d'emplois atau daerah perniagaan. Yang terbesar ini, dari segi bilangan pekerja, diketahui dalam bahasa Perancis sebagai QCA, atau quartier central des affaires; ia terletak di bahagian barat Kota Paris, di arondisemen ke-2, ke-8, ke-9, ke-16 dan ke-18. Pada tahun 2010 ia adalah tempat kerja 500,000 pekerja bergaji, kira-kira tiga puluh peratus daripada pekerja bergaji di Paris dan sepuluh peratus daripada mereka di \u00cele-de-France. Sektor aktiviti terbesar di pusat perniagaan adalah kewangan dan insurans (16 peratus pekerja di daerah) dan perkhidmatan perniagaan (15 peratus). Daerah ini juga termasuk kepekatan besar gedung, kawasan membeli-belah, hotel dan restoran, serta pejabat kerajaan dan kementerian. <> Berapa ramai pekerja yang bergaji tinggal di Wilayah Paris pada tahun 2010? || 5.4 juta", {"context": "The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 p\u00f4les d'emplois or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier central des affaires; it is in the western part of the City of Paris, in the 2nd, 8th, 9th, 16th and 18th arrondissements. In 2010 it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about thirty percent of the salaried employees in Paris and ten percent of those in the \u00cele-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district also includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "5.4 million"}], "question": "How many salaried employees lived in the Paris Region in 2010?", "id": "5728e29bff5b5019007da8cc"}]}], ["Pada bancian 2012, 59.5% pekerjaan di Wilayah Paris berada dalam perkhidmatan pasaran (12.0% dalam perdagangan borong dan runcit, 9.7% dalam perkhidmatan profesional, saintifik dan teknikal, 6.5% maklumat dan komunikasi, 6.5% dalam pengangkutan dan pergudangan , 5.9% dalam kewangan dan insurans, 5.8% dalam perkhidmatan pentadbiran dan sokongan, 4.6% dalam penginapan dan perkhidmatan makanan, dan 8.5% dalam pelbagai perkhidmatan pasaran lain), 26.9% dalam perkhidmatan bukan pasaran (10.4% aktiviti 9.6% dalam pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan, 6.9% dalam pendidikan), 8.2% dalam sektor perkilangan dan utiliti (6.6% dalam pembuatan dan 1.5% dalam utiliti), 5.2% dalam pembinaan dan 0.2% dalam bidang pertanian. <> Berapa peratus daripada pekerjaan adalah perkhidmatan pasaran pada tahun 2012? || 59.5 <> Industri apa yang mempunyai peratusan terendah pekerjaan di Paris tahun 2012? || pertanian <> Berapa peratus daripada orang yang bekerja di pertanian? || 0.2 <> Apakah peratusan orang yang bekerja dalam kewangan dan insurans? || 5.9", {"context": "At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "59.5"}], "question": "What percentage of jobs were market services in 2012?", "id": "5728e270ff5b5019007da8c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "agriculture"}], "question": "What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012?", "id": "5728e270ff5b5019007da8c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "0.2"}], "question": "What percentage of people worked in agriculture?", "id": "5728e270ff5b5019007da8c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "5.9"}], "question": "What percentage of people worked in finance and insurance?", "id": "5728e270ff5b5019007da8c7"}]}], ["Majoriti pekerja yang bergaji Paris mengisi 370,000 pekerjaan perkhidmatan perniagaan, tertumpu di arondisemen ke-8, 16 dan 17 di barat laut. Syarikat-syarikat perkhidmatan kewangan Paris tertumpu di daerah perbankan dan insurans arrondissement ke-8 dan 9 di barat tengah. Daerah kedai jabatan Paris di arondisemen ke-1, ke-6, ke-8 dan ke-9 menggaji 10 peratus daripada kebanyakan pekerja wanita Paris, dengan 100,000 daripada mereka yang didaftarkan dalam perdagangan runcit. Empat belas peratus warga Paris bekerja di hotel dan restoran dan perkhidmatan lain kepada individu. Sembilan belas persen pekerja Paris bekerja untuk Negara baik dalam administrasi maupun pendidikan. Majoriti pekerja kesihatan dan pekerja sosial Paris bekerja di rumah-rumah sakit dan perumahan sosial yang tertumpu di arrondissements ke-13, ke-14, ke-18, ke-19 dan ke-20. Di luar Paris, wilayah La D\u00e9fense di wilayah Hauts-de-Seine yang mengkhususkan diri dalam bidang kewangan, insurans dan penyelidikan saintifik, mempekerjakan 144.600, dan sektor audiovisual Seine-Saint-Denis di timur laut mempunyai 200 firma media dan 10 studio filem utama. <> Di mana daerah adalah sebahagian besar daripada pekerjaan perkhidmatan perniagaan yang terletak? || 8th, 16th and 17th <> Di mana syarikat-syarikat perkhidmatan kewangan Paris terletak? || Arondisemen ke-8 dan ke-9 <> Industri apa yang terdapat dalam arrondissements 1, 6, 8 dan 9? || department store <> Berapa peratus daripada Paris bekerja di hotel dan restoran? || Empat belas <> Berapa banyak kerja di wilayah La Defense? || 144,600", {"context": "The majority of Paris' salaried employees fill 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements. Paris' financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district. Paris' department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ 10 percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these registered in the retail trade. Fourteen percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals. Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either in administration or education. The majority of Paris' healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements. Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department La D\u00e9fense district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600, and the north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "8th, 16th and 17th"}], "question": "In what districts are the majority of businesses service jobs located?", "id": "5728e5624b864d1900165046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "8th and 9th arrondissement"}], "question": "Where are Paris' financial service companies majorly located?", "id": "5728e5624b864d1900165047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "department store"}], "question": "What industry is located in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements?", "id": "5728e5624b864d1900165048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Fourteen"}], "question": "What percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants? ", "id": "5728e5624b864d1900165049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 984, "text": "144,600"}], "question": "How many peole work in the La Defense district?", "id": "5728e5624b864d190016504a"}]}], ["Purata pendapatan isi rumah bersih (selepas sumbangan sosial, pencen dan insurans kesihatan) di Paris adalah \u20ac 36,085 untuk 2011. Ia terdiri daripada \u20ac 22,095 dalam arrondissement ke-19 hingga \u20ac 82,449 dalam arrondissement ke-7. Pendapatan yang boleh dikenakan cukai pada tahun 2011 adalah sekitar \u20ac 25,000 di Paris dan \u20ac 22,200 untuk \u00cele-de-France. Secara umumnya, pendapatan lebih tinggi di bahagian barat bandar dan di pinggir bandar barat berbanding di bahagian utara dan timur kawasan bandar. Pengangguran dianggarkan sebanyak 8.2 peratus di bandar Paris dan 8.8 peratus di Rantau \u00cele-de-France pada trimester pertama 2015. Ia terdiri daripada 7.6 peratus di jabatan Essonne yang kaya hingga 13.1 peratus di jabatan Seine-Saint-Denis, di mana banyak pendatang baru-baru ini hidup. <> Berapa purata pendapatan isi rumah bersih di Paris pada tahun 2011? || \u20ac 36,085 <> Apa pendapatan purata di arondisemen ke-19? || \u20ac 22,095 <> Apa purata di dalam arondisemen ke-7? || \u20ac 82,449 <> Apakah kadar pengangguran di bandar Paris? || 8.2 <> Apakah kadar pengangguran di jabatan Siene-Saint-Denis? || 13.1", {"context": "The average net household income (after social, pension and health insurance contributions) in Paris was \u20ac36,085 for 2011. It ranged from \u20ac22,095 in the 19th arrondissement to \u20ac82,449 in the 7th arrondissement. The median taxable income for 2011 was around \u20ac25,000 in Paris and \u20ac22,200 for \u00cele-de-France. Generally speaking, incomes are higher in the Western part of the city and in the western suburbs than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area.[citation needed] Unemployment was estimated at 8.2 percent in the city of Paris and 8.8 percent in the \u00cele-de-France region in the first trimester of 2015. It ranged from 7.6 percent in the wealthy Essonne department to 13.1 percent in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, where many recent immigrants live.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "\u20ac36,085"}], "question": "What was the average net household income in Paris in 2011?", "id": "5728ef8d3acd2414000e0221"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "\u20ac22,095"}], "question": "What was the average income in the 19th arrondissement?", "id": "5728ef8d3acd2414000e0222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "\u20ac82,449"}], "question": "What was the average in come in the 7th arrondissement?", "id": "5728ef8d3acd2414000e0223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "8.2"}], "question": "What was the unemployment rate in the city of Paris?", "id": "5728ef8d3acd2414000e0224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "13.1"}], "question": "What was the unemployment rate in the Siene-Saint-Denis department?", "id": "5728ef8d3acd2414000e0225"}]}], ["Sehingga 2013, City of Paris mempunyai 1,570 hotel dengan 70,034 bilik, di mana 55 telah dinilai lima bintang, kebanyakannya tergolong dalam rangkaian antarabangsa dan kebanyakannya terletak berhampiran dengan pusat dan Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es. Paris telah lama terkenal dengan hotel-hotel besarnya. Hotel Meurice, dibuka untuk pelancong Inggeris pada tahun 1817, merupakan salah satu hotel mewah pertama di Paris. Kedatangan kereta api dan Pameran Paris 1855 membawa banjir pertama pelancong dan hotel-hotel utama moden yang pertama; H\u00f4tel du Louvre (kini sebuah pasar antik) pada tahun 1855; Grand Hotel (sekarang Intercontinental LeGrand) pada tahun 1862; dan H\u00f4tel Continental pada tahun 1878. H\u00f4tel Ritz di Place Vend\u00f4me dibuka pada tahun 1898, diikuti oleh H\u00f4tel Crillon di bangunan abad ke-18 di Place de la Concorde pada tahun 1909; Hotel Bristol di rue de Fabourg Saint-Honor\u00e9 pada tahun 1925; dan Hotel George V pada tahun 1928. <> Berapa banyak hotel di Kota Paris? || 1,570 <> Bilakah dibuka Hotel Meurice? || 1817 <> Bilakah dibuka Hotel du Louvre? || 1855 <> Di sepanjang jalan utama yang terdapat di kebanyakan hotel? || Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es", {"context": "As of 2013 the City of Paris had 1,570 hotels with 70,034 rooms, of which 55 were rated five-star, mostly belonging to international chains and mostly located close to the centre and the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es. Paris has long been famous for its grand hotels. The Hotel Meurice, opened for British travellers in 1817, was one of the first luxury hotels in Paris. The arrival of the railroads and the Paris Exposition of 1855 brought the first flood of tourists and the first modern grand hotels; the H\u00f4tel du Louvre (now an antiques marketplace) in 1855; the Grand Hotel (now the Intercontinental LeGrand) in 1862; and the H\u00f4tel Continental in 1878. The H\u00f4tel Ritz on Place Vend\u00f4me opened in 1898, followed by the H\u00f4tel Crillon in an 18th-century building on the Place de la Concorde in 1909; the Hotel Bristol on rue de Fabourg Saint-Honor\u00e9 in 1925; and the Hotel George V in 1928.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "1,570"}], "question": "How many hotels are in the City of Paris?", "id": "5728f1234b864d19001650f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "1817"}], "question": "When did  The Hotel Meurice open?", "id": "5728f1234b864d19001650f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "1855"}], "question": "When was the Hotel du Louvre opened?", "id": "5728f1234b864d19001650f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es"}], "question": "Along what major road are most hotels located?", "id": "5728f1234b864d19001650f3"}]}], ["Rumah opera terbesar di Paris adalah Op\u00e9ra Garnier abad ke-19 (Op\u00e9ra bersejarah Paris) dan Op\u00e9ra Bastille moden; yang terdahulu cenderung ke arah balet dan opera yang lebih klasik, dan yang terakhir menyediakan repertoir campuran klasik dan moden. Pada pertengahan abad ke-19, terdapat tiga buah gedung opera yang aktif dan bersaing: Op\u00e9ra-Comique (yang masih wujud), Th\u00e9\u00e2tre-Italien, dan Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Lyrique (yang pada zaman moden mengubah profil dan namanya kepada Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Ville) . Philharmonie de Paris, dewan konsert symphonic moden di Paris, dibuka pada Januari 2015. Satu lagi mercu tanda muzik ialah Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, di mana pertunjukan pertama Diaghilev's Ballets Russes berlaku pada tahun 1913. <> Bilakah Philharmonie de Paris dibuka? || Januari 2015 <> Apakah dua rumah opera terbesar di Paris? || Op\u00e9ra Garnier (Op\u00e9ra bersejarah Paris) dan Op\u00e9ra Bastille moden; <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Opera Garnier? || balet dan opera klasik <> Pada tahun apakah pertunjukan pertama Ballet Russes Diagheliv? || 1913 <> Di mana penampilan pertama Ballets Diagheliv Russes berlaku? || Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es", {"context": "The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Op\u00e9ra Garnier (historical Paris Op\u00e9ra) and modern Op\u00e9ra Bastille; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Op\u00e9ra-Comique (which still exists), Th\u00e9\u00e2tre-Italien, and Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Ville). Philharmonie de Paris, the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, where the first performances of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes took place in 1913.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "January 2015"}], "question": "When did Philharmonie de Paris open?", "id": "5728f4ab2ca10214002dab38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Op\u00e9ra Garnier (historical Paris Op\u00e9ra) and modern Op\u00e9ra Bastille;"}], "question": "What are the two largest opera houses in Paris?", "id": "5728f4ab2ca10214002dab39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "classic ballets and operas"}], "question": "What does Opera Garnier specialize in?", "id": "5728f4ab2ca10214002dab3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "1913"}], "question": "In what year were the first performances of Diagheliv's Ballet Russes?", "id": "5728f4ab2ca10214002dab3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es"}], "question": "Where di the first performances of Diagheliv's Ballets Russes take place?", "id": "5728f4ab2ca10214002dab3c"}]}], ["Terdapat 72.1 juta pelawat ke muzium dan monumen di bandar pada tahun 2013. Tarikan pelancong utama di bandar ini ialah Katedral Notre Dame, yang mengalu-alukan 14 juta pelawat pada tahun 2013. Muzium Louvre mempunyai lebih daripada 9.2 juta pengunjung pada tahun 2013, menjadikannya yang paling banyak dikunjungi muzium di dunia. Tarikan kebudayaan yang lain di Paris pada 2013 ialah Basilique du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur (10.5 juta pelawat); Menara Eiffel (6,740,000 pelawat); Pusat Pompidou (3,745,000 pelawat) dan Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay (3,467,000 pelawat). Di rantau Paris, Disneyland Paris, di Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, 32 km (20 batu) di timur pusat Paris, adalah tarikan pelancong yang paling banyak dikunjungi di Perancis, dengan 14.9 juta pelawat pada tahun 2013. <> Berapa ramai orang melawat Muzium dan monumen Paris pada tahun 2013? || 72,1 juta <> Apa itu atraksi turis di Paris? || Katedral Notre Dame <> Berapa ramai orang melawat Louvre pada tahun 2013? || 9.2 juta <> Apa tarikan pelancong yang paling popular di Marne-la-Valee? || Disneyland Paris", {"context": "There were 72.1 million visitors to the city's museums and monuments in 2013. The city's top tourist attraction was the Notre Dame Cathedral, which welcomed 14 million visitors in 2013. The Louvre museum had more than 9.2 million visitors in 2013, making it the most visited museum in the world. The other top cultural attractions in Paris in 2013 were the Basilique du Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur (10.5 million visitors); the Eiffel Tower (6,740,000 visitors); the Centre Pompidou (3,745,000 visitors) and Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay (3,467,000 visitors). In the Paris region, Disneyland Paris, in Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, 32 km (20 miles) east of the centre of Paris, was the most visited tourist attraction in France, with 14.9 million visitors in 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "72.1 million"}], "question": "How many people visited Paris' museums and monuments in 2013?", "id": "5728f05e3acd2414000e0235"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Notre Dame Cathedral"}], "question": "What is Paris' top tourist attraction?", "id": "5728f05e3acd2414000e0236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "9.2 million"}], "question": "How many people visited the Louvre in 2013?", "id": "5728f05e3acd2414000e0237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "Disneyland Paris"}], "question": "What is the most popular tourist attraction in Marne-la-Valee?", "id": "5728f05e3acd2414000e0238"}]}], ["Paris menganjurkan salah satu muzium sains terbesar di Eropah, Cit\u00e9 des Sciences et de l'Industrie di La Villette. Muzium Sejarah Alam Nasional, di Left Bank, terkenal dengan artifak dinosaurus, koleksi mineral, dan Galeri Evolusi. Sejarah ketenteraan Perancis, dari Zaman Pertengahan hingga Perang Dunia II, jelas dibentangkan oleh pameran di Mus\u00e9e de l'Arm\u00e9e di Les Invalides, berhampiran makam Napoleon. Di samping muzium kebangsaan, yang dikendalikan oleh Kementerian Kebudayaan Perancis, City of Paris mengendalikan 14 muzium, termasuk Muzium Carnavalet mengenai sejarah Paris; Muzium Seni Modern de la Ville de Paris; Palais de Tokyo; House of Victor Hugo dan House of Balzac, dan Catacombs of Paris. Terdapat juga muzium peribadi yang terkenal; Muzium Seni Kontemporari Yayasan Louis Vuitton, yang direka oleh arkitek Frank Gehry, dibuka pada bulan Oktober 2014 di Bois de Boulogne. <> Muzium apa yang terkenal dengan artifak dinosaurnya? || Muzium Nasional Sejarah Alam <> Bilakah Muzium Seni Kontemporari Yayasan Louis Vuitton dibuka? || Oktober 2014 <> Apa yang terkenal mercu tanda adalah Mysee de l'Armee lat Les Invalides terletak ner? || makam Napoleon <> Berapa banyak muzium yang bandaraya Paris beroperasi? || 14", {"context": "Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Cit\u00e9 des Sciences et de l'Industrie at La Villette. The National Museum of Natural History, on the Left Bank, is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections, and its Gallery of Evolution. The military history of France, from the Middle Ages to World War II, is vividly presented by displays at the Mus\u00e9e de l'Arm\u00e9e at Les Invalides, near the tomb of Napoleon. In addition to the national museums, run by the French Ministry of Culture, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the Carnavalet Museum on the history of Paris; Mus\u00e9e d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; Palais de Tokyo; the House of Victor Hugo and House of Balzac, and the Catacombs of Paris. There are also notable private museums; The Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation, designed by architect Frank Gehry, opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "The National Museum of Natural History"}], "question": "What museum is famous for its dinosaur artifacts?", "id": "5728f404af94a219006a9e43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 884, "text": "October 2014"}], "question": "When did THe Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation open?", "id": "5728f404af94a219006a9e44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "the tomb of Napoleon"}], "question": "What famous landmark is Mysee de l'Armee lat Les Invalides located ner?", "id": "5728f404af94a219006a9e45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many museums does the city of Paris operate?", "id": "5728f404af94a219006a9e46"}]}], ["Pusat kota Paris mengandungi monumen yang paling banyak dikunjungi di kota, termasuk Katedral Notre Dame dan Louvre serta Sainte-Chapelle; Les Invalides, di mana makam Napoleon terletak, dan Menara Eiffel terletak di tebing kiri Bank Pusat. Bank-bank Seine dari Pont de Sully ke Pont d'I\u00e9na telah disenaraikan sebagai Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO sejak tahun 1991. Tanda-tanda lain terletak dari timur ke barat sepanjang paksi bersejarah Paris, yang berjalan dari Louvre melalui Tuileries Garden, Luxor Column di Place de la Concorde, Arc de Triomphe, ke Grande Arche di La D\u00e9fense. <> Di manakah monumen yang paling banyak dikunjungi di Paris? || pusat Paris <> Apa yang ditempatkan di Les Invalides? || makam Napoleon Sejak kapan ada tepi Seine dari Pont de Sully ke Pond'lena telah disenaraikan sebagai tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO? || 1991", {"context": "The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle; Les Invalides, where the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre. The banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pont d'I\u00e9na have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. Other landmarks are laid out east to west along the historic axis of Paris, which runs from the Louvre through the Tuileries Garden, the Luxor Column in the Place de la Concorde, the Arc de Triomphe, to the Grande Arche of La D\u00e9fense.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "centre of Paris"}], "question": "Where are the most visited monuments located in Paris?", "id": "5728f0be3acd2414000e023d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "the tomb of Napoleon"}], "question": "What is housed at Les Invalides?", "id": "5728f0be3acd2414000e023e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "1991"}], "question": "Since when have the banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pond'lena been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site?", "id": "5728f0be3acd2414000e023f"}]}], ["Teater secara tradisional telah menduduki tempat yang besar dalam budaya Paris, dan banyak pelakon yang paling popular hari ini juga merupakan bintang televisyen Perancis. Teater Paris yang tertua dan paling terkenal adalah Comedie-Fran\u00e7aise, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1680. Dijalankan oleh kerajaan Perancis, ia kebanyakannya berkelas klasik di Salle Richelieu di Palais-Royal di 2 rue de Richelieu, di sebelah Louvre. Teater-teater terkenal lain termasuk Od\u00e9on-Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Europe, bersebelahan dengan Luxembourg Gardens, juga sebuah institusi negeri dan mercu tanda teater; Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Mogador, dan Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Ga\u00eet\u00e9-Montparnasse. <> Bilakah teater Paris tertua diasaskan? || 1680 <> Apa nama teater tertua di Paris? || Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise <> Siapa yang menjalankan teater tertua di Paris hari ini? || Kerajaan Perancis <> Apa muzium terkenal yang Comedie-Francaise terletak di sebelah? || Louvre", {"context": "Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise, founded in 1680. Run by the French government, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu, next to the Louvre.  of Other famous theaters include the Od\u00e9on-Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Europe, next to the Luxembourg Gardens, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Mogador, and the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Ga\u00eet\u00e9-Montparnasse.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "1680"}], "question": "When was the oldest Paris theater founded?", "id": "5728f5652ca10214002dab42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise"}], "question": "What is the name of Paris' oldest theater?", "id": "5728f5652ca10214002dab43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "French government"}], "question": "Who runs Paris' oldest theater today?", "id": "5728f5652ca10214002dab44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "the Louvre"}], "question": "What famous museum is Comedie-Francaise located next to?", "id": "5728f5652ca10214002dab45"}]}], ["Pencipta Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce menghasilkan gambar tetap pertama pada plat pewter yang digilap di Paris pada tahun 1825, dan kemudian mengembangkan prosesnya dengan Louis Daguerre. Kerja-kerja \u00c9tienne-Jules Marey pada tahun 1880-an banyak menyumbang kepada perkembangan fotografi moden. Fotografi datang untuk menduduki peranan utama dalam aktiviti Surrealist Paris, dalam karya-karya Man Ray dan Maurice Tabard. Banyak jurugambar yang terkenal dengan fotografi mereka di Paris, termasuk Eug\u00e8ne Atget, yang terkenal dengan gambarannya tentang adegan jalanan, Robert Doisneau, yang terkenal dengan gambar-gambar orang-orang dan adegan-adegan pasarannya (antaranya Le baiser de l'h\u00f4tel de ville telah menjadi ikonik visi romantis Paris), Marcel Bovis, terkenal untuk adegan malamnya, dan lain-lain seperti Jacques-Henri Lartigue dan Cartier-Bresson. Seni poster juga menjadi bentuk seni penting di Paris pada akhir abad kesembilan belas, melalui karya Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Ch\u00e9ret, Eug\u00e8ne Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Gavarni, dan Alphonse Mucha. <> Dalam tahun berapa adalah gambar tetap pertama dihasilkan? || 1825 <> Siapa yang mencipta gambar tetap pertama? || Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce <> Apa yang Eugene Atget dikenali untuk mengambil gambar? || adegan jalanan <> Siapa tahu untuk memotret adegan malam? || Marcel Bovis <> Ketika seni poster menjadi bentuk seni yang penting? || lewat abad kesembilan belas", {"context": "The inventor Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825, and then developed the process with Louis Daguerre. The work of \u00c9tienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard. Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eug\u00e8ne Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'h\u00f4tel de ville has became iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, and others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Cartier-Bresson. Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Ch\u00e9ret, Eug\u00e8ne Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Gavarni, and Alphonse Mucha.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "1825"}], "question": "In what year was the first permanent photograph produced?", "id": "5728f2e5af94a219006a9e39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce"}], "question": "Who invented the first permanent photograph?", "id": "5728f2e5af94a219006a9e3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "street scenes"}], "question": "What was Eugene Atget known for photographing?", "id": "5728f2e5af94a219006a9e3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "Marcel Bovis"}], "question": "Who was knows for photographing night scenes?", "id": "5728f2e5af94a219006a9e3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 873, "text": "late nineteenth century"}], "question": "When did poster art become an important art form?", "id": "5728f2e5af94a219006a9e3d"}]}], ["Paris berada di perdana artistiknya pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, ketika ia memiliki koloni seniman yang ditubuhkan di kota dan di sekolah-sekolah seni yang dikaitkan dengan beberapa pelukis terbaik zaman: Manet, Monet, Berthe Morisot, Gauguin, Renoir dan lain-lain. Revolusi Perancis dan perubahan politik dan sosial di Perancis mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap seni di ibu kota. Paris adalah pusat perkembangan Romantikisme dalam seni, dengan pelukis seperti Gericault. Impresionisme, Art Nouveau, Simbolisme, Cubism Fauvism dan pergerakan Art Deco semuanya berkembang di Paris. Pada akhir abad ke-19, banyak artis di wilayah Perancis dan di seluruh dunia berbondong-bondong ke Paris untuk memperlihatkan karya-karya mereka dalam pelbagai salon dan eksposisi dan membuat nama untuk diri mereka sendiri. Artis seperti Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, Paul C\u00e9zanne, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Rousseau, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani dan banyak lagi yang dikaitkan dengan Paris. Picasso, yang tinggal di Montmartre, melukis terkenal La Famille de Saltimbanques dan Les Demoiselles d'Avignon antara 1905 dan 1907. Montmartre dan Montparnasse menjadi pusat pengeluaran seni. <> Jenis seni apakah Paris membantu berkembang dengan pelukis seperti Gericault? || Romantisisme <> Di bandar apakah yang Picasso hidup? || Montmartre <> Apa dua bandar yang tertinggi untuk pengeluaran artistik? || Montmartre dan Montparnasse <> Antara dua tahun Picasso cat La Famille de Saltimbanques dan Les Demoiselles d'Avignon? || 1905 dan 1907", {"context": "Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: Manet, Monet, Berthe Morisot, Gauguin, Renoir and others. The French Revolution and political and social change in France had a profound influence on art in the capital. Paris was central to the development of Romanticism in art, with painters such as Gericault. Impressionism, Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Fauvism Cubism and Art Deco movements all evolved in Paris. In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves. Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, Paul C\u00e9zanne, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Rousseau, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and many others became associated with Paris. Picasso, living in Montmartre, painted his famous La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon between 1905 and 1907. Montmartre and Montparnasse became centres for artistic production.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Romanticism"}], "question": "What type of art did Paris help develop with painters like Gericault?", "id": "5728f26aaf94a219006a9e27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 982, "text": "Montmartre"}], "question": "In what town did Picasso live?", "id": "5728f26aaf94a219006a9e28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1094, "text": "Montmartre and Montparnasse"}], "question": "What two towns were pinnacle for artistic production?", "id": "5728f26aaf94a219006a9e29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1079, "text": "1905 and 1907"}], "question": "Between what two years did Picasso paint La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon?", "id": "5728f26aaf94a219006a9e2a"}]}], ["Selama berabad-abad, Paris telah menarik para seniman dari seluruh dunia, yang tiba di bandar untuk mendidik diri mereka sendiri dan mencari inspirasi dari sumber dan galeri seni yang luas. Akibatnya, Paris telah memperoleh reputasi sebagai \"Bandar Seni\". Artis Itali adalah pengaruh yang mendalam terhadap perkembangan seni di Paris pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17, terutama dalam patung dan relief. Lukisan dan arca menjadi kebanggaan monarki Perancis dan kerabat Perancis menugaskan banyak seniman Paris untuk menghiasi istana mereka semasa era Baroque dan Classicisme Perancis. Pengukir seperti Girardon, Coysevox dan Coustou memperoleh reputasi sebagai artis terbaik di mahkamah diraja pada abad ke-17 Perancis. Pierre Mignard menjadi pelukis pertama kepada Raja Louis XIV dalam tempoh ini. Pada tahun 1648, Acad\u00e9mie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) ditubuhkan untuk menampung kepentingan dramatik dalam seni di ibu negara. Ini berkhidmat sebagai sekolah seni terulung Perancis sehingga 1793. <> Seni apa yang terkenal di Paris pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17? || patung dan relief <> Siapa pelukis pertama kepada Raja Louis XIV? || Pierre Mignard <> Pada tahun berapa akademi royale de peinture et de arca ditubuhkan? || 1648 <> Sehingga tahun berapa akademi seni dan ukiran seni sekolah atas? || 1793", {"context": "For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world, who arrive in the city to educate themselves and to seek inspiration from its vast pool of artistic resources and galleries. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the \"City of Art\". Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royals commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as Girardon, Coysevox and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. In 1648, the Acad\u00e9mie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "sculpture and reliefs"}], "question": "What art was Paris famous for in the 16th and 17th centuries?", "id": "5728f1da6aef05140015488e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "Pierre Mignard"}], "question": "Who was the first painter to King Louis XIV?", "id": "5728f1da6aef05140015488f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "1648"}], "question": "In what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture founded?", "id": "5728f1da6aef051400154890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1032, "text": "1793"}], "question": "Until what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture the top art school?", "id": "5728f1da6aef051400154891"}]}], ["Louvre adalah muzium seni yang paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia pada tahun 2014, dengan 9.3 juta pelawat. Khazanahnya termasuk Mona Lisa (La Joconde) dan patung Venus de Milo. Starkly jelas dengan luaran paip perkhidmatannya, Pusat Georges Pompidou, muzium seni kedua yang paling banyak dikunjungi di Paris, yang juga dikenali sebagai Beaubourg, menempatkan Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne. Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, di bekas stesen keretapi Orsay, merupakan muzium ketiga yang paling banyak dikunjungi di bandar raya pada tahun 2014; ia mempamerkan seni Perancis abad ke-19, termasuk koleksi utama Impressionists dan Post-Impressionists. Bangunan asal - sebuah stesen kereta api - dibina untuk Pameran Universal pada tahun 1900. Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly adalah muzium negara keempat yang paling banyak dikunjungi di Paris pada tahun 2014; ia memaparkan objek seni dari Afrika, Asia, Oceania, dan Amerika. Mus\u00e9e nasional du Moyen \u00c2ge, atau Muzium Cluny, menyajikan seni Abad Pertengahan, termasuk kitar permadani terkenal The Lady dan Unicorn. Muzium Guimet, atau Mus\u00e9e seni kesenian nasional, mempunyai salah satu koleksi terbesar seni Asia di Eropah. Terdapat juga muzium terkenal yang ditujukan kepada seniman individu, termasuk Muzium Picasso Muzium Rodin, dan Mus\u00e9e nasional Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix. <> Apakah muzium seni yang paling banyak dikunjungi di Paris pada tahun 2014? || The Louvre <> Di manakah Mona Lisa ditempatkan? || The Louvre <> Apa muzium seni yang paling banyak dilawati di Paris? || Pusat Georges Pompidou <> Muzium apa yang dikenali dengan paparan seni Perancis pada abad ke-19? || Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly <> Apakah musee seni seni nasional yang terkenal untuk perumahan? || koleksi seni Asia", {"context": "The Louvre was the world's most visited art museum in 2014, with 9.3 million visitors. Its treasures include the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, the second-most visited art museum in Paris, also known as Beaubourg, houses the Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne. The Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, in the former Orsay railway station, was the third-most visited museum in the city in 2014; it displays French art of the 19th century, including major collections of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists. The original building - a railway station - was constructed for the Universal Exhibition of 1900. The Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly was the fourth-most visited national museum in Paris in 2014; it displays art objects from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. The Mus\u00e9e national du Moyen \u00c2ge, or Cluny Museum, presents Medieval art, including the famous tapestry cycle of The Lady and the Unicorn. The Guimet Museum, or Mus\u00e9e national des arts asiatiques, has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the Picasso Museum the Rodin Museum, and the Mus\u00e9e national Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Louvre"}], "question": "What was the most visited art museum in Paris in 2014?", "id": "5728f36f2ca10214002dab1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Louvre"}], "question": "Where is the Mona Lisa housed?", "id": "5728f36f2ca10214002dab1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Centre Georges Pompidou"}], "question": "What is the second most visited art museum in Paris?", "id": "5728f36f2ca10214002dab20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly"}], "question": "What museum is known for its display of French art of the 19th century?", "id": "5728f36f2ca10214002dab21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1059, "text": "collections of Asian art"}], "question": "What is Musee national des arts asiatiques famous for housing?", "id": "5728f36f2ca10214002dab22"}]}], ["Sejurus selepas Perang Saint-Germain-des-Pres suku dan suku Saint-Michel terdekat menjadi rumah kepada banyak kelab jazz kecil, kebanyakannya terdapat di bilik bawah tanah kerana kekurangan ruang; ini termasuk Caveau des Lorientais, Club Saint-Germain, Rose Rouge, Vieux-Colombier, dan Le Tabou yang paling terkenal. Mereka memperkenalkan orang Paris kepada muzik Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet Mezz Mezzrow, dan Henri Salvador. Kebanyakan kelab ditutup pada awal 1960-an, kerana selera muzik beralih ke arah batu dan roll. <> Bilakah kebanyakan kelab jazz ditutup? || 1960-an <> Mengapa kelab-kelab jazz ditutup? || citarasa muzik beralih ke arah batu dan roll <> Di manakah kebanyakan kelab jazz terletak? || bilik bawah tanah", {"context": "Immediately after the War The Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, mostly found in cellars because of a lack of space; these included the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet Mezz Mezzrow, and Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "When did most of the jazz clubs close down?", "id": "5728fb541d04691400778eef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll"}], "question": "Why did the jazz clubs close down?", "id": "5728fb541d04691400778ef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "cellars"}], "question": "Where were most jazz clubs located?", "id": "5728fb541d04691400778ef1"}]}], ["Orang Paris cenderung untuk berkongsi trend filem yang sama seperti banyak di dunia global, dengan pawagam yang didominasi oleh hiburan filem yang dihasilkan oleh Hollywood. Pawagam Perancis datang lebih awal, dengan pengarah utama (realiti) seperti Claude Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard, dan Luc Besson, dan genre yang lebih banyak / popular dengan pengarah Claude Zidi sebagai contoh. Filem Eropah dan Asia juga banyak ditunjukkan dan dihargai. Pada 2 Februari 2000, Philippe Binant menyedari unjuran panggung wayang digital pertama di Eropah, dengan teknologi DLP CINEMA yang dibangunkan oleh Texas Instruments, di Paris. <> Siapa yang menguasai unjuran panggung wayang digital pertama di Eropah? || Philippe Binant <> Siapa yang mengembangkan teknologi untuk unjuran sinematik digital? || Instrumen Texas <> Apakah jenis filem yang paling popular di Paris? || Hollywood yang dijana <> Kapan pensyarah digital pertama di Eropah? || 2 Februari 2000", {"context": "Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (r\u00e9alisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard, and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. On 2 February 2000, Philippe Binant realised the first digital cinema projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments, in Paris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Philippe Binant"}], "question": "Who realied the first digital cinema projection in Europe?", "id": "5728fc371d04691400778eff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "Texas Instruments"}], "question": "Who developed the technology for the digital cinema projection?", "id": "5728fc371d04691400778f00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Hollywood-generated"}], "question": "What types of films are most popular in Paris?", "id": "5728fc371d04691400778f01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "2 February 2000"}], "question": "When was the first digital cinema projection in Europe?", "id": "5728fc371d04691400778f02"}]}], ["Paris adalah bandar buku dan kedai buku. Pada tahun 1970-an, 80 peratus rumah penerbitan bahasa Perancis ditemui di Paris, hampir semua di Bank Left di arondisemen ke-5, ke-6 dan ke-7. Sejak masa itu, kerana harga yang tinggi, sesetengah penerbit telah berpindah ke kawasan yang lebih murah. Ia juga sebuah bandar kedai buku kecil; Terdapat kira-kira 150 kedai buku di arondisemen ke-5 sahaja, ditambah lagi 250 gerai buku di sepanjang Seine. Kedai buku kecil Paris dilindungi daripada persaingan daripada penjual buku diskaun oleh undang-undang Perancis; buku, bahkan e-buku, tidak boleh didiskaunkan lebih daripada lima peratus di bawah harga penutup penerbit mereka. <> Berapakah peratusan rumah penerbitan Perancis di Paris pada tahun 1970-an? || 80 <> Berapa banyak kedai buku terletak di arondisemen ke-5? || 150 <> Berapa banyak kedai buku yang terletak di sepanjang Seine? || 250 <> Apakah jumlah maksimum buku penerbit boleh didiskaunkan? || lima peratus", {"context": "Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris, almost all on the Left Bank in the 5th, 6th and 7th arrondissements. Since that time, because of high prices, some publishers have moved out to the less expensive areas. It is also a city of small bookstores; There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "80"}], "question": "What percentage of french publishing houses were in Paris in the 1970s?", "id": "5728f99a6aef051400154912"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "150"}], "question": "Approximately how many bookstores are located in the 5th arrondissement?", "id": "5728f99a6aef051400154913"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "250"}], "question": "How many bookstalls are located along the Seine?", "id": "5728f99a6aef051400154914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "five percent"}], "question": "What is the maximum amount a publishers book can be discounted?", "id": "5728f99a6aef051400154915"}]}], ["Industri filem itu dilahirkan di Paris ketika Auguste dan Louis Lumi\u00e8re memproyeksikan gambar pertama untuk penonton di Grand Caf\u00e9 pada 28 Disember 1895. Banyak dewan konser / tarian Paris berubah menjadi bioskop ketika media menjadi awal yang populer di tahun 1930-an. Kemudian, kebanyakan pawagam terbesar terbahagi kepada beberapa bilik kecil. Bilik pawagam terbesar di Paris hari ini di teater Le Grand Rex dengan 2,700 tempat duduk.\nPawagam besar berbilang filem telah dibina sejak tahun 1990-an. UGC Cin\u00e9 Cit\u00e9 Les Halles dengan 27 skrin, MK2 Biblioth\u00e8que dengan 20 skrin dan UGC Cin\u00e9 Cit\u00e9 Bercy dengan 18 skrin adalah antara yang terbesar. <> Di mana filem pertama diproyeksikan untuk penonton berbayar di Paris? || Grand Caf\u00e9 <> Apa tarikh filem pertama yang dimainkan di Paris untuk orang ramai yang membayar? || 28 Disember 1895 <> Dalam sedekad apa teater filem menjadi popular? || 1930s <> Apa bilik pawagam terbesar hari ini di Paris? || Le Grand Rex", {"context": "The movie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumi\u00e8re projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Caf\u00e9 on 28 December 1895. Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms. Paris' largest cinema room today is in Le Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seats.\nBig multiplex movie theaters have been built since the 1990s. UGC Cin\u00e9 Cit\u00e9 Les Halles with 27 screens, MK2 Biblioth\u00e8que with 20 screens and UGC Cin\u00e9 Cit\u00e9 Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Grand Caf\u00e9"}], "question": "Where was the first movie projected for a paying audience in Paris?", "id": "5728fbba3f37b31900477efd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "28 December 1895"}], "question": "What date was the first movie played in Paris for a paying crowd?", "id": "5728fbba3f37b31900477efe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "In what decade did movie theaters become popular?", "id": "5728fbba3f37b31900477eff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Le Grand Rex"}], "question": "What is the largest cinema room today in Paris?", "id": "5728fbba3f37b31900477f00"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-20, komuniti sastera Paris dikuasai oleh Colette, Andr\u00e9 Gide, Fran\u00e7ois Mauriac, Andr\u00e9 Malraux, Albert Camus, dan, selepas Perang Dunia II, oleh Simone de Beauvoir dan Jean-Paul Sartre; Antara peperangan itu adalah rumah dari banyak penulis ekspatriat penting, termasuk Ernest Hemingway, Samuel Beckett, dan, pada tahun 1970-an, Milan Kundera. Pemenang Hadiah Nobel 2014 dalam Kesusasteraan, Patrick Modiano-yang tinggal di Paris-, berdasarkan kebanyakan karya sasteranya mengenai penggambaran kota semasa Perang Dunia II dan tahun 1960-an-1970an. <> Siapa pemenang Hadiah Nobel 2014 dalam sastera? || Patrick Modiano <> Dalam abad berapa Collete, ANdre Gide dan Francois Mauriac menguasai komuniti sastera? || 20th <> Di mana bandar apakah Patrick Modiano hidup? || Paris <> Semasa apa peperangan Modiano mendasarkan kebanyakan tugasnya? || Perang Dunia II", {"context": "In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by Colette, Andr\u00e9 Gide, Fran\u00e7ois Mauriac, Andr\u00e9 Malraux, Albert Camus, and, after World War II, by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre; Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Samuel Beckett, and, in the 1970s, Milan Kundera. The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, Patrick Modiano\u2013who lives in Paris\u2013, based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s-1970s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Patrick Modiano"}], "question": "Who was the winner of the 2014 Nobel prize in literature?", "id": "5728f93c4b864d190016514a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "20th"}], "question": "In what century did Collete, ANdre Gide and Francois Mauriac dominate the literary community?", "id": "5728f93c4b864d190016514b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "In what city does Patrick Modiano live?", "id": "5728f93c4b864d190016514c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "During what war did Modiano base most of his work off of?", "id": "5728f93c4b864d190016514d"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-19, Paris adalah rumah dan tertakluk kepada beberapa penulis Perancis terbesar, termasuk Charles Baudelaire, St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9, M\u00e9rim\u00e9e, Alfred de Musset, Marcel Proust, \u00c9mile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant dan Honor\u00e9 de Balzac . The Hunchback of Notre Dame Victor Hugo mengilhamkan pengubahsuaian setingnya, Notre-Dame de Paris. Satu lagi karya Victor Hugo, Les Mis\u00e9rables, yang ditulis semasa dia diasingkan di luar Perancis semasa Empayar Kedua, menyifatkan perubahan sosial dan pergolakan politik di Paris pada awal tahun 1830-an. Salah satu yang paling popular dari semua penulis Perancis, Jules Verne, bekerja di Teater Lyrique dan bursa saham Paris, ketika dia melakukan penyelidikan untuk ceritanya di Perpustakaan Negara. <> Buku apa yang mengilhamkan pengubahsuaian Notre Dame? || The Bunch of Notre Dame <> Who wrote The Bunchback of Notre Dame? || Victor Hugo <> Dalam apa tempoh masa Victor Hugo diasingkan dari Perancis? || Empayar Kedua <> Di mana Jules Verne bekerja pada siang hari? || Teater Lyrique dan bursa saham Paris <> Di mana Jules Verne melakukan penyelidikan untuk kisahnya? || Perpustakaan Negara", {"context": "During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including Charles Baudelaire, St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9, M\u00e9rim\u00e9e, Alfred de Musset, Marcel Proust, \u00c9mile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant and Honor\u00e9 de Balzac. Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame inspired the renovation of its setting, the Notre-Dame de Paris. Another of Victor Hugo's works, Les Mis\u00e9rables, written while he was in exile outside France during the Second Empire, described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s. One of the most popular of all French writers, Jules Verne, worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "The Hunchback of Notre Dame"}], "question": "What book inspired the renovation of Notre Dame?", "id": "5728f8c16aef0514001548fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Victor Hugo"}], "question": "Who wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame?", "id": "5728f8c16aef0514001548ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "Second Empire"}], "question": "During what period of time was Victor Hugo exiled from France?", "id": "5728f8c16aef051400154900"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange"}], "question": "Where did Jules Verne work during the day?", "id": "5728f8c16aef051400154901"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "National Library"}], "question": "Where did Jules Verne do research for his stories?", "id": "5728f8c16aef051400154902"}]}], ["Bal-musette adalah gaya muzik dan tarian Perancis yang pertama kali menjadi popular di Paris pada tahun 1870-an dan 1880-an; menjelang 1880 Paris mempunyai kira-kira 150 dewan tarian di kawasan kejiranan kelas bandaraya. Para penari menari bourr\u00e9e dengan iringan cabrette (bagpipe yang dibocorkan dengan loceng yang disebut \"musette\") dan seringkali vielle \u00e0 roue (riang-gurdy) di kafe dan bar di bandar. Para pemuzik Paris dan Itali yang memainkan akordion mengamalkan gaya itu dan menubuhkan diri mereka di bar Auvergnat terutama di arondisemen ke-19, dan bunyi romantis akordion telah menjadi salah satu ikon muzik bandar. Paris menjadi pusat utama untuk jazz dan masih menarik para pemuzik jazz dari seluruh dunia untuk kelab dan kafe mereka. <> Apa gaya muzik Perancis menjadi populars pada 1870s 1880s? || Bal-musette <> pada tahun 1880, berapa banyak dewan tarian di Paris? || 150 <> Apa itu kereta api yang dikenali sebagai tempatan? || musette <> Apa jenis bar yang akordion sering dimainkan? || Auvergnat", {"context": "Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city. Patrons danced the bourr\u00e9e to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a bellows-blown bagpipe locally called a \"musette\") and often the vielle \u00e0 roue (hurdy-gurdy) in the caf\u00e9s and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars especially in the 19th arrondissement, and the romantic sounds of the accordion has since become one of the musical icons of the city. Paris became a major centre for jazz and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and caf\u00e9s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bal-musette"}], "question": "What style of french music became populars in the 1870sto 1880s?", "id": "5728fb086aef051400154934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "150"}], "question": "in 1880, how many dance halls were in Paris?", "id": "5728fb086aef051400154935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "musette"}], "question": "What is a cabrette known as locally?", "id": "5728fb086aef051400154936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Auvergnat"}], "question": "What type of bars were accordions often played in?", "id": "5728fb086aef051400154937"}]}], ["Buku pertama yang dicetak di Perancis, Epistolae (\"Surat\"), oleh Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), diterbitkan di Paris pada 1470 oleh akhbar yang ditubuhkan oleh Johann Heynlin. Sejak itu, Paris telah menjadi pusat industri penerbitan Perancis, rumah beberapa penulis dan penyair yang terkenal di dunia, dan penubuhan banyak karya klasik kesusasteraan Perancis. Hampir semua buku yang diterbitkan di Paris pada Zaman Pertengahan adalah dalam bahasa Latin, bukan bahasa Perancis. Paris tidak menjadi modal literasi Perancis yang diakui sehingga abad ke-17, dengan penulis seperti Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Moli\u00e8re, Racine, beberapa yang berasal dari wilayah-wilayah, dan asas fran\u00e7aise Acad\u00e9mie. Pada abad ke-18, kehidupan sastera Paris berputar di sekitar kafe dan salun, dan dikuasai oleh Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux, dan Beaumarchais. <> Apakah gelaran buku pertama yang dicetak di Perancis? || Epistolae <> Siapa yang menulis Epistolae? || Gasparinus de Bergamo <> Bilakah Epistolae diterbitkan? || 1470 <> Dalam bahasa manakah kebanyakan buku dicetak pada zaman pertengahan? || Latin", {"context": "The first book printed in France, Epistolae (\"Letters\"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Almost all the books published in Paris in the Middle Ages were in Latin, rather than French. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Moli\u00e8re, Racine, several coming from the provinces, and the foundation of the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise. In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the caf\u00e9s and salons, and was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux, and Beaumarchais.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Epistolae"}], "question": "What was the title of the first book printed in France?", "id": "5728f7636aef0514001548f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Gasparinus de Bergamo"}], "question": "Who wrote Epistolae?", "id": "5728f7636aef0514001548f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "1470"}], "question": "When was Epistolae published?", "id": "5728f7636aef0514001548f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "In what language were most books printed in the middle ages?", "id": "5728f7636aef0514001548f9"}]}], ["Dewan muzik dan kabaret adalah institusi Paris terkenal. Moulin Rouge dibuka pada tahun 1889. Ia kelihatan sangat jelas kerana kincir tiruan merah yang besar di bumbungnya, dan menjadi tempat kelahiran tarian yang dikenali sebagai Cancan Perancis. Ia membantu menjadikan penyanyi terkenal Mistinguett dan \u00c9dith Piaf dan pelukis Toulouse-Lautrec, yang membuat poster untuk tempat itu. Pada tahun 1911, dewan tarian Olympia Paris mencipta tangga besar sebagai menetap di pertunjukannya, bersaing dengan saingan hebatnya, Folies Berg\u00e8re, bintang-bintang di tahun 1920-an termasuk penyanyi dan penari Amerika Josephine Baker. Casino de Paris menyampaikan banyak penyanyi Perancis yang terkenal, termasuk Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier, dan Tino Rossi. Dewan muzik Paris yang terkenal termasuk Le Lido, di Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, dibuka pada tahun 1946; dan Crazy Horse Saloon, yang menampilkan jalur-tease, tarian dan sihir, dibuka pada tahun 1951. Olympia Paris telah menyampaikan Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland, dan Dead Grateful. Sebanyak setengah dewan muzik yang terdapat di Paris hari ini, kebanyakannya pengunjung ke bandar. <> Pada tahun apakah Moulin Rouge dibuka? || 1889 <> Apa tarian yang dicipta di Moulin Rouge? || Perancis Cancan <> Dalam tahun berapakah Crazy Horse Saloon dibuka? || 1951 <> Dimana bermain Grateful Dead? || Olympia Paris", {"context": "The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The Moulin Rouge was opened in 1889. It was highly visible because of its large red imitation windmill on its roof, and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan. It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and \u00c9dith Piaf and the painter Toulouse-Lautrec, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Berg\u00e8re, Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier, and Tino Rossi. Other famous Paris music halls include Le Lido, on the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. The Olympia Paris has presented Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland, and the Grateful Dead. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly visitors to the city. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "1889"}], "question": "In what year was The Moulin Rouge opened?", "id": "5728f603af94a219006a9e73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "French Cancan"}], "question": "What dance was created at the Moulin Rouge?", "id": "5728f603af94a219006a9e74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 877, "text": "1951"}], "question": "In what year did the Crazy Horse Saloon open?", "id": "5728f603af94a219006a9e75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "The Olympia Paris"}], "question": "Where did Grateful Dead play?", "id": "5728f603af94a219006a9e76"}]}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-12, sebuah sekolah polyphony telah ditubuhkan di Notre-Dame. Sekumpulan orang bangsawan Paris, yang dikenali sebagai Trouv\u00e8res, terkenal dengan puisi dan lagu mereka. Pengganggu juga popular. Semasa pemerintahan Francois I, seruling menjadi popular di mahkamah Perancis, dan sebuah rumah percetakan muzik negara telah dibentuk. Semasa zaman Renaisans, Boleroroyal Perancis \"mengawal diri mereka dalam masques, balets, tarian alegori, recital, dan opera dan komedi\". Komposer era Baroque termasuk Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, dan Fran\u00e7ois Couperin dan popular. Conservatoire de Musique de Paris diasaskan pada tahun 1795. Menjelang 1870, Paris telah menjadi pusat penting untuk muzik simetri, balet dan muzik. Komposer era Romantik (di Paris) termasuk Hector Berlioz (La Symphonie fantastique), Charles Gounod (Faust), Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns (Samson et Delilah), L\u00e9o Delibes (Lakm\u00e9) dan Jules Massenet (Tha\u00efs). Carmen Georges Bizet yang ditayangkan pada 3 Mac 1875. Carmen telah menjadi salah satu daripada opera yang paling popular dan kerap dilakukan dalam kanun klasik; Komposer impresionis Claude Debussy (La Mer) dan Maurice Ravel (Bol\u00e9ro) juga membuat sumbangan penting kepada piano (Clair de lune, Miroirs), orkestra, opera (Pall\u00e9as et M\u00e9lisande), dan bentuk muzik lain. rumah di Paris dan telah memberikan sumbangan yang signifikan baik dengan karya dan pengaruh mereka, termasuk Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin (Poland), Franz Liszt (Hungary), Jacques Offenbach (Jerman), dan Igor Stravinsky (Rusia). sekolah polyphony yang ditubuhkan di Notre Dame? || 12th <> Pada tahun apakah Konservatoire de Musique de Paris diasaskan? || 1795 <> Di bawah pemerintahan yang mana, lagu yang menjadi popular? || Francois I <> Siapa yang menulis Carmen? | Georges Bizet's <> Di mana Frederic Chopin dari? || Poland", {"context": "In the late 12th-century, a school of polyphony was established at the Notre-Dame. A group of Parisian aristocrats, known as Trouv\u00e8res, became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadors were also popular. During the reign of Francois I, the lute became popular in the French court, and a national musical printing house was established. During the Renaissance era, the French Boleroroyals \"disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy\". Baroque-era composers include Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and Fran\u00e7ois Couperin and were popular. The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795. By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music. Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz (La Symphonie fantastique), Charles Gounod (Faust), Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns (Samson et Delilah), L\u00e9o Delibes (Lakm\u00e9) and Jules Massenet (Tha\u00efs), among others. Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon; Impressionist composers Claude Debussy ((La Mer) and Maurice Ravel (Bol\u00e9ro) also made significant contributions to piano (Clair de lune, Miroirs), orchestra, opera (Pall\u00e9as et M\u00e9lisande), and other musical forms. Foreign-born composers have made their homes in Paris and have made significant contributions both with their works and their influence. They include Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin (Poland), Franz Liszt (Hungary), Jacques Offenbach (Germany), and Igor Stravinsky (Russia).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "12th"}], "question": "in what century was a school of polyphony established at Notre Dame?", "id": "5728fa29af94a219006a9ea3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "1795"}], "question": "In what year was the Conservatoire de Musique de Paris founded?", "id": "5728fa29af94a219006a9ea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Francois I"}], "question": "Under whos reign did the lute become popular?", "id": "5728fa29af94a219006a9ea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 958, "text": "Georges Bizet's"}], "question": "Who wrote Carmen?", "id": "5728fa29af94a219006a9ea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1489, "text": "Poland"}], "question": "Where was Frederic Chopin from?", "id": "5728fa29af94a219006a9ea7"}]}], ["Seperti seluruh Perancis, Paris telah menjadi sebahagian besar daripada Katolik Roman sejak awal Abad Pertengahan, walaupun kehadiran keagamaan kini rendah. Majoriti orang Paris masih merupakan Katolik Roman. Mengikut perangkaan tahun 2011, terdapat 106 gereja dan curates di bandar, ditambah gereja yang berasingan untuk Katolik Sepanyol, Poland dan Portugis. Terdapat tambahan 10 gereja Ortodoks Timur, dan uskup untuk Gereja-gereja Ortodoks Armenia dan Ukraine. Di samping itu ada lapan puluh perintah agama lelaki dan 140 perintah agama wanita di bandar, serta 110 sekolah Katolik dengan 75,000 pelajar. <> Apakah agama paling utama di Perancis? || Roman Katolik <> Berapa banyak golongan paroki dan pengacara yang ada di 2011? || 106 <> Berapa banyak sekolah katolik di Paris? || 110 <> Berapa ramai pelajar yang menghadiri sekolah katolik? || 75,000", {"context": "Like the rest of France, Paris has been predominantly Roman Catholic since the early Middle Ages, though religious attendance is now low. A majority of Parisians are still nominally Roman Catholic. According to 2011 statistics, there are 106 parishes and curates in the city, plus separate parishes for Spanish, Polish and Portuguese Catholics. There are an additional 10 Eastern Orthodox parishes, and bishops for the Armenian and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches. In addition there are eighty male religious orders and 140 female religious orders in the city, as well as 110 Catholic schools with 75,000 students.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Roman Catholic"}], "question": "What is the most predominant religion in France?", "id": "572900de3f37b31900477f61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "106"}], "question": "How many parishes and curates were there in 2011?", "id": "572900de3f37b31900477f62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "110"}], "question": "How many catholic schools are in Paris?", "id": "572900de3f37b31900477f63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "75,000"}], "question": "How many students attend catholic schools?", "id": "572900de3f37b31900477f64"}]}], ["Hampir semua denominasi Protestan diwakili di Paris, dengan 74 gereja evangelis dari pelbagai denominasi, termasuk 21 gereja dari United Protestant Church of France dan dua gereja Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir. Terdapat beberapa gereja penting untuk komuniti berbahasa Inggeris: Gereja Amerika di Paris, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1814, adalah gereja Amerika pertama di luar Amerika Syarikat; gereja masa kini selesai pada tahun 1931. Gereja Anglikan Saint George di arondisemen ke-16 adalah gereja Anglikan utama di bandar. <> Berapa ramai gereja evangelikal di Paris? || 74 <> Berapa banyak gereja gereja LDS di Paris? || Dua <> Bilakah Gereja Amerika di Paris ditubuhkan? || 1814 <> Apa gereja Anglikan utama di Paris? || Gereja Anglikan Saint George", {"context": "Almost all Protestant denominations are represented in Paris, with 74 evangelical churches from various denominations, including 21 parishes of the United Protestant Church of France and two parishes of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints. There are several important churches for the English-speaking community: the American Church in Paris, founded in 1814, was the first American church outside the United States; the current church was finished in 1931. The Saint George's Anglican Church in the 16th arrondissement is the principal Anglican church in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "74"}], "question": "How many evangelical churches are there in Paris?", "id": "572901346aef051400154980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many parishes of the LDS church are in Paris?", "id": "572901346aef051400154981"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "1814"}], "question": "When was the American Church in Paris founded?", "id": "572901346aef051400154982"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Saint George's Anglican Church"}], "question": "What is the principal Anglican church in Paris?", "id": "572901356aef051400154983"}]}], ["Paris telah menjadi modal antarabangsa yang tinggi sejak abad ke-19, terutama dalam bidang haute couture, pakaian buatan tangan untuk memerintahkan pelanggan swasta. Ia adalah rumah beberapa rumah fesyen terbesar di dunia, termasuk Dior dan Chanel, dan banyak pereka fesyen yang terkenal, termasuk Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Christophe Josse dan Christian Lacroix. Minggu Fesyen Paris, yang diadakan pada bulan Januari dan Julai di Carrousel du Louvre dan lokasi bandar lain, merupakan antara empat acara utama kalendar fesyen antarabangsa, bersama dengan minggu fesyen di Milan, London dan New York. Paris juga merupakan rumah syarikat kosmetik terbesar di dunia, L'Or\u00e9al, dan tiga daripada lima pembuat aksesori fesyen mewah terkemuka dunia; Louis Vuitton, Hermes dan Cartier. <> Apa pakaian yang dibuat untuk memerintahkan pelanggan swasta dipanggil? || haute couture <> Dior mana bandar mana? || Paris <> Dalam abad berapa Paris menjadi sebahagian besar fesyen? || 19 <Apa syarikat kosmetik terbesar di dunia? || L'Or\u00e9al", {"context": "Paris has been an international capital of high fashion since the 19th century, particularly in the domain of haute couture, clothing hand-made to order for private clients. It is home of some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including Dior and Chanel, and of many well-known fashion designers, including Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Christophe Josse and Christian Lacroix. Paris Fashion Week, held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre and other city locations, is among the top four events of the international fashion calendar, along with the fashion weeks in Milan, London and New York. Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company, L'Or\u00e9al, and three of the five top global makers of luxury fashion accessories; Louis Vuitton, Herm\u00e9s and Cartier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "haute couture"}], "question": "What is clothing made to order for private clients called?", "id": "5728ff31af94a219006a9f05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Dior is from which city?", "id": "5728ff31af94a219006a9f06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "19th"}], "question": "In what century did Paris become largely into fashion?", "id": "5728ff31af94a219006a9f07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "L'Or\u00e9al"}], "question": "What is the world's largest cosmetic company?", "id": "5728ff31af94a219006a9f08"}]}], ["Hari ini, terima kasih kepada populasi kosmopolitan Paris, setiap masakan serantau Perancis dan hampir setiap masakan kebangsaan di dunia boleh didapati di sana; bandar ini mempunyai lebih daripada 9,000 restoran. Panduan Michelin telah menjadi panduan standard untuk restoran Perancis sejak 1900, menganugerahkan anugerah tertinggi, tiga bintang, ke restoran terbaik di Perancis. Pada tahun 2015, 29 buah restoran tiga bintang Michelin di Perancis, sembilan terletak di Paris. Ini termasuk kedua-dua restoran yang menyajikan masakan Perancis klasik, seperti L'Ambroisie di Place des Vosges, dan mereka yang melayani menu bukan tradisional, seperti L'Astrance, yang menggabungkan masakan Perancis dan Asia. Beberapa koki Perancis yang paling terkenal, termasuk Pierre Gagnaire, Alain Ducasse, Yannick All\u00e9no dan Alain Passard, mempunyai restoran tiga bintang di Paris. <> Berapa banyak restoran di Paris hari ini? || 9,000 <> Bilakah panduan Michelin dibuat? || 1900 <> Berapa banyak restoran Michelin bintang 3 di Paris pada tahun 2015? || sembilan <> Berapa banyak restoran Michelin bintang 3 di Perancis pada tahun 2015? || 29", {"context": "Today, thanks to Paris' cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants. The Michelin Guide has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2015, of the 29 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, nine are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as L'Ambroisie in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as L'Astrance, which combines French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including Pierre Gagnaire, Alain Ducasse, Yannick All\u00e9no and Alain Passard, have three-star restaurants in Paris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "9,000"}], "question": "How many restaurants are there today in Paris?", "id": "5728fe66af94a219006a9eed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "1900"}], "question": "When was the Michelin guide created?", "id": "5728fe66af94a219006a9eee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many 3 star Michelin restaurants were in Paris in 2015?", "id": "5728fe66af94a219006a9eef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "29"}], "question": "How many 3 star Michelin restaurants were in France in 2015?", "id": "5728fe66af94a219006a9ef0"}]}], ["Terdapat beberapa perpustakaan dan arkib akademik di Paris. Perpustakaan Sorbonne di arondisemen ke-5 adalah perpustakaan universiti terbesar di Paris. Di samping lokasi Sorbonne, terdapat cabang-cabang di Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Arch\u00e9ologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, dan Institut des Etudes Ib\u00e9riques. Perpustakaan akademik lain termasuk Perpustakaan Farmasi Interuniversity, Perpustakaan Universiti Leonardo da Vinci, Perpustakaan Sekolah Menengah Paris, dan Perpustakaan Universiti Ren\u00e9 Descartes. <> Apa perpustakaan universiti terbesar? || Perpustakaan Sorbonne <> Di luar Perancis, di mana terdapat tiga cabang lagi di perpustakaan Sorbonne? || Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Arch\u00e9ologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, dan Institut des Etudes Ib\u00e9riques <> Dalam apa arrondissement adalah perpustakaan Sorbonne di Paris yang terletak? || 5", {"context": "There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The Sorbonne Library in the 5th arrondissement is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the Sorbonne location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Arch\u00e9ologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ib\u00e9riques. Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the Ren\u00e9 Descartes University Library.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Sorbonne Library"}], "question": "What is the largest university library?", "id": "572900863f37b31900477f5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Arch\u00e9ologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ib\u00e9riques"}], "question": "Outside of France, where are the other three branches of the Sorbonne library located?", "id": "572900863f37b31900477f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "5th"}], "question": "In what arrondissement is the Sorbonne library in Paris located?", "id": "572900863f37b31900477f5d"}]}], ["Sejak akhir abad ke-18, Paris terkenal dengan restoran dan masakan haute, makanan yang disediakan secara cermat dan disajikan secara bersahaja. Restoran mewah, La Taverne Anglaise, dibuka pada tahun 1786 di arked Palais-Royal oleh Antoine Beauvilliers; ia menampilkan ruang makan yang elegan, menu yang luas, alas meja linen, senarai wain yang besar dan pelayan yang terlatih; ia menjadi model untuk restoran Paris masa depan. Restoran Le Grand V\u00e9four di Palais-Royal bermula dari tempoh yang sama. Restoran Paris yang terkenal pada abad ke-19, termasuk Caf\u00e9 de Paris, Rocher de Cancale, Caf\u00e9 Anglais, Maison Dor\u00e9e dan Caf\u00e9 Riche, kebanyakannya terletak berhampiran teater di Boulevard des Italiens; mereka diabadikan dalam novel-novel Balzac dan \u00c9mile Zola. Beberapa restoran terkenal di Paris hari ini muncul semasa Belle Epoque, termasuk Maxim di Rue Royale, Ledoyen di taman-taman Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, dan Tour d'Argent di Quai de la Tournelle. <> Apakah model restoran mewah Paris? || La Taverne Anglaise <> Bilakah La Taverne Angaise terbuka? || 1786 <> Pada abad apa, Cafe Anglais, Cafe de Paris dan Rocher de Cancale dibuka? || 19 <> Berhampiran dengan apa yang paling dibuka restoran? || teater", {"context": "Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine, food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it featured an elegant dining room, an extensive menu, linen tablecloths, a large wine list and well-trained waiters; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant Le Grand V\u00e9four in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period. The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Caf\u00e9 de Paris, the Rocher de Cancale, the Caf\u00e9 Anglais, Maison Dor\u00e9e and the Caf\u00e9 Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens; they were immortalised in the novels of Balzac and \u00c9mile Zola. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the Belle Epoque, including Maxim's on Rue Royale, Ledoyen in the gardens of the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, and the Tour d'Argent on the Quai de la Tournelle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "La Taverne Anglaise"}], "question": "What is the model for luxury Parisian restaurants?", "id": "5728fcb73f37b31900477f19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "1786"}], "question": "When did La Taverne Angaise open?", "id": "5728fcb73f37b31900477f1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "19th"}], "question": "In what century was Cafe Anglais, Cafe de Paris and Rocher de Cancale opened?", "id": "5728fcb73f37b31900477f1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "theatres"}], "question": "Near what were most restaurants opened?", "id": "5728fcb73f37b31900477f1c"}]}], ["Semasa Zaman Pertengahan, Paris adalah pusat pembelajaran Yahudi dengan ulama Talmud yang terkenal, seperti Yechiel of Paris yang mengambil bahagian dalam Pembubaran Paris antara intelektual Kristian dan Yahudi. Masyarakat Yahudi Paris adalah mangsa penganiayaan, bergantian pengusiran dan pengembalian, sehingga Perancis menjadi negara pertama di Eropa untuk membebaskan penduduk Yahudi semasa Revolusi Perancis. Walaupun 75% penduduk Yahudi di Perancis selamat dari Holocaust semasa Perang Dunia II, separuh penduduk Yahudi di bandar itu musnah dalam kem-kem tahanan Nazi, sementara yang lain melarikan diri ke luar negara. Penghijrahan besar Afrika Utara Sephardic Yahudi menetap Paris pada tahun 1960-an, dan mewakili sebahagian besar masyarakat Yahudi Paris hari ini. Pada masa ini terdapat 83 rumah ibadat di kota; The Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue, yang dibina pada tahun 1913 oleh arkitek Hector Guimard, adalah mercu tanda Paris. <> Siapa yang membina saudagar Agiudas Hakehilos suku Marais? || Hector Guimard <> Bilakah Sinagoge Agoudas Hakehilos suku Marais dibina? || 1913 <> Bilakah ramai orang Yahudi Sephardic tinggal di Paris? || 1960-an <> Sebanyak peratus penduduk Yahudi Perancis terselamat dalam pembunuhan itu? || 75", {"context": "During the Middle Ages, Paris was a center of Jewish learning with famous Talmudic scholars, such as Yechiel of Paris who took part in the Disputation of Paris between Christian and Jewish intellectuals. The Parisian Jewish community was victim of persecution, alternating expulsions and returns, until France became the first country in Europe to emancipate its Jewish population during the French Revolution. Although 75% of the Jewish population in France survived the Holocaust during World War II, half the city's Jewish population perished in Nazi concentration camps, while some others fled abroad. A large migration of North Africa Sephardic Jews settled Paris in the 1960s, and represent most of the Paris Jewish community today. There are currently 83 synagogues in the city; The Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue, built in 1913 by architect Hector Guimard, is a Paris landmark.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 861, "text": "Hector Guimard"}], "question": "Who built the Marais-quarter Agodudas Hakehilos Synagogue?", "id": "572901d03f37b31900477f75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "1913"}], "question": "When was the Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue built?", "id": "572901d03f37b31900477f76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "When did a large number of Sephardic Jews settle in Paris?", "id": "572901d03f37b31900477f74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "75"}], "question": "What percentage of France's Jewish population survived the holocaust?", "id": "572901d03f37b31900477f73"}]}], ["Rantau Paris menjadi tuan rumah kepekatan paling tinggi di Perancis yang menarik - 55 pusat pendidikan tinggi khusus di luar struktur universiti awam. Universiti awam berprestij biasanya dianggap sebagai gred \u00e9tablissements. Kebanyakan grand \u00e9coles telah dipindahkan ke pinggir bandar Paris pada tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an, di kampus-kampus baru jauh lebih besar daripada kampus-kampus lama di kota Paris yang padat, walaupun \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure kekal di rue d'Ulm di arrondissement ke-5 . Terdapat banyak sekolah kejuruteraan yang diketuai oleh Institut Teknologi Paris yang terdiri daripada beberapa kolej seperti \u00c9cole Polytechnique, \u00c9cole des Mines, AgroParisTech, T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris, Arts et M\u00e9tiers, dan \u00c9cole des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es. Terdapat juga banyak sekolah perniagaan, termasuk HEC, INSEAD, ESSEC, dan ESCP Europe. Sekolah pentadbiran seperti ENA telah dipindahkan ke Strasbourg, sekolah Sains sains Sciences-Po masih terletak di arondisemen ke-7 Paris dan universiti ekonomi dan kewangan yang paling berprestij, Paris-Dauphine, terletak di Paris ke-16. Sekolah jabatan kewartawanan Paris CELSA jurusan Universiti Paris-Sorbonne terletak di Neuilly-sur-Seine. Paris juga merupakan rumah kepada beberapa sekolah tinggi paling terkenal di Perancis seperti Lyc\u00e9e Louis-le-Grand, Lyc\u00e9e Henri-IV, Lyc\u00e9e Janson de Sailly dan Lyc\u00e9e Condorcet. Institut Sukan dan Pendidikan Jasmani Kebangsaan, yang terletak di arondisemen ke-12, adalah institut pendidikan jasmani dan pusat latihan peringkat tinggi untuk atlet elit. <> Berapa banyak pusat pendidikan tinggi di Paris? || 55 <> Selama mana kerangka waktu yang paling besar eco dipindahkan? || 1960an dan 1970an <> Di manakah ENA terletak? || Strasbourg, <> Di mana terletak CESLA? || Neuilly-sur-Seine", {"context": "The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the grandes \u00e9coles \u2013 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands \u00e9tablissements. Most of the grandes \u00e9coles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement. There are a high number of engineering schools, led by the Paris Institute of Technology which comprises several colleges such as \u00c9cole Polytechnique, \u00c9cole des Mines, AgroParisTech, T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris, Arts et M\u00e9tiers, and \u00c9cole des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es. There are also many business schools, including HEC, INSEAD, ESSEC, and ESCP Europe. The administrative school such as ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg, the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris' 7th arrondissement and the most prestigious university of economics and finance, Paris-Dauphine, is located in Paris' 16th. The Parisian school of journalism CELSA department of the Paris-Sorbonne University is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Paris is also home to several of France's most famous high-schools such as Lyc\u00e9e Louis-le-Grand, Lyc\u00e9e Henri-IV, Lyc\u00e9e Janson de Sailly and Lyc\u00e9e Condorcet. The National Institute of Sport and Physical Education, located in the 12th arrondissement, is both a physical education institute and high-level training centre for elite athletes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "55"}], "question": "How many centres of higher education are in Paris?", "id": "5728ffa16aef051400154964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "1960s and 1970s"}], "question": "During which time frame were most grandes ecoles relocated?", "id": "5728ffa16aef051400154965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "Strasbourg,"}], "question": "Where is ENA located?", "id": "5728ffa16aef051400154966"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1203, "text": "Neuilly-sur-Seine"}], "question": "Where is CESLA located?", "id": "5728ffa16aef051400154967"}]}], ["Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (BnF) mengendalikan perpustakaan awam di Paris, antaranya Perpustakaan Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, Perpustakaan Richelieu, Louvois, Perpustakaan Op\u00e9ra, dan Perpustakaan Arsenal. Terdapat tiga perpustakaan awam di arondisemen ke-4. Perpustakaan Forney, di daerah Marais, didedikasikan untuk seni hiasan; Perpustakaan Arsenal menduduki bekas bangunan ketenteraan, dan mempunyai koleksi besar dalam kesusasteraan Perancis; dan Biblioth\u00e8que historique de la ville de Paris, juga di Le Marais, mengandungi perkhidmatan penyelidikan sejarah Paris. Perpustakaan Sainte-Genevi\u00e8ve berada di arondisemen ke-5; yang direka oleh Henri Labrouste dan dibina pada pertengahan tahun 1800-an, ia mengandungi buku dan bahagian manuskrip yang jarang berlaku. Biblioth\u00e8que Mazarine, di arondisemen ke-6, adalah perpustakaan awam tertua di Perancis. M\u00e9diath\u00e8que Musicale Mahler di arondisemen ke-8 dibuka pada tahun 1986 dan mengandungi koleksi yang berkaitan dengan muzik. Perpustakaan Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand (dijuluki Tr\u00e8s Grande Biblioth\u00e8que) di arondisemen ke-13 telah disiapkan pada tahun 1994 untuk reka bentuk Dominique Perrault dan mengandungi empat menara kaca. <> Siapa yang mengendalikan perpustakaan awam di Paris? || Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France <> Apakah Perpustakaan Forney khusus untuk? || seni hiasan <> Bilakah perpustakaan Sainte Genevieve dibina? || pertengahan 1800an <> Apa perpustakaan tertua di Perancis? || Biblioth\u00e8que Mazarine <> Perpustakaan mana yang mengandungi empat menara kaca? || Perpustakaan Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand", {"context": "The Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Op\u00e9ra Library, and Arsenal Library. There are three public libraries in the 4th arrondissement. The Forney Library, in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the Biblioth\u00e8que historique de la ville de Paris, also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. The Sainte-Genevi\u00e8ve Library is in 5th arrondissement; designed by Henri Labrouste and built in the mid-1800s, it contains a rare book and manuscript division. Biblioth\u00e8que Mazarine, in the 6th arrondissement, is the oldest public library in France. The M\u00e9diath\u00e8que Musicale Mahler in the 8th arrondissement opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand Library (nicknamed Tr\u00e8s Grande Biblioth\u00e8que) in the 13th arrondissement was completed in 1994 to a design of Dominique Perrault and contains four glass towers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France"}], "question": "Who operates the public libraries in Paris?", "id": "572900181d04691400778f45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "decorative arts"}], "question": "What is the Forney Library dedicated to?", "id": "572900181d04691400778f46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "mid-1800s"}], "question": "When was the Sainte Genevieve Library built?", "id": "572900181d04691400778f47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "Biblioth\u00e8que Mazarine"}], "question": "What is the oldest public library in France?", "id": "572900181d04691400778f48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 921, "text": "The Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand Library"}], "question": "Which library contains four glass towers?", "id": "572900181d04691400778f49"}]}], ["Selain restoran klasik, Paris mempunyai beberapa tempat makan tradisional yang lain. Kafe itu tiba di Paris pada abad ke-17, ketika minuman itu mula-mula dibawa dari Turki, dan oleh kafe Paris abad ke-18 adalah pusat kehidupan politik dan budaya kota. The Procope Cafe di Left Bank bermula dari tempoh ini. Pada abad ke-20, kafe-kafe di Left Bank, terutama Caf\u00e9 de la Rotonde dan Caf\u00e9 Le D\u00f4me di Montparnasse dan Caf\u00e9 de Flore dan Les Deux Magots di Boulevard Saint Germain, semuanya masih dalam perniagaan, adalah tempat pertemuan penting bagi pelukis, penulis dan ahli falsafah. Bistro adalah sejenis tempat makan yang longgar ditakrifkan sebagai sebuah restoran kejiranan dengan hiasan dan harga yang sederhana dan harga dan pelanggan tetap serta suasana yang menyenangkan. Namanya dikatakan telah datang pada tahun 1814 dari tentera Rusia yang menduduki bandar itu; \"bistro\" bermaksud \"cepat\" dalam bahasa Rusia, dan mereka mahukan makanan mereka berkhidmat dengan cepat supaya mereka dapat kembali berkhemah. Bistros sebenar semakin jarang di Paris, disebabkan peningkatan kos, persaingan dari restoran etnik yang lebih murah, dan kebiasaan makan yang berbeza dari pengunjung Paris. Sebuah brasserie pada asalnya adalah bar yang terletak bersebelahan dengan kilang bir, yang menyajikan bir dan makanan pada bila-bila masa. Bermula dengan Eksposisi Paris 1867; ia menjadi sejenis restoran popular yang memaparkan bir dan minuman lain yang dihidangkan oleh wanita muda dalam pakaian nasional yang berkaitan dengan minuman, pakaian khas Jerman untuk bir. Sekarang tembaga, seperti kafe, melayani makanan dan minuman sepanjang hari. <> Bilakah kafe pertama dibuka di Paris? || Abad ke-17 <> Apa kafe tertua di Paris? || Cafe Procope <> Apakah jenis tempat makan yang ditakrifkan sebagai restoran kejiranan? || bistro <> Bilakah brasserie dibuat popular? || Paris Exposition of 1867", {"context": "In addition to the classical restaurants, Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The caf\u00e9 arrived in Paris in the 17th century, when the beverage was first brought from Turkey, and by the 18th century Parisian caf\u00e9s were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The Cafe Procope on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the caf\u00e9s of the Left Bank, especially Caf\u00e9 de la Rotonde and Le D\u00f4me Caf\u00e9 in Montparnasse and Caf\u00e9 de Flore and Les Deux Magots on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers. A bistro is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele and a congenial atmosphere. Its name is said to have come in 1814 from the Russian soldiers who occupied the city; \"bistro\" means \"quickly\" in Russian, and they wanted their meals served rapidly so they could get back their encampment. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition from cheaper ethnic restaurants, and different eating habits of Parisian diners. A brasserie originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1867; it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage, particular German costumes for beer. Now brasseries, like caf\u00e9s, serve food and drinks throughout the day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "17th century"}], "question": "When was the first cafe opened in Paris?", "id": "5728fed96aef051400154954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Cafe Procope"}], "question": "What is the oldest cafe in Paris?", "id": "5728fed96aef051400154955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "bistro"}], "question": "What type of eating place is defined as a neighborhood restaurant?", "id": "5728fed96aef051400154956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1275, "text": "Paris Exposition of 1867"}], "question": "When was the brasserie made popular?", "id": "5728fed96aef051400154957"}]}], ["Paris adalah hab pengangkutan udara utama antarabangsa dengan sistem lapangan terbang paling sibuk ke-4 di dunia. Bandar ini dihidangkan oleh tiga lapangan terbang antarabangsa komersial: Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Paris-Orly dan Beauvais-Till\u00e9. Bersama-sama ketiga lapangan terbang itu mencatatkan lalu lintas 96.5 juta penumpang pada tahun 2014. Terdapat juga satu lapangan terbang penerbangan umum, Paris-Le Bourget, yang merupakan lapangan terbang Paris tertua dan paling dekat dengan pusat bandar, yang kini hanya digunakan untuk penerbangan perniagaan dan pameran udara swasta . <> Di mana hab pengangkutan udara antarabangsa yang paling sibuk ke-4 di dunia? || Paris <> Berapa ramai penumpang yang dilihat Paris pada 2014? || 96.5 juta <> Apa pelabuhan udara tertua di Paris? || Paris-Le Bourget", {"context": "Paris is a major international air transport hub with the 4th busiest airport system in the world. The city is served by three commercial international airports: Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Paris-Orly and Beauvais-Till\u00e9. Together these three airports recorded traffic of 96.5 million passengers in 2014. There is also one general aviation airport, Paris-Le Bourget, historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where is the 4th busiest international air transport hub in the world?", "id": "572903de1d04691400778f73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "96.5 million"}], "question": "How many passengers did Paris see in 2014?", "id": "572903de1d04691400778f74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Paris-Le Bourget"}], "question": "What is the oldest air port in Paris?", "id": "572903de1d04691400778f75"}]}], ["Lapangan Terbang Orly, yang terletak di pinggir bandar selatan Paris, menggantikan Le Bourget sebagai lapangan terbang utama Paris dari tahun 1950-an hingga 1980-an. Lapangan Terbang Charles de Gaulle, yang terletak di pinggir pinggir utara Paris, dibuka pada lalu lintas komersial pada tahun 1974 dan menjadi lapangan terbang Paris yang paling sibuk pada tahun 1993. Hari ini adalah lapangan terbang paling sibuk ke-4 di dunia oleh trafik antarabangsa, dan merupakan hab bagi syarikat penerbangan bendera negara Air France. Lapangan Terbang Beauvais-Till\u00e9, terletak 69 km (43 mi) utara pusat bandar Paris, digunakan oleh syarikat penerbangan charter dan syarikat penerbangan murah seperti Ryanair. <> Lapangan terbang apa yang digunakan oleh Ryanair? || Lapangan Terbang Beauvais-Till\u00e9 <> Di mana hub untuk Air France? || Lapangan Terbang Charles de Gaulle <> Apa lapangan terbang paling sibuk di Paris? || Lapangan Terbang Charles de Gaulle <> Di mana Orly lapangan terbang terletak? || pinggir selatan Paris", {"context": "Orly Airport, located in the southern suburbs of Paris, replaced Le Bourget as the principal airport of Paris from the 1950s to the 1980s. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993. Today it is the 4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic, and is the hub for the nation's flag carrier Air France.  Beauvais-Till\u00e9 Airport, located 69 km (43 mi) north of Paris' city centre, is used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers such as Ryanair.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Beauvais-Till\u00e9 Airport"}], "question": "What airport does Ryanair use?", "id": "57290440af94a219006a9f45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Charles de Gaulle Airport"}], "question": "Where is the hub for Air France?", "id": "57290440af94a219006a9f46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Charles de Gaulle Airport"}], "question": "What is the busiest airport in Paris?", "id": "57290440af94a219006a9f47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "southern suburbs of Paris"}], "question": "Where is Orly airport located?", "id": "57290440af94a219006a9f48"}]}], ["Paris adalah kereta api utama, lebuh raya, dan hab pengangkutan udara. Syndicat des transports d'\u00cele-de-France (STIF), sebelum ini Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP), mengawasi rangkaian transit di rantau ini. Sindiket itu menyelaraskan pengangkutan awam dan kontraknya ke RATP (mengendalikan 347 talian bas, M\u00e9tro, lapan laluan trem dan bahagian RER), SNCF (operasi pinggir bandar pinggir bandar, satu laluan trem dan bahagian lain RER) dan konsortium Optile pengendali swasta menguruskan 1,176 laluan bas. <> Siapa yang menyelia rangkaian transit di Paris? || Syndicat des transports d'\u00cele-de-France <> Berapa banyak jalur bas yang mengawasi STIF? || 347 <> Apakah STIF dahulu dikenali? || Syndicat des transports parisiens <> Berapa banyak jalur bas yang dikendalikan oleh Optile Consortium? || 1,176", {"context": "Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The Syndicat des transports d'\u00cele-de-France (STIF), formerly Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP), oversees the transit network in the region. The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the RATP (operating 347 bus lines, the M\u00e9tro, eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER), the SNCF (operating suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the Optile consortium of private operators managing 1,176 bus lines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "The Syndicat des transports d'\u00cele-de-France"}], "question": "Who oversees the transit network in Paris?", "id": "572903196aef051400154992"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "347"}], "question": "How many bus lines does the STIF oversee?", "id": "572903196aef051400154994"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Syndicat des transports parisiens"}], "question": "What was the STIF formerly known as?", "id": "572903196aef051400154993"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "1,176"}], "question": "How many bus lines does the Optile Consortium manage?", "id": "572903196aef051400154995"}]}], ["Antara tahun 1853 dan 1870, Maharaja Napoleon III dan pengarah taman dan kebun pertama di bandar Jean-Charles Alphand mencipta Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, Parc Montsouris dan Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, yang terletak di empat titik kompas di sekitar bandar, serta banyak taman kecil, dataran dan taman di perumahan Paris. Sejak tahun 1977, bandar ini telah mewujudkan 166 taman baru, terutamanya Parc de la Villette (1987), Parc Andr\u00e9 Citro\u00ebn (1992), dan Parc de Bercy (1997). Salah satu taman terbaru, Promenade des Berges de la Seine (2013), yang dibina di atas bekas lebuh raya di Left Bank of Seine antara Pont de l'Alma dan Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, mempunyai taman-taman terapung dan memberi pandangan dari mercu tanda bandar. <> Siapa pengarah pertama taman dan taman di Paris? || Jean-Charles Alphand <> Berapa banyak taman baru telah diwujudkan di Paris sejak tahun 1977? || 166 <> Ketika itu Parc de la Villette dicipta? || 1987 <> Taman apa yang mempunyai taman terapung? || Promenade des Berges de la Seine <> Bilakah dipancarkan Promenade des Berges de la Seine? || 2013", {"context": "Between 1853 and 1870, the Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Alphand, created the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes, Parc Montsouris and the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, located at the four points of the compass around the city, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris' quarters. Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the Parc de la Villette (1987), Parc Andr\u00e9 Citro\u00ebn (1992), and Parc de Bercy (1997). One of the newest parks, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine (2013), built on a former highway on the Left Bank of the Seine between the Pont de l'Alma and the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay, has floating gardens and gives a view of the city's landmarks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Jean-Charles Alphand"}], "question": "Who was Paris' first director of parks and gardens?", "id": "5729068e1d04691400778f8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "166"}], "question": "How many new parks have been created in Paris since 1977?", "id": "5729068e1d04691400778f8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "1987"}], "question": "WHen was the Parc de la Villette created?", "id": "5729068e1d04691400778f8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Promenade des Berges de la Seine"}], "question": "What park has floating gardens?", "id": "5729068e1d04691400778f90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine built?", "id": "5729068e1d04691400778f91"}]}], ["Di zaman Rom Paris, pemakaman utamanya terletak di pinggir penempatan Bank Left, tetapi ini berubah dengan meningkatnya Katolik, di mana kebanyakan gereja di dalam setiap bandar mempunyai kawasan perkuburan yang bersebelahan untuk digunakan oleh gereja mereka. Dengan pertumbuhan Paris banyak ini, terutamanya kuburan terbesar di bandar, les Innocents, dipenuhi dengan melimpah, mewujudkan keadaan yang agak tidak bersih bagi ibu kota. Apabila pengkebumian dalaman dikutuk dari tahun 1786, kandungan semua kubur paroki Paris dipindahkan ke bahagian lombong batu Paris yang telah diubahsuai di luar pintu masuk \"Porte d'Enfer\", hari ini menempatkan Denfert-Rochereau di arondisemen ke-14. Proses pemindahan tulang dari Cimeti\u00e8re des Innocents ke katakombe berlaku antara 1786 dan 1814; sebahagian daripada rangkaian terowong dan mayat boleh dikunjungi hari ini dalam lawatan rasmi kubur kubur. <> Apa pemakaman terbesar di Paris? || les Innocents <> Kapan pengebumian bandar dalaman diharamkan? || 1786 <> Selama tahun berapa tulang telah dipindahkan dari Cimetiere des Innocents ke kubur kubur? || 1786 dan 1814 <> Di mana boleh melihat rangkaian terowong ke kubur kubur? || lawatan rasmi kubur kubur", {"context": "In Paris' Roman era, its main cemetery was located to the outskirts of the Left Bank settlement, but this changed with the rise of Catholicism, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris' growth many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, les Innocents, were filled to overflowing, creating quite unsanitary conditions for the capital. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' stone mines outside the \"Porte d'Enfer\" city gate, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement. The process of moving bones from Cimeti\u00e8re des Innocents to the catacombs took place between 1786 and 1814; part of the network of tunnels and remains can be visited today on the official tour of the catacombs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "les Innocents"}], "question": "What is Paris' largest cemetary?", "id": "572906f5af94a219006a9f97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "1786"}], "question": "When were inner city burials banned?", "id": "572906f5af94a219006a9f98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "1786 and 1814"}], "question": "During what years were the bones moved from Cimetiere des Innocents to the catacombs?", "id": "572906f5af94a219006a9f99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 837, "text": "the official tour of the catacombs"}], "question": "Where can view the network of tunnels to the catacombs?", "id": "572906f5af94a219006a9f9a"}]}], ["Paris dalam sejarah awalnya hanya mempunyai sungai Seine dan Bi\u00e8vre untuk air. Dari 1809, Canal de l'Ourcq menyediakan Paris dengan air dari sungai yang kurang tercemar ke utara-timur ibu kota. Dari tahun 1857, jurutera awam Eug\u00e8ne Belgrand, di bawah Napoleon III, menyelia pembinaan beberapa siri saluran air baru yang membawa air dari lokasi-lokasi di sekitar bandar ke beberapa takungan yang dibina di atas titik tertinggi di Ibukota. Sejak itu, sistem takungan baru menjadi sumber utama air minuman di Paris, dan jenazah sistem lama, yang dipam ke dalam takungan yang sama, mula digunakan untuk pembersihan jalan-jalan di Paris. Sistem ini masih menjadi sebahagian utama rangkaian bekalan air moden Paris. Hari ini Paris mempunyai lebih daripada 2,400 km (1,491 mi) laluan bawah tanah yang didedikasikan untuk pemindahan bahan buangan cecair Paris. <> Bilakah Canal de l'Ourcq mula menyediakan Paris dengan air? || 1809 <> Siapa Eugene Belgrand di bawah? || Napoleon III <> Berapa km laluan bawah tanah dikhaskan untuk mengalihkan cecair sisa Paris? || 2,400 <> Siapa yang membuat sistem takungan Paris? || Eug\u00e8ne Belgrand", {"context": "Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bi\u00e8vre rivers for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eug\u00e8ne Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water-supply network. Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground passageways dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "1809"}], "question": "WHen did the Canal de l'Ourcq start providing Paris with water?", "id": "572905aeaf94a219006a9f73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Napoleon III"}], "question": "Who was Eugene Belgrand under?", "id": "572905aeaf94a219006a9f74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "2,400"}], "question": "How many km of underground passageways are dedicated to teh evacuationof Paris' waste liquids?", "id": "572905aeaf94a219006a9f75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Eug\u00e8ne Belgrand"}], "question": "Who created Paris' reservoir system?", "id": "572905aeaf94a219006a9f76"}]}], ["Kuil Buddha Pagode de Vincennes, berhampiran Lake Daumesnil di Bois de Vincennes, adalah bekas pavilion Cameroon dari Pameran Kolonial Paris 1931. Ia menganjurkan beberapa sekolah agama Buddha yang berbeza, dan tidak mempunyai pemimpin tunggal. Ia menempatkan patung Buddha terbesar di Eropah, lebih tinggi sembilan meter. Terdapat dua kuil kecil lain yang terletak di komuniti Asia di arondisemen ke-13. Sebuah kuil Hindu, yang dikhususkan untuk Ganesh, di Rue Pajol di arondisemen ke-18, dibuka pada tahun 1985. <> Apa paviliun bekas Kamerun? || Kuil Pagode de Vincennes Buddha <> Dimana patung Buddha terbesar di Eropah? || Kuil Pagode de Vincennes Buddha <> Bilakah kuil Hindu di Rue Pajol dibuka? || 1985 <> Berapa tinggi patung Buddha terbesar di Eropah? || lebih tinggi sembilan meter", {"context": "The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple, near Lake Daumesnil in the Bois de Vincennes, is the former Cameroon pavilion from the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition. It hosts several different schools of Buddhism, and does not have a single leader. It shelters the biggest Buddha statue in Europe, more than nine metres high. There are two other small temples located in the Asian community in the 13th arrondissement. A Hindu temple, dedicated to Ganesh, on Rue Pajol in the 18th arrondissement, opened in 1985.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple"}], "question": "What is the former Cameroon pavilion?", "id": "57290253af94a219006a9f2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple"}], "question": "Where is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe?", "id": "57290253af94a219006a9f2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "1985"}], "question": "When did the Hindu temple on Rue Pajol open?", "id": "57290253af94a219006a9f2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "more than nine metres high"}], "question": "How tall is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe?", "id": "57290253af94a219006a9f2d"}]}], ["Paris hari ini mempunyai lebih daripada 421 taman dan taman perbandaran, yang meliputi lebih daripada 3,000 hektar dan mengandungi lebih daripada 250,000 pokok. Dua taman tertua dan paling terkenal di Paris ialah Tuileries Garden yang diwujudkan pada tahun 1564 untuk Tuileries Palace, dan dipulihkan oleh Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre antara 1664 dan 1672, dan Taman Luxembourg, untuk Istana Luxembourg, yang dibina untuk Marie de 'Medici di 1612, yang kini menempatkan Senat Perancis. Jardin des Plantes adalah taman botani pertama di Paris, yang dibuat pada tahun 1626 oleh doktor Louis XIII, Guy de La Brosse untuk penanaman tanaman ubat. <> Berapa banyak taman dan taman perbandaran yang ada di Paris? || 421 <> Bilakah Taman Tuileries dibuat? || 1564 <> Siapa yang menanam Tuileries Garden pada tahun 1664? || Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre <> Siapakah istana Luxembourg yang dibina? || Marie de 'Medici <> Siapa yang membuat Jarden des Plantes? || Guy de La Brosse", {"context": "Paris today has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees. Two of Paris' oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace, and redone by Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre between 1664 and 1672, and the Luxembourg Garden, for the Luxembourg Palace, built for Marie de' Medici in 1612, which today houses the French Senate. The Jardin des Plantes was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626 by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "421"}], "question": "How many municipal parks and gardens does Paris have?", "id": "57290621af94a219006a9f7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "1564"}], "question": "When was the Tuileries Garden created?", "id": "57290621af94a219006a9f7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre"}], "question": "Who redid the Tuileries Garden in 1664?", "id": "57290621af94a219006a9f7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Marie de' Medici"}], "question": "Who was the Luxembourg palace built for?", "id": "57290621af94a219006a9f7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Guy de La Brosse"}], "question": "Who created the Jarden des Plantes?", "id": "57290621af94a219006a9f7f"}]}], ["Kelab sukan paling popular di Paris ialah kelab bola sepak persatuan Paris Saint-Germain F.C. dan kelab kesatuan ragbi Stade Fran\u00e7ais. Stade de France yang bertaraf 80,000, dibina untuk Piala Dunia FIFA 1998, terletak di utara Paris di komune Saint-Denis. Ia digunakan untuk bola sepak, kesatuan ragbi dan sukan landasan dan padang. Ia menganjurkan pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Perancis untuk pertandingan persahabatan dan pertandingan utama, setiap tahun menjadi tuan rumah pertandingan ragbi negara Perancis dari Kejohanan Enam Bangsa, dan menjadi tuan rumah beberapa perlawanan penting dari pasukan ragbi Stade Fran\u00e7ais. Selain Paris Saint-Germain FC, bandar ini mempunyai beberapa kelab bola sepak amatur yang lain: Paris FC, Red Star, RCF Paris dan Stade Fran\u00e7ais Paris. <> Berapa kerusi di Negeri de France? || 80,000 <> Apa yang dibina oleh Negeri de France? || 1998 FIFA World Cup <> Apakah kelab bola sepak paling popular di Paris? || Paris Saint-Germain F.C. <> Apakah kelab ragbi di Paris? || Stade Fran\u00e7ais", {"context": "Paris' most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. and the rugby union club Stade Fran\u00e7ais. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts the French national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, and hosts several important matches of the Stade Fran\u00e7ais rugby team. In addition to Paris Saint-Germain FC, the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: Paris FC, Red Star, RCF Paris and Stade Fran\u00e7ais Paris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "80,000"}], "question": "How many seats are in the State de France?", "id": "572902c3af94a219006a9f33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "1998 FIFA World Cup"}], "question": "What was the State de France built for?", "id": "572902c3af94a219006a9f34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Paris Saint-Germain F.C."}], "question": "What is the most popular football club in Paris?", "id": "572902c3af94a219006a9f35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Stade Fran\u00e7ais"}], "question": "What is the rugby club in Paris?", "id": "572902c3af94a219006a9f36"}]}], ["Di samping itu, rantau Paris dihidangkan oleh rangkaian kereta ringan sembilan baris, trem: Laluan T1 berjalan dari Asni\u00e8res-Gennevilliers ke Noisy-le-Sec, laluan T2 berjalan dari Pont de Bezons ke Porte de Versailles, laluan T3a berjalan dari Pont du Garigliano ke Porte de Vincennes, jalur T3b berjalan dari Porte de Vincennes ke Porte de la Chapelle, laluan T5 berjalan dari Saint-Denis ke Garges-Sarcelles, laluan T6 berjalan dari Ch\u00e2tillon ke Velizy, laluan T7 berjalan dari Villejuif ke Athis-Mons , garis T8 berjalan dari Saint-Denis ke \u00c9pinay-sur-Seine dan Villetaneuse, semuanya dikendalikan oleh R\u00e9gie Autonome des Transports Parisiens, dan garis T4 berjalan dari Bondy RER ke Aulnay-sous-Bois, yang dikendalikan oleh kerajaan pengangkut kereta api SNCF. Lima barisan rel ringan kini sedang dalam pelbagai peringkat pembangunan. <> Di mana baris T1 berjalan dari? || Asni\u00e8res-Gennevilliers ke Noisy-le-Sec <> Di manakah baris T2 berjalan? || Pont de Bezons ke Porte de Versailles <> Berapa banyak jalur dalam rangkaian rel? || sembilan <> di mana T5 berjalan? || Saint-Denis ke Garges-Sarcelles <> Siapa yang mengendalikan garis ini? || R\u00e9gie Autonome des Transports Parisiens", {"context": "In addition, the Paris region is served by a light rail network of nine lines, the tramway: Line T1 runs from Asni\u00e8res-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec, line T2 runs from Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles, line T3a runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte de Vincennes, line T3b runs from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle, line T5 runs from Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles, line T6 runs from Ch\u00e2tillon to Velizy, line T7 runs from Villejuif to Athis-Mons, line T8 runs from Saint-Denis to \u00c9pinay-sur-Seine and Villetaneuse, all of which are operated by the R\u00e9gie Autonome des Transports Parisiens, and line T4 runs from Bondy RER to Aulnay-sous-Bois, which is operated by the state rail carrier SNCF. Five new light rail lines are currently in various stages of development.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Asni\u00e8res-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec"}], "question": "Where does line T1 run from?", "id": "572903876aef05140015499a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles"}], "question": "Where does line T2 run?", "id": "572903876aef05140015499b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many lines are in the rail network?", "id": "572903876aef05140015499c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles"}], "question": "where does T5 run?", "id": "572903876aef05140015499d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "R\u00e9gie Autonome des Transports Parisiens"}], "question": "Who operates these lines?", "id": "572903876aef05140015499e"}]}], ["Penjagaan kesihatan dan perkhidmatan perubatan kecemasan di bandar Paris dan pinggiran bandarnya disediakan oleh Bantuan publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), sistem hospital awam yang menggunakan lebih daripada 90,000 orang (termasuk pengamal, kakitangan sokongan dan pentadbir) di 44 buah hospital. Ia adalah sistem hospital terbesar di Eropah. Ia menyediakan penjagaan kesihatan, pengajaran, penyelidikan, pencegahan, pendidikan dan perkhidmatan perubatan kecemasan dalam 52 cabang perubatan. Hospital menerima lebih daripada 5.8 juta kunjungan pesakit tahunan. <> Berapa ramai orang yang bekerja di AP-HP? || 90,000 <> Berapa banyak hospital di Paris? || 44 <> Berapa ramai pesakit melawat hospital setiap tahun? || 5.8 juta <> Siapa yang menyediakan rawatan kecemasan di bandar Paris? || Bantuan publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Paris", {"context": "Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators) in 44 hospitals. It is the largest hospital system in Europe. It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "90,000"}], "question": "How many people are employed at AP-HP?", "id": "5729083aaf94a219006a9fa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "44"}], "question": "How many hospitals are in Paris?", "id": "5729083aaf94a219006a9fa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "5.8 million"}], "question": "How many patients visit the hospitals annually?", "id": "5729083aaf94a219006a9fa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Assistance publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Paris"}], "question": "Who provides emergency care in the city of Paris?", "id": "5729083aaf94a219006a9fa5"}]}], ["Rangkaian yang paling banyak dilihat di Perancis, TF1, terletak di Boulogne-Billancourt; Perancis 2, Perancis 3, Canal +, Perancis 5, M6 (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Arte, D8, W9, NT1, NRJ 12, La Cha\u00eene parlementaire, Perancis 4, BFM TV, dan Gulli adalah stesen lain yang terletak di dalam dan sekitar Ibu negara. Radio Perancis, penyiar radio awam Perancis, dan pelbagai salurannya, beribu pejabat di arondisemen ke-16 di Paris. Radio Perancis Internationale, penyiar awam lain juga berpusat di bandar. Paris juga memegang ibu pejabat La Poste, syarikat pos nasional Perancis. <> Apakah rangkaian televisyen paling dilihat di Perancis? || TF1 <> Di manakah TF1 terletak? || Boulogne-Billancourt <> Apakah penyiar radio awam Perancis? || Radio Perancis <> Apakah nama pengangkut pos kebangsaan Perancis? || La Poste", {"context": "The most-viewed network in France, TF1, is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt; France 2, France 3, Canal+, France 5, M6 (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Arte, D8, W9, NT1, NRJ 12, La Cha\u00eene parlementaire, France 4, BFM TV, and Gulli are other stations located in and around the capital. Radio France, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris' 16th arrondissement. Radio France Internationale, another public broadcaster is also based in the city. Paris also holds the headquarters of the La Poste, France's national postal carrier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "TF1"}], "question": "What is the most viewed television network in France?", "id": "572908deaf94a219006a9fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Boulogne-Billancourt"}], "question": "Where is TF1 located?", "id": "572908deaf94a219006a9fb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Radio France"}], "question": "What is France's public radio broadcaster?", "id": "572908deaf94a219006a9fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "La Poste"}], "question": "What is the name of France's national postal carrier?", "id": "572908deaf94a219006a9fb8"}]}], ["Selepas penciptaan beberapa perkuburan pinggir bandar yang lebih kecil, Prefect Nicholas Frochot di bawah Napoleon Bonaparte memberikan penyelesaian yang lebih muktamad dalam penciptaan tiga kubik besar Paris di luar batas bandar. Terbuka dari tahun 1804, ini adalah tanah perkuburan P\u00e8re Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, dan kemudian Passy; tanah perkuburan ini menjadi kota dalam sekali lagi apabila Paris mencaplok semua komuniti jiran ke bahagian dalam cincin yang lebih besar dari kubu pinggir bandar pada tahun 1860. Perkuburan pinggir bandar baru diperbuat pada awal abad ke-20: Yang terbesar adalah Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Saint- Ouen, Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Pantin (juga dikenali sebagai Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Pantin-Bobigny, Cimeti\u00e8re parisien d'Ivry, dan Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Bagneux). [Rujukan?] Beberapa orang yang paling terkenal di dunia dikebumikan di Paris tanah perkuburan. <> Siapa yang Penyelia Nicholas Frochot di bawah? || Napoleon Bonaparte <> Bilakah 3 kubur baru dibuka? || 1804 <> Apa yang terbesar dari kubur-kubur yang tercipta pada abad ke-20? || Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Saint-Ouen", {"context": "After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits. Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of P\u00e8re Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy; these cemeteries became inner-city once again when Paris annexed all neighbouring communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Pantin (also known as Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Pantin-Bobigny, the Cimeti\u00e8re parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Bagneux).[citation needed] Some of the most famous people in the world are buried in Parisian cemeteries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte"}], "question": "Who was Prefect Nicholas Frochot under?", "id": "572907f7af94a219006a9f9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "1804"}], "question": "When were the 3 new cemeteries open?", "id": "572907f7af94a219006a9fa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Saint-Ouen"}], "question": "What is the largest of the cemeteries created in the 20th centuries?", "id": "572907f7af94a219006a9fa1"}]}], ["Paris dan pinggir bandarnya adalah rumah kepada pelbagai akhbar, majalah dan penerbitan termasuk Le Monde, Le Figaro, Pengembaraan, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard encha\u00een\u00e9, La Croix, Pariscope, Le Parisien (di Saint-Ouen), Les \u00c9chos, Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine), R\u00e9seaux & T\u00e9l\u00e9coms, Reuters Perancis, dan L'Officiel des Spectacles. Dua akhbar Perancis yang paling berprestij, Le Monde dan Le Figaro, adalah penerbit industri penerbitan Paris. Agence France-Presse adalah Perancis tertua, dan salah satu agensi berita yang paling lama dan terawal di dunia. AFP, seperti yang digelar secara kolektif, mengekalkan ibu pejabatnya di Paris, sejak tahun 1835. Perancis 24 adalah saluran berita televisyen yang dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh kerajaan Perancis, dan berpusat di Paris. Satu lagi agensi berita ialah Perancis Diplomatie, yang dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh Kementerian Hal Ehwal Luar dan Eropah, dan hanya berkaitan dengan berita diplomatik dan kejadian. <> Apakah dua akhbar paling berprestij Perancis? || Le Monde dan Le Figaro <> Apakah agensi berita Perancis tertua? || Agence <> Bilakah Agence dibuka di Paris? || 1835 <> Apakah stesen televisyen yang dikendalikan oleh kerajaan Perancis? || Perancis 24", {"context": "Paris and its close suburbs is home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Le Monde, Le Figaro, Lib\u00e9ration, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard encha\u00een\u00e9, La Croix, Pariscope, Le Parisien (in Saint-Ouen), Les \u00c9chos, Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine), R\u00e9seaux & T\u00e9l\u00e9coms, Reuters France, and L'Officiel des Spectacles. France's two most prestigious newspapers, Le Monde and Le Figaro, are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry. Agence France-Presse is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835. France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris. Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Le Monde and Le Figaro"}], "question": "What are France's two most prestigious newspapers?", "id": "57290895af94a219006a9fad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Agence"}], "question": "What is France's oldest operating news agency?", "id": "57290895af94a219006a9fae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "1835"}], "question": "When did Agence open in Paris?", "id": "57290895af94a219006a9faf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "France 24"}], "question": "What television station is operated by the French government?", "id": "57290895af94a219006a9fb0"}]}]], [["Sebagai penaung Delphi (Pythian Apollo), Apollo adalah tuhan orakular-dewa nubuatan Oracle Delphic. Perubatan dan penyembuhan dikaitkan dengan Apollo, sama ada melalui tuhan sendiri atau ditengah melalui anaknya Asclepius, tetapi Apollo juga dilihat sebagai tuhan yang boleh mendatangkan penyakit yang buruk dan berbahaya. Di antara tuduhan penjagaan tuhan, Apollo menjadi kaitan dengan dominasi penjajah, dan sebagai pengawal penjaga kawanan dan kawanan. Sebagai ketua Muses (Apollon Musegetes) dan pengarah paduan suara mereka, Apollo berfungsi sebagai tuhan patron muzik dan puisi. Hermes mencipta lyre untuknya, dan alat itu menjadi ciri umum Apollo. Lagu pujian yang dinyanyikan kepada Apollo dipanggil paeans. <> Siapa yang digambarkan pada dewa nubuatan Oracle Delphic? || Apollo <> Apa nama anak Apollo? || Asclepius <> Siapa yang membuat lirik untuk Apollo? || Hermes <> Apa istilah untuk pujian yang dinyanyikan kepada Apollo? || paeans", {"context": "As the patron of Delphi (Pythian Apollo), Apollo was an oracular god\u2014the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius, yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague. Amongst the god's custodial charges, Apollo became associated with dominion over colonists, and as the patron defender of herds and flocks. As the leader of the Muses (Apollon Musegetes) and director of their choir, Apollo functioned as the patron god of music and poetry. Hermes created the lyre for him, and the instrument became a common attribute of Apollo. Hymns sung to Apollo were called paeans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Apollo"}], "question": "Who was described at the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle?", "id": "5728b3aeff5b5019007da4e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Asclepius"}], "question": "What is the name of Apollo's son?", "id": "5728b3aeff5b5019007da4e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Hermes"}], "question": "Who created the lyre for Apollo?", "id": "5728b3aeff5b5019007da4e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "paeans"}], "question": "What was the term for hymns sung to Apollo?", "id": "5728b3aeff5b5019007da4e9"}]}], ["Apollo (Attic, Ionic, dan Homeric Greek: \u1f08\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, Apoll\u014dn (GEN \u1f08\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2), Doric: \u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, Apell\u014dn, Arcadocypriot: \u1f08\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, Apeil\u014dn, Aeolic: \u1f0c\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, Aploun; Dewa Olympia dalam agama Yunani dan Roman klasik dan mitologi Yunani dan Rom. Idea kouros (pemuda yang tidak berdaya, olahraga), Apollo telah diiktiraf secara pelbagai sebagai tuhan muzik, kebenaran dan nubuatan, penyembuhan, matahari dan cahaya, wabak, puisi, dan banyak lagi. Apollo adalah anak Zeus dan Leto, dan mempunyai kakak kembar, pemburu raksasa Artemis. Apollo dikenali dalam mitologi Etruscan yang dipengaruhi oleh Yunani sebagai Apulu. <> Apa perkataan untuk seorang pemuda yang ber-beardless? || kouros <> Apa salah satu dewa Olympia yang paling penting dan kompleks dalam agama Yunani dan Roman klasik? || Apollo <> Siapakah ibu bapa Apollo? || Zeus dan Leto <> Siapa kakak kembar Apollo? || Artemis <> Apa nama Apollo yang diketahui oleh mitos Etruscan? || Apulu", {"context": "Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: \u1f08\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, Apoll\u014dn (GEN \u1f08\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2); Doric: \u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, Apell\u014dn; Arcadocypriot: \u1f08\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, Apeil\u014dn; Aeolic: \u1f0c\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, Aploun; Latin: Apoll\u014d) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "kouros"}], "question": "What is the word for a beardless, athletic youth?", "id": "5728b3194b864d1900164c50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Apollo"}], "question": "What is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion?", "id": "5728b3194b864d1900164c51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Zeus and Leto"}], "question": "Who are the parents of Apollo?", "id": "5728b3194b864d1900164c52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "Artemis"}], "question": "Who is Apollo's twin sister?", "id": "5728b3194b864d1900164c53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "Apulu"}], "question": "What name is Apollo known by in Etruscan mythology?", "id": "5728b3194b864d1900164c54"}]}], ["Sejumlah etimologi bukan Yunani telah dicadangkan untuk nama itu, bentuk Hittite Apaliunas (dx-ap-pa-li-u-na-a\u0161) dicontohi dalam surat Manapa-Tarhunta, mungkin berkaitan dengan Hurrian (dan tentunya Etruscan) Aplu, dewa wabak, mungkin pula dari Akkadian Aplu Enlil yang bermaksud hanya \"anak Enlil\", sebuah gelaran yang diberikan kepada tuhan Nergal, yang dikaitkan dengan Shamash, tuhan Babylon dari matahari. Peranan Apollo sebagai dewa wabak terbukti dalam usikan Apollo Smintheus (\"tetikus Apollo\") oleh Chryses, imam Trojan Apollo, dengan maksud menghantar wabak terhadap orang Yunani (penalaran di belakang dewa wabak menjadi tuhan penyembuhan tentu saja apotropaik, yang bermaksud bahawa tuhan yang bertanggungjawab membawa wabak itu mesti dipinggirkan untuk menghapus wabak itu). <> Siapakah tuhan yang tulah? || Aplu <> Apakah maksud Akkadia Apllu Enlil? || anak Enlil <> Apa gelaran diberikan kepada tuhan Nergal? || Akkadian Aplu Enlil <> Siapa imam Trojan Apollo? || Chryses", {"context": "A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name, The Hittite form Apaliunas (dx-ap-pa-li-u-na-a\u0161) is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter, perhaps related to Hurrian (and certainly the Etruscan) Aplu, a god of plague, in turn likely from Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning simply \"the son of Enlil\", a title that was given to the god Nergal, who was linked to Shamash, Babylonian god of the sun. The role of Apollo as god of plague is evident in the invocation of Apollo Smintheus (\"mouse Apollo\") by Chryses, the Trojan priest of Apollo, with the purpose of sending a plague against the Greeks (the reasoning behind a god of the plague becoming a god of healing is of course apotropaic, meaning that the god responsible for bringing the plague must be appeased in order to remove the plague).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Aplu"}], "question": "Who is a god of plague?", "id": "5728b6442ca10214002da636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "the son of Enlil"}], "question": "What is the meaning of Akkadia Apllu Enlil?", "id": "5728b6442ca10214002da637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Akkadian Aplu Enlil"}], "question": "What title was given to the god Nergal?", "id": "5728b6442ca10214002da638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Chryses"}], "question": "Who was the Trojan priest of Apollo?", "id": "5728b6442ca10214002da639"}]}], ["Etimologi namanya tidak pasti. Ejaan \u1f08\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (sebutan [a.p\u00f3l.l\u0254\u02d0n] dalam Attic Klasik) telah hampir menggantikan semua bentuk lain pada permulaan era umum, tetapi bentuk Doric Apellon (\u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd), lebih kuno, berasal dari sebelumnya * \u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bbj\u03c9\u03bd. Ia mungkin bersamaan dengan bulan Doric Apellaios (\u1f08\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2), dan persembahan apellaia (\u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1) pada permulaan lelaki muda semasa apellai festival-keluarga (\u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9). Menurut beberapa ulama, kata-kata itu berasal dari perkataan Doric apella (\u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1), yang pada asalnya bermaksud \"dinding,\" \"pagar untuk haiwan\" dan kemudian \"perhimpunan dalam batas dataran.\" Apella (\u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1) adalah nama perhimpunan yang popular di Sparta, sepadan dengan ecclesia (\u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1). R. S. P. Beekes menolak sambungan nama itu dengan kata nama apellai dan mencadangkan proto-bentuk Pra-Yunani * Apalyun. <> Apa nama perhimpunan popular di Sparta? || Apella <> Apellon berasal dari apa bulan Doric? || Apellaios <> Apa yang ditawarkan pada permulaan lelaki muda semasa apellai familly-festival? || apellaia <> Apa perkataan Doric pada mulanya bermaksud dinding atau pagar untuk haiwan? || apella", {"context": "The etymology of the name is uncertain. The spelling \u1f08\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (pronounced [a.p\u00f3l.l\u0254\u02d0n] in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form Apellon (\u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd), is more archaic, derived from an earlier *\u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bbj\u03c9\u03bd. It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (\u1f08\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2), and the offerings apellaia (\u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1) at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai (\u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9). According to some scholars the words are derived from the Doric word apella (\u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1), which originally meant \"wall,\" \"fence for animals\" and later \"assembly within the limits of the square.\" Apella (\u1f08\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta, corresponding to the ecclesia (\u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1). R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Apella"}], "question": "What is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta?", "id": "5728b4f54b864d1900164c82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Apellaios"}], "question": "Apellon is derived from what Doric month?", "id": "5728b4f54b864d1900164c83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "apellaia"}], "question": "What is offered at the initiation of young men during familly-festival apellai?", "id": "5728b4f54b864d1900164c84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "apella"}], "question": "What Doric word originally meant wall or fence for animals?", "id": "5728b4f54b864d1900164c85"}]}], ["Dalam zaman Helenistik, terutamanya pada abad ke-3 BCE, sebagai Apollo Helios ia dikenal pasti di kalangan orang Yunani dengan Helios, tuhan tuhan matahari, dan kakaknya Artemis serupa dengan Selene, dewi Titan bulan. Dalam teks-teks Latin, sebaliknya, Joseph Fontenrose mengisytiharkan dirinya tidak dapat menemukan apa-apa konflik Apollo dengan Sol di antara para penyair Augustan pada abad ke-1, bahkan di dalam konvenasi Aeneas dan Latinus di Aeneid XII (161-215). Apollo dan Helios / Sol kekal makhluk berasingan dalam teks-teks sastera dan mitos sehingga abad ke-3 CE. <> Siapakah dewi Titan bulan? || Selene <> Dalam zaman Hellenestic, Yunani mengenal pasti Apollo Helios sebagai nama apa? || Helios <> Apa nama kakak Apollo? || Artemis", {"context": "In Hellenistic times, especially during the 3rd century BCE, as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios, Titan god of the sun, and his sister Artemis similarly equated with Selene, Titan goddess of the moon. In Latin texts, on the other hand, Joseph Fontenrose declared himself unable to find any conflation of Apollo with Sol among the Augustan poets of the 1st century, not even in the conjurations of Aeneas and Latinus in Aeneid XII (161\u2013215). Apollo and Helios/Sol remained separate beings in literary and mythological texts until the 3rd century CE.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Selene"}], "question": "Who was the Titan goddess of the moon?", "id": "5728b449ff5b5019007da4f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Helios"}], "question": "In Hellenestic times, Greeks identified Apollo Helios as what name?", "id": "5728b449ff5b5019007da4f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Artemis"}], "question": "What was the name of Apollo's sister?", "id": "5728b449ff5b5019007da4f8"}]}], ["Sebagai pelindung dan pengasas, Apollo mempunyai julukan Alexicacus (/ \u0259\u02ccl\u025bks\u1d7bke\u026ak\u0259s / \u0259-LEK-si-KAY-k\u0259s; \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, Alexikakos, secara literal \"warding jahat\"), Apotropaeus (/ \u0259\u02ccp\u0252tr\u0259pi\u02d0\u0259s / \u0259-POT-r\u0259-PEE- Epicurius (/ \u02cc\u025bp\u1d7bkj\u028ari\u0259s / EP-i-KEWR-ee-\u0259s; \u1f18\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Epikourios, dari \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"untuk membantu\"), dan Archegetes (/ \u0251\u02d0rk\u025bd\u0292\u0259ti\u02d0z / ar-KEJ-\u0259-Teez; \u1f08\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, Arkh\u0113get\u0113s, secara literal \"pengasas\"), Clarius (/ kl\u00e6ri\u0259s / KLARR-ee-\u0259s; \u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Kl\u0101rios, dari \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 Doric, \"banyak diperuntukkan\"), dan Genetor (/ d\u0292\u025bn\u1d7bt\u0259r / JEN -i-t\u0259r; \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, Genet\u014dr, secara harfiah \"leluhur\"). Kepada orang Rom, dia terkenal dengan keupayaan ini sebagai Averruncus (/ \u02cc\u00e6v\u0259r\u028c\u014bk\u0259s / AV-\u0259r-RUNG-k\u0259s; dari Latin \u0101verruncare, \"to avert\"). Beliau juga telah dipanggil Agyieus (/\u0259d\u0292a\u026a.\u1d7bju\u02d0s/ \u0259-Gwee-EWS; \u1f08\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2, Agu\u012beus, dari \u1f04\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u03b1, \"jalan\") kerana peranannya dalam melindungi jalan-jalan dan rumah-rumah; dan Nomius (/ no\u028ami\u0259s / NOH-mee-\u0259s; \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Nomios, secara harfiah \"pastoral\") dan Nymphegetes (\"nymph\" pemimpin \") untuk peranannya sebagai pelindung gembala dan kehidupan pastoral. <> Apa perkataan literal bermaksud \"menangkis kejahatan?\" || Alexicacus <> Dunia apa yang bermaksud \"pengasas?\" || Archegetes <> Apa perkataan literal \"nenek moyang?\" || Genetor <> Apa perkataan bermaksud \"untuk mengelakkan?\" || Agyieus", {"context": "As a protector and founder, Apollo had the epithets Alexicacus (/\u0259\u02ccl\u025bks\u1d7b\u02c8ke\u026ak\u0259s/ \u0259-LEK-si-KAY-k\u0259s; \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, Alexikakos, literally \"warding off evil\"), Apotropaeus (/\u0259\u02ccp\u0252tr\u0259\u02c8pi\u02d0\u0259s/ \u0259-POT-r\u0259-PEE-\u0259s; \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Apotropaios, from \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to avert\"), and Epicurius (/\u02cc\u025bp\u1d7b\u02c8kj\u028ari\u0259s/ EP-i-KEWR-ee-\u0259s; \u1f18\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Epikourios, from \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to aid\"), and Archegetes (/\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8k\u025bd\u0292\u0259ti\u02d0z/ ar-KEJ-\u0259-teez; \u1f08\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, Arkh\u0113get\u0113s, literally \"founder\"), Clarius (/\u02c8kl\u00e6ri\u0259s/ KLARR-ee-\u0259s; \u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Kl\u0101rios, from Doric \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \"allotted lot\"), and Genetor (/\u02c8d\u0292\u025bn\u1d7bt\u0259r/ JEN-i-t\u0259r; \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, Genet\u014dr, literally \"ancestor\"). To the Romans, he was known in this capacity as Averruncus (/\u02cc\u00e6v\u0259\u02c8r\u028c\u014bk\u0259s/ AV-\u0259r-RUNG-k\u0259s; from Latin \u0101verruncare, \"to avert\"). He was also called Agyieus (/\u0259\u02c8d\u0292a\u026a.\u1d7bju\u02d0s/ \u0259-GWEE-ews; \u1f08\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2, Agu\u012beus, from \u1f04\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u03b1, \"street\") for his role in protecting roads and homes; and Nomius (/\u02c8no\u028ami\u0259s/ NOH-mee-\u0259s; \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Nomios, literally \"pastoral\") and Nymphegetes (/n\u026am\u02c8f\u025bd\u0292\u1d7bti\u02d0z/ nim-FEJ-i-teez; \u039d\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, Numph\u0113get\u0113s, from \u039d\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7, \"Nymph\", and \u1f21\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \"leader\") for his role as a protector of shepherds and pastoral life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Alexicacus"}], "question": "What word literally means \"warding off evil?\"", "id": "5728ba9d2ca10214002da6a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Archegetes"}], "question": "What world literally means \"founder?\"", "id": "5728ba9d2ca10214002da6a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Genetor"}], "question": "What word literally mens \"ancestor?\"", "id": "5728ba9d2ca10214002da6a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 758, "text": "Agyieus"}], "question": "What word means \"to avert?\"", "id": "5728ba9d2ca10214002da6a7"}]}], ["Dalam peranan Apollo sebagai penyembuh, pernyataannya termasuk Acesius (/ \u0259si\u02d0\u0292\u0259s / \u0259-SEE-zh\u0259s; \u1f08\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Akesios, dari \u1f04\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \"penyembuhan\"), Acestor (/ \u0259s\u025bst\u0259r / \u0259- SES-t\u0259r; \u1f08\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, Akest\u014dr, penyembuh \"), Paean (dari kata-kata\" PEJABAT \", Pai\u0101n, dari\" \u03b1 \u03c4,,,,,, phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys phys \" ). Acesius adalah epithet Apollo yang disembah di Elis, di mana dia mempunyai kuil di agora. Orang Roma merujuk kepada Apollo sebagai Medicus (/ m\u025bd\u1d7bk\u0259s / MED-i-k\u0259s; secara harfiah \"doktor\" dalam bahasa Latin) dalam hal ini. Sebuah kuil didedikasikan untuk Apollo Medicus di Rom, mungkin di sebelah kuil Bellona. <> Apakah perkataan literal untuk latrus? || doktor <> Di manakah Apollo mempunyai kuil di agora? || Elis <> Di manakah kuil khusus untuk Apollo Medicus? || Roma <> Apakah arti harfiah \"penyembuh?\" || Paean", {"context": "In Apollo's role as a healer, his appellations included Acesius (/\u0259\u02c8si\u02d0\u0292\u0259s/ \u0259-SEE-zh\u0259s; \u1f08\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Akesios, from \u1f04\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \"healing\"), Acestor (/\u0259\u02c8s\u025bst\u0259r/ \u0259-SES-t\u0259r; \u1f08\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, Akest\u014dr, literally \"healer\"), Paean (/\u02c8pi\u02d0\u0259n/ PEE-\u0259n; \u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd, Pai\u0101n, from \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to touch\"),[citation needed] and Iatrus (/a\u026a\u02c8\u00e6tr\u0259s/ eye-AT-r\u0259s; \u1f38\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, I\u0101tros, literally \"physician\"). Acesius was the epithet of Apollo worshipped in Elis, where he had a temple in the agora. The Romans referred to Apollo as Medicus (/\u02c8m\u025bd\u1d7bk\u0259s/ MED-i-k\u0259s; literally \"physician\" in Latin) in this respect. A temple was dedicated to Apollo Medicus at Rome, probably next to the temple of Bellona.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "physician"}], "question": "What is the literal word for latrus?", "id": "5728ba1f2ca10214002da692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Elis"}], "question": "Where did Apollo have a temple in the agora?", "id": "5728ba1f2ca10214002da693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "Where was a temple dedicated to Apollo Medicus?", "id": "5728ba1f2ca10214002da694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Paean"}], "question": "What is the literal meaning of \"healer?\"", "id": "5728ba1f2ca10214002da695"}]}], ["Apollo disembah sebagai Actiacus (/\u00e6kta\u026a.\u0259k\u0259s/ ak-TY-\u0259-k\u0259s; \u1f0c\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, Aktiakos, harfiah \"Actian\"), Delphinius (/ d\u025blf\u026ani\u0259s / del-FIN-ee-\u0259s; \u0394\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Delphinios, ), dan Pythius (/ p\u026a\u03b8i\u0259s / PITH-ee-\u0259s; \u03a0\u03cd\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Puthios, dari \u03a0\u03c5\u03b8\u03ce, Pyth\u014d, kawasan sekitar Delphi), masing-masing selepas Actium (\u1f0c\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) dan Delphi (\u0394\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03af) Satu etiologi dalam pujian Homeric yang mengaitkan epithet \"Delphinius\" dengan lumba-lumba. Dia disembah sebagai Acraephius (\u1f08\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, [perlu penjelasan]] Akraiphios, secara harfiah \"Acraephian\") atau Acraephiaeus (/ \u0259\u02cckri\u02d0fii\u02d0\u0259s / \u0259-KREE-fee-EE-\u0259s; \u1f08\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c2, Akraiphiaios, secara harfiah \"Acraephian\") di bandar Boeotian Acraephia (\u1f08\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c6\u03af\u03b1), yang terkenal diasaskan oleh anaknya Acraepheus; dan sebagai Smintheus (/ sm\u026an\u03b8ju\u02d0s / SMIN-thews; \u03a3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2, Smintheus, \"Sminthian\" - iaitu, \"bandar Sminthos atau Sminthe\") berhampiran bandar Troad Hamaxitus. The epithet \"Smintheus\" secara historis telah dikelirukan dengan \u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, \"tikus\", dalam hubungan dengan peranan Apollo sebagai tuhan penyakit. Untuk ini dia juga dikenali sebagai Parnopius (/ p\u0251\u02d0rno\u028api\u0259s / par-NOH-pee-\u0259s; \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Parnopios, dari \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8, \"belalang\") dan kepada orang Rom sebagai Culicarius (/ \u02cckju\u02d0l\u1d7bk\u00e6ri\u0259s / KEW-li-KARR-ee-\u0259s dari Latin culic\u0101rius, \"daripada midges\"). <> Delphinius epithet dikaitkan dengan haiwan apa? || lumba-lumba <> Siapa anak Apollo? || Acraepheus <> Apa epithet sejarah telah dikelirukan dengan \"tetikus?\" || Smintheus", {"context": "Apollo was worshipped as Actiacus (/\u00e6k\u02c8ta\u026a.\u0259k\u0259s/ ak-TY-\u0259-k\u0259s; \u1f0c\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, Aktiakos, literally \"Actian\"), Delphinius (/d\u025bl\u02c8f\u026ani\u0259s/ del-FIN-ee-\u0259s; \u0394\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Delphinios, literally \"Delphic\"), and Pythius (/\u02c8p\u026a\u03b8i\u0259s/ PITH-ee-\u0259s; \u03a0\u03cd\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Puthios, from \u03a0\u03c5\u03b8\u03ce, Pyth\u014d, the area around Delphi), after Actium (\u1f0c\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) and Delphi (\u0394\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03af) respectively, two of his principal places of worship. An etiology in the Homeric hymns associated the epithet \"Delphinius\" with dolphins. He was worshipped as Acraephius (/\u0259\u02c8kri\u02d0fi\u0259s/ \u0259-KREE-fee-\u0259s; \u1f08\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2,[clarification needed] Akraiphios, literally \"Acraephian\") or Acraephiaeus (/\u0259\u02cckri\u02d0fi\u02c8i\u02d0\u0259s/ \u0259-KREE-fee-EE-\u0259s; \u1f08\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c2, Akraiphiaios, literally \"Acraephian\") in the Boeotian town of Acraephia (\u1f08\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c6\u03af\u03b1), reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus; and as Smintheus (/\u02c8sm\u026an\u03b8ju\u02d0s/ SMIN-thews; \u03a3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2, Smintheus, \"Sminthian\"\u2014that is, \"of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe\") near the Troad town of Hamaxitus. The epithet \"Smintheus\" has historically been confused with \u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, \"mouse\", in association with Apollo's role as a god of disease. For this he was also known as Parnopius (/p\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8no\u028api\u0259s/ par-NOH-pee-\u0259s; \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Parnopios, from \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8, \"locust\") and to the Romans as Culicarius (/\u02cckju\u02d0l\u1d7b\u02c8k\u00e6ri\u0259s/ KEW-li-KARR-ee-\u0259s; from Latin culic\u0101rius, \"of midges\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "dolphins"}], "question": "The epithet Delphinius is associated with what animal?", "id": "5728b9362ca10214002da676"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "Acraepheus"}], "question": "Who is Apollo's son?", "id": "5728b9362ca10214002da677"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 952, "text": "Smintheus"}], "question": "What epithet has historically been confused with \"mouse?\"", "id": "5728b9362ca10214002da678"}]}], ["Beberapa contoh etimologi popular dibuktikan dari penulis purba. Oleh itu, orang Yunani paling kerap mengaitkan nama Apollo dengan kata kerja Yunani \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 (apollymi), \"untuk memusnahkan\". Plato di Cratylus menghubungkan nama dengan \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (apolysis), \"penebusan\", dengan \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (apolousis), \"pembersihan\", dan dengan \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd ([h] aploun), \"mudah\", khususnya merujuk kepada bentuk Thessalian nama, \u1f0c\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, dan akhirnya dengan \u1f08\u03b5\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (aeiballon), \"pernah menembak\". Hesychius menghubungkan nama Apollo dengan Doric \u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 (apella), yang bermaksud \"perhimpunan\", supaya Apollo menjadi tuhan kehidupan politik, dan dia juga memberikan penjelasan \u03c3\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (sekos), \"lipatan\", yang mana Apollo akan menjadi tuhan domba dan lembu. Dalam bahasa Macedonia kuno \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 (pella) bermaksud \"batu,\" dan beberapa toponim dapat diperoleh dari kata ini: \u03a0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 (Pella, ibu kota Macedonia Purba) dan \u03a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 (Pell\u0113n\u0113 / Pallene). <> Apa perkataan Doric bermaksud perhimpunan? || apella <> Apakah perkataan Macedonia Kuno untuk batu? || pella <> Apa perkataan Yunani untuk \"memusnahkan?\" || apollymi", {"context": "Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo's name with the Greek verb \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 (apollymi), \"to destroy\". Plato in Cratylus connects the name with \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (apolysis), \"redemption\", with \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (apolousis), \"purification\", and with \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd ([h]aploun), \"simple\", in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, \u1f0c\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, and finally with \u1f08\u03b5\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (aeiballon), \"ever-shooting\". Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric \u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 (apella), which means \"assembly\", so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation \u03c3\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (sekos), \"fold\", in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds. In the Ancient Macedonian language \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 (pella) means \"stone,\" and some toponyms may be derived from this word: \u03a0\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 (Pella, the capital of Ancient Macedonia) and \u03a0\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 (Pell\u0113n\u0113/Pallene).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "apella"}], "question": "What Doric word means assembly?", "id": "5728b5b42ca10214002da630"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 769, "text": "pella"}], "question": "What is the Ancient Macedonian word for stone?", "id": "5728b5b42ca10214002da631"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "apollymi"}], "question": "What is the Greek word for \"to destroy?\"", "id": "5728b5b42ca10214002da632"}]}], ["Sebagai tuhan matahari dan tuhan cahaya, Apollo juga dikenali oleh epithets Aegletes (/ \u0259\u0261li\u02d0ti\u02d0z / \u0259-GLEE-teez; \u0391\u1f30\u03b3\u03bb\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, Aigl\u0113t\u0113s, dari \u03b1\u1f34\u03b3\u03bb\u03b7, \"cahaya matahari\"), Helius (/ hi\u02d0li\u0259s / HEE-lee Phenesis (/ f\u0259ni\u02d0\u0259s / f\u0259-NEE-\u0259s; \u03a6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2, Phanaios, secara harfiah \"memberi atau membawa cahaya\"), dan Lyceus (/ la\u026asi\u02d0\u0259s / ly-SEE-\u0259s; \u039b\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 , Lykeios, dari Proto-Greek * \u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7, \"cahaya\"). Arti epithet \"Lyceus\" kemudiannya dikaitkan dengan ibu Leto, Apollo, yang merupakan dewi penaung Lycia (\u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03af\u03b1) dan yang dikenal pasti dengan serigala (\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2), memperolehnya lycegenes (/ la\u026as\u025bd\u0292\u0259ni\u02d0z / ly-SEJ- \u0259-neez; \u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2, Luk\u0113gen\u0113s, secara harfiah \"dilahirkan dari serigala\" atau \"dilahirkan dari Lycia\") dan Lycoctonus (/ la\u026ak\u0252kt\u0259n\u0259s / ly-KOK-t\u0259-n\u0259s; \u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, Lykoktonos, \"untuk membunuh\"). Sebagai tuhan matahari, Apollo dipanggil Sol (/ s\u0252l / SOL, secara harfiah \"matahari\" dalam bahasa Latin) oleh orang Rom. <> Siapa dewa terang? || Apollo <> Siapa ibu Apollo? || Leto <> Siapa dewi pelindung Lycia? || Leto <> Apa perkataan literal bermaksud \"dilahirkan dari serigala?\" || Luk\u0113gen\u0113s <> Sejak Apollo dikenali sebagai tuhan matahari, apakah nama lain untuk Apollo? || Sol", {"context": "As sun-god and god of light, Apollo was also known by the epithets Aegletes (/\u0259\u02c8\u0261li\u02d0ti\u02d0z/ \u0259-GLEE-teez; \u0391\u1f30\u03b3\u03bb\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, Aigl\u0113t\u0113s, from \u03b1\u1f34\u03b3\u03bb\u03b7, \"light of the sun\"), Helius (/\u02c8hi\u02d0li\u0259s/ HEE-lee-\u0259s; \u1f2d\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Helios, literally \"sun\"), Phanaeus (/f\u0259\u02c8ni\u02d0\u0259s/ f\u0259-NEE-\u0259s; \u03a6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03c2, Phanaios, literally \"giving or bringing light\"), and Lyceus (/la\u026a\u02c8si\u02d0\u0259s/ ly-SEE-\u0259s; \u039b\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Lykeios, from Proto-Greek *\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7, \"light\"). The meaning of the epithet \"Lyceus\" later became associated with Apollo's mother Leto, who was the patron goddess of Lycia (\u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03af\u03b1) and who was identified with the wolf (\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2), earning him the epithets Lycegenes (/la\u026a\u02c8s\u025bd\u0292\u0259ni\u02d0z/ ly-SEJ-\u0259-neez; \u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2, Luk\u0113gen\u0113s, literally \"born of a wolf\" or \"born of Lycia\") and Lycoctonus (/la\u026a\u02c8k\u0252kt\u0259n\u0259s/ ly-KOK-t\u0259-n\u0259s; \u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, Lykoktonos, from \u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \"wolf\", and \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to kill\"). As god of the sun, Apollo was called Sol (/\u02c8s\u0252l/ SOL, literally \"sun\" in Latin) by the Romans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Apollo"}], "question": "Who was the god of light?", "id": "5728b8c8ff5b5019007da56c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Leto"}], "question": "Who was Apollo's mother?", "id": "5728b8c8ff5b5019007da56d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Leto"}], "question": "Who was the patron goddess of Lycia?", "id": "5728b8c8ff5b5019007da56e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "Luk\u0113gen\u0113s"}], "question": "What word literally means \"born of a wolf?\"", "id": "5728b8c8ff5b5019007da56f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 863, "text": "Sol"}], "question": "Since Apollo was known as god of the sun, what was another name for Apollo?", "id": "5728b8c8ff5b5019007da570"}]}], ["Apollo dan kakaknya Artemis boleh membawa kematian dengan anak panah mereka. Konsepsi bahawa penyakit dan kematian datang dari tembakan yang tidak kelihatan yang dihantar oleh makhluk-makhluk ghaib, atau para penyihir adalah umum dalam mitologi Jerman dan Norse. Dalam mitologi Yunani Artemis adalah pemimpin (\u1f21\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \"hegemon\") daripada nymphs, yang mempunyai fungsi serupa dengan Elves Nordic. \"Elf-shot\" pada asalnya menunjukkan penyakit atau kematian yang disebabkan oleh bunian, tetapi kemudiannya dibuktikan menandakan kepala anak panah batu yang digunakan oleh ahli sihir untuk merugikan orang, dan juga untuk penyembuhan ritual. <> Siapa kakak Apollo? || Artemis <> Ia dipercayai bahawa wanita ini boleh membawa kematian dengan anak panahnya. || Artemis <> Dalam mitologi Yunani, yang merupakan pemimpin nymphs? || Artemis", {"context": "Apollo and his sister Artemis can bring death with their arrows. The conception that diseases and death come from invisible shots sent by supernatural beings, or magicians is common in Germanic and Norse mythology. In Greek mythology Artemis was the leader (\u1f21\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \"hegemon\") of the nymphs, who had similar functions with the Nordic Elves. The \"elf-shot\" originally indicated disease or death attributed to the elves, but it was later attested denoting stone arrow-heads which were used by witches to harm people, and also for healing rituals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Artemis"}], "question": "Who is Apollo's sister?", "id": "5728d04f2ca10214002da890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Artemis"}], "question": "It was believed that this woman could bring death with her arrows.", "id": "5728d04f2ca10214002da891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Artemis"}], "question": "In Greek mythology, who was the leader of the nymphs?", "id": "5728d04f2ca10214002da892"}]}], ["Dewa bumi mempunyai kuasa atas dunia yang hantu, dan diyakini bahawa dia adalah dewa di belakang oracle. Kisah-kisah yang lebih lama menyebutkan dua naga yang mungkin sengaja bercakap. Naga betina bernama Delphyne (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cd\u03c2, \"rahim\"), yang jelas berkaitan dengan Delphi dan Apollo Delphinios, dan seekor ular lelaki Typhon (\u00eat\u00ect, \"untuk merokok\"), musuh Zeus di Titanomachy, Python. Python adalah daemon yang baik (\u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd) dari kuil seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam agama Minoan, tetapi dia diwakili sebagai naga, seperti yang sering berlaku di cerita rakyat Eropah Utara dan juga di Timur. <> Siapa musuh Zeus dalam titanomachy itu? || Typhon <> Siapa yang mengaitkan narator dengan Phyton? || Typhon <> Siapa yang diwakili sebagai naga? || Python", {"context": "The earth deity had power over the ghostly world, and it is believed that she was the deity behind the oracle. The older tales mentioned two dragons who were perhaps intentionally conflated. A female dragon named Delphyne (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cd\u03c2, \"womb\"), who is obviously connected with Delphi and Apollo Delphinios, and a male serpent Typhon (\u03c4\u03cd\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to smoke\"), the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy, who the narrators confused with Python. Python was the good daemon (\u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd) of the temple as it appears in Minoan religion, but she was represented as a dragon, as often happens in Northern European folklore as well as in the East.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Typhon"}], "question": "Who was the adversary of Zeus in the titanomachy?", "id": "5728c53d2ca10214002da75c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Typhon"}], "question": "Who did the narrator confuse with Phyton?", "id": "5728c53d2ca10214002da75d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Python"}], "question": "Who was represented as a dragon?", "id": "5728c53d2ca10214002da75e"}]}], ["Fungsi Apollo sebagai \"penyembuh\" dihubungkan dengan Paean (\u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd-\u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ae\u03c9\u03bd), doktor Dewa di Iliad, yang kelihatannya berasal dari agama yang lebih primitif. Pae\u03bfn mungkin berkaitan dengan Mycenean pa-ja-wo-ne (Linear B: \ud800\udc1e\ud800\udc0a\ud800\udc0d\ud800\udc1a), tetapi ini tidak pasti. Dia tidak mempunyai kultus yang berasingan, tetapi dia adalah ciri-ciri sihir-lagu yang dinyanyikan oleh penyihir yang sepatutnya menyembuhkan penyakit. Kemudian orang Yunani tahu maksud asal lagu yang berkaitan \"paean\" (\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd). Ahli silap mata juga dipanggil \"seer-doctors\" (\u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2), dan mereka menggunakan seni nubuatan keseronokan yang digunakan tepat oleh tuhan Apollo di oracle. <> Apa penyihir juga dipanggil? || seer-doctors <> Siapa ahli perubatan para Dewa di Iliad? || Paean", {"context": "The function of Apollo as a \"healer\" is connected with Paean (\u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd-\u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ae\u03c9\u03bd), the physician of the Gods in the Iliad, who seems to come from a more primitive religion. Pae\u03bfn is probably connected with the Mycenean pa-ja-wo-ne (Linear B: \ud800\udc1e\ud800\udc0a\ud800\udc0d\ud800\udc1a), but this is not certain. He did not have a separate cult, but he was the personification of the holy magic-song sung by the magicians that was supposed to cure disease. Later the Greeks knew the original meaning of the relevant song \"paean\" (\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd). The magicians were also called \"seer-doctors\" (\u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2), and they used an ecstatic prophetic art which was used exactly by the god Apollo at the oracles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "seer-doctors"}], "question": "What were magicians also called?", "id": "5728c3643acd2414000dfdcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Paean"}], "question": "Who is the physician of the Gods in the Iliad?", "id": "5728c3643acd2414000dfdd0"}]}], ["Sambungan dengan Dorians dan apellai perayaan awal mereka [klarifikasi diperlukan] diperkuat oleh Apellaios bulan di kalender Yunani barat laut, tetapi dapat menjelaskan hanya nama Doric dari nama, yang berkaitan dengan kata Makedonia Kuno \"pella\" (Pella) , batu. Batu-batu memainkan peranan penting dalam kultus tuhan, terutamanya di kuil Orpel dari Delphi (Omphalos). \"Lagu hymn\" mewakili Apollo sebagai penceroboh Utara. Kedatangannya mesti berlaku semasa \"Zaman Gelap\" yang menyusul kemusnahan tamadun Mycenaean, dan konfliknya dengan Gaia (Ibu Bumi) diwakili oleh legenda yang membunuh anak perempuannya Python ular. <> Apa maksud perkataan Pella? || batu <> Apa yang mewakili Apollo sebagai penceroboh Utara? || Lagu hymn <> Apa yang memainkan peranan penting dalam kultus tuhan? || Batu", {"context": "The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai[clarification needed] is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars, but it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word \"pella\" (Pella), stone. Stones played an important part in the cult of the god, especially in the oracular shrine of Delphi (Omphalos). The \"Homeric hymn\" represents Apollo as a Northern intruder. His arrival must have occurred during the \"Dark Ages\" that followed the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization, and his conflict with Gaia (Mother Earth) was represented by the legend of his slaying her daughter the serpent Python.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "stone"}], "question": "What does the word Pella mean?", "id": "5728c4eaff5b5019007da654"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Homeric hymn"}], "question": "What represents Apollo as a Northern intruder?", "id": "5728c4eaff5b5019007da655"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Stones"}], "question": "What played an important part in the cult of the god?", "id": "5728c4eaff5b5019007da656"}]}], ["Dari asalnya timur Apollo membawa seni pemeriksaan \"simbol dan omina\" (\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1: semeia kai terata), dan pemerhatian terhadap omens hari-hari. The inspiration oracular-cult mungkin diperkenalkan dari Anatolia. Ritualisme adalah milik Apollo dari awal. Orang-orang Yunani mencipta hukum, pengawasan perintah tuhan-tuhan, dan permintaan untuk kesederhanaan dan keharmonian. Apollo menjadi dewa pemuda yang bersinar, pelindung muzik, kehidupan rohani, kesederhanaan dan ketertiban yang dapat dilihat. Peningkatan tuhan lama Anatolian, dan ketinggiannya ke ruang intelektual, boleh dianggap sebagai pencapaian orang-orang Yunani. <> Siapa yang membawa seni pemeriksaan \"simbol dan omina?\" || Apollo <> Inspirasi orakular-kultus mungkin diperkenalkan dari mana? || Anatolia <> Kelompok mana yang mencipta hukum, pengawasan perintah tuhan-tuhan, dan permintaan untuk kesederhanaan dan harmoni? || Orang Yunani", {"context": "From his eastern origin Apollo brought the art of inspection of \"symbols and omina\" (\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 : semeia kai terata), and of the observation of the omens of the days. The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from Anatolia. The ritualism belonged to Apollo from the beginning. The Greeks created the legalism, the supervision of the orders of the gods, and the demand for moderation and harmony. Apollo became the god of shining youth, the protector of music, spiritual-life, moderation and perceptible order. The improvement of the old Anatolian god, and his elevation to an intellectual sphere, may be considered an achievement of the Greek people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Apollo"}], "question": "Who brought the art of inspection of \"symbols and omina?\"", "id": "5728c2af3acd2414000dfdc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Anatolia"}], "question": "The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from where?", "id": "5728c2af3acd2414000dfdca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "The Greeks"}], "question": "Which group created the legalism, the supervision of the orders of the gods, and the demand for moderation and harmony?", "id": "5728c2af3acd2414000dfdcb"}]}], ["Pusat kultus Apollo di Greece, Delphi dan Delos, tarikh dari abad ke-8 BCE. Tempat perlindungan Delos terutama didedikasikan kepada Artemis, kakak kembar Apollo. Di Delphi, Apollo dihormati sebagai pembunuh Pytho. Bagi orang Yunani, Apollo adalah semua Dewa dalam satu masa dan melalui berabad-abad dia memperoleh pelbagai fungsi yang boleh berasal dari pelbagai tuhan. Di zaman kuno Yunani, dia adalah nabi, tuhan orakular yang pada masa lalu dihubungkan dengan \"penyembuhan\". Di Yunani klasik dia adalah tuhan cahaya dan muzik, tetapi dalam agama yang popular dia mempunyai fungsi yang kuat untuk menjauhkan kejahatan. Walter Burkert melihat tiga komponen dalam prasejarah penyembahan Apollo, yang mana ia menyebut \"komponen Yunani Dorian-barat laut, komponen Cretan-Minoan, dan komponen Syro-Hittite.\" <> Siapa kembar kakak Apollo? || Artemis <> Kepada siapa Derma Delos berdedikasi? || Artemis <> Siapa yang melihat tiga komponen dalam prasejarah penyembahan Apollo? || Walter Burkert", {"context": "The cult centers of Apollo in Greece, Delphi and Delos, date from the 8th century BCE. The Delos sanctuary was primarily dedicated to Artemis, Apollo's twin sister. At Delphi, Apollo was venerated as the slayer of Pytho. For the Greeks, Apollo was all the Gods in one and through the centuries he acquired different functions which could originate from different gods. In archaic Greece he was the prophet, the oracular god who in older times was connected with \"healing\". In classical Greece he was the god of light and of music, but in popular religion he had a strong function to keep away evil. Walter Burkert discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship, which he termed \"a Dorian-northwest Greek component, a Cretan-Minoan component, and a Syro-Hittite component.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Artemis"}], "question": "Who was Apollo's twin sister?", "id": "5728c2192ca10214002da726"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Artemis"}], "question": "To whom was the Delos sanctuary dedicated?", "id": "5728c2192ca10214002da727"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Walter Burkert"}], "question": "Who discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship?", "id": "5728c2192ca10214002da728"}]}], ["Sesetengah epithets Apollo sebagai penyembuh adalah \"paion\" (\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, secara harfiah \"penyembuh\" atau \"penolong\") \"epikourios\" (\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce, \"help\"), \"oulios\" (\u03bf\u1f50\u03bb\u03ae, \"luka sembuh\" \") dan\" loimios \"(\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2,\" wabak \"). Dalam masa-masa klasik, fungsi kuatnya dalam agama popular adalah untuk menjauhkan kejahatan, dan oleh itu disebut \"apotropaios\" (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9, \"mengalihkan\", \"menghalang\", \"avert\") dan \"alexikakos\" (dari v. \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd, \"bertahan dari kejahatan\"). Dalam penulis-penulis kemudian, perkataan itu, biasanya dituliskan sebagai \"Paean\", menjadi epithet Apollo dalam kapasitinya sebagai tuhan penyembuhan. <> Apakah epolet Apollo sebagai penyembuh? || Pada zaman klasik, apakah fungsi kuat Apollo dalam agama popular? || Jauhkanlah kejahatan, <> Apa perkataan untuk \"bertahan dari kejahatan?\" || alexikakos", {"context": "Some common epithets of Apollo as a healer are \"paion\" (\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, literally \"healer\" or \"helper\") \"epikourios\" (\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce, \"help\"), \"oulios\" (\u03bf\u1f50\u03bb\u03ae, \"healed wound\", also a \"scar\" ) and \"loimios\" (\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \"plague\"). In classical times, his strong function in popular religion was to keep away evil, and was therefore called \"apotropaios\" (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03c9, \"divert\", \"deter\", \"avert\") and \"alexikakos\" (from v. \u1f00\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03c9 + n. \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd, \"defend from evil\"). In later writers, the word, usually spelled \"Paean\", becomes a mere epithet of Apollo in his capacity as a god of healing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "paion"}], "question": "What is a comon epithet of Apollo as a healer?", "id": "5728c3e64b864d1900164d92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "keep away evil,"}], "question": "In classical times, what was Apollo's strong function in popular religion?", "id": "5728c3e64b864d1900164d93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "alexikakos"}], "question": "What is a word for \"defent from evil?\"", "id": "5728c3e64b864d1900164d94"}]}], ["Homer menggambarkan Paeon dewa, dan lagu itu kedua-duanya bersyukur atau menang apotropa. [Rujukan?] Lagu-lagu sedemikian pada mulanya ditujukan kepada Apollo, dan kemudiannya kepada dewa-dewa lain: kepada Dionysus, kepada Apollo Helios, kepada anak lelaki Apollo Asclepius penyembuh. Kira-kira abad ke-4 BCE, paean menjadi sekadar formula penggambaran; objeknya sama ada untuk memohon perlindungan terhadap penyakit dan kemalangan, atau untuk memberikan terima kasih setelah perlindungan tersebut telah diberikan. Dengan cara ini, Apollo telah diakui sebagai tuhan muzik. Peranan Apollo sebagai pembunuh Python membawa kepada pertaliannya dengan pertempuran dan kemenangan; oleh itu ia menjadi adat Rom untuk paean untuk dinyanyikan oleh tentera pada perarakan dan sebelum memasuki pertempuran, apabila sebuah armada meninggalkan pelabuhan, dan juga selepas kemenangan telah dimenangi. <> Siapa anak Apollo? || Asclepius <> Mengenai Abad ke-4 BCE, apa yang menjadi formula adulation? || paean <> Mengenai abad ke-4 BCE, apakah objek paean? || untuk memohon perlindungan terhadap penyakit dan kemalangan", {"context": "Homer illustrated Paeon the god, and the song both of apotropaic thanksgiving or triumph.[citation needed] Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo, and afterwards to other gods: to Dionysus, to Apollo Helios, to Apollo's son Asclepius the healer. About the 4th century BCE, the paean became merely a formula of adulation; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune, or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered. It was in this way that Apollo had become recognised as the god of music. Apollo's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Asclepius"}], "question": "Who was Apollo's son?", "id": "5728c45b2ca10214002da744"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "paean"}], "question": "About the 4th Century BCE, what became merely a formula of adulation?", "id": "5728c45b2ca10214002da745"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "to implore protection against disease and misfortune"}], "question": "About the 4th Century BCE, what was the object of paean?", "id": "5728c45b2ca10214002da746"}]}], ["Sebagai tuhan memanah, Apollo dikenali sebagai Aphetor (/ \u0259fi\u02d0t\u0259r / \u0259-FEE-t\u0259r; \u1f08\u03c6\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, Aph\u0113t\u014dr, dari \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \"untuk membiarkan longgar\") atau Aphetorus (/ \u0259f\u025bt\u0259r\u0259s / \u0259- FET-\u0259r-\u0259s; \u1f08\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, Aph\u0113toros, dari asalnya yang sama), Argyrotoxus (/ \u02cc\u0251\u02d0rd\u0292\u1d7br\u0259t\u0252\u043a\u0441\u0259s / AR-ji-r\u0259-TOK-s\u0259s; \u1f08\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf\u03c2, Argyrotoxos, harfiah \"dengan tunduk perak\"), Heca\u00ebrgus (\u02ccd\u025bki\u025c\u02d0r\u0261\u0259s / HEK-ee-UR- Hekaergos, secara harfiah \"menembak jauh\"), dan Hecebolus (/ h\u1d7bs\u025bb\u0259l\u0259s / hi-SEB-\u0259-l\u0259s; \u1f19\u03ba\u03b7\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, Hek\u0113bolos, secara harfiah \"menembak jauh\"). Orang Roma merujuk kepada Apollo sebagai Articenens (/ \u0251\u02d0rt\u026as\u1d7bn\u0259nz / ar-TISS-i-n\u0259nz; \"busur\"). Apollo dipanggil Ismenius (/ \u026azmi\u02d0ni\u0259s / iz-MEE-nee-\u0259s; \u1f38\u03c3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2, Ism\u0113nios, secara harfiah \"Ismenus\") selepas Ismenus, anak lelaki Amphion dan Niobe, yang dia memukul dengan anak panah. <> Sebagai tuhan pemanah, Apollo dikenali dengan nama apa? || Aphetor <> Apa nama literal bermaksud \"jauh-menembak?\" || Heca\u00ebrgus <> Siapa anak Amphion dan Niobe? || Ismenius <> Siapa yang memukul ibu bapanya dengan panah? || Ismenius", {"context": "As a god of archery, Apollo was known as Aphetor (/\u0259\u02c8fi\u02d0t\u0259r/ \u0259-FEE-t\u0259r; \u1f08\u03c6\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, Aph\u0113t\u014dr, from \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \"to let loose\") or Aphetorus (/\u0259\u02c8f\u025bt\u0259r\u0259s/ \u0259-FET-\u0259r-\u0259s; \u1f08\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, Aph\u0113toros, of the same origin), Argyrotoxus (/\u02cc\u0251\u02d0rd\u0292\u1d7br\u0259\u02c8t\u0252ks\u0259s/ AR-ji-r\u0259-TOK-s\u0259s; \u1f08\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf\u03c2, Argyrotoxos, literally \"with silver bow\"), Heca\u00ebrgus (/\u02cch\u025bki\u02c8\u025c\u02d0r\u0261\u0259s/ HEK-ee-UR-g\u0259s; \u1f19\u03ba\u03ac\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, Hekaergos, literally \"far-shooting\"), and Hecebolus (/h\u1d7b\u02c8s\u025bb\u0259l\u0259s/ hi-SEB-\u0259-l\u0259s; \u1f19\u03ba\u03b7\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, Hek\u0113bolos, literally \"far-shooting\"). The Romans referred to Apollo as Articenens (/\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8t\u026as\u1d7bn\u0259nz/ ar-TISS-i-n\u0259nz; \"bow-carrying\"). Apollo was called Ismenius (/\u026az\u02c8mi\u02d0ni\u0259s/ iz-MEE-nee-\u0259s; \u1f38\u03c3\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2, Ism\u0113nios, literally \"of Ismenus\") after Ismenus, the son of Amphion and Niobe, whom he struck with an arrow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Aphetor"}], "question": "As god of archery, Apollo was known by what name?", "id": "5728c1a84b864d1900164d6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Heca\u00ebrgus"}], "question": "What name literally means \"far-shooting?\"", "id": "5728c1a84b864d1900164d6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "Ismenius"}], "question": "Who was the son of Amphion and Niobe?", "id": "5728c1a84b864d1900164d6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "Ismenius"}], "question": "Who struck his parents with an arrow?", "id": "5728c1a84b864d1900164d6d"}]}], ["Dalam peranannya sebagai tuhan ramalan dan kebenaran, Apollo mempunyai epithets Manticus (/ m\u00e6nt\u1d7bk\u0259s / MAN-ti-k\u0259s; \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, Mantikos, secara harfiah \"nubuatan\"), Leschenorius (/ \u02ccl\u025bsk\u1d7bn\u0254\u0259ri\u0259s / LES-ki-NOHR-ee-\u0259s; \u039b\u03b5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Leskh\u0113norios, dari \u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1, \"perbualan\"), dan Loxias (/ l\u0252ksi\u0259s / LOK-see-\u0259s; \u039b\u03bf\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, Loxias, dari \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to say\"). The epithet \"Loxias\" secara historis dikaitkan dengan \u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03cc\u03c2, \"samar-samar\". Dalam hal ini, orang-orang Rom memanggilnya Coelispex (/ s\u025bl\u1d7bsp\u025bks / SEL-i-speks; dari coelum Latin, \"langit\", dan specere, \"untuk melihat\"). The epithet Iatromantis (/ a\u026a\u02cc\u00e6tr\u0259m\u00e6nt\u026as / mata-AT-r\u0259-MAN-tis; \u1f38\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, I\u0101tromantis, dari \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, \"doktor\", dan \u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, \"nabi\") merujuk kepada peranannya sebagai tuhan penyembuhan dan nubuatan. Sebagai tuhan muzik dan kesenian, Apollo mempunyai epitet Musagetes (/ mju\u02d0s\u00e6d\u0292\u1d7bti\u02d0z / mew-SAJ-i-teez; Doric \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03b1, Mous\u0101get\u0101s) atau Musegetes (/ mju\u02d0s\u025bd\u0292\u1d7bti\u02d0z / mew-SEJ-i-teez; \"Muse\", dan \u1f21\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \"pemimpin\"). <> Epithet mana yang secara historikal dikaitkan dengan samar-samar? || Loxias <> Yang epithet yang Apollo mempunyai sebagai tuhan muzik dan seni? || Musagetes <> Epithet mana yang Apollo mempunyai sebagai dewa nubuatan dan kebenaran? || Manticus <> Epithet mana yang Apollo mempunyai sebagai penyembuh dan ramalan? || Iatromantis", {"context": "In his role as god of prophecy and truth, Apollo had the epithets Manticus (/\u02c8m\u00e6nt\u1d7bk\u0259s/ MAN-ti-k\u0259s; \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, Mantikos, literally \"prophetic\"), Leschenorius (/\u02ccl\u025bsk\u1d7b\u02c8n\u0254\u0259ri\u0259s/ LES-ki-NOHR-ee-\u0259s; \u039b\u03b5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, Leskh\u0113norios, from \u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1, \"converser\"), and Loxias (/\u02c8l\u0252ksi\u0259s/ LOK-see-\u0259s; \u039b\u03bf\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, Loxias, from \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \"to say\"). The epithet \"Loxias\" has historically been associated with \u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03cc\u03c2, \"ambiguous\". In this respect, the Romans called him Coelispex (/\u02c8s\u025bl\u1d7bsp\u025bks/ SEL-i-speks; from Latin coelum, \"sky\", and specere, \"to look at\"). The epithet Iatromantis (/a\u026a\u02cc\u00e6tr\u0259\u02c8m\u00e6nt\u026as/ eye-AT-r\u0259-MAN-tis; \u1f38\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, I\u0101tromantis, from \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, \"physician\", and \u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, \"prophet\") refers to both his role as a god of healing and of prophecy. As god of music and arts, Apollo had the epithet Musagetes (/mju\u02d0\u02c8s\u00e6d\u0292\u1d7bti\u02d0z/ mew-SAJ-i-teez; Doric \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, Mous\u0101get\u0101s) or Musegetes (/mju\u02d0\u02c8s\u025bd\u0292\u1d7bti\u02d0z/ mew-SEJ-i-teez; \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, Mous\u0113get\u0113s, from \u039c\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1, \"Muse\", and \u1f21\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \"leader\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Loxias"}], "question": "Which epithet has historically been associated with ambiguous?", "id": "5728c1414b864d1900164d58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 780, "text": "Musagetes"}], "question": "Which epithet did Apollo have as god of music and arts?", "id": "5728c1414b864d1900164d59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Manticus"}], "question": "Which epithet did Apollo have as god of prophecy and truth?", "id": "5728c1414b864d1900164d5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Iatromantis"}], "question": "Which epithet did Apollo have as god of healing and of prophecy?", "id": "5728c1414b864d1900164d5b"}]}], ["Cerita yang sama disebutkan oleh Plutarch. Dia menulis bahawa para penilik Cretan Epimenides telah membersihkan Athena selepas pencemaran yang dibawa oleh Alcmeonidae, dan kepakaran pelihat dalam pengorbanan dan pembaharuan amalan pengebumian sangat membantu Solon dalam pembaharuannya di negara Athena. Kisah ini menunjukkan bahawa Epimenides mungkin pewaris agama-agama shamanik Asia, dan membuktikan, bersama-sama dengan pujian Homeric, bahawa Crete mempunyai agama yang menentang sehingga masa bersejarah. Nampaknya ritual-ritual ini tidak aktif di Yunani, dan mereka diperkuat ketika orang-orang Yunani bermigrasi ke Anatolia. <> Siapakah pelihat Cretan yang memurnikan Athen selepas pencemaran yang dibawa oleh Alcmeonidae? || Epimenides <> Siapa yang memberitahu kisah Epimenides penilik Cretan? || Plutarch <> Apa kumpulan yang mungkin pewaris agama-agama Shemanic Asia? || Epimenides", {"context": "A similar story is mentioned by Plutarch. He writes that the Cretan seer Epimenides purified Athens after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae, and that the seer's expertise in sacrifices and reform of funeral practices were of great help to Solon in his reform of the Athenian state. The story indicates that Epimenides was probably heir to the shamanic religions of Asia, and proves, together with the Homeric hymn, that Crete had a resisting religion up to historical times. It seems that these rituals were dormant in Greece, and they were reinforced when the Greeks migrated to Anatolia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Epimenides"}], "question": "Who is the Cretan seer that purified Athen after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae?", "id": "5728d5a4ff5b5019007da7ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Plutarch"}], "question": "Who told the story of the Cretan seer Epimenides?", "id": "5728d5a4ff5b5019007da7cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Epimenides"}], "question": "What group was probably heir to the shemanic religions of Asia?", "id": "5728d5a4ff5b5019007da7cc"}]}], ["Rukun-rukun lama dalam Delphi nampaknya dihubungkan dengan tradisi keimamatan setempat, dan tidak ada bukti jelas bahwa nubuat semacam semacam ada di dalam bait suci. Ini membawa beberapa ulama kepada kesimpulan bahawa Pythia menjalankan ritual dalam prosedur yang konsisten melalui berabad-abad, mengikut tradisi tempatan. Sehubungan itu, pujaan mitos Sibyl asal Anatolia, dengan seni kesukaannya, kelihatan tidak berkaitan dengan oracle itu sendiri. Walau bagaimanapun, tradisi Yunani merujuk kepada kewujudan wap dan mengunyah daun laurel, yang nampaknya disahkan oleh kajian terkini. <> Siapa yang telah memuji para ulama menjalankan ritual dengan prosedur yang konsisten? || Pythia <> Siapa yang berasal dari mitos Anatoian? || Sibyl <> Apa tradisi Yunani nampaknya disahkan oleh kajian baru-baru ini? || kewujudan wap dan mengunyah daun laurel", {"context": "The old oracles in Delphi seem to be connected with a local tradition of the priesthood, and there is not clear evidence that a kind of inspiration-prophecy existed in the temple. This led some scholars to the conclusion that Pythia carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure through many centuries, according to the local tradition. In that regard, the mythical seeress Sibyl of Anatolian origin, with her ecstatic art, looks unrelated to the oracle itself. However, the Greek tradition is referring to the existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves, which seem to be confirmed by recent studies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Pythia"}], "question": "Who did scholars beieve carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure?", "id": "5728d3393acd2414000dff73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Sibyl"}], "question": "Who is a mythical seeress of Anatoian origin?", "id": "5728d3393acd2414000dff74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves"}], "question": "What Greek tradition seems to be confirmed by recent studies?", "id": "5728d3393acd2414000dff75"}]}], ["Plato menggambarkan wanita pendahulu Delphi dan Dodona sebagai wanita yang penuh kegilaan, yang terobsesi oleh \"mania\" (\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \"kegilaan\"), perkataan Yunani yang berkaitan dengan mantis (\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, \"nabi\"). Wanita-wanita bergemuk seperti Sibyls dari bibirnya tuhan bercakap dicatatkan di Timur Dekat sebagai Mari dalam milenium kedua SM. Walaupun Crete mempunyai hubungan dengan Mari dari tahun 2000 SM, tidak ada bukti bahawa seni nubuatan kesuburan ada di zaman Minoan dan Mycenean. Adalah lebih mungkin bahawa seni ini diperkenalkan kemudian dari Anatolia dan menumbuhkan semula kultus orakular yang sudah ada ke Delphi dan tidak aktif di beberapa kawasan di Greece. <> Siapa yang menggambarkan Delphi dan Dodona sebagai wanita bergelora? || Plato <> Apa dua wanita dikatakan terobsesi oleh \"mania?\" || Delphi dan Dodona <> Apa perkataan Yunani berkaitan dengan mantis? || mania", {"context": "Plato describes the priestesses of Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women, obsessed by \"mania\" (\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \"frenzy\"), a Greek word he connected with mantis (\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, \"prophet\"). Frenzied women like Sibyls from whose lips the god speaks are recorded in the Near East as Mari in the second millennium BC. Although Crete had contacts with Mari from 2000 BC, there is no evidence that the ecstatic prophetic art existed during the Minoan and Mycenean ages. It is more probable that this art was introduced later from Anatolia and regenerated an existing oracular cult that was local to Delphi and dormant in several areas of Greece.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Plato"}], "question": "Who describes Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women?", "id": "5728d3982ca10214002da8b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Delphi and Dodona"}], "question": "What two women were said to be obsessed by \"mania?\"", "id": "5728d3982ca10214002da8b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "mania"}], "question": "What Greek word is connected with mantis?", "id": "5728d3982ca10214002da8ba"}]}], ["Ia juga menyatakan bahawa Hera menculik Eileithyia, dewi melahirkan anak, untuk menghalang Leto daripada pergi ke buruh. Dewa-dewa yang lain menipu Hera membiarkannya pergi dengan menawarkan kalungnya, panjang sembilan meter (8 m), dari ambar. Ahli mitologi bersetuju bahawa Artemis dilahirkan terlebih dahulu dan kemudian dibantu dengan kelahiran Apollo, atau bahawa Artemis dilahirkan sehari sebelum Apollo, di pulau Ortygia dan bahawa dia membantu Leto melintasi laut ke Delos pada hari berikutnya untuk melahirkan Apollo. Apollo dilahirkan pada hari ketujuh (\u1f11\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2, hebdomagenes) bulan Thargelion - mengikut tradisi Delian-atau bulan Bysios-menurut tradisi Delphian. Bulan ketujuh dan kedua, hari-hari bulan yang baru dan penuh, kemudiannya menjadi suci baginya. <> Siapa yang menculik Eileithyia? || Hera <> Siapa dewi melahirkan? || Eileithyia <> Berapa lama kalung yang ditawarkan kepada Hera? || sembilan tiang <> Apa kalung terbuat dari? || ambar <> Apa hari bulan baru? || Ketujuh", {"context": "It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, to prevent Leto from going into labor. The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace, nine yards (8 m) long, of amber. Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and then assisted with the birth of Apollo, or that Artemis was born one day before Apollo, on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo. Apollo was born on the seventh day (\u1f11\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2, hebdomagenes) of the month Thargelion \u2014according to Delian tradition\u2014or of the month Bysios\u2014according to Delphian tradition. The seventh and twentieth, the days of the new and full moon, were ever afterwards held sacred to him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Hera"}], "question": "Who kidnapped Eileithyia?", "id": "5728d9753acd2414000e0025"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Eileithyia"}], "question": "Who was the goddess of childbirth?", "id": "5728d9753acd2414000e0026"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "nine yards"}], "question": "How long was the necklace offered to Hera?", "id": "5728d9753acd2414000e0027"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "amber"}], "question": "What was the necklace made of?", "id": "5728d9753acd2414000e0028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "The seventh"}], "question": "What was the day of the new moon?", "id": "5728d9753acd2414000e0029"}]}], ["Homer gambar Apollo di tepi Trojans, berperang melawan Achaeans, semasa Perang Trojan. Dia digambarkan sebagai tuhan yang dahsyat, kurang dipercayai oleh orang Yunani daripada tuhan-tuhan lain. Dewa nampaknya berkaitan dengan Appaliunas, tuhan ajen Wilusa (Troy) di Asia Minor, tetapi kata itu tidak lengkap. Batu-batu yang terdapat di hadapan pintu rumah Homeric Troy adalah simbol-simbol Apollo. Orang Yunani memberinya nama \u1f00\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 agyieus sebagai tuhan pelindung tempat-tempat awam dan rumah-rumah yang melepaskan kejahatan, dan simbolnya adalah batu atau lajur yang meruncing. Walau bagaimanapun, ketika festival Yunani biasanya disambut pada bulan purnama, semua perayaan Apollo disambut pada hari ketujuh bulan, dan penekanan yang diberikan pada hari itu (sibutu) menunjukkan asal-usul Babel. <> Siapakah tuhan penyelamat Wilusa? || Appaliunas <> Bila perayaan Yunani dirayakan? || pada bulan purnama <> Bilakah perayaan-perayaan Apollo dirayakan? || hari ketujuh bulan itu", {"context": "Homer pictures Apollo on the side of the Trojans, fighting against the Achaeans, during the Trojan War. He is pictured as a terrible god, less trusted by the Greeks than other gods. The god seems to be related to Appaliunas, a tutelary god of Wilusa (Troy) in Asia Minor, but the word is not complete. The stones found in front of the gates of Homeric Troy were the symbols of Apollo. The Greeks gave to him the name \u1f00\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 agyieus as the protector god of public places and houses who wards off evil, and his symbol was a tapered stone or column. However, while usually Greek festivals were celebrated at the full moon, all the feasts of Apollo were celebrated at the seventh day of the month, and the emphasis given to that day (sibutu) indicates a Babylonian origin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Appaliunas"}], "question": "Who was a tutelary god of Wilusa?", "id": "5728d6123acd2414000dffd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "at the full moon"}], "question": "When were Greek festivals celebrated?", "id": "5728d6123acd2414000dffda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "seventh day of the month"}], "question": "When were the feasts of Apollo celebrated?", "id": "5728d6123acd2414000dffdb"}]}], ["Asal bukan Yunani dari Apollo telah lama dianggap sebagai biasiswa. Nama ibu Leto Apollo berasal dari Lydian, dan dia disembah di pantai Asia Kecil. Kultus orakular inspirasi mungkin diperkenalkan ke Greece dari Anatolia, yang berasal dari Sibyl, dan di mana terdapat beberapa kuil purba tertua. Omens, simbol, penyucian, dan eksorsisme muncul dalam teks-teks Assyro-Babylonian lama, dan ritual-ritual ini tersebar ke dalam empayar orang Het. Dalam teks Hittite disebutkan bahawa raja menjemput imam perempuan Babilonia untuk \"pembersihan\" tertentu. <> Siapa ibu Apollo? || Leto <> Apa asalnya Leto? || Lydian <> Di mana Leto disembah? || Asia Minor <> Apa asal usul Sibyl? || Anatolia", {"context": "A non-Greek origin of Apollo has long been assumed in scholarship. The name of Apollo's mother Leto has Lydian origin, and she was worshipped on the coasts of Asia Minor. The inspiration oracular cult was probably introduced into Greece from Anatolia, which is the origin of Sibyl, and where existed some of the oldest oracular shrines. Omens, symbols, purifications, and exorcisms appear in old Assyro-Babylonian texts, and these rituals were spread into the empire of the Hittites. In a Hittite text is mentioned that the king invited a Babylonian priestess for a certain \"purification\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Leto"}], "question": "Who was Apollo's mother?", "id": "5728d4442ca10214002da8d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Lydian"}], "question": "What origin was Leto?", "id": "5728d4442ca10214002da8d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Asia Minor"}], "question": "Where was Leto worshipped?", "id": "5728d4442ca10214002da8d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Anatolia"}], "question": "What is the origin of Sibyl?", "id": "5728d4442ca10214002da8d3"}]}], ["Luar biasa di kalangan dewa-dewa Olimpik, Apollo mempunyai dua tempat kultus yang mempunyai pengaruh yang meluas: Delos dan Delphi. Dalam amalan kultus, Delian Apollo dan Pythian Apollo (Apollo of Delphi) sangat berbeza sehingga kedua-duanya mempunyai kuil di tempat yang sama. Kultus Apollo telah sepenuhnya dibentuk ketika sumber-sumber tertulis bermula, sekitar 650 SM. Apollo menjadi sangat penting bagi dunia Yunani sebagai dewa orakular dalam zaman kuno, dan kekerapan nama-nama theophoric seperti Apollodorus atau Apollonios dan bandar-bandar bernama Apollonia memberi kesaksian kepada popularitinya. Tempat perlindungan Oracular kepada Apollo telah ditubuhkan di laman web lain. Pada abad ke-2 dan ke-3 CE, mereka di Didyma dan Clarus mengucapkan apa yang dipanggil \"penganut-penganut teologi\", di mana Apollo menegaskan bahawa semua dewa adalah aspek atau hamba dari dewa tertinggi yang merangkumi semua. \"Pada abad ke-3, Apollo jatuh diam, Julian the Apostate (359 - 61) cuba memulihkan oracle Delphic, tetapi gagal.\" <> yang mana dua tapak kultus mempunyai infeksi yang meluas? || Delos dan Delphi <> Siapa yang cuba memulihkan oracle Delphic? || Julian the Apostate <> Dalam apa yang Apollo mengesahkan bahawa semua dewa adalah aspek-aspek hamba dari dewa tertinggi yang menghampiri? || ajaran teologi", {"context": "Unusually among the Olympic deities, Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence: Delos and Delphi. In cult practice, Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo (the Apollo of Delphi) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality. Apollo's cult was already fully established when written sources commenced, about 650 BCE. Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period, and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity. Oracular sanctuaries to Apollo were established in other sites. In the 2nd and 3rd century CE, those at Didyma and Clarus pronounced the so-called \"theological oracles\", in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all-encompassing, highest deity. \"In the 3rd century, Apollo fell silent. Julian the Apostate (359 - 61) tried to revive the Delphic oracle, but failed.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Delos and Delphi"}], "question": "which two cult sites had widespread infuence?", "id": "5728d7553acd2414000dfffb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 889, "text": "Julian the Apostate"}], "question": "Who tried to revive the Delphic oracle?", "id": "5728d7553acd2414000dfffc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "theological oracles"}], "question": "In what did Apollo confirm that all deities are aspects of servants of an all-encopassing highest deity?", "id": "5728d7553acd2414000dfffd"}]}], ["Zaman Gangsa Lewat (dari 1700 hingga 1200 SM) Hittite dan Hurrian Aplu adalah dewa wabak, yang dipanggil semasa tahun-tahun wabak. Di sini kita mempunyai keadaan apotropaik, di mana tuhan asalnya membawa wabak itu dipanggil untuk menamatkannya. Aplu, yang bermaksud anak lelaki, adalah gelaran yang diberikan kepada tuhan Nergal, yang dikaitkan dengan tuhan Babilonia Shamash. Homer menafsirkan Apollo sebagai tuhan yang dahsyat (\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2) yang membawa maut dan penyakit dengan anak panahnya, tetapi yang juga boleh menyembuhkan, memiliki seni sihir yang memisahkannya dari tuhan-tuhan Yunani yang lain. Di Iliad, imamnya berdoa kepada Apollo Smintheus, tuhan tikus yang mempertahankan fungsi pertanian yang lebih lama sebagai pelindung dari tikus di lapangan. Semua fungsi ini, termasuk fungsi dewa penyembuh Paean, yang seolah-olah mempunyai asal-usul Mycenean, bersatu dalam kultus Apollo. <> Berapa umur berlalu dari 1700 hingga 1200 BCE? || Zaman Gangsa Lewat <> Siapakah tuhan yang tulah? || Hittite dan Hurrian Aplu <> Siapa Tuhan tikus? || Apollo Smintheus <> Apa perkataan bermaksud \"anak lelaki?\" || Aplu", {"context": "The Late Bronze Age (from 1700 to 1200 BCE) Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague, invoked during plague years. Here we have an apotropaic situation, where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it. Aplu, meaning the son of, was a title given to the god Nergal, who was linked to the Babylonian god of the sun Shamash. Homer interprets Apollo as a terrible god (\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2) who brings death and disease with his arrows, but who can also heal, possessing a magic art that separates him from the other Greek gods. In Iliad, his priest prays to Apollo Smintheus, the mouse god who retains an older agricultural function as the protector from field rats. All these functions, including the function of the healer-god Paean, who seems to have Mycenean origin, are fused in the cult of Apollo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Late Bronze Age"}], "question": "What age ran from 1700 to 1200 BCE?", "id": "5728d68e3acd2414000dffe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Hittite and Hurrian Aplu"}], "question": "Who was a god of plague?", "id": "5728d68e3acd2414000dffea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Apollo Smintheus"}], "question": "Who is the mouse God?", "id": "5728d68e3acd2414000dffec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Aplu"}], "question": "What word means \"the son of?\"", "id": "5728d68e3acd2414000dffeb"}]}], ["Nampaknya satu kultus orakular wujud di Delphi dari zaman Mycenaean. Pada masa-masa sejarah, para imam Delphi dipanggil Labryaden, \"lelaki dua kapak\", yang menunjukkan asal Minoan. Kapak double, labrys, adalah simbol suci labirin Cretan. Lagu hymn Homeric menambahkan bahawa Apollo muncul sebagai lumba-lumba dan membawa imam Cretan ke Delphi, di mana mereka jelas memindahkan amalan keagamaan mereka. Apollo Delphinios adalah tuhan laut yang terutama disembah di Crete dan di pulau-pulau, dan namanya menunjukkan hubungannya dengan Delphi dan ular suci Delphyne (\"rahim\"). [Rujukan?] Kakak Apollo, Artemis, yang merupakan dewi Yunani memburu , dikenal pasti dengan Britomartis (Diktynna), Minoan \"Puan haiwan\". Dalam gambaran awalnya dia diiringi oleh \"Mister haiwan\", tuhan lelaki berburu yang mempunyai busur sebagai atributnya. Nama aslinya tidak diketahui, tetapi nampaknya dia diserap oleh Apollo yang lebih popular, yang berdiri di atas dara \"Paman Para Hewan\", menjadi abangnya. <> Apa nama untuk \"lelaki dua kapak?\" || Labryaden <> Apakah nama lain untuk kapak ganda? || labry <> Siapa yang Minoan \"Mistres haiwan?\" || Britomartis <> Siapa kakak Apollo? || Artemis", {"context": "It seems an oracular cult existed in Delphi from the Mycenaean ages. In historical times, the priests of Delphi were called Labryaden, \"the double-axe men\", which indicates Minoan origin. The double-axe, labrys, was the holy symbol of the Cretan labyrinth. The Homeric hymn adds that Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi, where they evidently transferred their religious practices. Apollo Delphinios was a sea-god especially worshiped in Crete and in the islands, and his name indicates his connection with Delphi and the holy serpent Delphyne (\"womb\").[citation needed] Apollo's sister Artemis, who was the Greek goddess of hunting, is identified with Britomartis (Diktynna), the Minoan \"Mistress of the animals\". In her earliest depictions she is accompanied by the \"Mister of the animals\", a male god of hunting who had the bow as his attribute. His original name is unknown, but it seems that he was absorbed by the more popular Apollo, who stood by the virgin \"Mistress of the Animals\", becoming her brother.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Labryaden"}], "question": "What was the name for \"the double-axe men?\"", "id": "5728d27cff5b5019007da76a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "labrys"}], "question": "What is another name for the double-axe?", "id": "5728d27cff5b5019007da76b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "Britomartis"}], "question": "Who was the Minoan \"Mistres of the animals?\"", "id": "5728d27cff5b5019007da76c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "Artemis"}], "question": "Who was Apollo's sister?", "id": "5728d27cff5b5019007da76d"}]}], ["Banyak kuil yang didedikasikan untuk Apollo dibina di Greece dan di koloni Yunani, dan mereka memperlihatkan penyebaran kultus Apollo, dan evolusi senibina Yunani, yang kebanyakannya berdasarkan kepada ketepatan bentuk, dan pada hubungan matematik . Beberapa kuil yang paling awal, terutama di Kreta, tidak termasuk dalam apa-apa perintah Yunani. Nampaknya kuil peripter pertama adalah struktur kayu segi empat tepat. Unsur-unsur kayu yang berbeza dianggap sebagai ilahi, dan bentuknya disimpan dalam unsur marmer atau batu dari candi-candi dari urutan Doric. Orang Yunani menggunakan jenis standard, kerana mereka percaya bahawa dunia benda adalah satu siri bentuk tipikal yang dapat diwakili dalam beberapa contoh. Kuil-kuil itu mestilah kanonik, dan arkitek cuba mencapai kesempurnaan estetik. Dari masa-masa awal ada peraturan-peraturan tertentu yang diperhatikan secara ketat dalam bangunan peripteral dan prostetik persegi panjang. Bangunan pertama sempit untuk memegang bumbung, dan ketika dimensi berubah, beberapa hubungan matematik menjadi perlu, untuk menjaga bentuk asal. Ini mungkin mempengaruhi teori nombor Pythagoras, yang percaya bahawa di sebalik rupa perkara, terdapat prinsip tetap matematik. <> Apa bangunan yang pada asalnya struktur kayu segi empat tepat? || kuil peripteral <> Mengapa hubungan matematik menjadi perlu? || untuk menjaga bentuk asal <> Mengapa bangunan pertama sempit? || untuk memegang bumbung <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa di sebalik kemunculan perkara, terdapat prinsip tetap matematik? || Pythagoras", {"context": "A lot of temples dedicated to Apollo were built in Greece and in the Greek colonies, and they show the spread of the cult of Apollo, and the evolution of the Greek architecture, which was mostly based on the rightness of form, and on mathematical relations. Some of the earliest temples, especially in Crete, don't belong to any Greek order. It seems that the first peripteral temples were rectangle wooden structures. The different wooden elements were considered divine, and their forms were preserved in the marble or stone elements of the temples of Doric order. The Greeks used standard types, because they believed that the world of objects was a series of typical forms which could be represented in several instances. The temples should be canonic, and the architects were trying to achieve the esthetic perfection. From the earliest times there were certain rules strictly observed in rectangular peripteral and prostyle buildings. The first buildings were narrow to hold the roof, and when the dimensions changed, some mathematical relations became necessary, in order to keep the original forms. This probably influenced the theory of numbers of Pythagoras, who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was the permanent principle of mathematics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "peripteral temples"}], "question": "What buildings were originally rectangle wood structures?", "id": "5728d807ff5b5019007da7fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1070, "text": "in order to keep the original forms"}], "question": "Why did mathematical relations become necessary?", "id": "5728d807ff5b5019007da7fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 973, "text": "to hold the roof"}], "question": "Why were the first buildings narrow?", "id": "5728d807ff5b5019007da7fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1157, "text": "Pythagoras"}], "question": "Who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was a permanent principle of mathematics?", "id": "5728d807ff5b5019007da7ff"}]}], ["Pada masa kejadian wabak pada 430 SM, kuil pertama Apollo di Rom ditubuhkan di ladang Flaminian, menggantikan tapak kultus lama yang dikenali sebagai \"Apollinare\". Semasa Perang Punic Kedua pada 212 BCE, Ludi Apollinares (\"Apollonian Games\") dimulakan dengan penghormatannya, atas arahan nubuatan yang dikaitkan dengan seorang Marcius. Pada zaman Augustus, yang menganggap dirinya berada di bawah perlindungan khas Apollo dan bahkan dikatakan sebagai anaknya, ibadatnya berkembang dan ia menjadi salah satu tuhan utama Rom. <> Di manakah kuil pertama Apollo di Rom ditubuhkan? || Bidang Flaminian <> Kapan perang Punic Kedua? || 212 BCE <> Apa nama lain untuk Ludi Apollinares? || Permainan Apollonian", {"context": "On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE, Apollo's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields, replacing an older cult site there known as the \"Apollinare\". During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE, the Ludi Apollinares (\"Apollonian Games\") were instituted in his honor, on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius. In the time of Augustus, who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son, his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Flaminian fields"}], "question": "Where was Apollo's first temple at Rome established?", "id": "5728e0433acd2414000e00e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "212 BCE"}], "question": "When was the Second Punic war?", "id": "5728e0433acd2414000e00e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Apollonian Games"}], "question": "What is another name for the Ludi Apollinares?", "id": "5728e0433acd2414000e00e5"}]}], ["Daphne adalah nimfa, anak perempuan tuhan sungai Peneus, yang telah mengejek Apollo. Mitos ini menerangkan sambungan Apollo dengan \u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bd\u03b7 (daphn\u0113), laurel yang daunnya menjadi imamnya yang bekerja di Delphi. Dalam Ovid's Metamorphoses, Phoebus Apollo menghiasi Cupid untuk bersenjata dengan senjata yang lebih sesuai untuk seorang lelaki, yang mana Cupid melukai dia dengan tongkat emas; Pada masa yang sama, bagaimanapun, Cupid menembakkan panah memimpin ke Daphne, menyebabkannya ditolak oleh Apollo. Berikutan dengan mengejar Apollo, Daphne berdoa kepada ayahnya, Peneus, untuk membantu, dan dia mengubahnya menjadi pokok laurel, suci kepada Apollo. <> Siapa anak perempuan Peneus? || Daphne <> Siapa bapa Daphne? || Peneus <> Siapa yang menembak Daphne dengan anak panah utama? || Cupid", {"context": "Daphne was a nymph, daughter of the river god Peneus, who had scorned Apollo. The myth explains the connection of Apollo with \u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bd\u03b7 (daphn\u0113), the laurel whose leaves his priestess employed at Delphi. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Phoebus Apollo chaffs Cupid for toying with a weapon more suited to a man, whereupon Cupid wounds him with a golden dart; simultaneously, however, Cupid shoots a leaden arrow into Daphne, causing her to be repulsed by Apollo. Following a spirited chase by Apollo, Daphne prays to her father, Peneus, for help, and he changes her into the laurel tree, sacred to Apollo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Daphne"}], "question": "Who was the daughter of Peneus?", "id": "5728db272ca10214002da9b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Peneus"}], "question": "Who is Daphne's father?", "id": "5728db272ca10214002da9b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Cupid"}], "question": "Who shot Daphne with a leaden arrow?", "id": "5728db272ca10214002da9ba"}]}], ["Leucothea adalah anak perempuan dari Orchamus dan saudara perempuan Clytia. Dia jatuh cinta dengan Apollo yang menyamar sebagai ibu Leucothea untuk masuk ke biliknya. Clytia, cemburu kepada kakaknya kerana dia mahukan Apollo untuk dirinya sendiri, memberitahu Orchamus kebenaran, mengkhianati kepercayaan dan keyakinan kakaknya kepadanya. Marah, Orchamus mengarahkan Leucothea untuk dikebumikan hidup-hidup. Apollo enggan memaafkan Clytia kerana mengkhianati kekasihnya, dan Clytia yang sedih meredakan dan perlahan-lahan meninggal dunia. Apollo mengubahnya menjadi kilang kemenyan, sama ada heliotrope atau bunga matahari, yang mengikuti matahari setiap hari. <> Siapa ibu Leucothea? || Orchamus <> Siapa kakak perempuan Leucothea? || Clytia <> Siapa yang Leucothea jatuh cinta dengan? || Leucothea <> Siapa yang memerintahkan Leucothea untuk dikebumikan hidup? || Orchamus", {"context": "Leucothea was daughter of Orchamus and sister of Clytia. She fell in love with Apollo who disguised himself as Leucothea's mother to gain entrance to her chambers. Clytia, jealous of her sister because she wanted Apollo for herself, told Orchamus the truth, betraying her sister's trust and confidence in her. Enraged, Orchamus ordered Leucothea to be buried alive. Apollo refused to forgive Clytia for betraying his beloved, and a grieving Clytia wilted and slowly died. Apollo changed her into an incense plant, either heliotrope or sunflower, which follows the sun every day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Orchamus"}], "question": "Who was Leucothea's mother?", "id": "5728db98ff5b5019007da83a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Clytia"}], "question": "Who is Leucothea's sister?", "id": "5728db98ff5b5019007da83b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Leucothea"}], "question": "Who did Leucothea fall in love with?", "id": "5728db98ff5b5019007da83c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Orchamus"}], "question": "Who ordered Leucothea to be buried alive?", "id": "5728db98ff5b5019007da83d"}]}], ["Apollo dan Furies berhujah sama ada matrikid itu dibenarkan; Apollo memegang bahawa ikatan perkahwinan adalah suci dan Orestes menuntut bapanya, sedangkan Erinyes mengatakan bahawa ikatan darah antara ibu dan anak lebih bermakna daripada ikatan perkawinan. Mereka menyerang kuilnya, dan dia mengatakan bahawa perkara itu harus dibawa ke hadapan Athena. Apollo berjanji untuk melindungi Orestes, kerana Orestes telah menjadi pendoa Apollo. Apollo menganjurkan Orestes pada perbicaraan, dan akhirnya peraturan Athena memihak kepada Apollo. <> Siapa yang berhujah sama ada matrikid itu dibenarkan? || Apollo dan Furies <> Siapa kata ikatan darah antara ibu dan anak lebih bermakna daripada ikatan perkawinan? || Erinyes <> Yang memegang bahawa ikatan perkawinan suci? || Apollo <> Siapa yang dituduh matricide? || Orestes", {"context": "Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father, whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage. They invade his temple, and he says that the matter should be brought before Athena. Apollo promises to protect Orestes, as Orestes has become Apollo's supplicant. Apollo advocates Orestes at the trial, and ultimately Athena rules in favor of Apollo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Apollo and the Furies"}], "question": "Who argued about whether the matricide was justified?", "id": "5728dea13acd2414000e00c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Erinyes"}], "question": "Who says the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningfu than the bond of marriage?", "id": "5728dea13acd2414000e00c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Apollo"}], "question": "Who holds that the bond of marriage is sacred?", "id": "5728dea13acd2414000e00c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Orestes"}], "question": "Who was accused of matricide?", "id": "5728dea13acd2414000e00ca"}]}], ["Sekali Pan mempunyai keberanian untuk membandingkan muziknya dengan Apollo, dan mencabar Apollo, dewa kithara, untuk percubaan kemahiran. Tmolus, tuhan gunung, dipilih untuk mengadili. Pan meletup di pipinya, dan dengan melodi desa beliau memberikan kepuasan yang besar kepada dirinya sendiri dan pengikutnya yang setia, Midas, yang kebetulan hadir. Kemudian Apollo melanda rentetan liriknya. Tmolus sekali gus memberikan kemenangan kepada Apollo, dan semua tetapi Midas bersetuju dengan penghakiman itu. Dia membantah dan mempersoalkan keadilan penghargaan tersebut. Apollo tidak akan mengalami sepasang telinga yang lebih buruk lagi, dan menyebabkan mereka menjadi telinga keledai. <> Siapa yang mencabar Apollo untuk percubaan kemahiran? || Pan <> Siapa pengikut Pan yang setia? || Midas <> Siapa gunung tuhan? || Tmolus <> Siapa dipilih sebagai pengadil percubaan kemahiran? || Tmolus", {"context": "Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo, and to challenge Apollo, the god of the kithara, to a trial of skill. Tmolus, the mountain-god, was chosen to umpire. Pan blew on his pipes, and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower, Midas, who happened to be present. Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and all but Midas agreed with the judgment. He dissented and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer, and caused them to become the ears of a donkey.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Pan"}], "question": "Who challenged Apollo to a trial of skill?", "id": "5728df1b2ca10214002da9f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Midas"}], "question": "Who was a faithful follower of Pan?", "id": "5728df1b2ca10214002da9f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Tmolus"}], "question": "Who was the mountain-god?", "id": "5728df1b2ca10214002da9f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Tmolus"}], "question": "Who was chosen as umpire of the trial of skill?", "id": "5728df1b2ca10214002da9f9"}]}], ["Hyacinth atau Hyacinthus adalah salah satu pencinta lelaki Apollo. Beliau adalah putera Spartan, cantik dan atletik. Pasangan itu berlatih membuang diskus apabila cakram yang dibuang oleh Apollo ditiup pergi oleh Zephyrus cemburu dan memukul Hyacinthus di kepala, membunuhnya dengan serta-merta. Apollo dikatakan penuh dengan kesedihan: daripada darah Hyacinthus, Apollo mencipta bunga yang dinamakan sempena namanya sebagai peringatan kepada kematiannya, dan air matanya mengalir kelopak bunga dengan \u03b1\u1f30\u03b1 inter, yang bermakna. Festival Hyacinthus adalah perayaan Sparta. <> Siapa yang salah seorang pencinta lelaki Apollo? || Hyacinthus <> Apa yang memukul Hyacinthus di kepala, membunuhnya? || discus <> Siapa yang melontarkan kursus discus off, membunuh Hyacinthus? || Zephyrus <> Apa item yang dibuat dan namakan Apollo selepas kekasihnya? || bunga", {"context": "Hyacinth or Hyacinthus was one of Apollo's male lovers. He was a Spartan prince, beautiful and athletic. The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head, killing him instantly. Apollo is said to be filled with grief: out of Hyacinthus' blood, Apollo created a flower named after him as a memorial to his death, and his tears stained the flower petals with the interjection \u03b1\u1f30\u03b1\u1fd6, meaning alas. The Festival of Hyacinthus was a celebration of Sparta.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Hyacinthus"}], "question": "Who was one of Apollo's male lovers?", "id": "5728dd723acd2414000e00a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "discus"}], "question": "What hit Hyacinthus in the head, killing him?", "id": "5728dd723acd2414000e00a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Zephyrus"}], "question": "Who blew the discus off course, killing Hyacinthus?", "id": "5728dd723acd2414000e00a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "flower"}], "question": "What item did Apollo create and name after his lover?", "id": "5728dd723acd2414000e00a6"}]}], ["Setelah masing-masing dilakukan, kedua-duanya dianggap sama sehingga Apollo memutuskan mereka bermain dan menyanyi pada masa yang sama. Seperti Apollo memainkan lirik, ini mudah dilakukan. Marsyas tidak dapat melakukan ini, kerana dia hanya tahu bagaimana menggunakan seruling dan tidak dapat menyanyi pada masa yang sama. Apollo diisytiharkan sebagai pemenang kerana ini. Apollo menyapu Marsyas hidup di sebuah gua berhampiran Celaenae di Phrygia kerana hubrisnya untuk mencabar tuhan. Dia kemudian memaku kulit pisang Marsyas ke pokok pain berhampiran. Darah Marsyas berubah menjadi sungai Marsyas. <> Apa alat yang dimainkan Apolo? || lyre <> Apa alat Marsyas tahu cara bermain? || Suling <> Siapa yang tidak dapat menyanyi pada masa yang sama dia memainkan seruling? || Marsyas <> Apa yang dikatakan telah berubah menjadi sungai Marsyas? || Darah Marsyas", {"context": "After they each performed, both were deemed equal until Apollo decreed they play and sing at the same time. As Apollo played the lyre, this was easy to do. Marsyas could not do this, as he only knew how to use the flute and could not sing at the same time. Apollo was declared the winner because of this. Apollo flayed Marsyas alive in a cave near Celaenae in Phrygia for his hubris to challenge a god. He then nailed Marsyas' shaggy skin to a nearby pine-tree. Marsyas' blood turned into the river Marsyas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "lyre"}], "question": "What instrument did Apolo play?", "id": "5728df9aff5b5019007da89c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "flute"}], "question": "What instrument did Marsyas know how to play?", "id": "5728df9aff5b5019007da89d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Marsyas"}], "question": "Who could not sing at the same time he played the flute?", "id": "5728df9aff5b5019007da89e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "Marsyas' blood"}], "question": "What is said to have turned into the river Marsyas?", "id": "5728df9aff5b5019007da89f"}]}], ["Apabila Zeus memukul anak Apollo Asclepius dengan bolt kilat untuk menghidupkan semula Hippolytus dari orang mati (melanggar Themis dengan mencuri subjek Hades), Apollo membalas dendam membunuh Cyclopes, yang telah membentuk bolt untuk Zeus. Apollo akan dibuang ke Tartarus selama-lamanya untuk ini, tetapi sebaliknya dihukum satu tahun kerja keras, disebabkan oleh syafaat ibunya, Leto. Pada masa ini beliau berkhidmat sebagai gembala untuk Raja Admetus Pherae di Thessaly. Admetus merawat Apollo dengan baik, dan, sebagai balasannya, tuhan memberikan faedah yang besar kepada Admetus. <> Siapa anak Apollo? || Asclepius <> Mengapa Zeus menyerang Asclepius dengan bolt kilat? || untuk menghidupkan semula Hippolytus dari mati <> Berapa lama Apollo dihukum kerana membunuh Cyclopes? || satu tahun kerja keras", {"context": "When Zeus struck down Apollo's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead (transgressing Themis by stealing Hades's subjects), Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes, who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus. Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus forever for this, but was instead sentenced to one year of hard labor, due to the intercession of his mother, Leto. During this time he served as shepherd for King Admetus of Pherae in Thessaly. Admetus treated Apollo well, and, in return, the god conferred great benefits on Admetus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Asclepius"}], "question": "Who is Apollo's son?", "id": "5728dac8ff5b5019007da828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead"}], "question": "Why did Zeus strike down Asclepius with a lightning bolt?", "id": "5728dac8ff5b5019007da829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "one year of hard labor"}], "question": "How long was Apollo sentenced for killing Cyclopes?", "id": "5728dac8ff5b5019007da82b"}]}], ["Empat hari selepas kelahirannya, Apollo membunuh Python naga chthonic, yang tinggal di Delphi di samping Spring Castalia. Ini adalah musim bunga yang memancarkan wap yang menyebabkan oracle di Delphi memberikan nubuatan kepadanya. Hera menghantar ular untuk memburu Leto untuk kematiannya di seluruh dunia. Untuk melindungi ibunya, Apollo memohon Hephaestus untuk tunduk dan anak panah. Selepas menerima mereka, Apollo menjerit Python di gua suci di Delphi. Apollo membunuh Python tetapi terpaksa dihukum kerana Python adalah anak Gaia. <> Apa nama naga chthonic? || Python <> yang musim bunga yang mengeluarkan wap yang menyebabkan oracle di Delphi memberikan nubuatan kepadanya? || Castalian Spring <> Siapa ibu Apollo? || Leto <> Dimana Apollo membunuh Python? || gua suci di Delphi. Apollo <> Siapakah ibu bapa Python? || Gaia", {"context": "Four days after his birth, Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python, which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring. This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies. Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world. To protect his mother, Apollo begged Hephaestus for a bow and arrows. After receiving them, Apollo cornered Python in the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since Python was a child of Gaia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Python"}], "question": "What was the name of the chthonic dragon?", "id": "5728da31ff5b5019007da81e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Castalian Spring"}], "question": "which spring emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies?", "id": "5728da31ff5b5019007da81f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Leto"}], "question": "Who was Apollo's mother?", "id": "5728da31ff5b5019007da820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo"}], "question": "Where did Apollo kill Python?", "id": "5728da31ff5b5019007da821"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "Gaia"}], "question": "Who was a parent of Python?", "id": "5728da31ff5b5019007da822"}]}], ["Coronis, adalah anak perempuan Phlegyas, Raja Lapiths. Mengandung dengan Asclepius, Coronis jatuh cinta dengan Ischys, anak Elatus. A gagak memberitahu Apollo perkara itu. Apabila dimaklumkan dahulu, dia tidak mempercayai gagak itu dan memalingkan semua gagak hitam (di mana mereka dahulu putih) sebagai hukuman untuk menyebarkan kejahatan. Apabila dia mengetahui kebenarannya, dia menghantar kakaknya, Artemis, untuk membunuh Coronis (dalam cerita lain, Apollo sendiri telah membunuh Coronis). Akibatnya, dia juga membuat gagak suci dan memberi mereka tugas mengumumkan kematian penting. Apollo menyelamatkan bayi itu dan memberikannya kepada Chiron untuk memberi tumpuan. Phlegya sangat marah selepas kematian anak perempuannya dan membakar Kuil Apollo di Delphi. Apollo kemudian membunuhnya kerana apa yang dilakukannya. <> Siapa anak perempuan Phlegya? || Coronis <> Siapa yang mendapat Raja Lapiths? || Phlegyas <> Bagaimana apollo dimaklumkan tentang hubungan antara Coronis dan Ischys? || Seorang gagak <> Siapakah anak Elatus? || Ischys", {"context": "Coronis, was daughter of Phlegyas, King of the Lapiths. Pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus. A crow informed Apollo of the affair. When first informed he disbelieved the crow and turned all crows black (where they were previously white) as a punishment for spreading untruths. When he found out the truth he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis (in other stories, Apollo himself had killed Coronis). As a result, he also made the crow sacred and gave them the task of announcing important deaths. Apollo rescued the baby and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise. Phlegyas was irate after the death of his daughter and burned the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Apollo then killed him for what he did.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Coronis"}], "question": "Who was the daughter of Phlegyas?", "id": "5728dc28ff5b5019007da856"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Phlegyas"}], "question": "Who owas King of the Lapiths?", "id": "5728dc28ff5b5019007da857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "A crow"}], "question": "How was Apollo informed of the affair between Coronis and Ischys?", "id": "5728dc28ff5b5019007da858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Ischys"}], "question": "Who was the son of Elatus?", "id": "5728dc28ff5b5019007da859"}]}], ["Sebagai tuhan penjajahan, Apollo memberikan bimbingan orakular ke atas tanah jajahan, terutama semasa ketinggian penjajahan, 750-550 BCE. Menurut tradisi Yunani, dia membantu Cretan atau penjajah Arcadian menemui bandar Troy. Walau bagaimanapun, kisah ini mungkin mencerminkan pengaruh kebudayaan yang mempunyai arah yang berlawanan: Teks cuneiform Hittite menyebut tuhan kecil Minor yang dipanggil Appaliunas atau Apalunas berkaitan dengan kota Wilusa yang dibuktikan dalam inskripsi Hittite, yang kini pada umumnya dianggap sebagai identik dengan bahasa Yunani Ilion oleh kebanyakan ulama. Dalam tafsiran ini, tajuk Lykegenes Apollo hanya dapat dibaca sebagai \"dilahirkan di Lycia\", yang secara efektif membatalkan pautan yang dianggap tuhan dengan serigala (mungkin etimologi rakyat). <> Siapa tuhan penjajahan? || Apollo <> Kapan ketinggian penjajahan? || 750-550 BCE <> Apa maksud Lykegenes? || lahir di Lycia", {"context": "As god of colonization, Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies, especially during the height of colonization, 750\u2013550 BCE. According to Greek tradition, he helped Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the city of Troy. However, this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction: Hittite cuneiform texts mention a Minor Asian god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions, which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars. In this interpretation, Apollo's title of Lykegenes can simply be read as \"born in Lycia\", which effectively severs the god's supposed link with wolves (possibly a folk etymology).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Apollo"}], "question": "Who was god of colonization?", "id": "5728e15c4b864d1900164ffa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "750\u2013550 BCE"}], "question": "When was the height of colonization?", "id": "5728e15c4b864d1900164ffb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "born in Lycia"}], "question": "What does Lykegenes mean?", "id": "5728e15c4b864d1900164ffc"}]}], ["Dalam klasik Yunani, Anaxagoras menegaskan bahawa sebab ilahi (fikiran) memberi perintah kepada benih alam semesta, dan Plato memperluaskan kepercayaan Yunani bentuk-bentuk ideal kepada teori-teori bentuk metafiziknya (ideai, \"idea\"). Bentuk-bentuk di dunia ini merupakan pendua yang tidak sempurna dari ide-ide cakerawala intelektual. Kata-kata Yunani oida (\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1, \"(I) tahu\") dan eidos (\u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \"spesies\") mempunyai akar yang sama seperti kata gagasan (\u1f30\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1), yang menunjukkan bagaimana minda Yunani berpindah dari hadiah deria, prinsip di luar pancaindera. Para artis dalam masa Plato berpindah dari teori dan seninya cenderung menjadi campuran naturalisme dengan pengetatan. Para pemahat Yunani menganggap indria lebih penting, dan perkadaran itu digunakan untuk menyatukan yang bijak dengan intelektual. <> Siapa menegaskan bahawa sebab ilahi memberi perintah kepada benih alam semesta? || Anaxagoras <> Yang memperluaskan bentuk ideologi Yunani kepada teori metafiziknya? || Plato <> Apakah satu perkataan Yunani yang mempunyai akar yang sama dengan kata gagasan? || eidos", {"context": "In classical Greece, Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason (mind) gave order to the seeds of the universe, and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms (ideai, \"ideas\"). The forms on earth are imperfect duplicates of the intellectual celestial ideas. The Greek words oida (\u03bf\u1f36\u03b4\u03b1, \"(I) know\") and eidos (\u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \"species\") have the same root as the word idea (\u1f30\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1), indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses, to the principles beyond the senses. The artists in Plato's time moved away from his theories and art tends to be a mixture of naturalism with stylization. The Greek sculptors considered the senses more important, and the proportions were used to unite the sensible with the intellectual.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Anaxagoras"}], "question": "Who asserted that a divine reason gave order to the seeds of the universe?", "id": "5728e66b4b864d190016505a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Plato"}], "question": "Who extended the Greek beilef of idea forms to his metaphysical theory of forms?", "id": "5728e66b4b864d190016505b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "eidos"}], "question": "What is one Greek word that has the same root as the word idea?", "id": "5728e66b4b864d190016505c"}]}], ["Evolusi patung Yunani dapat dilihat dalam gambarannya dari jenis Kouros formal yang hampir statik pada awal zaman kuno, hingga perwakilan gerak dalam keseluruhan harmoni relatif dalam zaman kuno. Dalam klasik Yunani penekanan tidak diberikan kepada realiti imaginasi ilusi diwakili oleh bentuk yang ideal, tetapi kepada analogi dan interaksi ahli secara keseluruhan, satu kaedah yang dibuat oleh Polykleitos. Akhirnya Praxiteles nampaknya dilepaskan dari mana-mana seni dan kesesuaian keagamaan, dan karya-karya beliau adalah campuran naturalisme dengan pengetatan. <> Karya siapa campuran campuran naturallism dengan stilization? || Praxiteles <> Dalam gambarannya bolehkah evolusi patung Yunani diperhatikan? || Praxiteles <> Siapa yang nampaknya dibebaskan dari apa-apa kesenian dan kesesuaian agama? || Praxiteles", {"context": "The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period, to the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late archaic period. In classical Greece the emphasis is not given to the illusive imaginative reality represented by the ideal forms, but to the analogies and the interaction of the members in the whole, a method created by Polykleitos. Finally Praxiteles seems to be released from any art and religious conformities, and his masterpieces are a mixture of naturalism with stylization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Praxiteles"}], "question": "Whose masterpieces are a mixture of naturallism with stylization?", "id": "5728e52d2ca10214002daa54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Praxiteles"}], "question": "In whose depictions can the evolution of Greek sculpture be observed?", "id": "5728e52d2ca10214002daa55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Praxiteles"}], "question": "Who seems to be released from any art and religious conformities?", "id": "5728e52d2ca10214002daa56"}]}], ["Dalam konteks kesusasteraan, Apollo mewakili keharmonian, ketertiban, dan ciri-ciri alasan yang berbeza dengan orang-orang Dionysus, dewa wain, yang mewakili ekstasi dan gangguan. Perbezaan antara peranan dewa-dewa ini ditunjukkan dalam kata sifat Apollonian dan Dionysian. Walau bagaimanapun, orang Yunani menganggap kedua-dua sifat sebagai pelengkap: dua tuhan adalah bersaudara, dan apabila Apollo pada musim sejuk pergi ke Hyperborea, dia akan meninggalkan oracle Delphic kepada Dionysus. Sebaliknya ini ditunjukkan pada kedua-dua belah Borghese Vase. <> Siapa tuhan anggur? || Dionysus <> Dalam konteks kesusasteraan, yang mewakili keharmonian, ketertiban dan alasan? || Apollo <> Di mana Apollo pergi pada musim sejuk? || Hyperborea", {"context": "In literary contexts, Apollo represents harmony, order, and reason\u2014characteristics contrasted with those of Dionysus, god of wine, who represents ecstasy and disorder. The contrast between the roles of these gods is reflected in the adjectives Apollonian and Dionysian. However, the Greeks thought of the two qualities as complementary: the two gods are brothers, and when Apollo at winter left for Hyperborea, he would leave the Delphic oracle to Dionysus. This contrast appears to be shown on the two sides of the Borghese Vase.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Dionysus"}], "question": "Who was the god of wine?", "id": "5728e29f3acd2414000e0117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Apollo"}], "question": "In literary contexts, who represents harmony, order and reason?", "id": "5728e29f3acd2414000e0118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Hyperborea"}], "question": "Where did Apollo go in winter?", "id": "5728e29f3acd2414000e0119"}]}], ["Ide animistik sebagai perwakilan realiti imajinatif, dikuduskan dalam puisi Homerik dan dalam mitos Yunani, dalam cerita-cerita dewa Hephaestus (Phaistos) dan Daedalus mitos (pembina labirin) yang membuat imej yang bergerak sendiri sesuai dengan. Seni semacam ini kembali ke zaman Minoan, ketika tema utamanya adalah perwakilan gerakan pada saat tertentu. Patung-patung bebas ini biasanya marmer, tetapi juga bentuk yang diberikan dalam batu kapur, gangsa, gading dan terakota. <> Siapa yang dikatakan pembina labirin itu? || Daedalus <> Dalam apa tempoh utama tema seni adalah perwakilan gerakan dalam pergerakan tertentu? || Tempoh Minoan <> Patung-patung bebas ini kadang-kadang diberikan dari batu imun, gangsa, gading dan terakota tetapi biasanya dibuat dari bahan apa? || marmar", {"context": "The animistic idea as the representation of the imaginative reality, is sanctified in the Homeric poems and in Greek myths, in stories of the god Hephaestus (Phaistos) and the mythic Daedalus (the builder of the labyrinth) that made images which moved of their own accord. This kind of art goes back to the Minoan period, when its main theme was the representation of motion in a specific moment. These free-standing statues were usually marble, but also the form rendered in limestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Daedalus"}], "question": "Who is said to be the builder of the labyrinth?", "id": "5728e9944b864d190016507e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Minoan period"}], "question": "During what period was art's main theme the representation of motion in a specific movement?", "id": "5728e9944b864d190016507f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "marble"}], "question": "These free-standing statues were sometimes rendered from immestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta but were usually made from what material?", "id": "5728e9944b864d1900165080"}]}], ["Dalam penggambaran berskala besar pertama pada zaman kuno awal (640-580 SM), para seniman cuba menarik perhatian seseorang untuk melihat ke dalam muka dan badan yang tidak diwakili sebagai orang yang tidak bermaya, tetapi penuh dengan kehidupan. Orang-orang Yunani mengekalkan, sehingga terlambat dalam tamadun mereka, idea hampir animistik bahawa patung-patung itu dalam keadaan hidup. Ini merangkumi kepercayaan bahawa imej entah bagaimana tuhan atau manusia sendiri. Satu contoh yang baik ialah patung pintu gerbang Suci Kouros yang ditemui di kuburan Dipylon di Athens (Dipylon Kouros). Patung itu adalah \"benda itu sendiri\", dan wajahnya yang langsing dengan mata yang mendalam mengungkapkan keabadian intelektual. Mengikut tradisi Yunani, tuan Dipylon dinamakan Daedalus, dan di patung-patungnya anggota badan dibebaskan dari tubuh, memberikan kesan bahwa patung-patung itu dapat bergerak. Ia dianggap bahawa dia juga mencipta kouros New York, yang merupakan patung paling lama dipelihara dari jenis Kouros, dan nampaknya penjelmaan tuhan itu sendiri. <> Tempoh antara 640-580 SM dikenali sebagai apa? || tempoh kuno awal <> Apakah nama master Dipylon itu? || Daedalus <> Siapa yang membuat kouros New York? || Daedalus", {"context": "In the first large-scale depictions during the early archaic period (640\u2013580 BC), the artists tried to draw one's attention to look into the interior of the face and the body which were not represented as lifeless masses, but as being full of life. The Greeks maintained, until late in their civilization, an almost animistic idea that the statues are in some sense alive. This embodies the belief that the image was somehow the god or man himself. A fine example is the statue of the Sacred gate Kouros which was found at the cemetery of Dipylon in Athens (Dipylon Kouros). The statue is the \"thing in itself\", and his slender face with the deep eyes express an intellectual eternity. According to the Greek tradition the Dipylon master was named Daedalus, and in his statues the limbs were freed from the body, giving the impression that the statues could move. It is considered that he created also the New York kouros, which is the oldest fully preserved statue of Kouros type, and seems to be the incarnation of the god himself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "early archaic period"}], "question": "The period between 640-580 BC was known as what?", "id": "5728e8813acd2414000e01a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "Daedalus"}], "question": "What was the name of the Dipylon master?", "id": "5728e8813acd2414000e01a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "Daedalus"}], "question": "Who created the New York kouros?", "id": "5728e8813acd2414000e01a7"}]}], ["Contoh paling awal patung-patung bersaiz hidup Apollo, mungkin dua angka dari tempat perlindungan Ionik di pulau Delos. Patung-patung seperti itu ditemui di seluruh dunia yang bercakap bahasa Yunani, yang paling banyak ditemukan di tempat-tempat suci Apollo dengan lebih dari seratus dari tempat kudus Apollo Ptoios, Boeotia sahaja. Tahap terakhir dalam perkembangan jenis Kouros adalah zaman kuno (520-485 SM), di mana patung Yunani mencapai pengetahuan penuh tentang anatomi manusia dan digunakan untuk menciptakan keseluruhan harmoni relatif. Peringkat dari bronzes sangat sedikit terselamat kepada kami adalah karya tembaga Piraeus Apollo. Ia ditemui di Piraeus, pelabuhan Athens. Patung itu pada asalnya memegang busur di tangan kirinya, dan secangkir menuangkan pembebasan di tangan kanannya. Ia mungkin berasal dari timur laut Peloponnesus. Penekanan diberikan dalam anatomi, dan ini merupakan percubaan pertama untuk mewakili gerakan, dan kecantikan berbanding dengan perkadaran, yang kebanyakannya muncul dalam seni pasca-Archaic. Patung melemparkan beberapa cahaya ke pusat seni yang, dengan gaya yang lebih keras, sederhana, dan lebih berat yang dibentuk secara bebas, menyekat pengaruh Ionia di Athena. Akhirnya, ini adalah kuman dari mana seni Polykleitos berkembang dua atau tiga generasi kemudian. <> Tempoh berlalu dari 520-485 SM? || akhir zaman kuno <> Apa pelabuhan Athens? || Piraeus <> Apa yang Piraeus Apollo memegang di tangan kirinya? || busur <> Apa yang Piraeus Apollo memegang di sebelah kanannya? || satu cawan menuangkan minuman keras", {"context": "The earliest examples of life-sized statues of Apollo, may be two figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos. Such statues were found across the Greek speaking world, the preponderance of these were found at the sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios, Boeotia alone. The last stage in the development of the Kouros type is the late archaic period (520\u2013485 BC), in which the Greek sculpture attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used to create a relative harmonious whole. Ranking from the very few bronzes survived to us is the masterpiece bronze Piraeus Apollo. It was found in Piraeus, the harbour of Athens. The statue originally held the bow in its left hand, and a cup of pouring libation in its right hand. It probably comes from north-eastern Peloponnesus. The emphasis is given in anatomy, and it is one of the first attempts to represent a kind of motion, and beauty relative to proportions, which appear mostly in post-Archaic art. The statue throws some light on an artistic centre which, with an independently developed harder, simpler, and heavier style, restricts Ionian influence in Athens. Finally, this is the germ from which the art of Polykleitos was to grow two or three generations later.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "late archaic period"}], "question": "What period ran from 520-485 BC?", "id": "5728eac43acd2414000e01bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "Piraeus"}], "question": "What was the harbour of Athens?", "id": "5728eac43acd2414000e01be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "the bow"}], "question": "What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his left hand?", "id": "5728eac43acd2414000e01bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "a cup of pouring libation"}], "question": "What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his right hand?", "id": "5728eac43acd2414000e01c0"}]}], ["Walaupun perkadaran itu selalu penting dalam seni Yunani, daya tarikan arca Yunani tidak dapat dijelaskan oleh proporsinya sendiri. Patung-patung Apollo dipertimbangkan untuk menjelma kehadirannya, dan perwakilan realiti imajinasi ilusi ini memiliki akar yang mendalam dalam zaman Minoan, dan dalam kepercayaan orang-orang berbahasa Yunani pertama yang memasuki wilayah itu pada zaman gangsa. Sama seperti orang Yunani melihat gunung, hutan, laut dan sungai seperti yang dihuni oleh makhluk-makhluk konkrit, maka sifat dalam semua manifesinya mempunyai bentuk yang jelas, dan bentuk karya seni. Kehidupan rohani dimasukkan dalam perkara, apabila ia diberikan bentuk artistik. Sama seperti dalam kesenian, orang-orang Yunani mencari realiti di sebalik penampilan, jadi dalam matematik mereka mencari prinsip-prinsip tetap yang boleh digunakan di mana sahaja keadaannya sama. Artis dan pengukir cuba untuk mencari urutan ideal ini berkaitan dengan matematik, tetapi mereka percaya bahawa urutan ideal ini mendedahkan dirinya tidak begitu banyak kepada kecerdasan penderaan, seperti diri sendiri. Perkara-perkara seperti yang kita lihat, dan yang sebenarnya, adalah satu, yang masing-masing menekankan sifat yang lain dalam satu perpaduan. <> Patung-patung yang dianggapkan sebagai inkarnasi kehadirannya? || Apollo <> Pernyataan realiti imaginasi ilusi mempunyai akar mendalam dalam apa tempoh? || Minoan <> Apa orang melihat gunung, hutan, laut dan sungai seperti yang dihuni oleh makhluk konkrit? || Orang Yunani", {"context": "Though the proportions were always important in Greek art, the appeal of the Greek sculptures eludes any explanation by proportion alone. The statues of Apollo were thought to incarnate his living presence, and these representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in the Minoan period, and in the beliefs of the first Greek speaking people who entered the region during the bronze-age. Just as the Greeks saw the mountains, forests, sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings, so nature in all of its manifestations possesses clear form, and the form of a work of art. Spiritual life is incorporated in matter, when it is given artistic form. Just as in the arts the Greeks sought some reality behind appearances, so in mathematics they sought permanent principles which could be applied wherever the conditions were the same. Artists and sculptors tried to find this ideal order in relation with mathematics, but they believed that this ideal order revealed itself not so much to the dispassionate intellect, as to the whole sentient self. Things as we see them, and as they really are, are one, that each stresses the nature of the other in a single unity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Apollo"}], "question": "The statues of who were thought to incarnate his living presence?", "id": "5728ed99ff5b5019007da986"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Minoan"}], "question": "Representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in what period?", "id": "5728ed99ff5b5019007da987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Greeks"}], "question": "What people saw the mountains, forests, sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings?", "id": "5728ed99ff5b5019007da988"}]}], ["Kouros (pemuda lelaki) adalah istilah moden yang diberikan kepada mereka yang mewakili pemuda lelaki berdiri yang pertama kali muncul dalam zaman kuno di Yunani. Jenis ini memenuhi keperluan keagamaan tertentu dan pertama kali dicadangkan untuk apa yang sebelum ini dianggap sebagai gambaran Apollo. Patung-patung pertama pastinya tetap dan formal. Formalnya pendirian mereka seolah-olah berkaitan dengan duluan Mesir, tetapi ia diterima dengan alasan yang baik. Para pemahat mempunyai gambaran yang jelas tentang apa yang seorang lelaki muda, dan memantapkan senyuman kuno dari kebiasaan yang baik, langkah tegas dan kenyal, keseimbangan tubuh, martabat, dan kebahagiaan muda. Apabila mereka cuba menggambarkan sifat-sifat lelaki yang paling kekal, itu adalah kerana manusia mempunyai akar biasa dengan tuhan-tuhan yang tidak berubah. Penerapan jenis standard yang dapat dikenali untuk masa yang lama, mungkin kerana alam memberi keutamaan dalam kelangsungan hidup jenis yang telah lama diadopsi oleh keadaan iklim, dan juga disebabkan oleh kepercayaan umum Yunani bahawa alam mengekspresikan dirinya dalam bentuk ideal yang dapat dibayangkan dan diwakili. Bentuk-bentuk ini menyatakan keabadian. Apollo adalah tuhan abadi yang ideal dan perintah. Kuilnya di Delphi, bahawa dia berkongsi di musim sejuk dengan Dionysius mempunyai inskripsi: \u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd (gn\u014dthi seaut\u00f3n = \"know yourself\") dan \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd (m\u0113d\u00e9n \u00e1gan, \"tidak ada yang berlebihan\"), dan \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4'\u1f04\u03c4\u03b7 (egg\u00fda p\u00e1ra d'at\u0113, \"membuat ikrar dan kekurangan dekat\"). <> Apakah istilah moden yang diberikan kepada mereka yang mewakili pemuda lelaki yang pertama kali muncul dalam zaman kuno di Yunani? || Kouros <> Apa kata lain untuk pemuda lelaki? || Kouros <> Siapa tuhan abadi yang ideal? || Apollo", {"context": "Kouros (male youth) is the modern term given to those representations of standing male youths which first appear in the archaic period in Greece. This type served certain religious needs and was first proposed for what was previously thought to be depictions of Apollo. The first statues are certainly still and formal. The formality of their stance seems to be related with the Egyptian precedent, but it was accepted for a good reason. The sculptors had a clear idea of what a young man is, and embodied the archaic smile of good manners, the firm and springy step, the balance of the body, dignity, and youthful happiness. When they tried to depict the most abiding qualities of men, it was because men had common roots with the unchanging gods. The adoption of a standard recognizable type for a long time, is probably because nature gives preference in survival of a type which has long be adopted by the climatic conditions, and also due to the general Greek belief that nature expresses itself in ideal forms that can be imagined and represented. These forms expressed immortality. Apollo was the immortal god of ideal balance and order. His shrine in Delphi, that he shared in winter with Dionysius had the inscriptions: \u03b3\u03bd\u1ff6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd (gn\u014dthi seaut\u00f3n=\"know thyself\") and \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd (m\u0113d\u00e9n \u00e1gan, \"nothing in excess\"), and \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u03cd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4'\u1f04\u03c4\u03b7 (egg\u00fda p\u00e1ra d'at\u0113, \"make a pledge and mischief is nigh\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Kouros"}], "question": "What is the modern term given to those representations of stnding male youths that first appear in the archaic period in Greece?", "id": "5728e7143acd2414000e018b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Kouros"}], "question": "What is another word for male youth?", "id": "5728e7143acd2414000e018c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1089, "text": "Apollo"}], "question": "Who was the immortal god of ideal balance?", "id": "5728e7143acd2414000e018d"}]}], ["Pada abad yang akan datang yang merupakan permulaan tempoh Klasik, dianggap sebagai kecantikan dalam hal-hal yang kelihatan seperti dalam segala hal yang lain, terdiri daripada simetri dan perkadaran. Para artis juga cuba untuk mewakili gerakan dalam masa tertentu (Myron), yang mungkin dianggap sebagai kemunculan elemen Minoan yang tidak aktif. Anatomi dan geometri bersatu dalam satu, dan masing-masing melakukan sesuatu kepada yang lain. Pemahat Yunani cuba menjelaskannya dengan mencari perkiraan matematik, sama seperti mereka mencari realiti di sebalik penampilan. Polkleitos dalam Canonnya menulis bahawa kecantikan terdiri daripada perkadaran bukan unsur (bahan), tetapi dari bahagian-bahagiannya, iaitu hubungan antara bahagian dengan satu sama lain dan dengan keseluruhannya. Nampaknya dia dipengaruhi oleh teori-teori Pythagoras. Apollo Mantua yang terkenal dan variannya adalah bentuk awal jenis patung Apollo Citharoedus, di mana tuhan memegang cithara di lengan kirinya. Jenis ini diwakili oleh salinan Roman Romawi neo-Attic pada abad ke-1 atau awal abad ke-2, yang disusun berdasarkan asal-usul gangsa Yunani yang sepatutnya dibuat pada suku kedua abad ke-5 BCE, dalam gaya yang serupa dengan karya-karya Polykleitos tetapi lebih kuno. Apollo memegang cythara melawan lengan kiri lanjutannya, di mana dalam contoh Louvre, serpihan satu tanduk bergulir berputar tegak terus menahan bisepnya. <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa keindahan terdiri dari proporsi bukan unsur-unsur? || Polykleitos <> Dalam apa jenis seni apakah tuhan memegang cithara di lengan kirinya? || Jenis patung Apollo Citharoedus <> Apa jenis seni yang dimodelkan selepas nama asli gangsa Yunani yang dibuat pada suku kedua abad ke-5 SM. || salinan Neo-Attic Imperial Rom pada abad pertama atau awal abad ke-2", {"context": "In the next century which is the beginning of the Classical period, it was considered that beauty in visible things as in everything else, consisted of symmetry and proportions. The artists tried also to represent motion in a specific moment (Myron), which may be considered as the reappearance of the dormant Minoan element. Anatomy and geometry are fused in one, and each does something to the other. The Greek sculptors tried to clarify it by looking for mathematical proportions, just as they sought some reality behind appearances. Polykleitos in his Canon wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements (materials), but of the parts, that is the interrelation of parts with one another and with the whole. It seems that he was influenced by the theories of Pythagoras. The famous Apollo of Mantua and its variants are early forms of the Apollo Citharoedus statue type, in which the god holds the cithara in his left arm. The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic. The Apollo held the cythara against his extended left arm, of which in the Louvre example, a fragment of one twisting scrolling horn upright remains against his biceps.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Polykleitos"}], "question": "Who wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements?", "id": "5728ebb7ff5b5019007da950"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 861, "text": "Apollo Citharoedus statue type"}], "question": "In what type of art does the god hold the cithara in his left arm?", "id": "5728ebb7ff5b5019007da951"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 972, "text": "neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century"}], "question": "What type of art is modeled after a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th Century BCE.", "id": "5728ebb7ff5b5019007da952"}]}], ["Apollo sebagai seorang pemuda yang kacak kacak, sering digambarkan dengan kithara (sebagai Apollo Citharoedus) atau tunduk di tangannya, atau berbaring di atas pokok (jenis Apollo Lykeios dan Apollo Sauroctonos). The Apollo Belvedere adalah arca marmar yang ditemui semula pada akhir abad ke-15; selama berabad-abad ia mencontohkan cita-cita Purbakala Klasik untuk orang Eropah, dari zaman Renaissance hingga abad ke-19. Marmer adalah salinan Hellenistic atau Rom asal asli pemahat Yunani, Leochares, dibuat antara 350 dan 325 SM. <> Siapa yang sering digambarkan dengan kithara atau tunduk di tangannya? || Apollo <> Apa nama arca marmar yang ditemui semula pada akhir abad ke-15? || The Apollo Belvedere <> Who made Apollo Belvedere? || Leochares <> Bilakah Leochares membuat The Apollo Belvedere? || antara 350 dan 325 SM", {"context": "Apollo as a handsome beardless young man, is often depicted with a kithara (as Apollo Citharoedus) or bow in his hand, or reclining on a tree (the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types). The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century. The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares, made between 350 and 325 BCE.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Apollo"}], "question": "Who is often depicted with a kithara or bow in his hand?", "id": "5728ee8dff5b5019007da996"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "The Apollo Belvedere"}], "question": "What is the name of a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century?", "id": "5728ee8dff5b5019007da997"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Leochares"}], "question": "Who made the Apollo Belvedere?", "id": "5728ee8dff5b5019007da998"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "between 350 and 325 BCE"}], "question": "When did Leochares make The Apollo Belvedere?", "id": "5728ee8dff5b5019007da999"}]}], ["Perwakilan ini bergantung pada menyampaikan pemandangan langsung ke mata demi kepentingan mereka sendiri. Mereka mengurus susunan skematis badan-badan di angkasa, tetapi hanya sebagai bahagian dalam keseluruhan yang lebih besar. Walaupun setiap tempat mempunyai watak dan kesempurnaannya sendiri, ia mestilah sesuai dengan urutan umum yang mana ia dimiliki. Di pedimen ini, para pemahat menggunakan selang yang kosong, untuk mencadangkan laluan ke medan perang yang sibuk. Para artis sepertinya telah didominasi oleh corak geometri dan ketertiban, dan ini bertambah baik ketika seni klasik membawa kebebasan dan ekonomi yang lebih besar. <> Yang sepertinya telah didominasi oleh corak geometri dan perintah? || Artis <> Apa yang bergantung pada menyampaikan pemandangan langsung ke mata untuk kepentingan visibunya? || Perwakilan ini <> Walaupun setiap adegan mempunyai watak dan kesempurnaannya sendiri, ia harus sesuai dengan apa? || urutan umum yang mana ia tergolong", {"context": "These representations rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visible sake. They care for the schematic arrangements of bodies in space, but only as parts in a larger whole. While each scene has its own character and completeness it must fit into the general sequence to which it belongs. In these archaic pediments the sculptors use empty intervals, to suggest a passage to and fro a busy battlefield. The artists seem to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order, and this was improved when classical art brought a greater freedom and economy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "The artists"}], "question": "Who seemed to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order?", "id": "5728ee0c3acd2414000e01f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "These representations"}], "question": "What rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visibe sake?", "id": "5728ee0c3acd2414000e01f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "the general sequence to which it belongs"}], "question": "While each scene has its own character and completeness, it must fit into what?", "id": "5728ee0c3acd2414000e01f7"}]}]], [["Pada September 2003, jeneral empat bintang bersara Wesley Clark mengumumkan hasratnya untuk bertanding dalam pilihan raya presiden untuk pencalonan Parti Demokratik. Kempennya memberi tumpuan kepada tema kepimpinan dan patriotisme; iklan kempen awal sangat bergantung pada biografi. Bermula lewatnya beliau meninggalkan cadangan dasar yang agak terperinci. Kelemahan ini jelas dalam beberapa perbahasan pertamanya, walaupun dia tidak lama lagi mempersembahkan pelbagai jawatan kedudukan, termasuk rancangan pelepasan cukai utama. Walau bagaimanapun, Demokrat tidak berduyun-duyun untuk menyokong kempennya. <> Yang calon nominasi Demokratik menyatakan niatnya untuk memasuki perlumbaan presiden, pada musim gugur tahun 2003? || Wesley Clark <> Apakah iklan kempen awal Wesley Clark bergantung? || biografi <> Apakah isu teras Wesley Clarks? || kepimpinan dan patriotisme <> Apa kelemahan yang ketara, dari permulaan, untuk Wesley Clark? || beberapa cadangan dasar terperinci <> Adakah Wesley Clark berpengaruh dalam mengumpulkan sokongan Demokratik? || tidak berbondong-bondong untuk menyokong kempennya", {"context": "In September 2003, retired four-star general Wesley Clark announced his intention to run in the presidential primary election for the Democratic Party nomination. His campaign focused on themes of leadership and patriotism; early campaign ads relied heavily on biography. His late start left him with relatively few detailed policy proposals. This weakness was apparent in his first few debates, although he soon presented a range of position papers, including a major tax-relief plan. Nevertheless, the Democrats did not flock to support his campaign.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Wesley Clark"}], "question": "Which Democratic nominee declared his intention to enter into the presidential race, in the fall of 2003?", "id": "572909171d04691400778fa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "biography"}], "question": "What did Wesley Clark's initial campaign ads depend upon?", "id": "572909171d04691400778fa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "leadership and patriotism"}], "question": "What were Wesley Clarks's core issues?", "id": "572909171d04691400778fa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "few detailed policy proposals"}], "question": "What shortcoming was noticeable, from the start, for Wesley Clark?", "id": "572909171d04691400778fa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "did not flock to support his campaign"}], "question": "Was Wesley Clark influential in gathering the Democratic backing?", "id": "572909171d04691400778fa5"}]}], ["Hanya lapan bulan ke dalam kepresidenannya, serangan pengganas pada 11 September 2001 tiba-tiba mengubah Bush menjadi presiden masa perang. Kedudukan kelulusan Bush meningkat hampir 90%. Dalam masa sebulan, pasukan gabungan yang diketuai oleh Amerika Syarikat memasuki Afghanistan, yang telah melindungi Osama bin Laden, yang disyaki dalang serangan 11 September. Menjelang Disember, Taliban telah dikeluarkan sebagai penguasa Kabul, walaupun pembinaan semula yang panjang dan berterusan akan diikuti, teruk terjejas oleh pergolakan dan kekerasan yang berlaku di negara ini. <> Apa yang berlaku semasa presiden Bush yang membuatnya menjadi presiden perang? || serangan pengganas pada 11 September 2001 <> Berapa lama ke presiden Bush melakukan tragedi terjadi di tanah Amerika? || lapan bulan <> Adakah Bush menjadi tidak disukai semasa serangan 9/11? || melonjak hingga hampir 90% <> Berapa lama diperlukan untuk tentera Amerika Syarikat untuk bertindak balas dengan menyusup ke Afghanistan? || Dalam sebulan <> Pada bulan itu, adakah Taliban tidak lagi mengawal Kabul? || Disember", {"context": "Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 suddenly transformed Bush into a wartime president. Bush's approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, which had been sheltering Osama bin Laden, suspected mastermind of the September 11 attacks. By December, the Taliban had been removed as rulers of Kabul, although a long and ongoing reconstruction would follow, severely hampered by ongoing turmoil and violence within the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001"}], "question": "What even occured during Bush's presidency that made him become a wartime president?", "id": "5728d0ef4b864d1900164eaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "eight months"}], "question": "How long into Bush's presidency did tragedy occur on American soil?", "id": "5728d0ef4b864d1900164eab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "surged to near 90%"}], "question": "Did Bush become disfavorable during the time of the 9/11 attacks?", "id": "5728d0ef4b864d1900164eac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Within a month"}], "question": "How long did it take for the US military to respond by infiltrating Afghanistan?", "id": "5728d0ef4b864d1900164ead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "December"}], "question": "By which month, were the Taliban no longer controlling Kabul?", "id": "5728d0ef4b864d1900164eae"}]}], ["Menjelang kaukus Iowa Januari 2004, bidang itu telah berkurangan kepada sembilan calon, ketika Bob Graham telah menurunkan perlumbaan. Howard Dean adalah pelari depan yang kuat. Walau bagaimanapun, kaukus Iowa menghasilkan keputusan yang tidak disangka-sangka untuk calon Demokrat John Kerry, yang memperoleh 38% perwakilan negeri dan John Edwards, yang mengambil 32%. Bekas pelari depan Howard Dean jatuh ke tahap 18% dan tempat ketiga, dan Richard Gephardt menduduki tempat keempat (11%). Pada hari-hari yang membawa kepada undi Iowa, terdapat banyak kempen negatif antara kem Dean dan Gephardt. <> Berapa banyak calon yang kekal pada akhir kaukus Iowa, pada Januari 2004? || sembilan <> Mana dua calon yang mengejutkan walaupun Howard Dean menjadi penyokong depan yang kuat? || John Kerry, yang memperoleh 38% perwakilan negeri dan John Edwards <> Calon mana yang tergelincir ke tempat ketiga, mengikuti kaukus Iowa? || Dekan <> Sebelumnya kaukus Iowa, yang calon menggunakan taktik naysaying dalam kempen mereka? || Dean dan Gephardt <> Calon mana yang keluar dari perlumbaan, meninggalkan lapangan itu ke sembilan calon? || Bob Graham", {"context": "By the January 2004 Iowa caucuses, the field had dwindled down to nine candidates, as Bob Graham had dropped out of the race. Howard Dean was a strong front-runner. However, the Iowa caucuses yielded unexpectedly strong results for Democratic candidates John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards, who took 32%. Former front-runner Howard Dean slipped to 18% and third place, and Richard Gephardt finished fourth (11%). In the days leading up to the Iowa vote, there was much negative campaigning between the Dean and Gephardt camps.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many candidates remained by the end of the Iowa caucuses, in January 2004?", "id": "5729319b3f37b319004780db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards"}], "question": "Which two candidates had surprising results despite Howard Dean being the strong front-runner?", "id": "5729319b3f37b319004780dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Dean"}], "question": "Which candidate slipped into third place, following the Iowa caucuses?", "id": "5729319b3f37b319004780dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Dean and Gephardt"}], "question": "Preceding the Iowa caucuses, which candidates used naysaying tactics in their campaigning?", "id": "5729319b3f37b319004780de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Bob Graham"}], "question": "Which candidate dropped out of the race, leaving the field to nine candidates?", "id": "5729319b3f37b319004780df"}]}], ["Dalam perlumbaan untuk sumbangan individu, ahli ekonomi Lyndon LaRouche menguasai pek yang membawa kepada primata. Menurut statistik Suruhanjaya Pilihanraya Persekutuan, LaRouche mempunyai lebih banyak penyumbang individu untuk kempen presiden 2004 berbanding calon lain, sehingga suku akhir musim utama, ketika John Kerry melepasi dia. Sehingga 15 April, LaRouche mempunyai 7834 sumbangan individu, yang telah memberikan secara kumulatif, $ 200 atau lebih, berbanding 6257 untuk John Kerry, 5582 untuk John Edwards, 4090 untuk Howard Dean, dan 2744 untuk Gephardt. <> Siapa, pada permulaan utama, mempunyai penyumbang kempen paling tunggal? || Lyndon LaRouche <> Siapa yang mempunyai penyumbang kempen tunggal yang tertinggi, pada suku akhir utama? || John Kerry <> Siapa yang mendapat sumbangan individu paling sedikit pada tarikh pemfailan 15 April? || Gephardt <> Agensi apa yang menyediakan maklumat statistik mengenai penyumbang individu Calon Presiden? || Suruhanjaya Pilihanraya Persekutuan", {"context": "In the race for individual contributions, economist Lyndon LaRouche dominated the pack leading up to the primaries. According to the Federal Election Commission statistics, LaRouche had more individual contributors to his 2004 presidential campaign than any other candidate, until the final quarter of the primary season, when John Kerry surpassed him. As of the April 15 filing, LaRouche had 7834 individual contributions, of those who have given cumulatively, $200 or more, as compared to 6257 for John Kerry, 5582 for John Edwards, 4090 for Howard Dean, and 2744 for Gephardt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Lyndon LaRouche"}], "question": "Who, at the start of the primaries, had the most single campaign contributors?", "id": "57291e601d04691400779075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "John Kerry"}], "question": "Who had the highest amount of single campaign contributors, at the final quarter of the primaries?", "id": "57291e601d04691400779076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "Gephardt"}], "question": "Who earned the fewest individual contributions as of the April 15th filing date?", "id": "57291e601d04691400779077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Federal Election Commission"}], "question": "What agency provided statistical information regarding the Presidential Candidates' individual contributors?", "id": "57291e601d04691400779078"}]}], ["Pada 10 Mac 2004, Bush secara rasminya merangkul bilangan perwakilan yang perlu dicalonkan pada Konvensyen Nasional Republik 2004 di New York City. Bush menerima pencalonan pada 2 September 2004, dan Naib Presiden terpilih Dick Cheney sebagai pasangannya. (Di New York, tiket itu juga di dalam undi sebagai calon Parti Konservatif di New York State.) Semasa konvensyen dan sepanjang kempen, Bush memberi tumpuan kepada dua tema: mempertahankan Amerika terhadap keganasan dan membina masyarakat pemilikan. Masyarakat pemilikan termasuk membolehkan orang untuk melabur beberapa Keselamatan Sosial mereka di pasaran saham, meningkatkan pemilikan rumah dan saham, dan menggalakkan lebih ramai orang membeli insurans kesihatan mereka sendiri. <> Dengan apa tarikh Bush memperoleh bilangan undi yang diperlukan untuk menjadi calon Republik 2004? || 10 Mac 2004 <> Bilakah Bush menerima pencalonan Republik? || September 2, 2004 <> Siapa yang Bush mahu berdiri di sampingnya sebagai Naib Presiden? || Dick Cheney <> Dua topik yang mana Bush terus tegas, semasa kempennya? || keganasan dan membina masyarakat pemilikan <> Di New York State, yang mana parti itu calon-calon pasangan Bush / Cheney? || Parti Konservatif", {"context": "On March 10, 2004, Bush officially clinched the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City. Bush accepted the nomination on September 2, 2004, and selected Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate. (In New York, the ticket was also on the ballot as candidates of the Conservative Party of New York State.) During the convention and throughout the campaign, Bush focused on two themes: defending America against terrorism and building an ownership society. The ownership society included allowing people to invest some of their Social Security in the stock market, increasing home and stock ownership, and encouraging more people to buy their own health insurance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 10, 2004"}], "question": "By what date did Bush obtain the number of votes required to become the 2004 Republican nominee?", "id": "5728d9e23acd2414000e002f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "September 2, 2004"}], "question": "When did Bush accept the Republican nomination?", "id": "5728d9e23acd2414000e0030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Dick Cheney"}], "question": "Whom did Bush want to stand beside him as Vice President?", "id": "5728d9e23acd2414000e0031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "terrorism and building an ownership society"}], "question": "Which two topics did Bush remain steadfast on, during his campaign?", "id": "5728d9e23acd2414000e0032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Conservative Party"}], "question": "In New York State, which party was the Bush/Cheney duo candidates of?", "id": "5728d9e23acd2414000e0033"}]}], ["Hasil yang menyedihkan menyebabkan Gephardt melepaskan diri dan kemudian mengesahkan Kerry. Carol Moseley Braun juga keluar, mengesahkan Howard Dean. Selain kesan yang akan datang pada ketiga, Dean lebih teruk lagi dengan ucapan yang diberikannya pada perhimpunan pasca kaukus. Dean berteriak-teriak dengan sorakan penontonnya yang bersemangat, tetapi bunyi orang ramai ditapis oleh mikrofon unidirectionalnya, hanya menyuarakan semangatnya kepada penonton televisyen. Bagi mereka yang ada di rumah, dia seolah-olah menaikkan suaranya dari emosi semata-mata. Pemutaran semula \"Dean Scream\" oleh akhbar itu menjadi perdebatan mengenai topik sama ada Dean adalah mangsa kecenderungan media. Pemandangan berteriak itu ditunjukkan kira-kira 633 kali melalui kabel dan rangkaian berita siaran hanya dalam masa empat hari selepas peristiwa itu, nombor yang tidak termasuk rancangan perbincangan dan siaran berita tempatan. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka yang berada dalam penonton sebenar hari itu menegaskan bahawa mereka tidak menyedari \"menjerit\" yang terkenal sehingga mereka kembali ke bilik hotel mereka dan melihatnya di TV. <> Calon mana, setelah berhenti, terus menyokong Kerry? || Gephardt <> Yang calon yang bermasalah lakukan Carol Moseley Braun akhirnya mengesahkan, setelah dia jatuh ke luar? || Howard Dean <> Pertandingan pasca-rally Dean yang berterusan oleh media membangkitkan apa jenis kontroversi? || adakah Dean menjadi mangsa media yang berat <> Apakah tag yang dilampirkan kepada ucapan pasca rally Dean? || \"Dean Scream\" <> Adakah mereka yang hadir dalam ucapan Dean tahu mengenai \"Scream Dekan\"? || mereka tidak sedar", {"context": "The dismal results caused Gephardt to drop out and later endorse Kerry. Carol Moseley Braun also dropped out, endorsing Howard Dean. Besides the impact of coming in third, Dean was further hurt by a speech he gave at a post-caucus rally. Dean was shouting over the cheers of his enthusiastic audience, but the crowd noise was being filtered out by his unidirectional microphone, leaving only his full-throated exhortations audible to the television viewers. To those at home, he seemed to raise his voice out of sheer emotion. The incessant replaying of the \"Dean Scream\" by the press became a debate on the topic of whether Dean was the victim of media bias. The scream scene was shown approximately 633 times by cable and broadcast news networks in just four days following the incident, a number that does not include talk shows and local news broadcasts. However, those who were in the actual audience that day insist that they were not aware of the infamous \"scream\" until they returned to their hotel rooms and saw it on TV.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Gephardt"}], "question": "Which candidate, after dropping out, went on to endorse Kerry?", "id": "572935886aef051400154b6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Howard Dean"}], "question": "Which troubled candidate did Carol Moseley Braun end up endorsing, after she dropped out?", "id": "572935886aef051400154b6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "whether Dean was the victim of media bias"}], "question": "The continual playing of Dean's post-rally speech by the media stirred what type of controversy?", "id": "572935886aef051400154b70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "\"Dean Scream\""}], "question": "What tag did the media attach to Dean's post-rally speech?", "id": "572935886aef051400154b71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 927, "text": "they were not aware"}], "question": "Did those in attendance at Dean's speech know about the \"Dean Scream\"?", "id": "572935886aef051400154b72"}]}], ["Margin kemenangan Bush dalam undi popular adalah yang terkecil untuk presiden penyandang semula yang terpilih, tetapi menandakan kali pertama sejak kemenangan bapanya 16 tahun sebelum calon menang majoriti undi popular. Peta pilihan raya menyerupai hampir sama dengan tahun 2000, dengan hanya tiga negara yang menukar sisi: New Mexico dan Iowa mengundi Republikan pada tahun 2004 setelah mengundi Demokratik pada tahun 2000, sementara New Hampshire mengundi Demokratik pada tahun 2004 setelah sebelumnya mengundi Republikan. Di Kolej Pemilihan, Bush menerima 286 undi untuk 252 Kerry. <> Berapa banyak negara yang melepaskan parti politik pilihan mereka? || Tiga <> Negara manakah yang beralih dan memeluk parti Demokrat selepas memilih Parti Republik? || New Hampshire <> Berapa banyak undi yang diterima Kerry, di Kolej Pemilihan? || 252 <> Berapa besar jurang antara undian Bush dan Kerry? || yang paling kecil pernah <> calon mana, dalam pilihan raya 2004, mempunyai majoriti undi popular? || Bush", {"context": "Bush's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president, but marked the first time since his father's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote. The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000, with only three states changing sides: New Mexico and Iowa voted Republican in 2004 after having voted Democratic in 2000, while New Hampshire voted Democratic in 2004 after previously voting Republican. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerry's 252.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many States renounced their preferred political party?", "id": "5728cd4f3acd2414000dfeda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "New Hampshire"}], "question": "Which state switched sides and embraced the Democratic party after previously choosing the Republican party?", "id": "5728cd4f3acd2414000dfedb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "252"}], "question": "How many votes did Kerry receive, in the Electoral College?", "id": "5728cd4f3acd2414000dfedc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the smallest ever"}], "question": "How large of a gap was there between Bush's and Kerry's votes? ", "id": "5728cd4f3acd2414000dfedd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bush"}], "question": "Which candidate, in the 2004 election, had the majority of the popular vote?", "id": "5728cd4f3acd2414000dfed9"}]}], ["Menjelang musim panas tahun 2003, Howard Dean menjadi pelari depan yang jelas untuk pencalonan Demokrat, berkecimpung dalam kebanyakan pungutan suara dan mengetuai pek dengan dada perang kempen terbesar. Kekuatan Dean sebagai penjanaan dana disebabkan terutamanya oleh pengambilan Internet untuk berkempen. Majoriti sumbangannya berasal dari penyokong individu, yang dikenal sebagai Deanites, atau lebih biasa, Deaniacs. Secara umumnya dianggap sebagai pusat pragmatik pada zamannya sebagai gabenor, Dekan muncul semasa kempen presidennya sebagai populis sayap kiri, mengecam dasar-dasar pentadbiran Bush (terutamanya pencerobohan Iraq terhadap Iraq) serta Demokrat sesama, yang, dalam pandangan, gagal menentang mereka dengan kuat. Senator Lieberman, yang liberal terhadap isu-isu dalam negeri tetapi seorang elang dalam Perang Teror, gagal mendapat daya tarikan dengan pemilih utama Demokrat liberal. <> Siapa yang menjadi calon Demokratik, separuh jalan melalui tahun 2003? || Howard Dean <> Kekaguman Dean untuk kempen internet mengiktiraf kekuatannya sebagai apa? || pengumpul dana <> Apa yang penyokong Dean dikenali sebagai? || Deaniacs <> Apakah kedudukan kerajaan yang pernah diadakan oleh Howard Dean? || gabenor <> Antara dasar Bush yang mana yang dikritik oleh Dekan paling penting? || serangan tahun 2003 terhadap Iraq", {"context": "By summer of 2003, Howard Dean had become the apparent front runner for the Democratic nomination, performing strongly in most polls and leading the pack with the largest campaign war chest. Dean's strength as a fund raiser was attributed mainly to his embrace of the Internet for campaigning. The majority of his donations came from individual supporters, who became known as Deanites, or, more commonly, Deaniacs. Generally regarded as a pragmatic centrist during his time as governor, Dean emerged during his presidential campaign as a left-wing populist, denouncing the policies of the Bush administration (especially the 2003 invasion of Iraq) as well as fellow Democrats, who, in his view, failed to strongly oppose them. Senator Lieberman, a liberal on domestic issues but a hawk on the War on Terror, failed to gain traction with liberal Democratic primary voters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Howard Dean"}], "question": "Who became the Democratic nominee, half way through 2003?", "id": "5728e578ff5b5019007da8f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "a fund raiser"}], "question": "Dean's admiration for internet campaigning accredited his strength as what?", "id": "5728e578ff5b5019007da8f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Deaniacs"}], "question": "What did Dean's backers become known as?", "id": "5728e578ff5b5019007da8f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "governor"}], "question": "What government position has Howard Dean previously held?", "id": "5728e578ff5b5019007da8f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "the 2003 invasion of Iraq"}], "question": "Which of Bush's policies did Dean criticize most notably?", "id": "5728e578ff5b5019007da8fa"}]}], ["Dalam jumlah yang banyak, Kerry kurang mendapat sokongan daripada Howard Dean, yang jauh di hadapan dalam perlumbaan superdelegate ke kaukus Iowa pada Januari 2004, walaupun Kerry memimpin perlombongan sokongan di Iowa, New Hampshire, Arizona, South Carolina, New Mexico dan Nevada . Kelemahan utama yang dilihat oleh Kerry adalah di negeri jirannya di New Hampshire dan hampir semua pemilihan kebangsaan. Kebanyakan negeri lain tidak mengemas kini bilangan pengundian untuk memberikan penempatan yang tepat untuk kempen Kerry sebelum Iowa. Melangkah ke primata, kempen Kerry dilihat sebagai masalah, terutama selepas dia memecat pengurus kempen Jim Jordan. Faktor utama yang membolehkannya bertahan ialah ketika rakan senegara Massachusetts Ted Kennedy menugaskan Mary Beth Cahill menjadi pengurus kempen, serta Kerry yang menggadai rumah sendiri untuk meminjamkan wang itu ke kempennya (sementara isterinya adalah jutawan, peraturan kewangan kempen dilarang menggunakan kekayaan peribadi seseorang). Dia juga membawakan \"magis\" Michael Whouley yang akan dikreditkan dengan membantu membawa pulang kemenangan Iowa sama seperti yang dilakukannya di New Hampshire untuk Al Gore pada tahun 2000 terhadap Bill Bradley. <> Siapa yang mempunyai jumlah paling sedikit penyokong, antara Kerry dan Dean? || Kerry <> Negara manakah yang diharapkan untuk menunjukkan jumlah kurangnya sokongan untuk Kerry pergi ke kaukus, sebelum Iowa? || New Hampshire <> Tindakan apa yang menunjukkan bahawa perjuangan Kerry untuk White House berada dalam kesusahan? || dia menembak pengurus kempen Jim Jordan <> Siapa yang mengambil alih untuk Jim Jordon, ketika dia dipecat? || Mary Beth Cahill <> Peraturan apa yang Kerry tidak mengikuti untuk cuba menyelamatkan kempennya? || menggadai rumah sendiri untuk meminjamkan wang itu ke kempennya", {"context": "In sheer numbers, Kerry had fewer endorsements than Howard Dean, who was far ahead in the superdelegate race going into the Iowa caucuses in January 2004, although Kerry led the endorsement race in Iowa, New Hampshire, Arizona, South Carolina, New Mexico and Nevada. Kerry's main perceived weakness was in his neighboring state of New Hampshire and nearly all national polls. Most other states did not have updated polling numbers to give an accurate placing for the Kerry campaign before Iowa. Heading into the primaries, Kerry's campaign was largely seen as in trouble, particularly after he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan. The key factors enabling it to survive were when fellow Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy assigned Mary Beth Cahill to be the campaign manager, as well as Kerry's mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign (while his wife was a billionaire, campaign finance rules prohibited using one's personal fortune). He also brought on the \"magical\" Michael Whouley who would be credited with helping bring home the Iowa victory the same as he did in New Hampshire for Al Gore in 2000 against Bill Bradley.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Kerry"}], "question": "Who had the least amount of backers, between Kerry and Dean?", "id": "57290eaa3f37b31900477fe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "New Hampshire"}], "question": "Which state was expected to show the least amount of support for Kerry going into the caucuses, before Iowa?", "id": "57290eaa3f37b31900477fe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan"}], "question": "What act showed that Kerry's fight for the White House was in trouble?", "id": "57290eaa3f37b31900477fe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 728, "text": "Mary Beth Cahill"}], "question": "Who took over for Jim Jordon, when he was fired?", "id": "57290eaa3f37b31900477fe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign"}], "question": "What regulation did Kerry not follow to try to save his campaign?", "id": "57290eaa3f37b31900477fe5"}]}], ["Pentadbiran Bush kemudian menumpukan perhatiannya kepada Iraq, dan berpendapat bahawa keperluan untuk menghapuskan Saddam Hussein dari kuasa di Iraq telah menjadi sangat mendesak. Antara alasan yang dinyatakan ialah rejim Saddam telah cuba memperoleh bahan nuklear dan tidak menyumbang dengan betul untuk bahan biologi dan bahan kimia yang diketahui telah dimiliki sebelumnya, dan dipercayai masih mengekalkan. Kedua-dua pemilikan senjata pemusnah besar-besaran (WMD) ini, dan kegagalan untuk menjelaskannya, akan melanggar sanksi U.N. Dakwaan tentang WMD telah diketengahkan oleh pentadbiran Bush dari awal, tetapi kuasa besar lain termasuk China, Perancis, Jerman, dan Rusia tetap tidak yakin bahawa Iraq adalah ancaman dan menolak untuk membenarkan resolusi Majlis Keselamatan PBB untuk memberi kuasa penggunaan kekerasan. Iraq membenarkan pemeriksa senjata PBB pada November 2002, yang meneruskan kerja mereka untuk menilai tuntutan WMD apabila pentadbiran Bush memutuskan untuk meneruskan peperangan tanpa kebenaran PBB dan memberitahu pemeriksa untuk meninggalkan negara itu. Amerika Syarikat menyerang Iraq pada 20 Mac 2003, bersama dengan \"koalisi yang bersedia\" yang terdiri daripada tentera tambahan dari United Kingdom, dan kurang dari Australia dan Poland. Dalam masa kira-kira tiga minggu, pencerobohan itu menyebabkan kejatuhan kerajaan Iraq dan angkatan bersenjatanya, bagaimanapun, pasukan A.S. dan bersekutu gagal mencari senjata pemusnah besar-besaran di Iraq. Jejak bekas bahan dan makmal senjata dilaporkan telah diletakkan, tetapi tidak ada \"senjata api\". Walau bagaimanapun, pada 1 Mei, George W. Bush mendarat di kapal pengangkut pesawat USS Abraham Lincoln, di Lockheed S-3 Viking, di mana beliau memberikan ucapan mengumumkan penghujung \"operasi pertempuran utama\" dalam Perang Iraq. Kedudukan kelulusan Bush pada bulan Mei adalah 66%, menurut tinjauan CNN-USA Today-Gallup. Bagaimanapun, rating kelulusan Bush yang tinggi tidak berakhir. Pertama, walaupun perang itu sendiri popular di A.S., pembinaan semula dan percubaan \"demokrasi\" Iraq kehilangan sokongan ketika bulan berlalu dan angka kematian meningkat, tanpa penurunan kekerasan atau kemajuan ke arah kestabilan atau pembinaan semula. Kedua, sebagai penyiasat yang menyikat negara, mereka gagal mencari stok WMD yang diramalkan, yang menyebabkan perdebatan mengenai rasional perang. <> Siapa yang merasa Bush penting untuk menghapuskan kuasa, setelah menghapus Taliban dari Kabul? || Saddam Hussein <> Apa yang berlaku untuk WMD? || senjata pemusnah besar-besaran <> Bilakah Iraq bersetuju untuk membenarkan pemeriksa PBB ke negara ini untuk memeriksa senjata pemusnah besar-besaran? || November 2002 <> Adakah Bush mempunyai sokongan PBB, ketika ia memutuskan untuk menyusupkan Iraq pada 20 Mac 2003? || tanpa kebenaran PBB <> Selepas kerajaan Iraq dan pasukannya dikalahkan, ada penyelidik yang dapat mencari WMD? || mereka gagal mencari stok WMD yang diramalkan", {"context": "The Bush administration then turned its attention to Iraq, and argued the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent. Among the stated reasons were that Saddam's regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and had not properly accounted for biological and chemical material it was known to have previously possessed, and believed to still maintain. Both the possession of these weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and the failure to account for them, would violate the U.N. sanctions. The assertion about WMD was hotly advanced by the Bush administration from the beginning, but other major powers including China, France, Germany, and Russia remained unconvinced that Iraq was a threat and refused to allow passage of a UN Security Council resolution to authorize the use of force. Iraq permitted UN weapon inspectors in November 2002, who were continuing their work to assess the WMD claim when the Bush administration decided to proceed with war without UN authorization and told the inspectors to leave the country. The United States invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003, along with a \"coalition of the willing\" that consisted of additional troops from the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent, from Australia and Poland. Within about three weeks, the invasion caused the collapse of both the Iraqi government and its armed forces, however, the U.S. and allied forces failed to find any weapon of mass destruction in Iraq. Traces of former materials and weapons labs were reported to have been located, but no \"smoking guns\". Nevertheless, on May 1, George W. Bush landed on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, in a Lockheed S-3 Viking, where he gave a speech announcing the end of \"major combat operations\" in the Iraq War. Bush's approval rating in May was at 66%, according to a CNN\u2013USA Today\u2013Gallup poll. However, Bush's high approval ratings did not last. First, while the war itself was popular in the U.S., the reconstruction and attempted \"democratization\" of Iraq lost some support as months passed and casualty figures increased, with no decrease in violence nor progress toward stability or reconstruction. Second, as investigators combed through the country, they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles, which led to debate over the rationale for the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Saddam Hussein"}], "question": "Who did Bush feel was important to remove from power, after removing the Taliban from Kabul?", "id": "5728d6633acd2414000dffdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "weapons of mass destruction"}], "question": "What does WMD stand for?", "id": "5728d6633acd2414000dffe0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "November 2002"}], "question": "When did Iraq agree to allow UN inspectors into the country to check for weapons of mass destruction?", "id": "5728d6633acd2414000dffe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 973, "text": "without UN authorization"}], "question": "Did Bush have the support of the UN, when he decided to infiltrate Iraq on March 20, 2003?", "id": "5728d6633acd2414000dffe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2201, "text": "they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles"}], "question": "After the Iraqi government and it's forces were defeated, were investigators able to locate the WMD?", "id": "5728d6633acd2414000dffe3"}]}], ["Semasa bulan Ogos dan September 2004, terdapat tumpuan sengit terhadap peristiwa yang berlaku pada akhir 1960-an dan awal 1970-an. Bush dituduh gagal memenuhi perkhidmatannya yang diperlukan di Pengawal Kebangsaan Texas Air. Walau bagaimanapun, tumpuan itu dengan cepat beralih kepada kelakuan CBS News selepas menyiarkan segmen pada 60 Minit Rabu yang memperkenalkan apa yang dikenali sebagai dokumen Killian. Keraguan serius mengenai kesahihan dokumen dengan cepat muncul, memimpin CBS untuk melantik panel ulasan yang akhirnya mengakibatkan penembakan pengeluar berita dan perubahan kakitangan yang signifikan. <> Siapa yang dituduh tidak memenuhi perkhidmatan tentera mereka, pada musim gugur tahun 2004? || Bush <> Apa yang menarik perhatian dari liputan mengenai kontroversi Bush mengenai perkhidmatan yang diperlukannya? || segmen di 60 Menit <> Agensi berita manakah yang ditinjau semula menyebabkan penembakan pengeluar mereka? || CBS News <> Tempoh masa mana yang menjadi tumpuan, pada musim gugur tahun 2004? || akhir 1960-an dan awal 1970-an <> Apa dokumen yang disiarkan dalam segmen 60 Minit diketahui? || Dokumen Killian", {"context": "During August and September 2004, there was an intense focus on events that occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Bush was accused of failing to fulfill his required service in the Texas Air National Guard. However, the focus quickly shifted to the conduct of CBS News after they aired a segment on 60 Minutes Wednesday introducing what became known as the Killian documents. Serious doubts about the documents' authenticity quickly emerged, leading CBS to appoint a review panel that eventually resulted in the firing of the news producer and other significant staffing changes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Bush"}], "question": "Who was accused on not fulfilling their military service, during the fall of 2004?", "id": "5729464d1d04691400779237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "a segment on 60 Minutes"}], "question": "What shifted attention away from the coverage regarding Bush's controvery regarding his required service?", "id": "5729464d1d04691400779238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "CBS News"}], "question": "Which news agency came under review resulting in the firing of their producer?", "id": "5729464d1d04691400779239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "the late 1960s and early 1970s"}], "question": "Which time period came into the spotlight, during the fall of 2004?", "id": "5729464d1d0469140077923a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Killian documents"}], "question": "What did the documents that were aired during the 60 Minutes segment come to be known as?", "id": "5729464d1d0469140077923b"}]}], ["Bush dan Kerry bertemu untuk perdebatan ketiga dan terakhir di Arizona State University pada 13 Oktober. 51 juta penonton menyaksikan perdebatan yang dimoderasikan oleh Bob Schieffer dari CBS News. Walau bagaimanapun, pada masa perdebatan ASU, ada 15.2 juta penonton yang menantikan menonton pertandingan mainan Major League Baseball serentak. Selepas Kerry, menjawab soalan tentang hak-hak gay, mengingatkan penonton bahawa anak perempuan Naib Presiden Cheney adalah seorang lesbian, Cheney menjawab dengan kenyataan yang menyebut dirinya \"ayah yang sangat marah\" kerana Kerry menggunakan orientasi seksual anak Cheney untuk tujuan politiknya. <> Berapa banyak perdebatan di sana, antara Kerry dan Bush? || ketiga <> Di mana perdebatan terakhir antara Kerry dan Bush diadakan? || Arizona State University <> Apa pesaing terbesar seterusnya untuk penonton televisyen, bersebelahan dengan perdebatan? || Mainstream Mainboard Baseball bermain secara serentak <> Siapa yang Kerry mempublikasikan sebagai lesbian ketika membincangkan hak-hak gay, beberapa waktu selepas perdebatan? || Anak perempuan Naib Presiden Cheney <> Apa yang Cheney merujuk kepadanya sebagai, setelah mendengar komen Kerry tentang anak perempuannya? || \"ayah yang sangat marah\"", {"context": "Bush and Kerry met for the third and final debate at Arizona State University on October 13. 51 million viewers watched the debate which was moderated by Bob Schieffer of CBS News. However, at the time of the ASU debate, there were 15.2 million viewers tuned in to watch the Major League Baseball playoffs broadcast simultaneously. After Kerry, responding to a question about gay rights, reminded the audience that Vice President Cheney's daughter was a lesbian, Cheney responded with a statement calling himself \"a pretty angry father\" due to Kerry using Cheney's daughter's sexual orientation for his political purposes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "third"}], "question": "How many debates were there in total, between Kerry and Bush?", "id": "57295b5e3f37b319004782a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Arizona State University"}], "question": "Where was the final debate, between Kerry and Bush held?", "id": "57295b5e3f37b319004782aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Major League Baseball playoffs broadcast simultaneously"}], "question": "What was the next biggest competitor for television viewers, next to the debate?", "id": "57295b5e3f37b319004782ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Vice President Cheney's daughter"}], "question": "Who did Kerry publicize as a lesbian while discussing gay rights, some time after the debate?", "id": "57295b5e3f37b319004782ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "\"a pretty angry father\""}], "question": "What did Cheney refer to him as, after hearing Kerry's comments about his daughter?", "id": "57295b5e3f37b319004782ad"}]}], ["Pada Super Tuesday, Kerry memenangi kemenangan tegas di California, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, dan Pulau Rhode Island dan kaukus Minnesota. Dekan, walaupun telah menarik diri dari perlumbaan dua minggu lalu, memenangi negeri asalnya di Vermont. Edwards hanya selesai sedikit di belakang Kerry di Georgia, tetapi gagal memenangi satu negara selain South Carolina, memilih untuk menarik diri dari perlumbaan presiden. Sharpton mengikuti beberapa minggu kemudian. Kuninch tidak meninggalkan perlumbaan secara rasmi sehingga Julai. <> Calon mana yang menjadi calon pelari selepas menang secara pasti di kalangan primata dan kaukus Minnesota? || Kerry <> Calon mana yang memenangi pungutan negaranya, walaupun sudah keluar dari balapan? || Dekan <> calon mana yang tamat di tempat kedua di Georgia utama? || Edwards <> Selain Georgia, apakah yang paling utama di negeri ini yang dimainkan Edwards? || Carolina Selatan <> Calon mana yang keluar dari perlumbaan, selepas Edwards? || Sharpton", {"context": "In March's Super Tuesday, Kerry won decisive victories in the California, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Rhode Island primaries and the Minnesota caucuses. Dean, despite having withdrawn from the race two weeks earlier, won his home state of Vermont. Edwards finished only slightly behind Kerry in Georgia, but, failing to win a single state other than South Carolina, chose to withdraw from the presidential race. Sharpton followed suit a couple weeks later. Kuninch did not leave the race officially until July.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Kerry"}], "question": "Which candidate was the fore-runner after definitively winning in the primaries and Minnesota caucuses?", "id": "5729398a6aef051400154b8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Dean"}], "question": "Which candidate won his state primary, despite having already dropped out of his race?", "id": "5729398a6aef051400154b8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Edwards"}], "question": "Which candidate finished in second place in the Georgia primary?", "id": "5729398a6aef051400154b8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "South Carolina"}], "question": "Besides Georgia, what other state primary did Edwards win?", "id": "5729398a6aef051400154b8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Sharpton"}], "question": "Which candidate dropped out of the race, next after Edwards?", "id": "5729398a6aef051400154b8e"}]}], ["Minggu berikutnya, John Edwards memenangi sekolah rendah South Carolina dan menduduki tempat kedua yang kuat di Oklahoma hingga Clark. Lieberman keluar dari kempen pada hari berikutnya. Kerry mendominasi sepanjang bulan Februari dan sokongannya dengan cepat berayun ketika dia memenangi kaukus dan primari, dengan mengambil beberapa kemenangan di Michigan, Washington, Maine, Tennessee, Washington, D.C., Nevada, Wisconsin, Utah, Hawaii, dan Idaho. Clark dan Dean keluar pada masa ini, meninggalkan Edwards sebagai satu-satunya ancaman sebenar kepada Kerry. Kucinich dan Sharpton terus berjalan walaupun keputusan yang tidak baik pada pemilihan. <> Mana calon yang memenangi sekolah rendah di South Carolina? || John Edwards <> Mana calon yang menang utama Oklahoma? || Clark <> Calon mana yang keluar dari perlumbaan, setelah kalah utama Oklahoma? || Lieberman <> Mana calon yang mendapat sokongan yang tinggi selepas memenangi kaukus dan primata di banyak negeri? || Kerry <> Selepas Clark dan Dean gugur, calon mana yang dianggap sebagai satu-satunya pencabar sebenar terhadap Kerry? || Edwards", {"context": "The following week, John Edwards won the South Carolina primary and finished a strong second in Oklahoma to Clark. Lieberman dropped out of the campaign the following day. Kerry dominated throughout February and his support quickly snowballed as he won caucuses and primaries, taking in a string of wins in Michigan, Washington, Maine, Tennessee, Washington, D.C., Nevada, Wisconsin, Utah, Hawaii, and Idaho. Clark and Dean dropped out during this time, leaving Edwards as the only real threat to Kerry. Kucinich and Sharpton continued to run despite poor results at the polls.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "John Edwards"}], "question": "Which candidate went on to win the South Carolina primary?", "id": "57293720af94a219006aa1ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Clark"}], "question": "Which candidate won the Oklahoma primary?", "id": "57293720af94a219006aa1ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Lieberman"}], "question": "Which candidate dropped out of the race, following losing the Oklahoma primary?", "id": "57293720af94a219006aa1af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Kerry"}], "question": "Which candidate received heighted support after winning caucuses and primaries in many states?", "id": "57293720af94a219006aa1b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "Edwards"}], "question": "After Clark and Dean dropped out, which candidate was considered to be the only real contender against Kerry?", "id": "57293720af94a219006aa1b1"}]}], ["Bush memfokuskan kempennya ke atas keselamatan negara, menyampaikan dirinya sebagai pemimpin yang menentukan dan membezakan Kerry sebagai \"flop-flopper.\" Strategi ini direka untuk menyampaikan kepada pemilih Amerika idea bahawa Bush boleh dipercayai menjadi keras terhadap keganasan sementara Kerry akan \"tidak menentu dalam menghadapi bahaya.\" Bush (sama seperti ayahnya melakukan dengan Dukakis pada pilihan raya 1988) juga cuba menggambarkan Kerry sebagai \"liberal Massachusetts\" yang tidak dapat disentuh dengan orang Amerika arus perdana. Salah satu slogan Kerry adalah \"Lebih kuat di rumah, dihormati di dunia.\" Ini mencadangkan cadangan bahawa Kerry akan memberi perhatian lebih kepada masalah domestik; ia juga merangkum perbalahan Kerry bahawa Bush telah mengasingkan sekutu Amerika oleh dasar asingnya. <> Apakah tumpuan utama kempen Bush? || keselamatan negara <> Bagaimana Bush cuba menyampaikan bahawa dia adalah calon yang lebih kuat dan sukar? || membentangkan dirinya sebagai pemimpin yang menentukan dan membezakan Kerry sebagai \"flop-flopper.\" <> Frasa apa yang digunakan oleh Kerry untuk cuba menyatakan bahawa dia lebih prihatin terhadap Amerika? || \"Lebih kuat di rumah, dihormati di dunia.\" <> Apa yang Kerry berasa Bush melepaskan orang Amerika? || dasar luarnya <> Strategi yang digunakan oleh Bush terhadap Kerry berbanding strategi yang serupa pada masa lalu? || sama seperti bapanya dengan Dukakis pada pilihan raya 1988", {"context": "Bush focused his campaign on national security, presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a \"flip-flopper.\" This strategy was designed to convey to American voters the idea that Bush could be trusted to be tough on terrorism while Kerry would be \"uncertain in the face of danger.\" Bush (just as his father did with Dukakis in the 1988 election) also sought to portray Kerry as a \"Massachusetts liberal\" who was out of touch with mainstream Americans. One of Kerry's slogans was \"Stronger at home, respected in the world.\" This advanced the suggestion that Kerry would pay more attention to domestic concerns; it also encapsulated Kerry's contention that Bush had alienated American allies by his foreign policy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "national security"}], "question": "What was the primary focus of Bush's campaign?", "id": "57293f201d046914007791e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a \"flip-flopper.\""}], "question": "How did Bush try to convey that he was the stronger, tougher candidate?", "id": "57293f201d046914007791ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "\"Stronger at home, respected in the world.\""}], "question": "What phrase did Kerry use to try to express that he was more concerned for America?", "id": "57293f201d046914007791eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "his foreign policy"}], "question": "What does Kerry feel Bush aliented the American people with?", "id": "57293f201d046914007791ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "just as his father did with Dukakis in the 1988 election"}], "question": "The stategy that Bush used against Kerry was compared to what other similar strategy in the past?", "id": "57293f201d046914007791ed"}]}], ["Perdebatan presiden kedua diadakan di Universiti Washington di St. Louis, Missouri, pada 8 Oktober, disederhanakan oleh Charles Gibson dari ABC. Diadakan dalam format mesyuarat bandar, kurang formal daripada perdebatan presiden pertama, perbahasan ini menyaksikan Bush dan Kerry mengambil soalan mengenai pelbagai subjek dari penonton tempatan. Bush cuba membantah kritikan mengenai apa yang digambarkan sebagai sikapnya yang merosakkan semasa perdebatan pertama, bergurau pada satu ketika tentang salah satu kenyataan Kerry, \"Jawapan itu membuatkan saya ingin mencangkung.\" <> Di mana perdebatan kedua untuk jawatan presiden diadakan? || Universiti Washington di St. Louis, Missouri <> Adakah perdebatan kedua diadakan secara tegar dan formalistik? || format mesyuarat bandar, kurang formal <> Adakah topik tertentu sebagai tumpuan utama untuk perdebatan kedua? || mengambil soalan mengenai pelbagai subjek dari penonton tempatan <> Siapa moderator perdebatan kedua, yang diadakan di Universiti Washington? || Charles Gibson <> Bagaimana Bush cuba meringankan dirinya setelah menjadi keseronokan untuk sikapnya semasa perdebatan pertama? || bercanda pada satu ketika tentang salah satu kenyataan Kerry, \"Jawapan itu membuat saya ingin merangkak.\"", {"context": "The second presidential debate was held at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, on October 8, moderated by Charles Gibson of ABC. Conducted in a town meeting format, less formal than the first presidential debate, this debate saw Bush and Kerry taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience. Bush attempted to deflect criticism of what was described as his scowling demeanor during the first debate, joking at one point about one of Kerry's remarks, \"That answer made me want to scowl.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri"}], "question": "Where was the second debate for presidency held?", "id": "572959656aef051400154d34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "town meeting format, less formal"}], "question": "Was the second debate held in a rigid, formalistic manner?", "id": "572959656aef051400154d35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience"}], "question": "Was there a specific topic as the main focus for the second debate?", "id": "572959656aef051400154d36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Charles Gibson"}], "question": "Who was the moderator of the second debate, held at the Washington University?", "id": "572959656aef051400154d37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "joking at one point about one of Kerry's remarks, \"That answer made me want to scowl.\""}], "question": "How did Bush try to make light of himself after being made fun of for his demeanor during the first debate?", "id": "572959656aef051400154d38"}]}], ["Seorang pemilih di Minnesota membuat undi untuk presiden dengan nama \"John Ewards\" [sic] yang ditulis di dalamnya. Para pegawai Kolej Pemilihan mengesahkan undian ini sebagai undi bagi John Edwards sebagai presiden. Baki sembilan pemilih membuang undi untuk John Kerry. Kesemua sepuluh pemilih dalam undi negeri meletak jawatan untuk John Edwards untuk naib presiden (nama John Edwards telah dieja dengan betul pada semua undi untuk wakil presiden). Ini adalah kali pertama dalam sejarah A.S. bahawa seorang pemilih telah membuat undi bagi orang yang sama untuk menjadi presiden dan naib presiden; Pemilih lain yang tidak percaya dalam pilihan raya 1800 telah mengundi dua kali untuk Aaron Burr, tetapi di bawah sistem pilihan raya itu hanya undi untuk kedudukan presiden telah dilancarkan, dengan runner-up di Kolej Pemilihan menjadi naib presiden (dan undi kedua untuk Burr telah didiskonto dan ditugaskan kembali kepada Thomas Jefferson dalam apa jua keadaan, kerana melanggar peraturan Kolektif Pemilihan). <> Siapa yang menerima undi bersertifikat dari Kolej Pemilihan, walaupun namanya dieja dengan salah pada undi? || John Edwards <> Pernahkah ada masa di mana seorang pemilih mengundi calon yang sama untuk menjadi presiden dan naib presiden? || Ini adalah kali pertama dalam sejarah A.S. <> Mana calon yang memenangi undi sebulat suara untuk jawatan presiden? || Kesemua sepuluh pemilih di dalam undi pemilihan negeri untuk John Edwards untuk wakil presiden <> Apa yang berbeza dalam perbandingan antara sistem pemilihan 1800 dan sistem pada 2004? || Di bawah sistem pilihan raya itu, undi hanya untuk kedudukan presiden telah dibuang, dengan runner-up di Kolej Pemilihan menjadi naib presiden <> Pada pilihan raya 1800, mengapa Thomas Jefferson mendapat undi kedua? || ia melanggar peraturan Kolej Pemilihan", {"context": "One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of \"John Ewards\"  [sic] written on it. The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for John Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president (John Edwards's name was spelled correctly on all ballots for vice president). This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president; another faithless elector in the 1800 election had voted twice for Aaron Burr, but under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president (and the second vote for Burr was discounted and re-assigned to Thomas Jefferson in any event, as it violated Electoral College rules).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "John Edwards"}], "question": "Who received a certified ballot from the Electoral College, despite his name being spelled incorrectly on the ballot?", "id": "57295eafaf94a219006aa331"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "This was the first time in U.S. history"}], "question": "Had there ever been a time where an elector voted for the same candidate to be both president and vice president?", "id": "57295eafaf94a219006aa332"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president"}], "question": "Which candidate won the unanimous vote for vice presidency?", "id": "57295eafaf94a219006aa333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president"}], "question": "What is different in comparison between the 1800 electoral system and the system in place in 2004?", "id": "57295eafaf94a219006aa334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 878, "text": "it violated Electoral College rules"}], "question": "In the 1800 election, why did Thomas Jefferson get the second vote?", "id": "57295eafaf94a219006aa335"}]}], ["Perdebatan pertama diadakan pada 30 September di University of Miami, disederhanakan oleh Jim Lehrer dari PBS. Semasa perdebatan, yang dijadikan fokus kepada dasar luar, Kerry mendakwa Bush gagal mendapat sokongan antarabangsa untuk Penjajahan Iraq tahun 2003, mengatakan bahawa satu-satunya negara yang membantu A.S. semasa pencerobohan adalah United Kingdom dan Australia. Bush menjawabnya dengan berkata, \"Baiklah, dia lupa Poland.\" Kemudian, konsensus yang dibentuk di kalangan peninjau arus utama dan pakar bahawa Kerry memenangi perdebatan dengan tegas, menguatkan apa yang dilihat sebagai kempen yang lemah dan bermasalah. Pada hari-hari selepas itu, liputan memberi tumpuan kepada kejutan Bush yang jelas dengan Kerry dan pelbagai ekspresi muka negatif. <> Di mana perdebatan pertama, antara Kerry dan Bush berlaku? || University of Miami <> Siapa yang dianggap sebagai pemenang perdebatan? || Kerry <> Siapa moderator debat pertama antara Kerry dan Bush? || Jim Lehrer <> Apa yang difikirkan sebagai titik utama perdebatan? || dasar luar <> Bagaimana pendapat mengenai perubahan Kerry, setelah dikalahkan pemenang perdebatan? || menguatkan apa yang telah dilihat sebagai kempen yang lemah dan bermasalah", {"context": "The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. During the debate, slated to focus on foreign policy, Kerry accused Bush of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, saying the only countries assisting the U.S. during the invasion were the United Kingdom and Australia. Bush replied to this by saying, \"Well, actually, he forgot Poland.\" Later, a consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that Kerry won the debate decisively, strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign. In the days after, coverage focused on Bush's apparent annoyance with Kerry and numerous scowls and negative facial expressions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "University of Miami"}], "question": "Where did the first debate, between Kerry and Bush take place?", "id": "572956463f37b31900478283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Kerry"}], "question": "Who was considered to have been the winner of the debate?", "id": "572956463f37b31900478284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Jim Lehrer"}], "question": "Who was the moderator of the first debate between Kerry and Bush?", "id": "572956463f37b31900478285"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "foreign policy"}], "question": "What was thought to be the main focal point of the debate?", "id": "572956463f37b31900478286"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign"}], "question": "How did the opinion regarding Kerry change, after being delared the winner of the debate?", "id": "572956463f37b31900478287"}]}], ["Pada 6 Julai, John Kerry memilih John Edwards sebagai pasangannya, sejurus sebelum Konvensyen Nasional Demokratik 2004 di Boston, yang diadakan pada bulan itu. Hari sebelum Kerry mengumumkan Edwards sebagai pasangannya, Kerry memberi senarai pendek tiga calon: Sen John Edwards, Rep Dick Gephardt, dan Gov Tom Vilsack. Menjelang konvensyen, tiket Kerry / Edwards melancarkan slogan baru mereka-janji untuk menjadikan Amerika \"lebih kuat di rumah dan lebih dihormati di dunia.\" Kerry menjadikan Perang Vietnamnya sebagai tema utama konvensyen. Dalam menerima pencalonan, beliau memulakan ucapannya dengan, \"Saya John Kerry dan saya melaporkan tugas.\" Beliau kemudiannya menyampaikan apa yang dikatakan sebagai ucapan yang paling tidak diingati ketika dia berkata, \"masa depannya tidak menjadi ketakutan, ia adalah kebebasan\", sebut harga yang kemudian muncul dalam iklan televisi Kerry / Edwards. <> Siapa yang John Kerry memilih untuk menjadi pihaknya sebagai bakal Wakil Presiden? || John Edwards <> Berapa ramai calon yang nama John Kerry sebagai prospek berpotensi untuk menjadi pasangannya? || tiga <> Apa slogan Kerry / Edwards yang dibebaskan sebelum permulaan konvensyen di Boston? || \"lebih kuat di rumah dan lebih dihormati di dunia.\" <> Antara bahagian ucapan Kerry di Boston yang merujuk kepada pengalaman ketenteraannya? || \"Saya John Kerry dan saya melaporkan tugas.\" <> Barisan yang paling terkenal dari ucapan Kerry kemudiannya dipaparkan dalam salah satu kempen iklan televisyennya yang kemudiannya? || \"masa depan tidak menjadi ketakutan, ia tergolong dalam kebebasan\"", {"context": "On July 6, John Kerry selected John Edwards as his running mate, shortly before the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, held later that month. Days before Kerry announced Edwards as his running mate, Kerry gave a short list of three candidates: Sen John Edwards, Rep Dick Gephardt, and Gov Tom Vilsack. Heading into the convention, the Kerry/Edwards ticket unveiled their new slogan\u2014a promise to make America \"stronger at home and more respected in the world.\" Kerry made his Vietnam War experience the prominent theme of the convention. In accepting the nomination, he began his speech with, \"I'm John Kerry and I'm reporting for duty.\" He later delivered what may have been the speech's most memorable line when he said, \"the future doesn't belong to fear, it belongs to freedom\", a quote that later appeared in a Kerry/Edwards television advertisement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "John Edwards"}], "question": "Who did John Kerry choose to be by his side as the potential Vice President?", "id": "57293c2eaf94a219006aa1d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many candidates did John Kerry name as potential prospects to be his running mate?", "id": "57293c2eaf94a219006aa1d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "\"stronger at home and more respected in the world.\""}], "question": "What was the Kerry/Edwards slogan that was released prior to the start of the convention in Boston?", "id": "57293c2eaf94a219006aa1d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "\"I'm John Kerry and I'm reporting for duty.\""}], "question": "Which part of Kerry's Boston speech made reference to his military experience?", "id": "57293c2eaf94a219006aa1d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "\"the future doesn't belong to fear, it belongs to freedom\""}], "question": "Which famous line from Kerry's speech was later featured in one of his later television ad campaigns?", "id": "57293c2eaf94a219006aa1d7"}]}], ["Pagi selepas pemilihan, calon utama adalah leher dan leher. Sudah jelas bahawa keputusan di Ohio, bersama dua negeri lain yang masih belum diumumkan (New Mexico dan Iowa), akan menentukan pemenang. Bush telah membentuk pendahulunya sebanyak 130,000 undi tetapi Demokrat menunjuk kepada undi sementara yang masih belum dikira, pada mulanya dilaporkan kepada angka setinggi 200,000. Bush mempunyai pendahuluan awal kurang daripada 5% undi dalam hanya empat negeri, tetapi jika Iowa, Nevada dan New Mexico akhirnya pergi ke Kerry, kemenangan untuk Bush di Ohio akan mencipta 269-269 dasi di Kolej Pemilihan . Hasil dari pilihan raya akan menyebabkan pilihan raya diputuskan di Dewan Perwakilan dengan setiap negara yang menyerahkan satu suara, tanpa mengira populasi. Senario sedemikian hampir pasti telah menghasilkan kemenangan untuk Bush, kerana Parti Republik menguasai lebih banyak delegasi Dewan. Oleh itu, keputusan pilihan raya bergantung sepenuhnya kepada keputusan di Ohio, tanpa mengira jumlah akhir di tempat lain. Pada sebelah petang Setiausaha Negara Ohio, Ken Blackwell, mengumumkan bahawa tidak mungkin secara statistik bagi Demokrat untuk membuat undi yang cukup sah dalam undi sementara untuk menang. Pada masa itu undi sementara dilaporkan sebagai penomoran 140.000 (dan kemudian dianggarkan hanya 135,000). Menghadapi pengumuman ini, John Kerry mengakui kekalahan. Sekiranya Kerry memenangi Ohio, dia akan memenangi pilihan raya itu walaupun kehilangan undi popular oleh lebih 3 juta undi, pembalikan penuh pemilihan 2000 apabila Bush memenangi jawatan presiden walaupun kehilangan undi popular kepada Al Gore dengan lebih 500,000 undi. <> Kenapa ada ketegangan hari selepas pilihan raya? || Adalah jelas bahawa keputusan di Ohio, bersama-sama dengan dua negeri lain yang masih belum diisytiharkan (New Mexico dan Iowa), akan memutuskan pemenang <> Meskipun terdapat petunjuk awal Bush pada awalnya, apakah yang menjadi kebimbangan? || undi sementara yang masih belum dikira, pada mulanya dilaporkan kepada nombor setinggi 200,000 <> Bagaimana ia akan ditentukan siapa yang akan menang, sekiranya berlaku pilihan raya? || Hasil dari pilihan raya akan menyebabkan pilihan raya diputuskan di Dewan Perwakilan dengan setiap negara yang mengundi satu undi, tanpa mengira populasi <> Negara mana yang menjadi yang paling penting untuk menjamin pemilihan presiden Bush? || Keputusan pilihan raya bergantung sepenuhnya kepada keputusan di Ohio <> Siapa yang Bush kehilangan undi popular pada pemilihan tahun 2000 untuk presiden? || Al Gore", {"context": "The morning after the election, the major candidates were neck and neck. It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner. Bush had established a lead of around 130,000 votes but the Democrats pointed to provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000. Bush had preliminary leads of less than 5% of the vote in only four states, but if Iowa, Nevada and New Mexico had all eventually gone to Kerry, a win for Bush in Ohio would have created a 269\u2013269 tie in the Electoral College. The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population. Such a scenario would almost certainly have resulted in a victory for Bush, as Republicans controlled more House delegations. Therefore, the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio, regardless of the final totals elsewhere. In the afternoon Ohio's Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, announced that it was statistically impossible for the Democrats to make up enough valid votes in the provisional ballots to win. At the time provisional ballots were reported as numbering 140,000 (and later estimated to be only 135,000). Faced with this announcement, John Kerry conceded defeat. Had Kerry won Ohio, he would have won the election despite losing the national popular vote by over 3 million votes, a complete reversal of the 2000 election when Bush won the presidency despite losing the popular vote to Al Gore by over 500,000 votes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner"}], "question": "Why was there tension the day after the election?", "id": "572961af3f37b319004782e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000"}], "question": "Despite an apparent lead by Bush early on, what was thought to be a concern?", "id": "572961af3f37b319004782e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population"}], "question": "How would it be determined who would win, in the event of an electoral tie?", "id": "572961af3f37b319004782e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio"}], "question": "Which state became the most important to secure Bush's presidential election?", "id": "572961af3f37b319004782e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1603, "text": "Al Gore"}], "question": "Who did Bush lose the popular vote to in the 2000 election for presidency?", "id": "572961af3f37b319004782e5"}]}], ["Kerry kemudian menyatakan bahawa \"penyelewengan yang meluas menjadikannya mustahil untuk mengetahui dengan pasti bahawa hasil [Ohio] mencerminkan kehendak para pengundi.\" Dalam artikel yang sama, Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Kebangsaan Demokrat Howard Dean berkata, \"Saya tidak yakin bahawa pilihan raya di Ohio telah diputuskan secara adil ... Kami tahu bahawa terdapat penindasan pengundi yang besar dan mesin tidak boleh dipercayai. terkejut bahawa Republikan sanggup melakukan perkara-perkara yang tidak beretika untuk memanipulasi pilihan raya. Itulah yang kami rasa suspek telah berlaku. \" <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Kerry mempengaruhi keupayaan untuk mengetahui apakah keputusan undi Ohio itu tidak berat sebelah? || \"penyelewengan yang meluas menjadikannya mustahil untuk mengetahui dengan pasti bahawa hasil [Ohio] mencerminkan kehendak para pengundi.\" <> Pegawai D\u00e9mokrat yang mana menyokong teori Kerry mengenai undian Ohio? || Howard Dean <> Apa yang dikatakan mengenai peranti yang digunakan untuk mengumpul undi, di Ohio? || mesin tidak boleh dipercayai <> Siapa yang disasarkan untuk menipu proses pilihan raya, di Ohio? || Parti Republik bersedia melakukan perkara-perkara yang tidak beretika untuk memanipulasi pilihan raya", {"context": "Kerry would later state that \"the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the [Ohio] outcome reflected the will of the voters.\" In the same article, Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean said \"I'm not confident that the election in Ohio was fairly decided... We know that there was substantial voter suppression, and the machines were not reliable. It should not be a surprise that the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections. That's what we suspect has happened.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "\"the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the [Ohio] outcome reflected the will of the voters.\""}], "question": "What did Kerry say affected the ability to know if the results of the Ohio vote was unbiased?", "id": "57296704af94a219006aa39b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Howard Dean"}], "question": "Which Democratic official supported Kerry's theory about the Ohio votes?", "id": "57296704af94a219006aa39c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "the machines were not reliable"}], "question": "What was said about the devices used to collect the votes, in Ohio?", "id": "57296704af94a219006aa39d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections"}], "question": "Who was targeted for defrauding the electoral process, in Ohio?", "id": "57296704af94a219006aa39e"}]}], ["Pilihanraya 2004 adalah yang pertama dipengaruhi oleh pembaharuan pembiayaan kempen yang diamanahkan oleh Akta Pembaharuan Kempen Bipartisan tahun 2002 (juga dikenali sebagai Rang Undang-undang McCain-Feingold untuk penaja-penajanya di Senat Amerika Syarikat). Kerana sekatan Akta pengumpulan dana calon dan parti, sebilangan besar 527 kumpulan yang muncul. Dinamakan sebagai bahagian dalam Kod Hasil Dalam Negeri, kumpulan ini dapat menaikkan sejumlah besar wang untuk pelbagai sebab politik selagi mereka tidak menyelaraskan aktiviti mereka dengan kempen politik. Contoh 527 termasuk Veteran Swift Kebenaran untuk Kebenaran, MoveOn.org, Dana Media, dan Amerika Bersama. Banyak kumpulan sedemikian aktif sepanjang musim kempen. (Terdapat beberapa aktiviti yang sama, walaupun pada skala yang lebih kecil, semasa kempen 2000.) <> Apakah tindakan kewangan yang mempengaruhi pilihan raya 2004? || Akta Pembaharuan Kempen Bipartisan tahun 2002 <> Di manakah wang dari McCain-Feingold Bill? || penaja-penajanya di Senat Amerika Syarikat <> Bagaimana 527 kumpulan datang dengan tajuk mereka? || Dinamakan untuk seksyen Kod Hasil Dalam Negeri <> Apakah ketetapan yang membolehkan 527 kumpulan untuk kempen untuk dana? || selagi mereka tidak menyelaraskan aktiviti mereka dengan kempen politik <> Apa salah satu daripada 527 kumpulan yang dipilih dari pilihan raya 2004? || MoveOn.org", {"context": "The 2004 election was the first to be affected by the campaign finance reforms mandated by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain\u2013Feingold Bill for its sponsors in the United States Senate). Because of the Act's restrictions on candidates' and parties' fundraising, a large number of so-called 527 groups emerged. Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code, these groups were able to raise large amounts of money for various political causes as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns. Examples of 527s include Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, MoveOn.org, the Media Fund, and America Coming Together. Many such groups were active throughout the campaign season. (There was some similar activity, although on a much lesser scale, during the 2000 campaign.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002"}], "question": "What finance act affected the 2004 election?", "id": "57296b6f1d046914007793f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "its sponsors in the United States Senate"}], "question": "Where did the moniker McCain-Feingold Bill come from?", "id": "57296b6f1d046914007793fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code"}], "question": "How did the 527 groups come up with their title?", "id": "57296b6f1d046914007793fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns"}], "question": "What stipulation enabled the 527 groups to campaign for funds?", "id": "57296b6f1d046914007793fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "MoveOn.org"}], "question": "What is one of the named 527 groups from the 2004 election?", "id": "57296b6f1d046914007793fd"}]}], ["Inisiatif undi di Colorado, dikenali sebagai Pindaan 36, akan berubah cara di mana negeri mengagihkan undi pemilihannya. Daripada menyerahkan semua 9 pemilih negeri kepada calon dengan banyak undian popular, di bawah pindaan Colorado akan diberikan pemilih presiden secara proporsional dengan jumlah undi seluruh negara, yang akan menjadi sistem yang unik (Nebraska dan Maine menetapkan undi pemilihan berdasarkan jumlah undi dalam setiap daerah kongres). Pengkritik mendakwa bahawa pemisahan ini akan mengurangkan pengaruh Colorado di Kolej Pemilihan, dan pindaan itu akhirnya gagal, hanya menerima 34% undi. <> Tindakan apa yang dicadangkan oleh negara, akan mempengaruhi keputusan undi pemilih? || inisiatif undi di Colorado, yang dikenali sebagai Pindaan 36 <> Apakah perubahan yang unik terhadap proses mengundi pilihan raya yang dicadangkan Colorado harus berlaku? || di bawah pindaan Colorado akan menetapkan pemilih presiden secara proporsional dengan kiraan undi seluruh negara, yang mana akan menjadi sistem yang unik <> Yang dua negeri menamakan undi yang diberikan berdasarkan daerah mereka? || Nebraska dan Maine menetapkan undi pemilihan berdasarkan jumlah undi dalam setiap daerah kongres) <> Adakah semua orang bersetuju bahawa Pindaan 36 adalah idea yang baik? || Pengkritik mendakwa bahawa pemisahan ini akan mengurangkan pengaruh Colorado di Kolej Pemilihan <> Adakah Pindaan 36 diluluskan? || pindaan akhirnya gagal", {"context": "A ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36, would have changed the way in which the state apportions its electoral votes. Rather than assigning all 9 of the state's electors to the candidate with a plurality of popular votes, under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system (Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district). Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College, and the amendment ultimately failed, receiving only 34% of the vote.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36"}], "question": "What action suggested by a state, would have affecting the outcome of the electoral votes?", "id": "572970aaaf94a219006aa413"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system"}], "question": "What unique change to the electoral voting process did Colorado suggest should happen?", "id": "572970aaaf94a219006aa414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district)"}], "question": "Which two states designated their assigned votes based on their districts?", "id": "572970aaaf94a219006aa415"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College"}], "question": "Did everyone agree that Amendment 36 was a good idea?", "id": "572970aaaf94a219006aa416"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "the amendment ultimately failed"}], "question": "Did Amendment 36 get passed?", "id": "572970aaaf94a219006aa417"}]}], ["Untuk membezakan kempen rasmi dari kempen bebas, iklan politik di televisyen dikehendaki menyertakan penafian lisan yang mengenal pasti organisasi yang bertanggungjawab untuk iklan tersebut. Iklan yang dihasilkan oleh kempen politik biasanya menyertakan pernyataan, \"Saya [nama calon], dan saya meluluskan mesej ini.\" Iklan yang dihasilkan oleh organisasi bebas biasanya menyertakan pernyataan, \"[Nama organisasi] bertanggungjawab terhadap kandungan iklan ini\", dan dari 3 September (60 hari sebelum pemilihan umum), iklan organisasi tersebut dilarang daripada menyebut nama calon dengan nama . Sebelum ini, iklan televisyen hanya memerlukan penafian \"dibayar oleh\" bertulis pada skrin. <> Bagaimana penonton boleh menentukan siapa yang mengesahkan iklan kempen politik, mereka melihat iklan? || dikehendaki memasukkan penafian lisan yang mengenal pasti organisasi yang bertanggungjawab untuk iklan tersebut. Apa yang tidak dibenarkan dalam pengiklanan selama dua bulan sebelum pemilihan umum? || 60 hari sebelum pemilihan umum), iklan organisasi tersebut dilarang daripada menyebut mana-mana calon dengan nama <> Iklan rasmi yang mengandungi frasa apa? || \"Saya [nama calon], dan saya meluluskan mesej ini.\" <> Iklan bebas umumnya mengandungi frasa apa? || \"[Nama organisasi] bertanggungjawab untuk kandungan iklan ini\" <> Apakah keperluan baris tag sebelum ini? || Sebelum ini, iklan televisyen hanya memerlukan penafian \"dibayar oleh\" bertulis pada skrin.", {"context": "To distinguish official campaigning from independent campaigning, political advertisements on television were required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement. Advertisements produced by political campaigns usually included the statement, \"I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message.\" Advertisements produced by independent organizations usually included the statement, \"[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement\", and from September 3 (60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name. Previously, television advertisements only required a written \"paid for by\" disclaimer on the screen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement"}], "question": "How were viewers able to determine who endorsed political campaign ads, they saw in advertisements??", "id": "57296d5a3f37b31900478387"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name"}], "question": "What was disallowed in advertising during the two months prior to the general election?", "id": "57296d5a3f37b31900478388"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "\"I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message.\""}], "question": "Official advertisements generally contained what phrase?", "id": "57296d5a3f37b31900478389"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "\"[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement\""}], "question": "Independent advertisements generally contained what phrase?", "id": "57296d5a3f37b3190047838a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "Previously, television advertisements only required a written \"paid for by\" disclaimer on the screen."}], "question": "What was the tag line requirement before?", "id": "57296d5a3f37b3190047838b"}]}], ["Atas jemputan kerajaan Amerika Syarikat, Organisasi Keselamatan dan Kerjasama di Eropah (OSCE) menghantar satu pasukan pemerhati untuk memantau pemilihan presiden pada tahun 2004. Ini adalah kali pertama OSCE telah menghantar pemerhati ke pemilihan presiden AS, walaupun mereka telah dijemput pada masa lalu. Pada bulan September 2004 OSCE mengeluarkan laporan mengenai proses pilihan raya A.S. dan laporan akhir pemilihan. Laporan itu berbunyi: \"Pilihan raya 2 November 2004 di Amerika Syarikat kebanyakannya memenuhi komitmen OSCE yang termasuk dalam Dokumen Copenhagen 1990. Mereka telah dijalankan dalam persekitaran yang mencerminkan tradisi demokratik yang lama, termasuk institusi yang dikuasai oleh kedaulatan undang-undang , media bebas dan umumnya profesional, dan masyarakat sivil yang terlibat secara intensif dalam proses pemilihan. Terdapat kepentingan umum yang luar biasa dalam dua calon presiden utama dan isu-isu yang dibangkitkan oleh kempen masing-masing, serta dalam proses pemilihan itu sendiri. \" <> Siapa yang dipanggil untuk mengawasi pemilihan presiden pada tahun 2004? || Pertubuhan Keselamatan dan Kerjasama di Eropah (OSCE) menghantar satu pasukan pemerhati untuk memantau pemilihan presiden pada 2004 <> Apakah ini satu-satunya kesempatan OSCE dijemput untuk mempengerusikan pemilihan presiden? || Ini adalah kali pertama OSCE telah menghantar pemerhati ke pilihan raya presiden A.S., walaupun mereka telah dijemput pada masa lalu. <> Apakah penemuan pasukan OSCE? || kebanyakannya memenuhi komitmen OSCE yang termasuk dalam Dokumen Copenhagen 1990 <> Apa jenis nilai yang ditentukan oleh OSCE yang dipatuhi semasa proses pemilihan? || tradisi demokrasi lama", {"context": "At the invitation of the United States government, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) sent a team of observers to monitor the presidential elections in 2004. It was the first time the OSCE had sent observers to a U.S. presidential election, although they had been invited in the past. In September 2004 the OSCE issued a report on U.S. electoral processes and the election final report. The report reads: \"The November 2, 2004 elections in the United States mostly met the OSCE commitments included in the 1990 Copenhagen Document. They were conducted in an environment that reflects a long-standing democratic tradition, including institutions governed by the rule of law, free and generally professional media, and a civil society intensively engaged in the election process. There was exceptional public interest in the two leading presidential candidates and the issues raised by their respective campaigns, as well as in the election process itself.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) sent a team of observers to monitor the presidential elections in 2004"}], "question": "Who was called in to watch over the presidential election in 2004?", "id": "5729693a1d046914007793d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "It was the first time the OSCE had sent observers to a U.S. presidential election, although they had been invited in the past."}], "question": "Was this the only occasion the OSCE was invited to preside over a presidential election?", "id": "5729693a1d046914007793d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "mostly met the OSCE commitments included in the 1990 Copenhagen Document"}], "question": "What were the findings of the OSCE team?", "id": "5729693a1d046914007793d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "long-standing democratic tradition"}], "question": "What type of values did the OSCE determine were adhered to during the election process?", "id": "5729693a1d046914007793d8"}]}], ["Pada pengiraan rasmi undi pemilih pada 6 Januari, usul dibuat bertanding undian pemilih Ohio. Kerana gerakan itu disokong oleh sekurang-kurangnya seorang anggota Dewan Perwakilan dan Senat, undang-undang pemilihan mandat bahawa setiap rumah bersara untuk berdebat dan mengundi gerakan. Di Dewan Perwakilan, gerakan itu disokong oleh 31 Demokrat. Ia ditentang oleh 178 Republikan, 88 Demokrat dan seorang yang bebas. Tidak mengundi ialah 52 Republikan dan 80 Demokrat. Empat orang yang dipilih ke Dewan belum mengambil jawatan, dan satu kerusi kosong. Di Senat, ia disokong hanya oleh pembuatnya, Senator Boxer, dengan 74 Senator menentang dan 25 tidak mengundi. Semasa perdebatan, tiada Senator berpendapat bahawa keputusan pilihan raya harus diubah oleh salah satu cabaran mahkamah atau mengutip. Senator Boxer mendakwa bahawa dia telah membuat usul untuk tidak mencabar hasilnya, tetapi untuk \"menumpahkan cahaya kebenaran terhadap ketidakteraturan ini.\" <> Adakah terdapat perdebatan mengenai proses mengundi di Ohio? || satu usul dibuat bertanding undian pemilih Ohio <> Apa keputusan mengenai usul untuk mengira semula undi, setelah setiap House memuktamadkan perdebatan mereka? || Semasa perdebatan itu, tiada Senator berpendapat bahawa hasil pilihan raya harus diubah oleh salah satu cabaran mahkamah atau mengulangi <> Siapa penyokong tunggal gerakan itu, dari Senat? || Senator Boxer <> Kenapa Senator Boxer mengatakan dia mengundi cara dia lakukan? || Senator Boxer mendakwa bahawa dia telah membuat usul untuk tidak mencabar hasilnya, tetapi untuk \"menumpahkan cahaya kebenaran terhadap ketidakteraturan ini.\" <> Berapa ramai orang dari Dewan Perwakilan tidak mengundi? || Tidak mengundi ialah 52 Republikan dan 80 Demokrat", {"context": "At the official counting of the electoral votes on January 6, a motion was made contesting Ohio's electoral votes. Because the motion was supported by at least one member of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, election law mandated that each house retire to debate and vote on the motion. In the House of Representatives, the motion was supported by 31 Democrats. It was opposed by 178 Republicans, 88 Democrats and one independent. Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats. Four people elected to the House had not yet taken office, and one seat was vacant. In the Senate, it was supported only by its maker, Senator Boxer, with 74 Senators opposed and 25 not voting. During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote. Senator Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but to \"shed the light of truth on these irregularities.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "a motion was made contesting Ohio's electoral votes"}], "question": "Was there any debate about the voting process in Ohio?", "id": "5729649b6aef051400154dee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote"}], "question": "What was the decision regarding the motion to re-count the votes, after each House finalized their debates?", "id": "5729649b6aef051400154def"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "Senator Boxer"}], "question": "Who was the lone supporter of the motion, from the Senate?", "id": "5729649b6aef051400154df0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 815, "text": "Senator Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but to \"shed the light of truth on these irregularities.\""}], "question": "Why did Senator Boxer say she voted the way she did?", "id": "5729649b6aef051400154df1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats"}], "question": "How many people from the House of Representatives did not vote?", "id": "5729649b6aef051400154df2"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 2012, Fortune menduduki IBM sebuah syarikat A.S. kedua terbesar dari segi bilangan pekerja (435,000 di seluruh dunia), yang keempat terbesar dari segi permodalan pasaran, yang kesembilan paling menguntungkan, dan firma terbesar kesembilan belas dari segi pendapatan. Di peringkat global, syarikat itu menduduki tempat ke-31 terbesar dari segi pendapatan oleh Forbes untuk 2011. Peringkat lain untuk 2011/2012 termasuk syarikat \u21161 untuk pemimpin (Fortune), syarikat hijau \u21161 di Amerika Syarikat (Newsweek), \u21162 terbaik global jenama (Interbrand), \u21162 syarikat paling dihormati (Barron's), \u21165 syarikat yang paling dikagumi (Fortune), dan \u211618 syarikat paling inovatif (Fast Company). <> Berapa ramai pekerja yang mempunyai IBM pada tahun 2012? || 435,000 di seluruh dunia <> Apakah kedudukan dari segi pasaran untuk IBM pada tahun 2012? || keempat terbesar <> Pada tahun 2011 Forbes, oleh pendapatan, menduduki ranking IBM di peringkat apa di dunia? || Ke-31 terbesar <> Di peringkat apa yang IBM dinilai sebagai jenama global oleh Interbrand? || \u21162 <> Pada tahun 2012 Fortune menguasai firma-firma AS terbesar oleh bilangan pekerja, berapa peringkat IBM? || kedua terbesar", {"context": "In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include \u21161 company for leaders (Fortune), \u21161 green company in the United States (Newsweek), \u21162 best global brand (Interbrand), \u21162 most respected company (Barron's), \u21165 most admired company (Fortune), and \u211618 most innovative company (Fast Company).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "435,000 worldwide"}], "question": "How many employees did IBM have in 2012?", "id": "5729b53c1d046914007795c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "fourth largest"}], "question": "What was the ranking in terms of market cap for IBM in 2012?", "id": "5729b53c1d046914007795c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "31st largest"}], "question": "In 2011 Forbes, by revenue, ranked IBM at what rank globally?", "id": "5729b53c1d046914007795c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "\u21162"}], "question": "At what rank was IBM rated as a global brand by Interbrand?", "id": "5729b53c1d046914007795c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "second largest"}], "question": "In 2012 Fortune ranked the largest US firms by number employees, what was IBMs rank?", "id": "5729b53c1d046914007795c5"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1937, peralatan tabulasi IBM membolehkan organisasi memproses jumlah data yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini, pelanggannya termasuk Kerajaan Amerika Syarikat, semasa usaha pertamanya untuk mengekalkan rekod pekerjaan untuk 26 juta orang menurut Akta Keselamatan Sosial dan Reich Ketiga, sebahagian besarnya melalui Dehomag, anak syarikat Jerman. Semasa Perang Dunia Kedua syarikat itu menghasilkan senjata kecil untuk usaha perang Amerika (M1 Carbine, dan Browning Automatic Rifle). IBM menyediakan perkhidmatan terjemahan untuk Ujian Nuremberg. Pada tahun 1947, IBM membuka pejabat pertamanya di Bahrain, serta pejabat di Arab Saudi untuk memenuhi keperluan Syarikat Minyak Arab-Amerika yang akan berkembang menjadi Mesin Perniagaan Saudi (SBM). <> Apa nama anak syarikat yang bekerja di Jerman semasa Perang Dunia ke 2? || Dehomag <> Rekod untuk berapa ramai orang yang dikekalkan oleh IBM pada tahun 1937? || 26 juta <> Perkhidmatan apa yang IBM menyediakan untuk Ujian Nuremberg? || perkhidmatan penterjemahan <> Tahun apakah IBM membuka pejabat pertamanya di Bahrain? || 1947 <> Apa nama syarikat itu yang IBM beroperasi di Arab Saudi? || Mesin Perniagaan Saudi", {"context": "In 1937, IBM's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U.S. Government, during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the Social Security Act, and the Third Reich, largely through the German subsidiary Dehomag. During the Second World War the company produced small arms for the American war effort (M1 Carbine, and Browning Automatic Rifle). IBM provided translation services for the Nuremberg Trials. In 1947, IBM opened its first office in Bahrain, as well as an office in Saudi Arabia to service the needs of the Arabian-American Oil Company that would grow to become Saudi Business Machines (SBM).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Dehomag"}], "question": "What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?", "id": "5729bbbaaf94a219006aa5df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "26 million"}], "question": "Records for how many people were maintained by IBM in 1937?", "id": "5729bbbaaf94a219006aa5e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "translation services"}], "question": "What service did IBM provide for the Nuremberg Trials?", "id": "5729bbbaaf94a219006aa5e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "1947"}], "question": "What year did IBM open its first office in Bahrain?", "id": "5729bbbaaf94a219006aa5e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "Saudi Business Machines"}], "question": "What was the eventual name of the company that IBM operated in Saudi Arabia?", "id": "5729bbbaaf94a219006aa5e3"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2002, IBM memperoleh perundingan PwC. Pada tahun 2003 ia memulakan satu projek untuk mentakrifkan nilai syarikat. Menggunakan teknologi jamnya, ia menganjurkan perbincangan dalam talian berasaskan Internet selama tiga hari mengenai isu-isu perniagaan utama dengan 50,000 pekerja. Keputusan adalah data yang ditambang dengan perisian analisis teks canggih (eClassifier) untuk tema yang sama. Tiga muncul, dinyatakan sebagai: \"Dedikasi kepada kejayaan setiap pelanggan\", \"Inovasi yang penting-untuk syarikat kami dan dunia\", dan \"Kepercayaan dan tanggungjawab peribadi dalam semua hubungan\". Satu lagi Jam tiga hari berlaku pada tahun 2004, dengan 52,000 pekerja membincangkan cara untuk melaksanakan nilai-nilai syarikat dalam amalan. <> Satu syarikat yang diperoleh oleh IBM pada tahun 2002 adalah? || Perundingan PwC <> Pada tahun 2003 IBM menjadi tuan rumah perbincangan dalam talian dengan berapa ramai pekerja? || 50,000 pekerja <> Teknologi apa yang digunakan oleh IBM untuk perbincangan berasaskan internet pada 2003? || Teknologi jam <> Apa yang IBM gunakan untuk menganalisis hasil daripada perbincangan dalam talian? || eClassifier <> Berapa banyak pekerja mengambil bahagian dalam perbincangan dalam talian seterusnya pada tahun 2004? || 52,000 pekerja", {"context": "In 2002, IBM acquired PwC consulting. In 2003 it initiated a project to redefine company values. Using its Jam technology, it hosted a three-day Internet-based online discussion of key business issues with 50,000 employees. Results were data mined with sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) for common themes. Three emerged, expressed as: \"Dedication to every client's success\", \"Innovation that matters\u2014for our company and for the world\", and \"Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships\". Another three-day Jam took place in 2004, with 52,000 employees discussing ways to implement company values in practice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "PwC consulting"}], "question": "One company that IBM acquired in 2002 is?", "id": "5729bdc2af94a219006aa5e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "50,000 employees"}], "question": "In 2003 IBM hosted an online discussion with how many employees?", "id": "5729bdc2af94a219006aa5ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Jam technology"}], "question": "What technology did IBM use for its 2003 internet-based discussion?", "id": "5729bdc2af94a219006aa5eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "eClassifier"}], "question": "What did IBM use to analyze the results from the online discussion?", "id": "5729bdc2af94a219006aa5ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "52,000 employees"}], "question": "How many employees took part in the subsequent online discussion in 2004?", "id": "5729bdc2af94a219006aa5ed"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., meletak jawatan selepas hampir 40 tahun di helm syarikat; anaknya, Thomas Watson, Jr., dinamakan sebagai presiden. Pada tahun 1956, syarikat itu menunjukkan contoh praktikal kecerdasan buatan pertama ketika Arthur L. Samuel dari IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, makmal memprogramkan IBM 704 bukan semata-mata untuk bermain dam tetapi \"belajar\" dari pengalamannya sendiri. Pada tahun 1957, bahasa pengaturcaraan FORTRAN (FORMULA TRANslation) telah dibangunkan. Pada tahun 1961, Thomas J. Watson, Jr, dipilih sebagai pengerusi lembaga dan Albert L. Williams menjadi presiden syarikat. Pada tahun yang sama IBM telah membangunkan sistem tempahan SABER (Semi-Automatik Berkaitan Alam Sekitar) untuk American Airlines dan memperkenalkan mesin taip Selectric yang sangat berjaya. <> Thomas Watson Sr melangkah dalam tahun berapa? || 1952 <> Pada tahun 1956 syarikat itu menunjukkan contoh pertama apa? || kecerdasan buatan <> Komputer apa yang dilakukan oleh program Arthur L. Samuel untuk bermain dam pada tahun 1957? || IBM 704 <> Pada tahun 1957 bahasa FORTRAN telah dicipta, apakah FORTRAN yang pendek untuk? || FORMULA TRANslation <> Pada tahun 1961 yang menjadi presiden IBM? || Albert L. Williams", {"context": "In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, Thomas Watson, Jr., was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not merely to play checkers but \"learn\" from its own experience. In 1957, the FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., was elected chairman of the board and Albert L. Williams became company president. The same year IBM developed the SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment) reservation system for American Airlines and introduced the highly successful Selectric typewriter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1952"}], "question": "Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year?", "id": "5729bca26aef051400155092"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "artificial intelligence"}], "question": "In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?", "id": "5729bca26aef051400155093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "an IBM 704"}], "question": "What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957?", "id": "5729bca26aef051400155094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "FORmula TRANslation"}], "question": "In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created, what is FORTRAN short for?", "id": "5729bca26aef051400155095"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Albert L. Williams"}], "question": "In 1961 who became the president of IBM?", "id": "5729bca26aef051400155096"}]}], ["IBM sentiasa berubah sejak penubuhannya. Sepanjang dekad yang lalu, ia telah mengalihkan perpaduan perniagaannya secara berterusan dengan mengeluarkan pasaran komoditi seperti PC, pemacu cakera keras dan DRAM dan memberi tumpuan kepada pasaran bernilai lebih tinggi, lebih menguntungkan seperti risikan perniagaan, analisis data, kesinambungan perniagaan, keselamatan, pengkomputeran awan , penyelesaian maya dan hijau, menghasilkan aliran pendapatan berkualiti tinggi dan margin keuntungan yang lebih tinggi. Marjin operasi IBM berkembang daripada 16.8% pada tahun 2004 kepada 24.3% pada tahun 2013, dan margin keuntungan bersih berkembang daripada 9.0% pada tahun 2004 kepada 16.5% pada tahun 2013. <> Apakah margin operasi IBM pada tahun 2004? || 16.8% <> Apakah margin keuntungan bersih IBM pada tahun 2004? || 9.0% <> Margin keuntungan bersih IBM ialah 16.5% dalam tahun berapa? || 2013 <> Operasi margin IBM pada tahun 2013 adalah apa? || 24.3% <> IBM memberi tumpuan kepada pasaran seperti kesinambungan perniagaan, perisikan perniagaan, keselamatan, dan pengkomputeran awan adalah contoh IBM melakukan apa? || keluar dari pasaran komoditi", {"context": "IBM has constantly evolved since its inception. Over the past decade, it has steadily shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets such as PCs, hard disk drives and DRAMs and focusing on higher-value, more profitable markets such as business intelligence, data analytics, business continuity, security, cloud computing, virtualization and green solutions, resulting in a higher quality revenue stream and higher profit margins. IBM's operating margin expanded from 16.8% in 2004 to 24.3% in 2013, and net profit margins expanded from 9.0% in 2004 to 16.5% in 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "16.8%"}], "question": "What was IBM's operating margin in 2004?", "id": "5729b7991d046914007795cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "9.0%"}], "question": "What were the net profit margins of IBM in 2004?", "id": "5729b7991d046914007795cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "2013"}], "question": "IBM's net profit margins were 16.5% in what year?", "id": "5729b7991d046914007795cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "24.3%"}], "question": "IBM's operating margin in 2013 was what?", "id": "5729b7991d046914007795ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "exiting commoditizing markets"}], "question": "IBM focusing on markets like business continuity, business intelligence, security, and cloud computing is an example of IBM doing what?", "id": "5729b7991d046914007795cf"}]}], ["IBM memperoleh Kenexa (2012) dan SPSS (2009) dan perniagaan perundingan PwC (2002), berputar di luar syarikat-syarikat seperti pengeluar pencetak Lexmark (1991), dan menjual lini produk seperti komputer peribadi dan perniagaan pelayan x86 ke Lenovo (2005, . Pada tahun 2014, IBM mengumumkan bahawa ia akan menjadi \"fabless\" dengan mengasingkan pembuatan Semikonduktor IBM Micro Electronics kepada GlobalFoundries, peneraju dalam pembuatan teknologi canggih, dengan menyatakan bahawa pembuatan semikonduktor adalah perniagaan yang berintensifkan modal yang mencabar untuk beroperasi tanpa skala. Peralihan ini telah berkembang pada awal 2015 [kemas kini]. <> Dalam tahun apakah IBM memperoleh Kenexa? || 2012 <> IBM membuat pemerolehan pada tahun 2009, namakannya. || SPSS <> IBM merangkumi pengeluar pencetak pada tahun 1991, apa namanya? || Lexmark <> IBM menjual dua lini produk kepada Lenovo, namakannya. || komputer peribadi dan pelayan x86 <> Apakah nama syarikat yang IBM Micro Electronics dimuatkan? || GlobalFoundries", {"context": "IBM acquired Kenexa (2012) and SPSS (2009) and PwC's consulting business (2002), spinning off companies like printer manufacturer Lexmark (1991), and selling off product lines like its personal computer and x86 server businesses to Lenovo (2005, 2014). In 2014, IBM announced that it would go \"fabless\" by offloading IBM Micro Electronics semiconductor manufacturing to GlobalFoundries, a leader in advanced technology manufacturing, citing that semiconductor manufacturing is a capital-intensive business which is challenging to operate without scale. This transition had progressed as of early 2015[update].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year did IBM acquire Kenexa?", "id": "5729b86a3f37b3190047853f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "SPSS"}], "question": "IBM made an acquisition in 2009, name it.", "id": "5729b86a3f37b31900478540"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Lexmark"}], "question": "IBM span off its printer manufacturer in 1991, what was its name?", "id": "5729b86a3f37b31900478541"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "personal computer and x86 server"}], "question": "IBM sold two product lines to Lenovo, name them.", "id": "5729b86a3f37b31900478542"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "GlobalFoundries"}], "question": "What was the name of the company that IBM Micro Electronics was offloaded to?", "id": "5729b86a3f37b31900478543"}]}], ["IBM mempunyai 12 makmal penyelidikan di seluruh dunia, dibahagikan kepada IBM Research. Sehingga 2013 [kemas kini] syarikat itu memegang rekod untuk kebanyakan paten yang dihasilkan oleh perniagaan selama 22 tahun berturut-turut. Karyawannya telah mendapat lima Hadiah Nobel, enam Turing Anugerah, sepuluh Pingat Teknologi Nasional dan lima Pingat Sains Nasional. Penemuan atau perkembangan syarikat yang terkenal termasuk mesin juruwang automatik (ATM), cakera liut, pemacu cakera keras, kad jalur magnetik, pangkalan data hubungan, Kod Produk Universal (UPC), swap kewangan, bahasa pengaturcaraan Fortran, SABER sistem tempahan penerbangan, memori akses rawak dinamik (DRAM), pendawaian tembaga dalam semikonduktor, proses pembuatan semikonduktor silikon-on-insulator (SOI), dan kecerdasan buatan Watson. <> Di bawah namanya apa makmal penyelidikan yang dikendalikan oleh kerja IBM? || Penyelidikan IBM <> Berapa banyak makmal penyelidikan yang IBM mempunyai di seluruh dunia? || 12 makmal penyelidikan di seluruh dunia <> Pada tahun 2013 berapa tahun IBM telah menghasilkan kebanyakan paten oleh perniagaan? || 22 tahun berturut-turut <> Berapa banyak Hadiah Nobel yang telah dimenangi oleh pekerja IBM? || lima Hadiah Nobel <> Ciptaan IBM ini dikenali dengan akronim UPC, apakah nama penuhnya? || Kod Produk Universal", {"context": "IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide, bundled into IBM Research. As of 2013[update] the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 22 consecutive years. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science. Notable company inventions or developments include the automated teller machine (ATM), the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, the Fortran programming language, SABRE airline reservation system, dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), copper wiring in semiconductors, the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor manufacturing process, and Watson artificial intelligence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "IBM Research"}], "question": "Under what name do research laboratories operated by IBM work under?", "id": "5729b65c6aef051400155088"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "12 research laboratories worldwide"}], "question": "How many research labs does IBM have world wide?", "id": "5729b65c6aef051400155089"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "22 consecutive years"}], "question": "In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business?", "id": "5729b65c6aef05140015508a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "five Nobel Prizes"}], "question": "How many Nobel Prizes have been won by IBM employees?", "id": "5729b65c6aef05140015508b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Universal Product Code"}], "question": "This IBM invention is known by the acronym UPC, what is the full name?", "id": "5729b65c6aef05140015508c"}]}], ["Pada 16 Jun 1911, empat syarikat mereka disatukan di New York State oleh Charles Ranlett Flint untuk membentuk Syarikat Pengkomputeran-Rakaman (RKT). Pejabat perniagaan CTR berada di Endicott. Syarikat-syarikat individu yang dimiliki oleh RKP terus beroperasi menggunakan nama-nama mereka yang telah dikenalpasti sehingga perniagaan diintegrasikan pada tahun 1933 dan syarikat induknya dihapuskan. Empat syarikat itu mempunyai 1,300 pekerja dan pejabat dan tumbuh-tumbuhan di Endicott dan Binghamton, New York; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Washington DC.; dan Toronto. Mereka memproduksi jentera untuk dijual dan sewa, dari skala komersil dan perakam masa perindustrian, slicers daging dan keju, kepada tabulator dan kad yang meninju. <> Pada tarikh apa syarikat-syarikat yang menjadi Syarikat Pengkomputeran-Tabulasi-Rakaman dapat disatukan? || 16 Jun 1911 <> Nama individu yang menyatukan syarikat-syarikat yang menjadi Syarikat Pengkomputeran-Rakaman. || Charles Ranlett Flint <> Pada tahun apakah syarikat-syarikat yang dimiliki oleh Komputasi-Tabulasi-Rakaman Syarikat akhirnya mengintegrasikan? || 1933 <> Di manakah pejabat perniagaan CTR? || Endicott <> Pada tahun 1933, empat syarikat yang dimiliki oleh CTR mempunyai bilangan pekerja? || 1,300 pekerja", {"context": "On June 16, 1911, their four companies were consolidated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR). CTR's business office was in Endicott. The individual companies owned by CTR continued to operate using their established names until the businesses were integrated in 1933 and the holding company eliminated. The four companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Washington, D.C.; and Toronto. They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "June 16, 1911"}], "question": "On what date did the companies that became the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company get consolidated?", "id": "5729b9ce3f37b31900478549"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Charles Ranlett Flint"}], "question": "Name the individual that consolidated the companies that were to become the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company.", "id": "5729b9ce3f37b3190047854a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "1933"}], "question": "In what year did the companies owned by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company finally integrate?", "id": "5729b9ce3f37b3190047854b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Endicott"}], "question": "Where was the CTR Business office?", "id": "5729b9ce3f37b3190047854c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "1,300 employees"}], "question": "In 1933 the four companies owned by CTR had how many employees?", "id": "5729b9ce3f37b3190047854d"}]}], ["Syarikat ini berasal dari 1911 sebagai Syarikat Pengkomputeran-Rakaman (RKPT) melalui penyatuan Syarikat Tabulasi Mesin, Syarikat Rakaman Masa Antarabangsa, Perusahaan Pengkomputeran dan Syarikat Pembuatan Bundy. CTR telah dinamakan semula sebagai \"Mesin Perniagaan Antarabangsa\" pada tahun 1924, nama yang digunakan oleh Thomas J. Watson untuk anak syarikat CTR Kanada. Inisiatif IBM diikuti. Penganalisis sekuriti menjuluki syarikat Big Blue untuk ukuran dan kegunaan umum warna dalam produk, pembungkusan dan logonya. <> Apakah nama asal IBM? || Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company <> Apakah IBM berdiri? || Mesin Perniagaan Antarabangsa <> Dalam tahun apakah CTR telah dibuat? || 1911 <> Apakah nama tidak rasmi yang diberikan kepada IBM oleh penganalisis? || Big Blue <> Siapa yang membuat nama IBM? || Thomas J. Watson <> Pada tahun berapa syarikat yang menjadi IBM? || 1911 <> Apa nama syarikat yang akhirnya menjadi IBM? || Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (RKT) <> Dalam tahun apakah IBM mendapat namanya? || 1924 <> Apa nama panggilan diberikan kepada IBM? || Big Blue <> Apakah salah satu syarikat induk Syarikat Pengkomputeran-Tabulasi-Rakaman? || Syarikat Skala Pengkomputeran", {"context": "The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed \"International Business Machines\" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company"}], "question": "What was the original name of IBM?", "id": "5728cfd52ca10214002da874"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "International Business Machines"}], "question": "What does IBM stand for?", "id": "5728cfd52ca10214002da875"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "1911"}], "question": "In what year was CTR created?", "id": "5728cfd52ca10214002da876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Big Blue"}], "question": "What was the unofficial name given to IBM by analysts?", "id": "5728cfd52ca10214002da877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Thomas J. Watson"}], "question": "Who created the IBM name?", "id": "5728cfd52ca10214002da878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "1911"}], "question": "In what year did the company that was to become IBM form?", "id": "5729b3f46aef05140015507e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR)"}], "question": "What was the name of the company that eventually became IBM?", "id": "5729b3f46aef05140015507f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "1924"}], "question": "In what year did IBM get its name?", "id": "5729b3f46aef051400155080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Big Blue"}], "question": "What nickname was given to IBM?", "id": "5729b3f46aef051400155081"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Computing Scale Company"}], "question": "What is one parent company of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company?", "id": "5729b3f46aef051400155082"}]}], ["Thomas J. Watson, Sr., dipecat dari Syarikat Daftar Tunai Negara oleh John Henry Patterson, memanggil Flint dan, pada tahun 1914, ditawarkan CTR. Watson menyertai CTR sebagai Pengurus Besar kemudian, 11 bulan kemudian, menjadi Presiden apabila kes-kes mahkamah yang berkaitan dengan waktunya di NCR telah diselesaikan. Setelah mempelajari amalan perniagaan perintis Patterson, Watson meneruskan setem NCR ke syarikat-syarikat CTR. Beliau melaksanakan konvensyen jualan, \"insentif jualan murah hati, tumpuan kepada khidmat pelanggan, desakan pada jurujual yang sempurna, berpakaian gelap dan mempunyai semangat evangelis untuk menanam kebanggaan dan kesetiaan syarikat dalam setiap pekerja\". Slogan kegemarannya, \"THINK\", menjadi mantra bagi setiap pekerja syarikat. Semasa empat tahun pertama Watson, pendapatan lebih daripada dua kali ganda kepada $ 9 juta dan operasi syarikat berkembang ke Eropah, Amerika Selatan, Asia dan Australia. \"Watson tidak pernah menyukai tajuk cengkeraman terkutuk dari CTR\" dan memilih untuk menggantikannya dengan tajuk yang lebih luas \"Mesin Perniagaan Antarabangsa\". Pertama sebagai nama untuk anak syarikat Kanada 1917, maka sebagai baris dalam iklan. Sebagai contoh, majalah McClures, v53, Mei 1921, mempunyai iklan halaman penuh dengan, di bahagian bawah: <> Pada tahun apakah Thomas J. Watson, Sr. menyertai RKPT? || 1914 <> Thomas J. Watson Sr. dipecat dari apa syarikat? || Syarikat Daftar Tunai Kebangsaan <> Apakah slogan kegemaran Thomas J. Watson Sr.? || PERHATIKAN <> Hasilnya apa yang di bawah 4 tahun pertama Watson menjadi presiden? || lebih daripada dua kali ganda kepada $ 9 juta <> Nama Mesin Perniagaan Antarabangsa mula digunakan pada tahun berapa? || 1917", {"context": "Thomas J. Watson, Sr., fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered CTR. Watson joined CTR as General Manager then, 11 months later, was made President when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved. Having learned Patterson's pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies. He implemented sales conventions, \"generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and had an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker\". His favorite slogan, \"THINK\", became a mantra for each company's employees. During Watson's first four years, revenues more than doubled to $9 million and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia. \"Watson had never liked the clumsy hyphenated title of the CTR\" and chose to replace it with the more expansive title \"International Business Machines\". First as a name for a 1917 Canadian subsidiary, then as a line in advertisements. For example, the McClures magazine, v53, May 1921, has a full page ad with, at the bottom:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1914"}], "question": "In what year did Thomas J. Watson, Sr. join CTR?", "id": "5729baed1d046914007795d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "National Cash Register Company"}], "question": "Thomas J. Watson Sr. was fired from what company?", "id": "5729baed1d046914007795d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "THINK"}], "question": "What was the favorite slogan of Thomas J. Watson Sr.?", "id": "5729baed1d046914007795d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "more than doubled to $9 million"}], "question": "The revenues did what under the first 4 years of Watson being president?", "id": "5729baed1d046914007795d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1043, "text": "1917"}], "question": "The name International Business Machines was first used in what year?", "id": "5729baed1d046914007795d9"}]}], ["Amalan pengurusan pekerja IBM dapat dikesan kembali ke akarnya. Pada tahun 1914, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Thomas J. Watson meningkatkan semangat syarikat dengan mewujudkan pasukan sukan pekerja, menganjurkan acara keluarga, dan menyediakan sebuah band syarikat. Pasukan sukan IBM masih diteruskan pada masa kini; IBM Big Blue terus wujud sebagai ragbi syarikat separa profesional dan pasukan bola sepak Amerika. Pada tahun 1924, Quarter Century Club, yang mengiktiraf kakitangan dengan perkhidmatan selama 25 tahun, telah dianjurkan dan isu pertama Mesin Perniagaan, penerbitan dalaman IBM, telah diterbitkan. Pada tahun 1925, mesyuarat pertama Ratus Seratus Kelab, terdiri daripada pengedar IBM yang memenuhi kuota mereka, yang diadakan di Atlantic City, New Jersey. <> Siapa yang Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif pada tahun 1914? || Thomas J. Watson <> Kelab Quarter Century bermula pada tahun ini. || 1924 <> Apakah nama majalah dalaman IBM? || Mesin Perniagaan <> Pada tahun 1925 mesyuarat pertama kumpulan ini berlaku. || Seratus Seratus Kelab <> Apakah seratus Seratus Kelab terdiri daripada? || Penjual IBM yang memenuhi kuota mereka", {"context": "IBM's employee management practices can be traced back to its roots. In 1914, CEO Thomas J. Watson boosted company spirit by creating employee sports teams, hosting family outings, and furnishing a company band. IBM sports teams still continue in the present day; the IBM Big Blue continue to exist as semi-professional company rugby and American football teams. In 1924 the Quarter Century Club, which recognizes employees with 25 years of service, was organized and the first issue of Business Machines, IBM's internal publication, was published. In 1925, the first meeting of the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Thomas J. Watson"}], "question": "Who was the CEO in 1914?", "id": "5729ca3baf94a219006aa625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "1924"}], "question": "The Quarter Century Club began in this year.", "id": "5729ca3baf94a219006aa626"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Business Machines"}], "question": "What is the name of IBM's internal magazine?", "id": "5729ca3baf94a219006aa627"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "Hundred Percent Club"}], "question": "In 1925 the first meeting of this group occurred.", "id": "5729ca3baf94a219006aa628"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "IBM salesmen who meet their quotas"}], "question": "What is the Hundred Percent Club composed of?", "id": "5729ca3baf94a219006aa629"}]}], ["Pada 21 Januari 2014 IBM mengumumkan bahawa eksekutif syarikat akan melepaskan bonus untuk tahun fiskal 2013. Langkah ini datang apabila firma melaporkan penurunan jualan 5% dan penurunan 1% dalam keuntungan bersih sepanjang tahun 2012. Ia juga komited untuk pengembangan $ 1.2bn ditambah pusat data dan perniagaan penyimpanan awan, termasuk pembangunan 15 pusat data baru. Selepas sepuluh berturut-turut empat jualan rata atau gelongsor di bawah Ketua Eksekutif Virginia Rometty IBM sedang dipaksa untuk melihat pendekatan baru. Kata Rometty, \"Kami perlu mencipta semula diri kita seperti yang kita lakukan dalam generasi terdahulu. </> Seberapa besar kejatuhan jualan yang dibuat oleh IBM untuk tahun fiskal 2013? || 5% drop <> Apa tarikh IBM mengumumkan bahawa eksekutifnya akan melepaskan bonus untuk tahun fiskal 2013? || 21 Januari 2014 <> IBM komited kepada pengembangan yang berjumlah jumlah dolar pada 2014? || $ 1.2bn <> Berapa banyak pusat data baru yang IBM komited untuk membina? || 15 <> Siapa ketua eksekutif IBM? || Virginia Rometty", {"context": "On January 21, 2014 IBM announced that company executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013. The move came as the firm reported a 5% drop in sales and 1% decline in net profit over 2012. It also committed to a $1.2bn plus expansion of its data center and cloud-storage business, including the development of 15 new data centers. After ten successive quarters of flat or sliding sales under Chief Executive Virginia Rometty IBM is being forced to look at new approaches. Said Rometty, \u201cWe\u2019ve got to reinvent ourselves like we\u2019ve done in prior generations.\u201d", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "5% drop"}], "question": "How large of a drop in sales did IBM report for fiscal year 2013?", "id": "5729c7dd3f37b31900478553"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 21, 2014"}], "question": "What date did IBM announce that its executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013?", "id": "5729c7dd3f37b31900478554"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "$1.2bn"}], "question": "IBM committed to an expansion totaling this dollar amount in 2014?", "id": "5729c7dd3f37b31900478555"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many new data centers did IBM commit to building?", "id": "5729c7dd3f37b31900478556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Virginia Rometty"}], "question": "Who is the chief executive of IBM?", "id": "5729c7dd3f37b31900478557"}]}], ["Pada 21 September 1953, Thomas Watson, Jr., presiden syarikat pada masa itu, menghantar surat kontroversi kepada semua pekerja IBM yang menyatakan bahawa IBM perlu mengupah orang terbaik, tanpa mengira bangsa, etnik, atau jantina mereka. Beliau juga mempublikasikan dasar itu supaya dalam rundingannya untuk membina loji pembuatan baru dengan gabenor dua negeri di A.S. A South, beliau dapat menjelaskan bahawa IBM tidak akan membina tempat kerja \"berasingan tetapi sama\". Pada tahun 1984, IBM menambah orientasi seksual kepada dasar tanpa diskriminasi. Syarikat itu menyatakan bahawa ini akan memberi IBM satu kelebihan daya saing kerana IBM akan dapat mengupah orang yang berbakat pesaingnya akan menolak. <> Apa tarikh Thomas Watson, Jr menghantar satu surat mengenai IBM menyewa orang terbaik tanpa mengira kaum, jantina, atau asal usul? || 21 September 1953 <> IBM mempublikasikan dasar pengambilannya untuk membantu rundingan di dua negeri di mana di A.S.? || A.S. A.S. <> Apa jenis tempat kerja yang dilakukan IBM untuk tidak membina? || IBM tetapi berasingan <> memperluas dasar tidak berdiskriminasi mereka pada tahun 1984 untuk memasukkan apa? || Orientasi seksual <> Pada tahun apakah IBM menambah orientasi seksual terhadap dasar tidak berdiskriminasi mereka? || 1984", {"context": "On September 21, 1953, Thomas Watson, Jr., the company's president at the time, sent out a controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, or gender. He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing plants with the governors of two states in the U.S. South, he could be clear that IBM would not build \"separate-but-equal\" workplaces. In 1984, IBM added sexual orientation to its nondiscrimination policy. The company stated that this would give IBM a competitive advantage because IBM would then be able to hire talented people its competitors would turn down.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 21, 1953"}], "question": "What date did Thomas Watson, Jr. send out a letter about IBM hiring the best people regardless of race, gender, or origin?", "id": "5729cdaa3f37b31900478571"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "the U.S. South"}], "question": "IBM publicized its hiring policy to help negotiations in two states where in the U.S.?", "id": "5729cdaa3f37b31900478572"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "separate-but-equal"}], "question": "What kind of workplaces did IBM commit to not building?", "id": "5729cdaa3f37b31900478573"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "sexual orientation"}], "question": "IBM expanded their nondiscrimination policy in 1984 to include what?", "id": "5729cdaa3f37b31900478574"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "1984"}], "question": "In what year did IBM add sexual orientation to their nondiscrimination policy?", "id": "5729cdaa3f37b31900478575"}]}], ["IBM telah menjadi penyokong utama Inisiatif Sumber Terbuka, dan mula menyokong Linux pada tahun 1998. Syarikat itu membiayai berbilion-bilion dolar dalam perkhidmatan dan perisian berdasarkan Linux melalui Pusat Teknologi Linux IBM, yang merangkumi lebih daripada 300 pemaju kernel Linux. IBM juga telah mengeluarkan kod di bawah lesen sumber terbuka yang berlainan, seperti rangka kerja perisian bebas platform Eclipse (bernilai kira-kira US $ 40 juta pada masa sumbangan), tiga jawapan Komponen Antarabangsa untuk Unicode (ICU), dan Java berasaskan sistem pengurusan pangkalan data relasi (RDBMS) Apache Derby. Penglibatan sumber terbuka IBM belum menjadi masalah, bagaimanapun (lihat SCO v. IBM). <> IBM mula menyokongnya pada tahun 1998. || Linux <> 300 pemaju kernel Linux berfungsi di sini. || IBM Linux Technology Center <> IBM mencipta rangka kerja perisian yang dikenali sebagai? || Eclipse <> Apakah kes undang-undang yang ketara yang melibatkan sumber terbuka dan IBM? || SCO v. IBM <> Apa yang dimaksudkan RDBMS? || sistem pengurusan pangkalan data relasi", {"context": "IBM has been a leading proponent of the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998. The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers. IBM has also released code under different open source licenses, such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation), the three-sentence International Components for Unicode (ICU) license, and the Java-based relational database management system (RDBMS) Apache Derby. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see SCO v. IBM).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Linux"}], "question": "IBM began supporting this in 1998.", "id": "5729d0391d046914007795fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "the IBM Linux Technology Center"}], "question": "300 Linux kernel developers work here.", "id": "5729d0391d046914007795fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Eclipse"}], "question": "IBM created the software framework known as?", "id": "5729d0391d046914007795ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "SCO v. IBM"}], "question": "What is a notable legal case involving open source and IBM?", "id": "5729d0391d04691400779600"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "relational database management system"}], "question": "What does RDBMS refer to?", "id": "5729d0391d04691400779601"}]}], ["Pada 28 Oktober 2015, IBM mengumumkan pemerolehan aset digital dari Syarikat Cuaca-syarikat induk Bain Capital, The Blackstone Group dan NBCUniversal yang memiliki The Weather Channel, termasuk platform data cuaca (seperti Weather Services International), laman web (Weather.com dan Cuaca Bawah Tanah) dan apl mudah alih. Pengambilalihan itu bertujuan untuk menggunakan Watson untuk analisis cuaca dan ramalan. Pengambilalihan itu tidak termasuk The Weather Channel sendiri, yang akan memasuki perjanjian pelesenan jangka panjang dengan IBM untuk menggunakan datanya. Jualan ditutup pada 29 Januari 2016 <> IBM memperoleh aset digital syarikat ini pada 28 Oktober, 2015. || Syarikat Cuaca <> Apa yang akan digunakan oleh IBM untuk menganalisis cuaca dan membuat ramalan? || Watson <> Bilakah penjualan aset Syarikat Cuaca ditutup? || 29 Januari 2016 <> The Weather Channel memasuki apa dengan IBM? || perjanjian pelesenan jangka panjang <> Bain Capital adalah syarikat induk di mana syarikat itu? || Syarikat Cuaca", {"context": "On October 28, 2015, IBM announced its acquisition of digital assets from The Weather Company\u2014a holding company of Bain Capital, The Blackstone Group and NBCUniversal which owns The Weather Channel, including its weather data platforms (such as Weather Services International), websites (Weather.com and Weather Underground) and mobile apps. The acquisition seeks to use Watson for weather analytics and predictions. The acquisition does not include The Weather Channel itself, which will enter into a long-term licensing agreement with IBM for use of its data. The sale closed on January 29, 2016 ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "The Weather Company"}], "question": "IBM acquired digital assets of this company on October 28, 2015.", "id": "5729c64daf94a219006aa607"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Watson"}], "question": "What will IBM use to analyze weather and make predictions?", "id": "5729c64daf94a219006aa608"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "January 29, 2016"}], "question": "When did the sale of Weather Company assets close?", "id": "5729c64daf94a219006aa609"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "long-term licensing agreement"}], "question": "The Weather Channel entered into what with IBM?", "id": "5729c64daf94a219006aa60a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "The Weather Company"}], "question": "Bain Capital is a holding company of which company?", "id": "5729c64daf94a219006aa60b"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr, menerbitkan surat dasar peluang pertama yang ditulis syarikat itu, satu tahun sebelum keputusan Mahkamah Agung AS di Brown vs Board of Education dan 11 tahun sebelum Akta Hak Sivil 1964. Pada tahun 1961, Dasar tidak berdiskriminasi IBM diperluaskan untuk memasukkan seks, asal kebangsaan, dan umur. Pada tahun berikutnya, IBM menganjurkan Majlis Makan Malam Anugerah Invention yang pertama yang menghormati 34 pencipta IBM yang cemerlang; dan pada tahun 1963, syarikat itu menamakan lapan IBM Fellows pertama dalam Program Fellowship baru yang mengiktiraf para saintis senior, jurutera dan profesional lain IBM untuk pencapaian teknikal yang cemerlang. <> Siapa yang menerbitkan surat dasar peluang pertama yang sama dengan IBM? || Thomas J. Watson, Jr <> Pada tahun berapa adalah surat polisi peluang pertama yang sama IBM diterbitkan? || 1952 <> Pada tahun 1961 dasar tidak menskriminasi IBM telah diperluaskan untuk memasukkan apa? || seks, asal kebangsaan, dan umur <> Bermula pada tahun 1963 IBM memulakan program dengan menamakan 8 daripada ini. || IBM Fellows <> Berapa banyak pencipta yang dihormati di Majlis Makan Malam Anugerah Invention pertama IBM? || 34", {"context": "In 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1961, IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex, national origin, and age. The following year, IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors; and in 1963, the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists, engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Thomas J. Watson, Jr"}], "question": "Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?", "id": "5729cc793f37b31900478567"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1952"}], "question": "In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?", "id": "5729cc793f37b31900478568"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "sex, national origin, and age"}], "question": "In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?", "id": "5729cc793f37b31900478569"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "IBM Fellows"}], "question": "Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these.", "id": "5729cc793f37b3190047856b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "34"}], "question": "How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?", "id": "5729cc793f37b3190047856a"}]}], ["14 anggota Lembaga Pengarah adalah bertanggungjawab untuk keseluruhan pengurusan korporat. Sebagai peletakan jawatan Cathie Black pada November 2010, keahliannya (oleh gabungan dan tahun menyertai) termasuk: Alain JP Belda '08 (Alcoa), William R. Brody '07 (Institut Salk / Universiti Johns Hopkins), Kenneth Chenault '98 (Amerika Andrew L. Eskew '05 (UPS), Shirley Ann Jackson '05 (Institut Politeknik Rensselaer), Andrew N. Liveris '10 (Dow Chemical), W. James McNerney, Jr. '09 (Boeing), James W Owens '06 (Caterpillar), Samuel J. Palmisano '00 (IBM), Joan Spero '04 (Doris Duke Charitable Foundation), Sidney Taurel '01 (Eli Lilly), dan Lorenzo Zambrano '03 (Cemex). <> IBM mempunyai berapa ahli dalam Lembaga Pengarahnya? || 14 <> Ahli lembaga mana yang meletak jawatan pada bulan November 2010? || Cathie Black's <> Tahun berapa William R. Brody menyertai Lembaga Pengarah IBM? || '07 <> Kenneth Chenault berafiliasi dengan syarikat apa? || American Express <> Siapa ahli yang paling baru menyertai Lembaga Pengarah IBM? || Andrew N. Liveris", {"context": "The company's 14 member Board of Directors is responsible for overall corporate management. As of Cathie Black's resignation in November 2010 its membership (by affiliation and year of joining) included: Alain J. P. Belda '08 (Alcoa), William R. Brody '07 (Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University), Kenneth Chenault '98 (American Express), Michael L. Eskew '05 (UPS), Shirley Ann Jackson '05 (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Andrew N. Liveris '10 (Dow Chemical), W. James McNerney, Jr. '09 (Boeing), James W. Owens '06 (Caterpillar), Samuel J. Palmisano '00 (IBM), Joan Spero '04 (Doris Duke Charitable Foundation), Sidney Taurel '01 (Eli Lilly), and Lorenzo Zambrano '03 (Cemex).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "14"}], "question": "IBM has how many members on its Board of Directors?", "id": "5729c6f9af94a219006aa611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Cathie Black's"}], "question": "What board member resigned in November 2010?", "id": "5729c6f9af94a219006aa612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "'07"}], "question": "What year did William R. Brody join the IBM Board of Directors?", "id": "5729c6f9af94a219006aa613"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "American Express"}], "question": "Kenneth Chenault is affiliated with what company?", "id": "5729c6f9af94a219006aa614"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Andrew N. Liveris"}], "question": "Who is the most recent member to join the IBM Board of Directors?", "id": "5729c6f9af94a219006aa615"}]}], ["Pemasangan kampus utama lain termasuk menara di Montreal, Paris, dan Atlanta; makmal perisian di Raleigh-Durham, Rom, Cracow dan Toronto; Johannesburg, Seattle; dan kemudahan di Hakozaki dan Yamato. Syarikat ini juga mengendalikan IBM Scientific Center, Hursley House, Bangunan Pejabat Ketua Kanada, IBM Rochester, dan Kompleks Pejabat Somers. Sumbangan syarikat terhadap seni bina dan reka bentuk, termasuk karya Eero Saarinen, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, dan I.M. Pei, telah diakui. Bangunan 330 North Wabash Van der Rohe di Chicago, pusat asal bahagian penyelidikan syarikat selepas Perang Dunia II, diiktiraf dengan Anugerah Penghormatan 1990 dari Muzium Bangunan Nasional. <> Apa bangunan yang dibuat oleh Van der Rohe untuk IBM? || 330 bangunan North Wabash di Chicago <> Bangunan 330 North Wabash berkhidmat sebagai apa jawatan Perang Dunia 2? || pusat bahagian penyelidikan syarikat <> 330 Bangunan North Wabash diiktiraf dengan apa anugerah? || Anugerah Penghormatan 1990 <> IBM mempunyai menara di mana bandar-bandar? || Montreal, Paris, dan Atlanta <> IBM telah bekerja dengan arkitek dan pereka seperti Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, I.M Pei dan Van der Rohe. || Eero Saarinen", {"context": "Other major campus installations include towers in Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta; software labs in Raleigh-Durham, Rome, Cracow and Toronto; Johannesburg, Seattle; and facilities in Hakozaki and Yamato. The company also operates the IBM Scientific Center, Hursley House, the Canada Head Office Building, IBM Rochester, and the Somers Office Complex. The company's contributions to architecture and design, which include works by Eero Saarinen, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and I.M. Pei, have been recognized. Van der Rohe's 330 North Wabash building in Chicago, the original center of the company's research division post-World War II, was recognized with the 1990 Honor Award from the National Building Museum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "330 North Wabash building in Chicago"}], "question": "What building did Van der Rohe create for IBM?", "id": "5729c937af94a219006aa61b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "center of the company's research division"}], "question": "The 330 North Wabash building served as what post World War 2?", "id": "5729c937af94a219006aa61c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "1990 Honor Award"}], "question": "The 330 North Wabash Building was recognized with what award?", "id": "5729c937af94a219006aa61d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta"}], "question": "IBM has towers in which cities?", "id": "5729c937af94a219006aa61e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Eero Saarinen"}], "question": "IBM has worked with architects and designers such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, I.M. Pei, and Van der Rohe, name one  more.", "id": "5729c937af94a219006aa61f"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2005, syarikat itu menjual perniagaan komputer peribadinya kepada Lenovo syarikat Lenovo, dan pada tahun yang sama ia bersetuju untuk memperoleh Micromuse. Setahun kemudian IBM melancarkan Secure Blue, reka bentuk perkakasan kos rendah untuk penyulitan data yang boleh dibina menjadi mikropemproses. Pada tahun 2009 ia memperoleh syarikat perisian SPSS Inc. Kemudian pada tahun 2009, program Supercomputing Blue Gene IBM dianugerahkan Pingat Kebangsaan Teknologi dan Inovasi oleh Presiden A.S. Barack Obama. Pada tahun 2011, IBM mendapat perhatian seluruh dunia untuk program kecerdasan tiruan Watson, yang dipamerkan pada Jeopardy! di mana ia memenangi perlawanan menentang pertandingan Ken Jennings dan Brad Rutter. Sehingga 2012 [kemas kini], IBM telah menjadi penerima tahunan tertinggi bagi paten A.S. selama 20 tahun berturut-turut. <> IBM menjual perniagaan komputer peribadi kepada syarikat apa? || Lenovo <> Dalam tahun apakah IBM menjual perniagaan komputer peribadinya? || 2005 <> Apakah reka bentuk untuk penyulitan data kos rendah bernama? || Secure Blue <> SPSS Inc. telah diperolehi dalam tahun berapa? || 2009 <> Program ini dianugerahkan Pingat Kebangsaan Teknologi dan Inovasi. || Blue Gen", {"context": "In 2005, the company sold its personal computer business to Chinese technology company Lenovo, and in the same year it agreed to acquire Micromuse. A year later IBM launched Secure Blue, a low-cost hardware design for data encryption that can be built into a microprocessor. In 2009 it acquired software company SPSS Inc. Later in 2009, IBM's Blue Gene supercomputing program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation by U.S. President Barack Obama. In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its artificial intelligence program Watson, which was exhibited on Jeopardy! where it won against game-show champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter. As of 2012[update], IBM had been the top annual recipient of U.S. patents for 20 consecutive years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Lenovo"}], "question": "IBM sold its personal computer business to what company?", "id": "5729c464af94a219006aa5f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year did IBM sell its personal computer business?", "id": "5729c464af94a219006aa5f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Secure Blue"}], "question": "What was the design for low cost data encryption named?", "id": "5729c464af94a219006aa5f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "2009"}], "question": "SPSS Inc. was acquired in what year?", "id": "5729c464af94a219006aa5f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Blue Gene"}], "question": "This program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.", "id": "5729c464af94a219006aa5f7"}]}], ["IBM adalah antara syarikat pertama yang menyediakan insurans hayat kumpulan (1934), faedah selamat (1935) dan bercuti dibayar (1937). Pada tahun 1932, IBM mewujudkan Jabatan Pelajaran untuk mengawasi latihan untuk pekerja, yang menyelia penyiapan IBM Schoolhouse di Endicott pada tahun 1933. Pada tahun 1935, majalah Think pekerja telah diwujudkan. Juga pada tahun itu, IBM mengadakan kelas latihan pertamanya untuk profesional perkhidmatan sistem wanita. Pada tahun 1942, IBM melancarkan program untuk melatih dan menggaji orang kurang upaya di Topeka, Kansas. Tahun-tahun seterusnya bermula di New York City, dan tidak lama lagi syarikat itu diminta untuk menyertai Jawatankuasa Presiden untuk Penggajian Orang Kurang Upaya. Pada tahun 1946, syarikat itu mengupah jurujual hitam pertama, 18 tahun sebelum Akta Hak Sivil 1964. Pada tahun 1947, IBM mengumumkan Pelan Pendapatan Hilang Upaya Total dan Kekal untuk pekerja. Pencen hak hak telah ditambah kepada pelan persaraan IBM. Semasa transformasi pengurusan IBM dalam semakan semula tahun 1990 dibuat untuk rancangan pencen ini untuk mengurangkan liabiliti pencen IBM. <> Dalam tahun apakah IBM mula menyediakan insurans hayat kumpulan? || 1934 <> IBM mencipta rumah sekolah pada tahun 1933, apa namanya? || IBM Schoolhouse di Endicott <> Kakitangan IBM mencipta majalah pada tahun 1935, apa namanya? || Fikirkan <> Apa program yang dilancarkan IBM pada tahun 1942? || program untuk melatih dan menggaji orang kurang upaya <> Tahun berapakah IBM menyewa jurujual hitam yang pertama? || 1946", {"context": "IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1937). In 1932 IBM created an Education Department to oversee training for employees, which oversaw the completion of the IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott in 1933. In 1935, the employee magazine Think was created. Also that year, IBM held its first training class for female systems service professionals. In 1942, IBM launched a program to train and employ disabled people in Topeka, Kansas. The next year classes began in New York City, and soon the company was asked to join the President's Committee for Employment of the Handicapped. In 1946, the company hired its first black salesman, 18 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1947, IBM announced a Total and Permanent Disability Income Plan for employees. A vested rights pension was added to the IBM retirement plan. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s revisions were made to these pension plans to reduce IBM's pension liabilities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "1934"}], "question": "In what year did IBM begin to provide group life insurance?", "id": "5729cb183f37b3190047855d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott"}], "question": "IBM created a school house in 1933, what was its name?", "id": "5729cb183f37b3190047855e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Think"}], "question": "IBM employees created a magazine in 1935, what was its name?", "id": "5729cb183f37b3190047855f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "program to train and employ disabled people"}], "question": "What program did IBM launch in 1942?", "id": "5729cb183f37b31900478560"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "1946"}], "question": "What year did IBM hire its first black salesman?", "id": "5729cb183f37b31900478561"}]}], ["IBM juga memegang program SmartCamp secara global. Program ini mencari syarikat permulaan baru yang IBM boleh bekerjasama untuk menyelesaikan masalah dunia. IBM memegang 17 acara SmartCamp di seluruh dunia. Sejak Julai 2011, IBM telah bekerjasama dengan Pennies, kotak kebajikan elektronik, dan menghasilkan penyelesaian perisian untuk pelanggan runcit IBM yang menyediakan cara mudah untuk menderma wang apabila membayar di kedai dengan kad kredit atau kad debit. Pelanggan menyumbang hanya beberapa pence (1p-99p) satu masa dan setiap sumbangan pergi ke badan amal UK. <> Apakah nama program yang digunakan oleh IBM untuk mencari syarikat permulaan baru untuk menyelesaikan masalah dunia? || SmartCamp <> Berapa banyak acara SmartCamp yang dipegang IBM di seluruh dunia? || 17 <> Siapa yang telah bekerjasama dengan IBM untuk membenarkan pembeli runcit dengan mudah menderma wang? || Pennies <> Kebajikan di mana negara mendapat manfaat daripada perkongsian IBM dengan Pennies? || UK <> Syarikat apa yang dikenali untuk kotak kebajikan elektronik? || Pennies", {"context": "IBM also holds the SmartCamp program globally. The program searches for fresh start-up companies that IBM can partner with to solve world problems. IBM holds 17 SmartCamp events around the world. Since July 2011, IBM has partnered with Pennies, the electronic charity box, and produced a software solution for IBM retail customers that provides an easy way to donate money when paying in-store by credit or debit card. Customers donate just a few pence (1p-99p) a time and every donation goes to UK charities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "SmartCamp"}], "question": "What is the name of the program that IBM uses to search for new start-up companies to solve world problems?", "id": "5729d8061d04691400779625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "17"}], "question": "How many SmartCamp events does IBM hold worldwide?", "id": "5729d8061d04691400779626"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Pennies"}], "question": "Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money?", "id": "5729d8061d04691400779627"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "UK"}], "question": "Charities of which nation benefit from the IBM partnership with Pennies?", "id": "5729d8061d04691400779628"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Pennies"}], "question": "What company is known for the electronic charity box?", "id": "5729d8061d04691400779629"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2006, IBM melancarkan perkakas enkripsi Secure Blue yang boleh dibina ke dalam mikropemproses. Setahun kemudian, IBM melancarkan Projek Big Green, arah semula $ 1 bilion setahun di seluruh perniagaannya untuk meningkatkan kecekapan tenaga. Pada November 2008, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif IBM, Sam Palmisano, dalam ucapan di Majlis Hubungan Luar Negeri, menggariskan agenda baru untuk membina Planet yang Lebih Teliti. Pada 1 Mac 2011, IBM mengumumkan rangka kerja Pengkomputeran Gemilang untuk menyokong Smarter Planet. Pada 18 Ogos 2011, sebagai sebahagian daripada usahanya dalam pengkomputeran kognitif, IBM telah menghasilkan cip yang meniru neuron dan sinaps. Mikropemproses ini tidak menggunakan seni bina von Neumann, dan mereka menggunakan memori yang kurang. <> Apakah nama projek IBM yang mengalihkan $ 1 bilion setiap tahun untuk meningkatkan kecekapan tenaga? || Projek Big Green <> Secure Blue dilancarkan pada tahun berapa? || 2006 <> Apa jenis perkakasan yang Secure Blue? || perkakasan penyulitan <> Siapa yang ceo IBM pada bulan November 2008? || Sam Palmisano <> Rangka kerja apa yang IBM mengumumkan pada 1 Mac 2011? || Rangka Kerja Pengkomputeran Pintar", {"context": "In 2006, IBM launched Secure Blue, encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors. A year later, IBM unveiled Project Big Green, a re-direction of $1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency. On November 2008, IBM\u2019s CEO, Sam Palmisano, during a speech at the Council on Foreign Relations, outlined a new agenda for building a Smarter Planet. On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the Smarter Computing framework to support Smarter Planet. On Aug 18, 2011, as part of its effort in cognitive computing, IBM has produced chips that imitate neurons and synapses. These microprocessors do not use von Neumann architecture, and they consume less memory and power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Project Big Green"}], "question": "What is the name of the IBM project that redirected $1 billion each year to increase energy efficiency?", "id": "5729d6d76aef0514001550b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2006"}], "question": "Secure Blue was launched in what year?", "id": "5729d6d76aef0514001550b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "encryption hardware"}], "question": "What type of hardware is Secure Blue?", "id": "5729d6d76aef0514001550b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Sam Palmisano"}], "question": "Who was the IBM ceo in November 2008?", "id": "5729d6d76aef0514001550b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Smarter Computing framework"}], "question": "What framework did IBM announce on March 1, 2011?", "id": "5729d6d76aef0514001550b4"}]}], ["Hampir semua sistem permainan konsol generasi mikropemproses yang digunakan oleh IBM. Xbox 360 mengandungi pemproses teras tiga PowerPC, yang direka dan dihasilkan oleh IBM dalam tempoh kurang daripada 24 bulan. PlayStation 3 Sony mempunyai mikropemproses Cell BE yang direka bersama oleh IBM, Toshiba, dan Sony. IBM juga menyediakan mikropemproses yang berfungsi sebagai pusat sistem Wii U baru Nintendo, yang memulakannya pada tahun 2012. Mikropemproses berasaskan Senibina Kuasa baru termasuk teknologi terkini IBM dalam pakej silikon penjimatan tenaga. Konsol generasi ketujuh Nintendo, Wii, mempunyai cip IBM bernama Broadway. Nintendo GameCube yang lebih tua menggunakan pemproses Gekko, yang juga direka oleh IBM. <> Pemproses apa jenis dalam Xbox 360? || Pemproses trias teras PowerPC <> Seberapa cepat IBM mengambil untuk membuat pemproses Xbox 360? || kurang daripada 24 bulan <> Playstation 3 yang menampilkan mikropemproses? || Mikro mikropander BE <> Yang membantu IBM membangunkan mikropemproses Playstation 3? || Toshiba, dan Sony <> Tahun apa Nintendo Wii U, sebahagiannya dibangunkan oleh IBM, debut? || 2012", {"context": "Virtually all console gaming systems of the previous generation used microprocessors developed by IBM. The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months. Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. IBM also provided the microprocessor that serves as the heart of Nintendo's new Wii U system, which debuted in 2012. The new Power Architecture-based microprocessor includes IBM's latest technology in an energy-saving silicon package. Nintendo's seventh-generation console, Wii, features an IBM chip codenamed Broadway. The older Nintendo GameCube utilizes the Gekko processor, also designed by IBM.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "PowerPC tri-core processor"}], "question": "What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360?", "id": "5729d2f6af94a219006aa64d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "less than 24 months"}], "question": "How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?", "id": "5729d2f6af94a219006aa64e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Cell BE microprocessor"}], "question": "Playstation 3 featured which microprocessor?", "id": "5729d2f6af94a219006aa64f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Toshiba, and Sony"}], "question": "Who helped IBM develop the Playstation 3 microprocessor?", "id": "5729d2f6af94a219006aa650"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "2012"}], "question": "What year did the Nintendo Wii U, partly developed by IBM, debut?", "id": "5729d2f6af94a219006aa651"}]}], ["DeveloperWorks adalah laman web yang dikendalikan oleh IBM untuk pemaju perisian dan profesional IT. Ia mengandungi artikel-artikel dan tutorial bagaimana, dan juga contoh-contoh muat turun perisian dan kod, forum perbincangan, podcast, blog, wiki, dan sumber lain untuk para pemaju dan profesional teknikal. Subjek terdiri daripada teknologi terbuka, industri standard seperti Java, Linux, SOA dan perkhidmatan web, pembangunan web, Ajax, PHP dan XML kepada produk IBM (WebSphere, Rasional, Lotus, Tivoli dan Pengurusan Maklumat). Pada 2007, developerWorks telah dimasukkan ke dalam Hall of Fame. <> IBM menjalankan laman web untuk pemaju perisian? || DeveloperWorks <> Pada tahun 2007 apakah yang berlaku kepada developerWorks? || telah dimasukkan ke dalam Hall of Fame Jolt <> DeveloperWorks mempunyai kandungan mengenai teknologi standard industri terbuka seperti Java dan SOA, apakah satu teknologi standard industri lain yang mempunyai sumber untuk? || Linux <> produk IBM seperti WebSphere dan Rasional dilindungi pada DeveloperWorks, apa lagi tiga produk IBM yang dilindungi? || Lotus, Tivoli dan Pengurusan Maklumat <> The Hall of Fame Jolt yang diikuti oleh DeveloperWorks dalam tahun berapa? || 2007", {"context": "DeveloperWorks is a website run by IBM for software developers and IT professionals. It contains how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals. Subjects range from open, industry-standard technologies like Java, Linux, SOA and web services, web development, Ajax, PHP, and XML to IBM's products (WebSphere, Rational, Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management). In 2007, developerWorks was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "DeveloperWorks"}], "question": "IBM runs what website for software developers?", "id": "5729d2193f37b3190047857b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame"}], "question": "In 2007 what happened to developerWorks?", "id": "5729d2193f37b3190047857c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Linux"}], "question": "DeveloperWorks has content about open industry standard technologies like Java and SOA, what is one other industry standard technology it has resources for?", "id": "5729d2193f37b3190047857d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management"}], "question": "IBM products such as WebSphere and Rational are covered on DeveloperWorks, what other three IBM products are covered?", "id": "5729d2193f37b3190047857e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "2007"}], "question": "The Jolt Hall of Fame inducted DeveloperWorks in what year?", "id": "5729d2193f37b3190047857f"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, tempat kelahiran IBM, Endicott, mengalami pencemaran selama beberapa dekad. IBM menggunakan agen pembersih cecair dalam operasi pemasangan papan litar selama lebih dari dua dekad, dan enam tumpahan dan kebocoran dicatatkan, termasuk kebocoran pada 1979 sebanyak 4,100 gelen dari tangki bawah tanah. Ini ditinggalkan sebatian organik yang tidak menentu di tanah dan akuifer di bandar. Jejak sebatian organik yang tidak menentu telah dikenalpasti dalam air minuman Endicott, tetapi tahap berada dalam batas peraturan. Juga, dari 1980, IBM telah mengeluarkan 78,000 gelen bahan kimia, termasuk trichloroethane, freon, benzene dan perchloroethene ke udara dan didakwa menyebabkan beberapa kes kanser di kalangan penduduk bandar. IBM Endicott telah dikenalpasti oleh Jabatan Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar sebagai sumber utama pencemaran, walaupun jejak pencemar dari pencuci kering tempatan dan pencemar lain juga didapati. Remediasi dan pengujian berterusan, bagaimanapun menurut pegawai bandaraya, ujian menunjukkan bahawa air selamat untuk diminum. <> Lokasi yang mana tempat kelahiran IBM? || Endicott <> Berapa banyak gelen agen pembersih cecair yang bocor dari kemudahan IBM pada tahun 1979? || 4,100 galon <> Berapa lama IBM menggunakan agen pembersih cecair untuk pembuatan papan litar? || Lebih daripada dua dekad <> Bermula pada tahun 1980 berapa banyak gelen bahan kimia yang memompa IBM ke udara? || 78,000 gelen <> IBM telah dikenalpasti oleh jabatan sebagai sumber utama pencemaran? || Jabatan Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar", {"context": "The birthplace of IBM, Endicott, suffered pollution for decades, however. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks were recorded, including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind volatile organic compounds in the town's soil and aquifer. Traces of volatile organic compounds have been identified in Endicott\u2019s drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including trichloroethane, freon, benzene and perchloroethene to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the townspeople. IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Remediation and testing are ongoing, however according to city officials, tests show that the water is safe to drink.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Endicott"}], "question": "What location is the birthplace of IBM?", "id": "5729d8b71d0469140077962f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "4,100 gallons"}], "question": "How many gallons of liquid cleaning agent leaked from an IBM facility in 1979?", "id": "5729d8b71d04691400779630"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "more than two decades"}], "question": "How long did IBM use liquid cleaning agents for circuit board manufacturing?", "id": "5729d8b71d04691400779631"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "78,000 gallons"}], "question": "Starting in 1980 how many gallons of chemicals did IBM pump into the air?", "id": "5729d8b71d04691400779632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "Department of Environmental Conservation"}], "question": "IBM was identified by what department as a major source of pollution?", "id": "5729d8b71d04691400779633"}]}], ["IBM mengumumkan bahawa ia akan melancarkan perisian barunya, yang disebut \"Penawaran Pelanggan Terbuka\" yang akan dijalankan di Linux, Microsoft Windows dan Apple Mac OS X. Syarikat menyatakan bahawa produk barunya membolehkan perniagaan menawarkan kepada pekerja pilihan menggunakan perisian yang sama pada Windows dan alternatifnya. Ini bermakna \"Penawaran Pelanggan Terbuka\" adalah untuk mengurangkan kos pengurusan sama ada untuk menggunakan Linux atau Apple relatif kepada Windows. Tidak ada keperluan untuk syarikat membayar Microsoft untuk lesennya untuk sistem operasi kerana sistem operasi tidak lagi bergantung pada perisian yang berasaskan Windows. Satu alternatif kepada format dokumen pejabat Microsoft ialah perisian Format Dokumen Terbuka, yang mana IBM menyokong. Ia akan digunakan untuk beberapa tugas seperti: pemprosesan perkataan, persembahan, bersama dengan kerjasama Lotus Notes, mesej segera dan alat blog serta pesaing Internet Explorer - penyemak imbas web Mozilla Firefox. IBM merancang untuk memasang Open Client pada 5% PC desktopnya. Tawaran Linux telah disediakan sebagai IBM Client untuk produk Smart Work pada platform Ubuntu dan Red Hat Enterprise Linux. <> Apa yang akan Tawaran Tawaran Pelanggan dijalankan? || Linux, Microsoft Windows dan Apple Mac OS X <> Apakah alternatif kepada format dokumen Office dari Microsoft? || Perisian Format Dokumen Terbuka <> Sebanyak peratus daripada PC desktopnya merancang untuk memasang Open Client ke? || 5% <> Platform yang mana IBM mula menawarkan IBM Client untuk Smart Work? || Ubuntu dan Red Hat Enterprise Linux <> Pelayar web mana yang Format Dokumen Terbuka mempunyai keserasian dengan? || Mozilla Firefox", {"context": "IBM announced it will launch its new software, called \"Open Client Offering\" which is to run on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that \"Open Client Offering\" is to cut costs of managing whether to use Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operating systems since the operating systems will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One alternative to Microsoft's office document formats is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: word processing, presentations, along with collaboration with Lotus Notes, instant messaging and blog tools as well as an Internet Explorer competitor \u2013 the Mozilla Firefox web browser. IBM plans to install Open Client on 5% of its desktop PCs. The Linux offering has been made available as the IBM Client for Smart Work product on the Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux platforms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X"}], "question": "What will Open Client Offering run on?", "id": "5729d4063f37b31900478585"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "Open Document Format software"}], "question": "What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft?", "id": "5729d4063f37b31900478586"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 982, "text": "5%"}], "question": "What percentage of its desktop PCs does IBM plan to install Open Client on to?", "id": "5729d4063f37b31900478587"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1096, "text": "Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux"}], "question": "Which platforms did IBM begin offering the IBM Client for Smart Work on?", "id": "5729d4063f37b31900478588"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 917, "text": "Mozilla Firefox"}], "question": "What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with?", "id": "5729d4063f37b31900478589"}]}]], [["Menzies memanggil persidangan parti konservatif dan kumpulan lain menentang Parti Buruh Australia yang memerintah di Canberra pada 13 Oktober 1944 dan sekali lagi di Albury, New South Wales pada bulan Disember 1944. Dari 1942 seterusnya Menzies telah mengekalkan profil umumnya dengan sirinya Ceramah radio \"The People Forgotten\" - mirip dengan \"perbualan peribahasa\" Franklin D. Roosevelt pada tahun 1930-di mana beliau bercakap tentang kelas pertengahan sebagai \"tulang belakang Australia\" tetapi walaupun telah \"dianggap seboleh-bolehnya\" oleh politik pihak. <> Kepada apa yang dibincangkan mengenai perbincangan radio Menzies 'People Forgotten'? || Perbualan \"firside\" Franklin D. Roosevelt <<Bagaimana Roosevelt merujuk kepada kelas pertengahan? || \"tulang belakang Australia\" <> Adakah pertemuan di Canberra sekumpulan orang menyokong atau menentang Parti Buruh Australia? || menentang <> Di manakah parti anti buruh kedua yang diadakan pada tahun 1944? || Albury, New South Wales", {"context": "Menzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party, which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury, New South Wales in December 1944. From 1942 onward Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of \"The Forgotten People\" radio talks\u2013similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's \"fireside chats\" of the 1930s\u2013in which he spoke of the middle class as the \"backbone of Australia\" but as nevertheless having been \"taken for granted\" by political parties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt's \"fireside chats\""}], "question": "To what are Menzies' \"Forgotten People\" radio talks compared to?", "id": "5728db062ca10214002da9b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "\"backbone of Australia\""}], "question": "How did Roosevelt refer to the middle class?", "id": "5728db062ca10214002da9b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "opposed"}], "question": "Was the meeting at Canberra a group of people supporting or opposed to the Australian Labor Party?", "id": "5728db062ca10214002da9b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Albury, New South Wales"}], "question": "Where was the second anti-Labor Party held in 1944?", "id": "5728db062ca10214002da9b3"}]}], ["Pembentukan parti itu secara rasmi diumumkan di Dewan Perbandaran Sydney pada 31 Ogos 1945. Ia mengambil nama \"Liberal\" untuk menghormati Partai Liberal Komanwel lama. Parti baru dikuasai oleh jenazah UAP lama; dengan beberapa pengecualian, bilik parti UAP menjadi bilik pesta Liberal. Liga Kebangsaan Wanita Australia, sebuah organisasi wanita konservatif yang kuat, juga bergabung dengan parti baru. Kumpulan pemuda konservatif Menzies telah menubuhkan, Nationalis Young, juga bergabung dalam parti baru. Ia menjadi nukleus bahagian pemuda Parti Liberal, Liberal Muda. Menjelang September 1945 terdapat lebih daripada 90,000 ahli, yang kebanyakannya tidak pernah menjadi anggota mana-mana parti politik. <> Di manakah pembentukan parti Liberal secara rasmi diumumkan? || Dewan Bandaraya Sydney <> Di manakah nama \"Liberal\" berasal? || untuk menghormati Parti Liberal Komanwel lama <> Apakah nama bahagian pemuda Parti Liberal? || Liberal muda <> Berapa banyak ahli dalam Liberal Muda pada September 1945? || lebih daripada 90,000", {"context": "The formation of the party was formally announced at Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945. It took the name \"Liberal\" in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party. The new party was dominated by the remains of the old UAP; with few exceptions, the UAP party room became the Liberal party room. The Australian Women's National League, a powerful conservative women's organisation, also merged with the new party. A conservative youth group Menzies had set up, the Young Nationalists, was also merged into the new party. It became the nucleus of the Liberal Party's youth division, the Young Liberals. By September 1945 there were more than 90,000 members, many of whom had not previously been members of any political party.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Sydney Town Hall"}], "question": "Where was the formation of the Liberal party officially announced?", "id": "5728dbd73acd2414000e0077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party"}], "question": "Where did the name \"Liberal\" come from?", "id": "5728dbd73acd2414000e0078"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Young Liberals"}], "question": "What was the name of the Liberal Party's youth division?", "id": "5728dbd73acd2414000e0079"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "more than 90,000"}], "question": "How many members were in the Young Liberals by Sept 1945?", "id": "5728dbd73acd2414000e007a"}]}], ["Parti Liberal kontemporari umumnya menganjurkan liberalisme ekonomi (lihat Hak Baru). Dari segi sejarah, parti itu telah menyokong tahap perlindungan dan intervensiisme ekonomi yang lebih tinggi daripada dekad-dekad kebelakangan ini. Walau bagaimanapun, dari asasnya parti itu telah mengenal pasti dirinya sebagai anti-sosialis. Penentangan kuat terhadap sosialisme dan komunisme di Australia dan luar negeri adalah salah satu prinsip pengasasnya. Pengasas parti dan pemimpin terpanjang Robert Menzies menjangka kelas menengah Australia akan membentuk kawasan utamanya. <> Apa yang kadang-kadang disebut juga liberalisme ekonomi? || Hak Baru <> Adakah Parti Liberal Australia menganggap dirinya sosialis atau anti-sosialis? || anti-sosialis <> Siapa pemimpin Parti Liberal pemimpin terpanjang Australia? || Robert Menzies <> Yang mengasaskan parti liberal Australia? || Robert Menzies", {"context": "The contemporary Liberal Party generally advocates economic liberalism (see New Right). Historically, the party has supported a higher degree of economic protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. However, from its foundation the party has identified itself as anti-socialist. Strong opposition to socialism and communism in Australia and abroad was one of its founding principles. The party's founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australia's middle class would form its main constituency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "New Right"}], "question": "What is economic liberalism sometimes also referred to?", "id": "5728d7574b864d1900164f3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "anti-socialist"}], "question": "Does the Liberal Party of Australia consider itself socialist or anti-socialist?", "id": "5728d7574b864d1900164f3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Robert Menzies"}], "question": "Who was the Liberal Party of Australia's longest-serving leader?", "id": "5728d7574b864d1900164f3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Robert Menzies"}], "question": "Who founded Australia's liberal party?", "id": "5728d7574b864d1900164f3f"}]}], ["Sepanjang sejarah mereka, Liberal telah berada dalam istilah pemilihan yang sebahagian besarnya adalah parti kelas menengah (yang Menzies, dalam era pembentukan parti itu disebut \"Orang-orang yang dilupakan\"), walaupun pola pengundian berdasarkan kelas itu tidak lagi jelas mereka pernah. Pada tahun 1970-an kelas menengah sayap kiri muncul yang tidak lagi mengundi Liberal. Satu kesan daripada ini adalah kejayaan parti pemecatan, Demokrat Australia, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1977 oleh mantan menteri liberal Don Chipp dan anggota liberal minor pihak; ahli-ahli lain dari bahagian kiri kelas menengah yang menjadi penyokong Buruh. [rujukan?] Sebaliknya, Liberal telah menjadi semakin baik dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini di kalangan pengundi bertaraf sosial yang konservatif. [rujukan?] Walau bagaimanapun, Liberal Pangkalan sokongan utama Parti kekal kelas menengah atas; 16 daripada 20 pemilih persekutuan terkaya dipegang oleh Liberal, yang kebanyakannya adalah tempat duduk yang selamat. Di kawasan negara mereka bersaing dengan atau mempunyai gencatan senjata dengan warga negara, bergantung kepada pelbagai faktor. <> Siapa yang disebut sebagai \"Orang-orang forgoten?\" || kelas menengah <> Pada tahun apa yang diasaskan oleh Demokrat Australia? || 1977 <> Yang bekas liberal mengasaskan Demokrat Australia pada tahun 1977? || Don Chipp", {"context": "Throughout their history, the Liberals have been in electoral terms largely the party of the middle class (whom Menzies, in the era of the party's formation called \"The forgotten people\"), though such class-based voting patterns are no longer as clear as they once were. In the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged that no longer voted Liberal.[citation needed] One effect of this was the success of a breakaway party, the Australian Democrats, founded in 1977 by former Liberal minister Don Chipp and members of minor liberal parties; other members of the left-leaning section of the middle-class became Labor supporters.[citation needed] On the other hand, the Liberals have done increasingly well in recent years among socially conservative working-class voters.[citation needed]However the Liberal Party's key support base remains the upper-middle classes; 16 of the 20 richest federal electorates are held by the Liberals, most of which are safe seats. In country areas they either compete with or have a truce with the Nationals, depending on various factors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "the middle class"}], "question": "Whom are referred to as \"The forgoten people?\"", "id": "5728d7d34b864d1900164f56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "1977"}], "question": "In what year were the Australian Democrats founded?", "id": "5728d7d34b864d1900164f57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Don Chipp"}], "question": "Which former liberal founded the Australian Democrats in 1977?", "id": "5728d7d34b864d1900164f58"}]}], ["Secara domestik, Menzies memimpin ekonomi yang agak terkawal di mana utiliti milik awam, dan aktiviti komersil dikawal dengan sangat tinggi melalui penetapan upah berpusat dan perlindungan tarif yang tinggi. Pemimpin liberal dari Menzies ke Malcolm Fraser umumnya mengekalkan paras tarif tinggi Australia. Pada masa itu pasangan koalisi Liberal, Parti Negara, yang lebih tua dari keduanya dalam gabungan (kini dikenali sebagai \"Parti Kebangsaan\"), mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap dasar-dasar ekonomi kerajaan. Tidak sampai akhir 1970-an dan melalui tempoh mereka keluar dari kuasa federal pada 1980-an bahawa parti itu terpengaruh oleh apa yang dikenali sebagai \"Hak Baru\" - kumpulan liberal konservatif yang menganjurkan deregulasi pasaran, penswastaan utiliti awam, pengurangan dalam saiz program kerajaan dan pemotongan cukai. <> Adakah Mezies dan Malcom Fraser menaikkan, mainain, atau menurunkan paras tarif? || umumnya mengekalkan <> Kumpulan mana yang kini dikenali sebagai \"Parti Kebangsaan\"? || Parti Negara <> Apakah \"Hak Baru\"? || kumpulan liberal konservatif yang menganjurkan deregulasi pasaran, penswastaan utiliti awam, pengurangan saiz program kerajaan dan pemotongan cukai <> Adakah utiliti awam atau swasta dalam ekonomi Menzie? || secara terbuka", {"context": "Domestically, Menzies presided over a fairly regulated economy in which utilities were publicly owned, and commercial activity was highly regulated through centralised wage-fixing and high tariff protection. Liberal leaders from Menzies to Malcolm Fraser generally maintained Australia's high tariff levels. At that time the Liberals' coalition partner, the Country Party, the older of the two in the coalition (now known as the \"National Party\"), had considerable influence over the government's economic policies. It was not until the late 1970s and through their period out of power federally in the 1980s that the party came to be influenced by what was known as the \"New Right\" \u2013 a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "generally maintain"}], "question": "Did Mezies and Malcom Fraser raise, mainain, or lower tariff levels?", "id": "5728d8e12ca10214002da95c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "the Country Party"}], "question": "Which group is currently known as the \"National Party\"?", "id": "5728d8e12ca10214002da95d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts"}], "question": "What is the \"New Right\"?", "id": "5728d8e12ca10214002da95e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "publicly"}], "question": "Were utilities publically or privately owned in Menzie's economy?", "id": "5728d8e12ca10214002da95f"}]}], ["Menzies berkuasa pada tahun ini Parti Komunis Australia telah mengetuai mogok arang batu untuk memperbaiki keadaan kerja pelombong pit. Pada tahun yang sama, Kesatuan Soviet Joseph Stalin meletupkan bom atom pertama, dan Mao Zedong memimpin Parti Komunis China untuk berkuasa di China; setahun kemudian datang pencerobohan Korea Selatan oleh Komunis Korea Utara. Anti-komunisme adalah isu politik utama tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an. Menzies tegas anti-Komunis; dia komited kepada tentera Perang Korea dan cuba mengharamkan Partai Komunis Australia dalam satu referendum yang tidak berjaya semasa perang itu. Parti Buruh memecah kebimbangan mengenai pengaruh Parti Komunis atas pergerakan Kesatuan Sekerja, yang membawa kepada asas parti Buruh Demokrat yang memisahkan yang keutamaannya menyokong parti Liberal dan Negara. <> Apa topik politik utama dalam tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an? || Anti-komunisme <> Tindakan apa yang menunjukkan kepercayaan anti-Komunis Menzies? || tentera yang komited kepada Perang Korea dan cuba mengharamkan Parti Komunis Australia dalam referendum yang tidak berjaya semasa perang itu <> Lebih dari apa yang membahagikan parti Buruh? || kebimbangan mengenai pengaruh Parti Komunis terhadap pergerakan Kesatuan Sekerja,", {"context": "Menzies came to power the year the Communist Party of Australia had led a coal strike to improve pit miners' working conditions. That same year Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, and Mao Zedong led the Communist Party of China to power in China; a year later came the invasion of South Korea by Communist North Korea. Anti-communism was a key political issue of the 1950s and 1960s. Menzies was firmly anti-Communist; he committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war. The Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement, leading to the foundation of the breakaway Democratic Labor Party whose preferences supported the Liberal and Country parties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Anti-communism"}], "question": "What was a key political topic in the 1950s and 1960s?", "id": "5728ddb1ff5b5019007da884"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war"}], "question": "What actions showed Menzies' anti-Communist beliefs?", "id": "5728ddb1ff5b5019007da885"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,"}], "question": "Over what did the Labor party divide?", "id": "5728ddb1ff5b5019007da886"}]}], ["UAP telah dibentuk sebagai pakatan konservatif baru pada tahun 1931, dengan pembelaan Buruh Joseph Lyons sebagai pemimpinnya. Pendirian Lyons dan pemberontak Buruh lain terhadap cadangan yang lebih radikal pergerakan Buruh untuk menangani Kemelesetan Besar telah menarik sokongan konservatif Australia yang terkemuka. Dengan Australia masih menderita akibat Kemelesetan Besar, parti yang baru terbentuk memenangi kemenangan dalam Pilihan Raya 1931, dan Kerajaan Lyons memenangi tiga pilihan raya berturut-turut. Ia sebahagian besarnya menghindari pemompaian Keynesian dan mengejar dasar fiskal yang lebih konservatif pengurangan hutang dan anggaran seimbang sebagai cara untuk memelihara Australia daripada Kemurungan. Kematian Lyons pada tahun 1939 menyaksikan Robert Menzies menganggap Perdana Menteri pada malam perang. Menzies berkhidmat sebagai Perdana Menteri dari tahun 1939 hingga 1941 tetapi meletak jawatan sebagai pemimpin minoriti kerajaan Perang Dunia II di tengah-tengah majoriti parlimen yang tidak dapat dikendalikan. UAP, yang diketuai oleh Billy Hughes, telah hancur selepas mengalami kekalahan berat dalam pilihan raya 1943. <> Apa peristiwa ekonomi mempengaruhi Pilihan Raya 1931? || Kemelesetan Besar <> Berapa banyak pilihan raya berturut-turut yang menang Kerajaan Lyon? || tiga <> Apa peristiwa yang menyebabkan Robert Menzies menjadi Perdana Menteri? || Kematian Lyons pada tahun 1939 <> Berapa tahun Robert Menzies berkhidmat sebagai Perdana Menteri? || 1939 hingga 1941", {"context": "The UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, the newly formed party won a landslide victory at the 1931 Election, and the Lyons Government went on to win three consecutive elections. It largely avoided Keynesian pump-priming and pursued a more conservative fiscal policy of debt reduction and balanced budgets as a means of stewarding Australia out of the Depression. Lyons' death in 1939 saw Robert Menzies assume the Prime Ministership on the eve of war. Menzies served as Prime Minister from 1939 to 1941 but resigned as leader of the minority World War II government amidst an unworkable parliamentary majority. The UAP, led by Billy Hughes, disintegrated after suffering a heavy defeat in the 1943 election.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "the Great Depression"}], "question": "What economic event influenced the 1931 Election?", "id": "5728da6a3acd2414000e0043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many consecutive elections did the Lyons Government win?", "id": "5728da6a3acd2414000e0044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "Lyons' death in 1939"}], "question": "What event caused Robert Menzies to become Prime Minister?", "id": "5728da6a3acd2414000e0045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 824, "text": "1939 to 1941"}], "question": "What years did Robert Menzies serve as Prime Minister?", "id": "5728da6a3acd2414000e0046"}]}], ["Pendahuluan langsung Liberal adalah Parti United Australia (UAP). Secara lebih meluas, keturunan ideologi Parti Liberal membentangkan semula kumpulan anti-Buruh dalam parlimen Komanwel yang pertama. Parti Liberal Komanwel adalah perpaduan Parti Perdagangan Bebas dan Parti Perlindungan pada tahun 1909 oleh perdana menteri kedua, Alfred Deakin, sebagai tindak balas kepada ketua pilihanraya yang semakin meningkat. Parti Liberal Komanwel bergabung dengan beberapa pembangkang Buruh (termasuk Billy Hughes) untuk membentuk Parti Nasionalis Australia pada tahun 1917. Parti itu, pada gilirannya, bergabung dengan pembangkang Buruh untuk membentuk UAP pada tahun 1931. <> Kumpulan mana yang terdahulu kepada Liberal ? || Parti United Australia (UAP) <> Dari manakah ideologi kaum Liberal berpunca? || kumpulan anti-Buruh dalam parlimen Komanwel pertama <> Apa yang bergabung dengan Parti Liberal Komanwel untuk membentuk? || Parti Kebangsaan Australia <> Pada tahun apakah Parti Kebangsaan Australia terbentuk? || 1917", {"context": "The Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party (UAP). More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by the second prime minister, Alfred Deakin, in response to Labor's growing electoral prominence. The Commonwealth Liberal Party merged with several Labor dissidents (including Billy Hughes) to form the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917. That party, in turn, merged with Labor dissidents to form the UAP in 1931.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "United Australia Party (UAP)"}], "question": "Which group was predecessor to the Liberals?", "id": "5728d9a2ff5b5019007da816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments"}], "question": "From where did the ideology of the Liberals stem?", "id": "5728d9a2ff5b5019007da817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Nationalist Party of Australia"}], "question": "What did the Commonwealth Liberal Party merge to form?", "id": "5728d9a2ff5b5019007da818"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "1917"}], "question": "In what year was the Nationalist Party of Australia formed?", "id": "5728d9a2ff5b5019007da819"}]}], ["Selepas kehilangan awal pada Buruh pada pilihan raya 1946, Menzies memimpin Liberal untuk kemenangan pada pilihan raya 1949, dan parti itu tetap memegang jawatan selama 23 tahun-masih merupakan larian terpanjang dalam pemerintahan di peringkat persekutuan. Australia mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berpanjangan semasa tempoh boom pasca perang Kerajaan Menzies (1949-1966) dan Menzies memenuhi janji-janjinya pada pilihan raya 1949 untuk mengakhiri catuan mentega, teh dan petrol dan memberikan sumbangan lima-shing untuk anak sulung kanak-kanak, dan juga orang lain. Walaupun dirinya anglophile tanpa malu, kerajaan Menzies menyimpulkan beberapa perjanjian pertahanan dan perdagangan utama yang menetapkan Australia pada trajektori pasca perang dari orbit Britain; membuka Australia kepada imigresen berbilang etnik; dan menghasut pembaharuan undang-undang penting mengenai Orang Asli Aborigin. <> Berapa tahun Liberal tinggal di pejabat selepas pilihan raya tahun 1949? || rekod 23 tahun <> Apa janji yang dilakukan Menzies dalam pilihan raya 1949? || catuan mentega, teh dan petrol dan menyediakan kesejahteraan lima shing untuk anak kelahiran <> Dalam tempoh berapa Australia mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi jangka panjang? || tempoh boom pasca perang Kerajaan Menzies (1949-1966)", {"context": "After an initial loss to Labor at the 1946 election, Menzies led the Liberals to victory at the 1949 election, and the party stayed in office for a record 23 years\u2014still the longest unbroken run in government at the federal level. Australia experienced prolonged economic growth during the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949\u20131966) and Menzies fulfilled his promises at the 1949 election to end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children, as well as for others. While himself an unashamed anglophile, Menzies' government concluded a number of major defence and trade treaties that set Australia on its post-war trajectory out of Britain's orbit; opened Australia to multi-ethnic immigration; and instigated important legal reforms regarding Aboriginal Australians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "a record 23 years"}], "question": "How many years did the Liberals stay in office after the 1949 election?", "id": "5728dc893acd2414000e0093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children"}], "question": "What promises did Menzies make in the 1949 election?", "id": "5728dc893acd2414000e0094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949\u20131966)"}], "question": "During what period did Australia experience long-term economic growth?", "id": "5728dc893acd2414000e0095"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1951, semasa peringkat awal Perang Dingin, Menzies bercakap kemungkinan kemungkinan perang dunia ketiga. Kerajaan Menzies memasuki pakatan tentera rasmi pertama Australia di luar Komanwel Inggeris dengan menandatangani Perjanjian ANZUS antara Australia, New Zealand dan Amerika Syarikat di San Francisco pada tahun 1951. Menteri Hal Ehwal Luar Percy Spender telah mengemukakan cadangan untuk bekerja bersama-sama garis kepada Perikatan NATO. Perjanjian itu mengisytiharkan bahawa sebarang serangan ke atas salah satu daripada tiga parti di kawasan Pasifik akan dianggap sebagai ancaman bagi setiap orang, dan bahaya umum itu akan dipenuhi sesuai dengan proses perlembagaan masing-masing negara. Pada tahun 1954 Kerajaan Menzies menandatangani Perjanjian Pertahanan Kolektif Asia Tenggara (SEATO) sebagai rakan sejawat Asia Tenggara kepada NATO. Pada tahun yang sama, diplomat Soviet Vladimir Petrov dan isterinya berpaling dari kedutaan Soviet di Canberra, mendedahkan bukti aktiviti pengintipan Rusia; Menzies memanggil Suruhanjaya Diraja untuk menyiasat. <> Perjanjian yang mana merupakan persekutuan ketenteraan pertama Australia di luar Komanwel Inggeris? || Perjanjian ANZUS <> Bidang mana yang terlibat dalam Perjanjian ANZUS? || Australia, New Zealand dan Amerika Syarikat <> Apa maksud singkatan SEATO? || Perjanjian Pertahanan Kolektif Asia Tenggara <> Kumpulan mana yang menjadi rakan niaga kepada NATO? || Perjanjian Pertahanan Kolektif Asia Tenggara (SEATO) <> Dimana penandatanganan Perjanjian ANZUS yang diadakan pada tahun 1951? || San Francisco", {"context": "In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "ANZUS Treaty"}], "question": "Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?", "id": "5728de523acd2414000e00bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Australia, New Zealand and the United States"}], "question": "Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?", "id": "5728de523acd2414000e00be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty"}], "question": "What does the acronym SEATO stand for?", "id": "5728de523acd2414000e00c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)"}], "question": "Which group is a counterpart to NATO?", "id": "5728de523acd2414000e00c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "San Francisco"}], "question": "Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?", "id": "5728de523acd2414000e00bf"}]}], ["Semasa tempoh McMahon di pejabat, Neville Bonner menyertai Senat dan menjadi orang asli Australia pertama di Parlimen Australia. Bonner dipilih oleh Parti Liberal untuk mengisi kekosongan Senat pada tahun 1971 dan meraikan ucapan parlimen sulungnya dengan bumerang membuang paparan di rumput Parlimen. Bonner terus memenangi pilihan raya pada pilihan raya 1972 dan berkhidmat sebagai Senator Liberal selama 12 tahun. Beliau bekerja pada isu kebajikan dan kebajikan masyarakat dan membuktikan seorang Senator berpandangan bebas, sering menyeberangi lantai atas undi Parlimen. <> Siapa yang menjadi Austrailian asli pertama di Parlimen? || Neville Bonner <> Berapa lama Bonner berkhidmat sebagai Senator Liberal? || 12 tahun <> Bagaimana Bonner telah melantik kedudukannya? || yang dipilih oleh Parti Liberal untuk mengisi kekosongan Senat pada tahun 1971", {"context": "During McMahon's period in office, Neville Bonner joined the Senate and became the first Indigenous Australian in the Australian Parliament. Bonner was chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971 and celebrated his maiden parliamentary speech with a boomerang throwing display on the lawns of Parliament. Bonner went on to win election at the 1972 election and served as a Liberal Senator for 12 years. He worked on Indigenous and social welfare issues and proved an independent minded Senator, often crossing the floor on Parliamentary votes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Neville Bonner"}], "question": "Who became the first indigenous Austrailian in Parliament?", "id": "5728e1754b864d1900165000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "12 years"}], "question": "How long did Bonner serve as a Liberal Senator?", "id": "5728e1754b864d1900165001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971"}], "question": "How was Bonner appointed his position?", "id": "5728e1754b864d1900165002"}]}], ["Kerajaan Gorton meningkatkan pembiayaan untuk seni, menubuhkan Majlis Seni Australia, Perbadanan Pembangunan Filem Australia dan Sekolah Latihan Filem dan Filem Nasional. Kerajaan Gorton meluluskan undang-undang yang menetapkan gaji yang sama bagi lelaki dan wanita dan meningkatkan pencen, elaun dan biasiswa pendidikan, serta menyediakan penjagaan kesihatan percuma kepada 250,000 golongan miskin (tetapi bukan penjagaan kesihatan sejagat). Kerajaan Gorton memelihara Australia dalam Perang Vietnam tetapi berhenti menggantikan tentera pada akhir tahun 1970. <> Kerajaan mana yang memberi penekanan dalam menyokong seni? || Kerajaan Gorton <> Kerajaan manakah yang menetapkan gaji yang sama bagi lelaki dan wanita? || Kerajaan Gorton <> Berapa tahun Kerajaan Gorton berhenti menggantikan kumpulan di Vietnam? || akhir tahun 1970", {"context": "The Gorton Government increased funding for the arts, setting up the Australian Council for the Arts, the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School. The Gorton Government passed legislation establishing equal pay for men and women and increased pensions, allowances and education scholarships, as well as providing free health care to 250,000 of the nation's poor (but not universal health care). Gorton's government kept Australia in the Vietnam War but stopped replacing troops at the end of 1970.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Gorton Government"}], "question": "Which government put an emphasis in supporting the arts?", "id": "5728e029ff5b5019007da8aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "The Gorton Government"}], "question": "Which government established equal pay for men and women?", "id": "5728e029ff5b5019007da8ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "end of 1970"}], "question": "What year did the Gorton Government stop replacing troups in Vietnam?", "id": "5728e029ff5b5019007da8ac"}]}], ["Melalui 2010, parti itu meningkatkan undiannya dalam pilihan raya negeri Tasmania dan Selatan Australia dan mencapai kerajaan negeri di Victoria. Pada Mac 2011, Gabungan Kebangsaan Liberal-Kebangsaan New South Wales yang diketuai oleh Barry O'Farrell memenangi kerajaan dengan kemenangan pilihan raya terbesar dalam sejarah Australia selepas perang di Pilihan Raya Negeri. Di Queensland, parti-parti Liberal dan Negara-negara Kebangsaan bergabung pada tahun 2008 untuk membentuk Partai Kebangsaan Liberal baru Queensland (berdaftar sebagai Bahagian Queensland dari Parti Liberal Australia). Pada bulan Mac 2012, parti baru mencapai Kerajaan dalam tanah runtuh bersejarah, yang diketuai oleh bekas Mayor Lord Brisbane, Campbell Newman. <> Parti mana yang bergabung di Queensland pada tahun 2008 untuk membentuk Partai Kebangsaan Liberal baru Queensland? || Parti Liberal dan Kebangsaan <> Pada bulan Mac 2012, parti mana yang dimenangi oleh tanah runtuh bersejarah? || Partai Kebangsaan Liberal yang baru Queensland <> Yang memimpin Parti Nasional Liberal baru Queensland melalui pemilihan pada bulan Mac 2012? || mantan Datuk Bandar Brisbane, Campbell Newman", {"context": "Through 2010, the party improved its vote in the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria. In March 2011, the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition led by Barry O'Farrell won government with the largest election victory in post-war Australian history at the State Election. In Queensland, the Liberal and National parties merged in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland (registered as the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party of Australia). In March 2012, the new party achieved Government in an historic landslide, led by former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "the Liberal and National parties"}], "question": "Which parties merged in Queensland in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland?", "id": "5728e78b4b864d1900165068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "the new Liberal National Party of Queensland"}], "question": "In March 2012, which party won by an historic landslide?", "id": "5728e78b4b864d1900165069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman"}], "question": "Who led the new Liberal National Party of Queensland through the election in March 2012?", "id": "5728e78b4b864d190016506a"}]}], ["Berikutan Pilihan Raya Persekutuan 2007, Dr Brendan Nelson dipilih sebagai pemimpin oleh Parti Liberal Parlimen. Pada 16 September 2008, dalam pertandingan kedua selepas gerakan tumpahan, Nelson kehilangan kepimpinannya kepada Malcolm Turnbull. Pada 1 Disember 2009, pilihan raya kepimpinan yang berikutnya menyaksikan Turnbull kehilangan kepimpinan kepada Tony Abbott dengan 42 undi kepada 41 pada undi kedua. Abbott mengetuai parti itu pada pilihan raya persekutuan 2010, yang menyaksikan kenaikan undi Parti Liberal dan menyebabkan parlimen pertama yang digantung sejak pilihan raya 1940. <> Seberapa dekatnya pertandingan Turnbull dan Abbott pada tahun 2009? || 42 undi kepada 41 <> Siapa terpilih kepada Parti Liberal Parlimen selepas Pilihan Raya Persekutuan 2007? || Dr Brendan Nelson <> Kepada siapa Nelson kehilangan parti itu pada tahun 2008? || Malcolm Turnbull", {"context": "Following the 2007 Federal Election, Dr Brendan Nelson was elected leader by the Parliamentary Liberal Party. On 16 September 2008, in a second contest following a spill motion, Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull. On 1 December 2009, a subsequent leadership election saw Turnbull lose the leadership to Tony Abbott by 42 votes to 41 on the second ballot. Abbott led the party to the 2010 federal election, which saw an increase in the Liberal Party vote and resulted in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "42 votes to 41"}], "question": "How close was the race betwen Turnbull and Abbott in 2009?", "id": "5728e8124b864d190016506e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Dr Brendan Nelson"}], "question": "Who was elected to the Parliamentary Liberal Party after the 2007 Federal Election?", "id": "5728e8124b864d190016506f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Malcolm Turnbull"}], "question": "To whom did Nelson lose the party to in 2008?", "id": "5728e8124b864d1900165070"}]}], ["Howard berbeza dari pendahulunya Buruh Paul Keating kerana beliau menyokong institusi Australia tradisional seperti Monarchy di Australia, peringatan Hari ANZAC dan reka bentuk bendera Australia, tetapi seperti Keating dia meneruskan penswastaan utiliti awam dan pengenalan asas yang luas cukai penggunaan (walaupun Keating telah menurunkan sokongan untuk GST pada masa kemenangan pilihan raya 1993). The premier Howard bertepatan dengan serangan 11 September Al Qaeda di Amerika Syarikat. Kerajaan Howard memohon perjanjian ANZUS sebagai tindak balas terhadap serangan dan menyokong kempen Amerika di Afghanistan dan Iraq. <> Bagaimana Howard berbeza daripada Paul Keating? || beliau menyokong institusi Australia tradisional seperti Monarchy di Australia, peringatan Hari ANZAC dan reka bentuk bendera Australia <> Bagaimana dengan Howard yang serupa dengan Paul Keating? || meneruskan penswastaan utiliti awam dan pengenalan cukai penggunaan berasaskan luas <> Yang kerajaan menyokong perang AS Afghanistan dan Iraq? || Kerajaan Howard <> Mengikut perjanjian apa yang kerajaan Australia menyokong AS? || perjanjian ANZUS", {"context": "Howard differed from his Labor predecessor Paul Keating in that he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag, but like Keating he pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax (although Keating had dropped support for a GST by the time of his 1993 election victory). Howard's premiership coincided with Al Qaeda's 11 September attacks on the United States. The Howard Government invoked the ANZUS treaty in response to the attacks and supported America's campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag"}], "question": "How was Howard different from Paul Keating?", "id": "5728e6bc3acd2414000e0183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax"}], "question": "In what ways was Howard similar to Paul Keating?", "id": "5728e6bc3acd2414000e0184"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "The Howard Government"}], "question": "Which government supported the US's war Afghanistan and Iraq?", "id": "5728e6bc3acd2414000e0185"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "the ANZUS treaty"}], "question": "Under what agreement did the Australian government support the US?", "id": "5728e6bc3acd2414000e0186"}]}], ["Berikutan Keuntungan Pinjaman 1974-75, Malcolm Fraser yang mengetuai Gabungan Parti Liberal-Country berpendapat bahawa Kerajaan Whitlam tidak cekap dan menangguhkan laluan bil Kerajaan di Senat, sehingga kerajaan akan menjanjikan pilihan raya baru. Whitlam menolak, Fraser menegaskan bahawa krisis perlembagaan Australia 1975 yang memecahbelahkan. Kebuntuan berakhir apabila kerajaan Whitlam dipecat oleh Gabenor Jeneral, Sir John Kerr pada 11 November 1975 dan Fraser dipasang sebagai Perdana Menteri sementara menunggu keputusan. Fraser memenangi tanah runtuh pada pilihan raya 1975 yang terhasil. <> Pada hari apakah krisis berlarutan 1975 berakhir? || 11 November 1975 <> Bagaimana keadaan kekacauan antara Whitlam dan Fraser berakhir? || kerajaan Whitlam telah dibuang oleh Gabenor Jeneral, Sir John Kerr <> Yang memenangi pilihan raya 1975 dengan margin yang besar? || Fraser", {"context": "Following the 1974\u201375 Loans Affair, the Malcolm Fraser led Liberal-Country Party Coalition argued that the Whitlam Government was incompetent and delayed passage of the Government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused, Fraser insisted leading to the divisive 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker Prime Minister, pending an election. Fraser won in a landslide at the resulting 1975 election.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "11 November 1975"}], "question": "On what day did the 1975 constitutional crisis deadlock end?", "id": "5728e2be4b864d1900165018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr"}], "question": "How did the gridlock between Whitlam and Fraser end?", "id": "5728e2be4b864d1900165019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Fraser"}], "question": "Who won the 1975 election by large margin?", "id": "5728e2be4b864d190016501a"}]}], ["Gorton mengekalkan hubungan baik dengan Amerika Syarikat dan Britain, tetapi mengejar hubungan dengan Asia. Kerajaan Gorton mengalami penurunan sokongan pengundi pada pilihan raya 1969. Pemimpin Liberal negeri melihat dasarnya terlalu Centralist, sementara Liberal lain tidak suka tingkah laku peribadi. Pada tahun 1971, Menteri Pertahanan Malcolm Fraser meletak jawatan dan berkata Gorton \"tidak layak memegang jawatan Perdana Menteri\". Dalam undi kepimpinan Parti Liberal memecah 50/50, dan walaupun ini tidak mencukupi untuk memecatnya sebagai ketua, Gorton memutuskan ini juga tidak mencukupi sokongan kepadanya, dan dia meletak jawatan. <> Benua manakah yang Gorton ingin mengejar hubungan dengannya? || Asia <> Yang berkomentar bahawa Gorton tidak layak menjadi Perdana Menteri? || Menteri Pertahanan Malcolm Fraser <> Adakah Gorton mengejek, mengundi atau mengundurkan diri? || dia meletak jawatan <> Negara manakah yang Gorton mengekalkan hubungan rapat? || Amerika Syarikat dan Britain", {"context": "Gorton maintained good relations with the United States and Britain, but pursued closer ties with Asia. The Gorton government experienced a decline in voter support at the 1969 election. State Liberal leaders saw his policies as too Centralist, while other Liberals didn't like his personal behaviour. In 1971, Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser, resigned and said Gorton was \"not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister\". In a vote on the leadership the Liberal Party split 50/50, and although this was insufficient to remove him as the leader, Gorton decided this was also insufficient support for him, and he resigned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Asia"}], "question": "Which continent did Gorton wish to pursue closer ties with?", "id": "5728e0eb2ca10214002daa10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser"}], "question": "Who commented that Gorton was not fit to be Prime Minister?", "id": "5728e0eb2ca10214002daa11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "he resigned"}], "question": "Was Gorton impeached, voted out, or did he resign?", "id": "5728e0eb2ca10214002daa12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "United States and Britain"}], "question": "Which countries did Gorton maintain close relationships with?", "id": "5728e0eb2ca10214002daa13"}]}], ["Holt meningkatkan komitmen Australia terhadap Perang yang semakin berkembang di Vietnam, yang bertemu dengan beberapa pembangkang awam. Pemerintahannya mengawasi penukaran ke mata uang perpuluhan. Holt berhadapan dengan penarikan Britain dari Asia dengan melawat dan menganjurkan banyak pemimpin Asia dan dengan mengembangkan hubungan dengan Amerika Syarikat, menjadi tuan rumah lawatan pertama ke Australia oleh presiden Amerika, rakannya, Lyndon B. Johnson. Kerajaan Holt memperkenalkan Akta Migrasi 1966, yang secara berkesan membongkar Dasar Putih Australia dan meningkatkan akses kepada pendatang bukan Eropah, termasuk pelarian yang melarikan diri dari Perang Vietnam. Holt juga memanggil Referendum 1967 yang menghapuskan klausa diskriminasi dalam Perlembagaan Australia yang mengecualikan Orang Asli Aborigin daripada dikira dalam banci - referendum itu adalah salah satu daripada sedikit yang dialu-alukan oleh pengundi Australia (lebih dari 90% mengundi 'ya') . Menjelang akhir tahun 1967, sokongan awal Liberal pada perang di Vietnam telah menyebabkan peningkatan protes awam. <> Kerajaan di bawahnya yang mengalami penukaran kepada mata wang perpuluhan? || Holt <> Yang mana dari sikap Holt yang menerima pembangkang awam? || komitmen terhadap Perang yang semakin berkembang di Vietnam <> Yang Rujukan yang membenarkan kaum Australia Adat dihitung dalam Banci? || 1967 Referendum <> Apa peratus daripada rakyat Australia mengundi untuk referendum tahun 1967? || 90%", {"context": "Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam, which met with some public opposition. His government oversaw conversion to decimal currency. Holt faced Britain's withdrawal from Asia by visiting and hosting many Asian leaders and by expanding ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Australia by an American president, his friend Lyndon B. Johnson. Holt's government introduced the Migration Act 1966, which effectively dismantled the White Australia Policy and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the Vietnam War. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census \u2013 the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes'). By the end of 1967, the Liberals' initially popular support for the war in Vietnam was causing increasing public protest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Holt"}], "question": "Government under whom experienced the conversion to decimal currency?", "id": "5728dfb24b864d1900164fec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "commitment to the growing War in Vietnam"}], "question": "Which of Holt's stances received some public opposition?", "id": "5728dfb24b864d1900164fed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "1967 Referendum"}], "question": "Which Referendum allowed Indigenous Australians to be counted in the Census?", "id": "5728dfb24b864d1900164fee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 864, "text": "90%"}], "question": "What overhelming percent of Australians voted for the 1967 Referendum?", "id": "5728dfb24b864d1900164fef"}]}], ["Fraser mengekalkan beberapa pembaharuan sosial era Whitlam, sambil mencari penangguhan fiskal yang lebih tinggi. Pemerintahannya termasuk ahli parlimen persekutuan Aborigin pertama, Neville Bonner, dan pada tahun 1976, Parlimen meluluskan Akta Hak Tanah Orang Asli 1976, yang, sementara terhad kepada Wilayah Utara, menegaskan tajuk hak milik \"tidak dapat dipisahkan\" ke beberapa tanah tradisional. Fraser menubuhkan penyiar kebudayaan pelbagai budaya SBS, pelarian Vietnam yang diterima, menentang pemerintahan putih minoriti di Apartheid Afrika Selatan dan Rhodesia dan menentang pengembangan ekspansi Soviet. Satu program pembaharuan ekonomi yang signifikan bagaimanapun tidak dilaksanakan. Menjelang tahun 1983, ekonomi Australia menderita kemelesetan awal tahun 1980an dan di tengah-tengah kesan kemarau yang teruk. Fraser telah mempromosikan \"hak negara\" dan kerajaannya enggan menggunakan kuasa Komanwel untuk menghentikan pembinaan Empangan Franklin di Tasmania pada tahun 1982. Menteri Liberal, Don Chipp berpisah dari parti untuk membentuk parti liberal sosial baru, Demokrat Australia pada tahun 1977. Fraser memenangi majoriti besar pada pilihan raya 1977 dan 1980, sebelum kalah kepada Bob Hawke yang memimpin Parti Buruh Australia pada pilihan raya 1983. <> Dokumen mana yang membenarkan orang-orang Orang Asli hak untuk beberapa tanah tradisional? || Akta Hak Tanah Orang Asli 1976 <> Apa kesan alam sekitar mempengaruhi ekonomi Australia pada tahun 1983? || satu kemarau teruk <> Parti mana Don Chipp terpisah untuk dibentuk pada tahun 1977? || Demokrat Australia <> Siapa yang Frazer akhirnya kalah pada tahun 1983? || Bob Hawke", {"context": "Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era, while seeking increased fiscal restraint. His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian, Neville Bonner, and in 1976, Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, which, while limited to the Northern Territory, affirmed \"inalienable\" freehold title to some traditional lands. Fraser established the multicultural broadcaster SBS, accepted Vietnamese refugees, opposed minority white rule in Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and opposed Soviet expansionism. A significant program of economic reform however was not pursued. By 1983, the Australian economy was suffering with the early 1980s recession and amidst the effects of a severe drought. Fraser had promoted \"states' rights\" and his government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania in 1982. Liberal minister, Don Chipp split off from the party to form a new social liberal party, the Australian Democrats in 1977. Fraser won further substantial majorities at the 1977 and 1980 elections, before losing to the Bob Hawke led Australian Labor Party in the 1983 election.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976"}], "question": "Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands?", "id": "5728e4102ca10214002daa46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "a severe drought"}], "question": "What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983?", "id": "5728e4102ca10214002daa47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 995, "text": "Australian Democrats"}], "question": "Which party did Don Chipp seperate to form in 1977?", "id": "5728e4102ca10214002daa48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1120, "text": "Bob Hawke"}], "question": "Who did Frazer eventually lose to in 1983?", "id": "5728e4102ca10214002daa49"}]}], ["Menzies meneruskan program imigrasi yang diperluas yang ditubuhkan di bawah Chifley, dan mengambil langkah-langkah penting untuk membongkar Dasar Australia Putih. Pada awal tahun 1950-an, menteri hal ehwal luar negeri, Percy Spender membantu menubuhkan Rancangan Kolombo untuk menyediakan bantuan ekonomi kepada negara-negara yang kurang berkembang di rantau Australia. Di bawah skim itu ramai pemimpin Asia masa depan belajar di Australia. Pada tahun 1958, kerajaan telah menggantikan Undang-undang Imigresen dengan menggunakan undang-undang ujian bahasa yang sewenang-wenangnya menggunakan sistem permit kemasukan, yang mencerminkan kriteria ekonomi dan kemahiran. Pada tahun 1962, Akta Pemilihan Komanwel Menzies menyatakan bahawa semua Orang Asli Orang Asli harus mempunyai hak untuk mendaftar dan mengundi di pilihan raya persekutuan (sebelum ini, orang asli di Queensland, Australia Barat dan beberapa di Wilayah Utara telah dikecualikan daripada mengundi kecuali mereka bekas tentera). Pada tahun 1949 Liberal melantik Dame Enid Lyons sebagai wanita pertama yang berkhidmat di Kabinet Australia. Menzies kekal sebagai penyokong kuat kepada kerajaan dan Komanwel British tetapi merangka perikatan dengan Amerika Syarikat dan menyimpulkan Perjanjian Perdagangan antara Australia dan Jepun yang ditandatangani pada Julai 1957 dan melancarkan perdagangan pasca perang dengan Jepun, bermula pertumbuhan Eksport arang batu, bijih besi dan sumber mineral Australia yang terus meningkat sehingga Jepun menjadi rakan perdagangan terbesar Australia. <> Apakah sistem perizinan masuk Imigresen termasuk? || kriteria ekonomi dan kemahiran <> Peraturan mana yang membenarkan hak orang Australia asli untuk mengundi? || Akta Pemilihan Umum Komanwel Menzies <> Siapa wanita pertama yang berkhidmat di Kabinet Australia? || Dame Enid Lyons", {"context": "Menzies continued the expanded immigration program established under Chifley, and took important steps towards dismantling the White Australia Policy. In the early 1950s, external affairs minister Percy Spender helped to establish the Colombo Plan for providing economic aid to underdeveloped nations in Australia's region. Under that scheme many future Asian leaders studied in Australia. In 1958 the government replaced the Immigration Act's arbitrarily applied European language dictation test with an entry permit system, that reflected economic and skills criteria. In 1962, Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections (prior to this, indigenous people in Queensland, Western Australia and some in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen). In 1949 the Liberals appointed Dame Enid Lyons as the first woman to serve in an Australian Cabinet. Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the monarchy and British Commonwealth but formalised an alliance with the United States and concluded the Agreement on Commerce between Australia and Japan which was signed in July 1957 and launched post-war trade with Japan, beginning a growth of Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "economic and skills criteria"}], "question": "What did the Immigration Act's entry permit system include?", "id": "5728dee22ca10214002da9f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act"}], "question": "Which ruling allowed indigenous Australians the right to vote?", "id": "5728dee22ca10214002da9f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "Dame Enid Lyons"}], "question": "Who was the first women to serve on the Australian Cabinet?", "id": "5728dee22ca10214002da9f2"}]}], ["Organisasi Parti Liberal didominasi oleh enam bahagian negara, yang mencerminkan komitmen asli partai kepada sistem pemerintah yang bersederhana (komitmen yang sangat dikelola oleh semua pemerintah Liberal hingga tahun 1983, tetapi sebagian besar ditinggalkan oleh Pemerintah Howard, yang menunjukkan kecenderungan memusatkan yang kuat). Menzies sengaja mencipta mesin parti nasional lemah dan bahagian negeri yang kuat. Dasar parti dibuat hampir sepenuhnya oleh parti-parti parlimen, bukan oleh anggota pangkat dan anggota parti, walaupun ahli parti Liberal mempunyai pengaruh besar atas dasar parti. <> Berapa banyak bahagian negeri wujud dalam organisasi Parti Liberal? || enam <> ahli politik mana yang sengaja mewujudkan bahagian negeri yang kuat ke pesta negara yang lebih lemah? || Menzies <> Siapa yang membuat dasar parti? || hampir keseluruhannya oleh parti-parti parlimen, bukan oleh anggota pangkat dan fail parti", {"context": "The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong centralising tendencies). Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions. Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members, although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party's organisation?", "id": "5728ea302ca10214002daa88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Menzies"}], "question": "Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party?", "id": "5728ea302ca10214002daa89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members"}], "question": "Who makes party policy?", "id": "5728ea302ca10214002daa8a"}]}], ["Secara sosial, sementara kemerdekaan dan kebebasan perusahaan membentuk asas kepercayaannya, unsur-unsur parti telah membingungkan antara apa yang disebut \"liberalisme kecil\" dan konservatisme sosial. Dari segi sejarah, Kerajaan Liberal bertanggungjawab untuk membawa beberapa pembaharuan \"liberal sosial\" yang ketara, termasuk pembukaan Australia untuk imigresen berbilang kaum di bawah Menzies dan Harold Holt; Rujukan 1967 Holt pada Hak Orang Asli; Sokongan Sir John Gorton untuk pawagam dan seni; pemilihan Senator Aborigin pertama, Neville Bonner, pada tahun 1971; dan Hak Hak Tanah Orang Asli Malcolm Fraser 1976. Seorang Liberal Australia Barat, Ken Wyatt, menjadi orang asli Australia yang pertama dipilih ke Dewan Perwakilan pada tahun 2010. <> Siapakah orang asli Australia yang pertama dipilih ke Dewan? || Ken Wyatt <> Pada tahun berapa orang Australia yang pertama dipilih ke Dewan Perwakilan? || 2010 <> Dalam tahun apakah dipilih Senator Aborigin pertama? || 1971", {"context": "Socially, while liberty and freedom of enterprise form the basis of its beliefs, elements of the party have wavered between what is termed \"small-l liberalism\" and social conservatism. Historically, Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable \"socially liberal\" reforms, including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt; Holt's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights; Sir John Gorton's support for cinema and the arts; selection of the first Aboriginal Senator, Neville Bonner, in 1971; and Malcolm Fraser's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976. A West Australian Liberal, Ken Wyatt, became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "Ken Wyatt"}], "question": "Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?", "id": "5728e95fff5b5019007da92e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives?", "id": "5728e95fff5b5019007da92f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "1971"}], "question": "In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected?", "id": "5728e95fff5b5019007da930"}]}], ["Di Australia Selatan, pada mulanya parti gabungan Liberal dan Negara, Liga Liberal dan Negara (LCL), yang kebanyakannya diketuai oleh Perdana Australia Selatan, Tom Playford, berkuasa dari pilihan raya 1933 hingga pilihan raya 1965, walaupun dengan bantuan dari pemilihan malapportionment, atau gerrymander, yang dikenali sebagai Playmander. Dewan Steele LCL ditadbir untuk satu penggal sejak pilihan raya 1968 untuk pilihan raya 1970 dan pada masa ini memulakan proses pembongkaran Playmander. David Tonkin, sebagai ketua Bahagian Australia Selatan Parti Liberal Australia, menjadi Perdana Menteri pada pilihan raya 1979 selama satu penggal, kehilangan jawatan pada pilihan raya 1982. Liberal kembali berkuasa pada pilihan raya 1993, yang diketuai oleh Premiers Dean Brown, John Olsen dan Rob Kerin melalui dua syarat, sehingga kekalahan mereka pada pilihan raya 2002. Mereka telah bertahan dalam pembangkang di bawah rekod lima Pemimpin Pembangkang. <> Berapa lama Tom Playford dalam kuasa politik? || dari pilihan raya 1933 hingga pilihan raya 1965 <Berapa banyak kerugian berturut-turut yang telah dihadapi oleh pihak Liberal sejak pilihan raya 2002? || rekod lima <> Selama tahun apakah pembongkaran Playmander bermula? || 1968 untuk pilihan raya 1970", {"context": "In South Australia, initially a Liberal and Country Party affiliated party, the Liberal and Country League (LCL), mostly led by Premier of South Australia Tom Playford, was in power from the 1933 election to the 1965 election, though with assistance from an electoral malapportionment, or gerrymander, known as the Playmander. The LCL's Steele Hall governed for one term from the 1968 election to the 1970 election and during this time began the process of dismantling the Playmander. David Tonkin, as leader of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia, became Premier at the 1979 election for one term, losing office at the 1982 election. The Liberals returned to power at the 1993 election, led by Premiers Dean Brown, John Olsen and Rob Kerin through two terms, until their defeat at the 2002 election. They have since remained in opposition under a record five Opposition Leaders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "from the 1933 election to the 1965 election"}], "question": "How long was Tom Playford in political power?", "id": "5728eb88ff5b5019007da94a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "a record five"}], "question": "How many consecutive losses has the Liberal party faced since the 2002 election?", "id": "5728eb88ff5b5019007da94b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "1968 election to the 1970 election"}], "question": "During what years did the dismantling of the Playmander begin?", "id": "5728eb88ff5b5019007da94c"}]}], ["Pemimpin parti itu adalah Malcolm Turnbull dan wakil pemimpinnya adalah Julie Bishop. Pasangan ini dipilih untuk jawatan mereka pada undi kepimpinan Liberal September 2015, Bishop sebagai timbalan ketua penyandang dan Turnbull sebagai pengganti Tony Abbott, yang kemudiannya menjadi Perdana Menteri Australia. Kini Kerajaan Turnbull, parti itu telah dipilih pada pilihan raya persekutuan 2013 sebagai Kerajaan Abbott yang mengambil jawatan pada 18 September 2013. Di peringkat negeri dan wilayah, Parti Liberal berada di pejabat di tiga negeri: Colin Barnett telah menjadi Perdana Menteri Barat Australia sejak 2008, Will Hodgman Premier Tasmania sejak tahun 2014 dan Mike Baird Premier dari New South Wales sejak tahun 2014. Adam Giles juga merupakan Ketua Menteri Wilayah Utara, yang mengetuai kerajaan minoriti Negara Liberal sejak 2015. Parti itu bertentangan dengan Victoria, Queensland, Australia Selatan dan Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia. <> Siapa pemimpin Parti Liberal Australia? || Malcolm Turnbull <> Siapa Turnbull dipilih untuk menggantikan? || Tony Abbott <> Siapa timbalan ketua Parti Australia? || Julie Bishop <> Apa nama bekas Kerajaan Turnbull? || Kerajaan Abbott", {"context": "The party's leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. The pair were elected to their positions at the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot, Bishop as the incumbent deputy leader and Turnbull as a replacement for Tony Abbott, whom he consequently succeeded as Prime Minister of Australia. Now the Turnbull Government, the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in three states: Colin Barnett has been Premier of Western Australia since 2008, Will Hodgman Premier of Tasmania since 2014 and Mike Baird Premier of New South Wales since 2014. Adam Giles is also the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, having led a Country Liberal minority government since 2015. The party is in opposition in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Malcolm Turnbull"}], "question": "Who is the Australian Liberal Party's leader?", "id": "5728e8b43acd2414000e01ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Tony Abbott"}], "question": "Who was Turnbull elected to replace?", "id": "5728e8b43acd2414000e01ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Julie Bishop"}], "question": "Who is the Australian Party's deputy leader?", "id": "5728e8b43acd2414000e01ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "the Abbott Government"}], "question": "What was the former name of the Turnbull Government?", "id": "5728e8b43acd2414000e01ae"}]}], ["Menzies berlari dengan kuat terhadap rancangan Buruh untuk menasionalisasi sistem perbankan Australia dan, selepas kemenangan pada pilihan raya 1949, memperoleh pilihan raya pembubaran dua kali untuk April 1951, selepas Senat yang dikendalikan oleh Buruh menolak meluluskan undang-undang perbankannya. Gabungan Liberal-Negara dikembalikan dengan mengawal Senat. Kerajaan telah dikembalikan semula pada pilihan raya 1954; pembentukan Parti Buruh Demokratik anti-Komunis (DLP) dan perpecahan seterusnya dalam Parti Buruh Australia pada awal tahun 1955 membantu Liberal untuk kemenangan lain pada bulan Disember 1955. John McEwen menggantikan Arthur Fadden sebagai pemimpin Parti Negara pada bulan Mac 1958 dan Koalisi Menzies-McEwen dikembalikan semula pada pilihan raya pada November 1958 - kemenangan ketiga mereka terhadap Buruh HV Evatt. Gabungan itu dikembalikan secara sempit terhadap Arthur Calwell Buruh pada pilihan raya Disember 1961, di tengah-tengah pemerasan kredit. Menzies berdiri untuk kali terakhir dalam pilihan raya November 1963, sekali lagi mengalahkan Calwell, dengan Gabungan memenangi semula kerugiannya di Dewan Perwakilan. Menzies terus mengundurkan diri dari parlimen pada 26 Januari 1966. <> Adakah Menzies untuk atau terhadap menasionalisasi sistem perbankan di Australia? || sangat menentang <> Apa yang membantu Liberal menang pada bulan Disember 1955? || pembentukan Parti Buruh Demokratik Anti-Komunis (DLP) dan perpecahan yang berlaku di Parti Buruh Australia pada awal tahun 1955 <> Bilakah Menzies berhenti dari Parlimen? || 26 Januari 1966", {"context": "Menzies ran strongly against Labor's plans to nationalise the Australian banking system and, following victory in the 1949 election, secured a double dissolution election for April 1951, after the Labor-controlled Senate refused to pass his banking legislation. The Liberal-Country Coalition was returned with control of the Senate. The Government was returned again in the 1954 election; the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955 helped the Liberals to another victory in December 1955. John McEwen replaced Arthur Fadden as leader of the Country Party in March 1958 and the Menzies-McEwen Coalition was returned again at elections in November 1958 \u2013 their third victory against Labor's H. V. Evatt. The Coalition was narrowly returned against Labor's Arthur Calwell in the December 1961 election, in the midst of a credit squeeze. Menzies stood for office for the last time in the November 1963 election, again defeating Calwell, with the Coalition winning back its losses in the House of Representatives. Menzies went on to resign from parliament on 26 January 1966.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "strongly against"}], "question": "Was Menzies for or against nationalizing the banking system in Australia?", "id": "5728eabeff5b5019007da93e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955"}], "question": "What helped the Liberals to victory in December 1955?", "id": "5728eabeff5b5019007da93f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1145, "text": "26 January 1966"}], "question": "When did Menzies resign from Parliament?", "id": "5728eabeff5b5019007da940"}]}], ["Tempoh pembahagian untuk Liberal diikuti, dengan bekas Bendahari John Howard bersaing dengan bekas Menteri Luar Negeri Andrew Peacock untuk supremasi. Ekonomi Australia menghadapi kemelesetan awal 1990-an. Pengangguran mencapai 11.4% pada tahun 1992. Di bawah Dr John Hewson, pada November 1991, pembangkang melancarkan Fightback 650 halaman! dokumen dasar - pengumpulan radikal \"kering\", langkah-langkah liberal ekonomi termasuk pengenalan Cukai Barangan dan Perkhidmatan (GST), pelbagai perubahan kepada Medicare termasuk pemansuhan pengebilan pukal bagi pemegang bukan konsesi, pengenalan sembilan bulan menghadkan faedah pengangguran, pelbagai perubahan dalam hubungan perindustrian termasuk pemansuhan penghargaan, pemotongan cukai pendapatan $ 13 bilion yang diarahkan kepada golongan berpenghasilan menengah dan atas, pemotongan perbelanjaan kerajaan $ 10 bilion, pemansuhan cukai gaji negara dan penswastaan besar bilangan syarikat milik kerajaan - yang mewakili permulaan arah masa depan yang sangat berbeza untuk konservatisme ekonomi utama yang diamalkan oleh kerajaan Liberal / Gabungan Kebangsaan sebelum ini. GST 15 peratus adalah pusat dokumen dasar. Melalui 1992, Perdana Menteri Buruh Paul Keating telah melancarkan kempen melawan pakej Fightback, dan terutamanya terhadap GST, yang digambarkan sebagai serangan ke atas kelas pekerja kerana ia mengubah beban cukai daripada cukai langsung orang kaya kepada cukai tidak langsung sebagai cukai penggunaan berasaskan luas. Aktiviti kumpulan tekanan dan pendapat umum adalah tidak henti-henti, yang menyebabkan Hewson untuk mengecualikan makanan dari GST yang dicadangkan - yang membawa kepada persoalan yang mengelilingi kerumitan makanan apa dan tidak dikecualikan daripada GST. Kesulitan Hewson dalam menjelaskan perkara ini kepada pengundi itu telah dicontohi dalam temu bual kek hari jadi yang terkenal, yang dianggap oleh beberapa orang sebagai titik perubahan dalam kempen pilihan raya. Keating memenangi tempoh buruh berturut-turut lima kali berturut-turut pada pilihan raya 1993. Sebilangan cadangan itu kemudiannya diterima pakai dalam undang-undang dalam beberapa bentuk, sedikit demi sedikit semasa pemerintahan Keating Labor, dan pada tahap yang lebih besar semasa pemerintah Liberal Howard (yang paling terkenal dengan GST), manakala faedah pengangguran dan pengebilan pukal adalah semula -targeted untuk seketika oleh pemerintah Abbott Liberal. <> Yang mana dua pemegang gelaran bertempur untuk kuasa politik pada awal tahun 1990-an? || bekas Bendahari John Howard bersaing dengan bekas Menteri Luar Negeri Andrew Peacock <> Apakah kadar pengangguran Australia pada tahun 1992? || 11.4% <> Perbincangan apa yang membuktikan contoh kesukaran menjelaskan apa makanan dan tidak termasuk dalam Cukai Barangan dan Perkhidmatan? || temuramah kek hari jadi terkenal", {"context": "A period of division for the Liberals followed, with former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock for supremacy. The Australian economy was facing the early 1990s recession. Unemployment reached 11.4% in 1992. Under Dr John Hewson, in November 1991, the opposition launched the 650-page Fightback! policy document \u2212 a radical collection of \"dry\", economic liberal measures including the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), various changes to Medicare including the abolition of bulk billing for non-concession holders, the introduction of a nine-month limit on unemployment benefits, various changes to industrial relations including the abolition of awards, a $13 billion personal income tax cut directed at middle and upper income earners, $10 billion in government spending cuts, the abolition of state payroll taxes and the privatisation of a large number of government owned enterprises \u2212 representing the start of a very different future direction to the keynesian economic conservatism practiced by previous Liberal/National Coalition governments. The 15 percent GST was the centerpiece of the policy document. Through 1992, Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating mounted a campaign against the Fightback package, and particularly against the GST, which he described as an attack on the working class in that it shifted the tax burden from direct taxation of the wealthy to indirect taxation as a broad-based consumption tax. Pressure group activity and public opinion was relentless, which led Hewson to exempt food from the proposed GST \u2212 leading to questions surrounding the complexity of what food was and wasn't to be exempt from the GST. Hewson's difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview, considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign. Keating won a record fifth consecutive Labor term at the 1993 election. A number of the proposals were later adopted in to law in some form, to a small extent during the Keating Labor government, and to a larger extent during the Howard Liberal government (most famously the GST), while unemployment benefits and bulk billing were re-targeted for a time by the Abbott Liberal government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock"}], "question": "Which two title holders fought for political power in the early 1990s?", "id": "5728eb37ff5b5019007da944"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "11.4%"}], "question": "What was the Australian unemployment rate in 1992?", "id": "5728eb37ff5b5019007da945"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1772, "text": "the infamous birthday cake interview"}], "question": "What discussion proved an example of the difficulty of explaining what foods were and were not included in the Goods and Services Tax?", "id": "5728eb37ff5b5019007da946"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1274, Dinasti Yuan yang mengasaskan Mongolia di China menghantar sekumpulan 40,000 lelaki dan 900 kapal untuk menyerang Jepun di utara Ky\u016bsh\u016b. Jepun mengumpulkan 10,000 samurai untuk memenuhi ancaman ini. Tentera menyerang dilecehkan oleh ribut petir utama sepanjang pencerobohan, yang membantu pembela dengan menimbulkan korban berat. Tentera Yuan akhirnya teringat dan pencerobohan itu dipinggirkan. Penjajah Mongol menggunakan bom kecil, yang mungkin kelihatan bom pertama dan mesiu di Jepun. <> Yang mana dinasti Cina diasaskan oleh Mongol? || Yuan <> Berapa banyak pasukan yang menghantar Yuan untuk menyerang Jepun? || 40,000 <> Berapa banyak kapal yang dihantar oleh Yuan untuk menyerang Jepun? || 900 <> Di manakah Yuan menyerang Jepun? || Kyushu utara <> Berapa banyak samurai lakukan Jepun mengalahkan pencerobohan Yuan dengan? || 10,000", {"context": "In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Ky\u016bsh\u016b. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Yuan"}], "question": "Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?", "id": "5728ee664b864d19001650b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "40,000"}], "question": "How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?", "id": "5728ee664b864d19001650b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "900"}], "question": "How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?", "id": "5728ee664b864d19001650b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "northern Ky\u016bsh\u016b"}], "question": "Where did the Yuan invade Japan?", "id": "5728ee664b864d19001650b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?", "id": "5728ee664b864d19001650b8"}]}], ["Pembela Jepun mengiktiraf kemungkinan pencerobohan baru, dan memulakan pembinaan penghalang batu besar di sekitar Teluk Hakata pada tahun 1276. Selesai pada tahun 1277, dinding ini membentang selama 20 kilometer di sekitar sempadan teluk. Ini kemudiannya berfungsi sebagai titik pertahanan yang kuat terhadap Mongol. Mongol cuba menyelesaikan masalah dengan cara diplomatik dari 1275 hingga 1279, tetapi setiap utusan yang dihantar ke Jepun telah dibunuh. Ini meletakkan pentas untuk salah satu pertunangan yang paling terkenal dalam sejarah Jepun. <> Apa yang dibina di sekitar Hakata Bay? || batu halangan yang hebat <> Bilakah Jepun mula membina penghalang Teluk Hakata? || 1276 <> Bilakah Jepun selesai membina penghalang Teluk Hakata? || 1277 <> Berapa lama halangan Teluk Hakata? || 20 kilometer <> Apa yang berlaku kepada utusan diplomatik yang dikirimkan Mongol ke Jepun? || dilaksanakan", {"context": "The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279, but every envoy sent to Japan was executed. This set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "a great stone barrier"}], "question": "What was built around Hakata Bay?", "id": "5728eeca4b864d19001650be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "1276"}], "question": "When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?", "id": "5728eeca4b864d19001650bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "1277"}], "question": "When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?", "id": "5728eeca4b864d19001650c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "20 kilometers"}], "question": "How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?", "id": "5728eeca4b864d19001650c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "executed"}], "question": "What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?", "id": "5728eeca4b864d19001650c2"}]}], ["Selepas perang Genpei pada abad ke-12, seorang pemimpin puak Minamoto no Yoritomo memperoleh hak untuk melantik shugo dan jito, dan dibenarkan untuk menganjurkan tentera dan polis, dan mengumpul sejumlah cukai. Pada mulanya, tanggungjawab mereka adalah terhad untuk menangkap pemberontak dan mengumpul peruntukan tentera yang diperlukan, dan mereka dilarang daripada campur tangan dengan Gabenor Kokushi, tetapi tanggungjawab mereka secara beransur-ansur berkembang dan dengan itu kelas samurai muncul sebagai kuasa pemerintah politik di Jepun. Minamoto no Yoritomo membuka Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate pada tahun 1192. <> Bilakah perang Genpei? || akhir abad ke-12 <> Siapa yang diberi hak untuk melantik shugo? || Minamoto no Yoritomo <> Apakah kedudukan Minamoto? || pemimpin puak <> Yang membuka Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate? || Minamoto no Yoritomo <> Kapan Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate dibuka? || 1192", {"context": "After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provisions, and they were forbidden from interfering with Kokushi Governors, but their responsibility gradually expanded and thus the samurai-class appeared as the political ruling power in Japan. Minamoto no Yoritomo opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate in 1192.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "late 12th century"}], "question": "When was the Genpei war?", "id": "5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Minamoto no Yoritomo"}], "question": "Who was given the right to appoint shugo?", "id": "5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "clan leader"}], "question": "What was Minamoto's position?", "id": "5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Minamoto no Yoritomo"}], "question": "Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate?", "id": "5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "1192"}], "question": "When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open?", "id": "5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa4"}]}], ["Pemenang, Taira no Kiyomori, menjadi penasihat kekaisaran, dan merupakan pahlawan pertama untuk mencapai kedudukan sedemikian. Dia akhirnya merampas kawalan kerajaan pusat, mendirikan pemerintahan samurai yang didominasi pertama dan mengasingkan Maharaja menjadi status kepala. Walau bagaimanapun, klan Taira masih sangat konservatif apabila dibandingkan dengan penggantinya, Minamoto, dan bukannya mengembangkan atau menguatkan kekuatan ketenteraannya, klan itu mempunyai wanita-wanitanya yang berkahwin dengan Maharaja dan menjalankan latihan melalui Maharaja. <> Siapa pahlawan pertama yang menjadi penasihat imperialis? || Taira no Kiyomori <> Siapa yang menubuhkan pentadbiran yang dipimpin oleh samurai pertama? || Taira no Kiyomori <> Siapa yang menggantikan klan Taira? || Minamoto <> Apakah peranan yang dimiliki oleh Maharaja dalam pemerintahan samurai? || figurehead <> Bagaimana klan Taira mengembangkan kuasa? || mempunyai kaum wanita yang berkahwin dengan Maharaja", {"context": "The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative when compared to its eventual successor, the Minamoto, and instead of expanding or strengthening its military might, the clan had its women marry Emperors and exercise control through the Emperor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Taira no Kiyomori"}], "question": "Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor?", "id": "5728edc03acd2414000e01eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Taira no Kiyomori"}], "question": "Who established the first samurai-led administration?", "id": "5728edc03acd2414000e01ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "the Minamoto"}], "question": "Who succeeded the Taira clan?", "id": "5728edc03acd2414000e01ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "figurehead"}], "question": "What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government?", "id": "5728edc03acd2414000e01ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "had its women marry Emperors"}], "question": "How did the Taira clan expand power?", "id": "5728edc03acd2414000e01ef"}]}], ["Dalam bahasa Jepun, mereka biasanya dirujuk sebagai bushi (\u6b66\u58eb?, [Bu.\u0255i]) atau buke (\u6b66 \u5bb6?). Menurut penterjemah William Scott Wilson: \"Dalam bahasa Cina, watak \u4f8d pada asalnya merupakan kata kerja yang bermaksud\" menunggu \"atau\" menemani orang \"di kalangan masyarakat atas, dan ini juga berlaku dengan istilah asal dalam bahasa Jepun, saburau. Di kedua-dua negara istilah-istilah itu dinamakan sebagai \"orang-orang yang berkhidmat dalam kehadiran para bangsawan\", pengucapan dalam bahasa Jepun yang berubah menjadi saburai. Menurut Wilson, rujukan awal untuk kata \"samurai\" muncul di Kokin Wakash\u016b (905- 914), antologi puisi kekaisaran yang pertama, diselesaikan pada bahagian pertama abad ke-10. <> Apakah pekerjaan William Scott Wilson? || penterjemah <> Apa yang dipanggil samurai dalam bahasa Japanse? || bushi (\u6b66\u58eb?, [ bu.\u0255i]) atau buke (\u6b66 \u5bb6?) <> Dimana penggunaan pertama 'samurai'? || Kokin Wakash\u016b <> Kapan penggunaan pertama 'samurai'? || 905-914", {"context": "In Japanese, they are usually referred to as bushi (\u6b66\u58eb?, [bu.\u0255i]) or buke (\u6b66\u5bb6?). According to translator William Scott Wilson: \"In Chinese, the character \u4f8d was originally a verb meaning \"to wait upon\" or \"accompany persons\" in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. In both countries the terms were nominalized to mean \"those who serve in close attendance to the nobility\", the pronunciation in Japanese changing to saburai. According to Wilson, an early reference to the word \"samurai\" appears in the Kokin Wakash\u016b (905\u2013914), the first imperial anthology of poems, completed in the first part of the 10th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "translator"}], "question": "What was William Scott Wilson's occupation?", "id": "5728ea364b864d1900165084"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "bushi (\u6b66\u58eb?, [bu.\u0255i]) or buke (\u6b66\u5bb6?)"}], "question": "What are samurai usually called in Japanse?", "id": "5728ea364b864d1900165085"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Kokin Wakash\u016b"}], "question": "Where is the first known use of 'samurai'?", "id": "5728ea364b864d1900165086"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "905\u2013914"}], "question": "When is the first known use of 'samurai'?", "id": "5728ea364b864d1900165087"}]}], ["Pada awal zaman Heian, abad ke-8 dan awal abad ke-9, Maharaja Kammu berusaha untuk menyatukan dan memperluas pemerintahannya di utara Honsh\u016b, tetapi tentara yang dikirimnya untuk mengalahkan orang-orang Emishi yang memberontak tidak mempunyai motivasi dan disiplin, dan gagal dalam tugas mereka. [ Kaisar Kammu memperkenalkan gelaran sei'i-taish\u014dgun (\u5f81 \u5937 \u5927 \u5c06\u8ecd) atau Shogun, dan mula bergantung kepada puak-puak serantau yang kuat untuk menakluk Emishi. Mahir dalam pertempuran dan memanah yang dipasang (ky\u016bd\u014d), pahlawan klan ini menjadi alat pilihan Maharaja untuk meletakkan pemberontakan. [Rujukan?] Walaupun ini adalah penggunaan pertama \"Shogun\" tajuk, ia adalah tajuk sementara, dan tidak disemai dengan kuasa politik sehingga abad ke-13. Pada masa ini (abad ke-7 hingga 9) para pegawai Mahkamah Imperial menganggap mereka hanyalah seksyen tentera di bawah kawalan Mahkamah Imperial. <> Dalam apa tempoh Kaisar Kammu memerintah? || Awal tempoh Heian <> Kapan awal Heian? || akhir abad ke-8 dan awal abad ke-9 <> Siapa yang Kammu gagal untuk menakluk? || Emishi <> Apa gelaran penuh untuk Shogun? || sei'i-taish\u014dgun <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan konsep Shogun? || Maharaja Kammu", {"context": "In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honsh\u016b, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of sei'i-taish\u014dgun (\u5f81\u5937\u5927\u5c06\u8ecd) or Shogun, and began to rely on the powerful regional clans to conquer the Emishi. Skilled in mounted combat and archery (ky\u016bd\u014d), these clan warriors became the Emperor's preferred tool for putting down rebellions.[citation needed] Though this is the first known use of the \"Shogun\" title, it was a temporary title, and was not imbued with political power until the 13th century. At this time (the 7th to 9th century) the Imperial Court officials considered them merely a military section under the control of the Imperial Court.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "early Heian period"}], "question": "In what period did Emperor Kammu rule?", "id": "5728ec04ff5b5019007da956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "the late 8th and early 9th centuries"}], "question": "When was the early Heian?", "id": "5728ec04ff5b5019007da957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Emishi"}], "question": "Who did Kammu fail to conquer?", "id": "5728ec04ff5b5019007da958"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "sei'i-taish\u014dgun"}], "question": "What was the full title for Shogun?", "id": "5728ec04ff5b5019007da959"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Emperor Kammu"}], "question": "Who introduced the Shogun concept?", "id": "5728ec04ff5b5019007da95a"}]}], ["Menjelang akhir kurun ke-12, samurai menjadi hampir sama dengan bushi, dan perkataan itu berkait rapat dengan eselon pertengahan dan atas kelas pahlawan. Samurai biasanya dikaitkan dengan puak dan tuan mereka, dilatih sebagai pegawai dalam taktik tentera dan strategi besar, dan mereka mengikuti satu set peraturan yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai bushid\u014d. Walaupun samurai berjumlah kurang daripada 10% penduduk Jepun, namun ajaran mereka masih boleh didapati hari ini dalam kehidupan seharian dan dalam seni mempertahankan diri moden Jepun. <> Apa maksud samurai hampir sama dengan yang sama? || bushi <> Apa samurai berafiliasi? || sebuah klan <> Berapa banyak dari Jepun yang samurais? || kurang daripada 10% <> Di manakah ajaran samurais hidup? || kehidupan seharian dan dalam seni mempertahankan diri moden Jepun <> kelas apa yang samurais? || pertengahan dan tinggi eselon kelas pahlawan", {"context": "By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they followed a set of rules that later came to be known as the bushid\u014d. While the samurai numbered less than 10% of then Japan's population, their teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "bushi"}], "question": "What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?", "id": "5728eae64b864d190016508c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "a clan"}], "question": "What were samurai affiliated with?", "id": "5728eae64b864d190016508d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "less than 10%"}], "question": "How much of Japan were samurais?", "id": "5728eae64b864d190016508e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts"}], "question": "Where do samurais' teachings live on?", "id": "5728eae64b864d190016508f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "middle and upper echelons of the warrior class"}], "question": "What class were samurais?", "id": "5728eae64b864d1900165090"}]}], ["Taira dan Minamoto bertempur lagi pada tahun 1180, bermula Perang Gempei, yang berakhir pada tahun 1185. Samurai bertempur di pertempuran laut Dan-no-ura, di Selat Shimonoseki yang memisahkan Honshu dan Kyushu pada tahun 1185. Minamoto yang menang tanpa Yoritomo menegakkan keunggulan samurai ke atas bangsawan. Pada 1190 dia melawat Kyoto dan pada 1192 menjadi Sei'i-taish\u014dgun, mendirikan Kamakura Shogunate, atau Kamakura Bakufu. Bukannya berkuasa dari Kyoto, dia mendirikan Shogunate di Kamakura, dekat dasar kekuasaannya. \"Bakufu\" bermaksud \"kerajaan tenda\", yang diambil dari perkemahan tentara akan hidup, sesuai dengan status Bakufu sebagai pemerintahan tentera. <> Kapan perang Gempei bermula? || 1180 <> Bilakah Perang Gempei berakhir? || 1185 <> Klan mana yang berperang dalam Perang Gempei? || Taira dan Minamoto <> Apa yang dibahagikan dengan Selat Shimonoseki? || Honshu dan Kyushu <> Kapan Kamakura Shogunate ditubuhkan? || 1192", {"context": "The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Sei'i-taish\u014dgun, establishing the Kamakura Shogunate, or Kamakura Bakufu. Instead of ruling from Kyoto, he set up the Shogunate in Kamakura, near his base of power. \"Bakufu\" means \"tent government\", taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in, in accordance with the Bakufu's status as a military government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "1180"}], "question": "When did the Gempei War begin?", "id": "5728ee173acd2414000e01fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "1185"}], "question": "When did the Gempei War end?", "id": "5728ee173acd2414000e01fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Taira and the Minamoto"}], "question": "Which clans fought in the Gempei War?", "id": "5728ee173acd2414000e01fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Honshu and Kyushu"}], "question": "What does the Shimonoseki Strait divide?", "id": "5728ee173acd2414000e01fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "1192"}], "question": "When was the Kamakura Shogunate established?", "id": "5728ee173acd2414000e01ff"}]}], ["Pada mulanya maharaja dan maharaja bangsawan mempekerjakan golongan bangsawan itu. Pada waktunya, mereka mengumpulkan tenaga kerja, sumber dan sokongan politik yang cukup dalam bentuk persekutuan dengan satu sama lain, untuk menubuhkan pemerintah yang didominasi samurai yang pertama. Kerana kuasa klan-klan serantau berkembang, ketua mereka biasanya adalah saudara jauh Maharaja dan anggota yang lebih rendah sama ada puak Fujiwara, Minamoto, atau Taira. Walaupun pada asalnya dihantar ke wilayah wilayah untuk tempoh empat tahun tetap sebagai majistret, toryo menolak untuk kembali ke ibukota apabila syarat mereka berakhir, dan anak-anak mereka mewarisi kedudukan mereka dan terus memimpin kaum-kaum itu untuk meletakkan pemberontakan di seluruh Jepun semasa tempoh pertengahan dan kemudian-Heian. Kerana kekuatan tentera dan ekonomi mereka yang semakin meningkat, para pahlawan akhirnya menjadi kekuatan baru dalam politik mahkamah. Penglibatan mereka di H\u014dgen pada masa Heian lewat mengukuhkan kuasa mereka, dan akhirnya mengalahkan musuh-musuh Minamoto dan Taira terhadap satu sama lain dalam Pemberontakan Heiji 1160. <> Apa pemberontakan yang berlaku pada tahun 1160? || Heiji Pemberontakan <> Siapa yang berjuang dalam Pemberontakan Heiji? || pesaing Minamoto dan Taira klan <> Berapa lama istilah toryos itu sepatutnya? || empat tahun <> Apa puak-puak yang paling ketua suku kaum 'juga seorang ahli? || Fujiwara, Minamoto, atau puak Taira", {"context": "Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a distant relative of the Emperor and a lesser member of either the Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans. Though originally sent to provincial areas for a fixed four-year term as a magistrate, the toryo declined to return to the capital when their terms ended, and their sons inherited their positions and continued to lead the clans in putting down rebellions throughout Japan during the middle- and later-Heian period. Because of their rising military and economic power, the warriors ultimately became a new force in the politics of the court. Their involvement in the H\u014dgen in the late Heian period consolidated their power, and finally pitted the rival Minamoto and Taira clans against each other in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1022, "text": "Heiji Rebellion"}], "question": "What rebellion happened in 1160?", "id": "5728ed49ff5b5019007da974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 961, "text": "the rival Minamoto and Taira clans"}], "question": "Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion?", "id": "5728ed49ff5b5019007da975"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "four-year"}], "question": "How long were the toryos' terms supposed to be?", "id": "5728ed49ff5b5019007da976"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans"}], "question": "What clans were most regional clans' chiefs also a member of?", "id": "5728ed49ff5b5019007da977"}]}], ["Berikutan Pertempuran Hakusukinoe melawan Tang China dan Silla pada tahun 663 M yang membawa kepada pengunduran Jepun dari urusan Korea, Jepun menjalani pembaharuan yang meluas. Salah satu yang paling penting ialah Pembaharuan Taika, yang dikeluarkan oleh Prince Naka no (Kaisar Tenji) pada 646 AD. Undang-undang ini membenarkan bangsawan Jepun untuk mengadopsi struktur politik politik, birokrasi, budaya, agama, dan falsafah. Sebagai sebahagian daripada Kod Taih\u014d, 702 AD, dan Kod Y\u014dr\u014d yang lewat, penduduk dikehendaki melaporkan secara terperinci untuk banci, sebagai pendahulu untuk penjenayahan negara. Dengan pemahaman tentang bagaimana populasi diedarkan, Maharaja Mommu memperkenalkan undang-undang di mana 1 dalam 3-4 lelaki dewasa telah dirangka ke dalam tentera negara. Askar-askar ini dikehendaki untuk membekalkan senjata mereka sendiri, dan sebagai balasan dikecualikan dari tugas dan cukai. Ini adalah salah satu percubaan pertama oleh kerajaan Imperial untuk membentuk sebuah tentera yang teratur yang dimodelkan selepas sistem Cina. Ia dipanggil \"Gundan-Sei\" (\u8ecd \u56e3 \u5236) oleh ahli-ahli sejarah yang kemudian dan dipercayai telah lama hidup. [] Kenapa Pertempuran Hakusukinoe? || 663 AD <> Siapa Pertempuran Hakusukinoe terhadap? || Tang China dan Silla <> Apakah kesan Pertempuran Hakusukinoe? || Jepun berundur dari hal ehwal Korea <> Yang mengetuai Reformasi Taika? || Putera Naka no (Kaisar Tenji) <> Bilakah Reformasi Taika? || 646 AD", {"context": "Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no \u014ce (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to adopt the Tang dynasty political structure, bureaucracy, culture, religion, and philosophy. As part of the Taih\u014d Code, of 702 AD, and the later Y\u014dr\u014d Code, the population was required to report regularly for census, a precursor for national conscription. With an understanding of how the population was distributed, Emperor Mommu introduced a law whereby 1 in 3\u20134 adult males was drafted into the national military. These soldiers were required to supply their own weapons, and in return were exempted from duties and taxes. This was one of the first attempts by the Imperial government to form an organized army modeled after the Chinese system. It was called \"Gundan-Sei\" (\u8ecd\u56e3\u5236) by later historians and is believed to have been short-lived.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "663 AD"}], "question": "When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe?", "id": "5728eb743acd2414000e01cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Tang China and Silla"}], "question": "Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against?", "id": "5728eb743acd2414000e01d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs"}], "question": "What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe?", "id": "5728eb743acd2414000e01d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Prince Naka no \u014ce (Emperor Tenji)"}], "question": "Who led the Taika Reform?", "id": "5728eb743acd2414000e01d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "646 AD"}], "question": "When was the Taika Reform?", "id": "5728eb743acd2414000e01d3"}]}], ["Samurai adalah banyak pelajar pertukaran awal, bukan secara langsung kerana mereka adalah samurai, tetapi kerana banyak samurai adalah ulama dan ulama yang berpendidikan tinggi. Beberapa pelajar pertukaran ini memulakan sekolah swasta untuk pendidikan tinggi, sementara banyak samurai mengambil pen dan bukannya senjata dan menjadi wartawan dan penulis, menubuhkan syarikat akhbar, dan yang lain memasuki perkhidmatan kerajaan. Sesetengah samurai menjadi ahli perniagaan. Contohnya, Iwasaki Yatar\u014d, yang merupakan cicit besar seorang samurai, menubuhkan Mitsubishi. <> Kumpulan apa yang terdiri daripada kebanyakan pelajar pertukaran Jepun pertama? || Samurai <> Siapa yang memulakan Mitsubishi? || Iwasaki Yatar\u014d <> Apakah hubungan Iwasaki dengan samurai? || cucu besar samurai <> Sekolah apa jenis samurai bermula? || sekolah swasta untuk pendidikan tinggi <> Siapa yang menulis samurai? || syarikat akhbar", {"context": "Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setting up newspaper companies, and others entered governmental service. Some samurai became businessmen. For example, Iwasaki Yatar\u014d, who was the great-grandson of a samurai, established Mitsubishi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Samurai"}], "question": "What group made up most of Japan's first exchange students?", "id": "5728f2a34b864d1900165102"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Iwasaki Yatar\u014d"}], "question": "Who started Mitsubishi?", "id": "5728f2a34b864d1900165103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "great-grandson of a samurai"}], "question": "What was Iwasaki's relationship to samurai?", "id": "5728f2a34b864d1900165104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "private schools for higher educations"}], "question": "What kind of schools did samurai start?", "id": "5728f2a34b864d1900165105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "newspaper companies"}], "question": "Who did samurai write for?", "id": "5728f2a34b864d1900165106"}]}], ["Kewajiban teoretis antara samurai dan tuannya (biasanya daimyo) meningkat dari era Genpei hingga era Edo. Mereka sangat ditekankan oleh ajaran Confucius dan Mencius (kira-kira 550 SM), yang diperlukan untuk membaca kelas samurai yang berpendidikan. Bushido telah diformalkan oleh beberapa pemimpin dan keluarga yang berpengaruh sebelum Tempoh Edo. Bushido adalah ideal, dan ia kekal seragam dari abad ke-13 hingga abad ke-19 - cita-cita Bushido melangkaui kelas sosial, masa dan lokasi geografi kelas pahlawan. <> Siapa yang paling raja-raja samurai? || daimyo <> Yang ajarannya semua membaca samurai? || Confucius dan Mencius <> Apa yang Bushido melampaui? || kelas sosial, masa dan lokasi geografi <> Bilakah Bushido dirasmikan? || sebelum Edo Period <> Siapa yang merumuskan Bushido? || beberapa pemimpin dan keluarga berpengaruh", {"context": "Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 BC), which were required reading for the educated samurai class. Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders and families before the Edo Period. Bushido was an ideal, and it remained fairly uniform from the 13th century to the 19th century \u2014 the ideals of Bushido transcended social class, time and geographic location of the warrior class.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "daimyo"}], "question": "Who were most samurais' lords?", "id": "5728f0f74b864d19001650e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Confucius and Mencius"}], "question": "Whose teachings did all samurai read?", "id": "5728f0f74b864d19001650e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "social class, time and geographic location"}], "question": "What did Bushido transcend?", "id": "5728f0f74b864d19001650e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "before the Edo Period"}], "question": "When was Bushido formalized?", "id": "5728f0f74b864d19001650e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "several influential leaders and families"}], "question": "Who formalized Bushido?", "id": "5728f0f74b864d19001650ea"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1854, tentera samurai dan tentera laut dimodernisasi. Sekolah latihan Angkatan Laut ditubuhkan di Nagasaki pada tahun 1855. Pelajar angkatan laut dihantar untuk belajar di sekolah angkatan laut Barat selama beberapa tahun, memulakan tradisi para pemimpin masa depan yang berpendidikan asing, seperti Admiral Enomoto. Jurutera tentera laut Perancis telah diupah untuk membina senjata tentera laut, seperti Yokosuka dan Nagasaki. Pada akhir shogunate Tokugawa pada tahun 1867, angkatan laut Jepun shogun sudah memiliki lapan kapal perang stim gaya barat di sekitar kapal Kaiy\u014d Maru, yang digunakan untuk menentang pasukan pro-empayar semasa perang Boshin, di bawah perintah Laksamana Enomoto. Misi Tentera Perancis ke Jepun (1867) ditubuhkan untuk membantu memodenkan tentera Bakufu. <> Bilakah tentera samurai dimodenkan? || 1854 <> Di mana Jepun membuka sebuah sekolah tentera pada tahun 1855? || Nagasaki <> Sekolah jenis tentera macam apakah Jepun membuka tahun 1855? || Naval <> Apakah kewarganegaraan jurutera Jepun mengupah untuk membina senjata tentera laut? || tradisi <> Berapa banyak kapal perang stim Jepun telah pada tahun 1867? || lapan", {"context": "From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiy\u014d Maru, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war, under the command of Admiral Enomoto. A French Military Mission to Japan (1867) was established to help modernize the armies of the Bakufu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "1854"}], "question": "When was the samurai military modernized?", "id": "5728f1a1af94a219006a9e1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Nagasaki"}], "question": "Where did Japan open a military school in 1855?", "id": "5728f1a1af94a219006a9e1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Naval"}], "question": "What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?", "id": "5728f1a1af94a219006a9e1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "tradition"}], "question": "What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?", "id": "5728f1a1af94a219006a9e20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?", "id": "5728f1a1af94a219006a9e21"}]}], ["Oda Nobunaga membuat inovasi dalam bidang taktik organisasi dan perang, arquebus yang banyak digunakan, membangunkan perdagangan dan industri dan inovasi berharga. Kemenangan berturut-turut membolehkan beliau menyedari penamatan Ashikaga Bakufu dan perlucutan senjata kuasa tentera para sami Buddha, yang telah meradang perjuangan sia-sia di kalangan penduduk selama berabad-abad. Menyerang dari \"tempat perlindungan\" kuil Buddha, mereka adalah sakit kepala yang berterusan kepada mana-mana panglima perang dan juga Maharaja yang cuba mengawal tindakan mereka. Beliau meninggal dunia pada tahun 1582 ketika seorang jeneralnya, Akechi Mitsuhide, menyerahkannya dengan tenteranya. <> Siapa yang menggunakan arquebuses banyak? || Oda Nobunaga <> Apa nilai Oda Nobunaga? || inovasi <> Siapa yang melucutkan rahib Buddha Jepun? || Oda Nobunaga <> Kapan Oda Nobunaga mati? || 1582 <> Siapa yang menyebabkan kematian Oda Nobunaga? || Akechi Mitsuhide", {"context": "Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation. Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the Buddhist monks, which had inflamed futile struggles among the populace for centuries. Attacking from the \"sanctuary\" of Buddhist temples, they were constant headaches to any warlord and even the Emperor who tried to control their actions. He died in 1582 when one of his generals, Akechi Mitsuhide, turned upon him with his army.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Oda Nobunaga"}], "question": "Who used arquebuses a lot?", "id": "5728f03bff5b5019007da99e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "innovation"}], "question": "What did Oda Nobunaga value?", "id": "5728f03bff5b5019007da99f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Oda Nobunaga"}], "question": "Who disarmed Japan's Buddhist monks?", "id": "5728f03bff5b5019007da9a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "1582"}], "question": "When did Oda Nobunaga die?", "id": "5728f03bff5b5019007da9a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Akechi Mitsuhide"}], "question": "Who caused Oda Nobunaga's death?", "id": "5728f03bff5b5019007da9a2"}]}], ["Ketenangan relatif era Tokugawa telah hancur dengan ketibaan kapal-kapal Laut Tentera Laut Aod Commodore Matthew Perry pada tahun 1853. Perry menggunakan senjata api unggul untuk memaksa Jepun untuk membuka sempadannya untuk berdagang. Sebelum itu hanya beberapa bandar pelabuhan, di bawah kawalan ketat dari Shogunate, dibenarkan untuk mengambil bahagian dalam perdagangan Barat, dan walaupun itu, ia sebahagian besarnya didasarkan pada idea memainkan Franciscans dan Dominicans terhadap satu sama lain (sebagai pertukaran untuk teknologi arquebus yang penting, yang seterusnya merupakan penyumbang utama kejatuhan samurai klasik). <> Kekuatan mana yang menyerang Jepun pada tahun 1853? || Tentera Laut A.S. <> Siapa yang mengetuai pencerobohan Tentera Laut AS ke Jepun? || Commodore Matthew Perry <> Apakah matlamat Perry di Jepun? || memaksa Jepun untuk membuka sempadannya untuk berdagang <> Teknologi apa yang membantu kejatuhan samurai? || arquebus", {"context": "The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to participate in Western trade, and even then, it was based largely on the idea of playing the Franciscans and Dominicans off against one another (in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology, which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "U.S. Navy"}], "question": "Which force invaded Japan in 1853?", "id": "5728f14c2ca10214002daaf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Commodore Matthew Perry"}], "question": "Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?", "id": "5728f14c2ca10214002daaf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "force Japan to open its borders to trade"}], "question": "What was Perry's goal in Japan?", "id": "5728f14c2ca10214002daafa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "arquebus"}], "question": "What technology helped the downfall of samurai?", "id": "5728f14c2ca10214002daafb"}]}], ["Harus diingat bahawa banyak pasukan samurai yang aktif sepanjang tempoh ini tidak ditugaskan ke Korea; yang paling penting, Tokugawa Ieyasu daimyo dengan berhati-hati terus memaksa pasukan di bawah komandonya keluar dari kempen Korea, dan komander samurai lain yang menentang dominasi Hideyoshi di Jepun sama ada memikirkan panggilan Hideyoshi untuk menyerang Korea atau menyumbang kekuatan kecil. Kebanyakan komander yang menentang atau sebaliknya menentang / menolak Hideyoshi akhirnya menjadi sebahagian daripada Tentara Timur yang dipanggil, manakala para komandan yang setia kepada Hideyoshi dan anaknya (pengecualian yang ketara terhadap trend ini ialah Kat\u014d Kiyomasa, yang ditugaskan bersama Tokugawa dan Tentara Timur ) sebahagian besarnya komited kepada Tentera Barat; kedua-dua pihak yang bertentangan (yang dinamakan untuk lokasi geografi relatif dari wilayah masing-masing komander mereka) akan bertempur, terutamanya di Pertempuran Sekigahara, yang dimenangi oleh Tokugawa Ieyasu dan Angkatan Timur, membuka jalan untuk penubuhan Tokugawa Shogunate. <> Yang pemimpin tentera mengelakkan menghantar tenteranya ke Korea? || Tokugawa Ieyasu <> Apa daya yang paling komander menentang bahagian pencerobohan Korea? || Tentera Timur <> Yang komander yang setia kepada Hideyoshi berada di Tentera Timur? || Kat\u014d Kiyomasa <> Dimana perang tentera Timur dan Barat? || Pertempuran Sekigahara <> Tentera mana yang memenangi Pertempuran Sekigahara? || Angkatan Timur", {"context": "It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea; most importantly, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns, and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi's domination of Japan either mulled Hideyoshi's call to invade Korea or contributed a small token force. Most commanders who did opposed or otherwise resisted/resented Hideyoshi ended up as part of the so-called Eastern Army, while commanders loyal to Hideyoshi and his son (a notable exception to this trend was Kat\u014d Kiyomasa, who deployed with Tokugawa and the Eastern Army) were largely committed to the Western Army; the two opposing sides (so named for the relative geographical locations of their respective commanders' domains) would later clash, most notably at the Battle of Sekigahara, which was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Eastern Forces, paving the way for the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Tokugawa Ieyasu"}], "question": "Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea?", "id": "5728efe24b864d19001650d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Eastern Army"}], "question": "What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of?", "id": "5728efe24b864d19001650d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Kat\u014d Kiyomasa"}], "question": "Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army?", "id": "5728efe24b864d19001650d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 859, "text": "Battle of Sekigahara"}], "question": "Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle?", "id": "5728efe24b864d19001650d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 922, "text": "Eastern Forces"}], "question": "Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara?", "id": "5728efe24b864d19001650d6"}]}], ["Falsafah Buddhisme dan Zen, dan sedikit ke arah Konfusianisme dan Shinto, mempengaruhi budaya samurai. Zen meditasi menjadi pengajaran penting kerana menawarkan proses untuk menenangkan minda seseorang. Konsep Buddhis reinkarnasi dan kelahiran semula membawa samurai untuk meninggalkan penyiksaan dan pembunuhan yang tidak perlu, sementara beberapa samurai bahkan melepaskan kekerasan sama sekali dan menjadi rahib Buddha setelah menyadari betapa tidaknya pembunuhan mereka. Ada yang terbunuh kerana mereka mencapai kata sepakat dengan realisasi ini di medan perang. Peranan yang paling jelas yang dikhususkan oleh Confucianisme dalam falsafah samurai adalah menekankan pentingnya hubungan tuan-tuan-kesetiaan yang diperlukan samurai untuk menunjukkan tuannya. <> Apakah falsafah samurai dipengaruhi oleh? || Buddhisme dan Zen, dan sedikit sebanyak Konfusianisme dan Shinto <> Apakah jenis meditasi yang dilakukan samurai? || Zen <> Apa yang menyebabkan samurai berhenti berperang? || Konsep reinkarnasi Buddha dan kelahiran kembali <> Apakah sumbangan Konfusianisme kepada samurai? || untuk menekankan kepentingan hubungan tuan-tuan", {"context": "The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after realizing how fruitless their killings were. Some were killed as they came to terms with these realizations in the battlefield. The most defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship\u2014the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto"}], "question": "What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?", "id": "5728f3026aef05140015489e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Zen"}], "question": "What type of meditation did samurai do?", "id": "5728f3026aef05140015489f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth"}], "question": "What caused some samurai to stop fighting?", "id": "5728f3026aef0514001548a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship"}], "question": "What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?", "id": "5728f3026aef0514001548a1"}]}], ["Maharaja Meiji memansuhkan hak samurai untuk menjadi satu-satunya pasukan bersenjata yang memihak kepada tentera yang lebih moden, barat, yang ditugaskan pada tahun 1873. Samurai menjadi Shizoku (\u58eb\u65cf) yang mengekalkan beberapa gaji mereka, tetapi hak untuk memakai katana di depan umum akhirnya dihapuskan bersama dengan hak untuk melaksanakan orang awam yang membayar mereka tidak hormat. Samurai akhirnya berakhir selepas beratus-ratus tahun keseronokan status mereka, kuasa mereka, dan keupayaan mereka untuk membentuk kerajaan Jepun. Walau bagaimanapun, pemerintahan negeri oleh kelas ketenteraan masih belum selesai. Dalam mendefinisikan bagaimana Jepun moden perlu, ahli-ahli kerajaan Meiji memutuskan untuk mengikuti langkah-langkah United Kingdom dan Jerman, mendasarkan negara itu pada konsep noblesse oblige. Samurai bukanlah kuasa politik di bawah perintah baru. Dengan reformasi Meiji pada akhir abad ke-19, kelas samurai telah dihapuskan, dan tentera kebangsaan gaya barat telah ditubuhkan. Tentera Jepun Imperial telah ditugaskan, tetapi banyak samurai menjadi sukarelawan sebagai tentara, dan banyak yang maju untuk dilatih sebagai pegawai. Kebanyakan pegawai pegawai tentera darat berasal dari samurai, dan sangat bermotivasi, berdisiplin, dan sangat terlatih. <> Siapa yang menubuhkan tentera gaya barat di Jepun? || Kaisar Meiji <> Kapan tentera gaya barat ditubuhkan di Jepun? || 1873 <> Apakah samurai menjadi pada tahun 1873? || Shizoku <> Yang mempunyai samurai dibenarkan membunuh? || orang biasa yang membayar mereka tidak hormat <> Dalam abad apakah reformasi Meiji? || 19hb", {"context": "Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (\u58eb\u65cf) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Emperor Meiji"}], "question": "Who established a western-style army in Japan?", "id": "5728f2282ca10214002dab00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "1873"}], "question": "When was a western-style army established in Japan?", "id": "5728f2282ca10214002dab01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Shizoku"}], "question": "What did samurai become in 1873?", "id": "5728f2282ca10214002dab02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "commoners who paid them disrespect"}], "question": "Who had samurai been allowed to kill?", "id": "5728f2282ca10214002dab03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "19th"}], "question": "In what century were the Meiji reforms?", "id": "5728f2282ca10214002dab04"}]}], ["Semasa shogun Tokugawa, samurai semakin menjadi pahlawan, birokrat, dan pentadbir daripada pahlawan. Tanpa peperangan sejak awal abad ke-17, samurai secara beransur-ansur kehilangan fungsi tentera mereka semasa zaman Tokugawa (juga dikenali sebagai zaman Edo). Pada akhir era Tokugawa, samurai adalah birokrat bangsawan untuk daimyo, dengan daisho mereka, pedang panjang dan pendek yang dipasangkan samurai (cf. katana dan wakizashi) menjadi lebih lambang kekuatan simbolik daripada senjata yang digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian. Mereka masih mempunyai hak undang-undang untuk memotong mana-mana orang biasa yang tidak menunjukkan rasa hormat yang sama dengan gomen kiri-sute (\u65ac \u308a \u6368 \u3066 \u5fa1 \u514d?), Tetapi sejauh mana hak ini digunakan tidak diketahui. Ketika pemerintah pusat memaksa daimyos untuk memotong tentera mereka, r\u014dnin yang menganggur menjadi masalah sosial. <> Bilakah samurai menjadi kurang pahlawan? || Semasa Tokugawa shogunate <> Apabila samurai terakhir telah digunakan dalam peperangan? || awal abad ke-17 <> Apakah nama lain untuk era Tokugawa? || tempoh Edo <> Apakah pedang panjang samurai dipanggil? || katana <> Apa pedang pendek samurai dipanggil? || wakizashi", {"context": "During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aristocratic bureaucrats for the daimyo, with their daisho, the paired long and short swords of the samurai (cf. katana and wakizashi) becoming more of a symbolic emblem of power rather than a weapon used in daily life. They still had the legal right to cut down any commoner who did not show proper respect kiri-sute gomen (\u65ac\u308a\u6368\u3066\u5fa1\u514d?), but to what extent this right was used is unknown. When the central government forced daimyos to cut the size of their armies, unemployed r\u014dnin became a social problem.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "During the Tokugawa shogunate"}], "question": "When were samurai becoming less warrior-like?", "id": "5728f0992ca10214002daae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "the early 17th century"}], "question": "When had samurai last been used in battle?", "id": "5728f0992ca10214002daae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "the Edo period"}], "question": "What was another name for the Tokugawa era?", "id": "5728f0992ca10214002daae6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "katana"}], "question": "What was the samurai's long sword called?", "id": "5728f0992ca10214002daae7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "wakizashi"}], "question": "What was the samurai's short sword called?", "id": "5728f0992ca10214002daae8"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1592, dan sekali lagi pada tahun 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, bertujuan untuk menyerang China (\u5510 \u5165 \u308a) melalui Korea, menggerakkan tentera 160,000 petani dan samurai dan mengerahkan mereka ke Korea. (Lihat pencerobohan Hideyoshi Korea, Ch\u014dsen-seibatsu (\u671d\u9bae \u5f81\u4f10?) Mengambil kesempatan daripada penguasaan arquebus dan pengalaman masa perang yang meluas dari zaman Sengoku, tentara samurai Jepun membuat keuntungan utama di kebanyakan Korea. Kato Kiyomasa maju ke wilayah Orangkai (sekarang- hari Manchuria) yang bersempadan dengan Korea di timur laut dan melintasi sempadan ke Manchuria, tetapi menarik balik serangan serangan dari Jurchens ke sana, kerana jelas dia telah mengalahkan seluruh pasukan pencerobohan Jepun. Beberapa daripada jeneral samurai yang lebih terkenal ini perang adalah Kat\u014d Kiyomasa, Konishi Yukinaga, dan Shimazu Yoshihiro. Shimazu Yoshihiro mengetuai 7,000 samurai dan, walaupun banyak kalah, mengalahkan pelbagai pasukan bersekutu Ming dan Korea di Pertempuran Sacheon pada tahun 1598, berhampiran dengan tamat kempen. dikhuatiri sebagai Oni-Shimazu (\"Shimazu ogre\") dan nama samarannya tersebar bukan sahaja di Korea tetapi juga di Dinasti Ming China. Walaupun keunggulan tentera darat Jepun, akhirnya kedua ekspedisi itu gagal (walaupun mereka telah menghancurkan landasan Korea) dari faktor-faktor seperti keunggulan tentera laut Korea (yang diketuai oleh Laksamana Yi Sun-shin, mengganggu garisan bekalan Jepun secara terus menerus sepanjang peperangan, mengakibatkan kekurangan bekalan di darat), komitmen pasukan Ming yang cukup besar ke Korea, tindakan gerila Korea, yang dianggap sebagai rintangan oleh ketua-ketua pasukan Jepun (dalam kempen pertama tahun 1592, pertahanan Korea di atas tanah telah terperangkap tidak bersedia, terlatih, dan tidak bersenjata; mereka dengan cepat melampaui batas, dengan jumlah yang terhad untuk mengatasi pasukan tentera Jepun yang lebih berpengalaman dan pertempuran - dalam kempen kedua tahun 1597, pasukan Korea dan Ming terbukti menjadi satu cabaran yang jauh lebih sukar dan, dengan sokongan keunggulan tentera laut Korea yang berterusan, keuntungan Jepun yang terhad untuk memisahkan bahagian tenggara Korea), dan komitmen Jepun yang tidak puas hati terhadap kempen-kempen seperti perang-perang yang diseret. Pukulan kematian terakhir terhadap kempen Jepun di Korea datang dengan kematian Hideyoshi pada akhir 1598 dan penarikan balik semua tentera Jepun di Korea oleh Majlis Lima Penatua (yang ditubuhkan oleh Hideyoshi untuk mengawasi peralihan dari kabupatennya kepada anaknya Hideyori) . <> Ketika Toyotomi Hideyoshi mula-mula menghantar tentera ke Korea? || 1592 <> Bilakah Toyotomi Hideyoshi menghantar tentera ke Korea untuk kali kedua? || 1597 <> Berapa banyak askar yang menghantar Toyotomi Hideyoshi ke Korea? || 160,000 <> Kapan Pertempuran Sacheon? || 1598 <> Bilakah Toyotomi Hideyoshi mati? || 1598", {"context": "In 1592, and again in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, aiming to invade China (\u5510\u5165\u308a) through Korea, mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea. (See Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, Ch\u014dsen-seibatsu (\u671d\u9bae\u5f81\u4f10?). Taking advantage of arquebus mastery and extensive wartime experience from the Sengoku period, Japanese samurai armies made major gains in most of Korea. Kato Kiyomasa advanced to Orangkai territory (present-day Manchuria) bordering Korea to the northeast and crossed the border into Manchuria, but withdrew after retaliatory attacks from the Jurchens there, as it was clear he had outpaced the rest of the Japanese invasion force. A few of the more famous samurai generals of this war were Kat\u014d Kiyomasa, Konishi Yukinaga, and Shimazu Yoshihiro. Shimazu Yoshihiro led some 7,000 samurai and, despite being heavily outnumbered, defeated a host of allied Ming and Korean forces at the Battle of Sacheon in 1598, near the conclusion of the campaigns. Yoshihiro was feared as Oni-Shimazu (\"Shimazu ogre\") and his nickname spread across not only Korea but to Ming Dynasty China. In spite of the superiority of Japanese land forces, ultimately the two expeditions failed (though they did devastate the Korean landmass) from factors such as Korean naval superiority (which, led by Admiral Yi Sun-shin, harassed Japanese supply lines continuously throughout the wars, resulting in supply shortages on land), the commitment of sizeable Ming forces to Korea, Korean guerrilla actions, the underestimation of resistance by Japanese commanders (in the first campaign of 1592, Korean defenses on land were caught unprepared, under-trained, and under-armed; they were rapidly overrun, with only a limited number of successfully resistant engagements against the more-experienced and battle-hardened Japanese forces - in the second campaign of 1597, Korean and Ming forces proved to be a far more difficult challenge and, with the support of continued Korean naval superiority, limited Japanese gains to parts southeastern Korea), and wavering Japanese commitment to the campaigns as the wars dragged on. The final death blow to the Japanese campaigns in Korea came with Hideyoshi's death in late 1598 and the recall of all Japanese forces in Korea by the Council of Five Elders (established by Hideyoshi to oversee the transition from his regency to that of his son Hideyori).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1592"}], "question": "When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea?", "id": "5728ef234b864d19001650c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "1597"}], "question": "When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time?", "id": "5728ef234b864d19001650c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "160,000"}], "question": "How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea?", "id": "5728ef234b864d19001650ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 937, "text": "1598"}], "question": "When was the Battle of Sacheon?", "id": "5728ef234b864d19001650cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2215, "text": "1598"}], "question": "When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die?", "id": "5728ef234b864d19001650cc"}]}], ["Dalam bukunya \"Ideal dari Samurai\" penterjemah William Scott Wilson menyatakan: \"Para pahlawan di Heike Monogatari berkhidmat sebagai model untuk pahlawan-pahlawan yang berpendidikan generasi kemudian, dan cita-cita yang digambarkan oleh mereka tidak dianggap tidak dapat dicapai. cita-cita telah diupayakan dengan penuh semangat dalam masyarakat eselon atas masyarakat pahlawan dan disyorkan sebagai bentuk tangan orang Jepun yang tepat. Dengan Heike Monogatari, imej pahlawan Jepun dalam kesusasteraan mencapai kematangan penuh. \" Wilson kemudian menerjemahkan tulisan-tulisan beberapa pahlawan yang menyebut Heike Monogatari sebagai contoh bagi lelaki mereka untuk diikuti. <> Siapa yang menulis 'Ideal Samurai'? || William Scott Wilson <> Siapa yang menjadi model untuk generasi samurai yang akan datang? || Para pahlawan di Heike Monogatari <> Di mana pahlawan-pahlawan Jepun datang ke kematangan sastera? || Heike Monogatari", {"context": "In his book \"Ideals of the Samurai\" translator William Scott Wilson states: \"The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity.\" Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "William Scott Wilson"}], "question": "Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?", "id": "5728f5e26aef0514001548d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari"}], "question": "Who were the models for future generations of samurai?", "id": "5728f5e26aef0514001548d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "the Heike Monogatari"}], "question": "Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?", "id": "5728f5e26aef0514001548d6"}]}], ["Torii Mototada (1539-1600) adalah tuan feudal dalam perkhidmatan Tokugawa Ieyasu. Pada malam pertempuran Sekigahara, dia sukarela untuk kekal di belakang istana Fushimi yang ditindas sementara tuannya maju ke timur. Torii dan Tokugawa kedua-duanya bersetuju bahawa istana itu tidak dapat dipertahankan. Dalam tindakan kesetiaan kepada tuannya, Torii memilih untuk tetap berada di belakang, berjanji bahawa dia dan orang-orangnya akan bertarung sampai selesai. Seperti yang diperkatakan, Torii bersumpah bahawa dia tidak akan dibawa hidup. Dalam pendirian terakhir yang dramatik, garnison 2,000 orang menentang kemungkinan besar selama sepuluh hari terhadap 40,000 askar Ishida Mitsunari yang besar. Dalam pernyataan terakhir yang dipindahkan ke Tadamasa, dia menulis: <> Siapa yang melayani Torii Mototada? || Tokugawa Ieyasu <> Kapan Torii Mototada dilahirkan? || 1539 <> Bilakah Torii Mototada mati? || 1600 <> Berapa ramai orang dalam tentera Ishida Mitsunari? || 40,000 <> Berapa ramai tentera mempertahankan pendirian terakhir Torii? || 2,000", {"context": "Torii Mototada (1539\u20131600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Torii chose to remain behind, pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish. As was custom, Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive. In a dramatic last stand, the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari's 40,000 warriors. In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa, he wrote:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Tokugawa Ieyasu"}], "question": "Who did Torii Mototada serve?", "id": "5728f45c6aef0514001548b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "1539"}], "question": "When was Torii Mototada born?", "id": "5728f45c6aef0514001548b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "1600"}], "question": "When did Torii Mototada die?", "id": "5728f45c6aef0514001548b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "40,000"}], "question": "How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari's army?", "id": "5728f45c6aef0514001548b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "2,000"}], "question": "How many soldiers defended Torii's last stand?", "id": "5728f45c6aef0514001548b4"}]}], ["Sebagai contoh, nama penuh Oda Nobunaga akan menjadi \"Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga\", di mana \"Oda\" adalah nama keluarga atau keluarga, \"Kazusanosuke\" adalah gelaran wakil gabenor Kazusa , \"Saburo\" adalah nama panggilan rasmi (yobina), dan \"Nobunaga\" adalah nama dewasa (nanori) yang diberikan pada genpuku, upacara kedatangan usia. Seorang lelaki ditangani oleh nama keluarganya dan gelarannya, atau oleh yobina jika dia tidak mempunyai gelaran. Walau bagaimanapun, nanori adalah nama peribadi yang boleh digunakan hanya dengan sangat sedikit, termasuk Maharaja. <> Apa maksud Nobunaga? || nama orang dewasa (nanori) yang diberikan di genpuku, majlis kedatangan usia <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan Kazusanosuke? || gelaran wakil gabenor wilayah Kazusa <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan Saburo? || nama samaran rasmi (yobina) <> Apa maksud Oda? || nama keluarga atau keluarga <> Apa nama penuh Oda Nobunaga? || Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga", {"context": "For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be \"Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga\" (\u7e54\u7530\u4e0a\u7dcf\u4ecb\u4e09\u90ce\u4fe1\u9577), in which \"Oda\" is a clan or family name, \"Kazusanosuke\" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, \"Saburo\" is a formal nickname (yobina), and \"Nobunaga\" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title. However, the nanori was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the Emperor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony"}], "question": "What did Nobunaga mean?", "id": "5728f6bc6aef0514001548f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province"}], "question": "What did Kazusanosuke mean?", "id": "5728f6bc6aef0514001548ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "a formal nickname (yobina)"}], "question": "What did Saburo mean?", "id": "5728f6bc6aef0514001548ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "a clan or family name"}], "question": "What did Oda mean?", "id": "5728f6bc6aef0514001548ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga"}], "question": "What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?", "id": "5728f6bc6aef0514001548ec"}]}], ["Saingan Takeda Shingen (1521-1573) adalah Uesugi Kenshin (1530-1578), seorang panglima perang legenda Sengoku yang berpengalaman dalam kelas tentera Cina dan yang menganjurkan \"cara pahlawan sebagai kematian\". Ahli sejarah Jepun Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki menggambarkan kepercayaan Uesugi sebagai: \"Mereka yang enggan menyerahkan nyawa mereka dan merangkul maut bukanlah pahlawan sejati .... Pergi ke medan perang dengan yakin dengan kemenangan, dan kamu akan pulang dengan tiada luka apa pun. Terlibat dalam pertempuran yang ditentukan sepenuhnya untuk mati dan anda akan hidup, ingin bertahan dalam peperangan dan anda pasti akan menemui kematian. Apabila anda meninggalkan rumah bertekad untuk tidak melihatnya lagi, anda akan pulang ke rumah dengan selamat, apabila anda mempunyai pemikiran untuk kembali anda tidak akan kembali.Anda mungkin tidak salah untuk berfikir bahawa dunia sentiasa berubah, tetapi pahlawan tidak boleh menghiburkan cara pemikiran ini, kerana nasibnya selalu ditentukan. \" <> Siapa yang saingan Takeda? || Uesugi Kenshin <> Apa yang digalakkan Uesugi? || \"cara pahlawan sebagai kematian\" <> Apakah pekerjaan Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki? || Ahli sejarah Jepun <> Bilakah lahirlah Takeda? || 1521 <> Bilakah Uesugi dilahirkan? || 1530", {"context": "The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521\u20131573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530\u20131578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the \"way of the warrior as death\". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: \"Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Uesugi Kenshin"}], "question": "Who was Takeda's rival?", "id": "5728f4a76aef0514001548ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "the \"way of the warrior as death\""}], "question": "What did Uesugi encourage?", "id": "5728f4a76aef0514001548bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Japanese historian"}], "question": "What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?", "id": "5728f4a76aef0514001548bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "1521"}], "question": "When was Takeda born?", "id": "5728f4a76aef0514001548bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1530"}], "question": "When was Uesugi born?", "id": "5728f4a76aef0514001548be"}]}], ["Sebagai bangsawan selama berabad-abad, samurai mengembangkan budaya mereka sendiri yang mempengaruhi budaya Jepun secara keseluruhan. Budaya yang berkaitan dengan samurai seperti upacara minum teh, lukisan dakwat monokrom, taman-taman batu dan puisi telah diadopsi oleh pelanggan pahlawan sepanjang abad 1200-1600. Amalan ini disesuaikan dengan seni Cina. Para biarawan Zen memperkenalkan mereka ke Jepun dan mereka dibenarkan berkembang kerana kepentingan para pahlawan yang kuat. Mus\u014d Soseki (1275-1351) adalah seorang biarawan Zen yang merupakan penasihat kepada kedua-dua Kaisar Go-Daigo dan Ketua Ashikaga Takauji (1304-58). Mus\u014d, serta sami-sami lain, bertindak sebagai diplomat politik dan budaya antara Jepun dan China. Mus\u014d sangat terkenal dengan reka bentuk tamannya. Penaung lain seni Ashikaga adalah Yoshimasa. Penasihat kebudayaannya, Zen monk Zeami, memperkenalkan upacara minum teh kepadanya. Sebelum ini, teh telah digunakan terutamanya untuk para pendeta Buddha untuk terus terjaga semasa meditasi. <> Budaya siapa yang termasuk upacara teh? || samurai <> Apakah jenis lukisan samurai lakukan? || dakwat monokrom <> Apakah budaya Jepun dipengaruhi oleh? || Seni Cina <> Yang membawa seni Cina ke Jepun? || Zen sami <> Bilakah Muso Soseki dilahirkan? || 1275", {"context": "As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200\u20131600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Mus\u014d Soseki (1275\u20131351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304\u201358). Mus\u014d, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Mus\u014d was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "samurai"}], "question": "Whose culture included tea ceremonies?", "id": "5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "monochrome ink"}], "question": "What kind of painting did samurai do?", "id": "5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Chinese arts"}], "question": "What was Japanese culture influenced by?", "id": "5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "Zen monks"}], "question": "Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?", "id": "5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "1275"}], "question": "When was Muso Soseki born?", "id": "5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7f"}]}], ["\"Pertama sekali, seorang samurai yang tidak suka berperang dan tidak meletakkan hatinya di tempat yang tepat walaupun dia dilahirkan di rumah pahlawan, tidak boleh dianggap antara penahan seseorang .... Dilarang melupakan utang kebaikan yang besar kepada seorang tuan dan nenek moyangnya dan dengan itu menyinarkan kebaikan kesetiaan dan kesalehan anak-anak .... Ia dilarang bahawa seseorang harus ... melampirkan sedikit kepentingannya pada tugasnya kepada tuannya ... Ada keperluan utama untuk membezakan kesetiaan dari ketidaksetiaan dan untuk menimbulkan ganjaran dan hukuman. \" <> Apakah samurai mempunyai hatinya di tempat yang salah tidak suka? || pertempuran <> Apa hutang harus samurai tidak lupa? || hutang besar kebaikan yang ada pada tuannya dan nenek moyangnya <> Kebajikan apa yang harus samurai tidak dapat dipecah? || kesetiaan dan kesalehan keluarga", {"context": "\"First of all, a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior, should not be reckoned among one's retainers....It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and thereby make light of the virtues of loyalty and filial piety....It is forbidden that one should...attach little importance to his duties to his master...There is a primary need to distinguish loyalty from disloyalty and to establish rewards and punishments.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "battle"}], "question": "What does a samurai has his heart in the wrong place dislike?", "id": "5728f3a54b864d190016511e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors"}], "question": "What debt should samurai not forget?", "id": "5728f3a54b864d190016511f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "loyalty and filial piety"}], "question": "What virtues should samurai not be dismissive of?", "id": "5728f3a54b864d1900165120"}]}], ["Pada Disember 1547, Francis berada di Melaka (Malaysia) yang menunggu untuk kembali ke Goa (India) apabila dia bertemu dengan seorang samurai rendah bernama Anjiro (mungkin dieja \"Yajiro\"). Anjiro bukan seorang intelektual, tetapi dia mengagumkan Xavier kerana dia mengambil nota-nota berhati-hati mengenai segala yang dikatakannya di gereja. Xavier membuat keputusan untuk pergi ke Jepun sebahagiannya kerana samurai peringkat rendah ini meyakinkannya dalam bahasa Portugis bahawa rakyat Jepun sangat berpendidikan dan tidak sabar untuk belajar. Mereka pekerja keras dan menghormati kuasa. Dalam undang-undang dan adat mereka, mereka dipimpin oleh sebab, dan, jika kepercayaan Kristian meyakinkan mereka tentang kebenarannya, mereka akan menerimanya secara beramai-ramai. <> Di manakah Melaka? || Malaysia <> Di manakah Goa? || India <> Yang mengagumkan Xavier dengan mencatat di gereja? || Anjiro <> Dalam bahasa apakah Anjiro bercakap dengan Xavier? || Bahasa Portugis <> Bagaimana Anjiro fikir orang Jepun akan menerima Kristian? || beramai-ramai", {"context": "In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled \"Yajiro\"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Malaysia"}], "question": "Where was Malacca?", "id": "5728f5716aef0514001548ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "India"}], "question": "Where was Goa?", "id": "5728f5716aef0514001548cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Anjiro"}], "question": "Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?", "id": "5728f5716aef0514001548cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Portuguese"}], "question": "In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?", "id": "5728f5716aef0514001548cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "en masse"}], "question": "How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?", "id": "5728f5716aef0514001548ce"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-13, H\u014dj\u014d Shigetoki (1198-1261 AD) menulis: \"Apabila seseorang berkhidmat secara rasmi atau di mahkamah induk, dia tidak boleh memikirkan seratus atau seribu orang, tetapi harus mempertimbangkan hanya kepentingan tuannya.\" Carl Steenstrup menyatakan bahawa tulisan-tulisan pahlawan abad ke-13 dan ke-14 (gunki) \"menggambarkan bushi dalam elemen semulajadi mereka, berperang, memuji kebajikan seperti keberanian yang melulu, kebanggaan keluarga yang sengit, dan tanpa mementingkan diri sendiri, Tuan-tuan feudal seperti Shiba Yoshimasa (1350-1410 AD) menyatakan bahawa seorang pahlawan menantikan kematian mulia dalam perkhidmatan seorang ketua tentera atau Maharaja: \"Adalah suatu perkara penyesalan untuk membiarkan masa ketika seseorang mati melalui ... Pertama, seorang lelaki yang profesinya adalah penggunaan senjata harus berfikir dan kemudian bertindak bukan sahaja atas kemasyhurannya sendiri, tetapi juga dari keturunannya. Ia tidak boleh mengacaukan namanya selamanya dengan memegang satu-satunya hidupnya Tujuan utama seseorang untuk membuang hidupnya adalah untuk melakukannya sama ada demi Maharaja atau dalam pengangkatan jeneral ketenteraan yang besar, itulah yang akan menjadi ketenaran besar keturunan seseorang. \" <> Bilakah Hojo Shigetoki dilahirkan? || 1198 <> Bilakah Hojo Shigetoki mati? || 1261 <> Apa gunki? || Tulisan pahlawan abad ke-13 dan ke-14 <> Bilakah Shiba Yoshimasa dilahirkan? || 1350 <> Bilakah Shiba Yoshimasa mati? || 1410", {"context": "In the 13th century, H\u014dj\u014d Shigetoki (1198\u20131261 AD) wrote: \"When one is serving officially or in the master's court, he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people, but should consider only the importance of the master.\" Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century warrior writings (gunki) \"portrayed the bushi in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at times senseless devotion of master and man\". Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa (1350\u20131410 AD) stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor: \"It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by....First, a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame, but also that of his descendants. He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too dear....One's main purpose in throwing away his life is to do so either for the sake of the Emperor or in some great undertaking of a military general. It is that exactly that will be the great fame of one's descendants.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "1198"}], "question": "When was Hojo Shigetoki born?", "id": "5728f34c4b864d190016510c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "1261"}], "question": "When did Hojo Shigetoki die?", "id": "5728f34c4b864d190016510d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "13th and 14th century warrior writings"}], "question": "What were gunki?", "id": "5728f34c4b864d190016510e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "1350"}], "question": "When was Shiba Yoshimasa born?", "id": "5728f34c4b864d190016510f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "1410"}], "question": "When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?", "id": "5728f34c4b864d1900165110"}]}], ["Kat\u014d Kiyomasa adalah salah satu daripada tuhan-tuhan yang paling berkuasa dan terkenal di Era Sengoku. Beliau mengarahkan kebanyakan puak utama Jepun semasa serangan Korea (1592-1598). Dalam sebuah buku pegangan dia ditujukan kepada \"semua samurai, tanpa mengira pangkat\" dia memberitahu pengikutnya bahawa kewajipan seorang pahlawan dalam hidup adalah \"... memahami pedang yang panjang dan pendek dan mati\". Beliau juga memerintahkan pengikutnya untuk berusaha keras dalam mengkaji klasik tentera, terutama yang berkaitan dengan kesetiaan dan kesalehan anak-anak. Beliau terkenal dengan petikannya: \"Jika seorang lelaki tidak menyelidiki perkara Bushido setiap hari, maka ia akan menjadi sulit baginya untuk mati dengan kematian yang berani dan jantan. Oleh itu, penting untuk mengukir perniagaan pahlawan ini ke dalam pikiran seseorang baiklah. \" <> Bilakah Kato Kiyomasa berkuasa? || Era Sengoku <> Bilakah Jepun mula menyerang Korea? || 1592 <> Bilakah Jepun selesai menyerang Korea? || 1598 <> Apa yang dikatakan Kato Kiyomasa sebagai tugas samurais? || untuk \"... memahami pedang panjang dan pendek dan mati\" <> Konsep apa yang Kato Kiyomasa fikir perlu dikaji setiap hari? || Bushido", {"context": "Kat\u014d Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592\u20131598). In a handbook he addressed to \"all samurai, regardless of rank\" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to \"...grasp the long and the short swords and to die\". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics, especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: \"If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "the Sengoku Era"}], "question": "When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?", "id": "5728f41daf94a219006a9e4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "1592"}], "question": "When did Japan begin invading Korea?", "id": "5728f41daf94a219006a9e4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "1598"}], "question": "When did Japan finish invading Korea?", "id": "5728f41daf94a219006a9e4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "to \"...grasp the long and the short swords and to die\""}], "question": "What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais' duty was?", "id": "5728f41daf94a219006a9e4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Bushido"}], "question": "What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day?", "id": "5728f41daf94a219006a9e4f"}]}], ["Ahli sejarah H. Paul Varley menyatakan keterangan Jepun yang diberikan oleh pemimpin Jesuit St. Francis Xavier (1506-1552): \"Tidak ada negara di dunia yang takut kematian kurang.\" Xavier lebih lanjut menghuraikan kehormatan dan adat istiadat rakyat: \"Saya suka bahawa tidak ada orang di dunia yang lebih ghairah tentang kehormatan mereka daripada orang Jepun, kerana mereka tidak akan memakai satu penghinaan atau bahkan satu perkataan yang dikatakan kemarahan.\" Xavier menghabiskan tahun-tahun 1549-1551 menukar bahasa Jepun kepada Kristian. Beliau juga memerhatikan: \"Orang Jepun lebih gigih dan lebih berperang daripada rakyat China, Korea, Ternate dan semua negara lain di seluruh Filipina.\" <> Apa perintah keagamaan adalah St. Francis Xavier? || Jesuit <> Ketika St. Francis Xavier dilahirkan? || 1506 <> Bilakah St. Francis Xavier mati? || 1552 <> Bilakah Xavier cuba mengubah agama Kristian ke Jepun? || 1549-1551 <> Siapa orang Jepun yang dianggap sebagai orang yang berani? || rakyat China, Korea, Ternate dan semua negara lain di seluruh Filipina", {"context": "Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506\u20131552): \"There is no nation in the world which fears death less.\" Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: \"I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger.\" Xavier spent the years 1549\u20131551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: \"The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Jesuit"}], "question": "What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?", "id": "5728f514af94a219006a9e5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "1506"}], "question": "When was St. Francis Xavier born?", "id": "5728f514af94a219006a9e60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "1552"}], "question": "When did St. Francis Xavier die?", "id": "5728f514af94a219006a9e61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "1549\u20131551"}], "question": "When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?", "id": "5728f514af94a219006a9e62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines"}], "question": "Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?", "id": "5728f514af94a219006a9e63"}]}], ["Setakat abad ketujuh askar Jepun memakai bentuk perisai lamela, perisai ini akhirnya berkembang menjadi perisai yang dipakai oleh samurai. Jenis pertama baju besi Jepun yang dikenali sebagai baju besi samurai dikenali sebagai yoroi. Perisai samurai awal ini dibuat daripada skala individu kecil yang dikenali sebagai kozane. Kozane dibuat dari besi atau kulit dan dibungkus bersama-sama menjadi jalur kecil, jalur itu dilapisi dengan lakuer untuk melindungi kozane dari air. Satu siri jalur kozane kemudian dicampur dengan kain sutera atau kulit dan dibentuk menjadi perisai dada lengkap (dou atau d\u014d). <> Apa jenis baju besi yang dipakai Jepun pada abad ke-7? || bentuk perisai lamel <> Apa yang dipanggil baju besi samurai pertama? || yoroi <> Apa skala kecil dalam yoroi dipanggil? || kozane <> Apa yang diperbuat daripada kozane? || besi atau kulit <> Apa gunanya baju dada penuh? || Adakah awak", {"context": "As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or d\u014d).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "a form of lamellar armor"}], "question": "What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?", "id": "5728fbf83f37b31900477f05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "yoroi"}], "question": "What was the first samurai armor called?", "id": "5728fbf83f37b31900477f06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "kozane"}], "question": "What were the small scales in yoroi called?", "id": "5728fbf83f37b31900477f07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "iron or leather"}], "question": "What were kozane made of?", "id": "5728fbf83f37b31900477f08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "dou"}], "question": "What was a full chest armor called?", "id": "5728fbf83f37b31900477f09"}]}], ["Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556? -1623?), Seorang rakan Belanda dari Adams 'atas pelayaran mereka yang buruk kepada Jepun di kapal De Liefde, juga diberi keistimewaan serupa oleh Tokugawa Ieyasu. Nampaknya Joosten menjadi samurai [rujukan?] Dan diberi kediaman di dalam istana Ieyasu di Edo. Hari ini, kawasan ini di sebelah timur Stesen Tokyo dikenali sebagai Yaesu (\u516b \u91cd \u6d32). Yaesu adalah rasuah nama Jepun orang Belanda, Yayousu (\u8036 \u694a\u5b50). Juga sama dengan Adam, Joostens diberikan Kapal Merah Merah (\u6731 \u5370 \u8239) yang membolehkannya berdagang antara Jepun dan Indo-China. Pada perjalanan pulang dari Batavia Joosten tenggelam setelah kapalnya berlanggar. <> Kewarganegaraan apakah Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn? || Belanda <> Sekitar ketika Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn dilahirkan? || 1556 <> Apakah nama Jepun Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn? || Yayousu <> Apakah izin yang dibenarkan perdagangan antara Jepun dan Indo-China? || Kapal Laut Merah <> Bagaimana Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn mati? || lemas selepas kapalnya berlanggar", {"context": "Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?\u20131623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (\u516b\u91cd\u6d32). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (\u8036\u694a\u5b50). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (\u6731\u5370\u8239) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Dutch"}], "question": "What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?", "id": "5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "1556"}], "question": "Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?", "id": "5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Yayousu"}], "question": "What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?", "id": "5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "a Red Seal Ship"}], "question": "What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?", "id": "5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "drowned after his ship ran aground"}], "question": "How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?", "id": "5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb7"}]}], ["Dalam peperangan yang sama, Prussian Edward Schnell melayan domain Aizu sebagai pengajar ketenteraan dan perancang senjata. Beliau diberikan nama Jepun Hiramatsu Buhei (\u5e73 \u677e \u6b66 \u5175\u885b), yang membalik watak-watak nama daimyo Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) diberi hak untuk memakai pedang, serta kediaman di kota kastil Wakamatsu, seorang isteri Jepun, dan penahan. Dalam banyak rujukan kontemporari, dia digambarkan memakai kimono Jepun, mantel, dan pedang, dengan seluar dan kasut menunggang Barat. <> Apa kewarganegaraan Edward Schnell? || Prussian <> Apa tugas Edward Schnell? || instruktur tentera dan perancang senjata <> Siapa yang bekerja Edward Schnell? || domain Aizu <> Apakah nama Jepun Edward Schnell? || Hiramatsu Buhei <> Di mana Edward Schnell hidup? || Wakamatsu", {"context": "In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (\u5e73\u677e\u6b66\u5175\u885b), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers. In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Prussian"}], "question": "What nationality was Edward Schnell?", "id": "5728fb8a6aef05140015493c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "military instructor and procurer of weapons"}], "question": "What duties did Edward Schnell have?", "id": "5728fb8a6aef05140015493d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "the Aizu domain"}], "question": "Who did Edward Schnell work for?", "id": "5728fb8a6aef05140015493e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Hiramatsu Buhei"}], "question": "What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?", "id": "5728fb8a6aef05140015493f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Wakamatsu"}], "question": "Where did Edward Schnell live?", "id": "5728fb8a6aef051400154940"}]}], ["Seorang samurai boleh menceraikan isterinya kerana pelbagai sebab dengan persetujuan dari seorang atasan, tetapi perceraian itu, walaupun tidak sepenuhnya tidak ada, satu peristiwa yang jarang terjadi. Kegagalan isteri untuk melahirkan seorang anak lelaki adalah sebab untuk perceraian, tetapi penggunaan seorang waris lelaki dianggap sebagai alternatif yang boleh diterima untuk perceraian. Seorang samurai boleh bercerai atas sebab-sebab peribadi, walaupun dia hanya tidak menyukai isterinya, tapi ini pada umumnya dihindari kerana ia akan memalukan orang yang mengatur perkahwinan itu. Seorang wanita juga boleh mengatur perceraian, walaupun secara umumnya ia mengambil bentuk samurai yang memisahkannya. Selepas perceraian samurai terpaksa kembali wang pertunangan, yang sering menghalang perceraian. <> Betapa biasa perceraian untuk samurai? || jarang <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan samurai daripada perceraian jika isterinya tidak dapat menghasilkan anak? || Penggunaan seorang waris lelaki <> Mengapa samurai menghindari perceraian kerana alasan tidak suka? || ia akan memalukan orang yang mengatur perkahwinan <> Apa masalah kewangan yang dicegah perceraian? || Selepas perceraian samurai terpaksa kembali wang pertunangan", {"context": "A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "rare"}], "question": "How common was divorce for samurai?", "id": "5728f7df4b864d1900165138"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "adoption of a male heir"}], "question": "What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?", "id": "5728f7df4b864d1900165139"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage"}], "question": "Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?", "id": "5728f7df4b864d190016513a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money"}], "question": "What financial concern prevented divorce?", "id": "5728f7df4b864d190016513b"}]}], ["Seorang samurai boleh mengambil selir tetapi latar belakang mereka diperiksa oleh samurai peringkat tinggi. Dalam banyak kes, mengambil gundik adalah seperti perkahwinan. Penculikan seorang gundik, walaupun biasa dalam fiksyen, pastinya memalukan, jika tidak jenayah. Jika gundik itu adalah orang biasa, seorang utusan dihantar dengan wang pertunangan atau nota untuk pengecualian cukai untuk meminta penerimaan ibu bapanya. Walaupun wanita itu tidak akan menjadi isteri sah, keadaan biasanya dianggap sebagai penurunan, banyak pedagang kaya percaya bahawa menjadi gundik seorang samurai lebih unggul daripada menjadi isteri sah dari orang biasa. Apabila anak saudagar berkahwin dengan samurai, wang keluarganya dihapuskan hutang samurai, dan status sosial samurai meningkatkan kedudukan keluarga saudagar. Sekiranya seorang gundik samurai biasa melahirkan anak lelaki, anak itu boleh mewarisi status sosial bapanya. <> Bagaimana samurai mengubati selir? || Sama seperti pernikahan <> Bagaimana pandangan samurai gundik? || memalukan, jika tidak penjahat <> yang menganggap gundik itu lebih baik daripada menjadi isteri? || banyak peniaga yang kaya <> Mengapa pedagang lebih suka bahawa anak perempuan mereka tidak berkahwin dengan samurai? || wang keluarganya memadamkan hutang samurai <> Apa yang berlaku jika seorang gundik yang biasa mempunyai seorang anak lelaki? || anak itu boleh mewarisi status sosial ayahnya", {"context": "A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "akin to a marriage"}], "question": "How did the samurai treat concubines?", "id": "5728f761af94a219006a9e85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "shameful, if not criminal"}], "question": "How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?", "id": "5728f761af94a219006a9e86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "many wealthy merchants"}], "question": "Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?", "id": "5728f761af94a219006a9e87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "her family's money erased the samurai's debts"}], "question": "Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?", "id": "5728f761af94a219006a9e88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "the son could inherit his father's social status"}], "question": "What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?", "id": "5728f761af94a219006a9e89"}]}], ["Mengekalkan isi rumah adalah tugas utama wanita samurai. Ini amat penting semasa awal zaman feodal Jepun, ketika suami prajurit sering bepergian ke luar negeri atau terlibat dalam pertempuran klan. Isteri, atau okugatasama (bermaksud: orang yang tinggal di rumah), dibiarkan mengurus segala urusan rumahtangga, menjaga anak-anak, dan mungkin mempertahankan rumah dengan paksa. Atas sebab ini, ramai wanita kelas samurai dilatih memakai polearm yang dipanggil naginata atau pisau khas yang dipanggil kaiken dalam seni yang dipanggil tantojutsu (menyalakan kemahiran pisau), yang boleh digunakan untuk melindungi isi rumah mereka, keluarga, dan kehormatan jika keperluan timbul. <> Apakah isteri samurai menghabiskan sebahagian besar masa mereka? || Mengekalkan isi rumah <> Apakah maksud okugatasama? || Seorang yang tinggal di rumah <> Apakah yang dimainkan oleh isteri samurai 'ketika suami mereka pergi? || menguruskan segala urusan rumahtangga, menjaga anak-anak, dan mungkin mempertahankan rumah secara paksa <> Apa itu naginata? || polearm <> Apa itu tantojutsu? || kemahiran pisau", {"context": "Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Maintaining the household"}], "question": "What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?", "id": "5728f8484b864d1900165140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "one who remains in the home"}], "question": "What did okugatasama mean?", "id": "5728f8484b864d1900165141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly"}], "question": "What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?", "id": "5728f8484b864d1900165142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "a polearm"}], "question": "What was a naginata?", "id": "5728f8484b864d1900165143"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "the skill of the knife"}], "question": "What was tantojutsu?", "id": "5728f8484b864d1900165144"}]}], ["Apabila tempoh Tokugawa berkembang lebih banyak nilai menjadi pendidikan, dan pendidikan wanita bermula pada usia muda menjadi penting kepada keluarga dan masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Kriteria perkawinan mulai menimbang kecerdasan dan pendidikan sebagai atribut yang diinginkan dalam isteri, tepat dengan daya tarik fisik. Walaupun banyak teks yang ditulis untuk wanita semasa zaman Tokugawa hanya berkaitan dengan bagaimana seorang wanita dapat menjadi seorang isteri dan pengurus rumah tangga yang berjaya, ada yang melakukan cabaran belajar membaca, dan juga mengatasi klasik filosofi dan sastra. Hampir semua wanita kelas samurai telah melek huruf pada akhir zaman Tokugawa. <> Dalam tempoh berapa wanita Jepun mula menjadi lebih berpendidikan? || Tokugawa <> Apa yang telah ditambahkan pada kriteria perkahwinan dalam tempoh Tokugawa? || kecerdasan dan pendidikan sebagai sifat yang diingini <> Apa jenis buku lanjutan yang dibaca oleh wanita Jepun? || klasik falsafah dan sastera <> Apabila kebanyakan isteri samurai belajar membaca? || akhir zaman Tokugawa", {"context": "As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Tokugawa"}], "question": "In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?", "id": "5728fa232ca10214002dab62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "intelligence and education as desirable attributes"}], "question": "What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?", "id": "5728fa232ca10214002dab63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "philosophical and literary classics"}], "question": "What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?", "id": "5728fa232ca10214002dab64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "the end of the Tokugawa period"}], "question": "When had most samurai wives learned to read?", "id": "5728fa232ca10214002dab65"}]}], ["Pelaut Inggeris dan pengembara William Adams (1564-1620) adalah orang Barat pertama yang menerima maruah samurai. Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu membentangkannya dengan dua pedang yang mewakili kuasa samurai, dan menyatakan bahawa William Adams pelaut itu mati dan Anjin Miura (\u4e09\u6d66 \u6309 \u91dd), seorang samurai, dilahirkan. Adams juga menerima gelaran hatamoto (bannerman), kedudukan prestij tinggi sebagai penahan langsung di mahkamah Shogun. Dia diberikan hasil yang murah hati: \"Bagi perkhidmatan yang saya lakukan dan dilakukan setiap hari, yang digunakan dalam perkhidmatan Maharaja, Maharaja telah memberikan saya hidup\" (Surat). Beliau telah diberikan tanah di Hemi (\u9038 \u898b) dalam sempadan Yokosuka City sekarang, \"dengan lapan puluh atau sembilan puluh petani, itu menjadi hamba atau hamba-hamba saya\" (Surat). Ladangnya bernilai 250 koku. Dia akhirnya menulis \"Tuhan telah menyediakan bagi saya selepas kesengsaraan saya yang besar\", (Surat) yang mana ia bermaksud pelayaran yang dilanda bencana yang pada mulanya membawanya ke Jepun. <> Siapa samurai Barat pertama? || William Adams <> Siapa yang membuat William Adams menjadi samurai? || Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu <> Apakah nama Jepun William Adams? || Anjin Miura <> Apa maksud hatamoto? || bannerman <> Berapa ramai hamba yang mempunyai William Adams? || lapan puluh atau sembilan puluh", {"context": "The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564\u20131620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (\u4e09\u6d66\u6309\u91dd), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: \"For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living\" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (\u9038\u898b) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, \"with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants\" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote \"God hath provided for me after my great misery\", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "William Adams"}], "question": "Who was the first Western samurai?", "id": "5728fab36aef05140015492a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu"}], "question": "Who made William Adams a samurai?", "id": "5728fab36aef05140015492b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Anjin Miura"}], "question": "What was William Adams's Japanese name?", "id": "5728fab36aef05140015492c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "bannerman"}], "question": "What did hatamoto mean?", "id": "5728fab36aef05140015492d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "eighty or ninety"}], "question": "How many servants did William Adams have?", "id": "5728fab36aef05140015492e"}]}], ["Ciri-ciri yang dihargai oleh wanita kelas samurai ialah kerendahan hati, ketaatan, kawalan diri, kekuatan, dan kesetiaan. Sebaik-baiknya, seorang isteri samurai akan mahir dalam menguruskan harta, menyimpan rekod, menguruskan perkara kewangan, mendidik anak-anak (dan mungkin juga pelayan), dan menjaga ibu bapa atau mertua tua yang mungkin tinggal di bawah atapnya. Undang-undang Konfusian, yang membantu menentukan hubungan peribadi dan kod etika kelas prajurit memerlukan seorang wanita menunjukkan tunduk kepada suaminya, ketakwaan anak-anak kepada ibu bapanya, dan menjaga anak-anak. Terlalu banyak cinta dan kasih sayang juga dikatakan untuk memanjakan dan merosakkan anak-anak muda. Oleh itu, seorang wanita juga akan menjalankan disiplin. <> Ciri-ciri apakah samurais mahu isteri mereka? || kerendahan hati, ketaatan, kawalan diri, kekuatan, dan kesetiaan <> Siapa yang dimiliki para isteri samurai? || anak-anak (dan barangkali juga pelayan) <> Siapa wanita samurai perlu menjaga? || ibu bapa tua atau mertua yang mungkin tinggal di bawah atapnya <> Siapa wanita yang sepatutnya tunduk? || suaminya <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan kod samurais? || Undang-undang Konfusian", {"context": "Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty"}], "question": "What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?", "id": "5728f95d6aef051400154908"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "the children (and perhaps servants, too)"}], "question": "Who did samurai wives have to teach?", "id": "5728f95d6aef051400154909"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof"}], "question": "Who did samurai wives have to take care of?", "id": "5728f95d6aef05140015490a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "her husband"}], "question": "Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?", "id": "5728f95d6aef05140015490b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Confucian law"}], "question": "What defined the samurais' code?", "id": "5728f95d6aef05140015490c"}]}], ["Ini tidak bermakna bahawa wanita samurai sentiasa tidak berkuasa. Wanita yang berkuasa baik dengan bijak dan tidak bijaksana menggunakan kuasa pada pelbagai kesempatan. Selepas Ashikaga Yoshimasa, shogun ke-8 dari shogun Muromachi, kehilangan kepentingan dalam politik, isterinya Hino Tomiko sebahagian besarnya memerintah di tempatnya. Nene, isteri Toyotomi Hideyoshi, diketahui menyalahgunakan keputusan suaminya dan Yodo-dono, gundiknya, menjadi tuan de facto kastil Osaka dan klan Toyotomi selepas kematian Hideyoshi. Tachibana Ginchiyo dipilih untuk mengetuai puak Tachibana selepas kematian bapanya. Chiyo, isteri Yamauchi Kazutoyo, telah lama dianggap sebagai isteri samurai yang ideal. Mengikut legenda, dia membuat kimono keluar dari selembar selendang potongan kain tua dan menyimpan uang untuk membeli suaminya seekor kuda yang luar biasa, di mana ia naik ke banyak kemenangan. Hakikat bahawa Chiyo (walaupun dia lebih dikenali sebagai \"Isteri Yamauchi Kazutoyo\") diadakan dengan harga yang tinggi kerana rasa ekonominya menerangi dengan terang bahwa ia tidak pernah menghasilkan ahli waris dan klan Yamauchi digantikan oleh Kazutoyo's adik lelaki. Sumber kuasa wanita mungkin samurai meninggalkan kewangan mereka kepada isteri mereka. <> Siapa Ashikaga Yoshimasa? || Shogun ke-8 daripada shogun Muromachi <> Siapa isteri Ashikaga Yoshimasa? || Hino Tomiko <> Mengapa Ashikaga membiarkan isterinya mengambil alih? || hilang minat dalam politik <> Siapa Nene? || isteri Toyotomi Hideyoshi <> Siapakah gundik Yodo-dono? || Toyotomi Hideyoshi", {"context": "This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as \"Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo\") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate"}], "question": "Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?", "id": "5728f9abaf94a219006a9e8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Hino Tomiko"}], "question": "Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?", "id": "5728f9abaf94a219006a9e90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "lost interest in politics"}], "question": "Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?", "id": "5728f9abaf94a219006a9e91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi"}], "question": "Who was Nene?", "id": "5728f9abaf94a219006a9e92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi"}], "question": "Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?", "id": "5728f9abaf94a219006a9e93"}]}], ["Hanya dalam dua dekad terakhir, [ketika?] Samurai telah menjadi lebih popular di Amerika. \"Menggoda samurai sedemikian rupa sehingga mereka muncul secara keseluruhan menjadi badan yang setia pahlawan tuan memberikan minat antarabangsa terhadap watak-watak tertentu kerana sifat-sifat yang mengagumkan\" (Moscardi, N.D.). Melalui pelbagai medium, pengeluar dan penulis telah memanfaatkan tanggapan bahawa rakyat Amerika mengagumi gaya hidup samurai. Siri animasi, Afro Samurai, menjadi terkenal dalam budaya popular Amerika kerana perpaduan animasi hack-and-slash dan muzik urban yang cerah. <> Siapa kata Amerika hyperbolizes samurai? || Moscardi, N.D. <> Apakah jenis animasi yang dimiliki Afro Samurai? || hack-and-slash <> Apa jenis muzik yang dimiliki Afro Samurai? || bandar pintar", {"context": "Just in the last two decades,[when?] samurai have become more popular in America. \u201cHyperbolizing the samurai in such a way that they appear as a whole to be a loyal body of master warriors provides international interest in certain characters due to admirable traits\u201d (Moscardi, N.D.). Through various medium, producers and writers have been capitalizing on the notion that Americans admire the samurai lifestyle. The animated series, Afro Samurai, became well-liked in American popular culture due to its blend of hack-and-slash animation and gritty urban music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Moscardi, N.D."}], "question": "Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?", "id": "5728ffd73f37b31900477f4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "hack-and-slash"}], "question": "What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?", "id": "5728ffd73f37b31900477f4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "gritty urban"}], "question": "What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?", "id": "5728ffd73f37b31900477f4d"}]}], ["Kebanyakan samurai terikat dengan kod kehormatan dan dijangka memberikan contoh kepada mereka yang berada di bawahnya. Satu bahagian penting kod mereka ialah seppuku (\u5207\u8179, seppuku?) Atau hara kiri, yang membolehkan samurai memalukan untuk mendapatkan kembali kehormatannya dengan mengorbankan kematian, di mana samurai masih lagi mengamalkan peraturan sosial. Walaupun terdapat banyak karakterisasi tindak balas samurai seperti penulisan Bushido (\u6b66\u58eb\u9053, Bushid\u014d?) Pada tahun 1905, kajian Kobudo dan Bud\u014d tradisional menunjukkan bahawa samurai adalah praktikal di medan perang seperti mana pahlawan lain. <> Apa sinonim untuk seppuku? || hara kiri <> Apa sebabnya seppuku? || mengizinkan samurai yang memalukan untuk mendapatkan semula kehormatannya dengan mengalahkan kematian <> Bagaimana idealisnya adalah samurai? || sebagai praktikal di medan perang seperti mana pahlawan lain <> Bagaimana samurai digambarkan secara realistik? || romantik", {"context": "Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them. A notable part of their code is seppuku (\u5207\u8179, seppuku?) or hara kiri, which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death, where samurai were still beholden to social rules. Whilst there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of Bushido (\u6b66\u58eb\u9053, Bushid\u014d?) in 1905, studies of Kobudo and traditional Bud\u014d indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "hara kiri"}], "question": "What was a synonym for seppuku?", "id": "5728fd971d04691400778f25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death"}], "question": "What was the reason for seppuku?", "id": "5728fd971d04691400778f26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior"}], "question": "How idealistic were samurai?", "id": "5728fd971d04691400778f27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "romanticized"}], "question": "How were samurai unrealistically portrayed?", "id": "5728fd971d04691400778f28"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1500-an jenis perisai baru mula menjadi popular kerana kemunculan senjata api, taktik pertempuran baru dan perlunya perlindungan tambahan. Dou kozane yang dibuat dari skala individu diganti dengan perisai pinggan. Perisai baru ini, yang menggunakan dou berlapis besi (d\u014d), dirujuk sebagai Tosei-gusoku, atau perisai moden. Pelbagai perisai lain melindungi badan samurai. Kabuto helmet adalah bahagian penting dari perisai samurai. Perisai Samurai berubah dan berkembang sebagai kaedah peperangan samurai berubah berabad-abad. Penggunaan terakhir senjata perisai samurai yang berlaku pada tahun 1877 semasa pemberontakan satsuma. Ketika pemberontakan samurai terakhir dihancurkan, Jepun memodenkan pertahanannya dan beralih kepada tentera perintis kebangsaan yang menggunakan pakaian seragam. <> Mengapa ada perubahan baju perisai pada tahun 1500-an? || kedatangan senjata api, taktik pertempuran baru dan perlunya perlindungan tambahan <> Apa jenis perisai diganti? || kozane dou <> Apa jenis perisai baru yang menggantikan yang lama? || armor plat <> Apa baju besi baru dipanggil? || Tosei-gusoku <> Kapan baju perang samurai digunakan dahulu? || 1877", {"context": "In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (d\u014d), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection"}], "question": "Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?", "id": "5728fc671d04691400778f07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "kozane dou"}], "question": "What type of armor was replaced?", "id": "5728fc671d04691400778f08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "plate armor"}], "question": "What new type of armor replaced the old?", "id": "5728fc671d04691400778f09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Tosei-gusoku"}], "question": "What was the new armor called?", "id": "5728fc671d04691400778f0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "1877"}], "question": "When was samurai armor last used?", "id": "5728fc671d04691400778f0b"}]}], ["Bushi adalah nama yang diberikan kepada tentera Jepun kuno dari keluarga pahlawan tradisional. Kelas bushi dibangunkan terutamanya di utara Jepun. Mereka membentuk puak-puak yang berkuasa, yang pada abad ke-12 menentang keluarga bangsawan yang berkumpul untuk menyokong keluarga imperial yang tinggal di Kyoto. Samurai adalah perkataan yang digunakan oleh kelas aristokrat Kuge dengan pahlawan sendiri yang lebih suka perkataan bushi. Istilah Bushid\u014d, \"jalan pahlawan\", berasal dari istilah ini dan rumah seorang pahlawan disebut bukeyashiki. <> Siapa kelas bushi? || askar Jepun purba dari keluarga prajurit tradisional <> Di manakah bushi hidup? || terutamanya di utara Jepun <> Di mana keluarga imperial hidup? || Kyoto <> Apa maksud Bushido? || \"cara pejuang\" <> Apa bukeyashiki? || rumah lelaki pahlawan", {"context": "Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families. The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan. They formed powerful clans, which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto. Samurai was a word used by the Kuge aristocratic class with warriors themselves preferring the word bushi. The term Bushid\u014d, the \"way of the warrior\", is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families"}], "question": "Who were the bushi class?", "id": "5728fd38af94a219006a9edb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "mainly in the north of Japan"}], "question": "Where did the bushi live?", "id": "5728fd38af94a219006a9edc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Kyoto"}], "question": "Where did the imperial family live?", "id": "5728fd38af94a219006a9edd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "the \"way of the warrior\""}], "question": "What does Bushido mean?", "id": "5728fd38af94a219006a9ede"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "the mansion of a warrior"}], "question": "What was a bukeyashiki?", "id": "5728fd38af94a219006a9edf"}]}], ["Dicipta oleh Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai pada mulanya adalah doujinshi, atau siri manga, yang kemudiannya dibuat menjadi siri animasi oleh Studio Gonzo. Pada tahun 2007, siri animasi menyiarkan televisyen kabel Amerika di saluran TV Spike (Denison, 2010). Siri ini dihasilkan untuk penonton Amerika yang \"merangkumi trend ... membandingkan para artis hip-hop untuk prajurit samurai, imej beberapa rapper menuntut untuk diri mereka sendiri (Solomon, 2009). Alur cerita terus nada dengan persepsi samurais mencari dendam terhadap seseorang yang telah melakukan kesalahan kepadanya. Memetik suara pelakon Amerika yang terkenal Samuel L. Jackson, \"Afro adalah pejuang kedua paling kuat dalam futuristik, namun, masih feudal Jepun dan berusaha membalas dendam terhadap lelaki bersenjata yang membunuh bapanya\" (King 2008). Disebabkan popularitinya, Afro Samurai diadopsi ke dalam filem animasi ciri penuh dan juga menjadi tajuk pada konsol permainan seperti PlayStation 3 dan Xbox. Bukan sahaja budaya samurai telah digunakan sebagai animasi dan permainan video, ia juga dapat dilihat dalam buku-buku komik. <> Siapa yang menciptakan Afro Samurai? || Takashi Okazaki <> Siapa yang membuat Afro Samurai menjadi rancangan TV animasi? || Studio Gonzo <> Bilakah udara pertama Afro Samurai? || 2007 <> Pada saluran apakah Afro Samurai udara? || Spike TV <> Siapa pelakon suara bintang Afro Samurai? || Samuel L. Jackson", {"context": "Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which \u201cembodies the trend... comparing hip-hop artists to samurai warriors, an image some rappers claim for themselves (Solomon, 2009). The storyline keeps in tone with the perception of a samurais finding vengeance against someone who has wronged him. Starring the voice of well known American actor Samuel L. Jackson, \u201cAfro is the second-strongest fighter in a futuristic, yet, still feudal Japan and seeks revenge upon the gunman who killed his father\u201d (King 2008). Due to its popularity, Afro Samurai was adopted into a full feature animated film and also became titles on gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox. Not only has the samurai culture been adopted into animation and video games, it can also be seen in comic books.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Takashi Okazaki"}], "question": "Who created Afro Samurai?", "id": "572900303f37b31900477f51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Studio Gonzo"}], "question": "Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?", "id": "572900303f37b31900477f52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When did Afro Samurai first air?", "id": "572900303f37b31900477f53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Spike TV"}], "question": "On what channel did Afro Samurai air?", "id": "572900303f37b31900477f54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Samuel L. Jackson"}], "question": "Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai?", "id": "572900303f37b31900477f55"}]}], ["Walaupun romantisisme abad ke-20 yang merajalela, samurai boleh menjadi tidak setia dan khianat (contohnya, Akechi Mitsuhide), pengecut, berani, atau terlalu setia (contohnya, Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai biasanya setia kepada ketua-ketua mereka yang segera, yang bersekutu dengan tuan-tuan yang lebih tinggi. Kesetiaan ini kepada tuan-tuan yang lebih tinggi sering beralih; sebagai contoh, tuan-tuan tinggi yang bersekutu di bawah Toyotomi Hideyoshi (\u8c4a \u81e3 \u79c0\u5409) disampaikan oleh samurai setia, tetapi tuan-tuan feudal di bawah mereka boleh menukar sokongan mereka kepada Tokugawa, mengambil samurai mereka dengan mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat juga contoh-contoh yang ketara di mana samurai akan menjadi tidak setia kepada tuhan mereka atau daimyo, apabila kesetiaan kepada Maharaja dilihat mempunyai keunggulan. <> Siapakah contoh samurai yang tidak setia? || Akechi Mitsuhide <> Siapakah contoh samurai yang setia? || Kusunoki Masashige) <> Beberapa tuan-tuan feudal beralih kesetiaan dari Toyotomi kepada siapa? || Tokugawa <> Apa yang kadang-kadang mengalahkan kesetiaan samurais kepada daimyo? || Kesetiaan kepada Maharaja dilihat mempunyai keunggulan", {"context": "Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (\u8c4a\u81e3\u79c0\u5409) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Akechi Mitsuhide"}], "question": "Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?", "id": "5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Kusunoki Masashige)"}], "question": "Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?", "id": "5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Tokugawa"}], "question": "Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?", "id": "5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy"}], "question": "What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?", "id": "5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee8"}]}], ["Jidaigeki (drama harfiah bersejarah) sentiasa menjadi program ruji pada filem dan televisyen Jepun. Program-program biasanya mempunyai samurai. Filem samurai dan barat berkongsi beberapa persamaan dan kedua-dua telah mempengaruhi satu sama lain selama bertahun-tahun. Salah satu pengarah yang paling terkenal di Jepun, Akira Kurosawa, sangat mempengaruhi aspek samurai dalam pembuatan filem barat. [Sunting sumber] Siri Star Wars George Lucas menggabungkan banyak aspek dari filem Seven Samurai. Contohnya ialah dalam filem Jepun, tujuh pahlawan samurai dipekerjakan oleh petani tempatan untuk melindungi tanah mereka daripada ditimpa oleh penyamun; Dalam Star Wars George Lucas: A New Hope, keadaan yang sama berlaku. Kurosawa diilhamkan oleh karya pengarah John Ford dan seterusnya kerja-kerja Kurosawa telah dibuat semula ke barat seperti The Seven Samurai ke The Magnificent Seven dan Yojimbo menjadi Fistful of Dollars. Terdapat juga 26 episod adaptasi anime (Samurai 7) The Seven Samurai. Bersama filem, kesusasteraan yang mengandungi pengaruh samurai juga dilihat. <> Apa itu Jidaigeki? || drama bersejarah <> Siapa Akira Kurosawa? || Salah satu pengarah Jepun yang paling terkenal <> Siapa yang mengarahkan 'Tujuh Samurai'? || Akira Kurosawa <> Apa filem Jepun 'Star Wars: A New Hope' dikatakan sama dengan? || Tujuh Samurai <> Apa yang Barat terinspirasi oleh 'Tujuh Samurai'? || The Seven Magnificent", {"context": "Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan\u2019s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas\u2019 Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas\u2019 Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "historical drama"}], "question": "What is Jidaigeki?", "id": "5728fe6d3f37b31900477f41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "One of Japan\u2019s most renowned directors"}], "question": "Who is Akira Kurosawa? ", "id": "5728fe6d3f37b31900477f42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Akira Kurosawa"}], "question": "Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?", "id": "5728fe6d3f37b31900477f43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Seven Samurai"}], "question": "What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?", "id": "5728fe6d3f37b31900477f44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "The Magnificent Seven"}], "question": "What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?", "id": "5728fe6d3f37b31900477f45"}]}], ["Yang paling umum adalah karya-karya sejarah di mana protagonis sama ada samurai atau bekas samurai (atau pangkat atau kedudukan lain) yang memiliki kemahiran mempertahankan diri yang cukup besar. Eiji Yoshikawa adalah salah seorang novelis sejarah Jepun yang paling terkenal. Pengkelasan karya-karya beliau yang terkenal, termasuk Taiko, Musashi dan Heike Tale, sangat popular di kalangan pembaca untuk cerita epik mereka dan realisme kaya dalam menggambarkan samurai dan budaya pahlawan. Samurai juga sering muncul dalam komik Jepun (manga) dan animasi (anime). Watak-watak seperti samurai tidak hanya terhad kepada tetapan sejarah dan beberapa karya yang ditetapkan dalam zaman moden, dan juga masa depan, termasuk watak-watak yang hidup, melatih dan bertarung seperti samurai. Contohnya adalah Samurai Champloo, Requiem dari Kegelapan, Muramasa: The Blade Demon, dan Afro Samurai. Sebahagian daripada karya-karya ini telah menuju ke arah barat, di mana ia semakin popular di Amerika. <> Siapa Eiji Yoshikawa? || salah seorang novelis sejarah Jepun yang paling terkenal <> Mengapa buku Eiji Yoshikawa popular? || untuk cerita epik mereka dan realisme kaya dalam menggambarkan samurai dan budaya prajurit <> Apa yang dipanggil buku-buku komik Jepun? || manga <> Apakah animasi Jepun dipanggil? || anime", {"context": "Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture.[citation needed] The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime). Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Examples are Samurai Champloo, Requiem from the Darkness, Muramasa: The Demon Blade, and Afro Samurai. Some of these works have made their way to the west, where it has been increasing in popularity with America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists"}], "question": "Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?", "id": "5728ff866aef05140015495c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture"}], "question": "Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?", "id": "5728ff866aef05140015495d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "manga"}], "question": "What are Japanese comic books called?", "id": "5728ff866aef05140015495e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "anime"}], "question": "What are Japanese animation called?", "id": "5728ff866aef05140015495f"}]}], ["Istilah samurai pada mulanya bermaksud \"orang-orang yang berkhidmat dalam kehadiran mendekati bangsawan\", dan ditulis dengan aksara Cina (atau kanji) yang mempunyai makna yang sama. Dalam bahasa Jepun, ia pada asalnya direkodkan dalam Tempoh Nara sebagai kata kerja * samorapu (\"untuk menonton, berjaga-jaga, memerhatikan, untuk mencari sesuatu untuk berkhidmat, untuk menghadiri\"), yang dipercayai diperolehi dari bentuk kerapkali (* morapu \u5b88 \u3089 \u3075) dari kata kerja moru (\u5b88 \u308b, \"untuk menonton, untuk menjaga, untuk mencari, menjaga, melindungi, menjaga, untuk menjaga, satu wad \"). Oleh zaman Heian, perkataan ini telah berkembang menjadi kata saburahu (\u3055 \u3076 \u3089 \u3075, \"untuk berkhidmat, untuk menghadiri\"), dari mana kata nama deverbal saburahi (\u3055 \u3076 \u3089 \u3072, \"pelayan, pelayan\") kemudian diperoleh, dan ini kata nama kemudian menghasilkan samurahi (\u3055 \u3080 \u3089 \u3072) dalam tempoh Edo. Dalam kesusasteraan Jepun, terdapat rujukan awal untuk samurai di Kokinsh\u016b (\u53e4\u4eca \u96c6, awal abad ke-10): <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan 'samurai' pada mulanya? || orang yang melayani dengan kehadiran orang bangsawan <> Apa maksud 'samorapu'? || untuk menonton, untuk berjaga-jaga, untuk memerhatikan, untuk mencari sesuatu; untuk berkhidmat, untuk menghadiri <> Apa maksud 'saburahu'? || untuk berkhidmat, untuk menghadiri <> Apa maksud 'saburahi'? || hamba, pelayan <> Bilakah perkataan 'samurahi' digunakan? || tempoh Edo", {"context": "The term samurai originally meant \"those who serve in close attendance to nobility\", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu (\"to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend\"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu \u5b88\u3089\u3075) of the verb moru (\u5b88\u308b, \"to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward\"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (\u3055\u3076\u3089\u3075, \"to serve, to attend\"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (\u3055\u3076\u3089\u3072, \"servant, attendant\") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (\u3055\u3080\u3089\u3072) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinsh\u016b (\u53e4\u4eca\u96c6, early 10th century):", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "those who serve in close attendance to nobility"}], "question": "What did 'samurai' mean at first?", "id": "5728fce01d04691400778f1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"}], "question": "What did 'samorapu' mean?", "id": "5728fce01d04691400778f1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "to serve, to attend"}], "question": "What did 'saburahu' mean?", "id": "5728fce01d04691400778f1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "servant, attendant"}], "question": "What did 'saburahi' mean?", "id": "5728fce01d04691400778f1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "the Edo period"}], "question": "When was the word 'samurahi' used?", "id": "5728fce01d04691400778f1f"}]}], ["Buku-buku komik Amerika telah menggunakan jenis watak untuk kisah-kisah mereka sendiri seperti kisah perak Samurai mutan-mutan Marvel Comics. Reka bentuk watak ini mengekalkan penampilan samurai; penjahat itu adalah \"Clad dalam perisai samurai tradisional yang berkilauan dan menggunakan tenaga katana\" (Buxton, 2013). Bukan sahaja Samurai Perak membuat lebih 350 penampilan buku komik, watak itu dapat dimainkan dalam beberapa permainan video, seperti Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 dan 2. Pada tahun 2013, penjahat samurai digambarkan dalam filem James Mangold yang The Wolverine. Sepuluh tahun sebelum Wolverine memulakan kerjaya, satu lagi filem membantu membuka jalan untuk memastikan samurai dimaklumkan kepada pawagam Amerika: Sebuah filem yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2003 bertajuk The Last Samurai, yang dibintangi oleh Tom Cruise, diilhamkan oleh cara hidup samurai. Dalam filem itu, watak Cruise mendapati dirinya sangat tenggelam dalam budaya samurai. Watak dalam filem itu, \"Nathan Algren, adalah satu bentuk fiksyen untuk membuat sejarah Jepun abad kesembilan belas yang kurang asing kepada penonton Amerika.\" (Ravina, 2010) Setelah ditangkap oleh sekumpulan pemberontak samurai, dia menjadi empati terhadap sebab mereka berlawan untuk. Mengambil tempat semasa Tempoh Meiji, Tom Cruise memainkan peranan Kapten Tentera AS Nathan Algren, yang bergerak ke Jepun untuk melatih tentera rookie dalam melawan kumpulan pemberontak samurai. Menjadi produk persekitarannya, Algren menyertai klan samurai dalam usaha untuk menyelamatkan seorang pemimpin samurai yang ditangkap. \"Pada akhir filem itu, dia telah jelas mengambil banyak sifat samurai, seperti penguasaan pedang seperti zen, dan pemahaman spiritualitas\". (Manion, 2006) <> Dalam apa komik syarikat apa yang dilakukan Silver Samurai? || Marvel <> Apa itu senjata Silver Samurai? || tenaga yang dikenakan katana <> Berapa banyak buku komik telah muncul di Silver Samurai? || lebih 350 <> Siapa yang membintangi The Last Samurai? || Tom Cruise <> Siapa yang bermain Tom Cruise di The Last Samurai? || Kapten Tentera AS Nathan Algren", {"context": "American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics. The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is \u201cClad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana\u201d (Buxton, 2013). Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances, the character is playable in several video games, such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2. In 2013, the samurai villain was depicted in James Mangold\u2019s film The Wolverine. Ten years before the Wolverine debuted, another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema: A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, is inspired by the samurai way of life. In the film, Cruise\u2019s character finds himself deeply immersed in samurai culture. The character in the film, \u201cNathan Algren, is a fictional contrivance to make nineteenth-century Japanese history less foreign to American viewers\u201d.(Ravina, 2010) After being captured by a group of samurai rebels, he becomes empathetic towards the cause they fight for. Taking place during the Meiji Period, Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren, who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups. Becoming a product of his environment, Algren joins the samurai clan in an attempt to rescue a captured samurai leader. \u201cBy the end of the film, he has clearly taken on many of the samurai traits, such as zen-like mastery of the sword, and a budding understanding of spirituality\u201d. (Manion, 2006)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Marvel"}], "question": "In what company's comics did Silver Samurai appear?", "id": "5729009aaf94a219006a9f0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "an energy charged katana"}], "question": "What is Silver Samurai's weapon?", "id": "5729009aaf94a219006a9f0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "over 350"}], "question": "How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?", "id": "5729009aaf94a219006a9f0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "Tom Cruise"}], "question": "Who starred in The Last Samurai?", "id": "5729009aaf94a219006a9f10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1209, "text": "US Army Captain Nathan Algren"}], "question": "Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?", "id": "5729009aaf94a219006a9f11"}]}]], [["Memandangkan bilangan ujian yang mungkin untuk komponen perisian mudah hampir tidak terhingga, semua ujian perisian menggunakan beberapa strategi untuk memilih ujian yang sesuai untuk masa dan sumber yang ada. Akibatnya, ujian perisian biasanya (tetapi tidak semata-mata) cuba untuk melaksanakan program atau aplikasi dengan niat mencari bug perisian (kesalahan atau kecacatan lain). Tugas ujian adalah proses berulang seperti ketika bug diperbaiki, ia dapat menerangi yang lain, bug yang lebih dalam, atau bahkan dapat membuat yang baru. <> Apakah tujuan menguji perisian? || mencari perisian bug <> Mengapa begitu sukar untuk mencari bug dalam perisian? || ujian untuk komponen perisian yang sederhana hampir tidak terhingga <> Apa yang boleh datang dari satu bug yang ditetapkan? || ia boleh menerangi pepijat yang lain, lebih mendalam,", {"context": "As the number of possible tests for even simple software components is practically infinite, all software testing uses some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the available time and resources. As a result, software testing typically (but not exclusively) attempts to execute a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects). The job of testing is an iterative process as when one bug is fixed, it can illuminate other, deeper bugs, or can even create new ones.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "finding software bugs"}], "question": "What is the purpose of testing software?", "id": "57290d3a6aef0514001549f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "tests for even simple software components is practically infinite"}], "question": "Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software?", "id": "57290d3a6aef0514001549f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,"}], "question": "What can come from one bug being fixed?", "id": "57290d3a6aef0514001549f8"}]}], ["Ujian kotak hitam merawat perisian sebagai \"kotak hitam\", memeriksa fungsi tanpa pengetahuan tentang pelaksanaan dalaman, tanpa melihat kod sumber. Penguji hanya mengetahui tentang apa yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh perisian itu, bukan bagaimana ia melakukannya. Kaedah ujian hitam-kotak termasuk: pembahagian kesetaraan, analisis nilai sempadan, ujian semua pasangan, jadual peralihan negeri, ujian jadual keputusan, ujian fuzz, ujian berasaskan model, ujian kes penggunaan, ujian penerokaan dan ujian berasaskan spesifikasi. <> Apakah perbezaan utama antara ujian hitam kotak dan ujian kotak putih? || melihat kod sumber <> Apakah penguji perisian mengetahui? || sedar tentang apa yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh perisian <> Apa tiga kaedah pertama disebutkan yang membentuk pengujian kotak hitam ?? || pembahagian kesetaraan, analisis nilai sempadan", {"context": "Black-box testing treats the software as a \"black box\", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, state transition tables, decision table testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, use case testing, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "seeing the source code"}], "question": "What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?", "id": "57291acd3f37b3190047801d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "aware of what the software is supposed to do"}], "question": "What are the software testers aware of?", "id": "57291acd3f37b3190047801e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis"}], "question": "What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing??", "id": "57291acd3f37b3190047801f"}]}], ["Ujian kotak putih (juga dikenali sebagai ujian kotak jelas, ujian kotak kaca, ujian kotak telus dan ujian struktur, dengan melihat kod sumber) menguji struktur dalaman atau cara kerja suatu program, bertentangan dengan fungsi yang terdedah kepada pengguna akhir. Dalam kotak putih menguji perspektif dalaman sistem, serta kemahiran pengaturcaraan, digunakan untuk merancang kes ujian. Penguji memilih masukan untuk menjalankan laluan melalui kod dan menentukan output yang sesuai. Ini sama dengan ujian nod dalam litar, mis. ujian litar (ICT). <> Apakah istilah lain yang digunakan untuk ujian Kotak Putih? || ujian kotak yang jelas <> Apa yang terlibat dengan ujian kotak putih? || dengan melihat kod sumber <> Yang mana dua prosedur yang digunakan untuk merancang kes ujian dalam ujian White-box? || menguji perspektif dalaman sistem, serta kemahiran pengaturcaraan", {"context": "White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, by seeing the source code) tests internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "clear box testing"}], "question": "What is another term used for White-box testing?", "id": "5729193baf94a219006aa06f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "by seeing the source code"}], "question": "What is involved with White-box testing?", "id": "5729193baf94a219006aa070"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills"}], "question": "Which two procedures are used to design test cases in White-box testing?", "id": "5729193baf94a219006aa071"}]}], ["Kesalahan perisian berlaku melalui proses berikut. Seorang pengaturcara membuat ralat (kesilapan), yang mengakibatkan kecacatan (kesalahan, bug) dalam kod sumber perisian. Jika kecacatan ini dilaksanakan, dalam keadaan tertentu sistem akan menghasilkan hasil yang salah, menyebabkan kegagalan. Tidak semua kecacatan akan menyebabkan kegagalan. Sebagai contoh, kecacatan dalam kod mati tidak akan menyebabkan kegagalan. Kecacatan boleh berubah menjadi kegagalan apabila persekitaran berubah. Contoh perubahan dalam alam sekitar termasuk perisian yang dijalankan pada platform perkakasan komputer baru, perubahan dalam data sumber, atau berinteraksi dengan perisian yang berbeza. Satu kecacatan boleh mengakibatkan pelbagai gejala kegagalan. <> Apakah langkah pertama yang membawa kepada kegagalan perisian? || programmer membuat ralat <> Apa hasil programmer membuat kesilapan? || kecacatan (kesalahan, bug) <> Bilakah kecacatan perisian dalam kod mati menyebabkan masalah? || berjalan pada platform perkakasan komputer baru", {"context": "Software faults occur through the following processes. A programmer makes an error (mistake), which results in a defect (fault, bug) in the software source code. If this defect is executed, in certain situations the system will produce wrong results, causing a failure. Not all defects will necessarily result in failures. For example, defects in dead code will never result in failures. A defect can turn into a failure when the environment is changed. Examples of these changes in environment include the software being run on a new computer hardware platform, alterations in source data, or interacting with different software. A single defect may result in a wide range of failure symptoms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "programmer makes an error"}], "question": "What is the first step that leads to a software failure?", "id": "572911636aef051400154a20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "defect (fault, bug)"}], "question": "What is the result of the programmer making a mistake?", "id": "572911636aef051400154a21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "run on a new computer hardware platform"}], "question": "When can software defects in dead code cause problems?", "id": "572911636aef051400154a22"}]}], ["Masalah asas dengan ujian perisian adalah pengujian di bawah semua kombinasi input dan prasyarat (keadaan awal) tidak dapat dilakukan, bahkan dengan produk yang mudah. 17-18 Ini bermaksud jumlah cacat dalam produk software dapat sangat besar dan kecacatan yang jarang terjadi adalah sukar untuk dijumpai dalam ujian. Lebih ketara, dimensi bukan kualiti kualiti (bagaimana ia sepatutnya berbanding dengan apa yang sepatutnya dilakukan) -baik, kebolehskalaan, prestasi, keserasian, kebolehpercayaan-boleh menjadi sangat subjektif; sesuatu yang merupakan nilai yang mencukupi kepada satu orang mungkin tidak dapat disangkal lagi oleh orang lain. <> Apakah isu utama dengan menjalankan ujian perisian? || ujian di bawah semua kombinasi input dan prasyarat (keadaan permulaan) tidak boleh dilaksanakan <> Apa jenis perisian yang sukar dicari semasa ujian? || kecacatan yang berlaku jarang <> Apa dimensi bukan fungsional yang lain boleh menyebabkan perisian menjadi kurang baik dan menyebabkan masalah lain? || kebolehgunaan, skalabilitas, prestasi, keserasian, kebolehpercayaan", {"context": "A fundamental problem with software testing is that testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible, even with a simple product.:17-18 This means that the number of defects in a software product can be very large and defects that occur infrequently are difficult to find in testing. More significantly, non-functional dimensions of quality (how it is supposed to be versus what it is supposed to do)\u2014usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability\u2014can be highly subjective; something that constitutes sufficient value to one person may be intolerable to another.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible"}], "question": "What is the primary issue with running software testing?", "id": "5729134aaf94a219006aa031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "defects that occur infrequently"}], "question": "What types of software bugs are difficult to find during testing?", "id": "5729134aaf94a219006aa032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability"}], "question": "What other non-functional dimensions can cause software to underperform and cause other problems?", "id": "5729134aaf94a219006aa033"}]}], ["Walaupun ujian boleh menentukan ketepatan perisian di bawah anggapan beberapa hipotesis tertentu (lihat hierarki kesukaran ujian di bawah), ujian tidak dapat mengenal pasti semua kecacatan dalam perisian. Sebaliknya, ia memberikan kritikan atau perbandingan yang membandingkan keadaan dan tingkah laku produk terhadap prinsip-prinsip atau mekanisme oracle-yang mana seseorang mungkin mengenali masalah. Oracle ini boleh termasuk (tetapi tidak terhad kepada) spesifikasi, kontrak, produk yang setanding, versi lepas produk yang sama, kesimpulan mengenai tujuan yang diharapkan atau dijangka, harapan pengguna atau pelanggan, piawaian yang relevan, undang-undang yang berkenaan, atau kriteria lain. <> Apa yang boleh diuji tidak dapat dijumpai sepenuhnya? || semua kecacatan <> Semasa mencari bug, apa lagi yang boleh dilakukan pengujian? || memberikan kritikan atau perbandingan <> Apa yang dibandingkan dengan perisian semasa ujian? || oracle-prinsip atau mekanisme <> Apa yang membentuk oracle semasa ujian? || spesifikasi, kontrak, produk setanding, versi terdahulu", {"context": "Although testing can determine the correctness of software under the assumption of some specific hypotheses (see hierarchy of testing difficulty below), testing cannot identify all the defects within software. Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles\u2014principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem. These oracles may include (but are not limited to) specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions of the same product, inferences about intended or expected purpose, user or customer expectations, relevant standards, applicable laws, or other criteria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "all the defects"}], "question": "What can testing not completely find?", "id": "57290ea56aef0514001549fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "furnishes a criticism or comparison"}], "question": "While looking for bugs, what else can testing do?", "id": "57290ea56aef0514001549fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "oracles\u2014principles or mechanisms"}], "question": "What does the software compare during testing against?", "id": "57290ea56aef0514001549fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions"}], "question": "What make up the oracle during testing?", "id": "57290ea56aef0514001549ff"}]}], ["Lazimnya dipercayai bahawa kecacatan terdahulu dijumpai, lebih murah untuk memperbaikinya. Jadual berikut menunjukkan kos menetapkan kecacatan bergantung pada peringkat yang ditemui. Sebagai contoh, jika masalah dalam syarat hanya didapati selepas pelepasan, maka ia akan dikenakan biaya 10-100 kali lebih untuk menetapkan daripada jika ia telah didapati oleh kajian semula keperluan. Dengan adanya amalan penggunaan berterusan moden dan perkhidmatan berasaskan awan, kos penyusunan semula dan penyelenggaraan dapat dikurangkan dari masa ke masa. <> Apa yang menentukan kos menetapkan bug? || yang lebih awal kecacatan dijumpai <> Ho lebih banyak lagi kos jika masalah ditemui selepas pelepasan perisian? || 10-100 kali lebih <> Apa yang mungkin dapat mengurangkan kos memasang perisian buggy? || perkhidmatan berasaskan awan", {"context": "It is commonly believed that the earlier a defect is found, the cheaper it is to fix it. The following table shows the cost of fixing the defect depending on the stage it was found. For example, if a problem in the requirements is found only post-release, then it would cost 10\u2013100 times more to fix than if it had already been found by the requirements review. With the advent of modern continuous deployment practices and cloud-based services, the cost of re-deployment and maintenance may lessen over time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "the earlier a defect is found"}], "question": "What determines the cost of fixing a bug?", "id": "572914a26aef051400154a40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "10\u2013100 times more"}], "question": "Ho many more times would the cost be if the problem is found after the software's release?", "id": "572914a26aef051400154a41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "cloud-based services"}], "question": "What could possibly lessen the cost of fixing buggy software?", "id": "572914a26aef051400154a42"}]}], ["Pemaju perisian tidak dapat menguji segala-galanya, tetapi mereka boleh menggunakan reka bentuk ujian gabungan untuk mengenal pasti jumlah minimum ujian yang diperlukan untuk mendapatkan liputan yang mereka mahu. Reka bentuk ujian kombinatorik membolehkan pengguna mendapatkan liputan ujian yang lebih besar dengan ujian yang lebih sedikit. Sama ada mereka mencari kelajuan atau kedalaman ujian, mereka boleh menggunakan kaedah reka bentuk ujian gabungan untuk membina variasi berstruktur ke dalam kes ujian mereka. Perhatikan bahawa \"liputan\", seperti yang digunakan di sini, merujuk kepada liputan gabungan, bukan liputan keperluan. <> Walaupun pemaju perisian tidak dapat menguji segala-galanya, apa yang mereka jalankan untuk memastikan pengujian minimum? || menggunakan reka bentuk ujian kombinasi <> Apakah penggunaan ujian kombinatorinya? || dapatkan liputan ujian yang lebih besar dengan ujian yang lebih sedikit <> Apakah dua jenis ujian yang terlibat dengan ujian kombinasi seperti yang dinyatakan di sini? || kelajuan atau kedalaman ujian", {"context": "Software developers can't test everything, but they can use combinatorial test design to identify the minimum number of tests needed to get the coverage they want. Combinatorial test design enables users to get greater test coverage with fewer tests. Whether they are looking for speed or test depth, they can use combinatorial test design methods to build structured variation into their test cases. Note that \"coverage\", as used here, is referring to combinatorial coverage, not requirements coverage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "use combinatorial test design"}], "question": "Although software developers are unable to test everything, what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum? ", "id": "5729141f6aef051400154a3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "get greater test coverage with fewer tests"}], "question": "What does the use of combinatorial testing consist of?", "id": "5729141f6aef051400154a3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "speed or test depth"}], "question": "What two types of testing are involved with combinatorial testing as mentioned here?", "id": "5729141f6aef051400154a3c"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak pendekatan yang tersedia dalam ujian perisian. Ulasan, langkah-langkah, atau pemeriksaan disebut sebagai ujian statik, sedangkan sebenarnya melaksanakan kod yang diprogramkan dengan satu set ujian tertentu yang disebut sebagai ujian dinamik. Ujian statik sering tersirat, sebagai pembacaan bukti, ditambah apabila alat-alat pengatur / editor teks memeriksa struktur kod sumber atau penyusun (pre-compilers) memeriksa sintaks dan aliran data sebagai analisis program statik. Ujian dinamik berlaku apabila program itu sendiri dijalankan. Ujian dinamik boleh bermula sebelum program itu selesai 100% untuk menguji bahagian kod tertentu dan digunakan untuk fungsi atau modul diskret. Teknik tipikal untuk ini sama ada menggunakan stub / pemandu atau pelaksanaan dari persekitaran debugger. <> Namakan tiga pendekatan penguji perisian mengambil ketika menguji perisian mereka? || Ulasan, panduan atau pemeriksaan <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menerangkan pelaksanaan kod yang diprogramkan dengan satu set ujian? || ujian dinamik <> Bilakah ujian dinamik boleh berlaku? || sebelum program ini selesai 100% <> Apa teknik biasa yang digunakan semasa ujian dinamik? || stubs / pemacu atau pelaksanaan dari persekitaran debugger", {"context": "There are many approaches available in software testing. Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections are referred to as static testing, whereas actually executing programmed code with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing. Static testing is often implicit, as proofreading, plus when programming tools/text editors check source code structure or compilers (pre-compilers) check syntax and data flow as static program analysis. Dynamic testing takes place when the program itself is run. Dynamic testing may begin before the program is 100% complete in order to test particular sections of code and are applied to discrete functions or modules. Typical techniques for this are either using stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections"}], "question": "Name three approaches software testers take when testing their software?", "id": "572915f36aef051400154a4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "dynamic testing"}], "question": "What is the term that is used to described executing programmed code with a given set of test?", "id": "572915f36aef051400154a4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "before the program is 100% complete"}], "question": "When can dynamic testing occur?", "id": "572915f36aef051400154a50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment"}], "question": "What are commonly used techniques during dynamic testing?", "id": "572915f36aef051400154a51"}]}], ["Tujuan utama ujian adalah untuk mengesan kegagalan perisian supaya kecacatan dapat ditemui dan diperbetulkan. Ujian tidak dapat menentukan bahawa produk berfungsi dengan baik di bawah semua syarat tetapi hanya dapat menetapkan bahawa ia tidak berfungsi dengan baik di bawah keadaan tertentu. Skop ujian perisian sering termasuk pemeriksaan kod serta pelaksanaan kod itu dalam pelbagai persekitaran dan keadaan serta memeriksa aspek kod: adakah ia melakukan apa yang sepatutnya dilakukan dan melakukan apa yang perlu dilakukan. Dalam budaya semasa pembangunan perisian, organisasi ujian mungkin terpisah dari pasukan pembangunan. Terdapat pelbagai peranan untuk menguji ahli pasukan. Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada ujian perisian boleh digunakan untuk membetulkan proses yang mana perisian tersebut dibangunkan. <> Apakah sebab utama untuk menguji perisian? || untuk mengesan kegagalan perisian <> Apa yang boleh menguji perisian tidak sepenuhnya sepenuhnya? || tidak dapat menentukan bahawa produk berfungsi dengan betul di bawah semua syarat <> Apa skop ujian perisian juga melihat? || pemeriksaan kod serta pelaksanaan kod tersebut <> Mana dua pasukan yang anda biasanya akan berasingan apabila menulis dan menguji perisian? || organisasi ujian mungkin terpisah dari pasukan pembangunan", {"context": "A primary purpose of testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be discovered and corrected. Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions but can only establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions. The scope of software testing often includes examination of code as well as execution of that code in various environments and conditions as well as examining the aspects of code: does it do what it is supposed to do and do what it needs to do. In the current culture of software development, a testing organization may be separate from the development team. There are various roles for testing team members. Information derived from software testing may be used to correct the process by which software is developed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "to detect software failures"}], "question": "What is the primamry reason for testing software?", "id": "572910176aef051400154a0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions"}], "question": "What can testing software not fully completely establish?", "id": "572910176aef051400154a0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "examination of code as well as execution of that code"}], "question": "What does the scope of testing the software also look at?", "id": "572910176aef051400154a10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "testing organization may be separate from the development team"}], "question": "Which two teams would you normally separate when writing and testing software?", "id": "572910176aef051400154a11"}]}], ["Dengan mengetahui konsep asas bagaimana perisian berfungsi, penguji membuat pilihan ujian yang lebih baik ketika menguji perisian dari luar. Biasanya, penguji kotak kelabu akan dibenarkan untuk menyediakan persekitaran ujian terpencil dengan aktiviti seperti pembenihan pangkalan data. Penguji dapat melihat keadaan produk yang sedang diuji setelah melakukan tindakan tertentu seperti melaksanakan pernyataan SQL terhadap pangkalan data dan kemudian melaksanakan pertanyaan untuk memastikan perubahan yang diharapkan telah tercermin. Ujian kelabu-kotak melaksanakan senario ujian cerdas, berdasarkan maklumat terhad. Ini akan terpakai kepada pengendalian jenis data, pengendalian pengecualian, dan sebagainya. <> Apakah yang dilakukan oleh penguji kotak kelabu apabila mereka mempunyai maklumat yang terhad? || senario ujian pintar <> Apa yang menentukan set penguji kotak kelabu biasa? || persekitaran ujian terpencil <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh tester ketika melakukan tindakan tertentu? || Pernyataan SQL", {"context": "By knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester can observe the state of the product being tested after performing certain actions such as executing SQL statements against the database and then executing queries to ensure that the expected changes have been reflected. Grey-box testing implements intelligent test scenarios, based on limited information. This will particularly apply to data type handling, exception handling, and so on.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "intelligent test scenarios"}], "question": "What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information?", "id": "5729296d6aef051400154afc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "an isolated testing environment"}], "question": "What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up?", "id": "5729296d6aef051400154afa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "SQL statements"}], "question": "What does the tester execute while performing certain actions?", "id": "5729296d6aef051400154afb"}]}], ["Ujian berasaskan spesifikasi bertujuan untuk menguji fungsi perisian mengikut keperluan yang berkenaan. Tahap pengujian ini biasanya memerlukan kes ujian menyeluruh untuk diberikan kepada penguji, yang kemudiannya dapat mengesahkan bahawa untuk input tertentu, nilai output (atau tingkah laku), sama ada \"adalah\" atau \"tidak\" sama dengan nilai yang diharapkan dinyatakan dalam kes ujian. Kes ujian dibina di sekitar spesifikasi dan keperluan, iaitu apa yang permohonannya patut dilakukan. Ia menggunakan keterangan luaran perisian, termasuk spesifikasi, keperluan, dan reka bentuk untuk mendapatkan kes ujian. Ujian ini boleh berfungsi atau tidak berfungsi, walaupun biasanya berfungsi. <> Istilah apa yang digunakan untuk menguji fungsi perisian sesuai dengan keperluan aplikasi? || Ujian berasaskan spesifikasi <> Apakah kes-kes ujian yang dibina di sekeliling? || spesifikasi dan keperluan <> Apabila kes ujian bangunan mana dua kaedah yang digunakan adalah lebih biasa berbanding yang lain? || berfungsi", {"context": "Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either \"is\" or \"is not\" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Test cases are built around specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application is supposed to do. It uses external descriptions of the software, including specifications, requirements, and designs to derive test cases. These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually functional.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Specification-based testing"}], "question": "What term is used to test functionality of the software accordingly with the application requirements?", "id": "57291e76af94a219006aa0a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "specifications and requirements"}], "question": "What are the test cases built around?", "id": "57291e76af94a219006aa0a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "functional"}], "question": "When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other?", "id": "57291e76af94a219006aa0a3"}]}], ["Ujian unit ialah proses pembangunan perisian yang melibatkan aplikasi yang diselaraskan dengan strategi pencegahan dan pengesanan kecacatan spektrum yang luas untuk mengurangkan risiko, masa dan kos pembangunan perisian. Ia dilakukan oleh pemaju perisian atau jurutera semasa fasa pembinaan kitaran hayat pembangunan perisian. Daripada menggantikan fokus tradisional QA, ia menambah. Ujian unit bertujuan untuk menghapuskan kesalahan pembinaan sebelum kod dipromosikan ke QA; strategi ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualiti perisian yang dihasilkan serta kecekapan pembangunan keseluruhan dan proses QA. <> Apakah sebab utama di sebalik pengujian Unit yang melibatkan penyegerakan aplikasi pada spektrum yang luas? || mengurangkan risiko pembangunan perisian, masa, dan kos <> Siapa yang melaksanakan fasa ujian Unit? || pemaju perisian atau jurutera <> Apakah ujian Unit untuk menghapuskan? || kesalahan pembinaan <> Dengan kesalahan pembinaan penghapusan, apakah hasil akhir yang diharapkan? || meningkatkan kualiti perisian yang dihasilkan", {"context": "Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "reduce software development risks, time, and costs"}], "question": "What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum? ", "id": "57292bf71d0469140077910d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "software developer or engineer"}], "question": "Who performs the Unit testing phase?", "id": "57292bf71d0469140077910e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "construction errors"}], "question": "What does Unit testing look to eliminate?", "id": "57292bf71d0469140077910f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "increase the quality of the resulting software"}], "question": "By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?", "id": "57292bf71d04691400779110"}]}], ["Satu kelebihan teknik kotak hitam adalah bahawa pengetahuan pengaturcaraan tidak diperlukan. Apa pun yang boleh dilakukan oleh pengaturcara, penguji mungkin mempunyai satu set yang berbeza dan boleh menekankan fungsi fungsional yang berlainan. Sebaliknya, ujian kotak hitam dikatakan \"seperti berjalan dalam labirin gelap tanpa lampu suluh.\" Kerana mereka tidak memeriksa kod sumber, terdapat situasi apabila seorang penguji menulis banyak kes ujian untuk memeriksa sesuatu yang boleh diuji oleh hanya satu kes ujian, atau meninggalkan beberapa bahagian program yang belum dicuba. <> Apakah satu kelebihan yang besar untuk menggunakan kaedah kotak hitam? || tiada pengetahuan pengaturcaraan diperlukan <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan pengujian kotak hitam kadangkala dirujuk dengan kemampuan untuk melihat kod tersebut? || seperti berjalan dalam labirin gelap tanpa lampu suluh. <> Apakah sebab yang baik untuk mempunyai penguji dan pemaju berasingan? || tester mungkin mempunyai satu set yang berbeza dan mungkin menekankan fungsi fungsional yang berlainan", {"context": "One advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required. Whatever biases the programmers may have had, the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality. On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be \"like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight.\" Because they do not examine the source code, there are situations when a tester writes many test cases to check something that could have been tested by only one test case, or leaves some parts of the program untested.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "no programming knowledge is required"}], "question": "What is one huge advantage to using the black-box method?", "id": "572921606aef051400154a72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight."}], "question": "What can black-box testing sometimes be referred to with the in-ability to see the code?", "id": "572921606aef051400154a73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality"}], "question": "What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate?", "id": "572921606aef051400154a74"}]}], ["Pada umumnya terdapat empat ujian yang diiktiraf: ujian unit, ujian integrasi, ujian antara muka komponen, dan ujian sistem. Ujian sering dikelompokkan dengan mana ia ditambah dalam proses pembangunan perisian, atau dengan tahap kekhususan ujian. Tahap utama semasa proses pembangunan seperti yang ditakrifkan oleh panduan SWEBOK adalah unit-, integrasi, dan ujian sistem yang dibezakan oleh sasaran ujian tanpa menyiratkan model proses tertentu. Tahap ujian lain diklasifikasikan oleh objektif ujian. <> Apakah empat perisian uji tahap yang diiktiraf? || ujian unit, ujian integrasi, ujian antara muka komponen, dan ujian sistem <> Apakah ujian ini (ujian peringkat) yang biasanya dikelompokkan oleh? || proses pembangunan perisian, atau dengan tahap kekhususan ujian <> Apa yang ditakrifkan dalam panduan SWEBOK untuk menguji tahap utama? || unit, integrasi, dan ujian sistem <> Apakah peringkat lain yang dikelaskan oleh? || objektif ujian", {"context": "There are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during the development process as defined by the SWEBOK guide are unit-, integration-, and system testing that are distinguished by the test target without implying a specific process model. Other test levels are classified by the testing objective.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing"}], "question": "What are the four recognized levels of testing software?", "id": "57292a631d04691400779105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test"}], "question": "What are these test (level testing) typically grouped by?", "id": "57292a631d04691400779106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "unit-, integration-, and system testing"}], "question": "What is defined in the SWEBOK guide as to testing the main levels?", "id": "57292a631d04691400779107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "the testing objective"}], "question": "What are the other levels classified by?", "id": "57292a631d04691400779108"}]}], ["Ujian kelabu-kotak (ejaan Amerika: ujian kotak kelabu) melibatkan pengetahuan tentang struktur data dan algoritma dalaman untuk tujuan merancang ujian, sambil melaksanakan ujian tersebut pada pengguna, atau tahap kotak hitam. Penguji tidak dikehendaki mempunyai akses penuh ke kod sumber perisian. [Bukan dalam kutipan yang diberikan] Manipulasi data input dan output format tidak memenuhi syarat sebagai kotak kelabu, kerana input dan output jelas di luar \"kotak hitam\" yang kami memanggil sistem yang diuji. Perbezaan ini sangat penting apabila menjalankan ujian integrasi antara dua modul kod yang ditulis oleh dua pemaju yang berbeza, di mana hanya antara muka yang terdedah untuk ujian. <> Apakah ujian kelabu-kotak melibatkan? || mempunyai pengetahuan tentang struktur dan algoritma data dalaman <> Apa penguji kotak kelabu tidak perlu menjalankan ujian mereka? || tidak dikehendaki mempunyai akses penuh ke kod sumber perisian <> Apa yang tidak layak sebagai ujian kotak kelabu? || Memanipulasi data input dan output format", {"context": "Grey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester is not required to have full access to the software's source code.[not in citation given] Manipulating input data and formatting output do not qualify as grey-box, because the input and output are clearly outside of the \"black box\" that we are calling the system under test. This distinction is particularly important when conducting integration testing between two modules of code written by two different developers, where only the interfaces are exposed for test.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms"}], "question": "What does grey-box testing involve?", "id": "5729223faf94a219006aa0d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "not required to have full access to the software's source code"}], "question": "What does a grey-box tester not need to run their test?", "id": "5729223faf94a219006aa0d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Manipulating input data and formatting output"}], "question": "What does not qualify as grey-box testing?", "id": "5729223faf94a219006aa0d9"}]}], ["Amalan pengujian antara muka komponen boleh digunakan untuk memeriksa pengendalian data yang diluluskan antara pelbagai unit, atau komponen subsistem, di luar ujian integrasi penuh di antara unit tersebut. Data yang diluluskan boleh dianggap sebagai \"paket mesej\" dan julat atau jenis data boleh diperiksa, untuk data dihasilkan dari satu unit, dan diuji untuk kesahihan sebelum dihantar ke unit lain. Satu pilihan untuk ujian antara muka adalah menyimpan fail log berasingan item data yang diluluskan, selalunya dengan timestamp yang dilog untuk membolehkan analisis beribu-ribu kes data yang diluluskan antara unit untuk hari atau minggu. Ujian boleh termasuk memeriksa pengendalian beberapa nilai data ekstrem manakala pembolehubah antara muka lain diluluskan sebagai nilai normal. Nilai data yang luar biasa dalam antara muka boleh membantu menjelaskan prestasi yang tidak dijangka dalam unit seterusnya. Ujian antara komponen adalah variasi pengujian kotak hitam, dengan memberi tumpuan kepada nilai-nilai data di luar sekadar tindakan yang berkaitan dengan komponen subsistem. <> Apa yang dipanggil untuk memeriksa data lulus antara unit? || ujian antara muka komponen <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila data sedang diluluskan? || paket mesej <> Apakah pilihan ujian antara komponen yang digunakan semasa menghantar paket mesej? || menyimpan fail log berasingan item data yang diluluskan <> Apakah variasi ujian kotak hitam? || Ujian antara muka komponen", {"context": "The practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as \"message packets\" and the range or data types can be checked, for data generated from one unit, and tested for validity before being passed into another unit. One option for interface testing is to keep a separate log file of data items being passed, often with a timestamp logged to allow analysis of thousands of cases of data passed between units for days or weeks. Tests can include checking the handling of some extreme data values while other interface variables are passed as normal values. Unusual data values in an interface can help explain unexpected performance in the next unit. Component interface testing is a variation of black-box testing, with the focus on the data values beyond just the related actions of a subsystem component.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "component interface testing"}], "question": "What is it called to check data passed between units?", "id": "572937f3af94a219006aa1b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "message packets"}], "question": "What is it called when data is being passed?", "id": "572937f3af94a219006aa1b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "keep a separate log file of data items being passed"}], "question": "What is an option  of component interface testing  used while sending message packets?", "id": "572937f3af94a219006aa1b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "Component interface testing"}], "question": "What is a variation of black-box testing?", "id": "572937f3af94a219006aa1ba"}]}], ["Penerimaan Operasi digunakan untuk menjalankan kesediaan operasi (pra-keluaran) produk, perkhidmatan atau sistem sebagai sebahagian daripada sistem pengurusan kualiti. OAT adalah sejenis ujian perisian yang tidak berfungsi yang biasa, yang digunakan terutamanya dalam pembangunan perisian dan projek penyelenggaraan perisian. Ujian jenis ini memberi tumpuan kepada kesediaan operasi sistem untuk disokong, dan / atau menjadi sebahagian daripada persekitaran pengeluaran. Oleh itu, ia juga dikenali sebagai ujian kesediaan operasi (ORT) atau operasi kesediaan dan jaminan (OR & A) ujian. Ujian fungsional dalam OAT adalah terhad kepada ujian-ujian yang diperlukan untuk mengesahkan aspek-aspek yang tidak berfungsi sistem. <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menguji perisian semasa pra-keluaran? || Penerimaan Operasi <> Apa yang difokuskan pada Penerimaan Operasi? || kesediaan operasi sistem <> Apakah Penerimaan Operasi terhad untuk sementara ujian? || terhad kepada ujian yang diperlukan untuk mengesahkan aspek bukan fungsian sistem", {"context": "Operational Acceptance is used to conduct operational readiness (pre-release) of a product, service or system as part of a quality management system. OAT is a common type of non-functional software testing, used mainly in software development and software maintenance projects. This type of testing focuses on the operational readiness of the system to be supported, and/or to become part of the production environment. Hence, it is also known as operational readiness testing (ORT) or Operations readiness and assurance (OR&A) testing. Functional testing within OAT is limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Operational Acceptance"}], "question": "What is the term used to test software during a pre-release?", "id": "572938f31d04691400779187"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "operational readiness of the system"}], "question": "What does Operational Acceptance focus on?", "id": "572938f31d04691400779188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system"}], "question": "What is Operational Acceptance limited to while testing?", "id": "572938f31d04691400779189"}]}], ["Ujian regresi memberi tumpuan kepada mencari kecacatan selepas perubahan kod utama telah berlaku. Khususnya, ia bertujuan untuk mendedahkan regresi perisian, seperti ciri-ciri yang degradasi atau hilang, termasuk bug lama yang telah kembali. Regresi seperti ini berlaku apabila fungsi perisian yang sebelum ini berfungsi dengan betul, berhenti berfungsi seperti yang diharapkan. Lazimnya, regresi berlaku sebagai akibat yang tidak diingini perubahan program, apabila bahagian yang baru dibangunkan dari perisian bertabrakan dengan kod yang telah ada sebelumnya. Kaedah ujian regresi biasa termasuk menjalankan semula kes-kes ujian terdahulu dan memeriksa sama ada kesalahan tetap sebelum ini telah muncul semula. Kedalaman pengujian bergantung kepada fasa dalam proses pelepasan dan risiko ciri-ciri tambahan. Mereka boleh menjadi lengkap, untuk perubahan yang ditambahkan lewat dalam pelepasan atau dianggap berisiko, atau menjadi sangat cetek, yang terdiri daripada ujian positif pada setiap ciri, jika perubahan awal dalam pelepasan atau dianggap berisiko rendah. Ujian regresi biasanya merupakan usaha ujian terbesar dalam pembangunan perisian komersial, kerana memeriksa banyak butir-butir dalam ciri-ciri perisian sebelumnya, dan bahkan perisian baru boleh dibangunkan semasa menggunakan beberapa kes uji lama untuk menguji bahagian-bahagian desain baru untuk memastikan fungsi sebelumnya masih disokong. <> Mencari kecacatan sekali perubahan kod telah telah berlaku dipanggil? || Ujian regresi <> Apa yang berlaku kepada perisian selepas perubahan utama dalam kod yang membawa kepada regresi ?? || berhenti berfungsi seperti yang dimaksudkan <> Apakah kaedah yang biasa digunakan semasa ujian regresi? || semula sebelumnya set kes ujian <> Apa yang menentukan sejauh mana seorang penguji akan pergi semasa regresi? || fasa dalam proses pelepasan dan risiko ciri-ciri tambahan <> Jika perubahan perlu berlaku semasa pelepasan awal perisian dengan ujian regresi berapa banyak kesan yang ada pada pasukan ini yang berkaitan dengan ujian lain? || biasanya usaha ujian terbesar dalam pembangunan perisian komersial", {"context": "Regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working correctly, stops working as intended. Typically, regressions occur as an unintended consequence of program changes, when the newly developed part of the software collides with the previously existing code. Common methods of regression testing include re-running previous sets of test-cases and checking whether previously fixed faults have re-emerged. The depth of testing depends on the phase in the release process and the risk of the added features. They can either be complete, for changes added late in the release or deemed to be risky, or be very shallow, consisting of positive tests on each feature, if the changes are early in the release or deemed to be of low risk. Regression testing is typically the largest test effort in commercial software development, due to checking numerous details in prior software features, and even new software can be developed while using some old test-cases to test parts of the new design to ensure prior functionality is still supported.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Regression testing"}], "question": "Finding defects once a change in code had already happened is called?", "id": "572940641d046914007791f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "stops working as intended"}], "question": "What happens to software after a major change in code that leads to regression??", "id": "572940641d046914007791fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "re-running previous sets of test-cases"}], "question": "What is a common method used during regression testing?", "id": "572940641d046914007791fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "phase in the release process and the risk of the added features"}], "question": "What determines how deep a tester will go during regression?", "id": "572940641d046914007791fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 995, "text": "typically the largest test effort in commercial software development"}], "question": "If changes need to occur during the softwares early release with regression testing how much of an impact does this have on the team as related to other testing? ", "id": "572940641d046914007791fd"}]}], ["Penyebab umum kegagalan perisian (nyata atau dirasakan) adalah kekurangan keserasiannya dengan perisian aplikasi lain, sistem pengendalian (atau versi sistem operasi, lama atau baru), atau persekitaran sasaran yang sangat berbeza dari yang asal (seperti terminal atau Permohonan GUI yang dimaksudkan untuk dijalankan di desktop kini diwajibkan menjadi aplikasi web, yang mesti dijadikan dalam pelayar web). Sebagai contoh, dalam kes kekurangan keserasian ke belakang, ini boleh berlaku kerana programmer membangun dan menguji perisian hanya pada versi terkini persekitaran sasaran, yang tidak semua pengguna boleh berjalan. Ini mengakibatkan akibat yang tidak diingini bahawa kerja terkini mungkin tidak berfungsi pada versi awal persekitaran sasaran, atau pada perkakasan lama yang versi awal persekitaran sasaran dapat digunakan. Kadang-kadang isu-isu seperti itu boleh diperbaiki dengan fungsinya ke sistem operasi secara abstrak ke dalam modul atau perpustakaan program yang berasingan. <> Apakah sebab yang paling biasa untuk kegagalan perisian? || keserasian dengan perisian aplikasi lain <> Apa yang biasa dilakukan oleh pemaju semasa membuat perisian yang boleh menyebabkan kegagalan? || kekurangan keserasian ke belakang <> Apakah punca kegagalan perisian yang paling biasa? || kekurangan keserasiannya dengan perisian aplikasi lain <> Apa yang sering kekurangan dalam perisian yang dibangunkan apabila terbitannya yang akhirnya dapat menyebabkan kesilapan? || kekurangan keserasian ke belakang <> Apa keserasian ke belakang selalu menjadi penyebab kesilapan dan pepijat selepas pelepasan? || perisian ujian hanya pada versi terkini persekitaran sasaran", {"context": "A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application, which must render in a web browser). For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running. This results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment, or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment was capable of using. Sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "compatibility with other application software"}], "question": "What is the most common reason for software failure?", "id": "57293bee1d046914007791a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "lack of backward compatibility"}], "question": "What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures?", "id": "57293bee1d046914007791a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "lack of its compatibility with other application software"}], "question": "What is the most common cause for software failure?", "id": "57293d646aef051400154bd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "a lack of backward compatibility"}], "question": "What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors?", "id": "57293d646aef051400154bd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "test software only on the latest version of the target environment"}], "question": "What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release?", "id": "57293d646aef051400154bd2"}]}], ["Percubaan ujian merosakkan untuk menyebabkan perisian atau sub-sistem gagal. Ia mengesahkan bahawa fungsi perisian berfungsi dengan baik walaupun ia menerima input yang tidak sah atau tidak dijangka, dengan itu mewujudkan kekukuhan pengesahan input dan rutin pengurusan ralat. [Rujukan?] Suntikan kesalahan perisian, dalam bentuk fuzzing, adalah contoh ujian kegagalan. Pelbagai alat ujian bukan fungsional komersil dipautkan dari halaman suntikan kesalahan perisian; terdapat juga banyak alat perisian sumber terbuka dan bebas yang tersedia yang melakukan ujian merosakkan. <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan untuk menyebabkan sistem gagal? || Ujian merosakkan <> Apakah pengujian merosakkan mengesahkan? || fungsi perisian dengan betul walaupun ia menerima input tidak sah atau tidak dijangka <> Apa salah satu contoh ujian kegagalan? || Suntikan kesalahan perisian", {"context": "Destructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub-system to fail. It verifies that the software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs, thereby establishing the robustness of input validation and error-management routines.[citation needed] Software fault injection, in the form of fuzzing, is an example of failure testing. Various commercial non-functional testing tools are linked from the software fault injection page; there are also numerous open-source and free software tools available that perform destructive testing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Destructive testing"}], "question": "What method is used to cause a system to fail?", "id": "5729429a6aef051400154c18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs"}], "question": "What does Destructive testing verify?", "id": "5729429a6aef051400154c19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Software fault injection"}], "question": "What is one example of failure testing?", "id": "5729429a6aef051400154c1a"}]}], ["Ujian beta datang selepas ujian alfa dan boleh dianggap sebagai bentuk ujian penerimaan pengguna luaran. Versi perisian, yang dikenali sebagai versi beta, dikeluarkan kepada khalayak yang terhad di luar pasukan pengaturcaraan yang dikenali sebagai penguji beta. Perisian ini dikeluarkan kepada kumpulan orang supaya ujian selanjutnya dapat memastikan produk mempunyai beberapa kesalahan atau bug. Versi Beta boleh disediakan kepada orang awam terbuka untuk meningkatkan medan maklum balas kepada bilangan pengguna masa depan yang maksimal dan untuk memberikan nilai lebih awal, untuk tempoh masa yang lama atau tidak pasti (beta berterusan). [Rujukan?] datang selepas peringkat Alpha dalam pembangunan dan pengujian perisian? || Ujian beta <> Kepada sesiapa ujian beta yang dikeluarkan? || penonton yang terhad di luar pengaturcaraan <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila ujian awam berterusan selama-lamanya? || beta berterusan", {"context": "Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can ensure the product has few faults or bugs. Beta versions can be made available to the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number of future users and to deliver value earlier, for an extended or even indefinite period of time (perpetual beta).[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Beta testing"}], "question": "What typically comes after the Alpha stage in the development and testing of software?", "id": "5729410f6aef051400154c04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "limited audience outside of the programming"}], "question": "To whom is the beta testing released to?", "id": "5729410f6aef051400154c05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "perpetual beta"}], "question": "What is it called when a public test continues indefinitely?", "id": "5729410f6aef051400154c06"}]}], ["Ujian Pembangunan adalah proses pembangunan perisian yang melibatkan penggunaan serangkaian strategi pencegahan dan pencegahan kecacatan yang luas untuk mengurangkan risiko, masa, dan kos pembangunan perisian. Ia dilakukan oleh pemaju perisian atau jurutera semasa fasa pembinaan kitaran hayat pembangunan perisian. Daripada menggantikan fokus tradisional QA, ia menambah. Ujian Pembangunan bertujuan untuk menghapuskan kesalahan pembinaan sebelum kod dipromosikan ke QA; strategi ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualiti perisian yang dihasilkan serta kecekapan pembangunan keseluruhan dan proses QA. <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan yang melibatkan penyegerakan aplikasi? || Ujian Pembangunan <> Kapan ujian pembangunan digunakan? || fasa pembinaan kitaran hayat pembangunan perisian <> Apa pengujian Pembangunan untuk menghapuskan? || kesilapan pembinaan", {"context": "Development Testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Development Testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Development Testing"}], "question": "What method is used that involves synchronization of a application?", "id": "57294ea7af94a219006aa27f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "construction phase of the software development lifecycle"}], "question": "When is development testing used?", "id": "57294ea7af94a219006aa280"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "construction errors"}], "question": "What does Development testing look to eliminate?", "id": "57294ea7af94a219006aa281"}]}], ["Beberapa program pensijilan wujud untuk menyokong aspirasi profesional penguji perisian dan pakar jaminan kualiti. Tiada persijilan yang ditawarkan sekarang sebenarnya memerlukan pemohon untuk menunjukkan keupayaan mereka untuk menguji perisian. Tiada pensijilan didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang diterima secara meluas. Ini telah menyebabkan beberapa orang mengisytiharkan bahawa bidang ujian tidak bersedia untuk pensijilan. Pensijilan itu sendiri tidak dapat mengukur produktiviti individu, kemahiran mereka, atau pengetahuan praktikal, dan tidak dapat menjamin kecekapan mereka, atau profesionalisme sebagai penguji. <> Dengan beberapa pensijilan di luar sana yang boleh dipertimbangkan, apakah ciri yang mereka semua kongsi? || memerlukan pemohon untuk menunjukkan keupayaan mereka untuk menguji perisian <> Apa ketidakupayaan pemohon untuk menunjukkan sejauh mana ujian yang diterajui? || bidang ujian tidak bersedia untuk pengesahan <> Apa empat sifat yang boleh pengesahan tidak diukur? || produktiviti individu, kemahiran mereka, atau pengetahuan praktikal", {"context": "Several certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowledge. This has led some to declare that the testing field is not ready for certification. Certification itself cannot measure an individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge, and cannot guarantee their competence, or professionalism as a tester.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "requires the applicant to show their ability to test software"}], "question": "With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share?", "id": "572955e1af94a219006aa2cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "testing field is not ready for certification"}], "question": "What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to?", "id": "572955e1af94a219006aa2ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge"}], "question": "What four traits can a certification not measure?", "id": "572955e1af94a219006aa2cf"}]}], ["Pengujian perisian adalah sebahagian daripada proses jaminan kualiti perisian (SQA). 344 Dalam SQA, pakar proses perisian dan juruaudit bimbang untuk proses pembangunan perisian daripada sekadar artifak seperti dokumentasi, kod dan sistem. Mereka memeriksa dan mengubah proses kejuruteraan perisian itu sendiri untuk mengurangkan jumlah kesalahan yang berakhir pada perisian yang disampaikan: apa yang dipanggil \"kadar kecacatan\". Apa yang menjadi \"kadar kecacatan yang boleh diterima\" bergantung pada sifat perisian; Permainan video simulator penerbangan akan mempunyai toleransi kecacatan yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada perisian untuk kapal terbang sebenar. Walaupun terdapat hubungan rapat dengan SQA, jabatan ujian sering wujud secara bebas, dan mungkin tidak ada fungsi SQA di beberapa syarikat. [Rujukan?] <> Apa yang membentuk sebahagian daripada SQA? || Ujian perisian <> Apakah kebimbangan utama bagi pakar perisian dan juruaudit? || proses pembangunan perisian <> Apa jenis perisian yang akan mempunyai toleransi kecacatan yang lebih baik? || permainan video", {"context": "Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.:347 In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engineering process itself to reduce the number of faults that end up in the delivered software: the so-called \"defect rate\". What constitutes an \"acceptable defect rate\" depends on the nature of the software; A flight simulator video game would have much higher defect tolerance than software for an actual airplane. Although there are close links with SQA, testing departments often exist independently, and there may be no SQA function in some companies.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Software testing"}], "question": "What makes up part of the SQA?", "id": "572958236aef051400154d24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "software development process"}], "question": "What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors?", "id": "572958236aef051400154d25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "video game"}], "question": "What type of software would have a better defect tolerance?", "id": "572958236aef051400154d26"}]}], ["Ujian beban terutama berkaitan dengan ujian bahawa sistem dapat terus beroperasi di bawah beban tertentu, sama ada itu jumlah besar data atau sebilangan besar pengguna. Ini biasanya dirujuk sebagai kebolehkesanan perisian. Aktiviti pengujian beban yang berkaitan apabila dilakukan sebagai aktiviti tidak berfungsi sering disebut sebagai ujian ketahanan. Pengujian volum adalah cara untuk menguji fungsi perisian walaupun komponen tertentu (contohnya fail atau pangkalan data) meningkat secara besar-besaran. Ujian tekanan adalah satu cara untuk menguji kebolehpercayaan di bawah beban kerja yang tidak dijangka atau jarang berlaku. Ujian kestabilan (sering disebut sebagai beban atau ujian ketahanan) memeriksa untuk mengetahui apakah perisian tersebut dapat berfungsi dengan baik dalam atau di atas tempoh yang dapat diterima. <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan untuk menguji perisian di bawah beban tertentu? || Ujian beban <> Apakah dua kaedah yang boleh digunakan semasa menggunakan Load Testing? || data atau sebilangan besar pengguna <> Apa yang dipanggil untuk menguji fungsi perisian apabila komponen tertentu meningkat di sisi? || Ujian kelantangan <> Apakah ujian Stabil juga dipanggil? || ujian ketahanan <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan untuk menguji komponen di bawah beban kerja yang tidak dijangka? || Ujian tekanan", {"context": "Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a non-functional activity is often referred to as endurance testing. Volume testing is a way to test software functions even when certain components (for example a file or database) increase radically in size. Stress testing is a way to test reliability under unexpected or rare workloads. Stability testing (often referred to as load or endurance testing) checks to see if the software can continuously function well in or above an acceptable period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Load testing"}], "question": "What method is used to test software under a specific load?", "id": "57294dae6aef051400154c7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "data or a large number of users"}], "question": "What two methods can be used when using Load Testing?", "id": "57294dae6aef051400154c7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Volume testing"}], "question": "What is called to test software functions when certain components increase in side?", "id": "57294dae6aef051400154c80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "endurance testing"}], "question": "What is Stable testing also called?", "id": "57294dae6aef051400154c81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Stress testing"}], "question": "What method is used to test components under unexpected workloads?", "id": "57294dae6aef051400154c82"}]}], ["Ujian Bawah Atas adalah pendekatan untuk ujian bersepadu di mana komponen tahap terendah (modul, prosedur, dan fungsi) diuji terlebih dahulu, kemudian bersepadu dan digunakan untuk memudahkan pengujian komponen peringkat yang lebih tinggi. Selepas ujian pengintegrasian modul bersepadu tahap rendah, tahap modul seterusnya akan terbentuk dan boleh digunakan untuk ujian integrasi. Proses ini diulang sehingga komponen di bahagian atas hierarki diuji. Pendekatan ini hanya membantu apabila semua atau sebahagian besar modul tahap pembangunan yang sama siap. Kaedah ini juga membantu menentukan tahap perisian yang dibangunkan dan memudahkan melaporkan kemajuan ujian dalam bentuk peratusan. [rujukan?] <> Apa tiga komponen membentuk Ujian Bawah Atas? || modul, prosedur, dan fungsi <> Bawah Up Testing membantu memudahkan pengujian apa? || pengujian komponen peringkat yang lebih tinggi <> Apa Ujian Bawah Atas juga membantu apabila proses telah diulang lagi di semua peringkat? || menjadikannya lebih mudah untuk melaporkan kemajuan ujian dalam bentuk peratusan", {"context": "Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. The process is repeated until the components at the top of the hierarchy are tested. This approach is helpful only when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready.[citation needed] This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "modules, procedures, and functions"}], "question": "What three components make up Bottom Up Testing?", "id": "5729525c6aef051400154cdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "the testing of higher level components"}], "question": "Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what?", "id": "5729525c6aef051400154cdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage"}], "question": "What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels?", "id": "5729525c6aef051400154cde"}]}], ["Telah dibuktikan bahawa setiap kelas dimasukkan dengan ketat ke dalam seterusnya. Sebagai contoh, ujian apabila kita menganggap bahawa tingkah laku pelaksanaan di bawah ujian boleh dilambangkan oleh mesin status terhingga berketentuan untuk set tertentu input dan output terhingga dan dengan beberapa nombor yang diketahui adalah milik Kelas I (dan semua kelas berikutnya ). Walau bagaimanapun, jika bilangan negeri tidak diketahui, maka ia hanya tergolong dalam semua kelas dari Kelas II. Sekiranya pelaksanaan di bawah ujian mestilah suatu mesin terhingga terhingga yang menentukan spesifikasi untuk satu jejak (dan kesinambungannya), dan bilangan negeri tidak diketahui, maka ia hanya tergolong dalam kelas dari kelas III pada. Menguji mesin temporal di mana peralihan dipicu jika masukan dihasilkan dalam beberapa jarak yang terikat secara nyata hanya tergolong dalam kelas dari Kelas IV, sedangkan ujian banyak sistem bukan deterministik hanya termasuk Kelas V (tetapi tidak semua, dan beberapa bahkan termasuk Kelas I ). Kemasukan ke Kelas I tidak memerlukan kesederhanaan model pengiraan yang diandaikan, kerana beberapa kes ujian yang melibatkan pelaksanaan yang ditulis dalam bahasa pengaturcaraan, dan pelaksanaan ujian yang ditakrifkan sebagai mesin bergantung pada magnitud yang berterusan, telah terbukti berada di Kelas I. Lain yang diperincikan kes, seperti rangka kerja ujian oleh Matthew Hennessy di bawah mesti semantik, dan mesin temporal dengan waktu yang rasional, tergolong dalam Kelas II. <> Jika bilangan negeri tidak diketahui, apa kumpulan yang jatuh ini? || Kelas II <> Terdapat tiga kelas, apa yang telah disimpulkan dan dibuktikan untuk semua kelas? || setiap kelas dimasukkan dengan ketat ke dalam <selanjutnya> Jika bilangan negeri tidak diketahui dan keadaan terhingga mesinnya gagal untuk satu jejak, yang mana kumpulan ini jatuh ke dalamnya? || Kelas III", {"context": "It has been proved that each class is strictly included into the next. For instance, testing when we assume that the behavior of the implementation under test can be denoted by a deterministic finite-state machine for some known finite sets of inputs and outputs and with some known number of states belongs to Class I (and all subsequent classes). However, if the number of states is not known, then it only belongs to all classes from Class II on. If the implementation under test must be a deterministic finite-state machine failing the specification for a single trace (and its continuations), and its number of states is unknown, then it only belongs to classes from Class III on. Testing temporal machines where transitions are triggered if inputs are produced within some real-bounded interval only belongs to classes from Class IV on, whereas testing many non-deterministic systems only belongs to Class V (but not all, and some even belong to Class I). The inclusion into Class I does not require the simplicity of the assumed computation model, as some testing cases involving implementations written in any programming language, and testing implementations defined as machines depending on continuous magnitudes, have been proved to be in Class I. Other elaborated cases, such as the testing framework by Matthew Hennessy under must semantics, and temporal machines with rational timeouts, belong to Class II.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Class II"}], "question": "If the number of states is unknown, what group does this fall into?", "id": "572954a83f37b31900478261"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "each class is strictly included into the next"}], "question": "There are three classes, what has been concluded and proven for all classes?", "id": "572954a83f37b31900478262"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "Class III"}], "question": "If the number of states are unknown and the finite state of the machine is failing for a single trace, which group does this fall into?", "id": "572954a83f37b31900478263"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, beberapa disiplin perisian yang muncul seperti pengaturcaraan melampau dan pergerakan pembangunan perisian tangkas, mematuhi model \"pembangunan perisian berasaskan ujian\". Dalam proses ini, ujian unit ditulis pertama, oleh jurutera perisian (sering dengan pengaturcaraan pasangan dalam metodologi pengaturcaraan melampau). Sudah tentu ujian-ujian ini gagal pada mulanya; kerana ia dijangka. Kemudian sebagai kod tertulis, ia akan melepasi sebahagian besar suite ujian. Suite ujian sentiasa dikemas kini sebagai keadaan kegagalan baru dan kes-kes penjuru ditemui, dan ia disepadukan dengan sebarang ujian regresi yang dibangunkan. Ujian unit dikekalkan bersama-sama dengan kod sumber perisian yang lain dan secara amnya diintegrasikan ke dalam proses binaan (dengan ujian interaktif yang diasingkan ke proses penerimaan membina secara manual sebahagiannya). Matlamat utama proses ujian ini adalah untuk mencapai integrasi berterusan di mana kemas kini perisian boleh diterbitkan kepada orang ramai dengan kerap. <> Yang mana dua gerakan semasa mematuhi \"pembangunan perisian berasaskan ujian\"? || pengaturcaraan melampau dan pembangunan perisian tangkas <> Di bawah perkembangan perisian tangkas dan program yang melampau apa yang ditulis dahulu? || ujian unit ditulis terlebih dahulu <> Apakah matlamat ujian Unit? || mencapai integrasi berterusan di mana kemas kini perisian boleh diterbitkan kepada orang ramai dengan kerap", {"context": "In contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a \"test-driven software development\" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology). Of course these tests fail initially; as they are expected to. Then as code is written it passes incrementally larger portions of the test suites. The test suites are continuously updated as new failure conditions and corner cases are discovered, and they are integrated with any regression tests that are developed. Unit tests are maintained along with the rest of the software source code and generally integrated into the build process (with inherently interactive tests being relegated to a partially manual build acceptance process). The ultimate goal of this test process is to achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently.  ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "extreme programming and the agile software development"}], "question": "Which two current movements adhere to the \"test-driven software development\"?", "id": "57295082af94a219006aa295"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "unit tests are written first"}], "question": "Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is written first?", "id": "57295082af94a219006aa296"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 902, "text": "achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently"}], "question": "What is the goal of Unit testing?", "id": "57295082af94a219006aa297"}]}]], [["Kaca kekal sebagai bahan mewah, dan bencana yang melanda tamadun Pergelangan Zaman Akhir sepertinya telah membuat kaca membuat berhenti. Pengembangan teknologi kaca asli di Asia Selatan mungkin bermula pada tahun 1730 SM. Walau bagaimanapun, di China purba, pembuatan kaca kelihatan lebih awal, berbanding dengan seramik dan kerja logam. Istilah gelas yang dibangunkan di Empayar Rom lewat. Ia berada di pusat pembuatan kaca Rom di Trier, sekarang di Jerman moden, bahawa istilah glesum latin Latin berasal, mungkin dari kata Jerman untuk bahan yang telus dan berkilau. Objek kaca telah dipulihkan di seluruh empayar Rom dalam konteks domestik, perindustrian dan pemakaman. <Perkataan apa yang \"gelas\" berasal? || glesum <> Di mana kerja gelas bermula agak lewat? || China <> Dalam tahun apakah pembuatan kaca bermula di Asia? || 1730 BCE <> Kota mana yang merupakan pusat pengeluaran kaca bagi orang Rom? || Trier <> Di mana negara sekarang Trier terletak? || Jerman", {"context": "Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE. In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a late start, compared to ceramics and metal work. The term glass developed in the late Roman Empire. It was in the Roman glassmaking center at Trier, now in modern Germany, that the late-Latin term glesum originated, probably from a Germanic word for a transparent, lustrous substance. Glass objects have been recovered across the Roman empire in domestic, industrial and funerary contexts.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "glesum"}], "question": "What word does \"glass\" come from?", "id": "57293c473f37b31900478151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "China"}], "question": "Where did glasswork begin relatively late?", "id": "57293c473f37b31900478152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "1730 BCE"}], "question": "In what year did glassmaking begin in Asia?", "id": "57293c473f37b31900478153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Trier"}], "question": "What city was a center of glass production for the Romans?", "id": "57293c473f37b31900478154"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "In what current country is Trier located?", "id": "57293c473f37b31900478155"}]}], ["Kaca biasa mengandungi bahan-bahan lain untuk mengubah sifatnya. Kaca gelas atau kaca serat lebih 'brilian' kerana indeks biasan yang lebih tinggi menyebabkan pantulan reflektif dan penyebaran optik yang lebih tinggi. Menambah barium juga meningkatkan indeks biasan. Thorium oxide memberikan kaca indeks bias tinggi dan penyebaran rendah dan dahulunya digunakan untuk menghasilkan kanta berkualiti tinggi, tetapi kerana radioaktifnya telah digantikan oleh lanthanum oxide dalam kacamata moden. [Rujukan?] Besi boleh dimasukkan ke dalam kaca untuk menyerap inframerah tenaga, misalnya dalam penapis haba untuk proyektor filem, manakala cerium (IV) oksida boleh digunakan untuk kaca yang menyerap panjang gelombang UV. <> Unsur apa yang digunakan dalam kaca untuk mengelakkannya daripada terlalu panas? || Besi <> Bagaimanakah barium mempengaruhi kaca? || meningkatkan indeks bias <> Apa sifat oksida thorium yang menyebabkannya tidak lagi digunakan dalam cermin mata? || radioaktiviti <> Apakah nama lain untuk kaca plumbum? || Kaca flint <> Apakah faedah oksida thorium sebagai tambahan kepada indeks biasnya? || penyebaran rendah", {"context": "Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eyeglasses.[citation needed] Iron can be incorporated into glass to absorb infrared energy, for example in heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Iron"}], "question": "What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot?", "id": "572913b8af94a219006aa037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "increases the refractive index"}], "question": "How does barium affect glass?", "id": "572913b8af94a219006aa038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "radioactivity"}], "question": "What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in eyeglasses?", "id": "572913b8af94a219006aa039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "flint glass"}], "question": "What is another name for lead glass?", "id": "572913b8af94a219006aa03a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "low dispersion"}], "question": "What is the benefit of thorium oxide in addition to its refractive index?", "id": "572913b8af94a219006aa03b"}]}], ["Kuar yang bersatu adalah kaca yang diperbuat daripada bahan kimia-tulen SiO2 (silika). Ia mempunyai ciri-ciri kejutan haba yang sangat baik, dapat bertahan hidup rendaman dalam air sementara merah panas. Walau bagaimanapun, suhu lebur yang tinggi (1723 \u00b0 C) dan kelikatan menjadikannya sukar untuk berfungsi. Biasanya, bahan lain ditambah untuk mempermudah pemprosesan. Satu adalah natrium karbonat (Na2CO3, \"soda\"), yang merendahkan suhu peralihan kaca. Soda membuat kaca larut air, yang biasanya tidak diingini, jadi limau (kalsium oksida [CaO], biasanya diperoleh dari batu kapur), beberapa magnesium oksida (MgO) dan aluminium oksida (Al2O3) ditambah untuk menyediakan ketahanan kimia yang lebih baik . Gelas yang dihasilkan mengandungi kira-kira 70 hingga 74% silika mengikut berat dan dipanggil kaca soda-limau. Gelas soda-limau menyumbang kira-kira 90% kaca pembuatan. <> Apa yang menyebabkan kaca membubarkan di dalam air? || soda <> Mengapa limau sering ditambah ke kaca? || ketahanan kimia yang lebih baik <> Berapa peratuskah soda-limau kaca adalah silika? || 70 hingga 74 <> Apakah faedah kuarza bersatu? || Ciri-ciri kejutan haba yang sangat baik <> Apa lagi kelikatan adalah kelemahan kuarza yang bersatu? || suhu lebur yang tinggi", {"context": "Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 \u00b0C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to simplify processing. One is sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, \"soda\"), which lowers the glass transition temperature. The soda makes the glass water-soluble, which is usually undesirable, so lime (calcium oxide [CaO], generally obtained from limestone), some magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) are added to provide for a better chemical durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight and is called a soda-lime glass. Soda-lime glasses account for about 90% of manufactured glass.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "soda"}], "question": "What causes glass to dissolve in water?", "id": "572914e2af94a219006aa04b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "better chemical durability"}], "question": "Why is lime often added to glass?", "id": "572914e2af94a219006aa04c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "70 to 74"}], "question": "What percentage of soda-lime glass is silica?", "id": "572914e2af94a219006aa04d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "excellent thermal shock characteristics"}], "question": "What is a benefit of fused quartz?", "id": "572914e2af94a219006aa04e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "high melting-temperature"}], "question": "What besides viscosity is a drawback of fused quartz?", "id": "572914e2af94a219006aa04f"}]}], ["Yang paling biasa, dan sejarah yang tertua, jenis kaca adalah \"gelas silikat\" berdasarkan silika sebatian kimia (silikon dioksida, atau kuarsa), penyusun utama pasir. Gelas istilah, dalam kegunaan popular, sering digunakan untuk merujuk hanya kepada jenis bahan ini, yang biasa digunakan sebagai kaca tingkap dan botol kaca. Daripada banyak kaca gelas berasaskan silika yang wujud, kaca biasa dan kaca kontena terbentuk daripada jenis tertentu yang dipanggil kaca soda-limau, terdiri daripada kira-kira 75% silikon dioksida (SiO2), natrium oksida (Na2O) daripada natrium karbonat (Na2CO3) kalsium oksida, juga dipanggil limau (CaO), dan beberapa aditif kecil. Gelas kuarza yang sangat jelas dan tahan lama boleh dibuat dari silika tulen, tetapi titik lebur yang tinggi dan peralihan kaca yang sangat sempit kuarza membuat kaca-kaca yang meletup dan kerja keras sukar. Dalam gelas seperti soda kapur, sebatian yang ditambahkan kepada kuarza digunakan untuk menurunkan suhu lebur dan meningkatkan kebolehkerjaan, dengan kos dalam ketangguhan, kestabilan haba, dan transmisi optik. <> Jenis gelas mana yang paling jauh di masa lalu? || gelas silikat <> Apa jenis kaca bekas yang diperbuat daripada? || soda-limau kaca <> Apakah pasir terbanyak? || silika <> Apa yang boleh dibuat kaca yang sangat kuat dan telus? || silika tulen <> Apakah jenis kaca yang digunakan oleh perkataan biasa? || gelas silikat", {"context": "The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are \"silicate glasses\" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass and in glass bottles. Of the many silica-based glasses that exist, ordinary glazing and container glass is formed from a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O) from sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium oxide, also called lime (CaO), and several minor additives. A very clear and durable quartz glass can be made from pure silica, but the high melting point and very narrow glass transition of quartz make glassblowing and hot working difficult. In glasses like soda lime, the compounds added to quartz are used to lower the melting temperature and improve workability, at a cost in the toughness, thermal stability, and optical transmittance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "silicate glasses"}], "question": "Which kinds of glass existed the furthest in the past?", "id": "572925d76aef051400154ab8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "soda-lime glass"}], "question": "What kind of glass are containers made from?", "id": "572925d76aef051400154ab9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "silica"}], "question": "What is sand mostly made of?", "id": "572925d76aef051400154aba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "pure silica"}], "question": "What can a very strong and transparent glass be made from?", "id": "572925d76aef051400154abb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "silicate glasses"}], "question": "What types of glass is the word commonly used to mean?", "id": "572925d76aef051400154abc"}]}], ["Gelas yang semulajadi, terutamanya obsidian kaca vulkanik, telah digunakan oleh banyak masyarakat Zaman Batu di seluruh dunia untuk menghasilkan alat pemotong yang tajam dan, disebabkan oleh kawasan sumber yang terhad, diperdagangkan secara meluas. Tetapi pada umumnya, bukti arkeologi menunjukkan bahawa gelas pertama yang pertama dibuat di pantai utara Syria, Mesopotamia atau Mesir kuno. Objek-objek kaca terawal yang diketahui, pada pertengahan tahun ketiga milenium BCE, adalah manik-manik, yang pada mulanya dicipta sebagai produk sampingan yang tidak sengaja dari logam-kerja (slag) atau semasa pengeluaran faien, bahan vitreous pra-kaca yang dibuat oleh proses yang serupa dengan kaca. <> Apa jenis kaca wujud dalam alam semula jadi? || obsidian <> Obsidian adalah apa jenis kaca? || vulkanik <> Apa obsidian yang digunakan untuk membuat masa prasejarah? || alat memotong <> Bilakah manik-manik yang paling tua dianggap telah dibuat? || milenium pertengahan BCE <> Apakah bahan seperti kaca dibuat dengan kaedah yang berkaitan dengan kaca? || faience", {"context": "Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or ancient Egypt. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid third millennium BCE, were beads, perhaps initially created as accidental by-products of metal-working (slags) or during the production of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "obsidian"}], "question": "What kind of glass exists in nature?", "id": "57292a1e1d046914007790fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "volcanic"}], "question": "Obsidian is what type of glass?", "id": "57292a1e1d046914007790fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "cutting tools"}], "question": "What was obsidian used to make in prehistoric times?", "id": "57292a1e1d046914007790fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "mid third millennium BCE"}], "question": "When are the oldest beads thought to have been made?", "id": "57292a1e1d046914007790fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "faience"}], "question": "What glass-like material is made with a method related to glazing?", "id": "57292a1e1d046914007790ff"}]}], ["Warna dalam kaca boleh diperolehi dengan penambahan ion-ion (atau pusat warna) elektrik yang dibekalkan secara homogen, dan oleh pemendakan zarah halus yang tersebar (seperti dalam gelas photochromic). Kaca soda-limau biasa kelihatan tidak berwarna ke mata kasar apabila ia nipis, walaupun kekotoran besi (II) oksida (FeO) sehingga 0.1 wt% menghasilkan warna hijau, yang boleh dilihat dalam kepingan tebal atau dengan bantuan saintifik instrumen. Tambahan FeO dan Cr2O3 boleh digunakan untuk pengeluaran botol hijau. Sulfur, bersama-sama dengan garam karbon dan besi, digunakan untuk membentuk polysulfides besi dan menghasilkan kaca ambar mulai dari kekuningan hingga hampir hitam. Mencairkan kaca juga boleh memperoleh warna ambar dari suasana pembakaran yang mengurangkan. Mangan dioksida boleh ditambah dalam jumlah kecil untuk mengeluarkan kelabu hijau yang diberikan oleh besi (II) oksida. Apabila digunakan dalam kaca seni atau kaca studio berwarna menggunakan resepi yang dikawal dengan ketat yang melibatkan kombinasi tertentu oksida logam, suhu lebur dan masa 'masak'. Kaca berwarna yang digunakan di pasaran seni dihasilkan secara volum oleh vendor yang melayani pasaran ini walaupun terdapat beberapa pembuat kaca dengan kemampuan untuk membuat warna mereka sendiri dari bahan baku. <> Apa yang boleh memberi kaca berwarna hijau samar-samar? || besi (II) oksida <> Apa yang boleh menghalang warna hijau dalam kaca? || Mangan dioksida <> Apa yang lain daripada bahan tambahan boleh memberi warna kuning? || mengurangkan suasana bakar <> Apakah sebatian kimia boleh membuat kaca hampir hitam? || besi polysulfides <> Ion dicaj boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan apa yang di dalam kaca? || Warna", {"context": "Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) impurities of up to 0.1 wt% produce a green tint, which can be viewed in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments. Further FeO and Cr2O3 additions may be used for the production of green bottles. Sulfur, together with carbon and iron salts, is used to form iron polysulfides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black. A glass melt can also acquire an amber color from a reducing combustion atmosphere. Manganese dioxide can be added in small amounts to remove the green tint given by iron(II) oxide. When used in art glass or studio glass is colored using closely guarded recipes that involve specific combinations of metal oxides, melting temperatures and 'cook' times. Most colored glass used in the art market is manufactured in volume by vendors who serve this market although there are some glassmakers with the ability to make their own color from raw materials.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "iron(II) oxide"}], "question": "What can give glass a faint green tinge?", "id": "572936abaf94a219006aa1a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "Manganese dioxide"}], "question": "What can prevent a green color in glass?", "id": "572936abaf94a219006aa1a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "reducing combustion atmosphere"}], "question": "What other than additives can give glass a yellow color?", "id": "572936abaf94a219006aa1a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "iron polysulfides"}], "question": "What chemical compounds can make glass nearly black?", "id": "572936abaf94a219006aa1a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Color"}], "question": "Charged ions can be used to produce what in glass?", "id": "572936abaf94a219006aa1a7"}]}], ["Kaca mempunyai keupayaan untuk membiasakan, mencerminkan dan menghantar cahaya berikut optik geometri, tanpa menyebarkannya. Ia digunakan dalam pembuatan kanta dan tingkap. Gelas biasa mempunyai indeks pembiasan sekitar 1.5. Ini boleh diubah suai dengan menambah bahan berkepadatan rendah seperti boron, yang menurunkan indeks pembiasan (lihat kaca mahkota), atau meningkat (sehingga 1.8) dengan bahan berkepadatan tinggi seperti (oksida plumbum) kaca dan plumbum), atau dalam kegunaan moden, oksida kurang toksik zirkonium, titanium, atau barium. Cermin mata tinggi ini (tidak diketahui dengan jelas sebagai \"kristal\" ketika digunakan dalam saluran kaca) menyebabkan lebih banyak penyebaran kromatik cahaya, dan dihargai untuk sifat optik seperti berlian. <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk membuat kaca kurang bias? || boron <> Apakah indeks pembiasan kaca biasa? || 1.5 <> Apakah bahan tambahan toksik yang meningkatkan pembiasan? || plumbum oksida <> Apa gelas indeks tinggi yang salah disebut? || kristal <> Mengapa gelas indeks tinggi dinilai? || untuk sifat optik berlian seperti mereka", {"context": "Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction (see crown glass), or increased (to as much as 1.8) with high-density materials such as (classically) lead oxide (see flint glass and lead glass), or in modern uses, less toxic oxides of zirconium, titanium, or barium. These high-index glasses (inaccurately known as \"crystal\" when used in glass vessels) cause more chromatic dispersion of light, and are prized for their diamond-like optical properties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "boron"}], "question": "What can be used to make glass less refractive?", "id": "572924f66aef051400154aa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "1.5"}], "question": "What is the refraction index of typical glass?", "id": "572924f66aef051400154aa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "lead oxide"}], "question": "What is a toxic additive that increases refraction?", "id": "572924f66aef051400154aa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "crystal"}], "question": "What are high-index glasses erroneously called?", "id": "572924f66aef051400154aa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "for their diamond-like optical properties"}], "question": "Why are high-index glasses valued?", "id": "572924f66aef051400154aa8"}]}], ["Kaca digunakan secara meluas kerana pengeluaran komposisi kaca yang telus kepada cahaya yang kelihatan. Sebaliknya, bahan polikristalin tidak secara umumnya menghantar cahaya yang kelihatan. Kristal individu mungkin telus, tetapi aspeknya (sempadan bijirin) mencerminkan atau menyebarkan cahaya yang menghasilkan refleksi tersebar. Kaca tidak mengandungi subbahagian dalaman yang berkaitan dengan sempadan butiran dalam polikrista dan oleh itu tidak menyebarkan cahaya dengan cara yang sama seperti bahan polikristalin. Permukaan kaca sering lancar sejak pembentukan kaca molekul cecair supercooled tidak dipaksa untuk membuang dalam geometri kristal tegar dan boleh mengikuti ketegangan permukaan, yang mengenakan permukaan licin mikroskopik. Sifat-sifat ini, yang memberikan kaca jelasnya, dapat dikekalkan walaupun kaca itu menyerap cahaya-i.e, berwarna. <> Apakah kegagalan kaca, yang membolehkannya telus? || subdivisi dalaman <> Apa daya yang memberikan kaca tekstur permukaannya? || ketegangan permukaan <> Apa, berbeza dengan kaca, tidak membiarkan cahaya meneruskan? || bahan polycrystalline <> Apa jenis kaca menyerap sedikit cahaya? || berwarna", {"context": "Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions that are transparent to visible light. In contrast, polycrystalline materials do not generally transmit visible light. The individual crystallites may be transparent, but their facets (grain boundaries) reflect or scatter light resulting in diffuse reflection. Glass does not contain the internal subdivisions associated with grain boundaries in polycrystals and hence does not scatter light in the same manner as a polycrystalline material. The surface of a glass is often smooth since during glass formation the molecules of the supercooled liquid are not forced to dispose in rigid crystal geometries and can follow surface tension, which imposes a microscopically smooth surface. These properties, which give glass its clearness, can be retained even if glass is partially light-absorbing\u2014i.e., colored.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "internal subdivisions"}], "question": "What does glass lack, allowing it to be transparent?", "id": "572927efaf94a219006aa117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "surface tension"}], "question": "What force gives glass its surface texture?", "id": "572927efaf94a219006aa118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "polycrystalline materials"}], "question": "What, in contrast to glass, doesn't let light pass through?", "id": "572927efaf94a219006aa119"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 878, "text": "colored"}], "question": "What type of glass absorbs some light?", "id": "572927efaf94a219006aa11a"}]}], ["Banyak aplikasi gelas silikat berasal dari ketelusan optik mereka, yang menimbulkan salah satu kegunaan utama cermin silikat sebagai panel tetingkap. Kaca akan menghantar, mencerminkan dan membiasakan cahaya; kualiti ini dapat dipertingkatkan dengan memotong dan menggilap untuk membuat lensa optik, prisma, barangan kaca halus, dan gentian optik untuk penghantaran data berkelajuan tinggi dengan cahaya. Kaca boleh berwarna dengan menambah garam logam, dan juga boleh dicat dan dicetak dengan enamel vitreous. Keistimewaan ini telah membawa kepada kegunaan kaca yang luas dalam pembuatan objek seni dan khususnya, tingkap kaca berwarna. Walaupun rapuh, kaca silikat sangat tahan lama, dan banyak contoh serpihan kaca wujud dari budaya pembuatan kaca awal. Kerana kaca boleh dibentuk atau dibentuk dalam bentuk apa pun, dan juga kerana ia adalah produk steril, ia telah digunakan secara tradisional untuk kapal: mangkuk, pasu, botol, balang dan gelas minum. Dalam bentuk yang paling kukuh ia juga telah digunakan untuk kertas kertas, kelereng, dan manik. Apabila disemprotkan sebagai gentian kaca dan dipalut sebagai bulu kaca dalam cara untuk memerangkap udara, ia menjadi bahan penebat haba, dan apabila serat kaca ini dimasukkan ke dalam plastik polimer organik, ia adalah bahagian tetulang struktur utama bahan gentian kaca komposit. Sesetengah objek secara sejarah biasanya dibuat daripada kaca silikat bahawa mereka hanya dipanggil dengan nama bahan, seperti gelas minum dan cermin mata. <> Bahan apa yang menjadikan kaca berwarna? || garam logam <> Apa yang digabungkan dengan serat kaca digunakan untuk membuat gentian kaca? || plastik polimer organik <> Apa kualiti kaca silicate yang membolehkan ia digunakan untuk tingkap? || ketelusan <> Apa jenis produk kaca yang boleh digunakan untuk menghantar maklumat? || serat optik <> Dalam produk apakah serat kaca yang digunakan untuk menahan udara mati? || bahan penebat haba", {"context": "Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fibers for high speed data transmission by light. Glass can be colored by adding metallic salts, and can also be painted and printed with vitreous enamels. These qualities have led to the extensive use of glass in the manufacture of art objects and in particular, stained glass windows. Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making cultures. Because glass can be formed or molded into any shape, and also because it is a sterile product, it has been traditionally used for vessels: bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms it has also been used for paperweights, marbles, and beads. When extruded as glass fiber and matted as glass wool in a way to trap air, it becomes a thermal insulating material, and when these glass fibers are embedded into an organic polymer plastic, they are a key structural reinforcement part of the composite material fiberglass. Some objects historically were so commonly made of silicate glass that they are simply called by the name of the material, such as drinking glasses and reading glasses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "metallic salts"}], "question": "What ingredient makes glass colorful?", "id": "5729114e3f37b31900477ff5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1178, "text": "organic polymer plastic"}], "question": "What in combination with glass fibers is used to make fiberglass?", "id": "5729114e3f37b31900477ff6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "transparency"}], "question": "What quality of silicate glass allows it to be used for windows?", "id": "5729114e3f37b31900477ff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "optical fibers"}], "question": "What type of glass products can be used for sending information?", "id": "5729114e3f37b31900477ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1100, "text": "thermal insulating material"}], "question": "In what product are glass fibers used to hold dead air?", "id": "5729114e3f37b31900477ff9"}]}], ["Berikutan penyediaan dan percetakan kelompok kaca, bahan mentah diangkut ke relau. Soda-limau kaca untuk pengeluaran besar-besaran dicairkan dalam unit-unit gas yang dipecat. Relau skala yang lebih kecil untuk cermin mata pelajaran khusus termasuk cerucuk elektrik, relau periuk, dan tangki harian. Selepas lebur, homogenisasi dan penapisan (penyingkiran gelembung), kaca terbentuk. Kaca rata untuk tingkap dan aplikasi yang serupa dibentuk oleh proses kaca apung, yang dibangunkan antara 1953 dan 1957 oleh Sir Alastair Pilkington dan Kenneth Bickerstaff dari Pilkington Brothers UK, yang mencipta reben kaca berterusan menggunakan mandian timah cair di mana kaca lebur mengalir tanpa gangguan di bawah pengaruh graviti. Permukaan atas kaca tertumpu kepada nitrogen di bawah tekanan untuk mendapatkan kemasan yang digilap. Kaca kontena untuk botol dan balang biasa dibentuk dengan cara meniup dan menekan. Kaca ini sering diubahsuai secara kimia (dengan lebih banyak alumina dan kalsium oksida) untuk rintangan air yang lebih besar. Teknik pembentukan kaca selanjutnya diringkaskan dalam teknik Pembentukan kaca. <> Apa yang berlaku semasa penapisan? || penyingkiran buih <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan untuk membuat tingkap? || proses kaca terapung <> Apa yang digunakan pada permukaan kaca tingkap untuk menjadikannya lancar? || nitrogen <> Apa yang ditambahkan pada kaca balang untuk meningkatkan ketahanan air? || alumina dan kalsium oksida <> Siapa pencipta proses kaca apungan? || Alastair Pilkington dan Kenneth Bickerstaff", {"context": "Following the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of bubbles), the glass is formed. Flat glass for windows and similar applications is formed by the float glass process, developed between 1953 and 1957 by Sir Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff of the UK's Pilkington Brothers, who created a continuous ribbon of glass using a molten tin bath on which the molten glass flows unhindered under the influence of gravity. The top surface of the glass is subjected to nitrogen under pressure to obtain a polished finish. Container glass for common bottles and jars is formed by blowing and pressing methods. This glass is often slightly modified chemically (with more alumina and calcium oxide) for greater water resistance. Further glass forming techniques are summarized in the table Glass forming techniques.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "removal of bubbles"}], "question": "What happens during refining?", "id": "572923981d046914007790af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "float glass process"}], "question": "What method is used for making windows?", "id": "572923981d046914007790b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "nitrogen"}], "question": "What is used on the surface of window glass to make it smooth?", "id": "572923981d046914007790b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 939, "text": "alumina and calcium oxide"}], "question": "What is added to the glass of jars to improve water resistance?", "id": "572923981d046914007790b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff"}], "question": "Who were the inventors of the float glass process?", "id": "572923981d046914007790b3"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2004, penyelidik NIST mempersembahkan bukti bahawa fasa logam bukan kristal isotropik (digelar \"q-kaca\") boleh ditanam dari cair. Fasa ini adalah fasa pertama, atau \"fasa utama,\" untuk membentuk dalam sistem Al-Fe-Si semasa penyejukan pantas. Menariknya, bukti percubaan menunjukkan bahawa fasa ini membentuk peralihan pesanan pertama. Gambar-gambar mikroskopi elektron penghantaran (TEM) menunjukkan bahawa kaca-q nukleat dari cair sebagai zarah diskret, yang tumbuh secara spherikal dengan kadar pertumbuhan seragam dalam semua arah. Corak difraksi memperlihatkan ia menjadi fasa kaca isotropik. Namun terdapat penghalang nukleasi, yang membayangkan ketidakselarasan antara muka (atau permukaan dalaman) antara kaca dan cair. <> Siapa yang menunjukkan bahawa q-kaca boleh dihasilkan dari cair? || Penyelidik NIST <> Apa yang menunjukkan bahawa terdapat permukaan dalaman antara kaca dan cair? || penghalang nukleasi <> Apakah itu q-kaca? || fasa logam bukan kristal isotropik <> Apa jenis mikroskop menunjukkan bahawa q-kaca tumbuh sebagai zarah yang berasingan? || Elektron penghantaran", {"context": "In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed \"q-glass\") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or \"primary phase,\" to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a first-order transition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the q-glass nucleates from the melt as discrete particles, which grow spherically with a uniform growth rate in all directions. The diffraction pattern shows it to be an isotropic glassy phase. Yet there is a nucleation barrier, which implies an interfacial discontinuity (or internal surface) between the glass and the melt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "NIST researchers"}], "question": "Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt?", "id": "57296d396aef051400154e6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "nucleation barrier"}], "question": "What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and melt?", "id": "57296d396aef051400154e6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase"}], "question": "What is q-glass?", "id": "57296d396aef051400154e6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Transmission electron"}], "question": "What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as separate particles?", "id": "57296d396aef051400154e6d"}]}], ["Terdapat tiga kelas komponen untuk gelas oksida: pembentuk rangkaian, perantaraan, dan pengubah. Pembentuk rangkaian (silikon, boron, germanium) membentuk rangkaian yang sangat berkaitan dengan ikatan kimia. Perantaraan (titanium, aluminium, zirkonium, berilium, magnesium, zink) boleh bertindak sebagai pembentuk dan pengubah rangkaian, mengikut komposisi kaca. Pengubah (kalsium, plumbum, litium, natrium, kalium) mengubah struktur rangkaian; mereka biasanya hadir sebagai ion, dikompensasi oleh atom-atom oksigen yang tidak menjembatani berhampiran, diikat oleh satu ikatan kovalen ke rangkaian kaca dan memegang satu caj negatif untuk mengimbangi ion positif yang berdekatan. Sesetengah unsur boleh memainkan pelbagai peranan; contohnya. plumbum boleh bertindak sebagai bekas rangkaian (Pb4 + menggantikan Si4 +), atau sebagai pengubah. <> Apakah komponen kaca untuk rangkaian? || silikon, boron, germanium <> Apakah jenis komponen yang mengubah bentuk rangkaian? || pengubah <> komponen jenis apa yang boleh membuat dan menukar rangkaian? || perantaraan <> Apakah jenis lampiran kimia yang menghubungkan ion ke rangkaian? || ikatan kovalen", {"context": "There are three classes of components for oxide glasses: network formers, intermediates, and modifiers. The network formers (silicon, boron, germanium) form a highly cross-linked network of chemical bonds. The intermediates (titanium, aluminium, zirconium, beryllium, magnesium, zinc) can act as both network formers and modifiers, according to the glass composition. The modifiers (calcium, lead, lithium, sodium, potassium) alter the network structure; they are usually present as ions, compensated by nearby non-bridging oxygen atoms, bound by one covalent bond to the glass network and holding one negative charge to compensate for the positive ion nearby. Some elements can play multiple roles; e.g. lead can act both as a network former (Pb4+ replacing Si4+), or as a modifier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "silicon, boron, germanium"}], "question": "What components of glass for networks?", "id": "57296639af94a219006aa389"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "modifiers"}], "question": "What type of components change the network's shape?", "id": "57296639af94a219006aa38a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "intermediates"}], "question": "What type of component can both make and change networks?", "id": "57296639af94a219006aa38b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "covalent bond"}], "question": "What type of chemical attachment connects ions to the network?", "id": "57296639af94a219006aa38c"}]}], ["Penambahan oksida plumbum (II) menurunkan titik leleh, mengurangkan kelikatan leburan, dan meningkatkan indeks biasan. Lead oxide juga memudahkan kelarutan oksida logam lain dan digunakan dalam gelas berwarna. Penurunan kelikatan kaca peleburan timbal sangat penting (kira-kira 100 kali dibandingkan dengan kacamata soda); ini memudahkan penyingkiran gelembung dan bekerja pada suhu yang lebih rendah, oleh itu penggunaannya kerap sebagai tambahan dalam enamel vitreous dan solder kaca. Radius ionik tinggi ion Pb2 + menjadikan ia sangat tidak bergerak dalam matriks dan menghalang pergerakan ion lain; Oleh itu, gelas plumbum mempunyai rintangan elektrik yang tinggi, kira-kira dua pesanan magnitud lebih tinggi daripada kaca soda-limau (108.5 vs 106.5 Ohm \u00b7 cm, DC pada 250 \u00b0 C). Untuk butiran lanjut, lihat kaca plumbum. <> Apa yang membuat kaca cair pada suhu yang lebih rendah? || plumbum (II) oksida <> Berapakah jumlah kental kurang daripada plumbum berbanding kaca soda? || 100 kali <> Pb2 + menyebabkan kaca plumbum mempunyai apa? || rintangan elektrik tinggi <> Lead oxide menjadikannya lebih mudah untuk membubarkan apa? || oksida logam lain", {"context": "Addition of lead(II) oxide lowers melting point, lowers viscosity of the melt, and increases refractive index. Lead oxide also facilitates solubility of other metal oxides and is used in colored glasses. The viscosity decrease of lead glass melt is very significant (roughly 100 times in comparison with soda glasses); this allows easier removal of bubbles and working at lower temperatures, hence its frequent use as an additive in vitreous enamels and glass solders. The high ionic radius of the Pb2+ ion renders it highly immobile in the matrix and hinders the movement of other ions; lead glasses therefore have high electrical resistance, about two orders of magnitude higher than soda-lime glass (108.5 vs 106.5 Ohm\u00b7cm, DC at 250 \u00b0C). For more details, see lead glass.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "lead(II) oxide"}], "question": "What makes glass melt at a lower temperature?", "id": "572964476aef051400154de6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "100 times"}], "question": "How much less viscous is lead glass compared with soda glass?", "id": "572964476aef051400154de7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "high electrical resistance"}], "question": "Pb2+ causes lead glass to have what?", "id": "572964476aef051400154de8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "other metal oxides"}], "question": "Lead oxide makes it easier to dissolve what?", "id": "572964476aef051400154de9"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-20, jenis kaca baru seperti kaca berlamina, kaca bertetulang dan bata kaca telah meningkatkan penggunaan kaca sebagai bahan binaan dan mengakibatkan penggunaan kaca baru. Bangunan berbilang tingkat sering dibina dengan dinding tirai yang dibuat hampir sepenuhnya dari kaca. Begitu juga, kaca berlamina telah digunakan secara meluas untuk kenderaan untuk tabir angin. Walaupun bekas kaca selalu digunakan untuk penyimpanan dan dinilai untuk sifat-sifat kebersihan mereka, kaca telah digunakan semakin dalam industri. Kaca optik untuk cermin telah digunakan sejak lewat Abad Pertengahan. Pengeluaran kanta telah menjadi semakin mahir, membantu ahli astronomi serta mempunyai aplikasi lain dalam bidang perubatan dan sains. Kaca juga digunakan sebagai penutup apertur dalam banyak sistem tenaga suria. <> Jenis kaca apa yang digunakan dalam kereta? || dilaminasi <> Bilakah kacamata asal berasal? || akhir Abad Pertengahan <> Dinding pencakar langit sering dibuat dari bahan apa? || kaca <> Apakah jenis sistem kuasa menggunakan kaca? || solar <> Apa jenis ahli sains yang bergantung kepada kaca untuk pemerhatian yang jauh? || ahli astronomi", {"context": "In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated glass has been widely applied to vehicles for windscreens. While glass containers have always been used for storage and are valued for their hygienic properties, glass has been utilized increasingly in industry. Optical glass for spectacles has been used since the late Middle Ages. The production of lenses has become increasingly proficient, aiding astronomers as well as having other application in medicine and science. Glass is also employed as the aperture cover in many solar energy systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "laminated"}], "question": "What type of glass is used in cars?", "id": "572946226aef051400154c38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "late Middle Ages"}], "question": "When did eyeglasses originate?", "id": "572946226aef051400154c39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "glass"}], "question": "The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material?", "id": "572946226aef051400154c3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "solar"}], "question": "What type of power systems use glass?", "id": "572946226aef051400154c3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "astronomers"}], "question": "What type of scientists rely on glass for distant observations?", "id": "572946226aef051400154c3c"}]}], ["Bahan-bahan kaca seramik berkongsi banyak sifat dengan kedua-dua kaca bukan kristal dan seramik kristal. Mereka dibentuk sebagai satu gelas, dan kemudian dirawat sebahagiannya dengan rawatan haba. Contohnya, struktur mikro seramik putih sering mengandungi kedua-dua fasa amorfus dan kristal. Bijih kristal sering tertanam dalam fasa intergranular bukan kristal sempadan bijian. Apabila digunakan untuk seramik whiteware, vitreous bermakna bahan mempunyai kebolehtelapan sangat rendah ke cecair, sering tetapi tidak selalu air, apabila ditentukan oleh rejim ujian tertentu. <> Apa perkataan yang bermaksud bahawa seramik tidak menyerap cecair? || vitreous <> Apa yang mengeras kaca-seramik? || rawatan haba <> Bahan apa yang keramik kaca mempunyai banyak persamaan? || kaca bukan kristal dan seramik kristal", {"context": "Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. When applied to whiteware ceramics, vitreous means the material has an extremely low permeability to liquids, often but not always water, when determined by a specified test regime.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "vitreous"}], "question": "What word means that ceramics don't absorb liquids?", "id": "5729747d3f37b31900478405"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "heat treatment"}], "question": "What hardens glass-ceramics?", "id": "5729747d3f37b31900478406"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics"}], "question": "What materials do glass ceramics have a lot in common with?", "id": "5729747d3f37b31900478407"}]}], ["Ion logam alkali adalah kecil dan mudah alih; kehadiran mereka di kaca membolehkan tahap kekonduksian elektrik, terutamanya dalam keadaan lebur atau pada suhu tinggi. Mobiliti mereka mengurangkan ketahanan kimia kaca, yang membolehkan pelinciran melalui air dan memudahkan kakisan. Ion-ion bumi alkali, dengan dua caj positif dan keperluan untuk dua ion oksigen yang tidak menjembatani untuk mengimbangi caj mereka, jauh lebih mudah alih dan juga menghalang penyebaran ion-ion lain, terutamanya alkali. Cermin komersil yang paling biasa mengandungi ion alkali dan alkali tanah (biasanya natrium dan kalsium), untuk memproses lebih mudah dan menahan rintangan kakisan. Rintangan kakisan kaca boleh dicapai dengan dealkalisasi, penyingkiran ion-ion alkali dari permukaan kaca dengan reaksi dengan contohnya. sebatian sulfur atau fluorin. Kehadiran ion logam alkali juga memberi kesan buruk kepada tangen kehilangan kaca, dan kepada rintangan elektriknya; gelas untuk elektronik (pengedap, tiub vakum, lampu ...) perlu mengambil kira akaun ini. <> Komponen apa yang memberikan kaca keupayaan untuk menjalankan elektrik? || ion logam alkali <> Bagaimana kaca boleh dihalang daripada menghancurkan? || dealkalisation <> Apa jenis ion yang mempunyai kaca biasa? || ion alkali dan alkali tanah <> Reaksi dengan apa yang menyebabkan dealkalisasi? || sebatian sulfur atau fluorin <> Apa yang boleh beralkali ion dalam kaca kerosakan, selain rintangan elektrik? || kehilangan tangen", {"context": "The alkali metal ions are small and mobile; their presence in glass allows a degree of electrical conductivity, especially in molten state or at high temperature. Their mobility decreases the chemical resistance of the glass, allowing leaching by water and facilitating corrosion. Alkaline earth ions, with their two positive charges and requirement for two non-bridging oxygen ions to compensate for their charge, are much less mobile themselves and also hinder diffusion of other ions, especially the alkalis. The most common commercial glasses contain both alkali and alkaline earth ions (usually sodium and calcium), for easier processing and satisfying corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistance of glass can be achieved by dealkalization, removal of the alkali ions from the glass surface by reaction with e.g. sulfur or fluorine compounds. Presence of alkaline metal ions has also detrimental effect to the loss tangent of the glass, and to its electrical resistance; glasses for electronics (sealing, vacuum tubes, lamps...) have to take this in account.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "alkali metal ions"}], "question": "What component gives glass the ability to conduct electricity?", "id": "57296766af94a219006aa3a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "dealkalization"}], "question": "How can glass be prevented from corroding?", "id": "57296766af94a219006aa3a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "alkali and alkaline earth ions"}], "question": "What types of ions does typical glass have?", "id": "57296766af94a219006aa3a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "sulfur or fluorine compounds"}], "question": "Reaction with what causes dealkalization?", "id": "57296766af94a219006aa3a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "loss tangent"}], "question": "What can alkaline ions in glass harm, in addition to electrical resistance?", "id": "57296766af94a219006aa3a7"}]}], ["Kaca digunakan secara meluas pada Zaman Pertengahan. Kaca Anglo-Saxon telah dijumpai di seluruh England semasa penggalian arkeologi di kedua tapak pemukiman dan perkuburan. Kaca dalam tempoh Anglo-Saxon digunakan dalam pembuatan pelbagai objek termasuk kapal, manik, tingkap dan juga digunakan dalam perhiasan. Dari abad ke-10 dan seterusnya, kaca digunakan dalam tingkap kaca berwarna dari gereja-gereja dan katedral, dengan contoh-contoh terkenal di Katedral Chartres dan Basilika Saint Denis. Menjelang abad ke-14, arkitek telah merekabentuk bangunan dengan dinding kaca berwarna seperti Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, (1203-1248) dan ujung timur Gloucester Cathedral. Kaca berwarna mempunyai kebangkitan besar dengan seni bina Revolusi Gothik pada abad ke-19. Dengan Renaissance, dan perubahan dalam gaya seni bina, penggunaan tingkap kaca berwarna yang besar menjadi jarang berlaku. Penggunaan kaca patri dalam rumah meningkat sehingga kebanyakan rumah besar mempunyai tingkap kaca. Ini pada mulanya adalah panel kecil yang dipimpin bersama, tetapi dengan perubahan dalam teknologi, kaca dapat dibuat secara murah di lembaran yang semakin besar. Ini membawa kepada panel tetingkap yang lebih besar, dan, pada abad ke-20, ke tingkap yang lebih besar di bangunan biasa domestik dan komersial. <> Bilakah kaca berwarna membuat kemunculan besar? || Abad ke-19 <> Bilakah kaca berwarna mula digunakan untuk tempat ibadat? || Abad ke-10 <> Bilakah tingkap besar kaca patri menjadi kurang biasa? || Renaissance <> Apa bangunan abad ke-13 adalah contoh dinding kaca patri? || Sainte-Chapelle <> Apa perubahan teknologi yang membolehkan rumah tetap ada? || tingkap yang lebih besar", {"context": "Glass was used extensively during the Middle Ages. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, windows and was also used in jewelry. From the 10th-century onwards, glass was employed in stained glass windows of churches and cathedrals, with famous examples at Chartres Cathedral and the Basilica of Saint Denis. By the 14th-century, architects were designing buildings with walls of stained glass such as Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, (1203\u20131248) and the East end of Gloucester Cathedral. Stained glass had a major revival with Gothic Revival architecture in the 19th-century. With the Renaissance, and a change in architectural style, the use of large stained glass windows became less prevalent. The use of domestic stained glass increased until most substantial houses had glass windows. These were initially small panes leaded together, but with the changes in technology, glass could be manufactured relatively cheaply in increasingly larger sheets. This led to larger window panes, and, in the 20th-century, to much larger windows in ordinary domestic and commercial buildings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "19th-century"}], "question": "When did stained glass make a big comeback?", "id": "5729450a6aef051400154c2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "10th-century"}], "question": "When did stained glass begin to be used for places of worship?", "id": "5729450a6aef051400154c2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": "the Renaissance"}], "question": "When did big windows of stained glass become less common?", "id": "5729450a6aef051400154c30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Sainte-Chapelle"}], "question": "What 13th-century building is an example of stained glass walls?", "id": "5729450a6aef051400154c31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1201, "text": "larger windows"}], "question": "What did technological changes allow regular homes to have?", "id": "5729450a6aef051400154c32"}]}], ["Dari abad ke-19, terdapat kebangkitan dalam banyak teknik pembuatan kaca kuno termasuk kaca datang, yang dicapai buat kali pertama sejak Empayar Rom dan pada mulanya kebanyakannya digunakan untuk kepingan dalam gaya neo-klasik. Pergerakan Art Nouveau menggunakan kaca besar, dengan Ren\u00e9 Lalique, \u00c9mile Gall\u00e9, dan Daum of Nancy menghasilkan pasu berwarna dan kepingan serupa, sering di gelas datang, dan juga menggunakan teknik kilau. Louis Comfort Tiffany di Amerika khusus dalam kaca berwarna, baik sekular dan keagamaan, dan lampu terkenalnya. Awal abad ke-20 menyaksikan pengeluaran kilang skala besar seni kaca oleh firma-firma seperti Waterford dan Lalique. Dari tahun 1960-an dan seterusnya, semakin banyak karya-karya seni gelas kecil yang dihasilkan oleh studio kecil, dan para seniman kaca mulai mengklasifikasikan diri mereka sebagai pengukir yang berkesan dalam kaca, dan karya mereka sebagai seni halus. <> Apa pembuat lampu yang terkenal menggunakan kaca? || Louis Comfort Tiffany <> Ketika tukang gelas mula mempertimbangkan produk seni rupa mereka? || 1960 <> Apa jenis gelas yang digunakan ramai seniman Art Nouveau? || Kaca datang <> Kapan pengeluaran besar-besaran seni kaca bermula? || awal abad ke-20 <> Apa tamadun awal yang membuat kaca kardus? || empayar Roman", {"context": "From the 19th century, there was a revival in many ancient glass-making techniques including cameo glass, achieved for the first time since the Roman Empire and initially mostly used for pieces in a neo-classical style. The Art Nouveau movement made great use of glass, with Ren\u00e9 Lalique, \u00c9mile Gall\u00e9, and Daum of Nancy producing colored vases and similar pieces, often in cameo glass, and also using luster techniques. Louis Comfort Tiffany in America specialized in stained glass, both secular and religious, and his famous lamps. The early 20th-century saw the large-scale factory production of glass art by firms such as Waterford and Lalique. From about 1960 onwards there have been an increasing number of small studios hand-producing glass artworks, and glass artists began to class themselves as in effect sculptors working in glass, and their works as part fine arts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Louis Comfort Tiffany"}], "question": "What famous lampmaker used glass?", "id": "572947c3af94a219006aa247"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "1960"}], "question": "When did glassworkers begin to consider their products fine art?", "id": "572947c3af94a219006aa248"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "cameo glass"}], "question": "What type of glass did many Art Nouveau artists use?", "id": "572947c3af94a219006aa249"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "early 20th-century"}], "question": "When did mass production of glass art begin?", "id": "572947c3af94a219006aa24a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Roman Empire"}], "question": "What early civilization made cameo glass?", "id": "572947c3af94a219006aa24b"}]}], ["Pada masa lalu, kumpulan logam amorf yang kecil dengan konfigurasi kawasan permukaan yang tinggi (pita, wayar, filem, dll.) Telah dihasilkan melalui pelaksanaan kadar penyejukan yang sangat pesat. Ini pada mulanya dipanggil \"penyejukan splat\" oleh pelajar doktor W. Klement di Caltech, yang menunjukkan bahawa kadar penyejukan pada urutan berjuta-juta derajat sesaat mencukupi untuk menghalang pembentukan kristal, dan atom metalik menjadi \"terkunci\" keadaan kaca. Wayar logam amorfus telah dihasilkan oleh logam lebur yang meletus ke cakera logam berputar. Baru-baru ini sejumlah aloi telah dihasilkan dalam lapisan dengan ketebalan melebihi 1 milimeter. Ini dikenali sebagai cermin logam pukal (BMG). Teknologi Liquidmetal menjual sejumlah BMG berasaskan zirkonium. Keluasan keluli amorf juga telah dihasilkan yang mempamerkan sifat-sifat mekanik jauh melebihi yang terdapat dalam aloi keluli konvensional. <> Siapa yang mencipta istilah \"penyejukan splat\"? || W. Klement <> Apakah aloi tebal yang dibuat dalam lapisan dipanggil? || cermin logam pukal <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Liquidmetal Technologies untuk aloi mereka? || zirkonium <> Jenis logam apa yang membuat aloi lebih baik daripada keluli tradisional? || keluli amorf <> Pada mana universiti itu adalah seorang pelajar Klement? || Caltech", {"context": "In the past, small batches of amorphous metals with high surface area configurations (ribbons, wires, films, etc.) have been produced through the implementation of extremely rapid rates of cooling. This was initially termed \"splat cooling\" by doctoral student W. Klement at Caltech, who showed that cooling rates on the order of millions of degrees per second is sufficient to impede the formation of crystals, and the metallic atoms become \"locked into\" a glassy state. Amorphous metal wires have been produced by sputtering molten metal onto a spinning metal disk. More recently a number of alloys have been produced in layers with thickness exceeding 1 millimeter. These are known as bulk metallic glasses (BMG). Liquidmetal Technologies sell a number of zirconium-based BMGs. Batches of amorphous steel have also been produced that demonstrate mechanical properties far exceeding those found in conventional steel alloys.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "W. Klement"}], "question": "Who coined the term \"splat cooling\"?", "id": "57296ab01d046914007793e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "bulk metallic glasses"}], "question": "What are thick alloys made in layers called?", "id": "57296ab01d046914007793e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 758, "text": "zirconium"}], "question": "What does Liquidmetal Technologies use for their alloys?", "id": "57296ab01d046914007793e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 791, "text": "amorphous steel"}], "question": "What type of metal makes better alloys than traditional steel?", "id": "57296ab01d046914007793ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Caltech"}], "question": "At what university was Klement a student?", "id": "57296ab01d046914007793eb"}]}], ["Komposisi kaca kimia baru atau teknik rawatan baru boleh disiasat pada percubaan makmal skala kecil. Bahan mentah untuk kaca cair makmal cenderung berbeza daripada yang digunakan dalam pengeluaran besar-besaran kerana faktor kos mempunyai keutamaan yang rendah. Di makmal kebanyakannya bahan kimia tulen digunakan. Penjagaan mesti diambil bahawa bahan mentah tidak bertindak balas dengan kelembapan atau bahan kimia lain dalam alam sekitar (seperti oksida logam alkali atau alkali tanah bumi dan hidroksida, atau boron oksida), atau bahawa kekotoran dikira (kerugian pada pencucuhan). Kerugian penyejatan semasa peleburan kaca harus dipertimbangkan semasa pemilihan bahan baku, contohnya, natrium selenit mungkin lebih disukai lebih mudah menguapkan SeO2. Selain itu, lebih mudah bertindak balas bahan mentah mungkin lebih disukai berbanding yang tidak berdaya, seperti Al (OH) 3 berbanding Al2O3. Kebiasaannya, cair itu dilakukan dalam crucibles platinum untuk mengurangkan pencemaran dari bahan kritikal. Keseragaman kaca dicapai dengan homogenisasi campuran bahan mentah (batch kaca), dengan mencairkan cair, dan dengan menghancurkan dan mencair semula cair pertama. Kaca yang diperolehi biasanya terurai untuk mengelakkan pecah semasa pemprosesan. <> Apakah bahan yang berguna dalam membuat kaca kerana penyejatannya perlahan? || natrium selenite <> Apakah bekas yang digunakan untuk peleburan? || platinum crucibles <> Mengapa bahan berbeza digunakan dalam makmal daripada yang digunakan dalam pengeluaran kilang? || faktor kos mempunyai keutamaan rendah <> Apakah sebabnya untuk menghancurkan kaca dan mencairkannya semula? || homogeneity <> Mengapa kaca annealed? || untuk mengelakkan kerosakan", {"context": "New chemical glass compositions or new treatment techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. The raw materials for laboratory-scale glass melts are often different from those used in mass production because the cost factor has a low priority. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals are used. Care must be taken that the raw materials have not reacted with moisture or other chemicals in the environment (such as alkali or alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides, or boron oxide), or that the impurities are quantified (loss on ignition). Evaporation losses during glass melting should be considered during the selection of the raw materials, e.g., sodium selenite may be preferred over easily evaporating SeO2. Also, more readily reacting raw materials may be preferred over relatively inert ones, such as Al(OH)3 over Al2O3. Usually, the melts are carried out in platinum crucibles to reduce contamination from the crucible material. Glass homogeneity is achieved by homogenizing the raw materials mixture (glass batch), by stirring the melt, and by crushing and re-melting the first melt. The obtained glass is usually annealed to prevent breakage during processing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "sodium selenite"}], "question": "What material is useful in glassmaking because of its slow evaporation?", "id": "5729689c3f37b31900478343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 904, "text": "platinum crucibles"}], "question": "What containers are used for melting?", "id": "5729689c3f37b31900478344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "the cost factor has a low priority"}], "question": "Why are different materials used in a lab than are used in factory production?", "id": "5729689c3f37b31900478345"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 981, "text": "homogeneity"}], "question": "What is the reason for crushing the glass and melting it again?", "id": "5729689c3f37b31900478346"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1170, "text": "to prevent breakage"}], "question": "Why is glass annealed?", "id": "5729689c3f37b31900478347"}]}], ["Sesetengah orang menganggap kaca sebagai cecair kerana kekurangan peralihan fasa pertama di mana pembolehubah termodinamik tertentu seperti isipadu, entropi dan entalpi tidak berterusan melalui pelbagai peralihan kaca. Peralihan kaca boleh digambarkan sebagai analogi dengan peralihan fasa urutan kedua di mana pembolehubah termodinamik intensif seperti expansivity termal dan kapasiti haba tidak berterusan. Walau bagaimanapun, teori keseimbangan transformasi fasa tidak sepenuhnya dipegang untuk kaca, dan oleh itu peralihan kaca tidak dapat dikelaskan sebagai salah satu daripada transformasi fasa keseimbangan klasik dalam pepejal. <> Apa yang tidak ada kaca, yang mengarahkan beberapa orang untuk berfikir bahawa ia adalah cecair? || fasa peralihan fasa pertama <> Teori apa yang tidak sah sepenuhnya untuk kaca? || teori keseimbangan transformasi fasa <> Peralihan dalam kaca adalah setanding dengan apa? || peralihan fasa urutan kedua", {"context": "Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "first-order phase transition"}], "question": "What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid?", "id": "572984596aef051400154f9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "equilibrium theory of phase transformations"}], "question": "What theory isn't completely valid for glass?", "id": "572984596aef051400154f9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "a second-order phase transition"}], "question": "Transition in glass is comparable to what?", "id": "572984596aef051400154f9e"}]}], ["Pengeluaran massa tingkap kaca kaca pada awal abad ke-20 menyebabkan kesan yang sama. Di kilang-kilang kaca, kaca cair dituangkan ke meja penyejukan yang besar dan dibenarkan untuk menyebar. Kaca yang dihasilkan lebih tebal di lokasi tuang, yang terletak di tengah-tengah lembaran besar. Lembaran ini dipotong ke dalam tingkap tetingkap yang lebih kecil dengan ketebalan nonuniform, biasanya dengan lokasi tuang yang berpusat di salah satu panel (dikenali sebagai \"bull's-eyes\") untuk kesan hiasan. Kaca moden yang dimaksudkan untuk tingkap dihasilkan sebagai kaca apung dan sangat seragam dalam ketebalannya. <> Apakah kawasan yang tengah dipanggil kaca lama? || Bull's-eyes <> Pada awal pengeluaran kaca abad ke-20, kaca itu paling tebal di bahagian kepingan? || pusat <> Sekarang kaca tingkap dibuat sebagai apa? || kaca terapung <> Bagaimana lembu digunakan? || untuk kesan hiasan", {"context": "Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as \"bull's-eyes\") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "bull's-eyes"}], "question": "What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called?", "id": "572977e11d046914007794c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "the center"}], "question": "In early 20th century glass production, the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet?", "id": "572977e11d046914007794c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "float glass"}], "question": "Currently window glass is made as what?", "id": "572977e11d046914007794c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "for decorative effect"}], "question": "How was the bull's-eye used?", "id": "572977e11d046914007794c4"}]}], ["Dalam fizik, takrif piawai kaca (atau pepejal vitreous) adalah pepejal yang dibentuk oleh pelindapkejutan cair pantas. Gelas istilah sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan sebarang pepejal amorf yang memperlihatkan Tg suhu peralihan kaca. Sekiranya penyejukan cukup pantas (berbanding dengan masa penghabluran ciri) maka penghabluran dihalang dan sebaliknya konfigurasi atom yang tidak teratur cecair supercooled dibekukan ke dalam keadaan pepejal pada Tg. Kecenderungan bahan untuk membentuk gelas ketika dipadamkan disebut kebolehan membentuk kaca. Keupayaan ini boleh diramalkan oleh teori ketegaran. Secara umumnya, struktur kaca wujud dalam keadaan metastabil dengan bentuk kristalnya, walaupun dalam keadaan tertentu, misalnya dalam polimer ataktik, tidak ada analog kristal dari fasa amorf. <> Bagaimana \"kaca\" ditakrifkan dalam fizik? || padat dibentuk oleh pelindapkejutan cair cepat <> Apakah kecenderungan untuk membuat kaca apabila disejukkan dipanggil? || keupayaan pembentukan kaca <> Apa yang mesti berlaku dengan cepat untuk membuat kaca? || penyejukan <> Apa yang meramalkan keupayaan membentuk kaca? || teori ketegaran", {"context": "In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "a solid formed by rapid melt quenching"}], "question": "How is \"glass\" defined in physics?", "id": "572982021d046914007794ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "glass-forming ability"}], "question": "What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called?", "id": "572982021d046914007794f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "cooling"}], "question": "What must happen quickly for glass to form?", "id": "572982021d046914007794f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "rigidity theory"}], "question": "What predicts glass-forming ability?", "id": "572982021d046914007794f2"}]}], ["Walaupun struktur atom ciri-ciri kaca ciri-ciri struktur dalam cecair supercooled, kaca cenderung berperilaku sebagai pepejal di bawah suhu peralihan kaca. Cecair supercooled bertindak sebagai cecair, tetapi ia adalah di bawah titik pembekuan bahan, dan dalam beberapa kes akan menjadi kristal hampir seketika jika kristal ditambah sebagai teras. Perubahan keupayaan haba pada peralihan kaca dan peralihan lebur bahan yang setanding biasanya mempunyai susunan magnitud yang sama, yang menunjukkan bahawa perubahan dalam tahap kebebasan aktif juga boleh dibandingkan. Kedua-duanya dalam gelas dan kristal kebanyakannya hanya derajat kebebasan getar yang tetap aktif, sedangkan gerakan putaran dan translasi ditangkap. Ini membantu menjelaskan mengapa kedua-dua pepejal kristal dan bukan kristal menunjukkan ketegaran pada skala masa yang paling eksperimen. <> Secara atom, kaca mirip dengan apa? || cecair supercooled <> Apa yang bertindak seperti cecair tetapi berada di bawah suhu beku? || Cecair supercooled <> Walaupun struktur atomnya, kaca yang disejukkan bertindak seperti apa? || padat <> Dalam kaca yang disejukkan, apa jenis gerakan berhenti? || putaran dan translasi", {"context": "Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "a supercooled liquid"}], "question": "Atomically, glass is similar to what?", "id": "572988531d04691400779513"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "A supercooled liquid"}], "question": "What acts like a liquid but is under the freezing temperature?", "id": "572988531d04691400779514"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "a solid"}], "question": "Despite its atomic structure, cooled glass acts like what?", "id": "572988531d04691400779515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "rotational and translational"}], "question": "In cooled glass, what types of movement stop?", "id": "572988531d04691400779516"}]}], ["Istilah ini merujuk kepada gabungan litium dan aluminosilikat yang menghasilkan pelbagai bahan dengan sifat termomekanikal yang menarik. Yang paling penting dari segi ini mempunyai perbezaan yang tidak tahan terhadap kejutan haba. Oleh itu, kaca-seramik telah menjadi sangat berguna untuk memasak countertop. Pekali pengembangan haba negatif (CTE) dari fasa seramik kristal boleh diimbangi dengan CTE positif fasa kaca. Pada titik tertentu (~ 70% kristal) seramik kaca mempunyai CTE bersih berhampiran sifar. Jenis seramik kaca ini mempamerkan sifat-sifat mekanikal yang sangat baik dan boleh mengekalkan suhu berulang dan cepat sehingga 1000 \u00b0 C. <> Berapakah tinggalan perubahan suhu boleh mengendalikan kaca-seramik? || 1000 \u00b0 C <> Kerana rintangan haba mereka, kaca-seramik sangat sesuai untuk apa? || memasak countertop <> Apakah harta yang paling penting dari kaca seramik? || tahan terhadap kejutan haba <> Bahan-bahan apa yang memberikan kaca-seramik toleransi haba yang berguna? || litium dan aluminosilikat <> Berapa bahagian seramik kristal menghasilkan produk dengan CTE sekitar 0? || ~ 70%", {"context": "The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 \u00b0C.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "1000 \u00b0C"}], "question": "How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?", "id": "5729765a6aef051400154f48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "countertop cooking"}], "question": "Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what?", "id": "5729765a6aef051400154f49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "impervious to thermal shock"}], "question": "What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics?", "id": "5729765a6aef051400154f4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "lithium and aluminosilicates"}], "question": "What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance?", "id": "5729765a6aef051400154f4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "~70%"}], "question": "What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0?", "id": "5729765a6aef051400154f4c"}]}], ["Pemerhatian bahawa tingkap-tingkap lama kadang-kadang didapati lebih tebal di bahagian bawah daripada di atas sering ditawarkan sebagai bukti sokongan untuk melihat bahawa kaca mengalir dalam skala masa berabad-abad, anggapan bahawa kaca itu telah mempamerkan sifat cair mengalir dari satu bentuk yang lain. Andaian ini tidak betul, kerana sekali padat, kaca berhenti mengalir. Alasan pemerhatian adalah bahawa pada masa lalu, apabila panel kaca biasanya dibuat oleh kaca-kaca, teknik yang digunakan adalah untuk memutar kaca cair sehingga membuat pusingan, kebanyakannya rata dan juga plat (proses kaca mahkota, yang diterangkan di atas) . Plat ini kemudian dipotong agar sesuai dengan tingkap. Potongan tidak sama rata; tepi cakera menjadi ketebalan yang berlainan apabila kaca berputar. Apabila dipasang di bingkai tingkap, kaca akan diletakkan dengan sisi tebal ke bawah untuk kedua-dua kestabilan dan untuk mengelakkan air terkumpul di cames utama di bahagian bawah tingkap. Kadang-kadang kaca tersebut dijumpai dipasang dengan bahagian tebal di bahagian atas, kiri atau kanan. <> Apakah faedah memasang kaca dengan sisi tebal di bahagian bawah, selain mengelakkan pengumpulan air? || kestabilan <> Siapa yang pernah membuat panel tetingkap? || pengikat kaca <> Apakah nama bagi kaedah pembuatan kaca yang melibatkan berputar ke dalam helaian? || proses kaca mahkota <> Ketebalan di bahagian bawah jubin kaca pernah diambil sebagai bukti bahawa kaca mempunyai ciri-ciri keadaan apa? || cair <> Bilakah kaca berhenti bergerak seperti cecair? || sekali padat", {"context": "The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 881, "text": "stability"}], "question": "What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the bottom, in addition to avoiding water accumulation?", "id": "572979896aef051400154f7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "glassblowers"}], "question": "Who used to make window panes?", "id": "572979896aef051400154f7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "crown glass process"}], "question": "What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved spinning it into sheets?", "id": "572979896aef051400154f80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "liquid"}], "question": "The thickness at the bottom of glass panes was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter?", "id": "572979896aef051400154f81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "once solidified"}], "question": "When does glass stop moving like a liquid?", "id": "572979896aef051400154f82"}]}]], [["Negara anggota EU telah menunjukkan sokongan untuk matlamat tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang bercita-cita tinggi. Pada tahun 2010, Eurobarometer mengesan dua puluh tujuh negara anggota EU mengenai sasaran \"untuk meningkatkan bahagian tenaga boleh diperbaharui di EU sebanyak 20 peratus pada tahun 2020\". Kebanyakan orang di semua dua puluh tujuh negara sama ada meluluskan sasaran atau memanggilnya untuk pergi lebih jauh. Di seluruh EU, 57 peratus menyangka matlamat yang dicadangkan itu \"kira-kira betul\" dan 16 peratus berpendapat ia \"terlalu sederhana.\" Sebagai perbandingan, 19 peratus mengatakan ia \"terlalu bercita-cita tinggi\". <> Siapa yang telah menunjukkan sokongan untuk matlamat tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang bercita-cita tinggi? || Negara anggota EU <> Kumpulan apa yang meninjau 27 negara anggota EU pada tahun 2010? || Eurobarometer <> Matlamatnya adalah untuk meningkatkan bahagian tenaga boleh diperbaharui di EU sebanyak 20 peratus dalam tahun berapa? || 2020", {"context": "EU member countries have shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals. In 2010, Eurobarometer polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target \"to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020\". Most people in all twenty-seven countries either approved of the target or called for it to go further. Across the EU, 57 percent thought the proposed goal was \"about right\" and 16 percent thought it was \"too modest.\" In comparison, 19 percent said it was \"too ambitious\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "EU member countries"}], "question": "Who has shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals?", "id": "57293c241d046914007791a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Eurobarometer"}], "question": "What group polled the 27 EU member states in 2010?", "id": "57293c241d046914007791aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "2020"}], "question": "The goal was to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent in what year?", "id": "57293c241d046914007791ab"}]}], ["Dasar awam dan kepimpinan politik membantu \"mengatasi padang permainan\" dan mendorong penerimaan teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang lebih meluas. Negara-negara seperti Jerman, Denmark, dan Sepanyol telah menerajui cara melaksanakan dasar-dasar inovatif yang telah mendorong kebanyakan pertumbuhan dalam dekad yang lalu. Sehingga 2014, Jerman mempunyai komitmen untuk peralihan \"Energiewende\" kepada ekonomi tenaga yang mampan, dan Denmark mempunyai komitmen untuk tenaga boleh diperbaharui 100% menjelang 2050. Sekarang terdapat 144 negara yang mempunyai sasaran dasar tenaga boleh diperbaharui. <> Apa yang mendorong penerimaan teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang lebih meluas? || Dasar awam dan kepimpinan politik <> Denmark mempunyai komitmen kepada 100 peratus tenaga boleh diperbaharui pada tahun berapa? || 2050 <> Berapa banyak negara sekarang mempunyai dasar tenaga boleh diperbaharui? || 144", {"context": "Public policy and political leadership helps to \"level the playing field\" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies. Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany has a commitment to the \"Energiewende\" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to 100% renewable energy by 2050. There are now 144 countries with renewable energy policy targets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Public policy and political leadership"}], "question": "What drives the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies?", "id": "57293ad06aef051400154ba8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "2050"}], "question": "Denmark has a committment to 100 percent renewable energy by what year?", "id": "57293ad06aef051400154ba9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "144"}], "question": "How many countries now have renewable energy policies?", "id": "57293ad06aef051400154baa"}]}], ["Menjelang akhir tahun 2011, jumlah kapasiti tenaga boleh diperbaharui di seluruh dunia melebihi 1,360 GW, naik 8%. Pembaharuan yang menghasilkan tenaga elektrik menyumbang hampir separuh daripada kapasiti 208 GW yang ditambah secara global pada tahun 2011. Wind dan solar photovoltaics (PV) menyumbang hampir 40% dan 30%. Berdasarkan laporan REN21 2014, tenaga diperbaharui menyumbang 19 peratus kepada penggunaan tenaga kami dan 22 peratus kepada generasi elektrik kami pada 2012 dan 2013 masing-masing. Penggunaan tenaga ini dibahagikan kepada 9% daripada biomas tradisional, 4.2% sebagai tenaga haba (bukan biojisim), 3.8% hidro elektrik dan 2% elektrik dari angin, solar, panas bumi, dan biomas. <> Menjelang akhir tahun 2011, jumlah kapasiti kuasa yang boleh diperbaharui di seluruh dunia melebihi apa jumlahnya? || 1,360 GW <> Boleh diperbaharui menyumbang peratus kepada penggunaan tenaga kita? || 19 peratus <> Renewables menyumbang apa peratusan kepada penjanaan elektrik kita? || 22 peratus", {"context": "By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Renewables producing electricity accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30% . Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "1,360 GW"}], "question": "By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?", "id": "57293d583f37b3190047816d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "19 percent"}], "question": "Renewables contributed what percentage to our energy consumption?", "id": "57293d583f37b3190047816e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "22 percent"}], "question": "Renewables contributed what percentage to our electricity generation?", "id": "57293d583f37b3190047816f"}]}], ["Menurut unjuran 2011 oleh Agensi Tenaga Antarabangsa, loji janakuasa solar boleh menghasilkan kebanyakan tenaga elektrik dunia dalam tempoh 50 tahun, dengan ketara mengurangkan pelepasan gas rumah hijau yang membahayakan alam sekitar. IEA berkata: \"Tumbuhan photovoltaic dan solar-solar boleh memenuhi kebanyakan permintaan dunia untuk elektrik menjelang 2060 - dan setengah daripada semua keperluan tenaga - dengan angin, tenaga hidro dan tumbuhan biomas yang membekalkan banyak generasi yang tinggal\". \"Kuasa solar fotovoltaik dan pekat bersama boleh menjadi sumber utama elektrik\". <> Kumpulan mana yang memproyeksikan bahawa kilang solar boleh menghasilkan sebahagian besar elektrik dunia dalam tempoh 50 tahun? || Agensi Tenaga Antarabangsa <> Tumbuhan photovoltaic dan solar-solar boleh memenuhi sebahagian besar permintaan dunia untuk elektrik menjelang tahun berapa? || 2060 <> Tumbuhan photovoltaic dan solar-solar dapat memenuhi berapa banyak keperluan tenaga dunia pada tahun 2060? || separuh", {"context": "According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: \"Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by 2060 \u2013 and half of all energy needs \u2013 with wind, hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation\". \"Photovoltaic and concentrated solar power together can become the major source of electricity\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "International Energy Agency"}], "question": "Which group projected that solar plant may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years?", "id": "572941266aef051400154c0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "2060"}], "question": "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by what year?", "id": "572941266aef051400154c0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "half"}], "question": "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet how much of the world's energy needs by 2060?", "id": "572941266aef051400154c0c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2013, China mengetuai dunia dalam pengeluaran tenaga boleh diperbaharui, dengan jumlah kapasiti sebanyak 378 GW, terutamanya dari kuasa hidroelektrik dan angin. Sehingga 2014, China mengetuai dunia dalam pengeluaran dan penggunaan kuasa angin, kuasa photovoltaic solar dan teknologi grid pintar, menghasilkan hampir jumlah air, angin dan tenaga suria kerana semua loji kuasa Perancis dan Jerman digabungkan. Sektor tenaga diperbaharui China berkembang lebih cepat daripada bahan api fosil dan kapasiti kuasa nuklearnya. Sejak tahun 2005, pengeluaran sel solar di China telah berkembang sebanyak 100 kali ganda. Apabila pembuatan China diperbaharui telah berkembang, kos teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui telah menurun. Inovasi telah membantu, tetapi pemacu utama kos yang dikurangkan adalah pengembangan pasaran. <> Siapa yang mengetuai dunia dalam pengeluaran tenaga boleh diperbaharui pada tahun 2013? || China <> Sejak tahun apakah pengeluaran sel solar di China berkembang 100 kali ganda? || 2005 <> Apa pemacu utama kos yang dikurangkan? || pengembangan pasaran", {"context": "In 2013, China led the world in renewable energy production, with a total capacity of 378 GW, mainly from hydroelectric and wind power. As of 2014, China leads the world in the production and use of wind power, solar photovoltaic power and smart grid technologies, generating almost as much water, wind and solar energy as all of France and Germany's power plants combined. China's renewable energy sector is growing faster than its fossil fuels and nuclear power capacity. Since 2005, production of solar cells in China has expanded 100-fold. As Chinese renewable manufacturing has grown, the costs of renewable energy technologies have dropped. Innovation has helped, but the main driver of reduced costs has been market expansion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "China"}], "question": "Who led the world in renewable energy production in 2013?", "id": "572942721d0469140077920d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "2005"}], "question": "Since what year has production of solar cells in China expanded 100-fold?", "id": "572942721d0469140077920e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "market expansion"}], "question": "What is the main driver of reduced costs?", "id": "572942721d0469140077920f"}]}], ["Biomas untuk haba dan kuasa adalah teknologi matang sepenuhnya yang menawarkan mekanisme pelupusan sedia untuk sampah organik perbandaran, pertanian dan perindustrian. Walau bagaimanapun, industri ini masih tidak stabil sejak dekad hingga tahun 2007, walaupun permintaan terhadap biojisim (kebanyakannya kayu) terus berkembang di banyak negara membangun. Salah satu masalah biomas adalah bahan yang dibakar secara langsung dalam dapur memasak menghasilkan bahan pencemar, yang membawa kepada akibat kesihatan dan alam sekitar yang teruk, walaupun program dapur masak yang lebih baik dapat mengurangkan beberapa kesan ini. Teknologi biomas generasi pertama boleh bersaing secara ekonomi, tetapi masih memerlukan sokongan penempatan untuk mengatasi penerimaan umum dan isu kecil. <> Apakah satu masalah dengan biomas? || bahan yang dibakar secara langsung dalam dapur memasak menghasilkan bahan pencemar <> Apa yang boleh bersaing secara ekonomi tetapi masih memerlukan sokongan penyebaran? || Teknologi biomas generasi pertama <> Apakah teknologi matang sepenuhnya yang menawarkan mekanisme pelupusan yang sedia ada? || Biomas untuk haba dan kuasa", {"context": "Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing countries. One of the problems of biomass is that material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants, leading to severe health and environmental consequences, although improved cook stove programmes are alleviating some of these effects. First-generation biomass technologies can be economically competitive, but may still require deployment support to overcome public acceptance and small-scale issues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants"}], "question": "What is one problem with biomass?", "id": "572944eb1d04691400779223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "First-generation biomass technologies"}], "question": "What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support?", "id": "572944eb1d04691400779224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Biomass for heat and power"}], "question": "What is a fully maturing technology which offer a ready disposal mechanismm?", "id": "572944eb1d04691400779225"}]}], ["Teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui semakin murah, melalui perubahan teknologi dan melalui manfaat pengeluaran besar-besaran dan persaingan pasaran. Laporan IEA 2011 berkata: \"Satu portfolio teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui menjadi daya saing kos dalam pelbagai keadaan yang semakin luas, dalam beberapa kes menyediakan peluang pelaburan tanpa memerlukan sokongan ekonomi tertentu,\" dan menambah bahawa \"pengurangan kos dalam teknologi kritikal , seperti angin dan suria, dijangka berterusan. \" Sehingga 2011 [kemas kini], terdapat pengurangan besar dalam kos teknologi solar dan angin: <> Apa yang semakin murah akibat perubahan teknologi? || Teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui <> Sehingga tahun berapa telah pengurangan yang ketara dalam kos teknologi solar dan angin? || 2011 <> Kumpulan apa yang menyatakan bahawa \"pengurangan kos dalam teknologi kritikal, seperti angin dan solar, akan terus diteruskan?\" || IEA", {"context": "Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: \"A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support,\" and added that \"cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue.\" As of 2011[update], there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Renewable energy technologies"}], "question": "What is getting cheaper as a result of technilogical change?", "id": "572943176aef051400154c1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "2011"}], "question": "As of what year have there been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies?", "id": "572943176aef051400154c1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "IEA"}], "question": "What group stated that \"cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue?\"", "id": "572943176aef051400154c20"}]}], ["Jumlah pelaburan dalam tenaga boleh diperbaharui (termasuk projek hidro-elektrik kecil) adalah $ 244 bilion pada tahun 2012, turun 12% dari 2011 terutamanya disebabkan oleh harga suria secara mendadak menurun dan pasaran AS dan EU yang lemah. Sebagai sebahagian daripada jumlah pelaburan dalam loji kuasa, angin dan solar PV meningkat daripada 14% pada tahun 2000 kepada lebih 60% pada tahun 2012. Negara-negara utama untuk pelaburan dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini ialah China, Jerman, Sepanyol, Amerika Syarikat, Itali, dan Brazil . Syarikat tenaga boleh diperbaharui termasuk BrightSource Energy, First Solar, Gamesa, Tenaga GE, Goldwind, Sinovel, Trina Solar, Vestas dan Yingli. <> Berapakah jumlah pelaburan dalam tenaga boleh diperbaharui pada tahun 2012? || $ 244 bilion <> Mengapa jumlah pelaburan dalam tenaga boleh diperbaharui turun pada tahun 2012? || harga solar secara mendadak menurunkan <> Apa enam negara teratas untuk pelaburan dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini? || China, Jerman, Sepanyol, Amerika Syarikat, Itali, dan Brazil", {"context": "Total investment in renewable energy (including small hydro-electric projects) was $244 billion in 2012, down 12% from 2011 mainly due to dramatically lower solar prices and weakened US and EU markets. As a share of total investment in power plants, wind and solar PV grew from 14% in 2000 to over 60% in 2012. The top countries for investment in recent years were China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil. Renewable energy companies include BrightSource Energy, First Solar, Gamesa, GE Energy, Goldwind, Sinovel, Trina Solar, Vestas and Yingli.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "$244 billion"}], "question": "How much was the total investment in renewable energy in 2012?", "id": "57293b691d0469140077918d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "dramatically lower solar prices"}], "question": "Why did the total investment in renewable energy go down in 2012?", "id": "57293b691d0469140077918e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil"}], "question": "What  six were the top countries for investment in recent years?", "id": "57293b691d0469140077918f"}]}], ["Sepanjang lima tahun dari akhir tahun 2004 hingga 2009, kapasiti tenaga boleh diperbaharui di seluruh dunia berkembang pada kadar 10-60 peratus setiap tahun untuk banyak teknologi. Pada tahun 2011, Ketua Setiausaha PBB, Achim Steiner berkata: \"Pertumbuhan berterusan dalam segmen teras ekonomi hijau ini tidak berlaku secara kebetulan. Gabungan penetapan sasaran, sokongan dasar dan dana rangsangan kerajaan adalah pendorong peningkatan industri yang dapat diperbaharui dan membawa perubahan yang sangat diperlukan sistem tenaga global kita dalam jangkauan. \" Beliau menambah: \"Tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui akan berkembang dari segi pelaburan, projek dan penyebaran geografi. Dengan berbuat demikian, mereka membuat sumbangan yang lebih tinggi untuk memerangi perubahan iklim, mengatasi kemiskinan tenaga dan ketidakteraturan tenaga\". <> Siapa di bawah setiausaha UN pada tahun 2011? || Achim Steiner <> Antara tahun berapa kapasiti tenaga boleh diperbaharui di seluruh dunia berkembang pada kadar 10 hingga 60 peratus setahun? || 2004 hingga 2009 <> Siapa Achim Steiner? || Setiausaha Agung PBB", {"context": "During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10\u201360 percent annually for many technologies. In 2011, UN under-secretary general Achim Steiner said: \"The continuing growth in this core segment of the green economy is not happening by chance. The combination of government target-setting, policy support and stimulus funds is underpinning the renewable industry's rise and bringing the much needed transformation of our global energy system within reach.\" He added: \"Renewable energies are expanding both in terms of investment, projects and geographical spread. In doing so, they are making an increasing contribution to combating climate change, countering energy poverty and energy insecurity\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Achim Steiner"}], "question": "Who was the UN under-secretary in 2011?", "id": "57293ff51d046914007791f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "2004 through 2009"}], "question": "Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity grow at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually?", "id": "57293ff51d046914007791f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "UN under-secretary general"}], "question": "Who is Achim Steiner?", "id": "57293ff51d046914007791f5"}]}], ["Tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui juga merupakan penyelesaian yang paling ekonomik untuk kapasiti sambungan grid baru di kawasan yang mempunyai sumber yang baik. Oleh kerana kos kuasa yang boleh diperbaharui jatuh, skop aplikasi berdaya maju meningkat. Teknologi yang boleh diperbaharui kini sering merupakan penyelesaian yang paling ekonomi untuk kapasiti penjanaan baru. Di mana \"generasi menembak minyak adalah sumber penjanaan kuasa utama (mis. Di pulau, luar grid dan di sesetengah negara) penyelesaian kos terbaharu yang lebih rendah hampir selalu wujud hari ini\". Sehingga 2012, teknologi penjanaan kuasa yang boleh diperbaharui menyumbang kira-kira separuh daripada semua penambahan kapasiti penjanaan kuasa baru di seluruh dunia. Pada tahun 2011, penambahan termasuk 41 gigawatt (GW) kapasiti kuasa angin baru, 30 GW PV, 25 GW hidro-elektrik, 6 GW biomass, 0.5 GW CSP, dan 0.1 GW kuasa geoterma. <> Apakah penyelesaian yang paling ekonomik untuk kapasiti sambungan grid baru di kawasan yang mempunyai sumber yang baik? || Tenaga Boleh Diperbaharui <> Apa yang berlaku apabila skop aplikasi yang berdaya maju dari segi ekonomi meningkat? || kos kuasa yang boleh diperbaharui jatuh <> Apa yang kini sering merupakan penyelesaian yang paling ekonomi untuk kapasiti penjanaan baru? || Teknologi yang boleh diperbaharui", {"context": "Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where \"oil-fired generation is the predominant power generation source (e.g. on islands, off-grid and in some countries) a lower-cost renewable solution almost always exists today\". As of 2012, renewable power generation technologies accounted for around half of all new power generation capacity additions globally. In 2011, additions included 41 gigawatt (GW) of new wind power capacity, 30 GW of PV, 25 GW of hydro-electricity, 6 GW of biomass, 0.5 GW of CSP, and 0.1 GW of geothermal power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Renewable energy"}], "question": "What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?", "id": "5729442b3f37b319004781db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "the cost of renewable power falls"}], "question": "What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases?", "id": "5729442b3f37b319004781dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Renewable technologies"}], "question": "What are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity?", "id": "5729442b3f37b319004781dd"}]}], ["Kapasiti tenaga panas bumi tumbuh dari sekitar 1 GW pada tahun 1975 hingga hampir 10 GW pada tahun 2008. Amerika Syarikat adalah pemimpin dunia dari segi kapasiti dipasang, yang mewakili 3.1 GW. Negara-negara lain yang mempunyai kapasiti terpasang yang tinggi termasuklah Filipina (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Itali (0.8 GW), Iceland (0.6 GW), Jepun (0.5 GW) ). Di sesetengah negara, kuasa geoterma menyumbang sebahagian besar daripada jumlah bekalan elektrik, seperti di Filipina, di mana geoterma mewakili 17 peratus daripada jumlah campuran tenaga pada akhir tahun 2008. <> Apakah keupayaan panas bumi pada tahun 1975? || 1 GW <> Apakah kapasiti panas bumi pada tahun 2008? || 10 GW <> Dalam Filipina, geoterma mewakili apa peratusan jumlah campuran tenaga pada akhir tahun 2008? || 17 peratus", {"context": "Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008. The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.8 GW), Iceland (0.6 GW), Japan (0.5 GW), and New Zealand (0.5 GW). In some countries, geothermal power accounts for a significant share of the total electricity supply, such as in the Philippines, where geothermal represented 17 percent of the total power mix at the end of 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "1 GW"}], "question": "What was the geothermal capacity in 1975?", "id": "57294c7f3f37b31900478213"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "10 GW"}], "question": "What was the geothermal capacity in 2008?", "id": "57294c7f3f37b31900478214"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "17 percent"}], "question": "In the Phillipines, geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008?", "id": "57294c7f3f37b31900478215"}]}], ["Menurut Agensi Tenaga Antarabangsa, biorefineri etanol selulosa boleh membenarkan biofuel memainkan peranan yang jauh lebih besar di masa depan daripada organisasi seperti yang pernah difikirkan oleh IEA. Etanol selulosa boleh dibuat daripada bahan tumbuhan yang terdiri daripada serat selulosa yang tidak boleh dimakan yang membentuk batang dan cabang kebanyakan tumbuhan. Sisa tanaman (seperti batang jagung, jerami gandum dan jerami padi), sisa kayu, dan sisa pepejal perbandaran adalah sumber biomassul selulosa. Tanaman tenaga yang berdedikasi, seperti switchgrass, juga menjanjikan sumber-sumber selulosa yang boleh dihasilkan secara mampan di banyak rantau. <> Apa yang boleh dibuat dari bahan tumbuhan yang terdiri daripada serat sel selulosa termakan yang membentuk batang dan cabang kebanyakan tumbuhan? || Etanol selulosa <> Apakah sumber biomassul selulosa? || Sisa Tanaman <> Apakah sumber selulosa yang menjanjikan yang dapat dihasilkan secara mampan di banyak rantau? || Tanaman tenaga yang berdedikasi", {"context": "According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and branches of most plants. Crop residues (such as corn stalks, wheat straw and rice straw), wood waste, and municipal solid waste are potential sources of cellulosic biomass. Dedicated energy crops, such as switchgrass, are also promising cellulose sources that can be sustainably produced in many regions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Cellulosic ethanol"}], "question": "What can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants?", "id": "572955386aef051400154d06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Crop residues"}], "question": "What are potential sources of cellulosic biomass?", "id": "572955386aef051400154d07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Dedicated energy crops"}], "question": "What is a promising cellulose source that can be sustainably produced in many regions?", "id": "572955386aef051400154d08"}]}], ["Hydropower dihasilkan di 150 buah negara, dengan rantau Asia Pasifik menghasilkan 32 peratus tenaga hidro global pada tahun 2010. China adalah pengeluar hidroelektrik terbesar, dengan 721 terawatt-jam pengeluaran pada tahun 2010, yang mewakili sekitar 17 peratus penggunaan elektrik domestik. Sekarang terdapat tiga loji hidroelektrik yang lebih besar daripada 10 GW: Tiga Empangan Gorges di China, Empangan Itaipu melintasi sempadan Brazil / Paraguay, dan Guri Dam di Venezuela. Kos hidroelektrik rendah, menjadikannya sumber kompetitif elektrik yang boleh diperbaharui. Kos purata elektrik dari loji hidro yang lebih besar daripada 10 megawatt adalah 3 hingga 5 A.S. sen setiap kilowatt-jam. <> Hydropower dihasilkan di berapa negara? || 150 <> Negara manakah pengeluar hidroelektrik terbesar? || China <> Apakah kos purata elektrik dari loji hidro lebih besar daripada 10 megawatt? || 3 hingga 5 A.S. sen setiap kilowatt jam <> Berapa banyak kilang hidroelektrik yang lebih besar daripada 10 GW? || tiga", {"context": "Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela. The cost of hydroelectricity is low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "150"}], "question": "Hydropower is produced in how many countries?", "id": "572947721d04691400779241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "China"}], "question": "Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer?", "id": "572947721d04691400779242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour"}], "question": "What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts?", "id": "572947721d04691400779244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW?", "id": "572947721d04691400779243"}]}], ["Hidroelektrik adalah istilah yang merujuk kepada tenaga elektrik yang dihasilkan oleh kuasa hidro; pengeluaran kuasa elektrik melalui penggunaan daya graviti jatuh atau mengalir air. Ia merupakan bentuk tenaga boleh diperbaharui paling banyak digunakan, iaitu 16 peratus daripada penjanaan elektrik global - 3,427 terawatt-jam pengeluaran elektrik pada tahun 2010, dan dijangka meningkat kira-kira 3.1% setiap tahun untuk 25 tahun akan datang. Tumbuh-tumbuhan hidroelektrik mempunyai kelebihan yang lama dan banyak loji sedia ada telah beroperasi selama lebih dari 100 tahun. <> Apakah istilah yang merujuk kepada tenaga elektrik yang dihasilkan oleh kuasa hidro? || Hidroelektrik <> Apakah bentuk tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang paling banyak digunakan? || Hydroelectricity <> Hydroelectricity menyumbang kepada berapa peratus penjanaan elektrik global? || Hidroelektrik <> Pengeluaran elektrik dijangka meningkat dengan apa peratusan setiap tahun untuk 25 tahun akan datang? || 3.1%", {"context": "Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation \u2013 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. Hydroelectric plants have the advantage of being long-lived and many existing plants have operated for more than 100 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydroelectricity"}], "question": "What is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower?", "id": "57294646af94a219006aa23f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydroelectricity"}], "question": "What is the most widely used form of renewable energy?", "id": "57294646af94a219006aa240"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydroelectricity"}], "question": "Hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation?", "id": "57294646af94a219006aa241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "3.1%"}], "question": "Electricity production is expected to increase by what percentage each year for the next 25 years?", "id": "57294646af94a219006aa242"}]}], ["Banyak stesen janakuasa fotovoltaik solar telah dibina, terutamanya di Eropah. Sehingga Julai 2012, loji tenaga fotovoltaik terbesar di dunia ialah Projek Solar Agua Caliente (Amerika Syarikat, 247 MW), Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW), Taman Solar Golmud (China, 200 MW), Perovo Solar Power Park (Rusia 100 MW), Loji Kuasa Photovoltaic Sarnia (Kanada, 97 MW), Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark (Jerman 91 MW), Solarpark Finow Tower (Jerman 84.7 MW) , Taman Solar Telegraph (Jerman 83.6 MW), Senftenberg Solarpark (Jerman 82 MW), Taman Solar Finsterwalde (Jerman, 80.7 MW), Taman Solar Okhotnykovo (Rusia, 80 MW), Ladang Solar Lopburi (Thailand 73.16 MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Loji (Itali, 72 MW), dan Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Jerman, 71.8 MW). <> Di manakah kebanyakan stesen janakuasa fotovoltaik telah dibina? || Eropah <> Di mana Taman Solar Charanka? || India <> Di mana Projek Solar Agua Caliente terletak? || USA", {"context": "Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of July 2012, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project (USA, 247 MW), Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW), Golmud Solar Park (China, 200 MW), Perovo Solar Park (Russia 100 MW), Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 97 MW), Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark (Germany 91 MW), Solarpark Finow Tower (Germany 84.7 MW), Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station (Italy, 84.2 MW), Eggebek Solar Park (Germany 83.6 MW), Senftenberg Solarpark (Germany 82 MW), Finsterwalde Solar Park (Germany, 80.7 MW), Okhotnykovo Solar Park (Russia, 80 MW), Lopburi Solar Farm (Thailand 73.16 MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant (Italy, 72 MW), and the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 71.8 MW).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Where have the majority of photovoltaic power stations been built?", "id": "57294d2baf94a219006aa271"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "India"}], "question": "Where is Charanka Solar Park?", "id": "57294d2baf94a219006aa273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "USA"}], "question": "Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project located?", "id": "57294d2baf94a219006aa272"}]}], ["Hampir semua petrol yang dijual di Amerika Syarikat hari ini bercampur dengan 10 peratus etanol, campuran yang dikenali sebagai E10, dan pengeluar kenderaan bermotor sudah menghasilkan kenderaan yang direka untuk berjalan pada campuran etanol yang lebih tinggi. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, dan GM adalah antara syarikat kereta yang menjual kereta, trak, dan minivan yang fleksibel yang boleh menggunakan petrol dan campuran etanol dari petrol tulen sehingga 85% etanol (E85). Cabarannya ialah untuk memperluaskan pasaran bagi biofuel di luar negara ladang di mana mereka telah paling popular sehingga kini. Akta Dasar Tenaga 2005, yang memanggil 7.5 bilion gelen US (28,000,000 m3) biofuel untuk digunakan setiap tahun menjelang 2012, juga akan membantu mengembangkan pasaran. <> Hampir semua petrol yang dijual di A.S. dicampur dengan berapa peratus etanol? || 10 peratus <> Apa yang bertindak memanggil 7.5 bilion US gelen biofuel untuk digunakan setiap tahun menjelang tahun 2012? || Akta Polisi Tenaga 2005 <> Nama satu syarikat yang menjual kereta fleksibel-bahan api? || GM", {"context": "Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). The challenge is to expand the market for biofuels beyond the farm states where they have been most popular to date. The Energy Policy Act of 2005, which calls for 7.5 billion US gallons (28,000,000 m3) of biofuels to be used annually by 2012, will also help to expand the market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "10 percent"}], "question": "Nearly all gasoline sold in the U.S. is mixed with what percentage of ethanol?", "id": "572952c9af94a219006aa29b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "The Energy Policy Act of 2005"}], "question": "What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?", "id": "572952c9af94a219006aa29c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "GM"}], "question": "Name one company that sells flexible-fuel cars?", "id": "572952c9af94a219006aa29d"}]}], ["Stesen janakuasa terma suria termasuk loji janakuasa janakuasa Tenaga Suria Generasi 354 megawatt (MW) di Amerika Syarikat, Stesen Tenaga Suria Solnova (Sepanyol, 150 MW), stesen janakuasa solar Andasol (Sepanyol, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (Amerika Syarikat, 64 MW), menara kuasa solar PS20 (Sepanyol, 20 MW), dan menara kuasa solar PS10 (Sepanyol, 11 MW). Kemudahan Kuasa Solar 370 MW Ivanpah, yang terletak di Gurun Mojave California, merupakan projek loji kuasa solar terbesar di dunia yang sedang dalam pembinaan. Banyak tumbuh-tumbuhan lain sedang dalam pembinaan atau dirancang, terutamanya di Sepanyol dan Amerika Syarikat. Di negara-negara membangun, tiga projek Bank Dunia untuk loji janakuasa gas-turbin solar terma / gabungan solar bersepadu di Mesir, Mexico dan Maghribi telah diluluskan. <> Di mana Kemudahan Kuasa Solar Ivanpah terletak? || Gurun Mojave California <> Apakah projek kilang tenaga suria terbesar di dunia sedang dalam pembinaan? || Kemudahan Kuasa Solar Ivanpah <> Di manakah kuasa menara solar PS20 terletak? || Sepanyol", {"context": "Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "California's Mojave Desert"}], "question": "Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?", "id": "572952116aef051400154cd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Ivanpah Solar Power Facility"}], "question": "What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?", "id": "572952116aef051400154cd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?", "id": "572952116aef051400154cd8"}]}], ["Sehingga 2014, industri angin di Amerika Syarikat mampu menghasilkan lebih banyak kuasa pada kos yang lebih rendah dengan menggunakan turbin angin yang lebih tinggi dengan bilah yang lebih lama, menangkap angin lebih cepat pada ketinggian yang lebih tinggi. Ini telah membuka peluang-peluang baru dan di Indiana, Michigan, dan Ohio, harga kuasa dari turbin angin yang dibina 300 kaki hingga 400 kaki di atas tanah kini boleh bersaing dengan bahan api fosil konvensional seperti arang batu. Harga jatuh kepada kira-kira 4 sen setiap kilowatt-jam dalam beberapa kes dan utiliti telah meningkatkan jumlah tenaga angin dalam portfolio mereka, dengan mengatakan ia adalah pilihan mereka yang paling murah. <> Bagaimana industri angin di Amerika Syarikat dapat menghasilkan lebih banyak kuasa pada kos yang lebih rendah? || dengan menggunakan turbin angin yang lebih tinggi dengan bilah yang lebih lama <> Berapa tinggi turbin angin baru yang sedang dibina di Indiana, Michigan dan Ohio? || 300 kaki hingga 400 kaki di atas tanah <> Turbin angin di Amerika Syarikat kini boleh bersaing dengan bahan api jenis apa? || bahan api fosil konvensional seperti arang batu <> Harga telah jatuh serendah harga apa? || 4 sen setiap kilowatt-jam", {"context": "As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal. Prices have fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt-hour in some cases and utilities have been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio, saying it is their cheapest option.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "by using taller wind turbines with longer blades"}], "question": "How is the wind industry in the USA able to produce more power at lower cost?", "id": "572950ad6aef051400154cb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "300 feet to 400 feet above the ground"}], "question": "How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio?", "id": "572950ad6aef051400154cb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "conventional fossil fuels like coal"}], "question": "Wind turbines in the USA can now compete with what type of fuel?", "id": "572950ad6aef051400154cb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "4 cents per kilowatt-hour"}], "question": "Prices have fallen as low as what price?", "id": "572950ad6aef051400154cb7"}]}], ["Beberapa pembaharuan generasi kedua, seperti kuasa angin, mempunyai potensi yang tinggi dan telah menyedari kos pengeluaran yang rendah. Pemasangan kuasa angin global meningkat sebanyak 35,800 MW pada tahun 2010, menjadikan jumlah kapasiti terpasang sehingga 194,400 MW, peningkatan 22.5% pada 158,700 MW yang dipasang pada akhir tahun 2009. Kenaikan 2010 mewakili pelaburan berjumlah \u20ac 47.3 bilion (US $ 65 bilion) dan untuk kali pertama lebih separuh daripada semua kuasa angin baru telah ditambah di luar pasaran tradisional Eropah dan Amerika Utara, didorong terutamanya oleh ledakan berterusan di China yang menyumbang hampir separuh daripada semua pemasangan pada 16,500 MW. China kini mempunyai 42,300 MW kuasa angin dipasang. Kuasa angin menyumbang kira-kira 19% tenaga elektrik yang dihasilkan di Denmark, 9% di Sepanyol dan Portugal, dan 6% di Jerman dan Republik Ireland. Di Australia, kuasa angin Australia Selatan, yang dipimpin oleh Perdana Menteri Mike Rann (2002-2011), kini merangkumi 26% daripada penjanaan tenaga elektrik negeri, yang mengalirkan kuasa melepaskan arang batu. Pada akhir tahun 2011 Australia Selatan, dengan 7.2% penduduk Australia, mempunyai 54% kapasiti kuasa angin yang terpasang di negara ini. Perkongsian kuasa angin di seluruh dunia pada akhir tahun 2014 adalah 3.1%. Ini adalah beberapa ladang angin terbesar di dunia: <> Pemanasan kuasa angin global meningkat sebanyak berapa tahun 2010? || 35,800 MW <> China mempunyai berapa kuasa angin dipasang? || 42,300 MW <> Di Denmark, kuasa angin menyumbang kepada berapa peratus tenaga elektrik yang dihasilkan? || 19% <> Di Sepanyol, kuasa angin menyumbang kepada berapa peratus tenaga elektrik yang dihasilkan? || 9% <> Di Jerman, kuasa angin menyumbang kepada berapa peratus tenaga elektrik yang dihasilkan? || 6%", {"context": "Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009. The increase for 2010 represents investments totalling \u20ac47.3 billion (US$65 billion) and for the first time more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets of Europe and North America, mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China which accounted for nearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW. China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed. Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity generated in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. In Australian state of South Australia wind power, championed by Premier Mike Rann (2002\u20132011), now comprises 26% of the state's electricity generation, edging out coal fired power. At the end of 2011 South Australia, with 7.2% of Australia's population, had 54%of the nation's installed wind power capacity. Wind power's share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 3.1%. These are some of the largest wind farms in the world:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "35,800 MW"}], "question": "Global wind power installations increased by how much in 2010?", "id": "57294f546aef051400154c9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "42,300 MW"}], "question": "China has how much wind power installed?", "id": "57294f546aef051400154c9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "19%"}], "question": "In Denmark, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?", "id": "57294f546aef051400154c9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "9%"}], "question": "In Spain, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?", "id": "57294f546aef051400154c9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "6%"}], "question": "In Germany, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?", "id": "57294f546aef051400154ca0"}]}], ["Terdapat juga banyak loji besar dalam pembinaan. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm yang sedang dibina di Riverside County, California dan Topaz Solar Farm yang dibina di San Luis Obispo County, California adalah kedua-dua taman solar 550 MW yang akan menggunakan modul photovoltaic solar-thin film yang dibuat oleh First Solar. Projek Tenaga Blythe Solar adalah stesen fotovoltaik 500 MW yang sedang dibina di Riverside County, California. California Valley Solar Ranch (CVSR) adalah loji kuasa photovoltaic 250 megawatt (MW), yang sedang dibina oleh SunPower di Carrizo Plain, timur laut Lembah California. The 230 MW Antelope Valley Solar Ranch adalah projek fotovoltaik Pertama Solar yang sedang dalam pembinaan di Lembah Antelope di Gurun Mojave Barat dan akan siap pada tahun 2013. Projek Mesquite Solar adalah sebuah loji tenaga solar photovoltaic yang dibina di Arlington , Maricopa County, Arizona, dimiliki oleh Sempra Generation. Fasa 1 akan mempunyai kapasiti papan nama 150 megawatt. <> Di mana Ladang Solar Solar Desert sedang dalam pembinaan? || Riverside County, California <> Di mana Ladang Solar Solar Desert? || San Luis Obispo County, California <> Siapa yang membina Lembah Solar Califoria Valley? || SunPower", {"context": "There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar. The Blythe Solar Power Project is a 500 MW photovoltaic station under construction in Riverside County, California. The California Valley Solar Ranch (CVSR) is a 250 megawatt (MW) solar photovoltaic power plant, which is being built by SunPower in the Carrizo Plain, northeast of California Valley. The 230 MW Antelope Valley Solar Ranch is a First Solar photovoltaic project which is under construction in the Antelope Valley area of the Western Mojave Desert, and due to be completed in 2013. The Mesquite Solar project is a photovoltaic solar power plant being built in Arlington, Maricopa County, Arizona, owned by Sempra Generation. Phase 1 will have a nameplate capacity of 150 megawatts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Riverside County, California"}], "question": "Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm currently under construction?", "id": "57294e063f37b3190047821f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "San Luis Obispo County, California"}], "question": "Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm?", "id": "57294e063f37b31900478220"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "SunPower"}], "question": "Who is building The Califoria Valley Solar Ranch?", "id": "57294e063f37b31900478221"}]}], ["Peralihan cukai telah dibincangkan secara meluas dan disokong oleh ahli ekonomi. Ia melibatkan menurunkan cukai pendapatan sambil meningkatkan levi aktiviti-aktiviti yang merosakkan alam sekitar, untuk mewujudkan pasaran yang lebih responsif. Sebagai contoh, cukai ke atas arang batu yang termasuk peningkatan kos penjagaan kesihatan yang dikaitkan dengan pernafasan udara tercemar, kos kerosakan hujan asid, dan kos gangguan iklim akan menggalakkan pelaburan dalam teknologi yang boleh diperbaharui. Beberapa negara Eropah Barat telah beralih cukai dalam satu proses yang dikenali sebagai pembaharuan cukai alam sekitar. <> Apa yang melibatkan mengurangkan cukai pendapatan sambil menaikkan levi? || Peralihan cukai <> Beberapa syarikat Eropah Barat beralih cukai dalam proses yang dikenali sebagai apa? || pembaharuan cukai alam sekitar <> Apakah tujuan perpindahan cukai? || untuk mewujudkan pasaran yang lebih responsif", {"context": "Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted air, the costs of acid rain damage, and the costs of climate disruption would encourage investment in renewable technologies. Several Western European countries are already shifting taxes in a process known there as environmental tax reform.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tax shifting"}], "question": "What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies?", "id": "57296618af94a219006aa383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "environmental tax reform"}], "question": "Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?", "id": "57296618af94a219006aa384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "to create a more responsive market"}], "question": "What is the purpose of tax shifting?", "id": "57296618af94a219006aa385"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2008 [update], pembangunan kuasa geoterma sedang dijalankan di lebih daripada 40 buah negara, sebahagiannya dikaitkan dengan pembangunan teknologi baru, seperti Sistem Geothermal Enhanced. Perkembangan kilang kuasa kitaran binari dan penambahbaikan dalam teknologi penggerudian dan pengekstrakan boleh membolehkan sistem geoterma dipertingkatkan dalam pelbagai geografi daripada sistem \"geotermal\" tradisional. Demonstrasi projek EGS beroperasi di Amerika Syarikat, Australia, Jerman, Perancis, dan United Kingdom. <> Pada tahun 2008, pembangunan kuasa geoterma sedang dijalankan di lebih dari berapa negara? || 40 <> Apa satu teknologi baru yang dikaitkan dengan pertumbuhan kuasa geoterma? || Sistem Geothermal Enhanced <> Berapa operasi di Amerika Syarikat, Australia, Jerman, Perancis dan United Kingdom? || Projek demonstrasi EGS", {"context": "As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range than \"traditional\" Geothermal systems. Demonstration EGS projects are operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France, and The United Kingdom.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "40"}], "question": "As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries?", "id": "572956196aef051400154d0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Enhanced Geothermal Systems"}], "question": "What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?", "id": "572956196aef051400154d0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Demonstration EGS projects"}], "question": "What is operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom?", "id": "572956196aef051400154d0e"}]}], ["Lester Brown menegaskan bahawa \"dunia yang menghadapi prospek perubahan iklim yang mengganggu ekonomi tidak lagi dapat membenarkan subsidi untuk mengembangkan pembakaran arang batu dan minyak. Mengalihkan subsidi ini kepada pembangunan sumber tenaga benigna iklim seperti angin, solar, biomas, dan kuasa geoterma adalah kunci untuk menstabilkan iklim bumi. \" Persatuan Tenaga Solar Antarabangsa menganjurkan \"meratakan padang permainan\" dengan memperbaharui ketidaksamaan yang berterusan dalam subsidi tenaga teknologi dan R & D, di mana bahan api fosil dan tenaga nuklear menerima bahagian terbesar sokongan kewangan. <> Apakah kumpulan penyokong yang meratakan padang permainan? || Persatuan Tenaga Suria Antarabangsa <> Bagaimana Persatuan Tenaga Solar Antarabangsa mengamalkan tahap permainan? || dengan memperbetulkan ketidakadilan yang berterusan dalam subsidi awam teknologi tenaga dan R & D <> Apakah kunci untuk menstabilkan iklim bumi? || pembangunan sumber tenaga benigna iklim", {"context": "Lester Brown has argued that \"a world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate.\" The International Solar Energy Society advocates \"leveling the playing field\" by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D, in which the fossil fuel and nuclear power receive the largest share of financial support.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "International Solar Energy Society"}], "question": "What group advocates leveling the playing field?", "id": "57296a386aef051400154e40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D"}], "question": "How does the International Solar Energy Society propse to level the playing field?", "id": "57296a386aef051400154e41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "development of climate-benign energy sources"}], "question": "What is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate?", "id": "57296a386aef051400154e42"}]}], ["Menetapkan sasaran tenaga boleh diperbaharui kebangsaan boleh menjadi bahagian penting dalam dasar tenaga boleh diperbaharui dan sasaran ini biasanya ditakrifkan sebagai peratusan tenaga utama dan / atau campuran penjanaan elektrik. Sebagai contoh, Kesatuan Eropah telah menetapkan sasaran tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang menunjukkan 12 peratus daripada jumlah campuran tenaga EU dan 22 peratus penggunaan elektrik menjelang 2010. Target negara untuk negara anggota EU Individu juga telah ditetapkan untuk memenuhi sasaran keseluruhan. Negara maju lain yang mempunyai sasaran nasional atau serantau yang ditetapkan termasuk Australia, Kanada, Israel, Jepun, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapura, Switzerland, dan beberapa negara AS. <> Menetapkan sasaran tenaga boleh diperbaharui kebangsaan boleh menjadi bahagian penting dari apa? || dasar tenaga boleh diperbaharui <> Kesatuan Eropah telah menetapkan sasaran tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang menunjukkan berapa peratus? || 12 peratus daripada jumlah campuran tenaga EU <> Beri nama satu negara luar dengan sasaran kebangsaan atau serantau yang ditetapkan? || Australia", {"context": "Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total EU energy mix and 22 per cent of electricity consumption by 2010. National targets for individual EU Member States have also been set to meet the overall target. Other developed countries with defined national or regional targets include Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, and some US States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "renewable energy policy"}], "question": "Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what?", "id": "57296daa1d04691400779427"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "12 per cent of the total EU energy mix"}], "question": "The European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent?", "id": "57296daa1d04691400779428"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "Name one outher country with defined national or regional target?", "id": "57296daa1d04691400779429"}]}], ["Sama seperti keperluan untuk peralihan cukai, terdapat juga keperluan untuk peralihan subsidi. Subsidi bukanlah perkara yang buruk kerana banyak teknologi dan industri muncul melalui skim subsidi kerajaan. Tinjauan Stern menerangkan bahawa 20 inovasi utama dari 30 tahun yang lalu, hanya satu daripada 14 yang dibiayai sepenuhnya oleh sektor swasta dan sembilan telah dibiayai sepenuhnya secara awam. Dari segi contoh-contoh tertentu, Internet adalah hasil hubungan awam yang dibiayai di kalangan komputer di makmal kerajaan dan institut penyelidikan. Dan gabungan potongan cukai persekutuan dan potongan cukai negeri yang teguh di California membantu mewujudkan industri kuasa angin moden. <> Selain peralihan cukai, apa keperluan lain? || peralihan subsidi <> Apa hasil hubungan awam yang dibiayai di kalangan komputer di makmal kerajaan dan institut pengajian? || Internet <> Apa yang membantu mewujudkan industri tenaga angin moden? || potongan cukai persekutuan dan potongan cukai negara yang teguh di California", {"context": "Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entirely by the private sector and nine were totally publicly funded. In terms of specific examples, the Internet was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government laboratories and research institutes. And the combination of the federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California helped to create the modern wind power industry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "subsidy shifting"}], "question": "Besides tax shifting, what is another need?", "id": "572967616aef051400154e24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "the Internet"}], "question": "What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?", "id": "572967616aef051400154e25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California"}], "question": "What helped create the modern wind power industry?", "id": "572967616aef051400154e26"}]}], ["Pengkomersialan tenaga boleh diperbaharui melibatkan penggunaan tiga generasi teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui sejak lebih 100 tahun. Teknologi generasi pertama, yang sudah matang dan berdaya saing ekonomi, termasuk biojisim, hidroelektrik, kuasa geoterma dan haba. Teknologi generasi kedua adalah siap pasaran dan sedang digunakan pada masa kini; mereka termasuk pemanasan solar, fotovoltaik, kuasa angin, stesen janakuasa haba solar, dan bentuk bioenergi moden. Teknologi generasi ketiga memerlukan usaha R & D yang berterusan untuk membuat sumbangan besar pada skala global dan termasuk pengegasan biomas lanjutan, kuasa geotermal panas-kering, dan tenaga lautan. Sehingga 2012, akaun tenaga boleh diperbaharui kira-kira separuh daripada kapasiti papan nama baru dipasang dan kos terus jatuh. <> Sehingga tahun 2012, apa yang menyumbang kira-kira separuh daripada kapasiti papan nama baru? || tenaga boleh diperbaharui <> Apa yang melibatkan penggunaan tiga generasi teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui sejak lebih 100 tahun? || Pengkomersialan tenaga boleh diperbaharui <> Nama satu teknologi generasi kedua yang siap pasaran. || kuasa angin", {"context": "Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "renewable energy"}], "question": "As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity?", "id": "5729683a1d046914007793bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Renewable energy commercialization"}], "question": "What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years?", "id": "5729683a1d046914007793bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "wind power"}], "question": "Name one second-generation technology that is market ready.", "id": "5729683a1d046914007793bd"}]}], ["Sesetengah negara menghapuskan atau mengurangkan subsidi mengganggu iklim dan Belgium, Perancis, dan Jepun telah menghalang semua subsidi untuk arang batu. Jerman mengurangkan subsidi arang batu. Subsidi itu jatuh dari $ 5.4 bilion pada tahun 1989 kepada $ 2.8 bilion pada tahun 2002, dan dalam proses Jerman menurunkan penggunaan arang batu sebanyak 46 peratus. China mengurangkan subsidi arang batu dari $ 750 juta pada tahun 1993 kepada $ 240 juta pada tahun 1995 dan baru-baru ini telah mengenakan cukai arang batu sulfur tinggi. Bagaimanapun, Amerika Syarikat telah meningkatkan sokongannya terhadap industri bahan api dan nuklear fosil. <> Negara apakah yang mengurangkan subsidi arang batu? || Jerman <> Negara apa yang telah meningkatkan sokongannya terhadap industri bahan api dan nuklear fosil? || Amerika Syarikat <> Beberapa negara telah menghapus semua subsidi untuk apa bahannya? || arang", {"context": "Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China cut its coal subsidy from $750 million in 1993 to $240 million in 1995 and more recently has imposed a high-sulfur coal tax. However, the United States has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "What country is reducing its coal subsidy?", "id": "57296cccaf94a219006aa3df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "United States"}], "question": "What country has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?", "id": "57296cccaf94a219006aa3e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "coal"}], "question": "Some countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance?", "id": "57296cccaf94a219006aa3e1"}]}], ["Lester Brown menyatakan bahawa pasaran \"tidak menggabungkan kos tidak langsung untuk menyediakan barangan atau perkhidmatan kepada harga, ia tidak menghargai perkhidmatan alam semulajadi dengan secukupnya, dan ia tidak menghormati ambang batas mampan sistem alam semulajadi\". Ia juga sesuai untuk jangka masa terdekat dalam jangka masa panjang, dengan itu menunjukkan keprihatinan yang terhad untuk generasi akan datang. Perpindahan cukai dan subsidi boleh membantu mengatasi masalah ini, walaupun juga bermasalah untuk menggabungkan rejim normatif antarabangsa yang berbeza yang mengawal isu ini. <> Lester Brown menyatakan bahawa pasaran tidak menggabungkan apa? || kos tidak langsung menyediakan barangan atau perkhidmatan ke harga <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa pasaran tidak menghargai perkhidmatan alam semula jadi secukupnya? || Lester Brown <> Apa yang boleh membantu menyelesaikan masalah dengan pasaran? || Peralihan cukai dan subsidi", {"context": "Lester Brown states that the market \"does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems\". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited concern for future generations. Tax and subsidy shifting can help overcome these problems, though is also problematic to combine different international normative regimes regulating this issue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices"}], "question": "Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what?", "id": "572965381d04691400779399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lester Brown"}], "question": "Who believes that the market does not value nature's service adequately?", "id": "572965381d0469140077939a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Tax and subsidy shifting"}], "question": "What can help over come the problems with the market?", "id": "572965381d0469140077939b"}]}], ["Industri PV telah menyaksikan kejatuhan harga modul sejak 2008. Pada akhir 2011, harga pintu kilang untuk modul photovoltaic silikon jatuh di bawah paras $ 1.00 / W. Kos pemasangan $ 1.00 / W, sering dianggap dalam industri PV sebagai menandakan pencapaian pariti grid untuk PV. Pengurangan ini telah mengambil banyak pihak berkepentingan, termasuk penganalisis industri, dengan kejutan, dan persepsi tentang ekonomi tenaga suria semasa sering tertinggal di belakang realiti. Sesetengah pihak yang berkepentingan masih mempunyai perspektif bahawa solar PV tetap terlalu mahal pada asas tanpa disubsidi untuk bersaing dengan pilihan generasi konvensional. Namun, kemajuan teknologi, penambahbaikan proses pembuatan, dan penstrukturan semula industri, bermakna pengurangan harga lebih lanjut mungkin dalam tahun-tahun akan datang. <> Industri PV telah melihat penurunan harga modul sejak tahun berapa? || 2008 <> Apakah tanda bahawa pengurangan harga lebih lanjut mungkin dalam tahun-tahun akan datang? || kemajuan teknologi <> Kos apa yang sering dianggap sebagai menandakan pencapaian pariti grid untuk PV? || Kos pemasangan $ 1.00 / W", {"context": "The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $1.00/W mark. The $1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV. These reductions have taken many stakeholders, including industry analysts, by surprise, and perceptions of current solar power economics often lags behind reality. Some stakeholders still have the perspective that solar PV remains too costly on an unsubsidized basis to compete with conventional generation options. Yet technological advancements, manufacturing process improvements, and industry re-structuring, mean that further price reductions are likely in coming years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "2008"}], "question": "The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since what year?", "id": "57295f18af94a219006aa33b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "technological advancements"}], "question": "What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years?", "id": "57295f18af94a219006aa33c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "$1.00/W installed cost"}], "question": "What cost is often regarded as marking the achievment of grid parity for PV?", "id": "57295f18af94a219006aa33d"}]}], ["Banyak pasaran, institusi dan dasar tenaga telah dibangunkan untuk menyokong pengeluaran dan penggunaan bahan api fosil. Teknologi baru dan bersih boleh menawarkan faedah sosial dan alam sekitar, tetapi pengendali utiliti sering menolak sumber yang boleh diperbaharui kerana mereka dilatih untuk berfikir hanya dari segi loji kuasa besar dan konvensional. Pengguna sering mengabaikan sistem kuasa yang boleh diperbaharui kerana mereka tidak diberi isyarat harga yang tepat mengenai penggunaan elektrik. Gangguan pasaran yang disengajakan (seperti subsidi), dan penyelewengan pasaran yang tidak disengajakan (seperti insentif berpecah) mungkin berfungsi dengan pembaharuan. Benjamin K. Sovacool berhujah bahawa \"beberapa halangan yang paling rumit, namun berkuasa, yang dihadapi oleh tenaga boleh diperbaharui dan kecekapan tenaga di Amerika Syarikat adalah mengenai budaya dan institusi daripada kejuruteraan dan sains\". <> Mengapa pengendali utiliti sering menolak sumber yang boleh diperbaharui? || kerana mereka dilatih untuk berfikir hanya dari segi loji janakuasa yang konvensional <> Mengapa pengguna sering mengabaikan sistem kuasa yang boleh diperbaharui? || kerana mereka tidak diberi isyarat harga yang tepat tentang penggunaan elektrik <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa beberapa masalah yang dihadapi tenaga boleh diperbaharui lebih banyak mengenai budaya dan institusi daripada kejuruteraan dan sains? || Benjamin K. Sovacool", {"context": "Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels. Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants. Consumers often ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption. Intentional market distortions (such as subsidies), and unintentional market distortions (such as split incentives) may work against renewables. Benjamin K. Sovacool has argued that \"some of the most surreptitious, yet powerful, impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants"}], "question": "Why do utility operators often reject renewable resources?", "id": "572961001d04691400779353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption"}], "question": "Why do consumers often ignore renewable power systems?", "id": "572961001d04691400779354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Benjamin K. Sovacool"}], "question": "Who argued that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science?", "id": "572961001d04691400779355"}]}], ["Setiausaha Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu Ban Ki-moon mengatakan bahawa \"tenaga boleh diperbaharui mempunyai keupayaan untuk mengangkat bangsa-bangsa termiskin ke tahap kemakmuran yang baru\". Pada Oktober 2011, beliau \"mengumumkan penciptaan kumpulan peringkat tinggi untuk menyokong sokongan untuk mendapatkan tenaga, kecekapan tenaga dan penggunaan tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang lebih besar. Kumpulan itu akan diketuai bersama oleh Kandeh Yumkella, ketua PBB Energy dan pengarah umum Pertubuhan Pembangunan Perindustrian PBB, dan Charles Holliday, pengerusi Bank of America \". <> Siapa Setiausaha Agung PBB? || Ban Ki-moon <> Ban Ki-moon menyatakan bahawa tenaga boleh diperbaharui mempunyai keupayaan untuk mengangkat negara-negara termiskin ke tahap kemakmuran yang baru? || tenaga boleh diperbaharui <> Siapa pengerusi Tenaga PBB? || Kandeh Yumkella <> Siapa pengerusi Bank of America? || Charles Holliday", {"context": "United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that \"renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity\". In October 2011, he \"announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Ban Ki-moon"}], "question": "Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?", "id": "572974506aef051400154f1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "renewable energy"}], "question": "Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?", "id": "572974506aef051400154f1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Kandeh Yumkella"}], "question": "Who is chair of UN Energy?", "id": "572974506aef051400154f1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Charles Holliday"}], "question": "Who is chairman of Bank of America?", "id": "572974506aef051400154f1f"}]}], ["Begitu juga, di Amerika Syarikat, Majlis Penyelidikan Kebangsaan yang bebas telah menyatakan bahawa \"terdapat sumber yang boleh diperbaharui dalam negeri yang mencukupi untuk membolehkan elektrik boleh diperbaharui memainkan peranan penting dalam penjanaan elektrik masa depan dan dengan itu membantu menghadapi isu-isu yang berkaitan dengan perubahan iklim, keselamatan tenaga, dan peningkatan daripada kos tenaga ... Tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui adalah pilihan yang menarik kerana sumber yang boleh diperbaharui yang terdapat di Amerika Syarikat, yang diambil secara kolektif, boleh membekalkan sejumlah besar elektrik daripada jumlah keseluruhan atau permintaan domestik semasa. \" . <> Mengapa tenaga boleh diperbaharui merupakan pilihan yang menarik? || boleh membekalkan jumlah elektrik yang jauh lebih besar daripada jumlah permintaan semasa atau yang diunjurkan dalam negeri <> Di negara manakah Majlis Penyelidikan Kebangsaan terletak? || Amerika Syarikat <> Sumber semula sumber semula jadi domestik yang mencukupi untuk sebab apa? || untuk membolehkan elektrik boleh diperbaharui memainkan peranan penting dalam penjanaan elektrik masa depan", {"context": "Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that \"sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs \u2026 Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand.\" .", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand"}], "question": "Why is renewable energy an attractive option?", "id": "572977183f37b31900478459"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "United States"}], "question": "In what country is the National Research Council located?", "id": "572977183f37b3190047845a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation"}], "question": "Sufficient domestic reneewable resources exist for what reason?", "id": "572977183f37b3190047845b"}]}], ["Sejumlah peristiwa pada tahun 2006 mendorong tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui sehingga agenda politik, termasuk pilihan raya pertengahan AS pada bulan November, yang mengesahkan tenaga bersih sebagai isu arus perdana. Juga pada tahun 2006, Kajian Semula Stern membuat kes ekonomi yang kuat untuk melabur dalam teknologi karbon rendah sekarang, dan berpendapat bahawa pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak perlu bersesuaian dengan pemotongan penggunaan tenaga. Menurut analisis trend dari Program Alam Sekitar Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa, kebimbangan perubahan iklim ditambah dengan kenaikan harga minyak baru-baru ini dan peningkatan sokongan kerajaan mendorong peningkatan kadar pelaburan dalam industri tenaga dan tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui. <> Apa yang membuat kes ekonomi yang kuat untuk melabur dalam teknologi karbon rendah? || Peninjauan Stern <> Pada tahun berapa banyak peristiwa yang mendorong tenaga terbarukan sehingga agenda politik? || 2006 <> Apa yang mendorong peningkatan kadar pelaburan dalam industri tenaga boleh diperbaharui? || kebimbangan perubahan iklim ditambah pula dengan harga minyak baru-baru ini", {"context": "A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption. According to a trend analysis from the United Nations Environment Programme, climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Stern Review"}], "question": "What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?", "id": "572971b83f37b319004783d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda?", "id": "572971b83f37b319004783da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices"}], "question": "What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?", "id": "572971b83f37b319004783db"}]}], ["Mark Z. Jacobson, profesor kejuruteraan sivil dan alam sekitar di Stanford University dan pengarah Program Atmosfera dan Tenaga mengatakan menghasilkan tenaga baru dengan kuasa angin, tenaga suria dan kuasa hidro menjelang tahun 2030 adalah perkiraan bekalan elektrik yang sedia ada dan boleh digantikan oleh 2050 Halangan untuk melaksanakan pelan tenaga boleh diperbaharui dilihat sebagai \"terutamanya sosial dan politik, bukan teknologi atau ekonomi\". Jacobson mengatakan bahawa kos tenaga dengan angin, solar, sistem air harus sama dengan kos tenaga hari ini. <> Siapa seorang profesor kejuruteraan awam dan alam sekitar di Stanford University? || Mark Z. Jacobson <> Apakah halangan untuk melaksanakan pelan tenaga boleh diperbaharui? || sosial dan politik <> Yang menyatakan bahawa kos tenaga dengan angin, solar, sistem air harus sama dengan kos tenaga hari ini? || Mark Z. Jacobson <> Jacobson mengatakan menghasilkan semua tenaga baru dengan kuasa angin, tenaga solar dan kuasa hidro dapat dilaksanakan oleh tahun apa? || 2030", {"context": "Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be \"primarily social and political, not technological or economic\". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mark Z. Jacobson"}], "question": "Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University?", "id": "57297650af94a219006aa47b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "social and political"}], "question": "What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan?", "id": "57297650af94a219006aa47c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mark Z. Jacobson"}], "question": "Who stated that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs?", "id": "57297650af94a219006aa47d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "2030"}], "question": "Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power and hydropower is feasible by what year?", "id": "57297650af94a219006aa47e"}]}], ["Penggunaan seluruh dunia tenaga solar dan kuasa angin terus meningkat dengan ketara pada tahun 2012. Penggunaan elektrik suria meningkat sebanyak 58 peratus, kepada 93 terawatt-jam (TWh). Penggunaan kuasa angin pada 2012 meningkat sebanyak 18.1 peratus, kepada 521.3 TWh. Kapasiti dipasang tenaga suria dan angin global terus berkembang walaupun pelaburan baru dalam teknologi ini merosot pada tahun 2012. Pelaburan dunia dalam tenaga solar pada tahun 2012 adalah $ 140.4 bilion, penurunan 11 peratus dari 2011, dan pelaburan tenaga angin turun 10.1 peratus, kepada $ 80.3 bilion. Tetapi disebabkan oleh kos pengeluaran yang lebih rendah untuk kedua-dua teknologi, jumlah kapasiti dipasang meningkat dengan ketara. Penurunan pelaburan ini, tetapi pertumbuhan kapasiti terpasang, mungkin sekali lagi berlaku pada tahun 2013. Penganalisis menjangka pasaran menjadi tiga kali ganda menjelang 2030. Pada tahun 2015, pelaburan dalam tenaga boleh diperbaharui melebihi fosil. <> Pada tahun 2012, penggunaan tenaga solar meningkat dengan apa peratusan? || 58 peratus <> Penggunaan kuasa angin pada tahun 2012 meningkat dengan apa peratusan? || 18.1 peratus <> Berapa banyak pelaburan di seluruh dunia dalam tenaga solar pada tahun 2012? || $ 140.4 bilion <> Penganalisis menjangkakan pasaran menjadi tiga kali ganda pada tahun berapa? || 2030 <> Dalam tahun apakah pelaburan dalam tenaga boleh diperbaharui melebihi fosil? || 2015", {"context": "Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new investments in these technologies declined during 2012. Worldwide investment in solar power in 2012 was $140.4 billion, an 11 percent decline from 2011, and wind power investment was down 10.1 percent, to $80.3 billion. But due to lower production costs for both technologies, total installed capacities grew sharply. This investment decline, but growth in installed capacity, may again occur in 2013. Analysts expect the market to triple by 2030. In 2015, investment in renewables exceeded fossils.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "58 percent"}], "question": "In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?", "id": "572975046aef051400154f24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "18.1 percent"}], "question": "Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage?", "id": "572975046aef051400154f25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "$140.4 billion"}], "question": "How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012?", "id": "572975046aef051400154f26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "2030"}], "question": "Analysts expect the market to triple by what year?", "id": "572975046aef051400154f27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "2015"}], "question": "In what year did investment in renewables exceed fossils?", "id": "572975046aef051400154f28"}]}], ["Sehingga 2012, tenaga boleh diperbaharui memainkan peranan utama dalam campuran tenaga negara-negara di seluruh dunia. Pembaharuan menjadi semakin ekonomi di kedua-dua negara membangun dan maju. Harga untuk teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui, terutamanya kuasa angin dan kuasa solar, terus turun, menjadikan tenaga boleh diperbaharui bersaing dengan sumber tenaga konvensional. Tanpa bidang bermain, bagaimanapun, penembusan pasaran yang tinggi terhadap pembaharuan masih bergantung kepada dasar promosi yang mantap. Subsidi bahan bakar fosil, yang jauh lebih tinggi dari yang untuk tenaga boleh diperbaharui, kekal di tempat dan cepat perlu dihentikan. <> Apa yang memainkan peranan penting dalam campuran tenaga banyak negara? || tenaga boleh diperbaharui <> Apa yang semakin menjadi ekonomi di kedua-dua negara yang sedang berkembang dan tercemar? || Boleh Diperbaharui <> Sehingga 2012, harga komoditi apa yang terus turun? || teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui", {"context": "As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with conventional energy sources. Without a level playing field, however, high market penetration of renewables is still dependent on a robust promotional policies. Fossil fuel subsidies, which are far higher than those for renewable energy, remain in place and quickly need to be phased out.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "renewable energy"}], "question": "What plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries?", "id": "5729734f6aef051400154efc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Renewables"}], "question": "What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries?", "id": "5729734f6aef051400154efd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "renewable energy technologies"}], "question": "As of 2012, prices for what commodity continued to drop?", "id": "5729734f6aef051400154efe"}]}], ["Penggerak di belakang elektrik hijau sukarela di dalam EU adalah pasaran elektrik yang diliberalisasikan dan Arahan RES. Mengikut arahan negara-negara anggota EU mesti memastikan bahawa asal-usul elektrik yang dihasilkan dari pembaharuan boleh dijamin dan oleh itu \"jaminan asal\" mesti dikeluarkan (pasal 15). Pertubuhan-pertubuhan alam sekitar menggunakan pasaran secara sukarela untuk mewujudkan pembaharuan baru dan meningkatkan kemampanan pengeluaran kuasa yang sedia ada. Di AS, alat utama untuk mengesan dan merangsang tindakan sukarela ialah program Green-e yang diuruskan oleh Pusat Penyelesaian Sumber. Di Eropah alat sukarela utama yang digunakan oleh NGO untuk mempromosikan pengeluaran elektrik lestari adalah label EKOenergy. <> Apakah daya pendorong di bawah elektrik hijau sukarela di EU? || liberalisasi pasaran elektrik <> Apa yang menyatakan bahawa Negara Anggota EU mesti memastikan bahawa asal-usul elektrik yang dihasilkan dari pembaharuan boleh dijamin? || Arahan RES <> Di Amerika Syarikat, apakah alat utama untuk mengesan dan merangsang tindakan sukarela? || Program hijau-e", {"context": "The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a \"guarantee of origin\" must be issued (article 15). Environmental organisations are using the voluntary market to create new renewables and improving sustainability of the existing power production. In the US the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions is Green-e program managed by Center for Resource Solutions. In Europe the main voluntary tool used by the NGOs to promote sustainable electricity production is EKOenergy label.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "liberalized electricity markets"}], "question": "What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU?", "id": "572970e9af94a219006aa41d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "RES Directive"}], "question": "What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed?", "id": "572970e9af94a219006aa41e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Green-e program"}], "question": "In the US, what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions?", "id": "572970e9af94a219006aa41f"}]}], ["Insentif untuk menggunakan 100% tenaga boleh diperbaharui, untuk tenaga elektrik, pengangkutan, atau bahkan jumlah bekalan tenaga utama di seluruh dunia, telah termotivasi oleh pemanasan global dan ekologi lain serta kebimbangan ekonomi. Panel Antara Kerajaan Mengenai Perubahan Iklim telah menyatakan bahawa terdapat beberapa batas teknologi asas untuk mengintegrasikan satu portfolio teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui untuk memenuhi sebahagian besar permintaan tenaga global. Dalam mengkaji semula 164 senario pertumbuhan tenaga boleh diperbaharui pada masa depan, laporan itu menyatakan bahawa majoriti menjangkakan sumber boleh diperbaharui untuk membekalkan lebih daripada 17% daripada jumlah tenaga menjelang 2030, dan 27% menjelang 2050; ramalan tertinggi yang diunjurkan sebanyak 43% yang dibekalkan oleh pembaharuan oleh 2030 dan 77% menjelang tahun 2050. Penggunaan tenaga boleh diperbaharui telah berkembang jauh lebih cepat daripada bahkan pendukung yang dijangka. Di peringkat nasional, sekurang-kurangnya 30 negara di seluruh dunia sudah mempunyai tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang menyumbang lebih daripada 20% bekalan tenaga. Selain itu, Profesor S. Pacala dan Robert H. Socolow telah membangunkan satu siri \"keseimbangan penstabilan\" yang membolehkan kita mengekalkan kualiti hidup kita sambil mengelakkan perubahan iklim bencana, dan \"sumber tenaga boleh diperbaharui,\" secara agregat, merupakan nombor terbesar daripada \"wedges\" mereka. <> Apa yang memberi motivasi insentif untuk menggunakan 100 peratus tenaga boleh diperbaharui? || pemanasan global <> Berapa banyak negara sudah mempunyai tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang menyumbangkan kepada lebih daripada 20 peratus bekalan tenaga? || sekurang-kurangnya 30 negara <> Siapa yang mengembangkan satu siri penstabilan baji? || Profesor S. Pacala dan Robert H. Socolow", {"context": "The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In reviewing 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Also, Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of \"stabilization wedges\" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and \"renewable energy sources,\" in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their \"wedges.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "global warming"}], "question": "What motivated the incentive to use 100 percent renewable energy?", "id": "572975b16aef051400154f42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 796, "text": "at least 30 nations"}], "question": "How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 20 percent of energy supply?", "id": "572975b16aef051400154f43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow"}], "question": "Who developed a series of stabilization wedges?", "id": "572975b16aef051400154f44"}]}], ["Perbelanjaan, peraturan dan dasar kerajaan baru membantu industri cuaca krisis ekonomi 2009 lebih baik daripada banyak sektor lain. Terutamanya, Akta Pemulihan dan Pelaburan Semula Amerika Syarikat Barack Obama Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2009 termasuk lebih daripada $ 70 bilion perbelanjaan langsung dan kredit cukai untuk tenaga bersih dan program pengangkutan yang berkaitan. Kombinasi rangsangan dasar ini merupakan komitmen persekutuan terbesar dalam sejarah A.S. untuk inisiatif-inisiatif pemulihan, pengangkutan maju dan tenaga. Berdasarkan kaedah-kaedah baru ini, lebih banyak utiliti mengukuhkan program tenaga bersih mereka. Clean Edge mencadangkan bahawa pengkomersilan tenaga bersih akan membantu negara-negara di seluruh dunia berurusan dengan kelemahan ekonomi semasa. Setelah menjanjikan syarikat tenaga solar, Solyndra, terlibat dalam kontroversi politik yang melibatkan kebenaran pentadbiran Presiden A Barack Obama mengenai jaminan pinjaman $ 535 juta kepada Perbadanan pada tahun 2009 sebagai sebahagian daripada program untuk menggalakkan pertumbuhan tenaga alternatif. Syarikat itu menghentikan semua aktiviti perniagaan, memfailkan kebankrapan Bab 11, dan meletakkan hampir semua pekerjanya pada awal September 2011. Apa yang membantu industri cuaca krisis ekonomi 2009 lebih baik daripada sektor lain? || Perbelanjaan, peraturan, dan dasar kerajaan baru <> Apa yang menunjukkan bahawa pengkomersialan tenaga bersih akan menyebabkan negara-negara menghadapi masalah ekonomi? || pengkomersialan tenaga bersih <> Syarikat mana yang menjadi invasif dalam kontroversi politik? || Solyndra <> Syarikat apa yang difailkan untuk kebankrapan Bab 11? || Solyndra", {"context": "New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. This policy-stimulus combination represents the largest federal commitment in U.S. history for renewables, advanced transportation, and energy conservation initiatives. Based on these new rules, many more utilities strengthened their clean-energy programs. Clean Edge suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world deal with the current economic malaise. Once-promising solar energy company, Solyndra, became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama's administration's authorization of a $535 million loan guarantee to the Corporation in 2009 as part of a program to promote alternative energy growth. The company ceased all business activity, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and laid-off nearly all of its employees in early September 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New government spending, regulation, and policies"}], "question": "What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?", "id": "572972deaf94a219006aa441"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "commercialization of clean energy"}], "question": "What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise?", "id": "572972deaf94a219006aa442"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "Solyndra"}], "question": "Which company became invovled in a political controversy?", "id": "572972deaf94a219006aa443"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "Solyndra"}], "question": "What company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?", "id": "572972deaf94a219006aa444"}]}], ["Dasar awam menentukan sejauh mana tenaga boleh diperbaharui (RE) akan dimasukkan ke dalam campuran generasi negara maju atau membangun. Pengawal selia sektor tenaga melaksanakan dasar itu dengan itu mempengaruhi rentak dan corak pelaburan RE dan sambungan ke grid. Pengawal selia tenaga sering mempunyai kuasa untuk melaksanakan sejumlah fungsi yang mempunyai implikasi untuk kelayakan finansial bagi projek tenaga boleh diperbaharui. Fungsi tersebut termasuk mengeluarkan lesen, penetapan piawai prestasi, memantau prestasi firma yang dikawal selia, menentukan tahap harga dan struktur tarif, mewujudkan sistem akaun seragam, mengadili perselisihan pihak berkepentingan (seperti peruntukan kos interkoneksi), melaksanakan audit pengurusan, membangun sumber manusia agensi (kepakaran), melaporkan aktiviti sektor dan komisen kepada pihak berkuasa kerajaan, dan menyelaraskan keputusan dengan agensi kerajaan lain. Oleh itu, pengawal selia membuat pelbagai keputusan yang mempengaruhi hasil kewangan yang dikaitkan dengan pelaburan RE. Di samping itu, pengatur sektor berada dalam kedudukan untuk memberikan nasihat kepada kerajaan mengenai implikasi penuh memberi tumpuan kepada perubahan iklim atau keselamatan tenaga. Pengawal selia sektor tenaga adalah penasihat semulajadi untuk kecekapan dan pengawalan kos sepanjang proses perancangan dan pelaksanaan kebijakan RE. Oleh kerana dasar tidak dilaksanakan sendiri, pengawal selia sektor tenaga menjadi fasilitator utama (atau penghalang) pelaburan tenaga boleh diperbaharui. <> Apa yang menentukan sejauh mana tenaga boleh diperbaharui dimasukkan ke dalam campuran generasi negara? || Dasar awam <> Siapa yang mempunyai kuasa untuk menjalankan beberapa fungsi yang implikasi havae untuk kelayakan projek tenaga boleh diperbaharui? || Pengawal selia tenaga <> Mengapakah pengawal selia sektor tenaga menjadi fasilitator utama pelaburan tenaga boleh diperbaharui? || Oleh sebab dasar tidak dilaksanakan sendiri", {"context": "Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country's generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy\u2014thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often have authority to carry out a number of functions that have implications for the financial feasibility of renewable energy projects. Such functions include issuing licenses, setting performance standards, monitoring the performance of regulated firms, determining the price level and structure of tariffs, establishing uniform systems of accounts, arbitrating stakeholder disputes (like interconnection cost allocations), performing management audits, developing agency human resources (expertise), reporting sector and commission activities to government authorities, and coordinating decisions with other government agencies. Thus, regulators make a wide range of decisions that affect the financial outcomes associated with RE investments. In addition, the sector regulator is in a position to give advice to the government regarding the full implications of focusing on climate change or energy security. The energy sector regulator is the natural advocate for efficiency and cost-containment throughout the process of designing and implementing RE policies. Since policies are not self-implementing, energy sector regulators become a key facilitator (or blocker) of renewable energy investments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Public policy"}], "question": "What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix?", "id": "572970003f37b319004783b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Energy regulators"}], "question": "Who has the authority to carry out a number of functions that havae implications for the feasiblity of renewable energy projects?", "id": "572970003f37b319004783b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1363, "text": "Since policies are not self-implementing"}], "question": "Why have energy sector regulators become a key facilitator of renewable energy investments?", "id": "572970003f37b319004783b7"}]}]], [["Hari ini kedua-dua sungai Papireto dan Kemonia ditutup oleh bangunan. Walau bagaimanapun, bentuk bekas air sungai masih boleh diiktiraf hari ini, kerana jalan-jalan yang dibina di atasnya mengikut bentuknya. Hari ini, satu-satunya jalan air yang tidak ditenggelamkan adalah sungai Oreto yang membelah pusat bandar raya dari bandar raya barat dan daerah perindustrian. Di dalam lembah terdapat banyak torrents bermusim yang membantu membentuk dataran paya, ditebus semasa sejarah; satu contoh yang baik boleh didapati di daerah Mondello. <> Bagaimana bekas sungai dapat dikenali sekarang? || jalan-jalan yang dibina di atasnya mengikut bentuk mereka <> Apa satu-satunya jalan air yang tinggal di Palermo? || Sungai Oreto <> Yang mana dua bekas sungai di Palermo sedang membina tapak? || Sungai Papireto dan Kemonia", {"context": "Today both the Papireto river and the Kemonia are covered up by buildings. However, the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today, because the streets that were built on them follow their shapes. Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from the western uptown and the industrial districts. In the basins there were, though, many seasonal torrents that helped formed swampy plains, reclaimed during history; a good example of which can be found in the borough of Mondello.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "the streets that were built on them follow their shapes"}], "question": "How can former rivers be recognised presently?", "id": "57295510af94a219006aa2c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Oreto river"}], "question": "What is the only remaining waterway in Palermo?", "id": "57295510af94a219006aa2c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Papireto river and the Kemonia"}], "question": "Which two former rivers in Palermo are currently building sites?", "id": "57295510af94a219006aa2c9"}]}], ["Palermo dikelilingi oleh gunung-gunung, dibentuk dengan calcar, yang membentuk cirque di sekitar bandar. Sesetengah daerah bandar dibahagikan dengan gunung-gunung sendiri. Dari segi sejarah, agak sukar untuk sampai ke bahagian dalam Sicily dari bandar kerana gunung. Puncak tertinggi tertinggi ialah La Pizzuta, kira-kira 1,333 m (4,373 kaki) tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, secara historis, gunung yang paling penting ialah Monte Pellegrino, yang secara geografi dipisahkan dari seluruh rangkaiannya dengan dataran. Gunung itu terletak betul-betul di hadapan Laut Tyrrhenian. Tebing Monte Pellegrino digambarkan pada abad ke-19 oleh Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, sebagai \"tanjakan yang paling indah di dunia\", dalam eseinya \"Perjalanan Italia\". <> Apakah bentuk geografi Palermo yang dikelilingi oleh? || gunung <> Apa bentuk geografi Palermo yang dikelilingi oleh? || gunung-gunung <> Penulis mana yang mengutuk Monte Pelegrino sebagai \"The promontory paling indah di dunia?\" || Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, <> Yang mana gunung tertinggi di Sicily? || La Pizzuta <> Di mana Monte Pellegrino berhubung dengan puncak lain? || secara geografi dipisahkan dari seluruh julat dengan dataran", {"context": "Palermo is surrounded by mountains, formed of calcar, which form a cirque around the city. Some districts of the city are divided by the mountains themselves. Historically, it was relatively difficult to reach the inner part of Sicily from the city because of the mounts. The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta, about 1,333 m (4,373 ft.) high. However, historically, the most important mount is Monte Pellegrino, which is geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain. The mount lies right in front of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Monte Pellegrino's cliff was described in the 19th century by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as \"The most beautiful promontory in the world\", in his essay \"Italian Journey\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "mountains"}], "question": "What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?", "id": "57295328af94a219006aa2a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "mountains"}], "question": "What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?", "id": "5729540a1d046914007792b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,"}], "question": "Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as \"The most beautiful promontory in the world?\"", "id": "5729540a1d046914007792b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "La Pizzuta"}], "question": "Which is the tallest mountain in Sicily?", "id": "5729540a1d046914007792b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain"}], "question": "Where is Monte Pellegrino in relation to other peaks?", "id": "5729540a1d046914007792b6"}]}], ["Palermo (bahasa Itali: [pal\u025brmo] (mendengar), Sisilia: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, dari bahasa Yunani: \u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, Panormos, bahasa Arab: \u0628\u0644\u0631\u0645, Balarm; Phoenician: \u05d6\u05b4\u05d9\u05d6, Ziz) wilayah autonomi Sicily dan Provinsi Palermo. Bandar ini terkenal dengan sejarah, budaya, seni bina dan gastronomi, memainkan peranan penting sepanjang kewujudannya; ia berusia lebih daripada 2,700 tahun. Palermo terletak di barat laut pulau Sicily, betul-betul di Teluk Palermo di Laut Tyrrhenian. <> Untuk apa yang diketahui Palermo? || sejarah, budaya, seni bina dan gastronomi <> Berapa lama kota Palermo? || 2,700 tahun <> Di pulau mana yang terletak Palermo? || Sicily", {"context": "Palermo (Italian: [pa\u02c8l\u025brmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: \u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, Panormos, Arabic: \u0628\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0645\u200e, Balarm; Phoenician: \u05d6\u05b4\u05d9\u05d6, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "history, culture, architecture and gastronomy"}], "question": "For what is Palermo known?", "id": "572946c53f37b319004781f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "2,700 years old"}], "question": "How old is the city of Palermo?", "id": "572946c53f37b319004781f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Sicily"}], "question": "On what island is Palermo located?", "id": "572946c53f37b319004781f5"}]}], ["Ketika Empayar Roma runtuh, Palermo jatuh di bawah kendali beberapa puak Jerman. Yang pertama ialah Vandal pada tahun 440 AD di bawah pemerintahan Raja Geiseric mereka. Vandals telah menduduki semua wilayah Rom di Afrika Utara dengan 455 mendirikan diri mereka sebagai kekuatan penting. Mereka memperoleh Corsica, Sardinia dan Sicily sejurus selepas itu. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka tidak lama lagi kehilangan harta benda baru yang diperolehi itu kepada Ostrogoths. Penaklukan Ostrogothic di bawah Theodoric the Great bermula pada 488; Theodoric menyokong budaya Rom dan kerajaan tidak seperti Goth Jerman. Perang Gothic berlaku di antara Ostrogoths dan Empayar Rom Timur, yang juga dikenali sebagai Empayar Byzantine. Sicily adalah bahagian pertama Itali yang dikendalikan oleh General Belisarius yang ditugaskan oleh Maharaja Timur. Justinian Saya menguatkan pemerintahannya pada tahun-tahun berikutnya. <> Bagaimana Vandals memperoleh reputasi yang kukuh? || menduduki semua wilayah Rom di Afrika Utara oleh 455 <> Yang mengambil alih wilayah Vandal selepas 488? || Ostrogoths <> Bagaimana Theodoric berbeza daripada Goth Jerman? || Theodoric menyokong budaya Rom dan kerajaan <> Nama apa yang dikenali sebagai Empayar Rom Timur? || Empayar Byzantine", {"context": "As the Roman Empire was falling apart, Palermo fell under the control of several Germanic tribes. The first were the Vandals in 440 AD under the rule of their king Geiseric. The Vandals had occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455 establishing themselves as a significant force. They acquired Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily shortly afterwards. However, they soon lost these newly acquired possessions to the Ostrogoths. The Ostrogothic conquest under Theodoric the Great began in 488; Theodoric supported Roman culture and government unlike the Germanic Goths. The Gothic War took place between the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. Sicily was the first part of Italy to be taken under control of General Belisarius who was commissioned by Eastern Emperor. Justinian I solidified his rule in the following years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455"}], "question": "How had the Vandals earned their strong reputation?", "id": "57295fc51d04691400779343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Ostrogoths"}], "question": "Whom took control of the Vandal's territory after 488?", "id": "57295fc51d04691400779344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Theodoric supported Roman culture and government"}], "question": "How was Theodoric different than the Germanic Goths?", "id": "57295fc51d04691400779345"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "Byzantine Empire"}], "question": "What name was the Eastern Roman Empire also known by?", "id": "57295fc51d04691400779346"}]}], ["Palermo adalah ibu kota budaya, ekonomi dan pelancongan Sisilia. Ia adalah bandar yang kaya dengan sejarah, budaya, seni, muzik dan makanan. Pelbagai pelancong tertarik kepada bandar raya ini untuk cuaca yang baik di Mediterranean, restoran dan restoran yang terkenal, gereja-gereja Romanesque, Gothic dan Baroque, istana dan bangunan serta hiburan malam dan muzik. Palermo adalah pusat perindustrian dan komersil utama Sicily: sektor perindustrian utama termasuk pelancongan, perkhidmatan, perdagangan dan pertanian. Palermo kini mempunyai lapangan terbang antarabangsa dan ekonomi bawah tanah yang penting. Malah, untuk alasan budaya, artistik dan ekonomi, Palermo merupakan salah sebuah bandar terbesar di Mediterranean dan kini merupakan antara destinasi pelancongan utama di Itali dan Eropah. Bandar ini juga melalui pembangunan semula yang berhati-hati, bersiap untuk menjadi salah satu bandar utama di kawasan Euro-Mediterranean. <> Jenis gereja apa yang menarik pelancong ke Palermo? || Romanesque, Gothic dan Baroque <> Bandar manakah pusat perindustrian dan komersil utama Sicily? || Palermo <> Apakah empat perindustrian utama Palermo? || pelancongan, perkhidmatan, perdagangan dan pertanian", {"context": "Palermo is Sicily's cultural, economic and touristic capital. It is a city rich in history, culture, art, music and food. Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather, its renowned gastronomy and restaurants, its Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque churches, palaces and buildings, and its nightlife and music. Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center: the main industrial sectors include tourism, services, commerce and agriculture. Palermo currently has an international airport, and a significant underground economy.[citation needed] In fact, for cultural, artistic and economic reasons, Palermo was one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean and is now among the top tourist destinations in both Italy and Europe. The city is also going through careful redevelopment, preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque"}], "question": "What types of churches attract tourists to Palermo?", "id": "572948523f37b3190047820d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Palermo"}], "question": "Which town is Sicily's primary industrial and commercial center?", "id": "572948523f37b3190047820e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "tourism, services, commerce and agriculture"}], "question": "What are Palermo's four main industrial sectors?", "id": "572948523f37b3190047820f"}]}], ["Bandar ini ditubuhkan pada tahun 734 SM oleh orang Phoenicia sebagai Ziz ('bunga'). Palermo kemudian menjadi milik Carthage, sebelum menjadi sebahagian dari Republik Romawi, Empayar Rom dan akhirnya menjadi sebahagian dari Empayar Byzantine, selama lebih dari seribu tahun. Orang Yunani menamakan bandar Panormus yang bermaksud 'pelabuhan lengkap'. Dari 831 hingga 1072 bandar ini berada di bawah pemerintahan Arab semasa Emirat Sicily apabila bandar pertama menjadi modal. Orang Arab mengalihkan nama Yunani ke Balarm, akar untuk nama masa kini Palermo. Berikutan pengumpulan semula Norman, Palermo menjadi ibu kota kerajaan baru (dari 1130 hingga 1816), Kerajaan Sicily dan ibu kota Empayar Rom Suci di bawah Frederick II Kaisar Rom Suci dan Conrad IV dari Jerman, Raja Rom. Akhirnya Sicily akan bersatu dengan Kerajaan Napoli untuk membentuk Kerajaan Dua Sicili sehingga perpaduan Itali tahun 1860. <> Pada tahun apa yang diasaskan Palermo? || 734 SM <> Apa nama yang asalnya diasaskan oleh Palermo? || Ziz <> Apa kumpulan orang yang mengasaskan Palermo? || orang Phoenicians <> Apa nama orang Yunani yang bernama Palermo? || Panormus <> Selama mana tahun Palermo diperintah oleh orang Arab? || 831 hingga 1072", {"context": "The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm, the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany, King of the Romans. Eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "734 BC"}], "question": "In what year was Palermo founded?", "id": "5729478f6aef051400154c56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Ziz"}], "question": "What name was Palermo originally founded as?", "id": "5729478f6aef051400154c57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "the Phoenicians"}], "question": "What group of people founded Palermo?", "id": "5729478f6aef051400154c58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Panormus"}], "question": "What did the Greeks name Palermo?", "id": "5729478f6aef051400154c59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "831 to 1072"}], "question": "During which years was Palermo ruled by the Arabs?", "id": "5729478f6aef051400154c5a"}]}], ["Orang-orang Muslim menguasai Pulau pada 904, selepas bertahun-tahun pertempuran sengit, dan Emirat Sicily ditubuhkan. Pemerintahan orang Islam di pulau itu bertahan selama kira-kira 120 tahun dan ditandai oleh kezaliman dan kekejaman terhadap penduduk asli, yang telah dikurangkan ke dalam perhambaan yang hampir [penjelasan yang diperlukan] dan gereja-gereja Kristian di seluruh pulau semuanya hancur sepenuhnya [halaman diperlukan] Palermo (Balarm semasa pemerintahan Arab) menyelamatkan Syracuse sebagai ibu kota Sisilia. Ia dikatakan telah mula bersaing dengan C\u00f3rdoba dan Kaherah dari segi kepentingan dan kemuliaan. Selama lebih dari seratus tahun Palermo adalah ibukota emirat yang berkembang pesat. Orang-orang Arab juga memperkenalkan banyak tanaman pertanian yang menjadi teras masakan Sicily. <> Berapa lama kawalan Islam Palermo yang terakhir? || 120 tahun <> Apa yang diperkenalkan oleh orang Arab yang terus relevan dengan budaya Palermo hari ini? || tanaman pertanian <> Bagaimana penduduk Palermo asli dirawat di bawah peraturan Islam? || dikurangkan ke dalam perbudakan berhampiran", {"context": "The Muslims took control of the Island in 904, after decades of fierce fighting, and the Emirate of Sicily was established. Muslim rule on the island lasted for about 120 years and was marked by cruelty and brutality against the native population, which was reduced into near slavery[clarification needed] and Christian churches across the island were all completely destroyed.[page needed] Palermo (Balarm during Arab rule) displaced Syracuse as the capital city of Sicily. It was said to have then begun to compete with C\u00f3rdoba and Cairo in terms of importance and splendor. For more than one hundred years Palermo was the capital of a flourishing emirate. The Arabs also introduced many agricultural crops which remain a mainstay of Sicilian cuisine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "120 years"}], "question": "How long did Muslim control of Palermo last?", "id": "57296106af94a219006aa35b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "agricultural crops"}], "question": "What did the Arabs introduce that continues to be relevant to Palermo's culture today?", "id": "57296106af94a219006aa35c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "reduced into near slavery"}], "question": "How were the indigenous Palermo population treated under Muslim rule?", "id": "57296106af94a219006aa35d"}]}], ["Penempatan pertama ditakrifkan sebagai Paleapolis (\u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2), dunia purba Yunani untuk \"kota lama\", untuk membezakannya dari penempatan kedua yang dibina pada abad ke-5 SM, yang dipanggil Neapolis (\u039d\u03b5\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2), \"kota baru\". The neapolis didirikan ke arah timur dan bersama-sama dengannya, dinding monumental di sekitar seluruh penempatan telah dibina untuk mencegah serangan daripada ancaman asing. Beberapa bahagian struktur ini masih boleh dilihat di daerah Cassaro. Daerah ini dinamakan sempena dinding itu sendiri; perkataan Cassaro yang berasal dari Arab al-qsr (istana, kubu kuat). Di sepanjang dinding terdapat beberapa pintu untuk mengakses dan keluar dari bandar, menunjukkan bahawa perdagangan bahkan ke arah bahagian dalam pulau sering berlaku. Selain itu, menurut beberapa kajian, mungkin ada beberapa dinding yang membelah bandar lama dari yang baru juga. Koloni ini berkembang di sekitar jalan tengah (decumanus), dipotong secara tegas oleh jalan kecil. Jalan ini hari ini telah menjadi Corso Vittorio Emanuele. <> Mengapa penempatan pertama bernama Paleapolis? || untuk membezakannya dari penempatan kedua yang dibina pada abad ke-5 SM, yang dipanggil Neapolis <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan dinding Neapolis? || mengelakkan serangan daripada ancaman asing <> Daerah mana yang dinamakan untuk dinding sekitarnya? || Cassaro", {"context": "The first settlement is defined as Paleapolis (\u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2), the Ancient Greek world for \"old city\", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis (\u039d\u03b5\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2), \"new city\". The neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole settlement were built to prevent attacks from foreign threats. Some part of this structure can still be seen in the Cassaro district. This district was named after the walls themselves; the word Cassaro deriving from the Arab al-qsr (castle, stronghold). Along the walls there were few doors to access and exit the city, suggesting that trade even toward the inner part of the island occurred frequently. Moreover, according to some studies, it may be possible that there were some walls that divided the old city from the new one too. The colony developed around a central street (decumanus), cut perpendicularly by minor streets. This street today has become the Corso Vittorio Emanuele.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis"}], "question": "Why was the first settlement named Paleapolis?", "id": "57295d68af94a219006aa323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "prevent attacks from foreign threats"}], "question": "What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do?", "id": "57295d68af94a219006aa324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Cassaro"}], "question": "Which district was named for the walls surrounding it?", "id": "57295d68af94a219006aa325"}]}], ["Semasa 734 SM orang Phoenicians, orang perdagangan laut dari utara Kanaan purba, membina penempatan kecil di pelabuhan semulajadi Palermo. Beberapa sumber mencadangkan mereka menamakan penyelesaian \"Ziz.\" Ia menjadi salah satu daripada tiga koloni Phoenician utama Sicily, bersama dengan Motya dan Soluntum. Bagaimanapun, tinggalan kehadiran Phoenician di bandar ini sedikit dan kebanyakannya dipelihara di pusat bandar yang sangat penduduk, membuat sebarang usaha penggalian mahal dan sukar logistik. Laman web yang dipilih oleh orang Phoenicia menjadikannya mudah untuk menghubungkan pelabuhan ke gunung dengan jalan lurus yang hari ini menjadi Corso Calatifimi. Jalan ini membantu orang Phoenicia dalam perdagangan dengan penduduk yang tinggal di luar pergunungan yang mengelilingi jurang. <> Apa yang disebut Phoenicans penyelesaiannya di 734BC? || \"Ziz.\" <> Selain Ziz, apa lagi dua penempatan utama milik orang Phoenicia || Motya dan Soluntum <> Mengapa artefak cant dari Phoenicians mudah digali? || Sisa-sisa kehadiran Phoenician di bandar ini sedikit dan kebanyakannya dipelihara di tengah-tengah kawasan bandar yang sangat penduduk <> Apakah nama jalan yang sekarang digunakan oleh orang Phoenicia untuk diperdagangkan? || Corso Calatifimi", {"context": "During 734 BC the Phoenicians, a sea trading people from the north of ancient Canaan, built a small settlement on the natural harbor of Palermo. Some sources suggest they named the settlement \"Ziz.\" It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along with Motya and Soluntum. However, the remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area, making any excavation efforts costly and logistically difficult. The site chosen by the Phoenicians made it easy to connect the port to the mountains with a straight road that today has become Corso Calatifimi. This road helped the Phoenicians in trading with the populations that lived beyond the mountains that surround the gulf.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "\"Ziz.\""}], "question": "What did Phoenicans name their settlement in 734BC?", "id": "57295b78af94a219006aa311"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Motya and Soluntum"}], "question": "Besides Ziz, what other two major settlements belonged to the Phoenicians", "id": "57295b78af94a219006aa312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area"}], "question": "Why cant artifacts from the Phoenicians be easily excavated?", "id": "57295b78af94a219006aa313"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "Corso Calatifimi"}], "question": "What is the current name of the road the Phoenicians used for trading?", "id": "57295b78af94a219006aa314"}]}], ["Carthage adalah rakan dagangan utama Palermo di bawah rakyat Phoenicia dan bandaraya itu menikmati keamanan yang berkepanjangan dalam tempoh ini. Palermo bertemu dengan orang-orang Yunani Purba di antara abad ke-6 dan abad ke-5 SM yang mendahului Perang Sisilia, konflik yang berlaku di antara orang-orang Yunani dari Syracuse dan Phoenicians Carthage untuk mengawal pulau Sicily. Semasa perang ini, orang Yunani menamakan penempatan Panormos (\u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2) yang mana nama sekarang berasal, yang bermaksud \"semua pelabuhan\" disebabkan bentuk pantainya. Dari Palermo, armada Hamilcar I (yang dikalahkan di Battle of Himera) dilancarkan. Dalam 409 B.C. bandar ini dijarah oleh Hermocrates dari Syracuse. Perang Sisilia berakhir pada 265 SM ketika Carthage dan Syracuse berhenti berperang dan bersatu untuk menghentikan orang Rom dari mendapatkan kontrol penuh pulau semasa Perang Punic Pertama. Pada 276 SM, semasa Perang Pyrrhic, Panormos secara ringkas menjadi jajahan Yunani setelah ditakluki oleh Pyrrhus dari Epirus, tetapi kembali ke Fenicia Carthage pada tahun 275. Pada 254 SM Panormos dikepung dan ditawan oleh orang Roma dalam pertempuran pertama Panormus (yang nama Latin nama). Carthage cuba merebut semula Panormus pada 251 SM tetapi gagal. <> Di mana Perang Yunani dan Fenisia melawan kawalan ke atas Sicily? || Perang Sicily <> Mengapa Perang Sisilia berakhir? || Carthage dan Syracuse berhenti berperang dan bersatu untuk menghentikan orang-orang Rom dari mendapatkan kawalan penuh pulau semasa Perang Punic Pertama <> yang menakluki Panormos dan secara ringkas mengubahnya menjadi koloni Yunani? || Pyrrhus of Epirus <> Mengapa Yunani bernama Palermo Panormos? || bermaksud \"semua pelabuhan\" kerana bentuk pantainya.", {"context": "Carthage was Palermo\u2019s major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Panormos (\u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2) from which the current name is derived, meaning \"all port\" due to the shape of its coast. It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of Himera) was launched. In 409 B.C. the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War. In 276 BC, during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the first battle of Panormus (the name Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Sicilian Wars"}], "question": "In which War did Greeks and Phoenicians fight over control of Sicily?", "id": "57295edc6aef051400154d96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War"}], "question": "Why did the Sicilian Wars end?", "id": "57295edc6aef051400154d97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 975, "text": "Pyrrhus of Epirus"}], "question": "Who conquered Panormos and briefly turned it into a Greek colony?", "id": "57295edc6aef051400154d98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "meaning \"all port\" due to the shape of its coast."}], "question": "Why did the Greeks name Palermo Panormos?", "id": "57295edc6aef051400154d99"}]}], ["Katedral mempunyai heliometer (\"pemerhatian\" solar) dari 1690, salah satu daripada jumlah yang dibina di Itali pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18. Peranti itu sendiri agak mudah: lubang kecil di salah satu kubah kecil bertindak sebagai kamera lubang jarum, memproyeksikan imej matahari ke lantai pada waktu matahari tengah hari (12:00 pada musim sejuk, 13:00 pada musim panas). Terdapat garis perunggu, la Meridiana di atas lantai, berjalan tepat N / S. Hujung garisan menandakan kedudukan seperti pada musim panas dan solstis musim sejuk; tanda-tanda zodiak menunjukkan pelbagai tarikh lain sepanjang tahun. <> Apakah heliometer? || solar \"observatory\" <> Nama apa yang diberikan kepada garis perunggu di lantai heliometer? || la Meridiana <> Arah mana yang dilakukan la meridiana? || tepat N / S <> Imej apa yang diproyeksikan di lantai heliometer? || matahari", {"context": "The cathedral has a heliometer (solar \"observatory\") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "solar \"observatory\""}], "question": "What is a heliometer?", "id": "57296a8baf94a219006aa3cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "la Meridiana"}], "question": "What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer?", "id": "57296a8baf94a219006aa3ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "precisely N/S"}], "question": "Which direction does la Meridiana run?", "id": "57296a8baf94a219006aa3cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "the sun"}], "question": "What image is projected on the floor of the heliometer?", "id": "57296a8baf94a219006aa3d0"}]}], ["Dari 1820 hingga 1848 Sicily digoncang oleh pergolakan, yang berakhir pada 12 Januari 1848, dengan pemberontakan yang popular, yang pertama di Eropah pada tahun itu, dipimpin oleh Giuseppe La Masa. Parlimen dan perlembagaan telah diisytiharkan. Presiden pertama ialah Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons merebut semula Palermo pada tahun 1849, dan tetap berada di bawah pemerintahan mereka hingga masa Giuseppe Garibaldi. Jeneral terkenal memasuki Palermo dengan tenteranya (\"Ribuan\") pada 27 Mei 1860. Selepas plebisit kemudian tahun Palermo, bersama dengan Sisilia yang lain, menjadi bagian dari Kerajaan Italia baru (1861). <> Siapa yang mengetuai pemberontakan pertama di Eropah pada tahun 1848? || Giuseppe La Masa <> Siapa presiden pertama Palermo? || Ruggero Settimo <> Siapa yang berjaya menguasai Palermo pada tahun 1849? || The Bourbons <> Sicily dan Palermo menjadi sebahagian daripada apa Kerajaan pada tahun 1861? || Kerajaan Itali", {"context": "From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The famous general entered Palermo with his troops (the \u201cThousands\u201d) on 27 May 1860. After the plebiscite later that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the new Kingdom of Italy (1861).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Giuseppe La Masa"}], "question": "Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?", "id": "5729651f6aef051400154df8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Ruggero Settimo"}], "question": "Who was the first president of Palermo?", "id": "5729651f6aef051400154df9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "The Bourbons"}], "question": "Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?", "id": "5729651f6aef051400154dfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Kingdom of Italy"}], "question": "Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861?", "id": "5729651f6aef051400154dfb"}]}], ["Palermo mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya 2 litar Kota Walls - banyak kepingan yang masih hidup. Litar pertama dikelilingi teras purba kota punik - yang dipanggil Palaeopolis (di kawasan timur Porta Nuova) dan Neopolis. Via Vittorio Emanuele adalah jalan utama timur-barat melalui bandar berdinding awal ini. Hujung timur bandar berdinding adalah di Via Roma dan pelabuhan kuno di sekitar Piazza Marina. Litar dinding adalah lebih kurang Porto Nuovo, Corso Alberti, Piazza Peranni, Via Isodoro, Via Candela, Via Venezia, Via Roma, Piazza Paninni, Via Biscottari, Via Del Bastione, Palazzo dei Normanni dan kembali ke Porto Nuovo. <> Di manakah litar pertama di Palermo mengamati? || teras purba kota punik - yang dipanggil Palaeopolis (di kawasan timur Porta Nuova) dan Neopolis <> Apa nama jalan timur-barat utama dalam dinding Palaeopolis? || Via Vittorio Emanuele <> Di jalan apakah pinggiran timur bandar berdinding? || Via Roma", {"context": "Palermo has at least 2 circuits of City Walls - many pieces of which still survive. The first circuit surrounded the ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis. Via Vittorio Emanuele was the main road east-west through this early walled city. The eastern edge of the walled city was on Via Roma and the ancient port in the vicinity of Piazza Marina. The wall circuit was approximately Porto Nuovo, Corso Alberti, Piazza Peranni, Via Isodoro, Via Candela, Via Venezia, Via Roma, Piazza Paninni, Via Biscottari, Via Del Bastione, Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porto Nuovo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis"}], "question": "Where does the first of Palermo's circuits suround?", "id": "5729690daf94a219006aa3b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Via Vittorio Emanuele"}], "question": "What was the name of the primary east-west road within the walls of Palaeopolis?", "id": "5729690daf94a219006aa3b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "Via Roma"}], "question": "On what road was the eastern edge of the walled city?", "id": "5729690daf94a219006aa3b9"}]}], ["Apa yang disebut \"Sack of Palermo\" adalah salah satu wajah utama masalah yang dihadapi. Istilah ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan amalan bangunan spekulatif yang telah memenuhi bandar dengan bangunan yang kurang baik. Kurangnya kepentingan pertanian dalam ekonomi Sicily telah menyebabkan penghijrahan besar-besaran ke bandar-bandar, terutamanya Palermo, yang membesar, yang membawa kepada perkembangan pesat ke arah utara. Pelan pengawalseliaan untuk pengembangan itu sebahagian besarnya diabaikan dalam ledakan itu. Bahagian-bahagian baru bandar muncul hampir tidak ada tempat, tetapi tanpa taman, sekolah, bangunan awam, jalan yang betul dan kemudahan lain yang mencirikan bandar raya moden. <> Kepada apa istilah \"Sack of Palermo\" merujuk? || amalan bangunan spekulatif yang telah memenuhi bandar dengan bangunan yang miskin <> Mengapa Palermo secara substansial berkembang dalam saiz? || mengurangkan kepentingan pertanian dalam ekonomi Sicily telah menyebabkan penghijrahan besar-besaran ke bandar-bandar <> Apakah kelancaran pengembangan Palermo? || t taman, sekolah, bangunan awam, jalan yang betul dan kemudahan lain yang mencirikan bandar raya moden", {"context": "The so-called \"Sack of Palermo\" is one of the major visible faces of the problem. The term is used to indicate the speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings. The reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities, especially Palermo, which swelled in size, leading to rapid expansion towards the north. The regulatory plans for expansion was largely ignored in the boom. New parts of town appeared almost out of nowhere, but without parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings"}], "question": "To what does the term \"Sack of Palermo\" refer?", "id": "572967351d046914007793ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities"}], "question": "Why did Palermo substancially grow in size?", "id": "572967351d046914007793ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "t parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city"}], "question": "What did Palermo expansion lack?", "id": "572967351d046914007793ad"}]}], ["Selepas Perjanjian Utrecht (1713), Sicily diserahkan kepada Savoia, tetapi pada tahun 1734 ia sekali lagi menjadi milik Bourbon. Charles III memilih Palermo untuk penobatannya sebagai Raja Sicily. Charles mempunyai rumah baru yang dibina untuk penduduk yang semakin meningkat, sementara perdagangan dan industri berkembang juga. Walau bagaimanapun, sekarang Palermo kini menjadi satu lagi bandar wilayah sebagai Mahkamah Diraja tinggal di Naples. Anak lelaki Charles, Ferdinand, walaupun tidak disukai oleh penduduk, berlindung di Palermo selepas Revolusi Perancis pada tahun 1798. Anaknya Alberto meninggal dunia dalam perjalanan ke Palermo dan dikebumikan di bandar. Ketika Kingdom of the Two Sicilies didirikan, ibu kota asal adalah Palermo (1816) tetapi setahun kemudian pindah ke Naples. <> Selepas perjanjian apa Savoia menguasai Itali? || Perjanjian Utrecht (1713) <> Untuk apa peristiwa Charles III memilih Sicily sebagai lokasi? || penobatannya <> Di mana Mahkamah Diraja berada? || Naples <> Di manakah ibu kota bergerak pada tahun 1817? || Naples <> Anak manakah yang mati dalam perjalanan ke Palermo dan dikebumikan di sana? || Charles III", {"context": "After the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Sicily was handed over to the Savoia, but by 1734 it was again a Bourbon possession. Charles III chose Palermo for his coronation as King of Sicily. Charles had new houses built for the growing population, while trade and industry grew as well. However, by now Palermo was now just another provincial city as the Royal Court resided in Naples. Charles' son Ferdinand, though disliked by the population, took refuge in Palermo after the French Revolution in 1798. His son Alberto died on the way to Palermo and is buried in the city. When the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was founded, the original capital city was Palermo (1816) but a year later moved to Naples.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Treaty of Utrecht (1713)"}], "question": "After what treaty did Savoia gain control of Italy?", "id": "572963fb3f37b31900478317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "his coronation"}], "question": "For what event did Charles III choose Sicily as the location?", "id": "572963fb3f37b31900478318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "Naples"}], "question": "Where did the Royal Court reside?", "id": "572963fb3f37b31900478319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "Naples"}], "question": "Where did the capital city move in 1817?", "id": "572963fb3f37b3190047831a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Charles III"}], "question": "Whose son died on the way to Palermo and is buried there?", "id": "572963fb3f37b3190047831b"}]}], ["Sicily jatuh di bawah kawalan Empayar Rom Suci pada tahun 1194. Palermo adalah kota pilihan Kaisar Frederick II. Umat Islam Palermo berhijrah atau diusir semasa aturan Rom Roma. Selepas selang masa pemerintahan Angevin (1266-1282), Sicily terkawal oleh dinasti Aragon dan Barcelona. Menjelang 1330, penduduk Palermo telah menurun kepada 51,000. Dari 1479 hingga 1713 Palermo diperintah oleh Kerajaan Sepanyol, dan sekali lagi antara 1717 dan 1718. Palermo juga berada di bawah kawalan Savoy antara 1713 dan 1717 dan 1718-1720 akibat Perjanjian Utrecht. Ia juga diperintah oleh Austria antara tahun 1720 dan 1734. <Tahun berapa Sicily telah diperintah oleh Empayar Rom Suci? || 1194 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada orang Islam semasa pemerintahan Rom Roma? || berhijrah atau diusir <> Apakah populasi Palermos pada tahun 1330? || 51,000 <> Dalam tempoh berapa tahun Austria memerintah Palermo? || 1720 dan 1734", {"context": "Sicily fell under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194. Palermo was the preferred city of the Emperor Frederick II. Muslims of Palermo emigrated or were expelled during Holy Roman rule. After an interval of Angevin rule (1266\u20131282), Sicily came under control of the Aragon and Barcelona dynasties. By 1330, Palermo's population had declined to 51,000. From 1479 until 1713 Palermo was ruled by the Kingdom of Spain, and again between 1717 and 1718. Palermo was also under Savoy control between 1713 and 1717 and 1718\u20131720 as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht. It was also ruled by Austria between 1720 and 1734.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "1194"}], "question": "What year did Sicily become ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "572962d53f37b319004782ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "emigrated or were expelled"}], "question": "What happened to Muslims during Holy Roman rule?", "id": "572962d53f37b31900478300"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "51,000"}], "question": "What was Palermos population in 1330?", "id": "572962d53f37b31900478301"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "1720 and 1734"}], "question": "During what years did Austria rule Palermo?", "id": "572962d53f37b31900478302"}]}], ["Dalam zaman pertengahan litar dinding telah diperluaskan. Via Vittorio Emanuele terus menjadi jalan utama timur-barat melalui kota berdinding. Pintu Barat masih Porta Nuova, litar terus ke Corso Alberti, ke Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando di mana ia berpaling ke timur sepanjang Via Volturno ke Piazza Verdi dan di sepanjang jalur Via Cavour. Di sudut utara-timur terdapat pertahanan, Castello a Mare, untuk melindungi pelabuhan di La Cala. Rantaian besar digunakan untuk menyekat La Cala dengan ujung lain di S Maria della Catena (St Mary of the Chain). Dinding tepi laut terletak di sebelah barat Foro Italico Umberto. Dinding bertukar arah barat di sebelah utara Via Abramo Lincoln, terus di sepanjang Corso Tukory. Dinding bertukar utara kira-kira di Via Benedetto, ke Palazzo dei Normanni dan kembali ke Porta Nuova. Sumber: Palermo - Panduan Bandar oleh Adriana Chirco, 1998, Dario Flaccovio Editore. <> Apakah maksud Castello a Mare? || untuk melindungi pelabuhan di La Cala <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menghalang laluan melalui pelabuhan La Cala? || Rantaian yang besar <> Dalam tempoh sejarah mana litar dinding berkembang? || zaman pertengahan", {"context": "In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east-west through the walled city. West gate was still Porta Nuova, the circuit continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the line of Via Cavour. At this north-east corner there was a defence, Castello a Mare, to protect the port at La Cala. A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other end at S Maria della Catena (St Mary of the Chain). The sea-side wall was along the western side of Foro Italico Umberto. The wall turns west along the northern side of Via Abramo Lincoln, continues along Corso Tukory. The wall turns north approximately on Via Benedetto, to Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porta Nuova. Source: Palermo - City Guide by Adriana Chirco, 1998, Dario Flaccovio Editore.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "to protect the port at La Cala"}], "question": "What was the purpose of Castello a Mare?", "id": "572969a16aef051400154e3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "A huge chain"}], "question": "What was used to block passage through the La Cala port?", "id": "572969a16aef051400154e3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "medieval"}], "question": "During which historical period was the wall circuit expanded?", "id": "572969a16aef051400154e3c"}]}], ["Selepas pergaduhan dinasti, terdapat pengambilan semula Kristian pada tahun 1072. Keluarga yang kembali ke Christianity dipanggil Hautevilles, termasuk Robert Guiscard dan tenteranya, yang dianggap sebagai pahlawan oleh kaum pribumi. Ia berada di bawah Roger II of Sicily yang pegangan Norman di Sicily dan bahagian selatan Semenanjung Italia dipromosikan dari County of Sicily ke Kerajaan Sicily. Ibukota Kerajaan adalah Palermo, dengan Pengadilan Raja diadakan di Palazzo dei Normanni. Banyak pembinaan telah dilaksanakan dalam tempoh ini, seperti pembinaan Katedral Palermo. Kerajaan Sicily menjadi salah satu negara terkaya di Eropah. <> Siapa yang dianggap pahlawan oleh orang asli untuk mengakhiri kawalan Islam Palermo? || Robert Guiscard <> Apakah nama keluarga yang kembali Palermo kepada Kristiani selepas pengambilan semula pada tahun 1072? || Hautevilles <> Di manakah Pengadilan Raja diadakan di Kerajaan Sisilia? || Palazzo dei Normanni <> Bagaimana Kerajaan Sicily membandingkan monetarily dengan stesen Eropah yang lain? || salah satu negeri terkaya di Eropah", {"context": "After dynastic quarrels however, there was a Christian reconquest in 1072. The family who returned the city to Christianity were called the Hautevilles, including Robert Guiscard and his army, who is regarded as a hero by the natives. It was under Roger II of Sicily that Norman holdings in Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula were promoted from the County of Sicily into the Kingdom of Sicily. The Kingdom's capital was Palermo, with the King's Court held at the Palazzo dei Normanni. Much construction was undertaken during this period, such as the building of Palermo Cathedral. The Kingdom of Sicily became one of the wealthiest states in Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Robert Guiscard"}], "question": "Who is considered a hero by natives for ending Muslim control of Palermo?", "id": "572961c26aef051400154dca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Hautevilles"}], "question": "What was the family name who returned Palermo to Christianity after reconquest in 1072?", "id": "572961c26aef051400154dcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "Palazzo dei Normanni"}], "question": "Where was the Kings Court held in the Kingdom of Sicily?", "id": "572961c26aef051400154dcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "one of the wealthiest states in Europe"}], "question": "How did the Kingdom of Sicily compare monetarily with the other European staes?", "id": "572961c26aef051400154dcd"}]}], ["Majoriti orang Sicily memilih kemerdekaan untuk kerajaan Savoia; pada tahun 1866, Palermo menjadi kerusi pemberontakan popular selama seminggu, yang akhirnya dihancurkan setelah undang-undang Martial diisytiharkan. Kerajaan Itali menyalahkan anarkis dan Gereja, khususnya Uskup Agung Palermo, untuk pemberontakan dan mula memberlakukan dasar anti-Sisilia dan anti-klerikal. Pertumbuhan budaya, ekonomi dan perindustrian baru didorong oleh beberapa keluarga, seperti Florio, Ducrot, Rutelli, Sandron, Whitaker, Utveggio, dan lain-lain. Pada awal abad ke-20 Palermo berkembang di luar tembok kota lama, kebanyakannya di utara di sepanjang boulevards baru Via Roma, Via Dante, Via Notarbartolo, dan Viale della Libert\u00e0. Jalan-jalan ini tidak lama lagi akan mempunyai sejumlah besar villa dalam gaya Art Nouveau. Kebanyakannya direka oleh arkitek terkenal, Ernesto Basile. Grand Hotel Villa Igiea, yang direka oleh Ernesto Basile untuk keluarga Florio, merupakan contoh yang baik dari Palermitan Art Nouveau. Teatro Massimo yang besar telah direka dalam tempoh yang sama oleh Giovan Battista Filippo Basile, dan dibina oleh firma bangunan Rutelli & Mach\u00ec dari keluarga Rutelli Itali dan industri lama di Palermo, dan dibuka pada tahun 1897. <> Siapa yang dipersalahkan selama seminggu pemberontakan lama 1866? || anarkis dan Gereja, khususnya Uskup Agung Palermo <> Keluarga mana yang membantu untuk memulakan pertumbuhan budaya, perindustrian, dan ekonomi di Palermo? || Florio, Ducrot, Rutelli, Sandron, Whitaker, Utveggio <> Dalam gaya apa vila di Palermo yang baru diperluas? || Art Nouveau <> Teater mana yang direka oleh Giovan Battista Filippo Basile an dibuka pada tahun 1897? || Teatro Massimo", {"context": "The majority of Sicilians preferred independence to the Savoia kingdom; in 1866, Palermo became the seat of a week-long popular rebellion, which was finally crushed after Martial law was declared. The Italian government blamed anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo, for the rebellion and began enacting anti-Sicilian and anti-clerical policies. A new cultural, economic and industrial growth was spurred by several families, like the Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio, and others. In the early twentieth century Palermo expanded outside the old city walls, mostly to the north along the new boulevards Via Roma, Via Dante, Via Notarbartolo, and Viale della Libert\u00e0. These roads would soon boast a huge number of villas in the Art Nouveau style. Many of these were designed by the famous architect Ernesto Basile. The Grand Hotel Villa Igiea, designed by Ernesto Basile for the Florio family, is a good example of Palermitan Art Nouveau. The huge Teatro Massimo was designed in the same period by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile, and built by the Rutelli & Mach\u00ec building firm of the industrial and old Rutelli Italian family in Palermo, and was opened in 1897.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo"}], "question": "Who was blamed for the week long rebellion of 1866?", "id": "5729667c3f37b3190047833b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio"}], "question": "Which families help to start cultural, industrial, and economic growth in Palermo?", "id": "5729667c3f37b3190047833c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "Art Nouveau"}], "question": "In what style were the villas in the new expanded Palermo?", "id": "5729667c3f37b3190047833d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1013, "text": "Teatro Massimo"}], "question": "Which theatre was designed by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile ans opened in 1897?", "id": "5729667c3f37b3190047833e"}]}], ["Palermo mengalami iklim Mediterranean musim panas yang panas (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen: Csa). Musim sejuk adalah sejuk dan basah, sementara musim panas panas dan kering. Suhu pada musim luruh dan musim bunga biasanya ringan. Palermo adalah salah satu bandar paling panas di Eropah (terutamanya disebabkan oleh malam-malamnya yang panas), dengan purata suhu udara tahunan 18.5 \u00b0 C (65.3 \u00b0 F). Ia menerima kira-kira 2,530 jam cahaya matahari setiap tahun. Salji biasanya berlaku jarang berlaku, tetapi kadang-kadang berlaku jika ada kawasan sejuk, kerana Apennines terlalu jauh untuk melindungi pulau itu daripada angin sejuk yang meletup dari Balkan, dan pergunungan mengelilingi bandar itu memudahkan pembentukan salji dalam Palermo, terutamanya pada waktu malam. Antara tahun 1940-an dan 2000-an telah berlaku sebelas kali apabila salji yang besar telah berlaku: Pada tahun 1949, pada tahun 1956, ketika suhu minimum turun hingga 0 \u00b0 C (32 \u00b0 F) dan kota itu terselip oleh beberapa sentimeter salji. Salji juga berlaku pada tahun 1999, 2009 dan 2015. Purata suhu tahunan laut adalah melebihi 19 \u00b0 C (66 \u00b0 F); dari 14 \u00b0 C (57 \u00b0 F) pada bulan Februari hingga 26 \u00b0 C (79 \u00b0 F) pada bulan Ogos. Dalam tempoh dari Mei hingga November, purata suhu laut melebihi 18 \u00b0 C (64 \u00b0 F) dan dalam tempoh dari bulan Jun hingga Oktober, purata suhu laut melebihi 21 \u00b0 C (70 \u00b0 F). <> Apakah klasifikasi iklim Palermo? || iklim Mediterranean panas musim panas (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen: Csa). <> Bagaimana suhu Palermo berbanding dengan seluruh Eropah? || salah satu bandar terpanas di Eropah <> Berapa banyak salji jatuh di Palermo antara 1940 dan 2000? || sebelas <> Berapa banyak matahari yang dilihat Palermo setiap tahun? || 2,530 jam", {"context": "Palermo experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Csa). Winters are cool and wet, while summers are hot and dry. Temperatures in autumn and spring are usually mild. Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe (mainly due to its warm nights), with an average annual air temperature of 18.5 \u00b0C (65.3 \u00b0F). It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year. Snow is usually a rare occurrence, but it does occur occasionally if there is a cold front, as the Apennines are too distant to protect the island from cold winds blowing from the Balkans, and the mountains surrounding the city facilite the formation of snow accumulation in Palermo, especially at night. Between the 1940s and the 2000s there have been eleven times when considerable snowfall has occurred: In 1949, in 1956, when the minimum temperature went down to 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) and the city was blanketed by several centimeters of snow. Snow also occurred in 1999, 2009 and 2015. The average annual temperature of the sea is above 19 \u00b0C (66 \u00b0F); from 14 \u00b0C (57 \u00b0F) in February to 26 \u00b0C (79 \u00b0F) in August. In the period from May to November, the average sea temperature exceeds 18 \u00b0C (64 \u00b0F) and in the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "hot-summer Mediterranean climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Csa)."}], "question": "What is Palermo's climate classification?", "id": "5729684b6aef051400154e32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "one of the warmest cities in Europe"}], "question": "How do Palermo's temperatures compare to the rest of Europe?", "id": "5729684b6aef051400154e33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "eleven"}], "question": "How many did snow fall in Palermo between 1940and the 2000s?", "id": "5729684b6aef051400154e34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "2,530 hours"}], "question": "How much sun does Palermo see each year?", "id": "5729684b6aef051400154e35"}]}], ["Santo penaung Palermo adalah Santa Rosalia, yang banyak dihormati. Pada 14 Julai, orang di Palermo merayakan Festino tahunan, acara agama yang paling penting pada tahun ini. Festino adalah perarakan yang melalui jalan utama Palermo untuk memperingati mukjizat yang dikaitkan dengan Santa Rosalia yang, dipercayai, membebaskan kota dari Black Death pada tahun 1624. Sisa-sisanya ditemui di sebuah gua di Monte Pellegrino, dan dia Sisa dibawa ke sekitar bandar tiga kali, membuang wabak itu. Terdapat tempat perlindungan yang menandakan tempat di mana mayatnya ditemui yang boleh dicapai melalui perjalanan bas yang indah dari bandar. <> Siapakah penyokong popular Palermo? || Santa Rosalia <> Bilakah acara keagamaan Palermo yang paling penting pada tahun ini? || 14 Julai <> Siapa yang dikatakan telah menamatkan Kematian Hitam pada tahun 1624? || Santa Rosalia <> Apa itu Festino? || perarakan yang melalui jalan utama Palermo untuk memperingati mukjizat yang dikaitkan dengan Santa Rosalia", {"context": "The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Santa Rosalia"}], "question": "Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo?", "id": "572970446aef051400154eb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "14 July"}], "question": "When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held?", "id": "572970446aef051400154eb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Santa Rosalia"}], "question": "Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624?", "id": "572970446aef051400154eb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia"}], "question": "What is The Festino?", "id": "572970446aef051400154eb5"}]}], ["Pelabuhan Palermo, yang diasaskan oleh orang Phoenicia lebih dari 2,700 tahun yang lalu, bersama-sama dengan pelabuhan Messina, pelabuhan utama Sicily. Dari sini feri menghubungkan Palermo ke Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis dan bandar-bandar lain dan membawa sejumlah hampir 2 juta penumpang setiap tahun. Ia juga merupakan pelabuhan penting bagi kapal pelayaran. Lalu lintas termasuk juga hampir 5 juta tan kargo dan 80.000 TEU setiap tahun. Pelabuhan ini juga mempunyai hubungan dengan pulau-pulau kecil seperti Ustica dan Kepulauan Aeolian (melalui Cefal\u00f9 pada musim panas). Di dalam Pelabuhan Palermo terdapat satu bahagian yang dikenali sebagai \"marina pelancong\" untuk kapal layar dan katamaran belayar. <> Pelabuhan mana yang merupakan pelabuhan utama Sisilia? || Pelabuhan Palermo <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang dikunjungi oleh feri Palermo setiap tahun? || 2 juta <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang membawa feri Palermo membawa setiap tahun? || 2 juta <> Untuk apa yang dimaksudkan \"pariwisata marina\"? || pelayaran kapal layar dan catamarans <> Apa bandar-bandar feri perjalanan Palermo ke? || Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis", {"context": "The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefal\u00f9 in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as \"tourist marina\" for sailing yachts and catamarans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The port of Palermo"}], "question": "Which port is Sicily's primary port?", "id": "57296e83af94a219006aa3ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "2 million"}], "question": "How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?", "id": "57296e83af94a219006aa3f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "2 million"}], "question": "How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?", "id": "57296fea6aef051400154eac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "sailing yachts and catamarans"}], "question": "For what is the \"tourist marina\" dedicated?", "id": "57296fea6aef051400154ead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis"}], "question": "What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?", "id": "57296fea6aef051400154eae"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2010, terdapat 1.2 juta orang yang tinggal di kawasan Palermo yang lebih besar, 655,875 daripadanya tinggal di sempadan Bandaraya, di mana 47.4% adalah lelaki dan 52.6% adalah wanita. Orang yang berumur di bawah 15 tahun berjumlah 15.6% berbanding pesara yang terdiri daripada 17.2% penduduk. Ini berbanding dengan purata Itali 14.1% orang di bawah 15 tahun dan 20.2% pesara. Umur purata penduduk Palermo adalah 40.4 berbanding purata Itali 42.8. Dalam sepuluh tahun antara tahun 2001 dan 2010, penduduk Palermo menurun sebanyak 4.5%, sementara penduduk Itali, secara keseluruhan, meningkat sebanyak 6.0%. Sebab penurunan Palermo adalah penerbangan penduduk ke pinggir bandar, dan ke Itali Utara. Kadar kelahiran Palermo semasa adalah 10.2 kelahiran bagi setiap 1,000 penduduk berbanding dengan purata 9.3 kelahiran Itali. <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal di kawasan Palermo pada tahun 2010? || 1.2 juta <> Berapa peratus penduduk Palermo adalah wanita pada tahun 2010? || 52.6% <> Berapa umur purata penduduk Palermo? || 40.4 <> Mengapa penduduk Palermo menurun dari tahun 2001 hingga 2010? || penerbangan penduduk ke pinggir bandar", {"context": "In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "1.2 million"}], "question": "How many people were living in the Palermo area in 2010?", "id": "57296dbf1d0469140077942d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "52.6%"}], "question": "What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010?", "id": "57296dbf1d0469140077942e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "40.4"}], "question": "What is the average age of a Palermo resident?", "id": "57296dbf1d0469140077942f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "population flight to the suburbs"}], "question": "Why has Palermo's population declined from 2001 to 2010?", "id": "57296dbf1d04691400779430"}]}], ["Sebagai modal pentadbiran Sicily, Palermo merupakan pusat bagi kebanyakan kewangan, pelancongan dan perdagangan rantau ini. Bandar ini kini menjadi tuan rumah lapangan terbang antarabangsa, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Palermo selama ini telah membuka pembukaan banyak perniagaan baru. Ekonomi terutamanya bergantung kepada pelancongan dan perkhidmatan, tetapi juga mempunyai perdagangan, pembinaan kapal dan pertanian. Walau bagaimanapun, bandar ini masih mempunyai tahap pengangguran tinggi, rasuah yang tinggi dan empayar pasar gelap yang besar (Palermo menjadi rumah Mafia Sisilia). Walaupun bandar ini masih mengalami rasuah yang meluas, birokrasi yang tidak cekap dan jenayah terancang, tahap kejahatan di Palermo telah menurun secara dramatik, pengangguran semakin berkurang dan banyak peluang baru yang menguntungkan untuk pertumbuhan (terutamanya mengenai pelancongan) telah diperkenalkan, menjadikan bandar yang lebih selamat dan lebih baik untuk hidup. <> Apa gunanya ekonomi Palermo? || pelancongan dan perkhidmatan, tetapi juga mempunyai perdagangan, pembinaan kapal dan pertanian <> Palermo adalah rumah dari apa mafia? || Mafia Sicily <> Adakah jenayah di Palermo meningkat atau menurun? || turun dramatikal <> Apa kualiti negatif yang dibawa oleh Palermo? || tahap pengangguran yang tinggi, rasuah yang tinggi dan empayar pasar gelap yang penting", {"context": "Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture"}], "question": "On what does Palermo's economy rely?", "id": "57296e256aef051400154e72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "the Sicilian Mafia"}], "question": "Palermo is the home of what mafia?", "id": "57296e256aef051400154e73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "gone down dramatically"}], "question": "Has the level of crime in Palermo risen or declined?", "id": "57296e256aef051400154e74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire"}], "question": "What negative qualities does Palermo carry?", "id": "57296e256aef051400154e75"}]}]], [["Sebatian zink (I) jarang berlaku, dan memerlukan ligan yang besar untuk menstabilkan keadaan pengoksidaan yang rendah. Sebatian zink (I) mengandungi secara rasmi teras [Zn2] 2+, yang sama dengan kation [Hg2] 2+ dimerik yang terdapat dalam sebatian merkuri (I). Sifat ion diamagnetic mengesahkan struktur dimeriknya. Kompaun seng (I) pertama yang mengandungi ikatan Zn-Zn, (\u03b75-C5Me5) 2Zn2, juga dimetallocene pertama. Ion [Zn2] 2 + dengan cepat tidak seimbang ke dalam zink metal dan zink (II), dan hanya diperolehi sebagai kaca kuning yang dibentuk dengan menyejukkan larutan zink logam dalam ZnCl2 cair. <> Apakah perlu untuk menstabilkan keadaan pengoksidaan rendah zink (1)? || ligan yang besar <> Teras apa yang mengandungi kebanyakan zink (l) mengandungi? || [Zn2] 2+ <> Apa yang menegaskan struktur dimerik sebatian itu? || sifat diamagnetic ion <> Apabila larutan zink logam disejukkan dalam ZnCl2 cair, apa yang terbentuk? || kaca kuning", {"context": "Zinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first zinc(I) compound containing the Zn\u2014Zn bond, (\u03b75-C5Me5)2Zn2, is also the first dimetallocene. The [Zn2]2+ ion rapidly disproportionates into zinc metal and zinc(II), and has only been obtained as a yellow glass formed by cooling a solution of metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "bulky ligands"}], "question": "What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?", "id": "572b5405be1ee31400cb832b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "[Zn2]2+"}], "question": "What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain?", "id": "572b5405be1ee31400cb832c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "diamagnetic nature of the ion"}], "question": "What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound?", "id": "572b5405be1ee31400cb832d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "yellow glass"}], "question": "When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed?", "id": "572b5405be1ee31400cb832e"}]}], ["Kimia zink didominasi oleh keadaan pengoksidaan +2. Apabila sebatian dalam keadaan pengoksidaan ini terbentuk, elektron-elektron di luar elektron hilang, yang menghasilkan ion zink kosong dengan konfigurasi elektronik [Ar] 3d10. Dalam larutan akueus kompleks kompleks octahedral, [Zn (H\n2O) 6] 2+ adalah spesis utama. Penggredan zink dalam kombinasi dengan zink chloride pada suhu di atas 285 \u00b0 C menunjukkan pembentukan Zn\n2Cl\n2, sebatian zink dengan keadaan pengoksidaan +1. Tiada sebatian zink dalam keadaan pengoksidaan selain +1 atau +2 yang diketahui. Pengiraan menunjukkan bahawa sebatian zink dengan keadaan pengoksidaan +4 tidak mungkin wujud. <> Apakah negeri pengoksidaan menguasai zink? || +2 <> Apa yang menunjukkan pembentukan ZN2Cl? || Penguapan zink dalam kombinasi dengan zink klorida pada suhu di atas 285 \u00b0 C <> apakah satu-satunya keadaan pengoksidaan yang hanya diketahui untuk zink? || +1 atau +2 <> Apakah keadaan pengoksidaan menguasai kimia zink? || +2 <> Apakah dua negeri pengoksidaan yang hanya diketahui untuk sebatian zink? || +1 atau +2", {"context": "The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H\n2O)6]2+ is the predominant species. The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 \u00b0C indicates the formation of Zn\n2Cl\n2, a zinc compound with a +1 oxidation state. No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than +1 or +2 are known. Calculations indicate that a zinc compound with the oxidation state of +4 is unlikely to exist.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "+2"}], "question": "What oxidation state dominates zinc?", "id": "5729717d6aef051400154ed8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 \u00b0C"}], "question": "What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl?", "id": "5729717d6aef051400154ed9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "+1 or +2"}], "question": "what are the only two oxidation states known for zinc?", "id": "5729717d6aef051400154eda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "+2"}], "question": "What oxidation state dominates the chemistry of zinc?", "id": "572b520df75d5e190021fd84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "+1 or +2"}], "question": "What are the only two oxidation states known for zinc compounds?", "id": "572b520df75d5e190021fd87"}]}], ["Kimia zink adalah sama dengan kimia logam peralihan nikel pertama dan tembaga, walaupun ia mempunyai d-shell yang lengkap, jadi sebatiannya adalah diamagnetic dan kebanyakannya tidak berwarna. Radium zink dan magnesium ionik hampir sama. Kerana ini beberapa garam mereka mempunyai struktur kristal yang sama dan dalam keadaan di mana radius ionik adalah faktor penentu zink dan kimia magnesium mempunyai banyak persamaan. Jika tidak ada persamaan sedikit. Zink cenderung membentuk bon dengan tahap kovalen yang lebih tinggi dan ia membentuk kompleks yang lebih stabil dengan N- dan S- penderma. Kompleks zink kebanyakannya 4- atau 6- koordinat walaupun kompleks 5 koordinat diketahui. <> Kerana zink mempunyai d-shell diisi, sebatiannya biasanya apa? || diamagnetic dan kebanyakannya tidak berwarna. <> Radi ionik daripada apa yang dua elemen hampir sama? || zink dan magnesium <> Apakah faktor penentu di mana zink dan magnesium sangat serupa dengan kimia? || radius ionik <> Berikan apa yang penderma membentuk zink kompleks? || N- dan S-", {"context": "Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal structure and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common. Otherwise there is little similarity. Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N- and S- donors. Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate although 5-coordinate complexes are known.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "diamagnetic and mostly colorless."}], "question": "Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what?", "id": "572b5334111d821400f38e64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "zinc and magnesium"}], "question": "The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical?", "id": "572b5334111d821400f38e65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "ionic radius"}], "question": "What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically?", "id": "572b5334111d821400f38e66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "N- and S-"}], "question": "Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes?", "id": "572b5334111d821400f38e67"}]}], ["Sebatian zink yang dikenali untuk kebanyakan metaloid dan semua bukan logam kecuali gas mulia. ZnO oksida adalah serbuk putih yang hampir tidak larut dalam larutan berair neutral, tetapi amphoterik, larut dalam kedua-dua penyelesaian asas dan asid yang kuat. Chalcogenides yang lain (ZnS, ZnSe, dan ZnTe) mempunyai pelbagai aplikasi dalam bidang elektronik dan optik. Pnictogenides (Zn\n3N\n2, Zn\n3P\n2, Zn\n3As\n2 dan Zn\n3Sb\n2), peroksida (ZnO\n2), hidrida (ZnH\n2), dan karbida (ZnC\n2) juga diketahui. Daripada empat halida, ZnF\n2 mempunyai watak yang paling ionik, manakala yang lain (ZnCl\n2, ZnBr\n2, dan ZnI\n2) mempunyai titik lebur yang agak rendah dan dianggap mempunyai ciri yang lebih kovalen. <> Apa yang tidak diketahui untuk sebatian zink zink? || gas mulia <> ZnO boleh dibubarkan dalam jenis penyelesaian? || penyelesaian asas dan asid yang kuat <> Apa aplikasi yang mempunyai chalcogenides? || elektronik dan optik.", {"context": "Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have varied applications in electronics and optics. Pnictogenides (Zn\n3N\n2, Zn\n3P\n2, Zn\n3As\n2 and Zn\n3Sb\n2), the peroxide (ZnO\n2), the hydride (ZnH\n2), and the carbide (ZnC\n2) are also known. Of the four halides, ZnF\n2 has the most ionic character, whereas the others (ZnCl\n2, ZnBr\n2, and ZnI\n2) have relatively low melting points and are considered to have more covalent character.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "noble gases"}], "question": "What is not known for binary compounds of zinc?", "id": "572b550a34ae481900dead8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "strong basic and acidic solutions"}], "question": "ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions?", "id": "572b550a34ae481900dead90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "electronics and optics."}], "question": "What applications do chalcogenides have?", "id": "572b550a34ae481900dead91"}]}], ["Tembaga, yang merupakan aloi tembaga dan zink, telah digunakan sejak sekurang-kurangnya abad ke-10 SM di Judea dan pada abad ke-7 SM di Yunani Kuno. Logam zink tidak dihasilkan secara besar-besaran sehingga abad ke-12 di India dan tidak diketahui di Eropah sehingga akhir abad ke-16. Lombong-lembah Rajasthan telah memberikan bukti pasti pengeluaran zink yang akan kembali ke abad ke-6 SM. Setakat ini, bukti tulen zink tulen berasal dari Zawar, di Rajasthan, seawal abad ke-9 Masihi apabila proses penyulingan digunakan untuk membuat zink tulen. Ahli alkimia membakar zink di udara untuk membentuk apa yang mereka sebut sebagai \"wain ahli falsafah\" atau \"salji putih\". <> Apa dua logam bercampur untuk membuat tembaga? || tembaga dan zink <> Bilakah tembaga digunakan dahulu? || Ke-10 <> Di mana zink pertama dihasilkan pada skala besar? || India <> Bilakah zink diperkenalkan ke Eropah? || akhir abad ke-16 <> Di manakah bukti tertua zink tulen? || Zawar <> Brass adalah aloi apa dua elemen? || tembaga dan zink <> Kegunaan tembaga paling awal telah dikaitkan dengan lokasi kuno? || Judea <> Kami mempunyai bukti pengeluaran zink sejak abad ke-6 terima kasih kepada apa saya? || Rajasthan <> Apakah proses awal digunakan untuk membuat zink? || proses penyulingan <> Apakah nama-nama yang diberikan kepada zink oleh alkimia awal? || \"wul ahli falsafah\" atau \"salji putih\"", {"context": "Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century. The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc. Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called \"philosopher's wool\" or \"white snow\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "copper and zinc"}], "question": "What two metals are mixed to create Brass?", "id": "57296ef16aef051400154e98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "10th"}], "question": "When was brass first used?", "id": "57296ef16aef051400154e99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "India"}], "question": "Where was zinc first produced on a large scale?", "id": "57296ef16aef051400154e9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "end of the 16th century"}], "question": "When was zinc introduced to Europe?", "id": "57296ef16aef051400154e9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Zawar"}], "question": "Where is the oldest evidence of pure zinc?", "id": "57296ef16aef051400154e9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "copper and zinc"}], "question": "Brass is an alloy of what two elements?", "id": "572b4ab5111d821400f38e24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Judea"}], "question": "The earliest uses of brass has been attributed to what ancient location?", "id": "572b4ab5111d821400f38e25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Rajasthan"}], "question": "We have evidence of zinc production dating back to the 6th century thanks to what mine?", "id": "572b4ab5111d821400f38e26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "distillation process"}], "question": "What early process was used to make zinc?", "id": "572b4ab5111d821400f38e27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "\"philosopher's wool\" or \"white snow\""}], "question": "What were the names given to zinc by early alchemists?", "id": "572b4ab5111d821400f38e28"}]}], ["Zink adalah unsur kimia dengan simbol Zn dan nombor atom 30. Ia adalah elemen pertama kumpulan 12 jadual berkala. Dalam sesetengah keadaan zink adalah kimia yang mirip dengan magnesium: ionnya mempunyai saiz yang sama dan keadaan pengoksidaan biasa sahaja ialah +2. Zink adalah unsur yang paling banyak ke-24 dalam kerak bumi dan mempunyai lima isotop stabil. Bijih zink yang paling biasa ialah sphalerite (zink blende), mineral zink sulfida. Jumlah yang boleh ditemui terbesar terdapat di Australia, Asia, dan Amerika Syarikat. Pengeluaran zink termasuk pengaliran biji bijih, pemanggang, dan pengekalan terakhir menggunakan elektrik (electrowinning). <> Apakah simbol untuk Zink? || Zn <> Apakah nombor atom untuk Zink? || 30 <> Apakah zink yang berhampiran dengan kimia? || magnesium <> Apakah keadaan oksida untuk zink? || +2 <> Berapa banyak isotop stabil yang mempunyai zink? || lima <> Apakah simbol untuk zink? || Zn <> Apakah nombor atom zink? || 30 <> Apakah unsur lain pada jadual berkala adalah zink yang sama? || magnesium <> Apakah bijih zink yang paling biasa? || sphalerite <> Apa yang digunakan untuk mengeluarkan zink semasa proses pengeluaran? || elektrik", {"context": "Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Zn"}], "question": "What is the symbol for Zinc?", "id": "57296e7e6aef051400154e84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "30"}], "question": "What is the atomic number for Zinc?", "id": "57296e7e6aef051400154e85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "magnesium"}], "question": "What is zinc chemically close to?", "id": "57296e7e6aef051400154e86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "+2"}], "question": "What is the oxidation state for zinc?", "id": "57296e7e6aef051400154e87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many stable isotopes does zinc have?", "id": "57296e7e6aef051400154e88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Zn"}], "question": "What is the symbol for zinc?", "id": "572b4999be1ee31400cb8301"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "30"}], "question": "What is zinc's atomic number?", "id": "572b4999be1ee31400cb8302"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "magnesium"}], "question": "What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to?", "id": "572b4999be1ee31400cb8303"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "sphalerite"}], "question": "What is the most common zinc ore?", "id": "572b4999be1ee31400cb8304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "electricity"}], "question": "What is used to extract zinc during the production process?", "id": "572b4999be1ee31400cb8305"}]}], ["Zink adalah mineral penting yang dilihat oleh orang awam hari ini sebagai \"kepentingan kesihatan biologi dan awam yang luar biasa\", khususnya mengenai perkembangan pranatal dan postnatal. Kekurangan zink menjejaskan kira-kira dua bilion orang di dunia membangun dan dikaitkan dengan banyak penyakit. Di kalangan kanak-kanak, ia menyebabkan keterlambatan pertumbuhan, pematangan kematangan seksual, kerentanan jangkitan, dan cirit-birit. Enzim dengan atom zink di pusat reaktif tersebar luas dalam biokimia, seperti alkohol dehidrogenase pada manusia. Penggunaan zink berlebihan boleh menyebabkan kekurangan ataxia, kelesuan dan tembaga. <> Berapakah jumlah orang yang terkena masalah kekurangan zink? || Dua bilion <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan penyebab zink berlebihan? || ataxia, kelesuan dan kekurangan tembaga <> Di mana anda boleh mencari enzim dengan atom zink di pusat reaktif? || biokimia, <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan kekurangan zink pada kanak-kanak? || kemerosotan pertumbuhan, pematangan kematangan seksual, kerentanan jangkitan, dan cirit-birit <> Apa yang sangat penting untuk perkembangan pranatal dan postnatal? || Zinc <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan gejala di kalangan kanak-kanak dari cirit-birit hingga pertumbuhan yang teruk? || Kekurangan zink <> Dalam apa bahan yang boleh anda dapati atom zink dalam pusat reaktifnya? || alkohol dehidrogenase <> Apa yang menyebabkan gejala seperti keletihan dan kekurangan tembaga? || zink berlebihan", {"context": "Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of \"exceptional biologic and public health importance\", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "two billion"}], "question": "How many people are affected by zinc deficiency?", "id": "5729701b1d04691400779453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency"}], "question": "What can consumption of excess zinc cause?", "id": "5729701b1d04691400779454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "biochemistry,"}], "question": "Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center?", "id": "5729701b1d04691400779455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea"}], "question": "What can a lack of zinc cause in children?", "id": "5729701b1d04691400779456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Zinc"}], "question": "What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development?", "id": "572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Zinc deficiency"}], "question": "What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth?", "id": "572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "alcohol dehydrogenase"}], "question": "In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center?", "id": "572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "excess zinc"}], "question": "What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency?", "id": "572b4ce0f75d5e190021fd7f"}]}], ["Unsur ini mungkin dinamai oleh alkemis Paracelsus selepas kata Jerman Zinke (serampang, gigi). Ahli kimia Jerman Andreas Sigismund Marggraf dikreditkan dengan menemui zink logam tulen pada tahun 1746. Kerja oleh Luigi Galvani dan Alessandro Volta mengungkap sifat elektrokimia zink pada tahun 1800. Zink penyaduran zink yang tahan (hot-dip galvanizing) adalah aplikasi utama untuk zink . Aplikasi lain dalam bateri, cawangan bukan struktur kecil, dan aloi, seperti tembaga. Pelbagai sebatian zink biasanya digunakan, seperti zink karbonat dan zink gluconate (sebagai suplemen makanan), zink klorida (dalam deodoran), zink pyrithione (syampu anti kelemumur), zink sulfida (dalam cat luminescent), dan zink metil atau zink diethyl di makmal organik. <> Siapa yang namanya zink unsur? || Paracelsus <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan zink? || Zinke <> Siapa yang dikreditkan dengan menemui zink? || Andreas Sigismund Marggraf <> Apa dua orang menemui sifat elektrokimia zink? || Luigi Galvani dan Alessandro Volta <> Di mana anda boleh mencari zink chloride? || deodoran <> Siapakah yang dikreditkan sebagai memberikan zink namanya? || Paracelsus <> Apakah maksud zink atau zinke? || (prong, gigi) <> Siapa yang menemui zink logam tulen? || Andreas Sigismund Marggraf <> Apa gunanya untuk zink? || (hot-dip galvanizing <> Apa yang biasa digunakan untuk zinc chloride? || deodorants", {"context": "The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys, such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Paracelsus"}], "question": "Who named the element zinc?", "id": "57296f966aef051400154ea2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Zinke"}], "question": "What was zinc named after?", "id": "57296f966aef051400154ea3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Andreas Sigismund Marggraf"}], "question": "Who is credited with discovering zinc?", "id": "57296f966aef051400154ea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta"}], "question": "What two people discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc?", "id": "57296f966aef051400154ea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "deodorants"}], "question": "Where can you find zinc chloride?", "id": "57296f966aef051400154ea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Paracelsus"}], "question": "Who is credited as giving zinc its name?", "id": "572b4ba5f75d5e190021fd6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "(prong, tooth)"}], "question": "What does the name zinc or zinke mean?", "id": "572b4ba5f75d5e190021fd6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Andreas Sigismund Marggraf"}], "question": "Who discovered pure metallic zinc?", "id": "572b4ba5f75d5e190021fd6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "(hot-dip galvanizing"}], "question": "What is the most common use for zinc?", "id": "572b4ba5f75d5e190021fd6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "deodorants"}], "question": "What is a common use for zinc chloride?", "id": "572b4ba5f75d5e190021fd6e"}]}], ["Beberapa dozen radioisotop telah dicirikan. 65Zn, yang mempunyai separuh hayat 243.66 hari, adalah radioisotop paling lama, diikuti oleh 72Zn dengan separuh hayat 46.5 jam. Zink mempunyai 10 isomer nuklear. 69mZn mempunyai separuh hayat terpanjang, 13.76 h. The superscript m menunjukkan isotop metastable. Nukleus isotop metastabil berada dalam keadaan teruja dan akan kembali ke keadaan tanah dengan memancarkan foton dalam bentuk sinar gamma. 61Zn mempunyai tiga negeri yang teruja dan 73Zn mempunyai dua. Isotop 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn dan 78Zn masing-masing hanya mempunyai satu keadaan teruja. <> Berapa banyak radioisotop zink telah ditemui? || Beberapa dozen <> Apakah separuh hayat isotop terpanjang? || 243.66 <> Apakah yang dimaksud dengan superskrip? || isotop metastable <> Berapa banyak negeri teruja yang ada 61Zn? || tiga <> Berapa banyak negeri teruja yang mempunyai 73Zn? || dua <> Apakah isotop radio yang paling lama hidup? || 65Zn <> Berapa separuh hayat 72Zn? || 46.5 jam <> Berapa banyak isomer nuklear yang mempunyai seng? || 10 <> Apa maksud \"m\" superskrip? || isotop metastabil <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh isotop metastabil untuk kembali ke keadaan tanah dari keadaan teruja? || memancarkan foton dalam bentuk sinar gamma", {"context": "Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray. 61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two. The isotopes 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn and 78Zn each have only one excited state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Several dozen"}], "question": "How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered?", "id": "5729710a6aef051400154ece"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "243.66"}], "question": "What is the longest half life of the isotopes?", "id": "5729710a6aef051400154ecf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "metastable isotope"}], "question": "What does the superscript m represent?", "id": "5729710a6aef051400154ed0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many excited states does 61Zn have? ", "id": "5729710a6aef051400154ed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many excited states does 73Zn have?", "id": "5729710a6aef051400154ed2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "65Zn"}], "question": "What is the most long lived radio isotope?", "id": "572b5109111d821400f38e5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "46.5 hours"}], "question": "What is the half life of 72Zn?", "id": "572b5109111d821400f38e5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many nuclear isomers does zinc have?", "id": "572b5109111d821400f38e5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "metastable isotope"}], "question": "What does the superscript \"m\" indicate?", "id": "572b5109111d821400f38e5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray"}], "question": "What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state?", "id": "572b5109111d821400f38e5e"}]}], ["Zink adalah logam yang berwarna putih-putih, berkilat, diamagnetik, walaupun gred komersial yang paling umum logam mempunyai kemasan yang membosankan. Ia agak kurang padat daripada besi dan mempunyai struktur kristal heksagon, dengan bentuk pembungkusan heksagonal yang distorsibel, di mana setiap atom mempunyai enam jiran terdekat (pada 265.9 petang) dalam pesawatnya sendiri dan enam orang lain pada jarak lebih tinggi 290.6 pm . Logam itu keras dan rapuh pada suhu yang paling tetapi menjadi mudah dibentuk antara 100 dan 150 \u00b0 C. Di atas 210 \u00b0 C, logam menjadi rapuh lagi dan boleh dihancurkan dengan memukul. Zink adalah konduktor elektrik yang adil. Bagi logam, zink mempunyai leburan yang rendah (419.5 \u00b0 C) dan titik didih (907 \u00b0 C). Titik leburnya adalah yang paling rendah dari semua logam peralihan selain merkuri dan kadmium. <> Apa warna zink? || biru putih <> Adakah besi lebih padat daripada zink? || Ia agak kurang padat daripada besi <> Pada suhu apa logam menjadi lembut? || 100 dan 150 \u00b0 C <> Pada suhu apa yang menjadi seng menjadi rapuh? || 210 \u00b0 C <> Apakah titik didih zink? || 907 \u00b0 C <> Di dalam keadaan pra komersil, apa warna zink? || putih kebiru-biruan <> Apakah struktur penyegerakan kristal? || heksagon <> Apa yang berlaku kepada zink apabila ia dimanipulasi pada suhu antara 100 dan 150 Celcius? || menjadi lembut <> Pada suhu apa boleh zink digali? || 210 \u00b0 C", {"context": "Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 \u00b0C. Above 210 \u00b0C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 \u00b0C) and boiling points (907 \u00b0C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "bluish-white"}], "question": "What color is zinc?", "id": "572970803f37b319004783c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "It is somewhat less dense than iron"}], "question": "Is iron more dense than zinc?", "id": "572970803f37b319004783c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "100 and 150 \u00b0C"}], "question": "At what temperature does the metal become malleable?", "id": "572970803f37b319004783c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "210 \u00b0C"}], "question": "At what temperature to zinc become brittle?", "id": "572970803f37b319004783c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "907 \u00b0C"}], "question": "What is the boiling point of zinc?", "id": "572970803f37b319004783c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "bluish-white"}], "question": "In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc?", "id": "572b4db9111d821400f38e3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "hexagonal"}], "question": "What is the crystalline structure of sync?", "id": "572b4db9111d821400f38e3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "becomes malleable"}], "question": "What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius?", "id": "572b4db9111d821400f38e40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "210 \u00b0C"}], "question": "At what temperature can zinc be pulverized?", "id": "572b4db9111d821400f38e41"}]}], ["Dalam penyelesaian asas yang lemah yang mengandungi Zn2 + ion, zn hidroksida (OH)\n2 bentuk sebagai mendakan putih. Dalam larutan alkali yang kuat, hidroksida ini dibubarkan untuk membentuk zincat ([Zn (OH) 4] 2-). Zn nitrat (NO3)\n2, klorat Zn (ClO3)\n2, sulfat ZnSO\n4, fosfat Zn\n3 (PO4)\n2, molybdate ZnMoO\n4, sianida Zn (CN)\n2, Zn arsenit (AsO2)\n2, arsenat Zn (AsO4)\n2 \u00b7 8H\n2O dan ZnCrO kromat\n4 (salah satu daripada sebatian zink berwarna) adalah beberapa contoh sejenis sebatian bukan organik biasa zink. Salah satu contoh paling mudah dari sebatian organik zink ialah asetat (Zn (O\n2CCH3)\n2). <> Zn (OH) 2 dibubarkan untuk membentuk penyelesaian alkali yang kuat? || zincates", {"context": "In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH)\n2 forms as a white precipitate. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ([Zn(OH)4]2\u2212). The nitrate Zn(NO3)\n2, chlorate Zn(ClO3)\n2, sulfate ZnSO\n4, phosphate Zn\n3(PO4)\n2, molybdate ZnMoO\n4, cyanide Zn(CN)\n2, arsenite Zn(AsO2)\n2, arsenate Zn(AsO4)\n2\u00b78H\n2O and the chromate ZnCrO\n4 (one of the few colored zinc compounds) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc. One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is the acetate (Zn(O\n2CCH3)\n2).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "zincates"}], "question": "Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions?", "id": "572b55d7be1ee31400cb8334"}]}], ["Logam zink dihasilkan menggunakan metalurgi ekstraktif. Selepas pengisaran bijih, pengapungan bau, yang secara selektif memisahkan mineral dari gangue dengan mengambil kesempatan daripada perbezaan dalam hidrofobiknya, digunakan untuk mendapatkan bijih bijih. Pekat ini terdiri daripada kira-kira 50% zink dan selebihnya adalah sulfur (32%), besi (13%), dan SiO\n2 (5%). Komposisi ini biasanya mengandungi zink sulfida (80% hingga 85%), sulfida besi (7.0% hingga 12%), sulfida plumbum (3.0% hingga 5.0%) silika (2.5% hingga 3.5%) dan kadmium sulfida (0.35% kepada 0.41%). <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan zink logam? || metalurgi ekstraktif. <> Apakah pengapungan bau digunakan untuk? || dapatkan bijih pekat <> Apakah langkah pertama dalam pengeluaran zink metal? || mengisar bijih <> Berapa peratus daripada bijih bijih zink? || 50%", {"context": "Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur (32%), iron (13%), and SiO\n2 (5%). The composition of this is normally zinc sulfide (80% to 85%), iron sulfide (7.0% to 12%), lead sulfide (3.0% to 5.0%) silica (2.5% to 3.5%), and cadmium sulfide (0.35% to 0.41%).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "extractive metallurgy."}], "question": "What is used to produce the metal zinc?", "id": "572b5a02111d821400f38e72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "get an ore concentrate"}], "question": "What is froth flotation used for?", "id": "572b5a02111d821400f38e73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "grinding the ore"}], "question": "What is the first step in zinc metal production?", "id": "572b5a02111d821400f38e74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "50%"}], "question": "What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc?", "id": "572b5a02111d821400f38e75"}]}], ["Nama logam itu mungkin didokumenkan dahulu oleh Paracelsus, seorang alkemis Jerman kelahiran Switzerland, yang merujuk kepada logam itu sebagai \"zincum\" atau \"zinken\" dalam bukunya Liber Mineralium II, pada abad ke-16. Kata ini mungkin berasal dari zinke Jerman, dan kononnya bermaksud \"gigi seperti, menunjuk atau bergerigi\" (kristal zink logam mempunyai penampilan seperti jarum). Zink juga boleh menyiratkan \"timah\" kerana hubungannya dengan zinn Jerman bermaksud timah. Namun kemungkinan lain adalah bahawa perkataan itu berasal dari kata Parsi \u0633\u0646\u06af seng yang bermaksud batu. Logam ini juga dikenali sebagai timah India, tutanego, calamine, dan spinter. <> Siapakah yang disifatkan sebagai mendokumenkan seng pertama? || Paracelsus <> Kenapa zink mungkin berasal dari zinn Jerman? || bermaksud \"tin seperti\" <> Mengapa zink mungkin berasal dari perkataan zinke Jerman? || kristal zink metrik mempunyai penampilan seperti jarum <> Apakah beberapa istilah lain untuk zink? || Tin India, tutanego, calamine, dan spinter.", {"context": "The name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as \"zincum\" or \"zinken\" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant \"tooth-like, pointed or jagged\" (metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance). Zink could also imply \"tin-like\" because of its relation to German zinn meaning tin. Yet another possibility is that the word is derived from the Persian word \u0633\u0646\u06af seng meaning stone. The metal was also called Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Paracelsus"}], "question": "Who is attributed as first documenting zinc?", "id": "572b581a34ae481900deada9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "imply \"tin-like\""}], "question": "Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn?", "id": "572b581a34ae481900deadab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance"}], "question": "Why would zinc possibly be derived from the German word zinke?", "id": "572b581a34ae481900deadaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter."}], "question": "What are some of the other terms for zinc?", "id": "572b581a34ae481900deadac"}]}], ["Zink adalah lebih reaktif daripada besi atau keluli dan dengan itu akan menarik hampir semua pengoksidaan tempatan sehingga ia benar-benar menghancurkan. Lapisan permukaan pelindung oksida dan karbonat (Zn\n5 (OH)\n6 (CO\n3)\n2) membentuk sebagai zink corrodes. Perlindungan ini berlangsung walaupun selepas lapisan zink tercalar tetapi merendahkan masa kerana zink menyusut. Zink digunakan secara elektrokimia atau sebagai seng cair dengan galvanizing atau penyemburan air panas. Galvanization digunakan pada pagar rantai-rantai, rel penjaga, jambatan penggantungan, papan lampu, bumbung logam, penukar haba, dan badan kereta. <> Apakah dua sebatian zink lebih reaktif daripada? || besi atau keluli <> Apa bentuknya seperti coretan zink? || lapisan permukaan pelindung oksida dan karbonat <> Bagaimana zink digunakan? || elektrokimia atau sebagai seng lebur <> Apa yang digunakan pada banyak perkara biasa, seperti pagar pautan rantai? || Galvanization", {"context": "Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn\n5(OH)\n6(CO\n3)\n2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zinc corrodes away. The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by hot-dip galvanizing or spraying. Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "iron or steel"}], "question": "What two compounds is zinc more reactive than?", "id": "572b5bab34ae481900deadc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate"}], "question": "What forms as zinc corrodes?", "id": "572b5bab34ae481900deadc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "electrochemically or as molten zinc"}], "question": "How is zinc applied?", "id": "572b5bab34ae481900deadc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Galvanization"}], "question": "What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences?", "id": "572b5bab34ae481900deadc8"}]}], ["Kereaktifan relatif zink dan keupayaannya untuk menarik pengoksidaan kepada dirinya sendiri menjadikannya anod pengorbanan yang efisien dalam perlindungan katodik (CP). Sebagai contoh, perlindungan katodik saluran paip terkubur boleh dicapai dengan menyambungkan anoda yang diperbuat daripada zink ke paip. Zink bertindak sebagai anoda (terminal negatif) dengan perlahan menghancurkan kerana ia mengalir arus elektrik ke saluran paip keluli. [Nota 2] Zink juga digunakan untuk melindungi katod logam yang terdedah kepada air laut daripada kakisan. Sebuah cakera zink yang dipasang pada kemudi besi kapal perlahan-lahan menghancurkan, sedangkan kemudi tetap tidak terkendali. Kegunaan lain yang serupa termasuklah palam zink yang dipasang pada kipas atau pengawal keselamatan logam untuk kapal. <> Apa yang menjadikan zink anoda korban yang efisien? || reaktiviti relatif zink dan keupayaannya untuk menarik pengoksidaan <> Menghubungkan anod yang diperbuat daripada zink ke paip terkubur mencipta apa? || perlindungan katodik <> Apa yang menyertakan cakera zink ke kemudi besi kapal lakukan? || melindungi logam yang terdedah kepada air laut daripada kakisan <> Mengapa zink melindungi logam yang terdedah kepada air laut daripada menghancurkan? || perlahan akan mengakibatkan kemusnahan, manakala kemudi tetap tidak diserang", {"context": "The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminus) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline.[note 2] Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion. A zinc disc attached to a ship's iron rudder will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked. Other similar uses include a plug of zinc attached to a propeller or the metal protective guard for the keel of the ship.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation"}], "question": "What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode?", "id": "572b5c93111d821400f38e7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "cathodic protection"}], "question": "Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what?", "id": "572b5c93111d821400f38e7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion"}], "question": "What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do?", "id": "572b5c93111d821400f38e7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked"}], "question": "Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding?", "id": "572b5c93111d821400f38e7d"}]}], ["Lain-lain aloi yang banyak digunakan yang mengandungi zink termasuk perak nikel, logam mesin taip, solder lembut dan aluminium, dan gangsa komersil. Zink juga digunakan dalam organ paip kontemporari sebagai pengganti aloi plumbum / timah tradisional dalam paip. Perekatan 85-88% zink, tembaga 4-10%, dan aluminium 2-8% mendapati penggunaan terhad dalam beberapa jenis galas mesin. Zink adalah logam utama yang digunakan dalam membuat duit syiling satu sen Amerika sejak tahun 1982. Inti zink disalut dengan lapisan tembaga nipis untuk memberikan kesan syiling tembaga. Pada tahun 1994, 33,200 tan metrik (36,600 tan pendek) zink digunakan untuk menghasilkan 13.6 bilion sen di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah zink diganti dalam organ paip? || aloi plumbum / timah <> Zink, tembaga dan aloi aluminium telah digunakan di bahagian mesin apa? || bantalan mesin <> Zink dalam logam utama yang digunakan dalam membuat mata wang amerika? || satu syiling sen <> Apa zink bersalut untuk mempengaruhi penny? || lapisan nipis tembaga", {"context": "Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85\u201388% zinc, 4\u201310% copper, and 2\u20138% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Zinc is the primary metal used in making American one cent coins since 1982. The zinc core is coated with a thin layer of copper to give the impression of a copper coin. In 1994, 33,200 tonnes (36,600 short tons) of zinc were used to produce 13.6 billion pennies in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "lead/tin alloy"}], "question": "What has zinc replaced in pipe organs?", "id": "572b5d6634ae481900deadcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "machine bearings"}], "question": "Zinc, copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery?", "id": "572b5d6634ae481900deadce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "one cent coins"}], "question": "Zinc in the main metal used in making which american currency?", "id": "572b5d6634ae481900deadcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "thin layer of copper"}], "question": "What is zinc coated with to influence the look of pennies?", "id": "572b5d6634ae481900deadd0"}]}], ["Paduan terutamanya zink dengan sejumlah kecil tembaga, aluminium, dan magnesium berguna dalam pemutus mati serta pemutus putaran, terutamanya dalam industri automotif, elektrik dan perkakasan. Alloy ini dipasarkan di bawah nama Zamak. Contohnya ialah aluminium zink. Titik lebur rendah bersama-sama dengan kelikatan rendah aloi membuat pengeluaran bentuk-bentuk kecil dan rumit yang mungkin. Suhu kerja yang rendah membawa kepada penyejukan pesat produk-produk pelakon dan oleh itu pemasangan cepat mungkin. Satu lagi aloi, yang dipasarkan di bawah jenama Prestal, mengandungi 78% zink dan 22% aluminium dan dilaporkan hampir sekuat keluli tetapi boleh dibasuh sebagai plastik. Keterlaluan aloi ini membolehkannya dibentuk menggunakan die casts yang diperbuat daripada seramik dan simen. <> Selain daripada pemutus mati, apakah aloi zink yang dicampur dengan tembaga, aluminium dan magnesium yang digunakan? || spin casting <> Susunan zink bercampur dengan tembaga, aluminium dan magnesium dipasarkan sebagai apa? || Zamak <> Apa yang mungkin untuk menghasilkan terima kasih kepada titik lebur yang rendah dan kelikatan rendah aloi aluminium zink? || bentuk kecil dan rumit <> Apa jenama aloi sepatutnya kuat seperti keluli semasa masih boleh dibasuh sebagai plastik? || Prestal <> Apa yang digunakan untuk membentuk Prestal? || die casting yang diperbuat daripada seramik dan simen.", {"context": "Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point together with the low viscosity of the alloy makes the production of small and intricate shapes possible. The low working temperature leads to rapid cooling of the cast products and therefore fast assembly is possible. Another alloy, marketed under the brand name Prestal, contains 78% zinc and 22% aluminium and is reported to be nearly as strong as steel but as malleable as plastic. This superplasticity of the alloy allows it to be molded using die casts made of ceramics and cement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "spin casting"}], "question": "Aside from die casting, what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium used for?", "id": "572b7b86be1ee31400cb83db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Zamak"}], "question": "Alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what?", "id": "572b7b86be1ee31400cb83dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "small and intricate shapes"}], "question": "What is possible to produce thanks to the low melting point and low viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy?", "id": "572b7b86be1ee31400cb83dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "Prestal"}], "question": "What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as steel while still being malleable as plastic?", "id": "572b7b86be1ee31400cb83de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "die casts made of ceramics and cement."}], "question": "What is used to mold Prestal?", "id": "572b7b86be1ee31400cb83df"}]}], ["Pengeluaran bijih zink sulfat menghasilkan sejumlah besar sulfur dioksida dan wap kadmium. Smelter sanga dan proses residu lain juga mengandungi sejumlah besar logam berat. Kira-kira 1.1 juta tan metrik zink dan 130 ribu tan memimpin dilombong dan dicelup di bandar-bandar Belgia La Calamine dan Plombi\u00e8res antara 1806 dan 1882. Pembuangan dari operasi perlombongan lalu meleburkan sejumlah besar zink dan kadmium, dan, sebagai Hasilnya, sedimen Sungai Geul mengandungi sejumlah besar logam berat. Kira-kira dua ribu tahun lalu pelepasan zink dari perlombongan dan peleburan berjumlah 10 ribu tan setahun. Selepas meningkat 10 kali ganda dari 1850, pelepasan zink mencapai puncak pada 3.4 juta tan setahun pada tahun 1980-an dan berkurangan kepada 2.7 juta tan pada tahun 1990-an, walaupun kajian 2005 troposfera Artik mendapati bahawa konsentrasi di sana tidak mencerminkan kemerosotan. Pelepasan antropogenik dan semulajadi terjadi pada nisbah 20 hingga 1. <> Sebilangan besar sulfur dioksida dan wap kadmium dihasilkan disebabkan oleh apa? || Pengeluaran untuk bijih zink sulfidic <> Sangkar Smelter mengandungi sejumlah besar dari apa? || logam berat <> Mengapa Sungai Geul mengandungi logam berat dalam jumlah yang besar? || operasi perlombongan melepaskan sejumlah besar zink dan kadmium <> Apakah nisbah yang terjadi pada emisi antropogenik dan alam semula jadi? || 20 hingga 1", {"context": "The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of La Calamine and Plombi\u00e8res between 1806 and 1882. The dumps of the past mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium, and, as a result, the sediments of the Geul River contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About two thousand years ago emissions of zinc from mining and smelting totaled 10 thousand tonnes a year. After increasing 10-fold from 1850, zinc emissions peaked at 3.4 million tonnes per year in the 1980s and declined to 2.7 million tonnes in the 1990s, although a 2005 study of the Arctic troposphere found that the concentrations there did not reflect the decline. Anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The production for sulfidic zinc ores"}], "question": "Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what?", "id": "572b5afd34ae481900deadbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "heavy metals"}], "question": "Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what?", "id": "572b5afd34ae481900deadbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium"}], "question": "Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount?", "id": "572b5afd34ae481900deadbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 971, "text": "20 to 1"}], "question": "What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at?", "id": "572b5afd34ae481900deadc0"}]}], ["The Charaka Samhita, yang dikatakan telah ditulis antara 300 dan 500 AD, menyebutkan logam yang, ketika teroksidasi, menghasilkan pushpanjan, yang dianggap sebagai zink oksida. Lombong zink di Zawar, berhampiran Udaipur di India, telah aktif sejak zaman Mauryan. Walau bagaimanapun, peleburan zink logam di sini muncul pada abad ke-12 AD. Satu anggaran ialah lokasi ini menghasilkan kira-kira juta tan metrik zink dan zink oksida dari abad ke-12 hingga ke-16. Satu lagi anggaran memberikan pengeluaran sebanyak 60,000 tan metrik zink logam sepanjang tempoh ini. The Rasaratna Samuccaya, yang ditulis pada kira-kira abad ke-13 AD, menyebutkan dua jenis bijih yang mengandungi zink: satu yang digunakan untuk pengekstrakan logam dan yang lain digunakan untuk tujuan perubatan. <> Zink oksida dipercayai disebut dalam teks kuno? || The Charaka Samhita <> Lombong zink aktif di India tarikh kembali ke apa tempoh? || Tempoh Mauryan <> Proses apa yang berlaku sekitar abad ke-12? || peleburan zink logam <> Bilakah ditulis Rasaratna Samuccaya? || Abad ke-13 AD, <> Apakah dua kegunaan bijih zink yang disebut dalam Rasaratna Samuccaya? || pengekstrakan logam dan lain-lain yang digunakan untuk tujuan perubatan", {"context": "The Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have begun around the 12th century AD. One estimate is that this location produced an estimated million tonnes of metallic zinc and zinc oxide from the 12th to 16th centuries. Another estimate gives a total production of 60,000 tonnes of metallic zinc over this period. The Rasaratna Samuccaya, written in approximately the 13th century AD, mentions two types of zinc-containing ores: one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Charaka Samhita"}], "question": "Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text?", "id": "572b56cd34ae481900dead99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Mauryan period"}], "question": "Active zinc mines in India date back to what period?", "id": "572b56cd34ae481900dead9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "smelting of metallic zinc"}], "question": "What process occurred around the 12th century?", "id": "572b56cd34ae481900dead9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "13th century AD,"}], "question": "When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written?", "id": "572b56cd34ae481900dead9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes"}], "question": "What are the two uses of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya?", "id": "572b56cd34ae481900dead9d"}]}], ["Saudara lelaki William Champion, John, telah mematenkan satu proses pada tahun 1758 untuk menapis zink sulfida ke dalam oksida yang boleh digunakan dalam proses pengulangan. Sebelum ini, hanya calamine yang boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan zink. Pada tahun 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg bertambah baik pada proses peleburan dengan membina smelter retort mendatar pertama. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony membina pelbagai jenis smelter zink mendatar di Belgium, yang memproses lebih banyak zink. Doktor Itali Luigi Galvani ditemui pada tahun 1780 bahawa menyambung saraf tunjang katak yang baru dibedah kepada rel besi yang dilekatkan oleh cangkuk tembaga menyebabkan kaki katak berkuku. Dia salah fikir dia telah menemui keupayaan saraf dan otot untuk mencipta elektrik dan memanggil kesan \"elektrik haiwan\". Sel galvanik dan proses galvanisasi kedua-duanya dinamakan untuk Luigi Galvani dan penemuan ini membuka jalan bagi bateri elektrik, galvanis dan perlindungan katodik. <> Siapa yang pertama membuat paten proses yang membuat oksida dapat digunakan dalam proses peninjauan? || Saudara lelaki William Champion, John, <> Sebelum John Champion, apakah satu-satunya elemen yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan zink? || calamine <> Siapa yang membina smelter retort mendatar pertama? || Johann Christian Ruberg <> Apakah Galvani menamakan kesan yang dia buat menyebabkan kaki katak berkedut? || elektrik haiwan <> Penemuan yang dibuat oleh Galvani membawa kepada apa tiga perkara penting? || bateri elektrik, galvanis dan perlindungan katodik.", {"context": "William Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium, which processed even more zinc. Italian doctor Luigi Galvani discovered in 1780 that connecting the spinal cord of a freshly dissected frog to an iron rail attached by a brass hook caused the frog's leg to twitch. He incorrectly thought he had discovered an ability of nerves and muscles to create electricity and called the effect \"animal electricity\". The galvanic cell and the process of galvanization were both named for Luigi Galvani and these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "William Champion's brother, John,"}], "question": "Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?", "id": "572b5939f75d5e190021fd92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "calamine"}], "question": "Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc?", "id": "572b5939f75d5e190021fd93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Johann Christian Ruberg"}], "question": "Who built the first horizontal retort smelter?", "id": "572b5939f75d5e190021fd94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "animal electricity"}], "question": "What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch?", "id": "572b5939f75d5e190021fd95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 873, "text": "electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection."}], "question": "The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things?", "id": "572b5939f75d5e190021fd96"}]}], ["Zink dimasukkan ke dalam kebanyakan tablet tunggal vitamin dan makanan tambahan vitamin-over-the-counter. Persiapan termasuk zink oksida, zink asetat, dan zink gluconate. Ia dipercayai mempunyai sifat-sifat antioksidan, yang boleh melindungi terhadap penuaan dipercepat kulit dan otot badan; Kajian berbeza untuk keberkesanannya. Zink juga membantu mempercepat proses penyembuhan selepas kecederaan. Ia juga disyaki memberi manfaat kepada sistem imun badan. Sesungguhnya, kekurangan zink mungkin mempunyai kesan ke atas hampir semua bahagian sistem imun manusia. <> Apa produk yang boleh dimakan termasuk zink? || vitamin dan mineral>> Apa sifat zink yang dipercayai melindungi daripada penuaan kulit? || antioksidan <> Apakah faedah zink selepas kecederaan? || mempercepat penyembuhan", {"context": "Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ as to its effectiveness. Zinc also helps speed up the healing process after an injury. It is also suspected of being beneficial to the body's immune system. Indeed, zinc deficiency may have effects on virtually all parts of the human immune system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "vitamin and mineral supplements"}], "question": "What consumable product is zinc included in?", "id": "572b7f6434ae481900deae47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "antioxidant"}], "question": "What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging?", "id": "572b7f6434ae481900deae48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "speed up the healing"}], "question": "What is the benefit of zinc after injury?", "id": "572b7f6434ae481900deae49"}]}], ["Zink berfungsi sebagai satu-satunya peranan struktur dalam jari-jari zink, kelainan dan kluster. Jari zink membentuk sebahagian dari beberapa faktor transkripsi, iaitu protein yang mengiktiraf urutan DNA DNA semasa replikasi dan transkripsi DNA. Setiap daripada sembilan atau sepuluh ion Zn2 + dalam jari zink membantu mengekalkan struktur jari dengan koordinat mengikat empat asid amino dalam faktor transkripsi. Faktor transkripsi membungkus helix DNA dan menggunakan jari-jarinya untuk secara tepat mengikat urutan DNA. <> Apakah peranan bermain zink dalam jari, kelainan dan kluster? || Struktur <> Apakah protein yang mereplikasi replikasi dan transkripsi DNA, mengiktiraf DNA asas? || faktor transkripsi, <> Berapa banyak asid amino yang mengikat ion Zn2 +? || empat <> Apa faktor transkripsi membungkus? || Helix DNA", {"context": "Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers, twists and clusters. Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure by coordinately binding to four amino acids in the transcription factor. The transcription factor wraps around the DNA helix and uses its fingers to accurately bind to the DNA sequence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "structural"}], "question": "What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters?", "id": "572b8267111d821400f38eba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "transcription factors,"}], "question": "What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA?", "id": "572b8267111d821400f38ebb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to?", "id": "572b8267111d821400f38ebc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "DNA helix"}], "question": "What does the transcription factor wrap around?", "id": "572b8267111d821400f38ebd"}]}], ["Walaupun belum diuji sebagai terapi pada manusia, bukti yang semakin meningkat menunjukkan bahawa zink mungkin secara sengaja membunuh sel-sel kanser prostat. Kerana zink secara semulajadi rumah ke prostat dan kerana prostat boleh diakses dengan prosedur yang agak tidak invasif, potensinya sebagai agen kemoterapi dalam jenis kanser ini telah menunjukkan janji. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian lain menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan kronik tambahan zink melebihi dos yang dianjurkan sebenarnya boleh meningkatkan peluang untuk membangunkan kanser prostat, juga mungkin disebabkan oleh pembentukan semula jadi logam berat ini dalam prostat. <> Apakah sel-sel kanser boleh membuktikan membunuh zink? || prostat <> Apa jenis agen yang zync berguna berbanding kanser prostat? || chemotherapeutic <> Apa yang boleh berlebihan zink mungkin menyebabkan? || kanser prostat <> Di mana zink secara semulajadi membina badan? || prostat.", {"context": "Although not yet tested as a therapy in humans, a growing body of evidence indicates that zinc may preferentially kill prostate cancer cells. Because zinc naturally homes to the prostate and because the prostate is accessible with relatively non-invasive procedures, its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent in this type of cancer has shown promise. However, other studies have demonstrated that chronic use of zinc supplements in excess of the recommended dosage may actually increase the chance of developing prostate cancer, also likely due to the natural buildup of this heavy metal in the prostate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "prostate"}], "question": "What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill?", "id": "572b80e034ae481900deae4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "chemotherapeutic"}], "question": "What type of agent is zync useful as against prostate cancer?", "id": "572b80e034ae481900deae4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "prostate cancer"}], "question": "What could overuse of zinc possibly cause?", "id": "572b80e034ae481900deae4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "prostate."}], "question": "Where does zinc naturally buildup in the body?", "id": "572b80e034ae481900deae50"}]}], ["Sumber-sumber lain termasuk makanan diperkaya dan makanan tambahan, yang terdapat dalam pelbagai bentuk. Kajian 1998 menyimpulkan bahawa zink oksida, salah satu makanan tambahan yang paling biasa di Amerika Syarikat, dan zink karbonat hampir tidak larut dan kurang diserap dalam badan. Kajian ini memetik kajian yang mendapati kepekatan zink plasma rendah selepas zink oksida dan zink karbonat digunakan berbanding dengan yang dilihat selepas penggunaan zink asetat dan garam sulfat. Walau bagaimanapun, suplemen yang berlebihan yang berbahaya adalah masalah di antara yang agak mewah, dan mungkin tidak melebihi 20 mg / hari pada orang yang sihat, walaupun Majlis Penyelidikan Kebangsaan A.S. menetapkan Pengambilan Atas Tolerasi 40 mg / hari. <> Apakah makanan tambahan yang paling biasa di AS? || zink oksida <> Kenapa zink karbonat kurang diserap dalam badan? || hampir tidak larut <> Apakah dos harian zink yang disyorkan untuk orang dewasa yang sihat? || 20 mg / hari <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan pengambilan zink Atas? || 40 mg / hari", {"context": "Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts. However, harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent, and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people, although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "zinc oxide"}], "question": "What is the most common supplement in the US?", "id": "572b8309f75d5e190021fe18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "nearly insoluble"}], "question": "Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body?", "id": "572b8309f75d5e190021fe19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "20 mg/day"}], "question": "What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in healthy adults?", "id": "572b8309f75d5e190021fe1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "40 mg/day"}], "question": "What is the Tolderable Upper intake of zinc?", "id": "572b8309f75d5e190021fe1b"}]}], ["Aloi yang serupa dengan penambahan sebilangan kecil plumbum boleh menjadi sejuk-dilancarkan ke dalam helaian. Satu aloi 96% zink dan aluminium 4% digunakan untuk membuat stamping mati untuk aplikasi pengeluaran rendah pengeluaran yang logam ferus mati akan terlalu mahal. Dalam bangunan facades, bumbung atau aplikasi lain di mana zink digunakan sebagai logam lembaran dan untuk kaedah seperti lukisan dalam, roll membentuk atau lenturan, aloi zink dengan titanium dan tembaga digunakan. Zink yang tidak halus terlalu rapuh untuk proses pembuatan seperti ini. <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan apabila sejumlah kecil plumbum ditambah kepada aloi? || sejuk dilancarkan ke dalam kepingan <> Apa yang dibuat dengan aloi aluminium 4% bercampur dengan 96% zink? || stamping dies <> Mengapa aloi digunakan untuk membuat stamping mati daripada logam? || terlalu mahal <> Mengapa zink tidak digunakan dalam aplikasi pembinaan? || terlalu rapuh", {"context": "Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which zinc is used as sheet metal and for methods such as deep drawing, roll forming or bending, zinc alloys with titanium and copper are used. Unalloyed zinc is too brittle for these kinds of manufacturing processes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "cold-rolled into sheets"}], "question": "What can be done when small amounts of lead are added to alloys?", "id": "572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "stamping dies"}], "question": "What is made with an alloy of 4% aluminium mixed with 96% zinc?", "id": "572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "too expensive"}], "question": "Why are alloys used to make stamping dies rather than metal?", "id": "572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "too brittle"}], "question": "Why isn't unalloyed zinc used in construction applications?", "id": "572b7c55be1ee31400cb83e8"}]}], ["64Zn, isotop zink yang paling melimpah, sangat mudah terdedah kepada pengaktifan neutron, yang ditransmisikan ke dalam 65Zn yang sangat radioaktif, yang mempunyai separuh hayat 244 hari dan menghasilkan sinaran gamma yang sengit. Oleh sebab itu, Zink Oxide yang digunakan dalam reaktor nuklear sebagai ejen anti-karat dipecat dari 64Zn sebelum digunakan, ini dipanggil zink oksida habis. Atas sebab yang sama, zink telah dicadangkan sebagai bahan garam untuk senjata nuklear (kobalt adalah satu lagi, bahan salting yang lebih dikenali). Sebuah jaket isotop diperkaya 64Zn akan disinari oleh fluks neutron bertenaga tinggi yang kuat dari senjata thermonuclear yang meletup, membentuk sejumlah besar 65Zn dengan ketara meningkatkan radioaktiviti kejatuhan senjata. Senjata seperti itu tidak diketahui pernah dibina, diuji, atau digunakan. 65Zn juga digunakan sebagai pelacak untuk mengkaji bagaimana aloi yang mengandungi zink haus, atau jalan dan peranan zink dalam organisma. <> Apakah isotop yang paling melimpah? || 64Zn <> Apa hasil 65Zn? || sinaran gamma yang kuat <> Mengapa zink oksida digunakan dalam reaktor nuklear? || ejen anti-karat <> Apa yang digunakan untuk mengkaji bagaimana aloi yang mengandungi zink haus? || 65Zn", {"context": "64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn before use, this is called depleted zinc oxide. For the same reason, zinc has been proposed as a salting material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn would be irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, forming a large amount of 65Zn significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. 65Zn is also used as a tracer to study how alloys that contain zinc wear out, or the path and the role of zinc in organisms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "64Zn"}], "question": "What is the most abundant zinc isotope?", "id": "572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "intense gamma radiation"}], "question": "What does 65Zn produce?", "id": "572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "anti-corrosion agent"}], "question": "Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors?", "id": "572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "65Zn"}], "question": "What is used to study how alloys containing zinc wear out?", "id": "572b7eb8be1ee31400cb83f0"}]}], ["Zink klorida sering ditambah kepada kayu sebagai pelindung kebakaran dan boleh digunakan sebagai pengawet kayu. Ia juga digunakan untuk membuat bahan kimia lain. Metil seng (Zn (CH3)\n2) digunakan dalam beberapa sintesis organik. Zink sulfida (ZnS) digunakan dalam pigmen luminescent seperti di tangan jam, sinar-X dan skrin televisyen, dan cat bercahaya. Kristal ZnS digunakan dalam laser yang beroperasi di bahagian inframerah pertengahan spektrum. Zink sulfat adalah bahan kimia dalam pewarna dan pigmen. Pyrithione zink digunakan dalam antifouling cat. <> Apa yang ditambahkan ke dalam kayu untuk mengekalkannya? || Zinc chloride <> Apakah ciri zinc sufide yang menjadikannya berguna di skrin televisyen? || pigmen luminescent <> Apakah jenis laser yang digunakan dalam kristal zink suflde? || inframerah pertengahan <> Di manakah pyrithion zink digunakan? || antifouling cat.", {"context": "Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)\n2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulfate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Zinc chloride"}], "question": "What is added to wood in order to preserve it?", "id": "572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "luminescent pigments"}], "question": "What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens?", "id": "572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "mid-infrared"}], "question": "What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in?", "id": "572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "antifouling paints."}], "question": "Where is zinc pyrithion used?", "id": "572b7df5f75d5e190021fe0d"}]}], ["Bagaimanapun, bagi benteng, kajian tahun 2003 mengesyorkan zink oksida dalam bijirin sebagai murah, stabil, dan mudah diserap sebagai bentuk yang lebih mahal. Satu kajian pada tahun 2005 mendapati bahawa pelbagai sebatian zink, termasuk oksida dan sulfat, tidak menunjukkan perbezaan ketara dalam penyerapan statistik apabila ditambah sebagai pembantu kepada tortilla jagung. Kajian tahun 1987 mendapati bahawa zink picolinate lebih baik diserap daripada glukonat zink atau zink sitrat. Walau bagaimanapun, satu kajian yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2008 mendapati bahawa zink glycinate adalah yang terbaik diserap dari empat jenis suplemen makanan yang ada. <> Zink oksida digunakan untuk menguatkan produk apa? || bijirin <> Dalam produk apa yang dilakukan pelbagai sebatian zink menunjukkan sedikit perbezaan dalam penyerapan? || jagung tortilla <> Apakah sebatian lebih baik diserap daripada glukonat zink? || zink picolinate <> Apakah senyuman zink diet terbaik yang diserap? || zink glycinate", {"context": "For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended zinc oxide in cereals as cheap, stable, and as easily absorbed as more expensive forms. A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas. A 1987 study found that zinc picolinate was better absorbed than zinc gluconate or zinc citrate. However, a study published in 2008 determined that zinc glycinate is the best absorbed of the four dietary supplement types available.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "cereals"}], "question": "Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product?", "id": "572b83d2111d821400f38ec2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "maize tortillas"}], "question": "In what product did  various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption?", "id": "572b83d2111d821400f38ec3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "zinc picolinate"}], "question": "What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate?", "id": "572b83d2111d821400f38ec4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "zinc glycinate"}], "question": "What is the best absorbed dietary zinc compound?", "id": "572b83d2111d821400f38ec5"}]}], ["Kira-kira satu perempat daripada semua pengeluaran zink di Amerika Syarikat (2009), digunakan dalam bentuk sebatian zink; pelbagai yang digunakan secara industri. Zink oksida digunakan secara meluas sebagai pigmen putih dalam cat, dan sebagai pemangkin dalam pembuatan getah. Ia juga digunakan sebagai penyebar haba bagi getah dan bertindak untuk melindungi polimer dari radiasi ultraviolet (perlindungan UV yang sama diberikan kepada plastik yang mengandungi zink oksida). Sifat semikonduktor zink oksida menjadikan ia berguna dalam varistors dan produk fotokopi. Kitaran zink-oksida zink adalah proses termokimia dua langkah berdasarkan zink dan zink oksida untuk pengeluaran hidrogen. <> Dalam bentuk apakah 1/4 seng digunakan di AS? || sebatian zink <> Apakah jenis sebatian zink yang digunakan dalam pembuatan getah? || Zink oksida <> Apa yang melindungi polimer dalam getah daripada sinaran ultraviolet? || Zink oksida <> Mengapa zink oksida berguna dalam produk fotokopi? || semikonduktor <> Apakah jenis proses kitaran zink-oksida zink? || termokimia", {"context": "Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to protect its polymers from ultraviolet radiation (the same UV protection is conferred to plastics containing zinc oxide). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "zinc compounds"}], "question": "In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US?", "id": "572b7d1b111d821400f38eb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Zinc oxide"}], "question": "What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber?", "id": "572b7d1b111d821400f38eb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Zinc oxide"}], "question": "What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation?", "id": "572b7d1b111d821400f38eb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "semiconductor"}], "question": "Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products?", "id": "572b7d1b111d821400f38eb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "thermochemical"}], "question": "What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle?", "id": "572b7d1b111d821400f38eb4"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak sebatian organozinc yang penting. Kimia Organozinc adalah sains dari sebatian organozinc yang menerangkan sifat, sintesis dan tindak balas fizikal mereka. Antara aplikasi penting ialah reaksi Frankland-Duppa di mana ester oxalate (ROCOCOOR) bertindak balas dengan alkil halida R'X, zink dan asid hidroklorik kepada ester \u03b1-hydroxycarboxylic RR'COHCOOR, reaksi Reformatskii yang menukarkan \u03b1-halo-ester dan aldehida kepada \u03b2-hidroksi-ester, reaksi Simmons-Smith di mana karbenoid (iodometil) zink iodida bertindak balas dengan alkena (atau alkyne) dan menukarkannya kepada syclopropane, reaksi Penambahan sebatian organozinc kepada sebatian karbonil. Reaksi Barbier (1899) adalah bersamaan zink daripada tindak balas Grignard magnesium dan lebih baik daripada kedua-duanya. Di hadapan hampir semua air, pembentukan organomagnesium halida akan gagal, manakala tindak balas Barbier juga boleh berlaku di dalam air. Pada bahagian bawah organizincs lebih kurang nukleofil daripada Grignards, mahal dan sukar untuk mengendalikan. Komponen diorganozinc yang tersedia secara komersil adalah dimethylzinc, diethylzinc dan diphenylzinc. Dalam satu kajian, kompleks organozinc aktif diperolehi daripada prekursor organobrom yang jauh lebih murah: <> Apa yang dikatakan organotik chemistry? || sifat fizikal, sintesis dan reaksi. <> Apakah bersamaan zink daripada reaksi Grinard? || Reaksi Barbier <> Bilakah pembentukan organomagnesium halida gagal? || kehadiran air mana saja <> Apakah dimethylzinc, dietylzinc dan diphenylzinc? || Kompaun diorganozinc yang tersedia secara komersil", {"context": "There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochloric acid to the \u03b1-hydroxycarboxylic esters RR'COHCOOR, the Reformatskii reaction which converts \u03b1-halo-esters and aldehydes to \u03b2-hydroxy-esters, the Simmons\u2013Smith reaction in which the carbenoid (iodomethyl)zinc iodide reacts with alkene(or alkyne) and converts them to cyclopropane, the Addition reaction of organozinc compounds to carbonyl compounds. The Barbier reaction (1899) is the zinc equivalent of the magnesium Grignard reaction and is better of the two. In presence of just about any water the formation of the organomagnesium halide will fail, whereas the Barbier reaction can even take place in water. On the downside organozincs are much less nucleophilic than Grignards, are expensive and difficult to handle. Commercially available diorganozinc compounds are dimethylzinc, diethylzinc and diphenylzinc. In one study the active organozinc compound is obtained from much cheaper organobromine precursors:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "physical properties, synthesis and reactions."}], "question": "What does organozinc chemisty describe?", "id": "572b81bc34ae481900deae55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "The Barbier reaction"}], "question": "What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction?", "id": "572b81bc34ae481900deae56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "presence of just about any water"}], "question": "When will organomagnesium halide formation fail?", "id": "572b81bc34ae481900deae57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1043, "text": "Commercially available diorganozinc compounds"}], "question": "What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc?", "id": "572b81bc34ae481900deae58"}]}], ["Pennies dan duit syiling kecil yang lain kadang kala ditelan oleh anjing, mengakibatkan perlunya rawatan perubatan untuk menghilangkan badan asing. Kandungan zink sesetengah duit syiling boleh menyebabkan ketoksikan zink, yang biasanya membawa maut kepada anjing, di mana ia menyebabkan anemia hemolitik teruk, dan juga kerosakan hati atau buah pinggang; muntah dan cirit-birit adalah gejala yang mungkin. Zink sangat toksik pada burung kakak tua dan keracunan sering boleh membawa maut. Penggunaan jus buah yang disimpan dalam kaleng galvanis telah mengakibatkan keracunan massa parrot dengan zink. <> Apa anjing yang dikenali untuk menelan? || Pennies <> Apakah syiling zink ditelan oleh anjing? || toksisiti zink <> Dalam haiwan apa zink beracun ke titik beracun? || burung kakang tua <> Apa yang menjadi punca keracunan parrot massa yang dikaitkan dengan zink? || jus yang disimpan dalam tin bergalvani", {"context": "Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, which is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia, and also liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms. Zinc is highly toxic in parrots and poisoning can often be fatal. The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pennies"}], "question": "What are dogs known to ingest?", "id": "572b8a60be1ee31400cb8423"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "zinc toxicity"}], "question": "What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?", "id": "572b8a60be1ee31400cb8424"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "parrots"}], "question": "In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?", "id": "572b8a60be1ee31400cb8425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "juices stored in galvanized cans"}], "question": "What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc?", "id": "572b8a60be1ee31400cb8426"}]}], ["Gejala kekurangan zink ringan adalah pelbagai. Hasil klinikal termasuk pertumbuhan yang tertekan, cirit-birit, mati pucuk dan keterlambatan seksual, alopecia, luka mata dan luka kulit, selera makan yang merosot, kognisi yang diubah, sifat pertahanan tuan rumah yang cacat, kecacatan penggunaan karbohidrat, dan teratogenesis pembiakan. Kekurangan zink ringan menimbulkan kekebalan, walaupun zink berlebihan juga. Haiwan yang mempunyai diet kurang zink memerlukan makanan dua kali lebih banyak untuk mencapai berat badan yang sama seperti haiwan yang diberikan zink yang mencukupi. <> Gejala dari cirit-birit ke luka mata adalah dari apa? || kekurangan zink ringan <> Apakah gejala kekurangan zink dan berlebihan? || Menurunkan kekebalan <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk hewan dengan kekurangan zink untuk mendapatkan berat badan yang sama dengan hewan dengan zink yang cukup? || dua kali lebih banyak makanan", {"context": "Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity, although excessive zinc does also. Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "mild zinc deficiency"}], "question": "Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?", "id": "572b84ba34ae481900deae5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "depresses immunity"}], "question": "What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?", "id": "572b84ba34ae481900deae5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "twice as much food"}], "question": "What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?", "id": "572b84ba34ae481900deae5f"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1982, US Mint mula memalsukan sen yang dilapisi tembaga tetapi dibuat terutamanya daripada zink. Dengan zink zink yang baru, ada potensi untuk toksikosis zink, yang boleh membawa maut. Satu kes yang melaporkan pengambilan kronik sebanyak 425 sen (lebih daripada 1 kg zink) mengakibatkan kematian akibat sepsis bakteria dan kulat gastrointestinal, manakala pesakit lain, yang mencacatkan 12 gram zink, hanya menunjukkan keletihan dan ataxia (kekurangan koordinasi otot pergerakan). Beberapa kes lain telah dilaporkan oleh manusia yang mengalami mabuk zink oleh pengambilan duit syiling zink. <> Apa syiling, pada tahun 1982, kini dibuat terutamanya daripada zink? || wang <> Apa yang menjadi perhatian dengan duit syiling zin baru? || toksikosis zink <> Mengingatkan seng boleh menyebabkan kekurangan pergerakan otot dan koordinasi dipanggil apa? || ataxia <> Mengapa orang melaporkan mabuk zink? || pengambilan duit syiling zink", {"context": "In 1982, the US Mint began minting pennies coated in copper but made primarily of zinc. With the new zinc pennies, there is the potential for zinc toxicosis, which can be fatal. One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies (over 1 kg of zinc) resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal sepsis, whereas another patient, who ingested 12 grams of zinc, only showed lethargy and ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements). Several other cases have been reported of humans suffering zinc intoxication by the ingestion of zinc coins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "pennies"}], "question": "What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc?", "id": "572b8993f75d5e190021fe42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "zinc toxicosis"}], "question": "What is a concern with the new zinc pennies?", "id": "572b8993f75d5e190021fe43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "ataxia"}], "question": "Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what?", "id": "572b8993f75d5e190021fe44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "ingestion of zinc coins"}], "question": "Why have people reported zinc intoxication?", "id": "572b8993f75d5e190021fe45"}]}], ["Hampir dua bilion orang di dunia membangun kekurangan zink. Pada kanak-kanak ia menyebabkan peningkatan jangkitan dan cirit-birit, menyumbang kepada kematian kira-kira 800,000 kanak-kanak di seluruh dunia setiap tahun. Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia menyokong suplemen zink untuk malnutrisi yang teruk dan cirit-birit. Suplemen zink membantu mencegah penyakit dan mengurangkan kematian, terutamanya di kalangan kanak-kanak dengan berat badan yang rendah atau pertumbuhan yang sukar. Walau bagaimanapun, suplemen zink tidak boleh diberikan semata-mata, kerana banyak di dunia membangun mempunyai beberapa kekurangan, dan zink berinteraksi dengan mikronutrien lain. <> Apa dua bilion orang di dunia yang kekurangan? || zink <> 800,000 kanak-kanak di seluruh dunia mati setiap tahun kerana apa? || kekurangan zink <> Apa yang disyorkan oleh WHO untuk kekurangan zat makanan dan cirit-birit? || Suplemen zink <> Mengapa tidak perlu diberikan zink secara bersendirian kepada mereka yang mempunyai kekurangan beberapa? || zink berinteraksi dengan mikronutrien lain.", {"context": "Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "zinc"}], "question": "What are two billion people in the world deficient in?", "id": "572b8667111d821400f38ed2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "deficient in zinc"}], "question": "800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?", "id": "572b8667111d821400f38ed3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "zinc supplementation"}], "question": "What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea?", "id": "572b8667111d821400f38ed4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "zinc interacts with other micronutrients."}], "question": "Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?", "id": "572b8667111d821400f38ed5"}]}], ["Kekurangan zink adalah kekurangan mikronutrien yang paling biasa tumbuhan; ia adalah perkara biasa dalam tanah tinggi pH. Tanah yang kurang berkhasiat ditanam di tanah pertanian kira-kira separuh daripada Turki dan India, sepertiga dari China, dan sebahagian besar dari Australia Barat, dan tindak balas substansial terhadap persenyawaan zink telah dilaporkan di kawasan-kawasan ini. Tumbuhan yang tumbuh di tanah yang kekurangan zink lebih mudah terdedah kepada penyakit. Zink terutamanya ditambahkan ke dalam tanah melalui luluhatan batu, tetapi manusia telah menambahkan zink melalui pembakaran bahan bakar fosil, sisa buangan, baja fosfat, racun perosak (zink phosphide), batu kapur, kotoran, enapcemar kumbahan, dan zarah dari permukaan galvanis. Zink berlebihan adalah toksik kepada tumbuh-tumbuhan, walaupun ketoksikan zink kurang meluas. <> Dalam apa jenis tanah adalah kekurangan zink yang paling biasa? || tanah tinggi pH <> Tumbuh tumbuh-tumbuhan di dalam tanah kurang seng membuat mereka lebih mudah terdedah kepada apa? || penyakit. <> Lebihan zink mempunyai kesan apa ke atas tumbuhan? || toksik <> Bagaimana zink terutamanya ditambah ke dalam tanah? || cuaca batu", {"context": "Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas. Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "high-pH soils"}], "question": "In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?", "id": "572b872c34ae481900deae69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "disease."}], "question": "Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?", "id": "572b872c34ae481900deae6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "toxic"}], "question": "Excess zinc has what effect on plants?", "id": "572b872c34ae481900deae6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "weathering of rocks"}], "question": "How is zinc primarily added to soil?", "id": "572b872c34ae481900deae6c"}]}], ["Pentadbiran Makanan dan Dadah A.S. (FDA) telah menyatakan bahawa kerosakan seng reseptor saraf di hidung, yang boleh menyebabkan anosmia. Laporan anosmia juga diperhatikan pada tahun 1930-an apabila persiapan zink digunakan dalam percubaan gagal untuk mencegah jangkitan polio. Pada 16 Jun 2009, FDA berkata pengguna harus berhenti menggunakan produk sejuk intranasal berasaskan zink dan mengarahkan penyingkiran mereka dari rak kedai. FDA berkata kehilangan bau boleh mengancam nyawa kerana orang yang mengalami bau yang tidak terjejas tidak dapat mengesan gas atau asap yang bocor dan tidak dapat mengetahui sama ada makanan telah rosak sebelum mereka memakannya. Kajian terbaru menunjukkan bahawa pyrithione zink antimikrob topikal adalah induktor tindak balas kejutan haba yang kuat yang boleh menjejaskan integriti genom dengan induksi krisis tenaga yang bergantung kepada PARP dalam keratinosit dan melanocytes manusia yang berbudaya. <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan zink kerosakan pada hidung? || reseptor saraf <> Mengapa zink digunakan pada tahun 1930-an? || jangkitan polio <> Apa perintah FDA dikeluarkan dari kedai pada tahun 2009? || produk sejuk intranasal berasaskan zink <> Produk apa yang dicadangkan sebagai induktor tindak balas kejutan haba yang kuat? || pyrithione zink antimikrob", {"context": "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, which can cause anosmia. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections. On June 16, 2009, the FDA said that consumers should stop using zinc-based intranasal cold products and ordered their removal from store shelves. The FDA said the loss of smell can be life-threatening because people with impaired smell cannot detect leaking gas or smoke and cannot tell if food has spoiled before they eat it. Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent heat shock response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "nerve receptors"}], "question": "What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?", "id": "572b88b934ae481900deae7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "polio infections"}], "question": "Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?", "id": "572b88b934ae481900deae7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "zinc-based intranasal cold products"}], "question": "What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009?", "id": "572b88b934ae481900deae7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "antimicrobial zinc pyrithione"}], "question": "What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer?", "id": "572b88b934ae481900deae7e"}]}], ["Walaupun terdapat kebimbangan, vegetarian barat dan vegan tidak didapati mengalami kekurangan zink yang terlalu banyak selain daripada pemakan daging. Sumber zink utama zink termasuk kacang kering yang dimasak, sayur laut, bijirin yang diperkaya, kacang soya, kacang, kacang, dan biji. Walau bagaimanapun, phytat dalam banyak biji-bijian dan serat dalam banyak makanan boleh mengganggu penyerapan zink dan pengambilan zink marginal mempunyai kesan yang kurang difahami. The zinc chelator phytate, yang terdapat dalam biji dan bran sereal, boleh menyumbang kepada malabsorpsi zink. Terdapat beberapa bukti untuk menunjukkan bahawa lebih daripada AS RDA (15 mg) zink setiap hari mungkin diperlukan pada mereka yang dietnya tinggi dalam phytat, seperti beberapa vegetarian. Pertimbangan-pertimbangan ini mesti seimbang dengan fakta bahawa terdapat kekurangan biomarker seng yang mencukupi, dan penunjuk yang paling banyak digunakan, zink plasma, mempunyai sensitiviti dan kekhususan yang kurang baik. Mengesan kekurangan zink adalah satu cabaran yang berterusan. <> Apa salahnya cara vegetarian dan vegan mendapat zink? || Sumber tumbuhan <> Apa yang terdapat dalam bijirin yang boleh mengganggu penyerapan zink? || phytates <> Di mana zink chelator phytate dijumpai? || benih dan dedak bijirin, <> Apakah jenis diet yang memerlukan lebih daripada 15mg zink setiap hari? || diet adalah tinggi dalam phytat,", {"context": "Despite some concerns, western vegetarians and vegans have not been found to suffer from overt zinc deficiencies any more than meat-eaters. Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soyfoods, nuts, peas, and seeds. However, phytates in many whole-grains and fiber in many foods may interfere with zinc absorption and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects. The zinc chelator phytate, found in seeds and cereal bran, can contribute to zinc malabsorption. There is some evidence to suggest that more than the US RDA (15 mg) of zinc daily may be needed in those whose diet is high in phytates, such as some vegetarians. These considerations must be balanced against the fact that there is a paucity of adequate zinc biomarkers, and the most widely used indicator, plasma zinc, has poor sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosing zinc deficiency is a persistent challenge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "plant sources"}], "question": "What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?", "id": "572b85aef75d5e190021fe20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "phytates"}], "question": "What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption?", "id": "572b85aef75d5e190021fe21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "seeds and cereal bran,"}], "question": "Where is zinc chelator phytate found?", "id": "572b85aef75d5e190021fe22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "diet is high in phytates,"}], "question": "What kind of diet may require more than 15mg of zinc daily?", "id": "572b85aef75d5e190021fe23"}]}], ["Terdapat bukti kekurangan tembaga yang disebabkan oleh mereka yang mengambil 100-300 mg zink setiap hari. Percubaan tahun 2007 mendapati bahawa lelaki tua yang mengambil 80 mg setiap hari dimasukkan ke hospital untuk komplikasi kencing lebih kerap daripada mereka yang mengambil plasebo. USDA RDA adalah 11 dan 8 mg Zn / hari untuk lelaki dan wanita. Tahap 100-300 mg mungkin mengganggu penggunaan tembaga dan besi atau menjejaskan kolesterol. Tahap zink melebihi 500 ppm dalam tanah mengganggu keupayaan tumbuhan untuk menyerap logam penting lain seperti besi dan mangan. Terdapat juga keadaan yang dikenali sebagai zink shink atau \"zinc chills\" yang boleh diinduksi oleh penyedutan zink oksida yang terbentuk baru semasa kimpalan bahan tergalvani. Zink adalah bahan biasa krim gigi palsu yang mungkin mengandungi antara 17 dan 38 mg zink setiap gram. Terdapat tuntutan kecacatan, dan juga kematian, disebabkan penggunaan berlebihan produk ini. <> Kekurangan jenis apa yang biasa berlaku daripada mengambil 100-300mg zink setiap hari? || tembaga <> Apa jenis komplikasi yang dilihat pada lelaki mengambil 80mg seng sehari? || kencing <> Lebihan 500ppm zink dalam tanah mengganggu apa? || keupayaan tumbuhan untuk menyerap logam penting lain <> Apakah yang disebabkan oleh menghidupkan zink oksida yang baru terbentuk? || zink shake atau \"zinc chills\" <> Orang telah mendakwa bahawa kegunaan yang berlebihan terhadap apa produk biasa menyebabkan ketidakupayaan dan kematian? || krim pergigian", {"context": "There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100\u2013300 mg of zinc daily. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo. The USDA RDA is 11 and 8 mg Zn/day for men and women, respectively. Levels of 100\u2013300 mg may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or adversely affect cholesterol. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals, such as iron and manganese. There is also a condition called the zinc shakes or \"zinc chills\" that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. There have been claims of disability, and even death, due to excessive use of these products.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "copper"}], "question": "What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?", "id": "572b8803be1ee31400cb8405"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "urinary"}], "question": "What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?", "id": "572b8803be1ee31400cb8406"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "ability of plants to absorb other essential metals"}], "question": "Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what?", "id": "572b8803be1ee31400cb8407"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "zinc shakes or \"zinc chills\""}], "question": "What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide?", "id": "572b8803be1ee31400cb8408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "denture cream"}], "question": "People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?", "id": "572b8803be1ee31400cb8409"}]}]], [["Gelombang neoklasik kedua, lebih teruk, lebih banyak dikaji dan lebih sedar arkeologi, dikaitkan dengan ketinggian Empayar Napoleon. Di Perancis, fon pertama neoklassikisme dinyatakan dalam gaya \"Louis XVI\", dan gaya kedua yang disebut \"Directoire\" atau Empire. Gaya Rococo kekal popular di Itali sehinggalah rejim Napoleonus membawa klasikisme arkeologi baru, yang dipeluk sebagai kenyataan politik oleh kaum muda, progresif, bandar-bandar Itali dengan penyatuan republikan. [Mengikut siapa?] <> Bilakah gelombang kedua neoklasik seni bina? || Empayar Napoleon <> Istilah apa yang digunakan untuk menyatakan gelombang pertama neoklasisme di Perancis? || Gaya Louis XVI <> Apakah gelombang kedua neoclassicism di Perancis dipanggil? || \"Directoire\" atau Empire <> Sehingga rejim Napoleaoic, gaya apa yang tetap popular di Itali? || Gaya Rococo", {"context": "A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the \"Louis XVI style\", and the second in the styles called \"Directoire\" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Napoleonic Empire"}], "question": "When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?", "id": "57297bb01d046914007794dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Louis XVI style"}], "question": "What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?", "id": "57297bb01d046914007794de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "\"Directoire\" or Empire"}], "question": "What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?", "id": "57297bb01d046914007794df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "The Rococo style"}], "question": "Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?", "id": "57297bb01d046914007794e0"}]}], ["Di barisan hadapan sekolah baru reka bentuk adalah aristokrat \"arsitek earl\", Richard Boyle, Earl 3 dari Burlington; pada tahun 1729, dia dan William Kent, yang direka Chiswick House. Rumah ini adalah reinterpretasi Villa Capra Palladio, tetapi dibersihkan dari unsur-unsur dan perhiasan abad ke-16. Kekurangan perhiasan yang teruk adalah menjadi ciri Palladianisme. Pada tahun 1734 William Kent dan Lord Burlington merancang salah satu contoh terbaik seni bina Palladian di England dengan Holkham Hall di Norfolk. Blok utama rumah ini mengikut arahan Palladio yang cukup teliti, tetapi sayap bangunan Palladio yang rendah, sering terpisah, sangat penting. <> Siapa \"arsitek arsitek\"? || Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington ke-3 <> Bilakah Chiswick House direka? || 1729 <> Apakah bangunan asal yang disusun semula oleh Chiswick House? || <P> <P> Reka bentuk 1734 Palladio dianggap salah satu contoh terbaik seni bina Palladian di England, yang dibina di Norfolk? || Dewan Holkham", {"context": "At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic \"architect earl\", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington"}], "question": "Who was the \"architect earl\"?", "id": "572976811d046914007794b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1729"}], "question": "When was Chiswick House designed?", "id": "572976811d046914007794ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Palladio's Villa Capra"}], "question": "What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?", "id": "572976811d046914007794bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Holkham Hall"}], "question": "What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?", "id": "572976811d046914007794bc"}]}], ["Pedalaman baru berusaha untuk mencipta perbendaharaan kata dalaman yang benar-benar Rom dan benar. Teknik-teknik yang digunakan dalam gaya ini termasuk motif yang rata, ringan, diukir dalam relief rendah seperti lukisan atau dicat di monotone en cama\u00efeu (\"seperti kuncir\"), medali terpal, vas atau busta atau bucrania atau motif lain, digantung pada gulung laurel atau pita , dengan arabesque yang langsing dengan latar belakang, mungkin, \"merah Pompeii\" atau tints pucat, atau warna batu. Gaya di Perancis pada mulanya adalah gaya Paris, Go\u00fbt grec (\"gaya Yunani\"), bukan gaya mahkamah; apabila Louis XVI mencapai takhta pada 1774, Marie Antoinette, Ratu yang penuh kasih sayangnya, membawa gaya \"Louis XVI\" ke mahkamah. <> Apakah dalaman yang hendak dicipta semula? || secara otomatik Rom <> Warna apa yang digunakan untuk pedalaman? || \"Pompeiian merah\" atau tints pucat, atau warna batu <> Siapa yang membawa gaya Louis XVI ke mahkamah? || Marie Antoinette <> Apakah jenis teknik yang digunakan untuk motif gaya? || motif yang lebih rata, lebih ringan, diukir dalam relief yang rendah seperti lukisan atau dicat dalam monoton <> Apakah gaya di Perancis pada mulanya? || Paris", {"context": "The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en cama\u00efeu (\"like cameos\"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of \"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Go\u00fbt grec (\"Greek style\"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the \"Louis XVI\" style to court.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "authentically Roman"}], "question": "What were interiors seeking to recreate?", "id": "572983b13f37b31900478469"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "\"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours"}], "question": "What colors were utilized for interiors?", "id": "572983b13f37b3190047846a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "Marie Antoinette"}], "question": "Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?", "id": "572983b13f37b3190047846b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones"}], "question": "What types of techniques were used to style motifs?", "id": "572983b13f37b3190047846c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Parisian"}], "question": "What were styles in France initially?", "id": "572983b13f37b3190047846d"}]}], ["Gaya barok itu tidak pernah benar-benar menjadi rasa Inggeris. Empat buku yang berpengaruh diterbitkan pada suku pertama abad ke-18 yang menekankan kesederhanaan dan kemurnian seni bina klasik: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Empat Buku Seni Bina Palladio (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) dan Reka Bentuk Inigo Jones ... dengan Beberapa Reka Bentuk Tambahan (1727). Yang paling popular ialah empat volume Vitruvius Britannicus oleh Colen Campbell. Buku ini mengandungi cetakan seni bina bangunan-bangunan British terkenal yang telah diilhamkan oleh arkitek besar dari Vitruvius hingga Palladio. Pada mulanya buku tersebut memaparkan karya Inigo Jones, tetapi buku-buku yang lain mengandungi lukisan dan rancangan oleh Campbell dan arkitek abad ke-18 yang lain. Seni bina Palladian menjadi mantap di Britain abad ke-18. <> Berapa abad yang paling banyak diterbitkan oleh empat buku berpengaruh? || Abad ke-18 <> Siapa yang menulis Vitruvius Britannicus? || Colen Campbell <> Dalam abad apa seni bina Palladian menjadi mantap? || Abad ke-18 <> Bilakah buku \"Reka Bentuk Inigo Jones\" diterbitkan? || 1727", {"context": "The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "18th century"}], "question": "What century were most four influential books published?", "id": "572975523f37b3190047841f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "Colen Campbell"}], "question": "Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?", "id": "572975523f37b31900478420"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "18th-century"}], "question": "In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?", "id": "572975523f37b31900478421"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "1727"}], "question": "When was \"The Designs of Inigo Jones\" book published?", "id": "572975523f37b31900478422"}]}], ["Fasa baru dalam reka bentuk neoklasik telah dirasmikan oleh Robert dan James Adam, yang mengembara di Itali dan Dalmatia pada tahun 1750-an, memerhatikan reruntuhan dunia klasik. Apabila mereka kembali ke Britain, mereka menerbitkan sebuah buku bertajuk The Works in Architecture secara ansuran antara 1773 dan 1779. Buku reka bentuk terukir ini menjadikan repertory Adam tersedia di seluruh Eropah. Saudara-saudara Adam bertujuan untuk memudahkan gaya rococo dan baroque yang telah menjadi bergaya dalam dekad-dekad terdahulu, untuk membawa apa yang mereka rasa menjadi lebih ringan dan lebih elegan untuk rumah-rumah Georgia. Kerja-kerja dalam Seni Bina menggambarkan bangunan-bangunan utama adik-beradik Adam telah bekerja dan mendokumenkan dalaman, perabot dan kelengkapan yang direka oleh Adams. <> Siapa yang memulakan fasa reka bentuk neoklasik baru? || Robert dan James Adam <> Di mana inspirasi untuk fon neoclassicism baru berpusatkan? || Itali dan Dalmatia <> Buku apa yang menggariskan trend baru neoklassikisme dalam fasa ini? || The Works in Architecture <> Semasa abad ke-18 kemudian trend reka bentuk neoklasik cuba untuk memudahkan gaya apa? || gaya rococo dan baroque <> Gaya baru ini merupakan percubaan untuk memberikan rasa yang berbeza untuk mereka bentuk? || rasa yang lebih ringan dan lebih elegan", {"context": "A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Robert and James Adam"}], "question": "Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?", "id": "57298558af94a219006aa4e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Italy and Dalmatia"}], "question": "Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?", "id": "57298558af94a219006aa4e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "The Works in Architecture"}], "question": "What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?", "id": "57298558af94a219006aa4e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "rococo and baroque styles"}], "question": "During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?", "id": "57298558af94a219006aa4e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "lighter and more elegant feel"}], "question": "This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?", "id": "57298558af94a219006aa4e7"}]}], ["Dalam bangunan, neoklassikisme membuat penemuan dalaman klasik tulen, diilhamkan oleh penemuan semula di Pompeii dan Herculaneum. Ini telah bermula pada akhir 1740-an, tetapi hanya mencapai penonton yang luas pada tahun 1760-an, dengan jumlah mewah pertama pengedaran terkawal ketat Le Antichit\u00e0 di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). Barang antik Herculaneum menunjukkan bahawa walaupun interior yang paling klasik dari Baroque, atau bilik-bilik yang paling \"Rom\" dari William Kent didasarkan pada arsitektur luaran basilica dan kuil luar yang di luar, oleh itu penampilan mereka yang sering membombardir dengan mata moden: ke dalam cermin emas, tempat perapian dihiasi dengan bahagian depan kuil. <> Apa hasil penemuan semula inspirasi reka bentuk dalaman neoclassicism? || Pompeii dan Herculaneum. <> Apa buku yang dikawal ketat membawa rayuan untuk pedalaman klasik kepada orang ramai? || Le Antichit\u00e0 di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). <> Apakah beberapa contoh perubahan dalaman neoklasikisme dari penemuan semula purba? || bingkai tingkap yang pediment bertukar menjadi cermin berlapis, perapian dihiasi dengan candi <> Apakah reka bentuk dalaman William Kent berdasarkan? || basilica dan seni bina luaran candi di luar di", {"context": "Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichit\u00e0 di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most \"Roman\" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Pompeii and Herculaneum."}], "question": "What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?", "id": "572981b3af94a219006aa4db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Le Antichit\u00e0 di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum)."}], "question": "What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?", "id": "572981b3af94a219006aa4dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts"}], "question": "What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?", "id": "572981b3af94a219006aa4dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in"}], "question": "What were William Kent's interior designs based from?", "id": "572981b3af94a219006aa4de"}]}], ["Menjelang pertengahan abad ke-18, pergerakan itu diperluas untuk menggabungkan pengaruh pengaruh klasik, termasuk yang berasal dari Yunani Kuno. Peralihan kepada seni bina neoklasik secara konvensional bertarikh 1750-an. Ia mula mendapat pengaruh di England dan Perancis; di England, penggalian Sir William Hamilton di Pompeii dan tapak lain, pengaruh Jelajah Grand dan karya William Chambers dan Robert Adam, adalah penting dalam hal ini. Di Perancis, pergerakan itu digerakkan oleh generasi pelajar seni Perancis yang dilatih di Rom, dan dipengaruhi oleh tulisan-tulisan Johann Joachim Winckelmann. Gaya ini juga diguna pakai oleh kalangan progresif di negara-negara lain seperti Sweden dan Rusia. <> Apa pengaruh tambahan yang dimasukkan ke dalam seni bina neoklasik pada pertengahan abad ke-18? || Greece kuno <> Apa yang englishman digali pompeii? || Sir William Hamilton <> Dalam apa bandar yang diterbitkan oleh generasi pelajar seni Perancis yang memajukan seni bina neoklasik dan gaya yang lebih luas? || Rom <> Apa negara-negara lain mengamalkan gaya neoklasik? || Sweden dan Rusia.", {"context": "By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Ancient Greece"}], "question": "What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?", "id": "57297a3baf94a219006aa4bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Sir William Hamilton"}], "question": "What englishman excavated pompeii?", "id": "57297a3baf94a219006aa4c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?", "id": "57297a3baf94a219006aa4c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "Sweden and Russia."}], "question": "What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?", "id": "57297a3baf94a219006aa4c2"}]}], ["Banyak arkitek neoklasik awal abad ke-19 dipengaruhi oleh lukisan dan projek-projek \u00c9tienne-Louis Boull\u00e9e dan Claude Nicolas Ledoux. Lukisan grafit banyak Boull\u00e9e dan murid-muridnya menggambarkan senibina geometri cadangan yang meniru keabadian alam semesta. Terdapat hubungan antara idea-idea Boull\u00e9e dan konsep Edmund Burke tentang keunggulan. Ledoux menangani konsep watak seni bina, mengekalkan bangunan yang harus segera menyampaikan fungsinya kepada penonton: yang diambil secara literal idea-idea tersebut menimbulkan \"seni bina parlante\". <> Yang mempengaruhi banyak arkitek neoklasik abad ke-19? || \u00c9tienne-Louis Boull\u00e9e dan Claude Nicolas Ledoux <> Apa arsitektur geometri yang mencontohi alam semesta? || keabadian <> Apakah konsep Edmund Burke dikaitkan dengan idea Boullee? || mulia <> Konsep apa yang dikendalikan oleh Ledoux? || ciri seni bina <> Sebagai konsep seni bina neoklasik, apa yang perlu disampaikan dengan segera kepada penonton? || bangunan hendaklah dengan segera menyampaikan fungsinya", {"context": "Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of \u00c9tienne-Louis Boull\u00e9e and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boull\u00e9e and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boull\u00e9e's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to \"architecture parlante\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "\u00c9tienne-Louis Boull\u00e9e and Claude Nicolas Ledoux"}], "question": "Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?", "id": "572971fd1d0469140077947b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "eternality"}], "question": "What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?", "id": "572971fd1d0469140077947c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "sublime"}], "question": "What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?", "id": "572971fd1d0469140077947d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "architectural character"}], "question": "What concept did Ledoux address?", "id": "572971fd1d0469140077947e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "building should immediately communicate its function"}], "question": "As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?", "id": "572971fd1d0469140077947f"}]}], ["Dari kira-kira 1800, kemasukan baru contoh-contoh seni bina Yunani, dilihat melalui medium etchings dan ukiran, memberi dorongan baru untuk neoklasisme, Revival Yunani. Terdapat sedikit pengetahuan langsung tentang tamadun Yunani sebelum pertengahan abad ke-18 di Eropah Barat, apabila ekspedisi yang dibiayai oleh Persatuan Dilettanti pada tahun 1751 dan diketuai oleh James Stuart dan Nicholas Revett memulakan penyelidikan arkeologi yang serius. Stuart telah ditugaskan selepas kedatangannya dari Yunani oleh George Lyttelton untuk menghasilkan bangunan Yunani pertama di England, kuil kebun di Hagley Hall (1758-59). Sebilangan arkitek British pada separuh kedua abad ini mengambil cabaran ekspresif Doric dari pelanggan bangsawan mereka, termasuk Joseph Bonomi dan John Soane, tetapi ia tetap menjadi semangat penikmat swasta hingga dekad pertama pada ke-19 abad. <> Dari sekitar 1800 kemasukan etchings dan ukiran datang dari mana? || Seni bina Yunani <> Apakah fon neoklasisme baru ini? || Bahasa Yunani Revival <> Sebelum berabad-abad yang lalu, apa hubungan antara Eropah Barat dan tamadun Yunani? || Abad ke-18 <> Siapa yang mengetuai ekspedisi ke Greece pada tahun 1751? || James Stuart dan Nicholas Revett <> Apa bangunan Yunani pertama di England? || kuil taman di Hagley Hall (1758-59)", {"context": "From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758\u201359). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Greek architectural"}], "question": "From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?", "id": "5729888b6aef051400154fac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Greek Revival"}], "question": "What was this new phase of neoclassicism?", "id": "5729888b6aef051400154fad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "18th century"}], "question": "Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization?", "id": "5729888b6aef051400154fae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "James Stuart and Nicholas Revett"}], "question": "Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?", "id": "5729888b6aef051400154faf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758\u201359)"}], "question": "What was the first Greek building in England?", "id": "5729888b6aef051400154fb0"}]}], ["Melihat dalam konteks sosialnya yang lebih luas, seni bina Kebangkitan Yunani membunyikan satu nota baru tentang ketenangan dan kekangan di bangunan awam di Britain sekitar 1800 sebagai pernyataan pembantu nasionalisme terhadap Akta Kesatuan, Perang Napoleon, dan kekejaman untuk pembaharuan politik. Ia menjadi reka bentuk pemenang William Wilkins untuk pertandingan umum untuk Downing College, Cambridge yang mengumumkan gaya Yunani menjadi idiom dominan dalam seni bina. Wilkins dan Robert Smirke membina beberapa bangunan paling penting di zaman itu, termasuk Teater Diraja, Covent Garden (1808-09), Pejabat Pos Umum (1824-29) dan Muzium British (1823-48) Wilkins University College London (1826-30) dan Galeri Nasional (1832-38). Di Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784-1858), dengan kerjasama artis Andrew Wilson (1780-1848) dan Hugh William Williams (1773-1829) mencipta monumen dan bangunan kepentingan antarabangsa; Monumen Burns di Alloway (1818) dan Sekolah Tinggi (Royal) di Edinburgh (1823-29). <> Yang reka bentuk kemenangan untuk persaingan umum memulakan dominasi seni bina gaya Yunani? || William Wilkins <> Apa monumen yang dicipta pada tahun 1818? || Monumen Pembakaran di Alloway <> Bilakah Pejabat Pos Umum dibina? || 1824-29 <> Pada tahun apakah Muzium British dibina? || 1823-48 <> Bilakah Galeri Negara dibina? || 1832-38", {"context": "Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (1808\u201309), the General Post Office (1824\u201329) and the British Museum (1823\u201348), Wilkins University College London (1826\u201330) and the National Gallery (1832\u201338). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784\u20131858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780\u20131848) and Hugh William Williams (1773\u20131829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the (Royal) High School in Edinburgh (1823\u201329).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "William Wilkins"}], "question": "Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture?", "id": "57298a8e1d0469140077951b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 952, "text": "Burns Monument at Alloway"}], "question": "What monument was created in 1818?", "id": "57298a8e1d0469140077951c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "1824\u201329"}], "question": "When was the General Post Office built?", "id": "57298a8e1d0469140077951d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "1823\u201348"}], "question": "In what year was the British Museum built?", "id": "57298a8e1d0469140077951e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "1832\u201338"}], "question": "When was the National Gallery constructed?", "id": "57298a8e1d0469140077951f"}]}], ["Seberapa kecil, bermula dengan kubur Charles de Wailly di gereja St Leu-St Gilles (1773-80), dan Barriere des Bonshommes Claude Nicolas Ledoux (1785-89). Bukti pertama seni bina Yunani sangat penting bagi Perancis, disebabkan oleh pengaruh doktrin Marc-Antoine Laugier yang berusaha untuk memahami prinsip-prinsip Yunani bukannya amalan mereka sendiri. Ia akan mengambil masa sehingga Neo-Grec Laboustre dari Empayar kedua untuk kebangkitan Yunani kepada bunga sebentar di Perancis. <> Apakah contoh terawal seni bina Yunani di Perancis? || Charles de Wailly di gereja St Leu-St Gilles (1773-80 <> Bagaimana prihatinnya Perancis dengan seni bina Yunani? || Seni bina Yunani sangat penting bagi Perancis <> Siapakah pengaruh yang membawa kebangkitan Yunani di Perancis? || Laboustre <> Di mana gelombang neoklasik adalah kebangkitan bangsa Yunani di Perancis? || Empayar kedua", {"context": "What little there was, started with Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773\u201380), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785\u201389). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices. It would take until Laboustre's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773\u201380"}], "question": "What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France?", "id": "572994ff1d0469140077955d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French"}], "question": "How concerned was France with Greek architecture?", "id": "572994ff1d0469140077955e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Laboustre"}], "question": "Who's influence brought about Greek revival in France?", "id": "572994ff1d0469140077955f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "second Empire"}], "question": "In which wave of neoclassical was the greek revival in France?", "id": "572994ff1d04691400779560"}]}], ["Neoklassicism juga mempengaruhi perancangan bandar; Roma purba telah menggunakan skim yang disatukan untuk perancangan bandar untuk kedua-dua pertahanan dan kemudahan awam, bagaimanapun, akar skema ini kembali ke tamadun bahkan lebih tua. Pada sistem yang paling asas, sistem jalanan, forum pusat dengan perkhidmatan bandar, dua jalan utama yang lebih luas, dan jalan pepenjuru sesekali adalah ciri reka bentuk Rom yang sangat logik dan teratur. Permukaan kuno dan susun atur bangunan berorientasikan kepada corak rekabentuk bandar ini dan mereka cenderung bekerja bersamaan dengan kepentingan bangunan awam. <> Apa peradaban purba menggunakan neoklassikisme dalam perancangan bandar? || Rom kuno <> Apakah sistem perancangan awam asas untuk jalanan berakar umbi dalam neoklasisme? || sistem grid <> Apakah 2 manfaat memanfaatkan neoklassikisme untuk perancangan awam? || sangat logik dan teratur", {"context": "Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient fa\u00e7ades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "ancient Romans"}], "question": "What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning?", "id": "57298fe16aef051400154fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "grid system"}], "question": "What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism?", "id": "57298fe16aef051400154fd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "very logical and orderly"}], "question": "What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning?", "id": "57298fe16aef051400154fd6"}]}], ["Contoh paling awal seni bina neoklasik di Hungary boleh didapati di V\u00e1c. Di bandar ini gerbang kejujuran dan permukaan neoklasik Katedral baroque telah direka oleh arkitek Perancis, Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) pada tahun 1760-an. Juga kerja arkitek Perancis Charles Moreau adalah fa\u00e7ade taman istana Esterh\u00e1zy (1797-1805) di Kismarton (hari ini Eisenstadt di Austria). Dua arkitek utama Neoclassicism di Hungary ialah Mih\u00e1ly Pollack dan J\u00f3zsef Hild. Kerja utama Pollack adalah Muzium Nasional Hungary (1837-1844). Hild terkenal dengan rekaannya untuk Katedral Eger dan Esztergom. <> Di bandar apakah seni bina neoklasik tertua di Hungary? || V\u00e1c <> Apa arkitek Perancis yang direka struktur neoklasik yang penting pada tahun 1760-an? || Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval <> Siapa yang merancang Istana Esterhazy? || Charles Moreau <> Siapa yang terkenal dengan Katedral Eger dan Esztergom? || J\u00f3zsef Hild", {"context": "The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in V\u00e1c. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical fa\u00e7ade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden fa\u00e7ade of the Esterh\u00e1zy Palace (1797\u20131805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mih\u00e1ly Pollack and J\u00f3zsef Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837\u20131844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "V\u00e1c"}], "question": "In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?", "id": "572995f63f37b319004784ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval"}], "question": "What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?", "id": "572995f63f37b319004784ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Charles Moreau"}], "question": "Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?", "id": "572995f63f37b319004784ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "J\u00f3zsef Hild"}], "question": "Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?", "id": "572995f63f37b319004784ae"}]}], ["Dari pertengahan abad ke-18, penerokaan dan penerbitan mengubah arah seni bina British ke arah penglihatan yang lebih murni dari ideal Greco-Rom Purba. Kerja-kerja James 'Athenian' Stuart The Antiquities of Athens dan Monumen Lain dari Yunani sangat berpengaruh dalam hal ini, seperti Robert Wood's Palmyra dan Baalbec. Gabungan bentuk mudah dan tahap pengayaan yang tinggi telah diterima pakai oleh majoriti arkitek dan pereka British kontemporari. Revolusi yang dimulakan oleh Stuart tidak lama lagi akan dikalahkan oleh kerja-kerja Adam Brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon dan arkitek berasaskan provinci seperti John Carr dan Thomas Harrison dari Chester. <> Apa arah seni bina British pada pertengahan abad ke-18? || <> Apakah monumen Greek Robert Wood yang berpengaruh dari pertengahan abad ke-18? || Palmyra dan Baalbec <> Yang memulakan revolusi seni bina Yunani yang dipengaruhi di Britain? || James 'Athenian' Stuart <> Apa saudara saudara penting dalam gerakan neokrasikisme Yunani ini? || Adam Brothers", {"context": "From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Ancient Greco-Roman ideal"}], "question": "What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century?", "id": "572990e16aef051400154fda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Palmyra and Baalbec"}], "question": "What were Robert Wood's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century?", "id": "572990e16aef051400154fdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "James 'Athenian' Stuart"}], "question": "Who began the revolution of Greek influenced architecture in Britain?", "id": "572990e16aef051400154fdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Adam Brothers"}], "question": "What brothers were instrumental in this Greek movement of neoclassicism?", "id": "572990e16aef051400154fdd"}]}], ["Seni bina neoklasik diperkenalkan di Malta pada abad ke-18, semasa tahun-tahun akhir aturan Hospitaller. Contoh awal termasuk Bibliotheca (1786), De Rohan Arch (1798) dan Hompesch Gate (1801). Walau bagaimanapun, seni bina neoklasik hanya menjadi popular di Malta berikutan penubuhan pemerintahan British pada awal abad ke-19. Pada tahun 1814, sebuah portico neoklasik yang dihiasi dengan kepalan tangan British telah ditambahkan ke bangunan Pengawal Utama untuk berfungsi sebagai simbol British Malta. Lain-lain bangunan neoklasik abad ke-19 termasuk RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), Rotunda of Mosta (1860) dan sekarang memusnahkan Royal Opera House (1866). <> Bilakah Malta diperkenalkan kepada seni bina neoklasik? || akhir abad ke-18 <> Apakah penguasa pada masa pengenalan neoklasik? || Hospitaller <> Bilakah RNH Bighi dibina? || 1832 <> Pada tahun apakah Pro-Katedral St. Paul telah dibina? || 1844", {"context": "Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now destroyed Royal Opera House (1866).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "late 18th century"}], "question": "When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture?", "id": "572996c36aef051400154ffe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Hospitaller"}], "question": "What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction?", "id": "572996c36aef051400154fff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "1832"}], "question": "When was RNH Bighi built?", "id": "572996c36aef051400155000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "1844"}], "question": "In what year did the St Paul's Pro-Cathedral get built? ", "id": "572996c36aef051400155001"}]}], ["Fon pertama neoklassikisme di Perancis dinyatakan dalam gaya \"Louis XVI\" arkitek seperti Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762-68); fasa kedua, dalam gaya yang dipanggil Directoire dan \"Empire\", mungkin dicirikan oleh Arc de Triomphe (yang dirancang pada tahun 1806). Di England dua fasa mungkin dicirikan terlebih dahulu oleh struktur Robert Adam, yang kedua oleh mereka Sir John Soane. Gaya dalaman Perancis pada mulanya adalah gaya Paris, \"Go\u00fbt grec\" (\"gaya Yunani\") bukan gaya mahkamah. Hanya apabila raja muda itu bertanding pada takhta pada 1771, Marie Antoinette, Ratu yang mencintai fesyennya, membawa gaya \"Louis XVI\" ke mahkamah. <> Apakah nama gelombang pertama neoclassicism di Perancis? || Louis XVI gaya <> fokal kedua neoklasik Perancis dikenali sebagai apa? || Directoire dan \"Empire\" <> Apa arsitek menaip gaya neoklasik pertama di England? || Robert Adam <> Struktur yang menyifatkan tahap kedua neoklasik England? || Sir John Soane <> Siapa yang membuat istana di Perancis untuk reka bentuk yang lebih moden selepas 1771? || Marie Antoinette", {"context": "The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the \"Louis XVI style\" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762\u201368); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and \"Empire\", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the \"Go\u00fbt grec\" (\"Greek style\") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the \"Louis XVI\" style to court.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Louis XVI style"}], "question": "What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?", "id": "5729939d1d04691400779553"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Directoire and \"Empire\""}], "question": "France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?", "id": "5729939d1d04691400779554"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Robert Adam"}], "question": "What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England?", "id": "5729939d1d04691400779555"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Sir John Soane"}], "question": "Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical?", "id": "5729939d1d04691400779556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "Marie Antoinette"}], "question": "Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771?", "id": "5729939d1d04691400779557"}]}], ["Pada dekad pertama abad ke-21, seni bina neoklasik kontemporari biasanya digolongkan di bawah tempoh payung dari Seni Bina Klasik Baru. Kadang-kadang ia juga dirujuk sebagai Neo-Historicism / Revivalism, Traditionalism atau hanya seni bina neoklasik seperti gaya bersejarah. Untuk senibina gaya tradisional yang ikhlas yang melekat pada seni bina serantau, bahan dan ketukangan, Istilah Seni Bina Tradisional (atau bahasa kebangsaan) kebanyakannya digunakan. Driehaus Architecture Prize dianugerahkan kepada penyumbang utama dalam bidang seni bina tradisional atau klasik abad ke-21, dan datang dengan hadiah wang dua kali lebih tinggi daripada Pritzker Prize moden. <> Dalam apa arsitekturnya ada neoklasik yang kini dikelaskan? || Seni Bina Klasik Baru <> Apakah istilah untuk seni bina gaya tradisional yang ikhlas yang melekat pada seni bina serantau? || Seni Bina Tradisional <> Apakah nama lain untuk Senibina Klasik Baru? || Neo-Historicism / Revivalism, Traditionalism <> Apakah penghargaan untuk sumbangan besar kepada seni bina klasik tradisional di abad ke-21? || Hadiah Driehaus Architecture", {"context": "As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture, materials and craftsmanship, the term Traditional Architecture (or vernacular) is mostly used. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture, and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "New Classical Architecture"}], "question": "In what are of architecture is neoclassical currently classed?", "id": "572999673f37b319004784df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Traditional Architecture"}], "question": "What is the term for sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture?", "id": "572999673f37b319004784e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism"}], "question": "What is another name for New Classical Architecture?", "id": "572999673f37b319004784e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "The Driehaus Architecture Prize"}], "question": "What is the award for major contributions to traditional of classical architecture in 21st century?", "id": "572999673f37b319004784e1"}]}], ["Neoclassicism tinggi adalah pergerakan antarabangsa. Walaupun senibina neoklasik menggunakan perbendaharaan kata klasik yang sama seperti seni bina Late Baroque, ia cenderung untuk menekankan sifat-sifat planarnya, dan bukannya jilid-jilat. Unjuran dan kemelesetan dan kesan cahaya dan teduhnya lebih rata; pelepasan basal melengkung adalah rata-rata dan cenderung dikuasai dalam friezes, tablet atau panel. Ciri-ciri individu yang jelasnya diasingkan daripada menginterpretasikan, autonomi dan lengkap dalam diri mereka. <> Apa gaya seni bina lain yang berkongsi persamaan dan kosakata neoklasik? || Senibina Baroque lewat <> Ciri-ciri apa yang lebih ditekankan dalam neoklasik berbanding Baroque? || ciri-ciri planar, bukannya jilid-jilid <> Selain menjadi lebih rata, bagaimanakah ciri-ciri individu yang ditangani dengan neoklasik? || terpencil daripada menginterpretasi <> Seberapa luas jangkauan neoklasikisme yang tinggi? || pergerakan antarabangsa", {"context": "High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flatter and tended to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Late Baroque architecture"}], "question": "What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?", "id": "57298eb13f37b3190047848f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes"}], "question": "What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque?", "id": "57298eb13f37b31900478490"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "isolated rather than interpenetrating"}], "question": "In addition to being flatter, how were individual features handled with neoclasic?", "id": "57298eb13f37b31900478491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "international movement"}], "question": "How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism?", "id": "57298eb13f37b31900478492"}]}], ["Pada masa yang sama gaya Empire di Perancis adalah gelombang yang lebih besar dari neoklassikisme dalam seni bina dan seni hiasan. Terutama berdasarkan gaya Imperial Romawi, ia berasal dari, dan mengambil namanya dari, pemerintahan Napoleon I dalam Empayar Perancis Pertama, di mana ia bertujuan untuk mengasaskan kepimpinan Napoleon dan negara Perancis. Gaya ini sesuai dengan gaya Biedermeier yang lebih borjuis di tanah-tanah berbahasa Jerman, gaya Persekutuan di Amerika Syarikat, gaya Kerajaan di Britain, dan Napoleonstil di Sweden. Menurut ahli sejarah kesenian Hugh Honor \"sejauh ini, sebagaimana yang kadang-kadang sepatutnya, kemuncak gerakan Neo-klasik, Empayar menandakan penurunan pesatnya dan transformasi kembali sekali lagi menjadi kebangkitan antik semata-mata, idea berfikiran dan kekuatan keyakinan yang telah mengilhami karya-karya \". <> Bagaimanakah gaya Empayar Perancis dicirikan dengan perbandingan? || lebih mulia <> Apa asalnya Gaya Roman Romantik? || Napoleon I <> Apakah gaya sepadan dengan Kerajaan di Britain? || Kabupaten <> Di Amerika Serikat, gaya selama zaman Neoclassical Empire dikenal sebagai apa? || Gaya Persekutuan", {"context": "At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour \"so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "more grandiose"}], "question": "How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison?", "id": "57298cc51d04691400779525"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Napoleon I"}], "question": "What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style?", "id": "57298cc51d04691400779526"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Regency"}], "question": "What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain?", "id": "57298cc51d04691400779527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Federal style"}], "question": "In the US, the style during this time of Neoclassical Empire was known as what?", "id": "57298cc51d04691400779528"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-20, tulisan-tulisan Albert Richardson bertanggungjawab untuk membangkitkan semula minat dalam reka bentuk neoklasik tulen. Vincent Harris (bandingkan bahagian dalaman Harris yang merajai dan berkubah di Harris Central Library ke bahagian pedalaman dan kubah oleh John Carr dan RR Duke), Bradshaw Gass & Hope dan Percy Thomas adalah antara mereka yang merancang bangunan awam dalam gaya neoklasik dalam tempoh interwar . Di British Raj di India, perancangan bandar monumental Sir Edwin Lutyens untuk New Delhi menandakan matahari terbenam neoklassicism. Di Scotland dan utara England, di mana Gothic Revival kurang kuat, arkitek terus membangun gaya neoklasik William Henry Playfair. Karya-karya Cuthbert Brodrick dan Alexander Thomson menunjukkan bahawa pada akhir abad ke-19 hasilnya boleh menjadi kuat dan eksentrik. <> Apa yang penulis menulis abad ke-20 menyebabkan minat dalam reka bentuk neoklasik tulen? || Albert Richardson <> Dalam apa tempoh Percy Thomas merancang bangunan awam dalam neoklasik? || tempoh perarakan <> Perancang bandar Sir Edwin Lutyens di bandar apa yang menandakan perubahan dalam reka bentuk? || New Delhi <> Reka bentuk baru apa yang sedang tren selepas neoklasik? || Gothic Revival", {"context": "In the early 20th century, the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design. Vincent Harris (compare Harris's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke), Bradshaw Gass & Hope and Percy Thomas were among those who designed public buildings in the neoclassical style in the interwar period. In the British Raj in India, Sir Edwin Lutyens' monumental city planning for New Delhi marked the sunset of neoclassicism. In Scotland and the north of England, where the Gothic Revival was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair. The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Albert Richardson"}], "question": "What author's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design?", "id": "5729922a1d0469140077954b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "interwar period"}], "question": "In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical?", "id": "5729922a1d0469140077954c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "New Delhi"}], "question": "Sir Edwin Lutyens' city planning in what city marked a shift in design?", "id": "5729922a1d0469140077954d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "Gothic Revival"}], "question": "What new design was trending after neoclassical?", "id": "5729922a1d0469140077954e"}]}], ["Di Britain beberapa arkitek aktif dalam gaya neoklasik. Dua Perpustakaan universiti baru, Perpustakaan Maitland Robinson Quinlan Terry di Downing College dan Perpustakaan Sackler Architectural ADAM menggambarkan bahawa pendekatan yang diambil boleh berbeza dari segi tradisional, dalam kes pertama, kepada yang tidak konvensional, dalam kes terakhir. Baru-baru ini, Putera Charles berada di bawah kontroversi untuk mempromosikan pembangunan yang direka secara klasik di tanah bekas Barak Chelsea di London. Menulis kepada keluarga Diraja Qatari (yang membiayai pembangunan melalui syarikat pembangunan hartanah Qatari Diar) dia mengutuk rancangan moden yang diterima, sebaliknya menganjurkan pendekatan klasik. Rayuannya dipenuhi dengan kejayaan dan rancangannya ditarik balik. Reka bentuk baru oleh rumah seni bina Dixon Jones sedang dirangka. <> Siapa yang telah membangkitkan kontroversi untuk pembangunan dan reka bentuk Barak Chelsea? || Putera Charles <> Keluarga apa yang membiayai pembangunan bekas Barak Chelsea? || Keluarga Katedral Qatari <> Apa perpustakaan baru yang menggambarkan gaya tradisional neoklasisme? || Perpustakaan Maitland Robinson Quinlan Terry di Downing College <> Apakah nama perpustakaan yang menggambarkan gaya neoklasik yang tidak konvensional? || ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library <> Adakah reka bentuk neoklasik semasa di Britain? || sebilangan arkitek aktif dalam neoklasik", {"context": "In Britain a number of architects are active in the neoclassical style. Two new university Libraries, Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional, in the former case, to the unconventional, in the latter case. Recently, Prince Charles came under controversy for promoting a classically designed development on the land of the former Chelsea Barracks in London. Writing to the Qatari Royal family (who were funding the development through the property development company Qatari Diar) he condemned the accepted modernist plans, instead advocating a classical approach. His appeal was met with success and the plans were withdrawn. A new design by architecture house Dixon Jones is currently being drafted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Prince Charles"}], "question": "Who has stirred controversy for development and design of Chelsea Barracks?", "id": "57299b841d04691400779577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Qatari Royal family"}], "question": "What family was funding the development of former Chelsea Barracks?", "id": "57299b841d04691400779578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College"}], "question": "What new library illustrates the traditional style of neoclassicism?", "id": "57299b841d04691400779579"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library"}], "question": "What is the name of the library that illustrates the unconventional style of neoclassical?", "id": "57299b841d0469140077957a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "a number of architects are active in the neoclassical"}], "question": "Is neoclassical design current in Britain?", "id": "57299b841d0469140077957b"}]}], ["Selepas merosot dalam tempoh dominasi seni bina moden (kira-kira selepas Perang Dunia II sehingga pertengahan 1980-an), neoklassikisme telah menyaksikan kebangkitan semula. Kelahiran semula ini dapat dikesan untuk pergerakan Urbanisme Baru dan seni bina postmodern unsur-unsur klasik sebagai ironis, terutama dalam hal penguasaan Modernisme. Walaupun ada yang terus bekerjasama dengan klasik sebagai ironis, beberapa arkitek seperti Thomas Gordon Smith, mula mempertimbangkan klasikisme dengan serius. Walaupun sesetengah sekolah mempunyai minat terhadap seni bina klasik, seperti University of Virginia, sekolah tidak semata-mata didedikasikan untuk seni bina klasik. Pada awal 1990-an program dalam seni bina klasik dimulakan oleh Smith dan Duncan Stroik di University of Notre Dame yang terus berjaya. Program di University of Miami, Andrews University, Judson University dan Yayasan Putera untuk Bangunan Komuniti telah melatih beberapa arkitek klasik yang baru sejak kebangkitan ini. Hari ini seseorang dapat mencari pelbagai bangunan yang memeluk gaya neoklasik, kerana generasi arkitek yang terlatih dalam disiplin ini membentuk perancangan bandar. <> Bilakah senibina dalam senibina neoklasik? || kira-kira selepas Perang Dunia II sehingga pertengahan 1980-an <> Apakah pergerakan yang menyebabkan kebangkitan semula neoklasisme? || Urbanisme Baru <> Ramai jawatan reka bentuk moden mempunyai elemen klasik dalam apa cara? || ironic <> Apa arkitek baru-baru ini mula mengambil unsur-unsur klasikisme dengan serius? || Thomas Gordon Smith", {"context": "After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence. This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic, especially in light of the dominance of Modernism. While some continued to work with classicism as ironic, some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith, began to consider classicism seriously. While some schools had interest in classical architecture, such as the University of Virginia, no school was purely dedicated to classical architecture. In the early 1990s a program in classical architecture was started by Smith and Duncan Stroik at the University of Notre Dame that continues successfully. Programs at the University of Miami, Andrews University, Judson University and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community have trained a number of new classical architects since this resurgence. Today one can find numerous buildings embracing neoclassical style, since a generation of architects trained in this discipline shapes urban planning.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s"}], "question": "When was the lull in neoclassical architecture?", "id": "5729996c1d0469140077956f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "New Urbanism"}], "question": "What is the movement that caused resurgence of neoclassicism?", "id": "5729996c1d04691400779570"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "ironic"}], "question": "Many post modern designs feature classic elements in what way?", "id": "5729996c1d04691400779571"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Thomas Gordon Smith"}], "question": "What recent architect began to take elements of classicism seriously?", "id": "5729996c1d04691400779572"}]}]], [["Ramai yang terkejut dengan perubahan ini ke jadual CBC, yang nampaknya bertujuan untuk menarik penonton yang lebih muda ke rangkaian; ada yang mencadangkan mereka mungkin mengasingkan penonton utama CBC. Satu lagi nota kritikan dibuat apabila rangkaian memutuskan untuk memindahkan The National dalam beberapa zon masa untuk menyiarkan versi Amerika The One pada musim panas. Ini kemudiannya menjadi titik salah, kerana The One telah diangkat dari udara selepas dua minggu selepas penilaian Amerika dan Kanada yang sangat rendah, dan berita baru menyambung semula jadual tetapnya. <> Siaran berita Amerika apa yang baru dibawa keluar dari udara hanya dua minggu selepas CBC mula menunjukkannya? || The One <> Mengapa CBC memindahkan Negara di beberapa kawasan? || untuk mensimulasikan versi Amerika The One pada musim panas <> Untuk tujuan apakah CBC telah membuat perubahan ketara pada penyiaran mereka? || untuk menarik penonton yang lebih muda ke rangkaian", {"context": "Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule, which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership. Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer. This later became a moot point, as The One was taken off the air after two weeks after extremely low American and Canadian ratings, and the newscast resumed its regular schedule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "The One"}], "question": "Which American newscast was taken off the air only two weeks after CBC began showing it?", "id": "572a373d6aef051400155392"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer"}], "question": "Why did CBC move The National in some areas?", "id": "572a373d6aef051400155393"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "to attract a younger audience to the network"}], "question": "For what purpose did CBC make significant changes to their broadcasting?", "id": "572a373d6aef051400155394"}]}], ["Sehingga tahun 1998, rangkaian itu membawa pelbagai program Amerika sebagai tambahan kepada pengaturcaraan teras Kanada, yang secara langsung bersaing dengan penyiar swasta Kanada seperti CTV dan Global. Sejak itu, ia telah menghadkan diri kepada program Kanada, beberapa program Inggeris, dan beberapa filem Amerika dan ulangan luar rangkaian. Sejak perubahan ini, CBC kadang-kadang berjuang untuk mengekalkan penilaian yang setanding dengan mereka yang dicapai sebelum tahun 1995, walaupun ia telah melihat agak kebangkitan penilaian pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini. Dalam musim 2007-08, siri melanda seperti Little Mosque di Prairie dan The Border membantu rangkaian mencapai prestasi penarafan yang kuat dalam lebih setengah dekad. <> Dalam tahun apakah rangkaian mengakhiri pengaturcaraan Amerika? || 1998 <> Pengaturcaraan asing apa yang ditunjukkan pada CBC selepas tahun 1998? || segelintir program British, dan beberapa filem Amerika dan jaringan luar mengulangi <> Antara yang baru-baru ini (2007-2008) menunjukkan membantu rangkaian mendapatkan semula populariti? || Masjid kecil di Prairie dan Sempadan", {"context": "Until 1998, the network carried a variety of American programs in addition to its core Canadian programming, directly competing with private Canadian broadcasters such as CTV and Global. Since then, it has restricted itself to Canadian programs, a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats. Since this change, the CBC has sometimes struggled to maintain ratings comparable to those it achieved before 1995, although it has seen somewhat of a ratings resurgence in recent years. In the 2007-08 season, hit series such as Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border helped the network achieve its strongest ratings performance in over half a decade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "1998"}], "question": "In what year did the network end American programming?", "id": "572a2c791d04691400779811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats"}], "question": "What foreign programming is shown on the CBC after 1998?", "id": "572a2c791d04691400779813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border"}], "question": "Which recent (2007-2008) shows helped the network regain popularity?", "id": "572a2c791d04691400779812"}]}], ["Di bawah pengaturan semasa CBC dengan Rogers Communications untuk hak siaran Liga Hoki Kebangsaan, Hoki Malam di Kanada menyiarkan di stesen milik milik CBC dan sekutu tidak secara teknikal disiarkan melalui rangkaian televisyen CBC, tetapi melalui rangkaian separuh waktu yang berlesen CRTC yang dikendalikan oleh Rogers. Ini diperlukan oleh CRTC kerana Rogers menjalankan kawalan editorial dan menjual semua masa pengiklanan semasa siaran HNIC, walaupun pepijat dan promosi CBC untuk program televisyen CBC yang lain muncul di seluruh HNIC. <> Syarikat mana yang memiliki hak kepada siaran Hoki Kebangsaan? || Rogers Communications <> Di mana sekutu-sekutu HNIC disiarkan? || rangkaian separuh masa yang berlesen CRTC yang dikendalikan oleh Rogers <> Di mana siaran HNIC disiarkan? || di stesen milik CBC", {"context": "Under the CBC's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights, Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network, but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers. This was required by the CRTC as Rogers exercises editorial control and sells all advertising time during the HNIC broadcasts, even though the CBC bug and promos for other CBC Television programs appear throughout HNIC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Rogers Communications"}], "question": "Which company owns the rights to National Hockey League broadcasts?", "id": "572a33f0af94a219006aa893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers"}], "question": "Where are affiliates of HNIC aired?", "id": "572a33f0af94a219006aa894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "on CBC-owned stations"}], "question": "Where are HNIC broadcasts aired?", "id": "572a33f0af94a219006aa895"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada berita terkini tempatan yang disebutkan, stesen CBC di kebanyakan pasar mengisi petang awal dengan program berita tempatan, umumnya dari pukul 5:00 pagi. pada jam 6:30 pagi, manakala kebanyakan stesen juga menyiarkan berita baru tempatan pada petang hujung minggu (merangkumi siaran jam makan malam pada hari Sabtu dan siaran berita lewat malam pada hari Ahad). Siaran berita lain termasuk sebahagian daripada CBC News Now yang disiarkan pada hari kerja pada pukul 6.00 pagi dan tengah hari. Mingguan berita mingguan harta pusaka kelima juga menjadi tumpuan CBC, seperti siri dokumentari seperti Doc Zone. <> Berapa kali biasanya digunakan untuk siaran berita tempatan? || dari pukul 5:00 pagi. ke 6:30 pagi <> Bilakah kebanyakan stesen lain melihat siaran akhbar tempatan mereka? || petang hujung minggu <> Bilakah berita CBC Berita Udara? || hari kerja pada pukul 6:00 petang dan tengah hari", {"context": "In addition to the mentioned late local newscasts, CBC stations in most markets fill early evenings with local news programs, generally from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., while most stations also air a single local newscast on weekend evenings (comprising a supper hour broadcast on Saturdays and a late evening newscast on Sundays). Other newscasts include parts of CBC News Now airing weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon. Weekly newsmagazine the fifth estate is also a CBC mainstay, as are documentary series such as Doc Zone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m."}], "question": "What times are generally reserved for local newscasts?", "id": "572a34e96aef05140015537c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "weekend evenings"}], "question": "When do most other stations view their local newscasts?", "id": "572a34e96aef05140015537d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon"}], "question": "When does CBC News Now air?", "id": "572a34e96aef05140015537e"}]}], ["Ia juga merupakan pembawa eksklusif acara Persatuan Pengukuh Kanada semasa musim 2004-2005. Oleh kerana hasil yang mengecewakan dan kemarahan peminat ke atas banyak cabutan yang dijalankan di CBC Country Canada (kini dikenali sebagai Cottage Life Television, persatuan itu cuba membatalkan perjanjian multiyear dengan CBC yang ditandatangani pada tahun 2004. Selepas CBC mengancam tindakan undang-undang, kedua belah pihak akhirnya datang ke satu perjanjian di mana hak-hak awal pusingan kembali ke TSN. Pada 15 Jun 2006, CCA mengumumkan bahawa TSN akan memperoleh hak eksklusif untuk mencengkam siaran di Kanada pada musim 2008-09, menutup CBC dari hujung minggu kejuaraan untuk </ p> </ p> <p> CBC adalah pembawa eksklusif tentang apa olahraga lain pada musim 2004-2005? || Curling <> Apa itu CBC Country Canada sekarang? penyiar curling semasa musim 2008-2009? || TSN <> Pada hari apakah yang diumumkan CBC telah kehilangan hak eksklusif untuk mencerahkan penyiaran? || 15 Jun 2006", {"context": "It was also the exclusive carrier of Canadian Curling Association events during the 2004\u20132005 season. Due to disappointing results and fan outrage over many draws being carried on CBC Country Canada (now called Cottage Life Television, the association tried to cancel its multiyear deal with the CBC signed in 2004. After the CBC threatened legal action, both sides eventually came to an agreement under which early-round rights reverted to TSN. On June 15, 2006, the CCA announced that TSN would obtain exclusive rights to curling broadcasts in Canada as of the 2008-09 season, shutting the CBC out of the championship weekend for the first time in 40-plus years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Curling"}], "question": "CBC was eclusive carrier of what other sport during the 2004-2005 season?", "id": "572a36e06aef051400155382"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Cottage Life Television"}], "question": "What is CBC Country Canada now called?", "id": "572a36e06aef051400155383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "TSN"}], "question": "Who became the new exclusive carrier of curling broadcasts during the 2008-2009 season?", "id": "572a36e06aef051400155384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "June 15, 2006"}], "question": "On what day was it announced CBC had lost exclusve rights to curling broadcasting?", "id": "572a36e06aef051400155385"}]}], ["Berita utama perdana kastam, The National, menyiarkan Ahad menjelang Jumaat pada pukul 10:00 p.m. EST dan Sabtu pada pukul 6:00 p.m. EST. Sehingga Oktober 2006, stesen yang dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh CBC menyiarkan siaran kedua program pada pukul 11.00 malam; siaran kemudian ini hanya termasuk bahagian berita utama program ini, dan tidak termasuk segmen analisis dan dokumentari. Penyaringan kedua ini kemudian digantikan dengan pengaturcaraan yang lain, dan pada musim televisyen 2012-13, telah digantikan di stesen pasaran utama CBC oleh berita baru lewat setengah jam. Terdapat juga kemas kini berita ringkas, paling banyak, pada petang Sabtu malam. Semasa musim hoki, kemas kini ini biasanya dijumpai semasa intermeter pertama permainan kedua doubleheader pada Malam Hoki di Kanada. <> Apa penyiaran 11pm The National menghilangkan? || analisis dan segmen dokumentari <> Tajuk mana yang menjadi tajuk berita utama CBC? || The National <> Bilakah CBC menghentikan siaran lewat malam The National? || Oktober 2006 <> Semasa musim hoki, bilakah pembaharuan berita lewat malam berlaku? || semasa perlawanan pertama permainan kedua pemain doubleheader pada Malam Hoki di Kanada", {"context": "The CBC's flagship newscast, The National, airs Sunday through Fridays at 10:00 p.m. EST and Saturdays at 6:00 p.m. EST. Until October 2006, CBC owned-and-operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11:00 p.m.; this later broadcast included only the main news portion of the program, and excluded the analysis and documentary segment. This second airing was later replaced with other programming, and as of the 2012-13 television season, was replaced on CBC's major market stations by a half-hour late newscast. There is also a short news update, at most, on late Saturday evenings. During hockey season, this update is usually found during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "analysis and documentary segment"}], "question": "What did the 11pm broadcast of The National omit?", "id": "572a346daf94a219006aa899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "The National"}], "question": "Which title is CBC's flagship newscast?", "id": "572a346daf94a219006aa89a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "October 2006"}], "question": "When did CBC discontinue its late-night broadcast of The National?", "id": "572a346daf94a219006aa89b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada"}], "question": "During hockey season, when does the late night news update occur?", "id": "572a346daf94a219006aa89c"}]}], ["Salah satu persembahan paling popular di CBC Television ialah siaran malam minggu mingguan NHL games hockey, Hoki Malam di Kanada. Ia telah disiarkan melalui rangkaian sejak tahun 1952. Semasa penguncupan NHL dan pembatalan musim hoki 2004-2005, CBC menyiarkan pelbagai filem baru dan klasik, yang diisytiharkan sebagai Movie Night di Kanada, pada malam Sabtu. Banyak kumpulan kebudayaan mengkritik ini dan mencadangkan permainan udara CBC dari liga hoki kecil; CBC bertindak balas bahawa kebanyakan hak siaran seperti itu telah dipegang oleh kumpulan lain, tetapi ia berdasarkan setiap siaran Malam Filem dari tempat hoki Kanada yang berbeza. Selain hoki, hartanah CBC Sports termasuk bola keranjang Toronto Raptors, Toronto FC Soccer, dan pelbagai acara amatur dan profesional yang lain. <> Tahun apakah HNIC mula disiarkan di PJK? || 1952 <> Apakah udara CBC semasa lockout NHL? || pelbagai filem baru-baru ini dan klasik <> Pada malam apa pun CBC umumnya menyimpan penyiaran untuk hoki? || Sabtu <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh CBC sebagai penyajian filem semasa NHL Lockout? || Malam Filem di Kanada", {"context": "One of the most popular shows on CBC Television is the weekly Saturday night broadcast of NHL hockey games, Hockey Night in Canada. It has been televised by the network since 1952. During the NHL lockout and subsequent cancellation of the 2004-2005 hockey season, CBC instead aired various recent and classic movies, branded as Movie Night in Canada, on Saturday nights. Many cultural groups criticized this and suggested the CBC air games from minor hockey leagues; the CBC responded that most such broadcast rights were already held by other groups, but it did base each Movie Night broadcast from a different Canadian hockey venue. Other than hockey, CBC Sports properties include Toronto Raptors basketball, Toronto FC Soccer, and various other amateur and professional events.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "1952"}], "question": "What year did HNIC begin being broadcasted on CBC?", "id": "572a362c3f37b319004787b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "various recent and classic movies"}], "question": "What did CBC air during the NHL lockout?", "id": "572a362c3f37b319004787b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Saturday"}], "question": "On what nights does CBC generally reserve broadcasting for hockey?", "id": "572a362c3f37b319004787ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Movie Night in Canada"}], "question": "What did CBC call it's movie showings during the NHL Lockout?", "id": "572a362c3f37b319004787b9"}]}], ["Pada 5 Mac 2005, CBC Television melancarkan simulcast definisi tinggi dari stesen Toronto (CBLT-DT) dan Montreal (CBMT-DT). Sejak itu, rangkaian itu juga telah melancarkan simulcast HD di Vancouver (CBUT-DT), Ottawa (CBOT-DT), Edmonton (CBXT-DT), Calgary (CBRT-DT), Halifax (CBHT-DT), Windsor, CBET-DT), Winnipeg (CBWT-DT) dan St. John's (CBNT-DT). CBC HD tersedia secara nasional melalui satelit dan kabel digital serta secara percuma melalui udara menggunakan antena TV biasa dan penala digital (termasuk dalam kebanyakan set televisyen yang baru) pada saluran berikut: <> Stesen apa yang disiarkan oleh CBC dalam HD pada tahun 2005? || Toronto (CBLT-DT) dan Montreal (CBMT-DT) <> Di mana CBC tersedia secara percuma? || over-the-air <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk melihat siaran di udara? || antena TV biasa dan penala digital", {"context": "On March 5, 2005, CBC Television launched a high definition simulcast of its Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT) stations. Since that time, the network has also launched HD simulcasts in Vancouver (CBUT-DT), Ottawa (CBOT-DT), Edmonton (CBXT-DT), Calgary (CBRT-DT), Halifax (CBHT-DT), Windsor, (CBET-DT), Winnipeg (CBWT-DT) and St. John's (CBNT-DT). CBC HD is available nationally via satellite and on digital cable as well as for free over-the-air using a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner (included in most new television sets) on the following channels:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT)"}], "question": "What stations did CBC broadcast in HD in 2005?", "id": "572a38ae1d0469140077985d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "over-the-air"}], "question": "Where is CBC available for free?", "id": "572a38ae1d0469140077985e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner"}], "question": "What is required to view over-the-air broadcasts?", "id": "572a38ae1d0469140077985f"}]}], ["Pada 9 Oktober 2006 pukul 6:00 petang, rangkaian itu bertukar kepada jadual 24 jam, menjadi salah satu penyiar bahasa utama bahasa Inggeris yang terakhir untuk beralih kepada jadual tersebut. Kebanyakan stesen milik CBC sebelum ini telah menandatangani udara semasa waktu pagi (biasanya dari 1:00 pagi hingga 6:00 petang). Bukannya infomersial yang disiarkan oleh kebanyakan stesen swasta, atau simulcast Rangkaian Berita CBC dalam gaya penyiaran BBC News di BBC One malam, CBC menggunakan masa untuk mengulangi berita, termasuk berita tempatan, siri primitif, filem dan program lain. dari perpustakaan CBC. Rakan sejawatannya dari Perancis, Ici Radio-Kanada T\u00e9l\u00e9, masih tanda-tanda setiap malam. <> Adakah CBC salah satu daripada stesen pertama atau terakhir yang mengamalkan jadual 24 jam? || terakhir <> Bilakah stesen sebelum ini menandatangani udara? || jam pagi (biasanya dari pukul 1:00 pagi hingga 6:00 petang) <> Apakah stesen-stesen persendirian disiarkan semasa pengaturcaraan tidak ditandakan? || infomersial <> Apa yang digunakan oleh CBC untuk masa lapang yang tidak ditentukan? || berita tempatan, siri primitif, filem dan program lain dari pustaka CBC <> Stesen mana-mana Perancis yang enggan mengamalkan jadual 24 jam? || Ici Radio-Canada T\u00e9l\u00e9", {"context": "On October 9, 2006 at 6:00 a.m., the network switched to a 24-hour schedule, becoming one of the last major English-language broadcasters to transition to such a schedule. Most CBC-owned stations previously signed off the air during the early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.). Instead of the infomercials aired by most private stations, or a simulcast of CBC News Network in the style of BBC One's nightly simulcast of BBC News Channel, the CBC uses the time to air repeats, including local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library. Its French counterpart, Ici Radio-Canada T\u00e9l\u00e9, still signs off every night.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "last"}], "question": "Was CBC one of the first or last stations to adopt a 24 hour schedule?", "id": "57299a5eaf94a219006aa54d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.)"}], "question": "When did stations previously sign off the air?", "id": "57299a5eaf94a219006aa54e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "infomercials"}], "question": "What did private stations air when programming was not ticketed?", "id": "57299a5eaf94a219006aa54f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library"}], "question": "What does CBC use unallotted airtime for?", "id": "57299a5eaf94a219006aa550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "Ici Radio-Canada T\u00e9l\u00e9"}], "question": "Which French station has refused to adopt a 24 hour schedule?", "id": "57299a5eaf94a219006aa551"}]}], ["Bermula pada tahun 2005, KTT telah menyumbang dana pengeluaran untuk pemulihan BBC Wales dari Dokter Who, yang mana ia menerima kredit khas pada akhir setiap episod. Pengaturan ini berterusan sehingga akhir musim keempat, disiarkan pada tahun 2008. CBC juga menyumbang kepada musim pertama siri spin-off, Torchwood. Baru-baru ini, rangkaian itu juga telah mula mengambil hak Kanada untuk beberapa siri Australia, termasuk siri drama Janet King dan Love Child, dan drama komedi-drama Sila Like Me. <> Tahun berapakah CBC mula menyumbang dana ke acara Doktor Siapa? || 2005 <> Bilakah CBC menamatkan sumbangan doktornya? || akhir musim keempat, disiarkan pada tahun 2008 <> Yang Doktor Yang spinoff telah menyumbang kepada CBC? || Torchwood <> Yang mana siri Australia mempunyai CBC yang mengambil minat? || Janet King dan Love Child, dan siri drama komedi Sila Suka Aku", {"context": "Beginning in 2005, the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who, for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode. This arrangement continued until the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008. The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series, Torchwood. More recently, the network has also begun picking up Canadian rights to some Australian series, including the drama series Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year did the CBC begin contributing funds to the show Doctor Who?", "id": "572a37e41d04691400779855"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008"}], "question": "When did CBC end its Doctor Who contributions?", "id": "572a37e41d04691400779856"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Torchwood"}], "question": "Which Doctor Who spinoff did CBC contribute to?", "id": "572a37e41d04691400779857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me"}], "question": "Which Australian series has CBC taken interest in?", "id": "572a37e41d04691400779858"}]}], ["Liputan sukan CBC juga telah mencapai penonton yang tinggi di pasaran sempadan, termasuk liputan NHL Stanley Cup Playoffs, yang pada umumnya dianggap lebih lengkap dan konsisten daripada liputan oleh rangkaian lain seperti NBC. Liputannya dalam Sukan Olimpik juga menemui penonton yang signifikan di kawasan sempadan, terutamanya disebabkan oleh fakta bahawa CBC menyiarkan lebih banyak acara secara langsung daripada liputan NBC, yang telah dikritik dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini untuk acara penangguhan pita untuk disiarkan dalam acara primitif, walaupun acara sedang diadakan di pasaran di Zon Masa Pasifik semasa jam primetime di Timur (di mana ia masih akan ditangguhkan untuk primitif pantai Barat). <> Mengapa liputan CBC lebih baik kepada rangkaian lain di Amerika Syarikat? || lebih lengkap dan konsisten <> Adakah CBC menghidupkan lebih banyak acara Olimpik secara langsung daripada NBC? || lebih <> Mengapa NBC mengkritik liputan Olimpiknya? || pita menunda acara untuk udara dalam primetime", {"context": "CBC's sports coverage has also attained high viewership in border markets, including its coverage of the NHL's Stanley Cup Playoffs, which was generally considered to be more complete and consistent than coverage by other networks such as NBC. Its coverage of the Olympic Games also found a significant audience in border regions, primarily due to the fact that CBC aired more events live than NBC's coverage, which had been criticized in recent years for tape delaying events to air in primetime, even if the event is being held in a market in the Pacific Time Zone during primetime hours on the East (where it would still be delayed for West coast primetime).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "more complete and consistent"}], "question": "Why is CBC's coverage preferable to other networks in the US?", "id": "572a47423f37b31900478859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "more"}], "question": "Did CBC air more or less live Olympic events than NBC?", "id": "572a47423f37b3190047885a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "tape delaying events to air in primetime"}], "question": "Why was NBC criticized over its Olympic coverage?", "id": "572a47423f37b3190047885b"}]}], ["CBC mengumumkan pada 4 April 2012 bahawa ia akan menutup semua kira-kira 620 pemancar televisyen analog pada 31 Julai 2012 tanpa rancangan untuk memasang pemancar digital di tempat mereka, sekali gus mengurangkan jumlah pemancar televisyen syarikat di seluruh negara sehingga 27. Menurut CBC, ini akan mengurangkan perbelanjaan tahunan korporat sebanyak $ 10 juta. Tiada rancangan yang telah diumumkan untuk menggunakan subchannels untuk mengekalkan isyarat di udara untuk kedua-dua CBC dan Radio-Kanada di pasaran di mana syarikat itu mempunyai satu pemancar digital. Sebenarnya, dalam aplikasi CRTC untuk menutup semua pemancar televisyen analog, CBC menyampaikan pembangkangnya untuk menggunakan subchannels, memetik kos, antara sebab lain. <> Berapa banyak pemancar yang sekarang beroperasi selepas tahun 2012? || 27 <> Bilakah CBC mengumumkan perkhidmatan akan dihentikan kepada pemancar analog? || 31 Julai 2012 <> Berapa banyakkah CBC mengatakan bahawa mereka akan menyelamatkan dengan menghentikan operasi analog? || $ 10 juta", {"context": "CBC announced on April 4, 2012, that it will shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters on July 31, 2012 with no plans to install digital transmitters in their place, thus reducing the total number of the corporation's television transmitters across the country down to 27. According to the CBC, this would reduce the corporation's yearly costs by $10 million. No plans have been announced to use subchannels to maintain over-the-air signals for both CBC and Radio-Canada in markets where the corporation has one digital transmitter. In fact, in its CRTC application to shut down all of its analogue television transmitters, the CBC communicated its opposition to use of subchannels, citing costs, amongst other reasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "27"}], "question": "How many transmitters does currently CBC operate after 2012?", "id": "572a53aed562191400bc8669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "July 31, 2012"}], "question": "When did the CBC announce service would be discontinued to analogue transmitters?", "id": "572a53aed562191400bc866a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "$10 million"}], "question": "How much did CBC say they would save by ceasing analogue operation?", "id": "572a53aed562191400bc866b"}]}], ["Stesen televisyen CBC boleh diterima di banyak komuniti Amerika Syarikat di sepanjang sempadan Kanada di udara dan mempunyai penonton yang besar di kawasan tersebut. Fenomena sedemikian juga boleh berlaku di komuniti Great Lakes seperti Ashtabula, Ohio, yang menerima pengaturcaraan dari London, Ontario, pemancar CBC, berdasarkan keadaan atmosfera semasa di Lake Erie. Sehingga September 2010 CBC menutup pemancar analognya dan memutuskan untuk tidak menggantikannya dengan pemancar digital. Akibatnya, kini terdapat lubang gergasi dalam liputan CBC di Ontario Selatan-Barat. Kedua-dua CBC - Toronto dan CBC - Windsor kedua-duanya lebih dari 100 batu dari London, ON dan di luar jangkauan bahkan antena terbesar [rujukan?]. <> Bilakah CBC menutup pemancar analognya? || September 2010 <> Lokasi kelahiran mana yang mempunyai liputan liputan selepas 2010? || South-Western Ontario <> Di mana bandar AS boleh menerima siaran dari pemancar CBC London? || Ashtabula, Ohio", {"context": "CBC Television stations can be received in many United States communities along the Canadian border over-the-air and have a significant audience in those areas. Such a phenomenon can also take place within Great Lakes communities such as Ashtabula, Ohio, which received programming from the CBC's London, Ontario, transmitter, based upon prevailing atmospheric conditions over Lake Erie. As of September 2010 CBC shut down its analogue transmitter and decided not to replace it with a digital transmitter. As a result, there is now a giant hole in the coverage of CBC in South-Western Ontario. Both CBC - Toronto and CBC - Windsor are both over 100 miles from London, ON and out of range for even the largest antennas[citation needed].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "September 2010"}], "question": "When did CBC shut down its analogue transmitter?", "id": "572a44ebaf94a219006aa917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "South-Western Ontario"}], "question": "Which CBC location has a lapsed area of coverage after 2010?", "id": "572a44ebaf94a219006aa918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Ashtabula, Ohio"}], "question": "Which US city can receive broadcasts from CBC's London transmitter?", "id": "572a44ebaf94a219006aa919"}]}], ["Di pasaran di mana pemancar digital dipasang, kawasan liputan sedia ada tidak semestinya dikekalkan. Sebagai contoh, CBC melaksanakan pemancar digital yang meliputi Fredericton, New Brunswick di tempat pemancar yang sedia ada yang meliputi Saint John, New Brunswick dan Fredericton, dan memutuskan untuk mengekalkan perkhidmatan analog kepada Saint John. Menurut permohonan CBC untuk pemancar ini ke CRTC, populasi yang dilayani oleh pemancar digital akan menjadi 113.930 orang versus 303.465 yang dilayani oleh pemancar analog yang ada. Di Victoria, penggantian pemancar analog Vancouver dengan digital hanya membenarkan hanya beberapa bahagian timur laut kawasan metropolitan (jumlah penduduk 330,000) untuk menerima sama ada PJK atau Radio-Kanada. <> Berapa banyak orang yang dimaksudkan untuk disampaikan oleh pemancar digital, menurut permohonan CBC? || 113,930 orang <> Berapa ramai orang sebelum ini pernah disiarkan oleh pemancar analog sebelum naik taraf? || 303,465 <> Di mana kawasan Victora adalah CBC dan Radio-Kanada? || hanya beberapa bahagian timur laut", {"context": "In markets where a digital transmitter was installed, existing coverage areas were not necessarily maintained. For instance, the CBC implemented a digital transmitter covering Fredericton, New Brunswick in the place of the existing transmitter covering Saint John, New Brunswick and Fredericton, and decided to maintain analogue service to Saint John. According to CBC's application for this transmitter to the CRTC, the population served by the digital transmitter would be 113,930 people versus 303,465 served by the existing analogue transmitter. In Victoria, the replacement of the Vancouver analogue transmitters with digital ones only allowed only some northeastern parts of the metropolitan area (total population 330,000) to receive either CBC or Radio-Canada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "113,930 people"}], "question": "How many people were intended to be served by digital transmitters, according to CBC's application?", "id": "572a52b4b8ce0319002e2aad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "303,465"}], "question": "How many people were previously served by analogue transmitters before the upgrade?", "id": "572a52b4b8ce0319002e2aae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "only some northeastern parts"}], "question": "In what area of Victora was CBC and Radio-Canada available?", "id": "572a52b4b8ce0319002e2aaf"}]}], ["Oleh kerana pemancar semula radio tidak dirancang untuk ditukar kepada digital, banyak pasaran berdiri untuk kehilangan liputan udara dari CBC atau Radio-Kanada, atau kedua-duanya. Akibatnya, hanya tujuh daripada pasaran yang tertakluk pada tarikh akhir peralihan pada 31 Ogos 2011 yang dirancang untuk mempunyai kedua-dua CBC dan Radio-Kanada dalam digital, dan 13 pasaran lain dirancang untuk mempunyai sama ada CBC atau Radio-Kanada dalam digital. Pada pertengahan bulan Ogos 2011, CRTC telah memberikan pelanjutan CBC itu, sehingga 31 Ogos 2012, untuk meneruskan operasi pemancar analognya dalam pasaran tertakluk kepada tarikh akhir peralihan 31 Ogos 2011. Keputusan CRTC ini menghalang banyak pasaran tertakluk kepada tarikh akhir peralihan daripada kehilangan isyarat untuk CBC atau Radio-Kanada, atau kedua-duanya pada tarikh akhir peralihan. Pada tarikh akhir peralihan, Barrie, Ontario kehilangan kedua-dua isyarat CBC dan Radio-Kanada memandangkan CBC tidak meminta CRTC membenarkan pemancar ini untuk terus beroperasi. <> Bilakah pelanjutan naik taraf ankologi CBC ditetapkan untuk tamat tempoh? || 31 Ogos 2012 <> Pada tarikh akhir, kawasan mana yang hilang disiarkan sepenuhnya? || Barrie, Ontario <> Adakah Barrie, Ontario kehilangan isyarat untuk PJK, Radio-Kanada, atau kedua-duanya? || kedua-duanya", {"context": "Because rebroadcast transmitters were not planned to be converted to digital, many markets stood to lose over-the-air coverage from CBC or Radio-Canada, or both. As a result, only seven of the markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline were planned to have both CBC and Radio-Canada in digital, and 13 other markets were planned to have either CBC or Radio-Canada in digital. In mid-August 2011, the CRTC granted the CBC an extension, until August 31, 2012, to continue operating its analogue transmitters in markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline. This CRTC decision prevented many markets subject to the transition deadline from losing signals for CBC or Radio-Canada, or both at the transition deadline. At the transition deadline, Barrie, Ontario lost both CBC and Radio-Canada signals as the CBC did not request that the CRTC allow these transmitters to continue operating.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "August 31, 2012"}], "question": "When was CBC's anologue upgrade extension set to expire?", "id": "572a50dfb8ce0319002e2a8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "Barrie, Ontario"}], "question": "At the deadline, which area lost broadcast entirely?", "id": "572a50dfb8ce0319002e2a8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "both"}], "question": "Did Barrie, Ontario lose signal for CBC, Radio-Canada, or both?", "id": "572a50dfb8ce0319002e2a8f"}]}], ["Kebanyakan stesen televisyen CBC, termasuk di bandar-bandar utama, dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh CBC sendiri. Stesen-stesen CBC O & O beroperasi sebagai perkhidmatan nasional yang paling lancar dengan beberapa penyimpangan dari jadual utama rangkaian, walaupun terdapat beberapa perbezaan serantau dari semasa ke semasa. Untuk pengenalan udara, kebanyakan stesen CBC menggunakan jenama CBC daripada surat panggilan mereka, tidak mengenal pasti diri mereka secara spesifik sehingga sign-on atau sign-off (walaupun beberapa, seperti CBLT Toronto, tidak ID sama sekali kecuali melalui PSIP). Semua stesen CBC O & O mempunyai konvensyen menamakan surat panggilan standard, dengan dua huruf pertama adalah \"CB\" (awalan ITU tidak diperuntukkan kepada Kanada, tetapi ke Chile) dan huruf terakhir adalah \"T\". Hanya huruf ketiga yang berbeza dari pasaran ke pasaran; Walau bagaimanapun, surat itu biasanya sama seperti surat ketiga stesen CBC Radio One dan CBC Radio 2 di pasaran yang sama. Pengecualian kepada peraturan ini ialah stesen CBC North di Yellowknife, Whitehorse dan Iqaluit, yang tanda panggilannya bermula dengan \"CF\" kerana persatuan bersejarah mereka dengan Pakej Perlindungan Frontier CBC sebelum kedatangan gelombang mikro dan penyiaran satelit. <> Stesen apa yang tidak mengenal pasti dirinya dengan huruf panggilannya? || CBLT Toronto <> Siapa yang memiliki dan mengendalikan sebahagian besar stesen televisyen CBC? || CBC sendiri <> Apakah dua huruf pertama dari hampir semua stesen CBC? || \"CB\" <> Apakah surat terakhir hampir semua stesen CBC? || \"T\" <> Stesen mana-mana yang melanggar konvensyen dan bermula dengan \"CF\" dan bukannya \"CB\"? || CBC Utara", {"context": "Most CBC television stations, including those in the major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself. CBC O&O stations operate as a mostly seamless national service with few deviations from the main network schedule, although there are some regional differences from time to time. For on-air identification, most CBC stations use the CBC brand rather than their call letters, not identifying themselves specifically until sign-on or sign-off (though some, like Toronto's CBLT, do not ID themselves at all except through PSIP). All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention, in that the first two letters are \"CB\" (an ITU prefix allocated not to Canada, but to Chile) and the last letter is \"T\". Only the third letter varies from market to market; however, that letter is typically the same as the third letter of the CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 stations in the same market. An exception to this rule are the CBC North stations in Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit, whose call signs begin with \"CF\" due to their historic association with the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Toronto's CBLT"}], "question": "What station does not identify itself by its call letters?", "id": "572a39e11d0469140077986d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "CBC itself"}], "question": "Who owns and operates most of the CBC television stations?", "id": "572a39e11d0469140077986e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "\"CB\""}], "question": "What are the first two letters of nearly all CBC stations?", "id": "572a39e11d0469140077986f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "\"T\""}], "question": "What is the last letter of nearly all CBC stations?", "id": "572a39e11d04691400779870"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 938, "text": "CBC North"}], "question": "Which stations break convention and begin with \"CF\" instead of \"CB\"?", "id": "572a3acf6aef0514001553b4"}]}], ["Walaupun penyiar Kanada yang lain menukar sebahagian besar pemancar mereka kepada digital oleh tarikh akhir peralihan televisyen digital Kanada pada 31 Ogos 2011, CBC hanya mengubah separuh daripada pemancar analog dalam kawasan mandatori kepada digital (15 dari 28 pasar dengan stesen televisyen CBC, dan 14 dari 28 pasar dengan stesen T\u00e9l\u00e9vision de Radio-Canada). Oleh kerana kesulitan kewangan yang dilaporkan oleh perbadanan, syarikat itu menerbitkan pelan peralihan digital untuk tidak ada pemancar semula analognya dalam pasaran mandatori untuk ditukar kepada digital oleh tarikh akhir. Di bawah rancangan ini, komuniti yang menerima isyarat analog oleh pemancar semula dalam pasaran mandatori akan kehilangan isyarat udara mereka pada tarikh akhir. Pemancar rebroadcast menyumbang 23 daripada 48 pemancar CBC dan Radio-Kanada dalam pasaran mandatori. Pasaran mandatori yang kehilangan kedua-dua CBC dan Radio-Kanada isyarat udara termasuk London, Ontario (penduduk kawasan metropolitan 457,000) dan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (penduduk kawasan metro 257,000). Di kedua-dua pasaran tersebut, pemancar televisyen korporat adalah satu-satunya yang tidak dirancang untuk ditukar kepada digital oleh tarikh akhir. <> Berapakah batas waktu untuk pengungsian untuk transmisi digital daripada analog? || 31 Ogos 2011 <> Berapa banyak pemancar mandatori CBC dikemaskini sebelum tarikh akhir? || hanya kira-kira separuh <> Yang dua kawasan metropolitan yang besar kehilangan siaran CBC dan Radio-Kanada? || London, Ontario (penduduk kawasan metropolitan 457,000) dan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (penduduk kawasan metro 257,000)", {"context": "While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31, 2011, CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations, and 14 of 28 markets with T\u00e9l\u00e9vision de Radio-Canada stations). Due to financial difficulties reported by the corporation, the corporation published digital transition plans for none of its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to be converted to digital by the deadline. Under this plan, communities that receive analogue signals by rebroadcast transmitters in mandatory markets would lose their over-the-air signals as of the deadline. Rebroadcast transmitters account for 23 of the 48 CBC and Radio-Canada transmitters in mandatory markets. Mandatory markets losing both CBC and Radio-Canada over-the-air signals include London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000). In both of those markets, the corporation's television transmitters are the only ones that were not planned to be converted to digital by the deadline.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "August 31, 2011"}], "question": "What was the deadline for converstion to digital transmission from analogue?", "id": "572a4fa81d046914007798fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "only about half"}], "question": "How many of CBC's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?", "id": "572a4fa81d046914007798fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 930, "text": "London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000)"}], "question": "Which two large metropolitan areas lost CBC and Radio-Canada broadcasts?", "id": "572a4fa81d046914007798fd"}]}], ["Menurut pemfailan kepada Suruhanjaya Televisyen dan Suruhanjaya Telekomunikasi Kanada (CRTC) oleh Thunder Bay Electronics (pemilik CBC's Thunder Bay affiliate CKPR-DT) dan Bell Media (pemilik CBC affiliate CFTK-TV di Terrace dan CJDC-TV di Dawson Creek ), [rujukan?] CBC memberitahu mereka bahawa ia tidak akan melanjutkan hubungannya dengan mana-mana sekutu persendiriannya melampaui 31 Ogos 2011. Secara kebetulan, itu juga tarikh analog untuk peralihan digital di Kanada. Memandangkan amalan baru-baru ini dan keputusan PJK untuk tidak menukarkan mana-mana pemancar semula kepada digital, walaupun dalam pasaran dengan penduduk beratus-ratus beribu-ribu, tidak dijangka bahawa PJK akan membuka pemancar baru untuk menggantikan sekutu-sekutunya, dan sememangnya boleh mengembalikan pemancar sedia ada rangkaian. Bagaimanapun, pada bulan Mac 2011, CKPR mengumumkan bahawa ia telah mencapai perjanjian pengaturcaraan dengan CBC, di mana stesen itu akan terus menyediakan pengaturcaraan CBC di Thunder Bay untuk tempoh lima tahun. Pada 16 Mac 2012, Astral Media mengumumkan penjualan asetnya kepada Bell Media, pemilik CTV dan CTV Two, dengan harga $ 3.38 bilion dengan CFTK dan CJDC termasuk dalam pengambilalihan. Sama ada stesen akan kekal sebagai gabungan CBC atau menjadi stesen yang dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh CTV atau CTV Two berikutan penyempurnaan penggabungan itu tidak dapat ditentukan. <> Apakah tarikh Kanada untuk menukar antara transmisi analog dan digital? || 31 Ogos 2011 <> Apa yang diumumkan oleh CBC pada 31 Ogos 2011? || ia tidak akan melanjutkan hubungannya dengan mana-mana sekutu persendiriannya <> Pada bulan Mac 2011, CBC dan CKPR bersetuju untuk terus bekerja bersama untuk berapa tahun tambahan? || lima <> Siapa yang membeli CFTK dan CJDC pada bulan Mac 2012? || Bell Media", {"context": "According to filings to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) by Thunder Bay Electronics (owner of CBC's Thunder Bay affiliate CKPR-DT) and Bell Media (owner of CBC affiliates CFTK-TV in Terrace and CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek),[citation needed] the CBC informed them that it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates beyond August 31, 2011. Incidentally, that was also the date for analogue to digital transition in Canada. Given recent practice and the CBC's decision not to convert any retransmitters to digital, even in markets with populations in the hundreds in thousands, it is not expected that the CBC will open new transmitters to replace its affiliates, and indeed may pare back its existing transmitter network. However, in March 2011, CKPR announced that it had come to a programming agreement with the CBC, in which the station will continue to provide CBC programming in Thunder Bay for a period of five years. On March 16, 2012, Astral Media announced the sale of its assets to Bell Media, owners of CTV and CTV Two, for $3.38 billion with CFTK and CJDC included in the acquisition. Whether the stations will remain CBC affiliates or become owned-and-operated stations of CTV or CTV Two following the completion of the merger is undetermined.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "August 31, 2011"}], "question": "What was Canada's date for the switch between analog and digital transmission?", "id": "572a419a1d046914007798a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates"}], "question": "What did CBC announce on August 31, 2011?", "id": "572a419a1d046914007798a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 968, "text": "five"}], "question": "In March 2011, CBC and CKPR agreed to continue working together for how many additional years?", "id": "572a419a1d046914007798a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1048, "text": "Bell Media"}], "question": "Who purchased CFTK and CJDC in March 2012?", "id": "572a419a1d046914007798a6"}]}], ["Beberapa stesen yang disiarkan dari bandar-bandar kecil adalah sekutu persendirian daripada CBC, iaitu stesen yang dimiliki oleh penyiar komersil tetapi kebanyakannya memasukkan pengaturcaraan CBC dalam jadual mereka. Stesen-stesen sedemikian umumnya mengikuti jadual CBC, yang menyiarkan 40 jam seminggu untuk pengaturcaraan rangkaian. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka boleh memilih untuk tidak menggunakan beberapa pengaturcaraan CBC untuk mengesan program yang dihasilkan secara tempatan, siri sindikasi atau program yang dibeli daripada penyiar lain, seperti CTV Two, yang tidak mempunyai saluran penyiaran di pasaran yang sama. Dalam kes ini, pengaturcaraan CBC yang dipindahkan mungkin disiarkan pada masa yang berlainan daripada rangkaian, atau mungkin tidak disiarkan di stesen sama sekali. Kebanyakan ahli persendirian biasanya memilih keluar dari jadual petang CBC dan pengaturcaraan seni malam Khamis. Gabungan perseorangan membawa pukul 10 pagi. siaran The National sebagai bahagian teras jadual KKB, tetapi secara amnya ditinggalkan 11 p.m. ulangi (yang tidak lagi disiarkan). Kebanyakan ahli persendirian memproduksi majalah berita tempatan mereka sendiri selama sekurang-kurangnya 35 minit. Beberapa ahli persendirian telah mula menambahkan pengaturcaraan semalaman CBC ke jadual mereka sejak rangkaian mula menyiarkan 24 jam sehari. <> Apakah afiliasi swasta? || stesen yang dimiliki oleh penyiar komersial tetapi kebanyakannya menggabungkan pengaturcaraan CBC dalam jadual mereka <> Secara minimum, berapa jam dikhaskan mingguan untuk pengaturcaraan rangkaian dalam sekutu swasta CBC? || 40 <> Siaran mana yang melakukan afiliasi biasanya dibawa? || 10 p.m", {"context": "Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programming. However, they may opt out of some CBC programming in order to air locally produced programs, syndicated series or programs purchased from other broadcasters, such as CTV Two, which do not have a broadcast outlet in the same market. In these cases, the CBC programming being displaced may be broadcast at a different time than the network, or may not be broadcast on the station at all. Most private affiliates generally opt out of CBC's afternoon schedule and Thursday night arts programming. Private affiliates carry the 10 p.m. broadcast of The National as a core part of the CBC schedule, but generally omitted the 11 p.m. repeat (which is no longer broadcast). Most private affiliates produce their own local newscasts for a duration of at least 35 minutes. Some of the private affiliates have begun adding CBC's overnight programming to their schedules since the network began broadcasting 24 hours a day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules"}], "question": "What are private affiliates?", "id": "572a3ecfaf94a219006aa907"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "40"}], "question": "Minimally, how many hours are devoted weekly to network programming in CBC's private affiliates?", "id": "572a3ecfaf94a219006aa908"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "10 p.m"}], "question": "Which broadcast do affiliates generally carry?", "id": "572a3ecfaf94a219006aa909"}]}], ["Sekutu-sekutu CBC Persendirian tidak biasa seperti dahulu, kerana banyak stesen seperti itu telah dibeli oleh CBC sendiri atau oleh Canwest Global atau CHUM Limited, masing-masing menjadi E! atau A-Channel (kemudian A, sekarang CTV Two) stesen. Seorang ahli gabungan CBC swasta, CHBC-TV di Kelowna, menyertai E! (kemudian dikenali sebagai CH) pada 27 Februari 2006. Apabila sesebuah syarikat swasta CBC bergabung dengan rangkaian lain, CBC biasanya menambah penghantar semula stesen O & O terdekat untuk memastikan perkhidmatan CBC diteruskan. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan perjanjian antara CHBC dan CFJC-TV di Kamloops, CFJC juga tidak dipertanggungjawabkan oleh CBC pada 27 Februari 2006, tetapi tiada pemancar semula dipasang di kawasan lesen. Bekas anggota CBC swasta CKPG-TV Prince George dan CHAT-TV Medicine Hat tidak beragama pada 31 Ogos 2008 dan menyertai E !, tetapi CBC mengumumkan bahawa ia tidak akan menambah pemancar semula baru ke kawasan-kawasan ini. Secara kebetulan, CFJC, CKPG dan CHAT semuanya dimiliki oleh sebuah syarikat media bebas, Jim Pattison Group. Dengan penutupan E! dan perubahan lain dalam landskap media, beberapa bekas anggota CBC sejak menyertai City atau Global, atau ditutup sama sekali. <> Yang mana sekutu CBC menyertai E! pada bulan Februari 2006? || CHBC-TV di Kelowna <> Gabungan mana yang meninggalkan CBC kerana perjanjian dengan CHBC? || CFJC-TV di Kamloops <> Apa dua ahli gabungan menyertai E! pada akhir Ogos, 2008 selepas mana pemancar tidak diganti? || CKPG-TV Prince George dan Topi Perubatan CHAT-TV <> CJFC, CHAT, dan CKPG dimiliki oleh siapa? || Jim Pattison Group", {"context": "Private CBC affiliates are not as common as they were in the past, as many such stations have been purchased either by the CBC itself or by Canwest Global or CHUM Limited, respectively becoming E! or A-Channel (later A, now CTV Two) stations. One private CBC affiliate, CHBC-TV in Kelowna, joined E! (then known as CH) on February 27, 2006. When a private CBC affiliate reaffiliates with another network, the CBC has normally added a retransmitter of its nearest O&O station to ensure that CBC service is continued. However, due to an agreement between CHBC and CFJC-TV in Kamloops, CFJC also disaffiliated from the CBC on February 27, 2006, but no retransmitters were installed in the licence area. Former private CBC affiliates CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat disaffiliated on August 31, 2008 and joined E!, but the CBC announced it will not add new retransmitters to these areas. Incidentally, CFJC, CKPG and CHAT are all owned by an independent media company, Jim Pattison Group. With the closure of E! and other changes in the media landscape, several former CBC affiliates have since joined City or Global, or closed altogether.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "CHBC-TV in Kelowna"}], "question": "Which CBC affiliate joined E! in February 2006?", "id": "572a3ff81d04691400779887"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "CFJC-TV in Kamloops"}], "question": "Which affiliate left CBC due to an agreement with CHBC?", "id": "572a3ff81d04691400779888"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat"}], "question": "What two affiliates joined E! in late August, 2008 after which transmitters were not replaced?", "id": "572a3ff81d04691400779889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 979, "text": "Jim Pattison Group"}], "question": "CJFC, CHAT, and CKPG are owned by whom?", "id": "572a3ff81d0469140077988a"}]}], ["Pada 17 Julai 2012, CRTC meluluskan penutupan pemancar analog CBC, dengan menyatakan bahawa \"sementara Suruhanjaya mempunyai budi bicara untuk menolak untuk membatalkan lesen penyiaran, walaupun atas permohonan daripada pemegang lesen, ia tidak boleh mengarahkan PJK atau mana-mana penyiar lain kepada terus mengendalikan stesen dan pemancarnya. \" Pada 31 Julai 2012, sekitar pukul 11:59 pagi. dalam setiap zon waktu, baki 620 pemancar analog ditutup, meninggalkan rangkaian dengan 27 pemancar televisyen digital di seluruh negara, dan beberapa pemancar yang dikendalikan oleh beberapa stesen gabungan. <> Pada tarikh apakah CTRC meluluskan penutupan pemancar analog CBC? || 17 Julai 2012 <> Pada tarikh apakah pemancar analog yang tersisa oleh CBC ditutup? || 31 Julai 2012 <> Berapa banyak pemancar analog dimatikan pada 31 Julai 2012? || 620", {"context": "On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters, noting that \"while the Commission has the discretion to refuse to revoke broadcasting licences, even on application from a licensee, it cannot direct the CBC or any other broadcaster to continue to operate its stations and transmitters.\" On July 31, 2012, at around 11:59 p.m. in each time zone, the remaining 620 analogue transmitters were shut down, leaving the network with 27 digital television transmitters across the country, and some transmitters operated by some affiliated stations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 17, 2012"}], "question": "On what date did the CTRC approve the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters?", "id": "572a582ab8ce0319002e2abb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "July 31, 2012"}], "question": "On what date were CBC's remaining analogue transmitters shut down?", "id": "572a582ab8ce0319002e2abc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "620"}], "question": "How many analogue transmitters were shut down on July 31, 2012?", "id": "572a582ab8ce0319002e2abd"}]}], ["Pada 18 Ogos 2011, CRTC mengeluarkan keputusan yang membenarkan pemancar pemancar semula pasaran mandatori CBC dalam analog untuk kekal di udara sehingga 31 Ogos 2012. Sebelum tarikh akhir itu, proses pembaharuan lesen CBC akan berlaku dan pelan peralihan digital CBC akan diperiksa sebagai sebahagian daripada proses itu. Keperluan tetap untuk semua pemancar kuasa penuh CBC menduduki saluran 52 hingga 69 sama ada berpindah ke saluran 2 hingga 51 atau menjadi pemancar berkuasa rendah. Dalam sesetengah kes, CBC memilih untuk mengurangkan kuasa pemancar sedia ada kepada pemancar kuasa rendah, yang akan mengakibatkan kehilangan isyarat untuk sesetengah penonton. <> Pada hari apakah CRTC bersetuju untuk membenarkan pemancar penyiaran PJK tetap aktif untuk satu tahun lagi? || 18 Ogos 2011 <> Di mana saluran CBC perlu dipindahkan untuk terus beroperasi? || 2 hingga 51 <> Antara saluran CBC yang perlu dipindahkan atau dikurangkan kuasa? || 52 hingga 69", {"context": "On August 18, 2011, the CRTC issued a decision that allows CBC's mandatory market rebroadcasting transmitters in analogue to remain on-air until August 31, 2012. Before that deadline, CBC's licence renewal process would take place and CBC's digital transition plans would be examined as part of that process. The requirement remains for all of CBC's full-power transmitters occupying channels 52 to 69 to either relocate to channels 2 to 51 or become low-power transmitters. In some cases, CBC has opted to reduce the power of existing transmitters to low-power transmitters, which will result in signal loss for some viewers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "August 18, 2011"}], "question": "On what day did the CRTC agree to allow CBCs broadcasting transmitters to remain active for another year?", "id": "572a57be7a1753140016aec8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "2 to 51"}], "question": "Where could CBC's channels need to be relocated in order to continue operating?", "id": "572a57be7a1753140016aec9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "52 to 69"}], "question": "Which of CBC's channels were required to be relocated or reduced in power?", "id": "572a57be7a1753140016aeca"}]}], ["Pada 30 November 2010, ketua kanan urusan pengawalseliaan CBC mengeluarkan surat kepada CRTC berhubung rancangan CBC untuk beralih kepada digital. Surat itu menyatakan, \"CBC / Radio-Kanada tidak akan menukar pemancar semula analognya dalam pasaran wajib ke digital selepas 31 Ogos 2011.\" Pada 16 Disember 2010, beberapa bulan selepas CRTC mengeluarkan buletin yang mengingatkan penyiaran bahawa pemancar analog terpaksa dimatikan oleh tarikh akhir dalam pasaran mandatori, CBC menyemak semula dokumen yang disertakan dengan pembebasan berita pada 6 Ogos 2010 menyatakan bahawa ia mempunyai wang untuk dan sedang berusaha untuk memindahkan semua 27 pemancar pada 31 Ogos 2011. <> Pada hari apakah CBC melepaskan pengumuman dikemaskini menyatakan bahawa mereka sedang berusaha untuk mengemas kini semua 27 pemancar? || Pada 16 Disember 2010 <> Pada tarikh apa yang dikatakan CBC ia sedang berusaha untuk mengemas kini pemancar analognya? || 31 Ogos 2011 <> Mengapa CTRC menghantar buletin kepada penyiar? || mengingatkan penyiar bahawa pemancar analog terpaksa dimatikan oleh tarikh akhir dalam pasaran mandatori", {"context": "On November 30, 2010, CBC's senior director of regulatory affairs issued a letter to the CRTC regarding CBC's plans for transitioning to digital. The letter states, \"CBC/Radio-Canada will not be converting its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to digital after August 31, 2011.\"  On December 16, 2010, some months after the CRTC issued a bulletin reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets, the CBC revised the documents accompanying its August 6, 2010 news release to state that it had the money for and is striving to transition all 27 transmitters by August 31, 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "On December 16, 2010"}], "question": "On which day did CBC release an updated announcement stating they were striving to update all 27 transmitters?", "id": "572a54e07a1753140016aeb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "August 31, 2011"}], "question": "On what date did CBC say it was striving to update its analogue transmitters by?", "id": "572a54e07a1753140016aeb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets"}], "question": "Why did the CTRC send out a bulletin to broadcasters?", "id": "572a54e07a1753140016aeb4"}]}], ["Pada 6 Ogos 2010, CBC mengeluarkan kenyataan akhbar yang menyatakan bahawa disebabkan oleh sebab-sebab kewangan, CBC dan Radio-Kanada hanya akan melakukan peralihan sebanyak 27 pemancar, satu dalam setiap pasaran di mana terdapat stesen asal (iaitu CBC atau Radio-Kanada stesen televisyen yang terletak di pasaran itu). Selanjutnya, KTSP menyatakan dalam siarannya, hanya 15 pemancar yang akan dilaksanakan pada 31 Ogos 2011 disebabkan kekurangan dana yang ada, dan selebihnya tidak akan di udara hingga akhir Ogos 31, 2012. Di samping itu, CBC menyatakan dalam siaran bahawa ia meminta kebenaran CRTC untuk terus menyiarkan secara analog sehingga pemancar yang dikenal pasti bagi peralihan telah berjalan dan berjalan. Pada masa siaran akhbar, hanya lapan pemancar syarikat (empat CBC dan empat Radio Kanada) menyiarkan secara digital. <> Berapa banyak pemancar yang ingin ditunaikan oleh CBC sebelum Ogos 2011? || 15 <> Atas sebab apa adakah atribut CBC menaik taraf penangguhan? || sebab-sebab kewangan <> Berapa banyak pemancar melakukan pelan KB untuk meningkatkan jumlah keseluruhan? || 27", {"context": "On August 6, 2010, the CBC issued a press release stating that due to financial reasons, the CBC and Radio-Canada would only transition 27 transmitters total, one in each market where there was an originating station (i.e. a CBC or Radio-Canada television station located in that market). Further, the CBC stated in the release, that only 15 of the transmitters would be in place by August 31, 2011 due to lack of available funds, and that the remainder would not be on the air until as late as August 31, 2012. Additionally, the CBC stated in the release that it was asking the CRTC for permission to continue broadcasting in analogue until the identified transmitters for transition were up and running. At the time of the press release, only eight of the corporation's transmitters (four CBC and four Radio Canada) were broadcasting in digital.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many transmitters did CBC intend to upgrade before August 2011?", "id": "572a54347a1753140016aeac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "financial reasons"}], "question": "For what reason did CBC attribute to delayed upgrades?", "id": "572a54347a1753140016aead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "27"}], "question": "How many transmitters did CBC plan to upgrade total?", "id": "572a54347a1753140016aeae"}]}], ["Pada 23 Mac 2011, CRTC menolak permohonan oleh CBC untuk memasang pemancar digital yang berkhidmat di Fredricton, New Brunswick sebagai pengganti pemancar analog yang berkhidmat di Fredericton dan Saint John, New Brunswick, yang hanya berkhidmat 62.5% daripada jumlah penduduk yang berkhidmat oleh pemancar analog sedia ada. CBC mengeluarkan siaran akhbar yang menyatakan \"CBC / Radio-Canada berhasrat untuk memfailkan semula permohonannya dengan CRTC untuk memberikan anggaran kos yang lebih terperinci yang akan membolehkan Suruhanjaya memahami dengan lebih baik ketidakcagaran untuk mereplikasi liputan analog semasa Corporation.\" Siaran akhbar selanjutnya menambah bahawa CBC mencadangkan liputan dapat dikekalkan jika CRTC adalah untuk \"membenarkan televisyen CBC untuk terus menyediakan perkhidmatan analog yang ditawarkan hari ini - sama seperti yang dilakukan oleh Suruhanjaya baru-baru ini dalam kes Yellowknife, Whitehorse dan Iqaluit . \" <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk terdahulu akan pemancar digital baru telah berkhidmat di Fredicton berbanding pemancar analog? || 62.5% <> Adakah permohonan CBC untuk transit digital di Fredricton diluluskan atau ditolak? || ditolak <> Apa yang dikatakan CBC akan membolehkan penyiaran diteruskan? || jika CRTC adalah \"membenarkan televisyen CBC untuk terus menyediakan perkhidmatan analog yang ditawarkan hari ini", {"context": "On March 23, 2011, the CRTC rejected an application by the CBC to install a digital transmitter serving Fredricton, New Brunswick in place of the analogue transmitter serving Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick, which would have served only 62.5% of the population served by the existing analogue transmitter. The CBC issued a press release stating \"CBC/Radio-Canada intends to re-file its application with the CRTC to provide more detailed cost estimates that will allow the Commission to better understand the unfeasibility of replicating the Corporation\u2019s current analogue coverage.\" The press release further added that the CBC suggests coverage could be maintained if the CRTC were to \"allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today \u2013 much in the same way the Commission permitted recently in the case of Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "62.5%"}], "question": "What percent of the previous population would a new digital transmitter have served in Fredicton in comparison to the analogue transmitter?", "id": "572a56c37a1753140016aec2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "rejected"}], "question": "Was CBC's application for a digital transitter in Fredricton approved or rejected?", "id": "572a56c37a1753140016aec3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "if the CRTC were to \"allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today"}], "question": "What did CBC say would allow broadcasting to continue?", "id": "572a56c37a1753140016aec4"}]}]], [["Pergunungan Appalachian (i / \u02cc\u00e6p\u0259le\u026a\u0283\u1d7bn / atau / \u02cc\u00e6p\u0259l\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bn /, [nota 1] Bahasa Perancis: les Appalaches), sering dipanggil Appalachian, adalah sistem pergunungan di Amerika Utara timur. Appalachians pertama kali dibentuk kira-kira 480 juta tahun yang lalu semasa Tempoh Ordovician dan sekali mencapai ketinggian yang serupa dengan Alps dan Pegunungan Rocky sebelum mereka terkikis. Rantaian Appalachian adalah halangan untuk perjalanan timur-barat kerana ia membentuk satu siri selokan dan valley yang berorientasikan berlawanan dengan mana-mana jalan yang berjalan di timur-barat. <> Apakah gunung-gunung Appalachian yang dipanggil dalam bahasa Perancis? || les Appalaches <> Apa gunung Appalachian? || sistem pergunungan di Amerika Utara timur <> Bilakah gunung Appalachian terbentuk? || kira-kira 480 juta tahun yang lalu <> Dalam era apakah gunung itu terbentuk? || Tempoh Ordovician", {"context": "The Appalachian Mountains (i/\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259\u02c8le\u026a\u0283\u1d7bn/ or /\u02cc\u00e6p\u0259\u02c8l\u00e6t\u0283\u1d7bn/,[note 1] French: les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were eroded. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to any road running east-west.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "les Appalaches"}], "question": "What are the Appalachian mountains called in French?", "id": "57299cb33f37b319004784f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "a system of mountains in eastern North America"}], "question": "What are the Appalachian mountains?", "id": "57299cb33f37b319004784f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "roughly 480 million years ago"}], "question": "When did the Appalachian mountains form?", "id": "57299cb33f37b319004784f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Ordovician Period"}], "question": "In what era did the mountains form?", "id": "57299cb33f37b319004784fa"}]}], ["Semasa meneroka pedalaman di sepanjang pantai utara Florida pada tahun 1528, ahli-ahli ekspedisi Narv\u00e1ez, termasuk \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, menemui sebuah kampung asli Amerika berhampiran Tallahassee, Florida, yang namanya diterjemahkan sebagai Apalchen atau Apalachen [a.pala .t\u0283\u025bn]. Nama itu telah lama diubah oleh Sepanyol kepada Apalachee dan digunakan sebagai nama untuk suku dan rantau yang menyebar ke pedalaman utara. Ekspedisi P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez mula-mula memasuki wilayah Apalachee pada 15 Jun 1528, dan memohon nama itu. Sekarang dieja \"Appalachian,\" ia adalah nama tempat Eropah yang tertua keempat di AS. <> Kawasan apa yang dimajukan oleh ekspedisi Narvaez? || pantai utara Florida <> Bilakah ekspedisi Narvaez meneroka Florida? || 1528 <> Apa yang mereka tuliskan nama Florida? || Apalchen <> Apa nama yang akhirnya digunakan? || sebagai nama suku dan rantau yang menyebar ke pedalaman utara", {"context": "While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narv\u00e1ez expedition, including \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.pa\u02c8la.t\u0283\u025bn]. The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. P\u00e1nfilo de Narv\u00e1ez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled \"Appalachian,\" it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "northern coast of Florida"}], "question": "What area did the Narvaez expedition explore?", "id": "57299ee01d0469140077958b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "1528"}], "question": "When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida?", "id": "57299ee01d0469140077958c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Apalchen"}], "question": "What did they transcribe Florida's name as? ", "id": "57299ee01d0469140077958d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north"}], "question": "What was the name eventually used for?", "id": "57299ee01d0469140077958e"}]}], ["Di samping gunung yang dilipat yang benar, yang dikenali sebagai wilayah rabung dan lembah, kawasan dataran tinggi yang dibedah di utara dan barat gunung biasanya dikelompokkan dengan Appalachians. Ini termasuk Pergunungan Catskill di tenggara New York, Poconos di Pennsylvania, dan Allegheny Plateau di barat daya New York, Pennsylvania barat, Ohio timur dan utara West Virginia. Dataran yang sama ini dikenali sebagai Dataran Tinggi Cumberland di selatan West Virginia, timur Kentucky, barat Virginia, Tennessee timur, dan utara Alabama. <> Kawasan apa yang biasanya dikelompokkan dengan Appalachians? || dibedah dataran tinggi ke utara dan barat pergunungan <> Apa gunung termasuk kawasan itu? || Pegunungan Catskill <> Apakah dataran tinggi yang dikenali di West Virginia? || Dataran Tinggi Cumberland", {"context": "In addition to the true folded mountains, known as the ridge and valley province, the area of dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains is usually grouped with the Appalachians. This includes the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York, the Poconos in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny Plateau of southwestern New York, western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia. This same plateau is known as the Cumberland Plateau in southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and northern Alabama.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains"}], "question": "What area is usually grouped with the Appalachians? ", "id": "57299f39af94a219006aa575"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Catskill Mountains"}], "question": "What mountains does that region include?", "id": "57299f39af94a219006aa576"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Cumberland Plateau"}], "question": "What is the plateau known as in West Virginia?", "id": "57299f39af94a219006aa577"}]}], ["Di Pennsylvania, terdapat lebih daripada enam puluh puncak yang meningkat melebihi 2,500 kaki (800 m); kemuncak Gunung Davis dan Blue Knob naik lebih dari 3,000 kaki (900 m). Di Maryland, Eagle Rock dan Dans Mountain masing-masing adalah 3,162 kaki (964 m) dan 2,882 kaki (878 m). Di sebelah yang sama Lembah Besar, selatan Potomac, adalah Puncak 3,007 kaki (917 m) dan Pidgeon Roost 3,400 kaki (1,000 m). Di West Virginia, lebih daripada 150 puncak naik melebihi 4,000 kaki (1,200 m), termasuk Spruce Knob 4,863 kaki (1,482 m), titik tertinggi di Pergunungan Allegheny. Sejumlah titik lain di negeri ini meningkat melebihi 4,800 kaki (1,500 m). Gunung Snowshoe di Flat Thorny 4,848 kaki (1,478 m) dan Bald Knob 4,842 kaki (1,476 m) adalah antara puncak yang lebih terkenal di West Virginia. <> Berapakah jumlah puncak di PA melebihi 2,500 kaki? || Lebih enam puluh puncak <> Berapa tinggi puncak Gunung Davis dan Blue Knob? || Lebih 3,000 kaki <> Berapa tinggi Eagle Rock dan Dans Mountain? || 3,162 kaki (964 m) dan 2,882 kaki <> Berapa tinggi Pinnacle? || 3,007 kaki <> Berapa banyak puncak melebihi 4,000 kaki di WV? || lebih daripada 150 puncak", {"context": "In Pennsylvania, there are over sixty summits that rise over 2,500 ft (800 m); the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob rise over 3,000 ft (900 m). In Maryland, Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain are conspicuous points reaching 3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft (878 m) respectively. On the same side of the Great Valley, south of the Potomac, are the Pinnacle 3,007 feet (917 m) and Pidgeon Roost 3,400 ft (1,000 m). In West Virginia, more than 150 peaks rise above 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Spruce Knob 4,863 ft (1,482 m), the highest point in the Allegheny Mountains. A number of other points in the state rise above 4,800 ft (1,500 m). Snowshoe Mountain at Thorny Flat 4,848 ft (1,478 m) and Bald Knob 4,842 ft (1,476 m) are among the more notable peaks in West Virginia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "over sixty summits"}], "question": "How many summits in PA are over 2,500 ft? ", "id": "5729a094af94a219006aa585"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "over 3,000 ft"}], "question": "How tall are the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob?", "id": "5729a094af94a219006aa586"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft"}], "question": "How tall are Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain?", "id": "5729a094af94a219006aa587"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "3,007 feet"}], "question": "How tall is the Pinnacle?", "id": "5729a094af94a219006aa588"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "more than 150 peaks"}], "question": "How many peaks are over 4,000 feet in WV?", "id": "5729a094af94a219006aa589"}]}], ["Pergunungan Blue Ridge, yang naik di selatan Pennsylvania dan dikenali sebagai Gunung Selatan, mencapai ketinggian kira-kira 2,000 kaki (600 m) di negeri itu. Gunung Selatan mencapai titik tertinggi di bawah garis Mason-Dixon di Maryland di Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft (654 m) dan kemudian berkurang ketinggian ke arah selatan ke Sungai Potomac. Sekali di Virginia Blue Ridge sekali lagi mencapai 2,000 kaki (600 m) dan lebih tinggi. Di Virginia Blue Ridge, berikut adalah beberapa puncak tertinggi di utara Sungai Roanoke: Stony Man 4,031 kaki (1,229 m), Hawksbill Mountain 4,066 kaki (1,239 m), Apple Orchard Mountain 4,225 kaki (1,288 m) dan Puncak Otter 4,001 dan 3,875 kaki (1,220 dan 1,181 m). Selatan Sungai Roanoke, di sepanjang Blue Ridge, adalah puncak tertinggi di Virginia termasuk Gunung Whitetop 5,520 kaki (1,680 m) dan Mount Rogers 5,729 kaki (1,746 m), titik tertinggi dalam Komanwel. <> Di manakah permukiman Blue Ridge bermula? || selatan Pennsylvania <> Apakah ketinggian biasa di Blue Ridge Mountains? || 2000 kaki <> Berapa tinggi gunung Quirauk? || 2,145 ft <> Berapa tinggi Pegunungan Blue Ridge di Virginia? || 2000 kaki <> Apa gunung Appalachian tertinggi di Virginia? || Gunung Rogers", {"context": "The Blue Ridge Mountains, rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain, attain elevations of about 2,000 ft (600 m) in that state. South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft (654 m) and then diminishes in height southward to the Potomac River. Once in Virginia the Blue Ridge again reaches 2,000 ft (600 m) and higher. In the Virginia Blue Ridge, the following are some of the highest peaks north of the Roanoke River: Stony Man 4,031 ft (1,229 m), Hawksbill Mountain 4,066 ft (1,239 m), Apple Orchard Mountain 4,225 ft (1,288 m) and Peaks of Otter 4,001 and 3,875 ft (1,220 and 1,181 m). South of the Roanoke River, along the Blue Ridge, are Virginia's highest peaks including Whitetop Mountain 5,520 ft (1,680 m) and Mount Rogers 5,729 ft (1,746 m), the highest point in the Commonwealth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "southern Pennsylvania"}], "question": "Where do the Blue Ridge Mountains begin?", "id": "5729a106af94a219006aa58f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "2,000 ft"}], "question": "What are the typical elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains?", "id": "5729a106af94a219006aa590"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "2,145 ft"}], "question": "How tall is Quirauk Mountain?", "id": "5729a106af94a219006aa591"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "2,000 ft"}], "question": "How tall are the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia?", "id": "5729a106af94a219006aa592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 812, "text": "Mount Rogers"}], "question": "What is the tallest Appalachian mountain in Virginia?", "id": "5729a106af94a219006aa593"}]}], ["Istilah Appalachian merujuk kepada beberapa kawasan yang berbeza yang berkaitan dengan gunung. Yang paling luas, ia merujuk kepada seluruh pegunungan dengan bukit-bukit sekitarnya dan kawasan dataran tinggi yang dibedah. Istilah ini sering digunakan lebih sempit untuk merujuk kawasan-kawasan di Pergunungan Appalachian tengah dan selatan, biasanya termasuk kawasan-kawasan di wilayah Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, dan North Carolina, serta kadang-kadang memanjang sejauh selatan utara Alabama, Georgia dan barat South Carolina, dan sejauh utara sebagai Pennsylvania, Ohio selatan dan beberapa bahagian selatan New York. <> Apakah istilah Appalachian merujuk kepada? || beberapa kawasan yang berbeza yang berkaitan dengan gunung <> Apa negeri-negeri yang terdiri daripada gunung Appalachian selatan? || Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, dan North Carolina", {"context": "The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina, as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Alabama, Georgia and western South Carolina, and as far north as Pennsylvania, southern Ohio and parts of southern upstate New York.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "several different regions associated with the mountain range"}], "question": "What does the term Appalachian refer to?", "id": "57299e763f37b31900478509"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina"}], "question": "What states comprise of the southern Appalachian mountains?", "id": "57299e763f37b3190047850a"}]}], ["Julat ini kebanyakannya terletak di Amerika Syarikat tetapi meluas ke tenggara Kanada, membentuk satu zon dari 100 hingga 300 mi (160 hingga 480 km) lebar, berlari dari pulau Newfoundland 1,500 mi (2,400 km) ke barat daya ke Central Alabama di Amerika [Perbincangan] Pelbagai meliputi bahagian-bahagian kepulauan Saint Pierre dan Miquelon, yang terdiri daripada wilayah Perancis di luar negara. Sistem ini dibahagikan kepada beberapa julat, dengan pergunungan individu rata-rata sekitar 3,000 kaki (910 m). Kumpulan tertinggi adalah Gunung Mitchell di North Carolina pada 6,684 kaki (2,037 m), yang merupakan titik tertinggi di Amerika Syarikat di timur Sungai Mississippi. <> Negara mana yang berlaku di gunung Appalachian? || Kanada <> Seberapa besar zon di Kanada? || 100 hingga 300 mi <> Di mana ia bermula di Kanada? || Newfoundland <> Di mana ia berakhir di AS? || Alabama Tengah <> Pulau apa yang termasuk dalam lingkungan? || Saint Pierre dan Miquelon", {"context": "The range is mostly located in the United States but extends into southeastern Canada, forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi (160 to 480 km) wide, running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi (2,400 km) southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States.[discuss] The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which comprise an overseas territory of France. The system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft (910 m). The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet (2,037 m), which is the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "What country do the Appalachian mountains extend into?", "id": "57299db76aef051400155032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "100 to 300 mi"}], "question": "How large is the zone in Canada?", "id": "57299db76aef051400155033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Newfoundland"}], "question": "Where does it start in Canada?", "id": "57299db76aef051400155034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Central Alabama"}], "question": "Where does it end in the US? ", "id": "57299db76aef051400155035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon"}], "question": "What island is included in the range?", "id": "57299db76aef051400155036"}]}], ["Gunung di Long Range di Newfoundland mencapai ketinggian hampir 3,000 kaki (900 m). Dalam julat gunung Chic-Choc dan Notre Dame di Quebec, puncak yang lebih tinggi meningkat hingga ketinggian kira-kira 4,000 kaki (1,200 m). Puncak terisolasi dan rentang kecil di Nova Scotia dan New Brunswick berbeza dari 1,000 hingga 2,700 kaki (300 hingga 800 m). Di Maine beberapa puncak melebihi 4,000 kaki (1,200 m), termasuk Gunung Katahdin pada 5,267 kaki (1,605 m). Di New Hampshire, banyak persimpangan meningkat melebihi 5,000 kaki (1,500 m), termasuk Mount Washington di White Mountains pada 6,288 kaki (1,917 m), Adams pada 5,771 kaki (1,759 m), Jefferson pada 5,712 kaki (1,741 m), Monroe di 5,380 kaki (1,640 m), Madison pada 5,367 kaki (1,636 m), Lafayette pada 5,249 kaki (1,600 m), dan Lincoln pada 5,089 kaki (1,551 m). Di Green Mountains titik tertinggi, Mt. Mansfield, adalah ketinggian 4,393 kaki (1,339 m); yang lain termasuk Killington Peak di 4,226 kaki (1,288 m), Camel's Hump di 4,083 kaki (1,244 m), Mt. Abraham pada 4,006 kaki (1,221 m), dan beberapa ketinggian lain melebihi 3,000 kaki (900 m). <> Berapa tinggi gunung di Newfoundland? || 3,000 kaki <> Berapa tinggi gunung di Nova Scotia? || bervariasi dari 1,000 hingga 2,700 kaki <> Berapa tinggi gunung di Maine? || melebihi 4,000 ft <> Berapa tinggi gunung di New Hampshire? || banyak sidang kemuncak melebihi 5,000 kaki", {"context": "Mountains of the Long Range in Newfoundland reach heights of nearly 3,000 ft (900 m). In the Chic-Choc and Notre Dame mountain ranges in Quebec, the higher summits rise to about 4,000 ft (1,200 m) elevation. Isolated peaks and small ranges in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft (300 to 800 m). In Maine several peaks exceed 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Mount Katahdin at 5,267 feet (1,605 m). In New Hampshire, many summits rise above 5,000 ft (1,500 m), including Mount Washington in the White Mountains at 6,288 ft (1,917 m), Adams at 5,771 ft (1,759 m), Jefferson at 5,712 ft (1,741 m), Monroe at 5,380 ft (1,640 m), Madison at 5,367 ft (1,636 m), Lafayette at 5,249 feet (1,600 m), and Lincoln at 5,089 ft (1,551 m). In the Green Mountains the highest point, Mt. Mansfield, is 4,393 ft (1,339 m) in elevation; others include Killington Peak at 4,226 ft (1,288 m), Camel's Hump at 4,083 ft (1,244 m), Mt. Abraham at 4,006 ft (1,221 m), and a number of other heights exceeding 3,000 ft (900 m).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "3,000 ft"}], "question": "How tall are the mountains in Newfoundland?", "id": "5729a0203f37b3190047851d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft"}], "question": "How tall are the mountains in Nova Scotia?", "id": "5729a0203f37b3190047851e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "exceed 4,000 ft"}], "question": "How tall are the mountains in Maine?", "id": "5729a0203f37b3190047851f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "many summits rise above 5,000 ft"}], "question": "How tall are the mountains in New Hampshire?", "id": "5729a0203f37b31900478520"}]}], ["Takrifan berbeza mengikut batas sempit Appalachians. Kajian Geologi Amerika Syarikat (USGS) mendefinisikan bahagian fisiografi Appalachian Highlands yang terdiri daripada tiga belas wilayah: Uplands Pantai Atlantik, Timur Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritim Acadian Highlands, Dataran Maritim, Notre Dame dan Pegunungan M\u00e9gantic, Pegunungan Barat Newfoundland, Piedmont, Blue Ridge , Lembah dan Ridge, Saint Lawrence Valley, Plateaus Appalachian, wilayah New England, dan wilayah Adirondack. Takrifan variasi biasa tidak termasuk Pergunungan Adirondack, yang secara geologi tergolong dalam Grenville Orogeny dan mempunyai sejarah geologi yang berbeza dari seluruh Appalachians. <> Berapa banyak wilayah di kawasan gunung? || tiga belas wilayah <> Apa salah satu daerah? || Uplands Pantai Atlantik <> Wilayah mana yang sering ditinggalkan? || wilayah Adirondack <> Apa kumpulan gunung dalam julat mempunyai sejarah geologi yang berbeza? || Pergunungan Adirondack", {"context": "Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and M\u00e9gantic Mountains, Western Newfoundland Mountains, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Saint Lawrence Valley, Appalachian Plateaus, New England province, and the Adirondack provinces. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which geologically belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "thirteen provinces"}], "question": "How many provinces are in the mountain range?", "id": "57299d4b6aef05140015502a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "the Atlantic Coast Uplands"}], "question": "What is one of the provinces?", "id": "57299d4b6aef05140015502b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "the Adirondack provinces"}], "question": "Which province is often left out?", "id": "57299d4b6aef05140015502c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "the Adirondack Mountains"}], "question": "What set of mountains in the range have a different geological history?", "id": "57299d4b6aef05140015502d"}]}], ["Tali Appalachian termasuk, dengan julat-jubin yang disebutkan di atas, dataran tinggi merentasi selatan ke Lautan Atlantik di New England, dan selatan-timur ke sempadan dataran pantai melalui negara-negara Atlantik tengah dan selatan; dan di barat laut, dataran Allegheny dan Cumberland merosot ke arah Great Lakes dan dataran pedalaman. Ciri khas tali pinggang adalah rantaian longitudinal lembah yang luas, termasuk The Great Appalachian Valley, yang di bahagian selatan membahagikan sistem gunung menjadi dua bahagian yang tidak sama rata, tetapi di bahagian utara terletak seluruh julat yang mempunyai ciri-ciri Appalachian yang tipikal, dan memisahkan mereka dari kumpulan Adirondack. Sistem gunung itu tidak mempunyai paksi ketinggian yang mendominasi, tetapi di setiap bahagian puncak-puncak itu naik ke ketinggian yang agak seragam, dan, khususnya di bahagian pusat, pelbagai rimba dan lembah intermontane mempunyai trend yang sama dengan sistem itu sendiri. Tidak ada puncak yang sampai ke salji kekal. <> Apa yang dilakukan Lembah Appalachian Besar? || membahagikan sistem gunung menjadi dua bahagian yang tidak sama <> Apa yang biasa di kalangan semua gunung dalam julat? || tidak mempunyai paksi mendominasi ketinggian, tetapi di setiap bahagian puncak-puncak itu naik ke ketinggian yang seragam <> Apa iklim seperti pada sidang kemuncak? || Tidak ada puncak yang sampai ke salji kekal.", {"context": "The Appalachian belt includes, with the ranges enumerated above, the plateaus sloping southward to the Atlantic Ocean in New England, and south-eastward to the border of the coastal plain through the central and southern Atlantic states; and on the north-west, the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus declining toward the Great Lakes and the interior plains. A remarkable feature of the belt is the longitudinal chain of broad valleys, including The Great Appalachian Valley, which in the southerly sections divides the mountain system into two unequal portions, but in the northernmost lies west of all the ranges possessing typical Appalachian features, and separates them from the Adirondack group. The mountain system has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights, and, especially in the central section, the various ridges and intermontane valleys have the same trend as the system itself. None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "divides the mountain system into two unequal portions"}], "question": "What does the Great Appalachian Valley do?", "id": "57299fb33f37b31900478517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights"}], "question": "What is common among all the mountains in the range?", "id": "57299fb33f37b31900478518"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 948, "text": "None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow."}], "question": "What is the climate like on the summits?", "id": "57299fb33f37b31900478519"}]}], ["Burung-burung di hutan adalah seekor ayam belanda (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), belalang ruffed (Bonasa umbellus), merpati berkabung (Zenaida macroura), burung gagak biasa (Corvus corax), itik kayu (spons Aix), burung hantu berbulu (Bubo virginianus) (Strix varia), burung hantu (Megascops asio), elang ekor-ekor (Buteo jamaicensis), elang merah (Buteo lineatus), dan goshawk utara (Accipiter gentilis), serta pelbagai \" (Passeriformes), seperti warbler khususnya. <> Apa salah satu burung biasa yang terdapat dalam lingkungan? || ayam belanda liar", {"context": "Characteristic birds of the forest are wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), common raven (Corvus corax), wood duck (Aix sponsa), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), barred owl (Strix varia), screech owl (Megascops asio), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), as well as a great variety of \"songbirds\" (Passeriformes), like the warblers in particular.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "wild turkey"}], "question": "What is one typical bird found in the range?", "id": "5729a24c1d0469140077959b"}]}], ["Pengeringan dan bukit-bukit dan rabung diduduki oleh hutan jenis oak-chestnut yang dikuasai oleh pelbagai ek (Quercus spp.), Bukit (Carya spp.) Dan, pada masa lalu, oleh kastanye Amerika (Castanea dentata). The chestnut Amerika hampir dihapuskan sebagai spesies kanopi oleh kuburan kastanye kulat diperkenalkan (Cryphonectaria parasitica), tetapi hidup sebagai panci bersaiz sapling yang berasal dari akar, yang tidak dibunuh oleh kulat. Di dalam kumbang hutan kanopi saat ini telah banyak digantikan oleh oak. <> Pokok pokok apa yang biasanya dijumpai di bahagian pengering? || oak <> Apa spesies pokok telah dihilangkan? || The chestnut Amerika <> Apa pokoknya hidup? || pucuk bersaiz sapling <> Apa pokok-pokok yang diganti pokok-pokok kastanya? || oak", {"context": "Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight (Cryphonectaria parasitica), but lives on as sapling-sized sprouts that originate from roots, which are not killed by the fungus. In present-day forest canopies chestnut has been largely replaced by oaks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "oak"}], "question": "What trees are typically found in the dryer portions?", "id": "5729a33c6aef051400155062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "The American chestnut"}], "question": "What species of tree was pretty much eliminated?", "id": "5729a33c6aef051400155063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "sapling-sized sprouts"}], "question": "What does the tree live on?", "id": "5729a33c6aef051400155064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "oaks"}], "question": "What trees replaced chestnut trees?", "id": "5729a33c6aef051400155065"}]}], ["Hutan oak di Appalachian selatan dan tengah terdiri daripada pokok hitam, merah utara, putih, coklat dan oaks merah (Quercus velutina, Q rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus dan Q. coccinea) dan hickories, seperti pignut (Carya glabra) khususnya. Hutan terkaya, yang menjadi jenis mesik, biasanya di dalam teluk dan di lereng lembut, mempunyai oak merah putih dan utara yang dominan, sementara tapak-tapak yang paling kering dikuasai oleh oak chestnut, atau kadang-kadang oleh oak merah merah atau utara. Di utara Appalachians, oaks, kecuali merah putih dan utara, jatuh, sementara yang kedua meluas di utara. <> Jenis oaks apa yang ada di bahagian tengah dan selatan? || hitam, utara merah, putih, coklat dan oak merah <> Apa pokok lain yang biasa di sana? || pokok apa pokok yang terletak dalam bahagian kering? || oak chestnut", {"context": "The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut (Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in coves and on gentle slopes, have dominantly white and northern red oaks, while the driest sites are dominated by chestnut oak, or sometimes by scarlet or northern red oaks. In the northern Appalachians the oaks, except for white and northern red, drop out, while the latter extends farthest north.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks"}], "question": "What kind of oaks are in the central and southern portions?", "id": "5729a3881d0469140077959d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "hickories"}], "question": "What other tree is common there?", "id": "5729a3881d0469140077959e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "chestnut oak"}], "question": "What trees are located in drier portions?", "id": "5729a3881d0469140077959f"}]}], ["Haiwan yang mencirikan hutan Appalachian termasuk lima spesies tupai pokok. Yang paling sering dilihat ialah tupai kelabu timur rendah hingga sederhana (Sciurus carolinensis). Mengikut habitat yang sama adalah tupai rubah yang lebih besar (Sciurus niger) dan tupai terbang selatan yang lebih kecil (Glaucomys volans). Lebih banyak habitat habitat ketinggian utara dan tinggi yang lebih tinggi adalah tupai merah (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), sedangkan tupai terbang utara Appalachian (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus), yang hampir menyerupai tupai terbang selatan, terhad kepada hutan kayu keras dan hutan cemara utara. <> Berapa banyak spesies tupai pokok yang biasa dijumpai dalam lingkungan? || lima spesies <> Apakah spesies yang paling sering dilihat? || tupai kelabu <> Apakah tupai berkongsi habitatnya dengan? || tupai rubah yang lebih besar <> Apa yang terdapat di bahagian utara? || tupai merah <> Spesies manakah yang biasa dijumpai lebih banyak di hutan paya? || Tupai utara terbang Appalachian", {"context": "Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). More characteristic of cooler northern and high elevation habitat is the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), whereas the Appalachian northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus), which closely resembles the southern flying squirrel, is confined to northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "five species"}], "question": "How many species of tree squirrel are commonly found in the range?", "id": "5729a2d53f37b31900478535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "gray squirrel"}], "question": "What is the most commonly seen species?", "id": "5729a2d53f37b31900478536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "larger fox squirrel"}], "question": "What does the squirrel share its habitat with?", "id": "5729a2d53f37b31900478537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "red squirrel"}], "question": "What is found more in the northern portions?", "id": "5729a2d53f37b31900478538"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Appalachian northern flying squirrel"}], "question": "Which species is commonly found more in spruce-fir forests?", "id": "5729a2d53f37b31900478539"}]}], ["Di timur Pennsylvania Great Appalachian Valley, atau Lembah Besar, dapat diakses dengan alasan gerbang yang luas antara penghujung Gunung Selatan dan Tanah Tinggi, dan banyak orang Jerman dan orang Moravian tinggal di sini antara Sungai Susquehanna dan Delaware membentuk masyarakat Belanda Pennsylvania, beberapa di mana mereka kini bercakap dialek Amerika yang unik dari Jerman yang dikenali sebagai \"bahasa Pennsylvania Pennsylvania\" atau \"Pennsylvania Dutch.\" Orang latek ini ke Dunia Baru dipaksa ke perbatasan untuk mencari tanah murah. Dengan pengikut mereka yang berasal dari Jerman, Inggeris dan Scots-Irish, mereka bekerja di arah selatan dan tidak lama lagi menduduki semua Lembah Shenandoah, diserahkan oleh Iroquois, dan bahagian atas lembah Lembah Besar di Sungai Tennessee, diserahkan oleh Cherokee. <> Di mana banyak orang Jerman menetap? || antara Sungai Susquehanna dan Delaware <> Apa dialek dicipta kerana ini? || Pennsylvania bahasa Jerman <> Dimana Jerman akhirnya menduduki? || semua Lembah Shenandoah", {"context": "In eastern Pennsylvania the Great Appalachian Valley, or Great Valley, was accessible by reason of a broad gateway between the end of South Mountain and the Highlands, and many Germans and Moravians settled here between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers forming the Pennsylvania Dutch community, some of whom even now speak a unique American dialect of German known as the \"Pennsylvania German language\" or \"Pennsylvania Dutch.\" These latecomers to the New World were forced to the frontier to find cheap land. With their followers of both German, English and Scots-Irish origin, they worked their way southward and soon occupied all of the Shenandoah Valley, ceded by the Iroquois, and the upper reaches of the Great Valley tributaries of the Tennessee River, ceded by the Cherokee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers"}], "question": "Where did a lot of Germans settle? ", "id": "5729a2163f37b31900478525"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Pennsylvania German language"}], "question": "What dialect was created because of this?", "id": "5729a2163f37b31900478526"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "all of the Shenandoah Valley"}], "question": "Where did these Germans eventually occupy?", "id": "5729a2163f37b31900478527"}]}], ["Sebelum Perang Perancis dan India, Pergunungan Appalachian meletakkan sempadan tak tentu antara jajahan Britain di sepanjang kawasan Atlantik dan Perancis yang berpusat di lembah Mississippi. Selepas Perang Perancis dan India, Perisytiharan 1763 penempatan terhad untuk tiga belas jajahan asli Great Britain di Amerika Utara ke timur garis puncak gunung (kecuali di wilayah utara di mana Great Lakes membentuk sempadan). Walaupun garisan itu diselaraskan beberapa kali untuk mengambil kira kawasan sempadan dan tidak mungkin untuk dikuatkuasakan sebagai undang-undang, ia sangat dibenci oleh pendatang di seluruh kawasan Appalachians. Barisan Proklamasi dapat dilihat sebagai salah satu keluhan yang membawa kepada Perang Revolusi Amerika. Banyak peneroka yang menerangkan bahawa kekalahan orang Perancis membuka tanah barat gunung ke penempatan Inggeris, hanya untuk mencari penempatan yang dihalang oleh pengisytiharan Raja Inggeris. Penduduk di pedalaman yang berjuang dalam kempen Illinois George Rogers Clark telah termotivasi untuk mendapatkan penyelesaian mereka di Kentucky. <> Di manakah gunung-gunung terletak di hadapan Perang Perancis dan India? || di sempadan yang tidak ditentukan di antara koloni Britain di sepanjang kawasan Atlantik dan Perancis yang berpusat di lembah Mississippi <> Apa yang berlaku selepas Perang Perancis dan India? || Perisytiharan 1763 penempatan terhad untuk tiga belas jajahan asli Great Britain di Amerika Utara ke timur garis puncak gunung <> Apa pandangan umum undang-undang? || ia sangat marah oleh peneroka di kawasan pedalaman di seluruh Appalachians <> Apa yang undang-undang mungkin membawa kepada? || Perang Revolusi Amerika <> Apa yang hendak dimiliki oleh peneroka kawasan pedalaman? || penyelesaian mereka di Kentucky", {"context": "Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains (except in the northern regions where the Great Lakes formed the boundary). Although the line was adjusted several times to take frontier settlements into account and was impossible to enforce as law, it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians. The Proclamation Line can be seen as one of the grievances which led to the American Revolutionary War. Many frontier settlers held that the defeat of the French opened the land west of the mountains to English settlement, only to find settlement barred by the British King's proclamation. The backcountry settlers who fought in the Illinois campaign of George Rogers Clark were motivated to secure their settlement of Kentucky.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin"}], "question": "Where did the mountains lay before the French and Indian War?", "id": "5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains"}], "question": "What happened after the French and Indian War?", "id": "5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians"}], "question": "What was the general opinion of the law?", "id": "5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "the American Revolutionary War"}], "question": "What did the law likely lead to?", "id": "5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1059, "text": "their settlement of Kentucky"}], "question": "What did the backcountry settlers want to secure?", "id": "5729a1aaaf94a219006aa5a7"}]}]], [["Satu lagi konsep berkaitan tenaga dipanggil Lagrangian, selepas Joseph-Louis Lagrange. Formalisme ini adalah sebagai asas seperti Hamiltonian, dan kedua-duanya boleh digunakan untuk memperoleh persamaan gerakan atau berasal dari mereka. Ia dicipta dalam konteks mekanik klasik, tetapi umumnya berguna dalam fizik moden. Lagrangian ditakrifkan sebagai tenaga kinetik yang mengurangkan potensi tenaga. Biasanya, formalisme Lagrange secara matematik lebih mudah daripada Hamiltonian untuk sistem yang tidak konservatif (seperti sistem dengan geseran). <> Apakah konsep yang berkaitan dengan tenaga? || Lagrangian <> Siapa nama Lagrangian dinamakan? || Joseph-Louis Lagrange <> Apa yang ditakrifkan sebagai tenaga kinetik yang mengurangkan tenaga berpotensi? || Lagrangian <> Adakah formalisme Lagrange atau Hamiltonian lebih mudah untuk sistem yang tidak konservatif? || Lagrange formalisme", {"context": "Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Lagrangian"}], "question": "What is another energy-related concept?", "id": "5729e7a86aef0514001550f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Joseph-Louis Lagrange"}], "question": "Who is the Lagrangian named after?", "id": "5729e7a86aef0514001550f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Lagrangian"}], "question": "What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy?", "id": "5729e7a86aef0514001550f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Lagrange formalism"}], "question": "Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems?", "id": "5729e7a86aef0514001550f3"}]}], ["Jumlah tenaga sistem boleh dibahagikan dan dikelaskan dalam pelbagai cara. Sebagai contoh, mekanik klasik membezakan antara tenaga kinetik, yang ditentukan oleh pergerakan objek melalui ruang, dan tenaga berpotensi, yang merupakan fungsi kedudukan objek dalam bidang. Ia juga mungkin mudah untuk membezakan tenaga graviti, tenaga haba, beberapa jenis tenaga nuklear (yang menggunakan potensi dari tenaga nuklear dan daya lemah), tenaga elektrik (dari medan elektrik), dan tenaga magnetik (dari medan magnet) , dalam kalangan yang lain. Banyak klasifikasi ini bertindih; contohnya, tenaga termal biasanya terdiri daripada kinetik dan sebahagian daripada tenaga yang berpotensi. <> Apa yang ditentukan oleh pergerakan objek melalui ruang angkasa? || tenaga kinetik <> Apa yang biasanya terdiri daripada kinetik dan sebahagian daripada tenaga berpotensi? || tenaga haba <> Apakah fungsi kedudukan objek dalam bidang? || tenaga keupayaan", {"context": "The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenient to distinguish gravitational energy, thermal energy, several types of nuclear energy (which utilize potentials from the nuclear force and the weak force), electric energy (from the electric field), and magnetic energy (from the magnetic field), among others. Many of these classifications overlap; for instance, thermal energy usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "kinetic energy"}], "question": "What is determined by an object's movement through space?", "id": "5729e4e83f37b319004785a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "thermal energy"}], "question": "What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy?", "id": "5729e4e83f37b319004785a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "potential energy"}], "question": "What is a function of the position of an object within a field?", "id": "5729e4e83f37b319004785a5"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1807, Thomas Young mungkin yang pertama menggunakan istilah \"tenaga\" bukannya vis viva, dalam erti kata modennya. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis menggambarkan \"tenaga kinetik\" pada tahun 1829 dalam pengertian modennya, dan pada tahun 1853, William Rankine mencipta istilah \"tenaga berpotensi\". Undang-undang pemuliharaan tenaga juga didahulukan pertama pada awal abad ke-19, dan terpakai kepada mana-mana sistem terpencil. Telah dikatakan selama beberapa tahun sama ada haba adalah bahan fizikal, yang digelar kalori, atau semata-mata kuantiti fizikal, seperti momentum. Pada tahun 1845 James Prescott Joule mendapati hubungan antara kerja mekanikal dan penjanaan haba. <> Siapa yang mungkin yang pertama menggunakan istilah \"tenaga\" bukan vis viva? || Thomas Young <> Kapan Thomas Young menggunakan istilah \"tenaga\" bukan vis viva? || 1807 <> Siapa yang membentuk istilah \"tenaga berpotensi?\" || William Rankine <> Siapa yang menemui hubungan antara kerja mekanikal dan penjanaan haba? || James Prescott Joule <> Bilakah undang-undang pemuliharaan tenaga pertama diulang? || abad ke-19", {"context": "In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described \"kinetic energy\" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term \"potential energy\". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric, or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum. In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Thomas Young"}], "question": "Who was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?", "id": "5729e6923f37b319004785b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1807"}], "question": "When did Thomas Young use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?", "id": "5729e6923f37b319004785b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "William Rankine"}], "question": "Who coined the term \"potential energy?\"", "id": "5729e6923f37b319004785b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "James Prescott Joule"}], "question": "Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat?", "id": "5729e6923f37b319004785b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated?", "id": "5729e6923f37b319004785b7"}]}], ["Sesetengah jenis tenaga adalah campuran yang berbeza-beza dari kedua-dua potensi dan tenaga kinetik. Contohnya ialah tenaga mekanikal yang merupakan jumlah kinetik (biasanya makroskopik) dan potensi tenaga dalam sistem. Tenaga elastis dalam bahan juga bergantung kepada tenaga berpotensi elektrik (antara atom dan molekul), seperti tenaga kimia, yang disimpan dan dibebaskan dari takungan tenaga berpotensi elektrik antara elektron, dan molekul atau nukleus atom yang menariknya. petikan untuk mengesahkan]. Senarai itu juga tidak semestinya lengkap. Apabila ahli-ahli sains fizikal mendapati bahawa fenomena tertentu kelihatan melanggar undang-undang pemuliharaan tenaga, bentuk-bentuk baru lazimnya menambahkan akaun untuk percanggahan. <> Apa yang bergantung kepada tenaga berpotensi elektrik? || Tenaga elastik dalam bahan <> Di mana tenaga kimia disimpan dan dibebaskan? || dari takungan tenaga berpotensi elektrik di antara elektron <> Sesetengah jenis tenaga adalah campuran yang berbeza-beza potensi dan apa jenis tenaga lain? || kinetik", {"context": "Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical energy, which is stored and released from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons, and the molecules or atomic nuclei that attract them.[need quotation to verify].The list is also not necessarily complete. Whenever physical scientists discover that a certain phenomenon appears to violate the law of energy conservation, new forms are typically added that account for the discrepancy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Elastic energy in materials"}], "question": "What is dependent upon electrical potential energy?", "id": "5729e5501d0469140077965b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons"}], "question": "Where is chemical energy stored and released?", "id": "5729e5501d0469140077965c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "kinetic"}], "question": "Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy?", "id": "5729e5501d0469140077965d"}]}], ["Perkembangan ini membawa kepada teori pemuliharaan tenaga, yang sebahagian besarnya diformalkan oleh William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) sebagai bidang termodinamik. Termodinamik membantu perkembangan pesat penjelasan mengenai proses kimia oleh Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, dan Walther Nernst. Ia juga membawa kepada perumusan matematik konsep entropi oleh Clausius dan kepada pengenalan undang-undang tenaga bersinar oleh Jo\u017eef Stefan. Mengikut teorem Noether, pemuliharaan tenaga adalah akibat dari fakta bahawa undang-undang fizik tidak berubah dari masa ke masa. Oleh itu, sejak 1918, ahli teori telah memahami bahawa undang-undang pemuliharaan tenaga adalah akibat matematik langsung dari simetri translasi konjugasi kuantiti kepada tenaga, iaitu masa. <> Siapa yang sebahagian besarnya merumuskan perkembangan yang membawa kepada teori pemuliharaan tenaga? || William Thomson <> Apa yang membantu perkembangan pesat penjelasan mengenai proses kimia oleh Clausius, Gibbs dan Nernst? || Termodinamik <> Siapa yang mengembangkan konsep pengenalan undang-undang tenaga berseri? || Jo\u017eef Stefan <> Apa yang menyatakan bahawa pemuliharaan tenaga adalah akibat dari fakta bahawa undang-undang fizik tidak berubah dari masa ke masa? || Teorem Noether", {"context": "These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jo\u017eef Stefan. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "William Thomson"}], "question": "Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy?", "id": "5729e73c6aef0514001550e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Thermodynamics"}], "question": "What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?", "id": "5729e73c6aef0514001550e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Jo\u017eef Stefan"}], "question": "Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy?", "id": "5729e73c6aef0514001550ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Noether's theorem"}], "question": "What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time?", "id": "5729e73c6aef0514001550eb"}]}], ["Bentuk tenaga umum termasuk tenaga kinetik objek bergerak, tenaga berpotensi yang disimpan oleh kedudukan objek dalam medan kekuatan (graviti, elektrik atau magnet), tenaga anjal yang disimpan oleh peregangan objek padat, tenaga kimia yang dikeluarkan apabila bahan bakar terbakar, tenaga berseri yang dibawa oleh cahaya, dan tenaga haba disebabkan suhu objek. Semua jenis tenaga boleh ditukar kepada jenis tenaga lain. Dalam fizik Newtonian, terdapat undang-undang pemuliharaan tenaga universal yang mengatakan bahawa tenaga tidak boleh dicipta atau dimusnahkan; Walau bagaimanapun, ia boleh berubah dari satu bentuk ke bentuk lain. Bentuk tenaga biasa termasuk apa? || Tenaga kinetik objek yang bergerak <> Dalam fizik Newtonian, ada undang-undang sejagat yang mengatakan tenaga tidak boleh dibuat atau apa? || dimusnahkan <> Apa undang-undang menyatakan, sebahagiannya, tenaga yang boleh berubah dari satu bentuk ke bentuk lain? || Fizik Newtonian", {"context": "Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due to an object's temperature. All of the many forms of energy are convertible to other kinds of energy. In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law of conservation of energy which says that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed; however, it can change from one form to another.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "kinetic energy of a moving object"}], "question": "Common energy forms include what?", "id": "5729e3631d0469140077964b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "destroyed"}], "question": "In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law that says energy can be neither created nor what?", "id": "5729e3631d0469140077964c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Newtonian physics"}], "question": "What law states, in part, that energy can change from one form to another?", "id": "5729e3631d0469140077964d"}]}], ["Untuk \"sistem tertutup\" tanpa sumber luaran atau tenaga tenggelam, undang-undang termodinamik pertama menyatakan bahawa tenaga sistem adalah malar kecuali tenaga dipindah masuk atau dikeluarkan oleh kerja mekanikal atau haba, dan tiada tenaga hilang dalam pemindahan. Ini bermakna bahawa mustahil untuk mencipta atau memusnahkan tenaga. Walaupun haba sentiasa boleh ditukar sepenuhnya ke dalam kerja dalam pembesaran isotermal gas yang ideal, untuk proses kitaran kepentingan praktikal dalam enjin haba undang-undang termodinamik kedua menyatakan bahawa sistem yang melakukan kerja sentiasa kehilangan tenaga sebagai haba sisa. Ini mewujudkan had kepada jumlah tenaga haba yang boleh melakukan kerja dalam proses kitaran, had yang dikenali sebagai tenaga yang ada. Bentuk tenaga mekanikal dan lain-lain boleh diubah ke arah lain ke dalam tenaga termal tanpa batasan sedemikian. Jumlah tenaga sistem boleh dikira dengan menambah semua bentuk tenaga dalam sistem. <> Bagaimana jumlah tenaga sistem boleh dihitung? || dengan menambah semua bentuk tenaga dalam sistem <> Had kepada jumlah tenaga panas yang boleh melakukan kerja dalam proses kitaran dikenali sebagai apa? || tenaga yang ada <> Apa yang boleh ditukar sepenuhnya ke dalam kerja dalam pembesaran isotermal gas yang ideal? || panas <> Apa yang menyatakan bahawa sistem yang melakukan kerja sentiasa kehilangan tenaga kerana haba sisa? || undang-undang termodinamik kedua", {"context": "For \"closed systems\" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, for cyclic processes of practical interest in heat engines the second law of thermodynamics states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat. This creates a limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process, a limit called the available energy. Mechanical and other forms of energy can be transformed in the other direction into thermal energy without such limitations. The total energy of a system can be calculated by adding up all forms of energy in the system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 875, "text": "by adding up all forms of energy in the system"}], "question": "How can the total energy of a system be calculated?", "id": "5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "available energy"}], "question": "The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?", "id": "5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "heat"}], "question": "What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas?", "id": "5729e3feaf94a219006aa6a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "second law of thermodynamics"}], "question": "What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat?", "id": "5729e3feaf94a219006aa6aa"}]}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-17, Gottfried Leibniz mencadangkan idea Latin: vis viva, atau makhluk hidup, yang didefinisikan sebagai hasil jisim objek dan halajunya berkisar; dia percaya bahawa jumlah vis viva telah dipelihara. Untuk mengambil kira perlahan disebabkan oleh geseran, Leibniz menilai bahawa tenaga termal terdiri daripada pergerakan rawak bahagian-bahagian bahan konstituen, pandangan yang dikongsi oleh Isaac Newton, walaupun ia akan lebih dari satu abad sehingga ini diterima secara umum. Analog moden harta benda ini, tenaga kinetik, berbeza dari vis viva hanya dengan faktor dua. <> Apakah istilah untuk gaya hidup? || vis viva <> Apa yang didefinisikan sebagai produk jisim sesuatu objek dan halajunya kuasa dua? || vis viva <> Siapa yang mencadangkan idea Latin: vis viva? || Gottfried Leibniz <> Dalam abad apa Leibniz mencadangkan idea bahasa Latin: vis viva? || lewat abad ke-17 <> Siapakah yang berkongsi pendapat Leibniz bahawa tenaga termal terdiri daripada gerakan rawak bahagian-bahagian konstituen bahan? || Isaac Newton", {"context": "In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter, a view shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. The modern analog of this property, kinetic energy, differs from vis viva only by a factor of two.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "vis viva"}], "question": "What is a term for living force?", "id": "5729e5f76aef0514001550de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "vis viva"}], "question": "What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared?", "id": "5729e5f76aef0514001550df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Gottfried Leibniz"}], "question": "Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva?", "id": "5729e5f76aef0514001550e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "late 17th century"}], "question": "In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?", "id": "5729e5f76aef0514001550e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Isaac Newton"}], "question": "Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?", "id": "5729e5f76aef0514001550e2"}]}], ["Dalam fizik, tenaga adalah harta objek yang boleh dipindahkan ke objek lain atau diubah menjadi bentuk yang berbeza. \"Keupayaan sistem untuk melaksanakan kerja\" adalah perihalan yang sama, tetapi sukar untuk memberikan satu definisi tenaga tunggal yang komprehensif kerana banyak bentuknya. Contohnya, dalam unit SI, tenaga diukur dalam joules, dan satu joule ditakrifkan sebagai \"mekanik\", iaitu tenaga yang dipindahkan ke objek oleh kerja mekanikal untuk menggerakkan jarak 1 meter terhadap daya 1 newton. [Nota Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat banyak definisi tenaga, bergantung kepada konteks, seperti tenaga termal, tenaga bersinar, elektromagnetik, nuklear, dan lain-lain, di mana definisi diperolehi yang paling mudah. <> Apakah harta benda yang boleh dipindahkan ke objek lain atau diubah menjadi bentuk yang berbeza? || tenaga <> Dalam unit SI, tenaga diukur dalam ukuran apa? || joules <> Secara mekanikal, satu joule ditakrifkan sebagai apa? || tenaga yang dipindahkan ke objek oleh kerja mekanikal menggerakkan jarak 1 meter terhadap daya 1 newton", {"context": "In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The \"ability of a system to perform work\" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, energy is measured in joules, and one joule is defined \"mechanically\", being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.[note 1] However, there are many other definitions of energy, depending on the context, such as thermal energy, radiant energy, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc., where definitions are derived that are the most convenient.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "energy"}], "question": "What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?", "id": "5729e2ea6aef0514001550d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "joules"}], "question": "In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?", "id": "5729e2ea6aef0514001550d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton"}], "question": "Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?", "id": "5729e2ea6aef0514001550da"}]}], ["Contoh transformasi tenaga termasuk menjana tenaga elektrik dari tenaga haba melalui turbin stim, atau mengangkat objek terhadap graviti menggunakan tenaga elektrik yang memandu motor kren. Mengangkat terhadap graviti melakukan kerja mekanikal pada objek dan menyimpan tenaga potensi graviti di objek. Jika objek jatuh ke tanah, graviti melakukan kerja mekanikal pada objek yang mengubah tenaga berpotensi dalam medan graviti ke tenaga kinetik yang dilepaskan sebagai haba pada kesan dengan tanah. Matahari kita mengubah tenaga berpotensi nuklear ke bentuk tenaga yang lain; jumlah jisimnya tidak berkurang kerana itu sendiri (kerana ia masih mengandungi jumlah tenaga yang sama walaupun dalam bentuk yang berbeza), tetapi jisimnya berkurang apabila tenaga melarikan diri ke persekitarannya, sebahagian besarnya sebagai tenaga berseri. <> Berikan satu contoh transformasi tenaga. || menjana tenaga elektrik dari tenaga haba melalui turbin stim <> Apa yang mengubah tenaga berpotensi nuklear ke bentuk tenaga yang lain? || Sun <> Apakah satu lagi transformasi tenaga? || mengangkat objek terhadap graviti menggunakan tenaga elektrik yang memandu motor kren", {"context": "Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that in itself (since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine"}], "question": "Give one example of energy transformation.", "id": "5729e46baf94a219006aa6af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Sun"}], "question": "What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?", "id": "5729e46baf94a219006aa6b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor"}], "question": "What is another example of energy transformation?", "id": "5729e46baf94a219006aa6b1"}]}], ["Mana-mana organisma hidup bergantung kepada sumber radiasi tenaga luar dari Matahari dalam hal tumbuhan hijau, tenaga kimia dalam bentuk tertentu dalam hal binatang-untuk dapat tumbuh dan berkembang. Calon 1500-2000 harian (6-8 MJ) yang dicadangkan untuk dewasa manusia diambil sebagai gabungan molekul oksigen dan makanan, yang paling banyak karbohidrat dan lemak, yang mana glukosa (C6H12O6) dan stearin (C57H110O6) adalah contoh mudah. Molekul makanan dioksidakan kepada karbon dioksida dan air di mitokondria <> Apakah organisme hidup mana yang bergantung kepada dapat tumbuh dan berkembang? || sumber luar tenaga <> Berapa banyak kalori harian yang disyorkan untuk orang dewasa? || 1500-2000 <> Di manakah molekul makanan teroksida kepada karbon dioksida dan air? || mitokondria", {"context": "Any living organism relies on an external source of energy\u2014radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals\u2014to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500\u20132000 Calories (6\u20138 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules, the latter mostly carbohydrates and fats, of which glucose (C6H12O6) and stearin (C57H110O6) are convenient examples. The food molecules are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "an external source of energy"}], "question": "What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce?", "id": "5729f4331d04691400779685"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "1500\u20132000"}], "question": "How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult?", "id": "5729f4331d04691400779686"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "mitochondria"}], "question": "Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water?", "id": "5729f4331d04691400779687"}]}], ["Teorem Noether (1918) menyatakan bahawa apa-apa simetri yang berlainan daripada tindakan sistem fizikal mempunyai undang-undang pemuliharaan yang sepadan. Teorema Noether telah menjadi alat asas fizik teoritis moden dan kalkulus variasi. Penyelarasan formulasi mani pada pemalar gerakan dalam mekanik Lagrangian dan Hamiltonian (1788 dan 1833), ia tidak terpakai kepada sistem yang tidak boleh dimodelkan dengan Lagrangian; sebagai contoh, sistem dissipative dengan symmetries berterusan tidak perlu mempunyai undang-undang pemuliharaan yang sepadan. <> Bilakah teorem Noether dibuat? || 1918 <> Apa yang menyatakan bahawa apa-apa simetri yang berlainan daripada tindakan sistem fizikal mempunyai undang-undang pemuliharaan yang sepadan? || Teorema Noether <> Apa yang telah menjadi alat asas fizik teoritis moden dan kalkulus variasi? || Teorem Noether", {"context": "Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with a Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "1918"}], "question": "When was Noether's theorem created?", "id": "5729e83f6aef0514001550f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Noether's theorem"}], "question": "What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?", "id": "5729e83f6aef0514001550f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Noether's theorem"}], "question": "What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?", "id": "5729e83f6aef0514001550fa"}]}], ["Cahaya matahari juga ditangkap oleh tumbuh-tumbuhan sebagai tenaga berpotensi kimia dalam fotosintesis, apabila karbon dioksida dan air (dua sebatian tenaga rendah) ditukarkan kepada karbohidrat, lipid, dan protein yang tinggi tenaga. Tumbuhan juga melepaskan oksigen semasa fotosintesis, yang digunakan oleh organisma hidup sebagai penerima elektron, untuk melepaskan tenaga karbohidrat, lipid, dan protein. Pelepasan tenaga yang disimpan semasa fotosintesis sebagai panas atau cahaya boleh dicetuskan secara tiba-tiba oleh percikan api, dalam kebakaran hutan, atau ia boleh disediakan lebih perlahan untuk metabolisme haiwan atau manusia, apabila molekul-molekul ini ditelan, dan katabolisme dicetuskan oleh enzim tindakan. <> Apa juga yang ditangkap oleh tumbuh-tumbuhan sebagai tenaga berpotensi kimia dalam fotosintesis? || Sinaran Matahari <> Apakah tumbuhan yang dibebaskan semasa fotosintesis? || oksigen <> Apa yang boleh dicetuskan secara tiba-tiba oleh percikan api? || Pelepasan tenaga yang disimpan semasa fotosintesis <> Apakah dua sebatian tenaga rendah? || karbon dioksida dan air", {"context": "Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an electron acceptor, to release the energy of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark, in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism, when these molecules are ingested, and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sunlight"}], "question": "What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?", "id": "5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "oxygen"}], "question": "What do plants release during photosynthesis?", "id": "5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis"}], "question": "What may be triggered suddenly by a spark?", "id": "5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "carbon dioxide and water"}], "question": "What are two low-energy compounds?", "id": "5729f3c6af94a219006aa6ea"}]}], ["Dalam mekanik kuantum, tenaga ditakrifkan dari segi pengendali tenaga sebagai derivatif fungsi gelombang. Persamaan Schr\u00f6dinger menyamakan operator tenaga kepada tenaga penuh zarah atau sistem. Hasilnya boleh dianggap sebagai definisi pengukuran tenaga dalam mekanik kuantum. Persamaan Schr\u00f6dinger menerangkan ruang dan kebergantungan waktu fungsi gelombang kuantum yang tidak berubah (tidak relativistik) secara perlahan. Penyelesaian persamaan ini untuk sistem terikat adalah diskret (satu set negeri yang dibenarkan, masing-masing dicirikan oleh tahap tenaga) yang menghasilkan konsep quanta. Dalam penyelesaian persamaan Schr\u00f6dinger untuk mana-mana pengayun (penggetar) dan untuk gelombang elektromagnet dalam vakum, keadaan tenaga yang terhasil dikaitkan dengan kekerapan hubungan Planck: (di mana konstan Planck dan kekerapan). Dalam hal gelombang elektromagnet, keadaan tenaga ini disebut kuanta cahaya atau foton. <> Dalam mekanik kuantum, apa yang ditakrifkan dari segi pengendali tenaga sebagai derivatif fungsi gelombang? || tenaga <> Apa yang menyamakan pengendali tenaga kepada tenaga penuh zarah atau sistem? || Persamaan Schr\u00f6dinger <> Apa yang menggambarkan pergantungan ruang dan masa mengenai fungsi gelombang kuantum yang berubah secara perlahan? || Persamaan Schr\u00f6dinger", {"context": "In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schr\u00f6dinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schr\u00f6dinger equation describes the space- and time-dependence of a slowly changing (non-relativistic) wave function of quantum systems. The solution of this equation for a bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an energy level) which results in the concept of quanta. In the solution of the Schr\u00f6dinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by Planck's relation:  (where  is Planck's constant and  the frequency). In the case of an electromagnetic wave these energy states are called quanta of light or photons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "energy"}], "question": "In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function?", "id": "5729f80c6aef051400155166"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "The Schr\u00f6dinger equation"}], "question": "What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system?", "id": "5729f80c6aef051400155167"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "The Schr\u00f6dinger equation"}], "question": "What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems?", "id": "5729f80c6aef051400155168"}]}], ["Cahaya matahari boleh disimpan sebagai tenaga graviti yang berpotensi selepas ia menyerang Bumi, seperti (contohnya) air menguap dari laut dan didepositkan ke atas gunung (di mana, selepas dilepaskan di empangan hidroelektrik, ia boleh digunakan untuk memacu turbin atau penjana untuk menghasilkan elektrik). Cahaya matahari juga memacu banyak fenomena cuaca, kecuali yang dihasilkan oleh peristiwa gunung berapi. Satu contoh peristiwa cuaca yang ditengahi solar adalah taufan, yang berlaku apabila kawasan-kawasan yang tidak stabil di lautan yang panas, dipanaskan selama beberapa bulan, memberikan beberapa tenaga haba mereka tiba-tiba untuk menggerakkan beberapa hari pergerakan udara ganas. <> Ini memacu banyak fenomena cuaca, kecuali yang dihasilkan oleh peristiwa gunung berapi. || Sinar Matahari <> Bilakah cahaya matahari boleh disimpan sebagai tenaga graviti? || selepas ia menyerang bumi <> Apa contoh peristiwa cuaca yang dimediasi oleh matahari? || taufan <> Apa yang berlaku apabila kawasan laut yang tidak stabil yang panas, dipanaskan selama berbulan-bulan, menyerahkan beberapa tenaga haba mereka tiba-tiba untuk menggerakkan beberapa hari pergerakan udara ganas? || taufan", {"context": "Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Sunlight"}], "question": "This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events.", "id": "5729f6063f37b31900478610"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "after it strikes the Earth"}], "question": "When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?", "id": "5729f6063f37b3190047860f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "hurricane"}], "question": "What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event?", "id": "5729f6063f37b31900478611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "hurricane"}], "question": "What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?", "id": "5729f6063f37b31900478612"}]}], ["Dalam proses yang lebih perlahan, kerosakan radioaktif atom di inti bumi melepaskan haba. Tenaga terma ini memacu tekton plat dan boleh mengangkat gunung, melalui orogenesis. Pengangkatan yang perlahan ini mewakili satu jenis tenaga graviti yang berpotensi untuk penyimpanan tenaga haba, yang kemudiannya akan dikeluarkan kepada tenaga kinetik aktif dalam tanah runtuh, selepas kejadian yang mencetuskan. Gempa bumi juga melepaskan tenaga potensi elastik tersimpan di dalam batu, sebuah kedai yang dihasilkan dari sumber haba radioaktif yang sama. Oleh itu, menurut pemahaman sekarang, peristiwa biasa seperti tanah runtuh dan gempa bumi melepaskan tenaga yang telah disimpan sebagai tenaga yang berpotensi dalam medan graviti bumi atau ketegangan elastik (tenaga berpotensi mekanikal) di dalam batuan. Sebelum ini, mereka mewakili pelepasan tenaga yang telah disimpan dalam atom berat sejak kejatuhan bintang-bintang supernova yang telah dimusnahkan telah mencipta atom-atom ini. <> Apa keluaran yang disimpan tenaga berpotensi elastik di dalam batu? || Gempa Bumi <> Apakah kerosakan radioaktif atom dalam teras pelepasan Bumi? || haba <> Apa yang mendorong plat tektonik dan boleh mengangkat gunung melalui orogenesis? || tenaga haba <> Apakah tenaga berpotensi mekanikal? || ketegangan anjal", {"context": "In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars created these atoms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Earthquakes"}], "question": "What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks?", "id": "5729f6b13f37b31900478617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "heat"}], "question": "What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release?", "id": "5729f6b13f37b31900478618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "thermal energy"}], "question": "What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?", "id": "5729f6b13f37b31900478619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "elastic strain"}], "question": "What is mechanical potential energy?", "id": "5729f6b13f37b3190047861a"}]}], ["Dalam kosmologi dan astronomi, fenomena bintang, nova, supernova, quasars dan sinar gamma pecah adalah transformasi tenaga output tertinggi alam semesta. Semua fenomena bintang (termasuk aktiviti solar) didorong oleh pelbagai jenis transformasi tenaga. Tenaga dalam transformasi sedemikian adalah dari keruntuhan graviti bahan (biasanya hidrogen molekul) ke dalam pelbagai kelas objek astronomi (bintang, lubang hitam, dll.), Atau dari gabungan nuklear (unsur ringan, terutamanya hidrogen). Gabungan nuklear hidrogen di Matahari juga melepaskan satu lagi potensi tenaga yang dicipta pada masa Big Bang. Pada masa itu, menurut teori, ruang semakin berkembang dan alam semesta menyejukkan terlalu cepat untuk hidrogen untuk sepenuhnya menggabungkan unsur-unsur yang lebih berat. Ini bermakna bahawa hidrogen mewakili satu kedai potensi tenaga yang boleh dilepaskan oleh gabungan. Proses pemalsuan seperti itu dicetuskan oleh haba dan tekanan yang dihasilkan dari keruntuhan graviti awan hidrogen ketika mereka menghasilkan bintang, dan beberapa tenaga gabungan kemudian berubah menjadi cahaya matahari. <> Apa yang dipacu oleh pelbagai jenis transformasi tenaga? || fenomena cemerlang <> Apa yang melepaskan satu lagi potensi tenaga yang dicipta pada masa Big Bang? || gabungan hidrogen nuklear di Matahari <> Teori apa yang menyatakan bahawa ruang berkembang dan alam semesta disejukkan terlalu cepat untuk hidrogen untuk sepenuhnya menyusun unsur-unsur yang lebih berat? || Big Bang <> Hidrogen mewakili satu kedai tenaga potensial yang boleh dikeluarkan oleh apa? || gabungan", {"context": "In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravitational collapse of matter (usually molecular hydrogen) into various classes of astronomical objects (stars, black holes, etc.), or from nuclear fusion (of lighter elements, primarily hydrogen). The nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang. At that time, according to theory, space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "stellar phenomena"}], "question": "What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations?", "id": "5729f781af94a219006aa6ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun"}], "question": "What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?", "id": "5729f781af94a219006aa700"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "Big Bang"}], "question": "What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?", "id": "5729f781af94a219006aa701"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 882, "text": "fusion"}], "question": "Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?", "id": "5729f781af94a219006aa702"}]}], ["Dalam konteks kimia, tenaga adalah sifat bahan sebagai akibat daripada struktur atom, molekul atau agregatnya. Oleh kerana transformasi kimia disertakan dengan perubahan dalam satu atau lebih jenis struktur ini, ia selalu disertai dengan peningkatan atau penurunan tenaga bahan-bahan yang terlibat. Sesetengah tenaga dipindahkan antara persekitaran dan reaktan tindak balas dalam bentuk haba atau cahaya; dengan itu produk reaksi mungkin mempunyai tenaga yang lebih atau kurang daripada reaktan. Reaksi dikatakan exergonik jika keadaan terakhir lebih rendah pada skala tenaga daripada keadaan awal; dalam kes reaksi endergonik keadaan adalah terbalik. Reaksi kimia selalu tidak mungkin melainkan reaktan mengatasi penghalang tenaga yang dikenali sebagai tenaga pengaktifan. Kelajuan tindak balas kimia (pada suhu tertentu T) adalah berkaitan dengan tenaga pengaktifan E, oleh faktor penduduk Boltzmann e-E / kT - iaitu kebarangkalian molekul untuk mempunyai tenaga yang lebih besar daripada atau sama dengan E pada suhu tertentu T. Ketergantungan eksponen kadar tindak balas pada suhu ini dikenali sebagai persamaan Arrhenius. Tenaga pengaktifan yang diperlukan untuk tindak balas kimia boleh dalam bentuk tenaga terma. <> Dalam konteks kimia, apakah sifat bahan sebagai akibatnya struktur atom, molekul atau agregat? || tenaga <> Apa yang tidak mungkin kecuali reaktan mengatasi penghalang tenaga yang dikenali sebagai tenaga pengaktifan? || Reaksi kimia <> Berapakah kebarangkalian molekul mempunyai tenaga lebih besar daripada atau sama dengan E pada suhu tertentu T? || e-E / kT <> Siapa yang mencipta faktor populasi e-E / kT? || Boltzmann's <> Apakah pergantungan eksponen kadar tindak balas terhadap suhu? || Persamaan Arrhenius", {"context": "In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the case of endergonic reactions the situation is the reverse. Chemical reactions are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy. The speed of a chemical reaction (at given temperature T) is related to the activation energy E, by the Boltzmann's population factor e\u2212E/kT \u2013 that is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation.The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be in the form of thermal energy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "energy"}], "question": "In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?", "id": "5729f2b16aef05140015513a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "Chemical reactions"}], "question": "What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?", "id": "5729f2b16aef05140015513b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 961, "text": "e\u2212E/kT"}], "question": "What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?", "id": "5729f2b16aef05140015513c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 931, "text": "Boltzmann's"}], "question": "Who created the population factor e-E/kT?", "id": "5729f2b16aef05140015513d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1154, "text": "Arrhenius equation"}], "question": "What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature?", "id": "5729f2b16aef05140015513e"}]}], ["Ia akan kelihatan bahawa organisma hidup adalah tidak cekap (dalam fizikal) dalam penggunaan tenaga yang mereka terima (tenaga kimia atau radiasi), dan benar bahawa kebanyakan mesin sebenar mengurus kecekapan yang lebih tinggi. Dalam organisma yang semakin meningkat, tenaga yang ditukar kepada haba berfungsi dengan tujuan yang penting, kerana ia membolehkan tisu organisma sangat diperintahkan berkenaan dengan molekul yang dibina dari. Undang-undang termodinamik kedua menyatakan bahawa tenaga (dan perkara) cenderung menjadi lebih merata di seluruh alam semesta: untuk menumpukan tenaga (atau perkara) di satu tempat tertentu, perlu menyebarkan lebih banyak tenaga (sebagai panas) [Selanjutnya] organisma mudah dapat mencapai kecekapan tenaga yang lebih tinggi daripada yang lebih kompleks, tetapi organisme kompleks dapat menduduki kerangka ekologi yang tidak tersedia kepada saudara-saudara mereka yang lebih mudah. Penukaran bahagian tenaga kimia untuk memanaskan setiap langkah dalam laluan metabolik adalah sebab fizikal di belakang piramid biomas yang diperhatikan dalam ekologi: untuk mengambil langkah pertama dalam rantaian makanan, dianggarkan 124.7 Pg / a karbon yang diperbaiki oleh fotosintesis, 64.3 Pg / a (52%) digunakan untuk metabolisme tumbuhan hijau, iaitu diubah menjadi karbon dioksida dan haba. <> Apa yang menyatakan bahawa tenaga cenderung menjadi semakin merata di seluruh alam semesta? || Undang-undang termodinamik kedua <> Apa yang tidak cekap dalam penggunaan tenaga mereka? || organisma hidup <> Organisma kompleks boleh menduduki hal ini, yang tidak tersedia untuk brethern mereka yang lebih mudah? || niche ekologi", {"context": "It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to the molecules it is built from. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe (\"the surroundings\").[note 3] Simpler organisms can achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but the complex organisms can occupy ecological niches that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in ecology: to take just the first step in the food chain, of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis, 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for the metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "The second law of thermodynamics"}], "question": "What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe?", "id": "5729f51d6aef051400155160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "living organisms"}], "question": "What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive?", "id": "5729f51e6aef051400155161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "ecological niches"}], "question": "Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?", "id": "5729f51e6aef051400155162"}]}], ["Dalam biologi, tenaga adalah sifat dari semua sistem biologi dari biosfera ke organisme hidup yang terkecil. Di dalam organisma, ia bertanggungjawab untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sel biologi atau organelle organisma biologi. Oleh itu, tenaga sering dikatakan disimpan oleh sel dalam struktur molekul bahan seperti karbohidrat (termasuk gula), lipid, dan protein, yang melepaskan tenaga apabila bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam pernafasan. Dalam istilah manusia, manusia setara (He) (penukaran tenaga manusia) menunjukkan, untuk jumlah perbelanjaan tenaga tertentu, kuantiti tenaga yang diperlukan untuk metabolisme manusia, dengan mengambil kira perbelanjaan tenaga manusia purata 12,500 kJ sehari dan metabolik basal kadar 80 watt. Sebagai contoh, jika badan kita berjalan (secara purata) pada 80 watt, maka bola lampu yang berjalan pada 100 watt berjalan pada 1.25 kesamaan manusia (100 \u00f7 80) iaitu 1.25 H-e. Untuk tugas yang sukar hanya beberapa saat, seseorang boleh mengeluarkan beribu-ribu watt, berkali-kali 746 watt dalam satu kuasa kuda rasmi. Untuk tugas yang berlangsung beberapa minit, manusia yang sesuai boleh menghasilkan 1,000 watt. Untuk aktiviti yang mesti dikekalkan selama sejam, output turun ke sekitar 300; untuk aktiviti sepanjang hari, 150 watt adalah maksimum. Persamaan manusia membantu pemahaman aliran tenaga dalam sistem fizikal dan biologi dengan menyatakan unit tenaga dalam istilah manusia: ia memberikan \"rasa\" untuk penggunaan tenaga yang diberikan. <> Dalam biologi, apakah sifat dari semua sistem biologi dari biosfera ke organisme hidup yang terkecil? || tenaga <> Apa yang sering dikatakan disimpan oleh sel dalam struktur molekul bahan seperti karbohidrat, lipid dan protein? || Tenaga <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh H-e? || Penukaran tenaga manusia <> Berapa banyak watt dalam satu kuasa kuda rasmi? || 746 watt", {"context": "In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates (including sugars), lipids, and proteins, which release energy when reacted with oxygen in respiration. In human terms, the human equivalent (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism, assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 \u00f7 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a \"feel\" for the use of a given amount of energy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "energy"}], "question": "In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?", "id": "5729f3426aef051400155144"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Energy"}], "question": "What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?", "id": "5729f3426aef051400155145"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Human energy conversion"}], "question": "What does H-e stand for?", "id": "5729f3426aef051400155146"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1017, "text": "746 watts"}], "question": "How many watts is in one official horsepower?", "id": "5729f3426aef051400155147"}]}], ["Apabila alam semesta berkembang pada masanya, semakin banyak tenaga yang terjebak dalam keadaan tidak dapat dipulihkan (iaitu, sebagai haba atau jenis peningkatan yang lain dalam gangguan). Ini telah dirujuk sebagai kematian haba termodinamik yang tidak dapat dielakkan dari alam semesta. Dalam tenaga panas ini, tenaga alam semesta tidak berubah, tetapi sebahagian kecil daripada tenaga yang tersedia untuk melakukan kerja melalui enjin haba, atau diubah ke bentuk tenaga lain yang boleh digunakan (melalui penggunaan penjana yang dipasang pada enjin haba), tumbuh kurang dan kurang. <> Seperti alam semesta berkembang pada waktunya, semakin banyak tenaga yang terjebak dalam apa? || keadaan tidak dapat dipulihkan <> Apa yang dimaksudkan ketika semakin banyak tenaga terjebak dalam keadaan tidak dapat dipulihkan? || kematian haba termodinamik yang tidak dapat dielakkan alam semesta <> Dalam kematian tenaga panas ini, apa yang tidak berubah? || tenaga alam semesta", {"context": "As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fraction of energy which is available to do work through a heat engine, or be transformed to other usable forms of energy (through the use of generators attached to heat engines), grows less and less.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "irreversible states"}], "question": "As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what?", "id": "5729ff176aef051400155192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe"}], "question": "What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irreversible states?", "id": "5729ff176aef051400155193"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "energy of the universe"}], "question": "In this heat death of energy, what does not change?", "id": "5729ff176aef051400155194"}]}], ["Dalam fizik partikel, ketidaksamaan ini membenarkan pemahaman kualitatif terhadap zarah-zarah maya yang membawa momentum, pertukaran dengan dan dengan zarah-zarah sebenar, bertanggungjawab untuk penciptaan semua kuasa asas yang diketahui (lebih tepat dikenali sebagai interaksi asas). Foton maya (yang merupakan keadaan tenaga kuantum minimum photon mekanik) juga bertanggungjawab untuk interaksi elektrostatik antara caj elektrik (yang mengakibatkan undang-undang Coulomb), untuk kerosakan radiasi spontan bagi keadaan atom dan nuklear yang telah dikeluarkan secara spontan, untuk daya Casimir, untuk van der Waals kekuatan bon dan beberapa fenomena lain yang dapat dilihat. <> Apakah keadaan tenaga mekanik kuantum yang paling rendah bagi foton? || Photon maya <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk interaksi elektrostatik antara caj elektrik? || Fotonya maya <> Apa yang menyebabkan undang-undang Coulomb? || interaksi elektrostatik antara caj elektrik", {"context": "In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Virtual photons"}], "question": "What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?", "id": "572a00d23f37b31900478637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Virtual photons"}], "question": "What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?", "id": "572a00d23f37b31900478638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "electrostatic interaction between electric charges"}], "question": "What results in Coulomb law?", "id": "572a00d23f37b31900478639"}]}], ["Tenaga menimbulkan berat apabila ia terperangkap dalam sistem dengan momentum sifar, di mana ia boleh ditimbang. Ia juga bersamaan dengan jisim, dan jisim ini selalu dikaitkan dengannya. Massa juga bersamaan dengan jumlah tenaga tertentu, dan juga selalu muncul berkaitan dengannya, seperti yang diterangkan dalam kesamaan massa-tenaga. Rumusan E = mc\u00b2, yang diperoleh oleh Albert Einstein (1905) mengukur hubungan antara jisim massa dan tenaga rehat dalam konsep relativiti khas. Dalam rangka kerja teori yang berbeza, formula yang sama diperolehi oleh J. J. Thomson (1881), Henri Poincar\u00e9 (1900), Friedrich Hasen\u00f6hrl (1904) dan lain-lain (lihat kesamaan tenaga Mass # Sejarah untuk maklumat lanjut). <> Bilakah tenaga menimbulkan berat badan? || apabila ia terperangkap dalam sistem dengan momentum sifar <> Massa juga bersamaan dengan apa? || jumlah tenaga tertentu <> Siapa yang membuat formula E = mc2? || Albert Einstein <> Dalam tahun apakah Einstein mencipta E = mc2? || 1905 <> Apa yang mengira hubungan antara jisim rehat dan tenaga rehat dalam konsep relativiti khas? || E = mc\u00b2", {"context": "Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalence. The formula E = mc\u00b2, derived by Albert Einstein (1905) quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity. In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by J. J. Thomson (1881), Henri Poincar\u00e9 (1900), Friedrich Hasen\u00f6hrl (1904) and others (see Mass-energy equivalence#History for further information).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum"}], "question": "When does energy give rise to weight?", "id": "5729fcffaf94a219006aa725"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "certain amount of energy"}], "question": "Mass is also equivalent to what?", "id": "5729fcffaf94a219006aa726"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Albert Einstein"}], "question": "Who created the formula E = mc2?", "id": "5729fcffaf94a219006aa727"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "1905"}], "question": "In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?", "id": "5729fcffaf94a219006aa728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "E = mc\u00b2"}], "question": "What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity?", "id": "5729fcffaf94a219006aa729"}]}], ["Sebagai contoh, pertimbangkan penghancuran elektron-positron, di mana jisim zarah individu lain dibinasakan, tetapi persamaan inersia sistem dua zarah (jisim invariannya) kekal (kerana semua tenaga dikaitkan dengan jisim), dan inersia ini dan jisim invarian dibawa oleh foton yang secara individu tidak beramai-ramai, tetapi sebagai sistem mengekalkan massa mereka. Ini adalah proses yang boleh diterbalikkan - proses songsang dipanggil penciptaan pasangan - di mana jisim zarah lain dicipta daripada tenaga dua (atau lebih) photon yang memusnahkan. Dalam sistem ini perkara (elektron dan positron) dimusnahkan dan diubah kepada tenaga bukan perkara (foton). Bagaimanapun, jumlah sistem massa dan tenaga tidak berubah semasa interaksi ini. <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila jisim zarah individu lain dibinasakan tetapi setara dengan sistem kedua-dua zarah tersebut? || penghapusan elektron-positron <> Apa proses songsang yang dipanggil? || penciptaan pasangan <> Apakah proses di mana jisim zarah lain dicipta daripada tenaga dua atau lebih photon yang memusnahkan? || penciptaan pasangan", {"context": "For example, consider electron\u2013positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which individually are massless, but as a system retain their mass. This is a reversible process \u2013 the inverse process is called pair creation \u2013 in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two (or more) annihilating photons. In this system the matter (electrons and positrons) is destroyed and changed to non-matter energy (the photons). However, the total system mass and energy do not change during this interaction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "electron\u2013positron annihilation"}], "question": "What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains?", "id": "5729f8db6aef051400155174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "pair creation"}], "question": "What is the inverse process called?", "id": "5729f8db6aef051400155175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "pair creation"}], "question": "What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons?", "id": "5729f8db6aef051400155176"}]}], ["Mengikut pemuliharaan tenaga, tenaga tidak boleh dibuat (dihasilkan) atau dimusnahkan dengan sendirinya. Ia hanya boleh diubah. Jumlah aliran masuk tenaga ke dalam sistem mesti sama dengan jumlah aliran keluar tenaga dari sistem, ditambah dengan perubahan dalam tenaga yang terkandung di dalam sistem. Tenaga adalah tertakluk kepada undang-undang pemuliharaan global yang ketat; iaitu, apabila setiap langkah (atau mengira) jumlah tenaga sistem zarah yang interaksinya tidak bergantung secara eksplisit tepat pada masanya, didapati bahawa jumlah tenaga sistem sentiasa tetap malar. <> Mengikut apa, tenaga tidak boleh dicipta atau dimusnahkan dengan sendirinya? || pemuliharaan tenaga <> Jumlah aliran masuk tenaga ke dalam sistem mesti sama dengan apa? || jumlah aliran keluar tenaga dari sistem, ditambah dengan perubahan dalam tenaga yang terkandung dalam sistem <> Apa yang tidak boleh dicipta atau dimusnahkan dengan sendirinya; ia hanya boleh diubah? || tenaga", {"context": "According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict global conservation law; that is, whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "conservation of energy"}], "question": "According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself?", "id": "5729ffedaf94a219006aa743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system"}], "question": "The total inflow of energy into a system must equal what?", "id": "5729ffedaf94a219006aa744"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "energy"}], "question": "What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself; it can only be transformed?", "id": "5729ffedaf94a219006aa745"}]}], ["Thermodinamik membahagikan transformasi tenaga kepada dua jenis: proses boleh balik dan proses tidak dapat dipulihkan. Proses yang tidak dapat dipulihkan adalah salah satu di mana tenaga disebar (disebarkan) ke dalam keadaan tenaga kosong yang terdapat dalam jumlah, yang mana ia tidak dapat dipulihkan ke dalam bentuk yang lebih pekat (keadaan kuantum yang lebih sedikit), tanpa pengurangan tenaga yang lebih banyak. Satu proses yang boleh diterbalikkan adalah salah satu di mana pelesapan semacam ini tidak berlaku. Contohnya, penukaran tenaga dari satu jenis bidang yang berpotensi ke yang lain, boleh diterbalikkan, seperti dalam sistem pendulum yang diterangkan di atas. Dalam proses di mana haba dihasilkan, keadaan kuantum tenaga yang lebih rendah, hadir sebagai penggambaran yang mungkin dalam medan antara atom, bertindak sebagai takungan untuk sebahagian daripada tenaga, dari mana ia tidak dapat dipulihkan, untuk ditukar dengan kecekapan 100% ke dalam lain bentuk tenaga. Dalam kes ini, tenaga mesti sebahagiannya kekal sebagai haba, dan tidak dapat dipulihkan sepenuhnya sebagai tenaga yang boleh digunakan, kecuali pada harga kenaikan dalam beberapa jenis peningkatan haba seperti gangguan dalam keadaan kuantum, di alam semesta (seperti pengembangan bahan, atau penggabungan dalam kristal). <> Termodinamik membahagikan maklumat tenaga ke dalam dua jenis? || proses boleh balik dan proses tidak dapat dipulihkan <> Apa yang membahagikan transformasi tenaga menjadi dua jenis proses boleh balik dan proses tidak dapat dipulihkan? || Thermodynamics <> Proses pembalikan adalah satu di mana ini tidak berlaku. || pelesapan", {"context": "Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), without degradation of even more energy. A reversible process is one in which this sort of dissipation does not happen. For example, conversion of energy from one type of potential field to another, is reversible, as in the pendulum system described above. In processes where heat is generated, quantum states of lower energy, present as possible excitations in fields between atoms, act as a reservoir for part of the energy, from which it cannot be recovered, in order to be converted with 100% efficiency into other forms of energy. In this case, the energy must partly stay as heat, and cannot be completely recovered as usable energy, except at the price of an increase in some other kind of heat-like increase in disorder in quantum states, in the universe (such as an expansion of matter, or a randomisation in a crystal).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "reversible processes and irreversible processes"}], "question": "Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds?", "id": "5729fe926aef051400155182"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Thermodynamics"}], "question": "What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?", "id": "5729fe926aef051400155183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "dissipation"}], "question": "A reversible process is one in which this does not happen.", "id": "5729fe926aef051400155184"}]}], ["Perkara boleh ditukar kepada tenaga (dan sebaliknya), tetapi massa tidak boleh dimusnahkan; sebaliknya, jisim / kesetaraan tenaga kekal tetap untuk kedua-dua perkara dan tenaga, semasa proses apa pun apabila mereka ditukar menjadi satu sama lain. Walau bagaimanapun, kerana relatif sangat besar kepada skala manusia biasa, penukaran jumlah bahan biasa (contohnya, 1 kg) kepada bentuk tenaga lain (seperti haba, cahaya, dan sinaran lain) dapat membebaskan jumlah tenaga yang sangat besar (~ joules = 21 megatons TNT), seperti yang dapat dilihat dalam reaktor nuklear dan senjata nuklear. Sebaliknya, kesamaan jisim unit tenaga adalah minuscule, sebab itu kehilangan tenaga (kehilangan jisim) dari kebanyakan sistem adalah sukar untuk diukur dengan berat, kecuali kehilangan tenaga sangat besar. Contoh transformasi tenaga menjadi bahan (iaitu, tenaga kinetik menjadi zarah dengan massa rehat) terdapat dalam fizik nuklear tenaga tinggi. <> Perkara boleh ditukar kepada apa? || Tenaga <> Tenaga boleh ditukarkan kepada apa? || Matter <> Mengapa kehilangan tenaga sukar diukur mengikut berat? || bersamaan massa unit tenaga adalah minuscule <> Di mana contoh transformasi tenaga menjadi bahan yang dijumpai? || fizik nuklear tenaga tinggi", {"context": "Matter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since  is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of ordinary amount of matter (for example, 1 kg) to other forms of energy (such as heat, light, and other radiation) can liberate tremendous amounts of energy (~ joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Conversely, the mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy (loss of mass) from most systems is difficult to measure by weight, unless the energy loss is very large. Examples of energy transformation into matter (i.e., kinetic energy into particles with rest mass) are found in high-energy nuclear physics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "energy"}], "question": "Matter may be converted to what?", "id": "5729fd8e6aef05140015517a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Matter"}], "question": "Energy may be converted to what?", "id": "5729fd8e6aef05140015517b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule"}], "question": "Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight?", "id": "5729fd8e6aef05140015517c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 881, "text": "high-energy nuclear physics"}], "question": "Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found?", "id": "5729fd8e6aef05140015517d"}]}], ["Terdapat batasan yang ketat untuk bagaimana haba yang efisien boleh ditukarkan ke dalam kerja dalam proses kitaran, cth. dalam enjin haba, seperti yang diterangkan oleh teorem Carnot dan undang-undang termodinamik kedua. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa transformasi tenaga boleh menjadi agak cekap. Arah transformasi dalam tenaga (jenis tenaga berubah kepada apa jenis lain) sering ditentukan oleh entropi (pertimbangan tenaga yang sama di antara semua tahap kebebasan yang ada) pertimbangan. Dalam amalan semua transformasi tenaga dibenarkan pada skala kecil, tetapi beberapa transformasi yang lebih besar tidak dibenarkan kerana secara statistik tidak mungkin bahawa tenaga atau bahan secara rawak akan bergerak ke dalam bentuk yang lebih pekat atau ruang yang lebih kecil. <> Apa yang menyatakan bahawa terdapat batasan ketat untuk bagaimana haba yang efisien dapat ditukar menjadi suatu kerja dalam proses kitaran? || Teorem Carnot <> Apakah arah transformasi dalam tenaga? || jenis tenaga apa yang diubah kepada jenis lain <> Apa yang sering ditentukan oleh pertimbangan entropi? || arah transformasi dalam tenaga <> Mengapa transformasi yang lebih besar tidak dibenarkan? || kerana secara statistik tidak mungkin bahawa tenaga atau bahan secara rawak akan bergerak ke dalam bentuk yang lebih pekat atau ruang yang lebih kecil", {"context": "There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind) is often determined by entropy (equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom) considerations. In practice all energy transformations are permitted on a small scale, but certain larger transformations are not permitted because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Carnot's theorem"}], "question": "What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?", "id": "5729f9511d04691400779695"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind"}], "question": "What is the direction of transformations in energy?", "id": "5729f9511d04691400779696"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "direction of transformations in energy"}], "question": "What is often determined by entropy considerations?", "id": "5729f9511d04691400779697"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces"}], "question": "Why are certain larger transformations not permitted?", "id": "5729f9511d04691400779698"}]}], ["Undang-undang ini adalah prinsip asas fizik. Seperti yang diperlihatkan dengan tekun oleh teorem Noether, pemuliharaan tenaga adalah akibat matematik dari simetri translasi masa, harta fenomena yang paling di bawah skala kosmik yang menjadikannya bebas daripada lokasi mereka pada masa koordinat. Letakkan berbeza, semalam, hari ini, dan esok tidak dapat dibezakan secara fizikal. Ini kerana tenaga adalah kuantiti yang konjugasi kanonik hingga ke masa. Pelarutan matematik ini tenaga dan masa juga menyebabkan prinsip ketidakpastian - adalah mustahil untuk menentukan jumlah sebenar tenaga semasa selang masa tertentu. Prinsip ketidakpastian tidak boleh dikelirukan dengan pemuliharaan tenaga - sebaliknya menyediakan batas-batas matematik yang mana tenaga pada dasarnya dapat ditentukan dan diukur. <> Apa yang menunjukkan bahawa pemuliharaan tenaga adalah akibat matematik dari simetri translasi masa? || Teorem Noether <> Apa kuantiti yang konjugat kanonik hingga ke masa? || tenaga <> Ketidakseimbangan matematik ini menghasilkan tenaga dan masa dalam apa? || prinsip ketidakpastian <> Apa yang menyatakan tidak mustahil untuk menentukan jumlah tenaga yang tepat pada setiap selang masa tertentu? || prinsip ketidakpastian", {"context": "This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently, yesterday, today, and tomorrow are physically indistinguishable. This is because energy is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time. This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle - it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval. The uncertainty principle should not be confused with energy conservation - rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Noether's theorem"}], "question": "What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time?", "id": "572a0071af94a219006aa749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "energy"}], "question": "What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time?", "id": "572a0071af94a219006aa74a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "the uncertainty principle"}], "question": "This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what?", "id": "572a0071af94a219006aa74b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "uncertainty principle"}], "question": "What states it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval?", "id": "572a0071af94a219006aa74c"}]}], ["Transformasi tenaga di alam semesta dari masa ke masa dicirikan oleh pelbagai jenis potensi tenaga yang telah tersedia sejak Big Bang kemudian \"dilepaskan\" (diubah menjadi jenis tenaga yang lebih aktif seperti kinetik atau tenaga berseri) ketika mekanisme pencetus tersedia. Contoh-contoh biasa mengenai proses tersebut termasuk pereputan nuklear, di mana tenaga dilepaskan yang pada asalnya \"disimpan\" dalam isotop berat (seperti uranium dan thorium), oleh nukleosintesis, suatu proses akhirnya menggunakan tenaga potensial graviti yang dikeluarkan dari keruntuhan graviti supernova, untuk menyimpan tenaga dalam penciptaan elemen-elemen berat sebelum mereka dimasukkan ke dalam sistem suria dan Bumi. Tenaga ini dicetuskan dan dilepaskan dalam bom pembiakan nuklear atau dalam penjanaan kuasa nuklear sivil. Begitu juga, dalam hal letupan kimia, tenaga berpotensi kimia diubah menjadi tenaga kinetik dan tenaga haba dalam masa yang singkat. Satu lagi contoh adalah pendulum. Pada titik tertingginya, tenaga kinetik adalah sifar dan tenaga potensi graviti maksimum. Pada titik paling rendah, tenaga kinetik adalah maksimum dan sama dengan penurunan potensi tenaga. Jika satu (tidak realistik) menganggap bahawa tidak ada geseran atau kerugian lain, penukaran tenaga antara proses ini akan menjadi sempurna, dan pendulum akan terus berayun selamanya. <> Namakan contoh isotop berat? || uranium <> Namakan satu lagi contoh isotop berat. || torium <> Apa proses yang akhirnya menggunakan tenaga potensi graviti dalam penciptaan unsur-unsur berat ini sebelum mereka dimasukkan ke dalam sistem suria dan Bumi? || nukleosintesis <> Dalam kes letupan kimia, apa yang diubah kepada tenaga kinetik dan tenaga haba dalam masa yang singkat? || tenaga berpotensi kimia", {"context": "Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being \"released\" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released that was originally \"stored\" in heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium), by nucleosynthesis, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in the case of a chemical explosion, chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a pendulum. At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at maximum. At its lowest point the kinetic energy is at maximum and is equal to the decrease of potential energy. If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "uranium"}], "question": "Name an example of a heavy isotope?", "id": "5729fc3caf94a219006aa71d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "thorium"}], "question": "Name another example of a heavy isotope.", "id": "5729fc3caf94a219006aa71e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "nucleosynthesis"}], "question": "What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth?", "id": "5729fc3caf94a219006aa71f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "chemical potential energy"}], "question": "In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?", "id": "5729fc3caf94a219006aa720"}]}], ["Prinsip ini sangat penting untuk memahami perilaku kuantiti yang berkait rapat dengan tenaga, yang disebut entropi. Entropi adalah ukuran ketepatan pengedaran tenaga di antara bahagian-bahagian sistem. Apabila sistem terpencil diberikan lebih banyak darjah kebebasan (iaitu, diberi kuasa tenaga baru yang sama dengan keadaan yang ada), maka jumlah tenaga merebak ke atas semua darjah yang ada sama tanpa perbezaan di antara darjah \"baru\" dan \"lama\". Hasil matematik ini dipanggil undang-undang termodinamik kedua. <> Apakah prinsip yang sangat penting untuk memahami perilaku kuantiti yang berkait rapat dengan tenaga? || entropi <> Apakah entropi? || ukuran ketepatan pengedaran tenaga di antara bahagian-bahagian sistem <> Apakah hasil matematik apabila sistem terpencil diberikan lebih banyak darjah kebebasan? || undang-undang termodinamik kedua", {"context": "This principle is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy, called entropy. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom (i.e., given new available energy states that are the same as existing states), then total energy spreads over all available degrees equally without distinction between \"new\" and \"old\" degrees. This mathematical result is called the second law of thermodynamics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "entropy"}], "question": "What is the principle that is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy?", "id": "572a023f1d046914007796c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system"}], "question": "What is entropy?", "id": "572a023f1d046914007796c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "second law of thermodynamics"}], "question": "What is the mathematical result when an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom?", "id": "572a023f1d046914007796c9"}]}], ["Pemindahan tenaga boleh dipertimbangkan untuk kes khas sistem yang ditutup untuk pemindahan bahan. Bahagian tenaga yang dipindahkan oleh daya konservatif ke atas jarak diukur sebagai kerja sistem sumber pada sistem penerima. Bahagian tenaga yang tidak berfungsi semasa pemindahan dipanggil haba. [Nota 4] Tenaga boleh dipindahkan antara sistem dalam pelbagai cara. Contohnya ialah penghantaran tenaga elektromagnetik melalui foton, perlanggaran fizikal yang memindahkan tenaga kinetik, [nota 5] dan pemindahan konduktif tenaga haba. <> Apa yang boleh dipertimbangkan untuk kes khas sistem yang ditutup untuk pemindahan perkara? || Pemindahan tenaga <> Bahagian tenaga yang tidak berfungsi semasa pemindahan dipanggil apa? || panas <> Berikan satu contoh bagaimana tenaga boleh dipindahkan antara sistem? || penghantaran tenaga elektromagnet melalui foton", {"context": "Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during the transfer is called heat.[note 4] Energy can be transferred between systems in a variety of ways. Examples include the transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons, physical collisions which transfer kinetic energy,[note 5] and the conductive transfer of thermal energy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Energy transfer"}], "question": "What can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter?", "id": "572a016b3f37b3190047863d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "heat"}], "question": "The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what?", "id": "572a016b3f37b3190047863e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons"}], "question": "Give one example of how energy can be transferred between systems?", "id": "572a016b3f37b3190047863f"}]}], ["Undang-undang termodinamik pertama menegaskan bahawa tenaga (tetapi tidak semestinya tenaga bebas termodinamik) sentiasa dipelihara dan aliran haba adalah satu bentuk pemindahan tenaga. Untuk sistem homogen, dengan suhu dan tekanan yang jelas, yang biasa digunakan dalam undang-undang pertama ialah, untuk sistem yang tertakluk kepada tekanan dan pemindahan haba (misalnya, silinder penuh gas) tanpa perubahan kimia, perubahan kebezaan dalam tenaga dalaman sistem (dengan keuntungan dalam tenaga yang dinyatakan oleh kuantiti positif) diberikan sebagai <> Apa yang menegaskan bahawa tenaga sentiasa dipelihara dan aliran haba adalah satu bentuk pemindahan tenaga. || Undang-undang termodinamik pertama <> Hukum termodinamik pertama menegaskan bahawa apa yang sentiasa dipelihara dan aliran haba adalah satu bentuk pemindahan tenaga? || tenaga <> Apa yang biasa digunakan dalam undang-undang pertama? || untuk sistem tertakluk hanya kepada tekanan dan pemindahan haba (cth., silinder penuh gas) tanpa perubahan kimia", {"context": "The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy (but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy) is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes, the differential change in the internal energy of the system (with a gain in energy signified by a positive quantity) is given as", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "first law of thermodynamics"}], "question": "What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer.", "id": "572a01dc1d046914007796c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "energy"}], "question": "The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer?", "id": "572a01dc1d046914007796c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes"}], "question": "What is a commonly used corollary of the first law?", "id": "572a01dc1d046914007796c3"}]}]], [["Kira-kira satu pertiga penduduk Prusia Timur meninggal dunia dalam wabak dan kelaparan tahun 1709-1711, termasuk penutur terakhir Prusia Lama. Wabak itu, yang mungkin dibawa oleh tentera asing semasa Perang Utara Besar, menewaskan 250,000 orang Prusia Timur, terutama di wilayah timur provinsi itu. Putera Mahkota Frederick William I mengetuai pembangunan semula Prussia Timur, menubuhkan banyak bandar. Beribu-ribu orang Protestan yang diusir dari Uskup Agung Salzburg dibenarkan menetap di Prussia Timur yang hancur. Wilayah ini ditakluki oleh pasukan Imperial Rusia semasa Perang Tujuh Tahun. <> Apa yang menyapu sepertiga penduduk Prusia Timur pada awal tahun 1700? || wabah dan kebuluran <> Apa yang telah hilang dalam sejarah Prussia semasa Wabah? || penceramah Prussian Lama <> Apa ketenteraan yang mengatasi kebanyakan Prussia Timur? || Tentera Rusia", {"context": "Approximately one-third of East Prussia's population died in the plague and famine of 1709\u20131711, including the last speakers of Old Prussian. The plague, probably brought by foreign troops during the Great Northern War, killed 250,000 East Prussians, especially in the province's eastern regions. Crown Prince Frederick William I led the rebuilding of East Prussia, founding numerous towns. Thousands of Protestants expelled from the Archbishopric of Salzburg were allowed to settle in depleted East Prussia. The province was overrun by Imperial Russian troops during the Seven Years' War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the plague and famine"}], "question": "What wiped out one third of East Prussia's population during the early 1700's?", "id": "572a229a3f37b31900478721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "speakers of Old Prussian"}], "question": "What was lost in Prussia's history during the Plague?", "id": "572a229a3f37b31900478722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Russian troops"}], "question": "What military overran much of East Prussia?", "id": "572a229a3f37b31900478723"}]}], ["Pentadbir Prussia, ketua dewan Perintah Teutonik Maximilian III, putra maharaja Maximilian II meninggal pada tahun 1618. Ketika Maximilian meninggal, garis Albert mati, dan Duchy of Prussia meluluskan Pemilih Brandenburg, membentuk Brandenburg-Prussia. Mengambil kesempatan daripada pencerobohan Sweden ke Poland pada tahun 1655, dan bukannya memenuhi kewajipan pengikutnya terhadap Kerajaan Poland, dengan bergabung dengan pasukan dengan orang-orang Sweden dan perjanjian berikutnya Wehlau, Labiau, dan Oliva, Pemilih dan Duke Frederick William berjaya membatalkan raja Kedaulatan Poland ke atas Duchy of Prussia pada tahun 1660. Pemilih absolutist juga menundukkan ladang-ladang mulia Prusia. <> Dalam tahun apakah Maximilian III mati? || 1618 <> Apa yang berlaku akibat kematian Maximilian? || Barisan Albert meninggal dunia <> Yang membatalkan Raja kedaulatan Poland terhadap Prusia pada tahun 1660? || Frederick William", {"context": "The Administrator of Prussia, the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order Maximilian III, son of emperor Maximilian II died in 1618. When Maximilian died, Albert's line died out, and the Duchy of Prussia passed to the Electors of Brandenburg, forming Brandenburg-Prussia. Taking advantage of the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655, and instead of fulfilling his vassal's duties towards the Polish Kingdom, by joining forces with the Swedes and subsequent treaties of Wehlau, Labiau, and Oliva, Elector and Duke Frederick William succeeded in revoking king of Poland's sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in 1660. The absolutist elector also subdued the noble estates of Prussia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "1618"}], "question": "In what year did Maximilian III die?", "id": "572a1e59af94a219006aa7f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Albert's line died out"}], "question": "What happened as a result of Maximilian's death?", "id": "572a1e59af94a219006aa7f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Frederick William"}], "question": "Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660?", "id": "572a1e59af94a219006aa7f9"}]}], ["Perintah Teutonik itu kehilangan Prussia timur ketika Grand Master Albert dari Brandenburg-Ansbach ditukarkan kepada Lutheranisme dan melepaskan cawangan Prusia dari Perintah Teutonik pada tahun 1525. Albert menegaskan dirinya sebagai duke pertama Prusia dan Maharaja Mahkota Poland oleh Prussian Homage. Walter von Cronberg, Grand Master yang akan datang, telah disenangi dengan gelaran Prussia selepas Diet Augsburg pada tahun 1530, tetapi Perintah itu tidak pernah memperoleh pemilikan wilayah itu. Pada 1569 putera-pemilih Hohenzollern dari Margraviate Brandenburg menjadi co-regents dengan anak Albert, Albert Frederick yang berpikiran lemah. <> Siapa yang memeluk Lutheranisme dan melepaskan cawangan Prusia dari Perintah Teutonik? || Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach <> Pada tahun apakah Teutonic Order kehilangan Prussia Timur? || 1525 <> Apa yang Albert menegaskan dirinya? || dukun pertama Duchy of Prussia", {"context": "The Teutonic Order lost eastern Prussia when Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order in 1525. Albert established himself as the first duke of the Duchy of Prussia and a vassal of the Polish crown by the Prussian Homage. Walter von Cronberg, the next Grand Master, was enfeoffed with the title to Prussia after the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, but the Order never regained possession of the territory. In 1569 the Hohenzollern prince-electors of the Margraviate of Brandenburg became co-regents with Albert's son, the feeble-minded Albert Frederick.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach"}], "question": "Who converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order?", "id": "572a1ca66aef05140015529e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "1525"}], "question": "In what year did The Teutonic Order lose Eastern Prussia?", "id": "572a1ca66aef05140015529f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "first duke of the Duchy of Prussia"}], "question": "What did Albert establish himself as?", "id": "572a1ca66aef0514001552a0"}]}], ["Walaupun Brandenburg adalah sebahagian daripada Empayar Rom Suci, tanah Prusia tidak berada di dalam Empayar Rom Suci dan dengan pentadbiran oleh Utsmani Teutonic Order di bawah bidang kuasa Maharaja. Sebagai balasan untuk menyokong Kaisar Leopold I dalam Perang Suara Sepanyol, Pemilih Frederick III dibenarkan untuk mengangkat dirinya sebagai \"Raja di Prusia\" pada 1701. Kerajaan baru yang diperintah oleh dinasti Hohenzollern dikenali sebagai Kerajaan Prusia. Penamaan \"Kerajaan Prusia\" secara beransur-ansur diterapkan ke pelbagai tanah Brandenburg-Prussia. Untuk membezakan dari entiti yang lebih besar, bekas Duke of Prussia dikenali sebagai Altpreu\u00dfen (\"Prusia Lama\"), wilayah Prusia, atau \"Prusia Timur\". <> Brandenburg adalah sebahagian dari apa yang menguasai kekuatan? || Empayar Rom Suci <> Bidang kuasa apakah tanah Prusia? || Perintah Teutonik <> Siapa yang memilih diri sendiri sebagai Raja Prusia pada tahun 1701? || Frederick III <> Apa yang dahulu dikenali sebagai Duchy of Prussia? || Altpreu\u00dfen (\"Prusia Lama\")", {"context": "Although Brandenburg was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, the Prussian lands were not within the Holy Roman Empire and were with the administration by the Teutonic Order grandmasters under jurisdiction of the Emperor. In return for supporting Emperor Leopold I in the War of the Spanish Succession, Elector Frederick III was allowed to crown himself \"King in Prussia\" in 1701. The new kingdom ruled by the Hohenzollern dynasty became known as the Kingdom of Prussia. The designation \"Kingdom of Prussia\" was gradually applied to the various lands of Brandenburg-Prussia. To differentiate from the larger entity, the former Duchy of Prussia became known as Altpreu\u00dfen (\"Old Prussia\"), the province of Prussia, or \"East Prussia\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Holy Roman Empire"}], "question": "Brandenburg was part of what dominating force?", "id": "572a206b3f37b3190047870f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Teutonic Order"}], "question": "What jurisdiction was the Prussian lands under?", "id": "572a206b3f37b31900478710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Frederick III"}], "question": "Who elected there self as King of Prussia in 1701?", "id": "572a206b3f37b31900478711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "Altpreu\u00dfen (\"Old Prussia\")"}], "question": "What did the former Duchy of Prussia become known as?", "id": "572a206b3f37b31900478712"}]}], ["Kerana dukun itu berada di luar inti Empayar Rom Suci, putera-pemilih Brandenburg dapat memproklamirkan diri mereka sendiri Raja Prusia bermula pada tahun 1701. Setelah pengambilan sebagian besar Royal Prussia barat dalam Partisi Pertama Persemakmuran Polandia-Lithuania di 1772, timur (ducal) Prusia dihubungkan dengan tanah dengan seluruh negara Prusia dan disusun semula sebagai wilayah pada tahun berikutnya (1773). Antara tahun 1829 dan 1878, Provinsi Prussia Timur telah bergabung dengan Prusia Barat untuk membentuk Provinsi Prusia. <> Mengapa para pemilih putera mampu memproklamirkan diri mereka sendiri Raja Prusia? || Kerana dukun itu berada di luar inti Empayar Suci Roma <> Pada tahun apakah para pemilih pangeran memilih mereka sebagai Raja? || 1701 <> Berapa tempoh masa Prussia Timur dan Prussia Timur bergabung menjadi Prussia? || Prussia", {"context": "Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire"}], "question": "Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?", "id": "572a14df6aef051400155246"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "1701"}], "question": "In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?", "id": "572a14df6aef051400155247"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Prussia"}], "question": "What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia?", "id": "572a14df6aef051400155248"}]}], ["Selepas kekalahan Tentera Prusia pada Pertempuran Jena-Auerstedt pada tahun 1806, Napoleon menduduki Berlin dan mempunyai pegawai-pegawai Direktori Umum Prusia bersumpah untuk bersumpah kepadanya, sementara Raja Frederick William III dan konselinya Louise melarikan diri melalui K\u00f6nigsberg dan Curit Spit ke Memel. Pasukan Perancis segera mengambil alih tetapi tertunda dalam Pertempuran Eylau pada 9 Februari 1807 oleh seorang kontingen Prusia Timur di bawah Ketua Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq. Napoleon terpaksa tinggal di Istana Finckenstein, tetapi pada bulan Mei, selepas pengepungan 75 hari, pasukannya yang diketuai oleh Marshal Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Lefebvre dapat menawan kota Danzig, yang telah dipertahankan dengan gigih oleh Count Count Friedrich Adolf von Kalkreuth. Pada 14 Jun, Napoleon mengakhiri Perhimpunan Perang Keempat dengan kemenangannya di Pertempuran Friedland. Frederick William dan Queen Louise bertemu dengan Napoleon untuk rundingan damai, dan pada 9 Julai raja Prusia menandatangani Perjanjian Tilsit. <> Kekalahan apa yang menyebabkan Prussia bersumpah kepada Napoleon? || Pertempuran Jena-Auerstedt <> Apa bandar King Frederick William menggunakan untuk melarikan diri Prusia? || K\u00f6nigsberg <> Tahun apa Napoleon berakhir Perang Gabungan Keempat? || 1807", {"context": "After the disastrous defeat of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in 1806, Napoleon occupied Berlin and had the officials of the Prussian General Directory swear an oath of allegiance to him, while King Frederick William III and his consort Louise fled via K\u00f6nigsberg and the Curonian Spit to Memel. The French troops immediately took up pursuit but were delayed in the Battle of Eylau on 9 February 1807 by an East Prussian contingent under General Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq. Napoleon had to stay at the Finckenstein Palace, but in May, after a siege of 75 days, his troops led by Marshal Fran\u00e7ois Joseph Lefebvre were able to capture the city Danzig, which had been tenaciously defended by General Count Friedrich Adolf von Kalkreuth. On 14 June, Napoleon ended the War of the Fourth Coalition with his victory at the Battle of Friedland. Frederick William and Queen Louise met with Napoleon for peace negotiations, and on 9 July the Prussian king signed the Treaty of Tilsit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Battle of Jena-Auerstedt"}], "question": "What defeat led to Prussia having to swear its allegiance to Napoleon?", "id": "572a29476aef05140015532a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "K\u00f6nigsberg"}], "question": "What city did King Frederick William use to flee Prussia?", "id": "572a29476aef05140015532b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "1807"}], "question": "What year did Napoleon end of the War of the Fourth Coalition?", "id": "572a29476aef05140015532c"}]}], ["Kerajaan Prusia menjadi negara terkemuka Empayar Jerman setelah penciptaannya pada tahun 1871. Walau bagaimanapun, Perjanjian Versailles berikut Perang Dunia I memberikan Prussia Barat ke Polandia dan membuat Prussia Timur menjadi exclave Weimar Jerman (Koridor Polandia baru yang memisahkan Prusia Timur dari negara lain di Jerman), sementara Wilayah Memel terpisah dan dianekseksikan oleh Lithuania pada tahun 1923. Berikutan kekalahan Jerman Nazi dalam Perang Dunia II pada tahun 1945, Prussia Timur yang dibunuh perang dibahagikan kepada desakan Joseph Stalin antara Kesatuan Soviet (Kaliningrad Wilayah di SFSR Rusia dan daerah konstituen Wilayah Klaip\u0117da dalam SSR Lithuania) dan Republik Rakyat Poland (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). Ibukota K\u00f6nigsberg diubah namanya menjadi Kaliningrad pada tahun 1946. Penduduk Jerman pada kebanyakan wilayah telah dipindahkan semasa perang atau diusir tidak lama kemudian dalam pengusiran Jerman selepas Perang Dunia II. Dianggarkan 300,000 (kira-kira seperlima daripada populasi) meninggal dunia sama ada dalam serbuan pengeboman perang atau dalam pertempuran untuk mempertahankan provinsi. [] Apa tahun Kerajaan Kingdom Prussia menjadi negara terkemuka Empayar Jerman? || 1871 <> Perjanjian yang diketahui sebelum ini akan memberikan Prussia Barat ke Poland? || Versailles <> Berapa tahun jatuh Nazi dalam Perang Dunia II? || 1945 <> Berapa ramai yang mati untuk mempertahankan wilayah di Kaliningrad? || 300,000", {"context": "The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaip\u0117da Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city K\u00f6nigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "1871"}], "question": "What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire?", "id": "572a17261d0469140077975f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Versailles"}], "question": "What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?", "id": "572a17261d04691400779760"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "1945"}], "question": "What year did the Nazi's fall in World War II?", "id": "572a17261d04691400779761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 953, "text": "300,000"}], "question": "How many died trying to defend the province in Kaliningrad?", "id": "572a17261d04691400779763"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1772, Parti Pertama Poland, Frederick, raja besar Prusia, menggabungkan jirannya Royal Prussia, iaitu Mazhodia Pomerania Poland (Gda\u0144sk Pomerania atau Pomerania), Malbork, Che\u0142mno dan Putera-Bishopric Warmia, dengan itu merapatkan \"Koridor Poland\" antara tanah Prusia dan Tanah Pomerania yang lebih jauh dan memotong baki Poland dari Pantai Baltik. Wilayah Warmia dimasukkan ke dalam tanah bekas Prusia Ducal, yang dengan akta pentadbiran 31 Januari 1773 dinamakan East Prussia. Bekas Poland Pomerelian melampaui Sungai Vistula bersama Malbork dan Che\u0142mno Land membentuk Provinsi Prussia Barat dengan modalnya di Marienwerder (Kwidzyn). Parti Politik Sejm mengesahkan pengakhiran pada 30 September 1773, selepas itu Frederick secara rasmi menamakan dirinya \"Raja\" dari Prusia. <> Pada tahun apakah Royal Prussia dilampirkan? || 1772 <> Pada tahun berapa pula wilayah Warmia diperbadankan? || 31 Januari 1773 <> Apa yang telah disahkan pada tahun 1773 di Prusia? || Parti Politik Sejm", {"context": "In the 1772 First Partition of Poland, the Prussian king Frederick the Great annexed neighboring Royal Prussia, i.e. the Polish voivodeships of Pomerania (Gda\u0144sk Pomerania or Pomerelia), Malbork, Che\u0142mno and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, thereby bridging the \"Polish Corridor\" between his Prussian and Farther Pomeranian lands and cutting remaining Poland off the Baltic Coast. The territory of Warmia was incorporated into the lands of former Ducal Prussia, which, by administrative deed of 31 January 1773 were named East Prussia. The former Polish Pomerelian lands beyond the Vistula River together with Malbork and Che\u0142mno Land formed the Province of West Prussia with its capital at Marienwerder (Kwidzyn). The Polish Partition Sejm ratified the cession on 30 September 1773, whereafter Frederick officially went on to call himself a King \"of\" Prussia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "1772"}], "question": "In what year was Royal Prussia annexed?", "id": "572a268f6aef051400155312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "31 January 1773"}], "question": "In what year was the territory of Warmia incorporated? ", "id": "572a268f6aef051400155313"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "The Polish Partition Sejm"}], "question": "What was ratified in 1773 in Prussia?", "id": "572a268f6aef051400155314"}]}], ["Prusia Timur merangkumi sebahagian besar tanah nenek moyang orang Prusia Tua Baltik. Pada abad ke-13, orang Prusia asli ditakluki oleh ksatria Teutonik salib. Balts orang asli yang terselamat daripada penaklukan secara beransur-ansur berubah menjadi Kristian. Kerana Jermanisasi dan penjajahan sejak berabad-abad yang berikut, Jerman menjadi kumpulan etnik yang dominan, sementara Poland dan Lithuania membentuk minoriti. Dari abad ke-13, Prusia Timur adalah sebahagian daripada keadaan monastik Ksatria Teutonik. Selepas Perdamaian Kedua Thorn pada tahun 1466 ia menjadi sebuah kawanan Kerajaan Poland. Pada tahun 1525, dengan Putera Prusia, wilayah itu menjadi Duchy of Prussia. Bahasa Prusia lama telah punah oleh abad ke-17 atau awal abad ke-18. <> Siapa yang mengalahkan orang Prusia asli semasa abad ke-13? || Teutonik Ksatria <> Apakah kumpulan lain dalam tempoh ini untuk membentuk minoriti? || Poland dan Lithuania <> The Balts secara beransur-ansur diubah menjadi agama mana? || Kristian <> Mana kumpulan etnik yang menjadi dominan berikutan abad ke-13 hanya beberapa ratus tahun kemudian? || Jerman <> Di sekelilingnya apakah bahasa Prusia kuno menjadi pupus? || Abad ke-17 atau awal abad ke-18", {"context": "East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Teutonic Knights"}], "question": "Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century?", "id": "572a054f6aef0514001551b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Poles and Lithuanians"}], "question": "What other groups during this period for form minorities?", "id": "572a054f6aef0514001551b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "The Balts were gradually converted into which religion?", "id": "572a054f6aef0514001551b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Germans"}], "question": "Which ethnic group become dominant following the 13 century just a few hundred years later?", "id": "572a054f6aef0514001551b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "17th or early 18th century"}], "question": "Around when did the Old Prussian language become extinct?", "id": "572a054f6aef0514001551b8"}]}], ["Atas undangan Duke Konrad I of Masovia, Ksatria Teutonik menguasai Prusia pada abad ke-13 dan menciptakan sebuah negara monastik untuk mentadbir Prussian Lama yang ditawan. Topik Old-Prussian (utara) dan Poland (selatan) Tempatan secara beransur-ansur Jerman. Dasar-dasar pengembangan Knights, termasuk pendudukan Pomerania Poland dengan Gda\u0144sk / Danzig dan Lithuania barat, membawa mereka menjadi konflik dengan Kerajaan Poland dan merangkul mereka dalam beberapa peperangan, yang memuncak dalam Perang Poland-Lithuania-Teutonik, di mana tentera bersatu Poland dan Lithuania, mengalahkan Perintah Teutonik pada Pertempuran Grunwald (Tannenberg) pada tahun 1410. Kekalahannya telah diformalkan dalam Perjanjian Kedua Thorn pada tahun 1466 yang berakhir dengan Perang Tiga Welas Tahun, dan meninggalkan bekas wilayah Poland Pomerania / Pomerelia di bawah kawalan Poland . Bersama Warmia ia membentuk wilayah Royal Prussia. Prusia Timur terus berada di bawah Ksatria, tetapi sebagai sebuah negara di Polandia. 1466 dan 1525 oleh raja-raja Poland tidak disahkan oleh Empayar Rom Suci serta keuntungan sebelumnya dari Knights Teutonik tidak disahkan. <> Kumpulan mana yang menguasai Prussia pada abad ke-13? || Ksatria Teutonik <> Yang dua bidang perlahan-lahan Germanized pada abad ke-13? || Topik-Old-Prussian (utara) dan Polandia (selatan) <> Apa yang menyebabkan kesatriaan perkembangan perluasan? || beberapa peperangan <> Tahun apakah Perjanjian Kedua Thorn digubal? || 1466", {"context": "Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gda\u0144sk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Teutonic Knights"}], "question": "Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century?", "id": "572a1a461d04691400779781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms"}], "question": "Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?", "id": "572a1a461d04691400779782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "several wars"}], "question": "What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to?", "id": "572a1a461d04691400779783"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "1466"}], "question": "What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted?", "id": "572a1a461d04691400779784"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1939 East Prussia mempunyai 2.49 juta penduduk, 85% daripada mereka etnis Jerman, yang lain Poland di selatan yang, menurut anggaran Poland bernombor dalam tempoh interwar sekitar 300,000-350,000, Kursenieki berbahasa Latvia, dan Lietuvininkai yang bercakap bahasa Lithuania dalam timur laut. Kebanyakan Prussian Timur Jerman, Masurian, Kursieniki, dan Lietuvininkai adalah Lutheran, sementara penduduk Ermland kebanyakannya Katolik Roman disebabkan sejarah uskupnya. Jemaat Yahudi Prusia Timur merosot dari kira-kira 9,000 pada tahun 1933 hingga 3,000 pada tahun 1939, kerana kebanyakan melarikan diri dari pemerintahan Nazi. Mereka yang tinggal kemudian diusir dan terbunuh dalam Holocaust. <> Berapa ramai orang yang tinggal di Easy Prussia pada tahun 1939? || 2.49 juta <> Penduduk di Prussia Timur, berapa peratus daripada mereka adalah orang Jerman? || 85% <> Berapa banyak orang Yahudi Prusia Timur yang ada pada tahun 1939? || 3,000 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada orang-orang Yahudi yang tinggal? || dihantar pulang dan terbunuh dalam Holocaust.", {"context": "In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans, the others Poles in the south who, according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000-350,000, the Latvian speaking Kursenieki, and Lietuvininkai who spoke Lithuanian in the northeast. Most German East Prussians, Masurians, Kursieniki, and Lietuvininkai were Lutheran, while the population of Ermland was mainly Roman Catholic due to the history of its bishopric. The East Prussian Jewish Congregation declined from about 9,000 in 1933 to 3,000 in 1939, as most fled from Nazi rule. Those who remained were later deported and killed in the Holocaust.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "2.49 million"}], "question": "How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?", "id": "572a41513f37b31900478829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "85%"}], "question": "Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?", "id": "572a41513f37b3190047882a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?", "id": "572a41513f37b3190047882b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "deported and killed in the Holocaust."}], "question": "What happened to those Jews who remained?", "id": "572a41513f37b3190047882c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1939 Regierungsbezirk Zichenau telah dilampirkan oleh Jerman dan dimasukkan ke dalam Prusia Timur. Sebahagian daripadanya dipindahkan ke kawasan lain, mis. Suwa\u0142ki ke Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen dan Soldau ke Regierungsbezirk Allenstein. Walaupun propaganda Nazi membentangkan semua kawasan yang dilampirkan sebagai mempunyai penduduk Jerman yang besar yang mahu menyatukan semula dengan Jerman, statistik Reich pada akhir 1939 menunjukkan bahawa hanya 31,000 daripada 994,092 orang di wilayah ini adalah Jerman etnik. [Rujukan?] Adakah Regierungsbezirk Zichenau dilampirkan? || 1939 <> Apa bahagian lain dari Prusia Timur dipindahkan selepas penggabungan Zichenau? || Suwa\u0142ki kepada Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen dan Soldau kepada Regierungsbezirk Allenstein <> Walaupun semua propaganda yang dikemukakan kepada Prussia Timur apa yang penduduk Jerman mahu dalam negara? || penyatuan semula dengan Jerman", {"context": "In 1939 the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau was annexed by Germany and incorporated into East Prussia. Parts of it were transferred to other regions, e.g. Suwa\u0142ki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein. Despite Nazi propaganda presenting all of the regions annexed as possessing significant German populations that wanted reunification with Germany, the Reich's statistics of late 1939 show that only 31,000 out of 994,092 people in this territory were ethnic Germans.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1939"}], "question": "In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed?", "id": "572a441b6aef0514001553ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Suwa\u0142ki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein"}], "question": "What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau?", "id": "572a441b6aef0514001553ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "reunification with Germany"}], "question": "Despite all the propaganda that ws presented to the East Prussians what did German populations want within the country?", "id": "572a441b6aef0514001553ee"}]}], ["Melalui program bantuan kecemasan yang dibiayai oleh awam yang menumpukan kepada projek pembaikan tanah pertanian dan pembinaan jalan raya, \"Erich Koch Plan\" untuk East Prussia didakwa menjadikan wilayah itu bebas daripada pengangguran; pada 16 Ogos 1933 Koch melaporkan kepada Hitler bahawa pengangguran telah diusir sepenuhnya dari Timur Prussia, suatu prestasi yang mendapat kekaguman di seluruh Reich. Rancangan perindustrian Koch menyebabkannya bertentangan dengan R. Walther Darr\u00e9, yang memegang jawatan Pemimpin Petani Reich (Reichsbauernf\u00fchrer) dan Menteri Pertanian. Darr\u00e9, seorang romantik neopagan luar bandar, mahu menguatkuasakan wawasannya tentang Prussia Timur pertanian. Apabila wakil \"Tanah \"nya mencabar rancangan Koch, Koch menahan mereka. <> Bagaimana Prusia Timur dapat membayar pembaikan tanah dan pembinaan jalan? || program bantuan kecemasan yang didanakan secara terbuka <> Apakah nama inisiatif ini dapat membantu dengan projek-projek baru di Prussia Timur? || Erich Koch Rancang <> Apa yang Koch melaporkan kepada Hitler pada tahun 1933? || bahawa pengangguran telah dibuang sepenuhnya", {"context": "Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the \"Erich Koch Plan\" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment; on August 16, 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia, a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich. Koch's industrialization plans led him into conflict with R. Walther Darr\u00e9, who held the office of the Reich Peasant Leader (Reichsbauernf\u00fchrer) and Minister of Agriculture. Darr\u00e9, a neopaganist rural romantic, wanted to enforce his vision of an agricultural East Prussia. When his \"Land\" representatives challenged Koch's plans, Koch had them arrested.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "publicly funded emergency relief programs"}], "question": "How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction?", "id": "572a3b9caf94a219006aa8ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Erich Koch Plan"}], "question": "What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia?", "id": "572a3b9caf94a219006aa8ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "that unemployment had been banished entirely"}], "question": "What did Koch report to Hitler in 1933?", "id": "572a3b9caf94a219006aa8ef"}]}], ["Pembaharuan Prusia yang digerakkan oleh Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein dan Karl August von Hardenberg termasuk pelaksanaan sebuah gelaran banding Oberlandesgericht di K\u00f6nigsberg, perbadanan perbandaran, kebebasan ekonomi serta pembebasan serf dan Yahudi. Semasa pemulihan Prusia oleh Kongres Vienna 1815, wilayah Prusia Timur disusun semula di Regierungsbezirke Gumbinnen dan K\u00f6nigsberg. Dari tahun 1905, daerah selatan Prusia Timur membentuk Regierungsbezirk yang berasingan dari Allenstein. Timur dan Barat Prusia pertama bersatu dalam kesatuan pribadi pada tahun 1824, dan kemudian bergabung dalam kesatuan yang nyata pada tahun 1829 untuk membentuk Provinsi Prusia. Wilayah bersatu sekali lagi berpecah menjadi wilayah Timur dan Barat Prussian yang berasingan pada tahun 1878. <Siapa yang menghasut pembaharuan Prusia? || Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein dan Karl August von Hardenberg <> Apa yang dimasukkan dalam pembaharuan? || pembebasan serf dan orang Yahudi <> Pada tahun apakah yang pertama bersatu di Timur dan Barat Prusia? || 1824 <> Bilakah Timur dan Barat Prusia dibahagi lagi? || 1878", {"context": "The succeeding Prussian reforms instigated by Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg included the implementation of an Oberlandesgericht appellation court at K\u00f6nigsberg, a municipal corporation, economic freedom as well as emancipation of the serfs and Jews. In the course of the Prussian restoration by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the East Prussian territories were re-arranged in the Regierungsbezirke of Gumbinnen and K\u00f6nigsberg. From 1905, the southern districts of East Prussia formed the separate Regierungsbezirk of Allenstein. East and West Prussia were first united in personal union in 1824, and then merged in a real union in 1829 to form the Province of Prussia. The united province was again split into separate East and West Prussian provinces in 1878.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg"}], "question": "Who instigated the Prussian reforms?", "id": "572a2a906aef051400155330"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "emancipation of the serfs and Jews"}], "question": "What was included in the reform?", "id": "572a2a906aef051400155331"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "1824"}], "question": "In what year was East and West Prussia first united?", "id": "572a2a906aef051400155332"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 796, "text": "1878"}], "question": "When did East and West Prussia split again?", "id": "572a2a906aef051400155333"}]}], ["Penduduk provinsi pada tahun 1900 adalah 1,996,626 orang, dengan susunan keagamaan 1.698.465 orang Protestan, 269.196 Romawi Katolik, dan 13.877 orang Yahudi. Dialek rendah Prussian didominasi di Prussia Timur, walaupun Prusia Tinggi telah diucapkan di Warmia. Angka Masuria, Kursenieki dan Lithuania Prusia terus turun dari waktu ke waktu akibat proses Germanisasi. Penduduk Poland yang berpusat di selatan provinsi (Masuria dan Warmia) dan semua atmosfera geografi Jerman pada awal abad ke-20 memperlihatkan bahagian selatan Prusia Timur sebagai Poland dengan jumlah Polandia yang dianggarkan pada masa itu menjadi 300.000. Kursenieki mendiami kawasan sekitar lagun Curonian, sementara orang Prusia yang berbahasa Lithuania berpusat di timur laut (Lithuania Minor). Kumpulan etnik Lama Prusia telah menjadi Jerman sepenuhnya dari masa ke masa dan bahasa Prusia Lama meninggal dunia pada abad ke-18. <> Adakah penduduk wilayah Prusia pada tahun 1900? || 1,996,626 orang <> Kumpulan agama mana yang membentuk majoriti penduduk di Prusia? || Protestan <> Oleh kerana Jermanisasi yang mana tiga kumpulan melihat penurunan dalam Prusia? || Masurian, Kursenieki dan Lithuania Prusia", {"context": "The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "1,996,626 people"}], "question": "Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?", "id": "572a2d163f37b3190047876d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Protestants"}], "question": "Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?", "id": "572a2d163f37b3190047876e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians"}], "question": "Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?", "id": "572a2d163f37b3190047876f"}]}], ["Pada permulaan Perang Dunia I, Prusia Timur menjadi teater perang ketika Empayar Rusia menyerang negara ini. Angkatan Tentera Rusia menghadapi tentangan kecil pertama kerana sebahagian besar Tentara Jerman telah diarahkan ke Front Barat menurut Rencana Schlieffen. Walaupun kejayaan awal dan penangkapan bandar-bandar Rastenburg dan Gumbinnen, dalam Pertempuran Tannenberg pada tahun 1914 dan Pertempuran Kedua Tasik Masurian pada tahun 1915, Rusia telah ditumpaskan secara tegas dan terpaksa berundur. Rusia diikuti oleh Angkatan Tentera Jerman yang memajukan wilayah Rusia. <> Negara mana yang menyerang Prusia timur di Perang Dunia I? || Empayar Rusia <> Mengapa tentera Rusia menghadapi tentangan kecil ketika bergerak melalui Prusia? || Tentera Jerman telah diarahkan ke Front Barat <> Dalam tahun apakah pertempuran Tannenberg berlaku? || 1914", {"context": "At the beginning of World War I, East Prussia became a theatre of war when the Russian Empire invaded the country. The Russian Army encountered at first little resistance because the bulk of the German Army had been directed towards the Western Front according to the Schlieffen Plan. Despite early success and the capture of the towns of Rastenburg and Gumbinnen, in the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 and the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1915, the Russians were decisively defeated and forced to retreat. The Russians were followed by the German Army advancing into Russian territory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Russian Empire"}], "question": "Which country invaded east Prussia in World War I?", "id": "572a2f743f37b31900478787"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "German Army had been directed towards the Western Front"}], "question": "Why did the Russian army face such little resistance when moving through Prussia?", "id": "572a2f743f37b31900478788"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "1914"}], "question": "In what year did the battle of Tannenberg take place?", "id": "572a2f743f37b31900478789"}]}], ["Berikutan kekalahan Jerman Nazi dalam Perang Dunia II pada 1945, Prusia Timur dibahagikan antara Poland dan Kesatuan Soviet mengikut Persidangan Potsdam. Prussia Timur Selatan diletakkan di bawah pentadbiran Poland, sementara Prussia Timur utara dibahagikan antara republik Rusia Rusia (Wilayah Kaliningrad) dan Lithuania (daerah konstituen Wilayah Klaip\u0117da). Bandar K\u00f6nigsberg diganti namanya sebagai Kaliningrad pada tahun 1946. Penduduk Jerman di wilayah tersebut telah banyak dipindahkan semasa perang, tetapi beberapa ratus ribu orang meninggal pada tahun 1944-46 dan sisanya kemudiannya diusir. <> Apa dua buah negara yang dipecah Timur Prussia selepas Dunia Kedua? || Poland dan Soviet Union <> Apa bandar Konigsberg dinamakan semula pada tahun 1946? || Kaliningrad <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kebanyakan penduduk Jerman semasa perang dalam apa yang hari ini Kaliningrad? || dipindahkan semasa peperangan", {"context": "Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, East Prussia was partitioned between Poland and the Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Conference. Southern East Prussia was placed under Polish administration, while northern East Prussia was divided between the Soviet republics of Russia (the Kaliningrad Oblast) and Lithuania (the constituent counties of the Klaip\u0117da Region). The city of K\u00f6nigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province largely evacuated during the war, but several hundreds of thousands died during the years 1944\u201346 and the remainder were subsequently expelled.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Poland and the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What two countries were East Prussia partitioned into after World Was II?", "id": "572a49391d046914007798c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Kaliningrad"}], "question": "What was the city of Konigsberg renamed in to in 1946?", "id": "572a49391d046914007798c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "evacuated during the war"}], "question": "What happened to most of the German population during the war in what is current day Kaliningrad?", "id": "572a49391d046914007798c7"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1938, Nazis telah mengubah kira-kira satu pertiga daripada kawasan utama, menghapuskan, menggali, atau menyederhanakan beberapa nama Prusia Lama, serta nama Poland atau Lithuania yang berasal dari penjajah dan pelarian ke Prusia semasa dan selepas Reformasi Protestan . Lebih daripada 1,500 tempat diperintahkan untuk dinamakan semula pada 16 Julai 1938 berikutan keputusan dikeluarkan oleh Gauleiter dan Oberpr\u00e4sident Erich Koch dan dimulakan oleh Adolf Hitler. Ramai yang tidak akan bekerjasama dengan pemerintah Nazi Jerman dihantar ke kem tahanan dan mengadakan tahanan di sana sehingga kematian atau pembebasan mereka. <> Dalam tahun berapakah Nazi mengubah sekitar satu pertiga daripada toponym kawasan? || 1938 <> Sekitar berapa tempat ditukar nama ketika Nazi memasuki Prusia? || 1,500 <> Apa yang akan berlaku jika ada yang tidak mematuhi Nazi dengan tuntutan mereka? || dihantar ke kem-kem tahanan", {"context": "In 1938 the Nazis altered about one-third of the toponyms of the area, eliminating, Germanizing, or simplifying a number of Old Prussian names, as well as those Polish or Lithuanian names originating from colonists and refugees to Prussia during and after the Protestant Reformation. More than 1,500 places were ordered to be renamed by 16 July 1938 following a decree issued by Gauleiter and Oberpr\u00e4sident Erich Koch and initiated by Adolf Hitler. Many who would not cooperate with the rulers of Nazi Germany were sent to concentration camps and held prisoner there until their death or liberation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1938"}], "question": "In what year did the Nazi's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area?", "id": "572a3ff73f37b31900478823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "1,500"}], "question": "Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia?", "id": "572a3ff73f37b31900478824"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "sent to concentration camps"}], "question": "What would happen if some didn't comply with the Nazi's with their demands?", "id": "572a3ff73f37b31900478825"}]}], ["Erich Koch mengetuai parti Nazi Timur Prusia dari tahun 1928. Beliau memimpin daerah itu dari tahun 1932. Tempoh ini dicirikan oleh usaha untuk mengumpul pertanian tempatan dan keganasan dalam menangani pengkritiknya di dalam dan di luar Parti. Beliau juga mempunyai rancangan jangka panjang untuk perindustrian secara besar-besaran di wilayah pertanian. Tindakan ini membuatnya tidak popular di kalangan petani tempatan. Pada tahun 1932, SA paramiliter tempatan telah mula mengganas lawan politik mereka. Pada malam 31 Julai 1932 terdapat serangan bom di ibu pejabat Demokrat Sosial di K\u00f6nigsberg, Otto-Braun-House. Ahli politik Komunis Gustav Sauf terbunuh; editor eksekutif Demokrat Sosial \"K\u00f6nigsberger Volkszeitung\", Otto Wyrgatsch, dan ahli politik Parti Rakyat Jerman Max von Bahrfeldt cedera parah. Ahli Reichsbanner diserang dan Pengerusi Reichsbanner tempatan L\u00f6tzen, Kurt Kotzan, dibunuh pada 6 Ogos 1932. <> Siapa pemimpin Parti Nazi Timur Prusia? || Erich Koch <> Apa rencana besar yang dilakukan oleh Koch? || skala perindustrian besar-besaran wilayah pertanian yang paling <> Apa yang berlaku pada musim panas tahun 1932 di Konigsberg? || serangan ke atas ibu pejabat Demokrat Sosial <> Siapa yang terbunuh dalam serangan Demokrat Sosial? || Gustav Sauf", {"context": "Erich Koch headed the East Prussian Nazi party from 1928. He led the district from 1932. This period was characterized by efforts to collectivize the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his critics inside and outside the Party. He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province. These actions made him unpopular among the local peasants. In 1932 the local paramilitary SA had already started to terrorise their political opponents. On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats in K\u00f6nigsberg, the Otto-Braun-House. The Communist politician Gustav Sauf was killed; the executive editor of the Social Democrat \"K\u00f6nigsberger Volkszeitung\", Otto Wyrgatsch, and the German People's Party politician Max von Bahrfeldt were severely injured. Members of the Reichsbanner were attacked and the local Reichsbanner Chairman of L\u00f6tzen, Kurt Kotzan, was murdered on 6 August 1932.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Erich Koch"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the East Prussian Nazi Party?", "id": "572a38ef3f37b319004787dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province"}], "question": "What large plans did Koch have?", "id": "572a38ef3f37b319004787de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats"}], "question": "What even occurred during the summer of 1932 in Konigsberg?", "id": "572a38ef3f37b319004787df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "Gustav Sauf"}], "question": "Who was killed in the attack of the Social Democrats?", "id": "572a38ef3f37b319004787e0"}]}], ["Dengan pengunduran paksa Maharaja William II pada tahun 1918, Jerman menjadi republik. Kebanyakan Prussia Barat dan bekas Prusia Wilayah Posen, wilayah yang dilingkupi oleh Prusia di Partisi Polandia abad ke-18, diserahkan kepada Republik Polandia Kedua menurut Perjanjian Versailles. East Prussia menjadi eksklaf, dipisahkan dari tanah besar Jerman. Selepas Perjanjian Versailles, East Prussia dipisahkan dari Jerman sebagai eksklaf; Memelland juga dipisahkan dari wilayah itu. Kerana kebanyakan Prussia Barat menjadi bagian dari Republik Polandia Kedua sebagai Koridor Polandia, wilayah Prussia Barat yang sebelum ini menjadi bagian dari Prusia Timur (sebagai Regierungsbezirk Westpreu\u00dfen). Juga daerah Soldau di rantau Allenstein adalah sebahagian daripada Republik Poland Kedua. Seedienst Ostpreu\u00dfen ditubuhkan untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan pengangkutan bebas ke Prusia Timur. <> Dalam tahun apakah Jerman menjadi republik? || 1918 <> Apa yang dilaksanakan yang memisahkan East Prussia dari Jerman? || Perjanjian Versailles <> Apa yang telah dilaksanakan untuk menyediakan pengangkutan ke Prusia Timur? || The Seedienst Ostpreu\u00dfen", {"context": "With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918, Germany became a republic. Most of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen, territories annexed by Prussia in the 18th century Partitions of Poland, were ceded to the Second Polish Republic according to the Treaty of Versailles. East Prussia became an exclave, being separated from mainland Germany. After the Treaty of Versailles, East Prussia was separated from Germany as an exclave; the Memelland was also separated from the province. Because most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic as the Polish Corridor, the formerly West Prussian Marienwerder region became part of East Prussia (as Regierungsbezirk Westpreu\u00dfen). Also Soldau district in Allenstein region was part of Second Polish Republic. The Seedienst Ostpreu\u00dfen was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "1918"}], "question": "In what year did Germany become a republic?", "id": "572a303eaf94a219006aa879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Treaty of Versailles"}], "question": "What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?", "id": "572a303eaf94a219006aa87a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "The Seedienst Ostpreu\u00dfen"}], "question": "What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?", "id": "572a303eaf94a219006aa87b"}]}], ["Nasib yang sama menimpa orang Curonian yang tinggal di kawasan sekitar Laguna Curonian. Walaupun ramai yang melarikan diri dari Tentera Merah semasa pemindahan Prussia Timur, orang Curonians yang tinggal di belakang kemudiannya diusir oleh Kesatuan Soviet. Hanya 219 tinggal di sepanjang Curonian Spit pada tahun 1955. Banyak yang mempunyai nama-nama Jerman seperti Fritz atau Hans, penyebab diskriminasi anti-Jerman. Pihak berkuasa Soviet menganggap fasis kaum Curonian. Disebabkan diskriminasi ini, ramai yang berhijrah ke Jerman Barat pada tahun 1958, di mana majoriti orang Curonians kini hidup. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada orang Curonian yang tinggal di kawasan di Prussia Timur? || dibuang oleh Kesatuan Soviet <> Apa yang orang Rusia menganggap Curonians? || fasis <> Di manakah kebanyakan orang Curonian melarikan diri ke tahun 1958? || Jerman Barat", {"context": "A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Fritz or Hans, a cause for anti-German discrimination. The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians fascists. Because of this discrimination, many immigrated to West Germany in 1958, where the majority of Curonians now live.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "expelled by the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?", "id": "572a4cf51d046914007798e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "fascists"}], "question": "What did the Russians consider Curonians?", "id": "572a4cf51d046914007798e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "West Germany"}], "question": "Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?", "id": "572a4cf51d046914007798e3"}]}], ["Walaupun pengusiran Jerman-1949-1949 dari bahagian utara bekas Prussia Timur sering dilakukan dengan cara yang ganas dan agresif oleh para pegawai Soviet, penduduk Rusia sekarang di Wilayah Kaliningrad kurang bermusuhan terhadap Jerman. Nama-nama Jerman telah dihidupkan semula dalam perdagangan perdagangan Rusia dan kadang-kadang bercakap mengenai mengembalikan nama Kaliningrad kepada nama bersejarah K\u00f6nigsberg. Pusat bandar Kaliningrad telah dibina sepenuhnya, kerana bom British pada tahun 1944 dan pengepungan Soviet pada tahun 1945 telah meninggalkannya dalam apa-apa tetapi runtuhan. <> Apa yang telah dipertimbangkan di Kalinigrad? || membalikkan nama Kaliningrad kepada nama bersejarah K\u00f6nigsberg <> Apa bandar telah dibina semula selepas Rusia dan Jerman membomnya? || Kaliningrad <> Bagaimana penyingkiran orang Jerman di Timur Prussia biasanya ditangani oleh orang Rusia? || ganas dan agresif", {"context": "Although the 1945\u20131949 expulsion of Germans from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials, the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans. German names have been revived in commercial Russian trade and there is sometimes talk of reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of K\u00f6nigsberg. The city centre of Kaliningrad was completely rebuilt, as British bombs in 1944 and the Soviet siege in 1945 had left it in nothing but ruins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of K\u00f6nigsberg"}], "question": "What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?", "id": "572a50227a1753140016ae98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Kaliningrad"}], "question": "What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it?", "id": "572a50227a1753140016ae99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "violent and aggressive"}], "question": "How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians?", "id": "572a50227a1753140016ae9a"}]}], ["Selepas pengusiran penduduk Jerman etnik Rusia, Belarus, dan Ukraine telah diselesaikan di bahagian utara. Di bahagian rantau Soviet, dasar menghapuskan semua sisa sejarah Jerman telah dijalankan. Semua nama tempat Jerman telah digantikan oleh nama-nama baru Rusia. Eksklave adalah zon ketenteraan, yang ditutup kepada orang asing; Warganegara Soviet hanya boleh memasuki kebenaran khas. Pada tahun 1967, sisa-sisa Istana K\u00f6nigsberg telah dirobohkan atas arahan Leonid Brezhnev untuk membuat jalan untuk \"House of the Soviets\" baru. <> Setelah populasi Jerman dihapuskan, apa tiga kumpulan yang menetap di kawasan utara? || etnik Rusia, Belarusians, dan Ukraine <> Di bahagian Soviet ke utara, apa yang mereka mahu mengusir dari tanah mereka? || menghapuskan semua sisa sejarah Jerman <> Apa lagi yang berlaku di bahagian utara Prussia Timur di kawasan Rusia sekarang? || nama digantikan oleh nama-nama baru Rusia", {"context": "After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part. In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued. All German place names were replaced by new Russian names. The exclave was a military zone, which was closed to foreigners; Soviet citizens could only enter with special permission. In 1967 the remnants of K\u00f6nigsberg Castle were demolished on the orders of Leonid Brezhnev to make way for a new \"House of the Soviets\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians"}], "question": "Once the German populations was removed, what three groups  settled into the nothern area?", "id": "572a4f507a1753140016ae92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "eliminating all remnants of German history"}], "question": "In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land?", "id": "572a4f507a1753140016ae93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "names were replaced by new Russian names"}], "question": "What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area?", "id": "572a4f507a1753140016ae94"}]}], ["Pada April 1946, utara Prusia Utara menjadi wilayah rasmi SFSR Rusia sebagai \"Kyonigsbergskaya Wilayah\", dengan Wilayah Memel menjadi sebahagian daripada SSR Lithuania. Pada bulan Jun 1946 114,070 orang Jerman dan 41,029 rakyat Soviet telah didaftarkan di Wilayah itu, dengan jumlah yang tidak diketahui orang yang tidak berdaftar. Pada bulan Julai tahun itu, bandar bersejarah K\u00f6nigsberg dinamakan semula Kaliningrad untuk menghormati Mikhail Kalinin dan kawasan yang dinamakan Wilayah Kaliningrad. Antara 24 Ogos dan 26 Oktober 1948 21 pengangkutan dengan jumlah 42,094 orang Jerman meninggalkan Wilayah ke Zon Pendudukan Soviet (yang menjadi Jerman Timur). Baki terakhir Jerman ditinggalkan pada November 1949 (1,401 orang) dan Januari 1950 (7 orang). <> Tahun apakah Prussia Timur menjadi wilayah rasmi Rusia? || 1946 <> Yang menghormati adalah bandar yang bernama Kaliningrad dari Konigsberg? || Mikhail Kalinin <> Antara 24 Ogos dan 26 Oktober berapa banyak orang Jerman meninggalkan Wilayah ke zon pendudukan Soviet? || 42,094", {"context": "In April 1946, northern East Prussia became an official province of the Russian SFSR as the \"Kyonigsbergskaya Oblast\", with the Memel Territory becoming part of the Lithuanian SSR. In June 1946 114,070 German and 41,029 Soviet citizens were registered in the Oblast, with an unknown number of disregarded unregistered persons. In July of that year, the historic city of K\u00f6nigsberg was renamed Kaliningrad to honour Mikhail Kalinin and the area named the Kaliningrad Oblast. Between 24 August and 26 October 1948 21 transports with in total 42,094 Germans left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation Zone (which became East Germany). The last remaining Germans left in November 1949 (1,401 persons) and January 1950 (7 persons).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1946"}], "question": "What year did East Prussia become an official province of Russia?", "id": "572a4c637a1753140016ae82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Mikhail Kalinin"}], "question": "In who's honor was the city named Kaliningrad from  Konigsberg? ", "id": "572a4c637a1753140016ae83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "42,094"}], "question": "Between August 24th and October 26th how many German's left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation zone?", "id": "572a4c637a1753140016ae84"}]}], ["Tidak lama selepas berakhirnya perang pada Mei 1945, orang Jerman yang melarikan diri pada awal tahun 1945 cuba kembali ke rumah mereka di Prussia Timur. Dianggarkan bilangan 800,000 orang Jerman tinggal di Prussia Timur pada musim panas tahun 1945. Banyak lagi yang dicegah untuk kembali, dan penduduk Jerman Timur Prussia hampir sepenuhnya diusir oleh rejim komunis. Semasa perang dan untuk beberapa waktu selepas itu 45 kem ditubuhkan kira-kira 200,000-250,000 buruh paksa, sebahagian besarnya diusir ke Kesatuan Soviet, termasuk sistem perkemahan Gulag. Kem terbesar dengan kira-kira 48,000 penghuni ditubuhkan di Deutsch Eylau (I\u0142awa). Anak-anak yatim piatu yang ditinggalkan di zon yang diduduki oleh Kesatuan Soviet dirujuk sebagai anak-anak Wolf. <> Berapa banyak orang Jerman yang tinggal di Prussia Timur pada tahun 1945? || 800,000 <> Sekitar berapa banyak kem ditubuhkan oleh orang Jerman semasa perjalanan? || 45 kem <> Berapa banyak buruh paksa di kem terbesar? || 48,000 <> Apa anak-anak yang ditinggalkan di Prussia Timur yang diduduki oleh orang Rusia disebut? || Kanak-kanak Wolf", {"context": "Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Prussia was almost completely expelled by the communist regimes. During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000-250,000 forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the Gulag camp system. The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at Deutsch Eylau (I\u0142awa). Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as Wolf children.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "800,000"}], "question": "How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?", "id": "572a4a9f1d046914007798d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "45 camps"}], "question": "Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?", "id": "572a4a9f1d046914007798d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "48,000"}], "question": "How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?", "id": "572a4a9f1d046914007798d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "Wolf children"}], "question": "What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?", "id": "572a4a9f1d046914007798d6"}]}], ["Wakil-wakil kerajaan Poland secara rasminya mengambil alih pentadbiran awam di bahagian selatan Prussia Timur pada 23 Mei 1945. Selepas itu, ekspatriat Poland dari tanah Poland yang dilampirkan oleh Kesatuan Soviet serta Ukraine dan Lemkos dari selatan Poland, diusir dalam Operasi Vistula pada tahun 1947 , telah menetap di bahagian selatan Prusia Timur, sekarang Poland Voivodeship Warmian-Masurian. Pada tahun 1950 Olsztyn Voivodeship mengira 689,000 penduduk, 22.6% daripadanya berasal dari kawasan yang dilampirkan oleh Kesatuan Soviet, 10% Ukrainia, dan 18.5% daripada mereka penduduk pra-perang. Baki populasi pra-perang yang lain dianggap sebagai Bahasa Jerman dan Polisisasi semula dilakukan di seluruh negara Kebanyakan \"Autochthones\" ini memilih untuk berhijrah ke Jerman Barat dari tahun 1950-an hingga 1970-an (antara 1970 dan 1988 55,227 orang dari Warmia dan Masuria berpindah ke Jerman Barat). Toponim tempatan adalah Polonised oleh Suruhanjaya Poland untuk Penentuan Nama Tempat. <> Dalam tahun apakah kerajaan Poland secara rasmi mengambil alih pentadbiran di Prussia Timur? || 1945 <> Bagaimana penduduk pra-perang di Prussia Timur disebut sebagai? || Jermanis Poland <> Berapa banyak penduduk Ukraine terdiri daripada penduduk sebagai peratusan di Prussia Timur? || 18.5%", {"context": "Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945. Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947, were settled in the southern part of East Prussia, now the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. In 1950 the Olsztyn Voivodeship counted 689,000 inhabitants, 22.6% of them coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union, 10% Ukrainians, and 18.5% of them pre-war inhabitants. The remaining pre-war population was treated as Germanized Poles and a policy of re-Polonization was pursued throughout the country Most of these \"Autochthones\" chose to emigrate to West Germany from the 1950s through 1970s (between 1970 and 1988 55,227 persons from Warmia and Masuria moved to Western Germany). Local toponyms were Polonised by the Polish Commission for the Determination of Place Names.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "1945"}], "question": "In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia?", "id": "572a4b8b1d046914007798db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "Germanized Poles"}], "question": "How was the pre-war population in East Prussia referred to as?", "id": "572a4b8b1d046914007798dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "18.5%"}], "question": "How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia?", "id": "572a4b8b1d046914007798dd"}]}], ["Sejak tahun 1875, dengan penguatan pemerintahan sendiri, daerah bandar dan luar bandar (Kreise) dalam setiap wilayah (kadang kala dalam setiap gabenor) membentuk sebuah perbadanan dengan tugas dan aset yang sama (sekolah, pemasangan lalu lintas, hospital, institusi budaya, penjara dll. ) dipanggil Provinzialverband (persatuan wilayah). Pada mulanya majlis-majlis wakil-wakil daerah bandar dan luar bandar dipilih untuk diet wilayah (Provinziallandtage), yang secara tidak langsung dipilih. Sehingga tahun 1919, diet daerah (atau sebagai diet governorate, yang dipanggil Kommunallandtage) dipilih secara langsung oleh penduduk wilayah masing-masing (atau gabenor). Parlimen-parlimen ini diperuntukkan dalam kompetensi yang dipindahkan ke persatuan provinsi. Di wilayah Timur Prussia, pemilihan wilayah provinsi (pemerintah), komite provinsi (Provinzialaussussuss), dan ketua provinsi, Landeshauptmann (\"Kapten Tanah\") hingga tahun 1880-an berjudul Landdirektor, pengarah tanah). <> Apakah tugas umum perbadanan yang dibentuk oleh daerah bandar dan luar bandar? || sekolah, pemasangan lalu lintas, hospital, institusi kebudayaan, penjara <> Apakah nama syarikat yang memandang tugas biasa? || Provinzialverband <> Apa yang berlaku sejak tahun 1919 yang melibatkan diet wilayah? || dipilih oleh rakyat wilayah", {"context": "Since 1875, with the strengthening of self-rule, the urban and rural districts (Kreise) within each province (sometimes within each governorate) formed a corporation with common tasks and assets (schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails etc.) called the Provinzialverband (provincial association). Initially the assemblies of the urban and rural districts elected representatives for the provincial diets (Provinziallandtage), which were thus indirectly elected. As of 1919 the provincial diets (or as to governorate diets, the so-called Kommunallandtage) were directly elected by the citizens of the provinces (or governorates, respectively). These parliaments legislated within the competences transferred to the provincial associations. The provincial diet of East Prussia elected a provincial executive body (government), the provincial committee (Provinzialausschuss), and a head of province, the Landeshauptmann (\"Land Captain\"; till the 1880s titled Landdirektor, land director).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails"}], "question": "What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts?", "id": "572a517b7a1753140016aea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Provinzialverband"}], "question": "What was the name of the corporation that looked over common task?", "id": "572a517b7a1753140016aea7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "elected by the citizens of the provinces"}], "question": "What has since happened from 1919 that involve the provincial diets?", "id": "572a517b7a1753140016aea8"}]}]], [["Kata Uthmaniyyah adalah penyatuan sejarah nama Osman I, pengasas Empayar dan House of Osman yang memerintah (juga dikenali sebagai dinasti Uthmaniyyah). Nama Osman pula berasal dari bentuk Persia yang bernama'Uthm\u0101n \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 dari asalnya asal Arab. Dalam bahasa Turki Uthmaniyyah, kekaisaran disebut sebagai Devlet-i'Aliyye-yi'Osm\u00e2niyye (\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647), (secara harfiah \"Negara Tertinggi Ottoman\") atau sebagai alternatif Osmanl\u0131 Devleti (\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0649). [Dn 5] , ia dikenali sebagai Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (\"Empayar Uthmaniyyah\") atau Osmanl\u0131 Devleti (\"Negeri Uthmaniyyah\"). <> Suatu pemberian nama nama Osman I menghasilkan perkataan apa? || Uthmaniyyah <> Rumah apakah yang menjadi pengasas empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Rumah Osman <> Apa nama lain untuk Dinasti Utsmani? || Rumah Osman <> Apa asal usul nama Osman? || Arab <> Dalam erti kata literal apakah yang dikatakan kerajaan Uthmaniyyah? || Negara Tertinggi Uthmaniyyah", {"context": "The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name \u02bfUthm\u0101n \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 of ultimately Arabic origin. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i \u02bfAliyye-yi \u02bfOsm\u00e2niyye (\u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0654 \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u06cc\u0651\u0647), (literally \"The Supreme State of the Ottomans\") or alternatively Osmanl\u0131 Devleti (\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0649).[dn 5] In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (\"Ottoman Empire\") or Osmanl\u0131 Devleti (\"The Ottoman State\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Ottoman"}], "question": "An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word?", "id": "572a1481af94a219006aa7b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "House of Osman"}], "question": "What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a1481af94a219006aa7b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "House of Osman"}], "question": "What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty? ", "id": "572a1481af94a219006aa7b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "What is the origin of Osman's name?", "id": "572a1481af94a219006aa7b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "The Supreme State of the Ottomans"}], "question": "In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as?", "id": "572a1481af94a219006aa7b5"}]}], ["Empayar Uthmaniyyah (/ \u0252t\u0259m\u0259n /; Turki Uthmaniyyah: \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647 Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osm\u00e2niyye, Turki moden: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu atau Osmanl\u0131 Devleti), juga dikenali sebagai Kekaisaran Turki, Turki Uthmaniyyah atau Turki, 1299 oleh Oghuz Turki di bawah Osman I di barat laut Anatolia. Selepas penaklukan di Balkan oleh Murad I antara tahun 1362 dan 1389, kesultanan Uthmaniyyah berubah menjadi empayar transkontinental dan menuntut kepada khalifah. Uthmaniyyah mengakhiri Empayar Byzantine dengan penaklukan Konstantinopel 1453 oleh Mehmed the Conqueror. <> Empayar Uthmaniyyah juga dikenali sebagai tiga nama lain? || Turki, Turki Uthmaniyyah atau Turki <> Kapan kerajaan Uthmaniyyah diasaskan? || 1299 <> Siapa yang mendirikan empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Oghuz Turks <> Dimana empayar Uthmaniyyah diasaskan? || barat laut Anatolia <> Conquests oleh yang memulakan transformasi kesultanan Uthmaniyyah menjadi Empayar? || Murad I", {"context": "The Ottoman Empire (/\u02c8\u0252t\u0259m\u0259n/; Ottoman Turkish: \u062f\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0654 \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u06cc\u0651\u0647\u200e Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osm\u00e2niyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu or Osmanl\u0131 Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey"}], "question": "The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?", "id": "572a11661d04691400779721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "1299"}], "question": "When was the Ottoman empire founded?", "id": "572a11661d04691400779722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Oghuz Turks"}], "question": "Who founded the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a11661d04691400779723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "northwestern Anatolia"}], "question": "Where was the Ottoman empire founded?", "id": "572a11661d04691400779724"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Murad I"}], "question": "Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire?", "id": "572a11661d04691400779725"}]}], ["Ertu\u011frul, bapa Osman I (pengasas Empayar Uthmaniyyah), tiba di Anatolia dari Merv (Turkmenistan) dengan 400 penunggang kuda untuk membantu Seljuk Rum melawan Byzantine. Selepas kematian Kesultanan Turki Seljuk Rum pada abad ke-14, Anatolia dibahagikan kepada beberapa tambatan bebas, kebanyakannya negara-negara Turki, yang dipanggil emirat Ghazi. Salah satu emirat dipimpin oleh Osman I (1258-1326), yang berasal dari nama Uthmaniyyah. Osman Saya memperluaskan sempadan penempatan Turki ke arah tepi Empayar Byzantium. Ia tidak difahami dengan baik bagaimana orang Ottoman awal datang untuk menguasai jiran mereka, kerana sejarah Anatolia zaman pertengahan masih kurang dikenali. <> Siapa bapa Osman I? || Ertu\u011frul <> Berapa ramai askar berkuda yang membawa Osman I untuk membantu Seljuk Rum? || 400 penunggang kuda <> Bilakah Kesultanan Turki Seljuk Rum mencapai kematiannya? || Abad ke-14 <> Apa yang Anatolia terbahagi kepada yang disebut? || Ghazi emirates <> Ke tepi empayar apa yang Osman saya menolak penempatan Turki? || Empayar Byzantine", {"context": "Ertu\u011frul, the father of Osman I (founder of the Ottoman Empire), arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines. After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turkish states, the so-called Ghazi emirates. One of the emirates was led by Osman I (1258\u20131326), from whom the name Ottoman is derived. Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ertu\u011frul"}], "question": "Who was the father of Osman I?", "id": "572a15493f37b319004786c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "400 horsemen"}], "question": "How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?", "id": "572a15493f37b319004786ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "14th century"}], "question": "When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise?", "id": "572a15493f37b319004786cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Ghazi emirates"}], "question": "What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as?", "id": "572a15493f37b319004786cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Byzantine Empire"}], "question": "To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements?", "id": "572a15493f37b319004786cd"}]}], ["Dengan lanjutan kekuasaan Turki ke Balkan, penaklukan strategik Constantinople menjadi objektif penting. Empayar telah berjaya mengawal hampir semua bekas tanah Byzantine di sekitar bandar itu, tetapi pada tahun 1402 Byzantine sementara melepaskan diri ketika pemimpin Turki Turco-Mongol Timur, pengasas Empayar Timurid, menyerang Anatolia dari timur. Dalam Pertempuran Ankara pada tahun 1402, Timur mengalahkan pasukan Uthmaniyyah dan mengambil Sultan Bayezid I sebagai tahanan, membuang empayar menjadi gangguan. Peperangan sivil yang berlanjutan berlangsung dari 1402 hingga 1413 ketika anak-anak Bayezid bertempur secara berturut-turut. Ia berakhir ketika Mehmed saya muncul sebagai sultan dan memulihkan kekuasaan Uthmaniyyah, mengakhiri Interregnum, yang juga dikenali sebagai Fetret Devri. <> Apakah objektif Turki selepas pengembangannya ke Balkan? || penaklukan Constantinople <> Apa empayar adalah tanah dikawal sekitar Constantinople dahulu yang dikawal oleh? || Byzantine <> Apa pemimpin menyerang Anatolia dari timur? || Timur <> Timur adalah pengasas apa? || Timurid Empire <> Apa pertempuran antara Timur dan kerajaan Uthmaniyyah berlaku pada tahun 1402? || Pertempuran Ankara", {"context": "With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "conquest of Constantinople"}], "question": "What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?", "id": "572a16b56aef051400155256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Byzantine"}], "question": "What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?", "id": "572a16b56aef051400155257"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Timur"}], "question": "What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?", "id": "572a16b56aef051400155258"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Timurid Empire"}], "question": "Timur was the founder of what?", "id": "572a16b56aef051400155259"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Battle of Ankara"}], "question": "What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?", "id": "572a16b56aef05140015525a"}]}], ["Pada abad selepas kematian Osman I, pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah mulai meluas ke Timur Tengah dan Balkan. Anak lelaki Osman, Orhan, menawan bandar raya Anatolia di barat laut Bursa pada tahun 1324, dan menjadikannya ibu negeri baru Uthmaniyyah. Penaklukan Uthmaniyyah ini bermakna kehilangan kawalan Byzantine terhadap Anatolia barat laut. Bandar penting Thessaloniki ditangkap dari Venesia pada tahun 1387. Kemenangan Uthmaniyyah di Kosovo pada tahun 1389 menandakan berakhirnya kuasa Serbia di rantau ini, membuka jalan untuk pengembangan Ottoman ke Eropah. Pertempuran Nicopolis pada tahun 1396, yang dianggap sebagai perang salib besar-besaran Zaman Pertengahan yang terakhir, gagal menghentikan pendahuluan Turki Utsmani yang menang. <> Di mana bandar menangkap anak lelaki Osman? || Bursa <> Pada tahun apakah anak lelaki Osman menawan bandar Anatolia? || 1324 <> Apakah nama Osman yang menawan bandar Anatolia? || Orhan <> Apa bandar yang ditangkap dari Venesia pada tahun 1387? || Thessaloniki <> Dalam tahun berapakah Uthmaniyyah mempunyai kemenangan di Kosovo? || 1389", {"context": "In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324, and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. This Ottoman conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Bursa"}], "question": "Which city did Osman's son capture?", "id": "572a15ffaf94a219006aa7cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "1324"}], "question": "In what year did Osman's son capture an Anatolian city?", "id": "572a15ffaf94a219006aa7d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Orhan"}], "question": "What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city?", "id": "572a15ffaf94a219006aa7d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Thessaloniki"}], "question": "What city was captured from the Venetians in 1387?", "id": "572a15ffaf94a219006aa7d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "1389"}], "question": "In what year did the Ottoman's have a victory at Kosovo?", "id": "572a15ffaf94a219006aa7d3"}]}], ["Semasa abad ke-16 dan ke-17, terutamanya pada ketinggian kuasa di bawah pemerintahan Suleiman yang Magnificent, Empayar Uthmaniyyah adalah kerajaan multinasional, berbilang bahasa menguasai sebahagian besar Eropah Tenggara, Asia Barat, Caucasus, Afrika Utara, dan Tanduk dari Afrika. Pada awal abad ke-17 kekaisaran itu mengandungi 32 wilayah dan banyak negara jajahan. Beberapa di antaranya kemudian diserap ke dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, sementara yang lain diberikan pelbagai jenis autonomi selama berabad-abad. [Dn 4] <> Di bawah pemerintahan yang menguasai empayar Uthmaniyyah banyak di Eropah Tenggara? || Suleiman yang Magnificent <> Selama berabad lamanya kerajaan Uthmaniyyah menguasai sebahagian besar Eropah Tenggara? || Abad ke-16 dan ke-17 <> Berapa banyak wilayah yang mengawal empayar Uthmaniyyah pada permulaan abad ke-17? || 32 wilayah <> Bersama dengan provinsi apakah jenis negeri yang telah dimiliki oleh kerajaan Uthmaniyyah? || negara-negara jajahan <> Kawasan-kawasan mana di Afrika yang terkawal di empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Afrika Utara, dan Tanduk Afrika", {"context": "During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.[dn 4]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Suleiman the Magnificent"}], "question": "Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe?", "id": "572a130d6aef05140015523c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "16th and 17th centuries"}], "question": "During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe?", "id": "572a130d6aef05140015523d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "32 provinces"}], "question": "How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century?", "id": "572a130d6aef05140015523e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "vassal states"}], "question": "Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over?", "id": "572a130d6aef05140015523f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "North Africa, and the Horn of Africa"}], "question": "What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a130d6aef051400155240"}]}], ["Anak lelaki Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, menyusun semula keadaan dan tentera, dan menaklukkan Constantinople pada 29 Mei 1453. Mehmed membenarkan Gereja Ortodoks untuk mengekalkan autonomi dan tanah sebagai pertukaran untuk menerima otoritas Ottoman. Kerana hubungan buruk antara negara-negara barat Eropah dan kemudiannya Kerajaan Byzantine, majoriti penduduk Ortodoks menerima pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah lebih baik dari pemerintahan Venesia. Rintangan Albania adalah penghalang utama kepada pengembangan Ottoman di semenanjung Itali. <> Siapa anak lelaki Murad II? || Mehmed the Conqueror <> Apa bandar yang ditaklukkan pada 29 Mei 1453? || Constantinople <> Apakah Gereja Ortodoks dapat menyimpan pertukaran untuk menerima kuasa empayar Uthmaniyyah? || otonomi dan tanahnya <> Penduduk Ortodoks Konstantinopel memilih pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah bukannya apa? || Peraturan Venice <> Apakah halangan utama perkembangan empayar Uthmaniyyah ke semenanjung Itali ?? || Rintangan Albania", {"context": "The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Mehmed the Conqueror"}], "question": "Who was the son of Murad II?", "id": "572a19f56aef05140015527a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Constantinople"}], "question": "What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?", "id": "572a19f56aef05140015527b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "its autonomy and land"}], "question": "What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a19f56aef05140015527c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Venetian rule"}], "question": "The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what?", "id": "572a19f56aef05140015527d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Albanian resistance"}], "question": "What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy??", "id": "572a19f56aef05140015527e"}]}], ["Sebahagian wilayah Uthmaniyyah di Balkan (seperti Thessaloniki, Macedonia dan Kosovo) telah hilang sementara setelah 1402 tetapi kemudian pulih oleh Murad II antara 1430-an dan 1450-an. Pada 10 November 1444, Murad II mengalahkan tentera Hungary, Poland, dan Wallachian di bawah W\u0142adys\u0142aw III Poland (juga Raja Hungary) dan John Hunyadi di Pertempuran Varna, perang terakhir Perang Salib Varna, walaupun orang Albania di bawah Skanderbeg terus untuk menentang. Empat tahun kemudian, John Hunyadi menyiapkan tentera lain (pasukan Hungaria dan Wallachian) untuk menyerang orang Turki tetapi sekali lagi dikalahkan oleh Murad II pada Pertempuran Kosovo Kosovo pada tahun 1448. <> Yang memulihkan wilayah empayar Uthmaniyyah di Balkan pada tahun 1430-an 1450an? || Murad II <> W\u0142adys\u0142aw III dari Poland juga menjadi raja dari apa? || Hungary <> Pertempuran apa yang berlaku pada 10 November 1444? || Pertempuran Varna <> Dalam peperangan apa yang dilakukan Murad II sebagai kemenangan pada tahun 1448? || Pertempuran Kedua Kosovo <> Pada tarikh apakah tentera di bawah W\u0142adys\u0142aw III dikalahkan oleh Murad II? || 10 November 1444", {"context": "Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian armies under W\u0142adys\u0142aw III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, the final battle of the Crusade of Varna, although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist. Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army (of Hungarian and Wallachian forces) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Murad II"}], "question": "Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s?", "id": "572a18fc1d04691400779771"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Hungary"}], "question": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw III of Poland was also the king of what?", "id": "572a18fc1d04691400779773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Battle of Varna"}], "question": "What battle took place on 10 November 1444?", "id": "572a18fc1d04691400779774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Second Battle of Kosovo"}], "question": "In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448?", "id": "572a18fc1d04691400779775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "10 November 1444"}], "question": "On what date were the armies under W\u0142adys\u0142aw III defeated by Murad II?", "id": "572a18fc1d04691400779772"}]}], ["Dengan Constantinople sebagai modal dan kawalan tanah di sekeliling lembah Mediterania, Empayar Uthmaniyyah berada di pusat interaksi antara dunia Timur dan Barat selama enam abad. Berikutan tempoh panjang ketenteraan melawan kuasa-kuasa Eropah, Empayar Uthmaniyyah secara beransur-ansur merosot ke akhir abad kesembilan belas. Kekaisaran bersekutu dengan Jerman pada awal abad ke-20, dengan cita-cita imperialis untuk memulihkan wilayahnya yang hilang, bergabung dalam Perang Dunia I untuk mencapai cita-cita ini di sisi Jerman dan Kuasa Tengah. Walaupun Empayar itu dapat sebahagian besarnya memegang sendiri semasa konflik, ia bergelut dengan perbezaan pendapat dalaman, terutamanya dengan Pemberontakan Arab di pegangan Arabnya. Bermula sebelum peperangan, tetapi semakin semakin biasa dan ganas semasa itu, kekejaman utama dilakukan oleh kerajaan Uthmaniyyah terhadap Armenia, Assyria dan Pontic Greeks. Kekalahan Empayar dan pendudukan sebahagian wilayahnya oleh Kuasa Sekutu selepas Perang Dunia I mengakibatkan kemunculan sebuah negara baru, Turki, di tanah air Anatolia Uthmaniyyah berikutan Perang Kemerdekaan Turki, serta pendirian daripada Balkan moden dan negara-negara Timur Tengah dan pembahagian Empayar Uthmaniyyah. <> Apa modal empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Constantinople <> Apa yang terkawal kerajaan empayar Ottoman menyumbang kepada pusat transaksi antara Timur dan Barat? || tanah di sekeliling lembah Mediterranean <> Bilakah empayar Uthmaniyyah merosot? || ke abad kesembilan belas <> Apa negara yang menjajarkan empayar Uthmaniyyah pada abad ke-20? || Jerman <> Apa yang membawa kepada kemerosotan empayar Uthmaniyyah? || kemusnahan tentera terhadap kuasa-kuasa Eropah", {"context": "With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Constantinople"}], "question": "What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a13e2af94a219006aa7a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "lands around the Mediterranean basin"}], "question": "What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?", "id": "572a13e2af94a219006aa7a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "into the late nineteenth century"}], "question": "When did the Ottoman empire decline?", "id": "572a13e2af94a219006aa7a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century?", "id": "572a13e2af94a219006aa7aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "military setbacks against European powers"}], "question": "What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a13e2af94a219006aa7ab"}]}], ["Suleiman yang Magnificent (1520-1566) menawan Belgrade pada tahun 1521, menaklukkan bahagian selatan dan pusat Kerajaan Hungary sebagai sebahagian daripada Perang Uthmaniyyah-Hungary, [bukan dalam kutipan yang diberikan] dan, selepas kemenangan sejarahnya dalam Pertempuran Moh\u00e1cs pada tahun 1526, dia menubuhkan pemerintahan Turki di wilayah Hungary hari ini (kecuali sebahagian barat) dan wilayah-wilayah Eropah Tengah yang lain. Dia kemudian mengepung Vienna pada tahun 1529, tetapi gagal mengambil bandar itu. Pada tahun 1532, dia membuat serangan lain ke Vienna, tetapi ditangkis di Pengepungan G\u00fcns. Transylvania, Wallachia dan, secara serentak, Moldavia, menjadi pemerintahan tributari Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Di timur, Turki Uthmaniyyah mengambil Baghdad dari Persia pada tahun 1535, memperoleh kawalan Mesopotamia dan akses laut ke Teluk Parsi. Pada 1555, Caucasus secara rasminya dibahagikan buat kali pertama antara Safavids dan Ottoman, status quo yang akan kekal sehingga akhir Perang Russo-Turki (1768-74). Dengan pembahagian Caucasus ini seperti yang ditandatangani di Peace of Amasya, Armenia Barat, dan Georgia Barat jatuh ke tangan Uthmaniyyah, sementara Dagestan, Armenia Timur, Georgia Timur, dan Azerbaijan tetap Parsi. <> Selama bertahun-tahun Suleiman yang Megah hidup? || 1520-1566 <> Dalam tahun apakah Suleiman yang menawan Beograd? || 1521 <> Suleiman the Magnificent mempunyai kemenangan penting dalam apa pertempuran pada tahun 1526? || Pertempuran Moh\u00e1cs <> Setelah pertempuran menang pada tahun 1526 dalam apa hari ini bangsa Turki diperluas? || Hungary <> Dalam apa pengepungan Suleiman yang Magnificent berhenti ketika menyerang Vienna pada tahun 1532? || Pengepungan G\u00fcns", {"context": "Suleiman the Magnificent (1520\u20131566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman\u2013Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of G\u00fcns. Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768\u201374). By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "1520\u20131566"}], "question": "During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive?", "id": "572a1cdf3f37b319004786eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "1521"}], "question": "In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade?", "id": "572a1cdf3f37b319004786ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Battle of Moh\u00e1cs"}], "question": "Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526?", "id": "572a1cdf3f37b319004786ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Hungary"}], "question": "After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?", "id": "572a1cdf3f37b319004786ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "the Siege of G\u00fcns"}], "question": "In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532?", "id": "572a1cdf3f37b319004786ef"}]}], ["Perancis dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah, yang bersatu dengan pembangkang bersama dengan peraturan Habsburg, menjadi sekutu kuat. Penaklukan Perancis Nice (1543) dan Corsica (1553) terjadi sebagai usaha sama antara pasukan raja Perancis Francis I dan Suleiman, dan diperintahkan oleh penganut Uthmaniyyah Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha dan Turgut Reis. Sebulan sebelum pengepungan Nice, Perancis menyokong unit Uthmaniyyah dengan unit artileri semasa penaklukan Uthmaniyyah 1543 Esztergom di utara Hungary. Selepas kemajuan lebih lanjut oleh orang Turki, penguasa Habsburg Ferdinand secara rasmi mengiktiraf kekuasaan Uthmaniyyah di Hungary pada tahun 1547. <> Perancis dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah bersatu menentang apa? || Habsburg memerintah <> Di mana penaklukan Perancis meletakkan di 1553? || Corsica <> Penaklukan Nice adalah usaha oleh Suleiman dan apa raja Perancis? || Francis I <> Apakah nama-nama pelaut Uthmaniyyah yang memerintahkan penaklukan Nice? || Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha dan Turgut Reis <> Penguasa apa yang mengakui Uthmaniyyah pada tahun 1547? || Ferdinand", {"context": "France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule, became strong allies. The French conquests of Nice (1543) and Corsica (1553) occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman, and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis. A month prior to the siege of Nice, France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the 1543 Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in northern Hungary. After further advances by the Turks, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Habsburg rule"}], "question": "France and the Ottoman Empire united against what?", "id": "572a1e9daf94a219006aa7fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Corsica"}], "question": "Where did the French lay conquest in 1553?", "id": "572a1e9daf94a219006aa7fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Francis I"}], "question": "The conquest of Nice was an effort by Suleiman and what French king?", "id": "572a1e9daf94a219006aa7ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis"}], "question": "What were the names of the Ottoman admirals who commanded the conquest of Nice?", "id": "572a1e9daf94a219006aa800"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Ferdinand"}], "question": "What ruler recognized the Ottomans in 1547?", "id": "572a1e9daf94a219006aa801"}]}], ["Penemuan laluan perdagangan maritim baru oleh negara-negara Eropah Barat membenarkan mereka untuk mengelakkan monopoli perdagangan Ottoman. Penemuan Portugis Cape of Good Hope pada 1488 telah memulakan siri peperangan tentera laut Uthmaniyyah-Portugis di Lautan Hindi sepanjang abad ke-16. Empayar Ajuran Muslim Somalia, yang bersekutu dengan orang Uthmaniyyah, menentang monopoli ekonomi Portugis di Lautan Hindi dengan menggunakan duit syiling baru yang mengikuti corak Uthmaniyyah, dengan demikian mengisytiharkan sikap kemerdekaan ekonomi berkenaan dengan Portugis. <> Mengelakkan kekuatan perdagangan Uthmaniyyah dicapai dengan penemuan apa? || laluan perdagangan maritim baru <> Apa yang ditemui Portugis pada tahun 1488? || Cape of Good Hope <> Di manakah Uthmaniyyah dan Portugis mempunyai perang Naval pada abad ke-16? || Lautan Hindi <> Siapa yang sekutu Uthmaniyyah di Lautan Hindi? || Empayar Ajuran Muslim Somalia <> Duit syiling baru adalah pengisytiharan kemerdekaan oleh Empayar Ajuran Islam Somalia dari mana? || Portugis", {"context": "The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "new maritime trade routes"}], "question": "Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what?", "id": "572a24703f37b3190047872f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "the Cape of Good Hope"}], "question": "What did the Portuguese discover in 1488?", "id": "572a24703f37b31900478730"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "the Indian Ocean"}], "question": "Where did the Ottoman and Portuguese have Naval wars in the 16th century?", "id": "572a24703f37b31900478731"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire"}], "question": "Who did the Ottomans ally with in the Indian Ocean?", "id": "572a24703f37b31900478732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "the Portuguese"}], "question": "New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom?", "id": "572a24703f37b31900478733"}]}], ["Pembaharuan pendidikan dan teknologi berlaku, termasuk penubuhan institusi pendidikan tinggi seperti Istanbul Technical University. Pada tahun 1734 sebuah sekolah artileri ditubuhkan untuk memberi kaedah meriam gaya Barat, tetapi para ulama Islam berjaya membantah di bawah alasan teodisinya. Pada tahun 1754 sekolah artileri dibuka semula secara separa rahsia. Pada 1726, Ibrahim Muteferrika meyakinkan Grand Vizier Nev\u015fehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Mufti Besar, dan ulama mengenai kecekapan akhbar cetak, dan Muteferrika kemudiannya diberikan oleh Sultan Ahmed III untuk menerbitkan buku-buku yang tidak religius (walaupun ditentang dari beberapa ahli kaligrafi dan pemimpin agama). Akhbar Muteferrika menerbitkan buku pertamanya pada 1729 dan, pada 1743, mengeluarkan 17 karya dalam 23 jilid, masing-masing mempunyai antara 500 dan 1,000 salinan. <> Apakah satu universiti yang dibentuk pada abad ke-18 awal kekaisaran? || Istanbul Technical University <> Sekolah jenis apa yang ditubuhkan di empayar pada 1734? || sebuah sekolah artileri <> Pada tahun 1754, apa yang lelaki telah meyakinkan Grand Vizier untuk membenarkan penggunaan mesin cetak? || Ibrahim Muteferrika <> Siapa Ottoaman Grand Vizier pada tahun 1726? || Nev\u015fehirli Damat \u0130brahim Pasha <> Dalam tahun berapakah akhbar Uthmaniyyah menghasilkan buku pertamanya? || 1729", {"context": "Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. In 1754 the artillery school was reopened on a semi-secret basis. In 1726, Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nev\u015fehirli Damat \u0130brahim Pasha, the Grand Mufti, and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press, and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III permission to publish non-religious books (despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders). Muteferrika's press published its first book in 1729 and, by 1743, issued 17 works in 23 volumes, each having between 500 and 1,000 copies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Istanbul Technical University"}], "question": "What is one university that was formed in the early 18th century of the empire?", "id": "572a2cfc1d04691400779817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "an artillery school"}], "question": "What type of school was established in the empire in 1734?", "id": "572a2cfc1d04691400779818"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Ibrahim Muteferrika"}], "question": "In 1754 what man convinced the Grand Vizier to allow the use of the printing press?", "id": "572a2cfc1d04691400779819"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Nev\u015fehirli Damat \u0130brahim Pasha"}], "question": "Who was the Ottoaman Grand Vizier in 1726?", "id": "572a2cfc1d0469140077981a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "1729"}], "question": "In what year did an Ottoman press produce its first book?", "id": "572a2cfc1d0469140077981b"}]}], ["Tempoh penegasan semula ini datang ke penghujung bulan Mei 1683 apabila Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha mengetuai sebuah tentera yang besar untuk mencuba pengepungan Ottoman kedua Vienna dalam Perang Besar Turki pada 1683-1687. Serangan terakhir yang ditangguhkan, tentera Uthmaniyyah telah dihanyutkan oleh pasukan bersekutu Habsburg, Jerman dan Poland yang dipimpin oleh raja Polandia Jan III Sobieski di Pertempuran Vienna. Persekutuan Liga Kudus menekankan kelebihan kekalahan di Vienna, yang memuncak dalam Perjanjian Karlowitz (26 Januari 1699), yang mengakhiri Perang Turki Besar. Pihak Uthmaniyyah menyerahkan kawalan ke wilayah-wilayah penting, banyak secara kekal. Mustafa II (1695-1703) mengetuai serangan balik 1695-96 melawan Habsburg di Hungary, tetapi telah dibatalkan pada kekalahan buruk di Zenta (Serbia moden), 11 September 1697. <> Yang Grand Vizier cuba pengepungan Vienna di 1683? || Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha <> Apa perang yang berlaku dari 1683 hingga 1687 yang dikenali sebagai? || Perang Besar Turki <> Raja pemoles mana yang mengetuai perjuangan menentang empayar Uthmaniyyah di Pertempuran Vienna? || Jan III Sobieski <> Apa perikatan terhadap abad ke-17 kekaisaran Uthmaniyyah yang dikenali sebagai? || Liga Kudus <> Perjanjian apa yang ditandatangani 26 Januari 1699? || Perjanjian Karlowitz", {"context": "This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683\u20131687. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Polish forces spearheaded by the Polish king Jan III Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna. The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna, culminating in the Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699), which ended the Great Turkish War. The Ottomans surrendered control of significant territories, many permanently. Mustafa II (1695\u20131703) led the counterattack of 1695\u201396 against the Habsburgs in Hungary, but was undone at the disastrous defeat at Zenta (in modern Serbia), 11 September 1697.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha"}], "question": "Which Grand Vizier attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683?", "id": "572a29f63f37b3190047875b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "the Great Turkish War"}], "question": "What was the war that took place from 1683 to 1687 known as?", "id": "572a29f63f37b3190047875c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Jan III Sobieski"}], "question": "Which polish king led the fight against the Ottoman empire in the Battle of Vienna?", "id": "572a29f63f37b3190047875d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "the Holy League"}], "question": "What was the alliance against the late 17th century Ottoman empire known as?", "id": "572a29f63f37b3190047875e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Treaty of Karlowitz"}], "question": "What treaty was signed 26 January 1699?", "id": "572a29f63f37b3190047875f"}]}], ["Struktur ketenteraan dan birokrasi yang berkesan pada abad yang lalu mengalami ketegangan semasa tempoh berlarut-larut yang salah oleh Sultan yang lemah. Uthmaniyyah secara beransur-ansur jatuh di belakang orang-orang Eropah dalam teknologi ketenteraan kerana inovasi yang memberi makan kepada perkembangan Empayar yang kuat itu menjadi semakin tersekat oleh pertumbuhan konservatisme agama dan intelektual. Tetapi walaupun kesulitan ini, Empayar tetap menjadi kuasa pengembangan utama hingga Pertempuran Vienna pada tahun 1683, yang menandakan berakhirnya perkembangan Uthmaniyyah ke Eropah. <> Peraturan yang lemah oleh kelas orang yang menangkis kerajaan? || Sultans <> Eropah mendapat empayar Uthmaniyah dalam apa jenis teknologi? || teknologi ketenteraan <> Apa jenis kepercayaan konservatif memperlambat pengembangan empayar? || agama dan intelektual <> Apa pertempuran yang berlaku pada 1683? || Pertempuran Vienna <> Kekaisaran berhenti pengembangannya ke kawasan apa selepas pertarungan pada tahun 1683? || Eropah", {"context": "The effective military and bureaucratic structures of the previous century came under strain during a protracted period of misrule by weak Sultans. The Ottomans gradually fell behind the Europeans in military technology as the innovation that fed the Empire's forceful expansion became stifled by growing religious and intellectual conservatism. But in spite of these difficulties, the Empire remained a major expansionist power until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, which marked the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Sultans"}], "question": "Poor rule by what class of people strained the empire?", "id": "572a22256aef0514001552f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "military technology"}], "question": "Europeans gained on the Ottoman empire in what type of technology? ", "id": "572a22256aef0514001552f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "religious and intellectual"}], "question": "What types of conservative beliefs slowed the expansion of the empire?", "id": "572a22256aef0514001552fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Battle of Vienna"}], "question": "What battle took place in 1683?", "id": "572a22256aef0514001552fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "The empire ceased its expansion into what area after a battle in 1683?", "id": "572a22256aef0514001552fc"}]}], ["Di Eropah selatan, satu gabungan Katolik yang diketuai oleh Philip II dari Sepanyol memenangi kemenangan terhadap pasukan Ottoman di Pertempuran Lepanto (1571). Ia adalah satu kejutan, jika kebanyakannya simbolik, meniup ke imej kekalahan Ottoman, sebuah imej yang kemenangan Ksatria Malta terhadap penceroboh Uthmaniyyah pada 1565 Pengepungan Malta telah baru-baru ini menetapkan pengikisan. Pertempuran itu jauh lebih merosakkan tentera Uthmaniyyah dalam menyerang tenaga kerja yang berpengalaman daripada kehilangan kapal, yang telah diganti dengan cepat. Tentera Uthmaniyyah pulih dengan cepat, memujuk Venice untuk menandatangani perjanjian damai pada tahun 1573, membolehkan Uthmaniyyah mengembangkan dan menyatukan kedudukan mereka di Afrika Utara. <> Mana yang Spaniard mengetuai pertempuran pada 1571? || Philip II <> Apa pertempuran yang menang Sepanyol pada tahun 1571? || Pertempuran Lepanto <> Apakah pengepungan berlaku pada tahun 1565? || Pengepungan Malta <> Dalam tahun berapakah Venice menandatangani perjanjian damai dengan Uthmaniyyah? || 1573 Selepas memeterai perjanjian damai dengan Venice, di mana rantau telah berkembang empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Afrika Utara", {"context": "In southern Europe, a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). It was a startling, if mostly symbolic, blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility, an image which the victory of the Knights of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in the 1565 Siege of Malta had recently set about eroding. The battle was far more damaging to the Ottoman navy in sapping experienced manpower than the loss of ships, which were rapidly replaced. The Ottoman navy recovered quickly, persuading Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573, allowing the Ottomans to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Philip II"}], "question": "Which Spaniard led a battle in 1571?", "id": "572a25973f37b31900478747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Battle of Lepanto"}], "question": "What battle did the Spanish win in 1571?", "id": "572a25973f37b31900478748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Siege of Malta"}], "question": "What siege occurred in 1565?", "id": "572a25973f37b31900478749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "1573"}], "question": "In what year did Venice sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans?", "id": "572a25973f37b3190047874a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "North Africa"}], "question": "After signing a peace treaty with Venice, in what region did the Ottoman empire expand?", "id": "572a25973f37b3190047874b"}]}], ["Selepas Perang Austro-Turki 1716-1718 Perjanjian Passarowitz mengesahkan kehilangan Banat, Serbia dan \"Little Walachia\" (Oltenia) ke Austria. Perjanjian itu juga menyatakan bahawa Empayar Uthmaniyyah bersikap bertahan dan tidak mungkin menyerang apa-apa lagi pencerobohan di Eropah. Perang Austro-Rusia-Turki, yang berakhir dengan Perjanjian Belgrade pada 1739, mengakibatkan pemulihan Serbia dan Oltenia, tetapi Empayar kehilangan pelabuhan Azov, utara Semenanjung Krimea, ke Rusia. Selepas perjanjian ini Empayar Uthmaniyyah dapat menikmati generasi kedamaian, seperti Austria dan Rusia terpaksa berhadapan dengan kebangkitan Prusia. <> Oltenia juga dikenali sebagai apa? || Little Walachia <> Perang Austro-Turki berlaku selama bertahun-tahun? || 1716-1718 <> Perang Turki Austro memuncak dalam menandatangani perjanjian apa? || Perjanjian Passarowitz <> Perjanjian Belgrade adalah hasil perang yang dikenali sebagai apa? || Perang Austro-Rusia-Turki <> Pelabuhan mana yang hilang oleh empayar Uthmaniyyah akibat dari Perjanjian Belgrade? || pelabuhan Azov", {"context": "After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716\u20131718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and \"Little Walachia\" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian\u2013Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Little Walachia"}], "question": "Oltenia is also known as what?", "id": "572a2ab6af94a219006aa857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "1716\u20131718"}], "question": "The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years?", "id": "572a2ab6af94a219006aa858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Treaty of Passarowitz"}], "question": "The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty?", "id": "572a2ab6af94a219006aa859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Austro-Russian\u2013Turkish War"}], "question": "The Treaty of Belgrade was the result of a war known as what?", "id": "572a2ab6af94a219006aa85a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "port of Azov"}], "question": "What port was lost by the Ottoman empire as a result of the Treaty of Belgrade?", "id": "572a2ab6af94a219006aa85b"}]}], ["Semasa pemerintahan majoriti ringkasnya, Murad IV (1612-1640) menegaskan semula kuasa pusat dan menawan semula Iraq (1639) dari Safavid. Perjanjian yang terhasil dari Zuhab pada tahun yang sama memutuskan untuk memisahkan wilayah Kaukasus dan bersebelahan di antara dua empayar jiran seperti yang telah ditakrifkan pada tahun 1555 Keamanan Amasya. Kesultanan wanita (1648-1656) adalah zaman di mana ibu-ibu sultan muda menjalankan kuasa bagi pihak anak-anak mereka. Wanita yang paling menonjol dalam tempoh ini ialah K\u00f6sem Sultan dan menantunya Turhan Hatice, yang persaingan politiknya memuncak dalam pembunuhan K\u00f6sem pada tahun 1651. Semasa K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Era (1656-1703), kawalan berkesan Empayar telah dilaksanakan dengan urutan dari Grand Viziers dari keluarga K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc. K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Vizierate melihat kejayaan tentera yang diperbaharui dengan kuasa yang dipulihkan di Transylvania, penaklukan Crete selesai pada 1669, dan perluasan ke Poland selatan Ukraine, dengan kubu Khotyn dan Kamianets-Podilskyi dan wilayah Podolia menyerahkan kepada kawalan Ottoman pada 1676. < > Yang menawan semula Iraq pada tahun 1639? || Murad IV <> Siapa yang mengawal Iraq sebelum ditangkap semula pada 1639? || Safavids <> Bilakah K\u00f6sem dibunuh? || 1651 <> Berapa tahun menentukan Era K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc? || 1656-1703 <> Wilayah mana yang ditakluki oleh K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Vizierate pada tahun 1669? || Crete", {"context": "During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1612\u20131640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Amasya. The Sultanate of women (1648\u20131656) was a period in which the mothers of young sultans exercised power on behalf of their sons. The most prominent women of this period were K\u00f6sem Sultan and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice, whose political rivalry culminated in K\u00f6sem's murder in 1651. During the K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Era (1656\u20131703), effective control of the Empire was exercised by a sequence of Grand Viziers from the K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc family. The K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Vizierate saw renewed military success with authority restored in Transylvania, the conquest of Crete completed in 1669, and expansion into Polish southern Ukraine, with the strongholds of Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia ceding to Ottoman control in 1676.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Murad IV"}], "question": "Who recaptured Iraq in 1639?", "id": "572a28cdaf94a219006aa83d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "the Safavids"}], "question": "Who had control over Iraq before it was recaptured in 1639?", "id": "572a28cdaf94a219006aa83e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "1651"}], "question": "When was K\u00f6sem murdered?", "id": "572a28cdaf94a219006aa83f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "1656\u20131703"}], "question": "What years define the K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Era?", "id": "572a28cdaf94a219006aa840"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "Crete"}], "question": "What territory was conquered by the K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Vizierate in 1669?", "id": "572a28cdaf94a219006aa841"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, sempadan Habsburg telah menyelesaikan sedikit, kebuntuan yang disebabkan oleh pengukuhan pertahanan Habsburg. Perang Panjang melawan Habsburg Austria (1593-1606) mencipta keperluan untuk lebih banyak infantri Ottoman yang dilengkapi dengan senjata api, yang mengakibatkan kelonggaran dasar perekrutan. Ini menyumbang kepada masalah ketidakpedulian dan kebencian secara terang-terangan dalam korps, yang tidak pernah diselesaikan sepenuhnya. Penembak tajam tidak sekata (Sekban) juga direkrut, dan pada demobilisasi bertukar menjadi brigandage dalam pemberontakan Jelali (1595-1610), yang menimbulkan anarki meluas di Anatolia pada abad ke-16 dan awal abad ke-17. Dengan populasi Empayar mencapai 30 juta orang menjelang 1600, kekurangan tanah meletakkan tekanan lebih lanjut terhadap kerajaan. Walaupun masalah ini, negara Uthmaniyyah tetap kuat, dan tenteranya tidak runtuh atau mengalami kekalahan yang menghancurkan. Satu-satunya pengecualian adalah kempen menentang dinasti Safavid Persia, di mana banyak wilayah timur Uthmaniyyah telah hilang, beberapa kekal. Perang 1603-1618 ini akhirnya mengakibatkan Perjanjian Nasuh Pasha, yang menyerahkan keseluruhan Kaukasus, kecuali Georgia barat, kembali ke dalam simpanan Safavid Iran. Kempen semasa era ini menjadi semakin tidak meyakinkan, malah melawan negara-negara lemah dengan pasukan yang lebih kecil, seperti Poland atau Austria. <> Apa perang akhir abad ke-16 terhadap Habsburg Austria yang dikenali sebagai? || Perang Panjang <> Selama tahun berapa perang Ottoman melawan Habsburg Austria berlaku? || 1593-1606 <> Apakah tajuk tajam ottoman tidak dikenali? || Sekban <> Apakah populasi empayar Uthmaniyyah pada permulaan abad ke-17? || 30 juta orang <> Perang yang berlaku dari tahun 1603 hingga 1618 mengakibatkan perjanjian apa? || Perjanjian Nasuh Pasha", {"context": "By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593\u20131606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to problems of indiscipline and outright rebelliousness within the corps, which were never fully solved. Irregular sharpshooters (Sekban) were also recruited, and on demobilization turned to brigandage in the Jelali revolts (1595\u20131610), which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. With the Empire's population reaching 30 million people by 1600, the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government . In spite of these problems, the Ottoman state remained strong, and its army did not collapse or suffer crushing defeats. The only exceptions were campaigns against the Safavid dynasty of Persia, where many of the Ottoman eastern provinces were lost, some permanently. This 1603\u20131618 war eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha, which ceded the entire Caucasus, except westernmost Georgia, back into Iranian Safavid possession. Campaigns during this era became increasingly inconclusive, even against weaker states with much smaller forces, such as Poland or Austria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "The Long War"}], "question": "What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as?", "id": "572a27803f37b31900478751"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "1593\u20131606"}], "question": "During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur?", "id": "572a27803f37b31900478752"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Sekban"}], "question": "What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as?", "id": "572a27803f37b31900478753"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "30 million people"}], "question": "What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century?", "id": "572a27803f37b31900478754"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1087, "text": "Treaty of Nasuh Pasha"}], "question": "A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty?", "id": "572a27803f37b31900478755"}]}], ["Kemerosotan dan kemerosotan, Stephen Lee berhujah, tidak henti-henti selepas kematian Suleiman pada tahun 1566, terganggu oleh beberapa kebangkitan pendek atau pembaharuan dan pemulihan. Penurunan itu berkumpul dengan cepat sehingga Empayar pada tahun 1699 adalah \"bayangan semata-mata yang menakutkan Timur dan Barat pada tahun 1566.\" Walaupun ada ulama yang menyangkal, kebanyakan ahli sejarah menunjuk kepada \"orang-orang sekte yang degenerate, Viziers yang tidak kompeten, tentara yang lemah dan lemah, pegawai yang korup, spekulator yang berani, menggenggam musuh, dan teman-teman yang khianat.\" Penyebab utama adalah kegagalan kepimpinan, kerana Lee berhujah 10 sultan pertama dari 1292 hingga 1566, dengan satu pengecualian, telah dilakukan dengan mengagumkan. 13 sultan yang akan datang dari tahun 1566 hingga 1703, dengan dua pengecualian, adalah penguasa tidak berdaya atau tidak cekap, kata Lee. Dalam sistem yang sangat berpusat, kegagalan di pusat terbukti membawa maut. Hasil langsung adalah penguatan elit provinsi yang semakin tidak diendahkan Constantinople. Kedua, kekuatan ketenteraan musuh-musuh Eropah semakin kuat dan lebih kuat, sementara pasukan Ottoman dan lengannya sedikitpun bertambah baik. Akhirnya sistem ekonomi Uthmaniyyah telah terdistorsi dan miskin, ketika perang menyebabkan inflasi, perdagangan dunia bergerak ke arah lain, dan kemerosotan undang-undang dan ketertiban membuat kemajuan ekonomi sulit. <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa terdapat kejatuhan yang curam dan genangan selepas kematian Suleiman? || Stephen Lee <> Dalam tahun apakah Suleiman mati? || 1566 <> Pada tahun apakah ia berpendapat bahawa kerajaan Uthmaniyyah hanyalah \"bayangan\" dari apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1566? || 1699 <> Bermula dan berakhir dengan tahun berapa Lee berpendapat bahawa peraturan Empayar tidak cekap? || 1566 hingga 1703 <> Faktor apa yang menyebabkan inflasi di empayar Uthmaniyyah? || perang", {"context": "The stagnation and decline, Stephen Lee argues, was relentless after the death of Suleiman in 1566, interrupted by a few short revivals or reform and recovery. The decline gathered speed so that the Empire in 1699 was, \"a mere shadow of that which intimidated East and West alike in 1566.\" Although there are dissenting scholars, most historians point to \"degenerate Sultans, incompetent Grand Viziers, debilitated and ill-equipped armies, corrupt officials, avaricious speculators, grasping enemies, and treacherous friends.\" The main cause was a failure of leadership, as Lee argues the first 10 sultans from 1292 to 1566, with one exception, had performed admirably. The next 13 sultans from 1566 to 1703, with two exceptions, were lackadaisical or incompetent rulers, says Lee. In a highly centralized system, the failure at the center proved fatal. A direct result was the strengthening of provincial elites who increasingly ignored Constantinople. Secondly the military strength of European enemies grew stronger and stronger, while the Ottoman armies and arms scarcely improved. Finally the Ottoman economic system grew distorted and impoverished, as war caused inflation, world trade moved in other directions, and the deterioration of law and order made economic progress difficult.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Stephen Lee"}], "question": "Who argues that there was steep decline and stagnation after the death of Suleiman?", "id": "572a20e4af94a219006aa80f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "1566"}], "question": "In what year did Suleiman die?", "id": "572a20e4af94a219006aa810"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "1699"}], "question": "By what year was it argued that the Ottoman empire was merely \"a shadow\" of what it was in 1566?", "id": "572a20e4af94a219006aa811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "1566 to 1703"}], "question": "Beginning and ending with what years does Lee argue that the rules of the Empire were incompetent?", "id": "572a20e4af94a219006aa812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1158, "text": "war"}], "question": "What factor caused inflation in the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a20e4af94a219006aa813"}]}], ["Ketika Empayar Uthmaniyyah secara beransur-ansur menyusut, sekitar 7-9 juta orang Turki-Muslim dari bekas wilayahnya di Caucasus, Crimea, Balkan, dan pulau-pulau Mediterranean bermigrasi ke Anatolia dan Timur Thrace. Selepas Empayar kehilangan Perang Balkan (1912-13), ia kehilangan semua wilayah Balkannya kecuali Timur Thrace (Turki Eropah). Ini mengakibatkan sekitar 400,000 orang Muslim melarikan diri dengan tentera Uthmaniyyah yang mundur (dengan banyaknya mati akibat kolera yang dibawa oleh askar), dan dengan kira-kira 400,000 wilayah melarikan diri bukan Islam yang masih berada di bawah pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah. Justin McCarthy menganggarkan bahawa dalam tempoh 1821 hingga 1922 beberapa juta umat Islam mati di Balkan, dengan pengusiran jumlah yang sama. <> Jutaan muslim meninggalkan kerajaan dan berhijrah ke tempat apa? || Anatolia dan Thrace Timur <> Bilakah Wars Balkan berlaku? || 1912-13 <> Apakah satu-satunya wilayah yang disimpan oleh kekaisaran di Balkan selepas tahun 1913? || Timur Thrace (Turki Eropah) <> Berapa ramai umat Islam melarikan diri dari Balkan dengan tentera Uthmaniyyah? || 400,000 <> Mana individu yang menganggarkan berjuta-juta kematian umat Islam di Balkan pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20? || Justin McCarthy", {"context": "As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7\u20139 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912\u201313), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (European Turkey). This resulted in around 400,000 Muslims fleeing with the retreating Ottoman armies (with many dying from cholera brought by the soldiers), and with some 400,000 non-Muslims fleeing territory still under Ottoman rule. Justin McCarthy estimates that during the period 1821 to 1922 several million Muslims died in the Balkans, with the expulsion of a similar number.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Anatolia and Eastern Thrace"}], "question": "Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places?", "id": "572a37f06aef051400155398"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "1912\u201313"}], "question": "When did the Balkan Wars take place?", "id": "572a37f06aef051400155399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "East Thrace (European Turkey)"}], "question": "What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913?", "id": "572a37f06aef05140015539a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "400,000"}], "question": "How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies?", "id": "572a37f06aef05140015539b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "Justin McCarthy"}], "question": "Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century?", "id": "572a37f06aef05140015539c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1915, ketika Tentara Kaukasus Rusia terus maju ke Timur Anatolia, kerajaan Uthmaniyyah memulakan pengusiran penduduk etnik Armenia, mengakibatkan kematian kira-kira 1.5 juta orang Armenia dalam apa yang dikenal sebagai Genosida Armenia. Pembunuhan beramai-ramai dilakukan semasa dan selepas Perang Dunia I dan dilaksanakan dalam dua fasa: pembunuhan borong penduduk lelaki bertubuh yang berupaya melalui pembunuhan beramai-ramai dan tuduhan askar tentera untuk kerja paksa, diikuti dengan pengusiran wanita, kanak-kanak, orang tua dan lemah pada march kematian yang membawa kepada gurun Syria. Didorong ke hadapan oleh pengiring tentera, pengusir ditinggalkan makanan dan air dan tertakluk kepada rompakan berkala, rogol, dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai. Pembunuhan beramai-ramai juga dilakukan terhadap minoriti Yunani dan Asyur Empayar sebagai sebahagian daripada kempen pembersihan etnik yang sama. <> Bilakah tentera Caucasus Rusia maju ke timur Anatolia? || Pada tahun 1915 <> Apa kumpulan etnik diusir oleh Kerajaan Uthmaniyyah dari timur Anatolia? || etnik Armenia <> Berapa banyak rakyat Armenia etnik yang dipercayai telah meninggal dunia dalam Pembantaian Armenia? || 1.5 juta <> Perempuan dan anak-anak Armenia diusir di marches mati melalui padang pasir? || gurun Syria <> Dua etnik minoriti lain dibantai sewaktu pembersihan etnik Uthmaniyyah, apakah mereka? || Minoriti Yunani dan Asyur", {"context": "In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and systematic massacre. Large-scale massacres were also committed against the Empire's Greek and Assyrian minorities as part of the same campaign of ethnic cleansing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1915"}], "question": "When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia?", "id": "572a3b61af94a219006aa8e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "ethnic Armenian"}], "question": "What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia?", "id": "572a3b61af94a219006aa8e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "1.5 million"}], "question": "How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide?", "id": "572a3b61af94a219006aa8e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "the Syrian desert"}], "question": "Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert?", "id": "572a3b61af94a219006aa8e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "Greek and Assyrian minorities"}], "question": "Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing, what were they?", "id": "572a3b61af94a219006aa8e7"}]}], ["Bashi-bazouks Uthmaniyah menindas pemberontakan Bulgaria pada 1876, yang membunuh sehingga 100,000 orang dalam proses itu. Perang Russo-Turki (1877-78) berakhir dengan kemenangan tegas untuk Rusia. Akibatnya, pegangan Uthmaniyyah di Eropah menurun tajam; Bulgaria ditubuhkan sebagai sebuah kerajaan bebas di dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, Romania mencapai kemerdekaan penuh. Serbia dan Montenegro akhirnya mendapat kemerdekaan yang lengkap, tetapi dengan wilayah yang lebih kecil. Pada tahun 1878, Austria-Hungary secara sepihak menduduki wilayah Uthmaniyyah di Bosnia-Herzegovina dan Novi Pazar. <> Siapa yang menahan pemberontakan Bulgaria pada tahun 1876? || Uthmaniyyah bashi-bazouks <> Perang apa yang berlaku dari 1877 hingga 1878? || Perang Russo-Turki <> Bulgaria menjadi bebas di dalam Empayar sebagai akibat dari perang apa? || Perang Russo-Turki <> Negara mana yang mencapai kemerdekaan sepenuhnya sebagai akibat perang Russo-Turki? || Romania", {"context": "The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877\u201378) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire, Romania achieved full independence. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. In 1878, Austria-Hungary unilaterally occupied the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Novi Pazar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Ottoman bashi-bazouks"}], "question": "Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876?", "id": "572a36fe3f37b319004787c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Russo-Turkish War"}], "question": "What war occurred from 1877 to 1878?", "id": "572a36fe3f37b319004787c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "The Russo-Turkish War"}], "question": "Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war?", "id": "572a36fe3f37b319004787c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Romania"}], "question": "What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war?", "id": "572a36fe3f37b319004787c8"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1768, Haidamaks Ukraine yang disokong oleh Rusia, mengejar pengkadap Poland, memasuki Balta, bandar kawalan Uthmaniyyah di sempadan Bessarabia di Ukraine, dan membunuh rakyatnya dan membakar bandar itu ke tanah. Tindakan ini menimbulkan Kesultanan Uthmaniyyah ke Perang Russo-Turki pada tahun 1768-1774. Perjanjian K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca tahun 1774 mengakhiri perang dan memberikan kebebasan untuk beribadah kepada warga Kristian dari wilayah-wilayah Ottawa yang dikuasai Wallachia dan Moldavia. Menjelang akhir abad ke-18, beberapa kekalahan dalam beberapa peperangan dengan Rusia mengetuai beberapa orang di Empayar Uthmaniyyah untuk menyimpulkan bahawa pembaharuan Peter the Great telah memberi Rusia satu kelebihan, dan pihak Uthmaniyyah harus mengikuti teknologi Barat dalam untuk mengelakkan kekalahan selanjutnya. <> Kumpulan mana yang disokong oleh Rusia memasuki Balta pada tahun 1768? || Haidamaks Ukrainia <> Berhampiran kawasan apa yang dikatakan Balta? || Bessarabia <> Selama tahun berapa perang Russo-Turki? || 1768-1774 <> Perang Russo-Turki mengakibatkan perjanjian apa? || Perjanjian dari K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca <> Kemuncak perang Russo-Turki yang diberikan kepada rakyat dari wilayah-wilayah terkawal Uthmaniyyah di Moldavia? || kebebasan untuk menyembah", {"context": "In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768\u20131774. The Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia. By the late 18th century, a number of defeats in several wars with Russia led some people in the Ottoman Empire to conclude that the reforms of Peter the Great had given the Russians an edge, and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Ukrainian Haidamaks"}], "question": "Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768?", "id": "572a2f0e3f37b3190047877d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Bessarabia"}], "question": "Near what region was Balta bording?", "id": "572a2f0e3f37b3190047877e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "1768\u20131774"}], "question": "During what years was the Russo-Turkish war?", "id": "572a2f0e3f37b3190047877f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca"}], "question": "The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty?", "id": "572a2f0e3f37b31900478780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "freedom to worship"}], "question": "The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia?", "id": "572a2f0e3f37b31900478781"}]}], ["Sejarah Empayar Uthmaniyyah semasa Perang Dunia I bermula dengan pertunangan Uthmaniyah di teater Timur Tengah. Terdapat beberapa kemenangan penting Uthmaniyah pada tahun-tahun awal perang, seperti Pertempuran Gallipoli dan Pengepungan Kut. Pemberontakan Arab yang bermula pada tahun 1916 menjadi gelombang menentang Uthmaniyyah di hadapan Timur Tengah, di mana mereka pada mulanya nampaknya memiliki tangan atas selama dua tahun pertama perang. Gencatan senjata Mudros ditandatangani pada 30 Oktober 1918, dan menetapkan pemisahan Empayar Uthmaniyyah di bawah syarat-syarat Perjanjian S\u00e8vres. Perjanjian ini, seperti yang dirancang dalam persidangan London, membenarkan Sultan mengekalkan kedudukan dan gelarannya. Pendudukan Constantinople dan \u0130zmir menyebabkan penubuhan gerakan kebangsaan Turki, yang memenangi Perang Kemerdekaan Turki (1919-22) di bawah pimpinan Mustafa Kemal (kemudian diberi nama \"Atat\u00fcrk\"). Kesultanan itu dimansuhkan pada 1 November 1922, dan sultan terakhir, Mehmed VI (memerintah 1918-22), meninggalkan negara itu pada 17 November 1922. Kekhalifahan itu dimansuhkan pada 3 Mac 1924. <> Di mana empayar Uthmaniyyah memainkan peranannya dalam perang dunia pertama? || Teater Timur Tengah <> Pertempuran Gallipoli dan Pengepungan Kut menghasilkan apa? || Kemenangan Uthmaniyyah <> Pemberontakan Arab bermula pada tahun berapa? || 1916 <> Apa tarikh Gencatan senjata Mudros ditandatangani? || 30 Oktober 1918 <> Bilakah Perang Turki Kemerdekaan berlaku? || 1919-22", {"context": "The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front, where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918, and set the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of S\u00e8vres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title. The occupation of Constantinople and \u0130zmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (1919\u201322) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname \"Atat\u00fcrk\"). The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918\u201322), left the country on 17 November 1922. The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Middle Eastern theatre"}], "question": "Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war?", "id": "572a3a453f37b319004787e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Ottoman victories"}], "question": "The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what?", "id": "572a3a453f37b319004787e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "1916"}], "question": "The Arab Revolt began in what year?", "id": "572a3a453f37b319004787e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "30 October 1918"}], "question": "What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed?", "id": "572a3a453f37b319004787e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 832, "text": "1919\u201322"}], "question": "When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?", "id": "572a3a453f37b319004787e9"}]}], ["Penduduk Kristian kekaisaran, berikutan tingkat pendidikan yang lebih tinggi, mula menarik majoriti Muslim, yang menyebabkan banyak kemarahan di pihak yang terakhir. Pada tahun 1861, terdapat 571 sekolah rendah dan 94 buah sekolah menengah bagi penganut Uthmaniyyah Uthmaniyah dengan 140,000 pelajar, satu angka yang jauh melebihi bilangan anak-anak Muslim di sekolah pada masa yang sama, yang kemudiannya terhalang oleh jumlah masa yang dihabiskan untuk belajar bahasa Arab dan Teologi Islam. Sebaliknya, tahap pendidikan tinggi orang Kristian membolehkan mereka memainkan peranan yang besar dalam ekonomi. Pada tahun 1911, daripada 654 syarikat borong di Istanbul, 528 dimiliki oleh etnik Yunani. Sudah tentu, adalah satu kesilapan untuk mengabaikan dimensi geopolitik dinamik ini. Kebanyakan peniaga Kristian tidak berutang kepada apa-apa perniagaan yang masuk akal di pihak mereka, walaupun banyak pemerhati Eropah berminat untuk membuat perkara ini. Malah, dalam banyak kes, orang Kristian dan juga orang Yahudi dapat mendapat perlindungan daripada konsul Eropah dan kewarganegaraan, bermakna mereka dilindungi dari undang-undang Uthmaniyyah dan tidak tertakluk kepada peraturan ekonomi yang sama seperti rakan-rakan Muslim mereka. <> Berapa banyak sekolah rendah wujud untuk orang Kristian di empayar Uthmaniyah pada tahun 1861? || 571 <> Berapa banyak pelajar Kristian di sekolah-sekolah Uthmaniyah pada tahun 1861? || 140,000 <> Yunani di Istanbul mempunyai berapa banyak syarikat borong pada tahun 1911? || 528 <> Terdapat berapa syarikat grosir di Istanbul pada tahun 1911? || 654 <> Yahudi dan Kristian telah ditawarkan perlindungan dalam bentuk apa bantuan oleh Eropah? || konsul dan kewarganegaraan", {"context": "The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology. In turn, the higher educational levels of the Christians allowed them to play a large role in the economy. In 1911, of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul, 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks. Of course, it would be a mistake to ignore the geopolitical dimensions of this dynamic. The preponderance of Christian merchants owed not to any innate business sense on their part, although plenty of European observers were keen on making this point. In fact, in many cases, Christians and also Jews were able to gain protection from European consuls and citizenship, meaning they were protected from Ottoman law and not subject to the same economic regulations as their Muslim comrades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "571"}], "question": "How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861?", "id": "572a31636aef051400155354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "140,000"}], "question": "How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861?", "id": "572a31636aef051400155355"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "528"}], "question": "Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911?", "id": "572a31636aef051400155356"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "654"}], "question": "There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911?", "id": "572a31636aef051400155358"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1009, "text": "consuls and citizenship"}], "question": "Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe?", "id": "572a31636aef051400155357"}]}], ["Revolusi Serbia (1804-1815) menandakan permulaan era kebangkitan kebangsaan di Balkan semasa Soalan Timur. Suzerainty Serbia sebagai monarki keturunan di bawah dinastinya sendiri telah diakui de jure pada tahun 1830. Pada tahun 1821, orang Yunani mengisytiharkan perang kepada Sultan. Pemberontakan yang berasal dari Moldavia sebagai lencongan diikuti oleh revolusi utama di Peloponnese, yang, bersama dengan bahagian utara Teluk Corinth, menjadi bahagian pertama Empayar Uthmaniyyah untuk mencapai kemerdekaan (pada tahun 1829). Menjelang pertengahan abad ke-19, Empayar Uthmaniyyah disebut \"orang sakit\" oleh orang Eropah. Negara suzerain - Perwalian Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia dan Montenegro - bergerak menuju kemerdekaan de jure pada tahun 1860 dan 1870an. <> Semasa tahun berapa Revolusi Serbia berlaku? || 1804-1815 <> Apakah monarki Serbia diakui pada tahun 1830? || Suzerainty of Serbia <> Terdapat perang yang diisytiharkan terhadap Sultan Uthmaniyyah pada tahun 1821, yang menyatakannya? || Orang-orang Yunani <> Beberapa bahagian Empayar Uthmaniyyah memperoleh kemerdekaan pada tahun berapa? || 1829 <> Apakah orang Eropah merujuk kepada empayar Uthmaniyyah seperti pada abad ke-19? || \"orang sakit\"", {"context": "The Serbian revolution (1804\u20131815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese, which, along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth, became the first parts of the Ottoman Empire to achieve independence (in 1829). By the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire was called the \"sick man\" by Europeans. The suzerain states \u2013 the Principality of Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia and Montenegro \u2013 moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "1804\u20131815"}], "question": "During what years did the Serbian Revolution occur?", "id": "572a301c3f37b3190047878d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Suzerainty of Serbia"}], "question": "What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830?", "id": "572a301c3f37b3190047878e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "the Greeks"}], "question": "There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sultan in 1821, who declared it?", "id": "572a301c3f37b3190047878f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "1829"}], "question": "Some parts of the Ottoman Empire gained independence in what year?", "id": "572a301c3f37b31900478790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "the \"sick man\""}], "question": "What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century?", "id": "572a301c3f37b31900478791"}]}], ["Perang Krimea (1853-1856) merupakan sebahagian daripada peraduan yang panjang antara kuasa-kuasa utama Eropah untuk mempengaruhi wilayah-wilayah wilayah Empayar Uthmaniyyah yang merosot. Beban kewangan perang menyebabkan negara Uthmaniyyah mengeluarkan pinjaman luar negeri berjumlah 5 juta pound sterling pada 4 Ogos 1854. Peperangan itu menyebabkan pengeluaran Tatar Krimea, sekitar 200,000 dari mereka pindah ke Empayar Uthmaniyyah dalam gelombang emigrasi yang terus berlanjut. Menjelang akhir Perang Kaukasia, 90% daripada orang-orang Circassians dibersihkan secara etnik dan diasingkan dari negara asal mereka di Caucasus dan melarikan diri ke Empayar Uthmaniyyah, mengakibatkan penempatan 500,000 hingga 700,000 orang Circassians di Turki. [Halaman diperlukan] Beberapa organisasi Circassian memberikan angka yang lebih tinggi, berjumlah 1-1.5 juta yang diusir atau terbunuh. <> Selama tahun berapa Perang Krimea berlaku? || 1853-1856 <> Pada tarikh apakah kerajaan Uthmaniyyah mengeluarkan pinjaman asing untuk menangani kos perang? || 4 Ogos 1854 <> Sebanyak 200,000 individu dari kumpulan apa yang meninggalkan Crimea semasa perang? || Tatar Krimea <> Sebenarnya 90% daripada kumpulan apa yang ditolak dari rumah mereka atau dibersihkan secara etnik semasa Perang Kaukasia? || Circassians <> Di manakah Circassians menetap ketika meninggalkan rumah mereka di Caucasus? || Turki", {"context": "The Crimean War (1853\u20131856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars, about 200,000 of whom moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration. Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars, 90% of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey.[page needed] Some Circassian organisations give much higher numbers, totaling 1\u20131.5 million deported or killed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "1853\u20131856"}], "question": "During what years did the Crimean War take place?", "id": "572a332b1d0469140077983b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "4 August 1854"}], "question": "On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war?", "id": "572a332b1d0469140077983c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Crimean Tatars"}], "question": "Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war?", "id": "572a332b1d0469140077983d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Circassians"}], "question": "Roughly 90% of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars?", "id": "572a332b1d0469140077983e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus?", "id": "572a332b1d0469140077983f"}]}], ["Memandangkan negara Uthmaniyyah berusaha untuk memodenkan infrastruktur dan tenteranya sebagai tindak balas terhadap ancaman dari luar, ia juga membuka dirinya kepada pelbagai jenis ancaman: peminjam. Memang, seperti yang ditulis oleh sejarawan Eugene Rogan, \"ancaman tunggal yang paling besar kepada kemerdekaan Timur Tengah\" pada abad kesembilan belas \"bukan tentera Eropah tetapi banknya.\" Negara Uthmaniyyah, yang telah mulai mengambil hutang dengan Perang Krimea, dipaksa untuk mengisytiharkan muflis pada tahun 1875. Menjelang 1881, Empayar Uthmaniyyah sepakat untuk memiliki hutangnya dikawal oleh sebuah institusi yang dikenali sebagai Uthmaniyyah Utang Umum Pentadbiran, majlis Eropah lelaki dengan jawatan presiden antara Perancis dan Britain. Badan swatsa terkawal ekonomi Uthmaniyyah, dan menggunakan kedudukannya untuk memastikan bahwa ibukota Eropa terus menembus empayar, seringkali merugikan kepentingan Ottoman setempat. <> Apa sejarawan menulis bahawa bank-bank adalah ancaman terbesar tunggal untuk kemerdekaan pertengahan timur? || Eugene Rogan <> Dalam tahun berapakah Empayar Uthmaniyyah mengisytiharkan muflis? || 1875 <> Apa pentadbiran yang digunakan oleh empayar untuk mengawal hutangnya? || Pentadbiran Hutang Awam Utsmani <> Siapa yang berkhidmat di pentadbiran kawalan kekayaan Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Lelaki Eropah dengan jawatan presiden bergilir antara Perancis dan Britain. <> Modal Eropah di empayar Uthmaniyyah menghasilkan apa? || menjejaskan kepentingan Ottoman tempatan", {"context": "As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, \"the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East\" in the nineteenth century \"was not the armies of Europe but its banks.\" The Ottoman state, which had begun taking on debt with the Crimean War, was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1875. By 1881, the Ottoman Empire agreed to have its debt controlled by an institution known as the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, a council of European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain. The body controlled swaths of the Ottoman economy, and used its position to insure that European capital continued to penetrate the empire, often to the detriment of local Ottoman interests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Eugene Rogan"}], "question": "What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence? ", "id": "572a35beaf94a219006aa8a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "1875"}], "question": "In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy?", "id": "572a35beaf94a219006aa8a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Ottoman Public Debt Administration"}], "question": "What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called?", "id": "572a35beaf94a219006aa8a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain."}], "question": "Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "572a35beaf94a219006aa8a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 854, "text": "the detriment of local Ottoman interests"}], "question": "European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what?", "id": "572a35beaf94a219006aa8a5"}]}], ["Kekalahan dan pembubaran Empayar Uthmaniyyah (1908-1922) bermula dengan Era Perlembagaan Kedua, momen harapan dan janji yang ditubuhkan dengan Revolusi Muda Turki. Ia memulihkan perlembagaan Uthmaniyyah 1876 dan membawa masuk politik multi-parti dengan sistem pilihan raya dua peringkat (undang-undang pilihan raya) di bawah parlimen Uthmaniyyah. Perlembagaan menawarkan harapan dengan membebaskan warga empayar untuk memodenkan institusi negeri, memulihkan kekuatannya, dan membolehkannya memegang kuasa sendiri terhadap kuasa luar. Jaminan kebebasannya dijanjikan untuk membubarkan ketegangan antara kaum dan mengubah empayar menjadi tempat yang lebih harmoni. Sebaliknya, tempoh ini menjadi kisah perjuangan senja Kerajaan. Ahli pergerakan Tentera Turki yang muda sekali bawah tanah (dinamakan jawatankuasa, kumpulan, dll.) Ditubuhkan (diisytiharkan) pihaknya. Antaranya \"Jawatankuasa Kesatuan dan Kemajuan,\" dan \"Parti Kebebasan dan Kesepakatan\" adalah pihak utama. Pada hujung spektrum lain adalah kumpulan etnik yang termasuk; Poale Zion, Al-Fatat, dan gerakan kebangsaan Armenia yang dianjurkan di bawah Persekutuan Revolusi Armenia. Menguntungkan dari perselisihan sivil, Austria-Hungary secara rasmi telah membubarkan Bosnia dan Herzegovina pada tahun 1908. Banci terakhir bencana Ottoman dilakukan dengan banci tahun 1914. Pembaharuan tentera Uthmaniyyah menghasilkan Tentera Moden Uthmaniyyah yang terlibat dengan Perang Italo-Turki (1911), Balkan Wars (1912-1913), dan kerusuhan berterusan (rampasan kaunter diikuti oleh pemulihan dan Penyelamat diikuti oleh Raid on Porte) di Empire sehingga Perang Dunia I. <> Era apa yang bermula dari kekaisaran Uthmaniyyah? || Era Perlembagaan Kedua <> Apakah revolusi yang mencetuskan kemunculan Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Revolusi Muda Turk <> Pemulihan apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1876? || Uthmaniyyah perlembagaan <> Apakah dua pihak utama yang ditubuhkan oleh ahli-ahli Young Turk? || Jawatankuasa Kesatuan dan Kemajuan, \"dan\" Parti Kebebasan dan Kesepakatan \"<> Apakah wilayah-wilayah yang dilampirkan oleh Austria-Hungary pada tahun 1908? || Bosnia dan Herzegovina", {"context": "The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908\u20131922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament. The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire\u2019s citizens to modernize the state\u2019s institutions, rejuvenate its strength, and enable it to hold its own against outside powers. Its guarantee of liberties promised to dissolve inter-communal tensions and transform the empire into a more harmonious place. Instead, this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire. Young Turks movement members once underground (named committee, group, etc.) established (declared) their parties. Among them \u201cCommittee of Union and Progress,\u201d and \u201cFreedom and Accord Party\u201d were major parties. On the other end of the spectrum were ethnic parties which included; Poale Zion, Al-Fatat, and Armenian national movement organized under Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The last of Ottoman censuses was performed with the 1914 census. Ottoman military reforms resulted with the Ottoman Modern Army which engaged with Italo-Turkish War (1911), Balkan Wars (1912\u20131913), and continuous unrest (Counter coup followed by restoration and Saviors followed by Raid on Porte) in the Empire up to World War I.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Second Constitutional Era"}], "question": "What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a392aaf94a219006aa8c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "the Young Turk Revolution"}], "question": "What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "572a392aaf94a219006aa8c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "the Ottoman constitution"}], "question": "The restoration of what happened in 1876?", "id": "572a392aaf94a219006aa8c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "Committee of Union and Progress,\u201d and \u201cFreedom and Accord Party\u201d"}], "question": "What were two major parties established by Young Turk members?", "id": "572a392aaf94a219006aa8ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1176, "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"}], "question": "What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?", "id": "572a392aaf94a219006aa8cb"}]}], ["Sistem undang-undang Islam Uthmaniyyah telah dibentuk secara berbeza daripada mahkamah Eropah tradisional. Mengetuai mahkamah Islam akan menjadi Qadi, atau hakim. Sejak penutupan ijtihad, atau Gate of Interpretation, Qadis di seluruh Empayar Uthmaniyyah lebih tertumpu pada duluan undang-undang, dan lebih banyak lagi dengan adat dan tradisi tempatan dalam bidang yang mereka sediakan. Walau bagaimanapun, sistem pengadilan Uthmaniyyah tidak mempunyai struktur rayuan, yang membawa kepada strategi kes jurisdictional di mana plaintif boleh mengambil pertikaian mereka dari satu sistem mahkamah yang lain sehingga mereka mencapai keputusan yang lebih baik. <> Siapa yang mempengerusikan Mahkamah Islam empayar? || Qadi <> Pada apa yang berlaku, Qadi kurang fokus pada duluan? || penutupan ijtihad, atau Gate of Interpretation <> Apa satu perkara yang kekurangan sistem undang-undang Uthmaniyyah? || struktur rayuan <> Apa yang difokuskan oleh Qadis di beberapa tempat? || adat dan tradisi setempat <> Apa kata lain untuk Qadi? || Hakim", {"context": "The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Qadi"}], "question": "Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?", "id": "572a44253f37b3190047884f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation"}], "question": "At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent?", "id": "572a44253f37b31900478850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "an appellate structure"}], "question": "What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked?", "id": "572a44253f37b31900478851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "local customs and traditions"}], "question": "What did Qadis focus on in some areas?", "id": "572a44253f37b31900478852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "judge"}], "question": "What is another word for Qadi?", "id": "572a44253f37b31900478853"}]}], ["Tentera Laut Uthmaniyyah sangat menyumbang kepada perkembangan wilayah-wilayah Empayar di benua Eropah. Ia memulakan penaklukan Afrika Utara, dengan penambahan Algeria dan Mesir kepada Empayar Uthmaniyyah pada 1517. Bermula dengan kehilangan Greece pada tahun 1821 dan Algeria pada tahun 1830, kuasa tentera laut Uthmaniyyah dan kawalan ke atas wilayah Empire jauh di luar negeri mula merosot. Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz (memerintah 1861-1876) cuba membina semula angkatan laut Ottoman yang kuat, membina armada terbesar selepas orang-orang di Britain dan Perancis. Galangan di Barrow, England, membina kapal selam pertama pada tahun 1886 untuk Empayar Uthmaniyyah. <> Pada apa benua yang Tentera Laut Uthmaniyyah paling banyak menyumbang? || Benua Eropah <> Kawasan apa yang ditakluk oleh Tentera Laut Uthmaniyyah pada awal abad ke-16? || Afrika Utara <> Mesir telah ditambah ke Empayar Uthmaniyyah dalam tahun berapa? || 1517 <> Dalam tahun berapakah kerajaan Uthmaniyyah kehilangan Greece? || 1821 <> Empayar Uthmaniyah kehilangan wilayah apa pada tahun 1830? || Algeria", {"context": "The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz (reigned 1861\u20131876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "European continent"}], "question": "On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most?", "id": "572a468aaf94a219006aa927"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "North Africa"}], "question": "What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century?", "id": "572a468aaf94a219006aa928"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "1517"}], "question": "Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year?", "id": "572a468aaf94a219006aa929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "1821"}], "question": "In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece?", "id": "572a468aaf94a219006aa92a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Algeria"}], "question": "The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830?", "id": "572a468aaf94a219006aa92b"}]}], ["Walaupun sultan adalah raja tertinggi, pihak berkuasa politik dan eksekutif sultan telah diwakilkan. Politik negeri ini mempunyai beberapa penasihat dan menteri yang berkumpul di sekeliling sebuah dewan yang dikenali sebagai Divan (selepas abad ke-17 ia dinamakan semula sebagai \"Porte\"). The Divan, pada tahun-tahun ketika negara Uthmaniyyah masih Beylik, terdiri dari para penatua suku. Susunannya kemudian diubahsuai untuk memasukkan pegawai tentera dan elit tempatan (seperti penasihat agama dan politik). Kemudian, bermula pada 1320, seorang Vizier Besar telah dilantik untuk menanggung tanggungjawab sultan tertentu. The Grand Vizier mempunyai kemerdekaan yang besar dari sultan dengan kuasa yang hampir tidak terhad untuk pelantikan, pemecatan dan pengawasan. Bermula dengan abad ke-16, para sultan menarik diri dari politik dan Grand Vizier menjadi ketua de facto. <> Sultan sultan kekaisaran mempunyai apa yang dihormati? || raja tertinggi <> Apakah majlis yang mengendalikan politik negara yang dinamakan? || Divan <> Apa jenis orang pada mulanya di Divan? || penatua suku <> Pada suatu masa kemudian kumpulan-kumpulan lain dimasukkan ke Divan, kumpulan apa? || pegawai tentera dan elit tempatan <> A Grand Vizar mula dilantik dalam tahun berapa? || 1320", {"context": "Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the \"Porte\"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still a Beylik, was composed of the elders of the tribe. Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites (such as religious and political advisors). Later still, beginning in 1320, a Grand Vizier was appointed to assume certain of the sultan's responsibilities. The Grand Vizier had considerable independence from the sultan with almost unlimited powers of appointment, dismissal and supervision. Beginning with the late 16th century, sultans withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the de facto head of state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "the supreme monarch"}], "question": "The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific?", "id": "572a41783f37b31900478831"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Divan"}], "question": "What was the council that handled state politics named?", "id": "572a41783f37b31900478832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "elders of the tribe"}], "question": "What type of people were initially in the Divan?", "id": "572a41783f37b31900478833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "military officers and local elites"}], "question": "At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan, what groups?", "id": "572a41783f37b31900478834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "1320"}], "question": "A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year?", "id": "572a41783f37b31900478835"}]}], ["Pembaharuan ini didasarkan pada model Perancis, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh penggunaan sistem pengadilan tiga tingkat. Dirujuk sebagai Nizamiye, sistem ini diperluaskan ke peringkat majistret tempatan dengan pengumuman muktamad Mecelle, kod sivil yang mengatur perkahwinan, perceraian, tunjangan, dan lain-lain perkara status peribadi. Dalam usaha untuk menjelaskan pembahagian kompetensi kehakiman, majlis pentadbiran menetapkan bahawa urusan keagamaan akan ditangani oleh mahkamah agama, dan hal-hal statut akan ditangani oleh mahkamah Nizamiye. <> Pembaharuan dalam sistem pengadilan Uthmaniyyah berdasarkan model apa? || Model Perancis <> Berapa banyak tiang mengamalkan sistem pengadilan Uthmaniyyah? || tiga <> Apa sistem pengadilan Uthmaniyyah yang baru dikenali? || Nizamiye <> Apa kod peraturan perkahwinan? || Mecelle", {"context": "These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of personal status. In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences, an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts, and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "French models"}], "question": "Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model?", "id": "572a44ec6aef0514001553f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt?", "id": "572a44ec6aef0514001553f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Nizamiye"}], "question": "What was the new Ottoman court system known as?", "id": "572a44ec6aef0514001553f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "the Mecelle"}], "question": "What code regulated marriage?", "id": "572a44ec6aef0514001553f5"}]}], ["Namun demikian, kategori mahkamah ini tidak eksklusif: contohnya, mahkamah Islam - yang merupakan mahkamah utama Empayar-juga boleh digunakan untuk menyelesaikan konflik perdagangan atau pertikaian antara litigants agama yang berbeza, dan Yahudi dan Kristian sering pergi ke mereka untuk mendapatkan keputusan yang lebih kuat mengenai sesuatu isu. Negara Uthmaniyyah cenderung untuk tidak mengganggu sistem undang-undang agama bukan Islam, walaupun secara sah mempunyai suara untuk melakukannya melalui gabenor setempat. Sistem undang-undang Syariah Islam telah dibangunkan dari gabungan Al-Qur'an; Hadis, atau kata-kata nabi Muhammad; ijm\u0101 ', atau konsensus ahli-ahli masyarakat Islam; qiyas, sistem penalaran analogi dari duluan terdahulu; dan adat resam tempatan. Kedua-dua sistem itu diajar di sekolah undang-undang Empayar, yang berada di Istanbul dan Bursa. <> Apakah gelanggang utama kerajaan? || Mahkamah Syariah <> Daripada apa yang telah dikembangkan Syariah? || Al-Quran; Hadith <> Kata-kata yang menyumbang kepada sistem undang-undang Syariah Islam? || nabi Muhammad <> Di manakah sekolah hukum kerajaan? || di Istanbul dan Bursa. <> Apa kumpulan agama lain pergi ke mahkamah Islam? || Yahudi dan Kristian", {"context": "These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts\u2014which were the Empire's primary courts\u2014could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Had\u012bth, or words of the prophet Muhammad; ijm\u0101', or consensus of the members of the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in Istanbul and Bursa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Islamic courts"}], "question": "What were the primary courts of the empire?", "id": "572a437f1d046914007798ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "the Qur'an; the Had\u012bth"}], "question": "From what works was Sharia developed?", "id": "572a437f1d046914007798ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "the prophet Muhammad"}], "question": "Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system?", "id": "572a437f1d046914007798ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "in Istanbul and Bursa."}], "question": "Where were the empire's law schools?", "id": "572a437f1d046914007798ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Jews and Christians"}], "question": "What other religious groups went to Islamic courts?", "id": "572a437f1d046914007798af"}]}], ["Sebelum pembaharuan abad ke-19 dan ke-20, organisasi negara Empayar Uthmaniyyah adalah sistem mudah yang mempunyai dua dimensi utama, iaitu pentadbiran tentera dan pentadbiran sivil. Sultan adalah kedudukan tertinggi dalam sistem. Sistem sivil adalah berdasarkan unit pentadbiran tempatan berdasarkan ciri-ciri rantau ini. Uthmaniyyah mengamalkan sistem di mana kerajaan (seperti dalam Empayar Byzantine) mempunyai kawalan ke atas pendeta. Beberapa tradisi Turki pra-Islam yang terselamat daripada penerapan amalan pentadbiran dan undang-undang dari Iran Islam kekal penting dalam kalangan pentadbiran Uthmaniyah. Menurut pemahaman Uthmaniyyah, tanggungjawab utama negara adalah untuk mempertahankan dan memperluas tanah kaum muslimin dan untuk memastikan keamanan dan keharmonisan dalam sempadannya dalam konteks yang menyeluruh dari praktik Islam ortodoks dan kedaulatan dinasti. <> Apa kedudukan orang tertinggi di Empayar Uthmaniyyah sehingga abad ke-19? || Sultan adalah kedudukan tertinggi <> Pada jenis sistem adalah pentadbiran awam empayar berdasarkan? || unit pentadbiran tempatan berdasarkan ciri-ciri rantau <> Yang mempunyai kawalan ke atas paderi di empayar Uthmaniyyah? || negara <> Apakah tanggungjawab utama negara Uthmaniyyah berkaitan dengan tanah? || untuk mempertahankan dan memperluaskan tanah kaum muslim <> Jenis latihan apa yang membimbing negara Uthmaniyah dalam tanggungjawabnya? || amalan Islam ortodoks", {"context": "Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The Ottomans practiced a system in which the state (as in the Byzantine Empire) had control over the clergy. Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Sultan was the highest position"}], "question": "What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century?", "id": "572a3c5c3f37b31900478801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "local administrative units based on the region's characteristics"}], "question": "On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on? ", "id": "572a3c5c3f37b31900478802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "the state"}], "question": "Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a3c5c3f37b31900478803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "to defend and extend the land of the Muslims"}], "question": "What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands?", "id": "572a3c5c3f37b31900478804"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 859, "text": "orthodox Islamic practice"}], "question": "What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities?", "id": "572a3c5c3f37b31900478805"}]}], ["Unit tentera pertama Negara Uthmaniyyah adalah tentera yang dianjurkan oleh Osman I dari suku kaum yang mendiami bukit-bukit Anatolia barat pada akhir abad ke-13. Sistem ketenteraan menjadi organisasi yang rumit dengan kemajuan Empayar. Tentera Uthmaniyyah adalah sistem perekrutan dan pemusnahan yang kompleks. Pasukan utama Tentara Uthmaniyyah termasuk Janissary, Sipahi, Ak\u0131nc\u0131 dan Mehter\u00e2n. Tentera Uthmaniyyah pernah menjadi salah satu pasukan pertempuran paling maju di dunia, menjadi salah satu yang pertama menggunakan muskets dan meriam. Turki Uthmaniyah mula menggunakan falconets, yang merupakan meriam yang pendek tetapi luas, semasa Pengepungan Constantinople. Pasukan berkuda Uthmaniyyah bergantung pada kelajuan dan pergerakan yang tinggi dan bukannya perisai berat, menggunakan busur dan pedang pendek pada kuda Turkoman dan Arab yang cepat (progenitors kuda lumba Thoroughbred), dan sering menggunakan taktik yang mirip dengan Empayar Mongol, seperti berpura-pura berundur sambil mengelilingi pasukan musuh dalam formasi berbentuk sabit dan kemudian membuat serangan sebenar. Penurunan prestasi tentera menjadi jelas dari pertengahan abad ke-17 dan selepas Perang Turki Besar. Abad ke-18 menyaksikan beberapa kejayaan terhad terhadap Venice, tetapi di utara tentera Rusia gaya Eropah memaksa orang Uthmania mengakui tanah. <> Dalam abad apakah Osman I yang pertama menganjurkan borang unit tentera? || Abad ke-13 <> Dari manakah puak-puak yang membentuk satu unit yang dianjurkan oleh Osman I berasal? || bukit-bukit barat Anatolia <> Ada empat Kor Tentera Uthmaniyyah, apakah mereka? || Janissary, Sipahi, Ak\u0131nc\u0131 dan Mehter\u00e2n <> Tentera Uthmaniyyah adalah antara yang pertama menggunakan dua senjata teknologi? || muskets dan meriam <> Dalam konflik apakah yang dilakukan Turki Uthmaniyyah menggunakan falconets? || Pengepungan Constantinople", {"context": "The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fief-holding. The main corps of the Ottoman Army included Janissary, Sipahi, Ak\u0131nc\u0131 and Mehter\u00e2n. The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world, being one of the first to use muskets and cannons. The Ottoman Turks began using falconets, which were short but wide cannons, during the Siege of Constantinople. The Ottoman cavalry depended on high speed and mobility rather than heavy armour, using bows and short swords on fast Turkoman and Arabian horses (progenitors of the Thoroughbred racing horse), and often applied tactics similar to those of the Mongol Empire, such as pretending to retreat while surrounding the enemy forces inside a crescent-shaped formation and then making the real attack. The decline in the army's performance became clear from the mid-17th century and after the Great Turkish War. The 18th century saw some limited success against Venice, but in the north the European-style Russian armies forced the Ottomans to concede land.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "13th century"}], "question": "In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form?", "id": "572a45ddaf94a219006aa91d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "the hills of western Anatolia"}], "question": "From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate?", "id": "572a45ddaf94a219006aa91e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Janissary, Sipahi, Ak\u0131nc\u0131 and Mehter\u00e2n"}], "question": "There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they?", "id": "572a45ddaf94a219006aa91f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "muskets and cannons"}], "question": "The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology?", "id": "572a45ddaf94a219006aa920"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Siege of Constantinople"}], "question": "In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets?", "id": "572a45ddaf94a219006aa921"}]}], ["Sistem undang-undang Uthmaniyyah menerima undang-undang agama atas subjeknya. Pada masa yang sama Qanun (atau Kanun), sebuah sistem undang-undang sekular, wujud dengan undang-undang agama atau Syariah. Empayar Uthmaniyyah selalu teratur di sekitar sistem perundangan tempatan. Pentadbiran undang-undang di Empayar Uthmaniyyah adalah sebahagian daripada skema yang lebih besar untuk mengimbangi kuasa pusat dan tempatan. Kuasa Uthmaniyyah berkecimpung di sekitar pentadbiran hak-hak tanah, yang memberi ruang kepada pihak berkuasa tempatan untuk membangunkan keperluan bijih setempat. Kerumitan bidang kuasa Empayar Uthmaniyyah bertujuan untuk mengintegrasikan kumpulan-kumpulan yang berbeza dari segi budaya dan agama. Sistem Uthmaniyyah mempunyai tiga sistem pengadilan: satu untuk umat Islam, satu untuk orang bukan Islam, yang melibatkan orang-orang Yahudi dan Kristian yang dilantik yang memerintah atas komuniti keagamaan masing-masing, dan \"pengadilan perdagangan\". Seluruh sistem dikawal dari atas dengan cara pentadbiran Qanun, iaitu undang-undang, sistem berdasarkan Yassa Turk dan T\u00f6re, yang telah dibangunkan dalam era pra-Islam. [Sunting] Apa nama sekularnya sistem perundangan di bawah Khalifah Uthmaniyyah? || Qanun (atau Kanun) <> Apakah undang-undang agama yang dikenali sebagai? || Sharia <> Apakah kerajaan Ottoman cuba untuk mengimbangi dasar undang-undangnya? || pihak berkuasa pusat dan tempatan <> Berapa banyak sistem pengadilan yang ada di empayar Uthmaniyyah? || tiga sistem pengadilan <> Apakah undang-undang sistem pengadilan berdasarkan? || Turki Yassa dan T\u00f6re", {"context": "The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority. Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority to develop the needs of the local millet. The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups. The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and the \"trade court\". The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative Qanun, i.e. laws, a system based upon the Turkic Yassa and T\u00f6re, which were developed in the pre-Islamic era.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Qanun (or Kanun)"}], "question": "What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate?", "id": "572a42436aef0514001553d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Sharia"}], "question": "What was religious law known as?", "id": "572a42436aef0514001553d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "central and local authority"}], "question": "What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies?", "id": "572a42436aef0514001553da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "three court systems"}], "question": "How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have?", "id": "572a42436aef0514001553db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 984, "text": "Turkic Yassa and T\u00f6re"}], "question": "What were the laws of the court system based upon?", "id": "572a42436aef0514001553dc"}]}], ["Empayar Uthmaniyyah atau, sebagai sebuah institusi dinasti, House of Osman tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini dan tidak dapat diterima di dunia Islam untuk saiz dan tempohnya. Di Eropah, hanya House of Habsburg mempunyai garis yang sama sekali tidak berdaulat kerajaan (raja / kaisar) dari keluarga yang sama yang memerintah begitu lama, dan dalam tempoh yang sama, antara akhir abad ke-13 dan awal abad ke-20. Dinasti Utsmani adalah asal Turki. Pada sebelas kali, sultan telah digulingkan (digantikan oleh sultan dinasti Uthmaniyyah, sama ada bekas abang sultan, anak lelaki atau anak saudaranya) kerana ia dilihat oleh musuh-musuhnya sebagai ancaman kepada negara. Terdapat hanya dua percubaan dalam sejarah Uthmaniyah untuk membongkar pemerintahan Dinasti Uthmaniyyah, kedua-dua kegagalan, yang menunjukkan sistem politik yang selama jangka masa panjang dapat mengendalikan revolusi tanpa ketidakstabilan yang tidak perlu. Oleh itu, sultan Uthmaniyyah terakhir Mehmed VI (r 1918-1922) adalah keturunan sulung (keturunan lelaki) dari Sultan Uthmaniyyah yang pertama Osman I (1299-1326), yang tidak ditandingi di kedua-dua Eropah (contohnya garis lelaki Dewan Habsburg menjadi pupus pada tahun 1740) dan di dunia Islam. Tujuan utama Imperial Harem adalah untuk memastikan kelahiran pewaris laki-laki kepada takhta Uthmaniyyah dan menjamin kelanjutan patrilineal (keturunan jantan) keturunan sultan Uthmaniyyah. <> Apa nama lain untuk Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || House of Osman <> Apa yang paling lama berkuasa House House di Eropa yang dikenali sebagai? || Rumah Habsburg <> Dari mana asalnya kerajaan Uthmaniyyah datang? || Turki <> Berapa kali sultan duduk di Rumah Osman dibuang? || sebelas kali <> Kapan pemerintahan sultan Mehmed VI? || 1918-1922", {"context": "The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed (replaced by another sultan of the Ottoman dynasty, who were either the former sultan's brother, son or nephew) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty, both failures, which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability. As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (r. 1918\u20131922) was a direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I (r. 1299\u20131326), which was unparallelled in both Europe (e.g. the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The primary purpose of the Imperial Harem was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal (male-line) descendance of the Ottoman sultans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "House of Osman"}], "question": "What was another name for the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "572a3f281d0469140077987d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "House of Habsburg"}], "question": "What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as?", "id": "572a3f281d0469140077987e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Turkish"}], "question": "From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be?", "id": "572a3f281d0469140077987f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "eleven occasions"}], "question": "How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed?", "id": "572a3f281d04691400779880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 911, "text": "1918\u20131922"}], "question": "When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI?", "id": "572a3f281d04691400779881"}]}], ["Kedudukan tertinggi dalam Islam, khalifah, dituntut oleh sultan sejak Murad I, yang ditubuhkan sebagai Khalifah Uthmaniyah. Sultan Uthmaniyyah, p\u00e2di\u015f\u00e2h atau \"tuan raja-raja\", berkhidmat sebagai bupati tunggal kerajaan dan dianggap sebagai perwujudan kerajaannya, walaupun dia tidak selalu menjalankan pengawasan sepenuhnya. Imperial Harem adalah salah satu kuasa terpenting dari mahkamah Uthmaniyyah. Ia diperintah oleh Sultan Valide. Sekali-sekala, Sultan Valide akan terlibat dalam politik negeri. Untuk sementara waktu, wanita-wanita dari Harem menguasai negeri ini secara berkesan dalam apa yang disebut sebagai \"Kesultanan Perempuan\". Sultan baru sentiasa dipilih daripada anak-anak sultan yang terdahulu. Sistem pendidikan sekolah istana yang kuat diarahkan untuk menghapuskan waris berpotensi yang tidak layak, dan mewujudkan sokongan di kalangan elit pemerintah untuk pengganti. Sekolah-sekolah istana, yang juga akan mendidik pentadbir masa depan negeri itu, bukan satu trek. Pertama, Madrasa (Uthmaniyyah Turki: Medrese) telah ditetapkan untuk umat Islam, dan para ulama dan pegawai negeri berpendidikan berdasarkan tradisi Islam. Beban keuangan Medrese disokong oleh vakif, yang membolehkan anak-anak keluarga miskin bergerak ke tahap sosial dan pendapatan yang lebih tinggi. Trek kedua adalah sekolah asrama percuma untuk orang Kristian, Ender\u00fbn, yang merekrut 3,000 pelajar setiap tahun dari anak lelaki Kristian antara lapan dan dua puluh tahun dari satu dalam empat puluh keluarga di kalangan masyarakat yang menetap di Rumelia atau Balkan, suatu proses yang dikenali sebagai Devshirme ( Dev\u015firme). <> Khalifah Uthmaniyyah yang diklaim oleh Murad Ir mengungkapkan apa yang dalam Islam? || Kedudukan tertinggi <> Orang yang mempunyai tajuk apa yang diyakini sebagai perwujudan kerajaan Uthmaniyyah? || p\u00e2di\u015f\u00e2h atau \"tuan raja\" <> Apa pentingnya Harem kerajaan? || salah satu kuasa paling penting di Mahkamah Uthmaniyyah <> Apa tujuan sistem pendidikan istana? || menghapuskan pewaris berpotensi yang tidak sepatutnya, dan menubuhkan sokongan di kalangan elit pemerintah untuk pengganti <> Apa nama sekolah berasrama penuh untuk orang Kristian semasa Khilafah Uthmaniyyah? || Ender\u00fbn", {"context": "The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, p\u00e2di\u015f\u00e2h or \"lord of kings\", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the \"Sultanate of Women\". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese\u200e) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Ender\u00fbn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Dev\u015firme).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The highest position"}], "question": "The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam?", "id": "572a40941d0469140077988f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "p\u00e2di\u015f\u00e2h or \"lord of kings\""}], "question": "The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government?", "id": "572a40941d04691400779890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court"}], "question": "What was the importantance of the imperial Harem?", "id": "572a40941d04691400779891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the palace educational system?", "id": "572a40941d04691400779892"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1343, "text": "Ender\u00fbn"}], "question": "What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate?", "id": "572a40941d04691400779893"}]}], ["Organisasi perbendaharaan dan chancery telah dibangunkan di bawah Empayar Uthmaniyyah lebih daripada apa-apa kerajaan Islam yang lain dan, sehingga abad ke-17, mereka adalah organisasi terkemuka di kalangan semua sezaman mereka. Organisasi ini membangunkan birokrasi skrib (dikenali sebagai \"lelaki pen\") sebagai kumpulan yang berbeza, sebahagian ulama yang terlatih, yang berkembang menjadi sebuah badan profesional. Keberkesanan badan kewangan profesional ini berdiri di sebalik kejayaan banyak penganut Uthmaniah yang hebat. <> Dua daripada organisasi ekonomi yang paling maju di bawah Empayar Uthmaniyyah adalah apa? || perbendaharaan dan chancery <> Apakah ahli-ahli tafsir chancery yang dikenali sebagai? || lelaki pen itu <> Sebahagian daripada birokrasi ahli skripsi terlatih apa? || ulama <> Apa birokrasi scribal menjadi? || sebuah badan profesional <> Empayar Uthmaniyyah mempunyai organisasi ekonomi yang paling maju di kalangan Kerajaan Islam sehingga abad? || abad ke-17", {"context": "The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as \"men of the pen\") as a distinct group, partly highly trained ulama, which developed into a professional body. The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "the treasury and chancery"}], "question": "Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what?", "id": "572a4e8e7a1753140016ae88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "men of the pen"}], "question": "What were the scribes of the chancery known as?", "id": "572a4e8e7a1753140016ae89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "ulama"}], "question": "Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what?", "id": "572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "a professional body"}], "question": "What did the scribal bureaucracy become?", "id": "572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "the 17th century"}], "question": "The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century?", "id": "572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8c"}]}], ["Struktur ekonomi Empayar ditakrifkan oleh struktur geopolitiknya. Empayar Uthmaniyyah berdiri di antara Barat dan Timur, dengan demikian menghalangi laluan darat ke timur dan memaksa para pelayar Sepanyol dan Portugis untuk berlayar mencari laluan baru ke Timur. Empayar menguasai laluan rempah yang digunakan oleh Marco Polo. Apabila Vasco da Gama melewati laluan kawalan Ottoman dan menubuhkan hubungan perdagangan langsung dengan India pada tahun 1498, dan Christopher Columbus mula-mula berangkat ke Bahama pada tahun 1492, Empayar Uthmaniyyah berada di puncaknya. <> Apa yang diservis sebagai asas bagi struktur ekonomi empayar Uthmaniyyah? || struktur geopolitiknya <> Empayar Uthmaniyyah menyebabkan pelayar dari mana dua negara mencari laluan lain ke Timur? || Bahasa Sepanyol dan Portugis <> Siapa pernah menggunakan laluan rempah yang dikawal oleh Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Marco Polo <> Bilakah hubungan perdagangan langsung ditubuhkan dengan India? || 1498 <> Bilakah Christopher Columbus berlayar ke Bahamas? || 1492", {"context": "The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco Polo once used. When Vasco da Gama bypassed Ottoman controlled routes and established direct trade links with India in 1498, and Christopher Columbus first journeyed to the Bahamas in 1492, the Ottoman Empire was at its zenith.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "its geopolitical structure"}], "question": "What serviced as the foundation for the structure of the economy of the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a4f691d046914007798f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Spanish and Portuguese"}], "question": "The Ottoman Empire caused navigators from which two nations to find another route to the Orient?", "id": "572a4f691d046914007798f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Marco Polo"}], "question": "Who once used the spice route that the Ottoman Empire controlled?", "id": "572a4f691d046914007798f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "1498"}], "question": "When were direct trade links established with India?", "id": "572a4f691d046914007798f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "1492"}], "question": "When did Christopher Columbus sail to the Bahamas?", "id": "572a4f691d046914007798f5"}]}], ["Pikiran ekonomi Uthmaniyyah berkait rapat dengan konsep asas negara dan masyarakat di Timur Tengah di mana matlamat utama sebuah negara adalah penyatuan dan penyambungan kekuasaan penguasa, dan cara untuk mencapainya adalah untuk mendapatkan sumber pendapatan yang kaya oleh menjadikan kelas produktif makmur. Matlamat utama adalah untuk meningkatkan hasil negeri tanpa merosakkan kemakmuran subjek untuk mencegah kemunculan gangguan sosial dan menjaga organisasi tradisional masyarakat utuh. <> Matlamat ekonomi negeri ini adalah untuk menjadi pemerintah? || penyatuan dan peluasan kuasa penguasa <> Dalam konsep-konsep kawasan apakah sistem ekonomi Uthmaniyyah? || Timur Tengah <> Apa cara untuk mencapai matlamat ekonomi sistem ekonomi Uthmaniyyah? || menjadikan kelas produktif makmur <> Apakah matlamat terakhir sistem ekonomi negara? || untuk meningkatkan hasil negeri tanpa merosakkan kemakmuran subjek <> Apa sistem ekonomi negara berharap dapat dihindari? || kemunculan gangguan sosial", {"context": "The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "consolidation and extension of the ruler's power"}], "question": "The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler?", "id": "572a4d053f37b31900478871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "the Middle East"}], "question": "In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on?", "id": "572a4d053f37b31900478872"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "making the productive classes prosperous"}], "question": "What was a way to reach the economic goals of the Ottoman economic system?", "id": "572a4d053f37b31900478873"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects"}], "question": "What was the final goal of the state economic system?", "id": "572a4d053f37b31900478874"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "the emergence of social disorder"}], "question": "What did the state economic system hope to avoid?", "id": "572a4d053f37b31900478875"}]}], ["Kebangkitan bandar-bandar pelabuhan melihat klustering populasi yang disebabkan oleh pembangunan kapal-kapal uap dan landasan kereta api. Perbandaran meningkat dari 1700 hingga 1922, dengan bandar-bandar dan bandar-bandar berkembang. Peningkatan kesihatan dan sanitasi menjadikan mereka lebih menarik untuk hidup dan bekerja. Bandar pelabuhan seperti Salonica, di Greece, menyaksikan penduduknya meningkat daripada 55,000 pada tahun 1800 kepada 160,000 pada tahun 1912 dan \u0130zmir yang mempunyai populasi 150,000 pada tahun 1800 meningkat kepada 300,000 pada tahun 1914 Sesetengah wilayah sebaliknya mempunyai penduduk jatuh - Belgrade menyaksikan penduduknya jatuh dari 25,000 hingga 8,000 terutamanya disebabkan oleh persengketaan politik. <> Kebangkitan pelabuhan menyebabkan apa yang berlaku di dalam populasi? || klustering populasi <> Steamships dan kereta api meningkat dengan apa lagi? || Kemunculan bandar-bandar pelabuhan <> Pada tahun apakah perkembangaan di empayar Uthmaniyyah mula meningkat? || 1700 <> Apakah dua penambahbaikan yang menjadikan bandar lebih diinginkan? || Peningkatan kesihatan dan sanitasi <> Apakah populasi Salonica pada tahun 1800? || 55,000", {"context": "The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and \u0130zmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914. Some regions conversely had population falls \u2013 Belgrade saw its population drop from 25,000 to 8,000 mainly due to political strife.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "the clustering of populations"}], "question": "The rise of ports caused what in populations?", "id": "572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The rise of port cities"}], "question": "Steamships and railroads rose with what else?", "id": "572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "1700"}], "question": "In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase?", "id": "572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Improvements in health and sanitation"}], "question": "What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in?", "id": "572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "55,000"}], "question": "What was the population of Salonica in 1800?", "id": "572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa7"}]}], ["Kajian Uthmanah moden berpendapat bahawa perubahan dalam hubungan antara Turki Uthmaniyyah dan Eropah tengah disebabkan oleh pembukaan laluan laut baru. Adalah mungkin untuk melihat kemerosotan kepentingan laluan darat ke Timur sebagai Eropah Barat membuka laluan lautan yang melintasi Timur Tengah dan Mediterranean selari dengan kemerosotan Empayar Uthmaniyyah itu sendiri. Perjanjian Anglo-Ottoman, yang juga dikenali sebagai Perjanjian Balta Liman yang membuka pasar Uthmaniyah secara langsung kepada pesaing Bahasa Inggeris dan Perancis, akan dilihat sebagai salah satu jawatan pementasan sepanjang perkembangan ini. <> Apa yang dipercayai menyebabkan pembukaan laluan laut baru semasa Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || perubahan dalam hubungan antara Turki Uthmaniyyah dan Eropah tengah <> Pembentukan laluan laut melangkaui Timur Tengah mungkin telah menyebabkan kemerosotan apa? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah sendiri <> Apa nama lain untuk Perjanjian Balta Liman? || Perjanjian Anglo-Ottoman <> Apa Perjanjian Balta Liman lakukan untuk pasaran Uthmaniyyah? || membuka pasar Uthmaniyah terus ke pesaing Bahasa Inggeris dan Perancis <> Di manakah laluan tanah hilang kepentingannya? || Timur", {"context": "Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself. The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Balta Liman that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors, would be seen as one of the staging posts along this development.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe"}], "question": "What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "572a5088fed8de19000d5b8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "the Ottoman Empire itself"}], "question": "The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what?", "id": "572a5088fed8de19000d5b90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty"}], "question": "What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman?", "id": "572a5088fed8de19000d5b91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors"}], "question": "What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets?", "id": "572a5088fed8de19000d5b92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "East"}], "question": "In what direction did land routes lose their importance?", "id": "572a5088fed8de19000d5b93"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, ekonomi Utsmani yang runtuh tidak dapat mengekalkan kekuatan armada untuk terlalu lama. Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid II tidak mempedulikan laksamana yang berpihak kepada reformis Midhat Pasha, dan mendakwa bahawa armada yang besar dan mahal itu tidak berguna terhadap Rusia semasa Perang Russo-Turki. Dia mengunci sebahagian besar armada di dalam Tanduk Emas, di mana kapal-kapal itu merosot selama 30 tahun yang akan datang. Berikutan Revolusi Tur Muda pada tahun 1908, Jawatankuasa Kesatuan dan Kemajuan berusaha membangunkan angkatan tentera Uthmaniyyah yang kuat. Yayasan Tentera Laut Ottoman ditubuhkan pada tahun 1910 untuk membeli kapal baru melalui sumbangan awam. <> Yang mana sultan tidak mempercayai admirals semasa perang Russo-Turki? || Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid II <> Siapa reformis yang mendapat sokongan orang-orang Ottoman semasa perang Russo-Turki? || Midhat Pasha <> Di manakah armada Uthmaniyyah ditinggalkan? || The Golden Horn <> Kapan Revolusi Muda Turki? || 1908 <Apa kumpulan Ottoman mahu membentuk angkatan laut yang lebih kuat pada awal abad ke-20? || Jawatankuasa Kesatuan dan Kemajuan", {"context": "However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet inside the Golden Horn, where the ships decayed for the next 30 years. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force. The Ottoman Navy Foundation was established in 1910 to buy new ships through public donations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid II"}], "question": "Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?", "id": "572a496c7a1753140016ae78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Midhat Pasha"}], "question": "Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?", "id": "572a496c7a1753140016ae79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "the Golden Horn"}], "question": "Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay?", "id": "572a496c7a1753140016ae7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "1908"}], "question": "When was the Young Turk Revolution?", "id": "572a496c7a1753140016ae7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "the Committee of Union and Progress"}], "question": "What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century?", "id": "572a496c7a1753140016ae7c"}]}], ["Dengan membangunkan pusat-pusat komersil dan laluan, menggalakkan orang ramai untuk memanjangkan kawasan tanah yang ditanam di negara ini dan perdagangan antarabangsa menerusi dominasinya, negeri itu melaksanakan fungsi-fungsi ekonomi asas dalam Empayar. Tetapi dalam semua ini, kepentingan kewangan dan politik negara adalah dominan. Di dalam sistem sosial dan politik mereka yang tinggal di pentadbir Uthmaniyyah tidak dapat memahami atau melihat keinginan dinamik dan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi kapitalis dan perdagangan di Eropah Barat. <> Perkembangan apa yang menyebabkan orang ramai mengembangkan bidang penanaman di Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || pusat komersial dan laluan <> Apa yang menguasai semua kepentingan ekonomi dan politik? || kepentingan negara <> Apakah jenis ekonomi yang sedang dibangunkan di Eropah barat? || ekonomi kapitalis dan perdagangan ekonomi <> Perkembangan perdagangan antarabangsa melalui Empayar adalah hasil daripada apa? || membangunkan pusat komersil dan laluan", {"context": "By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the social and political system they were living in Ottoman administrators could not have comprehended or seen the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "commercial centres and routes"}], "question": "The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "572a518ab8ce0319002e2a93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "interests of the state"}], "question": "What dominated all economic and political interests?", "id": "572a518ab8ce0319002e2a94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "capitalist and mercantile economies"}], "question": "What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe?", "id": "572a518ab8ce0319002e2a95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "developing commercial centres and routes"}], "question": "The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what?", "id": "572a518ab8ce0319002e2a96"}]}], ["Kerajaan Uthmaniyah sengaja mengejar dasar untuk pembangunan Bursa, Edirne, dan Istanbul, ibu kota Uthmaniyyah yang berturut-turut, menjadi pusat perdagangan dan perindustrian utama, memandangkan para pedagang dan pengrajin sangat diperlukan dalam mewujudkan sebuah metropolis baru. Untuk tujuan ini, Mehmed dan penggantinya Bayezid, juga menggalakkan dan mengalu-alukan penghijrahan orang Yahudi dari pelbagai bahagian Eropah, yang telah menetap di Istanbul dan bandar-bandar pelabuhan lain seperti Salonica. Di banyak tempat di Eropah, orang Yahudi menderita penganiayaan di tangan rakan-rakan Kristian mereka, seperti di Sepanyol selepas tamatnya Reconquista. Toleransi yang ditunjukkan oleh orang Turki disambut oleh pendatang. <> Matlamat membangun Bursa dan Istanbul adalah perbuatan yang sengaja mewujudkan apa? || pusat perdagangan dan perindustrian <> Siapa pengganti Mehmed? || Bayezid <> Siapa yang Mehmed dan Bayezid menggalakkan untuk datang ke Istanbul? || orang Yahudi dari pelbagai bahagian Eropah <> Apa kumpulan orang Yahudi yang dianiaya di Eropah? || Persaudaraan mereka <> Penganiayaan terhadap orang-orang Yahudi di Sepanyol berlaku selepas peristiwa apa yang disimpulkan? || kesimpulan Reconquista", {"context": "Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe, who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica. In many places in Europe, Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts, such as in Spain after the conclusion of Reconquista. The tolerance displayed by the Turks was welcomed by the immigrants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "commercial and industrial centres"}], "question": "The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what?", "id": "572a4c00fed8de19000d5b7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Bayezid"}], "question": "Who was Mehmed's successor?", "id": "572a4c00fed8de19000d5b80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "the Jews from different parts of Europe"}], "question": "Who did Mehmed and Bayezid encourage to come to Istanbul?", "id": "572a4c00fed8de19000d5b81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "their Christian counterparts"}], "question": "What group were Jews being persecuted by in Europe?", "id": "572a4c00fed8de19000d5b82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "the conclusion of Reconquista"}], "question": "Persecution of Jews in Spain occurred after what event concluded?", "id": "572a4c00fed8de19000d5b83"}]}], ["Perpindahan ekonomi dan politik membuat kesan ke seluruh empayar. Sebagai contoh, penggabungan Rusia dan Austria-Habsburg wilayah Crimean dan Balkan masing-masing menyaksikan kebanjiran besar pelarian Islam - 200,000 Crimean Tartars melarikan diri ke Dobruja. Antara 1783 dan 1913, kira-kira 5-7 juta pelarian membanjiri Empayar Uthmaniyyah, sekurang-kurangnya 3.8 juta daripadanya berasal dari Rusia. Sesetengah migrasi meninggalkan tanda-tanda yang tidak dapat dilupakan seperti ketegangan politik di antara bahagian empayar (cth. Turki dan Bulgaria) manakala kesan sentrifugal dilihat di wilayah lain, demografi mudah yang muncul dari pelbagai populasi. Ekonomi juga terjejas dengan kehilangan artis, peniaga, pengilang dan ahli pertanian. Sejak abad ke-19, sebahagian besar umat Islam dari Balkan berpindah ke Turki hari ini. Orang-orang ini dipanggil Muhacir. Pada masa Empayar Uthmaniyyah berakhir pada tahun 1922, separuh daripada penduduk bandar Turki adalah keturunan dari pelarian Islam dari Rusia. <> Pengaplikasian apa yang dua wilayah menyebabkan kumpulan pelarian Islam yang besar masuk ke empayar? || kawasan Crimean dan Balkan <> Muslim yang mewakili 200,000 kumpulan apa yang melarikan diri ke Dobruja? || Crimean Tartars <> Berapa banyak pelarian yang melarikan diri dari Rusia ke Empayar Uthmaniyyah dari 1783 hingga 1913? || 3.8 juta <> Apakah orang-orang dari Balkan yang berpindah ke Turki dipanggil? || Muhacir <> Pada tahun berapakah Empayar Uthmaniyyah berakhir? || 1922", {"context": "Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees \u2013 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5\u20137 million refugees flooded into the Ottoman Empire, at least 3.8 million of whom were from Russia. Some migrations left indelible marks such as political tension between parts of the empire (e.g. Turkey and Bulgaria) whereas centrifugal effects were noticed in other territories, simpler demographics emerging from diverse populations. Economies were also impacted with the loss of artisans, merchants, manufacturers and agriculturists. Since the 19th century, a large proportion of Muslim peoples from the Balkans emigrated to present-day Turkey. These people are called Muhacir. By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922, half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "the Crimean and Balkan regions"}], "question": "The annexation of what two regions resulted in large groups of Muslim refugees coming into the empire?", "id": "572a5371d562191400bc865f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Crimean Tartars"}], "question": "Muslims representing 200,000 of what group fled to Dobruja?", "id": "572a5371d562191400bc8660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "3.8 million"}], "question": "How many refugees fled Russia to the Ottoman Empire from 1783 to 1913?", "id": "572a5371d562191400bc8661"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 867, "text": "Muhacir"}], "question": "What are the people from the Balkans who emigrated to Turkey called?", "id": "572a5371d562191400bc8662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "1922"}], "question": "In what year did the Ottoman Empire end?", "id": "572a5371d562191400bc8663"}]}], ["Penubuhan penerbangan ketenteraan Ottoman bermula dari antara Jun 1909 dan Julai 1911. Empayar Uthmaniyyah mula menyediakan juruterbang dan kapal terbang yang pertama, dan dengan penubuhan Sekolah Penerbangan (Tayyare Mektebi) di Ye\u015filk\u00f6y pada 3 Julai 1912, Empayar itu mula tutor pegawai penerbangannya sendiri. Penubuhan Sekolah Penerbangan telah mempercepatkan kemajuan dalam program penerbangan ketenteraan, meningkatkan bilangan orang yang terdaftar di dalamnya, dan memberikan juruterbang baru peranan aktif di Angkatan Darat dan Angkatan Laut Uthmaniyyah. Pada bulan Mei 1913, Program Latihan Peninjauan khusus yang pertama di dunia telah dimulakan oleh Sekolah Penerbangan dan bahagian peninjauan berasingan yang pertama ditubuhkan. [Rujukan?] Pada bulan Jun 1914, sebuah akademi tentera baru, Sekolah Penerbangan Naval (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi) telah diasaskan. Dengan pecahnya Perang Dunia I, proses pemodenan berhenti secara tiba-tiba. Skuadron penerbangan Uthmaniyyah berperang di banyak bidang semasa Perang Dunia I, dari Galicia di barat ke Caucasus di timur dan Yaman di selatan. <> Apakah tarikh pertama empayar Uthmaniyyah mempunyai unit ketenteraan berasaskan udara? || Jun 1909 <> Di manakah sekolah Uthmaniyah yang pertama? || Ye\u015filk\u00f6y <> Pada tarikh apakah Sekolah Penerbangan ditubuhkan? || 3 Julai 1912 <> Apa yang berlaku di sekolah penerbangan pada bulan Mei 1913? || Program Latihan Peninjauan khusus pertama di dunia telah bermula <> Apa akademi tentera yang baru dibentuk pada bulan Jun 1914? || Sekolah Penerbangan Naval (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi)", {"context": "The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Ye\u015filk\u00f6y on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of the Aviation School quickened advancement in the military aviation program, increased the number of enlisted persons within it, and gave the new pilots an active role in the Ottoman Army and Navy. In May 1913 the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started by the Aviation School and the first separate reconnaissance division was established.[citation needed] In June 1914 a new military academy, the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi) was founded. With the outbreak of World War I, the modernization process stopped abruptly. The Ottoman aviation squadrons fought on many fronts during World War I, from Galicia in the west to the Caucasus in the east and Yemen in the south.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "June 1909"}], "question": "What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit?", "id": "572a4a80fed8de19000d5b75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Ye\u015filk\u00f6y"}], "question": "Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school?", "id": "572a4a80fed8de19000d5b76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "3 July 1912"}], "question": "On what date was the Aviation School founded?", "id": "572a4a80fed8de19000d5b77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started"}], "question": "What happened at the aviation school in May 1913?", "id": "572a4a80fed8de19000d5b78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi)"}], "question": "What new military academy was formed in June 1914?", "id": "572a4a80fed8de19000d5b79"}]}], ["Di bawah sistem millet, orang bukan Islam dianggap subjek Empayar, tetapi tidak tertakluk kepada kepercayaan orang Islam atau undang-undang Islam. Sebagai contoh, millet Ortodoks masih secara rasmi tertakluk kepada Kod Justinian, yang telah berkuat kuasa dalam Empayar Byzantin selama 900 tahun. Juga, sebagai kumpulan terbesar subjek bukan Islam (atau zimmi) dari negara Uthmaniyyah Islam, dadu Ortodoks telah diberikan beberapa keistimewaan khusus dalam bidang politik dan perdagangan, dan terpaksa membayar cukai yang lebih tinggi daripada subjek Muslim. <> Sistem apa yang dianggap sebagai subjek bukan Islam di empayar tetapi tidak dibenarkan oleh undang-undang Islam? || kod millet <> Kod apakah yang telah aktif selama 900 tahun di empayar Byzantine? || Code Justinian <> Apa yang bukan orang Islam juga dikenali sebagai Negara Uthmaniyyah? || zimmi <> Sebagai seorang bukan muslim di dalam Kerajaan mengakibatkan apa yang berkaitan dengan cukai? || cukai yang lebih tinggi <> Apa millet tertakluk kepada Kod Justinian? || Dadu Ortodoks", {"context": "Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects (or zimmi) of the Islamic Ottoman state, the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce, and had to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "the millet system"}], "question": "What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law?", "id": "572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Justinian's Code"}], "question": "What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire?", "id": "572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "zimmi"}], "question": "What were non-Muslims also known as in the Islamic Ottoman State?", "id": "572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "higher taxes"}], "question": "Being a non-muslim in the Empire resulted in what as it related to taxes?", "id": "572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "The Orthodox millet"}], "question": "What millet was subject to Justinian's Code?", "id": "572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac5"}]}], ["Oleh kerana hubungan erat dengan sejarah Perancis, kesusasteraan Perancis menjadi pengaruh utama Barat terhadap kesusasteraan Uthmaniyyah sepanjang separuh kedua abad ke-19. Akibatnya, banyak pergerakan yang sama yang berleluasa di Perancis dalam tempoh ini juga mempunyai kesamaan Ottoman mereka: dalam tradisi prosa Uthmaniah yang berkembang, misalnya, pengaruh Romantisisme dapat dilihat semasa zaman Tanzimat, dan realistis dan naturalis pergerakan dalam tempoh berikutnya; Dalam tradisi puitis, sebaliknya, pengaruh gerakan Symbolist dan Parnassian yang menjadi paling utama. <> Apa pengaruh terbesar dari barat pada kesusasteraan Uthmaniyyah? || Sastera Perancis <> Dalam apa tempoh masa adalah huruf bacaan Uthmaniyyah yang paling dipengaruhi oleh barat? || Separuh kedua abad ke-19 <> Selama Tanzimat apa pengaruh barat dapat dilihat? || pengaruh Romantisisme <> Tradisi puitis mempunyai pengaruh terbesar terhadap pergerakan puisi Uthmaniyyah? || pergerakan Symbolist dan Parnassian <> Romantikisme, dan Realisme adalah dua pergerakan dari barat yang mempengaruhi adegan kesusasteraan Ottoman, apa yang ketiga? || Naturalis", {"context": "Due to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in the developing Ottoman prose tradition, for instance, the influence of Romanticism can be seen during the Tanzimat period, and that of the Realist and Naturalist movements in subsequent periods; in the poetic tradition, on the other hand, it was the influence of the Symbolist and Parnassian movements that became paramount.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "French literature"}], "question": "What was the biggest influence from the west on Ottoman literature?", "id": "572a5b9e7a1753140016aece"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "the latter half of the 19th century"}], "question": "During what time period was Ottoman literate most influenced by the west?", "id": "572a5b9e7a1753140016aecf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "the influence of Romanticism"}], "question": "During the Tanzimat what western influence could be seen?", "id": "572a5b9e7a1753140016aed0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "the Symbolist and Parnassian movements"}], "question": "The poetic tradition had its biggest influence on what Ottoman literary movements?", "id": "572a5b9e7a1753140016aed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Naturalist"}], "question": "Romanticism, and Realism were two movements from the west that influenced the Ottoman literary scene, what was the third?", "id": "572a5b9e7a1753140016aed2"}]}], ["Turki Uthmaniyyah adalah bahasa rasmi Empayar. Ia adalah bahasa Oghuz Turkic yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Parsi dan Arab. Orang Uthmaniyyah mempunyai beberapa bahasa berpengaruh: Turki, dituturkan oleh majoriti orang di Anatolia dan oleh majoriti umat Islam di Balkan kecuali di Albania dan Bosnia; Persia, hanya dituturkan oleh orang yang berpendidikan; Bahasa Arab, dituturkan terutamanya di Arab, Afrika Utara, Iraq, Kuwait, Levant dan sebahagian dari Tanduk Afrika; dan Somalia di seluruh Tanduk Afrika. Dalam dua abad yang lalu, penggunaannya menjadi terhad, walaupun, dan khusus: Persia berkhidmat sebagai bahasa sastera untuk orang yang berpendidikan, sedangkan bahasa Arab digunakan untuk upacara keagamaan. <> Apakah bahasa rasmi Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Turki Uthmaniyyah <> Apa pengaruh utama bahasa rasmi Empayar? || Bahasa Parsi dan Bahasa Arab <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh kebanyakan orang di Anatolia? || Bahasa Turki <> Bahasa mana yang dipengaruhi oleh empayar itu dituturkan di Iraq? || Bahasa Arab <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan untuk kegunaan keagamaan di Empayar? || Bahasa Arab", {"context": "Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian, only spoken by the educated; Arabic, spoken mainly in Arabia, North Africa, Iraq, Kuwait, the Levant and parts of the Horn of Africa; and Somali throughout the Horn of Africa. In the last two centuries, usage of these became limited, though, and specific: Persian served mainly as a literary language for the educated, while Arabic was used for religious rites.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ottoman Turkish"}], "question": "What was the official language of the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "572a553e7a1753140016aeb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Persian and Arabic"}], "question": "What were the main influences of the official language of the Empire?", "id": "572a553e7a1753140016aeb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Turkish"}], "question": "What language was spoken by most people in Anatolia?", "id": "572a553e7a1753140016aeba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "Which languages influenced by the empire was spoken in Iraq?", "id": "572a553e7a1753140016aebb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "What language was used for religious uses in the Empire?", "id": "572a553e7a1753140016aebc"}]}], ["Puisi Divan Uthmaniyyah adalah bentuk seni yang sangat ritual dan simbolik. Dari puisi Parsi yang mengilhaminya, ia mewarisi kekayaan simbol-simbol yang maknanya dan interrelationships-keduanya akhlak (\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 mura'\u00e2t-i naz\u00eer / \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 ten\u00e2s\u00fcb) dan pembangkang (\u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f tez\u00e2d) lebih kurang ditetapkan. Puisi Divan disusun melalui penyambungan berterusan banyak imej sedemikian dalam kerangka metrik yang ketat, sehingga membolehkan banyak makna yang berpotensi muncul. Majoriti puisi Divan adalah sifat lirik: baik gazel (yang membentuk sebahagian besar dari himpunan tradisi), atau kas\u00eedes. Walau bagaimanapun, ada genre yang lain, terutamanya mesnev\u00ee, sejenis roman ayat dan dengan itu pelbagai puisi naratif; contoh yang paling ketara dalam bentuk ini adalah Leyli dan Majnun dari Fuz\u00fbl\u00ee dan H\u00fcsn \u00fc A\u015fk dari \u015eeyh G\u00e2lib. <> Jenis puisi Uthmaniyyah yang disusun semula? || Puisi Divan <> Apakah sajak jenis apa yang diilhami puisi Divan Uthmaniyyah? || Puisi Persia <> Apa jenis kerangka puisi Divan berdasarkan? || kerangka metrik yang ketat <> Apakah genre cinta puisi Divan yang dikenali sebagai? || mesnev\u00ee <> Apa yang membentuk sebahagian terbesar puisi Divan? || gazel (yang membentuk sebahagian besar dari himpunan tradisi), atau kas\u00eedes.", {"context": "Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships\u2014both of similitude (\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 mura'\u00e2t-i naz\u00eer / \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 ten\u00e2s\u00fcb) and opposition (\u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f tez\u00e2d) were more or less prescribed. Divan poetry was composed through the constant juxtaposition of many such images within a strict metrical framework, thus allowing numerous potential meanings to emerge. The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature: either gazels (which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kas\u00eedes. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mesnev\u00ee, a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry; the two most notable examples of this form are the Leyli and Majnun of Fuz\u00fbl\u00ee and the H\u00fcsn \u00fc A\u015fk of \u015eeyh G\u00e2lib.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Divan poetry"}], "question": "What type of Ottoman poetry is ritualized?", "id": "572a5a23d562191400bc868d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Persian poetry"}], "question": "What kind of poetry inspired Ottoman Divan Poetry?", "id": "572a5a23d562191400bc868e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "a strict metrical framework"}], "question": "What type of framework was Divan poetry based on?", "id": "572a5a23d562191400bc868f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "mesnev\u00ee"}], "question": "What was the romance genre of Divan poetry known as?", "id": "572a5a23d562191400bc8690"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "gazels (which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kas\u00eedes."}], "question": "What make up the largest portion of Divan poetry?", "id": "572a5a23d562191400bc8691"}]}], ["Sehingga separuh kedua abad ke-15 empayar mempunyai majoriti Kristian, di bawah pemerintahan minoriti Muslim. Pada akhir abad ke-19, populasi bukan Islam di empayar mula jatuh jauh, bukan sahaja disebabkan oleh pemisahan, tetapi juga kerana pergerakan migrasi. Perkadaran umat Islam berjumlah 60% pada tahun 1820-an, secara bertahap meningkat kepada 69% pada tahun 1870-an dan kemudian kepada 76% pada tahun 1890-an. Menjelang tahun 1914, hanya 19.1% penduduk empayar adalah bukan Islam, kebanyakannya terdiri daripada orang-orang Kristian, Asyur, Armenia, dan Yahudi. <> Empayar mempunyai majoriti Kristian sehingga masa apa? || Separuh kedua abad ke-15 <> Kumpulan apa yang memerintah empayar hingga abad ke-15? || minoriti Islam <> Apa kumpulan mula merosot dalam Empayar pada abad ke-19? || penduduk bukan Islam <> Muslim menyumbang berapa jumlah penduduk Empayar pada tahun 1820-an? || 60% <> Pada tahun 1914 bahagian bahagian Kerajaan yang bukan Islam? || 19.1%", {"context": "Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% in the 1820s, gradually increasing to 69% in the 1870s and then to 76% in the 1890s. By 1914, only 19.1% of the empire's population was non-Muslim, mostly made up of Christian Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, and Jews.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "the second half of the 15th century"}], "question": "The Empire had a Christian majority until what time?", "id": "572a56b9d562191400bc8679"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "a Muslim minority"}], "question": "What group ruled the empire until the 15th century?", "id": "572a56b9d562191400bc867a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "the non-Muslim population"}], "question": "What group began to decline within the Empire in the late 19th century?", "id": "572a56b9d562191400bc867b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "60%"}], "question": "Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s?", "id": "572a56b9d562191400bc867c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "19.1%"}], "question": "In 1914 what portion of the Empire weren't Muslims?", "id": "572a56b9d562191400bc867d"}]}], ["Sekte-sekte Islam dianggap sebagai bidaah, seperti Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, dan Alawites, yang berada di bawah orang Yahudi dan Kristian. Pada 1514, Sultan Selim I, yang dijuluki \"Grim\" kerana kekejamannya, mengarahkan pembunuhan beramai-ramai 40.000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), yang dianggapnya sebagai bidaah, dilaporkan mengisytiharkan bahawa \"pembunuhan salah seorang Alevi mempunyai ganjaran lain seperti pembunuhan 70 Selim juga bertanggungjawab untuk perkembangan empayar Uthmaniyyah yang luar biasa dan pesat ke Timur Tengah, terutamanya melalui penaklukan Kesultanan Mamluk seluruh Mesir, termasuk kebanyakan rantau. Dengan penaklukan ini, Selim terus memperkuat tuntutan Uthmaniyyah sebagai khalifah Islam, walaupun sultan Ottoman telah mendakwa gelaran khalifah sejak abad ke-14 bermula dengan Murad I (memerintah 1362 hingga 1389). Khalifah akan tetap dipegang oleh sultan-sultan Uthmaniyyah untuk sepanjang tempoh pejabat, yang berakhir dengan pemansuhan pada 3 Mac 1924 oleh Majelis Agung Negara Turki dan pengasingan khalifah terakhir, Abd\u00fclmecid II, ke Perancis. <> Kumpulan Islam yang dikenali sebagai Druze dianggap apa? || heretical <> Apakah nama panggilan Sultan Selim I? || Grim <> Pada tahun apakah Sultan Selim saya memerintahkan pembunuhan beramai-ramai 40,000 orang yang dianggap sebagai bidaah? || 1514 <> Kumpulan apa yang dilakukan Sultan Selim saya anggap sebagai bidaah dan seterusnya disembelih? || Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash) <> Di bawah Sultan Selim Saya empayar menelan apa kesultanan di Mesir? || Kesultanan Mamluk", {"context": "Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed \"the Grim\" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that \"the killing of one Alevi had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.\"[page needed] Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East, especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included much of the region. With these conquests, Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I (reigned 1362 to 1389). The caliphate would remain held by Ottoman sultans for the rest of the office's duration, which ended with its abolition on 3 March 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the exile of the last caliph, Abd\u00fclmecid II, to France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "heretical"}], "question": "The Muslim sect known as the Druze is considered what?", "id": "572a5776d562191400bc8683"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "the Grim"}], "question": "What was Sultan Selim I's nickname?", "id": "572a5776d562191400bc8684"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "1514"}], "question": "In what year did Sultan Selim I order the massacre of 40,000 people whom he considered heretics?", "id": "572a5776d562191400bc8685"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash)"}], "question": "What group did Sultan Selim I consider heretics and subsequently slaughter?", "id": "572a5776d562191400bc8686"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Mamluk Sultanate"}], "question": "Under Sultan Selim I the empire swallowed what sultanate in Egypt?", "id": "572a5776d562191400bc8687"}]}], ["Sehingga abad ke-19, prosa Uthmaniyyah tidak berkembang sampai ke tahap puisi Divan kontemporari. Sebahagian besar alasan untuk ini adalah banyak prosa yang dijangka mematuhi peraturan sec (\u0633\u062c\u0639, juga diterjemahkan sebagai seci), atau prosa rhymed, jenis tulisan yang diturunkan dari bahasa Arab saj 'dan yang menetapkan bahawa antara setiap kata sifat dan kata benda dalam rentetan perkataan, seperti kalimat, mesti ada sajak. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat tradisi prosa dalam kesusasteraan pada masa itu, walaupun semata-mata bukan fiksyen. Satu pengecualian jelas ialah Muhayyel\u00e2t (\"Fancies\") oleh Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi, kumpulan cerita yang hebat yang ditulis pada tahun 1796, walaupun tidak diterbitkan sehingga 1867. Novel pertama yang diterbitkan dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah adalah oleh seorang Armenia bernama Vartan Pasha. Diterbitkan pada tahun 1851, novel itu berjudul The Story of Akabi (Turki: Akabi Hikayatesi) dan ditulis dalam bahasa Turki tetapi dengan skrip Armenia. <> Prosa di empayar Uthmaniyyah tidak berkembang ke tahap yang lebih tinggi hingga abad yang mana? || abad ke-19 <> Peraturan apakah yang harus dilakukan oleh Uthmaniyyah? || peraturan sec (\u0633\u062c\u0639, juga diterjemahkan sebagai seci), atau prosa rhymed <> Apa peraturan yang diperlukan? || antara setiap kata sifat dan kata benda dalam serangkaian kata-kata, seperti kalimat, mesti ada sajak <> Siapa yang menulis Muhayyel\u00e2t? || Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi <> Kapan ditulis Muhayyel\u00e2t? || 1796", {"context": "Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (\u0633\u062c\u0639, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme. Nevertheless, there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time, though exclusively non-fictional in nature. One apparent exception was Muhayyel\u00e2t (\"Fancies\") by Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi, a collection of stories of the fantastic written in 1796, though not published until 1867. The first novel published in the Ottoman Empire was by an Armenian named Vartan Pasha. Published in 1851, the novel was entitled The Story of Akabi (Turkish: Akabi Hikyayesi) and was written in Turkish but with Armenian script.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "the 19th century"}], "question": "Prose in the Ottoman empire did not develop to a higher level until which century?", "id": "572a5abcd562191400bc8697"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "the rules of sec (\u0633\u062c\u0639, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose"}], "question": "What rules did Ottoman prose have to follow?", "id": "572a5abcd562191400bc8698"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme"}], "question": "What did the rules of sec require?", "id": "572a5abcd562191400bc8699"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi"}], "question": "Who wrote Muhayyel\u00e2t?", "id": "572a5abcd562191400bc869a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "1796"}], "question": "When was Muhayyel\u00e2t written?", "id": "572a5abcd562191400bc869b"}]}], ["Uthmaniyyah menyerap beberapa tradisi, seni dan institusi budaya di kawasan yang ditakluki mereka, dan menambah dimensi baru kepada mereka. Banyak tradisi dan ciri-ciri budaya empayar terdahulu (dalam bidang seperti seni bina, masakan, muzik, masa lapang dan kerajaan) telah diterima pakai oleh Turki Uthmaniyyah, yang menguraikannya menjadi bentuk-bentuk baru, yang mengakibatkan identitas budaya Uthmaniyyah yang baru dan tersendiri. Meskipun penggabungan baru yang lebih baru, dinasti Uthmaniyyah, seperti pendahulu mereka di Kesultanan Rum dan Empayar Seljuk, telah benar-benar Persianisasikan dalam budaya, bahasa, kebiasaan dan adat mereka, dan oleh itu, kerajaan telah digambarkan sebagai kerajaan Persia. Perkahwinan antara budaya juga memainkan peranan mereka dalam mewujudkan budaya elit Uthmaniyyah. Apabila dibandingkan dengan budaya rakyat Turki, pengaruh budaya baru dalam mewujudkan budaya elit Uthmaniyyah adalah jelas. <> Dinasti Uthmaniyah didahului dengan apa kesultanan? || Kesultanan Rum <> Apa salah satu cara yang digambarkan oleh Empire kerana berkaitan dengan kebudayaan? || Empayar Persia <> Ketika empayar Uthmaniyyah menaklukkan rantau apa yang juga menjadi bagian dari kerajaan? || beberapa tradisi, seni dan institusi budaya <> Empayar Seljuk dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan orang lain yang mengakibatkan ia dirujuk sebagai apa? || Bahasa Persia", {"context": "The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who elaborated them into new forms, which resulted in a new and distinctively Ottoman cultural identity. Despite newer added amalgamations, the Ottoman dynasty, like their predecessors in the Sultanate of Rum and the Seljuk Empire, were thoroughly Persianised in their culture, language, habits and customs, and therefore, the empire has been described as a Persianate empire. Intercultural marriages also played their part in creating the characteristic Ottoman elite culture. When compared to the Turkish folk culture, the influence of these new cultures in creating the culture of the Ottoman elite was clear.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Sultanate of Rum"}], "question": "The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate?", "id": "572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "Persianate empire"}], "question": "What is one way that the Empire was described as it related to culture?", "id": "572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures"}], "question": "When the Ottoman empire conquered a region what also became a part of the empire?", "id": "572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "Persianised"}], "question": "The Seljuk Empire was influenced by the cultures of others resulting in it being referred to as what?", "id": "572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad8"}]}], ["Kerana kadar celik huruf rendah di kalangan orang ramai (kira-kira 2-3% hingga awal abad ke-19 dan kira-kira 15% pada akhir abad ke-19), rakyat biasa harus mengupai ahli-ahli tafsir sebagai \" (arzuh\u00e2lcis) dapat berkomunikasi dengan kerajaan. Kumpulan etnik terus bercakap dalam keluarga dan kejiranan mereka (mahalles) dengan bahasa mereka sendiri (contohnya, orang Yahudi, Yunani, Armenia, dll.). Di kampung-kampung di mana dua atau lebih populasi tinggal bersama, penduduk sering bercakap bahasa masing-masing. Di bandar-bandar kosmopolitan, orang sering bercakap tentang bahasa keluarga mereka; ramai dari mereka yang tidak etnik Turki bercakap bahasa Turki sebagai bahasa kedua. <> Apakah kadar celik orang ramai dalam menjelang abad ke-19 di empayar? || kira-kira 2-3% <> Pada akhir abad ke-19 apakah kadar celik huruf untuk orang awam di dalam empayar yang dipercayai? || 15% <> Apa yang dilakukan orang apabila mereka perlu berkomunikasi dengan kerajaan? || orang harus menyewa ahli-ahli Taurat <> Apa yang telah dijemput oleh ahli-ahli Taurat? || \"permintaan khas penulis\" (arzuh\u00e2lcis) <> Apakah bahasa kedua dari bahasa Turki yang bukan etnik? || Turki", {"context": "Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2\u20133% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as \"special request-writers\" (arzuh\u00e2lcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak within their families and neighborhoods (mahalles) with their own languages (e.g., Jews, Greeks, Armenians, etc.). In villages where two or more populations lived together, the inhabitants would often speak each other's language. In cosmopolitan cities, people often spoke their family languages; many of those who were not ethnic Turks spoke Turkish as a second language.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "about 2\u20133%"}], "question": "What was the public's literacy rate in leading up to the early 19th century in the empire?", "id": "572a561ad562191400bc866f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "15%"}], "question": "At the end of the 19th century what was the literacy rate for the public in the Empire believed to be?", "id": "572a561ad562191400bc8670"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "people had to hire scribes"}], "question": "What did people resort to when they needed to communicate with the government?", "id": "572a561ad562191400bc8671"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "\"special request-writers\" (arzuh\u00e2lcis)"}], "question": "What were hired scribes known as?", "id": "572a561ad562191400bc8672"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "Turkish"}], "question": "What was the second language of those that weren't ethnically Turkish?", "id": "572a561ad562191400bc8673"}]}], ["Ramai penulis di zaman Tanzimat menulis dalam beberapa genre yang berbeza secara serentak: misalnya, penyair Namik Kemal juga menulis novel penting 1876 \u0130ntib\u00e2h (\"Awakening\"), manakala wartawan \u0130brahim \u015einasi dicatat untuk menulis, pada tahun 1860, yang pertama bermain Turki moden, komedi satu-tindakan \"\u015eair Evlenmesi\" (\"Perkahwinan Puisi\"). Satu lagi pertunjukan terdahulu, sebuah pelukis bertajuk \"Vak\u00e2yi'-i 'Acibe ve Hav\u00e2dis-i Garibe-yi Kef\u015fger Ahmed\" (\"Peristiwa-Peristiwa Aneh dan Kemunculan Pelik dari Cobbler Ahmed\"), bermula dari awal abad ke-19, masih ada keraguan tentang keasliannya. Dalam nada yang sama, novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi menulis novel penting dalam setiap pergerakan utama: Romantikisme (Hasan Mell\u00e2h y\u00e2hud S\u0131rr \u0130\u00e7inde Esr\u00e2r, 1873; \"Hasan the Sailor, atau Misteri Dalam Misteri\"), Realisme (Hen\u00fcz On Yedi Ya\u015f\u0131nda, 1881; \"Hanya Tujuh Puluh Tahun\"), dan Naturalisme (M\u00fc\u015f\u00e2hed\u00e2t, 1891; \"Pemerhatian\"). Kepelbagaian ini, sebahagiannya, disebabkan keinginan penulis-penulis Tanzimat untuk menyebarkan sebanyak mungkin kesusasteraan baru, dengan harapan bahawa ia akan menyumbang kepada pemulihan struktur sosial Uthmaniyyah. <> Apa 1876 novel yang ditulis oleh Namik Kemal? || \u0130ntib\u00e2h (\"Awakening\") <> Apa yang ditulis oleh \u0130brahim \u015einasi pada tahun 1860? || komedi satu-tindakan \"\u015eair Evlenmesi\" (\"Perkahwinan Puisi\"). <> Siapa yang menulis Hasan Mell\u00e2h y\u00e2hud S\u0131rr \u0130\u00e7inde Esr\u00e2r? || Ahmed Midhat Efendi <> Apa novel Realist yang ditulis Ahmed Midhat Efendi pada tahun 1881? || Hen\u00fcz On Yedi Ya\u015f\u0131nda <> Apakah penulis-penulis zaman Tanzimat berharap dapat dicapai dengan penerbitan mereka? || menyumbang kepada pemulihan struktur sosial Uthmaniyyah", {"context": "Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel \u0130ntib\u00e2h (\"Awakening\"), while the journalist \u0130brahim \u015einasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy \"\u015eair Evlenmesi\" (\"The Poet's Marriage\"). An earlier play, a farce entitled \"Vak\u00e2yi'-i 'Acibe ve Hav\u00e2dis-i Garibe-yi Kef\u015fger Ahmed\" (\"The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed\"), dates from the beginning of the 19th century, but there remains some doubt about its authenticity. In a similar vein, the novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi wrote important novels in each of the major movements: Romanticism (Hasan Mell\u00e2h y\u00e2hud S\u0131rr \u0130\u00e7inde Esr\u00e2r, 1873; \"Hasan the Sailor, or The Mystery Within the Mystery\"), Realism (Hen\u00fcz On Yedi Ya\u015f\u0131nda, 1881; \"Just Seventeen Years Old\"), and Naturalism (M\u00fc\u015f\u00e2hed\u00e2t, 1891; \"Observations\"). This diversity was, in part, due to the Tanzimat writers' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible, in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "\u0130ntib\u00e2h (\"Awakening\")"}], "question": "What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write?", "id": "572a5df77a1753140016aede"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "the one-act comedy \"\u015eair Evlenmesi\" (\"The Poet's Marriage\")."}], "question": "What did \u0130brahim \u015einasi write in 1860?", "id": "572a5df77a1753140016aedf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "Ahmed Midhat Efendi"}], "question": "Who wrote Hasan Mell\u00e2h y\u00e2hud S\u0131rr \u0130\u00e7inde Esr\u00e2r?", "id": "572a5df77a1753140016aee0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "Hen\u00fcz On Yedi Ya\u015f\u0131nda"}], "question": "What Realist novel did Ahmed Midhat Efendi write in 1881?", "id": "572a5df77a1753140016aee1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1089, "text": "contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures"}], "question": "What did writers of the Tanzimat period hope to accomplish with their publications?", "id": "572a5df77a1753140016aee2"}]}], ["Muzik klasik Uthmaniyyah merupakan bahagian penting dalam pendidikan elit Uthmaniyyah, sejumlah ahli sekte Uthmaniyyah telah mencapai pemuzik dan komposer sendiri, seperti Selim III, yang komposisinya masih sering dilakukan hari ini. Muzik klasik Uthmaniyyah banyak timbul daripada pertunangan muzik Byzantine, muzik Armenia, muzik Arab, dan muzik Persia. Secara teratur, ia dianjurkan di sekitar unit berirama yang dipanggil usul, yang agak mirip dengan meter dalam muzik Barat, dan unit melodik yang dipanggil makam, yang mempunyai persamaan dengan mod muzik Barat. <> Para elit kerajaan Uthmaniyyah mendapati jenis muzik yang penting? || Muzik klasik Uthmaniyyah <> Banyak daripada Sultan-puak kerajaan Uthmaniyyah telah mencapai apa yang menjadi? || pemuzik dan komposer <> Sultan yang dikenali dengan namanya mempunyai komposisi yang masih dilakukan hari ini? || Selim III <> Apa unit berirama yang menggunakan muzik klasik Uthmaniyyah? || unit yang dipanggil usul <> Apakah unit-unit melodi yang digunakan oleh muzik klasik Ottoman? || makam", {"context": "Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of Byzantine music, Armenian music, Arabic music, and Persian music. Compositionally, it is organised around rhythmic units called usul, which are somewhat similar to meter in Western music, and melodic units called makam, which bear some resemblance to Western musical modes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ottoman classical music"}], "question": "The elites of the Ottoman empire found what type of music important?", "id": "572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "musicians and composers"}], "question": "Many of the Sultans of the Ottoman empire were accomplished at being what?", "id": "572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Selim III"}], "question": "The sultan known by what name has compositions which are still performed today?", "id": "572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "units called usul"}], "question": "What rhythmic units does Ottoman classical music use?", "id": "572a61a9fed8de19000d5bda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "makam"}], "question": "What are the melodic units used by Ottoman classical music?", "id": "572a61a9fed8de19000d5bdb"}]}], ["Olahragawan utama Uthmaniyah yang terlibat adalah Wrestling Turki, memburu, memanah Turki, menunggang kuda, melemparkan helang Equestrian, gusti lengan, dan berenang. Kelab sukan model Eropah dibentuk dengan populariti penyebaran bola sepak pada abad ke-19 Constantinople. Kelab-kelab terkemuka mengikut garis masa adalah Be\u015fikta\u015f Gymnastics Club (1903), Kelab Sukan Galatasaray (1905) dan Kelab Sukan Fenerbah\u00e7e (1907) di Istanbul. Kelab bola sepak juga dibentuk di wilayah lain, seperti Kelab Sukan Kar\u015f\u0131yaka (1912), Kelab Sukan Altay (1914) dan Kelab Bola Sepak Tanah Turki (kemudian \u00dclk\u00fcspor) (1914) dari \u0130zmir. <> Bilakah kelab-kelab sukan Eropah mula terbentuk di empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Abad ke-19 <> Di manakah perlawanan bola sepak menjadi popular di empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Constantinople <> Apa kelab sukan terkemuka pada tahun 1905? || Kelab Sukan Galatasaray <> Dalam tahun apakah Kelab Sukan Altay? || 1914 <> Apa kelab bola sepak yang dikenali sebagai \u00dclk\u00fcspor yang dahulunya dikenali sebagai? || Kelab Bolasepak Turki", {"context": "The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to timeline, were Be\u015fikta\u015f Gymnastics Club (1903), Galatasaray Sports Club (1905) and Fenerbah\u00e7e Sports Club (1907) in Istanbul. Football clubs were formed in other provinces too, such as Kar\u015f\u0131yaka Sports Club (1912), Altay Sports Club (1914) and Turkish Fatherland Football Club (later \u00dclk\u00fcspor) (1914) of \u0130zmir.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When did European sport clubs begin to form in the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a660cd562191400bc86b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Constantinople"}], "question": "Where did football matches become to be popular in the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a660cd562191400bc86b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Galatasaray Sports Club"}], "question": "What was the leading sport club in 1905?", "id": "572a660cd562191400bc86b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "1914"}], "question": "In what year did the Altay Sports Club form?", "id": "572a660cd562191400bc86b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Turkish Fatherland Football Club"}], "question": "What was the football club known as \u00dclk\u00fcspor formerly known as?", "id": "572a660cd562191400bc86b9"}]}], ["Kebanyakan masakan wilayah-wilayah bekas Uthmaniyyah hari ini berasal dari masakan Ottoman yang dikongsi, terutama masakan Turki, dan termasuk masakan Yunani, masakan Balkan, masakan Armenia, dan masakan Timur Tengah. Ramai hidangan biasa di rantau ini, keturunan masakan Uthmaniyyah yang lazim sekali termasuk yogurt, d\u00f6ner kebab / gyro / shawarma, cac\u0131k / tzatziki, ayran, roti pita, keju feta, baklava, lahmacun, moussaka, yuvarlak, k\u00f6fte / keft\u00e9s / kofta, borek / boureki, rak / rakia / tsipouro / tsikoudia, meze, dolma, sarma, beras pilaf, kopi Turki, sujuk, kashk, ke\u015fkek, manti, lavash, kanafeh, dan banyak lagi. <> Masakan Turki berasal dari sumber apa? || Masakan Ottoman yang dikongsi <> Masakan kawasan apa yang diturunkan dari masakan Uthmaniyyah? || bekas wilayah Uthmaniyyah <> Masakan Turki dan Yunani berasal dari Masakan Uthmaniyah, bersama dengan makanan dari kawasan lain apa? || Masakan Balkan, Masakan Armenia, dan masakan Timur Tengah <> Kopi Turki diturunkan dari apa? || Roti Uthmaniyyah <> Pita roti berasal dari apa jenis masakan? || Masakan Uthmaniyyah", {"context": "Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisine, include yogurt, d\u00f6ner kebab/gyro/shawarma, cac\u0131k/tzatziki, ayran, pita bread, feta cheese, baklava, lahmacun, moussaka, yuvarlak, k\u00f6fte/keft\u00e9s/kofta, b\u00f6rek/boureki, rak\u0131/rakia/tsipouro/tsikoudia, meze, dolma, sarma, rice pilaf, Turkish coffee, sujuk, kashk, ke\u015fkek, manti, lavash, kanafeh, and more.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "a shared Ottoman cuisine"}], "question": "Turkish cuisine originates from what source?", "id": "572a6495fed8de19000d5be1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "former Ottoman territories"}], "question": "The cuisine of what territories are descended from Ottoman cuisine?", "id": "572a6495fed8de19000d5be2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine"}], "question": "Turkish and Greek cuisine are descended from Ottoman Cuisine, along with the food of what other regions?", "id": "572a6495fed8de19000d5be3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Ottoman cuisine"}], "question": "Turkish coffee is descended from what?", "id": "572a6495fed8de19000d5be4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Ottoman cuisine"}], "question": "Pita bread descends from what type of cuisine?", "id": "572a6495fed8de19000d5be5"}]}], ["Masakan Uthmanah merujuk kepada masakan ibukota, Istanbul, dan ibu kota serantau, di mana periuk api budaya mencipta masakan bersama yang kebanyakan penduduknya tidak menghiraukan etnik. Masakan yang pelbagai ini diasah di dapur Istana Imperial oleh koki yang dibawa dari bahagian-bahagian tertentu Empayar untuk mencipta dan mencuba bahan-bahan yang berbeza. Ciptaan dapur Istana Ottoman ditapis kepada penduduk, misalnya melalui acara Ramadan, dan melalui masakan di Yal\u0131s of the Pashas, dan dari sana tersebar ke seluruh penduduk. <> Masakan yang dikenali sebagai masakan Uthmaniyyah merujuk kepada makanan yang dimakan di mana? || ibukota, Istanbul, dan ibu kota serantau <> Di dapur apa masakan Ottoman disempurnakan? || dapur Istana Imperial <> Apa salah satu jenis acara keagamaan yang dapat dilihat oleh masyarakat umum tentang ciptaan Istana Kerajaan? || Ramadan <> Menyediakan makanan di Yal\u0131s of Pashas adalah salah satu cara Masakan Uthmaniyyah dapat menyebar ke siapa? || penduduk <> Apa bahan koki di dapur Imperial Palace? || mencipta dan mencuba", {"context": "Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients. The creations of the Ottoman Palace's kitchens filtered to the population, for instance through Ramadan events, and through the cooking at the Yal\u0131s of the Pashas, and from there on spread to the rest of the population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities"}], "question": "The cuisine known as Ottoman cuisine is in reference to the food eaten where?", "id": "572a6389d562191400bc86ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "the Imperial Palace's kitchens"}], "question": "In what kitchen's was Ottoman cuisine perfected?", "id": "572a6389d562191400bc86ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Ramadan"}], "question": "What is one type of religious event that the general public may come to experience the creations of the Imperial Palace?", "id": "572a6389d562191400bc86ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "the population"}], "question": "Preparing food at the Yal\u0131s of the Pashas was one way Ottoman Cuisine might spread to whom?", "id": "572a6389d562191400bc86ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "create and experiment"}], "question": "What did the chefs ingredients in the Imperial Palace's kitchens?", "id": "572a6389d562191400bc86af"}]}], ["Sepanjang sejarah Uthmaniyah, Uthmaniyah berjaya membina sebuah koleksi besar perpustakaan yang lengkap dengan terjemahan buku dari budaya lain, serta manuskrip asli. Sebahagian besar keinginan ini untuk manuskrip tempatan dan asing timbul pada abad ke-15. Sultan Mehmet II mengarahkan Georgios Amiroutzes, seorang sarjana Yunani dari Trabzon, untuk menterjemahkan dan menyediakan kepada institusi pendidikan Uthmaniyah buku geografi Ptolemy. Satu lagi contoh ialah astronomi, ahli matematik dan ahli fizik Ali Qushji dari Samarkand yang menjadi profesor di dua madrasah, dan mempengaruhi kalangan Uthmaniyyah sebagai akibat dari tulisannya dan kegiatan para pelajarnya, walaupun dia hanya menghabiskan dua atau tiga tahun sebelum kematiannya di Istanbul. <> Dalam abad berapakah permulaan Uthmaniyyah menginginkan manuskrip asing? || Abad Ke-15 <> Yang mana Sultan memerintahkan seorang sarjana Yunani untuk melakukan terjemahan karya oleh Ptolemy? || Sultan Mehmet II <> Siapa yang membuat perintah sultan Uthmaniyah untuk menerjemahkan kerja oleh Ptolemy? || Georgios Amiroutzes <> Berapa tahun yang dibelanjakan Ali Qushji di Istanbul? || dua atau tiga tahun <> Di manakah Ali Qushji dari? || asalnya dari Samarkand", {"context": "Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "15th Century"}], "question": "In what century did the Ottoman's start to desire foreign manuscripts?", "id": "572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Sultan Mehmet II"}], "question": "Which sultan ordered a Greek scholar to do translations of work by Ptolemy?", "id": "572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Georgios Amiroutzes"}], "question": "Who did an Ottoman sultan order to translate work by Ptolemy?", "id": "572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "two or three years"}], "question": "How many years did Ali Qushji spend in Istanbul?", "id": "572a6560b8ce0319002e2b20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "originally from Samarkand"}], "question": "Where was Ali Qushji from?", "id": "572a6560b8ce0319002e2b21"}]}], ["Contoh-contoh seni bina Ottoman dalam tempoh klasik, selain Istanbul dan Edirne, juga boleh dilihat di Mesir, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, Balkan dan Romania, di mana masjid, jambatan, mata air dan sekolah dibina. Seni dekorasi Uthmaniyyah dikembangkan dengan pelbagai pengaruh disebabkan oleh pelbagai etnik Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Yang terbesar dari seniman mahkamah memperkaya Empayar Uthmaniyyah dengan banyak pengaruh artistik pluralistik: seperti pencampuran seni tradisional Byzantine dengan unsur seni Cina. <> Artis Ottoman bercampur dengan seni Cina dengan apa lagi? || seni Byzantine tradisional <> Empayar ottoman yang membina struktur di Romania yang termasuk Masjid, dan Jembatan, apa lagi yang dibina? || air pancut dan sekolah <> Kenapa seni empayar Uthmaniyyah mengembangkan cara ia lakukan? || pelbagai etnik dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Beside Edirne, Istanbul, dan Mesir apa lokasi-lokasi lain yang dapat mencari pengaruh zaman klasik Uthmaniyyah? || Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, Balkan dan Romania", {"context": "Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire. The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences: such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "traditional Byzantine art"}], "question": "Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else?", "id": "572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "fountains and schools"}], "question": "The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built?", "id": "572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did?", "id": "572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania"}], "question": "Beside Edirne, Istanbul, and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period?", "id": "572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae8"}]}], ["Pencahayaan Uthmaniyyah meliputi lukisan seni lukis yang tidak dicetak atau ditarik di dalam buku atau lembaran di muraqqa atau album, berbanding dengan gambaran kiasan kecil Uthmaniyyah. Ia adalah sebahagian daripada Kesenian Buku Uthmaniyah bersama dengan kecil Uthmaniyah (taswir), kaligrafi (topi), kaligrafi Islam, penulisan buku (cilt) dan kertas berkilau (ebru). Dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, manuskrip yang diterangi dan digambarkan telah ditugaskan oleh Sultan atau pentadbir mahkamah. Di Istana Topkapi, manuskrip ini dicipta oleh seniman-seniman yang bekerja di Nakkashane, pelukis artis-artis kecil dan pencahayaan. Kedua-dua buku agama dan bukan agama boleh diterangi. Juga lembaran untuk album levha terdiri daripada kaligrafi (topi) yang diterangi dari tughra, teks keagamaan, ayat-ayat dari puisi atau peribahasa, dan lukisan hiasan semata-mata. <> Akankah seseorang mencari helai di mana hiasan yang dicipta oleh Uthmaniyyah yang diterangi? || muraqqa <> Apa nama lain untuk kecil Uthmaniyyah? || taswir <> Kaligrafi Uthmaniyyah juga boleh dirujuk sebagai apa? || hat <> Siapa yang menugaskan manuskrip ilustrasi di empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Sultan atau pentadbir mahkamah <> Apa istana adalah tempat penciptaan untuk manuskrip yang digambarkan? || Istana Topkapi", {"context": "Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic calligraphy, bookbinding (cilt) and paper marbling (ebru). In the Ottoman Empire, illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court. In Topkapi Palace, these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane, the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists. Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also sheets for albums levha consisted of illuminated calligraphy (hat) of tughra, religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "muraqqa"}], "question": "Were would one find the sheets where Ottoman's created illuminated decorations?", "id": "572a600cfed8de19000d5bb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "taswir"}], "question": "What is another name for an Ottoman miniature?", "id": "572a600cfed8de19000d5bba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "hat"}], "question": "Ottoman calligraphy can also be referred to as what?", "id": "572a600cfed8de19000d5bbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "the Sultan or the administrators of the court"}], "question": "Who commissioned illustrated manuscripts in the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a600cfed8de19000d5bbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Topkapi Palace"}], "question": "What palace was the place of creation for illustrated manuscripts?", "id": "572a600cfed8de19000d5bbd"}]}], ["Seni tenunan permaidani sangat penting dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, permaidani mempunyai kepentingan yang sangat besar sebagai perabot hiasan, kaya dengan simbolisme keagamaan dan lain-lain, dan sebagai pertimbangan praktikal, kerana adat untuk menghilangkan sepatu seseorang di tempat tinggal. Penenunan karpet seperti ini berasal dari budaya nomad di Asia tengah (karpet menjadi bentuk penyediaan yang mudah diangkut), dan akhirnya tersebar ke masyarakat Anatolia yang diselesaikan. Turks menggunakan permaidani, permaidani dan kijang bukan hanya di tingkat satu bilik, tetapi juga sebagai tergantung di dinding dan pintu, di mana mereka menyediakan penebat tambahan. Mereka juga biasa didermakan ke masjid, yang sering mengumpulkan koleksi besar mereka. <> Seni mana yang penting dalam simbolisme agama dan sebagai hiasan di empayar Uthmaniyyah? || tenunan karpet <> Apa adat bagi mereka yang memakai kasut di dalam empayar Uthmaniyyah? || adalah adat untuk menghilangkan kasut seseorang <> Di manakah karpet tenunan di Empire berasal? || budaya nomad di Asia tengah <> Di manakah tenunan permaidani mula-mula menyebar ke dalam Empayar? || Anatolia <> Kilims digunakan oleh orang Turki untuk menyediakan penebat di mana? || dinding dan pintu", {"context": "The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs and kilims not just on the floors of a room, but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed large collections of them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "carpet weaving"}], "question": "Which art was important in religious symbolism and as a decoration in the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a60d8d562191400bc86a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "it was customary to remove one's shoes"}], "question": "What was the custom for those wearing shoes indoors in the Ottoman empire?", "id": "572a60d8d562191400bc86a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "the nomadic cultures of central Asia"}], "question": "Where did carpet weaving in the Empire originate?", "id": "572a60d8d562191400bc86a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "Anatolia"}], "question": "Where did carpet weaving initially spread to inside of the Empire?", "id": "572a60d8d562191400bc86a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "walls and doorways"}], "question": "Kilims were used by Turks to provide insulation where?", "id": "572a60d8d562191400bc86a5"}]}], ["Instrumen-instrumen yang digunakan adalah campuran instrumen Anatolia dan Asia Tengah (saz, ba\u011flama, kemensen), instrumen Timur Tengah yang lain (ud, tanbur, kanun, ney), dan-kemudian dalam instrumen tradisi-Barat (biola dan piano). Kerana aspek geografi dan budaya di antara ibu kota dan kawasan lain, dua gaya muzik secara meluas muncul di Empayar Uthmaniyyah: muzik klasik Ottoman, dan muzik rakyat. Di provinsi, beberapa jenis muzik rakyat telah dicipta. Kawasan yang paling dominan dengan gaya muzik mereka yang terkenal ialah: Balkan-Thracian T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, Utara-Timur (Laz) T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, Aegean T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, Central Anatolian T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, Timur Anatolian T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, dan Kaukasia T\u00fcrk\u00fcs. Beberapa gaya tersendiri ialah: Muzik Janissary, muzik Roma, Tarian Belly, muzik rakyat Turki. <> Apakah tiga instrumen Anatolia dan pusat Asia yang paling banyak digunakan dalam muzik klasik Uthmaniyyah? || the saz, the ba\u011flama, the kemence <> Yang instrumen Timur Tengah mana yang boleh didengar dalam muzik klasik Ottoman? || ud, tanbur, kanun, ney <> Di akhir muzik klasik Uthmaniyyah, seseorang dapat mencari instrumen Barat, apakah mereka? || biola dan piano <> Terdapat dua gaya utama muzik di empayar Uthmaniyyah, apakah mereka? || muzik klasik, dan muzik rakyat <> Apa gaya muzik yang paling tersendiri di wilayah Uthmaniyyah? || Muzik Janissary, muzik Roma, tarian Belly, muzik rakyat Turki", {"context": "The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the ba\u011flama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and\u2014later in the tradition\u2014Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas, two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman classical music, and folk music. In the provinces, several different kinds of folk music were created. The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are: Balkan-Thracian T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, North-Eastern (Laz) T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, Aegean T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, Central Anatolian T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, Eastern Anatolian T\u00fcrk\u00fcs, and Caucasian T\u00fcrk\u00fcs. Some of the distinctive styles were: Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "the saz, the ba\u011flama, the kemence"}], "question": "What are the three most used Anatolian and central asian instruments in Ottoman Classical music?", "id": "572a6269b8ce0319002e2b01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney"}], "question": "Which Middle Eastern instruments can be heard in Ottoman classical music?", "id": "572a6269b8ce0319002e2b02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "the violin and the piano"}], "question": "In late Ottoman classical music one can find Western instruments, what were they?", "id": "572a6269b8ce0319002e2b03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "classical music, and folk music"}], "question": "There were two main style of music in the Ottoman empire, what were they?", "id": "572a6269b8ce0319002e2b04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music"}], "question": "What were the most distinctive style of music in the Ottoman provinces?", "id": "572a6269b8ce0319002e2b05"}]}]], [["Mach mencadangkan percubaan berfikir seperti hujah baldi yang bermasalah. Jika kita bayangkan alam semesta yang hanya mengandungi baldi, di dalam akaun Newton, balang ini boleh ditetapkan untuk berputar relatif terhadap ruang mutlak, dan air yang terkandung itu akan membentuk permukaan cekung ciri. Tetapi jika tiada apa-apa lagi di alam semesta, sukar untuk mengesahkan bahawa baldi sememangnya berputar. Nampaknya mungkin bahawa permukaan air di dalam baldi akan tetap rata. <> Bagaimana Mach menggambarkan percubaan berfikir seperti hujah baldi? || bermasalah <> Apa yang sukar untuk mengesahkan tentang baldi dengan tidak adanya apa-apa lagi di alam semesta? || bahawa baldi sememangnya berputar <> Apa yang sama mungkin mengenai permukaan air dalam baldi? || akan kekal rata.", {"context": "Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence of anything else in the universe, it would be difficult to confirm that the bucket was indeed spinning. It seems equally possible that the surface of the water in the bucket would remain flat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "problematic"}], "question": "How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument?", "id": "572a1c096aef051400155298"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "that the bucket was indeed spinning"}], "question": "What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe?", "id": "572a1c096aef051400155299"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "would remain flat."}], "question": "What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?", "id": "572a1c096aef05140015529a"}]}], ["Contoh Leibniz menggunakan melibatkan dua alam semesta yang dicadangkan terletak di ruang mutlak. Satu-satunya perbezaan yang dapat dilihat di antara mereka ialah yang kedua adalah kedudukan lima kaki di sebelah kiri yang pertama. Contohnya hanya mungkin jika perkara seperti ruang mutlak wujud. Keadaan sedemikian, bagaimanapun, tidak mungkin, menurut Leibniz, kerana jika kedudukan itu, kedudukan alam semesta dalam ruang mutlak tidak mempunyai sebab yang cukup, kerana ia mungkin sangat baik di tempat lain. Oleh itu, ia bercanggah dengan prinsip sebab yang mencukupi, dan mungkin terdapat dua alam yang berbeza yang dalam segala cara tidak dapat disangkal, dengan itu bertentangan dengan identiti indispernibles. <> Contoh Leibniz melibatkan berapa banyak alam semesta? || dua <> Di mana alam semesta Leibniz terletak? || ruang mutlak <> Seberapa jauh alam semesta Leibniz yang terletak terpisah? || lima kaki <> Apa satu-satunya cara Leibniz boleh menjadi contoh? || ruang mutlak wujud", {"context": "The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, according to Leibniz, for if it were, a universe's position in absolute space would have no sufficient reason, as it might very well have been anywhere else. Therefore, it contradicts the principle of sufficient reason, and there could exist two distinct universes that were in all ways indiscernible, thus contradicting the identity of indiscernibles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "two"}], "question": "Leibniz's example involves how many universes?", "id": "572a18491d04691400779769"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "absolute space"}], "question": "Where are Leibniz's universes situated?", "id": "572a18491d0469140077976a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "five feet"}], "question": "How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?", "id": "572a18491d0469140077976b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "absolute space exists"}], "question": "What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?", "id": "572a18491d0469140077976c"}]}], ["Masa filsafat Barat yang terawal diceritakan oleh pemikir Mesir kuno, Ptahhotep (tahun 2650-2600 SM), yang berkata, \"Jangan kurangkan masa keinginan berikut, kerana membuang masa adalah kekejian bagi semangat.\" Vedas, teks terawal mengenai falsafah India dan falsafah Hindu, sejak kembali ke alunan ke-2 SM, menggambarkan kosmologi Hindu purba, di mana alam semesta meneruskan kitar semula, pembinasaan, dan kelahiran semula berulang, dengan setiap kitaran yang berkekalan 4,320,000 tahun. Ahli falsafah Yunani kuno, termasuk Parmenides dan Heraclitus, menulis esai mengenai sifat masa. <> Siapa yang menerangkan falsafah Barat yang terawal mencatatkan masa? || Ptahhotep <> Bilakah tarikh Vedas kembali? || lewat alaf ke-2 SM <> Falsafah mana yang berorientasikan Vedas? || Falsafah India dan falsafah Hindu <> Apa yang diterangkan oleh Vedas? || kosmologi Hindu purba <> Berapa lama kitaran kelahiran semula dibincangkan dalam Vedas? || 4,320,000 tahun", {"context": "The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650\u20132600 BC), who said, \"Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit.\" The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Ptahhotep"}], "question": "Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?", "id": "572a13263f37b319004786a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "late 2nd millennium BC"}], "question": "When do the Vedas date back to?", "id": "572a13263f37b319004786a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy"}], "question": "Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?", "id": "572a13263f37b319004786a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "ancient Hindu cosmology"}], "question": "What do the Vedas describe?", "id": "572a13263f37b319004786a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "4,320,000 years"}], "question": "How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?", "id": "572a13263f37b319004786a9"}]}], ["Ber Arguing terhadap kedudukan absolut, Leibniz menawarkan sejumlah eksperimen pemikiran dengan tujuan menunjukkan bahawa terdapat percanggahan dalam mengandaikan keberadaan fakta seperti lokasi dan halaju mutlak. Hujah-hujah ini berdagang secara besar pada dua prinsip yang berpusat pada falsafahnya: prinsip alasan yang cukup dan identitas indispernibles. Prinsip alasan yang mencukupi memegang bahawa untuk setiap fakta, ada alasan yang mencukupi untuk menjelaskan apa dan mengapa ia adalah cara dan bukan sebaliknya. Identiti indispernibles menyatakan bahawa jika tidak ada cara untuk memberitahu dua entiti berasingan, maka mereka adalah satu dan perkara yang sama. <> Apa yang Leibniz berhujah? || kedudukan absolut <> Prinsip-prinsip yang mana didapatkan hujah Leibniz? || prinsip yang mencukupi dan identiti indispernibles <> Leibnitz berpendapat bahawa ada alasan yang mencukupi untuk menjelaskan apa dan mengapa ia adalah cara dan bukan untuk setiap apa? || fakta <> Apa yang menyatakan bahawa jika tidak ada cara untuk memberitahu dua entiti yang terpisah, maka mereka adalah satu dan yang sama? || identiti indispernibles", {"context": "Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "the absolutist position"}], "question": "What did Leibniz argue against?", "id": "572a166d1d04691400779757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles"}], "question": "Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?", "id": "572a166d1d04691400779758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "fact"}], "question": "Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?", "id": "572a166d1d04691400779759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "identity of indiscernibles"}], "question": "What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?", "id": "572a166d1d0469140077975a"}]}], ["Falsafah ruang dan waktu adalah cawangan falsafah yang berkaitan dengan isu-isu sekitar ontologi, epistemologi, dan watak ruang dan masa. Walaupun idea-idea tersebut menjadi pusat falsafah sejak penubuhannya, falsafah ruang dan masa adalah inspirasi dan aspek utama falsafah analitik awal. Subjek memberi tumpuan kepada beberapa isu asas, termasuk sama ada atau tidak ruang dan ruang wujud secara bebas dari minda, sama ada mereka wujud secara berasingan antara satu sama lain, apa yang menyumbang kepada aliran masa yang sepatutnya, sama ada masa selain masa kini ada, dan soalan mengenai sifat identiti (terutamanya sifat identiti dari masa ke masa). <> Yang falsafah cawangan berkenaan dengan isu-isu sekitar ontologi? || Falsafah ruang dan masa <> Falsafah ruang dan masa telah diilhamkan oleh falsafah jenis apa? || falsafah analitik awal <> Falsafah ruang dan masa memberi tumpuan kepada sama ada atau tidak ruang dan ruang wujud secara bebas daripada apa? || minda <> Falsafah ruang dan waktu menumpukan jenis aliran apa pun dalam masa? || satu arah", {"context": "Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Philosophy of space and time"}], "question": "Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?", "id": "572a12a83f37b3190047869d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "early analytic philosophy"}], "question": "The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?", "id": "572a12a83f37b3190047869e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "the mind"}], "question": "The  philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?", "id": "572a12a83f37b3190047869f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "unidirectional"}], "question": "The  philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time? ", "id": "572a12a83f37b319004786a0"}]}], ["Leibniz menerangkan ruang yang wujud hanya sebagai hubungan antara objek, dan yang tidak ada kewujudan selain dari kewujudan objek tersebut. Gerakan wujud hanya sebagai hubungan antara objek tersebut. Ruang Newtonian menyediakan rangka rujukan mutlak di mana objek boleh bergerak. Dalam sistem Newton, kerangka rujukan wujud secara bebas daripada objek yang terkandung di dalamnya. Objek ini boleh digambarkan sebagai bergerak berhubung dengan ruang itu sendiri. Selama berabad-abad, bukti permukaan air cekung memegang kuasa. <> Leibniz menerangkan ruang yang ada hanya sebagai hubungan antara apa? || objek <> Menurut Leibniz, apa yang tidak ada kewujudan selain adanya keberatan? || ruang <> Apa yang menyediakan rangka rujukan mutlak di mana objek boleh bergerak? || Ruang Newtonian <> Dalam sistem Newton, bagaimanakah kerangka rujukan wujud antara objek di dalamnya? || Secara berkala <> Berapa lamakah bukti permukaan air cekung memegang kuasa merujuk kepada ruang? || berabad-abad lamanya", {"context": "Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the frame of reference exists independently of the objects contained within it. These objects can be described as moving in relation to space itself. For many centuries, the evidence of a concave water surface held authority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "objects"}], "question": "Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what?", "id": "572a1b551d04691400779793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "space"}], "question": "According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections?", "id": "572a1b551d04691400779794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Newtonian space"}], "question": "What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?", "id": "572a1b551d04691400779795"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "independently"}], "question": "In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?", "id": "572a1b551d04691400779796"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "many centuries"}], "question": "For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?", "id": "572a1b551d04691400779797"}]}], ["Berdiri dalam respon Clarke (dan Newton) kepada argumen Leibniz ialah hujah baldi: Air dalam baldi, digantung dari tali dan ditetapkan untuk berputar, akan bermula dengan permukaan rata. Apabila air mula berputar di baldi, permukaan air akan menjadi cekung. Jika baldi dihentikan, air akan terus berputar, dan sementara putaran terus, permukaan akan tetap cekung. Permukaan cekung nampaknya bukan hasil daripada interaksi baldi dan air, kerana permukaannya rata apabila baldi pertama mula berputar, ia menjadi cekung ketika air mula berputar, dan ia tetap cekung ketika baldi berhenti. <> Apa yang menonjol dalam respon Clark kepada Leibniz? || hujah baldi <> Menurut hujah Clark, air dalam baldi, digantung dari tali dan berputar, akan bermula dengan jenis permukaan? || rata <> Sebagaimana buck buck, apa yang berlaku kepada air? || air akan menjadi cekung <> Jika buck berhenti, air akan melakukan apa? || terus berputar <> Apakah permukaan air yang nampaknya tidak disebabkan oleh? || interaksi baldi dan air", {"context": "Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue to spin, and while the spin continues, the surface will remain concave. The concave surface is apparently not the result of the interaction of the bucket and the water, since the surface is flat when the bucket first starts to spin, it becomes concave as the water starts to spin, and it remains concave as the bucket stops.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "the bucket argument"}], "question": "What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz?", "id": "572a1a6b1d04691400779789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "flat"}], "question": "According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface?", "id": "572a1a6b1d0469140077978a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "the water will become concave"}], "question": "As the buck spins, what happens to the water?", "id": "572a1a6b1d0469140077978b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "continue to spin"}], "question": "If the buck stops, the water will do what?", "id": "572a1a6b1d0469140077978c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "the interaction of the bucket and the water"}], "question": "What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by?", "id": "572a1a6b1d0469140077978d"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-11, ahli fizik Islam Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen atau Alhazen) membincangkan persepsi ruang dan implikasi epistemologinya dalam Kitab Optiknya (1021), beliau juga menolak definisi topos Aristotle (Physics IV) dengan demonstrasi geometrik dan tempat yang ditentukan sebagai lanjutan ruang matematik. Bukti percubaannya terhadap model wawasan intromisi menyebabkan perubahan dalam pemahaman mengenai persepsi visual ruang, bertentangan dengan teori penglihatan emisi sebelumnya yang disokong oleh Euclid dan Ptolemy. Dalam \"mengikat persepsi visual ruang untuk pengalaman tubuh sebelumnya, Alhacen secara tegas menolak intuitif persepsi spasial dan, oleh itu, otonomi penglihatan. Tanpa pengertian jarak dan saiz yang ketara untuk korelasi, penglihatan dapat memberitahu kami tidak ada apa-apa tentang hal-hal seperti . \" <> Di mana abad ke-11 ahli fizik Islam membincangkan persepsi ruang dan implikasi epistemologinya? || al-Haytham <> Buku abad ke-11 mana yang membincangkan persepsi ruang dan implikasi epistemologinya? || Buku Optik <> Kira definisi topos yang ditolak Alhazen? || Bukti percubaan Aristotle <> Alhazen tentang model penglihatan intromisi menyebabkan perubahan kefahaman tentang apa? || Tanpa pandangan yang ketara tentang jarak dan saiz untuk korelasi, penglihatan boleh memberitahu kita di sebelah apa-apa mengenai perkara-perkara seperti <> Alhazen menyatakan bahawa tanpa pengertian jarak dan saiz yang ketara untuk korelasi, penglihatan dapat memberitahu kita bagaimana dengan persepsi spasial? || tidak ada apa-apa", {"context": "In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In \"tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "al-Haytham"}], "question": "Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications? ", "id": "572a14abaf94a219006aa7bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Book of Optics"}], "question": "Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?", "id": "572a14abaf94a219006aa7bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Aristotle's"}], "question": "Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?", "id": "572a14abaf94a219006aa7bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things"}], "question": "Alhazen's  experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?", "id": "572a14abaf94a219006aa7be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "next to nothing"}], "question": "Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?", "id": "572a14abaf94a219006aa7bf"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1781, Immanuel Kant menyiarkan Critique of Pure Reason, salah satu karya paling berpengaruh dalam sejarah falsafah ruang dan waktu. Beliau menerangkan masa sebagai tanggapan priori yang, bersama dengan tanggapan priori lain seperti ruang, membolehkan kita memahami pengalaman akal. Kant menafikan bahawa sama ada ruang atau masa adalah bahan, entiti dalam diri mereka, atau dipelajari oleh pengalaman; Dia memegang, sebaliknya, kedua-duanya adalah unsur-unsur rangka kerja sistematik yang kami gunakan untuk menyusun pengalaman kami. Pengukuran spatial digunakan untuk mengukur sejauh mana objeknya, dan pengukuran temporal digunakan untuk membandingkan secara kuantitatif antara (atau tempoh) peristiwa. Walaupun ruang dan masa dianggap ideal dalam erti kata ini, mereka juga benar-benar secara empirik - iaitu bukan ilusi semata-mata. <> Ketika Kant menerbitkan salah satu karya paling berpengaruh dalam sejarah falsafah ruang dan waktu. || 1781 <> Apakah karya berpengaruh Kant pada sejarah falsafah ruang dan masa bertajuk? || Kritik Sebab Tulen <> Apa yang digambarkan oleh Kant semasa? || pengertian priori <> Apa yang dikatakan Kant yang menjadi tanggapan yang serupa dengan masa? || ruang <> Apa yang dikatakan Kant berkata masa dan ruang yang membolehkan seseorang melakukan? || pengalaman akal", {"context": "In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real\u2014that is, not mere illusions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1781"}], "question": "When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.", "id": "572a15386aef05140015524c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Critique of Pure Reason"}], "question": "What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?", "id": "572a15386aef05140015524d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "a priori notion"}], "question": "What did Kant describe time as?", "id": "572a15386aef05140015524e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "space"}], "question": "What did Kant say was similar notion to time?", "id": "572a15386aef05140015524f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "sense experience"}], "question": "What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?", "id": "572a15386aef051400155250"}]}], ["Dalam Kitab 11 Pengakuan St. Augustine, dia mengumandangkan sifat waktu, bertanya, \"Apa masa itu? Jika tidak ada yang bertanya kepada saya, saya tahu: jika saya ingin menjelaskannya kepada orang yang bertanya, saya tidak tahu.\" Dia terus memberi komen tentang kesukaran berfikir tentang masa, menunjukkan ketidaktahuan dalam ucapan umum: \"Untuk tetapi beberapa perkara di mana kita bercakap dengan betul, kebanyakan perkara kita bercakap dengan tidak betul, namun perkara-perkara yang dimaksudkan difahami.\" Tetapi Augustine membentangkan hujah falsafah yang pertama untuk realiti Penciptaan (terhadap Aristotle) dalam konteks pembahasannya waktu, dengan mengatakan bahawa pengetahuan tentang waktu bergantung pada pengetahuan pergerakan sesuatu, dan oleh itu waktu tidak dapat di mana tidak ada makhluk untuk mengukur perjalanannya (Confession Book XI \u00b630; Kota Tuhan Book XI ch.6). <> Apa falsafah kristian yang rumit pada masa itu? || St. Augustine <> Apa yang St. Augustine mengulas dalam Buku 11, mengenai pemikiran tentang masa? || kesukaran <> Siapa yang mempersembahkan hujah filosofi yang pertama untuk realiti Penciptaan? || Augustine <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Augustine bahawa pengetahuan tentang masa bergantung? || pengetahuan pergerakan perkara <> Di manakah Augustine mengatakan masa tidak dapat muncul? || di mana tidak ada makhluk untuk mengukur lulusnya", {"context": "In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: \"For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still the things intended are understood.\"  But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things, and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI \u00b630; City of God Book XI ch.6).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "St. Augustine"}], "question": "Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?", "id": "572a13e71d04691400779745"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "the difficulty"}], "question": "What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?", "id": "572a13e71d04691400779746"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Augustine"}], "question": "Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation? ", "id": "572a13e71d04691400779747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "the knowledge of the movement of things"}], "question": "What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?", "id": "572a13e71d04691400779748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "where there are no creatures to measure its passing"}], "question": "Where did Augustine say time could not appear?", "id": "572a13e71d04691400779749"}]}], ["Einstein sebahagiannya menyokong prinsip Mach di dalam bintang yang jauh menerangkan inertia kerana ia memberikan medan graviti terhadap percepatan dan inersia yang berlaku. Akan tetapi bertentangan dengan akaun Leibniz, ruang waktu yang meletup ini adalah sebagai bagian integral dari suatu objek seperti ciri-ciri penentu lain, seperti volume dan massa. Jika seseorang memegang, bertentangan dengan kepercayaan idealis, objek yang wujud secara bebas dari fikiran, nampaknya relativistik melakukan mereka juga memegang ruang dan temporal mempunyai persis sama jenis kewujudan yang sama. <> Bagaimana Einstein menyokong prinsip Mach? || sebahagiannya <> Bagaimana teori Einstein dibandingkan dengan Leibniz? || bertentangan <> Apa yang dianggap bertentangan dengan kepercayaan idealis dalam hal ruang? || objek wujud secara bebas daripada minda", {"context": "Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as volume and mass. If one holds, contrary to idealist beliefs, that objects exist independently of the mind, it seems that relativistics commits them to also hold that space and temporality have exactly the same type of independent existence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "partially"}], "question": "How does Einstein advocate Mach's principle?", "id": "572a21741d046914007797c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "contrary"}], "question": "How Einstein's theory compared to Leibniz's?", "id": "572a21741d046914007797c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "objects exist independently of the mind"}], "question": "What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space?", "id": "572a21741d046914007797c5"}]}], ["Seorang penyokong undang-undang baru-baru ini ialah Tim Maudlin yang berpendapat bahawa undang-undang asas fizik adalah undang-undang evolusi temporal (lihat Maudlin). Walau bagaimanapun, di tempat lain Maudlin berhujah: \"[masa] masa adalah asimetri intrinsik dalam struktur temporal di dunia ... Ini adalah asimetri yang membezakan perbezaan antara urutan yang berjalan dari masa lalu ke masa depan dan urutan yang berjalan dari masa depan masa lalu \"[ibid, edisi 2010, ms. 108]. Oleh itu, adalah sukar untuk menilai sama ada Maudlin mencadangkan bahawa hala tuju masa adalah akibat dari undang-undang atau adalah dirinya primitif. <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa undang-undang asas fizik adalah undang-undang evolusi temporal? || Tim Maudlin <> Maudlin berpendapat bahawa peredaran masa adalah jenis asimetri apa? || intrinsik <> Apa alasan perbezaan antara urutan? || asimetri <> Siapakah cadangan yang sukar untuk menilai berkenaan dengan arah masa? || Maudlin", {"context": "One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: \"[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past\" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Tim Maudlin"}], "question": "Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?", "id": "572a36f06aef05140015538a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "intrinsic"}], "question": "Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?", "id": "572a36f06aef05140015538b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "asymmetry"}], "question": "What grounds the distinction between sequences?", "id": "572a36f06aef05140015538c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Maudlin"}], "question": "Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?", "id": "572a36f06aef05140015538d"}]}], ["Jenis ketiga penyelesaian untuk masalah arah masa, walaupun lebih kurang diwakili, berpendapat bahawa undang-undang tidak simetris pembalikan masa. Sebagai contoh, proses tertentu dalam mekanik kuantum, yang berkaitan dengan kekuatan nuklear yang lemah, tidak boleh dibalikkan masa, dengan mengingati bahawa apabila berurusan dengan mekanik kuantum, kebalikan masa terdiri daripada definisi yang lebih rumit. Tetapi penyelesaian jenis ini tidak mencukupi kerana 1) fenomena masa-asimetri dalam mekanik kuantum terlalu sedikit untuk menjelaskan keseragaman masa-asimetri makroskopik dan 2) ia bergantung kepada andaian bahawa mekanik kuantum adalah perihalan akhir atau betul fizikal proses. [rujukan?] <> Apakah jenis penyelesaian ketiga kepada masalah arah masa yang membantah? || undang-undang bukan simetri pembalikan masa <> Apakah jenis tenaga nuklear bukan masa yang berubah-ubah? || fasa nuklear yang lemah <> Masa fizikal asimetri dalam mekanik kuantum adalah untuk beberapa akaun apa jenis masa-asimetri? || makroskopik", {"context": "A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "the laws are not time-reversal symmetric"}], "question": "What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?", "id": "572a34b91d0469140077984f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "weak nuclear force"}], "question": "What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?", "id": "572a34b91d04691400779850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "macroscopic"}], "question": "Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?", "id": "572a34b91d04691400779851"}]}], ["Dalam kes klasik, kumpulan invarians, atau simetri, kumpulan dan kovarians bertepatan, tetapi, cukup menarik, mereka menjadi sebahagian cara fizik relativistik. Kumpulan simetri teori relativiti umum merangkumi semua transformasi yang berbeza-beza, iaitu semua sifat objek adalah dinamik, dengan kata lain tidak ada objek mutlak. Rumusan teori umum relativiti, tidak seperti mekanik klasik, tidak berkongsi standard, iaitu, tidak ada formulasi tunggal yang dipasangkan dengan transformasi. Oleh itu kumpulan kovarians teori relativiti umum hanyalah kumpulan kovarians bagi setiap teori. <> Kumpulan simetri teori relativiti umum merangkumi apa? || semua transformasi yang berbeza-beza <> Apa lagi selain invariance, atau kaedah simetri dan kumpulan dalam fizik relativistik? || kumpulan kovarians <> teori manakah yang relativiti berlepas dari? || mekanik klasik <> Apa yang tidak sepadan dengan transformasi dalam teori relativiti? || formulasi tunggal <> Kumpulan kovarians teori relativiti umum adalah kumpulan kovarian daripada berapa banyak teori? || setiap", {"context": "In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other words there are no absolute objects. The formulations of the general theory of relativity, unlike those of classical mechanics, do not share a standard, i.e., there is no single formulation paired with transformations. As such the covariance group of the general theory of relativity is just the covariance group of every theory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "all differentiable transformations"}], "question": "The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what?", "id": "572a26821d046914007797db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "the covariance group"}], "question": "What else besides  invariance, or symmetry and group part ways in relativistic physics?", "id": "572a26821d046914007797dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "classical mechanics"}], "question": "Which theory does the relativity depart from?", "id": "572a26821d046914007797dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "single formulation"}], "question": "What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?", "id": "572a26821d046914007797de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "every"}], "question": " The covariance group of the general theory of relativity is the covariance group of how many theories?", "id": "572a26821d046914007797df"}]}], ["Mach berhujah bahawa, pada hakikatnya, percubaan air di alam semesta yang tidak lagi kosong akan tetap rata. Tetapi jika objek lain diperkenalkan ke alam semesta ini, mungkin bintang yang jauh, kini ada sesuatu yang relatif terhadap baldi yang dapat dilihat sebagai berputar. Air dalam baldi mungkin mempunyai lengkung yang sedikit. Untuk mengambil kira lengkung yang kita amati, peningkatan bilangan objek di alam semesta juga meningkatkan kelengkungan di dalam air. Mach berhujah bahawa momentum sesuatu objek, sama ada sudut atau linear, wujud hasil dari jumlah kesan objek lain di alam semesta (Prinsip Mach). <> Apakah Mach berhujah tentang eksperimen air di alam semesta yang kosong? || akan kekal rata <> Apa yang Mach berhujah akan berlaku jika objek lain diperkenalkan di alam semesta baldi? || baldi boleh dilihat sebagai berputar <> Apakah kenaikan bilangan objek di alam semesta lakukan kepada kelengkungan air? || meningkatkan kelengkungan <> Argumen Mach dipanggil apa? || Prinsip Mach <> Mach berhujah bahawa momentum sesuatu objek wujud sebagai akibat dari jumlah kesan dari apa? || kesan objek lain di alam semesta", {"context": "Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a slight curve. To account for the curve that we observe, an increase in the number of objects in the universe also increases the curvature in the water. Mach argued that the momentum of an object, whether angular or linear, exists as a result of the sum of the effects of other objects in the universe (Mach's Principle).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "would remain flat"}], "question": "What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe?", "id": "572a1ef81d046914007797a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "the bucket could be seen as rotating"}], "question": "What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?", "id": "572a1ef81d046914007797a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "increases the curvature"}], "question": "What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?", "id": "572a1ef81d046914007797a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Mach's Principle"}], "question": "The Mach argument is called what?", "id": "572a1ef81d046914007797a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "effects of other objects in the universe"}], "question": "Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what?", "id": "572a1ef81d046914007797a9"}]}], ["Tetapi dalam perkara mekanik statistik semakin rumit. Di satu pihak, mekanik statistik jauh lebih unggul daripada termodinamik klasik, dalam tingkah laku termodinamik seperti kaca pecah, boleh dijelaskan oleh undang-undang asas fizik yang dipasangkan dengan postulat statistik. Tetapi mekanik statistik, tidak seperti termodinamik klasik, adalah simetri pembalikan masa. Undang-undang termodinamik kedua, kerana ia timbul dalam mekanik statistik, hanya menyatakan bahawa ia sangat mungkin bahawa entropi bersih akan meningkat, tetapi ia bukan undang-undang mutlak. <> Bagaimana perkara dalam mekanik statistik? || rumit <> Apa yang lebih baik dengan termodinamik klasik? || mekanik statistik <> Untuk menjelaskan pecah kaca, undang-undang asas fizik boleh dipasangkan dengan apa? || postulat statistik <> Adakah mekanik statistik asimetrik atau simetrik dalam hal pembalikan masa? || simetri <> Apa jenis undang-undang adalah undang-undang termodinamik kedua, kerana ia timbul dalam mekanik statistik? || bukan undang-undang mutlak", {"context": "But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike classical thermodynamics, is time-reversal symmetric. The second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics, merely states that it is overwhelmingly likely that net entropy will increase, but it is not an absolute law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "complicated"}], "question": "How are things in statistical mechanics? ", "id": "572a34106aef05140015536a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "statistical mechanics"}], "question": "What are superior to classical thermodynamics?", "id": "572a34106aef05140015536b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "a statistical postulate"}], "question": "In order to explain glass breaking, Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what? ", "id": "572a34106aef05140015536c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "symmetric"}], "question": "Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal?", "id": "572a34106aef05140015536d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "not an absolute law"}], "question": "What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics?", "id": "572a34106aef05140015536e"}]}], ["Takrifan penyambungan mempunyai dua ciri utama. Yang pertama harus dilakukan dengan menyelaraskan unit panjang dengan objek fizikal tertentu. Ini didorong oleh hakikat bahawa kita tidak boleh terus mengejar panjang. Sebaliknya kita mesti memilih beberapa objek fizikal, katakan Standard Meter di Biro Antarabangsa des Poids et Mesures (Biro Antarabangsa Timbangan dan Langkah-langkah), atau panjang gelombang kadmium untuk berdiri sebagai unit panjang kami. Ciri kedua mengurus objek yang dipisahkan. Walaupun kita boleh, mungkin, secara langsung menguji kesamaan panjang dua batang pengukur apabila mereka bersebelahan satu sama lain, kita tidak dapat mengetahui sebanyak dua rod jauh dari satu sama lain. Walaupun menganggap bahawa dua batang, setiap kali dibawa ke satu sama lain dilihat sama panjangnya, kita tidak dibenarkan dalam menyatakan bahawa mereka sentiasa sama panjang. Kemustahilan ini melemahkan keupayaan kita untuk menentukan kesamaan panjang dua objek jauh. Kesamaan panjang, sebaliknya, mesti ditetapkan mengikut takrifan. <> Takrif penyesuaian mempunyai banyak ciri utama? || dua <> Ciri pertama dalam definisi Penyelarasan melibatkan apa? || mengkoordinasikan unit panjang dengan objek fizikal tertentu <> Apakah ciri pertama yang termotivasi oleh? || kita tidak boleh terus mengejar panjang <> Ciri kedua dalam definisi Penyelarasan melibatkan apa? || objek yang dipisahkan <> Sameness panjang mesti ditetapkan bagaimana? || mengikut definisi", {"context": "Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), or the wavelength of cadmium to stand in as our unit of length. The second feature deals with separated objects. Although we can, presumably, directly test the equality of length of two measuring rods when they are next to one another, we can not find out as much for two rods distant from one another. Even supposing that two rods, whenever brought near to one another are seen to be equal in length, we are not justified in stating that they are always equal in length. This impossibility undermines our ability to decide the equality of length of two distant objects. Sameness of length, to the contrary, must be set by definition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "two"}], "question": "Coordinative definition has how many major features?", "id": "572a224aaf94a219006aa82d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "coordinating units of length with certain physical objects"}], "question": "The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?", "id": "572a224aaf94a219006aa82e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "we can never directly apprehend length"}], "question": "What is the first feature motivated by?", "id": "572a224aaf94a219006aa82f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "separated objects"}], "question": "The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?", "id": "572a224aaf94a219006aa830"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 993, "text": "by definition"}], "question": "Sameness of length must be set how?", "id": "572a224aaf94a219006aa831"}]}], ["Masalah arah masa timbul secara langsung dari dua fakta yang bercanggah. Pertama, undang-undang fizikal asas adalah inversi masa pembalikan; jika filem sinematografi diambil dari sebarang proses yang digambarkan melalui undang-undang yang dinyatakan di atas dan kemudian dimainkan ke belakang, ia masih menggambarkan proses yang mungkin secara fizikal. Kedua, pengalaman masa, di peringkat makroskopik, bukan masa inversan. Kaca-kaca boleh jatuh dan pecah, tetapi pecahan kaca tidak boleh dipasang dan terbang ke atas meja. Kami mempunyai ingatan masa lalu, dan tidak ada masa depan. Kami rasa kita tidak boleh mengubah masa lalu tetapi boleh mempengaruhi masa depan. <> Berapakah banyak fakta yang bercanggah bahawa masalah arah masa timbul? || dua <> undang-undang fizikal jenis apa yang berlaku semasa pembalikan? || asas <> Jika jika filem sinematografi diambil melalui undang-undang fizikal dan kemudian dimainkan mundur, masih akan menggambarkan apa? || proses secara fizikal mungkin <> Bagaimana pengalaman masa kita di peringkat makro? || bukan masa-balik pembalikan <> Apa yang kita tidak mempunyai ingatan? || masa depan", {"context": "The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possible process. Secondly, our experience of time, at the macroscopic level, is not time-reversal invariant. Glasses can fall and break, but shards of glass cannot reassemble and fly up onto tables. We have memories of the past, and none of the future. We feel we can't change the past but can influence the future.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from?", "id": "572a2b821d04691400779801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "fundamental"}], "question": "What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant?", "id": "572a2b821d04691400779802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "physically possible process"}], "question": "If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical  laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?", "id": "572a2b821d04691400779803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "not time-reversal invariant"}], "question": "How is our experience of time at the macro level?", "id": "572a2b821d04691400779804"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "the future"}], "question": "What do we not have memories of?", "id": "572a2b821d04691400779805"}]}], ["Albert Einstein mencadangkan bahawa undang-undang fizik harus berdasarkan prinsip relativiti. Prinsip ini berpendapat bahawa peraturan fizik mestilah sama bagi semua pemerhati, tidak kira kerangka rujukan yang digunakan, dan cahaya itu menyebarkan pada kelajuan yang sama dalam semua bingkai rujukan. Teori ini didorong oleh persamaan Maxwell, yang menunjukkan bahawa gelombang elektromagnetik menyebarkan dalam vakum pada kelajuan cahaya. Walau bagaimanapun, persamaan Maxwell tidak memberi petunjuk tentang kelajuan ini berbanding dengannya. Sebelum Einstein, ia dianggap bahawa kelajuan ini relatif kepada medium tetap, yang dikenali sebagai eter luminiferous. Sebaliknya, teori relativiti khas menegaskan bahawa cahaya menyebarkan pada kelajuan cahaya dalam semua bingkai inersia, dan meneliti implikasi postulat ini. <> lbert Einstein mencadangkan agar undang-undang fizik harus berdasarkan prinsip apa? || Relativiti <> Prinsip relativiti memegang bahawa peraturan fizik mestilah sama untuk siapa? || semua pemerhati <> Dalam semua bingkai rujukan, bagaimanakah kelajuan cahaya? || Teorinya yang sama <> Einstein didorong oleh siapa? || Maxwell <> Sebelum Einstein, kelajuan adalah walaupun relatif kepada apa? || eter luminiferous", {"context": "Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was motivated by Maxwell's equations, which show that electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum at the speed of light. However, Maxwell's equations give no indication of what this speed is relative to. Prior to Einstein, it was thought that this speed was relative to a fixed medium, called the luminiferous ether. In contrast, the theory of special relativity postulates that light propagates at the speed of light in all inertial frames, and examines the implications of this postulate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "relativity"}], "question": "lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle?", "id": "572a203b6aef0514001552da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "all observers"}], "question": "The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who?", "id": "572a203b6aef0514001552db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "the same"}], "question": "In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light?", "id": "572a203b6aef0514001552dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Maxwell"}], "question": "Einstein's theory was motivated by who?", "id": "572a203b6aef0514001552dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "the luminiferous ether"}], "question": "Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what?", "id": "572a203b6aef0514001552de"}]}], ["Dalam fizik klasik, kerangka rujukan inersia adalah salah satu objek yang mengalami sebarang daya tidak mempercepatkan. Dalam kerelatifan umum, kerangka acuan rujukan adalah salah satu yang mengikuti geodesik ruang masa. Objek yang bergerak ke arah geodesi mengalami suatu daya. Objek dalam kejatuhan bebas tidak mengalami daya, kerana ia mengikuti geodesik. Walau bagaimanapun, objek yang berdiri di bumi akan mengalami kekuatan, kerana ia ditahan terhadap geodesik oleh permukaan bumi. Dengan ini, baldi air yang berputar di ruang kosong akan mengalami daya kerana berputar sehubungan dengan geodesik. Air akan menjadi cekung, bukan kerana ia berputar sehubungan dengan bintang-bintang yang jauh, tetapi kerana ia berputar sehubungan dengan geodesik. <> Dalam fizik klasik, kerangka rujukan inersia adalah salah satu objek yang tanpa daya melakukan apa? || tidak mempercepat <> Apa yang mengikuti geodesik ruang masa? || kerangka rujukan inersia <> Objek dalam kejatuhan bebas tidak mengalami apa? || memaksa <> Apa yang memegang objek berdiri di bumi terhadap geodesik? || permukaan bumi <> Mengapa air menjadi cekung, menurut teori relativiti? || ia berputar sehubungan dengan geodesik.", {"context": "In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does not experience a force, because it is following a geodesic. An object standing on the earth, however, will experience a force, as it is being held against the geodesic by the surface of the planet. In light of this, the bucket of water rotating in empty space will experience a force because it rotates with respect to the geodesic. The water will become concave, not because it is rotating with respect to the distant stars, but because it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "does not accelerate"}], "question": "In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?", "id": "572a211b3f37b31900478717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "an inertial frame of reference"}], "question": "What follows a geodesic of space-time?", "id": "572a211b3f37b31900478718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "force"}], "question": "An object in free fall does not experience what?", "id": "572a211b3f37b31900478719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "the surface of the planet"}], "question": "What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic?", "id": "572a211b3f37b3190047871a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "it is rotating with respect to the geodesic."}], "question": "Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?", "id": "572a211b3f37b3190047871b"}]}], ["Masalah aliran masa, seperti yang telah dirawat dalam falsafah analitik, terhutang kepada permulaan kertas yang ditulis oleh J. M. E. McTaggart. Dalam karya ini McTaggart mencadangkan dua \"siri temporal\". Siri pertama, yang bermaksud untuk mengambil kira intuisi kita mengenai masa temporal, atau yang bergerak Sekarang, dipanggil siri A. Peristiwa A-series memerintahkan peristiwa mengikut masa mereka, masa kini atau masa depan, bersederhana dan berbanding satu sama lain. Siri-B menghilangkan semua rujukan pada masa kini, dan modaliti masa lalu yang berkaitan masa lalu dan masa depan, dan memerintahkan semua peristiwa oleh hubungan temporal lebih awal dan lambat daripada. <> Siapa yang memulakan perbincangan dalam falsafah analitik mengenai masalah aliran masa? || J. M. E. McTaggart <> Berapa banyak \"siri temporal\" yang dicadangkan McTaggart? || dua <> Apakah siri pertama McTaggart dipanggil? || Siri A <> A-Series memerintahkan peristiwa mengikut masa mereka, masa kini atau masa depan dan berbanding dengan apa lagi? || satu sama lain <> Apakah siri kedua McTaggart dipanggil? || Siri B", {"context": "The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two \"temporal series\". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "J. M. E. McTaggart"}], "question": "Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?", "id": "572a3a0b6aef0514001553a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many \"temporal series\" did McTaggart propose?", "id": "572a3a0b6aef0514001553a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "the A-series"}], "question": "What was McTaggart's first series called?", "id": "572a3a0b6aef0514001553a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "each other"}], "question": "The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else?", "id": "572a3a0b6aef0514001553a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "The B-series"}], "question": "What is McTaggart's second series called?", "id": "572a3a0b6aef0514001553a6"}]}], ["Menurut Presentism, masa adalah pesanan pelbagai realiti. Pada masa tertentu ada sesuatu yang ada dan yang lain tidak. Inilah satu-satunya realiti yang boleh kita hadapi dan kita tidak boleh contohnya mengatakan bahawa Homer wujud kerana pada masa ini dia tidak. Seorang Eternalist, sebaliknya, memegang masa itu adalah dimensi realiti setanding dengan tiga dimensi ruang, dan karenanya semua perkara-masa lalu, sekarang, dan masa depan-boleh dikatakan sama seperti keadaan di dalam hadir. Menurut teori ini, maka Homer memang benar-benar wujud, walaupun kita masih perlu menggunakan bahasa khas apabila bercakap tentang seseorang yang wujud pada masa yang jauh-sama seperti kita menggunakan bahasa istimewa ketika bercakap tentang sesuatu yang jauh (kata-kata yang sangat dekat, jauh , di atas, di bawah, dan sebagainya adalah setanding langsung dengan frasa seperti pada masa lalu, seminit yang lalu, dan sebagainya). <> Mengikut teori apakah masa memerintahkan pelbagai realiti? || Presentism <> Presentism menyatakan bahawa pada masa tertentu beberapa perkara melakukan apa? || wujud <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa masa adalah dimensi realiti setanding dengan tiga dimensi ruang | | Eternalist <> Menurut seorang Eternalist, apa yang dapat dikatakan sama seperti halnya pada masa sekarang? || semua perkara-masa lalu, sekarang, dan masa depan <> Menurut teori Eternalist, apa yang harus kita gunakan untuk menggambarkan Homer? || bahasa khas", {"context": "According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things\u2014past, present, and future\u2014can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time\u2014just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Presentism"}], "question": "According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities?", "id": "572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "exist"}], "question": "Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?", "id": "572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Eternalist"}], "question": "Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions", "id": "572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "all things\u2014past, present, and future"}], "question": "According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present?", "id": "572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "special language"}], "question": "According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer?", "id": "572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f7"}]}], ["Kedudukan pada kegigihan objek agak serupa. Seorang endurantist berpendapat bahawa untuk objek yang berterusan melalui masa adalah untuk ia wujud sepenuhnya pada masa yang berlainan (setiap contoh kewujudan yang kita boleh anggap sebagai entah bagaimana berasingan dari keadaan sebelumnya dan masa hadapan, walaupun masih berangka secara numerik dengan mereka). Seorang pakar perdurantist berpendapat bahawa untuk sesuatu yang wujud melalui masa adalah untuk wujud sebagai realiti yang berterusan, dan apabila kita mempertimbangkan perkara itu secara keseluruhan kita harus mempertimbangkan agregat semua \"bahagian temporal\" atau contohnya sedia ada. Endurantisme dilihat sebagai pandangan konvensional dan mengalir keluar dari idea-idea pra-falsafah kita (apabila saya bercakap dengan seseorang yang saya fikir saya bercakap dengan orang itu sebagai objek yang lengkap, dan bukan hanya sebahagian daripada sifat bersifat sementara), tetapi perdurantis telah menyerang kedudukan ini. (Contoh seorang perdurantist adalah David Lewis.) Satu argumen perdurantists menggunakan menyatakan keunggulan pandangan mereka adalah bahawa perdurantisme dapat mengambil kira perubahan dalam objek. <> Bagaimana keadaannya adalah kedudukan pada kegigihan objek? || agak serupa <> Siapa yang memegang bahawa objek untuk terus berlalu adalah untuk wujud sepenuhnya pada masa yang berlainan? || endurantist <> Siapa yang memegang sesuatu untuk wujud melalui masa adalah untuk ia wujud sebagai realiti berterusan? || perdurantist <> Pandangan mana yang dilihat sebagai konvensional? || Endurantism <> Siapa contoh perdurantis? || David Lewis", {"context": "The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its \"temporal parts\" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "somewhat similar"}], "question": "How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects?", "id": "572a3caeaf94a219006aa8fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "endurantist"}], "question": "Who holds  that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?", "id": "572a3caeaf94a219006aa8fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "perdurantist"}], "question": "Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?", "id": "572a3caeaf94a219006aa8ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Endurantism"}], "question": "Which view is seen as conventional?", "id": "572a3caeaf94a219006aa900"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 878, "text": "David Lewis"}], "question": "Who is an example of a perdurantist?", "id": "572a3caeaf94a219006aa901"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, asimetri penyebab boleh dilihat dalam cara yang tidak sewenang-wenang yang tidak metafizikal dalam hal tangan manusia menjatuhkan secawan air yang menghancurkan serpihan di lantai keras, menumpahkan cecair. Dalam susunan ini, punca-punca corak serpihan hasil serpihan dan tumpahan air mudah dikaitkan dari segi trajektori cawan, penyelewengan strukturnya, sudut impaknya di atas lantai, dan lain-lain. Walau bagaimanapun, memohon peristiwa yang sama dalam terbalik, sukar untuk menjelaskan mengapa pelbagai keping cawan harus terbang ke tangan manusia dan menyusun semula tepat ke dalam bentuk cangkir, atau mengapa air harus meletakkan dirinya sendiri sepenuhnya dalam cangkir. Penyebab struktur dan bentuk cawan yang dihasilkan dan enkapsulasi air dengan tangan dalam cangkir tidak mudah dikaitkan, kerana tangan atau lantai tidak boleh mencapai pembentukan seperti cawan atau air. Asimetri ini tidak dapat dilihat berdasarkan dua ciri: i) hubungan antara kapasiti ejen tangan manusia (iaitu, apakah itu dan tidak mampu dan apa itu untuk) dan agensi bukan haiwan (iaitu tingkat apa dan tidak mampu dan apa yang mereka buat) dan ii) bahawa keping cawan datang untuk mempunyai persis sifat dan bilangan mereka dari cawan sebelum memasang. Pendek kata, asimetri tersebut adalah disebabkan oleh hubungan antara arah temporal di satu pihak dan implikasi bentuk dan keupayaan fungsian di pihak yang lain. <> Bagaimana asimetri penyebaban diamati? || dengan cara yang tidak sewenang-wenang <> Berapa banyak ciri asimetri dalam contoh cawan boleh dilihat? || dua <> asimetri adalah disebabkan oleh jenis arah apa? || temporal <> Apa lagi, selain arah, adalah asimetri yang boleh dikaitkan? || implikasi bentuk dan keupayaan fungsian", {"context": "However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "in a non-arbitrary way"}], "question": "How can asymmetry of causation be observed?", "id": "572a3d3a1d04691400779875"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 958, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?", "id": "572a3d3a1d04691400779876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1373, "text": "temporal"}], "question": "Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?", "id": "572a3d3a1d04691400779877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1416, "text": "implications of form and functional capacity"}], "question": "What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?", "id": "572a3d3a1d04691400779878"}]}]], [["Secara tradisinya dianggap bahagian terakhir Zaman Batu, Neolitik mengikuti terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic dan bermula dengan permulaan pertanian, yang menghasilkan \"Revolusi Neolitik\". Ia berakhir apabila alat logam menjadi meluas (dalam Zaman Tembaga atau Zaman Gangsa atau di beberapa kawasan geografi, dalam Zaman Besi). Neolitik adalah perkembangan ciri-ciri dan perubahan tingkah laku dan budaya, termasuk penggunaan tanaman liar dan domestik dan haiwan peliharaan. <> Era apa yang dikenali sebagai fasa terakhir Zaman Batu? || Neolithic <> Apa era mendahului Neolitik? || Holocene Epipaleolithic period <> Apakah peristiwa berkaitan dengan permulaan pertanian? || Revolusi Neolitik <> Era era melihat peningkatan penggunaan alat logam? || Umur Tembaga", {"context": "Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the \"Neolithic Revolution\". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age). The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "the Neolithic"}], "question": "What era is commonly known as the final phase of the Stone Age?", "id": "572a18f23f37b319004786d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Holocene Epipaleolithic period"}], "question": "What era preceded the Neolithic?", "id": "572a18f23f37b319004786d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Neolithic Revolution"}], "question": "What event is associated with the start of farming?", "id": "572a18f23f37b319004786d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Copper Age"}], "question": "What era saw an increase in metal tool use?", "id": "572a18f23f37b319004786d6"}]}], ["Tidak semua unsur budaya ciri-ciri Neolitik muncul di mana-mana dalam susunan yang sama: masyarakat pertanian terawal di Timur Dekat tidak menggunakan tembikar. Di bahagian lain di dunia, seperti Afrika, Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara, peristiwa pembebasan bebas membawa kepada kebudayaan Neolitik tersendiri di rantau mereka sendiri yang timbul secara bebas daripada orang-orang di Eropah dan Asia Barat Daya. Masyarakat Jepun awal dan budaya Asia Timur yang lain menggunakan tembikar sebelum membangunkan pertanian. <> Apa benda yang tidak digunakan oleh masyarakat ladang awal di Timur Dekat? || tembikar <> Apa gunanya tembikar membantu masyarakat Jepun awal berkembang? || pertanian <> Kecenderungan apa yang menyebabkan sebahagian dunia mengembangkan budaya Neolitik mereka sendiri? || peristiwa pembebasan bebas", {"context": "Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures that arose completely independent of those in Europe and Southwest Asia. Early Japanese societies and other East Asian cultures used pottery before developing agriculture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "pottery"}], "question": "What objects were not used by early farm societies in the Near East ?", "id": "572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "agriculture"}], "question": "What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop?", "id": "572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "independent domestication events"}], "question": "What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures?", "id": "572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7eb"}]}], ["Neolitik 2 (PPNB) bermula sekitar 8,800 SM menurut kronologi ASPRO di Levant (Jericho, Israel). Seperti tarikh PPNA, terdapat dua versi dari makmal yang sama seperti yang dinyatakan di atas. Walau bagaimanapun, sistem terminologi ini tidak mudah untuk Anatolia tenggara dan penempatan di tengah Anatolia. Era ini sebelum zaman Mesolitik. [Rujukan?] Pendudukan 3,000 penghuni ditemui di pinggir Amman, Jordan. Dianggap sebagai salah satu pemukiman prasejarah yang terbesar di Timur Dekat, yang dipanggil 'Ain Ghazal, ia terus didiami dari kira-kira 7,250 - 5,000 B. Bila masa The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) bermula? || sekitar 8,800 SM <> Era apa yang mengikuti era Neolitik 2 (PPNB)? || era Mesolitik <> Berapa banyak peneroka yang ditemui di Jordan? || 3,000 penduduk <> Apa nama salah satu penempatan prasejarah terbesar di Timur Dekat? || Ain Ghazal", {"context": "The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia basin. This era was before the Mesolithic era.[citation needed] A settlement of 3,000 inhabitants was found in the outskirts of Amman, Jordan. Considered to be one of the largest prehistoric settlements in the Near East, called 'Ain Ghazal, it was continuously inhabited from approximately 7,250 \u2013 5,000 B.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "around 8,800 BCE"}], "question": "When did the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era start?", "id": "572a1bc11d0469140077979d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "the Mesolithic era"}], "question": "What era followed the  The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era?", "id": "572a1bc11d0469140077979e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "3,000 inhabitants"}], "question": "How many settlers were found in Jordan?", "id": "572a1bc11d0469140077979f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Ain Ghazal"}], "question": "What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements in the Near East?", "id": "572a1bc11d046914007797a0"}]}], ["Permulaan kebudayaan Neolitik dianggap di Levant (Jericho, Tebing Barat moden) kira-kira 10,200 - 8,800 SM. Ia dibangunkan secara langsung dari budaya Nipisolitik Natufian di rantau ini, yang orangnya mempelopori penggunaan bijirin liar, yang kemudiannya berkembang menjadi ladang yang benar. Tempoh Natufian adalah antara 12,000 dan 10,200 SM, dan yang disebut \"proto-Neolithic\" kini termasuk dalam Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) antara 10,200 dan 8,800 SM. Oleh kerana Natufians telah bergantung kepada bijirin liar dalam diet mereka, dan cara hidup sedentari telah bermula di kalangan mereka, perubahan iklim yang berkaitan dengan Younger Dryas dianggap telah memaksa orang untuk membangunkan pertanian. <> Tempoh masa apa yang menandakan permulaan budaya Neolitik? || 10,200 - 8,800 SM <> Dimana kebudayaan Neolitik bermula? || Levant (Jericho, Tebing Barat moden) <> Apa item makanan yang menjadi kunci kepada evolusi pertanian? || bijirin liar <> Era apa yang berlangsung antara 12,000 dan 10,200 SM? || Tempoh Natufian", {"context": "The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 \u2013 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, and the so-called \"proto-Neolithic\" is now included in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) between 10,200 and 8,800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas are thought to have forced people to develop farming.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "10,200 \u2013 8,800 BC"}], "question": "What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture?", "id": "572a19a46aef051400155272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)"}], "question": "Where did the Neolithic culture begin?", "id": "572a19a46aef051400155273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "wild cereals"}], "question": "What food item was the key to the evolution of farming?", "id": "572a19a46aef051400155274"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "The Natufian period"}], "question": "What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC?", "id": "572a19a46aef051400155275"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2012, berita dikeluarkan mengenai tapak ladang baru yang ditemui di Munam-ri, Goseong, Wilayah Gangwon, Korea Selatan, yang mungkin menjadi ladang terawal yang diketahui sejak dahulu di Asia timur. \"Tiada bekas ladang pertanian dari zaman Neolitik telah ditemui di mana-mana negara Asia Timur sebelum ini, kata institut itu sambil menambah bahawa penemuan ini mendedahkan bahawa sejarah penanaman pertanian sekurang-kurangnya bermula pada tempoh di Semenanjung Korea\". Ladang itu bertarikh antara 3600 dan 3000 B.C. Tembikar, titik peluru batu, dan rumah yang mungkin juga dijumpai. \"Pada tahun 2002, penyelidik mendapati tembikar prasejarah, anting-anting jed, antara barangan lain di kawasan itu\". Pasukan penyelidikan akan melakukan spektrometri jisim pemecut (AMS) yang bertarikh untuk mendapatkan tarikh yang lebih tepat untuk laman web ini. <> Bilakah tapak ladang Asia yang paling awal diketahui di Korea Selatan? || 2012 <> Berapa tempoh masa laman web ladang Korea bertarikh? || antara 3600 dan 3000 B.C. <> Item apa yang terdapat pada tapak ladang Korea? || Potongan, titik peluru batu, dan rumah yang mungkin <> Teknologi apa yang akan digunakan peneliti untuk mengukur tempoh masa yang lebih tepat untuk tapak ladang? || spektrometri jisim pemecut (AMS)", {"context": "In 2012, news was released about a new farming site discovered in Munam-ri, Goseong, Gangwon Province, South Korea, which may be the earliest farmland known to date in east Asia. \"No remains of an agricultural field from the Neolithic period have been found in any East Asian country before, the institute said, adding that the discovery reveals that the history of agricultural cultivation at least began during the period on the Korean Peninsula\". The farm was dated between 3600 and 3000 B.C. Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses were also found. \"In 2002, researchers discovered prehistoric earthenware, jade earrings, among other items in the area\". The research team will perform accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating to retrieve a more precise date for the site.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2012"}], "question": "When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in South Korea?", "id": "572a22271d046914007797c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "between 3600 and 3000 B.C."}], "question": "What time period was the Korean farm site dated?", "id": "572a22271d046914007797ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses"}], "question": "What items were found on the Korean farm site?", "id": "572a22271d046914007797cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)"}], "question": "What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate time period for the farm site?", "id": "572a22271d046914007797cc"}]}], ["Tempoh Neolitik 1 (PPNA) bermula kira-kira 10,000 tahun yang lalu di Levant. Kawasan kuil di Turki tenggara di G\u00f6bekli Tepe bertarikh sekitar 9,500 SM boleh dianggap sebagai permulaan tempoh. Laman web ini dibangunkan oleh puak pemburu pengumpul nomad, yang dibuktikan oleh kekurangan perumahan kekal di sekitar dan mungkin tempat ibadat yang paling terkenal. Sekurang-kurangnya tujuh bulatan batu, meliputi 25 ekar (10 ha), mengandungi tiang batu kapur yang diukir dengan binatang, serangga, dan burung. Alat-alat batu telah digunakan oleh ratusan orang untuk mewujudkan tiang-tiang, yang mungkin menyokong bumbung. Tapak-tapak PPNA awal yang awalnya sekitar 9,500 hingga 9,000 BCE telah dijumpai di Jericho, Israel (terutamanya Ain Mallaha, Nahal Oren, dan Kfar HaHoresh), Gilgal di Lembah Jordan, dan Byblos, Lubnan. Permulaan Neolitik 1 merangkumi tempoh Periian dan Neolitik Berat pada tahap tertentu. [Rujukan?] <> Bilakah tempoh Neolitik 1 (PPNA) bermula? || kira-kira 10,000 tahun yang lalu <> Di mana kuil G\u00f6bekli Tepe terletak? || Turki <> Siapa yang membina kuil G\u00f6bekli Tepe? || puak pemburu pengumpul nomad <<Apa nama orang yang paling awal dijadikan tempat ibadat? || G\u00f6bekli Tepe", {"context": "The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at G\u00f6bekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and may be the oldest known human-made place of worship. At least seven stone circles, covering 25 acres (10 ha), contain limestone pillars carved with animals, insects, and birds. Stone tools were used by perhaps as many as hundreds of people to create the pillars, which might have supported roofs. Other early PPNA sites dating to around 9,500 to 9,000 BCE have been found in Jericho, Israel (notably Ain Mallaha, Nahal Oren, and Kfar HaHoresh), Gilgal in the Jordan Valley, and Byblos, Lebanon. The start of Neolithic 1 overlaps the Tahunian and Heavy Neolithic periods to some degree.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "roughly 10,000 years ago"}], "question": "When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start?", "id": "572a1b2caf94a219006aa7ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "Where is the G\u00f6bekli Tepe temple located?", "id": "572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes"}], "question": "Who built the G\u00f6bekli Tepe temple?", "id": "572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "G\u00f6bekli Tepe"}], "question": "What is the name of earliest man made place of worship?", "id": "572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f2"}]}], ["Domestik domba dan kambing mencapai Mesir dari Timur Dekat mungkin seawal 6,000 SM. Graeme Barker menyatakan \"Keterangan pertama untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan domestik di lembah Nil tidak sampai milenium awal bc di utara Mesir dan seribu tahun kemudian di selatan, dalam kedua-dua kes sebagai sebahagian daripada strategi yang masih banyak bergantung pada penangkapan ikan, memburu, dan pengumpulan tumbuhan liar \"dan menunjukkan bahawa perubahan sara hidup ini tidak disebabkan oleh petani yang berpindah dari Timur Dekat tetapi merupakan pembangunan asli, dengan bijirin sama ada asli atau diperoleh melalui pertukaran. Para ulama lain berpendapat bahawa rangsangan utama untuk pertanian dan haiwan peliharaan (serta seni bina bata dan ciri-ciri budaya Neolitik) di Mesir adalah dari Timur Tengah. <> Bilakah pembukaan kambing domba pertama kali muncul di Mesir? || 6,000 SM <> Bagaimana orang Mesir mengumpul makanan sebelum menaikkan ternakan? || memancing, memburu, dan perhimpunan tumbuhan liar <> Kawasan apa yang dilihat oleh sesetengah ulama sebagai sumber untuk memulakan Mesir dalam bidang pertanian? || Timur Tengah", {"context": "Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6,000 BC. Graeme Barker states \"The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium bc in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south, in both cases as part of strategies that still relied heavily on fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants\" and suggests that these subsistence changes were not due to farmers migrating from the Near East but was an indigenous development, with cereals either indigenous or obtained through exchange. Other scholars argue that the primary stimulus for agriculture and domesticated animals (as well as mud-brick architecture and other Neolithic cultural features) in Egypt was from the Middle East.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "6,000 BC"}], "question": "When did the domestication of sheep first appear in Egypt?", "id": "572a20041d046914007797b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants"}], "question": "How did Egyptians gather food before raising livestock?", "id": "572a20041d046914007797b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "the Middle East"}], "question": "What region do some scholars see as the source for Egypt's start in agriculture?", "id": "572a20041d046914007797b7"}]}], ["Sekitar 10,200 SM kebudayaan Neolitik sepenuhnya yang pertama yang dimiliki oleh fasa Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) muncul pada bulan sabit yang subur. Sekitar 10.700 hingga 9.400 SM penempatan telah ditubuhkan di Tell Qaramel, 10 kilometer di utara Aleppo. Penghunian itu termasuk 2 candi sejak 9,650. Sekitar 9000 SM semasa PPNA, salah satu bandar raya pertama di dunia, Jericho, muncul di Levant. Ia dikelilingi oleh dinding batu dan marmar dan terdapat penduduk 2000-3000 orang dan menara batu besar. Sekitar 6.400 SM kebudayaan Halaf muncul di Lubnan, Israel dan Palestin, Syria, Anatolia, dan Mesopotamia Utara dan ditanam di pertanian kering. <> Bilakah fasa Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) bermula? || Sekitar 10,200 SM <> Kapan penyelesaian yang dibangunkan dalam Tell Qaramel? || Sekitar 10,700 hingga 9,400 SM <> Berapa banyak kuil dibina di Tell Qaramel? || 2 <> Apa nama bandar yang pertama kali muncul semasa PPNA? || Jericho <> Apa bahan yang digunakan untuk membina tembok sekitar Jericho? || batu dan marmar", {"context": "Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC during the PPNA, one of the world's first towns, Jericho, appeared in the Levant. It was surrounded by a stone and marble wall and contained a population of 2000\u20133000 people and a massive stone tower. Around 6,400 BC the Halaf culture appeared in Lebanon, Israel and Palestine, Syria, Anatolia, and Northern Mesopotamia and subsisted on dryland agriculture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Around 10,200 BC"}], "question": "When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)  phase start?", "id": "572a1e346aef0514001552b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC"}], "question": "When was a settlement developed in Tell Qaramel?", "id": "572a1e346aef0514001552b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many temples were built in Tell Qaramel?", "id": "572a1e346aef0514001552b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Jericho"}], "question": "What was the name of the town that first appeared during the PPNA?", "id": "572a1e346aef0514001552b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "stone and marble"}], "question": "What materials were used to build the wall around Jericho?", "id": "572a1e346aef0514001552ba"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1981 satu pasukan penyelidik dari Maison de l'Orient et de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, termasuk Jacques Cauvin dan Oliver Aurenche membahagikan kronologi neolitik mendekati Timur ke dalam tempoh sepuluh (0 hingga 9) berdasarkan ciri-ciri sosial, ekonomi dan budaya. Pada tahun 2002 Danielle Stordeur dan Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Abb\u00e8s maju sistem ini dengan pembahagian menjadi lima tempoh. Natufian (1) antara 12,000 dan 10,200 SM, Khiamian (2) antara 10,200-8,800 SM, PPNA: Sultanian (Jericho), Mureybetian, PPNB awal (PPNB ancien) (3) antara 8,800-7,600 SM, 7,600-6,900 SM, lewat PPNB (4) antara 7,500 hingga 7,000 SM dan peringkat peralihan PPNB (kadang-kadang disebut PPNC) (5) di mana Halaf dan ware yang gelap bernafas mulai muncul antara 6,900-6,400 BC. Mereka juga maju idea tentang tahap peralihan antara PPNA dan PPNB antara 8,800 dan 8,600 SM di tapak seperti Jerf el Ahmar dan Tell Aswad. <> Apakah nama dua penyelidik yang membahagikan kronologi neolitik ke dalam sepuluh tempoh? || Jacques Cauvin dan Oliver Aurenche <> Ciri-ciri apa yang digunakan para penyelidik untuk membahagikan sepuluh tempoh? || ciri-ciri sosial, ekonomi dan kebudayaan <> Bilakah bahagian asal 10 maju ke bahagian 5? || 2002 <> Apakah nama dua penyelidik yang membahagikan kronologi neolitik kepada lima tempoh? || Danielle Stordeur dan Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Abb\u00e8s", {"context": "In 1981 a team of researchers from the Maison de l'Orient et de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, including Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche divided Near East neolithic chronology into ten periods (0 to 9) based on social, economic and cultural characteristics. In 2002 Danielle Stordeur and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Abb\u00e8s advanced this system with a division into five periods. Natufian (1) between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, Khiamian (2) between 10,200-8,800 BC, PPNA: Sultanian (Jericho), Mureybetian, early PPNB (PPNB ancien) (3) between 8,800-7,600 BC, middle PPNB (PPNB moyen) 7,600-6,900 BC, late PPNB (PPNB r\u00e9cent) (4) between 7,500 and 7,000 BC and a PPNB (sometimes called PPNC) transitional stage (PPNB final) (5) where Halaf and dark faced burnished ware begin to emerge between 6,900-6,400 BC. They also advanced the idea of a transitional stage between the PPNA and PPNB between 8,800 and 8,600 BC at sites like Jerf el Ahmar and Tell Aswad.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche"}], "question": "What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into ten periods?", "id": "572a1ef73f37b319004786ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "social, economic and cultural characteristics"}], "question": "What traits did researchers use to divide the ten periods?", "id": "572a1ef73f37b31900478700"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "2002"}], "question": "When was the original division of 10 advanced to a division of 5?", "id": "572a1ef73f37b31900478701"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Danielle Stordeur and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Abb\u00e8s"}], "question": "What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into five periods?", "id": "572a1ef73f37b31900478702"}]}], ["Di Eropah Tenggara, masyarakat agrikultur pertama kali muncul pada milenium ke-7 SM, yang ditandatangani oleh salah satu tapak pertanian terawal di Eropah, yang ditemui di Vasht\u00ebmi, tenggara Albania dan sejak 6,500 SM. Patung Anthropomorphic telah dijumpai di Balkan dari 6000 SM, dan di Eropah Tengah oleh c. 5800 SM (La Hoguette). Di antara kompleks budaya terawal di kawasan ini adalah budaya Sesklo di Thessaly, yang kemudian berkembang di Balkan yang menimbulkan Star\u010devo-K\u00f6r\u00f6s (Cris), Linearbandkeramik, dan Vin\u010da. Melalui gabungan penyebaran budaya dan penghijrahan rakyat, tradisi Neolitik merebak ke barat dan ke utara untuk mencapai barat laut Eropah sekitar 4500 SM. Budaya Vin\u010da mungkin telah mewujudkan sistem penulisan terawal, tanda-tanda Vin\u010da, walaupun ahli arkeologi Shan Winn percaya mereka mungkin mewakili pictograms dan ideograms daripada bentuk tulisan yang benar-benar maju. Budaya Cucuteni-Trypillian membina penempatan besar di Romania, Moldova dan Ukraine dari 5300 hingga 2300 SM. Kompleks candi megalitik dari \u0120gantija di pulau Mediterania Gozo (di kepulauan Maltese) dan Mnajdra (Malta) terkenal dengan struktur Neolitik raksasa mereka, yang tertua dari tarikh kembali ke c. 3600 SM. Hypogeum HAL-Saflieni, Paola, Malta, adalah struktur subterranean digali c. 2500 SM; pada mulanya sebuah tempat perlindungan, ia menjadi nekropolis, satu-satunya kuil bawah tanah prasejarah di dunia, dan memperlihatkan derajat kesenian di arca batu yang unik dalam sejarah pra-sejarah ke pulau Malta. Selepas 2500 SM, Kepulauan Maltese telah dikurangkan selama beberapa dekad sehingga kedatangan kemasukan baru peremajaan Zaman Perunggu, budaya yang membakar mayatnya dan memperkenalkan struktur megalitik yang lebih kecil yang disebut dolmens ke Malta. Dalam kebanyakan kes terdapat bilik-bilik kecil di sini, dengan penutup yang terbuat dari kepingan besar diletakkan pada batu tegak. Mereka dikatakan sebagai milik penduduk tentu berbeza daripada yang membina kuil megalitik sebelumnya. Dianggarkan penduduknya datang dari Sicily kerana persamaan dolmen Maltese kepada beberapa pembinaan kecil yang terdapat di pulau terbesar di laut Mediterranean. <> Bilakah masyarakat agraria mula muncul di Eropah Tenggara? || Milenium ke-7 SM <> Di mana terdapat salah satu tapak perladangan terawal di Eropah? || Vasht\u00ebmi, tenggara Albania <> Apa jenis arca yang terdapat di Balkan dari 6000 SM? || Patung-patung Anthropomorphic <> Apa trend yang membawa kepada tradisi Neolitik yang merebak ke barat laut Eropah sekitar 4500 SM? || penyebaran budaya dan penghijrahan orang <> Siapa yang mungkin mencipta sistem penulisan awal? || Budaya Vin\u010da", {"context": "In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vasht\u00ebmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC. Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC, and in Central Europe by c. 5800 BC (La Hoguette). Among the earliest cultural complexes of this area are the Sesklo culture in Thessaly, which later expanded in the Balkans giving rise to Star\u010devo-K\u00f6r\u00f6s (Cris), Linearbandkeramik, and Vin\u010da. Through a combination of cultural diffusion and migration of peoples, the Neolithic traditions spread west and northwards to reach northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC. The Vin\u010da culture may have created the earliest system of writing, the Vin\u010da signs, though archaeologist Shan Winn believes they most likely represented pictograms and ideograms rather than a truly developed form of writing. The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture built enormous settlements in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine from 5300 to 2300 BC. The megalithic temple complexes of \u0120gantija on the Mediterranean island of Gozo (in the Maltese archipelago) and of Mnajdra (Malta) are notable for their gigantic Neolithic structures, the oldest of which date back to c. 3600 BC. The Hypogeum of \u0126al-Saflieni, Paola, Malta, is a subterranean structure excavated c. 2500 BC; originally a sanctuary, it became a necropolis, the only prehistoric underground temple in the world, and showing a degree of artistry in stone sculpture unique in prehistory to the Maltese islands. After 2500 BC, the Maltese Islands were depopulated for several decades until the arrival of a new influx of Bronze Age immigrants, a culture that cremated its dead and introduced smaller megalithic structures called dolmens to Malta. In most cases there are small chambers here, with the cover made of a large slab placed on upright stones. They are claimed to belong to a population certainly different from that which built the previous megalithic temples. It is presumed the population arrived from Sicily because of the similarity of Maltese dolmens to some small constructions found in the largest island of the Mediterranean sea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "7th millennium BC"}], "question": "When did agrarian societies start to arise in Southeast Europe?", "id": "572a213aaf94a219006aa819"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Vasht\u00ebmi, southeastern Albania"}], "question": "Where was one of earliest farming sites in Europe found?", "id": "572a213aaf94a219006aa81a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Anthropomorphic figurines"}], "question": "What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6000 BC?", "id": "572a213aaf94a219006aa81b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "cultural diffusion and migration of peoples"}], "question": "What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC? ", "id": "572a213aaf94a219006aa81c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "The Vin\u010da culture"}], "question": "Who possibly created the earliest system of writing?", "id": "572a213aaf94a219006aa81d"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, petani awal juga terjejas teruk pada masa kebuluran, seperti yang mungkin disebabkan oleh kemarau atau perosak. Dalam keadaan di mana pertanian menjadi cara hidup utama, kepekaan terhadap kekurangan ini boleh menjadi sangat teruk, yang menjejaskan populasi pertanian setakat yang mungkin tidak pernah dialami secara rutin oleh masyarakat pemburu yang sebelumnya. Walau bagaimanapun, masyarakat pertanian umumnya terbukti berjaya, dan pertumbuhan mereka dan pengembangan wilayah di bawah penanaman terus. <> Apakah sebab-sebab kebuluran di bandar-bandar ladang awal? || kemarau atau perosak <> Apakah jenis masyarakat yang tidak terjejas oleh kebuluran? || komuniti pemburu-pengumpul <> Apakah jenis masyarakat yang biasanya masih berjaya selepas menghadapi kebuluran? || komuniti pertanian", {"context": "However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine, such as may be caused by drought or pests. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not have been routinely experienced by prior hunter-gatherer communities. Nevertheless, agrarian communities generally proved successful, and their growth and the expansion of territory under cultivation continued.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "drought or pests"}], "question": "What were the causes of famine in early farm towns?", "id": "572a329aaf94a219006aa885"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "hunter-gatherer communities"}], "question": "What type of societies were not affected by famine?", "id": "572a329aaf94a219006aa886"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "agrarian communities"}], "question": "What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine?", "id": "572a329aaf94a219006aa887"}]}], ["Kawalan konflik buruh dan antara kumpulan adalah ciri kumpulan korporat atau kumpulan 'puak', yang diketuai oleh individu berkarisma; sama ada seorang 'lelaki besar' atau ketua proto, berfungsi sebagai ketua kumpulan keturunan. Sama ada sistem organisasi bukan hierarki wujud boleh dibahaskan, dan tidak ada bukti yang jelas menunjukkan bahawa masyarakat Neolitik berfungsi di bawah mana-mana kelas atau individu yang mendominasi, seperti yang berlaku di ketua-ketua zaman Zaman Gangsa Awal Eropah. Teori-teori untuk menjelaskan egalitarianisme tersirat dari masyarakat Neolitik (dan Paleolitik) telah muncul, terutamanya konsep Marxis komunisme primitif. <> Apakah sifat pengeluaran yang wujud dalam kumpulan puak yang dikawal oleh pemimpin berkarisma? || Kawalan tenaga kerja <> Teori apa yang menggambarkan egalitarianisme tersirat masyarakat Neolitik? || Konsep marxis komunisme primitif <> Apa jenis ketidaksepakatan yang wujud dalam kumpulan suku yang dikuasai oleh pemimpin karismatik? || konflik antara kumpulan", {"context": "Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or 'tribal' groups, headed by a charismatic individual; whether a 'big man' or a proto-chief, functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether a non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explicitly suggests that Neolithic societies functioned under any dominating class or individual, as was the case in the chiefdoms of the European Early Bronze Age. Theories to explain the apparent implied egalitarianism of Neolithic (and Paleolithic) societies have arisen, notably the Marxist concept of primitive communism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Control of labour"}], "question": "What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?", "id": "572a2e201d04691400779821"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "Marxist concept of primitive communism"}], "question": "What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies?", "id": "572a2e201d04691400779822"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "inter-group conflict"}], "question": "What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?", "id": "572a2e201d04691400779823"}]}], ["Keluarga dan isi rumah masih sebahagian besarnya bebas dari segi ekonomi, dan rumah tangga itu mungkin pusat kehidupan. Walau bagaimanapun, penggalian di Eropah Tengah telah mendedahkan bahawa budaya Seramik Neolitik Linear awal (\"Linearbandkeramik\") telah membina susunan besar parit bulat antara 4800 SM dan 4600 SM. Struktur-struktur ini (dan rakan-rakan mereka yang kemudian seperti kandang, tiang pengebumian, dan henge) memerlukan masa yang banyak dan buruh untuk membina, yang menunjukkan bahawa beberapa individu yang berpengaruh dapat mengatur dan mengarahkan tenaga kerja manusia - walaupun pekerjaan yang tidak hirarkis dan sukarela kekal kemungkinan . <> Apakah aspek budaya adalah pusat kehidupan utama? || isi rumah <> Berapa tempoh masa yang ditemui di tepi parit yang besar? || 4800 SM dan 4600 SM <> Apakah dital kemudian berevolusi? || penutup kandang, lubang-lubang pengebumian, dan henge <> Apa ciri-ciri mengenai parit mencadangkan bahawa ia dibina oleh orang-orang di bawah arahan pemimpin? || memerlukan masa dan buruh yang banyak untuk dibina", {"context": "Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures (\"Linearbandkeramik\") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC. These structures (and their later counterparts such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge) required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour \u2014 though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "the household"}], "question": "What was the cultural aspect was the major center of life?", "id": "572a270a1d046914007797e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "4800 BC and 4600 BC"}], "question": "What time period were the huge circular ditches found in?", "id": "572a270a1d046914007797e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge"}], "question": "What did the ditches later evolve into?", "id": "572a270a1d046914007797e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "required considerable time and labour to construct"}], "question": "What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?", "id": "572a270a1d046914007797e8"}]}], ["Semasa kebanyakan zaman Eurasia Neolitik, orang hidup dalam puak-puak kecil yang terdiri daripada pelbagai kumpulan atau keturunan. Terdapat sedikit bukti saintifik mengenai stratifikasi sosial yang maju dalam kebanyakan masyarakat Neolitik; stratifikasi sosial lebih berkaitan dengan Zaman Gangsa yang kemudian. Walaupun sesetengah masyarakat Neolitik Eurasian terlambat membentuk ketua-ketua kepala yang berstrata kompleks atau bahkan negeri-negeri, negara-negara berkembang dalam Eurasia hanya dengan peningkatan metalurgi, dan kebanyakan masyarakat Neolitik pada keseluruhannya relatif sederhana dan egalitarian. Di luar Eurasia, bagaimanapun, negara-negara dibentuk semasa Neolitik dalam tiga bidang, iaitu di Andes Preceramic dengan Tamadun Norte Chico, Formosa Mesoamerica dan Hawai'i Kuno. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan masyarakat Neolitik kelihatan lebih hierarki daripada budaya Paleolitik yang mendahului mereka dan kebudayaan pemburu secara umum. <> Apakah kumpulan sosial terbentuk semasa zaman Eurasia Neolitik? || puak-puak kecil <> Kecenderungan budaya apa yang tidak muncul dalam jumlah yang besar sehingga Zaman Gangsa? || stratifikasi sosial <> Apa jenis budaya yang mendahului masyarakat Neolitik? || Budaya paleolitik", {"context": "During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia, people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or even states, states evolved in Eurasia only with the rise of metallurgy, and most Neolithic societies on the whole were relatively simple and egalitarian. Beyond Eurasia, however, states were formed during the local Neolithic in three areas, namely in the Preceramic Andes with the Norte Chico Civilization, Formative Mesoamerica and Ancient Hawai\u02bbi. However, most Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and hunter-gatherer cultures in general.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "small tribes"}], "question": "What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Eurasia?", "id": "572a24993f37b31900478739"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "social stratification"}], "question": "What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Bronze Age?", "id": "572a24993f37b3190047873a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "Paleolithic cultures"}], "question": "What type of cultures preceded Neolithic societies?", "id": "572a24993f37b3190047873b"}]}], ["Pengambilan haiwan besar (sekitar 8000 SM) menghasilkan peningkatan dramatik dalam ketidaksamaan sosial di kebanyakan kawasan di mana ia berlaku; New Guinea menjadi pengecualian ketara. Penguasaan ternakan membolehkan persaingan antara rumah tangga dan menyebabkan ketaksamaan kekayaan yang diwarisi. Ahli pastoral Neolitik yang mengendalikan lembu besar secara beransur-ansur memperoleh lebih banyak ternakan, dan ini menjadikan ketidaksamaan ekonomi lebih ketara. Walau bagaimanapun, keterangan ketidaksamaan sosial masih dipertikaikan, kerana penempatan seperti Catal Huyuk menunjukkan kekurangan perbezaan dalam saiz rumah dan tapak perkuburan, yang menunjukkan masyarakat yang lebih egalitarian tanpa bukti tentang konsep modal, walaupun terdapat beberapa rumah sedikit lebih besar atau lebih selesa dihiasi daripada yang lain. <> Apa yang menyebabkan peningkatan besar dalam ketidaksamaan sosial? || pembiakan haiwan besar <> Apa yang memulakan persaingan antara keluarga untuk kekayaan? || Pemilikan ternakan <> Siapa yang memiliki kawanan besar yang akan menghasilkan lebih banyak ternakan? || Pakar pemangsa Neolitik <> Apa penyelesaiannya mempunyai rumah bersaiz yang sama dengan sedikit bukti modal? || Catal Huyuk", {"context": "The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronounced. However, evidence of social inequality is still disputed, as settlements such as Catal Huyuk reveal a striking lack of difference in the size of homes and burial sites, suggesting a more egalitarian society with no evidence of the concept of capital, although some homes do appear slightly larger or more elaborately decorated than others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "domestication of large animals"}], "question": "What caused a major increase in social inequality?", "id": "572a257e6aef051400155302"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Possession of livestock"}], "question": "What started competition between families for wealth?", "id": "572a257e6aef051400155303"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Neolithic pastoralists"}], "question": "Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock?", "id": "572a257e6aef051400155304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "Catal Huyuk"}], "question": "What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital?", "id": "572a257e6aef051400155305"}]}], ["Terdapat bukti besar untuk penempatan yang diperkuat di tapak Linearbandkeramik di sepanjang Sungai Rhine, sekurang-kurangnya beberapa kampung diperkuatkan untuk beberapa waktu dengan sebuah palisade dan parit luar. Penyelesaian dengan palisade dan tulang-tulang yang mengalami trauma telah ditemui, seperti di Talheim Death Pit menunjukkan \"... keganasan sistematik antara kumpulan\" dan peperangan mungkin lebih umum semasa Neolitik daripada pada zaman Paleolitik sebelumnya. Ini menggantikan pandangan awal tentang Linear Pottery Culture sebagai hidup \"gaya hidup yang aman dan tidak disengajakan\". <> Di manakah bukti penempatan padu yang dijumpai? || Linearbandkeramik <> Apa beberapa perkampungan membina penempatan mereka? || sebuah palisade dan parit luar <> Alat apa yang dilihat sebagai bukti kekerasan di kalangan penempatan? || tulang-tulang yang mengalami trauma <> Situs apa di Talheim mencadangkan peperangan ganas dalam era Neolitik? || Talheim Death Pit", {"context": "There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch. Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered, such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates \"...systematic violence between groups\" and warfare was probably much more common during the Neolithic than in the preceding Paleolithic period. This supplanted an earlier view of the Linear Pottery Culture as living a \"peaceful, unfortified lifestyle\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Linearbandkeramik"}], "question": "Where was evidence of fortified settlements found?", "id": "572a2a391d046914007797f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "a palisade and an outer ditch"}], "question": "What did some villages fortify their settlements with?", "id": "572a2a391d046914007797f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "weapon-traumatized bones"}], "question": "What tools were seen as evidence of violence among settlements?", "id": "572a2a391d046914007797f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "the Talheim Death Pit"}], "question": "What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era?", "id": "572a2a391d046914007797f6"}]}], ["Di Mesoamerica, satu set peristiwa yang sama (iaitu, pembiakan tanaman dan gaya hidup yang tidak aktif) berlaku sekitar 4500 SM, tetapi mungkin seawal 11,000-10,000 SM. Kebudayaan ini biasanya tidak dirujuk sebagai milik Neolitik; di Amerika istilah-istilah yang berbeza digunakan seperti peringkat Formatif bukan zaman pertengahan Neolitik, Archaic Era bukannya Neolitik Awal dan Paleo-India untuk tempoh sebelumnya. Tahap Formatif bersamaan dengan zaman Revolusi Neolitik di Eropah, Asia, dan Afrika. Di Amerika Syarikat Barat Daya ia berlaku dari 500 hingga 1200 C.E ketika terdapat peningkatan dramatik dalam populasi dan pembangunan desa-desa besar yang disokong oleh pertanian berdasarkan ladang kering jagung, dan kemudian, kacang, labu, dan ayam belanda. Dalam tempoh ini, busur panah dan tembikar seramik juga diperkenalkan. <> Apakah trend utama muncul di Mesoamerika pada tahun 4500 SM? || pembiakan tanaman dan gaya hidup yang tidak aktif <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan era neolitik pertengahan dalam pendidikan Amerika? || Tahap formatif <> Istilah apa yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan era Neolitik Awal dalam pendidikan Amerika? || Archaic Era <> Apa senjata berburu yang ditemui di US Southwestern pada 500 hingga 1200 C.E. || tunduk dan panah", {"context": "In Mesoamerica, a similar set of events (i.e., crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles) occurred by around 4500 BC, but possibly as early as 11,000\u201310,000 BC. These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic; in America different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neolithic, Archaic Era instead of Early Neolithic and Paleo-Indian for the preceding period. The Formative stage is equivalent to the Neolithic Revolution period in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the Southwestern United States it occurred from 500 to 1200 C.E. when there was a dramatic increase in population and development of large villages supported by agriculture based on dryland farming of maize, and later, beans, squash, and domesticated turkeys. During this period the bow and arrow and ceramic pottery were also introduced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles"}], "question": "What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 4500 BC?", "id": "572a23643f37b31900478727"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Formative stage"}], "question": "What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in American education?", "id": "572a23643f37b31900478728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Archaic Era"}], "question": "What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in American education?", "id": "572a23643f37b31900478729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "bow and arrow"}], "question": "What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during  500 to 1200 C.E.?", "id": "572a23643f37b3190047872a"}]}], ["Peralihan yang signifikan dan luas dalam kehidupan manusia dan gaya hidup akan dibawa ke kawasan-kawasan di mana pertanian tanaman dan penanaman mula-mula dibangun: pergantungan dahulu pada teknik pemelihara pengembara dasar atau transhumans pastoral pada mulanya ditambah, dan kemudian semakin digantikan oleh, pergantungan terhadap makanan yang dihasilkan dari tanah yang ditanam. Perkembangan ini juga dipercayai sangat menggalakkan pertumbuhan penempatan, kerana ia mungkin dianggap bahawa peningkatan kebutuhan untuk menghabiskan lebih banyak waktu dan tenaga kerja dalam bidang tanaman yang mencukupi memerlukan lebih banyak tempat tinggal lokal. Trend ini akan berterusan ke Zaman Gangsa, yang akhirnya menimbulkan bandar-bandar perladangan secara tetap, dan kemudian bandar-bandar dan negara-negara yang penduduknya lebih besar dapat dikekalkan oleh peningkatan produktiviti dari tanah yang ditanam. <> Kecenderungan apa yang membawa kepada peralihan besar dalam penghidupan budaya awal? || pertanian dan penanaman tanaman <> Perilaku apa yang manusia bergantung kepada untuk hidup sebelum pertanian? || teknik pembiakan pengembara nomaden <> Era apa yang menyaksikan kenaikan pekan perladangan secara kekal? || Zaman Gangsa", {"context": "A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into the Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns, and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "crop farming and cultivation"}], "question": "What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?", "id": "572a31e61d04691400779835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique"}], "question": "What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?", "id": "572a31e61d04691400779836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "the Bronze Age"}], "question": "What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?", "id": "572a31e61d04691400779837"}]}], ["Tempat perlindungan orang-orang awal berubah secara dramatik dari paleolitik hingga era neolitik. Dalam paleolitik, orang tidak biasanya hidup dalam pembinaan kekal. Di rumah-rumah batu neolitik, lumpur mula muncul yang disalut dengan plaster. Pertumbuhan pertanian membuat rumah kekal mungkin. Doorways dibuat di atas bumbung, dengan tangga yang diposisikan di dalam dan di luar rumah. Bumbung disokong oleh rasuk dari dalam. Tanah kasar ditutupi oleh platform, tikar, dan kulit di mana penduduk tidur. Perkampungan rumah panggung adalah perkara biasa di rantau Alpine dan Pianura Padana (Terramare). Sisa ditemui di Lengkok Ljubljana di Slovenia dan di tasik Mondsee dan Attersee di Upper Austria, sebagai contoh. <> Apakah elemen gaya hidup yang berubah dengan ketara dari paleolitik hingga era neolitik? || perlindungan <> Era zaman yang terdiri daripada orang yang tinggal rumah sementara? || paleolitik <> Apa jenis rumah yang dibina dalam era Neolitik? || rumah batu bata lumpur <> Apa trend masyarakat adalah punca rumah kekal? || Pertumbuhan pertanian <> Di manakah pintu masuk terletak di rumah awal? || Doorways dibuat di atas bumbung", {"context": "The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorways were made on the roof, with ladders positioned both on the inside and outside of the houses. The roof was supported by beams from the inside. The rough ground was covered by platforms, mats, and skins on which residents slept. Stilt-houses settlements were common in the Alpine and Pianura Padana (Terramare) region. Remains have been found at the Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia and at the Mondsee and Attersee lakes in Upper Austria, for example.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "shelter"}], "question": "What lifestyle element changed significantly from the paleolithic to the neolithic era?", "id": "572a30906aef05140015534a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "paleolithic"}], "question": "What era consisted of people living temporary homes?", "id": "572a30906aef05140015534b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "mud brick houses"}], "question": "What type of homes were built in the Neolithic era?", "id": "572a30906aef05140015534c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "The growth of agriculture"}], "question": "What societal trend was the cause of permanent homes?", "id": "572a30906aef05140015534d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Doorways were made on the roof"}], "question": "Where were entrances located in early homes?", "id": "572a30906aef05140015534e"}]}], ["Satu lagi perubahan ketara yang telah dialami oleh banyak komuniti baru ini ialah diet. Diet pra-pertanian berbeza-beza mengikut rantau, musim, sumber tumbuhan dan haiwan tempatan yang ada dan darjah pastoralisme dan memburu. Diet pasca pertanian adalah terhad kepada bungkusan bijirin yang berjaya ditanam bijirin, tumbuhan dan ke tahap yang berubah-ubah haiwan peliharaan dan produk haiwan. Suplemen diet dengan memburu dan berkumpul adalah darjah yang berbeza yang dihalang oleh kenaikan populasi di atas daya dukung tanah dan kepekatan penduduk tempatan yang tidak menentu. Dalam sesetengah budaya, terdapat pergeseran yang ketara ke atas kanji dan protein tumbuhan yang meningkat. Faedah pemakanan yang relatif dan kelemahan perubahan diet dan impak keseluruhan mereka terhadap perkembangan masyarakat awal masih dibahaskan. <> Apakah trend berkaitan makanan yang penting dalam masyarakat pertanian baru? || diet <> Apakah bentuk ketahanan yang ditentukan dalam diet Pra-pertanian? || tumbuhan tempatan dan sumber haiwan <> Apa yang termasuk dalam diet Post-agrarian? || bijirin bijirin, tumbuh-tumbuhan dan ke tahap yang berbeza-beza haiwan dan produk haiwan peliharaan. <> Apa yang memaksa keperluan untuk menambah bekalan makanan dengan memburu dan berkumpul? || peningkatan penduduk", {"context": "Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of diet. Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products. Supplementation of diet by hunting and gathering was to variable degrees precluded by the increase in population above the carrying capacity of the land and a high sedentary local population concentration. In some cultures, there would have been a significant shift toward increased starch and plant protein. The relative nutritional benefits and drawbacks of these dietary changes and their overall impact on early societal development is still debated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "diet"}], "question": "What food related trend was significant in the new agrarian societies?", "id": "572a3398af94a219006aa88b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "local plant and animal resources"}], "question": "What forms of availability dictated Pre-agrarian diets?", "id": "572a3398af94a219006aa88c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products."}], "question": "What was included in the Post-agrarian diet?", "id": "572a3398af94a219006aa88d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "the increase in population"}], "question": "What forced the need to supplement food supply with hunting and gathering?", "id": "572a3398af94a219006aa88e"}]}], ["Kebanyakan pakaian kelihatan dibuat dari kulit binatang, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh penemuan sejumlah besar tulang dan antler pin yang sesuai untuk kulit berkepit. Kain dan kain bulu mungkin telah tersedia semasa Neolitikus yang lewat, seperti yang dicadangkan oleh penemuan batu berlubang yang (bergantung pada saiz) mungkin telah berkhidmat sebagai belenggu atau bulu loom. Pakaian yang dipakai dalam Zaman Neolitik mungkin sama dengan yang dipakai oleh \u00d6tzi the Iceman, walaupun dia bukan Neolitik (kerana dia adalah milik zaman tembaga yang kemudian). <> Apa yang digunakan manusia awal untuk membuat pakaian? || kulit binatang <> Apakah bukti yang menunjukkan bahawa manusia menggunakan produk haiwan untuk pakaian? || penemuan sejumlah besar tulang dan antler pin <> Apa batu berlubang digunakan? || spindle whorls atau loom tenun <> Apa angka yang terkenal dari Zaman Tembaga memakai pakaian yang sama dengan Era Neolitik? || \u00d6tzi the Iceman", {"context": "Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served as spindle whorls or loom weights. The clothing worn in the Neolithic Age might be similar to that worn by \u00d6tzi the Iceman, although he was not Neolithic (since he belonged to the later Copper age).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "animal skins"}], "question": "What did early humans use to make clothing?", "id": "572a3bef3f37b319004787f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins"}], "question": "What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing?", "id": "572a3bef3f37b319004787fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "spindle whorls or loom weights"}], "question": "What were perforated stones used for?", "id": "572a3bef3f37b319004787fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "\u00d6tzi the Iceman"}], "question": "What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era?", "id": "572a3bef3f37b319004787fc"}]}], ["Orang-orang Neolitik adalah petani yang mahir, menghasilkan pelbagai peralatan yang diperlukan untuk penuaian, penuaian dan pemprosesan tanaman (seperti pisau sabit dan batu penggiling) dan penghasilan makanan (mis. Tembikar, alat-alat tulang). Mereka juga merupakan pengilang yang mahir pelbagai jenis alat dan perhiasan batu lain, termasuk mata peluru, manik, dan patung-patung. Tetapi apa yang membenarkan pelepasan hutan pada skala besar adalah kapak batu yang dipoles di atas semua alat lain. Bersama-sama dengan adze, kayu untuk perlindungan, struktur dan kanu sebagai contoh, ini membolehkan mereka mengeksploitasi tanah ladang mereka yang baru dimenangi. <> Jenis pekerjaan apa yang dikatakan oleh orang-orang Neolitik yang mahir? || petani <> Apa tujuannya pengeluaran peralatan ladang yang digunakan? || penuaian, penuaian dan pemprosesan tanaman <> Apakah jenis alat yang digunakan petani awal untuk tanaman? || pisau sabit dan batu pengisar <> Apakah jenis alat yang digunakan petani awal untuk pengeluaran makanan? || tembikar, perkakas tulang) <> Apa alat yang membolehkan petani awal menukar hutan ke tanah pertanian? || kapak batu", {"context": "Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. But what allowed forest clearance on a large scale was the polished stone axe above all other tools. Together with the adze, fashioning wood for shelter, structures and canoes for example, this enabled them to exploit their newly won farmland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "farmers"}], "question": "What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at?", "id": "572a34b83f37b319004787a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "tending, harvesting and processing of crops"}], "question": "What purposes were the production of farm tools used for?", "id": "572a34b83f37b319004787a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "sickle blades and grinding stones"}], "question": "What types of tools did early farmers use for crops?", "id": "572a34b83f37b319004787a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "pottery, bone implements)"}], "question": "What types of tools did early farmers use for food production?", "id": "572a34b83f37b319004787aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "stone axe"}], "question": "What tool allowed early farmers to convert forest into arable land?", "id": "572a34b83f37b319004787ab"}]}], ["orang Neolitik di Levant, Anatolia, Syria, Mesopotamia utara dan Asia Tengah juga pembina dicapai, menggunakan lumpur-bata untuk membina rumah-rumah dan kampung-kampung. Di \u00c7atal h\u00f6y\u00fck, rumah-rumah ditampal dan dicat dengan pemandangan manusia dan haiwan yang rumit. Di Eropah, rumah panjang yang dibina daripada wattle dan daub dibina. Makam rumit dibina untuk orang mati. Makam-makam ini sangat banyak di Ireland, di mana terdapat banyak ribu masih wujud. Orang-orang Neolitik di Kepulauan British membina barrows panjang dan kuburan ruang untuk kubur-kubur mereka yang telah mati dan hancur, henges, lombong batu permata dan monumen cursus. Ia juga penting untuk mengetahui cara memelihara makanan untuk bulan-bulan mendatang, seperti membentuk bekas yang agak kedap udara, dan menggunakan bahan seperti garam sebagai pengawet. <> Apakah orang Neolitik menggunakan batu bata untuk membina? || rumah dan kampung <> Apa adegan-adegan yang dibuat oleh lukisan di rumah? || manusia dan haiwan <> Apakah rumah-rumah Eropah dibina dari? || wattle and daub <> Apakah jenis tapak yang dibina untuk si mati? || Makam rumit <> Di manakah ribuan makam awal masih wujud? || Ireland", {"context": "Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At \u00c7atal h\u00f6y\u00fck, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs were built for the dead. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges, flint mines and cursus monuments. It was also important to figure out ways of preserving food for future months, such as fashioning relatively airtight containers, and using substances like salt as preservatives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "houses and villages"}], "question": "What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build?", "id": "572a3764af94a219006aa8b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "humans and animals"}], "question": "What scenes did the paintings on homes depict?", "id": "572a3764af94a219006aa8b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "wattle and daub"}], "question": "What were European homes constructed from?", "id": "572a3764af94a219006aa8b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Elaborate tombs"}], "question": "What types of sites were built for the deceased?", "id": "572a3764af94a219006aa8b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Ireland"}], "question": "Where do thousands of early tombs still exist?", "id": "572a3764af94a219006aa8b7"}]}]], [["Dengan bantuan Mises, pada akhir tahun 1920-an, Hayek mengasaskan dan berkhidmat sebagai pengarah Institut Penyelidikan Kitar Perniagaan Austria, sebelum menyertai fakulti London School of Economics (LSE) pada tahun 1931 pada perintah Lionel Robbins. Setelah kedatangannya di London, Hayek dengan cepat diakui sebagai salah satu ahli teori ekonomi terkemuka di dunia, dan perkembangan ekonomi prosesnya pada waktunya dan fungsi koordinasi harga mengilhami kerja keras John Hicks, Abba Lerner, dan banyak lagi dalam pembangunan mikroekonomi moden. <> Kedudukan apa yang dilakukan Hayek di Institut Austria? || pengarah <> Siapa yang meminta Hayek diambil bekerja oleh LSE? || Lionel Robbins <> Apa jenis pengiktirafan yang diterima Hayek ketika dia datang ke London? || salah satu teori ekonomi terkemuka di dunia <> Subjek apa yang mempengaruhi dan mengilhami karya Hayek? || ekonomi mikro moden <> Dalam tahun apakah Hayek datang ke London? || 1931", {"context": "With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "director"}], "question": "What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute?", "id": "572a43b63f37b31900478845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Lionel Robbins"}], "question": "Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?", "id": "572a43b63f37b31900478846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "one of the leading economic theorists in the world"}], "question": "What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?", "id": "572a43b63f37b31900478847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "modern microeconomics"}], "question": "What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?", "id": "572a43b63f37b31900478848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "1931"}], "question": "In what year did Hayek come to London?", "id": "572a43b63f37b31900478849"}]}], ["Friedrich Hayek CH (Jerman: [f\u0281i\u02d0d\u0281\u026a\u00e7 a\u028a\u032f\u0261\u028ast ha\u026a\u032f\u025bk]; 8 Mei 1899 - 23 Mac 1992), dilahirkan di Austria-Hungary sebagai Friedrich August von Hayek dan sering disebut sebagai FA Hayek, seorang ekonom dan ahli falsafah Austria dan Inggeris yang paling terkenal pembelaannya terhadap liberalisme klasik. Hayek berkongsi 1974 Hadiah Memorial Nobel dalam Sains Ekonomi dengan Gunnar Myrdal atas \"kerja perintisnya dalam teori wang dan turun naik ekonomi dan ... menembusi analisis mengenai saling ketergantungan fenomena ekonomi, sosial dan institusi.\" <> Di mana bangsa Friedrich Hayek dilahirkan? || Austria-Hungary <> Nama Friedrich Hayek biasanya dipendekkan kepada apa? || F. A. Hayek <> Apakah penghargaan yang diterima Hayek pada tahun 1974? || Hadiah Memorial Nobel <> Dengan siapa Hayek berkongsi anugerah 1974? || Gunnar Myrdal <> Bersama menjadi seorang ahli ekonomi, apa lagi yang diketahui oleh Hayek? || ahli falsafah", {"context": "Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [\u02c8f\u0281i\u02d0d\u0281\u026a\u00e7 \u02c8a\u028a\u032f\u0261\u028ast \u02c8ha\u026a\u032f\u025bk]; 8 May 1899 \u2013 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his \"pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Austria-Hungary"}], "question": "In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born?", "id": "572a381d3f37b319004787cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "F. A. Hayek"}], "question": "Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?", "id": "572a381d3f37b319004787ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Nobel Memorial Prize"}], "question": "What award did Hayek receive in 1974?", "id": "572a381d3f37b319004787cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Gunnar Myrdal"}], "question": "With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?", "id": "572a381d3f37b319004787d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "philosopher"}], "question": "Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?", "id": "572a381d3f37b319004787d1"}]}], ["Pada awalnya bersimpati dengan sosialisme demokrasi Wieser, pemikiran ekonomi Hayek beralih dari sosialisme dan ke arah liberalisme klasik Carl Menger selepas membaca buku Sosialisme von Mises. Pada suatu ketika, selepas membaca Sosialis, Hayek mula menghadiri seminar peribadi von Mises, yang menyertai beberapa rakan universitinya, termasuk Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, dan Gottfried Haberler, yang juga menyertai seminar Hayek sendiri, yang lebih umum, swasta . Ia adalah pada masa ini bahawa dia juga menemui dan berkawan dengan ahli falsafah politik Eric Voegelin, dengan siapa dia mengekalkan hubungan yang lama. <> Apa ideologi yang Hayek pada mulanya menyokong? || sosialisme demokratik <> Apa yang menyebabkan Hayek berpaling dari ideologi Wiser? || membaca buku von Mises 'Socialism <> Semasa menghadiri seminar von Mises, yang melakukan hubungan dengan Hayek? || Eric Voegelin <> Apakah sudut pandang buku Sosialisme mengalihkan Hayek ke arah? || liberalisme klasik <> Siapa bapa ideologi Hayek datang untuk menyokong? || Carl Menger", {"context": "Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "democratic socialism"}], "question": "What ideology was Hayek originally in support of?", "id": "572a427e3f37b3190047883b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "reading von Mises' book Socialism"}], "question": "What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology?", "id": "572a427e3f37b3190047883c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "Eric Voegelin"}], "question": "During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with?", "id": "572a427e3f37b3190047883d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "classical liberalism"}], "question": "What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?", "id": "572a427e3f37b3190047883e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Carl Menger"}], "question": "Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?", "id": "572a427e3f37b3190047883f"}]}], ["Kerjaya ayahnya sebagai profesor universiti mempengaruhi matlamat Friedrich di kemudian hari. Kedua-dua datuknya, yang tinggal cukup lama untuk Friedrich untuk mengenali mereka, adalah ulama. Franz von Juraschek adalah seorang ahli ekonomi terkemuka di Austria-Hungary dan kawan rapat Eugen B\u00f6hm von Bawerk, salah seorang pengasas Sekolah Ekonomi Austria. Von Juraschek adalah seorang ahli statistik dan kemudiannya digunakan oleh kerajaan Austria. Datuk saudara lelaki Friedrich, Gustav Edler von Hayek, mengajar sains semula jadi di Imperial Realobergymnasium (sekolah menengah) di Vienna. Beliau menulis karya sistematik dalam biologi, yang sebahagiannya agak terkenal. <> Siapa penjawatan terinspirasi Hayek ketika dia lebih tua? || Bapanya <> Eugen Bohm berkawan dengan kakek Hayek? || Franz von Juraschek <> Apa pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh datuk Hayek? || ulama <> Apa yang ditulis oleh ayah von von Hayek? || kerja sistematik dalam biologi <> Siapa ayah August von Hayek? || Gustav Edler von Hayek", {"context": "His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen B\u00f6hm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Austrian School of Economics. Von Juraschek was a statistician and was later employed by the Austrian government. Friedrich's paternal grandfather, Gustav Edler von Hayek, taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium (secondary school) in Vienna. He wrote systematic works in biology, some of which are relatively well known.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "His father's"}], "question": "Who's occupation inspired Hayek when he was older?", "id": "572a3b486aef0514001553b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Franz von Juraschek"}], "question": "Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek's grandfathers?", "id": "572a3b486aef0514001553b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "scholars"}], "question": "What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have?", "id": "572a3b486aef0514001553b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "systematic works in biology"}], "question": "What did August von Hayek's father write?", "id": "572a3b486aef0514001553ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Gustav Edler von Hayek"}], "question": "Who was August von Hayek's father?", "id": "572a3b486aef0514001553b9"}]}], ["Di University of Vienna, Hayek memperoleh doktor dalam undang-undang dan sains politik pada tahun 1921 dan 1923 masing-masing; dan dia juga mempelajari falsafah, psikologi, dan ekonomi. Untuk masa yang singkat, ketika University of Vienna ditutup, Hayek belajar di Institut Brain Anatomy Constantin von Monakow, di mana Hayek menghabiskan banyak masanya mengotorkan sel-sel otak. Masa Hayek di makmal Monakow, dan minatnya dalam karya Ernst Mach, mengilhamkan projek intelektual pertama Hayek, akhirnya diterbitkan sebagai The Sensory Order (1952). Ia terletak pada pembelajaran konektif pada tahap fizikal dan neurologi, menolak persamaan \"data akal\" daripada empiris dan positivis logik. Hayek mempersembahkan karyanya ke seminar swasta yang dibuatnya dengan Herbert Furth yang dipanggil Geistkreis. <> Di manakah Hayek memperoleh doktornya? || University of Vienna <> Di mana Hayek belajar tentang otak? || Institut Brain Anatomy Constantin von Monakow <> Apakah nama kerja pertama Hayek itu? || The Sensory Order <> Dengan siapa Hayek mendirikan Geistkreis? || Herbert Furth <> Di manakah pertama menunjukkan kerjanya? || Geistkreis", {"context": "At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells. Hayek's time in Monakow's lab, and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach, inspired Hayek's first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the \"sense data\" associationism of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "University of Vienna"}], "question": "Where did Hayek acquire his doctorates?", "id": "572a3fa3af94a219006aa90d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy"}], "question": "Where did Hayek learn about the brain?", "id": "572a3fa3af94a219006aa90e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "The Sensory Order"}], "question": "What was the name of Hayek's first work?", "id": "572a3fa3af94a219006aa90f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "Herbert Furth"}], "question": "With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis?", "id": "572a3fa3af94a219006aa911"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "the Geistkreis"}], "question": "Where did first show his work?", "id": "572a3fa3af94a219006aa910"}]}], ["Friedrich August von Hayek dilahirkan di Vienna hingga Ogos von Hayek dan Felicitas Hayek (n\u00e9e von Juraschek). Bapa Friedrich, dari mana dia menerima nama pertengahannya, juga dilahirkan di Vienna pada tahun 1871. Beliau adalah seorang doktor perubatan yang digunakan oleh kementerian kesihatan kesihatan perbandaran, dengan semangat botani, di mana dia menulis sejumlah monograf. Ogos von Hayek juga pensyarah botani sambilan di Universiti Vienna. Ibu Friedrich dilahirkan pada tahun 1875 untuk keluarga yang kaya, konservatif, dan memiliki tanah. Sewaktu ibunya meninggal beberapa tahun sebelum kelahiran Friedrich, Felicitas memperoleh warisan yang besar yang memberikan separuh daripada pendapatan beliau dan Ogos semasa tahun-tahun awal perkahwinan mereka. Hayek adalah yang tertua dari tiga saudara lelaki, Heinrich (1900-69) dan Erich (1904-86), yang berusia satu setengah tahun dan lima tahun lebih muda daripadanya. <> Siapa bapa Hayek? || August von Hayek <> Apa pekerjaan August von Hayek? || doktor perubatan <> Apakah von von Hayek amat ghairah? || botani <> Dari mana Felicitas mewarisi kekayaannya? || ibunya <> Berapa ramai kanak-kanak melakukan von von Hayek dan isterinya? || tiga", {"context": "Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (n\u00e9e von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number of monographs. August von Hayek was also a part-time botany lecturer at the University of Vienna. Friedrich's mother was born in 1875 to a wealthy, conservative, land-owning family. As her mother died several years prior to Friedrich's birth, Felicitas gained a significant inheritance which provided as much as half of her and August's income during the early years of their marriage. Hayek was the oldest of three brothers, Heinrich (1900\u201369) and Erich (1904\u201386), who were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "August von Hayek"}], "question": "Who was Hayek's father?", "id": "572a3a29af94a219006aa8d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "medical doctor"}], "question": "What was August von Hayek's occupation?", "id": "572a3a29af94a219006aa8da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "botany"}], "question": "What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about?", "id": "572a3a29af94a219006aa8db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "her mother"}], "question": "From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?", "id": "572a3a29af94a219006aa8dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?", "id": "572a3a29af94a219006aa8dd"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1984, beliau telah dilantik sebagai ahli Perintah Penghormatan oleh Ratu Elizabeth II atas nasihat Perdana Menteri Margaret Thatcher atas \"perkhidmatannya untuk mengkaji ekonomi\". Beliau adalah penerima pertama Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize pada tahun 1984. Dia juga menerima Pingat Presiden Presiden Amerika Syarikat pada 1991 dari Presiden George H. W. Bush. Pada tahun 2011, artikelnya \"Penggunaan Pengetahuan dalam Masyarakat\" dipilih sebagai salah satu daripada 20 artikel teratas yang diterbitkan dalam The American Economic Review selama 100 tahun pertama. <> Hayek menjadi ahli kumpulan mana pada tahun 1984? || Order of the Honor <> Atas sebab apa yang telah diucapkan Hayek ke dalam perintah itu? || perkhidmatan untuk kajian ekonomi <> Apakah penghargaan yang diterima oleh Hayek yang pertama? || Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize <> Siapa yang dianugerahkan Hayek the Medal of Freedom? || Presiden George H. W. Bush <> Antara artikel Hayek yang mendapat pengiktirafan pada tahun 2011? || Penggunaan Ilmu dalam Masyarakat", {"context": "In 1984, he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his \"services to the study of economics\". He was the first recipient of the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize in 1984. He also received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991 from President George H. W. Bush. In 2011, his article \"The Use of Knowledge in Society\" was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in The American Economic Review during its first 100 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Order of the Companions of Honour"}], "question": "Hayek became a member of which group in 1984?", "id": "572a38cb1d04691400779863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "services to the study of economics"}], "question": "For what reason was Hayek inducted into the order?", "id": "572a38cb1d04691400779864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize"}], "question": "What award was Hayek the first to receive?", "id": "572a38cb1d04691400779865"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "President George H. W. Bush"}], "question": "Who awarded Hayek the Medal of Freedom?", "id": "572a38cb1d04691400779866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "The Use of Knowledge in Society"}], "question": "Which of Hayek's articles received recognition in 2011?", "id": "572a38cb1d04691400779867"}]}], ["Hayek mempamerkan bengkok intelektual dan akademik dari usia yang sangat muda. Dia membaca dengan lancar dan kerap sebelum pergi ke sekolah. Atas saran ayahnya, Hayek, sebagai seorang remaja, membaca karya-karya genetik dan evolusi Hugo de Vries dan karya falsafah Ludwig Feuerbach. Di sekolah Hayek banyak diambil oleh satu kuliah pengajar mengenai etika Aristotle. Dalam nota autobiografi yang tidak diterbitkannya, Hayek teringat satu bahagian antara dia dan adik-adiknya yang hanya beberapa tahun lebih muda dari dia, tetapi dia percaya bahawa mereka adalah generasi yang berbeza. Dia lebih suka bergaul dengan orang dewasa. <> Apa yang Hayek menyimpulkan mengenai saudara-saudaranya? || mereka adalah sejenis generasi yang berbeza <> Dengan siapa Hayek lebih sering bercakap? || orang dewasa <> Sebelum bersekolah, apakah keadaan kemahiran membaca Hayek? || membaca dengan lancar dan kerap <> Siapa yang memberitahu Hayek dia harus mula membaca karya Hugo de Vries? || bapaknya <> Falsafah mana yang Hayek belajar dalam kuliah sekolah? || Aristotle", {"context": "Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics. In his unpublished autobiographical notes, Hayek recalled a division between him and his younger brothers who were only few years younger than him, but he believed that they were somehow of a different generation. He preferred to associate with adults.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "they were somehow of a different generation"}], "question": "What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers?", "id": "572a3e323f37b31900478811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "adults"}], "question": "With whom did Hayek more frequently converse?", "id": "572a3e323f37b31900478812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "read fluently and frequently"}], "question": "Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?", "id": "572a3e323f37b31900478813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "his father"}], "question": "Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works?", "id": "572a3e323f37b31900478814"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture?", "id": "572a3e323f37b31900478815"}]}], ["Semasa Hayek bertahun-tahun di Universiti Vienna, karya Carl Menger mengenai strategi penjelasan sains sosial dan kehadiran Friedrich von Wieser di dalam bilik darjah meninggalkan pengaruh yang berpanjangan kepadanya. Setelah selesai peperiksaannya, Hayek telah diupah oleh Ludwig von Mises atas cadangan Wieser sebagai pakar untuk kerajaan Austria yang bekerja pada perundangan dan perundangan ekonomi dari Perjanjian Saint Germain. Antara 1923 dan 1924 Hayek bekerja sebagai pembantu penyelidik Prof. Jeremiah Jenks dari Universiti New York, menyusun data makroekonomi mengenai ekonomi Amerika dan operasi Rizab Persekutuan AS. <> Kerja apa Hayek bermula pada tahun 1923? || pembantu penyelidik <> Di mana Carl Menger dan Friedrich von Wieser mempengaruhi Hayek? || University of Vienna <> Untuk siapa Hayek bekerja apabila diupah oleh Ludwig von Mises? || Kerajaan Austria <> Apakah Hayek berkumpul pada masa itu sebagai pembantu penyelidik? || data makroekonomi <> Apakah nama profesor Hayek bekerja sebagai pembantu penyelidik? || Jeremiah Jenks", {"context": "During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University, compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "research assistant"}], "question": "What work did Hayek begin in 1923?", "id": "572a412f1d04691400779899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "University of Vienna"}], "question": "Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek?", "id": "572a412f1d0469140077989a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "the Austrian government"}], "question": "For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises?", "id": "572a412f1d0469140077989b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "macroeconomic data"}], "question": "What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant?", "id": "572a412f1d0469140077989c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Jeremiah Jenks"}], "question": "What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant?", "id": "572a412f1d0469140077989d"}]}], ["Di sisi ibunya, Hayek adalah sepupu kedua kepada ahli falsafah Ludwig Wittgenstein. Ibunya sering bermain dengan saudara perempuan Wittgenstein, dan telah mengenali Ludwig dengan baik. Akibat hubungan keluarga mereka, Hayek menjadi salah seorang yang pertama membaca Traktatus Wittgenstein Logico-Philosophicus ketika buku itu diterbitkan dalam edisi Jerman asalnya pada tahun 1921. Walaupun Hayek bertemu Wittgenstein hanya beberapa kali, Hayek mengatakan bahawa falsafah Wittgenstein dan kaedah analisis mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap kehidupan dan pemikirannya sendiri. Pada tahun-tahun kemudian, Hayek teringat perbincangan falsafah dengan Wittgenstein, ketika kedua-duanya adalah pegawai semasa Perang Dunia I. Selepas kematian Wittgenstein, Hayek bermaksud untuk menulis biografi Wittgenstein dan mengusahakan pengumpulan bahan keluarga; dan kemudian dia membantu ahli biografi Wittgenstein. <> Siapa yang antara pembaca pertama buku Ludwig Wittgenstein? || Hayek <> Berapa kali kali Hayek dan Wittgenstein bertemu? || hanya beberapa kali <> Filsafat siapa yang sangat mempengaruhi Hayek? || Ludwig Wittgenstein <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Wittgenstein dan Hayek semasa perang dunia pertama? || kedua-duanya adalah pegawai <> Apa nama buku Wittgenstein yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1921? || Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus", {"context": "On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921. Although Hayek met Wittgenstein on only a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought. In his later years, Hayek recalled a discussion of philosophy with Wittgenstein, when both were officers during World War I. After Wittgenstein's death, Hayek had intended to write a biography of Wittgenstein and worked on collecting family materials; and he later assisted biographers of Wittgenstein.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Hayek"}], "question": "Who was among the first readers of Ludwig  Wittgenstein's book?", "id": "572a3c9b6aef0514001553c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "on only a few occasions"}], "question": "How often times did Hayek and Wittgenstein meet?", "id": "572a3c9b6aef0514001553c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Ludwig Wittgenstein"}], "question": "Whose philosophy heavily influenced Hayek?", "id": "572a3c9b6aef0514001553c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "both were officers"}], "question": "What did Wittgenstein and Hayek do during the first world war?", "id": "572a3c9b6aef0514001553c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus"}], "question": "What was the name of the book Wittgenstein published in 1921?", "id": "572a3c9b6aef0514001553ca"}]}], ["Selepas menyunting sebuah buku mengenai surat-surat John Stuart Mill, beliau merancang untuk menerbitkan dua buku mengenai perintah liberal, Perlembagaan Liberty dan \"Kuasa Kreatif Tamadun Bebas\" (akhirnya tajuk untuk bab kedua Perlembagaan Liberty). Beliau menyelesaikan Perlembagaan Liberty pada bulan Mei 1959, dengan penerbitan pada bulan Februari 1960. Hayek khawatir \"dengan keadaan orang-orang di mana paksaan beberapa oleh orang lain dikurangkan sebanyak mungkin dalam masyarakat\". Hayek kecewa kerana buku itu tidak menerima sambutan umum yang sama seperti The Road to Serfdom telah enam belas tahun sebelum ini. <> Topik yang mana dua buku akan datang Hayek? || perintah liberal <> Buku-buku Hayek mana yang tidak diterima sebagai The Road to Serfdom? || Perlembagaan Liberty <> Sebagaimana pelepasan buku tahun 1960-annya, berapa lama sejak The Road to Serfdom dibebaskan? || enam belas tahun <> Apakah judul bab kedua buku 1960? || Kuasa Kreatif Tamadun Percuma <> Bagaimana perasaan Hayek tentang kejayaan buku yang dibebaskan pada tahun 1960? || kecewa", {"context": "After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and \"The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization\" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with publication in February 1960. Hayek was concerned \"with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society\". Hayek was disappointed that the book did not receive the same enthusiastic general reception as The Road to Serfdom had sixteen years before.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "the liberal order"}], "question": "What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover?", "id": "572a589bb8ce0319002e2acb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "The Constitution of Liberty"}], "question": "Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom?", "id": "572a589bb8ce0319002e2acc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "sixteen years"}], "question": "As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released?", "id": "572a589bb8ce0319002e2acd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization"}], "question": "What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter?", "id": "572a589bb8ce0319002e2ace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "disappointed"}], "question": "How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960?", "id": "572a589bb8ce0319002e2acf"}]}], ["Pada Februari 1975, Margaret Thatcher dipilih sebagai ketua Parti Konservatif British. Institut Hal Ehwal Ekonomi mengatur pertemuan antara Hayek dan Thatcher di London tidak lama selepas itu. Semasa lawatan Thatcher ke Jabatan Penyelidikan Konservatif pada musim panas tahun 1975, seorang penceramah telah menyediakan satu kertas mengenai mengapa \"jalan tengah\" adalah laluan pragmatik yang perlu diambil oleh Parti Konservatif, mengelakkan ekstrem kiri dan kanan. Sebelum dia selesai, Thatcher \"masuk ke dalam beg bimbitnya dan mengeluarkan sebuah buku, iaitu Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty, mengganggu pragmatis kami, dia memegang buku itu untuk kita semua melihat,\" katanya. adalah apa yang kami percaya ', dan Hayek turun ke atas meja \". <> Apa parti politiknya adalah ketua Margaret Thatcher pada tahun 1975? || British Conservative Party <> Siapa yang pernah bertemu dengan Thatcher sejurus selepas dia dipilih sebagai ketua partinya? || Hayek <> Jalan apa yang disarankan sebagai yang tepat untuk pesta Margaret Thatcher oleh pembicara? || \"cara tengah\" <> Antara karya Hayek yang dibuat oleh Thatcher di Jabatan Penyelidikan Konservatif? || Perlembagaan Liberty", {"context": "In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on why the \"middle way\" was the pragmatic path the Conservative Party should take, avoiding the extremes of left and right. Before he had finished, Thatcher \"reached into her briefcase and took out a book. It was Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. Interrupting our pragmatist, she held the book up for all of us to see. 'This', she said sternly, 'is what we believe', and banged Hayek down on the table\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "British Conservative Party"}], "question": "What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975?", "id": "572a5db3b8ce0319002e2add"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Hayek"}], "question": "Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party?", "id": "572a5db3b8ce0319002e2ade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "the \"middle way\""}], "question": "What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker?", "id": "572a5db3b8ce0319002e2adf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "The Constitution of Liberty"}], "question": "Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department?", "id": "572a5db3b8ce0319002e2ae0"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1962 sehingga persaraannya pada tahun 1968, beliau adalah seorang profesor di University of Freiburg, Jerman Barat, di mana beliau mula bekerja di buku, Undang-undang, Perundangan dan Liberty seterusnya. Hayek menganggap tahun-tahunnya di Freiburg sebagai \"sangat berbuah\". Berikutan persaraannya, Hayek menghabiskan setahun sebagai profesor falsafah melawat di University of California, Los Angeles, di mana beliau meneruskan kerja Undang-undang, Perundangan dan Kebebasan, mengajar seminar sarjana dengan nama yang sama dan yang lain mengenai falsafah sains sosial . Draf utama buku itu disiapkan menjelang tahun 1970, tetapi Hayek memilih untuk mengolah semula drafnya dan akhirnya membawa buku itu untuk diterbitkan dalam tiga jilid pada tahun 1973, 1976 dan 1979. <> Apa negara Hayek pindah ke tahun 1962? || Jerman Barat <> Apakah nama buku Hayek bermula pada saat kedatangannya di Jerman Barat? || Undang-undang, Perundangan dan Kebebasan <> Di manakah Hayek menghabiskan setahun selepas pensiun? || University of California, Los Angeles <> Bilakah jumlah terakhir Undang-undang, Perundangan dan Liberty dibebaskan? || 1979 <> Semasa masa di Los Angeles, apakah topik seminar Hayek mengajar yang tidak berkaitan dengan buku barunya? || falsafah sains sosial", {"context": "From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as \"very fruitful\". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty, teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Primary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts and finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "West Germany"}], "question": "What country did Hayek move to in 1962?", "id": "572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Law, Legislation and Liberty"}], "question": "What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany?", "id": "572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "University of California, Los Angeles"}], "question": "Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement?", "id": "572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "1979"}], "question": "When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released?", "id": "572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "philosophy of social science"}], "question": "During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book?", "id": "572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba5"}]}], ["Hayek telah menghubungi ramai di U. of Chicago pada tahun 1940-an, dengan Hayek's The Road to Serfdom memainkan peranan seminal dalam mengubah bagaimana Milton Friedman dan orang lain memahami bagaimana masyarakat berfungsi. Hayek menjalankan beberapa fakulti fakulti yang berpengaruh di U. Chicago, dan beberapa ahli akademik bekerja pada projek penyelidikan yang bersimpati kepada beberapa orang Hayek sendiri, seperti Aaron Director, yang aktif di Sekolah Chicago dalam membantu membiayai dan menubuhkan apa yang menjadi program \"Undang-undang dan Masyarakat\" di Universiti Law School of Chicago. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman dan George Stigler bekerjasama dalam membentuk Persatuan Mont P\u00e8lerin, forum antarabangsa untuk ahli ekonomi libertarian. Hayek dan Friedman bekerjasama dalam menyokong Persatuan Individu Intercollegiate, kemudian dinamakan semula Institut Kajian Intercollegiate, sebuah organisasi pelajar Amerika yang menumpukan kepada idea-idea libertarian. <> Antara karya Hayek mempunyai pengaruh mendalam kepada mereka di University of Chicago? || Jalan ke Serfdom <> Siapa yang memainkan peranan penting dalam pembentukan program Undang-undang dan Masyarakat? || Aaron Director <> Apa kumpulan Hayek membentuk dengan tiga orang lain? || Persatuan Mont P\u00e8lerin <> Apakah kumpulan yang Friedman dan Hayek disokong kemudiannya dinamakan semula? || Institut Pengajian Intercollegiate", {"context": "Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as Aaron Director, who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the \"Law and Society\" program in the University of Chicago Law School. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont P\u00e8lerin Society, an international forum for libertarian economists. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "The Road to Serfdom"}], "question": "Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?", "id": "572a56fbfed8de19000d5b99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Aaron Director"}], "question": "Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?", "id": "572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "Mont P\u00e8lerin Society"}], "question": "What group did Hayek form with three other people?", "id": "572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 815, "text": "Intercollegiate Studies Institute"}], "question": "What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?", "id": "572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1950, Hayek meninggalkan London School of Economics untuk University of Chicago, di mana beliau menjadi profesor dalam Jawatankuasa Pemikiran Sosial. Gaji Hayek dibiayai bukan oleh universiti, tetapi oleh asas luar. Presiden Chicago University Robert Hutchins berada di tengah-tengah peperangan dengan fakulti U. dari fakulti Chicago mengenai autonomi dan kawalan jabatan, dan Hayek terjebak dalam pertarungan pertempuran itu. Hutchins telah cuba memaksa semua jabatan untuk mengamalkan program Buku Besar neo-Thomist Mortimer Adler, dan ahli ekonomi Chicago telah sakit dengan campur tangan Hutchins. Hasilnya, jabatan Ekonomi menolak tekanan Hutchins untuk menyewa Hayek, dan Hayek menjadi sebahagian daripada Jawatankuasa Pemikiran Sosial baru. <> Selepas meninggalkan London, apa yang dia pilih untuk bekerja? || University of Chicago <> Siapa yang membekalkan gaji Hayek? || asas luar <> Apakah punca perselisihan antara Robert Hutchins dan fakulti? || otonomi dan kawalan jabatan <> Mengapa jabatan ekonomi menolak kerja Hayek? || sakit hati Hutchins 'campur tangan <> Apa yang Hayek berkhidmat selepas penolakan awalnya? || Jawatankuasa Pemikiran Sosial", {"context": "In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicago faculty over departmental autonomy and control, and Hayek got caught in the middle of that battle. Hutchins had been attempting to force all departments to adopt the neo-Thomist Great Books program of Mortimer Adler, and the U. of Chicago economists were sick of Hutchins' meddling. As the result the Economics department rejected Hutchins' pressure to hire Hayek, and Hayek became a part of the new Committee on Social Thought.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "University of Chicago"}], "question": "Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?", "id": "572a4d0f1d046914007798e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "an outside foundation"}], "question": "Who supplied Hayek's salary?", "id": "572a4d0f1d046914007798e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "departmental autonomy and control"}], "question": "What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?", "id": "572a4d0f1d046914007798e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "sick of Hutchins' meddling"}], "question": "Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?", "id": "572a4d0f1d046914007798ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "Committee on Social Thought"}], "question": "What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?", "id": "572a4d0f1d046914007798eb"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1991, Presiden Amerika Syarikat George H. W. Bush telah dianugerahkan Hayek Medial of Freedom Presiden, salah satu daripada dua penghargaan awam tertinggi di Amerika Syarikat, untuk \"seumur hidup mencari di luar cakrawala\". Hayek meninggal pada 23 Mac 1992 di Freiburg, Jerman, dan dikebumikan pada 4 April di tanah perkuburan Neustift am Walde di pinggir utara Vienna menurut upacara Katolik. Pada tahun 2011, artikelnya Penggunaan Pengetahuan dalam Masyarakat dipilih sebagai salah satu daripada 20 artikel teratas yang diterbitkan dalam Kajian Ekonomi Amerika selama 100 tahun pertama. <> Apakah alasan yang diberikan untuk anugerah Hayek 1991 dari Presiden? || \"seumur hidup mencari di luar ufuk\" <> Yang mana presiden menyampaikan anugerah itu kepada Hayek? || George H. W. Bush <> Di manakah Hayek ketika dia mati? || Freiburg, Jerman <> Dimana Hayek dikebumikan berhubung dengan kota asalnya di Vienna? || pinggir utara <> Di manakah Penggunaan Pengetahuan dalam Masyarakat diterbitkan? || Kajian Ekonomi Amerika", {"context": "In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a \"lifetime of looking beyond the horizon\". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the northern outskirts of Vienna according to the Catholic rite. In 2011, his article The Use of Knowledge in Society was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in the American Economic Review during its first 100 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "a \"lifetime of looking beyond the horizon\""}], "question": "What was the reason given for Hayek's 1991 award from the President?", "id": "572a630e7a1753140016aefa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "George H. W. Bush"}], "question": "Which President presented the award to Hayek?", "id": "572a630e7a1753140016aefb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Freiburg, Germany"}], "question": "Where was Hayek when he died?", "id": "572a630e7a1753140016aefc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "northern outskirts"}], "question": "Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna?", "id": "572a630e7a1753140016aefd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "American Economic Review"}], "question": "Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published?", "id": "572a630e7a1753140016aefe"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1984, beliau telah dilantik sebagai ahli Permaisuri Penghormatan (CH) oleh Ratu Elizabeth II dari United Kingdom atas nasihat Perdana Menteri Britain Margaret Thatcher atas \"perkhidmatannya untuk mengkaji ekonomi\". Hayek berharap untuk menerima baronetcy, dan selepas dia dianugerahkan CH, dia menghantar surat kepada rakan-rakannya meminta dia dipanggil versi Bahasa Inggeris Friedrich (Frederick) mulai sekarang. Selepas 20 minit penontonnya dengan Ratu, dia \"betul-betul dibesarkan\" dengannya mengikut anak perempuannya, Esca Hayek. Hayek berkata setahun kemudian bahawa dia \"kagum dengannya, kemudahan dan kemahirannya, seolah-olah dia tahu saya sepanjang hidup saya.\" Penonton dengan Queen disusuli dengan makan malam bersama keluarga dan rakan-rakan di Institut Hal Ehwal Ekonomi. Ketika petang itu, Hayek dibuang di Club Reformasi, dia berkata: \"Saya baru saja mengalami hari paling bahagia dalam hidup saya.\" <> Apa kumpulan Hayek yang ditunjuk oleh Ratu England? || Perintah para Sahabat Yang Mulia <> Siapa yang mencadangkan Hayek untuk menghormati Ordo? || Margaret Thatcher <> Pada tahun 1984, apakah kedudukan Margaret Thatcher dalam kerajaan British? || Perdana Menteri <> Bagaimana Hayek ingin dirujuk selepas anugerah 1984nya? || Frederick <> Pada akhir hari yang sama Hayek bertemu dengan Ratu England, apa yang dia katakan? || \"Saya hanya mempunyai hari paling bahagia dalam hidup saya.\"", {"context": "In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his \"services to the study of economics\". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a letter to his friends requesting that he be called the English version of Friedrich (Frederick) from now on. After his 20 min audience with the Queen, he was \"absolutely besotted\" with her according to his daughter-in-law, Esca Hayek. Hayek said a year later that he was \"amazed by her. That ease and skill, as if she'd known me all my life.\" The audience with the Queen was followed by a dinner with family and friends at the Institute of Economic Affairs. When, later that evening, Hayek was dropped off at the Reform Club, he commented: \"I've just had the happiest day of my life.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Order of the Companions of Honour"}], "question": "What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England?", "id": "572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Margaret Thatcher"}], "question": "Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order?", "id": "572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Prime Minister"}], "question": "In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government?", "id": "572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Frederick"}], "question": "How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award?", "id": "572a61a3b8ce0319002e2afa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "\"I've just had the happiest day of my life.\""}], "question": "At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say?", "id": "572a61a3b8ce0319002e2afb"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1978, Hayek bercanggah dengan pemimpin Parti Liberal, David Steel, yang mendakwa bahawa kebebasan mungkin hanya dengan \"keadilan sosial dan pengagihan kekayaan dan kekuasaan yang saksama, yang seterusnya memerlukan tahap intervensi pemerintah yang aktif\" dan bahawa Parti Konservatif lebih peduli dengan hubungan antara kebebasan dan perusahaan swasta daripada kebebasan dan demokrasi. Hayek mendakwa bahawa demokrasi yang terhad mungkin lebih baik daripada bentuk kerajaan terhad yang lain untuk melindungi kebebasan tetapi demokrasi yang tidak terhad lebih buruk daripada bentuk kerajaan lain yang tidak terhad kerana \"kerajaannya kehilangan kuasa walaupun untuk melakukan apa yang difikirkannya betul jika ada kumpulan yang mana majoritinya bergantung difikirkan sebaliknya \". <> Parti mana yang dikritik kerana kurang prihatin terhadap kebebasan dan demokrasi? || Parti Konservatif <> Dengan kumpulan politik mana David Steel berafiliasi? || Parti Liberal <> Yang tidak setuju dengan kenyataan David Steel pada tahun 1978 || Hayek <> Jenis kerajaan mana yang lebih baik daripada yang lain menurut Hayek? || demokrasi yang terhad <> Hayek percaya bahawa jenis demokrasi yang paling buruk adalah alternatifnya? || tidak terhad", {"context": "In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with \"social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention\" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the connection between liberty and private enterprise than between liberty and democracy. Hayek claimed that a limited democracy might be better than other forms of limited government at protecting liberty but that an unlimited democracy was worse than other forms of unlimited government because \"its government loses the power even to do what it thinks right if any group on which its majority depends thinks otherwise\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "the Conservative Party"}], "question": "Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy?", "id": "572a6092fed8de19000d5bc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Liberal Party"}], "question": "With which political group was David Steel affiliated?", "id": "572a6092fed8de19000d5bc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Hayek"}], "question": "Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978", "id": "572a6092fed8de19000d5bc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "limited democracy"}], "question": "Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek?", "id": "572a6092fed8de19000d5bc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "unlimited"}], "question": "Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives?", "id": "572a6092fed8de19000d5bc7"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1977, Hayek kritikal terhadap perjanjian Lib-Lab, di mana Parti Liberal British bersetuju untuk menjaga kerajaan Buruh Inggeris di pejabat. Menulis kepada The Times, Hayek berkata, \"Semoga seseorang yang telah menumpukan sebahagian besar hidupnya kepada kajian sejarah dan prinsip-prinsip liberalisme menunjukkan bahawa parti yang memelihara kerajaan sosialis berkuasa telah kehilangan semua hak atas nama 'Liberal'. Tentunya tidak ada liberal dalam undian masa depan 'Liberal' \". Hayek dikritik oleh ahli politik Liberal Gladwyn Jebb dan Andrew Phillips, yang kedua-duanya mendakwa bahawa tujuan pakatan itu adalah untuk menghalang undang-undang sosialis. <> Apakah nama perjanjian Hayek dikritik pada tahun 1977? || Lib-Lab pact <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh beberapa ahli politik Liberal yang dimaksudkan pakatan itu? || tidak menggalakkan undang-undang sosialis <> Perjanjian Hayek dikritik antara kerajaan buruh British dan mana parti politik? || British Liberal Party <> Apa yang Hayek percaya telah hilang dalam pemberdayaan berterusan kerajaan sosialis? || semua tajuk ke nama 'Liberal'", {"context": "In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, \"May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a socialist government in power has lost all title to the name 'Liberal'. Certainly no liberal can in future vote 'Liberal'\". Hayek was criticised by Liberal politicians Gladwyn Jebb and Andrew Phillips, who both claimed that the purpose of the pact was to discourage socialist legislation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Lib-Lab pact"}], "question": "What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977?", "id": "572a5f107a1753140016aee8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "discourage socialist legislation"}], "question": "What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do?", "id": "572a5f107a1753140016aee9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "British Liberal Party"}], "question": "The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party?", "id": "572a5f107a1753140016aeea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "all title to the name 'Liberal'"}], "question": "What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government?", "id": "572a5f107a1753140016aeeb"}]}], ["Hayek prihatin terhadap pandangan umum dalam akademik Britain bahawa fasisme adalah reaksi kapitalis terhadap sosialisme dan The Road to Serfdom timbul daripada kebimbangan tersebut. Ia ditulis antara tahun 1940 dan 1943. Tajuk ini diilhamkan oleh penulis pemikir liberal klasik Perancis Alexis de Tocqueville mengenai \"jalan menuju penghambaan\". Ia pertama kali diterbitkan di Britain oleh Routledge pada bulan Mac 1944 dan agak popular, memimpin Hayek untuk menyebutnya \"buku yang tidak dapat dikalahkan itu,\" juga disebabkan sebahagiannya untuk catuan kertas perang. Apabila ia diterbitkan di Amerika Syarikat oleh University of Chicago pada bulan September tahun itu, ia mencapai populariti yang lebih tinggi daripada di Britain. Pada susunan editor Max Eastman, majalah Amerika Reader's Digest juga menerbitkan sebuah versi ringkas pada bulan April 1945, membolehkan The Road to Serfdom untuk mencapai khalayak yang jauh lebih luas daripada ahli akademik. Buku ini sangat popular di kalangan mereka yang menganjurkan individualisme dan liberalisme klasik. <> Apa yang ditulis Hayek mengenai fasisme dan sosialisme? || Jalan Menuju Serfdom <> Yang kerja berfungsi sebagai inspirasi untuk gelaran Jalan ke Serfdom? || Alexis de Tocqueville <> Bilakah Road to Serfdom diterbitkan? || Mac 1944 <> Di manakah Road to Serfdom lebih popular daripada di Britain? || Amerika Syarikat <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk Jalan ke Serfdom dipendekkan untuk Reader's Digest pada tahun 1945? || Max Eastman", {"context": "Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the \"road to servitude.\" It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it \"that unobtainable book,\" also due in part to wartime paper rationing. When it was published in the United States by the University of Chicago in September of that year, it achieved greater popularity than in Britain. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest also published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a far wider audience than academics. The book is widely popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "The Road to Serfdom"}], "question": "What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?", "id": "572a49233f37b3190047885f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Alexis de Tocqueville"}], "question": "Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?", "id": "572a49233f37b31900478860"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "March 1944"}], "question": "When was the Road to Serfdom published?", "id": "572a49233f37b31900478861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "United States"}], "question": "Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?", "id": "572a49233f37b31900478862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "Max Eastman"}], "question": "Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?", "id": "572a49233f37b31900478863"}]}], ["Sesetengah sosialis seperti H. D. Dickinson dan Oskar Lange, bertindak balas dengan menggunakan teori keseimbangan umum, yang mereka berpendapat telah membuktikan tesis Mises. Mereka menyatakan bahawa perbezaan antara sistem pasar yang dirancang dan sistem bebas terletak pada siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk menyelesaikan persamaan. Mereka berpendapat, jika beberapa harga yang dipilih oleh pengurus sosialis salah, gluts atau kekurangan akan muncul, memberi isyarat kepada mereka untuk menyesuaikan harga naik atau turun, sama seperti dalam pasaran bebas. Melalui percubaan dan kesilapan seperti itu, ekonomi sosialis dapat meniru kecekapan sistem pasaran bebas, sambil mengelakkan banyak masalah. <> Apakah beberapa sosialis muncul sebagai penghujahan kepada hujah pengagihan sumber Hayek? || teori keseimbangan umum <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh ahli sosialis teori keseimbangan? || Tesis Mises <> Menurut mereka yang membantah terhadap Hayek, apa yang membedakan pasar yang dirancang dan bebas adalah apa? || yang bertanggungjawab untuk menyelesaikan persamaan <> Apa jenis sistem ekonomi yang ingin dimengerti oleh golongan sosialis? || pasaran bebas", {"context": "Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen by socialist managers were wrong, gluts or shortages would appear, signalling them to adjust the prices up or down, just as in a free market. Through such a trial and error, a socialist economy could mimic the efficiency of a free market system, while avoiding its many problems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "general equilibrium theory"}], "question": "What did some socialists bring up as a rebuttal to Hayek's resource distribution argument?", "id": "572a72e474f2e11900503fad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Mises's thesis"}], "question": "What did socialists believe equilibrium theory invalidated?", "id": "572a72e474f2e11900503fae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "who was responsible for solving the equations"}], "question": "According to those who argued against Hayek, what sets planned and free markets apart is what?", "id": "572a72e474f2e11900503faf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "free market"}], "question": "What type of economic system did the socialists want to avoid?", "id": "572a72e474f2e11900503fb0"}]}], ["Hayek adalah salah seorang pengkritik akademik terkemuka kolektivisme pada abad ke-20. Hayek berhujah bahawa semua bentuk kolektivisme (walaupun secara teori berdasarkan kerjasama secara sukarela) hanya boleh dikekalkan oleh pihak berkuasa pusat sejenis. Dalam pandangan Hayek, peranan utama negara adalah untuk mengekalkan kedaulatan undang-undang, dengan sedikit campur tangan sewenang-wenangnya. Dalam bukunya yang terkenal, The Road to Serfdom (1944) dan dalam karya-karya akademik berikutnya, Hayek berpendapat bahawa sosialisme memerlukan perancangan ekonomi pusat dan perancangan semacam itu membawa kepada totalitarianisme. <> Apakah nama ideologi Hayek dikritik? || kolektivisme <> Bagaimana Hayek percaya kolektivisme dapat dikekalkan? || kuasa pusat <> Menurut Hayek, apa yang diperlukan untuk pelaksanaan ekonomi sosialis? || perancangan ekonomi pusat <> Hayek percaya syarat untuk ekonomi sosialis akan membawa kepada apa? || totalitarianisme <> Apa yang dipercayai Hayek adalah tanggungjawab teras negara? || mengekalkan kedaulatan undang-undang", {"context": "Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the rule of law, with as little arbitrary intervention as possible. In his popular book, The Road to Serfdom (1944) and in subsequent academic works, Hayek argued that socialism required central economic planning and that such planning in turn leads towards totalitarianism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "collectivism"}], "question": "What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized?", "id": "572a76d27a1753140016afa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "a central authority"}], "question": "How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained?", "id": "572a76d27a1753140016afa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "central economic planning"}], "question": "According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy?", "id": "572a76d27a1753140016afa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "totalitarianism"}], "question": "Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what?", "id": "572a76d27a1753140016afa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "maintain the rule of law"}], "question": "What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state?", "id": "572a76d27a1753140016afa8"}]}], ["Hayek juga menulis bahawa negara boleh memainkan peranan dalam ekonomi, dan khususnya, dalam mewujudkan \"jaring keselamatan\". Beliau menulis, \"Tidak ada alasan mengapa, dalam masyarakat yang telah mencapai tahap umum kekayaan kita, jenis keselamatan pertama tidak harus dijamin kepada semua tanpa kebebasan umum yang membahayakan, iaitu: sedikit makanan, tempat tinggal dan pakaian, mencukupi untuk memelihara kesihatan, dan tidak ada sebab kenapa kerajaan tidak boleh membantu untuk menganjurkan sistem insurans sosial yang komprehensif dalam menyediakan bahaya hidup yang biasa yang mana sedikit dapat menyediakan peruntukan yang mencukupi. \" <> Hayek percaya negara dapat membantu ekonomi dengan melakukan apa? || mewujudkan \"jaring keselamatan\" <> Siapa yang Hayek mengatakan keselamatan ekonomi harus dijamin? || semua <> Menurut Hayek, pakaian, makanan dan tempat tinggal harus disediakan sejauh mana? || mencukupi untuk memelihara kesihatan <> Apa jenis sistem yang Hayek mencadangkan kerajaan mewujudkan? || insurans sosial", {"context": "Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a \"safety net\". He wrote, \"There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: some minimum of food, shelter and clothing, sufficient to preserve health. Nor is there any reason why the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance in providing for those common hazards of life against which few can make adequate provision.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "creating a \"safety net\""}], "question": "Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what?", "id": "572a798abe1ee31400cb8021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "all"}], "question": "Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to?", "id": "572a798abe1ee31400cb8022"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "sufficient to preserve health"}], "question": "According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent?", "id": "572a798abe1ee31400cb8023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "social insurance"}], "question": "What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create?", "id": "572a798abe1ee31400cb8024"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1929, Lionel Robbins mengasaskan ketua London School of Economics (LSE). Bersemangat untuk menggalakkan alternatif kepada apa yang dianggapnya sebagai pendekatan sempit sekolah pemikiran ekonomi yang kemudiannya menguasai dunia akademik berbahasa Inggeris (berpusat di University of Cambridge dan mendapat sebahagian besar daripada karya Alfred Marshall), Robbins menjemput Hayek untuk menyertai fakulti di LSE, yang dia lakukan pada tahun 1931. Menurut Nicholas Kaldor, teori Hayek mengenai struktur masa modal dan kitaran perniagaan pada mulanya \"mempesona dunia akademik\" dan kelihatannya menawarkan pemahaman kurang fleksibel dan cetek makroekonomi daripada sekolah Cambridge. <> Lionel Robbins datang ke sekolah mana pada tahun 1929? || London School of Economics <> Mengenai ekonomi, Lionel Robbins percaya akademik berbahasa Inggeris mempunyai apa? || pendekatan yang sempit <> Manakah karya manusia mana yang kebanyakannya menyebabkan 'pendekatan sempit'? || Alfred Marshall <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab membawa Hayek di LSE? || Lionel Robbins <> Apa kata Nicholas Kaldor Hayek dibawa ke makroekonomi? || kurang \"fleksibel dan cetek\" pemahaman", {"context": "In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work of Alfred Marshall), Robbins invited Hayek to join the faculty at LSE, which he did in 1931. According to Nicholas Kaldor, Hayek's theory of the time-structure of capital and of the business cycle initially \"fascinated the academic world\" and appeared to offer a less \"facile and superficial\" understanding of macroeconomics than the Cambridge school's.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "London School of Economics"}], "question": "Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929?", "id": "572a6b587a1753140016af2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "narrow approach"}], "question": "In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what?", "id": "572a6b587a1753140016af2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Alfred Marshall"}], "question": "Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''?", "id": "572a6b587a1753140016af2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Lionel Robbins"}], "question": "Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE?", "id": "572a6b587a1753140016af2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "less \"facile and superficial\" understanding"}], "question": "What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics?", "id": "572a6b587a1753140016af2e"}]}], ["Dalam Penggunaan Pengetahuan dalam Masyarakat (1945), Hayek berpendapat bahawa mekanisme harga berfungsi untuk berkongsi dan menyegerakkan pengetahuan tempatan dan peribadi, yang membolehkan ahli masyarakat mencapai hujung yang pelbagai dan rumit melalui prinsip organisasi diri yang spontan. Dia membezakan penggunaan mekanisme harga dengan perancangan pusat, dengan alasan bahawa mantan membenarkan penyesuaian lebih cepat terhadap perubahan dalam keadaan tertentu masa dan tempat. Oleh itu, beliau meletakkan pentas untuk kontras kemudian Oliver Williamson antara pasaran dan hierarki sebagai mekanisme penyelarasan alternatif untuk transaksi ekonomi. Beliau menggunakan istilah catallaxy untuk menggambarkan \"sistem penganjuran kendiri sukarela\". Penyelidikan Hayek ke hujah ini secara khusus dikutip oleh Jawatankuasa Nobel dalam siaran akhbarnya yang memberi Hayek hadiah Nobel. <> Antara buku Hayek yang menentang mekanisme harga sosialis? || Penggunaan Pengetahuan dalam Masyarakat <> Jenis ekonomi apakah Hayek percaya mekanisme harga kurang berkesan? || perancangan pusat <> Argumen-argumen yang dibentangkan dalam Penggunaan Ilmu dalam Masyarakat mencipta titik permulaan bagi siapa? || Oliver Williamson <> Hujah-hujah yang dikemukakan dalam buku 1945 Hayek adalah alasan yang besar untuk diberikan anugerah apa? || hadiah Nobel", {"context": "In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central planning, arguing that the former allows for more rapid adaptation to changes in particular circumstances of time and place. Thus, he set the stage for Oliver Williamson's later contrast between markets and hierarchies as alternative co-ordination mechanisms for economic transactions. He used the term catallaxy to describe a \"self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation\". Hayek's research into this argument was specifically cited by the Nobel Committee in its press release awarding Hayek the Nobel prize.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "The Use of Knowledge in Society"}], "question": "Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism?", "id": "572a75aa27b69114009ef5d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "central planning"}], "question": "Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with?", "id": "572a75aa27b69114009ef5d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Oliver Williamson"}], "question": "The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who?", "id": "572a75aa27b69114009ef5da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "the Nobel prize"}], "question": "The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award?", "id": "572a75aa27b69114009ef5db"}]}], ["Hayek tidak pernah menghasilkan rawatan panjang buku \"dinamika modal\" yang telah dijanjikannya dalam Teori Tulen Modal. Selepas 1941, beliau terus menerbitkan karya-karya mengenai ekonomi maklumat, falsafah politik, teori undang-undang, dan psikologi, tetapi jarang pada makroekonomi. Di University of Chicago, Hayek bukan sebahagian daripada jabatan ekonomi dan tidak mempengaruhi kelahiran kembali teori neoklasik yang berlaku di sana (lihat sekolah ekonomi Chicago). Apabila, pada tahun 1974, beliau berkongsi Hadiah Nobel Memorial Ekonomi dengan Gunnar Myrdal, yang kedua mengadu tentang dipasangkan dengan \"ideolog\". Milton Friedman mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai \"pengagum besar Hayek, tetapi bukan untuk ekonominya Saya rasa Harga dan Pengeluaran adalah buku yang sangat cacat, saya fikir [Teori Tulen Modal] itu tidak dapat dibaca, sebaliknya, The Road to Serfdom adalah salah satu buku hebat zaman kita. \" <> Apa topik Hayek tidak pernah menulis buku tentang seperti yang dia katakan? || dinamika modal <> Topik apa yang Hayek malu daripada mengikuti Teori Modal Tulen? || makroekonomi <> Apa gunnar Myrdal memanggil Hayek? || sebuah \"ideologi\" <> Antara buku Hayek yang mana yang paling banyak dipuji oleh Milton Friedman? || Jalan Yang Menyeluruh <> Yang mana Hayek berkongsi hadiah Nobel? || Gunnar Myrdal", {"context": "Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of \"the dynamics of capital\" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, Hayek was not part of the economics department and did not influence the rebirth of neoclassical theory which took place there (see Chicago school of economics). When, in 1974, he shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal, the latter complained about being paired with an \"ideologue\". Milton Friedman declared himself \"an enormous admirer of Hayek, but not for his economics. I think Prices and Production is a very flawed book. I think his [Pure Theory of Capital] is unreadable. On the other hand, The Road to Serfdom is one of the great books of our time.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "the dynamics of capital"}], "question": "What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would?", "id": "572a6fe47a1753140016af62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "macroeconomics"}], "question": "What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital?", "id": "572a6fe47a1753140016af63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "an \"ideologue\""}], "question": "What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek?", "id": "572a6fe57a1753140016af64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "The Road to Serfdom"}], "question": "Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most?", "id": "572a6fe57a1753140016af65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "Gunnar Myrdal"}], "question": "Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize?", "id": "572a6fe57a1753140016af66"}]}], ["Membina karya Ludwig von Mises dan lain-lain, Hayek juga berpendapat bahawa walaupun dalam ekonomi yang berpusat di tengah-tengah individu atau sekumpulan individu tertentu harus menentukan pengagihan sumber, perancang ini tidak akan mempunyai cukup informasi untuk melaksanakan peruntukan ini dengan pasti. Hujah ini, yang pertama dicadangkan oleh Max Weber, mengatakan pertukaran dan penggunaan sumber yang efisien dapat dikekalkan hanya melalui mekanisme harga di pasar bebas (lihat masalah pengiraan ekonomi). <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Hayek mereka yang mesti mengedarkan sumber daya paling kurang? || maklumat yang mencukupi <> Pekerjaan siapa yang paling utama mempengaruhi hujah Hayek mengenai pengedaran sumber? || Max Weber <> Apa satu cara Hayek berpendapat bahawa pengedaran sumber boleh berjaya? || melalui mekanisme harga di pasaran bebas <> Selain daripada Max Weber, yang pengaruh pengaruh Hayek mengenai pengedaran sumber? || Ludwig von Mises", {"context": "Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, first proposed by Max Weber, says that the efficient exchange and use of resources can be maintained only through the price mechanism in free markets (see economic calculation problem).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "enough information"}], "question": "What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most?", "id": "572a714a7a1753140016af6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Max Weber"}], "question": "Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution?", "id": "572a714a7a1753140016af6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "through the price mechanism in free markets"}], "question": "What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed?", "id": "572a714a7a1753140016af6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Ludwig von Mises"}], "question": "Other than Max Weber, who was a notable influence to Hayek's statements regarding resource distribution?", "id": "572a714a7a1753140016af6f"}]}], ["Hayek meneruskan penyelidikan teori monetari dan modal, merevisi teorinya tentang hubungan antara kitaran kredit dan struktur modal dalam Keuntungan, Faedah dan Pelaburan (1939) dan The Pure Teori Capital (1941), tetapi reputasinya sebagai ahli teori ekonomi telah kemudian jatuh begitu banyak sehingga kerja-kerja itu tidak banyak diabaikan, kecuali kritik yang menakutkan oleh Nicholas Kaldor. Lionel Robbins sendiri, yang telah memeluk teori Austria tentang kitar perniagaan dalam The Great Depression (1934), kemudian menyesali setelah menulis buku itu dan menerima banyak argumen-argumen argumen Keynesian. <> Apakah hasil daripada Harga dan Pengeluaran Hayek? || kerja-kerja yang paling tidak diendahkan <> Siapa yang sangat kritikal terhadap kerja Hayek mengikut Harga dan Pengeluaran? || Nicholas Kaldor <> Apakah nama buku pertama Hayek dikeluarkan untuk menyemak kedudukannya dari Harga dan Pengeluaran? || Keuntungan, Faedah dan Pelaburan <> Lionel Robbins 'Kemelesetan Besar adalah akibat dari sokongannya terhadap apa? || teori Austria tentang kitar perniagaan <> Siapa yang membuat argumen Keynes terhadap teori Austria kitaran perniagaan akhirnya mempengaruhi? || Lionel Robbins", {"context": "Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were largely ignored, except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor. Lionel Robbins himself, who had embraced the Austrian theory of the business cycle in The Great Depression (1934), later regretted having written the book and accepted many of the Keynesian counter-arguments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "works were largely ignored"}], "question": "What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production?", "id": "572a6eae7a1753140016af44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Nicholas Kaldor"}], "question": "Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production?", "id": "572a6eae7a1753140016af46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Profits, Interest and Investment"}], "question": "What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production?", "id": "572a6eae7a1753140016af45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "the Austrian theory of the business cycle"}], "question": "Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what?", "id": "572a6eae7a1753140016af47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Lionel Robbins"}], "question": "Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence?", "id": "572a6eae7a1753140016af48"}]}], ["Juga pada tahun 1931, Hayek mengkritik Treatise on Money (1930) dalam \"Refleksi mengenai teori tulen Encik J. M. Keynes\" dan menerbitkan kuliahnya di LSE dalam bentuk buku sebagai Harga dan Pengeluaran. Sumber pengangguran dan terbiar adalah, untuk Keynes, yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan permintaan yang berkesan; untuk Hayek, mereka berpunca dari episod mudah tunai dan kadar faedah yang tidak menentu sebelum ini. Keynes meminta rakannya Piero Sraffa untuk bertindak balas. Sraffa menghuraikan kesan \"simpanan terpaksa\" daripada inflasi yang disebabkan oleh sektor modal dan mengenai definisi kadar faedah \"semula jadi\" dalam ekonomi yang semakin meningkat. Lain-lain yang bertindak negatif terhadap kerja Hayek dalam kitaran perniagaan termasuk John Hicks, Frank Knight, dan Gunnar Myrdal. Kaldor kemudian menulis bahawa Harga dan Pengeluaran Hayek telah menghasilkan \"tanaman kritikal yang luar biasa\" dan jumlah jilid jurnal British dan Amerika yang didedikasikan untuk perdebatan yang dihasilkan \"jarang dapat disamakan dengan kontroversi ekonomi masa lalu.\" <> Analisis kritikal Hayek mengenai kerja Keyne telah diterbitkan di bawah tajuk apa? || Harga dan Pengeluaran <> Selain wang mudah, apakah yang dilakukan oleh Hayek kerana pengangguran disebabkan? || kadar faedah yang rendah secara buatan <> Siapa yang Keynes berpaling untuk mendapatkan bantuan dalam membantah pendapatnya kepada Hayek? || Piero Sraffa <> Menurut Nicholas Kaldor, apa yang dibuat oleh buku Hayek? || \"tanaman kritikal yang luar biasa\"", {"context": "Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his \"Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes\" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a previous, unsustainable episode of easy money and artificially low interest rates. Keynes asked his friend Piero Sraffa to respond. Sraffa elaborated on the effect of inflation-induced \"forced savings\" on the capital sector and about the definition of a \"natural\" interest rate in a growing economy. Others who responded negatively to Hayek's work on the business cycle included John Hicks, Frank Knight, and Gunnar Myrdal. Kaldor later wrote that Hayek's Prices and Production had produced \"a remarkable crop of critics\" and that the total number of pages in British and American journals dedicated to the resulting debate \"could rarely have been equalled in the economic controversies of the past.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Prices and Production"}], "question": "Hayek's critical analysis of Keyne's work was published under what title?", "id": "572a6ceb7a1753140016af34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "artificially low interest rates"}], "question": "Apart from easy money, what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by?", "id": "572a6ceb7a1753140016af35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "Piero Sraffa"}], "question": "Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek?", "id": "572a6ceb7a1753140016af36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 807, "text": "\"a remarkable crop of critics\""}], "question": "According to Nicholas Kaldor, what had Hayek's book created?", "id": "572a6ceb7a1753140016af37"}]}], ["Siasatan utama Hayek dalam ekonomi berkaitan modal, wang, dan kitaran perniagaan. Mises sebelum ini telah menggunakan konsep utiliti marginal kepada nilai wang dalam Teori Wang dan Kreditnya (1912), di mana beliau juga mencadangkan penjelasan untuk \"turun naik perindustrian\" berdasarkan idea-idea Sekolah Mata Wang British lama dan Sweden ahli ekonomi Knut Wicksell. Hayek menggunakan karya ini sebagai titik permulaan untuk tafsirannya tentang kitaran perniagaan, menguraikan apa yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai \"Teori Perniagaan Austria\". Hayek menyatakan pendekatan Austria dengan lebih terperinci dalam bukunya, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1929, sebuah terjemahan bahasa Inggeris yang muncul pada tahun 1933 sebagai Teori Monetari dan Kitaran Perdagangan. Di sana dia berhujah untuk pendekatan monetari pada asal-usul kitaran. Dalam Harga dan Pengeluarannya (1931), Hayek berhujah bahawa kitaran perniagaan itu disebabkan oleh perkembangan kredit inflasi bank pusat dan penghantarannya dari masa ke masa, yang membawa kepada salah faham modal yang disebabkan oleh kadar faedah yang rendah. Hayek mendakwa bahawa \"ketidakstabilan masa lalu ekonomi pasaran adalah akibat daripada pengecualian pengawal selia yang paling penting dalam mekanisme pasaran, wang, dari dirinya yang dikawal oleh proses pasaran\". <> Apa nama buku Mises '1912? || Teori Wang dan Kredit <> Hayek menumpukan sebahagian besar karya ekonominya mengenai kitaran perniagaan, wang dan apa lagi? || modal <> Apa kerja Hayek menghasilkan akibat belajar buku Mises? || Teori Perniagaan Kitar Austria <> Apakah nama Inggeris untuk buku Hayek yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1929? || Teori Monetari dan Kitaran Perdagangan <> Menurut Hayek, apakah punca peruntukan dana perbankan yang salah? || kadar faedah yang rendah", {"context": "Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for \"industrial fluctuations\" based on the ideas of the old British Currency School and of Swedish economist Knut Wicksell. Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle, elaborating what later became known as the \"Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle\". Hayek spelled out the Austrian approach in more detail in his book, published in 1929, an English translation of which appeared in 1933 as Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle. There he argued for a monetary approach to the origins of the cycle. In his Prices and Production (1931), Hayek argued that the business cycle resulted from the central bank's inflationary credit expansion and its transmission over time, leading to a capital misallocation caused by the artificially low interest rates. Hayek claimed that \"the past instability of the market economy is the consequence of the exclusion of the most important regulator of the market mechanism, money, from itself being regulated by the market process\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Theory of Money and Credit"}], "question": "What is the name of Mises' 1912 book?", "id": "572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "capital"}], "question": "Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else?", "id": "572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle"}], "question": "What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book?", "id": "572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle"}], "question": "What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929?", "id": "572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1029, "text": "artificially low interest rates"}], "question": "According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds?", "id": "572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b2b"}]}], ["Arthur M. Diamond berhujah bahawa masalah Hayek timbul apabila dia melampaui tuntutan yang boleh dinilai dalam sains ekonomi. Diamond berpendapat bahawa: \"Fikiran manusia, kata Hayek, tidak hanya terbatas pada keupayaannya untuk mensintesis pelbagai fakta konkrit yang luas, tetapi juga terhad pada keupayaannya untuk memberikan alasan yang kukuh untuk etika. Inilah di mana ketegangan berkembang, kerana dia juga mahu memberikan pertahanan moral yang mendasar tentang pasaran bebas. Dia adalah seorang skeptik intelektual yang ingin memberikan falsafah politik asas intelektual yang selamat. Oleh itu, ia tidak terlalu mengejutkan bahawa hasilnya adalah keliru dan bertentangan. \"<> Siapa yang mengkritik kemampuan Hayek untuk memberikan fakta tertentu? || Arthur M. Diamond <> Diamond percaya kelemahan Hayek keluar apabila dia melampaui batas topik apa? || sains ekonomi <> Apa istilah yang digunakan Diamond untuk merujuk kepada Hayek? || skeptik intelektual <> Diamond menyatakan bahawa hasil akhir penyataan Hayek adalah apa? || keliru dan bercanggah", {"context": "Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: \u201cThe human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics. Here is where the tension develops, for he also wants to give a reasoned moral defense of the free market. He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation. It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.\u201d", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Arthur M. Diamond"}], "question": "Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts?", "id": "572a89eaf75d5e190021fb60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "economic science"}], "question": "Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic?", "id": "572a89eaf75d5e190021fb61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "intellectual skeptic"}], "question": "What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek?", "id": "572a89eaf75d5e190021fb62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "confused and contradictory"}], "question": "Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what?", "id": "572a89eaf75d5e190021fb63"}]}], ["Berhubung dengan jaring keselamatan, Hayek menganjurkan \"beberapa ketentuan bagi mereka yang diancam oleh keterlaluan atau kelaparan yang melampau, seolah-olah hanya demi kepentingan mereka yang memerlukan perlindungan terhadap tindakan putus asa di pihak yang memerlukan.\" Seperti yang dirujuk dalam bahagian \"Masalah pengiraan ekonomi,\" Hayek menulis bahawa \"tidak ada sebab mengapa ... negara tidak boleh membantu untuk mengatur sistem komprehensif insurans sosial.\" Merumuskan mengenai topik ini, Wapshott menulis \"[Hayek] menganjurkan penjagaan kesihatan mandatori universal dan insurans pengangguran, dikuatkuasakan, jika tidak diberikan secara langsung oleh negara.\" Bernard Harcourt mengatakan bahawa \"Hayek bersungguh-sungguh mengenainya.\" Dalam Undang-undang, Perundangan dan Kebebasan 1973, Hayek menulis: <> Menurut Wapshott, yang mempromosikan pelaksanaan penjagaan kesihatan sejagat? || Hayek <> Siapa yang mengatakan Hayek harus menyediakan jaring keselamatan untuk masyarakat? || negeri <> Di mana karya Hayek dia membuat kenyataannya mengenai insurans sosial? || Masalah pengiraan ekonomi <> Siapa yang membuat tuntutan bahawa Hayek sangat ditentukan mengenai kepercayaannya tentang insurans sosial dan jaring keselamatan? || Bernard Harcourt", {"context": "With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated \"some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.\" As referenced in the section on \"The economic calculation problem,\" Hayek wrote that \"there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance.\" Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes \"[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state.\" Bernard Harcourt says that \"Hayek was adamant about this.\" In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Hayek"}], "question": "According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care?", "id": "572a88adbe1ee31400cb8085"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "the state"}], "question": "Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society?", "id": "572a88adbe1ee31400cb8086"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "The economic calculation problem"}], "question": "In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance?", "id": "572a88adbe1ee31400cb8087"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "Bernard Harcourt"}], "question": "Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net?", "id": "572a88adbe1ee31400cb8088"}]}], ["Dalam Orde Sensori: Siasatan ke Yayasan Psikologi Teoritis (1952), Hayek secara bebas membangunkan model belajar dan ingatan \"Hebbian pembelajaran\" - sebuah idea yang mula-mula dipupuk pada tahun 1920, sebelum belajar ekonomi. Ekspansi Hayek tentang pembinaan \"Hebbian synapse\" ke dalam teori otak global telah mendapat perhatian terus dalam bidang neurosains, sains kognitif, sains komputer, sains tingkah laku, dan psikologi evolusi, oleh saintis seperti Gerald Edelman, dan Joaquin Fuster. <> Pada tahun berapa buku yang diterbitkan di mana Hayek belajar Hebbian? || 1952 <Sebelum dia mula mengkaji ekonomi, apa konsep Hayek yang dihasilkan kemudiannya dipaparkan dalam buku 1952 nya? || Pembelajaran Hebbian <> Apa yang Hayek hadir dalam bukunya 1952 yang mempengaruhi banyak bidang sains? || \"Hebbian synapse\" <> Apakah nama buku di mana Hayek mempersembahkan Synapse Hebbian? || Perintah Sensori: Siasatan ke Yayasan Psikologi Teoritis", {"context": "In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a \"Hebbian learning\" model of learning and memory \u2013 an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the \"Hebbian synapse\" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "1952"}], "question": "In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning?", "id": "572a81def75d5e190021fb2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Hebbian learning"}], "question": "Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book?", "id": "572a81def75d5e190021fb2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "\"Hebbian synapse\""}], "question": "What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science?", "id": "572a81def75d5e190021fb2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology"}], "question": "What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse?", "id": "572a81def75d5e190021fb2d"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, Hayek memulakan projek 'Penyalahgunaan Sebab'. Matlamatnya adalah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana beberapa doktrin dan kepercayaan yang kemudiannya popular mempunyai asal yang sama dalam beberapa salah faham asas mengenai sains sosial. Dalam filsafat sainsnya, yang mempunyai banyak persamaan dengan kawan baiknya, Karl Popper, Hayek sangat kritikal terhadap apa yang dia sebut saintifik: pemahaman palsu terhadap kaedah sains yang telah tersilap dipaksakan pada sains sosial, tetapi itu bertentangan dengan amalan sains tulen. Biasanya, saintis melibatkan penggabungan permintaan kuno ahli falsafah untuk justifikasi demonstrasi dengan pandangan palsu penganalisis bahawa semua penjelasan saintifik adalah hubungan linear dua-ubah sederhana. <> Bilakah Hayek mula bekerja pada Penyalahgunaan Sebab? || Semasa Perang Dunia II <> Apa yang Khayek khususnya bertujuan untuk didedahkan dalam Penyalahgunaan Alasan? || salah tanggapan asas mengenai sains sosial <> Kepercayaan siapa dalam falsafah saintifik adalah serupa dengan Hayek? || Karl Popper <> Apa yang digunakan Hayek untuk merujuk kepada penyebaran kejahilan dan salah faham dalam sains sosial? || saintis <> Dalam saintis, biasanya dipercayai bahawa penjelasan dalam sains adalah apa? || hubungan linear dua-ubah mudah", {"context": "During World War II, Hayek began the \u2018Abuse of Reason\u2019 project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism: a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences, but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science. Usually, scientism involves combining the philosophers' ancient demand for demonstrative justification with the associationists' false view that all scientific explanations are simple two-variable linear relationships.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "During World War II"}], "question": "When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason?", "id": "572a8062f75d5e190021fb0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "fundamental misconceptions about the social science"}], "question": "What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason?", "id": "572a8062f75d5e190021fb0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Karl Popper"}], "question": "Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek's?", "id": "572a8062f75d5e190021fb10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "scientism"}], "question": "What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences?", "id": "572a8062f75d5e190021fb11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "simple two-variable linear relationships"}], "question": "In scientism, it is typically believed that explanations in science are what?", "id": "572a8062f75d5e190021fb12"}]}], ["Kerja-kerja Hayek mengenai mikroekonomi pilihan teori pelaburan, barang bukan kekal, sumber daya yang berpotensi kekal, dan sumber-sumber kekal yang disesuaikan secara ekonomi menandakan titik pemisah pusat antara kerjanya dalam bidang makroekonomi dan hampir semua ahli ekonomi lain. Kerja Hayek mengenai subjek makroekonomi perancangan pusat, teori kitaran perdagangan, pembahagian pengetahuan, dan adaptasi keusahawanan khususnya, sangat berbeza dari pandangan ahli ekonomi \"Marshallian\" makroekonomi dalam tradisi John Maynard Keynes dan ahli ekonomi \"Walrasian\" ekonomi mikro tradisi Abba Lerner. <> Dalam bidang ekonomi apa pandangan Hayek berbeza daripada yang ada dalam makroekonomi? || mikroekonomi <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan ahli ekonomi mengikut pemikiran Keynes? || \"Marshallian\" <> Yang kerja-kerja mengilhami istilah \"Walrasian\" dalam bidang ekonomi? || Abba Lerner", {"context": "Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic subjects of central planning, trade cycle theory, the division of knowledge, and entrepreneurial adaptation especially, differ greatly from the opinions of macroeconomic \"Marshallian\" economists in the tradition of John Maynard Keynes and the microeconomic \"Walrasian\" economists in the tradition of Abba Lerner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "microeconomics"}], "question": "In what economic field of study does Hayek's views differ from those in macroeconomics?", "id": "572a7af4111d821400f38b4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "\"Marshallian\""}], "question": "What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought?", "id": "572a7af4111d821400f38b4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "Abba Lerner"}], "question": "Whose works inspire the term \"Walrasian\" in economics?", "id": "572a7af4111d821400f38b4e"}]}], ["Bagi Hayek, perbezaan yang kononnya antara autoritarianisme dan totalitarianisme sangat penting dan Hayek meletakkan berat dalam perbezaan ini dalam mempertahankan kediktatoran transisi. Sebagai contoh, ketika Hayek melawat Venezuela pada bulan Mei 1981, beliau diminta mengulas mengenai kelaziman rezim totaliter di Amerika Latin. Sebagai balasan, Hayek memberi amaran terhadap \"totalitarianisme dengan autoritarianisme\" dan menyatakan bahawa dia tidak menyedari \"mana-mana kerajaan totalitarian di Amerika Latin. Satu-satunya adalah Chile di bawah Allende\". Tetapi bagi Hayek, perkataan 'totalitarian' menandakan sesuatu yang sangat spesifik: mahu \"mengatur seluruh masyarakat\" untuk mencapai \"matlamat sosial yang pasti\" - yang sangat berbeza dengan \"liberalisme dan individualisme\". <> Hayek percaya bahawa autoritarianisme sangat berbeza dari apa? || totalitarianisme <> Negara mana yang Hayek tiba di mana dia memberikan penentuannya antara totalitarianisme dan autoritarianisme? || Venezuela <> Apa yang dipercayai Hayek tidak hadir dari Amerika Latin? || pemerintahan totalitarian <> Apakah definisi Hayek terhadap totalitarian? || mahu \"menyusun seluruh masyarakat\" untuk mencapai matlamat sosial yang pasti \"", {"context": "For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regimes in Latin America. In reply, Hayek warned against confusing \"totalitarianism with authoritarianism,\" and said that he was unaware of \"any totalitarian governments in Latin America. The only one was Chile under Allende\". For Hayek, however, the word 'totalitarian' signifies something very specific: the want to \u201corganize the whole of society\u201d to attain a \u201cdefinite social goal\u201d \u2014which is stark in contrast to \u201cliberalism and individualism\u201d.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "totalitarianism"}], "question": "Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what?", "id": "572a8c4c111d821400f38be2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Venezuela"}], "question": "What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism?", "id": "572a8c4c111d821400f38be3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "totalitarian governments"}], "question": "What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America?", "id": "572a8c4c111d821400f38be4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "the want to \u201corganize the whole of society\u201d to attain a \u201cdefinite social goal\u201d"}], "question": "What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian?", "id": "572a8c4c111d821400f38be5"}]}], ["Konsep pasaran Hayek sebagai suatu perintah spontan telah digunakan baru-baru ini untuk ekosistem untuk mempertahankan dasar yang luas tidak bersifat intervensi. Seperti pasaran, ekosistem mengandungi rangkaian maklumat yang kompleks, melibatkan proses dinamik yang berterusan, mengandungi pesanan dalam pesanan, dan seluruh sistem beroperasi tanpa diarahkan oleh minda sedar. Pada analisis ini, spesies mengambil tempat harga sebagai unsur yang dapat dilihat dari sistem yang dibentuk oleh satu set kompleks unsur-unsur yang tidak dapat diketahui. Kejahilan manusia tentang interaksi yang tidak terhitung di antara organisma ekosistem mengehadkan keupayaan kita untuk memanipulasi sifat. Oleh kerana manusia bergantung kepada ekosistem untuk mengekalkan diri, kita mempunyai kewajipan prima facie untuk tidak mengganggu sistem sedemikian. Analisis ekosistem ini sebagai pesanan spontan tidak bergantung pada pasaran yang memenuhi syarat sebagai pesanan spontan. Oleh itu, seseorang tidak perlu menganalisis analisis pasaran Hayek untuk menyokong ekosistem sebagai pesanan spontan. <> Apa pandangan Hayek di pasaran digunakan untuk mempertahankan? || dasar bukan intervensiis <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan kewajipan manusia untuk mengelakkan mengganggu ekosistem? || prima facie <> Apa pandangan ekosistem? || Pesanan spontan <> Satu mungkin masih menyokong pesanan spontan tanpa bersetuju dengan penilaian Hayek? || analisis pasaran <> Apa yang dibatasi oleh kejahilan manusia? || keupayaan kita untuk memanipulasi alam semula jadi", {"context": "Hayek\u2019s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being directed by a conscious mind. On this analysis, species takes the place of price as a visible element of the system formed by a complex set of largely unknowable elements. Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature. Since humans rely on the ecosystem to sustain themselves, we have a prima facie obligation to not disrupt such systems. This analysis of ecosystems as spontaneous orders does not rely on markets qualifying as spontaneous orders. As such, one need not endorse Hayek\u2019s analysis of markets to endorse ecosystems as spontaneous orders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "non-interventionist policy"}], "question": "What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend?", "id": "572a8747be1ee31400cb807b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "prima facie"}], "question": "What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem?", "id": "572a8747be1ee31400cb807c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "spontaneous orders"}], "question": "What are ecosystems views to be?", "id": "572a8747be1ee31400cb807d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "analysis of markets"}], "question": "One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments?", "id": "572a8747be1ee31400cb807e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "our ability to manipulate nature"}], "question": "What is limited by the ignorance of humanity?", "id": "572a8747be1ee31400cb807f"}]}], ["Pada separuh akhir kerjayanya Hayek membuat beberapa sumbangan kepada falsafah sosial dan politik, yang berdasarkan pandangannya tentang batasan pengetahuan manusia, dan gagasan tentang tatanan spontan di institusi sosial. Dia berhujah memihak kepada sebuah masyarakat yang dianjurkan di sekitar suatu perintah pasaran, di mana aparat kerajaan bekerja hampir (walaupun tidak sepenuhnya) secara eksklusif untuk menguatkuasakan perintah undang-undang (yang terdiri daripada peraturan abstrak, dan bukan perintah tertentu) yang diperlukan untuk pasaran bebas individu untuk berfungsi. Idea-idea ini dimaklumkan oleh falsafah moral yang diperoleh dari kebimbangan epistemologi mengenai batasan pengetahuan manusia. Hayek berhujah bahawa kewajipannya yang idealnya, pasaran bebas yang bebas akan mengawal diri sendiri sehingga tahap \"akan menjadi sebuah masyarakat yang tidak bergantung pada fungsinya untuk mencari orang yang baik untuk menjalankannya\". <> Bilakah Hayek mula menyampaikan idea-ideanya tentang batasan pengetahuan manusia? || separuh akhir karirnya <> Apa yang Hayek mahu masyarakat berfungsi di sekitar? || perintah pasaran <> Apakah tanggungjawab kerajaan dalam susunan pasaran Hayek? || untuk menguatkuasakan perintah undang-undang <> Apa yang akan menjadi punca kejayaan untuk pasaran bebas Hayek yang ideal? || akan mengawal diri sendiri <> Apa yang tidak diperlukan oleh pasaran bebas Hayek untuk berfungsi dengan baik? || lelaki yang baik", {"context": "In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost (though not entirely) exclusively to enforce the legal order (consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands) necessary for a market of free individuals to function. These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic, free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be 'a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the latter half of his career"}], "question": "When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge?", "id": "572a8448be1ee31400cb8067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "a market order"}], "question": "What did Hayek want society to function around?", "id": "572a8448be1ee31400cb8068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "to enforce the legal order"}], "question": "What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order?", "id": "572a8448be1ee31400cb8069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "would be self-regulating"}], "question": "What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market?", "id": "572a8448be1ee31400cb806a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "good men"}], "question": "What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly?", "id": "572a8448be1ee31400cb806b"}]}], ["Ditanya mengenai pemerintahan liberal, non-demokratik oleh pewawancara Chile, Hayek diterjemahkan dari bahasa Jerman ke Bahasa Sepanyol ke Bahasa Inggeris sebagai berkata, \"Sebagai institusi jangka panjang, saya benar-benar menentang diktator. Tetapi pemerintahan diktator mungkin merupakan sistem yang diperlukan untuk peralihan [...] Secara peribadi saya lebih suka diktator liberal untuk kerajaan demokratik tanpa liberalisme. Kesan peribadi saya - dan ini berlaku untuk Amerika Selatan - adalah di Chile, misalnya, kita akan menyaksikan peralihan dari kerajaan diktator kerajaan liberal. \" Dalam satu surat kepada London Times, beliau mempertahankan rejim Pinochet dan mengatakan bahawa dia \"tidak dapat mencari seorang pun walaupun dalam banyak maligned Chile yang tidak bersetuju bahawa kebebasan peribadi lebih besar di bawah Pinochet daripada di bawah Allende . \" Hayek mengakui bahawa \"tidak mungkin ini akan berjaya, walaupun, pada suatu masa tertentu, ia mungkin satu-satunya harapan yang ada.\", Namun dia menjelaskan, \"Ia tidak pasti harapan, kerana ia akan selalu bergantung pada muhibah seorang individu, dan ada sangat sedikit orang yang dapat dipercaya, tetapi jika itu adalah satu-satunya kesempatan yang ada pada saat tertentu, itu mungkin merupakan solusi terbaik meskipun ini. Dan hanya jika dan ketika pemerintahan diktator dengan jelas mengarahkan langkah-langkahnya ke arah demokrasi yang terhad \". <> Pada titik apakah Hayek mendakwa kediktatoran mungkin diperlukan? || tempoh peralihan <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Hayek untuk lebih suka daripada kerajaan demokratik jika tidak ada cita-cita liberal? || sebuah pemerintahan diktator liberal <> Apa yang Hayek percaya kerajaan Chile akan menjadi di masa depan? || sebuah kerajaan liberal <> Seperti yang diklaim oleh Hayek, warga Chile mempunyai lebih banyak kebebasan di mana penguasa? || Pinochet", {"context": "Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, \"As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictatorship to democratic government devoid of liberalism. My personal impression \u2013 and this is valid for South America \u2013 is that in Chile, for example, we will witness a transition from a dictatorial government to a liberal government.\" In a letter to the London Times, he defended the Pinochet regime and said that he had \"not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under Allende.\" Hayek admitted that \"it is not very likely that this will succeed, even if, at a particular point in time, it may be the only hope there is.\", he explained, however, \"It is not certain hope, because it will always depend on the goodwill of an individual, and there are very few individuals one can trust. But if it is the sole opportunity which exists at a particular moment it may be the best solution despite this. And only if and when the dictatorial government is visibly directing its steps towards limited democracy\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "a transitional period"}], "question": "At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary?", "id": "572a8b41111d821400f38bd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "a liberal dictatorship"}], "question": "What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals?", "id": "572a8b41111d821400f38bd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "a liberal government"}], "question": "What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future?", "id": "572a8b41111d821400f38bd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "Pinochet"}], "question": "As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler?", "id": "572a8b41111d821400f38bd5"}]}], ["Hayek tidak setuju dengan 'keadilan sosial'. Beliau membandingkan pasaran dengan permainan di mana 'tidak ada gunanya memanggil hasil adil atau tidak adil' dan berpendapat bahawa 'keadilan sosial adalah frasa kosong tanpa kandungan yang dapat ditentukan'; Begitu juga \"hasil dari usaha individu itu tidak dapat diprediksi, dan persoalan sama ada pengagihan pendapatan yang dihasilkan hanya tidak mempunyai makna\". Beliau secara umumnya menganggap pengagihan pendapatan atau modal kerajaan sebagai suatu pencerobohan yang tidak dapat diterima oleh kebebasan individu: \"prinsip keadilan distributif, yang pernah diperkenalkan, tidak akan dipenuhi sehingga seluruh masyarakat diorganisasikan mengikutnya. Ini akan menghasilkan sejenis masyarakat yang dalam semua penghormatan penting akan bertentangan dengan masyarakat yang bebas. \" <> Konsep apa yang tidak disukai oleh Hayek? || keadilan sosial <> Bagaimana perasaan Hayek mengenai pengedaran pendapatan? || tidak ada gunanya memanggil hasilnya adil atau tidak adil <> Apa alasan Hayek menyediakan untuk perbezaan dalam pengagihan pendapatan yang tidak menjadi masalah adil atau tidak adil? || hasil usaha individu itu tidak dapat diprediksi <> Menurut Hayek, masyarakat di mana pendapatan diagihkan adalah apa? || bertentangan dengan masyarakat yang bebas", {"context": "Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise \"the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning\". He generally regarded government redistribution of income or capital as an unacceptable intrusion upon individual freedom: \"the principle of distributive justice, once introduced, would not be fulfilled until the whole of society was organized in accordance with it. This would produce a kind of society which in all essential respects would be the opposite of a free society.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "social justice"}], "question": "What concept did Hayek dislike?", "id": "572a8598111d821400f38ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust"}], "question": "How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution?", "id": "572a8598111d821400f38ba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable"}], "question": "What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust?", "id": "572a8598111d821400f38ba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "the opposite of a free society"}], "question": "According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what?", "id": "572a8598111d821400f38ba7"}]}], ["Hutang intelek terbesar Hayek adalah kepada Carl Menger, yang mempelopori pendekatan penjelasan sosial yang serupa dengan yang dikembangkan di Britain oleh Bernard Mandeville dan ahli falsafah moral Scotland dalam Pencerahan Skotlandia. Beliau mempunyai pengaruh luas terhadap ekonomi kontemporari, politik, falsafah, sosiologi, psikologi dan antropologi. Sebagai contoh, perbincangan Hayek dalam Jalan to Serfdom (1944) tentang kebenaran, kepalsuan dan penggunaan bahasa mempengaruhi beberapa penentang postmodernisme kemudian. <> Buku buku Hayek mana yang memberi impak kepada mereka terhadap postmodernisme? || Jalan ke Serfdom <> Kepada siapa Hayek berhutang dengan kejayaan intelektualnya? || Carl Menger <> Pekerjaan Carl Menger dalam penjelasan sosial tidak terlalu berbeza dari yang mana tempoh Scotland ?? || Pencerahan Scotland", {"context": "Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology, psychology and anthropology. For example, Hayek's discussion in The Road to Serfdom (1944) about truth, falsehood and the use of language influenced some later opponents of postmodernism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "The Road to Serfdom"}], "question": "Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism?", "id": "572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Carl Menger"}], "question": "To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success?", "id": "572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Scottish Enlightenment"}], "question": "Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period??", "id": "572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d7"}]}], ["Lawan-lawannya telah menyerang Hayek sebagai promoter utama \"neoliberalisme\". Seorang sarjana Inggeris, Samuel Brittan, menyimpulkan pada tahun 2010, \"buku Hayek [The Constitution of Liberty] masih mungkin pernyataan yang paling komprehensif mengenai idea asas falsafah pasaran bebas yang disokong oleh neoliberal.\" Brittan menambah bahawa walaupun Raymond Plant (2009) keluar pada akhirnya terhadap doktrin Hayek, Loji memberikan Perlembagaan Liberty sebagai \"analisis yang lebih teliti dan adil daripada yang diterima walaupun dari penganut yang mengakuinya\". <> Istilah apa yang mereka tidak bersetuju dengan penggunaan Hayek untuk menggambarkan cita-cita beliau? || neoliberalisme <> Siapa yang mendakwa Perlembagaan Liberty Hayek sebagai contoh falsafah neoliberal? || Samuel Brittan <> Idea manakah yang Brittan percaya untuk menang atas Hayek? || Raymond Plant", {"context": "His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of \"neoliberalism\". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, \"Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals.\" Brittan adds that although Raymond Plant (2009) comes out in the end against Hayek's doctrines, Plant gives The Constitution of Liberty a \"more thorough and fair-minded analysis than it has received even from its professed adherents\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "neoliberalism"}], "question": "What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals?", "id": "572abd0734ae481900deaca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Samuel Brittan"}], "question": "Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy?", "id": "572abd0734ae481900deaca4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Raymond Plant"}], "question": "Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's?", "id": "572abd0734ae481900deaca5"}]}], ["Hayek diiktiraf secara meluas kerana telah memperkenalkan dimensi masa ke pembinaan keseimbangan dan untuk peranan utamanya dalam membantu menginspirasi bidang-bidang teori pertumbuhan, ekonomi maklumat, dan teori pesanan spontan. Ekonomi \"tidak formal\" yang dibentangkan dalam karya populer Milton Friedman yang sangat berpengaruh secara Percuma untuk Pilih (1980), secara eksplisit adalah Hayekian dalam akaun sistem harga sebagai sistem penyebaran dan penyelarasan pengetahuan. Ini dapat dijelaskan oleh fakta bahawa Friedman mengajar karya Hayek yang terkenal \"Penggunaan Ilmu dalam Masyarakat\" (1945) dalam seminar siswazahnya. <> Buku yang manakah 1980 menyebut \"ekonomi\" tidak formal? || Milton Friedman's <> Apa nama buku Friedman yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1980? || Percuma untuk Pilih <> Bagaimana buku Friedman digambarkan berkaitan dengan sistem harga? || Hayekian <> Antara karya Hayek yang pernah mengajar Friedman? || Penggunaan Ilmu dalam Masyarakat", {"context": "Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The \"informal\" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work Free to Choose (1980), is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge. This can be explained by the fact that Friedman taught Hayek's famous paper \"The Use of Knowledge in Society\" (1945) in his graduate seminars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Milton Friedman's"}], "question": "Whose 1980 book mentions \"informal\" economics?", "id": "572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Free to Choose"}], "question": "What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980?", "id": "572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Hayekian"}], "question": "How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system?", "id": "572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "The Use of Knowledge in Society"}], "question": "Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach?", "id": "572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a4"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, bagi pihaknya, Hayek menemui istilah ini \"secara bersifat tidak menarik\" dan menawarkan istilah \"Old Whig\" (frasa yang dipinjam dari Edmund Burke) sebaliknya. Dalam kehidupannya yang kemudian, dia berkata, \"Saya menjadi seorang Burkean Whig.\" Walau bagaimanapun, Whiggery sebagai doktrin politik tidak mempunyai persamaan untuk ekonomi politik klasik, khemah Sekolah Manchester dan William Gladstone. Eseinya telah menjadi inspirasi kepada ahli-ahli ekonomi yang berpikiran liberal yang ingin membezakan diri mereka dari pemikir konservatif, contohnya esai James M. Buchanan \"Mengapa Saya, Terlalu, Bukan Konservatif: Visi Normatif Liberalisme Klasik\". <> Apa yang Hayek mencadangkan sebagai alternatif untuk dipanggil libertarian? || Lama Whig <> Bertentangan dengan konservatif, apa yang telah dipengaruhi oleh karya Hayek? || ahli ekonomi yang berfikiran liberal <> Siapa yang menulis sebuah esai sebagai akibat dari \"Mengapa Saya Tidak Konservatif\"? || James M. Buchanan <> Dari mana Hayek memperoleh istilah yang dicadangkan sebagai alternatif kepada libertarian? || Edmund Burke <> Pada tahun-tahun kemudiannya, apakah istilah Hayek yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan dirinya? || sebuah Whig Burkean", {"context": "However, for his part, Hayek found this term \"singularly unattractive\" and offered the term \"Old Whig\" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, \"I am becoming a Burkean Whig.\" However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle of the Manchester School and William Gladstone. His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers, for example James M. Buchanan's essay \"Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Old Whig"}], "question": "What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian?", "id": "572abb9a34ae481900deac87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "liberal-minded economists"}], "question": "In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced?", "id": "572abb9a34ae481900deac88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "James M. Buchanan"}], "question": "Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\"?", "id": "572abb9a34ae481900deac89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Edmund Burke"}], "question": "From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian?", "id": "572abb9a34ae481900deac8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "a Burkean Whig"}], "question": "In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself?", "id": "572abb9a34ae481900deac8b"}]}], ["Dalam Mengapa F A Hayek adalah Konservatif, penganalisis dasar British Madsen Pirie mendakwa Hayek kesilapan sifat pandangan konservatif. Konservatif, katanya, tidak suka berubah - tetapi seperti Hayek, mereka sangat menolak untuk menukar yang dikenakan ke atas tatanan sosial oleh orang yang berkuasa yang berfikir mereka tahu bagaimana untuk menjalankan perkara yang lebih baik. Mereka ingin membenarkan pasaran berfungsi dengan lancar dan memberikan kebebasan untuk berubah dan berkembang. Ini adalah pandangan, kata Pirie, yang Hayek dan konservatif berkongsi. <> Siapa yang membuat tuntutan bahawa Hayek sebenarnya konservatif? || Madsen Pirie <> Menurut Pirie, konservatif tidak menyukai perubahan ketika dipaksakan oleh mereka oleh siapa? || orang yang berkuasa yang berfikir mereka tahu bagaimana untuk menjalankan perkara yang lebih baik <> Pirie percaya Hayek menjadi konservatif atas sebab apa? || kesilapan sifat pandangan konservatif <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh konservatif Pirie mahu pasaran bebas? || untuk berfungsi dengan lancar", {"context": "In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change \u2013 but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to run things better. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook, says Pirie, that Hayek and conservatives both share.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Madsen Pirie"}], "question": "Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative?", "id": "572abec0be1ee31400cb81ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "people in authority who think they know how to run things better"}], "question": "According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom?", "id": "572abec0be1ee31400cb8200"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook"}], "question": "Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason?", "id": "572abec0be1ee31400cb8201"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "to function smoothly"}], "question": "What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market?", "id": "572abec0be1ee31400cb8202"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1932, Hayek mencadangkan bahawa pelaburan swasta di pasaran awam adalah jalan yang lebih baik untuk kekayaan dan penyelarasan ekonomi di Britain daripada program perbelanjaan kerajaan, seperti yang dipersoalkan dalam surat yang ditandatangani bersama dengan Lionel Robbins dan yang lain dalam pertukaran surat dengan John Maynard Keynes dalam The Times. Kemundutan deflasi lama yang hampir sedekad di Britain yang berasal dari keputusan Churchill pada tahun 1925 untuk mengembalikan Britain ke standard emas pada pra-perang lama, sebelum pra inflasi adalah latar belakang dasar awam untuk pertunangan awam tunggal Hayek dengan Keynes terhadap dasar monetari dan fiskal Britain , jika tidak, Hayek dan Keynes bersetuju dengan banyak perkara teori, dan perselisihan ekonomi mereka pada dasarnya teori, harus melakukan hampir secara eksklusif dengan hubungan ekonomi untuk memperpanjang panjang produksi kepada ekonomi input buruh. <> Apa yang dikatakan Hayek lebih baik daripada melabur dalam program perbelanjaan kerajaan? || pelaburan swasta di pasaran awam <> Apa lagi tokoh penting yang menandatangani surat di mana Hayek membuat kenyataannya mengenai pelaburan swasta? || Lionel Robbins Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk kembali ke England untuk menggunakan emas sebagai mata wang standard? || Churchill <> Dengan siapa Hayek tidak bersetuju secara terbuka? || John Maynard Keynes", {"context": "In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dating from Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war, pre-inflationary par was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's single public engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy, otherwise Hayek and Keynes agreed on many theoretical matters, and their economic disagreements were fundamentally theoretical, having to do almost exclusively with the relation of the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labour inputs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "private investment in the public markets"}], "question": "What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs?", "id": "572a8d8e111d821400f38bea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Lionel Robbins"}], "question": "What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment?", "id": "572a8d8e111d821400f38beb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Churchill"}], "question": "Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency?", "id": "572a8d8e111d821400f38bec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "John Maynard Keynes"}], "question": "With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly?", "id": "572a8d8e111d821400f38bed"}]}], ["Hayek mendapat perhatian baru pada tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an dengan kebangkitan kerajaan konservatif di Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom, dan Kanada. Selepas memenangi pilihan raya umum United Kingdom, 1979, Margaret Thatcher melantik Keith Joseph, pengarah Pusat Hayekian untuk Pengajian Dasar, sebagai setiausaha negara bagi industri dalam usaha untuk mengalihkan strategi ekonomi parlimen. Begitu juga, David Stockman, pegawai kewangan paling berpengaruh Ronald Reagan pada tahun 1981 adalah pengikut Hayek yang diakui. <> Dalam tahun apakah Margaret Thatcher dipilih Perdana Menteri? || 1979 <> Siapa yang Perdana Menteri England memilih sebagai setiausaha negara? || Keith Joseph <> Semasa tahun 80-an dan 90-an, tiga negara-negara berbahasa Inggeris utama mengalami perubahan politik ke apa? || kerajaan konservatif <> Kedudukan apakah yang pernah dipegang oleh Setiausaha Negara Perdana Menteri Britain? || pengarah Pusat Hayekian untuk Kajian Dasar <> Salah seorang penyokong Hayek berkhidmat di mana presiden AS? || Ronald Reagan", {"context": "Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "1979"}], "question": "In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister?", "id": "572ab905f75d5e190021fc6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Keith Joseph"}], "question": "Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state?", "id": "572ab905f75d5e190021fc6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "conservative governments"}], "question": "During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what?", "id": "572ab905f75d5e190021fc70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies"}], "question": "What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold?", "id": "572ab905f75d5e190021fc71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "Ronald Reagan's"}], "question": "One of Hayek's supporters served which US president?", "id": "572ab905f75d5e190021fc72"}]}], ["Hayek menulis sebuah esei, \"Mengapa Saya Tidak Konservatif\" (dimasukkan sebagai lampiran kepada Perlembagaan Liberty), di mana dia meremehkan konservatisme kerana ketidakupayaannya untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan realiti manusia atau menawarkan program politik positif, menyatakan, \" Konservatisme hanya sama dengan apa yang dipelihara. \" Walaupun beliau berpendapat bahawa konservatisme zaman moden berkongsi banyak pendapat tentang ekonomi dengan liberal klasik, terutamanya kepercayaan dalam pasaran bebas, dia percaya itu kerana konservatisme mahu \"bertahan,\" sedangkan liberalisme merangkumi pasaran bebas kerana ia \"ingin pergi ke suatu tempat. \" Hayek mengenal pasti dirinya sebagai liberal klasik, tetapi menyatakan bahawa di Amerika Syarikat ia telah menjadi hampir mustahil untuk menggunakan \"liberal\" dalam definisi asalnya, dan istilah \"libertarian\" telah digunakan sebaliknya. Dalam teks ini, Hayek juga menentang konservatisme untuk \"permusuhannya terhadap internasionalisme dan kegelapannya dengan nasionalisme yang teguh\" dan perselisihan yang kerap dengan imperialisme. <> Apa ideologi yang dilakukan Hayek tidak setuju dalam esei yang ditambahkan ke Perlembagaan Liberty? || Konservatisme <> Kata apa yang digunakan di Amerika Syarikat untuk mengenal pasti ideologi Hayek? || libertarian <> Ideologi mana yang dilakukan Hayek percaya konservatisme tidak digalakkan? || internationalisme <> Apa konservatisme mempunyai persamaan dengan liberalisme klasik? || kepercayaan di pasaran bebas <> Apakah pernyataan Hayek tentang konservatisme? || \"Konservatisme hanya sama dengan apa yang dipelihara.\"", {"context": "Hayek wrote an essay, \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, \"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves.\" Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it's because conservatism wants to \"stand still,\" whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it \"wants to go somewhere.\" Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use \"liberal\" in its original definition, and the term \"libertarian\" has been used instead. In this text, Hayek also opposed conservatism for \"its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism\" and its frequent association with imperialism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "conservatism"}], "question": "What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty?", "id": "572aba88111d821400f38d00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "libertarian"}], "question": "What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology?", "id": "572aba88111d821400f38d03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 877, "text": "internationalism"}], "question": "Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged?", "id": "572aba88111d821400f38d04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "belief in the free market"}], "question": "What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism?", "id": "572aba88111d821400f38d02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "\"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves.\""}], "question": "What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism?", "id": "572aba88111d821400f38d01"}]}], ["Hayek mempunyai persahabatan yang lama dan rapat dengan ahli falsafah sains Karl Popper, juga dari Vienna. Dalam sebuah surat kepada Hayek pada tahun 1944, Popper menyatakan, \"Saya fikir saya telah belajar lebih banyak daripada anda daripada pemikir hidup lain, kecuali mungkin Alfred Tarski.\" (Lihat Hacohen, 2000). Popper mendedikasikan Hujahan dan Penafsirannya kepada Hayek. Untuk bahagiannya, Hayek mendedikasikan koleksi kertas, Pengajian dalam Falsafah, Politik, dan Ekonomi, kepada Popper dan, pada tahun 1982, mengatakan bahawa \"sejak Logik der Forschung pertama kali keluar pada tahun 1934, saya telah menjadi pengikut lengkapnya teori metodologi umum \". Popper turut mengambil bahagian dalam mesyuarat pertama Persatuan Mont Pelerin. Walau bagaimanapun, persahabatan dan kekaguman mereka, tidak mengubah hakikat bahawa terdapat perbezaan penting antara idea mereka. <> Yang sesama rakan asal Vienna adalah kawan Hayek? || Karl Popper <> Siapa satu-satunya pengecualian dari mana Hayek mendakwa telah belajar lebih banyak daripada yang dia lakukan daripada Popper? || Alfred Tarski <> Hayek mendedikasikan banyak makalahnya kepada Popper berdasarkan dedikasi Popper yang dibuat kepadanya di mana dia bekerja? || Sasaran dan Refutasi <> Antara karya Popper yang mana yang pertama dapat memahami perhatian Hayek? || Logik der Forschung <> Popper hadir untuk acara Mont Pelerin Society yang ketara? || mesyuarat sulung", {"context": "Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, \"I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski.\" (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper and, in 1982, said that \"ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology\". Popper also participated in the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society. Their friendship and mutual admiration, however, do not change the fact that there are important differences between their ideas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Karl Popper"}], "question": "Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with?", "id": "572ab680111d821400f38ce8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Alfred Tarski"}], "question": "Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper?", "id": "572ab680111d821400f38ce9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Conjectures and Refutations"}], "question": "Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work?", "id": "572ab680111d821400f38cea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Logik der Forschung"}], "question": "Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention?", "id": "572ab680111d821400f38ceb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "the inaugural meeting"}], "question": "Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event?", "id": "572ab680111d821400f38cec"}]}], ["Pengaruh Hayek terhadap perkembangan ekonomi diakui secara meluas. Hayek adalah ahli ekonomi kedua yang paling sering disebut (selepas Kenneth Arrow) dalam ceramah Nobel pemenang hadiah dalam bidang ekonomi, yang amat menarik sejak kuliahnya sendiri adalah kritikan terhadap bidang ekonomi ortodoks dan pemodelan neo-klasik. Sejumlah Pemenang Nobel dalam bidang ekonomi, seperti Vernon Smith dan Herbert A. Simon, mengakui Hayek sebagai ahli ekonomi moden terbesar. Pemenang Nobel lain, Paul Samuelson, percaya bahawa Hayek layak mendapat anugerahnya tetapi bagaimanapun mendakwa bahawa \"ada alasan sejarah yang baik untuk mengingatkan kenangan Hayek dalam arus utama paruh terakhir abad ke dua puluh ahli ekonomi. Pada tahun 1931, Harga dan Pengeluaran Hayek menikmati kejayaan Byronic yang terlalu singkat. Dalam tinjauan semula, kami menceritakan bahawa mumbo-jumbo mengenai tempoh pengeluaran sangat salah mendiagnosis makroekonomi peristiwa sejarah 1927-1931 (dan 1931-2007) \". Walaupun komen ini, Samuelson menghabiskan 50 tahun hidupnya yang terobsesi dengan masalah teori modal yang dikenal pasti oleh Hayek dan B\u00f6hm-Bawerk, dan Samuelson dengan adil menghakimi Hayek untuk menjadi benar dan guru sendiri, Joseph Schumpeter, telah salah pada soalan ekonomi pusat abad ke-20, kemungkinan perancangan ekonomi sosialis dalam barang pengeluaran menguasai ekonomi. <> Ekonomi mana yang paling banyak dipetik oleh pemenang hadiah Nobel dalam bidang itu? || Kenneth Arrow <> Apa pemenang hadiah Nobel menghabiskan sebahagian besar hidupnya mempelajari teori modal Hayek walaupun kritis terhadap lelaki itu? || Paul Samuelson <> Mengenai topik kepraktisan ekonomi sosialis, yang percaya Samuelson salah? || Joseph Schumpeter <> Mengenai topik ekonomi arus perdana, yang kuliah Nobelnya sangat kritikal? || Hayek's <> Yang mana dari karya Hayek yang dikutip Samuelson sebagai salah mengenai makroekonomi? || Harga dan Pengeluaran", {"context": "Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation. A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognise Hayek as the greatest modern economist. Another Nobel winner, Paul Samuelson, believed that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claimed that \"there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity. In 1931, Hayek's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success. In retrospect hindsight tells us that its mumbo-jumbo about the period of production grossly misdiagnosed the macroeconomics of the 1927\u20131931 (and the 1931\u20132007) historical scene\". Despite this comment, Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and B\u00f6hm-Bawerk, and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher, Joseph Schumpeter, to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century, the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Kenneth Arrow"}], "question": "Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field?", "id": "572ab384be1ee31400cb8197"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Paul Samuelson"}], "question": "What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man?", "id": "572ab384be1ee31400cb8198"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1217, "text": "Joseph Schumpeter"}], "question": "On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong?", "id": "572ab384be1ee31400cb8199"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "Hayek's"}], "question": "On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical?", "id": "572ab384be1ee31400cb819a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "Prices and Production"}], "question": "Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics?", "id": "572ab384be1ee31400cb819b"}]}]], [["Cirit birit berlaku apabila terdapat kerosakan pada lapisan mukosa atau sempadan berus, yang mengakibatkan kehilangan pasif cecair kaya protein dan keupayaan menurun untuk menyerap cecair yang hilang ini. Ciri-ciri ketiga-tiga jenis cirit-birit yang lain [klarifikasi diperlukan] boleh didapati dalam jenis cirit-birit ini. Ia boleh disebabkan oleh jangkitan bakteria, jangkitan virus, jangkitan parasit, atau masalah autoimun seperti penyakit radang usus. Ia juga boleh disebabkan oleh tuberkulosis, kanser kolon, dan enteritis. [Rujukan?] <> Bilakah cirit-birit berlaku? || apabila terdapat kerosakan pada lapisan mukosa atau sempadan berus <> Apa yang berlaku dengan cirit-birit keradangan? || kehilangan pasif cecair kaya protein dan keupayaan menurun untuk menyerap cecair yang hilang <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan cirit-birit keradangan? || jangkitan bakteria, jangkitan virus, jangkitan parasit, atau masalah autoimun <> Apakah sebab-sebab lain yang ada untuk cirit-birit keradangan? || batuk kering, kanser kolon, dan enteritis.", {"context": "Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea[clarification needed] can be found in this type of diarrhea. It can be caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems such as inflammatory bowel diseases. It can also be caused by tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border"}], "question": "When does inflammatory diarrhea occur?", "id": "572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids"}], "question": "What happens with inflammatory diarrhea?", "id": "572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems"}], "question": "What can cause inflammatory diarrhea?", "id": "572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis."}], "question": "What other causes are there for inflammatory diarrhea?", "id": "572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9e"}]}], ["Satu lagi kemungkinan penyebab cirit-birit adalah sindrom usus usus (IBS), yang biasanya membebankan dengan ketidakselesaan perut lega dengan buang air besar dan najis luar biasa (cirit-birit atau sembelit) selama sekurang-kurangnya 3 hari seminggu selama 3 bulan sebelumnya. Gejala-gejala IBS yang paling tinggi diare dapat diuruskan melalui kombinasi perubahan diet, suplemen serat larut, dan / atau ubat-ubatan seperti loperamide atau codeine. Kira-kira 30% pesakit dengan IBS yang menghidap cirit-birit mempunyai malabsorpsi asid hempedu yang didiagnosis dengan ujian SeHCAT yang tidak normal. <> Apakah IBS? || sindrom usus sengit <> Gejala apa yang anda ada dengan IBS? || ketidakselesaan perut lega dengan buang air kecil dan najis yang luar biasa (cirit-birit atau sembelit) selama sekurang-kurangnya 3 hari seminggu dalam tempoh 3 bulan sebelumnya <> Bagaimana gejala boleh diuruskan dengan IBS? || kombinasi perubahan diet, suplemen serat larut, dan / atau ubat-ubatan", {"context": "Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months. Symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS can be managed through a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications such as loperamide or codeine. About 30% of patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS have bile acid malabsorption diagnosed with an abnormal SeHCAT test.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "irritable bowel syndrome"}], "question": "What is IBS?", "id": "572a5c4d7a1753140016aed8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months"}], "question": "What symptoms do you have with IBS?", "id": "572a5c4d7a1753140016aed9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications"}], "question": "How can symptoms be managed with IBS?", "id": "572a5c4d7a1753140016aeda"}]}], ["Kira-kira 1.7 hingga 5 bilion kes cirit-birit berlaku setiap tahun. Ia adalah yang paling biasa di negara-negara membangun, di mana kanak-kanak mendapat cirit-birit secara purata tiga kali setahun. Jumlah kematian akibat cirit-birit dianggarkan pada 1.26 juta pada tahun 2013 - turun daripada 2.58 juta pada tahun 1990. Pada tahun 2012, ini adalah punca kedua kematian yang paling biasa pada kanak-kanak kurang daripada lima (0.76 juta atau 11%). Sekerap cirit-birit juga merupakan punca kekurangan gizi dan penyebab yang paling biasa pada mereka yang berumur kurang dari lima tahun. Masalah jangka panjang lain yang boleh mengakibatkan pertumbuhan tidak stabil dan perkembangan intelektual yang lemah. <> Banyak kes cirit-birit di sana setahun? || 1.7 hingga 5 bilion kes <> Berapa kerapkah anak-anak mendapat cirit-birit di negara-negara membangun? || purata tiga kali setahun <> Serangan-serangan yang kerap diare adalah biasa dalam apa jenis kes? || malnutrisi <> Apa masalah jangka panjang yang boleh timbul daripada kerap cirit-birit? || pertumbuhan yang sukar dan perkembangan intelektual yang lemah", {"context": "About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 \u2013 down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five (0.76 million or 11%). Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age. Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "1.7 to 5 billion cases"}], "question": "HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year?", "id": "572a49623f37b31900478869"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "average three times a year"}], "question": "How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries?", "id": "572a49623f37b3190047886a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "malnutrition"}], "question": "Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases?", "id": "572a49623f37b3190047886b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "stunted growth and poor intellectual development"}], "question": "What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea?", "id": "572a49623f37b3190047886c"}]}], ["Penyakit diarrheal mungkin memberi kesan negatif terhadap kecergasan fizikal dan perkembangan mental. \"Kekurangan zat makanan awal kanak-kanak yang disebabkan oleh sebarang sebab mengurangkan kecergasan fizikal dan produktiviti kerja pada orang dewasa,\" dan cirit-birit merupakan punca utama kekurangan zat makanan kanak-kanak. Tambahan pula, bukti menunjukkan bahawa penyakit diare mempunyai kesan yang signifikan terhadap perkembangan mental dan kesihatan; telah ditunjukkan bahawa, walaupun mengawal jangkitan helmint dan penyusuan awal, kanak-kanak yang mengalami cirit-birit yang teruk mempunyai skor yang jauh lebih rendah pada satu siri ujian kecerdasan. <> Penyakit diarrhea mempunyai kesan apa-apa kepada seseorang? || kesan negatif terhadap kecergasan fizikal dan perkembangan mental <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan malnutrisi kanak-kanak awal? || mengurangkan kecergasan fizikal dan produktiviti kerja pada orang dewasa <> Apakah punca kekurangan zat makanan kanak-kanak? || cirit-birit <> Kanak-kanak yang pernah mengalami cirit-birit lebih cenderung mempunyai kesan apa? || skor yang jauh lebih rendah pada satu siri ujian kecerdasan", {"context": "Diarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. \"Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults,\" and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that diarrheal disease has significant impacts on mental development and health; it has been shown that, even when controlling for helminth infection and early breastfeeding, children who had experienced severe diarrhea had significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development"}], "question": "Diarrheal disease has what effects on a person?", "id": "572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults"}], "question": "What can early childhood malnutrition cause?", "id": "572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "diarrhea"}], "question": "What is the cause of childhood malnutrition?", "id": "572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence"}], "question": "Children who have experienced sever diarrhea are more likely to have what effect?", "id": "572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab6"}]}], ["Cirit-birit rahsia bermakna terdapat peningkatan rembesan aktif, atau terdapat perencatan penyerapan. Terdapat sedikit kerosakan struktur. Penyebab utama cirit-birit jenis ini adalah toksin kolera yang merangsang rembesan anion, terutamanya ion klorida. Oleh itu, untuk mengekalkan keseimbangan cas dalam lumen, natrium akan dibawa bersamanya, bersama-sama dengan air. Dalam jenis ini cecair cecair usus cecair adalah isotonik dengan plasma walaupun semasa berpuasa. Ia berterusan walaupun tiada pengambilan makanan secara lisan. <> Apakah cirit-birit kecemasan? || peningkatan dalam rembesan yang aktif, atau terdapat perencatan penyerapan <> Apakah penyebab cirit-birit keremajaan? || Penyebab cirit-birit jenis ini adalah toksin kolera yang merangsang rembesan anion, terutamanya ion klorida <> Adakah terdapat sebarang kerosakan struktur yang berkaitan dengan cirit-birit sekresi? || . Terdapat sedikit kerosakan struktur.", {"context": "Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, to maintain a charge balance in the lumen, sodium is carried with it, along with water. In this type of diarrhea intestinal fluid secretion is isotonic with plasma even during fasting. It continues even when there is no oral food intake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption"}], "question": "What is secretory diarrhea?", "id": "572a4e22fed8de19000d5b89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions"}], "question": "What are the causes of secretory diarrhea?", "id": "572a4e22fed8de19000d5b8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": ". There is little to no structural damage."}], "question": "Is there any structural damage associated with secretory diarrhea?", "id": "572a4e22fed8de19000d5b8b"}]}], ["Penyebab yang paling biasa adalah jangkitan pada usus disebabkan oleh virus, bakteria, atau parasit; keadaan yang dikenali sebagai gastroenteritis. Jangkitan ini sering diperoleh dari makanan atau air yang telah tercemar oleh najis, atau langsung dari orang lain yang dijangkiti. Ia boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga jenis: cirit-birit jangka masa pendek, jangka pendek cirit-birit berdarah, dan jika ia berlangsung selama lebih dari dua minggu, cirit-birit yang berterusan. Cirit-birit jangka pendek mungkin disebabkan oleh jangkitan oleh kolera, walaupun ini jarang berlaku di dunia maju. Jika darah hadir, ia juga dikenali sebagai disentri. Beberapa sebab yang tidak berjangkit juga boleh mengakibatkan cirit-birit, termasuk hipertiroidisme, intoleransi laktosa, penyakit radang usus, ubat-ubatan, dan sindrom usus. Dalam kebanyakan kes, budaya najis tidak diperlukan untuk mengesahkan sebab sebenar. <> Apakah penyebab utama cirit-birit? || jangkitan pada usus <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan jangkitan pada usus? || virus, bakteria, atau parasit <> Apakah tiga jenis cirit-birit? || cirit-birit jangka pendek pendek, cirit-birit jangka pendek berdarah, dan jika ia berlangsung selama lebih dari dua minggu, cirit-birit yang berterusan <> Apa yang diketahui seperti darah hadir? || disentri", {"context": "The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea. The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera, although this is rare in the developed world. If blood is present it is also known as dysentery. A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea, including hyperthyroidism, lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, a number of medications, and irritable bowel syndrome. In most cases, stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "an infection of the intestines"}], "question": "What is the most common cause of diarrhea?", "id": "572a446f1d046914007798b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "a virus, bacteria, or parasite"}], "question": "What can cause an infection in the intestines?", "id": "572a446f1d046914007798b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea"}], "question": "What are the three types of diarrhea?", "id": "572a446f1d046914007798b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "dysentery"}], "question": "What is it known as if blood is present?", "id": "572a446f1d046914007798b8"}]}], ["Cirit-birit, juga dieja cirit-birit, adalah keadaan yang mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya tiga pergerakan usus atau buang air besar setiap hari. Ia sering berlangsung selama beberapa hari dan boleh menyebabkan dehidrasi akibat kehilangan bendalir. Tanda-tanda dehidrasi sering kali bermula dengan hilangnya peregangan normal kulit dan tingkah laku marah. Ini boleh berlaku untuk menurunkan kencing, kehilangan warna kulit, kadar denyutan jantung yang cepat, dan penurunan respons kerana semakin parah. Bagaimanapun, najis yang longgar tetapi tidak berair pada bayi yang disusui mungkin normal. <> Apakah cirit-birit? || keadaan mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya tiga gerakan buang air besar atau cecair setiap hari <> Apakah salah satu daripada kesan cirit-birit? || boleh menyebabkan dehidrasi akibat kehilangan cecair <> Apakah tanda-tanda amaran dehidrasi? || kehilangan daya tahan normal kulit dan tingkah laku marah <> Apakah tanda-tanda dehidrasi lain? || menurunkan kencing, kehilangan warna kulit, kadar denyutan jantung yang cepat, dan penurunan respons", {"context": "Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed, however, may be normal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day"}], "question": "What is diarrhea?", "id": "572a3fbf3f37b3190047881b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "can result in dehydration due to fluid loss"}], "question": "What is one of the effects of diarrhea?", "id": "572a3fbf3f37b3190047881c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour"}], "question": "What are the warning signs of dehydration?", "id": "572a3fbf3f37b3190047881d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness"}], "question": "What are other signs of dehydration?", "id": "572a3fbf3f37b3190047881e"}]}], ["Kemiskinan adalah petunjuk yang baik mengenai kadar cirit-birit berjangkit dalam populasi. Persatuan ini tidak berpunca dari kemiskinan itu sendiri, melainkan dari keadaan di mana orang miskin hidup. Ketiadaan sumber-sumber tertentu berkompromi dengan kemampuan orang miskin untuk mempertahankan diri daripada cirit-birit berjangkit. \"Kemiskinan dikaitkan dengan perumahan yang kurang baik, keruntuhan, lantai kotoran, kekurangan akses kepada air bersih atau pelupusan sanitasi sisa buaya (sanitasi), bersekedudukan dengan binatang peliharaan yang mungkin membawa patogen manusia, dan kekurangan simpanan untuk makanan, semuanya yang meningkatkan kekerapan cirit-birit ... Kemiskinan juga menyekat keupayaan untuk menyediakan diet seimbang seimbang, pemakanan seimbang atau mengubah diet jika cirit-birit berkembang untuk mengurangkan dan memperbaiki kerugian nutrien. Kesan ini diperburuk dengan kekurangan bekalan, penjagaan perubatan yang boleh didapati dan berpatutan. \" <> Apakah penunjuk yang baik mengenai kadar cirit-birit yang menular? || Kemiskinan <> Mengapa hidup dalam kemiskinan meningkatkan risiko cirit-birit? || dari keadaan di mana orang-orang miskin hidup <> Apa yang menyebabkan ini diperburuk? || kekurangan penjagaan perubatan yang mencukupi, tersedia, dan berpatutan.", {"context": "Poverty is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea in a population. This association does not stem from poverty itself, but rather from the conditions under which impoverished people live. The absence of certain resources compromises the ability of the poor to defend themselves against infectious diarrhea. \"Poverty is associated with poor housing, crowding, dirt floors, lack of access to clean water or to sanitary disposal of fecal waste (sanitation), cohabitation with domestic animals that may carry human pathogens, and a lack of refrigerated storage for food, all of which increase the frequency of diarrhea... Poverty also restricts the ability to provide age-appropriate, nutritionally balanced diets or to modify diets when diarrhea develops so as to mitigate and repair nutrient losses. The impact is exacerbated by the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Poverty"}], "question": "What is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea?", "id": "572a5da0fed8de19000d5bab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "from the conditions under which impoverished people live"}], "question": "Why does living in poverty raise your risk of diarrhea?", "id": "572a5da0fed8de19000d5bac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care."}], "question": "What causes this to be exacerbated?", "id": "572a5da0fed8de19000d5bad"}]}], ["Cirit-birit Osmosis berlaku apabila terlalu banyak air dimasukkan ke dalam perut. Jika seseorang minum penyelesaian dengan gula yang berlebihan atau garam yang berlebihan, ini dapat menarik air dari badan ke dalam usus dan menyebabkan cirit-birit osmosis. Cirit-birit Osmosis juga boleh disebabkan oleh maldigestion (mis., Penyakit pankreas atau penyakit Celiac), di mana nutrien dibiarkan di dalam lumen untuk menarik air. Atau ia boleh disebabkan oleh julap osmotik (yang berfungsi untuk mengurangkan sembelit dengan menarik air ke dalam usus). Dalam individu yang sihat, terlalu banyak magnesium atau vitamin C atau laktosa yang tidak dapat dicerna boleh menghasilkan cirit-birit osmosis dan penyerapan usus. Seseorang yang mempunyai intoleransi laktosa boleh mengalami kesukaran menyerap laktosa selepas pengambilan produk tenusu yang luar biasa tinggi. Pada orang yang mempunyai malabsorpsi fruktosa, pengambilan fruktosa yang berlebihan juga boleh menyebabkan cirit-birit. Makanan fruktosa tinggi yang juga mempunyai kandungan glukosa yang tinggi lebih mudah diserap dan kurang cenderung menyebabkan cirit-birit. Alkohol gula seperti sorbitol (sering didapati dalam makanan bebas gula) adalah sukar untuk menyerap badan dan, dalam jumlah yang banyak, boleh menyebabkan cirit-birit osmosis. Dalam kebanyakan kes ini, cirit-birit osmosis berhenti apabila agen yang menyinggung perasaan (mis. Susu, sorbitol) dihentikan. <> Apa yang berlaku dengan cirit-birit osmosis? || s ketika terlalu banyak air ditarik ke dalam usus <> Apa yang menyebabkan cirit-birit osmosis? || Jika seseorang minum penyelesaian dengan gula yang berlebihan atau garam yang berlebihan, ini boleh menarik air dari badan ke dalam usus <> Bagaimana keraguan osmosis berfungsi? || mengurangkan sembelit dengan menarik air ke dalam perut <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan cirit-birit osmosis pada orang yang sihat? || terlalu banyak magnesium atau vitamin C atau laktosa yang tidak dicerna", {"context": "Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or Coeliac disease), in which the nutrients are left in the lumen to pull in water. Or it can be caused by osmotic laxatives (which work to alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels). In healthy individuals, too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose can produce osmotic diarrhea and distention of the bowel. A person who has lactose intolerance can have difficulty absorbing lactose after an extraordinarily high intake of dairy products. In persons who have fructose malabsorption, excess fructose intake can also cause diarrhea. High-fructose foods that also have a high glucose content are more absorbable and less likely to cause diarrhea. Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol (often found in sugar-free foods) are difficult for the body to absorb and, in large amounts, may lead to osmotic diarrhea. In most of these cases, osmotic diarrhea stops when offending agent (e.g. milk, sorbitol) is stopped.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "s when too much water is drawn into the bowels"}], "question": "What occures with osmotic diarrhea?", "id": "572a50757a1753140016ae9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel"}], "question": "What causes osmotic diarrhea?", "id": "572a50757a1753140016ae9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels"}], "question": "How do osmotic lazatives work?", "id": "572a50757a1753140016aea0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose"}], "question": "What can cause osmotic diarrhea in healthy people?", "id": "572a50757a1753140016aea1"}]}], ["Pencegahan cirit-birit berjangkit adalah melalui sanitasi yang lebih baik, air minuman bersih, dan mencuci tangan dengan sabun. Penyusuan susu ibu selama sekurang-kurangnya enam bulan juga dicadangkan seperti vaksinasi terhadap rotavirus. Penyelesaian rehidrasi oral (ORS), yang merupakan air bersih dengan jumlah garam dan gula yang sederhana, adalah pilihan rawatan. Tablet seng juga disyorkan. Rawatan ini telah dianggarkan telah menyelamatkan 50 juta kanak-kanak dalam 25 tahun yang lalu. Apabila orang mengalami cirit-birit, disyorkan bahawa mereka terus makan makanan yang sihat dan bayi terus disusui. Jika ORS komersil tidak tersedia, penyelesaian buatan boleh digunakan. Bagi mereka yang mengalami dehidrasi teruk, cecair intravena mungkin diperlukan. Kebanyakan kes; Walau bagaimanapun, boleh diurus dengan baik dengan cecair melalui mulut. Antibiotik, walaupun jarang digunakan, mungkin disyorkan dalam beberapa kes seperti mereka yang mengalami cirit-birit berdarah dan demam tinggi, mereka yang mengalami cirit-birit yang teruk selepas perjalanan, dan mereka yang menanam bakteria atau parasit tertentu dalam tinja mereka. Loperamide boleh membantu mengurangkan bilangan usus tetapi tidak disyorkan pada mereka yang mempunyai penyakit yang teruk. <> Apakah beberapa cara untuk mencegah cirit-birit? || sanitasi yang lebih baik, air minuman bersih dan basuh tangan dengan sabun <> Apa lagi yang boleh dilakukan ibu untuk mencegah cirit-birit untuk bayi? || Penyusuan susu ibu selama sekurang-kurangnya enam bulan <> Apakah rawatan pilihan untuk cirit-birit? || Penyelesaian rehidrasi oral (ORS), yang merupakan air bersih dengan jumlah garam yang sederhana dan gula <> Keadaan apa yang akan ditetapkan oleh doktor terhadap antibiotik? || kes-kes seperti mereka yang mempunyai cirit-birit berdarah dan demam tinggi, mereka yang mengalami cirit-birit yang teruk selepas perjalanan, dan mereka yang menanam bakteria atau parasit tertentu", {"context": "Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is the treatment of choice. Zinc tablets are also recommended. These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years. When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed. If commercial ORS are not available, homemade solutions may be used. In those with severe dehydration, intravenous fluids may be required. Most cases; however, can be managed well with fluids by mouth. Antibiotics, while rarely used, may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool. Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movement but is not recommended in those with severe disease.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap"}], "question": "What are some ways to prevent diarrhea?", "id": "572a46351d046914007798bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Breastfeeding for at least six months"}], "question": "What else can a mom do to prevent diarrhea for her baby?", "id": "572a46351d046914007798be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar"}], "question": "What is the treatment of choice for diarrhea?", "id": "572a46351d046914007798bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 838, "text": "cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites"}], "question": "What conditions would a doctor prescribe antibiotics?", "id": "572a46351d046914007798c0"}]}], ["WHO mencadangkan kanak-kanak dengan cirit-birit terus diberi makan. Pengambilan makanan yang berterusan mempercepat pemulihan fungsi usus normal. Sebaliknya, kanak-kanak yang makanannya terhad mempunyai cirit-birit tempoh yang lebih lama dan memulihkan fungsi usus dengan lebih perlahan. Seorang kanak-kanak juga harus terus disusui. WHO menyatakan \"Makanan tidak boleh ditahan dan makanan biasa kanak-kanak tidak boleh dicairkan. Penyusuan susu ibu mestilah diteruskan.\" Dan dalam contoh tertentu kolera, CDC juga membuat cadangan yang sama. Pada kanak-kanak kecil yang tidak diberi susu ibu dan hidup di negara maju, diet bebas laktosa mungkin berguna untuk mempercepat pemulihan. <> Apakah yang dicadangkan oleh WHO? || kanak-kanak dengan cirit-birit terus diberi makan <> Apa yang terus makan lakukan untuk penyakit anda? || Makan terus menerus pemulihan fungsi usus normal <> Apa yang berlaku apabila makanan kanak-kanak dibatasi? || kanak-kanak yang makanannya terhad mempunyai cirit-birit tempoh yang lebih lama dan memulihkan fungsi usus lebih perlahan", {"context": "WHO recommends a child with diarrhea continue to be fed. Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. In contrast, children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly. A child should also continue to be breastfed. The WHO states \"Food should never be withheld and the child's usual foods should not be diluted. Breastfeeding should always be continued.\" And in the specific example of cholera, CDC also makes the same recommendation. In young children who are not breast-fed and live in the developed world, a lactose-free diet may be useful to speed recovery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "a child with diarrhea continue to be fed"}], "question": "What does WHO recommend?", "id": "572a82dff75d5e190021fb32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function"}], "question": "What does continuing to eat do for your illness?", "id": "572a82dff75d5e190021fb33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly"}], "question": "What happens when a childs food is restricted?", "id": "572a82dff75d5e190021fb34"}]}], ["Memandangkan pencemaran air adalah cara utama untuk menyebarkan penyakit diare, usaha untuk menyediakan bekalan air bersih dan sanitasi yang lebih baik berpotensi untuk mengurangkan secara mendadak kadar kejadian penyakit. Malah, ia telah dicadangkan bahawa kita mungkin menjangkakan penurunan 88% dalam kematian kanak-kanak disebabkan oleh penyakit diare kerana kebersihan dan kebersihan air yang lebih baik. Begitu juga, meta-analisis banyak kajian mengenai peningkatan bekalan air dan sanitasi menunjukkan pengurangan 22-27% dalam insiden penyakit, dan pengurangan kadar kematian sebanyak 21-30% yang berkaitan dengan penyakit diare. <> Apakah cara utama penyebaran penyakit diare? || pencemaran air <> Apa yang telah mengurangkan kadar insiden penyakit cirit-birit? || bekalan air bersih dan sanitasi yang lebih baik <> Apa yang akan menjadi penurunan dalam penyakit jika terdapat air dan sanitasi yang lebih baik? || Pengurangan 22-27% dalam insiden penyakit", {"context": "Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease, efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence. In fact, it has been proposed that we might expect an 88% reduction in child mortality resulting from diarrheal disease as a result of improved water sanitation and hygiene. Similarly, a meta-analysis of numerous studies on improving water supply and sanitation shows a 22\u201327% reduction in disease incidence, and a 21\u201330% reduction in mortality rate associated with diarrheal disease.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "water contamination"}], "question": "What is a major means of the spread of diarrhea disease?", "id": "572a67827a1753140016af12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "clean water supply and improved sanitation"}], "question": "What has cut the rate of diarrhea disease incidents? ", "id": "572a67827a1753140016af13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "22\u201327% reduction in disease incidence"}], "question": "What would be the reduction in deisease incedence if there was better water and sanitation?", "id": "572a67827a1753140016af14"}]}], ["Minuman terutamanya tinggi dalam gula mudah, seperti minuman ringan dan jus buah-buahan, tidak digalakkan untuk kanak-kanak di bawah usia 5 tahun kerana mereka boleh meningkatkan dehidrasi. Penyelesaian yang terlalu kaya dalam usus menarik air dari seluruh badan, sama seperti orang itu minum air laut. Air biasa boleh digunakan jika persediaan ORT yang lebih spesifik dan berkesan tidak tersedia atau tidak sesuai. Selain itu, campuran air dan minuman biasa mungkin juga kaya dengan gula dan garam boleh diberikan kepada orang yang sama, dengan matlamat menyediakan jumlah natrium secara keseluruhan. Tiub nasogastrik boleh digunakan untuk kanak-kanak kecil untuk mentadbir cecair jika perlu. <> Apa yang tidak disyorkan untuk kanak-kanak yang lebih muda kerana ia boleh menyebabkan lebih banyak dehidrasi? || Minuman terutamanya tinggi dalam gula mudah, seperti minuman ringan dan jus buah <> Mengapa soda dan jus buah gula yang tinggi tidak digalakkan? || Penyelesaian yang terlalu kaya dalam usus menarik air dari seluruh badan, sama seperti orang itu minum air laut <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk memberikan cecair apabila mereka tidak boleh minum? || Sebuah tiub nasogastrik", {"context": "Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices, are not recommended in children under 5 years of age as they may increase dehydration. A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water. Plain water may be used if more specific and effective ORT preparations are unavailable or are not palatable. Additionally, a mix of both plain water and drinks perhaps too rich in sugar and salt can alternatively be given to the same person, with the goal of providing a medium amount of sodium overall. A nasogastric tube can be used in young children to administer fluids if warranted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices"}], "question": "What are not recommended for younger kids because it can casue more dehydration?", "id": "572a816d111d821400f38b7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water"}], "question": "Why are sodas and high sugar fruit juices not recommended?", "id": "572a816d111d821400f38b7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "A nasogastric tube"}], "question": "What can be used to give fluids when they can not drink?", "id": "572a816d111d821400f38b7c"}]}], ["Dalam banyak kes cirit-birit, menggantikan cairan dan garam yang hilang adalah satu-satunya rawatan yang diperlukan. Ini biasanya melalui terapi rehidrasi mulut - atau, dalam kes-kes yang teruk, secara intravena. Sekatan diet seperti diet BRAT tidak lagi disyorkan. Penyelidikan tidak menyokong pembatasan susu kepada kanak-kanak kerana berbuat demikian tidak memberi kesan kepada tempoh cirit-birit. Sebaliknya, WHO mengesyorkan bahawa kanak-kanak yang mengalami cirit-birit terus makan sebagai nutrien yang mencukupi biasanya masih diserap untuk menyokong pertumbuhan yang berterusan dan peningkatan berat badan, dan yang terus makan juga mempercepat pemulihan fungsi usus normal. CDC mengesyorkan bahawa kanak-kanak dan orang dewasa dengan kolera juga terus makan. <> Apakah rawatan asas banyak kes cirit-birit? || menggantikan cairan dan garam yang hilang adalah satu-satunya rawatan yang diperlukan <> Bagaimanakah rawatan ini diberikan? || Ini biasanya melalui terapi rehidrasi mulut - atau, dalam kes-kes yang teruk, intravena <> Apakah jenis diet tidak lagi disyorkan? || Diet BRAT <> Apa yang direkomendasikan oleh WHO? || kanak-kanak dengan cirit-birit terus makan sebagai nutrien yang mencukupi biasanya masih diserap untuk menyokong pertumbuhan berterusan dan peningkatan berat badan", {"context": "In many cases of diarrhea, replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed. This is usually by mouth \u2013 oral rehydration therapy \u2013 or, in severe cases, intravenously. Diet restrictions such as the BRAT diet are no longer recommended. Research does not support the limiting of milk to children as doing so has no effect on duration of diarrhea. To the contrary, WHO recommends that children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain, and that continuing to eat also speeds up recovery of normal intestinal functioning. CDC recommends that children and adults with cholera also continue to eat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed"}], "question": "What is the basic treatment many cases of diarrhea need?", "id": "572a8034f75d5e190021fb06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "This is usually by mouth \u2013 oral rehydration therapy \u2013 or, in severe cases, intravenously"}], "question": "How is this treatment given?", "id": "572a8034f75d5e190021fb07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "BRAT diet"}], "question": "What type of diet is no longer recommended?", "id": "572a8034f75d5e190021fb08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain"}], "question": "What does WHO recommend to do?", "id": "572a8034f75d5e190021fb09"}]}], ["Teknik sanitasi asas boleh memberi kesan yang mendalam terhadap penyebaran penyakit diare. Pelaksanaan pencucian tangan menggunakan sabun dan air, misalnya, telah ditunjukkan secara eksperimental untuk mengurangkan kejadian penyakit sekitar 42-48%. Walau bagaimanapun, mencuci tangan di negara-negara membangun dikompromikan oleh kemiskinan seperti yang diakui oleh CDC: \"Cuci tangan adalah penting untuk pencegahan penyakit di seluruh pelosok dunia, namun akses kepada sabun dan air adalah terhad di beberapa negara kurang maju. Kurangnya akses adalah salah satu daripada banyak cabaran untuk kebersihan yang betul di negara-negara kurang maju. \" Penyelesaian kepada halangan ini memerlukan pelaksanaan program pendidikan yang menggalakkan tingkah laku sanitasi. <> Apakah yang mempunyai kesan utama ke atas penyebaran penyakit diare? || Teknik sanitasi asas <> Berapakah pencucian tangan mengurangkan peluang penyakit? || kira-kira 42-48% <> Mengapa negara-negara membangun tidak mencuci tangan mereka seperti negara-negara lain? || akses kepada sabun dan air adalah terhad <> Apakah penyelesaian untuk membantu masalah ini? || pelaksanaan program pendidikan yang menggalakkan tingkah laku saniter", {"context": "Basic sanitation techniques can have a profound effect on the transmission of diarrheal disease. The implementation of hand washing using soap and water, for example, has been experimentally shown to reduce the incidence of disease by approximately 42\u201348%. Hand washing in developing countries, however, is compromised by poverty as acknowledged by the CDC: \"Handwashing is integral to disease prevention in all parts of the world; however, access to soap and water is limited in a number of less developed countries. This lack of access is one of many challenges to proper hygiene in less developed countries.\" Solutions to this barrier require the implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Basic sanitation techniques"}], "question": "What has had major effects on the transmission of diarrheal diseases?", "id": "572a66dfd562191400bc86bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "approximately 42\u201348%"}], "question": "How much does hand washing reduce the chances of disease?", "id": "572a66dfd562191400bc86c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "access to soap and water is limited"}], "question": "Why do developing countries not wash their hands as much as other countries?", "id": "572a66dfd562191400bc86c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours"}], "question": "What is a solution to help this problem?", "id": "572a66dfd562191400bc86c2"}]}], ["Kekurangan makanan di negara-negara membangun boleh dikalahkan dengan mempromosikan amalan makan yang lebih baik. Suplemen dengan vitamin A dan / atau zink. Suplemen zink terbukti berjaya menunjukkan penurunan ketara dalam kejadian penyakit diare berbanding dengan kumpulan kawalan. Majoriti kesusasteraan menunjukkan bahawa suplemen vitamin A adalah berfaedah dalam mengurangkan kejadian penyakit. Pembangunan strategi suplemen perlu mengambil kira hakikat bahawa suplemen vitamin A kurang berkesan dalam mengurangkan kejadian cirit-birit jika dibandingkan dengan suplemen vitamin A dan zink, dan strategi kedua dianggarkan jauh lebih berkesan. <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan untuk memerangi kecacatan diet? || mempromosikan amalan makan yang lebih baik <> Apa yang telah digunakan dan ditunjukkan dengan kejayaan dalam penurunan kejadian penyakit diare? || Zink <> Strategi apakah yang didapati lebih efektif? || suplemen zink", {"context": "Dietary deficiencies in developing countries can be combated by promoting better eating practices. Supplementation with vitamin A and/or zinc. Zinc supplementation proved successful showing a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrheal disease compared to a control group. The majority of the literature suggests that vitamin A supplementation is advantageous in reducing disease incidence. Development of a supplementation strategy should take into consideration the fact that vitamin A supplementation was less effective in reducing diarrhea incidence when compared to vitamin A and zinc supplementation, and that the latter strategy was estimated to be significantly more cost effective.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "promoting better eating practices"}], "question": "What can be done to combate dietary deficiences?", "id": "572a69cefed8de19000d5bfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Zinc"}], "question": "What has been used and shown successful in a decrease in incidence of diarrheal disease?", "id": "572a69cefed8de19000d5bfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "zinc supplementation"}], "question": "WHat strategy was found out to be more cost effective?", "id": "572a69cefed8de19000d5bff"}]}], ["Menurut dua penyelidik, Nesse dan Williams, cirit-birit mungkin berfungsi sebagai mekanisme pertahanan pengusiran yang berkembang. Akibatnya, jika ia dihentikan, mungkin ada kelewatan pemulihan. Mereka memetik sokongan penyelidikan hujah yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1973 yang mendapati bahawa merawat Shigella dengan dadah anti-cirit-birit (Co-phenotrope, Lomotil) menyebabkan orang ramai terus bermastautin selama mereka tidak diperlakukan begitu. Para penyelidik memang mendapati bahawa: \"Lomotil boleh dikontraindikasikan dalam shigellosis. Cirit-birit mungkin mewakili mekanisme pertahanan\". <> Apa yang diajar oleh Nesse dan Williams? || cirit-birit mungkin berfungsi sebagai mekanisme pertahanan pengusiran yang berkembang <> Jika cirit-birit dihentikan, bolehkah berlaku? || mungkin terdapat kelewatan pemulihan. <> Apa yang berlaku dengan orang-orang dengan Shigella dirawat dengan ubat anti-diare? || menyebabkan orang kekal demam dua kali selagi mereka tidak diperlakukan begitu.", {"context": "According to two researchers, Nesse and Williams, diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism. As a result, if it is stopped, there might be a delay in recovery. They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug (Co-phenotrope, Lomotil) caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated. The researchers indeed themselves observed that: \"Lomotil may be contraindicated in shigellosis. Diarrhea may represent a defense mechanism\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism"}], "question": "What did Nesse and Williams learn?", "id": "572a65ae7a1753140016af0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "there might be a delay in recovery."}], "question": "If diarrhea is stopped, would could happen?", "id": "572a65ae7a1753140016af0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated."}], "question": "What happened with people with Shigella were treated with anti-diarrheal medication?", "id": "572a65ae7a1753140016af0e"}]}], ["Penyelesaian rehidrasi oral (ORS) (air yang sedikit manis dan asin) boleh digunakan untuk mencegah dehidrasi. Penyelesaian rumah standard seperti air beras masin, minuman yogurt asin, sup sayur-sayuran dan ayam dengan garam boleh diberikan. Penyelesaian rumah seperti air di mana bijirin telah dimasak, sup tanpa garam, air kelapa hijau, teh lemah (tanpa gula), dan jus buah segar tanpa gula boleh terdiri daripada setengah sudu teh hingga sudu teh penuh (dari satu setengah hingga tiga gram) ditambah seliter. Air bersih bersih juga boleh menjadi salah satu daripada beberapa cecair yang diberikan. Terdapat penyelesaian komersial seperti Pedialyte, dan agensi bantuan seperti UNICEF secara meluas mengedarkan paket garam dan gula. Penerbitan WHO untuk doktor mencadangkan ORS buatan sendiri yang terdiri daripada satu liter air dengan satu garam sudu (3 gram) dan dua sudu gula (18 gram) ditambah (kira-kira \"rasa air mata\"). Projek Rehydration mencadangkan menambah jumlah gula yang sama tetapi hanya satu setengah sudu teh garam, menyatakan bahawa pendekatan yang lebih cair ini kurang berisiko dengan kehilangan keberkesanan yang sangat sedikit. Kedua-duanya bersetuju bahawa minuman dengan terlalu banyak gula atau garam dapat menyebabkan dehidrasi lebih buruk. <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk mencegah dehidrasi? || Penyelesaian rehidrasi oral (ORS) <> Apakah beberapa penyelesaian rumah standard yang baik? || air beras masin, minuman yogurt asin, sup sayur-sayuran dan ayam dengan garam <> Apakah penyelesaian komersial yang juga boleh digunakan? || Pedialyte <> Apakah resepi WHO untuk ORS? || satu liter air dengan satu garam sudu (3 gram) dan dua sendok makan gula (18 gram) ditambah", {"context": "Oral rehydration solution (ORS) (a slightly sweetened and salty water) can be used to prevent dehydration. Standard home solutions such as salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt can be given. Home solutions such as water in which cereal has been cooked, unsalted soup, green coconut water, weak tea (unsweetened), and unsweetened fresh fruit juices can have from half a teaspoon to full teaspoon of salt (from one-and-a-half to three grams) added per liter. Clean plain water can also be one of several fluids given. There are commercial solutions such as Pedialyte, and relief agencies such as UNICEF widely distribute packets of salts and sugar. A WHO publication for physicians recommends a homemade ORS consisting of one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added (approximately the \"taste of tears\"). Rehydration Project recommends adding the same amount of sugar but only one-half a teaspoon of salt, stating that this more dilute approach is less risky with very little loss of effectiveness. Both agree that drinks with too much sugar or salt can make dehydration worse.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Oral rehydration solution (ORS)"}], "question": "What can be used to prevent dehydration?", "id": "572a80c2f75d5e190021fb18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt"}], "question": "What are some good standard home solutions?", "id": "572a80c2f75d5e190021fb19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "Pedialyte"}], "question": "What is a commercial solution that can also be used?", "id": "572a80c2f75d5e190021fb1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": "one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added"}], "question": "What is the WHO's recipe for ORS?", "id": "572a80c2f75d5e190021fb1b"}]}], ["Imunisasi terhadap patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit diare adalah strategi pencegahan yang baik, namun ia memerlukan penargetan patogen tertentu untuk vaksinasi. Dalam hal Rotavirus, yang bertanggungjawab untuk sekitar 6% daripada kejadian diare dan 20% kematian penyakit diare di kalangan kanak-kanak negara-negara membangun, penggunaan vaksin Rotavirus dalam percubaan pada tahun 1985 menghasilkan penurunan sedikit (2-3%) dalam jumlah kejadian penyakit diare, sementara mengurangkan kematian keseluruhan sebanyak 6-10%. Begitu juga, vaksin Cholera menunjukkan pengurangan yang kuat dalam morbiditi dan kematian, walaupun kesan keseluruhan vaksinasi adalah minima kerana Cholera bukanlah salah satu patogen penyebab utama penyakit diare. Sejak masa ini, vaksin yang lebih berkesan telah dibangunkan yang berpotensi untuk menyelamatkan beribu-ribu nyawa di negara-negara membangun, sambil mengurangkan kos keseluruhan rawatan, dan kos kepada masyarakat. <> Apakah kejatuhan menggunakan imunisasi terhadap patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit? || ia memerlukan penargetan patogen tertentu untuk vaksinasi <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk 6% daripada penyakit kelaparan? || Rotavirus <> Berapakah peratus rotavirus yang bertanggungjawab untuk kematian akibat diare? || 20% <> Apakah kesan vaksin Rotavirus? || (2-3%) penurunan jumlah penyakit diare <> Tahun apa vaksin Rotovirus digunakan? || 1985", {"context": "Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries, use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence, while reducing overall mortality by 6-10%. Similarly, a Cholera vaccine showed a strong reduction in morbidity and mortality, though the overall impact of vaccination was minimal as Cholera is not one of the major causative pathogens of diarrheal disease. Since this time, more effective vaccines have been developed that have the potential to save many thousands of lives in developing nations, while reducing the overall cost of treatment, and the costs to society.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination"}], "question": "What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease?", "id": "572a6832d562191400bc86c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Rotavirus"}], "question": "What is responsible for 6% of dearrheal disease?", "id": "572a6832d562191400bc86c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "20%"}], "question": "What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths?", "id": "572a6832d562191400bc86c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "(2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence"}], "question": "What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine?", "id": "572a6832d562191400bc86ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "1985"}], "question": "What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used?", "id": "572a6832d562191400bc86cb"}]}], ["Pemakanan yang betul adalah penting untuk kesihatan dan fungsi, termasuk pencegahan cirit-birit berjangkit. Ia amat penting untuk anak-anak muda yang tidak mempunyai sistem imun yang sepenuhnya maju. Kekurangan zink, keadaan yang sering dijumpai di kalangan kanak-kanak di negara-negara sedang membangun, walaupun dalam kes ringan, mempunyai kesan yang signifikan terhadap pembangunan dan fungsi sistem imun manusia yang sesuai. Sesungguhnya hubungan ini antara kekurangan zink yang mengurangkan fungsi imun adalah sepadan dengan peningkatan keterukan cirit-birit yang berjangkit. Kanak-kanak yang telah menurunkan tahap zink mempunyai lebih banyak contoh cirit-birit, cirit-birit yang teruk, dan cirit-birit yang berkaitan dengan demam. Begitu juga, kekurangan vitamin A boleh menyebabkan peningkatan dalam tahap keterukan diarrheal, namun terdapat beberapa percanggahan yang berkaitan dengan kesan kekurangan vitamin A terhadap kadar penyakit. Walaupun sesetengah berpendapat bahawa hubungan tidak wujud antara kadar penyakit dan status vitamin A, yang lain mencadangkan peningkatan dalam kadar yang berkaitan dengan kekurangan. Memandangkan anggaran mencadangkan 127 juta kanak-kanak prasekolah di seluruh dunia adalah kekurangan vitamin A, populasi ini berpotensi meningkatkan risiko penguncupan penyakit. <> Mengapa pemakanan yang betul penting? || untuk kesihatan dan fungsi, termasuk pencegahan cirit-birit cirit-birit <> Apakah kesannya zink yang lebih rendah pada kanak-kanak? || bilangan yang lebih besar daripada cirit-birit, cirit-birit yang teruk, dan cirit-birit yang berkaitan dengan demam <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan kekurangan vitamin A? || menyebabkan peningkatan keterukan episod diarrheal <> Apakah kadar kekurangan vitamin A pada kanak-kanak di seluruh dunia? || 127 juta", {"context": "Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea. It is especially important to young children who do not have a fully developed immune system. Zinc deficiency, a condition often found in children in developing countries can, even in mild cases, have a significant impact on the development and proper functioning of the human immune system. Indeed, this relationship between zinc deficiency reduced immune functioning corresponds with an increased severity of infectious diarrhea. Children who have lowered levels of zinc have a greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever. Similarly, vitamin A deficiency can cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes, however there is some discrepancy when it comes to the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the rate of disease. While some argue that a relationship does not exist between the rate of disease and vitamin A status, others suggest an increase in the rate associated with deficiency. Given that estimates suggest 127 million preschool children worldwide are vitamin A deficient, this population has the potential for increased risk of disease contraction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea"}], "question": "Why is proper nutrition important?", "id": "572a62e0b8ce0319002e2b0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever"}], "question": "What effects does lower levels of zinc have in children?", "id": "572a62e0b8ce0319002e2b0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes"}], "question": "What can having a vitamin A deficiency cause?", "id": "572a62e0b8ce0319002e2b0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1082, "text": "127 million"}], "question": "What is the rate of  vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide?", "id": "572a62e0b8ce0319002e2b0e"}]}], ["Walaupun antibiotik bermanfaat untuk jenis cirit-birit akut tertentu, mereka biasanya tidak digunakan kecuali dalam keadaan tertentu. Terdapat kebimbangan bahawa antibiotik boleh meningkatkan risiko sindrom uremik hemolitik pada orang yang dijangkiti Escherichia coli O157: H7. Di negara miskin sumber, rawatan dengan antibiotik mungkin bermanfaat. Walau bagaimanapun, sesetengah bakteria sedang membangunkan rintangan antibiotik, terutamanya Shigella. Antibiotik juga boleh menyebabkan cirit-birit, dan cirit-birit yang berkaitan antibiotik adalah kesan buruk yang paling biasa dalam rawatan dengan antibiotik umum. <> Adakah antibiotik digunakan dalam keadaan cirit-birit? || mereka biasanya tidak digunakan kecuali dalam keadaan tertentu <> Apakah kebimbangan dengan anitbiotik? || boleh meningkatkan risiko hemolytic uremic syndrome pada orang yang dijangkiti Escherichia coli O157: H7 <> Apakah bakteria yang membuatnya tidak berfungsi juga? || sesetengah bakteria sedang membangunkan rintangan antibiotik", {"context": "While antibiotics are beneficial in certain types of acute diarrhea, they are usually not used except in specific situations. There are concerns that antibiotics may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7. In resource-poor countries, treatment with antibiotics may be beneficial. However, some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance, particularly Shigella. Antibiotics can also cause diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea is the most common adverse effect of treatment with general antibiotics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "they are usually not used except in specific situations"}], "question": "Are antibiotics used in diarrhea instances?", "id": "572a83c4be1ee31400cb8061"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7"}], "question": "What are the concerns with anitbiotics?", "id": "572a83c4be1ee31400cb8062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance"}], "question": "What are bacteria doing that makes them not work as well?", "id": "572a83c4be1ee31400cb8063"}]}]], [["Madrasa (Bahasa Arab: \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629, madrasah, pl. \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633, mad\u0101ris, Turki: Medrese) adalah perkataan Arab untuk semua jenis institusi pendidikan, sama ada sekular atau agama (dari mana-mana agama). Perkataan ini diterjemahkan dengan pelbagai madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrasah, madrasah, medras, dan sebagainya. Di Barat, perkataan ini biasanya merujuk kepada jenis sekolah atau kolej agama khusus untuk mengkaji agama Islam, walaupun ini bukanlah hanya tertakluk pelajaran. Tidak semua pelajar di madaris adalah orang Islam; terdapat juga kurikulum moden. <> Apakah asal-usul kata madrasah? || Bahasa Arab <> Apa jenis institusi pendidikan yang menyebut istilah madrasa merujuk? || apa-apa jenis <> Dalam budaya Barat, istilah madrasa meluas merujuk kepada amalan agama apa? || Islam <> Berapa banyak pelajar yang terdaftar di madaris adalah Muslim? || Tidak semua", {"context": "Madrasa (Arabic: \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u200e, madrasah, pl. \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633, mad\u0101ris, Turkish: Medrese) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion). The word is variously transliterated madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrassa, madraza, medrese, etc. In the West, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the Islamic religion, though this may not be the only subject studied. Not all students in madaris are Muslims; there is also a modern curriculum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "What are the origins of the word madrasa?", "id": "572a5ec3fed8de19000d5bb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "any type"}], "question": "What type of educational institution does the term madrasa refer?", "id": "572a5ec3fed8de19000d5bb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Islamic"}], "question": "In Western culture, the term madrasa widely refers to the practices of what religion?", "id": "572a5ec3fed8de19000d5bb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Not all"}], "question": "How many students enrolled in madaris are Muslim?", "id": "572a5ec3fed8de19000d5bb4"}]}], ["Istilah \"pendidikan Islam\" bermaksud pendidikan dalam terang Islam sendiri, yang berakar umbi dalam ajaran Al-Quran - kitab suci umat Islam. Pendidikan Islam dan pendidikan Islam tidak sama. Oleh kerana pendidikan Islam mempunyai integrasi epistemologi yang diasaskan pada Tauhid - Keesaan atau tauhid. Untuk maklumat terperinci Baca \"Metodologi Alquran untuk Mengintegrasikan Pengetahuan dan Pendidikan: Implikasi bagi Strategi Pendidikan Islam Malaysia\" yang ditulis Tareq M Zayed dan \"Pengetahuan tentang Syariah dan Pengetahuan untuk Mengurus 'Diri' dan 'Sistem': Integrasi Epistemologi Islam dengan Pengetahuan dan Pendidikan \"yang ditulis oleh Tareq M Zayed <> Apa makna pendidikan Islam? || pendidikan dalam terang Islam itu sendiri <> Buku apa asas untuk pendidikan dalam tradisi Islam? || Quran <> Apa jenis pendidikan yang berbeza dengan pendidikan Islam? || Pendidikan Islam <> Apa agama Islam yang secara tradisinya dianggap sejauh teologi? || tauhid", {"context": "The term \"Islamic education\" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read \"A Qur\u2019anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia\u2019s Islamic Education Strategy\" written Tareq M Zayed  and \"Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage \u2018Self\u2019 and \u2018System\u2019: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education\" authored by Tareq M Zayed", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "education in the light of Islam itself"}], "question": "What is the meaning of Islamic education?", "id": "572a637c7a1753140016af04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Quran"}], "question": "What book is the basis for education in Islamic traditions?", "id": "572a637c7a1753140016af05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Muslim education"}], "question": "What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education?", "id": "572a637c7a1753140016af06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "monotheism"}], "question": "What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned?", "id": "572a637c7a1753140016af07"}]}], ["Semasa pemerintahan Dinasti Fatimid dan Mamluk dan negara pengganti mereka di Timur Tengah zaman pertengahan, banyak elit pemerintah yang mengasaskan madaris melalui endowmen agama yang dikenali sebagai waqf. Bukan sahaja madrasasa simbol status yang kuat tetapi ia merupakan cara yang berkesan untuk memindahkan kekayaan dan status kepada keturunan mereka. Khususnya semasa zaman Maml\u016bk, ketika hanya budak bekas dapat mengambil alih kekuasaan, anak-anak dari elit Maml\u016bk yang berkuasa tidak dapat mewarisi. Kedudukan yang dijanjikan di dalam madaris baru membolehkan mereka mengekalkan status. Madaris yang dibina dalam tempoh ini termasuk Masjid-Madrasah Sultan \u1e24asan di Kaherah. <> Manakah golongan orang yang mendirikan madaris semasa zaman pertengahan? || elit berkuasa <> Bagaimana madaris yang dibiayai semasa zaman pertengahan? || melalui rahmat agama <> Apakah kelas orang yang mewarisi status semasa Tempoh Mamluk? || bekas hamba <> Apa yang membolehkan golongan elit yang berkuasa mempertahankan kuasa semasa tempoh Mamluk? || Kedudukan yang dijanjikan dalam madaris baru <> Di mana bandar adalah Masjid-Madrasah Sultan Hasan? || Kaherah", {"context": "During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their descendants. Especially during the Maml\u016bk period, when only former slaves could assume power, the sons of the ruling Maml\u016bk elite were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madaris thus allowed them to maintain status. Madaris built in this period include the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan \u1e24asan in Cairo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "ruling elite"}], "question": "Which class of people founded the madaris during the medieval period?", "id": "572a661dfed8de19000d5beb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "through a religious endowment"}], "question": "How were the madaris funded during the medieval period?", "id": "572a661dfed8de19000d5bec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "former slaves"}], "question": "What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period?", "id": "572a661dfed8de19000d5bed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Guaranteed positions within the new madaris"}], "question": "What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period?", "id": "572a661dfed8de19000d5bee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Cairo"}], "question": "In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?", "id": "572a661dfed8de19000d5bef"}]}], ["Dalam dunia Islam zaman pertengahan, sebuah sekolah rendah dikenali sebagai maktab, yang bermula pada sekurang-kurangnya abad ke-10. Seperti madaris (yang merujuk kepada pendidikan tinggi), maktab sering dilampirkan ke masjid yang dikurniakan. Pada abad ke-11, ahli falsafah Islam Persia yang terkenal dan guru Ibn Sina (yang dikenali sebagai Avicenna di Barat), dalam salah satu bukunya, menulis sebuah bab tentang maktab bertajuk \"Peranan Guru dalam Latihan dan Pembesaran Anak-Anak, \"sebagai panduan kepada guru yang bekerja di sekolah maktab. Beliau menulis bahawa kanak-kanak boleh belajar lebih baik jika diajar dalam kelas dan bukannya tuisyen individu dari tutor swasta, dan dia memberikan beberapa sebab mengapa ini adalah kes, dengan menyebutkan nilai persaingan dan emulasi di kalangan murid, serta kegunaan kumpulan perbincangan dan perdebatan. Ibn Sina menggambarkan kurikulum sekolah maktab secara terperinci, menggambarkan kurikulum untuk dua peringkat pendidikan di sekolah maktab. <> Bilakah sekolah rendah Islam pertama yang dirakamkan? || Abad ke-10 <> Apa istilah merujuk kepada sekolah rendah Islam? || maktab <> yang menulis panduan latihan untuk guru maktab Islam? || Ibn Sina <> Apa yang Ibn Sina lebih suka daripada tutor peribadi? || kelas <> Berapa banyak komponen pendidikan Ibn Sina menerangkan dalam ajaran mereka? || dua", {"context": "In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 (known as Avicenna in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled \"The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children,\" as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "10th century"}], "question": "When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools?", "id": "572a69757a1753140016af18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "maktab"}], "question": "What term refers to Islamic elementary schools?", "id": "572a69757a1753140016af19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Ibn S\u012bn\u0101"}], "question": "Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?", "id": "572a69757a1753140016af1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "classes"}], "question": "What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors?", "id": "572a69757a1753140016af1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings?", "id": "572a69757a1753140016af1c"}]}], ["Institusi pertama pendidikan madrasah berada di ladang Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam di dekat bukit yang disebut Safa, di mana Hazrat Muhammad adalah guru dan murid-muridnya adalah pengikutnya. [Setelah rujukan] Setelah hijrah (hijrah) madrasah \"Suffa \"ditubuhkan di Madinah di sebelah timur masjid Al-Masjid an-Nabawi. Ubati bin Samit telah dilantik di sana oleh Hazrat Muhammad sebagai guru dan di kalangan para pelajar. Dalam kurikulum madrasah, terdapat ajaran Al-Quran, Hadis, fara'iz, tajweed, silsilah, risalah pertolongan cemas, dan lain-lain. Terdapat juga latihan menunggang kuda, seni perang, tulisan tangan dan kaligrafi, olahraga dan seni mempertahankan diri. Bahagian pertama pendidikan berasaskan madrasah dianggarkan dari hari pertama \"nabuwwat\" ke bahagian pertama khalifah \"Umaiya\". [Rujukan?] <> Dimana madrasah pertama terletak? || harta pusaka Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam <> Siapakah guru di madrasah pertama? || Hazrat Muhammad <> Siapa yang dinamakan sebagai guru di madrasah kedua, bertempat di masjid? || Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit <> Apakah bentuk seni tulisan tangan yang diajar di madaris awal? || kaligrafi <> Apa jenis aktiviti kecergasan fizikal yang diajar di madaris awal? || sukan dan seni mempertahankan diri", {"context": "The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa, where Hazrat Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers.[citation needed] After Hijrah (migration) the madrasa of \"Suffa\" was established in Madina on the east side of the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi mosque. Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit was appointed there by Hazrat Muhammad as teacher and among the students.[citation needed] In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an,The Hadith, fara'iz, tajweed, genealogy, treatises of first aid, etc. There were also trainings of horse-riding, art of war, handwriting and calligraphy, athletics and martial arts. The first part of madrasa based education is estimated from the first day of \"nabuwwat\" to the first portion of the \"Umaiya\" caliphate.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam"}], "question": "Where was the first madrasa located?", "id": "572a64d4b8ce0319002e2b13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Hazrat Muhammad"}], "question": "Who was the teacher at the first madrasa?", "id": "572a64d4b8ce0319002e2b14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit"}], "question": "Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa, housed in a mosque?", "id": "572a64d4b8ce0319002e2b15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "calligraphy"}], "question": "What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris?", "id": "572a64d4b8ce0319002e2b16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "athletics and martial arts"}], "question": "What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris?", "id": "572a64d4b8ce0319002e2b17"}]}], ["Orang-orang dari semua peringkat umur hadir, dan ramai yang sering beralih menjadi imam. [Sunting] Sijil dari'afl, misalnya, memerlukan kira-kira dua belas tahun pengajian. [Rujukan?] Sebilangan besar \u1e25uff\u0101\u1e93 (jamak \u1e25\u0101fi\u1e93) adalah produk dari madaris. Madaris juga menyerupai kolej, di mana orang mengambil kelas petang dan tinggal di asrama. Fungsi penting dari madaris adalah untuk mengakui anak-anak yatim dan anak-anak miskin untuk memberi mereka pendidikan dan latihan. Madaris boleh mendaftar pelajar wanita; Walau bagaimanapun, mereka belajar secara berasingan daripada lelaki. [rujukan?] <> Apakah kumpulan umur biasanya didaftarkan di madaris? || semua peringkat umur <> Berapa lama seseorang perlu didaftarkan dalam kursus alim untuk mendapat sijil atau siswazah? || kira-kira dua belas tahun <> Dalam apa cara madaris serupa dengan kolej barat? || orang mengambil kelas petang dan tinggal di asrama <> Mengapa madaris memanjangkan pendaftaran kepada kanak-kanak yang kurang bernasib baik? || menyediakan mereka dengan pendidikan dan latihan <> Apakah format untuk pendidikan bersama untuk perempuan di madaris? || mereka belajar secara berasingan dari lelaki", {"context": "People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams.[citation needed] The certificate of an \u02bb\u0101lim, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study.[citation needed] A good number of the \u1e25uff\u0101\u1e93 (plural of \u1e25\u0101fi\u1e93) are the product of the madaris. The madaris also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madaris is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madaris may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "all ages"}], "question": "What age groups are usually enrolled in madaris?", "id": "572a629e7a1753140016aef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "approximately twelve years"}], "question": "How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses to earn a certificate or graduate?", "id": "572a629e7a1753140016aef1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "people take evening classes and reside in dormitories"}], "question": "In what ways are madaris similar to western colleges?", "id": "572a629e7a1753140016aef2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "provide them with education and training"}], "question": "Why do madaris extend enrollment to children of less fortunate circumstances?", "id": "572a629e7a1753140016aef3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "they study separately from the men"}], "question": "What is the format for co-education for women in madaris?", "id": "572a629e7a1753140016aef4"}]}], ["Ibn Sina merujuk kepada peringkat pendidikan menengah di sekolah maktab sebagai tempoh pengkhususan apabila murid-murid harus mula memperoleh kemahiran manual, tanpa mengira status sosial mereka. Dia menulis bahawa kanak-kanak selepas usia 14 tahun harus dibenarkan memilih dan mengkhususkan diri dalam mata pelajaran yang mereka minat, sama ada membaca, kemahiran manual, kesusasteraan, khotbah, perubatan, geometri, perdagangan dan perdagangan, ketukangan, atau mana-mana subjek lain atau profesion mereka akan berminat untuk mengejar kerjaya masa depan. Beliau menulis bahawa ini adalah peringkat peralihan dan bahawa perlu ada fleksibiliti mengenai usia di mana murid lulus, kerana perkembangan emosi pelajar dan mata pelajaran yang dipilih perlu diambil kira. <> Apa jenis kemahiran yang harus dilakukan anak-anak negeri Ibn Sina dalam pendidikan menengah? || kemahiran manual <> Menurut Ibn Sina, pada usia berapa anak harus memilih arahan untuk pendidikan mereka? || 14 <> Menurut Ibn Sina, apa yang diperlukan untuk menyokong peralihan di peringkat pendidikan menengah? || fleksibiliti <> Apa yang perlu latihan menengah menyediakan pelajar di peringkat menengah sekolah? || kerjaya masa depan", {"context": "Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature, preaching, medicine, geometry, trade and commerce, craftsmanship, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "manual skills"}], "question": "What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in secondary education?", "id": "572a6ac17a1753140016af22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "14"}], "question": "According to Ibn Sina, at what age should children choose a direction for their education?", "id": "572a6ac17a1753140016af23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "flexibility"}], "question": "According to Ibn Sina, what is needed to support transition at the secondary stage of education?", "id": "572a6ac17a1753140016af24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "future career"}], "question": "What should secondary training provide a student in the secondary stage of school? ", "id": "572a6ac17a1753140016af25"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, dalam bahasa Inggeris, istilah madrasah biasanya merujuk kepada institusi Islam yang khusus. Sekolah Islam yang tipikal biasanya menawarkan dua kursus pengajian: kursus pengajaran hafiz al-Quran (orang yang melakukan seluruh Alquran untuk ingatan dipanggil \u1e25\u0101fi\u1e93); dan kursus'lim yang memimpin calon menjadi ulama yang diterima dalam masyarakat. Kurikulum tetap termasuk kursus dalam bahasa Arab, tafsir, tafsir, shar\u012b'ah (hukum Islam), hadis (ucapan dan perbuatan Muhammad), mantiq (logik), dan sejarah Islam. Dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, semasa Periode Awal Awal, kajian tentang hadis diperkenalkan oleh S\u00fcleyman I. Bergantung kepada tuntutan pendidikan, beberapa madaris juga menawarkan kursus lanjutan tambahan dalam kesusasteraan bahasa Arab, Bahasa Inggeris dan bahasa asing lainnya, serta sains dan dunia sejarah. Madaris Ottoman bersama-sama dengan ajaran agama juga mengajar \"gaya penulisan, gramatika, sintaksis, puisi, komposisi, sains semula jadi, sains politik, dan etika.\" <> Apakah pemahaman konotatif Inggeris mengenai perkataan madrasah? || Institusi Islam <> Apa yang diajar melalui kelas hifz atau kumpulan? || menghafal al-Qur'an <> Apakah syariat? || Undang-undang Islam <> Apakah disiplin yang diajar dalam kursus mantiq? || logik <> Apa kursus yang perlu dilakukan seseorang untuk persiapan untuk dianggap sebagai seorang ulama? || 'Alim", {"context": "However, in English, the term madrasah usually refers to the specifically Islamic institutions. A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study: a \u1e25if\u1e93 course teaching memorization of the Qur'an (the person who commits the entire Qur\u02bcan to memory is called a \u1e25\u0101fi\u1e93); and an \u02bb\u0101lim course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in Arabic, tafsir (Qur'anic interpretation), shar\u012b\u02bbah (Islamic law), hadiths (recorded sayings and deeds of Muhammad), mantiq (logic), and Muslim history. In the Ottoman Empire, during the Early Modern Period, the study of hadiths was introduced by S\u00fcleyman I. Depending on the educational demands, some madaris also offer additional advanced courses in Arabic literature, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history. Ottoman madaris along with religious teachings also taught \"styles of writing, grammary, syntax, poetry, composition, natural sciences, political sciences, and etiquette.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Islamic institutions"}], "question": "What is the English connotative understanding of the word madrash? ", "id": "572a60cefed8de19000d5bcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "memorization of the Qur'an"}], "question": "What is taught through a hifz class or set of classes?", "id": "572a60cefed8de19000d5bce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Islamic law"}], "question": "What is shariah?", "id": "572a60cefed8de19000d5bcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "logic"}], "question": "What is the discipline taught in mantiq courses?", "id": "572a60cefed8de19000d5bd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "\u02bb\u0101lim"}], "question": "What set of courses does someone need to take for preparation to be considered as a scholar?", "id": "572a60cefed8de19000d5bd1"}]}], ["Pada permulaan Khalifah atau Empayar Islam, pergantungan kepada mahkamah pada awalnya terhad penajaan dan aktiviti ilmiah ke pusat-pusat utama. Dalam beberapa abad, pembangunan institusi pendidikan Islam seperti madrasah dan masjid akhirnya memperkenalkan aktiviti-aktiviti tersebut ke bandar-bandar provinsi dan menyebarkan mereka di sekolah-sekolah undang-undang Islam dan perintah Sufi. Di samping mata pelajaran agama, mereka juga mengajar \"sains rasional,\" seperti yang berbeza-beza seperti matematik, astronomi, astrologi, geografi, alkimia, falsafah, sihir, dan okultisme, bergantung kepada kurikulum institusi tertentu yang dipersoalkan. Namun, madaris itu bukan pusat kajian saintifik lanjutan; Kemajuan saintifik dalam Islam biasanya dijalankan oleh para ulama yang bekerja di bawah naungan istana diraja. Semasa zaman ini, apabila Khalifah mengalami pertumbuhan dalam celik huruf, mempunyai kadar celik huruf tertinggi Abad Pertengahan, setanding dengan literasi Athena klasik pada zaman dahulu tetapi pada skala yang lebih besar. Kemunculan institusi maktab dan madrasah memainkan peranan penting dalam kadar celik huruf yang relatif tinggi di dunia Islam zaman pertengahan. <> Siapa yang secara tradisinya membayar para sarjana untuk mempelajari sains semula jadi? || puak diraja <> Apa kumpulan orang yang mempunyai kadar celik huruf tertinggi pada Abad Pertengahan? || Khalifah <> Apakah sekolah-sekolah mempunyai kesan terbesar terhadap kenaikan kadar celik huruf di khalifa? || maktab dan madrasah institusi <> Berapa lama masa yang diperlukan untuk madaris untuk menyebar ke bandar-bandar kecil dan bandar-bandar? || beberapa abad", {"context": "At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and dispersed them across the Islamic legal schools and Sufi orders. In addition to religious subjects, they also taught the \"rational sciences,\" as varied as mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography, alchemy, philosophy, magic, and occultism, depending on the curriculum of the specific institution in question. The madaris, however, were not centres of advanced scientific study; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the patronage of royal courts. During this time,[when?] the Caliphate experienced a growth in literacy, having the highest literacy rate of the Middle Ages, comparable to classical Athens' literacy in antiquity but on a much larger scale. The emergence of the maktab and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "royal courts"}], "question": "Who traditionally paid for scholars to study natural sciences?", "id": "572a6788fed8de19000d5bf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "Caliphate"}], "question": "What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?", "id": "572a6788fed8de19000d5bf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1043, "text": "maktab and madrasa institutions"}], "question": "What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate?", "id": "572a6788fed8de19000d5bf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "several centuries"}], "question": "How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns?", "id": "572a6788fed8de19000d5bf8"}]}], ["Perkataan madrasah berasal dari akar semitik Triconsonantal \u062f-\u0631-\u0633 D-R-S 'untuk belajar, belajar', melalui wazn (bentuk / batang) \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0644 (\u0629); maf'al (ah), yang bermaksud \"tempat di mana sesuatu dilakukan\". Oleh itu, madrasah secara harfiah bermaksud \"tempat belajar dan belajar dilakukan\". Perkataan ini juga terdapat sebagai perkataan pinjaman dengan makna yang tidak berbahaya yang sama dalam banyak bahasa yang dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Arab, seperti: Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Parsi, Turki, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesia, Melayu dan Bosnia / Kroasia. Dalam bahasa Arab, perkataan madrasah \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 hanya bermaksud sama seperti sekolah dalam bahasa Inggeris, sama ada sekolah swasta, sekolah awam atau parochial, dan juga untuk sekolah rendah atau menengah sama ada Muslim, bukan Islam, atau sekular. Tidak seperti penggunaan sekolah perkataan dalam bahasa Inggeris Inggeris, perkataan madrasah lebih mirip dengan sekolah istilah dalam Bahasa Inggeris Amerika, kerana ia boleh merujuk kepada peringkat universiti atau sekolah pasca siswazah serta sekolah rendah atau menengah. Sebagai contoh, dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah semasa Tempoh Moden Awal, madaris mempunyai sekolah rendah dan sekolah khusus di mana para pelajar dikenali sebagai dani\u015fmends. Kata Arab yang biasa untuk sebuah universiti, bagaimanapun, adalah \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 (j\u0101mi'ah). Midasha cognate Ibrani juga bermaksud makna tempat belajar; midrash istilah yang berkaitan secara literal merujuk kepada pembelajaran atau pembelajaran, tetapi telah memperoleh konotasi mistik dan agama. <> Apakah asal-usul akar kata madrasah? || triconsonantal Semitik <> Apakah terjemahan literal madrasah? || tempat belajar dan belajar berlaku <> Dalam bahasa Arab, apakah maksud madarasah? || sama seperti sekolah dalam bahasa Inggeris <> Semasa Empayar Uthmaniyyah, apakah jenis sekolah yang biasa? || sekolah rendah dan khusus <> Apa yang dipanggil pelajar di madaris? || dani\u015fmends", {"context": "The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root \u062f-\u0631-\u0633 D-R-S 'to learn, study', through the wazn (form/stem) \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0644(\u0629)\u200e; maf\u02bbal(ah), meaning \"a place where something is done\". Therefore, madrasah literally means \"a place where learning and studying take place\". The word is also present as a loanword with the same innocuous meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as: Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malay and Bosnian / Croatian. In the Arabic language, the word \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 madrasah simply means the same as school does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word school in British English, the word madrasah more closely resembles the term school in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the Ottoman Empire during the Early Modern Period, madaris had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as dani\u015fmends. The usual Arabic word for a university, however, is \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 (j\u0101mi\u02bbah). The Hebrew cognate midrasha also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term midrash literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "triconsonantal Semitic"}], "question": "What are the root origins of the word madrasah?", "id": "572a5fbab8ce0319002e2aed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "a place where learning and studying take place"}], "question": "What is the literal translation of madrasah?", "id": "572a5fbab8ce0319002e2aee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "same as school does in the English language"}], "question": "In Arabic, what does madarasah mean?", "id": "572a5fbab8ce0319002e2aef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1062, "text": "lower schools and specialised"}], "question": "During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were typical?", "id": "572a5fbab8ce0319002e2af0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1135, "text": "dani\u015fmends"}], "question": "What were the students in madaris called?", "id": "572a5fbab8ce0319002e2af1"}]}], ["Istilah Arab ij\u0101zat al-tadr\u012bs diberikan kepada ulama-ulama Islam yang layak mengajar. Menurut Makdisi, lisensi lesen bahasa Latin licentia docendi 'untuk mengajar' di universiti Eropah mungkin merupakan terjemahan bahasa Arab, tetapi konsep dasarnya sangat berbeza. Perbezaan yang signifikan antara ij\u0101zat al-tadri dan doktrin lesen adalah bahawa bekas itu dianugerahkan oleh sarjana-guru masing-masing, sementara yang terakhir dianugerahkan oleh ketua universiti, yang mewakili fakultas kolektif, bukannya sarjana individu -teacher. <> Apa yang mendapat pendapatan pelajar ijazat al-tadris? || lesen mengajar <> Siapa yang memberi lesen mengajar di sekolah Islam? || sarjana-guru individu <> Siapa yang memberi lesen mengajar di sekolah-sekolah Eropah? || ketua pegawai universiti <> Jenis jenis lesen yang berkait rapat dengan ijazat al-tadris? || licentia docendi", {"context": "The Arabic term ij\u0101zat al-tadr\u012bs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the ij\u0101zat al-tadr\u012bs and the licentia docendi was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "licence to teach"}], "question": "What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students?", "id": "572a6ea1d562191400bc86d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "individual scholar-teacher"}], "question": "Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools?", "id": "572a6ea1d562191400bc86d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "chief official of the university"}], "question": "Who awarded a teaching license in European schools?", "id": "572a6ea1d562191400bc86d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "licentia docendi"}], "question": "What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris?", "id": "572a6ea1d562191400bc86d4"}]}], ["Pakar Medieval yang mendefinisikan universiti itu sebagai perbadanan autonomi undang-undang tidak bersetuju dengan istilah \"universiti\" bagi madaris dan jariah Islam kerana universiti zaman pertengahan (dari universiti Latin) adalah berbeza daripada struktur, yang merupakan sebuah badan autonomi yang sah daripada institusi waqf seperti madrasah dan jamiah. Walaupun banyak persamaan, pakar zaman pertengahan telah mencipta istilah \"kolej Islam\" untuk madrasa dan j\u0101mi'ah untuk membezakan mereka dari syarikat autonomi yang sah bahawa universiti-universiti Eropah abad pertengahan. Dalam erti kata lain, madrasa menyerupai kolej universiti kerana ia mempunyai kebanyakan ciri-ciri universiti, tetapi tidak mempunyai unsur korporat. Toby Huff meringkaskan perbezaan seperti berikut: <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa madaris tidak sama dengan universiti-universiti Eropah tradisional? || Pakar Medievalist <> Apakah dua contoh waqf? || madrasa dan j\u0101mi'ah <> Apakah sarjana yang mengkhususkan diri dalam zaman pertengahan menggambarkan madaris? || Kolej Islam <> Apa yang dipercayai para sarjana hilang dari madaris yang menghalang mereka daripada dianggap sebagai universiti? || unsur korporat", {"context": "Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term \"university\" for the Islamic madaris and j\u0101mi\u2018ahs because the medieval university (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like the madrasa and j\u0101mi\u02bbah. Despite the many similarities, medieval specialists have coined the term \"Islamic college\" for madrasa and j\u0101mi\u02bbah to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were. In a sense, the madrasa resembles a university college in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element. Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Medievalist specialists"}], "question": "Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?", "id": "572a790e74f2e11900503fdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "madrasa and j\u0101mi\u02bbah"}], "question": "What are two examples of waqfs?", "id": "572a790e74f2e11900503fde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Islamic college"}], "question": "What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?", "id": "572a790d74f2e11900503fdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "corporate element"}], "question": "What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities?", "id": "572a790d74f2e11900503fdb"}]}], ["Terdapat perselisihan pendapat sama ada madaris pernah menjadi universiti. Ulama seperti Arnold H. Green dan Seyyed Hossein Nasr berpendapat bahawa bermula pada abad ke-10, beberapa madrasah zaman pertengahan Islam sememangnya menjadi universiti. Namun demikian, George Makdisi dan lain-lain berpendapat bahawa universiti Eropah tidak selari dalam dunia Islam zaman pertengahan. Darleen Pryds menyoal pandangan ini, menunjukkan bahawa madaris dan universiti-universiti Eropah di rantau Mediterranean berkongsi asas-asas yang serupa oleh pelanggan-pelanggan kerajaan dan bertujuan untuk menyediakan pentadbir setia untuk meneruskan agenda pemerintah. Para ulama lain menganggap universiti sebagai asal dan ciri-ciri unik Eropah. <> Bilakah beberapa orang madaris dianggap sebagai kolej tradisional? || Abad ke-10 <> Apa golongan orang yang mengasaskan kedua-dua universiti Eropah dan madaris Islam || Para pelopong para bangsawan <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai tujuan dasar madaris? || lagi agenda pemerintah <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa universiti-universiti Eropah dan madaris Islam mempunyai sedikit persamaan? || George Makdisi", {"context": "There is disagreement whether madaris ever became universities. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madaris indeed became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Darleen Pryds questions this view, pointing out that madaris and European universities in the Mediterranean region shared similar foundations by princely patrons and were intended to provide loyal administrators to further the rulers' agenda. Other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "10th century"}], "question": "When did some madaris become considered like traditional colleges?", "id": "572a73ae27b69114009ef5c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "princely patrons"}], "question": "What class of people founded both European universities and Islamic madaris", "id": "572a73ae27b69114009ef5c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "further the rulers' agenda"}], "question": "What was considered to be the underlying purpose of madaris?", "id": "572a73ae27b69114009ef5c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "George Makdisi"}], "question": "Who argued that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common?", "id": "572a73ae27b69114009ef5c9"}]}], ["Universiti al-Qaraw\u012by\u012b di Fez, Maghribi diiktiraf oleh ramai ahli sejarah sebagai universiti pemberian ijazah tertua di dunia, yang telah diasaskan pada tahun 859 oleh Fatima al-Fihri. Walaupun kolej madrasah juga boleh mengeluarkan ijazah di semua peringkat, j\u0101mi'ahs (seperti al-Qaraw\u012by\u012bn dan Universiti al-Azhar) berbeza dengan pengertian bahawa mereka adalah institusi yang lebih besar, lebih universal dari segi sumber pengajian mereka yang lengkap, mempunyai fakulti individu untuk mata pelajaran yang berbeza, dan boleh menempatkan beberapa masjid, madaris, dan institusi lain di dalamnya. Institusi sedemikian telah digambarkan sebagai \"universiti Islam\". <> Bilakah universiti al-Qarawiyin ditubuhkan? || 859 <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Universiti al-Qarawiyin? || Fatima al-Fihri <> Jenis gelaran apa yang diperoleh di Universiti al-Qarawiyin? || semua peringkat <> Apa bangunan keagamaan ditempatkan di dalam al-Qarawiyin University? || masjid <> Apa jenis guru di al-Qarawiyin University? || fakulti individu untuk subjek yang berbeza", {"context": "al-Qaraw\u012by\u012bn University in Fez, Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the j\u0101mi\u02bbahs (such as al-Qaraw\u012by\u012bn and al-Azhar University) differed in the sense that they were larger institutions, more universal in terms of their complete source of studies, had individual faculties for different subjects, and could house a number of mosques, madaris, and other institutions within them. Such an institution has thus been described as an \"Islamic university\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "859"}], "question": "When was al-Qarawiyin University founded?", "id": "572a74b727b69114009ef5ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Fatima al-Fihri"}], "question": "Who founded al-Qarawiyin University?", "id": "572a74b727b69114009ef5cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "all levels"}], "question": "What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University?", "id": "572a74b727b69114009ef5d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "mosques"}], "question": "What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University?", "id": "572a74b727b69114009ef5d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "individual faculties for different subjects"}], "question": "What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University?", "id": "572a74b727b69114009ef5d2"}]}], ["Kebanyakan kajian di kolej madrasah berpusat pada mengkaji sama ada pendapat tertentu undang-undang adalah ortodoks. Proses ilmiah ini \"menentukan ortodoksi bermula dengan soalan yang orang awam Islam, yang disebut dalam kemampuan itu mustaft\u012b, dikemukakan kepada seorang jurisconsult, yang dipanggil mufti, meminta kepadanya respon, disebut fatwa, pendapat hukum (undang-undang agama Islam meliputi sivil dan juga perkara-perkara keagamaan) Mufti (profesor pendapat undang-undang) mengajukan soalan ini, mengkajinya, meneliti secara intensif dalam kitab-kitab suci, untuk mencari penyelesaiannya. Proses penyelidikan ilmiah ini disebut ijtih\u0101d, usaha usaha seseorang untuk mencapai batas maksimum. \" <> Apa penentuan kajian undang-undang telah diadakan untuk banyak perdebatan? || sama ada pendapat undang-undang tertentu ortodoks <> Apa jenis perkara yang dilindungi melalui undang-undang Islam? || sivil serta agama <> Apakah istilah Islam untuk menerbitkan pendapat undang-undang? || fatwa <> Apakah ijtihad? || proses penyelidikan ilmiah", {"context": "Much of the study in the madrasah college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of \"determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity mustaft\u012b, presented to a jurisconsult, called mufti, soliciting from him a response, called fatwa, a legal opinion (the religious law of Islam covers civil as well as religious matters). The mufti (professor of legal opinions) took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it. This process of scholarly research was called ijtih\u0101d, literally, the exertion of one's efforts to the utmost limit.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "whether certain opinions of law were orthodox"}], "question": "What determination of the study of law was held to much debate?", "id": "572a7282fed8de19000d5c17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "civil as well as religious"}], "question": "What type of matters are covered through Islamic law?", "id": "572a7282fed8de19000d5c19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "fatwa"}], "question": "What is the Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?", "id": "572a7282fed8de19000d5c18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "process of scholarly research"}], "question": "What is ijtihad?", "id": "572a7282fed8de19000d5c1a"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh formatifnya, istilah madrasah merujuk kepada institusi pengajian tinggi, yang kurikulumnya pada awalnya hanya termasuk \"sains agama\", manakala falsafah dan sains sekular sering dikecualikan. Kurikulum perlahan-lahan mulai mempelbagaikan, dengan banyak madaris kemudian mengajar kedua-dua agama dan \"sains sekular\", seperti logik, matematik dan falsafah. Sesetengah orang madaris melanjutkan lagi kurikulum mereka kepada sejarah, politik, etika, muzik, metafizik, perubatan, astronomi dan kimia. Kurikulum madrasah biasanya ditetapkan oleh pengasasnya, tetapi kebanyakannya mengajar sains dan sains fizikal. Madaris didirikan di seluruh dunia Islam, contohnya abad ke-9 Universiti al-Qarawiyyin, abad ke-10 Universiti al-Azhar (yang paling terkenal), abad ke-11 Ni\u1e93\u0101m\u012byah, serta 75 madaris di Kairo, 51 di Damsyik dan ke 44 di Aleppo antara 1155 dan 1260. Ramai lagi juga ditubuhkan di bandar Andalusia di C\u00f3rdoba, Seville, Toledo, Granada (Madrasah Granada), Murcia, Almeria, Valencia dan C\u00e1diz semasa Khalifah C\u00f3rdoba. <> Apakah disiplin diteliti di madrasah tradisional? || sains agama <> Apa yang ditinggalkan secara tradisional daripada kurikulum madrasah? || falsafah dan sains sekular <> Siapa yang memutuskan kandungan yang akan dihantar di madrasah tertentu? || pengasasnya <> Apa madrasah yang paling terkenal? || Universiti al-Azhar <> Berapa banyak madaris telah ditubuhkan di Kairo? || 75", {"context": "During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the \"religious sciences\", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and the \"secular sciences\", such as logic, mathematics and philosophy. Some madaris further extended their curriculum to history, politics, ethics, music, metaphysics, medicine, astronomy and chemistry. The curriculum of a madrasah was usually set by its founder, but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences. Madaris were established throughout the Islamic world, examples being the 9th century University of al-Qarawiyyin, the 10th century al-Azhar University (the most famous), the 11th century Ni\u1e93\u0101m\u012byah, as well as 75 madaris in Cairo, 51 in Damascus and up to 44 in Aleppo between 1155 and 1260. Many more were also established in the Andalusian cities of C\u00f3rdoba, Seville, Toledo, Granada (Madrasah of Granada), Murcia, Almer\u00eda, Valencia and C\u00e1diz during the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "religious sciences"}], "question": "What discipline was studied in traditional madrasah?", "id": "572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "philosophy and the secular sciences"}], "question": "What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum?", "id": "572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "its founder"}], "question": "Who decided the content that would be delivered in a particular madrasah?", "id": "572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "al-Azhar University"}], "question": "What is the most widely known madrasah?", "id": "572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "75"}], "question": "How many madaris have been founded in Cairo?", "id": "572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c07"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, pengklasifikasian madaris sebagai \"universiti\" dipertikaikan mengenai persoalan pemahaman setiap institusi dengan syaratnya sendiri. Di madaris, ijarzah hanya dikeluarkan dalam satu bidang, undang-undang agama Islam shar\u012b'ah, dan tidak ada bidang pembelajaran lain. Subjek akademik lain, termasuk sains semula jadi, falsafah dan kajian sastera, hanya dirawat \"sampingan\" untuk kajian Syariah. Misalnya, sains semulajadi seperti astronomi hanya dikaji (sekiranya sama sekali) untuk membekalkan keperluan agama, seperti masa untuk berdoa. Inilah sebabnya mengapa astronomi Ptolemaic dianggap mencukupi, dan masih diajar dalam beberapa hari moden. Ijazah sarjana undang-undang Islam dari al-Azhar, madrasah yang paling berprestij, secara tradisi diberikan tanpa peperiksaan akhir, tetapi berdasarkan kehadiran para pelajar ke arah kursus. Berbeza dengan doktor falsafah zaman pertengahan yang diberikan oleh pihak berkuasa kolektif fakulti, ijazah Islam tidak diberikan oleh guru kepada murid berdasarkan apa-apa kriteria rasmi, tetapi tetap menjadi \"perkara peribadi, hak istimewa tunggal orang yang memberikannya ; tiada siapa yang dapat memaksanya untuk memberikannya \". <> Bidang apakah ijazah menandakan kepakaran? || Undang-undang agama Islam shar\u012b'ah <> Apakah tujuan mempelajari sains semula jadi di madaris? || membekalkan keperluan agama <> Siapa yang memutuskan jika seorang pelajar memperoleh ijazah undang-undang di madaris sarjana? || guru <> Apa disiplin saintifik yang masih diajar di madaris moden? || Ptolemaik astronomi <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai madrasa yang paling terkenal? || al-Azhar", {"context": "However, the classification of madaris as \"universities\" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ij\u0101zahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of shar\u012b\u02bbah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural sciences, philosophy and literary studies, were only treated \"ancillary\" to the study of the Sharia. For example, a natural science like astronomy was only studied (if at all) to supply religious needs, like the time for prayer. This is why Ptolemaic astronomy was considered adequate, and is still taught in some modern day madaris. The Islamic law undergraduate degree from al-Azhar, the most prestigious madrasa, was traditionally granted without final examinations, but on the basis of the students' attentive attendance to courses. In contrast to the medieval doctorate which was granted by the collective authority of the faculty, the Islamic degree was not granted by the teacher to the pupil based on any formal criteria, but remained a \"personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Islamic religious law of shar\u012b\u02bbah"}], "question": "What field does the ijazah signify expertise in?", "id": "572a775074f2e11900503fd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "supply religious needs"}], "question": "What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris?", "id": "572a775074f2e11900503fd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 991, "text": "the teacher"}], "question": "Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?", "id": "572a775074f2e11900503fd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Ptolemaic astronomy"}], "question": "What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris?", "id": "572a775074f2e11900503fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "al-Azhar"}], "question": "What is considered the most famous madrasa?", "id": "572a775074f2e11900503fd5"}]}], ["Universiti Al-Azhar, yang ditubuhkan di Kaherah, Mesir pada tahun 975 oleh Isma'\u012bl\u012b Sh\u012b'\u012b Fatimid dinasti sebagai j\u0101mi'ah, mempunyai fakultas individu untuk seminari teologi, hukum Islam dan perundangan, tatabahasa Arab, astronomi Islam, falsafah Islam awal dan logik dalam falsafah Islam. Doktor Falsafah pascasiswazah dalam undang-undang hanya diperolehi selepas \"peperiksaan lisan untuk menentukan keaslian tesis calon\", dan untuk menguji keupayaan pelajar untuk mempertahankannya terhadap semua bantahan, dalam perselisihan yang ditubuhkan untuk tujuan itu. 'Abd al-La\u1e6d\u012bf al-Baghdadi juga menyampaikan ceramah tentang perubatan Islam di al-Azhar, sementara Maimonides menyampaikan ceramah tentang perubatan dan astronomi di sana pada masa Saladin. Satu lagi j\u0101mi'ah awal ialah Ni\u1e93\u0101m\u012byah Baghd\u0101d (diasaskan 1091), yang dipanggil \"universiti terbesar dunia Abad Pertengahan.\" Mustansiriya University, ditubuhkan oleh'Abb\u0101sid khalifah al-Mustan\u1e63ir pada tahun 1233, selain mengajar mata pelajaran agama, menawarkan kursus-kursus yang berurusan dengan falsafah, matematik dan sains alam. <> Bilakah Universiti Al-Azhar ditubuhkan? || 975 <> Di mana Universiti Al-Azhar terletak? || Kaherah, Mesir <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk mendapatkan ijazah undang-undang di Universiti Al-Azhar? || peperiksaan lisan <> Siapa seorang profesor astronomi di Universiti Al-Azhar? || Maimonides <> Apakah Nizamiyah Baghdad paling terkenal? || universiti terbesar di dunia zaman pertengahan", {"context": "Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Isma\u02bb\u012bl\u012b Sh\u012b\u02bb\u012b Fatimid dynasty as a j\u0101mi\u02bbah, had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. The postgraduate doctorate in law was only obtained after \"an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses\", and to test the student's \"ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose.\" \u2018Abd al-La\u1e6d\u012bf al-Baghd\u0101d\u012b also delivered lectures on Islamic medicine at al-Azhar, while Maimonides delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of Saladin. Another early j\u0101mi\u02bbah was the Ni\u1e93\u0101m\u012byah of Baghd\u0101d (founded 1091), which has been called the \"largest university of the Medieval world.\" Mustansiriya University, established by the \u02bbAbb\u0101sid caliph al-Mustan\u1e63ir in 1233, in addition to teaching the religious subjects, offered courses dealing with philosophy, mathematics and the natural sciences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "975"}], "question": "When was Al-Azhar University founded?", "id": "572a75af74f2e11900503fbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Cairo, Egypt"}], "question": "Where is Al-Azhar University located?", "id": "572a75af74f2e11900503fbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "an oral examination"}], "question": "What was required to earn a law degree at Al-Azhar University?", "id": "572a75af74f2e11900503fbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "Maimonides"}], "question": "Who was an astronomy professor at Al-Azhar University?", "id": "572a75af74f2e11900503fc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "largest university of the Medieval world"}], "question": "What is Nizamiyah of Baghdad most known for?", "id": "572a75af74f2e11900503fc1"}]}], ["Madaris sebahagian besarnya berpusat pada kajian fiqh (perundangan Islam). The ij\u0101zat al-tadri wa-al-ift\u0101' (\"lesen untuk mengajar dan mengeluarkan pendapat undang-undang\") dalam sistem pendidikan undang-undang zaman pertengahan Islam mempunyai asal-usulnya pada abad ke-9 selepas pembentukan madh\u0101hib (sekolah yurisprudensi). George Makdisi menganggap ijarzah sebagai asal usul doktor falsafah Eropah. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam artikel yang lebih awal, beliau menganggap ijarzah sebagai \"perbezaan asas\" kepada doktor kedokteran abad pertengahan, kerana bekas itu dianugerahkan oleh seorang sarjana-guru individu yang tidak diwajibkan mengikuti mana-mana kriteria formal, sedangkan yang terakhir diberikan kepada pelajar oleh pihak kolektif fakulti. Untuk memperoleh ijazah, seorang pelajar \"terpaksa belajar di sekolah undang-undang persatuan, biasanya empat tahun untuk kursus sarjana asas\" dan sepuluh tahun atau lebih untuk kursus pascasiswazah. \"Doktor diperolehi selepas peperiksaan lisan untuk menentukan keaslian tesis calon\", dan untuk menguji keupayaan pelajar untuk mempertahankannya terhadap semua bantahan, dalam pertikaian yang ditubuhkan untuk tujuan itu. \" Ini adalah latihan ilmiah yang diamalkan sepanjang \"karir pelajar sebagai pelajar siswazah undang-undang.\" Setelah pelajar menyelesaikan pendidikan pasca siswazah, mereka dianugerahkan ijazas yang memberi mereka status schqqh 'ulama fiqih', ulama mufti yang berwibawa dalam mengeluarkan fatwah ', dan guru mudarris'. <> Apa istilah merujuk kepada undang-undang Islam? || fiqh <> Bilakah sekolah undang-undang Islam bermula? || Abad ke-9 <> Berapa lamakah pelajar perlu belajar undang-undang, di sekolah lulusan undang-undang Islam awal, untuk lulus? || Sepuluh atau lebih tahun <> Apa sekolah tradisional yang dipertimbangkan selepas model sekolah lepasan Islam tradisional? || Doktor falsafah Eropah", {"context": "Madaris were largely centred on the study of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The ij\u0101zat al-tadr\u012bs wa-al-ift\u0101\u02bc (\"licence to teach and issue legal opinions\") in the medieval Islamic legal education system had its origins in the 9th century after the formation of the madh\u0101hib (schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi considers the ij\u0101zah to be the origin of the European doctorate. However, in an earlier article, he considered the ij\u0101zah to be of \"fundamental difference\" to the medieval doctorate, since the former was awarded by an individual teacher-scholar not obliged to follow any formal criteria, whereas the latter was conferred on the student by the collective authority of the faculty. To obtain an ij\u0101zah, a student \"had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course\" and ten or more years for a post-graduate course. The \"doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses\", and to test the student's \"ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose.\" These were scholarly exercises practised throughout the student's \"career as a graduate student of law.\" After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded ijazas giving them the status of faq\u012bh 'scholar of jurisprudence', muft\u012b 'scholar competent in issuing fatw\u0101s', and mudarris 'teacher'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "fiqh"}], "question": "What term refers to Islamic law?", "id": "572a6d8a7a1753140016af3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "9th century"}], "question": "When did Islamic law school begin?", "id": "572a6d8a7a1753140016af3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "ten or more years"}], "question": "How long did a student have to study law, in early Islamic law graduate schools, in order to graduate?", "id": "572a6d8a7a1753140016af3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "European doctorate"}], "question": "What traditional schooling has been considered modeled after the traditional Islamic graduate schools?", "id": "572a6d8a7a1753140016af3f"}]}], ["Sebagai institusi pengajian tinggi Islam, madrasah mempunyai perundangan waqf yang sah. Di tengah-tengah tanah Islam pusat dan timur, pandangan bahawa madrasasa sebagai pemberi amal akan tetap berada di bawah kendali penderma (dan keturunan mereka), mengakibatkan \"spurt\" penubuhan madaris pada abad ke-11 dan ke-12. Walau bagaimanapun, di tanah Islam Barat, di mana pandangan Maliki melarang penderma daripada mengawal endowmen mereka, madaris tidak begitu popular. Tidak seperti penubuhan korporat institusi pengajian tinggi Barat, penamaan waqf seolah-olah telah menyebabkan pengecualian subjek keagamaan bukan ortodoks seperti falsafah dan sains semulajadi dari kurikulum. Madrasah al-Qaraw\u012by\u012bn, salah satu dari dua madaris yang masih hidup yang mendahului pendirian universiti zaman pertengahan yang paling awal dan dengan demikian mendakwa sebagai \"universiti pertama\" oleh beberapa pengarang, telah memperoleh status universiti rasmi sehingga 1947. Yang lain, al-Azhar, telah memperoleh status ini dalam nama dan esensi hanya dalam pembaharuan yang banyak pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, terutamanya salah satu daripada 1961 yang memperkenalkan mata pelajaran bukan agama ke dalam kurikulumnya, seperti ekonomi, kejuruteraan, perubatan, dan pertanian. Perlu juga diperhatikan bahawa banyak universiti zaman pertengahan berlari selama berabad-abad sebagai sekolah katedral Kristian atau sekolah monastik sebelum penubuhan formal mereka sebagai universiti scholarium; bukti pendahulu terdekat universiti ini bermula pada abad ke-6 AD, dengan demikian sebelum pendahulu yang paling awal. George Makdisi, yang telah menerbitkan paling banyak mengenai topik itu menyimpulkan dalam perbandingannya antara kedua institusi: <> Bilakah lebih banyak madaris mula terbentuk dengan lebih cepat? || Abad ke-11 dan ke-12 <> Di manakah madaris dianggap kurang diingini? || Tanah Islam Barat <> Bilakah al-Qarawiyin secara rasmi menjadi universiti? || 1947 <> Apabila madaris dianggap sebagai amal, yang mengawal sekolah? || penderma <> Apakah disiplin yang diperkenalkan di al-Azhar pada tahun 1961? || ekonomi, kejuruteraan, perubatan, dan pertanian", {"context": "As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of waqf. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a \"spurt\" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, in Western Islamic lands, where the Maliki views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madaris were not as popular. Unlike the corporate designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf designation seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula. The madrasa of al-Qaraw\u012by\u012bn, one of the two surviving madaris that predate the founding of the earliest medieval universities and are thus claimed to be the \"first universities\" by some authors, has acquired official university status as late as 1947. The other, al-Azhar, did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century, notably the one of 1961 which introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum, such as economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture. It should also be noted that many medieval universities were run for centuries as Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools prior to their formal establishment as universitas scholarium; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the university dates back to the 6th century AD, thus well preceding the earliest madaris. George Makdisi, who has published most extensively on the topic concludes in his comparison between the two institutions:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "11th and 12th centuries"}], "question": "When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly?", "id": "572a7aff34ae481900deab39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Western Islamic lands"}], "question": "Where are madaris considered less desirable?", "id": "572a7aff34ae481900deab3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 943, "text": "1947"}], "question": "When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university?", "id": "572a7aff34ae481900deab3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "the donor"}], "question": "When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the school?", "id": "572a7aff34ae481900deab3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1178, "text": "economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture"}], "question": "What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961?", "id": "572a7aff34ae481900deab3d"}]}], ["Sebelum abad ke-12, wanita menyumbang kurang daripada satu peratus daripada sarjana Islam dunia. Walau bagaimanapun, al-Sakhawi dan Mohammad Akram Nadwi telah menemui bukti lebih daripada 8,000 ulama wanita sejak abad ke-15. al-Sakhawi membekalkan keseluruhan kamus biografi 12-volume al-\u1e0caw' al-l\u0101mi' kepada ulama wanita, memberikan maklumat tentang 1,075 daripadanya. Baru-baru ini, ulama Mohammad Akram Nadwi, yang kini seorang penyelidik dari Pusat Pengajian Islam Pusat Oxford, telah menulis 40 jilid pada mu\u1e25addith\u0101t (ulama wanita \u1e25ad\u012bth), dan mendapati sekurang-kurangnya 8,000 daripadanya. <> Berapa peratus wanita Islam dididik sebelum 1200an? || kurang daripada satu peratus <> Berapa ramai ulama Islam perempuan yang direkodkan selepas tahun 1400? || lebih dari 8,000 <> Dalam buku apakah yang dimaksudkan untuk kajian pelajar perempuan Islam? || al-\u1e0caw' al-l\u0101mi' <> Berapa banyak pelajar wanita yang dibincangkan dalam al-Daw 'al-Iami? || 1,075", {"context": "Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world\u2019s Islamic scholars. However, al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-\u1e0caw\u02be al-l\u0101mi\u02bb to female scholars, giving information on 1,075 of them. More recently, the scholar Mohammad Akram Nadwi, currently a researcher from the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, has written 40 volumes on the mu\u1e25addith\u0101t (the women scholars of \u1e25ad\u012bth), and found at least 8,000 of them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "less than one percent"}], "question": "What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 1200s?", "id": "572a7f2034ae481900deab4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "over 8,000"}], "question": "How many female Islamic scholars were on record after the 1400s?", "id": "572a7f2034ae481900deab4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "al-\u1e0caw\u02be al-l\u0101mi\u02bb"}], "question": "In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic female students?", "id": "572a7f2034ae481900deab4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "1,075"}], "question": "How many female students were discussed in the al-Daw' al-Iami?", "id": "572a7f2034ae481900deab50"}]}], ["Menurut ulama Sunni Ibn'As\u0101kir pada abad ke-12, terdapat peluang untuk pendidikan wanita di dunia Islam abad pertengahan, menulis bahwa wanita dapat belajar, mendapatkan ijazah (ijazah akademik), dan memenuhi syarat sebagai ulama dan guru. Hal ini terutama berlaku untuk keluarga yang belajar dan ilmiah, yang ingin memastikan pendidikan tertinggi bagi anak lelaki dan anak perempuan mereka. Ibn'Asakir sendiri belajar di bawah 80 guru wanita yang berbeza pada zamannya. Pendidikan perempuan di dunia Islam diilhami oleh isteri-isteri Muhammad, seperti Khadijah, seorang ahli perniagaan yang berjaya. Mengikut hadith yang dikaitkan dengan Muhammad, dia memuji wanita Madinah kerana keinginan mereka untuk pengetahuan agama: <> Apa gelar yang boleh diperoleh wanita dengan pergi ke sekolah Islam? || ulama dan guru <> yang ingin memastikan anak perempuan mereka dididik di sekolah Islam? || kanak-kanak yang belajar dan ilmiah <> Mengapa Nabi Muhammad menghormati wanita di Madinah? || keinginan mereka untuk pengetahuan agama <> Siapakah yang menciptakan jalan untuk pendidikan bagi wanita di dunia Islam? || Isteri-isteri Muhammad <> Yang mana satu daripada isteri-isteri Muhammad mempunyai kesan tertentu terhadap pandangan wanita dan pendidikan? || Khadijah", {"context": "According to the Sunni scholar Ibn \u02bbAs\u0101kir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women could study, earn ijazahs (academic degrees), and qualify as scholars and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. Ibn \u02bbAsakir had himself studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by Muhammad's wives, such as Khadijah, a successful businesswoman. According to a hadith attributed to Muhammad, he praised the women of Medina because of their desire for religious knowledge:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "scholars and teachers"}], "question": "What titles could women earn by going to Islamic schools?", "id": "572a8196be1ee31400cb8057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "learned and scholarly families"}], "question": "Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were educated in Islamic schools?", "id": "572a8196be1ee31400cb8058"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "their desire for religious knowledge"}], "question": "Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem women in Medina?", "id": "572a8196be1ee31400cb8059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Muhammad's wives"}], "question": "Who created a pathway for education for women in the Islamic world?", "id": "572a8196be1ee31400cb805a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Khadijah"}], "question": "Which one of Muhammad's wives had a particular impact on his view of women and education?", "id": "572a8196be1ee31400cb805b"}]}], ["Hari ini, sistem pendidikan Arab dan Islam telah berkembang dan digabungkan dengan pentadbiran kerajaan Kerala. Pada tahun 2005, kira-kira 6,000 guru bahasa Arab Muslim mengajar di sekolah kerajaan Kerala, dengan lebih 500,000 pelajar Islam. Jawatankuasa yang dilantik oleh kerajaan, bukan masjid swasta atau cendekiawan agama di luar kerajaan, menentukan kurikulum dan akreditasi sekolah dan kolej baru. Pendidikan rendah dalam bahasa Arab dan pengajian Islam tersedia untuk umat Islam Kerala hampir sepenuhnya dalam program madrasah selepas sekolah - tajam tidak seperti madaris sepenuh masa yang lazim di utara India, yang dapat menggantikan sekolah formal. Kolej Bahasa Arab (lebih dari sebelas di antaranya ada di Universiti Calicut dan Universiti Kannur) yang diberikan B.A. dan ijazah peringkat Sarjana. Di semua peringkat, pengajaran adalah pendidikan bersama, dengan banyak pengajar wanita dan profesor. Lembaga pendidikan Islam secara bebas dijalankan oleh organisasi berikut, yang diakui oleh kerajaan negeri Kerala: Lembaga Pendidikan Islam Samastha Kerala, Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen, Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, dan Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind. <> Berapa ramai pelajar Islam yang ada di Kerala? || lebih 500,000 <> Berapa banyak guru muslim yang ada di Kerala? || 6,000 <> Siapa yang menentukan kandungan yang diajar di sekolah awam Arab? || Jawatankuasa-jawatankuasa yang dilantik <> Apa jenis program yang menyediakan pengajaran Islam tradisional? || selepas sekolah <> Apakah format sekolah untuk kanak-kanak lelaki dan perempuan? || bersama pendidikan", {"context": "Today, the system of Arabic and Islamic education has grown and further integrated with Kerala government administration. In 2005, an estimated 6,000 Muslim Arabic teachers taught in Kerala government schools, with over 500,000 Muslim students. State-appointed committees, not private mosques or religious scholars outside the government, determine the curriculum and accreditation of new schools and colleges. Primary education in Arabic and Islamic studies is available to Kerala Muslims almost entirely in after-school madrasa programs - sharply unlike full-time madaris common in north India, which may replace formal schooling. Arabic colleges (over eleven of which exist within the state-run University of Calicut and the Kannur University) provide B.A. and Masters' level degrees. At all levels, instruction is co-educational, with many women instructors and professors. Islamic education boards are independently run by the following organizations, accredited by the Kerala state government: Samastha Kerala Islamic Education Board, Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen, Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, and Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "over 500,000"}], "question": "How many Muslim students are there in Kerala?", "id": "572a8a8034ae481900deab67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "6,000"}], "question": "How many Muslim teachers are there in Kerala?", "id": "572a8a8034ae481900deab68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "State-appointed committees"}], "question": "Who determines the content taught in Arabic public schools?", "id": "572a8a8034ae481900deab69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "after-school"}], "question": "What types of programs provide traditional Islamic teaching?", "id": "572a8a8034ae481900deab6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "co-educational"}], "question": "What is the format of school for girls and boys?", "id": "572a8a8034ae481900deab6b"}]}], ["Di India majoriti sekolah-sekolah ini mengikuti sekolah pemikiran Hanafi. Penubuhan agama merupakan sebahagian dari dua bahagian besar di dalam negeri, iaitu Deobandis, yang menguasai bilangan (di mana Darul Uloom Deoband merupakan salah satu madaris terbesar) dan Barelvis, yang juga membentuk sebahagian besar (Sufi -oriented). Beberapa pertubuhan yang terkenal termasuk: Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Mubarakpur, Manzar Islam Bareilly, Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi, Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad yang merupakan salah satu pusat pembelajaran terbesar bagi Barelvis. Kementerian Sumber Manusia [klarifikasi diperlukan] Kementerian India baru-baru ini [apabila?] Mengisytiharkan bahawa Lembaga Pusat Madrasa akan ditubuhkan. Ini akan meningkatkan sistem pendidikan madaris di India. Walaupun madaris menyebarkan pendidikan Al-Quran terutama, usaha menyertakan Matematik, Komputer dan sains dalam kurikulum. Pada bulan Julai 2015, kerajaan negeri Maharashtra telah mewujudkan pendidikan madrasah yang diiktiraf, menerima kritikan dari beberapa parti politik dengan NCP yang menuduh BJP memerintah mewujudkan geseran Hindu-Muslim di negeri ini, dan Kamal Farooqui dari All India Muslim Personal Lembaga Undang-undang mengatakan ia \"direka bentuk tidak baik\" <> Kumpulan apa yang membentuk peratusan yang lebih besar di India? || Deobandis <> Berapa masalah yang timbul akibat konflik politik di sekolah? || Geseran Hindu-Muslim <> Apakah sekolah terbesar bagi orang Barelvis di India? || Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad <> Apakah disiplin ilmu India yang ingin diperkenalkan kepada madaris? || Matematik, Komputer dan sains <> Dalam tahun apakah kerajaan India mula berhenti mengiktiraf madaris sebagai sekolah? || 2015", {"context": "In India the majority of these schools follow the Hanafi school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the Darul Uloom Deoband constitutes one of the biggest madaris) and the Barelvis, who also make up a sizeable portion (Sufi-oriented). Some notable establishments include: Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Mubarakpur, Manzar Islam Bareilly, Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi, Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the Barelvis. The HR[clarification needed] ministry of the government of India has recently[when?] declared that a Central Madrasa Board would be set up. This will enhance the education system of madaris in India. Though the madaris impart Quranic education mainly, efforts are on to include Mathematics, Computers and science in the curriculum. In July 2015, the state government of Maharashtra created a stir de-recognised madrasa education, receiving critisicm from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state, and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was \"ill-designed\" ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Deobandis"}], "question": "What group makes up a larger percentage of people in India?", "id": "572a8990f75d5e190021fb56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1098, "text": "Hindu-Muslim friction"}], "question": "What problems are arising due to the political conflicts over schools?", "id": "572a8990f75d5e190021fb5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad"}], "question": "What is the largest school for Barelvis people in India?", "id": "572a8990f75d5e190021fb57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "Mathematics, Computers and science"}], "question": "What disciplines does India want to introduce to madaris?", "id": "572a8990f75d5e190021fb58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "2015"}], "question": "In what year did the Indian government begin to stop recognizing madaris as schools?", "id": "572a8990f75d5e190021fb59"}]}], ["Dari sekitar 750, semasa Khalifah Abbasiyah, wanita \"menjadi terkenal dengan otak mereka serta kecantikan mereka\". Khususnya, banyak wanita terkenal pada masa itu dilatih sejak kecil dalam muzik, menari dan puisi. Mahbuba adalah salah satu daripada ini. Seorang tokoh feminin yang dikenang untuk pencapaiannya ialah Tawaddud, \"seorang budak perempuan yang dikatakan telah dibeli dengan harga yang sangat mahal oleh H\u0101r\u016bn al-Rash\u012bd kerana dia telah lulus peperiksaannya oleh ulama yang paling terkenal dalam bidang astronomi, perubatan, undang-undang, falsafah , muzik, sejarah, tatabahasa Arab, kesusasteraan, teologi dan catur \". Selain itu, antara tokoh feminin yang paling terkenal ialah Shuhda yang dikenali sebagai \"Cendekiawan\" atau \"Kebanggaan Wanita\" pada abad ke-12 di Baghdad. Walaupun pengiktirafan terhadap kebolehan wanita semasa dinasti Abbasiyah, semua ini berakhir di Iraq dengan karung Baghdad pada tahun 1258. <> Apakah disiplin yang dilatih wanita pada abad pertama? || muzik, tarian dan puisi <> Siapakah ulama wanita yang paling terkenal di sekolah Islam? || Shuhda <> Di mana Shuhda bersekolah? || Baghdad <> Bilakah pendidikan formal untuk wanita Islam dihentikan? || 1258 <> Selama mana Khalifah wanita Islam mula menghadiri sekolah formal? || Abbasid", {"context": "From around 750, during the Abbasid Caliphate, women \u201cbecame renowned for their brains as well as their beauty\u201d. In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in music, dancing and poetry. Mahbuba was one of these. Another feminine figure to be remembered for her achievements was Tawaddud, \"a slave girl who was said to have been bought at great cost by H\u0101r\u016bn al-Rash\u012bd because she had passed her examinations by the most eminent scholars in astronomy, medicine, law, philosophy, music, history, Arabic grammar, literature, theology and chess\". Moreover, among the most prominent feminine figures was Shuhda who was known as \"the Scholar\" or \"the Pride of Women\" during the 12th century in Baghdad. Despite the recognition of women's aptitudes during the Abbasid dynasty, all these came to an end in Iraq with the sack of Baghdad in 1258.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "music, dancing and poetry"}], "question": "What disciplines were women trained in during the first century?", "id": "572a8012be1ee31400cb8043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "Shuhda"}], "question": "Who was the most well known female scholar in Islamic schools?", "id": "572a8012be1ee31400cb8044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "Baghdad"}], "question": "Where did Shuhda attend school?", "id": "572a8012be1ee31400cb8045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 865, "text": "1258"}], "question": "When was formal education for Islamic women halted?", "id": "572a8012be1ee31400cb8046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Abbasid"}], "question": "During which Caliphate did Islamic women begin attending formal school?", "id": "572a8012be1ee31400cb8047"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, semua aspek kehidupan universiti zaman pertengahan ini dipertimbangkan oleh biasiswa standard untuk menjadi perkembangan zaman pertengahan Eropah yang bebas tanpa pengaruh Islam yang boleh dikesan. Pada umumnya, beberapa pengulas telah menunjukkan kecenderungan Makdisi yang melampaui kesnya dengan hanya menghidupkan \"pengumpulan parallels rapat\", tetapi tidak dapat menunjuk pada saluran transmisi yang meyakinkan antara dunia Islam dan Kristian. Norman Daniel menunjukkan bahawa persamaan Arab dari perselisihan Latin, taliqa, telah dikhaskan untuk mahkamah pemerintah, bukan madrasah, dan perbezaan sebenar antara fiqh Islam dan undang-undang sivil zaman pertengahan Eropah adalah mendalam. The taliqa hanya mencapai Islam Sepanyol, satu-satunya titik penghantaran, selepas penubuhan universiti abad pertengahan yang pertama. Sebenarnya, tiada terjemahan Latin dari taliqa dan, yang paling penting, tidak ada bukti cendekiawan Latin yang pernah menunjukkan kesadaran tentang pengaruh Arab terhadap kaedah pemecahan Latin, sesuatu yang pasti mereka patut diberi perhatian. Sebaliknya, ia adalah penerimaan Medieval dari Organon Yunani yang menetapkan skolastik dan tidak bergerak. Daniel menyimpulkan bahawa kemiripan dalam kaedah lebih banyak dengan dua agama yang mempunyai \"masalah biasa: untuk menyelaraskan pernyataan yang bertentangan dengan pihak berkuasa mereka sendiri, dan untuk melindungi data wahyu dari kesan falsafah Yunani\"; Oleh itu, skolastik Kristian dan konsep Arab yang serupa harus dilihat dari segi kejadian yang selari, bukannya transmisi idea dari satu ke yang lain, pandangan yang dikongsi oleh Hugh Kennedy. <> Apa agama lain yang dianggap berkongsi persamaan dalam gaya pengajaran dengan iman orang Islam? || Kristian <> Apakah Makdisi dituduh lakukan ketika menilai persamaan antara sekolah-sekolah Eropah dan Islam? || melebihkan kesnya <> Apakah versi fiqh Eropah? || Undang-undang sivil <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh para sarjana adalah sebab persamaan antara sekolah Islam dan Eropah? || kejadian selari", {"context": "However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by standard scholarship to be independent medieval European developments with no tracable Islamic influence. Generally, some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on \"the accumulation of close parallels\", but all the while failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world. Norman Daniel points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation, the taliqa, was reserved for the ruler's court, not the madrasa, and that the actual differences between Islamic fiqh and medieval European civil law were profound. The taliqa only reached Islamic Spain, the only likely point of transmission, after the establishment of the first medieval universities. In fact, there is no Latin translation of the taliqa and, most importantly, no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence on the Latin method of disputation, something they would have certainly found noteworthy. Rather, it was the medieval reception of the Greek Organon which set the scholastic sic et non in motion. Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having \"common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of Greek philosophy\"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other, a view shared by Hugh Kennedy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "What other religion was considered to share parallels in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?", "id": "572a7e1af75d5e190021faee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "overstating his case"}], "question": "What was Makdisi accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?", "id": "572a7e1af75d5e190021faef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "civil law"}], "question": "What is the European version of fiqh?", "id": "572a7e1af75d5e190021faf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1513, "text": "parallel occurrence"}], "question": "What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools?", "id": "572a7e1af75d5e190021faf1"}]}], ["Seperti mana-mana negara lain semasa Tempoh Moden Awal, seperti Itali dan Sepanyol di Eropah, kehidupan sosial Uthmaniyyah saling berkaitan dengan medis. Medreses dibina sebagai sebahagian daripada kompleks Masjid di mana banyak program, seperti bantuan kepada golongan miskin melalui dapur sup, telah diadakan di bawah infrastruktur sebuah masjid, yang mendedahkan kesalinghubungan agama dan kehidupan sosial dalam tempoh ini. \"Masjid-masjid di mana medreses dilampirkan, menguasai kehidupan sosial di bandar-bandar Uthmaniyyah.\" Kehidupan sosial tidak dikuasai oleh agama sahaja di dunia Islam Empayar Uthmaniyyah; ia juga hampir sama dengan kehidupan sosial Eropah semasa tempoh ini. Seperti kata Goffman: \"Sama seperti masjid mendominasi kehidupan sosial untuk Uthmaniyyah, gereja-gereja dan sinagogia menguasai kehidupan untuk orang Kristian dan Yahudi juga.\" Oleh itu, kehidupan sosial dan medan adalah berkait rapat, kerana medrees mengajarkan banyak kurikulum, seperti agama, yang menguasai kehidupan sosial dari segi membentuk ortodoksi. \"Mereka cuba memindahkan negara mereka ke arah ortodoksi Islam.\" Secara keseluruhan, hakikat bahawa masjid-masjid yang terdapat medrees datang untuk memperlihatkan kaitan pendidikan kepada agama dalam erti kata bahawa pendidikan berlaku dalam rangka agama dan agama menegakkan kehidupan sosial dengan berusaha mewujudkan ortodoksi agama yang sama. Oleh itu, medres adalah sebahagian daripada kehidupan sosial masyarakat sebagai pelajar datang untuk mempelajari asas-asas nilai dan kepercayaan masyarakat mereka. <> Jenis perkhidmatan sosial apa yang disediakan melalui madaris? || bantuan kepada golongan miskin melalui dapur sup <> Apa yang memegang kehidupan sosial di Empayar Uthmaniyyah dan budaya lain? || agama <> Di mana pelajar belajar tentang norma agama dan sosial? || medreses <> Amalan apa yang dikehendaki melalui penyambungan agama dan sekolah? || Ortodoksi Islam", {"context": "As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the infrastructure of a mosque, which reveals the interconnectedness of religion and social life during this period. \"The mosques to which medreses were attached, dominated the social life in Ottoman cities.\" Social life was not dominated by religion only in the Muslim world of the Ottoman Empire; it was also quite similar to the social life of Europe during this period. As Goffman says: \"Just as mosques dominated social life for the Ottomans, churches and synagogues dominated life for the Christians and Jews as well.\" Hence, social life and the medrese were closely linked, since medreses taught many curricula, such as religion, which highly governed social life in terms of establishing orthodoxy. \"They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy.\" Overall, the fact that mosques contained medreses comes to show the relevance of education to religion in the sense that education took place within the framework of religion and religion established social life by trying to create a common religious orthodoxy. Hence, medreses were simply part of the social life of society as students came to learn the fundamentals of their societal values and beliefs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "aid to the poor through soup kitchens"}], "question": "What kind of social service was provided through the madaris?", "id": "572a875f111d821400f38bca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "religion"}], "question": "What had a hold over social life in the Ottoman Empire as well as other cultures?", "id": "572a875f111d821400f38bcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1336, "text": "medreses"}], "question": "Where did students learn about religious and social norms?", "id": "572a875f111d821400f38bcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1047, "text": "Islamic orthodoxy"}], "question": "What practice was desired through connecting religion and schools?", "id": "572a875f111d821400f38bcd"}]}], ["\"Medrese Uthmaniyyah yang pertama telah dicipta di \u0130znik pada 1331 dan kebanyakan medan Uthmaniyyah mengikuti tradisi Sunni Islam.\" \"Ketika seorang sultan Uthmaniyah mendirikan sebuah medan baru, ia akan mengundang para ulama dari dunia Islam-misalnya, Murad II membawa para sarjana dari Persia, seperti'Al\u0101' al-D\u012bn dan Fakhr al-D\u012bn yang membantu meningkatkan reputasi kaum Ottoman\" . Ini mendedahkan bahawa dunia Islam telah saling berhubungan pada zaman moden awal ketika mereka mengembara ke negara-negara Islam lain bertukar pengetahuan. Makna ini bahawa Empayar Uthmaniyyah sedang dimodenkan melalui globalisasi juga diiktiraf oleh Hamadeh yang berkata: \"Perubahan pada abad kelapan belas sebagai permulaan perarakan yang panjang dan unilinear ke arah westernisasi mencerminkan dua abad reformasi dalam identiti yang berdaulat.\" \u0130nalc\u0131k juga menyebutkan bahawa sementara sarjana dari misalnya Persia mengembara ke Uthmaniyah untuk berkongsi pengetahuan mereka, Uthman berangkat juga menerima pendidikan dari para ulama tanah Islam seperti Mesir, Persia dan Turkestan. Oleh itu, ini mendedahkan bahawa serupa dengan dunia moden hari ini, individu dari masyarakat moden yang awal mengembara ke luar negeri untuk menerima pendidikan dan berkongsi pengetahuan dan bahawa dunia lebih saling berkaitan daripada yang sepertinya. Juga, ia mendedahkan bagaimana sistem \"persekolahan\" juga serupa dengan dunia moden sekarang di mana pelajar-pelajar berkunjung ke negara-negara yang berbeza untuk belajar. Contoh-contoh madaris Uthmaniyyah adalah yang dibina oleh Mehmed the Conqueror. Beliau membina lapan madaris yang dibina \"di kedua-dua sisi masjid di mana terdapat lapan madaris yang lebih tinggi untuk kajian khusus dan lapan medre yang lebih rendah, yang menyediakan pelajar untuk ini.\" Fakta bahawa mereka dibina di sekitar, atau di dekat masjid, mendedahkan impuls agama di belakang bangunan madrasa dan ia mendedahkan interconnectedness antara institusi pembelajaran dan agama. Pelajar yang menamatkan pendidikan mereka di medres yang lebih rendah dikenali sebagai danismends. Ini mendedahkan bahawa serupa dengan sistem pendidikan hari ini, sistem pendidikan Uthmaniyyah melibatkan pelbagai jenis sekolah yang melekat pada pelbagai peringkat. Sebagai contoh, ada yang lebih rendah dari madaris dan yang khusus, dan bagi seseorang untuk masuk ke kawasan khusus bermakna dia harus menyelesaikan kelas-kelas di bawah yang lebih rendah untuk mempersiapkan dirinya untuk pembelajaran yang lebih tinggi. <> Siapa yang pergi ke luar negara untuk mendapatkan pendidikan di madaris? || Uthmaniyyah <> Berapa banyak madaris dimulakan oleh Mehmed the Conqueror? || lapan <> Bagaimana seorang pelajar dapat menetap di peringkat sekolah seterusnya di Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || lengkapkan kelas-kelas di bahagian bawah <> Di manakah madaris Uthmaniyah dibina? || berhampiran masjid <> Bilakah madrasa Uthmaniyah yang pertama dibina? || 1331", {"context": "\"The first Ottoman Medrese was created in \u0130znik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam.\" \"When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world\u2014for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as \u02bbAl\u0101\u02bc al-D\u012bn and Fakhr al-D\u012bn who helped enhance the reputation of the Ottoman medrese\". This reveals that the Islamic world was interconnected in the early modern period as they travelled around to other Islamic states exchanging knowledge. This sense that the Ottoman Empire was becoming modernised through globalization is also recognised by Hamadeh who says: \"Change in the eighteenth century as the beginning of a long and unilinear march toward westernisation reflects the two centuries of reformation in sovereign identity.\" \u0130nalc\u0131k also mentions that while scholars from for example Persia travelled to the Ottomans in order to share their knowledge, Ottomans travelled as well to receive education from scholars of these Islamic lands, such as Egypt, Persia and Turkestan. Hence, this reveals that similar to today's modern world, individuals from the early modern society travelled abroad to receive education and share knowledge and that the world was more interconnected than it seems. Also, it reveals how the system of \"schooling\" was also similar to today's modern world where students travel abroad to different countries for studies. Examples of Ottoman madaris are the ones built by Mehmed the Conqueror. He built eight madaris that were built \"on either side of the mosque where there were eight higher madaris for specialised studies and eight lower medreses, which prepared students for these.\" The fact that they were built around, or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion. The students who completed their education in the lower medreses became known as danismends. This reveals that similar to the education system today, the Ottomans' educational system involved different kinds of schools attached to different kinds of levels. For example, there were lower madaris and specialised ones, and for one to get into the specialised area meant that he had to complete the classes in the lower one in order to adequately prepare himself for higher learning.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 941, "text": "Ottomans"}], "question": "Who traveled abroad to get an education at madaris?", "id": "572a84d3f75d5e190021fb38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1514, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many madaris were started by Mehmed the Conqueror?", "id": "572a84d3f75d5e190021fb39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2276, "text": "complete the classes in the lower one"}], "question": "How would a student matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "572a84d3f75d5e190021fb3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1739, "text": "near mosques"}], "question": "Where were Ottoman madaris built?", "id": "572a84d3f75d5e190021fb3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "1331"}], "question": "When was the first Ottoman madrasa built?", "id": "572a84d3f75d5e190021fb3c"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, Makdisi menegaskan bahawa universiti Eropah meminjam banyak ciri dari madrasah Islam, termasuk konsep gelar dan doktor. Makdisi dan Hugh Goddard juga menyoroti istilah dan konsep lain yang kini digunakan di universiti-universiti moden yang kemungkinan besar memiliki asal-usul Islam, termasuk \"fakta bahawa kita masih berbicara tentang profesor yang memegang 'Pengerusi' subjek mereka\" yang berdasarkan \"pola Islam tradisional pengajaran di mana profesor duduk di kerusi dan para pelajar duduk di sekelilingnya \", istilah 'lingkaran akademik' diperoleh daripada cara pelajar Islam\" duduk di sekeliling profesor \", dan istilah seperti\" mempunyai \"rakan ',' membaca 'suatu subjek, dan memperoleh' derajat ', semuanya dapat ditelusuri kembali \"kepada konsep Islam a\u1e63\u1e25\u0101b (' sahabat, sebagaimana Muhammad '), qir\u0101'ah (' membaca al-Qur'an ' 'lesen [untuk mengajar]') masing-masing. Makdisi telah menyenaraikan lapan belas persamaan seperti ini dalam istilah yang dapat ditelusuri kembali kepada akarnya dalam pendidikan Islam. Beberapa amalan yang kini biasa di universiti-universiti moden yang Makdisi dan Goddard mengesan kembali ke akar Islam termasuk \"amalan seperti menyampaikan ceramah-ceramah sulung, memakai jubah akademik, mendapatkan doktor-doktor dengan mempertahankan tesis, dan juga idea tentang kebebasan akademik juga dimodelkan Adat Islam. \" Sistem ilmiah fatw\u00e1 dan ijm\u0101 ', yang bermaksud pendapat dan konsensus masing-masing, membentuk dasar \"sistem ilmiah yang Barat telah diamalkan dalam beasiswa universiti dari Zaman Pertengahan hingga sekarang.\" Menurut Makdisi dan Goddard, \"gagasan kebebasan akademik\" di universitas juga \"dimodelkan pada kebiasaan Islam\" seperti yang diamalkan dalam sistem Madrasa abad pertengahan dari abad ke-9. Pengaruh Islam \"jelas kelihatan dalam asas universiti yang dirancang secara sengaja\" di Eropah, University of Naples Federico II yang diasaskan oleh Frederick II, Kaisar Rom Suci di 1224. <Institusi apa yang telah dipertimbangkan untuk mengambil beberapa idea dari madaris ? || Universiti Eropah <> Berapa banyak corollaries dd Makdisi membuat antara amalan pendidikan bahasa dan Eropah? || lapan belas <> Apa amalan universiti Eurpoean dianggap disesuaikan dari madaris? || ijazah dan kedoktoran <> Apa kebebasan khusus yang Makdisi percaya sekolah-sekolah Eropah belajar daripada tradisi Islam? || akademik <> Amalan pakaian apa Makdisi percaya sekolah-sekolah Eropah belajar dari madaris? || memakai jubah akademik", {"context": "Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate. Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have Islamic origins, including \"the fact that we still talk of professors holding the 'Chair' of their subject\" being based on the \"traditional Islamic pattern of teaching where the professor sits on a chair and the students sit around him\", the term 'academic circles' being derived from the way in which Islamic students \"sat in a circle around their professor\", and terms such as \"having 'fellows', 'reading' a subject, and obtaining 'degrees', can all be traced back\" to the Islamic concepts of a\u1e63\u1e25\u0101b ('companions, as of Muhammad'), qir\u0101\u02bcah ('reading aloud the Qur'an') and ij\u0101zah ('licence [to teach]') respectively. Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education. Some of the practices now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include \"practices such as delivering inaugural lectures, wearing academic robes, obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis, and even the idea of academic freedom are also modelled on Islamic custom.\" The Islamic scholarly system of fatw\u00e1 and ijm\u0101\u02bb, meaning opinion and consensus respectively, formed the basis of the \"scholarly system the West has practised in university scholarship from the Middle Ages down to the present day.\" According to Makdisi and Goddard, \"the idea of academic freedom\" in universities was also \"modelled on Islamic custom\" as practised in the medieval Madrasa system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was \"certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately planned university\" in Europe, the University of Naples Federico II founded by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1224.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "European university"}], "question": "What institutions have been considered to take some its ideas from madaris?", "id": "572a7cac111d821400f38b5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 934, "text": "eighteen"}], "question": "How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between Islamic language and European educational practices?", "id": "572a7cac111d821400f38b5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "degree and doctorate"}], "question": "What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be adapted from madaris?", "id": "572a7cac111d821400f38b5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1294, "text": "academic"}], "question": "What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe European schools learned from Islamic traditions?", "id": "572a7cac111d821400f38b5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1205, "text": "wearing academic robes"}], "question": "What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools learned from madaris?", "id": "572a7cac111d821400f38b60"}]}], ["Walaupun madrasah Uthmaniyah mempunyai beberapa cabang kajian yang berbeza, seperti ilmu kaligrafi, sains lisan, dan sains intelektual, mereka terutama berperanan sebagai pusat Islam untuk pembelajaran rohani. \"Matlamat dari semua pengetahuan dan khususnya, ilmu-ilmu rohani adalah pengetahuan tentang Tuhan.\" Agama, untuk sebahagian besar, menentukan kepentingan dan kepentingan setiap sains. Seperti yang disebutkan oleh \u0130nalc\u0131k: \"Mereka yang membantu agama adalah baik dan sains seperti astrologi adalah buruk.\" Walau bagaimanapun, walaupun matematik, atau kajian logik adalah sebahagian daripada kurikulum madrasah, mereka semua berpusat di sekitar agama. Malah matematik mempunyai dorongan agama di belakang ajarannya. \"Para Ulema Ottoman Ottoman berpendapat bahawa permusuhan terhadap logik dan matematik adalah sia-sia kerana mereka membiasakan minda untuk membetulkan pemikiran dan dengan itu membantu mengungkap kebenaran ilahi\" - kata kunci menjadi \"ilahi\". \u0130nalc\u0131k juga menyebutkan bahawa bahkan falsafah hanya dibenarkan untuk dipelajari sehingga ia membantu mengesahkan doktrin Islam. \"Sehingga, madaris - sekolah pada dasarnya adalah pusat agama untuk ajaran agama dan belajar di dunia Uthmaniyyah. Walaupun ulama seperti Goffman telah memperdebatkan bahawa Uthmaniyah sangat bertolak ansur dan hidup dalam masyarakat pluralistik, nampaknya sekolah-sekolah yang menjadi pusat pengajian utama sebenarnya adalah agama dan tidak pluralistik agama, tetapi berpusat di sekitar Islam. Begitu juga di Eropa \"Anak-anak Yahudi belajar bahasa Ibrani surat dan teks doa asas di rumah, dan kemudian menghadiri sebuah sekolah yang dianjurkan oleh sinagoge untuk mengkaji Taurat. \"Wiesner-Hanks juga mengatakan bahawa Protestan juga ingin mengajar\" nilai-nilai agama yang betul. \"Ini menunjukkan bahawa pada zaman moden, Uthmaniyyah dan Eropah adalah sama dalam idea-idea mereka tentang bagaimana sekolah-sekolah harus diuruskan dan apa yang mereka harus ditumpukan terutamanya. Oleh itu, madrasah Ottoman sangat sama dengan sekolah hari ini dalam erti kata mereka menawarkan pelbagai kajian; Walau bagaimanapun, kajian-kajian ini, dalam matlamat akhir mereka, bertujuan untuk mengukuhkan dan mengukuhkan lagi amalan dan teori Islam. <> Apakah misi penting sekolah Islam di Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || pembelajaran rohani <> Mengapa falsafah diajar di madaris Uthmaniyah? || mengesahkan doktrin Islam <> Apakah jenis struktur sosial yang ada di Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || pluralistik <> Agama apakah yang berada di pusat pendidikan di Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Islam <> Apakah madaris Ottoman mempunyai yang sama dengan sekolah Amerika moden? || pelbagai kajian", {"context": "Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. \"The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God.\" Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As \u0130nalc\u0131k mentions: \"Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad.\" However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all centred around religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. \"The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths\" \u2013 key word being \"divine\". \u0130nalc\u0131k also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam.\" Hence, madaris \u2013 schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heftily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but centred around Islam. Similarly, in Europe \"Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah.\" Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach \"proper religious values.\" This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madaris were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "spiritual learning"}], "question": "What was the essential mission of Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "572a85df111d821400f38bac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1010, "text": "confirm the doctrines of Islam"}], "question": "Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?", "id": "572a85df111d821400f38bad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1260, "text": "pluralistic"}], "question": "What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have?", "id": "572a85df111d821400f38bae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1431, "text": "Islam"}], "question": "What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "572a85df111d821400f38baf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1976, "text": "wide range of studies"}], "question": "What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools?", "id": "572a85df111d821400f38bb0"}]}], ["Di Asia Tenggara, pelajar Islam mempunyai pilihan untuk menghadiri kerajaan sekular atau sekolah Islam. Madaris atau sekolah Islam dikenali sebagai Sekolah Agama (Malaysia: sekolah agama) di Malaysia dan Indonesia, \u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19 \u0e28\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e32 \u0e2d\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e25\u0e32\u0e21 (Thai: sekolah Islam) di Thailand dan madaris di Filipina. Di negara-negara di mana Islam bukan majoriti atau agama negara, sekolah-sekolah Islam ditemui di kawasan-kawasan seperti selatan Thailand (berhampiran sempadan Thai-Malaysia) dan selatan Filipina di Mindanao, di mana penduduk Islam yang penting dapat ditemui. <> Siapa yang memutuskan jika umat Islam menghadiri sekolah sekular atau madaris tradisional? || pelajar <> Apakah madaris dirujuk seperti di Indonesia dan Malaysia? || Sekolah Agama <> Apa rantau di Filipina mempunyai penduduk Islam yang besar? || Mindanao <> Apa rantau Thailand mempunyai madaris? || selatan", {"context": "In Southeast Asia, Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school. Madaris or Islamic schools are known as Sekolah Agama (Malay: religious school) in Malaysia and Indonesia, \u0e42\u0e23\u0e07\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e28\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e19\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e25\u0e32\u0e21 (Thai: school of Islam) in Thailand and madaris in the Philippines. In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion, Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand (near the Thai-Malaysian border) and the southern Philippines in Mindanao, where a significant Muslim population can be found.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "students"}], "question": "Who decides if Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris?", "id": "572a8c0c111d821400f38bda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Sekolah Agama"}], "question": "What are madaris referred to as in Indonesia and Malaysia?", "id": "572a8c0c111d821400f38bdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Mindanao"}], "question": "What region of the Philippines has a large Muslim population?", "id": "572a8c0c111d821400f38bdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "southern"}], "question": "What region of Thailand has madaris?", "id": "572a8c0c111d821400f38bdd"}]}], ["Madressa pertama yang ditubuhkan di Amerika Utara, Al-Rashid Islamic Institute, ditubuhkan di Cornwall, Ontario pada tahun 1983 dan mempunyai graduan yang adalah Hafiz (Quran) dan Ulama. Seminar itu ditubuhkan oleh Mazhar Alam di bawah arahan gurunya, ulama terkemuka India Tablighi, Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi dan berfokus pada pemikiran tradisional Hanafi dan menghindari ajaran Salafist / Wahabi. Disebabkan kedekatannya dengan bandar sempadan Amerika Messina, sekolah itu secara historis mempunyai nisbah pelajar AS yang tinggi. Lulusan mereka yang paling terkenal, Syeikh Muhammad Alshareef menamatkan Hifznya pada awal tahun 1990-an kemudian menyimpang dari akar tradisionalnya dan membentuk organisasi Salafist Institut AlMaghrib. <> Bilakah Madrasah pertama bermula di Amerika Utara? || 1983 <> Negara mana yang mempunyai banyak pelajar yang menghadiri Institut Islam Al-Rashid? || AS <> Di mana Institut Islam Al-Rashid? || Cornwall, Ontario <> Organisasi apa yang dilakukan oleh Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef? || Institut AlMaghrib", {"context": "The first Madressa established in North America, Al-Rashid Islamic Institute, was established in Cornwall, Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are Hafiz (Quran) and Ulama. The seminary was established by Mazhar Alam under the direction of his teacher the leading Indian Tablighi scholar Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi and focuses on the traditional Hanafi school of thought and shuns Salafist / Wahabi teachings. Due to its proximity to the US border city of Messina the school has historically had a high ratio of US students. Their most prominent graduate Shaykh Muhammad Alshareef completed his Hifz in the early 1990s then went on to deviate from his traditional roots and form the Salafist organization the AlMaghrib Institute.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1983"}], "question": "When was the first madrasa started in North America?", "id": "572a8ec3be1ee31400cb808d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "US"}], "question": "What country has many students that attend Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?", "id": "572a8ec3be1ee31400cb808e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Cornwall, Ontario"}], "question": "Where is Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?", "id": "572a8ec3be1ee31400cb808f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "AlMaghrib Institute"}], "question": "What organization did Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef start?", "id": "572a8ec3be1ee31400cb8090"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2004, madaris diarahkan di 16 Kawasan di seluruh negara, terutamanya di kawasan majoriti Muslim di Mindanao di bawah naungan Jabatan Pendidikan (DepEd). DepEd telah menerima pakai Jabatan No. 51, yang melancarkan arahan Bahasa Arab dan nilai-nilai Islam untuk kanak-kanak Islam di sekolah-sekolah negeri, dan pelaksanaan Kurikulum Standard Madrasah (SMC) yang sah di madaris swasta. Walaupun terdapat sekolah-sekolah Islam yang diiktiraf negeri, seperti Sekolah Bersepadu Ibn Siena di Kota Islam Marawi, Sarang Bangun LC di Zamboanga dan SMIE di Jolo, program pengajian Islam mereka pada awalnya bervariasi dalam aplikasi dan kandungan. <> Berapa banyak kawasan di Singapura telah menerima madaris secara meluas? || 16 <> Apa undang-undang melindungi ajaran bahasa Arab dan tradisi Islam di Mindanao? || Jabatan Perintah No. 51 <> Agama apa yang kebanyakan orang berlatih di Mindanao? || Muslim <> Bilakah madaris menjadi lebih diterima di Mindanao? || 2004 <> Apa kurikulum yang digunakan di madaris bukan awam di Mindanao? || Kurikulum Standard Madrasa (SMC)", {"context": "In 2004, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 Regions nationwide, primarily in Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao under the auspices of the Department of Education (DepEd). The DepEd adopted Department Order No. 51, which instituted Arabic-language and Islamic Values instruction for Muslim children in state schools, and authorised implementation of the Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC) in private-run madaris. While there are state-recognised Islamic schools, such as Ibn Siena Integrated School in the Islamic City of Marawi, Sarang Bangun LC in Zamboanga and SMIE in Jolo, their Islamic studies programmes initially varied in application and content.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "16"}], "question": "How many regions in Singapore have widely accepted madaris?", "id": "572a8e06f75d5e190021fb68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Department Order No. 51"}], "question": "What law protects the teaching of Arabic and Islamic traditions in Mindanao?", "id": "572a8e06f75d5e190021fb69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Muslim"}], "question": "What religion do most people practice in Mindanao?", "id": "572a8e06f75d5e190021fb6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When did madaris become more accepted in Mindanao?", "id": "572a8e06f75d5e190021fb6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC)"}], "question": "What curriculum is used in non public madaris in Mindanao?", "id": "572a8e06f75d5e190021fb6b"}]}], ["Pengulas Barat pasca 9/11 sering melihat madaris sebagai tempat kebangkitan radikal dengan konotasi anti-Americanisme dan ekstremisme radikal, yang sering dikaitkan dengan akhbar Barat dengan sikap Wahhabi terhadap orang bukan Islam. Dalam bahasa Arab, perkataan madrasa hanya bermaksud \"sekolah\" dan tidak membayangkan suatu hubungan politik atau agama, radikal atau sebaliknya. Madaris mempunyai pelbagai kurikulum, dan tidak semua agama. Sesetengah orang madaris di India, misalnya, mempunyai identiti sekular. Walaupun madaris awal didirikan terutamanya untuk mendapatkan \"pengetahuan tentang Tuhan\" mereka juga mengajar mata pelajaran seperti matematik dan puisi. Sebagai contoh, dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, \"Madrasah mempunyai tujuh kategori sains yang diajarkan, seperti: gaya penulisan, sains lisan seperti bahasa Arab, tatabahasa, retorik, dan sejarah dan sains intelek, seperti logik.\" Ini serupa dengan dunia Barat, di mana universiti bermula sebagai institusi gereja Katolik. <> Apakah persepsi barat yang biasa tentang ajaran yang diterima di madaris? || anti-Americanisme dan ekstremisme radikal <> Apakah jenis kandungan yang dihantar di madaris? || pelbagai kurikulum <> Apa jenis pengajaran disediakan di India madaris? || secularised <> Apakah asal-usul sekolah barat? || institusi gereja Katolik <> Berapa banyak disiplin ilmu diajar di madaris di Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || tujuh", {"context": "Western commentators post-9/11 often perceive madaris as places of radical revivalism with a connotation of anti-Americanism and radical extremism, frequently associated in the Western press with Wahhabi attitudes toward non-Muslims. In Arabic the word madrasa simply means \"school\" and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, radical or otherwise. Madaris have varied curricula, and are not all religious. Some madaris in India, for example, have a secularised identity. Although early madaris were founded primarily to gain \"knowledge of God\" they also taught subjects such as mathematics and poetry. For example, in the Ottoman Empire, \"Madrasahs had seven categories of sciences that were taught, such as: styles of writing, oral sciences like the Arabic language, grammar, rhetoric, and history and intellectual sciences, such as logic.\" This is similar to the Western world, in which universities began as institutions of the Catholic church.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "anti-Americanism and radical extremism"}], "question": "What is the common western perception of the teaching received at madaris?", "id": "572a8f95111d821400f38bf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "varied curricula"}], "question": "What type of content is delivered at madaris?", "id": "572a8f95111d821400f38bf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "secularised"}], "question": "What type of teaching is provided at Indian madaris?", "id": "572a8f95111d821400f38bf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "institutions of the Catholic church"}], "question": "What are the origins of western schools?", "id": "572a8f95111d821400f38bf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many science disciplines were taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "572a8f95111d821400f38bf6"}]}], ["Di Singapura, madrasah adalah sekolah swasta yang diawasi oleh Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, Bahasa Inggeris: Majlis Agama Islam Singapura). Terdapat enam Madrasah di Singapura, yang menampung pelajar dari Primer 1 hingga Menengah 4. Empat Madrasah adalah coeducational dan dua untuk perempuan. Pelajar mengambil pelbagai mata pelajaran Pengajian Islam sebagai tambahan kepada subjek kurikulum MOE arus perdana dan duduk untuk Peringkat PSLE dan GCE 'O' seperti rakan sebaya mereka. Pada tahun 2009, MUIS memperkenalkan \"Sistem Madrasah Bersama\" (JMS), kerjasama bersama Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah sekolah menengah dan sekolah menengah Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (menawarkan aliran ukhrawi atau agama) dan Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (menawarkan aliran akademik). JMS bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan program Baccalaureate Antarabangsa (IB) ke dalam Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah menjelang 2019. Pelajar yang menghadiri madrasah dikehendaki memakai pakaian tradisional Melayu, termasuk songkok untuk kanak-kanak lelaki dan tudong untuk kanak-kanak perempuan, berbeza dengan sekolah arus perdana yang mengharamkan tutup agama sebagai Singapura secara rasminya merupakan negara sekular. Bagi pelajar yang ingin menghadiri sekolah arus perdana, mereka boleh memilih untuk mengambil kelas pada hujung minggu di madrasah dan bukannya mendaftarkan sepenuh masa. <> Berapa banyak madrasah di Sinagapore? || enam <> Program apa yang sedang dipasang di madrasah di Singapura? || Baccalaureate Antarabangsa <> Berapa tahun apakah rancangan untuk program IB di Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah? || 2019 <> Apa yang akan menjadi pakaian seragam di Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah? || songkok untuk kanak-kanak lelaki dan tudong untuk kanak-kanak perempuan", {"context": "In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the \"Joint Madrasah System\" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019. Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudong for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many madrasahs are in Sinagapore?", "id": "572a8cd234ae481900deab71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "International Baccalaureate"}], "question": "What program is being installed in madrasahs in Singapore?", "id": "572a8cd234ae481900deab72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 868, "text": "2019"}], "question": "What year is it planned for IB programs to be in place at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?", "id": "572a8cd234ae481900deab73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 965, "text": "the songkok for boys and tudong for girls"}], "question": "What will the uniform be at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?", "id": "572a8cd234ae481900deab74"}]}]], [["Kepentingan Philadelphia dan lokasi pusat di koloni menjadikannya pusat semulajadi bagi kaum revolusioner Amerika. Menjelang 1750-an, Philadelphia melepasi Boston untuk menjadi bandar terbesar dan pelabuhan paling sibuk di Amerika Syarikat, dan kedua di Empayar Britain, di belakang London. Bandar ini menganjurkan Kongres Kontinental Pertama sebelum Perang Revolusi Amerika; Kongres Kontinental Kedua, yang menandatangani Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat, semasa perang; dan Konvensyen Perlembagaan (1787) selepas perang. Beberapa pertempuran telah dilancarkan di dan berhampiran Philadelphia juga. <> Apakah dokumen revolusi yang penting telah ditandatangani di Philadelphia? || Deklarasi Kemerdekaan, <> Bilakah Philadelphia menjadi tuan rumah Konvensyen Perlembagaan? || 1787 <> Berapa banyak pertempuran Perang Revolusi diperjuangkan di sekitar Philadelphia? || Beberapa", {"context": "Philadelphia's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for America's revolutionaries. By the 1750s, Philadelphia had surpassed Boston to become the largest city and busiest port in British America, and second in the British Empire, behind London. The city hosted the First Continental Congress before the American Revolutionary War; the Second Continental Congress, which signed the United States Declaration of Independence, during the war; and the Constitutional Convention (1787) after the war. Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Declaration of Independence,"}], "question": "What important revolutionary document was signed in Philadelphia?", "id": "572a9c79111d821400f38c3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "1787"}], "question": "When did Philadelphia host the Constitutional Convention?", "id": "572a9c79111d821400f38c3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "Several"}], "question": "How many Revolutionary War battles were fought around Philadelphia?", "id": "572a9c79111d821400f38c3e"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1682, William Penn mengasaskan bandaraya itu sebagai ibu kota Colony Pennsylvania. Philadelphia memainkan peranan penting dalam Revolusi Amerika sebagai tempat pertemuan bagi Bapa Pengasas Amerika Syarikat, yang menandatangani Deklarasi Kemerdekaan pada tahun 1776 dan Perlembagaan pada tahun 1787. Philadelphia adalah salah satu ibu negara di Perang Revolusi, dan berkhidmat sebagai modal AS sementara sementara Washington, DC, sedang dalam pembinaan. Pada abad ke-19, Philadelphia menjadi pusat perindustrian dan pusat kereta api utama yang berkembang dari kemasukan imigran Eropah. Ia menjadi destinasi utama bagi Afrika-Amerika dalam Migrasi Besar dan melepasi dua juta penghuni pada tahun 1950. <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Philadelphia? || William Penn <> Apakah peranan Philadelphia bermain dalam Revolusi Amerika? || tempat pertemuan untuk Bapa-bapa Pengasas <> Tujuan apa yang dilakukan Philadelphia semasa D.C sedang dalam pembinaan? || sementara modal A.S. <> Bilakah ia mencapai 2 juta penghuni> || 1950", {"context": "In 1682, William Penn founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States, who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution in 1787. Philadelphia was one of the nation's capitals in the Revolutionary War, and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington, D.C., was under construction. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became a major industrial center and railroad hub that grew from an influx of European immigrants. It became a prime destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration and surpassed two million occupants by 1950.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "William Penn"}], "question": "Who founded Philadelphia?", "id": "572a8d2834ae481900deab79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "a meeting place for the Founding Fathers"}], "question": "What role did Philadelphia play in the American Revolution?", "id": "572a8d2834ae481900deab7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "temporary U.S. capital"}], "question": "What purpose did Philadelphia serve while D.C. was under construction?", "id": "572a8d2834ae481900deab7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "1950"}], "question": "When did it reach 2 million occupants>", "id": "572a8d2834ae481900deab7c"}]}], ["Pendatang-pendatang ini bertanggungjawab untuk serangan umum pertama di Amerika Utara pada tahun 1835, di mana pekerja di bandar memenangi hari kerja sepuluh jam. Bandar ini menjadi destinasi bagi beribu-ribu pendatang Ireland yang melarikan diri Kebuluran Besar pada tahun 1840-an; perumahan untuk mereka telah dibangunkan di selatan South Street, dan kemudian diduduki oleh pengganti yang berjaya. Mereka menubuhkan rangkaian gereja Katolik dan sekolah, dan mendominasi pendeta Katolik selama beberapa dekad. Anti-Ireland, anti-Katolik rusuhan Nativist telah meletus di Philadelphia pada tahun 1844. Pada separuh akhir abad ini, pendatang dari Rusia, Eropah Timur dan Itali; dan Afrika Amerika dari selatan A.S. menetap di bandar. Antara 1880 dan 1930, penduduk Afrika-Amerika Philadelphia meningkat daripada 31,699 kepada 219,559. Pendatang baru hitam abad kedua puluh merupakan sebahagian daripada Migrasi Besar di luar bandar pedalaman ke bandar-bandar perindustrian utara dan barat laut. <> Siapa yang melakukan mogok pertama di Amerika Utara? || pendatang <> Bilakah mogok berlaku? || 1835 <> Apa yang dicapai oleh penyerang? || hari kerja sepuluh jam <> Mengapa begitu banyak pendatang Ireland datang ke Philadelphia? || Kelaparan Besar <> Bilakah penduduk hitam meletup? || Antara 1880 dan 1930", {"context": "These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835, in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday. The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine in the 1840s; housing for them was developed south of South Street, and was later occupied by succeeding immigrants. They established a network of Catholic churches and schools, and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades. Anti-Irish, anti-Catholic Nativist riots had erupted in Philadelphia in 1844. In the latter half of the century, immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe and Italy; and African Americans from the southern U.S. settled in the city. Between 1880 and 1930, the African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559. Twentieth-century black newcomers were part of the Great Migration out of the rural South to northern and midwestern industrial cities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "immigrants"}], "question": "Who carried out the first strike in North America?", "id": "572a9ed7f75d5e190021fbac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "1835"}], "question": "When did the strike take place?", "id": "572a9ed7f75d5e190021fbad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "ten-hour workday"}], "question": "What did the strikers achieve?", "id": "572a9ed7f75d5e190021fbae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "the Great Famine"}], "question": "Why did so many Irish immigrants come to Philadelphia?", "id": "572a9ed7f75d5e190021fbaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "Between 1880 and 1930"}], "question": "When did the black population explode?", "id": "572a9ed7f75d5e190021fbb0"}]}], ["Kerajaan negeri meninggalkan Philadelphia pada tahun 1799, dan kerajaan persekutuan dipindahkan ke Washington, DC pada tahun 1800 dengan penyelesaian Gedung Putih dan Capitol. Bandar ini kekal sebagai negara paling muda dengan populasi hampir 50,000 pada awal abad ke-19; ia adalah pusat kewangan dan kebudayaan. Sebelum tahun 1800, komuniti hitamnya yang bebas menubuhkan Gereja Methodist Episcopal Afrika (AME), denominasi hitam pertama yang pertama di negara ini, dan Gereja Episcopal hitam pertama. Komuniti hitam percuma juga menubuhkan banyak sekolah untuk anak-anaknya, dengan bantuan Quaker. New York City tidak lama lagi melepasi Philadelphia dalam populasi, tetapi dengan pembinaan jalan, terusan, dan landasan kereta api, Philadelphia menjadi bandar perindustrian utama pertama di Amerika Syarikat. <> Bilakah kerajaan AS meninggalkan Philadelphia untuk D.C.? || 1799 <> Apa agama yang ditemui oleh masyarakat hitam? || Afrika Methodist Episcopal Church <> Yang bandar melepasi populasi Philadelphia? || New York City <> Apakah jenis ekonomi Philadelphia yang ada? || perindustrian", {"context": "The state government left Philadelphia in 1799, and the federal government was moved to Washington, DC in 1800 with completion of the White House and Capitol. The city remained the young nation's largest with a population of nearly 50,000 at the turn of the 19th century; it was a financial and cultural center. Before 1800, its free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the country, and the first black Episcopal Church. The free black community also established many schools for its children, with the help of Quakers. New York City soon surpassed Philadelphia in population, but with the construction of roads, canals, and railroads, Philadelphia became the first major industrial city in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "1799"}], "question": "When did the US government leave Philadelphia for D.C.?", "id": "572a9d6134ae481900deabd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "African Methodist Episcopal Church"}], "question": "What religion did the black community found?", "id": "572a9d6134ae481900deabd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "Which city surpassed the population of Philadelphia?", "id": "572a9d6134ae481900deabd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "industrial"}], "question": "What type of economy did Philadelphia have?", "id": "572a9d6134ae481900deabd4"}]}], ["Sebelum tiba di Eropah, kawasan Philadelphia adalah rumah kepada kaum Lenape (Delaware) India di kampung Shackamaxon. Lenape adalah suku bangsa Amerika dan Bangsa Bersatu yang pertama. Mereka juga dikenali sebagai Delaware Indians dan wilayah bersejarah mereka adalah di sepanjang perairan Delaware River, barat Long Island dan Lower Hudson Valley. [A] Kebanyakan Lenape ditolak dari tanah air Delaware mereka pada abad ke-18 dengan memperluas koloni Eropah, diburukkan lagi oleh kerugian dari konflik antar-suku. Komuniti Lenape telah lemah oleh penyakit yang baru diperkenalkan, terutamanya cacar, dan konflik ganas dengan orang Eropah. Orang Iroquois kadang-kadang berperang dengan Lenape. Hidup Lenape berpindah ke barat ke lembah Sungai Ohio. Perang Revolusi Amerika dan kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat mendorong mereka ke arah barat. Pada tahun 1860-an, kerajaan Amerika Syarikat menghantar kebanyakan baki Lenape di timur Amerika Syarikat ke Wilayah India (sekarang Oklahoma dan wilayah sekitarnya) di bawah dasar penyingkiran India. Pada abad ke-21, kebanyakan Lenape kini tinggal di negeri Oklahoma, Amerika Syarikat, dengan beberapa komuniti yang tinggal di Wisconsin, Ontario (Kanada) dan di negara asal mereka. <> Apa suku kaum Amerika yang tinggal di kawasan itu sebelum penyelesaian? || Lenape <> Apa suku kaum lain yang kadang-kadang berperang melawan Lenape? || Iroquois <> Apakah penyakit yang membunuh kebanyakan Lenape? || cacar <> Di mana Lenape pergi selepas ditarik keluar dari kawasan Philidelphia? || Sungai Ohio Sungai atas <> Di mana Lenape tinggal hari ini? || Oklahoma", {"context": "Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape (Delaware) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon. The Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their historical territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island and the Lower Hudson Valley.[a] Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts. Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape. Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States' independence pushed them further west. In the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma and surrounding territory) under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with some communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario (Canada) and in their traditional homelands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Lenape"}], "question": "What native American tribe lived in the area before settlement?", "id": "572a92c9111d821400f38bfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Iroquois"}], "question": "What other tribe occasionally fought against the Lenape?", "id": "572a92c9111d821400f38bfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "smallpox"}], "question": "What disease killed the most Lenape?", "id": "572a92c9111d821400f38bfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "upper Ohio River basin"}], "question": "Where did the Lenape go after being pushed out of the Philidelphia area?", "id": "572a92c9111d821400f38bff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1100, "text": "Oklahoma"}], "question": "Where do the Lenape reside today?", "id": "572a92c9111d821400f38c00"}]}], ["Sepanjang abad ke-19, Philadelphia mempunyai pelbagai industri dan perniagaan, yang terbesar adalah tekstil. Perbadanan utama pada abad ke-19 dan awal ke-20 termasuk Baldwin Locomotive Works, William Cramp dan Anak-anak Kapal dan Bangunan Building Company, dan Railroad Pennsylvania. Industri, bersama dengan Centennial A.S., diraikan pada tahun 1876 dengan Pameran Centennial, Pameran Dunia pertama yang pertama di Amerika Syarikat. Imigran, kebanyakannya orang Ireland dan Jerman, menetap di Philadelphia dan daerah sekitarnya. Peningkatan penduduk di sekitar daerah-daerah sekitarnya membantu membawa kepada Akta Penyatuan 1854, yang memperluaskan batas kota Philadelphia dari 2 batu persegi Pusat Kota hari ini kepada kira-kira 130 batu persegi Philadelphia County. <> Apa industri terbesar Philadelphia pada abad ke-19? || tekstil <> Kapan pekan Dunia pertama? || 1876 <> Yang mana dua kumpulan pendatang terbesar di Philadelphia? || Ireland dan Jerman <> Berapa saiz dalam kilometer persegi hari ini? || 130 batu persegi", {"context": "Throughout the 19th century, Philadelphia had a variety of industries and businesses, the largest being textiles. Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the Baldwin Locomotive Works, William Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Building Company, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Industry, along with the U.S. Centennial, was celebrated in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition, the first official World's Fair in the United States. Immigrants, mostly Irish and German, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Act of Consolidation of 1854, which extended the city limits of Philadelphia from the 2 square miles of present-day Center City to the roughly 130 square miles of Philadelphia County.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "textiles"}], "question": "What was Philadelphia's biggest industry during the 19th century?", "id": "572a9e25111d821400f38c4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "1876"}], "question": "When was the first World's Fair?", "id": "572a9e25111d821400f38c4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Irish and German"}], "question": "Which were the two biggest immigrant groups in Philadelphia?", "id": "572a9e25111d821400f38c4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "130 square miles"}], "question": "What is the size in square miles today?", "id": "572a9e25111d821400f38c4f"}]}], ["Berdasarkan peralihan yang sama, ekonomi negara selepas tahun 1960, Philadelphia mengalami kehilangan syarikat pembuatan dan pekerjaan untuk mengurangkan wilayah yang dikenakan cukai di AS dan sering di luar negara. Akibatnya, pangkalan ekonomi Philadelphia, yang secara sejarah telah menghasilkan, menurun dengan ketara. Di samping itu, penggabungan dalam beberapa industri Amerika (peruncitan, perkhidmatan kewangan dan penjagaan kesihatan khususnya) mengurangkan jumlah syarikat yang beribu pejabat di Philadelphia. Impak ekonomi perubahan ini akan mengurangkan asas cukai Philadelphia dan sumber kerajaan tempatan. Philadelphia bergelut menerusi penyesuaian jangka panjang terhadap perubahan ekonomi ini, ditambah pula dengan perubahan demografi yang signifikan kerana penduduk yang kaya berpindah ke pinggir bandar yang berdekatan dan lebih ramai pendatang berpindah ke bandar. Bandar ini sebenarnya mendekati kebankrapan pada akhir 1980-an. Revitalisasi bermula pada tahun 1990-an, dengan gentrifikasi beralih sekitar banyak kawasan kejiranan dan membalikkan trend kerugian penduduknya selama puluhan tahun. <> Apakah asas ekonomi sejarah Philadelphia? || perkilangan <> Bilakah kota dekat muflis? || akhir 1980-an <> Di mana penduduk kaya bergerak? || pinggir bandar <> Siapa yang menggantikan orang kaya? || pendatang", {"context": "Based on the similar shifts underway the nation's economy after 1960, Philadelphia experienced a loss of manufacturing companies and jobs to lower taxed regions of the USA and often overseas. As a result, the economic base of Philadelphia, which had historically been manufacturing, declined significantly. In addition, consolidation in several American industries (retailing, financial services and health care in particular) reduced the number of companies headquartered in Philadelphia. The economic impact of these changes would reduce Philadelphia's tax base and the resources of local government. Philadelphia struggled through a long period of adjustment to these economic changes, coupled with significant demographic change as wealthier residents moved into the nearby suburbs and more immigrants moved into the city. The city in fact approached bankruptcy in the late 1980s. Revitalization began in the 1990s, with gentrification turning around many neighborhoods and reversing its decades-long trend of population loss.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "manufacturing"}], "question": "What was the historical economic base of Philadelphia?", "id": "572a8e0834ae481900deab81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 873, "text": "late 1980s"}], "question": "When did the city near bankruptcy?", "id": "572a8e0834ae481900deab82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "suburbs"}], "question": "Where did wealthy residents move?", "id": "572a8e0834ae481900deab83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "immigrants"}], "question": "Who replaced the wealthy?", "id": "572a8e0834ae481900deab84"}]}], ["Eropah datang ke Lembah Delaware pada awal abad ke-17, dengan penempatan pertama yang diasaskan oleh Belanda, yang pada tahun 1623 telah membina Fort Nassau di Sungai Delaware di seberang Sungai Schuylkill di mana sekarang Brooklawn, New Jersey. Belanda menganggap seluruh lembah Sungai Delaware menjadi sebahagian daripada jajahan New Netherland mereka. Pada tahun 1638, peneroka Sweden yang dipimpin oleh penentang Belanda menubuhkan koloni New Sweden di Fort Christina (sekarang Wilmington, Delaware) dan cepat tersebar di lembah. Pada tahun 1644, New Sweden menyokong Susquehannocks dalam kekalahan tentera mereka di tanah jajahan Inggeris di Maryland. Pada tahun 1648, Belanda membina Fort Beversreede di tepi barat Delaware, di selatan Schuylkill berhampiran seksyen Eastwick di Philadelphia pada masa kini, untuk menegaskan kekuasaan mereka di kawasan itu. Orang Sweden menjawab dengan membina Fort Nya Korsholm, bernama New Korsholm selepas sebuah bandar yang kini berada di Finland. Pada 1655, sebuah kempen ketenteraan Belanda yang diketuai oleh Ketua Pengarah New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant menguasai tanah jajahan Sweden dan mengakhiri tuntutan kemerdekaannya, walaupun peneroka Sweden dan Finlandia terus memiliki milisi, agama dan mahkamah sendiri, dan menikmati autonomi substansial di bawah Belanda. Bahasa Inggeris menakluki koloni Belanda baru pada tahun 1664, tetapi keadaannya tidak benar-benar berubah hingga tahun 1682, ketika kawasan tersebut dimasukkan dalam piagam William Penn untuk Pennsylvania. <> Siapa peneroka pertama di Lembah Delaware? || Belanda <> Apakah nama penempatan pertama di kawasan itu? || Fort Nassau <> Yang mendakwa seluruh sungai Delaware? || Belanda <> Bilakah Inggeris menakluk koloni Belanda Baru? || 1664", {"context": "Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century, with the first settlements founded by the Dutch, who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn, New Jersey. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony. In 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina (present day Wilmington, Delaware) and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their military defeat of the English colony of Maryland. In 1648, the Dutch built Fort Beversreede on the west bank of the Delaware, south of the Schuylkill near the present-day Eastwick section of Philadelphia, to reassert their dominion over the area. The Swedes responded by building Fort Nya Korsholm, named New Korsholm after a town that is now in Finland. In 1655, a Dutch military campaign led by New Netherland Director-General Peter Stuyvesant took control of the Swedish colony, ending its claim to independence, although the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to have their own militia, religion, and court, and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch. The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664, but the situation did not really change until 1682, when the area was included in William Penn's charter for Pennsylvania.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "the Dutch"}], "question": "Who were the first settlers to the Delaware Valley?", "id": "572a93e6f75d5e190021fb72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Fort Nassau"}], "question": "What was the name of the first settlement in the area?", "id": "572a93e6f75d5e190021fb73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "The Dutch"}], "question": "Who claimed the entire Delaware River?", "id": "572a93e6f75d5e190021fb74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1284, "text": "1664"}], "question": "When did the English conquer the New Netherland colony?", "id": "572a93e6f75d5e190021fb75"}]}], ["Banyak universiti dan kolej di kawasan itu menjadikan Philadelphia sebagai destinasi pengajian antarabangsa yang terkemuka, memandangkan bandar telah berkembang menjadi hab pendidikan dan ekonomi. Dengan keluaran dalam negara kasar sebanyak $ 388 bilion, Philadelphia berada di tangga kesembilan di antara bandar raya dunia dan keempat di negara ini. Philadelphia adalah pusat kegiatan ekonomi di Pennsylvania dan menjadi rumah kepada tujuh Fortune 1000 syarikat. Langit Philadelphia semakin berkembang, dengan beberapa pencakar langit yang terkenal di peringkat kebangsaan. Bandar ini terkenal dengan kesenian, kebudayaan dan sejarahnya, yang menarik lebih dari 39 juta pelancong domestik pada tahun 2013. Philadelphia mempunyai lebih banyak arca dan mural luar daripada mana-mana bandar Amerika lain, dan Fairmount Park adalah taman bandar terpendam terbesar di dunia. 67 Tarikan Bersejarah Kebangsaan di bandar ini membantu menyumbang $ 10 bilion yang dihasilkan oleh pelancongan. Philadelphia adalah tempat kelahiran Kor Marin Amerika Syarikat, dan juga tempat kelahiran pertama Amerika Syarikat, termasuk perpustakaan pertama (1731), hospital pertama (1751) dan sekolah perubatan (1765), Capitol pertama (1777) (1790), zoo pertama (1874), dan sekolah perniagaan pertama (1881). Philadelphia adalah satu-satunya City Warisan Dunia di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah KDNK bandar? || $ 388 bilion <> Di manakah kedudukannya berbanding dengan bandar-bandar AS lain dalam KDNK? || keempat <> Berapa banyak syarikat Fortune 500 memanggil rumah Philadelpia? || tujuh <> Berapa ramai pelancong domestik melawat setiap tahun? || 39 juta <> Apa cawangan tentera Amerika Syarikat dilahirkan di Philadelphia? || Kor Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "The area's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub. With a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with several nationally prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and history, attracting over 39 million domestic tourists in 2013. Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city, and Fairmount Park is the largest landscaped urban park in the world. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism. Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps, and is also the home of many U.S. firsts, including the first library (1731), first hospital (1751) and medical school (1765), first Capitol (1777), first stock exchange (1790), first zoo (1874), and first business school (1881). Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "$388 billion"}], "question": "What is the GDP of the city?", "id": "572a8ebc34ae481900deab89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "fourth"}], "question": "Where does it rank in comparison to other US cities in GDP?", "id": "572a8ebc34ae481900deab8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many Fortune 500 companies call Philadelpia home?", "id": "572a8ebc34ae481900deab8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "39 million"}], "question": "How many domestic tourists visit annually?", "id": "572a8ebc34ae481900deab8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 873, "text": "United States Marine Corps"}], "question": "What branch of the US military was born in Philadelphia?", "id": "572a8ebc34ae481900deab8d"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1681, dalam pembayaran balik separa hutang, Charles II dari England memberi William Penn sebuah piagam untuk apa yang menjadi koloni Pennsylvania. Walaupun piagam diraja, Penn membeli tanah dari Lenape tempatan untuk menjadi baik dengan penduduk asli Amerika dan memastikan keamanan untuk jajahannya. Penn membuat perjanjian persahabatan dengan ketua Lenape Tammany di bawah pohon elm di Shackamaxon, di mana sekarang adalah bahagian Fishtown di bandar itu. Penn menamakan kota Philadelphia, iaitu bahasa Yunani untuk cinta persaudaraan (dari filsafat, \"cinta\" atau \"persahabatan\", dan adelphos, \"adik\"). Sebagai seorang Quaker, Penn telah mengalami penganiayaan agama dan menginginkan tanah jajahannya menjadi tempat di mana orang boleh beribadah dengan bebas. Toleransi ini, jauh lebih banyak diberikan oleh jajahan-jajahan yang lain, membawa kepada hubungan yang lebih baik dengan suku asli tempatan dan mendorong pertumbuhan pesat Philadelphia ke bandar Amerika yang paling penting. Penn merancang sebuah bandar di Sungai Delaware untuk berfungsi sebagai pelabuhan dan tempat untuk kerajaan. Berharap bahawa Philadelphia akan menjadi lebih seperti bandar pedesaan Inggeris dan bukan sebuah bandar raya, Penn meletakkan jalan di atas rancangan grid untuk memastikan rumah dan perniagaan tersebar luas, dengan kawasan taman dan kebun. Penduduk bandar tidak mengikuti rancangan Penn, kerana mereka sesak oleh Sungai Delaware, pelabuhan itu, dan dibahagikan dan dijual kembali lot mereka. Sebelum Penn meninggalkan Philadelphia untuk kali terakhir, beliau mengeluarkan Piagam 1701 untuk menjadikannya sebagai sebuah bandar. Ia menjadi pusat perdagangan penting, miskin pada mulanya, tetapi dengan keadaan hidup yang boleh diterima oleh 1750-an. Benjamin Franklin, warganegara terkemuka, membantu meningkatkan perkhidmatan bandar dan mengasaskan yang baru, seperti perlindungan kebakaran, perpustakaan, dan salah satu hospital pertama koloni Amerika. <> Yang mengasaskan koloni Pennsylvania? || William Penn <> Siapa yang Penn membeli tanah itu dari? || Lenape <> Apa agama yang diamalkan oleh William Penn? || Quaker <> Bilakah Philadelphia ditubuhkan sebagai sebuah bandar? || 1701 <> Apakah jenis layout jalanan yang digunakan Penn untuk Philadelphia? || pelan grid", {"context": "In 1681, in partial repayment of a debt, Charles II of England granted William Penn a charter for what would become the Pennsylvania colony. Despite the royal charter, Penn bought the land from the local Lenape to be on good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for his colony. Penn made a treaty of friendship with Lenape chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon, in what is now the city's Fishtown section. Penn named the city Philadelphia, which is Greek for brotherly love (from philos, \"love\" or \"friendship\", and adelphos, \"brother\"). As a Quaker, Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely. This tolerance, far more than afforded by most other colonies, led to better relations with the local Native tribes and fostered Philadelphia's rapid growth into America's most important city. Penn planned a city on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government. Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city, Penn laid out roads on a grid plan to keep houses and businesses spread far apart, with areas for gardens and orchards. The city's inhabitants did not follow Penn's plans, as they crowded by the Delaware River, the port, and subdivided and resold their lots. Before Penn left Philadelphia for the last time, he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city. It became an important trading center, poor at first, but with tolerable living conditions by the 1750s. Benjamin Franklin, a leading citizen, helped improve city services and founded new ones, such as fire protection, a library, and one of the American colonies' first hospitals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "William Penn"}], "question": "Who founded the Pennsylvania colony?", "id": "572a95b234ae481900deab93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Lenape"}], "question": "Who did Penn buy the land from?", "id": "572a95b234ae481900deab94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "Quaker"}], "question": "What religion did William Penn practice?", "id": "572a95b234ae481900deab95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1388, "text": "1701"}], "question": "When was Philadelphia established as a city?", "id": "572a95b234ae481900deab96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1080, "text": "grid plan"}], "question": "What type of street layout did Penn use for Philadelphia?", "id": "572a95b234ae481900deab97"}]}], ["Dewan Kota 548 kaki (167 m) kekal sebagai bangunan tertinggi di bandar sehingga tahun 1987 apabila One Liberty Place dibina. Sejumlah pencakar langit kaca dan granit telah dibina di Pusat Bandar Raya Philadelphia dari tahun 1980-an dan seterusnya. Pada tahun 2007, Pusat Comcast melepasi One Liberty Place untuk menjadi bangunan tertinggi di bandar ini. Pusat Inovasi dan Teknologi Comcast sedang dibina di Pusat Bandar dan dirancang untuk mencapai ketinggian 1,121 kaki (342 meter); setelah siap, menara itu dijangka menjadi gedung pencakar langit tertinggi di Amerika Syarikat di luar New York City dan Chicago. <> Berapa tinggi ialah Dewan Bandaraya? || 548 kaki <> Apa bangunan tertinggi? || Comcast Centre <> Bangunan yang sedang dalam pembinaan akan melebihi Pusat Comcast? || Pusat Inovasi dan Teknologi Comcast", {"context": "The 548 ft (167 m) City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when One Liberty Place was constructed. Numerous glass and granite skyscrapers were built in Philadelphia's Center City from the late 1980s onwards. In 2007, the Comcast Center surpassed One Liberty Place to become the city's tallest building. The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center is under construction in Center City and is planned to reach a height of 1,121 feet (342 meters); upon completion, the tower is expected to be the tallest skyscraper in the United States outside of New York City and Chicago.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "548 ft"}], "question": "How tall is the City Hall?", "id": "572aa311be1ee31400cb80ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Comcast Center"}], "question": "What is the tallest building?", "id": "572aa311be1ee31400cb80ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Comcast Innovation and Technology Center"}], "question": "Which building under construction will surpass Comcast Center?", "id": "572aa311be1ee31400cb80ef"}]}], ["Purata harian Januari ialah 33.0 \u00b0 F (0.6 \u00b0 C), walaupun pada musim sejuk biasa, suhu kerap meningkat hingga 50 \u00b0 F (10 \u00b0 C) semasa cair dan dips hingga 10 \u00b0 F (-12 \u00b0 C) selama 2 atau 3 malam. Julai purata 78.1 \u00b0 F (25.6 \u00b0 C), walaupun gelombang haba yang disertai oleh kelembapan tinggi dan indeks haba adalah kerap; tinggi mencapai atau melebihi 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) pada 27 hari dalam setahun. Tingkap rata-rata untuk suhu beku ialah 6 November hingga 2 April, membolehkan musim 217 hari yang semakin meningkat. Musim gugur awal dan musim sejuk lewat umumnya kering; Bulan Februari purata 2.64 inci (67 mm) menjadikannya bulan paling kering di kawasan itu. Titik di musim panas purata antara 59.1 \u00b0 F (15 \u00b0 C) hingga 64.5 \u00b0 F (18 \u00b0 C). <> Apakah suhu Januari purata? || 33.0 \u00b0 F <> Apakah suhu purata Julai? || 78.1 \u00b0 F <> Apa masa purata untuk suhu beku? || 6 November hingga 2 April <> Berapa lama musim pertumbuhan terakhir secara purata? || 217 <> Bulan mana yang paling kering? || Februari", {"context": "The January daily average is 33.0 \u00b0F (0.6 \u00b0C), though, in a normal winter, the temperature frequently rises to 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) during thaws and dips to 10 \u00b0F (\u221212 \u00b0C) for 2 or 3 nights. July averages 78.1 \u00b0F (25.6 \u00b0C), although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent; highs reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 27 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2, allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry; February's average of 2.64 inches (67 mm) makes it the area's driest month. The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 \u00b0F (15 \u00b0C) to 64.5 \u00b0F (18 \u00b0C).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "33.0 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What is the average January temp?", "id": "572aa4ef34ae481900deabfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "78.1 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What is the July average temp?", "id": "572aa4ef34ae481900deabfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "November 6 thru April 2"}], "question": "What is the average time for freezing temps?", "id": "572aa4ef34ae481900deabfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "217"}], "question": "How long does the grow season last on average?", "id": "572aa4ef34ae481900deabfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "February"}], "question": "Which month is the driest?", "id": "572aa4ef34ae481900deabff"}]}], ["Di bawah klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen, Philadelphia jatuh di pinggir utara zon iklim subtropika lembap (K\u00f6ppen Cfa). Musim panas biasanya panas dan lembab, jatuh dan musim bunga pada umumnya ringan, dan musim sejuk sejuk. Salji sangat berubah-ubah, dengan beberapa musim sejuk membawa hanya cahaya salji dan lain-lain membawa beberapa salji ribut utama, dengan salji musim hujan biasa yang berdiri di 22.4 (57 cm); salji pada bulan November atau April adalah jarang berlaku, dan penutup salji yang berterusan adalah jarang berlaku. Pemendakan biasanya tersebar sepanjang tahun, dengan lapan hingga dua belas hari basah setiap bulan, pada kadar purata tahunan 41.5 inci (1,050 mm), tetapi dari segi sejarah 29.31 (744 mm) pada tahun 1922 kepada 64.33 dalam (1,634 mm) dalam 2011. Hujan yang tercatat dalam satu hari berlaku pada 28 Julai 2013, apabila 8.02 (204 mm) jatuh di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Philadelphia. <> Apa zon iklim yang berlaku di Philadelphia? || zon iklim subtropika lembap <> Apa cuaca musim panas seperti? || panas dan muggy <> Apa salji biasa? || 22.4 dalam <> Berapa banyak hujan yang dilakukan oleh Philly secara rata-rata? || 41.5 inci <> Apa yang paling hujan dalam satu hari? || 8.02 in", {"context": "Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, Philadelphia falls in the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone (K\u00f6ppen Cfa). Summers are typically hot and muggy, fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is cold. Snowfall is highly variable, with some winters bringing only light snow and others bringing several major snowstorms, with the normal seasonal snowfall standing at 22.4 in (57 cm); snow in November or April is rare, and a sustained snow cover is rare. Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year, with eight to twelve wet days per month, at an average annual rate of 41.5 inches (1,050 mm), but historically ranging from 29.31 in (744 mm) in 1922 to 64.33 in (1,634 mm) in 2011. The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28, 2013, when 8.02 in (204 mm) fell at Philadelphia International Airport.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "humid subtropical climate zone"}], "question": "What climate zone does Philadelphia fall under?", "id": "572aa473be1ee31400cb8105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "hot and muggy"}], "question": "What is the summer weather like?", "id": "572aa473be1ee31400cb8106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "22.4 in"}], "question": "What is the normal snowfall?", "id": "572aa473be1ee31400cb8107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "41.5 inches"}], "question": "How much rain does Philly get on average?", "id": "572aa473be1ee31400cb8108"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "8.02 in"}], "question": "What is the most rain in one day?", "id": "572aa473be1ee31400cb8109"}]}], ["Mengikut anggaran Banci Amerika Syarikat 2014, terdapat 1,560,297 orang yang tinggal di Kota Philadelphia, yang mewakili peningkatan sebanyak 2.2% sejak tahun 2010. Sejak tahun 1960-an hingga tahun 2006, penduduk bandar ini menurun tahun demi tahun. Ia akhirnya mencecah 1,488,710 penduduk pada tahun 2006 sebelum mula bangkit semula. Sejak tahun 2006, Philadelphia menambah 71,587 penduduk dalam lapan tahun. Satu kajian yang dilakukan oleh bandar raya menjangka penduduk akan meningkat kepada kira-kira 1,630,000 penduduk menjelang 2035, peningkatan kira-kira 100,000 dari tahun 2010. <> Berapa populasi tahun 2014? || 1,560,297 <> Bilakah titik terendah dalam populasi Philadelphia? || 2006 <> Berapa banyak penduduk yang diramalkan akan berkembang pada tahun 2035? || 100,000", {"context": "According to the 2014 United States Census estimates, there were 1,560,297 people residing in the City of Philadelphia, representing a 2.2% increase since 2010. From the 1960s up until 2006, the city's population declined year after year. It eventually reached a low of 1,488,710 residents in 2006 before beginning to rise again. Since 2006, Philadelphia added 71,587 residents in eight years. A study done by the city projected that the population would increase to about 1,630,000 residents by 2035, an increase of about 100,000 from 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "1,560,297"}], "question": "What is the 2014 population?", "id": "572aa556f75d5e190021fbe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When was the low point in Philadelphia's population?", "id": "572aa556f75d5e190021fbe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "100,000"}], "question": "How much is the population predicted to grow by 2035?", "id": "572aa556f75d5e190021fbe8"}]}], ["Untuk sebahagian besar sejarah Philadelphia, rumah tipikal telah menjadi rumah berturut-turut. Rumah berturut-turut diperkenalkan ke Amerika Syarikat melalui Philadelphia pada awal abad ke-19 dan, untuk satu masa, rumah berturut-turut yang dibina di tempat lain di Amerika Syarikat dikenali sebagai \"barisan Philadelphia\". Pelbagai rumah berturut-turut ditemui di seluruh bandar, dari rumah bergaya Victorian di Philadelphia Utara hingga rumah berkembar di West Philadelphia. Walaupun rumah-rumah baru bertaburan di seluruh bandar, sebahagian besar perumahan adalah dari awal abad ke-20 atau lebih tua. Usia besar rumah ini telah menimbulkan banyak masalah, termasuk kekayaan dan kekosongan di banyak bahagian di bandar, sementara persekitaran lain seperti Society Hill, yang mempunyai konsentrasi seni bina abad ke-18 terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, telah dipulihkan dan gentrified. <> Apakah jenis rumah yang dominan di Philadelphia? || rumah berturut-turut <> Apa rumah-rumah berturut yang dipanggil di luar Philadelphia? || Barisan Philadelphia <> Berapa lamakah kebanyakan perumahan di Philadelphia? || awal abad ke-20 atau lebih tua <> Nama rumah jenis di rumah? || Rumah bergaya Victorian di Philadelphia Utara ke rumah berkembar berkembar di Philadelphia Barat <> Kejiranan yang mana mempunyai perumahan tertua di Amerika? || Bukit Persatuan", {"context": "For much of Philadelphia's history, the typical home has been the row house. The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and, for a time, row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as \"Philadelphia rows\". A variety of row houses are found throughout the city, from Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia. While newer homes are scattered throughout the city, much of the housing is from the early 20th century or older. The great age of the homes has created numerous problems, including blight and vacant lots in many parts of the city, while other neighborhoods such as Society Hill, which has the largest concentration of 18th-century architecture in the United States, have been rehabilitated and gentrified.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "row house"}], "question": "What is the dominant type of house in Philadelphia?", "id": "572aa3cfbe1ee31400cb80f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Philadelphia rows"}], "question": "What are row houses called outside of Philadelphia?", "id": "572aa3cfbe1ee31400cb80f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "early 20th century or older"}], "question": "How old is most of the housing in Philadelphia?", "id": "572aa3cfbe1ee31400cb80f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia"}], "question": "Name a type of row house in the city?", "id": "572aa3cfbe1ee31400cb80f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "Society Hill"}], "question": "Which neighborhood has the oldest housing in America?", "id": "572aa3cfbe1ee31400cb80f7"}]}], ["Suruhanjaya Perancangan Bandar, yang ditugaskan untuk membimbing pertumbuhan dan pembangunan bandar, telah membahagikan bandar itu menjadi 18 daerah perancangan sebagai sebahagian daripada rancangan pembangunan fizikal Philadelphia2035. Sebahagian besar kod zon bandar 1980 telah dirombak dari 2007-2012 sebagai sebahagian usaha bersama antara bekas walikota John F. Street dan Michael Nutter. Perubahan zon ini bertujuan untuk membetulkan pemetaan zon yang tidak tepat yang akan menyelaraskan keutamaan dan pembangunan komuniti masa depan, yang mana ramalan bandar tambahan 100,000 penduduk dan 40,000 pekerjaan yang akan ditambah ke Philadelphia pada 2035. <> Berapa banyak daerah perancangan membuat Philadelphia? || 18 <> Bilakah Kod Pengezonan 1980 dirubah? || 2007-2012 <> Yang mana dua orang walikota mencapai pembetulan kod pengezonan? || John F. Street dan Michael Nutter", {"context": "The City Planning Commission, tasked with guiding growth and development of the city, has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan. Much of the city's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007\u20132012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors John F. Street and Michael Nutter. The zoning changes were intended to rectify incorrect zoning mapping that would streamline future community preferences and development, which the city forecasts an additional 100,000 residents and 40,000 jobs to be added to Philadelphia in 2035.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many planning districts make up Philadelphia?", "id": "572aa1b9f75d5e190021fbd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "2007\u20132012"}], "question": "When was the 1980 zoning code revamped?", "id": "572aa1b9f75d5e190021fbd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "John F. Street and Michael Nutter"}], "question": "Which two mayors accomplished the zoning code revamp?", "id": "572aa1b9f75d5e190021fbda"}]}], ["Pusat kota Philadelphia diwujudkan pada abad ke-17 setelah rancangan oleh juru ukur William Penn, Thomas Holme. Pusat bandar berstruktur dengan jalan-jalan panjang yang lurus berjalan timur-barat dan utara-selatan membentuk corak grid. Pelan bandar asal direka untuk membolehkan perjalanan yang mudah dan menjaga kediaman dipisahkan oleh ruang terbuka yang akan membantu mencegah penyebaran kebakaran. Sungai Delaware dan Sungai Schuylkill berkhidmat sebagai sempadan awal di mana pelan jalan awal bandar itu disimpan di dalamnya. Di samping itu, Penn merancang mewujudkan lima taman awam di bandar yang dinamakan semula pada tahun 1824 (dalam kurungan): Square Square, Dataran Publick Timur Utara (Dataran Franklin), Northwest Square (Dataran Logan), Dataran Barat Daya (Rittenhouse Square) dan Dataran Tenggara (Washington Square). Center City telah berkembang menjadi kawasan pusat bandar kedua yang paling ramai penduduk di Amerika Syarikat, selepas Midtown Manhattan di New York City, dengan anggaran 183,240 penduduk pada 2015. <> Siapa yang merancang pusat bandar? || Thomas Holme <> Sungai mana yang berjalan melalui bandar? || Sungai Delaware dan Sungai Schuylkill <> Berapa banyak taman awam yang membuat rancangan Penn? || lima <> Berapa banyak yang tinggal di kawasan tengah hari ini? || 183,240", {"context": "Philadelphia's central city was created in the 17th century following the plan by William Penn's surveyor Thomas Holme. Center City is structured with long straight streets running east-west and north-south forming a grid pattern. The original city plan was designed to allow for easy travel and to keep residences separated by open space that would help prevent the spread of fire. The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers served as early boundaries between which the city's early street plan was kept within. In addition, Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824 (in parenthesis): Centre Square, North East Publick Square (Franklin Square), Northwest Square (Logan Square), Southwest Square (Rittenhouse Square), and Southeast Square (Washington Square). Center City has grown into the second-most populated downtown area in the United States, after Midtown Manhattan in New York City, with an estimated 183,240 residents in 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Thomas Holme"}], "question": "Who planned the central city?", "id": "572aa141be1ee31400cb80db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers"}], "question": "Which rivers run through the city?", "id": "572aa141be1ee31400cb80dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many public parks did Penn plan?", "id": "572aa141be1ee31400cb80dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 951, "text": "183,240"}], "question": "How many live in the central area today?", "id": "572aa141be1ee31400cb80de"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1940, putih bukan-Hispanik membentuk 86.8% daripada penduduk bandar ini. Penduduknya memuncak pada lebih dari dua juta penduduk pada tahun 1950, kemudian mulai merosot dengan penyusunan semula industri, yang mengakibatkan kehilangan banyak pekerjaan serikat pekerja kelas menengah. Di samping itu, kawasan pinggir bandar telah menarik ramai penduduk yang kaya ke bandar-bandar yang mengembara di bandar-bandar dan perumahan baru. Revitalisasi dan gentrifikasi kejiranan bermula pada akhir 1970-an dan terus ke abad ke-21, dengan banyak pembangunan di kawasan Pusat Bandar dan Universiti Bandaraya. Selepas banyak pengeluar dan perniagaan lama meninggalkan Philadelphia atau ditutup, bandar mula menarik perniagaan perkhidmatan dan mula lebih agresif memasarkan dirinya sebagai destinasi pelancongan. Bangunan pencakar langit kaca-dan-granit telah dibina di Pusat Bandar. Kawasan bersejarah seperti Taman Bersejarah Nasional Kemerdekaan yang terletak di Old City dan Society Hill telah diubahsuai semasa era reformis di era 1950-an hingga 1980-an. Mereka kini berada di antara kawasan bandar Pusat yang paling sesuai. Ini telah memperlahankan penurunan penduduk 40 tahun selepas kehilangan hampir seperempat penduduknya. <> Bilakah puncak populasi Philadelphia? || 1950 <> Mengapa penduduk menurun selepas zaman ini? || kehilangan pekerjaan serikat pekerja kelas pertengahan <> Apa pemacu utama ekonomi sekarang? || perniagaan perkhidmatan <> Berapa banyak penduduk yang tinggal selepas tahun 1950? || satu perempat <> Apa lagi industri besar? || destinasi pelancongan", {"context": "In 1940, non-Hispanic whites constituted 86.8% of the city's population. The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950, then began to decline with the restructuring of industry, which led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs. In addition, suburbanization had been drawing off many of the wealthier residents to outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing. Revitalization and gentrification of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century, with much of the development in the Center City and University City areas of the city. After many of the old manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down, the city started attracting service businesses and began to more aggressively market itself as a tourist destination. Glass-and-granite skyscrapers were built in Center City. Historic areas such as Independence National Historical Park located in Old City and Society Hill were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s. They are now among the most desirable living areas of Center City. This has slowed the city's 40-year population decline after it lost nearly one-quarter of its population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "1950"}], "question": "When was the peak of Philadelphia's population?", "id": "572aa053f75d5e190021fbc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "the loss of many middle-class union jobs"}], "question": "Why did the population decline after this time?", "id": "572aa053f75d5e190021fbc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "service businesses"}], "question": "What is the main driver of the economy now?", "id": "572aa053f75d5e190021fbc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1167, "text": "one-quarter"}], "question": "How much of the population left after 1950?", "id": "572aa053f75d5e190021fbca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 767, "text": "a tourist destination"}], "question": "What is another large industry?", "id": "572aa053f75d5e190021fbc9"}]}], ["Menjelang abad ke-20, Philadelphia telah dikenali sebagai \"rasuah dan puas\", dengan penduduk yang berpuas hati dan mesin politik Republikan yang kukuh. Pembaharuan utama yang pertama datang pada tahun 1917 apabila kemarahan atas pembunuhan tahun pemilihan pegawai polis membawa kepada pengurangan Majlis Bandaraya Philadelphia dari dua buah rumah kepada satu. Pada bulan Julai 1919, Philadelphia adalah salah satu daripada lebih daripada 36 bandar perindustrian di seluruh dunia yang mengalami rusuhan bangsa etnik terhadap kulit hitam semasa Musim Panas Merah, dalam pergolakan pasca Perang Dunia I, ketika pendatang baru-baru ini bersaing dengan orang kulit hitam untuk pekerjaan. Pada tahun 1920-an, undang-undang larangan awam, keganasan orang ramai, dan penglibatan polis dalam kegiatan yang menyalahi undang-undang membawa kepada pelantikan Brigadier Jeneral Smedley Butler dari Korps Marin Amerika Syarikat sebagai pengarah keselamatan awam, tetapi tekanan politik menghalang sebarang kejayaan jangka panjang dalam memerangi jenayah dan rasuah. <> Parti politik mana yang menguasai Philadelphia pada awal abad ke-20? || Republikan <> Frasa apa yang boleh menggambarkan Philadelphia pada awal abad ke-20? || rasuah dan puas <> Bilakah pembaharuan politik utama pertama berlaku? || 1917", {"context": "By the 20th century, Philadelphia had become known as \"corrupt and contented\", with a complacent population and an entrenched Republican political machine. The first major reform came in 1917 when outrage over the election-year murder of a police officer led to the shrinking of the Philadelphia City Council from two houses to just one. In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a race riot of ethnic whites against blacks during Red Summer, in post-World War I unrest, as recent immigrants competed with blacks for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of Prohibition laws, mob violence, and police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of Brigadier General Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as director of public safety, but political pressure prevented any long-term success in fighting crime and corruption.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "Which political party controlled Philadelphia in the early 20th century?", "id": "572a9f8af75d5e190021fbb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "corrupt and contented"}], "question": "What phrase could describe Philadelphia of the early 20th century?", "id": "572a9f8af75d5e190021fbb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "1917"}], "question": "When did the first major political reform occur?", "id": "572a9f8af75d5e190021fbb8"}]}], ["Pada dekad pertama abad ke-19, seni bina Persekutuan dan arkitek Revival Yunani didominasi oleh arkitek Philadelphia seperti Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, dan Samuel Sloan. Frank Furness dianggap sebagai arkitek terbesar di Philadelphia pada pertengahan kedua abad ke-19, tetapi John Frederick, Addison Hutton, Wilson Eyre, Wilson Brothers, dan Horace Trumbauer. Pada tahun 1871, pembinaan bermula di Dewan Bandar Raya Philadelphia yang bergaya Empayar Kedua. Suruhanjaya Sejarah Philadelphia telah diwujudkan pada tahun 1955 untuk memelihara sejarah budaya dan seni bina bandar. Suruhanjaya mengekalkan Daftar Philadelphia Tempat Bersejarah, menambah bangunan bersejarah, struktur, tapak, objek dan daerah yang dilihat sesuai. <> Nama 6 arkitek penting Philadelphia? || Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, dan Samuel Sloan <> Siapa arkitek Philadelphia terbesar abad ke-19? || Frank Furness <> Bilakah bangunan bermula di Philadelphia CIty Hall? || 1871 Apa komisen dibuat pada tahun 1955? || Suruhanjaya Sejarah Philadelphia <> Apa yang mengawal komisen ini? || Philadelphia Daftar Tempat Bersejarah", {"context": "In the first decades of the 19th century, Federal architecture and Greek Revival architecture were dominated by Philadelphia architects such as Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, and Samuel Sloan. Frank Furness is considered Philadelphia's greatest architect of the second half of the 19th century, but his contemporaries included John McArthur, Jr., Addison Hutton, Wilson Eyre, the Wilson Brothers, and Horace Trumbauer. In 1871, construction began on the Second Empire-style Philadelphia City Hall. The Philadelphia Historical Commission was created in 1955 to preserve the cultural and architectural history of the city. The commission maintains the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places, adding historic buildings, structures, sites, objects and districts as it sees fit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, and Samuel Sloan"}], "question": "Name 6 important Philadelphia architects?", "id": "572aa285be1ee31400cb80e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Frank Furness"}], "question": "Who is Philadelphia's greatest architect of the later 19th century?", "id": "572aa285be1ee31400cb80e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "1871"}], "question": "When did building begin on the Philadelphia CIty Hall?", "id": "572aa285be1ee31400cb80e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Philadelphia Historical Commission"}], "question": "What commission was created in 1955?", "id": "572aa285be1ee31400cb80e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places"}], "question": "What does this commission control?", "id": "572aa285be1ee31400cb80e7"}]}], ["Terdapat juga peningkatan jenis yuppie, bohemian, dan hipster terutamanya di sekitar Pusat Bandar, kejiranan Kebebasan Utara, dan di kawasan sekitar universiti di bandar, seperti berhampiran dengan Kuil di Philadelphia Utara dan terutamanya berhampiran Drexel dan University of Pennsylvania di Philadelphia Barat. Philadelphia juga menjadi rumah kepada penduduk gay dan lesbian yang penting. Gaybridgehood Philadelphia, yang terletak berhampiran Dataran Washington, adalah tempat tumpuan perniagaan, restoran dan bar yang mesra gay dan lesbian. <> Namakan tiga sub budaya di Pusat Bandar? || yuppie, bohemian, dan hipster <> Apa nama daerah gay? || Gayborhood <> Nama Universiti yang terletak di bandar? || Drexel dan University of Pennsylvania", {"context": "There has also been an increase of yuppie, bohemian, and hipster types particularly around Center City, the neighborhood of Northern Liberties, and in the neighborhoods around the city's universities, such as near Temple in North Philadelphia and particularly near Drexel and University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Philadelphia is also home to a significant gay and lesbian population. Philadelphia's Gayborhood, which is located near Washington Square, is home to a large concentration of gay and lesbian friendly businesses, restaurants, and bars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "yuppie, bohemian, and hipster"}], "question": "Name three sub-cultures in the Center City?", "id": "572aae4ff75d5e190021fc2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Gayborhood"}], "question": "What is the name of the gay district?", "id": "572aae4ff75d5e190021fc2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Drexel and University of Pennsylvania"}], "question": "Name a University located in the city?", "id": "572aae4ff75d5e190021fc2c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2010 [kemas kini], 79.12% (1,112,441) penduduk Philadelphia berusia 5 tahun dan lebih tua bercakap Bahasa Inggeris di rumah sebagai bahasa utama, manakala 9.72% (136.688) bercakap Bahasa Sepanyol, 1.64% (23.075) Bahasa Cina, 0.89% 0.77% (10.885) Bahasa Rusia, 0.66% (9,240) Bahasa Perancis, 0.61% (8,639) bahasa Asia lain, 0.58% (8,217) bahasa Afrika, bahasa utama sebanyak 0.55% (7,773) daripada penduduk berumur lima tahun. Secara keseluruhan, 20.88% (293,544) penduduk Philadelphia berusia 5 tahun dan lebih tua bercakap bahasa ibu selain Bahasa Inggeris. <> Berapa peratus umur 5 tahun atau lebih tua berbahasa Inggeris? || 79.12% <> Berapa peratus umur 5 tahun atau lebih tua berbahasa Sepanyol? || 9.72% <> Berapakah jumlah lebih dari 5 yang bercakap bahasa lain daripada bahasa Inggeris? || 20.88%", {"context": "As of 2010[update], 79.12% (1,112,441) of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 9.72% (136,688) spoke Spanish, 1.64% (23,075) Chinese, 0.89% (12,499) Vietnamese, 0.77% (10,885) Russian, 0.66% (9,240) French, 0.61% (8,639) other Asian languages, 0.58% (8,217) African languages, 0.56% (7,933) Cambodian (Mon-Khmer), and Italian was spoken as a main language by 0.55% (7,773) of the population over the age of five. In total, 20.88% (293,544) of Philadelphia's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "79.12%"}], "question": "What percent of 5 year olds or older speak English?", "id": "572aaecdbe1ee31400cb8167"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "9.72%"}], "question": "What percent of 5 year olds or older speak Spanish?", "id": "572aaecdbe1ee31400cb8168"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "20.88%"}], "question": "What is the total over 5's that speak another language than English?", "id": "572aaecdbe1ee31400cb8169"}]}], ["Kadar pengangguran tahunan Philadelphia adalah 7.8% pada 2014, turun daripada 10.0% pada tahun sebelumnya. Ini lebih tinggi daripada purata kebangsaan sebanyak 6.2%. Begitu juga, kadar pekerjaan baru yang ditambah kepada ekonomi bandar tertinggal di belakang pertumbuhan pekerjaan negara. Pada tahun 2014, kira-kira 8,800 pekerjaan telah ditambah kepada ekonomi bandaraya. Sektor dengan jumlah pekerjaan yang terbesar ditambah dalam pendidikan dan perkhidmatan kesihatan, masa lapang dan perhotelan, dan perkhidmatan profesional dan perniagaan. Penurunan dilihat di sektor perkilangan dan kerajaan di bandar. <> Kadar pengangguran pada tahun 2014? || 7.8% <> Apakah kadar pengangguran purata di A.S. pada tahun 2014? || 6.2% <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan yang diperoleh pada tahun 2014? || 8,800 <> Apa industri menyumbang sebahagian besar keuntungan pekerjaan bandar? || pendidikan dan perkhidmatan kesihatan, masa lapang dan perhotelan, dan perkhidmatan profesional dan perniagaan <> Apa industri mengalami penurunan? || pembuatan dan kerajaan", {"context": "Philadelphia's an annualized unemployment rate was 7.8% in 2014, down from 10.0%the previous year. This is higher than the national average of 6.2%. Similarly, the rate of new jobs added to the city's economy lagged behind the national job growth. In 2014, about 8,800 jobs were added to the city's economy. Sectors with the largest number of jobs added were in education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services. Declines were seen in the city's manufacturing and government sectors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "7.8%"}], "question": "Unemployment rate in 2014?", "id": "572aafa1f75d5e190021fc38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "6.2%"}], "question": "What was the average unemployment rate in the U.S. in 2014?", "id": "572aafa1f75d5e190021fc39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "8,800"}], "question": "How many jobs were gained in 2014?", "id": "572aafa1f75d5e190021fc3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services"}], "question": "What industries accounted for most of the city's job gains?", "id": "572aafa1f75d5e190021fc3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "manufacturing and government"}], "question": "What industries suffered declines?", "id": "572aafa1f75d5e190021fc3c"}]}], ["Ketumpatan penduduk purata adalah 11,457 orang setiap batu persegi (4,405.4 / km\u00b2). Banci melaporkan bahawa 1,468,623 orang (96.2% daripada penduduk) tinggal di isi rumah, 38,007 (2.5%) tinggal di kuarters kelompok yang tidak dilesenkan, dan 19.376 (1.3%) telah dilembagakan. Pada tahun 2013, bandar raya itu melaporkan jumlah unit rumah sebanyak 668,247, turun sedikit daripada 670,171 unit rumah pada tahun 2010. Setakat 2013 [kemas kini], 87 peratus unit rumah telah diduduki, manakala 13 peratus adalah kosong, sedikit perubahan dari 2010 di mana 89.5 peratus daripada unit yang diduduki, atau 599,736 dan 10.5 peratus adalah kosong, atau 70,435. Daripada penduduk bandar ini, 32 peratus melaporkan tiada kenderaan tersedia manakala 23 peratus mempunyai dua atau lebih kenderaan yang tersedia, pada 2013 [update]. <> Apakah ketumpatannya? || 11,457 orang per mil persegi <> Berapa banyak rumah atau pangsapuri yang ada pada tahun 2010? || 670,171 <> Berapa peratus kekosongan pada tahun 2013? || 13 peratus <> Sebanyak peratus kereta tidak sendiri? || 32 <> Apakah peratus memiliki 2 atau lebih kereta? || 23", {"context": "The average population density was 11,457 people per square mile (4,405.4/km\u00b2). The Census reported that 1,468,623 people (96.2% of the population) lived in households, 38,007 (2.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 19,376 (1.3%) were institutionalized. In 2013, the city reported having 668,247 total housing units, down slightly from 670,171 housing units in 2010. As of 2013[update], 87 percent of housing units were occupied, while 13 percent were vacant, a slight change from 2010 where 89.5 percent of units were occupied, or 599,736 and 10.5 percent were vacant, or 70,435. Of the city's residents, 32 percent reported having no vehicles available while 23 percent had two or more vehicles available, as of 2013[update].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "11,457 people per square mile"}], "question": "What is the density?", "id": "572aa6e4111d821400f38c86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "670,171"}], "question": "How many houses or apartments were there in 2010?", "id": "572aa6e4111d821400f38c87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "13 percent"}], "question": "What percent are vacant as of 2013?", "id": "572aa6e4111d821400f38c88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "32"}], "question": "What percent don't own cars?", "id": "572aa6e4111d821400f38c89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "23"}], "question": "What percent own 2 or more cars?", "id": "572aa6e4111d821400f38c8a"}]}], ["Philadelphia adalah rumah kepada banyak tapak bersejarah negara yang berkaitan dengan penubuhan Amerika Syarikat. Taman Sejarah Nasional Kemerdekaan adalah pusat tanda bersejarah ini menjadi salah satu daripada 22 Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO di negara ini. Dewan Kemerdekaan, di mana Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan ditandatangani, dan Liberty Bell adalah tarikan paling terkenal di bandar ini. Tapak-tapak bersejarah lain termasuk rumah-rumah Edgar Allan Poe, Betsy Ross, dan Thaddeus Kosciuszko, bangunan-bangunan kerajaan awal seperti Bank-bank Pertama dan Kedua di Amerika Syarikat, Fort Mifflin, dan Gereja Gloria Dei (Old Swedes). Philadelphia sendiri mempunyai 67 Tanda Bersejarah Kebangsaan, yang ketiga paling banyak di mana-mana bandar di negara ini. <> Yang mana tapak bersejarah terbesar? || Taman Sejarah Nasional Kemerdekaan <> Berapa laman web UNESCO tidak mempunyai A.S.? || 22 Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO <> Dimana ditandatangani Deklarasi Kemerdekaan? || Taman Sejarah Nasional Kemerdekaan <> Apa loceng yang terkenal di Philadelphia? || Liberty Bell <> Apa penulis yang terkenal mempunyai rumah di Philadelphia? || Edgar Allan Poe", {"context": "Philadelphia is home to many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States. Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Liberty Bell are the city's most famous attractions. Other historic sites include homes for Edgar Allan Poe, Betsy Ross, and Thaddeus Kosciuszko, early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States, Fort Mifflin, and the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church. Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks, the third most of any city in the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Independence National Historical Park"}], "question": "Which is the biggest historical sites?", "id": "572ab07b111d821400f38ccc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites"}], "question": "How many UNESCO sites does the U.S. have?", "id": "572ab07b111d821400f38ccd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Independence National Historical Park"}], "question": "Where was the Declaration of Independence signed?", "id": "572ab07b111d821400f38cce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "the Liberty Bell"}], "question": "What famous bell is in Philadelphia?", "id": "572ab07b111d821400f38ccf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Edgar Allan Poe"}], "question": "What famous writer has a house in Philadelphia?", "id": "572ab07b111d821400f38cd0"}]}], ["Mengikut Biro Banci, pendapatan isi rumah median pada tahun 2013 adalah $ 36,836, turun 7.9 peratus dari tahun 2008 apabila pendapatan isi rumah rata-rata $ 40,008 (pada tahun 2013 dolar). Sebagai perbandingan, pendapatan isi rumah median di kalangan kawasan metropolitan adalah $ 60,482, turun 8.2 peratus dalam tempoh yang sama, dan pendapatan isi rumah median kebangsaan ialah $ 55,250, turun 7.0 peratus dari 2008. Kesamaan kekayaan di bandar ini jelas apabila kejiranan dibandingkan. Penduduk di Society Hill mempunyai pendapatan rumah tangga rata-rata $ 93,720 sementara penduduk di salah satu daerah Philadelphia Utara melaporkan pendapatan rumah tangga terendah terendah, $ 14,185. <> Apakah pendapatan isi rumah median pada tahun 2013? || $ 36,836 <> Apakah nama kejiranan yang kaya? || Society Hill <> Apakah pendapatan median terendah di Philadelphia? || $ 14,185", {"context": "According to the Census Bureau, the median household income in 2013 was $36,836, down 7.9 percent from 2008 when the median household income was $40,008 (in 2013 dollars). For comparison, the median household income among metropolitan areas was $60,482, down 8.2 percent in the same period, and the national median household income was $55,250, down 7.0 percent from 2008. The city's wealth disparity is evident when neighborhoods are compared. Residents in Society Hill had a median household income of $93,720 while residents in one of North Philadelphia's districts reported the lowest median household income, $14,185.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "$36,836"}], "question": "What was the median household income in 2013?", "id": "572aabc4111d821400f38c98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Society Hill"}], "question": "What is the name of a wealthy neighborhood?", "id": "572aabc4111d821400f38c99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "$14,185"}], "question": "What is the lowest median income in Philadelphia?", "id": "572aabc4111d821400f38c9a"}]}], ["Dalam dekad yang lalu, Philadelphia mengalami perubahan besar dalam profil umurnya. Pada tahun 2000, piramid penduduk di bandar itu mempunyai bentuk pegun. Pada tahun 2013, bandar itu mengambil bentuk piramid yang luas, dengan peningkatan dalam tiga kumpulan umur milenium, 20 hingga 24, 25 hingga 29, dan 30 hingga 34. Kumpulan usia 25 hingga 29 tahun di bandar ini adalah bandar kohort umur terbesar. Menurut Banci 2010, 343,837 (22.5%) adalah di bawah umur 18 tahun; 203,697 (13.3%) dari 18 hingga 25; 434,385 (28.5%) dari 25 kepada 44; 358,778 (23.5%) dari 45 kepada 64; dan 185,309 (12.1%) yang berusia 65 tahun atau lebih tua. Umur median adalah 33.5 tahun. Bagi setiap 100 wanita ada 89.4 lelaki. Bagi setiap 100 wanita berumur 18 tahun ke atas, terdapat 85.7 lelaki. Bandar ini mempunyai 22,018 kelahiran pada tahun 2013, turun dari kemuncak 23,689 kelahiran pada tahun 2008. Kadar kematian Philadelphia adalah paling rendah dalam sekurang-kurangnya setengah abad, 13,691 kematian pada tahun 2013. Satu lagi faktor yang menyumbang kepada peningkatan populasi adalah kadar imigresen Philadelphia. Pada tahun 2013, 12.7 peratus penduduk adalah warga asing, hanya pemalu purata nasional, 13.1 peratus. <> Apakah kumpulan umur terbesar di bandar ini? || 25- hingga 29 tahun <> Berapa ramai orang pada banci yang terakhir berada di bawah 18 tahun? || 343,837 <> Berapa banyak bayi berada di sana pada tahun 2013? || 22,018 <> Berapa banyak kematian yang berlaku pada tahun 2013? || 13,691", {"context": "During the last decade, Philadelphia experienced a large shift in its age profile. In 2000, the city's population pyramid had a largely stationary shape. In 2013, the city took on an expansive pyramid shape, with an increase in the three millennial age groups, 20 to 24, 25 to 29, and 30 to 34. The city's 25- to 29-year-old age group was the city's largest age cohort. According to the 2010 Census, 343,837 (22.5%) were under the age of 18; 203,697 (13.3%) from 18 to 25; 434,385 (28.5%) from 25 to 44; 358,778 (23.5%) from 45 to 64; and 185,309 (12.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.5 years. For every 100 females there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males. The city had 22,018 births in 2013, down from a peak 23,689 births in 2008. Philadelphia's death rate was at its lowest in at least a half-century, 13,691 deaths in 2013. Another factor attributing to the population increase is Philadelphia's immigration rate. In 2013, 12.7 percent of residents were foreign-born, just shy of the national average, 13.1 percent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "25- to 29-year-old"}], "question": "What is the city's largest age group?", "id": "572aac81f75d5e190021fc22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "343,837"}], "question": "How many people at the last census were under 18?", "id": "572aac81f75d5e190021fc23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "22,018"}], "question": "How many baby's were there in 2013?", "id": "572aac81f75d5e190021fc24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 876, "text": "13,691"}], "question": "How many deaths were there in 2013?", "id": "572aac81f75d5e190021fc25"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2010, 24.9 peratus isi rumah dilaporkan mempunyai kanak-kanak di bawah umur 18 tahun yang tinggal bersama mereka, 28.3 peratus pasangan suami isteri tinggal bersama dan 22.5 peratus mempunyai rumah tangga wanita tanpa suami hadir, 6.0 peratus mempunyai penghulu lelaki tanpa isteri hadir, dan 43.2 peratus adalah bukan keluarga. Bandaraya melaporkan 34.1 peratus daripada semua isi rumah terdiri daripada individu manakala 10.5 peratus mempunyai orang yang tinggal bersendirian yang berusia 65 tahun atau lebih tua. Saiz isi rumah purata ialah 2.45 dan saiz keluarga purata ialah 3.20. Pada tahun 2013, peratusan wanita yang melahirkan dalam 12 bulan sebelumnya yang belum berkahwin adalah 56 peratus. Daripada orang dewasa Philadelphia, 31 peratus telah berkahwin atau hidup sebagai pasangan, 55 peratus tidak berkahwin, 11 peratus telah diceraikan atau dipisahkan, dan 3 peratus telah janda. <> Pada banci terakhir berapa banyak isi rumah mempunyai anak di bawah 18 tahun di dalamnya? || 24.9 peratus <> Sebanyak peratus isi rumah bukan keluarga? || 43.2 <> Apakah saiz isi rumah purata? || 2.45 <> Peratusan kelahiran yang tidak dilahirkan? || 56", {"context": "In 2010, 24.9 percent of households reported having children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.3 percent were married couples living together and 22.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0 percent had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.2 percent were non-families. The city reported 34.1 percent of all households were made up of individuals while 10.5 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.20. In 2013, the percentage of women who gave birth in the previous 12 months who were unmarried was 56 percent. Of Philadelphia's adults, 31 percent were married or lived as a couple, 55 percent were not married, 11 percent were divorced or separated, and 3 percent were widowed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "24.9 percent"}], "question": "At the last census how many households had children under 18 in them?", "id": "572aab3fbe1ee31400cb813b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "43.2"}], "question": "What percent were non-family households?", "id": "572aab3fbe1ee31400cb813c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "2.45"}], "question": "What is the size of the average household?", "id": "572aab3fbe1ee31400cb813d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "56"}], "question": "Percentage of unwed births?", "id": "572aab3fbe1ee31400cb813e"}]}], ["Sebagai perbandingan, Data Pengubahsuaian Banci 2010 menunjukkan bahawa rias wajah kaum bandar adalah 661,839 (43.4%) Afrika Amerika, 626,221 (41.0%) Putih, 6,996 (0.5%) Orang Asli Amerika, 96,405 (6.3%) Asia (2.0% , 1.2% India, 0.9% Vietnam, 0.6% Kemboja, 0.4% Korea, 0.3% Filipina, 0.2% Pakistan, 0.1% Bahasa Indonesia), 744 (0.0%) Pulau Pasifik, 90.731 (5.9% 2.8%) daripada dua atau lebih kaum. Hispanik atau Latino mana-mana kaum adalah 187,611 orang (12.3%); 8.0% daripada Philadelphia ialah Puerto Rican, 1.0% Dominican, 1.0% Mexico, 0.3% Cuba, dan 0.3% Kolombia. Jumlah penduduk Hispanik / Latino di Philadelphia adalah 63,636 (33.9%) White, 17.552 (9.4%) Afrika Amerika, 3,498 (1.9%) Amerika Asli, 884 (0.47%) Asia, 287 (0.15% 46.2%) daripada kaum lain, dan 15,128 (8.1%) daripada dua atau lebih kaum. Lima orang keturunan Eropah terbesar yang dilaporkan dalam Banci Banci Amerika Syarikat 2010 termasuk Ireland (12.5%), Itali (8.4%), Jerman (8.1%), Poland (3.6%), dan Bahasa Inggeris (3.0%). <> Apakah peratus kulit hitam? || 43.4% <> Apakah peratus kulit putih? || 41.0% <> Apa itu make up penduduk? || 12.3% <> Apakah keturunan Eropah terbesar? || Ireland (12.5%)", {"context": "In comparison, the 2010 Census Redistricting Data indicated that the racial makeup of the city was 661,839 (43.4%) African American, 626,221 (41.0%) White, 6,996 (0.5%) Native American, 96,405 (6.3%) Asian (2.0% Chinese, 1.2% Indian, 0.9% Vietnamese, 0.6% Cambodian, 0.4% Korean, 0.3% Filipino, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.1% Indonesian), 744 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 90,731 (5.9%) from other races, and 43,070 (2.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 187,611 persons (12.3%); 8.0% of Philadelphia is Puerto Rican, 1.0% Dominican, 1.0% Mexican, 0.3% Cuban, and 0.3% Colombian. The racial breakdown of Philadelphia's Hispanic/Latino population was 63,636 (33.9%) White, 17,552 (9.4%) African American, 3,498 (1.9%) Native American, 884 (0.47%) Asian, 287 (0.15%) Pacific Islander, 86,626 (46.2%) from other races, and 15,128 (8.1%) from two or more races. The five largest European ancestries reported in the 2010 United States Census Census included Irish (12.5%), Italian (8.4%), German (8.1%), Polish (3.6%), and English (3.0%).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "43.4%"}], "question": "What is the percent of blacks?", "id": "572aa62bf75d5e190021fbf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "41.0%"}], "question": "What is the percent of whites?", "id": "572aa62bf75d5e190021fbf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "12.3%"}], "question": "What is the hispanic make-up of the population?", "id": "572aa62bf75d5e190021fbf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "Irish (12.5%)"}], "question": "What is the largest European ancestry?", "id": "572aa62bf75d5e190021fbf9"}]}], ["Ireland, Itali, Poland, Jerman, Inggeris dan Yunani adalah kumpulan etnik terbesar di Eropah. Philadelphia mempunyai penduduk Ireland dan Itali yang kedua terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, selepas New York City. Philadelphia Selatan kekal sebagai salah satu kejiranan Itali terbesar di negara ini dan merupakan rumah kepada Pasar Itali. Kejiranan Pennsport dan bahagian Ferry Grey di Philadelphia Selatan, rumah kepada banyak kelab Mummer, terkenal dengan kawasan kejiranan Ireland. Bahagian Kensington, Port Richmond, dan Fishtown secara historisnya sangat Ireland dan Poland. Port Richmond terkenal terutamanya sebagai pusat imigran Poland dan komuniti Poland-Amerika di Philadelphia, dan ia tetap merupakan tujuan umum bagi pendatang Poland. Northeast Philadelphia, walaupun terkenal dengan populasi Ireland dan Ireland-Amerika, juga merupakan rumah kepada penduduk Yahudi dan Rusia yang besar. Mount Airy di Northwest Philadelphia juga mengandungi komuniti Yahudi yang besar, sementara Chestnut Hill yang berdekatan secara tradisinya dikenali sebagai kubu Protestan Anglo-Saxon. <> Namakan enam kumpulan etnik Eropah yang terbesar di bandar ini? || Ireland, Itali, Poland, Jerman, Inggeris, dan Yunani <> Kota mana yang mempunyai penduduk Ireland dan Itali yang terbesar? || New York City <> Kawasan kawasan bandar Itali yang besar? || South Philadelphia <> Tiga bidang yang tinggi di Ireland dan Poland? || Bahagian Kensington, Port Richmond, dan Fishtown <> Bahagian mana di bandar ini mempunyai kawasan Yahudi yang besar? || Gunung Airy", {"context": "Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks are the largest ethnic European groups in the city. Philadelphia has the second-largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States, after New York City. South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market. The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray's Ferry section of South Philadelphia, home to many Mummer clubs, are well known as Irish neighborhoods. The Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown have historically been heavily Irish and Polish. Port Richmond is well known in particular as the center of the Polish immigrant and Polish-American community in Philadelphia, and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants. Northeast Philadelphia, although known for its Irish and Irish-American population, is also home to a large Jewish and Russian population. Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community, while nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant stronghold.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks"}], "question": "Name the six largest European ethnic groups in the city?", "id": "572aadae34ae481900deac25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "Which city has the largest Irish and Italian populations?", "id": "572aadae34ae481900deac26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "South Philadelphia"}], "question": "What area of the city has a large Italian neighborhood?", "id": "572aadae34ae481900deac27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown"}], "question": "Which three areas are high in Irish and Polish?", "id": "572aadae34ae481900deac28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 900, "text": "Mount Airy"}], "question": "Which part of the city has a large Jewish area?", "id": "572aadae34ae481900deac29"}]}], ["Dialek Philadelphia, yang tersebar di seluruh Lembah Delaware dan Jersey Selatan, adalah sebahagian daripada Bahasa Inggeris Mid-Atlantic Amerika, dan oleh itu ia sama dengan banyak cara untuk dialek Baltimore. Tidak seperti dialek Baltimore, bagaimanapun, aksen Philadelphia juga berkongsi banyak persamaan dengan aksen New York. Terima kasih kepada data abad linguistik yang dikumpulkan oleh para penyelidik di University of Pennsylvania, dialek Philadelphia di bawah ahli sosiolinguistik William Labov telah menjadi salah satu bentuk bahasa Inggeris Amerika yang paling banyak dipelajari. [F] <> Nama loghat yang dituturkan di kawasan itu? || Dialek Philadelphia <> Dialek mana yang sama dengannya? || Baltimore dialect <> Apa bandar lain yang serupa dengan aksen Philadelphia? || New York <> Siapa yang mengkaji aksen di Universiti Pennsylvania? || William Labov", {"context": "The Philadelphia dialect, which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey, is part of Mid-Atlantic American English, and as such it is identical in many ways to the Baltimore dialect. Unlike the Baltimore dialect, however, the Philadelphia accent also shares many similarities with the New York accent. Thanks to over a century of linguistics data collected by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia dialect under sociolinguist William Labov has been one of the best-studied forms of American English.[f]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Philadelphia dialect"}], "question": "Name the accent spoken in the area?", "id": "572ab2ac34ae481900deac55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Baltimore dialect"}], "question": "Which dialect is it similar to?", "id": "572ab2ac34ae481900deac56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "New York"}], "question": "What other city is similar to Philadelphia's accent?", "id": "572ab2ac34ae481900deac57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "William Labov"}], "question": "Who studies the accent at the University of Pennsylvania?", "id": "572ab2ac34ae481900deac58"}]}], ["Mendayung telah menjadi terkenal di Philadelphia sejak abad ke-18. Row Boathouse adalah simbol sejarah mendayung kaya Philadelphia, dan setiap anggota Big Five mempunyai papan boathouse sendiri. Philadelphia menganjurkan pelbagai kelab dan pertandingan mendayung tempatan dan kolej, termasuk Dad Vail Regatta tahunan, acara mendayung intercollegiate terbesar di U, Regatta Piala Stotesbury, dan Ketua Schuylkill Regatta, yang semuanya diadakan di Sungai Schuylkill. Regattas di-host dan dianjurkan oleh Tentera Laut Schuylkill, sebuah persatuan kelab-kelab mendayung kawasan yang telah menghasilkan banyak penunggang Olimpik. <> Apa sukan air yang popular di bandar? || Mendayung <> Apakah simbol mendayung di kota? || Boathouse Row <> Apakah nama bangsa mendayung besar? || Dad Vail Regatta, acara mendayung intercollegiate terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, Regatta Piala Stotesbury, dan Ketua Schuylkill Regatta <> Di mana perlumbaan ini diadakan? || Sungai Schuylkill", {"context": "Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century. Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia's rich rowing history, and each Big Five member has its own boathouse. Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions, including the annual Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta, all of which are held on the Schuylkill River. The regattas are hosted and organized by the Schuylkill Navy, an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous Olympic rowers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Rowing"}], "question": "What water sport is popular in the city?", "id": "572ab5c7be1ee31400cb81b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Boathouse Row"}], "question": "What is the symbol of rowing in the city?", "id": "572ab5c7be1ee31400cb81b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta"}], "question": "What is the name of the big rowing races?", "id": "572ab5c7be1ee31400cb81b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Schuylkill River"}], "question": "Where are these races held?", "id": "572ab5c7be1ee31400cb81b6"}]}], ["Philadelphia pernah merangkumi enam daerah kongres. Walau bagaimanapun, hasil daripada penduduk bandar yang semakin menurun, ia kini hanya mempunyai empat: daerah pertama, diwakili oleh Bob Brady; yang ke-2, diwakili oleh Chaka Fattah; yang ke-8, diwakili oleh Mike Fitzpatrick; dan ke-13 yang diwakili oleh Brendan Boyle. Semua tetapi Fitzpatrick adalah Demokrat. Walaupun mereka biasanya dibanjiri oleh Demokrat di pilihan raya bandar, negara dan negara, Republikan masih mempunyai sokongan di kawasan itu, terutama di timur laut. Seorang Republikan mewakili sebahagian besar Philadelphia di Dewan pada lewat 1983, dan Sam Katz berlumba dengan perlumbaan berkuasa sebagai nominasi Republikan pada tahun 1999 dan 2003. <> Berapa banyak daerah kongres yang ada di bandar ini? || empat <> Berapa banyak daerah kongres di puncak populasi? || enam <> yang mewakili daerah ke-8? || Mike Fitzpatrick <> Bilakah perwakilan Republikan yang terakhir sebahagian besar dari bandar itu? || 1983 <> Siapa Republikan yang terakhir menjadi cukup kompetitif dalam bangsa mayoral? || Sam Katz", {"context": "Philadelphia once comprised six congressional districts. However, as a result of the city's declining population, it now has only four: the 1st district, represented by Bob Brady; the 2nd, represented by Chaka Fattah; the 8th, represented by Mike Fitzpatrick; and the 13th, represented by Brendan Boyle. All but Fitzpatrick are Democrats. Although they are usually swamped by Democrats in city, state and national elections, Republicans still have some support in the area, primarily in the northeast. A Republican represented a significant portion of Philadelphia in the House as late as 1983, and Sam Katz ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in both 1999 and 2003.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many congressional districts are there in the city?", "id": "572aba19f75d5e190021fc78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many congressional districts were there at the peak population?", "id": "572aba19f75d5e190021fc79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Mike Fitzpatrick"}], "question": "Who represents the 8th district?", "id": "572aba19f75d5e190021fc7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "1983"}], "question": "When was the last major Republican representation of a large part of the city?", "id": "572aba19f75d5e190021fc7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Sam Katz"}], "question": "Who was the last Republican to be fairly competitive in the mayoral race?", "id": "572aba19f75d5e190021fc7c"}]}], ["Philadelphia mempunyai lebih banyak seni awam berbanding mana-mana bandar Amerika lain. Pada tahun 1872, Persatuan Seni Awam (dahulu Persatuan Seni Fairmount Park) telah diwujudkan, persatuan swasta pertama di Amerika Syarikat yang didedikasikan untuk mengintegrasikan seni awam dan perancangan bandar. Pada tahun 1959, melobi oleh Persatuan Ekuiti Artis membantu membuat Percent untuk Ordinan Art, yang pertama untuk bandar A.S.. Program ini, yang telah membiayai lebih daripada 200 karya seni awam, ditadbir oleh Pejabat Kesenian dan Kebudayaan Philadelphia, agensi seni bandar. <> Di manakah bandar Amerika mempunyai seni yang paling umum? || Philadelphia <> Apa itu Assoc. untuk Seni Awam yang dipanggil pada masa lalu? || Persatuan Seni Fairmount Park <> Berapa banyak potongan seni yang dibiayai oleh Peratus untuk Ordinan Art? || lebih daripada 200", {"context": "Philadelphia has more public art than any other American city. In 1872, the Association for Public Art (formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association) was created, the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning. In 1959, lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the Percent for Art ordinance, the first for a U.S. city. The program, which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art, is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture, the city's art agency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Philadelphia"}], "question": "Which American city has the most public art?", "id": "572ab3f434ae481900deac6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Fairmount Park Art Association"}], "question": "What was the Assoc. for Public Art called in the past?", "id": "572ab3f434ae481900deac6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "more than 200"}], "question": "How many pieces of art were funded by the Percent for Art ordinance?", "id": "572ab3f434ae481900deac6f"}]}], ["Kawasan seperti South Street dan Old City mempunyai kehidupan malam yang meriah. The Avenue of the Arts di Pusat Bandar mengandungi banyak restoran dan teater, seperti Pusat Seni Persembahan Kimmel, yang merupakan rumah kepada Orkestra Philadelphia, secara amnya dianggap salah satu daripada lima orkestra teratas di Amerika Syarikat, dan Akademi Muzik , rumah Opera tertua yang beroperasi secara terus menerus, rumah kepada Syarikat Opera Philadelphia dan Pennsylvania Ballet. The Wilma Theatre dan Philadelphia Theatre Company mempunyai bangunan baru yang dibina pada dekad yang lalu di saluran tersebut. Mereka menghasilkan pelbagai kerja baru. Beberapa blok ke timur ialah Teater Walnut Street, teater tertua Amerika dan teater langganan terbesar di dunia; serta Panggung Lantern di St Stephens Church, salah satu daripada beberapa tempat yang lebih kecil. <> Nama dua daerah dengan kehidupan malam yang baik? || South Street dan Old City <> Apakah rumah orkestra ini? || Kimmel Centre for the Performing Arts <> Apakah negara opera tertua negara? || Akademi Muzik <> Siapa yang menggunakan rumah opera? || Opera Company of Philadelphia dan Pennsylvania Ballet <> Apakah teater tertua di A.S.? || Teater Walnut Street", {"context": "Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life. The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra, generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States, and the Academy of Music, the nation's oldest continually operating opera house, home to the Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet. The Wilma Theatre and Philadelphia Theatre Company have new buildings constructed in the last decade on the avenue. They produce a variety of new works. Several blocks to the east are the Walnut Street Theatre, America's oldest theatre and the largest subscription theater in the world; as well as the Lantern Theatre at St. Stephens Church, one of a number of smaller venues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "South Street and Old City"}], "question": "Name two districts with good night life?", "id": "572ab36d34ae481900deac5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts"}], "question": "What is the home of the orchestra?", "id": "572ab36d34ae481900deac5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Academy of Music"}], "question": "What is the countries oldest opera house?", "id": "572ab36d34ae481900deac5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet"}], "question": "Who uses the opera house?", "id": "572ab36d34ae481900deac60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "Walnut Street Theatre"}], "question": "What is the oldest theater in the U.S.?", "id": "572ab36d34ae481900deac61"}]}], ["Dari Perang Saudara Amerika hingga pertengahan abad ke-20, Philadelphia merupakan kubu Partai Republikan, yang timbul dari pandangan pro-Utara penduduk Philadelphia pada masa dan selepas perang (Philadelphia dipilih sebagai bandar tuan rumah untuk Republik pertama Konvensyen Kebangsaan pada tahun 1856). Selepas Kemelesetan Besar, pendaftaran demokrasi meningkat, tetapi bandar itu tidak dibawa oleh Demokrat Franklin D. Roosevelt dalam kemenangannya pada tahun 1932 (di mana Pennsylvania adalah salah satu daripada beberapa negeri yang dimenangi oleh Republikan Herbert Hoover). Empat tahun kemudian, bagaimanapun, pemilih mengundi semakin meningkat dan bandar akhirnya terbalik ke Demokrat. Roosevelt membawa Philadelphia dengan lebih daripada 60% undi pada tahun 1936. Bandar ini terus kekal Demokratik dalam setiap pilihan raya presiden sejak. Ia kini merupakan salah satu yang paling Demokratik di negara ini; pada 2008, Demokrat Barack Obama menarik 83% undi bandar. Kemenangan Obama lebih besar pada tahun 2012, menangkap 85% undi. <> Pihak mana yang dikuasai sehingga pertengahan abad ke-20 || Parti Republik <> Apa yang berlaku di Philadelphia pada tahun 1856? || Philadelphia dipilih sebagai bandar tuan rumah untuk Konvensyen Kebangsaan Republik pertama pada tahun 1856 <> Bilakah Demokrat mengambil bandar? || 1936 <> Yang memenangi undi paling banyak di bandar pada '08? || Barack Obama", {"context": "From the American Civil War until the mid-20th century, Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party, which arose from the staunch pro-Northern views of Philadelphia residents during and after the war (Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856). After the Great Depression, Democratic registrations increased, but the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 (in which Pennsylvania was one of the few states won by Republican Herbert Hoover). Four years later, however, voter turnout surged and the city finally flipped to the Democrats. Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60% of the vote in 1936. The city has remained loyally Democratic in every presidential election since. It is now one of the most Democratic in the country; in 2008, Democrat Barack Obama drew 83% of the city's vote. Obama's win was even greater in 2012, capturing 85% of the vote.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Republican Party"}], "question": "What party dominated until the mid-20th century", "id": "572ab7b334ae481900deac7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856"}], "question": "What happened in Philadelphia in 1856?", "id": "572ab7b334ae481900deac80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "1936"}], "question": "When did the Democrats take the city?", "id": "572ab7b334ae481900deac81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 859, "text": "Barack Obama"}], "question": "Who won the most votes in the city in '08?", "id": "572ab7b334ae481900deac82"}]}], ["Bandar ini menggunakan versi mayor-mayor majlis kerajaan pusat, yang diketuai oleh salah seorang walikota, di mana pihak berkuasa eksekutif terletak hak. Dipilih secara besar-besaran, Datuk Bandar itu terhad kepada dua syarat empat tahun berturut-turut di bawah piagam peraturan rumah di bandar, tetapi boleh berlari untuk posisi itu lagi setelah jangka waktu intervensi. Walikota adalah Jim Kenney, yang menggantikan Michael Nutter, yang berkhidmat dua istilah dari tahun 2009 hingga Januari 2016. Kenney, karena semua wali kota Philadelphia telah sejak 1952, adalah anggota Partai Demokrat, yang cenderung menguasai politik lokal secara menyeluruh sehingga Penduduk Demokratik Mayoral sering lebih banyak diliputi daripada pemilihan umum. Cabang perundangan, Majlis Bandaraya Philadelphia, terdiri dari sepuluh anggota dewan yang mewakili daerah masing-masing dan tujuh orang anggota dipilih secara besar-besaran. Demokrat kini memegang 14 kerusi, dengan Republikan mewakili dua kerusi parlimen yang diperuntukkan untuk parti minoriti, serta Daerah Kesepuluh yang berpusat di Timur Laut. Presiden majlis semasa ialah Darrell Clarke. <> Jenis kerajaan apa Philadelphia mempunyai? || versi mayor-mayor majlis-majlis bandaraya <> Berapa banyak istilah yang dapat disampaikan oleh Datuk Bandar? || dua terma berturut-turut empat tahun <> Siapa Datuk Bandar semasa? || Jim Kenney <> Parti mana yang mewakili Datuk Bandar? || Parti Demokratik <> Apakah cawangan perundangan dipanggil? || Majlis Bandaraya Philadelphia", {"context": "The city uses the strong-mayor version of the mayor-council form of government, which is headed by one mayor, in whom executive authority is vested. Elected at-large, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms under the city's home rule charter, but can run for the position again after an intervening term. The Mayor is Jim Kenney, who replaced Michael Nutter, who served two terms from 2009 to January 2016. Kenney, as all Philadelphia mayors have been since 1952, is a member of the Democratic Party, which tends to dominate local politics so thoroughly that the Democratic Mayoral primary is often more widely covered than the general election. The legislative branch, the Philadelphia City Council, consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected at large. Democrats currently hold 14 seats, with Republicans representing two allotted at-large seats for the minority party, as well as the Northeast-based Tenth District. The current council president is Darrell Clarke.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "strong-mayor version of the mayor-council"}], "question": "What type of government does Philadelphia have?", "id": "572ab678f75d5e190021fc64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "two consecutive four-year terms"}], "question": "How many terms can a mayor serve?", "id": "572ab678f75d5e190021fc65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Jim Kenney"}], "question": "Who is the current mayor?", "id": "572ab678f75d5e190021fc66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Democratic Party"}], "question": "What party does the mayor represent?", "id": "572ab678f75d5e190021fc67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "Philadelphia City Council"}], "question": "What is the legislative branch called?", "id": "572ab678f75d5e190021fc68"}]}], ["Muzium sains utama di Philadelphia termasuk Institut Franklin, yang mengandungi Memorial Nasional Benjamin Franklin; Akademi Sains Semulajadi; Muzium M\u00fctter; dan Muzium Arkeologi dan Antropologi Universiti Pennsylvania. Muzium Sejarah termasuk Pusat Perlembagaan Negara, Muzium Sejarah Philadelphia Atwater Kent, Muzium Sejarah Yahudi Amerika Kebangsaan, Muzium Afrika Amerika di Philadelphia, Persatuan Sejarah Pennsylvania, Grand Lodge Mason Bebas dan Penerimaan di negeri Pennsylvania dan Perpustakaan Masonik dan Muzium Pennsylvania dan Penjara Negeri Timur. Philadelphia adalah rumah kepada zoo dan hospital pertama Amerika Syarikat, serta Fairmount Park, salah satu taman bandar tertua dan terbesar di Amerika. <> Nama muzium arkeologi? || Muzium Arkeologi dan Antropologi Universiti Pennsylvania <> Nama muzium bernama selepas bapa pendiri? || Institut Franklin <> Kota mana yang mempunyai zoo pertama negara? || Philadelphia <> Nama taman terbesar Philidelphia? || Taman Fairmount", {"context": "Philadelphia's major science museums include the Franklin Institute, which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial; the Academy of Natural Sciences; the M\u00fctter Museum; and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. History museums include the National Constitution Center, the Atwater Kent Museum of Philadelphia History, the National Museum of American Jewish History, the African American Museum in Philadelphia, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in the state of Pennsylvania and The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania and Eastern State Penitentiary. Philadelphia is home to the United States' first zoo and hospital, as well as Fairmount Park, one of America's oldest and largest urban parks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology"}], "question": "Name the archaeology museum?", "id": "572ab21534ae481900deac43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Franklin Institute"}], "question": "Name a museum named after a founding father?", "id": "572ab21534ae481900deac44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "Philadelphia"}], "question": "Which city had the nations first zoo?", "id": "572ab21534ae481900deac45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "Fairmount Park"}], "question": "Name Philidelphia's largest park?", "id": "572ab21534ae481900deac46"}]}], ["Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas (Daerah Kehakiman Pertama) adalah mahkamah percubaan bidang kuasa umum untuk Philadelphia, mendengar kes jenayah jenayah peringkat dan saman sivil di atas batas bidang kuasa minimal $ 7000 (kecuali kes tuntutan kecil bernilai antara $ 7000 dan $ 12000 dan tuan tanah isu-isu yang didengar di Mahkamah Perbandaran) di bawah bidang kuasa asalnya; ia juga mempunyai bidang kuasa rayuan atas keputusan daripada Mahkamah Perbandaran dan Lalulintas dan ke atas keputusan beberapa agensi negeri Pennsylvania (cth. Lembaga Kawalan Minuman Pennsylvania). Ia mempunyai 90 hakim terlatih yang dipilih oleh para pengundi. Ia dibiayai dan dikendalikan sebahagian besarnya oleh sumber bandar dan pekerja. Peguam Daerah saat ini ialah Seth Williams, seorang Demokrat. Republikan yang terakhir memegang jawatan itu ialah Ron Castille, yang meninggalkan pada 1991 dan kini merupakan Ketua Hakim Mahkamah Agung Pennsylvania. <> Apa yang dipanggil mahkamah perbicaraan utama? || The Philadelphia Plea Common Court (Daerah Kehakiman Pertama) <> Apa jenis kes yang didengar di sini? || kes jenayah jenayah peringkat dan saman sivil di atas batas perundangan minimum $ 7000 <> Bagaimana hakim yang dilantik? || dipilih oleh pemilih <> Siapa yang terakhir Republik Republikan? || Ron Castille", {"context": "The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (First Judicial District) is the trial court of general jurisdiction for Philadelphia, hearing felony-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $7000 (excepting small claims cases valued between $7000 and $12000 and landlord-tenant issues heard in the Municipal Court) under its original jurisdiction; it also has appellate jurisdiction over rulings from the Municipal and Traffic Courts and over decisions of certain Pennsylvania state agencies (e.g. the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board). It has 90 legally trained judges elected by the voters. It is funded and operated largely by city resources and employees. The current District Attorney is Seth Williams, a Democrat. The last Republican to hold the office is Ron Castille, who left in 1991 and is currently the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (First Judicial District)"}], "question": "What is the main trial court called?", "id": "572ab70bbe1ee31400cb81cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "felony-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $7000"}], "question": "What type of cases are heard here?", "id": "572ab70bbe1ee31400cb81ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "elected by the voters"}], "question": "How are judges appointed?", "id": "572ab70bbe1ee31400cb81cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "Ron Castille"}], "question": "Who was the last Republican DA?", "id": "572ab70bbe1ee31400cb81d0"}]}], ["Artis Philadelphia mempunyai peranan penting dalam muzik popular. Pada tahun 1970-an, jiwa Philadelphia mempengaruhi muzik itu dan kemudian era. Pada 13 Julai 1985, Philadelphia menganjurkan akhir konsert Live Aid Amerika di Stadium John F. Kennedy. Bandar ini mengaburkan peranan ini untuk konsert Live 8, membawa kira-kira 700,000 orang ke Ben Franklin Parkway pada 2 Julai 2005. Philadelphia adalah rumah kepada Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale yang terkenal di dunia, yang telah menyempurnakan muziknya di seluruh dunia. Dr Robert G. Hamilton, pengasas paduan suara, adalah seorang Philadelphian yang terkenal. Philly Pops adalah kumpulan muzik Philadelphia yang terkenal. Bandar ini telah memainkan peranan utama dalam pembangunan dan sokongan muzik rock Amerika dan muzik rap. Hip-hop / Rap artis seperti The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Kambing, Freeway, Sekolah D, Hawa, dan Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes berasal dari bandar. <> Namakan sejenis muzik dari tahun 70-an yang mempengaruhi negara? || Jiwa Philadelphia <Konsert apa yang dilakukan oleh tuan rumah Philly pada 13 Julai 1985? || Live Aid <> Apakah nama stadium yang diadakan Live Aid? || Stadium John F. Kennedy <> Nama artis hip / hop dari bandar? || The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Goats, Freeway, Schoolly D, Eve, and Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes", {"context": "Philadelphia artists have had a prominent national role in popular music. In the 1970s, Philadelphia soul influenced the music of that and later eras. On July 13, 1985, Philadelphia hosted the American end of the Live Aid concert at John F. Kennedy Stadium. The city reprised this role for the Live 8 concert, bringing some 700,000 people to the Ben Franklin Parkway on July 2, 2005. Philadelphia is home to the world-renowned Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale, which has performed its music all over the world. Dr. Robert G. Hamilton, founder of the choir, is a notable native Philadelphian. The Philly Pops is another famous Philadelphia music group. The city has played a major role in the development and support of American rock music and rap music. Hip-hop/Rap artists such as The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Goats, Freeway, Schoolly D, Eve, and Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes hail from the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Philadelphia soul"}], "question": "Name a type of music from the 70's that influenced the nation?", "id": "572ab4c1f75d5e190021fc5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Live Aid"}], "question": "What concert did Philly host on July13th, 1985?", "id": "572ab4c1f75d5e190021fc5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "John F. Kennedy Stadium"}], "question": "What is the name of the stadium that held Live Aid?", "id": "572ab4c1f75d5e190021fc5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Goats, Freeway, Schoolly D, Eve, and Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes"}], "question": "Name a hip/hop artist from the city?", "id": "572ab4c1f75d5e190021fc5f"}]}], ["Dua akhbar harian utama di Philadelphia ialah The Philadelphia Inquirer, yang merupakan akhbar harian terbesar kelapan belas dan akhbar harian yang tertua ketiga di negara ini, dan Philadelphia Daily News. Kedua-dua surat khabar itu dibeli dari The McClatchy Company (selepas membeli Knight Ridder) pada tahun 2006 oleh Philadelphia Media Holdings dan dikendalikan oleh kumpulan itu sehingga organisasi mengisytiharkan muflis pada tahun 2010. Selepas dua tahun perjuangan kewangan, kedua-dua surat khabar itu dijual kepada Interstate General Media pada tahun 2012. Kedua-dua akhbar itu mempunyai peredaran gabungan kira-kira 500,000 pembaca. <> Berapa banyak kertas besar yang diterbitkan? || dua <> Apakah kertas tertua ke-3 dalam negara? || Philadelphia Inquirer <> Siapa yang memiliki kertas utama di bandar? || Media Umum Antara Negeri", {"context": "Philadelphia's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer, which is the eighteenth largest newspaper and third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country, and the Philadelphia Daily News. Both newspapers were purchased from The McClatchy Company (after buying out Knight Ridder) in 2006 by Philadelphia Media Holdings and operated by the group until the organization declared bankruptcy in 2010. After two years of financial struggle, the two newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012. The two newspapers have a combined circulation of about 500,000 readers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many major papers are published?", "id": "572ac19f111d821400f38d26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Philadelphia Inquirer"}], "question": "What is the 3rd oldest paper in the nation?", "id": "572ac19f111d821400f38d27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Interstate General Media"}], "question": "Who owns the major papers in the city?", "id": "572ac19f111d821400f38d28"}]}], ["Lesen radio eksperimen pertama dikeluarkan di Philadelphia pada bulan Ogos 1912 ke St Joseph's College. Stesen radio penyiaran komersil pertama muncul pada tahun 1922: WIP pertama, kemudian dimiliki oleh gedung gedung Gimbel, pada 17 Mac, diikuti pada tahun yang sama oleh WFIL, WOO, WCAU dan WDAS. Stesen-stesen tertinggi di Philadelphia termasuk WBEB rock soft, KYW Newsradio, dan WDAS-FM kontemporari dewasa bandar. Philadelphia dihidangkan oleh tiga stesen radio awam bukan komersial, WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, klasik), dan WXPN-FM (muzik alternatif dewasa), serta beberapa stesen yang lebih kecil. <> Di manakah lesen radio pertama yang diberikan? || Kolej St. Joseph <> Bilakah stesen radio pertama muncul? || 1922 <> Namakan 3 stesen radio awam? || WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, klasik), dan WXPN-FM", {"context": "The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph's College. The first commercial broadcasting radio stations appeared in 1922: first WIP, then owned by Gimbel's department store, on March 17, followed the same year by WFIL, WOO, WCAU and WDAS. The highest-rated stations in Philadelphia include soft rock WBEB, KYW Newsradio, and urban adult contemporary WDAS-FM. Philadelphia is served by three major non-commercial public radio stations, WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM (adult alternative music), as well as several smaller stations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "St. Joseph's College"}], "question": "Where was the first radio license granted?", "id": "572ac2a9be1ee31400cb821b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "1922"}], "question": "When did the first radio stations appear?", "id": "572ac2a9be1ee31400cb821c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM"}], "question": "Name the 3 public radio stations?", "id": "572ac2a9be1ee31400cb821d"}]}], ["Seperti banyak bandar Amerika, Philadelphia melihat kenaikan jenayah secara beransur-ansur lagi ketara dalam tahun-tahun selepas Perang Dunia II. Terdapat 525 pembunuhan pada tahun 1990, kadar 31.5 setiap 100,000. Terdapat purata kira-kira 600 pembunuhan setahun untuk kebanyakan tahun 1990-an. Kiraan pembunuhan menurun pada 2002 hingga 288, kemudian naik empat tahun kemudian menjadi 406 pada tahun 2006 dan 392 pada tahun 2007. Beberapa tahun kemudian, Philadelphia mula melihat penurunan pesat dalam pembunuhan dan kejahatan ganas. Pada tahun 2013, terdapat 246 pembunuhan, iaitu pengurangan lebih daripada 25% dari tahun sebelumnya, dan penurunan sebanyak 44% sejak 2007. Dan pada tahun 2014, terdapat 248 pembunuhan, meningkat satu sejak 2013. <> Adakah kadar jenayah naik atau turun selepas tahun peperangan? || menyatakan kenaikan jenayah pada tahun-tahun selepas Perang Dunia II <> Berapa banyak pembunuhan berlaku pada tahun 1990? || 525 <> Apakah kadar pembunuhan purata selama 90-an? || 600 <> Berapa banyak pembunuhan berlaku pada tahun 2013? || 246", {"context": "Like many American cities, Philadelphia saw a gradual yet pronounced rise in crime in the years following World War II. There were 525 murders in 1990, a rate of 31.5 per 100,000. There were an average of about 600 murders a year for most of the 1990s. The murder count dropped in 2002 to 288, then rose four years later to 406 in 2006 and 392 in 2007. A few years later, Philadelphia began to see a rapid drop in homicides and violent crime. In 2013, there were 246 murders, which is a decrease of over 25% from the previous year, and a decrease of over 44% since 2007. And in 2014, there were 248 homicides, up by one since 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "pronounced rise in crime in the years following World War II"}], "question": "Did the crime rate go up or down after the War years?", "id": "572abae4be1ee31400cb81db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "525"}], "question": "How many murders occurred in 1990?", "id": "572abae4be1ee31400cb81dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "600"}], "question": "What was the average murder rate during the 90's?", "id": "572abae4be1ee31400cb81dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "246"}], "question": "How many murders occurred in 2013?", "id": "572abae4be1ee31400cb81de"}]}], ["Sementara itu, kadar pengijazahan di kalangan sekolah yang dikuasai oleh daerah terus bertambah dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir. Pada tahun 2005, Philadelphia mempunyai kadar pengijazahan daerah sebanyak 52%. Nombor ini telah meningkat kepada 65% pada tahun 2014, masih di bawah purata negara dan negara. Skor ujian piawaian negara, Penilaian Sistem Penilaian Sekolah Pennsylvania (PSSA) telah meningkat dari tahun 2005 hingga 2011 tetapi telah berkurang sejak itu. Pada tahun 2005, sekolah-sekolah yang dikendalikan oleh daerah mencatat purata 37.4% pada matematik dan 35.5% dalam bacaan. Sekolah-sekolah di bandar mencapai skor tertinggi pada tahun 2011 dengan 59.0% pada matematik dan 52.3% pada bacaan. Pada tahun 2014, markah menurun dengan ketara kepada 45.2% pada matematik dan 42.0% untuk bacaan. <> Adakah kadar gred jatuh atau bertambah pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan? || meningkat <> Apakah kadar lulus pada tahun 2005? || 52% <> Apa itu pada 2014? || 65% <> Adakah itu di atas atau di bawah purata kebangsaan? || di bawah purata kebangsaan dan negeri", {"context": "Graduation rates among district-run schools, meanwhile, have steadily increased in the last ten years. In 2005, Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52%. This number has increased to 65% in 2014, still below the national and state averages. Scores on the state's standardized test, the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) have trended upward from 2005 to 2011 but have decreased since. In 2005, the district-run schools scored an average of 37.4% on math and 35.5% on reading. The city's schools reached its peak scores in 2011 with 59.0% on math and 52.3% on reading. In 2014, the scores dropped significantly to 45.2% on math and 42.0% on reading.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "increased"}], "question": "Have grad rates fallen or increased in the last years?", "id": "572ac054111d821400f38d1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "52%"}], "question": "What was the grad rate in 2005?", "id": "572ac054111d821400f38d1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "65%"}], "question": "What was it in 2014?", "id": "572ac054111d821400f38d20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "below the national and state averages"}], "question": "Is that the above or below the national average?", "id": "572ac054111d821400f38d21"}]}], ["Pendaftaran K-12 di sekolah-sekolah di daerah telah menurun dalam lima tahun terakhir daripada 156,211 pelajar pada tahun 2010 kepada 130,104 pelajar pada tahun 2015. Dalam tempoh masa yang sama, pendaftaran di sekolah piagam telah meningkat dari 33,995 pelajar pada tahun 2010 kepada 62,358 pelajar 2015. Kemasukan kemasukan yang konsisten ini telah menyebabkan bandar ini menutup 24 buah sekolah awamnya pada tahun 2013. Pada tahun sekolah 2014, bandar ini menghabiskan purata $ 12,570 setiap murid, di bawah purata di antara daerah sekolah bandar yang setanding. <> Adakah pendaftaran sekolah awam menurun atau meningkat dalam tempoh 5 tahun yang lalu? || menurun <> Berapa banyak sekolah awam telah ditutup pada tahun 2013? || 24 <> Berapa banyak bandar yang dibelanjakan setiap tahun bagi setiap anak? || $ 12,570", {"context": "The city's K-12 enrollment in district run schools has dropped in the last five years from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015. During the same time period, the enrollment in charter schools has increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015. This consistent drop in enrollment has led the city to close 24 of its public schools in 2013. During the 2014 school year, the city spent an average of $12,570 per pupil, below the average among comparable urban school districts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "dropped"}], "question": "Has public school enrollment dropped or increased in the last 5 years?", "id": "572abf9af75d5e190021fc96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "24"}], "question": "How many public schools have been closed in 2013?", "id": "572abf9af75d5e190021fc97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "$12,570"}], "question": "How much does the city spend per year per child?", "id": "572abf9af75d5e190021fc98"}]}], ["Bilangan penembakan di bandar raya telah menurun dengan ketara dalam tempoh 10 tahun yang lalu. Insiden penangkapan memuncak pada 2006 apabila 1,857 tembakan telah direkodkan. Jumlah itu turun 44 peratus kepada 1,047 tembakan pada tahun 2014. Begitu juga, jenayah utama di bandar raya telah menurun secara beransur-ansur dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir sejak kemuncaknya pada 2006 ketika 85,498 jenayah utama dilaporkan. Dalam tempoh tiga tahun yang lalu, bilangan jenayah utama yang dilaporkan jatuh 11 peratus kepada sejumlah 68,815. Jenayah ganas, termasuk pembunuhan, perkosaan, serangan yang teruk dan rompakan, turun 14 peratus dalam tiga tahun yang lalu dengan kejadian 15,771 yang dilaporkan pada tahun 2014. Berdasarkan kadar jenayah kekerasan setiap 1,000 penduduk di bandar-bandar Amerika dengan 25,000 orang atau lebih, Philadelphia menduduki tempat ke-54 bandar paling berbahaya pada tahun 2015. <> Bilakah puncak penembakan di bandar? || 2006 <> Berapa banyak tembakan di sana pada tahun itu? || 1,857 <> Adakah kadar jenayah ganas jatuh atau meningkat dalam tempoh 10 tahun yang lalu? || jatuh <> Apa kedudukan dalam bahaya Philadelphia mempunyai di A.S.? || 54hb", {"context": "The number of shootings in the city has declined significantly in the last 10 years. Shooting incidents peaked in 2006 when 1,857 shootings were recorded. That number has dropped 44 percent to 1,047 shootings in 2014. Similarly, major crimes in the city has decreased gradually in the last ten years since its peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported. In the past three years, the number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent to a total of 68,815. Violent crimes, which include homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery, decreased 14 percent in the past three years with a reported 15,771 occurrences in 2014. Based on the rate of violent crimes per 1,000 residents in American cities with 25,000 people or more, Philadelphia was ranked as the 54th most dangerous city in 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When did shootings peak in the city?", "id": "572abb9d34ae481900deac91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "1,857"}], "question": "How many shootings were there in that year?", "id": "572abb9d34ae481900deac92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "fell"}], "question": "Has violent crime rate fallen or risen in the last 10 years?", "id": "572abb9d34ae481900deac93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 764, "text": "54th"}], "question": "What rank in danger does Philadelphia have in the U.S.?", "id": "572abb9d34ae481900deac94"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1981, sebahagian besar perkhidmatan Rail Regional SEPTA ke pinggir bandar Philadelphia jauh dihentikan kerana kekurangan dana. Beberapa projek telah dicadangkan untuk memanjangkan perkhidmatan rel kembali ke kawasan-kawasan ini, tetapi kekurangan dana sekali lagi menjadi penghalang utama untuk pelaksanaan. Projek-projek ini termasuk yang dicadangkan Schuylkill Valley Metro ke Wyomissing, PA, dan lanjutan garis Media / Elwyn kembali ke Wawa, PA. Rail Line Regional Rail Line SEPTA menawarkan perkhidmatan terus ke Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Philadelphia. <> Bilakah perkhidmatan SEPTA dipotong? || 1981 <> Mengapa kereta api SEPTA dipotong? || kekurangan dana <> Adakah perkhidmatan pernah dipulihkan? || tetapi kekurangan dana sekali lagi menjadi penghalang utama untuk melaksanakan <> Namakan projek yang dicadangkan untuk mencairkannya? || Schuylkill Valley Metro ke Wyomissing, PA, dan lanjutan aliran Media / Elwyn kembali ke Wawa, PA. Rail Kereta Wilayah Serantau Lapangan Terbang SEPTA", {"context": "In 1981, large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to lack of funding. Several projects have been proposed to extend rail service back to these areas, but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation. These projects include the proposed Schuylkill Valley Metro to Wyomissing, PA, and extension of the Media/Elwyn line back to Wawa, PA. SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line Regional Rail offers direct service to the Philadelphia International Airport.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1981"}], "question": "When did SEPTA service get cut?", "id": "572ac493111d821400f38d46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "lack of funding"}], "question": "Why did SEPTA rail service get cut?", "id": "572ac493111d821400f38d47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation"}], "question": "Has service ever been restored?", "id": "572ac493111d821400f38d48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Schuylkill Valley Metro to Wyomissing, PA, and extension of the Media/Elwyn line back to Wawa, PA. SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line Regional Rail"}], "question": "Name a proposed project to repalce it?", "id": "572ac493111d821400f38d49"}]}], ["Bandar ini juga mempunyai beberapa surat khabar dan majalah yang lain yang beredar seperti Philadelphia Tribune, yang melayani masyarakat Afrika-Amerika, Philadelphia, majalah serantau bulanan; Philadelphia Weekly, akhbar alternatif cetak mingguan; Philadelphia City Kertas lain akhbar cetak mingguan; Philadelphia Gay News, yang memberi perkhidmatan kepada masyarakat LGBT; Eksponen Yahudi akhbar cetak mingguan yang melayani masyarakat Yahudi; Metro Philadelphia, akhbar harian percuma; dan Al D\u00eda, akhbar mingguan yang memberi perkhidmatan kepada komuniti Latino. <> Namakan akhbar yang lebih kecil? || Philadelphia Tribune <> Komuniti apa yang dikendalikan oleh Tribune? || Komuniti Afrika-Amerika <> Kertas apa yang berfungsi untuk komuniti LGBT? || Philadelphia Gay News <> Namakan akhbar Yahudi? || Eksponen Yahudi", {"context": "The city also has a number of other, smaller newspapers and magazine in circulation such as the Philadelphia Tribune, which serves the African-American community, the Philadelphia, a monthly regional magazine; Philadelphia Weekly, an weekly-printed alternative newspaper; Philadelphia City Paper another weekly-printed newspaper; Philadelphia Gay News, which services the LGBT community; The Jewish Exponent a weekly-printed newspaper servicing the Jewish community; Philadelphia Metro, free daily newspaper; and Al D\u00eda, a weekly newspaper servicing the Latino community.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Philadelphia Tribune"}], "question": "Name a smaller newspaper?", "id": "572ac228111d821400f38d2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "African-American community"}], "question": "What community does the Tribune serve?", "id": "572ac228111d821400f38d2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Philadelphia Gay News"}], "question": "What paper serves the LGBT community?", "id": "572ac228111d821400f38d2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "The Jewish Exponent"}], "question": "Name a Jewish newspaper?", "id": "572ac228111d821400f38d2f"}]}], ["Sekolah swasta terbesar di bandar ini oleh bilangan pelajar adalah Universiti Temple, diikuti oleh Universiti Drexel. Bersama Universiti Pennsylvania, Temple University dan Universiti Drexel merupakan universiti penyelidikan utama di bandar ini. Bandar ini juga menjadi rumah kepada lima buah sekolah perubatan: Kolej Perubatan Universiti Drexel, Sekolah Perubatan Perelman di University of Pennsylvania, Perubatan Kolej Osteopathic Philadelphia, Sekolah Perubatan Universiti Temple, dan Universiti Thomas Jefferson. Institusi hospital, universiti, dan institusi pengajian tinggi di empat daerah kongres di Philadelphia menerima lebih daripada $ 252 juta dalam geran National Institutes of Health pada tahun 2015. <> Apa institusi swasta terbesar di bandar ini? || Kuil Universiti <> Apakah 3 universiti penyelidikan di bandar ini? || University of Pennsylvania, Universiti Kuil dan Universiti Drexel <> Berapa banyak sekolah med di sana? || lima", {"context": "The city's largest private school by number of students is Temple University, followed by Drexel University. Along with the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University make up the city's major research universities. The city is also home to five schools of medicine: Drexel University College of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, and the Thomas Jefferson University. Hospitals, universities, and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Temple University"}], "question": "What is the largest private institution in the city?", "id": "572ac0f434ae481900deacb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University"}], "question": "What are the 3 research universities in the city?", "id": "572ac0f434ae481900deacb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many med schools are there?", "id": "572ac0f434ae481900deacb5"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1930-an, stesen eksperimen W3XE, dimiliki oleh Philco, menjadi stesen televisyen pertama di Philadelphia; ia menjadi sekutu pertama NBC pada tahun 1939, dan kemudian menjadi KYW-TV (CBS). WCAU-TV, WPVI-TV, WHYY-TV, WPHL-TV, dan WTXF-TV semuanya telah diasaskan oleh tahun 1970-an. Pada tahun 1952, WFIL (sekarang WPVI) merancakkan rancangan televisyen Bandstand, yang kemudian menjadi penyiaran nasional Bandstand Amerika yang dianjurkan oleh Dick Clark. Hari ini, seperti di banyak kawasan metropolitan, setiap rangkaian komersial mempunyai sekutu, dan surat panggilan telah digantikan oleh ID korporat: CBS3, 6ABC, NBC10, Fox29, Telefutura28, Telemundo62, Univision65, ditambah My PHL 17 dan CW Philly 57 Wilayah ini juga disiarkan oleh stesen penyiaran awam WYBE-TV (Philadelphia), WHYY-TV (Wilmington, Delaware dan Philadelphia), WLVT-TV (Lehigh Valley), dan NJTV (New Jersey). Pada bulan September 2007, Philadelphia meluluskan saluran TV kabel televisyen Akses awam. <> Siapa yang dimiliki W3XE? || Philco <> Bilakah ia menjadi sekutu pertama NBC? || 1939 <> Apa persembahan bermula di bandar? || Bandstand", {"context": "In the 1930s, the experimental station W3XE, owned by Philco, became the first television station in Philadelphia; it became NBC's first affiliate in 1939, and later became KYW-TV (CBS). WCAU-TV, WPVI-TV, WHYY-TV, WPHL-TV, and WTXF-TV had all been founded by the 1970s. In 1952, WFIL (now WPVI) premiered the television show Bandstand, which later became the nationally broadcast American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark. Today, as in many large metropolitan areas, each of the commercial networks has an affiliate, and call letters have been replaced by corporate IDs: CBS3, 6ABC, NBC10, Fox29, Telefutura28, Telemundo62, Univision65, plus My PHL 17 and CW Philly 57. The region is served also by public broadcasting stations WYBE-TV (Philadelphia), WHYY-TV (Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia), WLVT-TV (Lehigh Valley), and NJTV (New Jersey). In September 2007, Philadelphia approved a Public-access television cable TV channel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Philco"}], "question": "Who owned W3XE?", "id": "572ac3ddbe1ee31400cb8221"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "1939"}], "question": "When did it become NBC's first affiliate?", "id": "572ac3ddbe1ee31400cb8222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Bandstand"}], "question": "What show started out in the city?", "id": "572ac3ddbe1ee31400cb8223"}]}], ["Southeastern Pennsylvania telah diberikan kod kawasan 215 pada tahun 1947 apabila Pelan Penomboran Amerika Utara \"Sistem Bell\" berkuatkuasa. Kawasan geografi yang diliputi oleh kod tersebut telah berpecah hampir separuh pada tahun 1994 apabila kod kawasan 610 telah diwujudkan, dengan bandar dan pinggir utaranya mengekalkan 215. Kod kawasan overlay 267 telah ditambahkan ke kawasan perkhidmatan 215 pada tahun 1997, dan 484 telah ditambahkan ke kawasan 610 pada tahun 1999. Rancangan pada tahun 2001 untuk memperkenalkan kod tindanan ketiga untuk kedua-dua kawasan perkhidmatan (kod kawasan 445 hingga 215, kod kawasan 835 hingga 610) telah ditangguhkan dan kemudian dibatalkan. <> Kod kawasan apa yang digunakan di Philadelphia pada tahun 1947? || 215 <> Bilakah kod kawasan 610 ditambah? || 1994 <> Bilakah 267 ditambah? || 1997", {"context": "Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the 215 area code in 1947 when the North American Numbering Plan of the \"Bell System\" went into effect. The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when area code 610 was created, with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215. Overlay area code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997, and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999. A plan in 2001 to introduce a third overlay code to both service areas (area code 445 to 215, area code 835 to 610) was delayed and later rescinded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "215"}], "question": "What area code is used in Philadelphia in 1947?", "id": "572acb2b34ae481900deacf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When was the 610 area code added?", "id": "572acb2b34ae481900deacf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When was the 267 added?", "id": "572acb2b34ae481900deacf7"}]}], ["Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW), yang diselia oleh Suruhanjaya Utiliti Awam Pennsylvania, merupakan utiliti gas asli milik kerajaan yang terbesar di negara ini. Ia berfungsi lebih dari 500,000 rumah dan perniagaan di kawasan Philadelphia. Diasaskan pada tahun 1836, syarikat itu berada di bawah pemilikan bandar pada tahun 1987 dan telah menyediakan sebahagian besar gas yang diedarkan dalam batas bandar. Pada tahun 2014, Majlis Bandaraya Philadelphia enggan mengadakan perbicaraan mengenai jualan PGW $ 1.86 bilion, sebahagian daripada usaha selama dua tahun yang dicadangkan oleh Datuk Bandar. Penolakan itu menyebabkan calon pembeli menamatkan tawarannya. <> Apakah utiliti gas milik bandar terbesar? || Philadelphia Gas Works <> Berapa banyak rumah yang berfungsi PGW? || 500,000 <> Bilakah PGW diasaskan? || 1836 <> Bilakah bandar mengambil PGW? || 1987", {"context": "Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW), overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, is the nation's largest municipally owned natural gas utility. It serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area. Founded in 1836, the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits. In 2014, the Philadelphia City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW, part of a two-year effort that was proposed by the mayor. The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Philadelphia Gas Works"}], "question": "What is the largest city owned gas utility?", "id": "572aca7d111d821400f38d76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "500,000"}], "question": "How many homes does PGW serve?", "id": "572aca7d111d821400f38d77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "1836"}], "question": "When was PGW founded?", "id": "572aca7d111d821400f38d78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When did the city take PGW over?", "id": "572aca7d111d821400f38d79"}]}], ["Interstate 95 berjalan melalui bandar di sepanjang Sungai Delaware sebagai arteri utara-selatan utama yang dikenali sebagai Delaware Expressway. Bandar ini juga disampaikan oleh Lebuhraya Schuylkill, sebahagian dari Interstate 76 yang berjalan di sepanjang Sungai Schuylkill. Ia memenuhi Pennsylvania Turnpike di King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, menyediakan akses ke Harrisburg, Pennsylvania dan mata barat. Interstate 676, Vine Street Expressway, telah siap pada tahun 1991 selepas tahun perancangan. Satu hubungan antara I-95 dan I-76, ia berjalan di bawah paras jalan melalui Pusat Bandar, yang menghubungkan ke Jambatan Ben Franklin di hujung timurnya. <> Apakah jalan utama utara-selatan dipanggil? || Lebuhraya Delaware <> Apa yang dipanggil I-76? || Lebuhraya Schuylkill <> Bilakah Lebuhraya Vine Street selesai? || 1991 <> Nama jambatan di bandar? || Jambatan Ben Franklin", {"context": "Interstate 95 runs through the city along the Delaware River as a main north-south artery known as the Delaware Expressway. The city is also served by the Schuylkill Expressway, a portion of Interstate 76 that runs along the Schuylkill River. It meets the Pennsylvania Turnpike at King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, providing access to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and points west. Interstate 676, the Vine Street Expressway, was completed in 1991 after years of planning. A link between I-95 and I-76, it runs below street level through Center City, connecting to the Ben Franklin Bridge at its eastern end.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Delaware Expressway"}], "question": "What is the main north-south freeway called?", "id": "572ac614f75d5e190021fcc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Schuylkill Expressway"}], "question": "What is part of I-76 called?", "id": "572ac614f75d5e190021fcc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When was the Vine Street Expressway finished?", "id": "572ac614f75d5e190021fcc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Ben Franklin Bridge"}], "question": "Name a bridge in the city?", "id": "572ac614f75d5e190021fcc5"}]}], ["Roosevelt Boulevard dan Lebuhraya Roosevelt (A.S. A) menyambungkan Northeast Philadelphia dengan Pusat Bandar. Jalan Woodhaven (Route 63), yang dibina pada tahun 1966, dan Cottman Avenue (Route 73) berkhidmat di kawasan kejiranan Philadelphia Timur Laut, berjalan antara Interstate 95 dan Roosevelt Boulevard (A.S. A). Lebuh raya Fort Washington (Laluan 309) meluas ke utara dari sempadan utara bandar, yang melayani Montgomery County dan Bucks County. A.S. 30, memanjang ke timur-barat dari West Philadelphia ke Lancaster, dikenali sebagai Lancaster Avenue di seluruh kebanyakan bandar dan melalui pinggir bandar Utama utama. <> Apakah nama lain untuk Lebuhraya Roosevelt? || A.S. 1 <> Bilakah jalan Woodhaven dibina? || 1966 <> Apa kejiranan yang ditawarkan Cottman Avenue? || Timur Laut Philadelphia, <> Apakah nama lain untuk The Fort Washington Expressway? || Laluan 309 <> Apakah AS-30 juga dikenali sebagai? || Lancaster Avenue", {"context": "Roosevelt Boulevard and the Roosevelt Expressway (U.S. 1) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City. Woodhaven Road (Route 63), built in 1966, and Cottman Avenue (Route 73) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, running between Interstate 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard (U.S. 1). The Fort Washington Expressway (Route 309) extends north from the city's northern border, serving Montgomery County and Bucks County. U.S. 30, extending east-west from West Philadelphia to Lancaster, is known as Lancaster Avenue throughout most of the city and through the adjacent Main Line suburbs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "U.S. 1"}], "question": "What is another name for the Roosevelt Expressway?", "id": "572ac73df75d5e190021fcca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "1966"}], "question": "When was Woodhaven road built?", "id": "572ac73df75d5e190021fccb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Northeast Philadelphia,"}], "question": "What neighborhoods does Cottman Avenue serve?", "id": "572ac73df75d5e190021fccc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Route 309"}], "question": "What is another name for The Fort Washington Expressway?", "id": "572ac73df75d5e190021fccd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Lancaster Avenue"}], "question": "What is US-30 also known as?", "id": "572ac73df75d5e190021fcce"}]}], ["Dua lapangan terbang berkhidmat di Philadelphia: Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Philadelphia (PHL), menyusuri sempadan selatan bandar raya, dan Lapangan Terbang Philadelphia Timur Laut (PNE), sebuah lapangan terbang penerbang penerbangan am di Philadelphia Timur Laut. Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Philadelphia menyediakan perkhidmatan udara domestik dan antarabangsa yang dijadualkan, manakala Lapangan Terbang Northeast Philadelphia menghidangkan penerbangan umum dan korporat. Pada tahun 2013, Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Philadelphia adalah lapangan terbang paling sibuk ke-15 di dunia yang diukur oleh pergerakan lalu lintas (iaitu berlepas dan pendaratan). Ia juga merupakan hub kedua terbesar dan pusat antarabangsa utama untuk American Airlines. <> Nama lapangan terbang utama? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Philadelphia (PHL) <> Di manakah kedudukan PHL dalam senarai lapangan terbang paling sibuk? || 15th <> Syarikat penerbangan apa yang menggunakan lapangan terbang ini sebagai hab antarabangsa utamanya? || American Airlines", {"context": "Two airports serve Philadelphia: the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL), straddling the southern boundary of the city, and the Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE), a general aviation reliever airport in Northeast Philadelphia. Philadelphia International Airport provides scheduled domestic and international air service, while Northeast Philadelphia Airport serves general and corporate aviation. In 2013, Philadelphia International Airport was the 15th busiest airport in the world measured by traffic movements (i.e. takeoffs and landings). It is also the second largest hub and primary international hub for American Airlines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Philadelphia International Airport (PHL)"}], "question": "Name the main airport?", "id": "572ac56b111d821400f38d4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "15th"}], "question": "Where does PHL rank in the list of busiest airports?", "id": "572ac56b111d821400f38d4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "American Airlines"}], "question": "What airline uses this airport as its primary international hub?", "id": "572ac56b111d821400f38d50"}]}], ["Philadelphia telah mercu tanda khas untuk bandar-bandar kakaknya. Didedikasikan pada bulan Jun 1976, Sister Cities Plaza, tapak seluas 0.5 ekar (2,000 m2) yang terletak di 18 dan Benjamin Franklin Parkway, menghormati hubungan Philadelphia dengan Tel Aviv dan Florence yang merupakan bandar perkuburan pertamanya. Satu lagi mercu tanda, Segitiga Toru\u0144, menghormati hubungan saudara kota dengan Toru\u0144, Poland, dibina pada tahun 1976, barat bangunan United Way di 18th Street dan Benjamin Franklin Parkway. Di samping itu, Triangle mengandungi monumen Copernicus. Pengubahsuaian telah dibuat kepada Sister Cities Park pada pertengahan 2011 dan pada 10 Mei 2012, SCP dibuka semula dan pada masa ini mempunyai air pancut interaktif yang menghormati sepuluh kakak dan bandar persahabatan Philadelphia, pusat kafe dan pengunjung, kawasan bermain kanak-kanak, taman luar dan bot kolam, serta pavilion yang dibina untuk standard yang mesra alam. <> Apa bandar di Poland adalah bandar kakak ke Philadelphia? || Toru\u0144 <> Apa bandar di Israel adalah bandar kakak ke Philadelphia? || Tel Aviv <> Kapan segitiga Torun dibina? || 1976 <> Apa lagi yang mengandungi Segitiga? || Copernicus monument <> Berapa banyak bandar-bandar adik beradik Philadelphia? || sepuluh", {"context": "Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities. Dedicated in June 1976, the Sister Cities Plaza, a site of 0.5 acres (2,000 m2) located at 18th and Benjamin Franklin Parkway, honors Philadelphia's relationships with Tel Aviv and Florence which were its first sister cities. Another landmark, the Toru\u0144 Triangle, honoring the sister city relationship with Toru\u0144, Poland, was constructed in 1976, west of the United Way building at 18th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. In addition, the Triangle contains the Copernicus monument. Renovations were made to Sister Cities Park in mid-2011 and on May 10, 2012, SCP was reopened and currently features an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia's ten sister and friendship cities, a caf\u00e9 and visitor's center, children's play area, outdoor garden, and boat pond, as well as pavilion built to environmentally friendly standards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Toru\u0144"}], "question": "What city in Poland is a sister city to Philadelphia?", "id": "572acbfe111d821400f38d7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Tel Aviv"}], "question": "What city in Israel is a sister city to Philadelphia?", "id": "572acbfe111d821400f38d7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "1976"}], "question": "When was Torun triangle built?", "id": "572acbfe111d821400f38d80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "Copernicus monument"}], "question": "What else does the Triangle contain?", "id": "572acbfe111d821400f38d81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many sister cities does Philadelphia have?", "id": "572acbfe111d821400f38d82"}]}], ["Sejak awal pengangkutan kereta api di Amerika Syarikat, Philadelphia telah berkhidmat sebagai hab bagi beberapa syarikat kereta api utama, terutamanya Railroad Pennsylvania dan Railroad Reading. Kereta Api Pennsylvania pertama kali mengendalikan Stesen Broad Street, kemudian Stesen Jalan 30 dan Stesen Suburban, dan Jalan Kereta Api Reading yang beroperasi di Terminal Reading, kini menjadi sebahagian daripada Pusat Konvensyen Pennsylvania. Kedua-dua syarikat juga mengendalikan sistem kereta api komuter bersaing di kawasan itu, yang dikenali secara kolektif sebagai sistem Rail Regional. Kedua-dua sistem hari ini, sebahagian besar masih utuh tetapi kini bersambung, beroperasi sebagai sistem tunggal di bawah kawalan SEPTA, pihak berkuasa transit serantau. Di samping itu, sistem kereta bawah tanah PATCO Speedline dan Atlantic City Line NJ Transit mengendalikan perkhidmatan pengganti ke selatan New Jersey. <> Nama 2 syarikat kereta api yang menggunakan bandar sebagai hab? || Railroad Pennsylvania dan Railroad Reading <> Di manakah Railroad Pennsylvania mempunyai stesen pertama mereka? || Broad Street Station <> Di mana Bacaan beroperasi? || Terminal Bacaan <> Apakah terminal Reading dipanggil sekarang? || Pusat Konvensyen Pennsylvania", {"context": "Since the early days of rail transport in the United States, Philadelphia has served as hub for several major rail companies, particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad. The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station, then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station, and the Reading Railroad operated out of Reading Terminal, now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The two companies also operated competing commuter rail systems in the area, known collectively as the Regional Rail system. The two systems today, for the most part still intact but now connected, operate as a single system under the control of the SEPTA, the regional transit authority. Additionally, the PATCO Speedline subway system and NJ Transit's Atlantic City Line operate successor services to southern New Jersey.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad"}], "question": "Name 2 rail companies that use the city as a hub?", "id": "572ac94d111d821400f38d6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Broad Street Station"}], "question": "Where did the Pennsylvania Railroad have their first station?", "id": "572ac94d111d821400f38d6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Reading Terminal"}], "question": "Where did the Reading operate out of?", "id": "572ac94d111d821400f38d70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Pennsylvania Convention Center"}], "question": "What is Reading Terminal called now?", "id": "572ac94d111d821400f38d71"}]}], ["Philadelphia juga merupakan hab utama untuk Greyhound Lines, yang mengendalikan perkhidmatan 24 jam ke titik timur Sungai Mississippi. Kebanyakan perkhidmatan Greyhound di Philadelphia beroperasi ke / dari Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal, yang terletak di 1001 Filbert Street di Pusat Bandar Philadelphia. Pada tahun 2006, Terminal Greyhound Philadelphia adalah terminal Greyhound tersibuk kedua di Amerika Syarikat, selepas Terminal Bas Lembaga Pelabuhan di New York. Selain Greyhound, enam pengendali bas lain memberikan perkhidmatan kepada terminal Greyhound Pusat Bandar: Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, dan bahagian bas untuk New Jersey Transit. Perkhidmatan lain termasuk Bas Megabus dan Bolt. <> Barisan bas apa yang menggunakan bandar sebagai hub? || Greyhound Lines <> Di mana terminal Greyhound terletak? || 1001 Filbert Street <> Berapa banyak syarikat bas yang beroperasi dari Philadelphia? || enam <> Apa nama enam syarikat bas? || Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Talian Pan Peter Pan, Trailways Susquehanna, dan bahagian bas untuk New Jersey Transit", {"context": "Philadelphia is also a major hub for Greyhound Lines, which operates 24-hour service to points east of the Mississippi River. Most of Greyhound's services in Philadelphia operate to/from the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal, located at 1001 Filbert Street in Center City Philadelphia. In 2006, the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal was the second busiest Greyhound terminal in the United States, after the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York. Besides Greyhound, six other bus operators provide service to the Center City Greyhound terminal: Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, and the bus division for New Jersey Transit. Other services include Megabus and Bolt Bus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Greyhound Lines"}], "question": "What bus line uses the city as a hub?", "id": "572ac830be1ee31400cb822f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "1001 Filbert Street"}], "question": "Where is Greyhound terminal located?", "id": "572ac830be1ee31400cb8230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many other bus companies operate from Philadelphia?", "id": "572ac830be1ee31400cb8231"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, and the bus division for New Jersey Transit"}], "question": "What is the name of the six bus companies?", "id": "572ac830be1ee31400cb8232"}]}], ["Secara historis, Philadelphia membekalkan airnya oleh Fairmount Water Works, sistem bekalan air bandar pertama yang utama di negara ini. Pada tahun 1909, Air Works telah dilupuskan sebagai bandar yang dipindahkan ke kaedah penapisan pasir moden. Kini, Jabatan Air Philadelphia (PWD) menyediakan air minum, pengumpulan air kumbahan, dan perkhidmatan ribut untuk Philadelphia, serta daerah sekitar. PWD menarik kira-kira 57 peratus air minumannya dari Sungai Delaware dan baki dari Sungai Schuylkill. Sistem air kumbahan awam terdiri daripada tiga loji kawalan pencemaran air, 21 stesen pam, dan kira-kira 3,657 batu pembetung. Penyiasatan oleh Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar 2007 mendapati tahap Iodin-131 yang tinggi di dalam air yang boleh diminum di bandar. [Rujukan?] Pada tahun 2012, pembacaan EPA mendapati bahawa bandar ini mempunyai bacaan tertinggi I-131 di negara ini. Bandar ini berkempen melawan laporan Associated Press bahawa tahap I-131 yang tinggi adalah hasil penggerudian gas tempatan di Upper Delaware River. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah sistem bekalan air pertama yang dipanggil? || Kerja Air Fairmount, <> Siapa yang menyediakan air bandar sekarang? || Jabatan Air Philadelphia <> Di mana dos PWD mendapat air dari? || Sungai Delaware dan baki dari Sungai Schuylkill <> Berapa banyak stesen pam yang terdapat dalam sistem pembetung? || 21 <> Berapa batu pembentung di bandar? || 3,657 batu", {"context": "Historically, Philadelphia sourced its water by the Fairmount Water Works, the nation's first major urban water supply system. In 1909, Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods. Today, the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) provides drinking water, wastewater collection, and stormwater services for Philadelphia, as well as surrounding counties. PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River. The public wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants, 21 pumping stations, and about 3,657 miles of sewers. A 2007 investigation by the Environmental Protection Agency found elevated levels of Iodine-131 in the city's potable water.[citation needed] In 2012, the EPA's readings discovered that the city had the highest readings of I-131 in the nation. The city campaigned against an Associated Press report that the high levels of I-131 were the results of local gas drilling in the Upper Delaware River.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Fairmount Water Works,"}], "question": "What was the first water supply system called?", "id": "572ac9f434ae481900deacd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Philadelphia Water Department"}], "question": "Who provides the city water now?", "id": "572ac9f434ae481900deacd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River"}], "question": "Where dos PWD get it's water from?", "id": "572ac9f434ae481900deacd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "21"}], "question": "How many pumping stations are there in the sewer system?", "id": "572ac9f434ae481900deacda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "3,657 miles"}], "question": "How many miles of sewers are in the city?", "id": "572ac9f434ae481900deacdb"}]}]], [["Pada 18 Februari 1966, Kerry mendaftar di Rizab Tentera Laut. Beliau memulakan perkhidmatan ketenteraannya yang aktif pada 19 Ogos 1966. Selepas menyelesaikan 16 minggu Pegawai Calon Pegawai di Pusat Latihan Angkatan Laut AS di Newport, Rhode Island, Kerry menerima komisen pegawainya pada 16 Disember 1966. Semasa pilihan raya 2004, Kerry menyiarkan rekod ketenteraannya di laman webnya, dan wartawan yang dibenarkan untuk memeriksa rekod perubatannya. Pada tahun 2005, Kerry mengeluarkan rekod tentera dan perubatannya kepada wakil-wakil tiga organisasi berita, tetapi tidak membenarkan akses awam sepenuhnya ke rekod tersebut. <> Bilakah Kerry menyertai Rizab Tentera Laut? || 18 Februari 1966 <> Bilakah Kerry menjadi pegawai tentera laut? || 16 Disember 1966 <> Berapa lamakah Sekolah Calon Pegawai? || 16 minggu <> Di manakah pusat latihan Angkatan Laut? || Newport, Rhode Island", {"context": "On February 18, 1966, Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve. He began his active duty military service on August 19, 1966. After completing 16 weeks of Officer Candidate School at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Newport, Rhode Island, Kerry received his officer's commission on December 16, 1966. During the 2004 election, Kerry posted his military records at his website, and permitted reporters to inspect his medical records. In 2005, Kerry released his military and medical records to the representatives of three news organizations, but has not authorized full public access to those records.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "February 18, 1966"}], "question": "When did Kerry join the Naval Reserve?", "id": "572a9bb734ae481900deabc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "December 16, 1966"}], "question": "When did Kerry become a navy officer?", "id": "572a9bb734ae481900deabca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "16 weeks"}], "question": "How long was Officer Candidate School?", "id": "572a9bb734ae481900deabcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Newport, Rhode Island"}], "question": "Where is the Navy training center?", "id": "572a9bb734ae481900deabcc"}]}], ["Dalam kempen presiden 2004, Kerry mengkritik George W. Bush untuk Perang Iraq. Dia dan pasangannya, Senator North Carolina John Edwards, kehilangan pemilihan, menyelesaikan 35 undi pemilih di belakang Bush dan Naib Presiden Dick Cheney. Kerry kembali ke Senat, menjadi Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Senat mengenai Perniagaan Kecil dan Keusahawanan pada tahun 2007 dan kemudian dari Jawatankuasa Hubungan Luar Negeri pada tahun 2009. Pada bulan Januari 2013, Kerry telah dicalonkan oleh Presiden Barack Obama untuk menggantikan Menteri Luar Negeri Hillary Clinton dan kemudian disahkan oleh Senat AS, dengan mengambil alih pejabat pada 1 Februari 2013. <> Bilakah Kerry berlari untuk presiden? || 2004 <> Siapa yang pasangan berjalan Kerry? || John Edwards <> Berapa banyak kehilangan Kerry? || 35 undi pengundi <> Siapa teman lelaki Bush? || Dick Cheney <> Di manakah senator John Edwards? || North Carolina", {"context": "In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When did Kerry run for president?", "id": "572a98e6111d821400f38c1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "John Edwards"}], "question": "Who was Kerry's running mate?", "id": "572a98e6111d821400f38c1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "35 electoral votes"}], "question": "How much did Kerry lose by?", "id": "572a98e6111d821400f38c20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Dick Cheney"}], "question": "Who was Bush's running mate?", "id": "572a98e6111d821400f38c21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "Where was John Edwards a senator?", "id": "572a98e6111d821400f38c22"}]}], ["Pada waktu malam 2 Disember dan awal 3 Disember 1968, Kerry bertanggungjawab ke atas sebuah bot kecil yang beroperasi berhampiran semenanjung utara Cam Ranh Bay bersama bot Swift (PCF-60). Menurut Kerry dan dua anak kapal yang mengiringi dia malam itu, Patrick Runyon dan William Zaladonis, mereka terkejut sekumpulan lelaki Vietnam memunggah sampan di lintasan sungai, yang mula berlari dan gagal mematuhi perintah untuk berhenti. Ketika orang-orang melarikan diri, Kerry dan krunya membakar sampan dan memusnahkan mereka, kemudian dengan cepat meninggalkannya. Semasa pertemuan ini, Kerry menerima luka jarum di lengan kiri di atas siku. Ia adalah untuk kecederaan ini bahawa Kerry menerima Medali Hati Ungu yang pertama. <> Di mana kapal Kerry pada Dec 2-3, 1968? || berhampiran sebuah semenanjung utara Cam Ranh Bay <> Berapa banyak anak kapal dengan Kerry? || Dua <> Siapa yang berada di kru Kerry? || Patrick Runyon dan William Zaladonis <> Apa yang dimusnahkan oleh kerry Kerry? || sampan <> Di manakah Kerry cedera? || di lengan kiri di atas siku", {"context": "During the night of December 2 and early morning of December 3, 1968, Kerry was in charge of a small boat operating near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay together with a Swift boat (PCF-60). According to Kerry and the two crewmen who accompanied him that night, Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis, they surprised a group of Vietnamese men unloading sampans at a river crossing, who began running and failed to obey an order to stop. As the men fled, Kerry and his crew opened fire on the sampans and destroyed them, then rapidly left. During this encounter, Kerry received a shrapnel wound in the left arm above the elbow. It was for this injury that Kerry received his first Purple Heart Medal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay"}], "question": "Where was Kerry's boat on Dec 2-3, 1968?", "id": "572aa47534ae481900deabf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many crew were with Kerry?", "id": "572aa47534ae481900deabf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis"}], "question": "Who were in Kerry's crew?", "id": "572aa47534ae481900deabf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "sampans"}], "question": "What did Kerry's crew destroy?", "id": "572aa47534ae481900deabf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "in the left arm above the elbow"}], "question": "Where was Kerry injured?", "id": "572aa47534ae481900deabf5"}]}], ["Selepas menerima J.D dari Sekolah Undang-undang Boston College, Kerry bekerja di Massachusetts sebagai Penolong Pegawai Daerah. Beliau berkhidmat sebagai Leftenan Gabenor Massachusetts di bawah Michael Dukakis dari 1983 hingga 1985 dan telah dipilih untuk Senat A.S. pada tahun 1984 dan telah diangkat pada Januari berikutnya. Mengenai Jawatankuasa Hubungan Luar Senat, beliau mengetuai beberapa siri pendengaran dari tahun 1987 hingga 1989 yang merupakan pelopor dalam hubungan Iran-Contra. Kerry telah dipilih semula untuk istilah tambahan pada tahun 1990, 1996, 2002 dan 2008. Pada tahun 2002, Kerry mengundi untuk memberi kuasa kepada Presiden \"untuk menggunakan kekerasan, jika perlu, untuk melucutkan senjata Saddam Hussein\", tetapi memberi amaran bahawa pentadbiran harus menghancurkan jalan diplomatiknya sebelum melancarkan perang. <> Di mana Kerry mendapat ijazah undang-undang? || Boston College Law School <> Who was Kerry an Lt. Gov. for? || Michael Dukakis <> Bilakah Kerry menjadi Senator? || 1984 <> Di manakah Kerry a Lt. Gov. || Massachusetts <> Kapan Kerry Lt. Gov? || dari 1983 hingga 1985", {"context": "After receiving his J.D. from Boston College Law School, Kerry worked in Massachusetts as an Assistant District Attorney. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran\u2013Contra affair. Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2008. In 2002, Kerry voted to authorize the President \"to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein\", but warned that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Boston College Law School"}], "question": "Where did Kerry get a law degree?", "id": "572a988c111d821400f38c14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Michael Dukakis"}], "question": "Who was Kerry an Lt. Gov. for?", "id": "572a988c111d821400f38c15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "1984"}], "question": "When did Kerry become a Senator?", "id": "572a988c111d821400f38c16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Massachusetts"}], "question": "Where was Kerry an Lt. Gov.?", "id": "572a988c111d821400f38c17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "from 1983 to 1985"}], "question": "When was Kerry an Lt. Gov.?", "id": "572a988c111d821400f38c18"}]}], ["Semasa lawatannya ke fret peluru berpandu USS Gridley, Kerry memohon tugas di Vietnam Selatan, menyenaraikan sebagai keutamaan pertamanya sebagai komander Fast Patrol Craft (PCF), yang juga dikenali sebagai \"Swift boat.\" Kapal seluas 50 kaki (15 meter) ini mempunyai lori aluminium dan mempunyai sedikit atau tiada perisai, tetapi sangat bersenjata dan bergantung pada kelajuan. \"Saya tidak benar-benar mahu terlibat dalam peperangan itu,\" kata Kerry dalam kisah reminiscinasi Vietnam yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1986. \"Ketika saya mendaftar untuk perahu cepat, mereka tidak mempunyai kaitan dengan perang. di rondaan pantai dan itulah yang saya fikir saya akan lakukan. \" Walau bagaimanapun, pilihan kedua bilet adalah di bot peronda sungai, atau \"PBR\", yang pada waktu itu berkhidmat dengan tugas yang lebih berbahaya di sungai-sungai Vietnam. <> Bilakah Kerry menerbitkan kenangannya di Vietnam? || 1986 <> Apa jenis kapal USS Gridley? || frigat peluru berpandu berpandu <> Apa nama rasmi 'bot laju'? || Kraf Patroli Cepat <> Berapa lama perahu cepat? || 50 kaki <> Apa yang Kerry menjangkakan 'bot cepat' lakukan? || rondaan pantai", {"context": "During his tour on the guided missile frigate USS Gridley, Kerry requested duty in South Vietnam, listing as his first preference a position as the commander of a Fast Patrol Craft (PCF), also known as a \"Swift boat.\" These 50-foot (15 m) boats have aluminum hulls and have little or no armor, but are heavily armed and rely on speed. \"I didn't really want to get involved in the war\", Kerry said in a book of Vietnam reminiscences published in 1986. \"When I signed up for the swift boats, they had very little to do with the war. They were engaged in coastal patrolling and that's what I thought I was going to be doing.\" However, his second choice of billet was on a river patrol boat, or \"PBR\", which at the time was serving a more dangerous duty on the rivers of Vietnam.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "1986"}], "question": "When did Kerry publish his memories of Vietnam?", "id": "572aa3c1111d821400f38c68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "guided missile frigate"}], "question": "What kind of ship was the USS Gridley?", "id": "572aa3c1111d821400f38c69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Fast Patrol Craft"}], "question": "What was the formal name of 'swift boats'?", "id": "572aa3c1111d821400f38c6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "50-foot"}], "question": "How long were swift boats?", "id": "572aa3c1111d821400f38c6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "coastal patrolling"}], "question": "What had Kerry expected the 'swift boats' to do?", "id": "572aa3c1111d821400f38c6c"}]}], ["Kerry dilahirkan di Aurora, Colorado dan menghadiri sekolah asrama di Massachusetts dan New Hampshire. Beliau lulus dari kelas Yale University 1966 dengan major sains politik. Kerry mendaftarkan diri di Rizab Laut Naval pada tahun 1966, dan selama 1968-1969 berkhidmat empat bulan lawatan bertugas di Vietnam Selatan sebagai pegawai yang bertanggungjawab (OIC) dari Swift Boat. Untuk perkhidmatan itu, beliau dianugerahkan pingat tempur termasuk Silver Star Medal, Pingat Bintang Perunggu, dan Pingat Pingat Hijau Ungu. Mengembalikan kepulangan awal ke Amerika Syarikat, Kerry menyertai Vietnam Veteran Melawan organisasi Perang di mana beliau berkhidmat sebagai jurucakap yang diakui secara nasional dan sebagai lawan yang bertutur dalam Perang Vietnam. Dia muncul dalam Hearm Fulbright sebelum Jawatankuasa Senat Luar Negara di mana beliau menganggap dasar perang Amerika Syarikat di Vietnam menjadi penyebab jenayah perang. <> Apa yang utama di Kerry? || sains politik <> Di mana Kerry pergi ke kolej? || Yale University <> Apa cawangan tentera Kerry menyertai? || Rizab Tentera Laut <> Apakah medali yang menang Kerry? || Silver Star Medal, Pingat Bintang Perunggu, dan tiga Pingat Jantung Ungu <> Apakah kumpulan itu jurucakap Kerry? || Vietnam Veteran Terhadap Perang", {"context": "Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He graduated from Yale University class of 1966 with a political science major. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and during 1968\u20131969 served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge (OIC) of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and three Purple Heart Medals. Securing an early return to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War. He appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "political science"}], "question": "What was Kerry's major?", "id": "572a982b34ae481900deaba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Yale University"}], "question": "Where did Kerry go to college?", "id": "572a982b34ae481900deaba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Naval Reserve"}], "question": "What branch of the military did Kerry join?", "id": "572a982b34ae481900deaba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and three Purple Heart Medals"}], "question": "What medals did Kerry win?", "id": "572a982b34ae481900deaba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "Vietnam Veterans Against the War"}], "question": "What group was Kerry a spokesman for?", "id": "572a982b34ae481900deaba7"}]}], ["Dalam tahun kedua, Kerry menjadi Pengerusi Parti Liberal Kesatuan Politik Yale, dan setahun kemudian beliau berkhidmat sebagai Presiden Kesatuan. Di antara guru-guru berpengaruh beliau dalam tempoh ini adalah Profesor H. Bradford Westerfield, yang sendiri adalah bekas Presiden Kesatuan Politik. Penglibatan beliau dengan Kesatuan Politik memberikannya peluang untuk terlibat dengan isu-isu penting hari ini, seperti gerakan hak sivil dan program Frontier Baru. Dia juga menjadi ahli Persatuan Skull dan Bone yang rahsia, dan pergi ke Switzerland melalui AIESEC Yale. <> Apa peranan Kerry dalam Yale Political Union sebagai junior? || Presiden Kesatuan <> Apa masyarakat rahsia yang Kerry menyertai? || Persatuan Skull and Bones <> Negara apa yang Kerry melawat sebagai pelajar? || Switzerland <> Siapa profesor Kerry yang paling berpengaruh? || H. Bradford Westerfield <> Apa peranan Kerry dalam Kesatuan Politik Yale sebagai seorang maharaja? || Pengerusi Parti Liberal", {"context": "In his sophomore year, Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union, and a year later he served as President of the Union. Amongst his influential teachers in this period was Professor H. Bradford Westerfield, who was himself a former President of the Political Union. His involvement with the Political Union gave him an opportunity to be involved with important issues of the day, such as the civil rights movement and the New Frontier program. He also became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones Society, and traveled to Switzerland through AIESEC Yale.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "President of the Union"}], "question": "What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a junior?", "id": "572a9989111d821400f38c32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Skull and Bones Society"}], "question": "What secret society did Kerry join?", "id": "572a9989111d821400f38c33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Switzerland"}], "question": "What country did Kerry visit as a student?", "id": "572a9989111d821400f38c34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "H. Bradford Westerfield"}], "question": "Who was Kerry's most influential professor?", "id": "572a9989111d821400f38c35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Chairman of the Liberal Party"}], "question": "What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a sophomore?", "id": "572a9989111d821400f38c36"}]}], ["John Forbes Kerry dilahirkan pada 11 Disember 1943 di Aurora, Colorado, di Hospital Tentera Fitzsimons. Beliau adalah anak sulung kedua dari empat orang anak yang dilahirkan oleh Richard John Kerry, seorang pegawai Perkhidmatan Luar dan peguam, dan Rosemary Isabel Forbes, seorang jururawat dan aktivis sosial. Bapanya dibesarkan Katolik (datuk nenek bapa John adalah pendatang Yahudi Austro-Hungarian yang masuk ke Katolik) dan ibunya adalah Episcopalian. Dia dibesarkan dengan kakak perempuan bernama Margaret (lahir 1941), adik perempuan bernama Diana (lahir 1947) dan adik lelaki bernama Cameron (lahir 1950). Kanak-kanak dibesarkan dalam kepercayaan ayah mereka; John Kerry berkhidmat sebagai budak lelaki altar. <> Apakah nama tengah Kerry? || Forbes <> Pada apa kemudahan yang dilahirkan oleh Kerry? || Hospital Tentera Fitzsimons <> Apakah agama ayah Kerry? || Katolik <> Apakah agama ibunya Kerry? || Episcopalian <> Apakah nama keluarga Kerry yang lebih tua? || Margaret", {"context": "John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11, 1943 in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. He was the second oldest of four children born to Richard John Kerry, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and Rosemary Isabel Forbes, a nurse and social activist. His father was raised Catholic (John's paternal grandparents were Austro-Hungarian Jewish immigrants who converted to Catholicism) and his mother was Episcopalian. He was raised with an elder sister named Margaret (born 1941), a younger sister named Diana (born 1947) and a younger brother named Cameron (born 1950). The children were raised in their father's faith; John Kerry served as an altar boy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Forbes"}], "question": "What is Kerry's middle name?", "id": "572a992f111d821400f38c28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Fitzsimons Army Hospital"}], "question": "At what facility was Kerry born?", "id": "572a992f111d821400f38c29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Catholic"}], "question": "What was Kerry's father's religion?", "id": "572a992f111d821400f38c2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Episcopalian"}], "question": "What was Kerry's mother's religion?", "id": "572a992f111d821400f38c2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Margaret"}], "question": "What is Kerry's older sibling's name?", "id": "572a992f111d821400f38c2c"}]}], ["Kerry menerima Purple Heart yang kedua untuk luka yang diterima dalam tindakan di Sungai B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 pada 20 Februari 1969. Rancangan itu untuk bot Swift disertai dengan helikopter sokongan. Namun dalam perjalanan ke Bo De, helikopter telah diserang. Ketika bot-bot Swift tiba di Sungai C\u1eeda L\u1edbn, bot Kerry terkena roket B-40 (bom bom tangan roket roket), dan sepotong serpihan memukul kaki kiri Kerry, mencederakannya. Selepas itu, api musuh berhenti dan botnya sampai ke Teluk Thailand dengan selamat. Kerry terus mempunyai serpihan yang tertanam di paha kirinya kerana doktor yang mula-mula merawatnya memutuskan untuk menghilangkan tisu yang rosak dan menutup luka dengan jahitan daripada membuat pembukaan yang luas untuk mengeluarkan serpihan. Walaupun cedera seperti beberapa orang lain pada awal hari itu, Kerry tidak kehilangan masa untuk bertugas. <> Bilakah Kerry mendapat Jantung Ungu ke-2? || 20 Februari 1969 <> Apa munition yang memukul bot Kerry? || sebuah roket B-40 <> Di mana Kerry mendapat Hati Ungu ke-2? || di Sungai B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 <> Di mana bot Kerry melarikan diri ke keselamatan? || Teluk Thailand", {"context": "Kerry received his second Purple Heart for a wound received in action on the B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 River on February 20, 1969. The plan had been for the Swift boats to be accompanied by support helicopters. On the way up the Bo De, however, the helicopters were attacked. As the Swift boats reached the C\u1eeda L\u1edbn River, Kerry's boat was hit by a B-40 rocket (rocket propelled grenade round), and a piece of shrapnel hit Kerry's left leg, wounding him. Thereafter, enemy fire ceased and his boat reached the Gulf of Thailand safely. Kerry continues to have shrapnel embedded in his left thigh because the doctors that first treated him decided to remove the damaged tissue and close the wound with sutures rather than make a wide opening to remove the shrapnel. Though wounded like several others earlier that day, Kerry did not lose any time off from duty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "February 20, 1969"}], "question": "When did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart?", "id": "572aa6d4be1ee31400cb810f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "a B-40 rocket"}], "question": "What munition hit Kerry's boat?", "id": "572aa6d4be1ee31400cb8111"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "on the B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 River"}], "question": "Where did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart?", "id": "572aa6d4be1ee31400cb8110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Gulf of Thailand"}], "question": "Where did Kerry's boat escape to safety?", "id": "572aa6d4be1ee31400cb8112"}]}], ["Lapan hari kemudian, pada 28 Februari 1969, peristiwa yang mana Kerry dianugerahi Pingat Bintang Peraknya. Pada kesempatan ini, Kerry berada dalam perintah taktikal kapal Swiftnya dan dua kapal Swift lain semasa operasi memerangi. Misi mereka di Sungai Duong Keo termasuk membawa pasukan perobohan bawah air dan berpuluh-puluh Marinir Selatan Vietnam untuk menghancurkan sampan musuh, struktur dan kubu kubur seperti yang dijelaskan dalam kisah The Death Of PCF 43. Berlari dengan senjata api kecil yang kecil dari tebing sungai, Kerry \"mengarahkan unit-unit untuk beralih ke pantai dan mengecas kedudukan Viet Cong\" dan dia \"mengarahkan ahli\" kebakaran botnya menyebabkan musuh melarikan diri sementara pada masa yang sama menyelaraskan penyisipan sembilan puluh askar Vietnam Selatan (menurut medali asal petikan yang ditandatangani oleh Admiral Zumwalt). Bergerak ke hulu jarak dekat, bot Kerry adalah sasaran pusingan roket B-40; Kerry mendakwa kedudukan musuh dan sebagai perahu botnya masuk dan diterbangkan, gerilyawan Viet Cong (\"VC\") bersenjata dengan pelancar roket muncul dari lubang labah-labah dan berlari. Ketika penembak kapal itu melepaskan tembakan, melukai VC di kaki, dan sementara bot-bot lain menghampiri dan menawarkan penutup api, Kerry melompat dari perahu untuk mengejar pemberontak VC, kemudian membunuhnya dan menangkap peluncur roket yang dimuatkannya. <> Bilakah Kerry mendapat Bintang Perak? || 28 Februari 1969 <> Di mana Kerry mendapat Bintang Perak? || Sungai Duong Keo <> Berapa banyak bot cepat yang membuat perintah Kerry? || bot Swift dan dua bot Swift lain <> Siapa yang memberi Bintang Silver kepada Kerry? || Admiral Zumwalt <> Kisah apa yang menggambarkan peristiwa 28 Feb, 1969? || Kematian PCF 43", {"context": "Eight days later, on February 28, 1969, came the events for which Kerry was awarded his Silver Star Medal. On this occasion, Kerry was in tactical command of his Swift boat and two other Swift boats during a combat operation. Their mission on the Duong Keo River included bringing an underwater demolition team and dozens of South Vietnamese Marines to destroy enemy sampans, structures and bunkers as described in the story The Death Of PCF 43. Running into heavy small arms fire from the river banks, Kerry \"directed the units to turn to the beach and charge the Viet Cong positions\" and he \"expertly directed\" his boat's fire causing the enemy to flee while at the same time coordinating the insertion of the ninety South Vietnamese troops (according to the original medal citation signed by Admiral Zumwalt). Moving a short distance upstream, Kerry's boat was the target of a B-40 rocket round; Kerry charged the enemy positions and as his boat hove to and beached, a Viet Cong (\"VC\") insurgent armed with a rocket launcher emerged from a spider hole and ran. While the boat's gunner opened fire, wounding the VC in the leg, and while the other boats approached and offered cover fire, Kerry jumped from the boat to pursue the VC insurgent, subsequently killing him and capturing his loaded rocket launcher.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "February 28, 1969"}], "question": "When did Kerry earn a Silver Star?", "id": "572aa74cbe1ee31400cb8117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "the Duong Keo River"}], "question": "Where did Kerry earn a Silver Star?", "id": "572aa74cbe1ee31400cb8118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "his Swift boat and two other Swift boats"}], "question": "How many swift boats did Kerry command?", "id": "572aa74cbe1ee31400cb8119"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "Admiral Zumwalt"}], "question": "Who awarded the Silver Star to Kerry?", "id": "572aa74cbe1ee31400cb811a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "The Death Of PCF 43"}], "question": "What story described the events of Feb 28, 1969?", "id": "572aa74cbe1ee31400cb811b"}]}], ["James Rassmann, penasihat Green Beret yang berada di kapal PCF-94 Kerry, telah mengetuk ke laut ketika, menurut saksi dan dokumentasi acara itu, lombong atau roket meletup dekat dengan bot. Menurut dokumentasi kejadian itu, lengan Kerry cedera ketika dia dilemparkan melawan sekat dalam ledakan. PCF 94 kembali ke tempat kejadian dan Kerry menyelamatkan Rassmann yang menerima api penembak curi dari air. Kerry menerima Pingat Bintang Perunggu dengan Combat \"V\" untuk \"pencapaian wira\", kerana tindakannya semasa kejadian ini; dia juga menerima Hati Ungu yang ketiga. <> Bot apa Rassmann? || PCF-94 <> Siapa yang jatuh ke kapal dari kapal Kerry? || James Rassmann <> Apa pekerjaan Rassmann? || penasihat Green Beret <> Apa medali yang Kerry mendapat untuk menyelamatkan Rassmann? || Pingat Bintang Gangsa dengan Combat \"V\" <> Apa arti Pertempuran V? || pencapaian wira", {"context": "James Rassmann, a Green Beret advisor who was aboard Kerry's PCF-94, was knocked overboard when, according to witnesses and the documentation of the event, a mine or rocket exploded close to the boat. According to the documentation for the event, Kerry's arm was injured when he was thrown against a bulkhead during the explosion. PCF 94 returned to the scene and Kerry rescued Rassmann who was receiving sniper fire from the water. Kerry received the Bronze Star Medal with Combat \"V\" for \"heroic achievement\", for his actions during this incident; he also received his third Purple Heart.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "PCF-94"}], "question": "What boat was Rassmann on?", "id": "572aab9634ae481900deac0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "James Rassmann"}], "question": "Who fell overboard from Kerry's boat?", "id": "572aab9634ae481900deac10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "a Green Beret advisor"}], "question": "What was Rassmann's job?", "id": "572aab9634ae481900deac11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "the Bronze Star Medal with Combat \"V\""}], "question": "What medal did Kerry earn for rescuing Rassmann?", "id": "572aab9634ae481900deac12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "heroic achievement"}], "question": "What does the Combat V mean?", "id": "572aab9634ae481900deac13"}]}], ["Kerry ditangkap pada 30 Mei 1971, semasa perarakan VVAW untuk menghormati tahanan perang Amerika yang ditawan oleh Vietnam Utara. Perarakan itu dirancang sebagai acara berbilang hari dari Concord ke Boston, dan sementara di Lexington, para peserta cuba berkhemah di kampung itu. Pada pukul 2:30 petang, polis tempatan dan negeri menahan 441 penunjuk perasaan, termasuk Kerry, kerana menceroboh. Semua diberi Peringatan Miranda dan dibawa pulang ke bas sekolah untuk bermalam di Lexington Public Works Garage. Kerry dan penunjuk perasaan lain kemudian membayar denda $ 5, dan dibebaskan. Penangkapan besar-besaran menyebabkan serangan masyarakat dan akhirnya memberi liputan positif kepada VVAW. <> Bilakah Kerry ditangkap kerana memprotes? || 30 Mei 1971 <> Siapakah yang dihormati pada 30 Mei 1971? || POWS Amerika ditahan oleh Vietnam Utara <> Berapa ramai orang yang ditangkap dengan Kerry? || 441 <> Pada masa apa yang ditangkap Kerry? || 2:30 petang Mengapa pengunjuk rasa ditangkap? || cuba berkhemah di kampung itu", {"context": "Kerry was arrested on May 30, 1971, during a VVAW march to honor American POWs held captive by North Vietnam. The march was planned as a multi-day event from Concord to Boston, and while in Lexington, participants tried to camp on the village green. At 2:30 a.m., local and state police arrested 441 demonstrators, including Kerry, for trespassing. All were given the Miranda Warning and were hauled away on school buses to spend the night at the Lexington Public Works Garage. Kerry and the other protesters later paid a $5 fine, and were released. The mass arrests caused a community backlash and ended up giving positive coverage to the VVAW.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "May 30, 1971"}], "question": "When was Kerry arrested for protesting?", "id": "572ab1b4f75d5e190021fc42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "American POWs held captive by North Vietnam"}], "question": "Who was being honored on May 30, 1971?", "id": "572ab1b4f75d5e190021fc43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "441"}], "question": "How many people were arrested with Kerry?", "id": "572ab1b4f75d5e190021fc44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "2:30 a.m."}], "question": "At what time was Kerry arrested?", "id": "572ab1b4f75d5e190021fc45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "tried to camp on the village green"}], "question": "Why were the protesters arrested?", "id": "572ab1b4f75d5e190021fc46"}]}], ["Pegawai Komander Kerry, Leftenan Komander George Elliott, menyatakan kepada Douglas Brinkley pada tahun 2003 bahawa dia tidak tahu sama ada untuk kerry-mahkamah tentera Kerry untuk menaiki bot tanpa perintah atau memberikannya medali untuk menyelamatkan krew. Elliott mengesyorkan Kerry untuk Silver Star, dan Zumwalt terbang ke An Thoi untuk menganugerahkan pingat secara peribadi kepada Kerry dan seluruh pelaut yang terlibat dalam misi tersebut. Aksi Tentera Laut terhadap tindakan Kerry dibentangkan dalam petikan medali asal yang ditandatangani oleh Zumwalt. Penglibatan itu didokumentasikan dalam laporan selepas tindakan, penerbitan akhbar yang ditulis pada 1 Mac 1969, dan ringkasan sejarah bertarikh 17 Maret 1969. <> Di mana Kerry menerima Silver Starnya? || An Thoi <> Siapa komander Kerry? || Leftenan Komander George Elliott <> Apakah aduan Elliot tentang tindakan Kerry? || menaiki bot tanpa pesanan <> Bilakah siaran akhbar mengeluarkan tentang Kerry yang memperoleh Bintang Perak? || 1 Mac 1969 <> Apa yang dikeluarkan pada 17 Mac 1969? || ringkasan sejarah", {"context": "Kerry's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander George Elliott, stated to Douglas Brinkley in 2003 that he did not know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew. Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star, and Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally award medals to Kerry and the rest of the sailors involved in the mission. The Navy's account of Kerry's actions is presented in the original medal citation signed by Zumwalt. The engagement was documented in an after-action report, a press release written on March 1, 1969, and a historical summary dated March 17, 1969.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "An Thoi"}], "question": "Where did Kerry receive his Silver Star?", "id": "572aa931f75d5e190021fc10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Lieutenant Commander George Elliott"}], "question": "Who was Kerry's commander?", "id": "572aa931f75d5e190021fc0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "beaching the boat without orders"}], "question": "What complaint did Elliot have about Kerry's actions?", "id": "572aa931f75d5e190021fc0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "March 1, 1969"}], "question": "When was a press release put out about Kerry earning the Silver Star?", "id": "572aa931f75d5e190021fc11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "a historical summary"}], "question": "What was released on March 17, 1969?", "id": "572aa931f75d5e190021fc12"}]}], ["Selepas kecederaan kualifikasi ketiga Kerry, beliau berhak atas peraturan Angkatan Laut untuk menugaskan semula tugas tugas pertempuran. Pilihan yang dipilih Kerry sebagai penolong ketenteraan di Boston, New York atau Washington, DC Pada 11 April 1969, beliau melaporkan kepada Perkhidmatan Pengangkutan Laut Ketenteraan Atlantik yang berpusat di Brooklyn, di mana dia akan terus bertugas untuk tahun berikutnya sebagai seorang pembantu peribadi kepada seorang pegawai, Laksamana Muda Walter Schlech. Pada 1 Januari 1970 Kerry telah dipromosikan sementara untuk Leftenan penuh. Kerry telah bersetuju untuk melanjutkan tugas kewajipan aktifnya dari Disember 1969 hingga Ogos 1970 untuk melaksanakan tugas Swift Boat. John Kerry bertugas aktif di Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat dari Ogos 1966 hingga Januari 1970. Dia terus berkhidmat di Rizab Tentera Laut sehingga Februari 1978. <> Yang luka yang membolehkan Kerry meninggalkan tugas tempur? || ketiga <> Di manakah Kerry ditugaskan semula pada April 1969? || Perkhidmatan Pengangkutan Laut Ketenteraan Atlantik yang berpusat di Brooklyn <> Kapan Kerry menjadi letnan? || 1 Januari 1970 <> Siapa Kerry seorang pembantu peribadi? || Laksamana Belakang Walter Schlech <> Bilakah Kerry meninggalkan Rizab Laut? || Februari 1978", {"context": "After Kerry's third qualifying wound, he was entitled per Navy regulations to reassignment away from combat duties. Kerry's preferred choice for reassignment was as a military aide in Boston, New York or Washington, D.C. On April 11, 1969, he reported to the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service, where he would remain on active duty for the following year as a personal aide to an officer, Rear Admiral Walter Schlech. On January 1, 1970 Kerry was temporarily promoted to full Lieutenant. Kerry had agreed to an extension of his active duty obligation from December 1969 to August 1970 in order to perform Swift Boat duty. John Kerry was on active duty in the United States Navy from August 1966 until January 1970. He continued to serve in the Naval Reserve until February 1978.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "third"}], "question": "Which wound allowed Kerry to leave combat duty?", "id": "572aadc2be1ee31400cb8153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service"}], "question": "Where was Kerry reassigned in April 1969?", "id": "572aadc2be1ee31400cb8154"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "January 1, 1970"}], "question": "When did Kerry become a lieutenant?", "id": "572aadc2be1ee31400cb8155"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Rear Admiral Walter Schlech"}], "question": "Who was Kerry a personal aide for?", "id": "572aadc2be1ee31400cb8156"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "February 1978"}], "question": "When did Kerry leave the Naval Reserve?", "id": "572aadc2be1ee31400cb8157"}]}], ["Termasuk Kerry, perlumbaan utama Demokrat mempunyai 10 calon, termasuk peguam Paul J. Sheehy, Perwakilan Negeri Anthony R. DiFruscia, John J. Desmond dan Robert B. Kennedy. Kerry menjalankan kempen \"sangat mahal, canggih\", dibiayai oleh penyokong luar negeri dan disokong oleh banyak sukarelawan muda. Ibu pejabat kempen DiFruscia berkongsi bangunan yang sama dengan Kerry. Pada malam pertama 19 September, polis menemui adik lelaki Kerry, Cameron dan pengarah bidang kempen, Thomas J. Vallely, yang memecah masuk ke mana talian telefon bangunannya terletak. Mereka ditangkap dan didakwa dengan \"melanggar dan memasuki dengan niat untuk melakukan larceny besar\", tetapi tuduhan itu diturunkan setahun kemudian. Pada masa kejadian, DiFruscia mendakwa kedua-dua mereka cuba mengganggu usaha mendapatkan undi. Vallely dan Cameron Kerry mengekalkan bahawa mereka hanya memeriksa talian telefon mereka sendiri kerana mereka telah menerima amaran panggilan tanpa nama bahawa talian Kerry akan dipotong. <> Apa kerja Paul Sheehy? || peguam <> Apakah kedudukan DiFruscia? || Perwakilan Negeri <> Siapa yang Kerry berkongsi ibu pejabat kempen dengan? || Anthony R. DiFruscia <> Mengapa adik kerry kerenah dengan talian telefon? || mereka telah menerima amaran panggilan tanpa nama bahawa baris Kerry akan dipotong <> Apakah nama adik Kerry? || Cameron", {"context": "Including Kerry, the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates, including attorney Paul J. Sheehy, State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia, John J. Desmond and Robert B. Kennedy. Kerry ran a \"very expensive, sophisticated campaign\", financed by out-of-state backers and supported by many young volunteers. DiFruscia's campaign headquarters shared the same building as Kerry's. On the eve of the September 19 primary, police found Kerry's younger brother Cameron and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely, breaking into where the building's telephone lines were located. They were arrested and charged with \"breaking and entering with the intent to commit grand larceny\", but the charges were dropped a year later. At the time of the incident, DiFruscia alleged that the two were trying to disrupt his get-out-the vote efforts. Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "attorney"}], "question": "What was Paul Sheehy's job?", "id": "572ab534be1ee31400cb81a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "State Representative"}], "question": "What was DiFruscia's position?", "id": "572ab534be1ee31400cb81aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Anthony R. DiFruscia"}], "question": "Who did Kerry share a campaign headquarters with?", "id": "572ab534be1ee31400cb81ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 933, "text": "they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut"}], "question": "Why was Kerry's brother messing with phone lines?", "id": "572ab534be1ee31400cb81ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Cameron"}], "question": "What is Kerry's younger brother's name?", "id": "572ab534be1ee31400cb81ad"}]}], ["Selepas kembali ke Amerika Syarikat, Kerry menyertai Vietnam Veteran Menentang Perang (VVAW). Kemudian berjumlah kira-kira 20,000, VVAW telah dipertimbangkan oleh beberapa (termasuk pentadbiran Presiden Richard Nixon) untuk menjadi komponen yang berkesan, jika kontroversi, pergerakan antiwar. Kerry mengambil bahagian dalam \"Penyiasatan Soldier Musim Sejuk\" yang dijalankan oleh VVAW terhadap kekejaman A.S. di Vietnam, dan dia muncul dalam sebuah filem dengan nama itu yang mendokumenkan siasatan. Menurut Setiausaha Pertahanan Nixon, Melvin Laird, \"Saya tidak meluluskan apa yang dia lakukan, tetapi saya memahami penunjuk perasaan dengan baik\", dan beliau menolak dua permintaan dari Angkatan Laut ke Leftenan Hakim Mahkamah Leftenan Kerry atas kegiatan antiwarnya. <> Berapa banyak ahli yang telah melakukan VVAW apabila Kerry menyertainya? || kira-kira 20,000 <> Apa penyiasatan VVAW yang terlibat dalam Kerry? || \"Penyiasatan Soldier Musim Sejuk\" <> Siapa Melvin Laird? || Nixon Setiausaha Pertahanan <> Apa yang Laird enggan kerry-mahkamah tentera Kerry? || aktiviti antikerinya", {"context": "After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). Then numbering about 20,000, VVAW was considered by some (including the administration of President Richard Nixon) to be an effective, if controversial, component of the antiwar movement. Kerry participated in the \"Winter Soldier Investigation\" conducted by VVAW of U.S. atrocities in Vietnam, and he appears in a film by that name that documents the investigation. According to Nixon Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, \"I didn't approve of what he did, but I understood the protesters quite well\", and he declined two requests from the Navy to court martial Reserve Lieutenant Kerry over his antiwar activity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "about 20,000"}], "question": "How many members did VVAW have when Kerry joined it?", "id": "572aaf0ff75d5e190021fc30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "the \"Winter Soldier Investigation\""}], "question": "What VVAW investigation was Kerry involved in?", "id": "572aaf0ff75d5e190021fc31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "Nixon Secretary of Defense"}], "question": "Who was Melvin Laird?", "id": "572aaf0ff75d5e190021fc32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "his antiwar activity"}], "question": "What did Laird refuse to court-martial Kerry for?", "id": "572aaf0ff75d5e190021fc33"}]}], ["Pada 13 Mac 1969, di Sungai B\u00e1i H\u00e1p, Kerry bertanggungjawab ke atas salah satu daripada lima bot Swift yang kembali ke pangkalan mereka selepas melakukan misi Operasi Sealords untuk mengangkut tentera Vietnam Selatan dari pasukan pengawal di C\u00e1i N\u01b0\u1edbc dan penasihat Angkatan MIKE serbuan di kem Vietcong yang terletak di kanal Rach Dong Cung. Terdahulu, Kerry menerima sedikit luka jarum di punggung dari meniup bangkai beras. Menyeberang beberapa tetapi tidak semua penumpang di sebuah kampung kecil, bot-bot itu menghampiri penangkapan ikan; satu kumpulan bot pergi ke sebelah kiri pelaut, memeluk pantai, dan sebuah kumpulan dengan kapal PCF-94 Kerry pergi ke sebelah kanan, di sepanjang garis pantai. Sebuah lombong diletupkan terus di bawah bot utama, PCF-3, ketika melintasi arus ke kiri, mengangkat PCF-3 \"kira-kira 2-3 kaki dari air\". <> Di mana Kerry pada 13 Mac 1969? || di Sungai B\u00e1i H\u00e1p <> Di bahagian badan apa yang dilukai oleh Kerry pada 13 Mac 1969? || di punggung <> Apa yang Kerry lakukan ketika dia cedera pada 13 Mac 1969? || meniup bangkai beras <> Apa botnya Kerry pada, pada 13 Mac? || PCF-94 <> Apa perahu utama pada 13 Mac? || PCF-3", {"context": "On March 13, 1969, on the B\u00e1i H\u00e1p River, Kerry was in charge of one of five Swift boats that were returning to their base after performing an Operation Sealords mission to transport South Vietnamese troops from the garrison at C\u00e1i N\u01b0\u1edbc and MIKE Force advisors for a raid on a Vietcong camp located on the Rach Dong Cung canal. Earlier in the day, Kerry received a slight shrapnel wound in the buttocks from blowing up a rice bunker. Debarking some but not all of the passengers at a small village, the boats approached a fishing weir; one group of boats went around to the left of the weir, hugging the shore, and a group with Kerry's PCF-94 boat went around to the right, along the shoreline. A mine was detonated directly beneath the lead boat, PCF-3, as it crossed the weir to the left, lifting PCF-3 \"about 2-3 ft out of water\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "on the B\u00e1i H\u00e1p River"}], "question": "Where was Kerry on Mar 13, 1969?", "id": "572aaad4f75d5e190021fc18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "in the buttocks"}], "question": "On what body part was Kerry wounded on Mar 13, 1969?", "id": "572aaad4f75d5e190021fc19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "blowing up a rice bunker"}], "question": "What was Kerry doing when he was wounded on Mar 13, 1969?", "id": "572aaad4f75d5e190021fc1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "PCF-94"}], "question": "What boat was Kerry on, on Mar 13?", "id": "572aaad4f75d5e190021fc1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "PCF-3"}], "question": "What was the lead boat on Mar 13?", "id": "572aaad4f75d5e190021fc1b"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1970, Kerry telah mempertimbangkan untuk melancarkan Kongres dalam asas Demokratik terhadap Demokrat Hawk Philip J. Philbin dari daerah kongres ketiga Massachusetts, tetapi ditangguhkan memihak kepada Robert Drinan, seorang imam Jesuit dan aktivis anti-perang, yang kemudiannya mengalahkan Philbin. Pada bulan Februari 1972, isterinya Kerry membeli sebuah rumah di Worcester, dengan Kerry berniat untuk melawan Demokrat yang berusia 13 tahun yang berusia 13 tahun, Harold Donohue. Pasangan itu tidak pernah berpindah. Selepas Kongres Parti Republik, Bradford Morse dari daerah ke-5 mengumumkan persaraannya dan kemudian meletak jawatan untuk menjadi Ketua Setiausaha Agung untuk Hal Ehwal Politik dan Perhimpunan Agung di Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. Pasangan itu menyewa sebuah apartmen di Lowell, sehingga Kerry dapat berlari untuk menggantikannya. <> Siapa yang dianggap Kerry melawan pada tahun 1970? || Demokrat Philip J. Philbin <> Di mana distriknya dianggap Kerry pada tahun 1970? || Daerah kongres ketiga Massachusetts <> Siapa berlari melawan Philbin bukannya Kerry? || Robert Drinan <> Mengapa Morse bersara? || untuk menjadi Ketua Setiausaha untuk Hal Ehwal Pemilihan Politik dan Umum di Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu <> Apa parti politik Morse? || Republikan", {"context": "In 1970, Kerry had considered running for Congress in the Democratic primary against hawkish Democrat Philip J. Philbin of Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district, but deferred in favour of Robert Drinan, a Jesuit priest and anti-war activist, who went on to defeat Philbin. In February 1972, Kerry's wife bought a house in Worcester, with Kerry intending to run against the 4th district's ageing thirteen-term incumbent Democrat, Harold Donohue. The couple never moved in. After Republican Congressman F. Bradford Morse of the neighbouring 5th district announced his retirement and then resignation to become Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs at the United Nations. The couple instead rented an apartment in Lowell, so that Kerry could run to succeed him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Democrat Philip J. Philbin"}], "question": "Who had Kerry considered running against in 1970?", "id": "572ab26634ae481900deac4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district"}], "question": "In which district had Kerry considered running in 1970?", "id": "572ab26634ae481900deac4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Robert Drinan"}], "question": "Who ran against Philbin instead of Kerry?", "id": "572ab26634ae481900deac4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "to become Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs at the United Nations"}], "question": "Why did Morse retire?", "id": "572ab26634ae481900deac4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "What political party was Morse in?", "id": "572ab26634ae481900deac4f"}]}], ["Pada 22 April 1971, Kerry muncul sebelum sidang jawatankuasa Senat A.S. mengenai cadangan yang berkaitan dengan menamatkan perang. Sehari selepas kesaksian ini, Kerry menyertai demonstrasi dengan beribu-ribu veteran lain di mana dia dan veteran Perang Vietnam lainnya melontar pingat dan pita khidmat mereka ke atas pagar yang didirikan di langkah-langkah depan gedung Capitol Amerika Syarikat untuk membantah pembangkang mereka perang. Jack Smith, seorang Marin, membaca satu kenyataan yang menjelaskan mengapa para veteran telah mengembalikan anugerah ketenteraan mereka kepada kerajaan. Selama lebih dari dua jam, hampir 1000 veteran yang marah melemparkan pingat, pita, topi, jaket, dan kertas ketenteraan mereka di atas pagar. Setiap veteran memberikan namanya, kampung halaman, cawangan dan kenyataan. Kerry melemparkan beberapa hiasan dan anugerahnya sendiri serta beberapa diberikan kepadanya oleh veteran lain untuk membuangnya. Kerry melemparkan hiasannya ke atas pagar, kenyataannya adalah: \"Saya tidak melakukan ini atas sebab-sebab keganasan, tetapi untuk keamanan dan keadilan, dan untuk mencuba dan menjadikan negara ini bangun sekali dan untuk semua.\" <> Apa yang Kerry lakukan pada 22 Apr 1971? || muncul sebelum pendengaran jawatankuasa Senat A.S. <> Apakah topik mengenai pendengaran yang diberikan oleh Kerry? || menamatkan perang <> Apa yang Kerry membuang pagar? || beberapa hiasan dan anugerah sendiri serta beberapa diberikan kepadanya oleh veteran lain untuk membuang <> Mengapa Kerry mengambil bahagian dalam protes itu? || untuk keamanan dan keadilan, dan untuk mencuba dan menjadikan negara ini bangun sekali dan untuk semua <> Berapa ramai doktor haiwan menyertai parti itu? || hampir 1000", {"context": "On April 22, 1971, Kerry appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war. The day after this testimony, Kerry participated in a demonstration with thousands of other veterans in which he and other Vietnam War veterans threw their medals and service ribbons over a fence erected at the front steps of the United States Capitol building to dramatize their opposition to the war. Jack Smith, a Marine, read a statement explaining why the veterans were returning their military awards to the government. For more than two hours, almost 1000 angry veterans tossed their medals, ribbons, hats, jackets, and military papers over the fence. Each veteran gave his or her name, hometown, branch of service and a statement. Kerry threw some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw. As Kerry threw his decorations over the fence, his statement was: \"I'm not doing this for any violent reasons, but for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing"}], "question": "What did Kerry do on Apr 22, 1971?", "id": "572aafa3111d821400f38cb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "ending the war"}], "question": "What was the topic of the hearing Kerry testified on?", "id": "572aafa3111d821400f38cb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw"}], "question": "What did Kerry throw over a fence?", "id": "572aafa3111d821400f38cba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 976, "text": "for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all"}], "question": "Why did Kerry participate in the protest?", "id": "572aafa3111d821400f38cbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "almost 1000"}], "question": "How many vets participated in the protest?", "id": "572aafa3111d821400f38cbc"}]}], ["Dengan kontroversi yang berterusan yang mengelilingi perkhidmatan tentera George W. Bush sejak pilihan raya Presiden 2000 (ketika dia dituduh telah menggunakan pengaruh politik ayahnya untuk mendapatkan masuk ke Pengawal Kebangsaan Texas Air, dengan demikian melindungi dirinya dari wajib ke Amerika Tentera Amerika Syarikat, dan perkhidmatan yang mungkin dalam Perang Vietnam), status John Contry yang bercanggah sebagai veteran Perang Vietnam yang dihiasi menjadi masalah bagi kempen pilihan raya Bush, yang dilakukan oleh Republikan untuk menentang dengan memanggil rekod perang Kerry. Ketika kempen presiden tahun 2004 berkembang, kira-kira 250 anggota kumpulan yang dipanggil Swift Boat Veterans for Truth (SBVT, yang kemudian dinamakan Swift Vets dan POWs for Truth) menentang kempen Kerry. Kumpulan mengadakan konferensi pers, menjalankan iklan dan mengesahkan sebuah buku yang mempersoalkan rekod perkhidmatan Kerry dan anugerah ketenteraannya. Kumpulan itu termasuk beberapa anggota unit Kerry, seperti Larry Thurlow, yang memerintahkan sebuah bot cepat bersama Kerry, dan Stephen Gardner, yang berkhidmat di atas kapal Kerry. Kempen itu mengilhami 'swiftboating' yang digunakan secara meluas untuk menggambarkan serangan politik yang tidak adil atau tidak benar. Kebanyakan bekas kru kerry telah menyatakan bahawa dakwaan SBVT adalah palsu. <> Siapa yang menyimpan George W. Bush dari Vietnam? || ayahnya <> Apa cawangan ketenteraannya ialah George W. Bush? || Texas Air National Guard <> Bagaimana Republikan menyerang Kerry? || dengan memanggil rekod perang Kerry yang dipersoalkan <> Apa yang SBVT menukar namanya? || Swift Vets dan POWs for Truth <> Istilah apa yang diilhamkan oleh serangan terhadap Kerry? || swiftboating", {"context": "With the continuing controversy that had surrounded the military service of George W. Bush since the 2000 Presidential election (when he was accused of having used his father's political influence to gain entrance to the Texas Air National Guard, thereby protecting himself from conscription into the United States Army, and possible service in the Vietnam War), John Kerry's contrasting status as a decorated Vietnam War veteran posed a problem for Bush's re-election campaign, which Republicans sought to counter by calling Kerry's war record into question. As the presidential campaign of 2004 developed, approximately 250 members of a group called Swift Boat Veterans for Truth (SBVT, later renamed Swift Vets and POWs for Truth) opposed Kerry's campaign. The group held press conferences, ran ads and endorsed a book questioning Kerry's service record and his military awards. The group included several members of Kerry's unit, such as Larry Thurlow, who commanded a swift boat alongside of Kerry's, and Stephen Gardner, who served on Kerry's boat. The campaign inspired the widely used political pejorative 'swiftboating', to describe an unfair or untrue political attack. Most of Kerry's former crewmates have stated that SBVT's allegations are false.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "his father"}], "question": "Who kept George W. Bush out of Vietnam?", "id": "572aaea4111d821400f38ca8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "the Texas Air National Guard"}], "question": "What military branch was George W. Bush in?", "id": "572aaea4111d821400f38ca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "by calling Kerry's war record into question"}], "question": "How did Republicans attack Kerry?", "id": "572aaea4111d821400f38caa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "Swift Vets and POWs for Truth"}], "question": "What did SBVT change its name to?", "id": "572aaea4111d821400f38cab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1115, "text": "swiftboating"}], "question": "What term was inspired by the attacks on Kerry?", "id": "572aaea4111d821400f38cac"}]}], ["Senator junior A.S. dari Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas, mengumumkan pada tahun 1984 bahawa dia akan melangkah demi alasan kesihatan. Kerry berlari, dan seperti dalam perlumbaan 1982 beliau untuk Leftenan Gabenor, dia tidak menerima pengesahan tetap parti di konvensyen Demokrat negara. Kongres James Shannon, kegemaran House Speaker Tip O'Neill, adalah kegemaran awal untuk memenangi pencalonan, dan dia \"memenangi sokongan pendirian yang luas dan mengetuai pengundian awal.\" Sekali lagi seperti pada tahun 1982, bagaimanapun, Kerry berjaya mendahului. <> Apa kerja Paul Tsongas pada tahun 1984? || Senator A.S. junior dari Massachusetts <> Bilakah Kerry berlari untuk Senat? || 1984 <> Bilakah Kerry berlari untuk Lt Governor? || 1982 <> Apa pekerjaan James Shannon? || Congressman <> Apa kerja Tip O'Neill? || Speaker Rumah", {"context": "The junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas, announced in 1984 that he would be stepping down for health reasons. Kerry ran, and as in his 1982 race for Lieutenant Governor, he did not receive the endorsement of the party regulars at the state Democratic convention. Congressman James Shannon, a favorite of House Speaker Tip O'Neill, was the early favorite to win the nomination, and he \"won broad establishment support and led in early polling.\" Again as in 1982, however, Kerry prevailed in a close primary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts"}], "question": "What was Paul Tsongas's job in 1984?", "id": "572abc96be1ee31400cb81f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "1984"}], "question": "When did Kerry run for Senate?", "id": "572abc96be1ee31400cb81f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When did Kerry run for Lt Governor?", "id": "572abc96be1ee31400cb81f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Congressman"}], "question": "What was James Shannon's job?", "id": "572abc96be1ee31400cb81f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "House Speaker"}], "question": "What was Tip O'Neill's job?", "id": "572abc96be1ee31400cb81f9"}]}], ["Kesihatan Droney adalah miskin dan Kerry telah membuat keputusan untuk bertanding bagi jawatannya pada pilihan raya 1978 jika Droney keluar. Walau bagaimanapun, Droney telah dipilih semula dan kesihatannya bertambah baik; dia terus menanggung banyak tugas yang telah diberikannya kepada Kerry. Oleh itu, Kerry memutuskan untuk pergi, berlepas pada tahun 1979 dengan pembantu DA Roanne Sragow untuk menubuhkan firma undang-undang mereka sendiri. Kerry juga bekerja sebagai pengulas untuk WCVB-TV dan mengasaskan sebuah kedai roti, Kilvert & Forbes Ltd., dengan ahli perniagaan dan bekas pembantu Kennedy K. Dun Gifford. <> Bilakah Kerry mempertimbangkan untuk menjadi presiden jika Droney tidak? || 1978 <> Bilakah Kerry meninggalkan pejabat DA? || 1979 <> Siapa yang meninggalkan pejabat DA dengan Kerry? || Roanne Sragow <> Apa kedai roti yang dibuat Kerry bersama? || Kilvert & Forbes Ltd. <> Siapa yang Kerry memulakan kedai roti dengan? || K. Dun Gifford", {"context": "Droney's health was poor and Kerry had decided to run for his position in the 1978 election should Droney drop out. However, Droney was re-elected and his health improved; he went on to re-assume many of the duties that he had delegated to Kerry. Kerry thus decided to leave, departing in 1979 with assistant DA Roanne Sragow to set up their own law firm. Kerry also worked as a commentator for WCVB-TV and co-founded a bakery, Kilvert & Forbes Ltd., with businessman and former Kennedy aide K. Dun Gifford.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "1978"}], "question": "When did Kerry consider running for president if Droney didn't?", "id": "572abc3734ae481900deac99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "1979"}], "question": "When did Kerry leave the DA's office?", "id": "572abc3734ae481900deac9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Roanne Sragow"}], "question": "Who left the DA's office with Kerry?", "id": "572abc3734ae481900deac9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Kilvert & Forbes Ltd."}], "question": "What bakery did Kerry co-found?", "id": "572abc3734ae481900deac9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "K. Dun Gifford"}], "question": "Who did Kerry start a bakery with?", "id": "572abc3734ae481900deac9d"}]}], ["Selepas kekalahan Kerry tahun 1972, dia dan isterinya membeli sebuah rumah di Belvidere, Lowell, memasuki satu dekad yang saudara lelakinya Cameron kemudian menamakan \"tahun-tahun dalam buangan\". Beliau menghabiskan beberapa waktu bekerja sebagai penggadai untuk Koperasi untuk Bantuan dan Bantuan di Mana-mana (CARE), organisasi kemanusiaan antarabangsa. Pada September 1973, beliau memasuki Sekolah Undang-undang Kolej Boston. Semasa belajar, Kerry bekerja sebagai tuan rumah radio cakap di WBZ dan, pada bulan Julai 1974, dinamakan pengarah eksekutif Mass Action, sebuah persatuan advokasi Massachusetts. <> Di mana Kerry bergerak selepas pilihan raya 1972? || Belvidere, Lowell <> Apa yang dikatakan saudara Kerry sedekad itu selepas 1972? || \"tahun-tahun dalam buangan\" <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Kerry? || Koperasi untuk Bantuan dan Bantuan di mana-mana <> Bilakah Kerry memasuki sekolah undang-undang? || September 1973 <> Di mana Kerry menjadi tuan rumah radio cakap? || WBZ", {"context": "After Kerry's 1972 defeat, he and his wife bought a house in Belvidere, Lowell, entering a decade which his brother Cameron later called \"the years in exile\". He spent some time working as a fundraiser for the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), an international humanitarian organization. In September 1973, he entered Boston College Law School. While studying, Kerry worked as a talk radio host on WBZ and, in July 1974, was named executive director of Mass Action, a Massachusetts advocacy association.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Belvidere, Lowell"}], "question": "Where did Kerry move after the 1972 election?", "id": "572abb31111d821400f38d0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "\"the years in exile\""}], "question": "What did Kerry's brother call the decade after 1972?", "id": "572abb31111d821400f38d0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere"}], "question": "What did Kerry fundraise for?", "id": "572abb31111d821400f38d0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "September 1973"}], "question": "When did Kerry enter law school?", "id": "572abb31111d821400f38d0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "WBZ"}], "question": "Where was Kerry a talk radio host?", "id": "572abb31111d821400f38d0e"}]}], ["Laporan Jawatankuasa Kerry mendapati bahawa \"pautan ubat Contra termasuk ..... pembayaran kepada pengedar dadah oleh Jabatan Dana Amerika Syarikat yang diberi kuasa oleh Kongres untuk bantuan kemanusiaan kepada Contras, dalam beberapa kes selepas peniaga telah didakwa oleh persekutuan agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang mengenai caj dadah, di lain-lain manakala pengedar berada di bawah siasatan aktif oleh agensi yang sama. \" Jabatan Negara A.S. membayar lebih daripada $ 806,000 kepada pengedar dadah yang dikenali untuk membawa bantuan kemanusiaan kepada Contras. Penemuan Kerry menimbulkan sedikit reaksi dalam media dan rasmi Washington. <> Siapa Jabatan Negara yang memberi wang? || pengedar dadah <> Berapa banyak wang yang dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan Negara kepada pengedar? || lebih daripada $ 806,000 <> Di manakah wang yang diberikan kepada pengedar dadah berasal? || dana yang dibenarkan oleh Kongres untuk bantuan kemanusiaan kepada Contras <> Apakah tindak balas terhadap tuduhan kerry pembajak Kerry? || reaksi kecil di media dan Washington rasmi", {"context": "The Kerry Committee report found that \"the Contra drug links included..... payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies.\" The U.S. State Department paid over $806,000 to known drug traffickers to carry humanitarian assistance to the Contras. Kerry's findings provoked little reaction in the media and official Washington.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "drug traffickers"}], "question": "Who was the State Department giving money to?", "id": "572abf32be1ee31400cb8207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "over $806,000"}], "question": "How much money did the State Department give the traffickers?", "id": "572abf32be1ee31400cb8209"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras"}], "question": "Where had the money given to drug traffickers come from?", "id": "572abf32be1ee31400cb8208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "little reaction in the media and official Washington"}], "question": "What was the response to Kerry's accusation of funding traffickers?", "id": "572abf32be1ee31400cb820a"}]}], ["Semasa siasatan mereka terhadap Noriega, kakitangan Kerry mendapati alasan untuk mempercayai bahawa Bank Negara Kredit dan Perdagangan Antarabangsa (BCCI) yang berpangkalan di Pakistan telah memudahkan penyeludupan dadah Noriega dan pencucian wang. Ini menyebabkan siasatan berasingan ke BCCI, dan oleh itu, pengawal selia perbankan menutup BCCI pada tahun 1991. Pada bulan Disember 1992, Kerry dan Senator Hank Brown, seorang Republikan dari Colorado, mengeluarkan The BCCI Affair, sebuah laporan mengenai skandal BCCI. Laporan itu menunjukkan bahawa bank itu bengkok dan bekerja dengan pengganas, termasuk Abu Nidal. Ia meletupkan Jabatan Keadilan, Jabatan Perbendaharaan, Perkhidmatan Kastam, Bank Rizab Persekutuan, serta pelobi berpengaruh dan CIA. <> Dimana berdasarkan BCCI? || Pakistan <> Bank apa yang membantu Noriega? || Bank of Credit and Commerce International <> Bilakah BCCI ditutup? || 1991 <> Siapa yang bekerjasama dalam laporan mengenai BCCI? || Kerry dan Senator Hank Brown <> Apa laporan BCCI? || Kesan BCCI", {"context": "During their investigation of Noriega, Kerry's staff found reason to believe that the Pakistan-based Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) had facilitated Noriega's drug trafficking and money laundering. This led to a separate inquiry into BCCI, and as a result, banking regulators shut down BCCI in 1991. In December 1992, Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, a Republican from Colorado, released The BCCI Affair, a report on the BCCI scandal. The report showed that the bank was crooked and was working with terrorists, including Abu Nidal. It blasted the Department of Justice, the Department of the Treasury, the Customs Service, the Federal Reserve Bank, as well as influential lobbyists and the CIA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Pakistan"}], "question": "Where is the BCCI based?", "id": "572ac034f75d5e190021fc9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Bank of Credit and Commerce International"}], "question": "What bank helped Noriega?", "id": "572ac034f75d5e190021fc9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When was BCCI shut down?", "id": "572ac034f75d5e190021fc9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Kerry and Senator Hank Brown"}], "question": "Who collaborated in the report about BCCI?", "id": "572ac034f75d5e190021fc9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "The BCCI Affair"}], "question": "What was the BCCI report called?", "id": "572ac034f75d5e190021fca0"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 1977, Droney mempromosikannya ke Penolong Pembantu Daerah Pertama, pada dasarnya menjadikan Kerry sebagai kempen dan pengganti media kerana Droney telah mengalami penyakit sklerosis lateral amyotrophic (ALS, atau Lou Gehrig's Disease). Sebagai Penolong Pertama, Kerry mencuba kes-kes, termasuk memenangkan hukuman dalam kes rogol berprofil tinggi dan pembunuhan. Beliau juga memainkan peranan dalam mentadbir pejabat itu, termasuk memulakan pembentukan kolar putih khas dan unit jenayah terancang, mewujudkan program untuk menangani masalah rogol dan mangsa dan saksi jenayah lain, dan menguruskan kalendar percubaan untuk mencerminkan keutamaan kes. Dalam peranan ini pada tahun 1978, Kerry mengumumkan penyiasatan kemungkinan dakwaan jenayah terhadap Senator Edward Brooke itu, mengenai \"salah nyata\" dalam perceraian perceraiannya yang pertama. Siasatan itu berakhir dengan tiada pertuduhan yang dibawa selepas penyiasat dan pendakwa memutuskan bahawa salah nyata Brooke berkaitan dengan kes itu, tetapi tidak cukup bahan untuk mempengaruhi hasilnya. <> Bilakah Kerry menjadi ADA? || Januari 1977 <> Apakah syarat yang ada di Droney? || amyotrophic lateral sclerosis <> Apakah nama samaran ALS? || Penyakit Lou Gehrig <> Senator apa yang pernah dilakukan oleh Kerry pada tahun 1978? || Edward Brooke <> Mengapa Brooke disiasat? || \"salah nyata\" dalam perceraian perceraian pertamanya", {"context": "In January 1977, Droney promoted him to First Assistant District Attorney, essentially making Kerry his campaign and media surrogate because Droney was afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig's Disease). As First Assistant, Kerry tried cases, which included winning convictions in a high-profile rape case and a murder. He also played a role in administering the office, including initiating the creation of special white-collar and organized crime units, creating programs to address the problems of rape and other crime victims and witnesses, and managing trial calendars to reflect case priorities. It was in this role in 1978 that Kerry announced an investigation into possible criminal charges against then Senator Edward Brooke, regarding \"misstatements\" in his first divorce trial. The inquiry ended with no charges being brought after investigators and prosecutors determined that Brooke's misstatements were pertinent to the case, but were not material enough to have affected the outcome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 1977"}], "question": "When did Kerry become an ADA?", "id": "572abb93be1ee31400cb81e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"}], "question": "What condition did Droney have?", "id": "572abb93be1ee31400cb81e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Lou Gehrig's Disease"}], "question": "What is ALS's nickname?", "id": "572abb93be1ee31400cb81e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "Edward Brooke"}], "question": "What senator did Kerry investigate in 1978?", "id": "572abb93be1ee31400cb81e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "\"misstatements\" in his first divorce trial"}], "question": "Why was Brooke being investigated?", "id": "572abb93be1ee31400cb81e7"}]}], ["Dalam pilihan raya umum, Kerry pada mulanya disukai untuk mengalahkan calon Republikan, bekas Wakil Negara Paul W. Cronin, dan Demokrat konservatif Roger P. Durkin, yang berlari sebagai Bebas. Seminggu selepas pengundian utama, satu pengundian meletakkan Kerry 26 mata lebih awal daripada Cronin. Kempennya meminta sistem insurans kesihatan kebangsaan, diskaun ubat preskripsi untuk menganggur, program kerja untuk membersihkan Sungai Merrimack dan kawalan sewa di Lowell dan Lawrence. Walau bagaimanapun, halangan utama adalah akhbar utama daerah, yang konservatif The Sun. Kertas itu dikarang mengarangnya. Ia juga menjalankan berita-berita kritikal tentang caruman luar negara dan \"karpetnya\" nya, kerana dia hanya berpindah ke daerah itu pada bulan April. Selepas itu dikeluarkan rekaman pita \"Watergate\" Pejabat Oval dari White House Nixon menunjukkan bahawa mengalahkan pencalonan Kerry telah menarik perhatian peribadi Presiden Nixon. Kerry sendiri menegaskan bahawa Nixon menghantar koperasi kepada Lowell untuk membantu menggagalkan kempennya. <> Parti apa yang Durkin dijalankan sebagai? || Bebas <> Berapa jauh menjelang Cronin membuat undian Kerry? || 26-point <> Apa yang dimiliki Sun? || Konservatif <> Siapa yang dikatakan Kerry cuba menghentikan kempennya? || Presiden Nixon <> Bagaimana Kerry mahu mewujudkan pekerjaan? || program pekerjaan untuk membersihkan Sungai Merrimack", {"context": "In the general election, Kerry was initially favored to defeat the Republican candidate, former State Representative Paul W. Cronin, and conservative Democrat Roger P. Durkin, who ran as an Independent. A week after the primary, one poll put Kerry 26-points ahead of Cronin. His campaign called for a national health insurance system, discounted prescription drugs for the unemployed, a jobs programme to clean up the Merrimack River and rent controls in Lowell and Lawrence. A major obstacle, however, was the district's leading newspaper, the conservative The Sun. The paper editorialized against him. It also ran critical news stories about his out-of-state contributions and his \"carpetbagging\", because he had only moved into the district in April. Subsequently released \"Watergate\" Oval Office tape recordings of the Nixon White House showed that defeating Kerry's candidacy had attracted the personal attention of President Nixon. Kerry himself asserts that Nixon sent operatives to Lowell to help derail his campaign.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Independent"}], "question": "What party did Durkin run as?", "id": "572ab5f7be1ee31400cb81bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "26-points"}], "question": "How far ahead of Cronin did Kerry poll?", "id": "572ab5f7be1ee31400cb81bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "conservative"}], "question": "What slant did The Sun have?", "id": "572ab5f7be1ee31400cb81bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 921, "text": "President Nixon"}], "question": "Who did Kerry say tried to stop his campaign?", "id": "572ab5f7be1ee31400cb81be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "a jobs programme to clean up the Merrimack River"}], "question": "How did Kerry want to create jobs?", "id": "572ab5f7be1ee31400cb81bf"}]}], ["Sementara itu, kakitangan Kerry memulakan siasatan mereka sendiri dan, pada 14 Oktober, mengeluarkan laporan yang mendedahkan aktiviti haram di pihak Leftenan Kolonel Oliver North, yang telah menubuhkan sebuah rangkaian swasta yang melibatkan Majlis Keselamatan Negara dan CIA untuk menyampaikan peralatan ketenteraan kepada pemberontak Nikaragua sayap kanan (Contras). Sebenarnya, Utara dan beberapa ahli pentadbiran Presiden telah dituduh oleh laporan Kerry mengenai pendanaan haram dan membekalkan militan bersenjata tanpa kebenaran Kongres. Penyiasatan kakitangan Kerry, berdasarkan penyelidikan dan wawancara selama lima tahun dengan lima puluh sumber yang tidak disebutkan namanya, dikatakan menimbulkan \"pertanyaan serius tentang apakah Amerika Syarikat telah mematuhi undang-undang dalam pengendalian kontrasnya selama tiga tahun yang lalu.\" <> Siapa pegawai KERRY mendedahkan dalam laporan 14 Oktober? || Leftenan Kolonel Oliver Utara <> Siapa yang menyokong Oliver North? || sayap kanan Nikaragua pemberontak (Contras) <> Jenayah apa yang dikatakan oleh Kerry Utara? || membiayai secara haram dan membekalkan militan bersenjata tanpa kebenaran Kongres <> Siapa yang Contras? || pemberontak Nicaragua sayap kanan <> Apakah agensi-agensi kerajaan yang bekerja dengan Utara? || Majlis Keselamatan Negara dan CIA", {"context": "Meanwhile, Kerry's staff began their own investigations and, on October 14, issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras). In effect, North and certain members of the President's administration were accused by Kerry's report of illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress. Kerry's staff investigation, based on a year-long inquiry and interviews with fifty unnamed sources, is said to raise \"serious questions about whether the United States has abided by the law in its handling of the contras over the past three years.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North"}], "question": "Who did Kerry's staff expose in an Oct 14 report?", "id": "572abde9f75d5e190021fc8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras)"}], "question": "Who had Oliver North been supporting?", "id": "572abde9f75d5e190021fc8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress"}], "question": "What crime had Kerry said North committed?", "id": "572abde9f75d5e190021fc90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "right-wing Nicaraguan rebels"}], "question": "Who were the Contras?", "id": "572abde9f75d5e190021fc8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "the National Security Council and the CIA"}], "question": "What government agencies worked with North?", "id": "572abde9f75d5e190021fc8f"}]}], ["Pada 18 April 1985, beberapa bulan selepas mengambil kerusi Senatnya, Kerry dan Senator Tom Harkin dari Iowa mengembara ke Nicaragua dan bertemu dengan presiden negara itu, Daniel Ortega. Walaupun Ortega telah memenangi pilihan raya yang disahkan secara antarabangsa, perjalanan itu dikritik kerana Ortega dan kerajaan Sandinistanya yang berhaluan kiri mempunyai hubungan kuat dengan Cuba dan USSR dan dituduh melakukan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Kerajaan Sandinista ditentang oleh pemberontak yang disokong CIA yang dikenali sebagai Contras. Semasa di Nikaragua, Kerry dan Harkin bercakap kepada orang-orang di kedua-dua belah konflik. Melalui senator, Ortega menawarkan kesepakatan gencatan senjata sebagai pertukaran untuk menjatuhkan A.S. dari Contras. Tawaran itu dikecam oleh pentadbiran Reagan sebagai \"inisiatif propaganda\" yang direka untuk mempengaruhi undi Rumah pada pakej bantuan kontra $ 14 juta, tetapi Kerry berkata \"Saya bersedia ..... mengambil risiko dalam usaha untuk meletakkan menguji keimanan Sandinistas. \" Dewan Undangan mengundurkan bantuan kontra, tetapi Ortega terbang ke Moscow untuk menerima pinjaman $ 200 juta pada hari berikutnya, yang sebahagiannya mendorong House untuk meluluskan pakej bantuan $ 27 juta yang lebih besar enam minggu kemudian. <> Bilakah Kerry melawat Nicaragua? || 18 April 1985 <> Siapa yang Kerry melawat Nikaragua? || Senator Tom Harkin <> Di manakah Tom Harkin dari? || Iowa <> Siapa yang melawat Kerry di Nicaragua? || Daniel Ortega <> Apa yang dikritik mengenai pentadbiran Ortega? || Hubungan kuat dengan Cuba dan USSR dan dituduh melakukan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia", {"context": "On April 18, 1985, a few months after taking his Senate seat, Kerry and Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa traveled to Nicaragua and met the country's president, Daniel Ortega. Though Ortega had won internationally certified elections, the trip was criticized because Ortega and his leftist Sandinista government had strong ties to Cuba and the USSR and were accused of human rights abuses. The Sandinista government was opposed by the right-wing CIA-backed rebels known as the Contras. While in Nicaragua, Kerry and Harkin talked to people on both sides of the conflict. Through the senators, Ortega offered a cease-fire agreement in exchange for the U.S. dropping support of the Contras. The offer was denounced by the Reagan administration as a \"propaganda initiative\" designed to influence a House vote on a $14 million Contra aid package, but Kerry said \"I am willing..... to take the risk in the effort to put to test the good faith of the Sandinistas.\" The House voted down the Contra aid, but Ortega flew to Moscow to accept a $200 million loan the next day, which in part prompted the House to pass a larger $27 million aid package six weeks later.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "April 18, 1985"}], "question": "When did Kerry visit Nicaragua?", "id": "572abd76111d821400f38d14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Senator Tom Harkin"}], "question": "Who did Kerry visit Nicaragua with?", "id": "572abd76111d821400f38d15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Iowa"}], "question": "Where was Tom Harkin from?", "id": "572abd76111d821400f38d16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Daniel Ortega"}], "question": "Who did Kerry visit in Nicaragua?", "id": "572abd76111d821400f38d17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "strong ties to Cuba and the USSR and were accused of human rights abuses"}], "question": "What was criticized about Ortega's administration?", "id": "572abd76111d821400f38d18"}]}], ["Perlumbaan itu adalah yang paling mahal untuk Kongres di negara itu tahun dan empat hari sebelum pilihan raya umum, Durkin menarik dan mengesahkan Cronin, dengan harapan dapat melihat Kerry kalah. Seminggu sebelum ini, satu tinjauan telah meletakkan Kerry 10 mata di hadapan Cronin, dengan Dukin pada 13%. Pada hari-hari akhir kempen, Kerry merasakan bahawa ia \"terlepas\" dan Cronin menang dengan 110,970 undian (53.45%) kepada 92,847 (44.72%) Kerry. Selepas kekalahannya, Kerry mengeluh dalam surat kepada para penyokong bahawa \"selama dua minggu pepejal, [The Sun] menelepon saya seorang agitator anti-Kiri baru, tidak patriotik, dan melabel saya setiap yang lain 'tidak' dan 'menentang' itu mereka boleh mencari. Sukar untuk mempercayai bahawa satu akhbar boleh menjadi sangat kuat, tetapi mereka. \" Dia kemudian merasakan bahawa kegagalannya untuk bertindak secara langsung terhadap serangan-serangan The Sun membebaskan dirinya. <> Berapa banyak undi yang dibuat oleh Cronin terhadap Kerry? || 110,970 <> Sebanyak peratus suara yang dibuat oleh Cronin terhadap Kerry? || 53.45% <> Berapa banyak undi yang dibuat oleh Kerry terhadap Cronin? || 92,847 <> Berapa peratus suara yang dibuat oleh Kerry terhadap Cronin? || 44.72% <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Kerry kerana dia menentang Cronin? || kegagalannya untuk bertindak balas terus kepada serangan Sun", {"context": "The race was the most expensive for Congress in the country that year and four days before the general election, Durkin withdrew and endorsed Cronin, hoping to see Kerry defeated. The week before, a poll had put Kerry 10 points ahead of Cronin, with Dukin on 13%. In the final days of the campaign, Kerry sensed that it was \"slipping away\" and Cronin emerged victorious by 110,970 votes (53.45%) to Kerry's 92,847 (44.72%). After his defeat, Kerry lamented in a letter to supporters that \"for two solid weeks, [The Sun] called me un-American, New Left antiwar agitator, unpatriotic, and labeled me every other 'un-' and 'anti-' that they could find. It's hard to believe that one newspaper could be so powerful, but they were.\" He later felt that his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks cost him the race.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "110,970"}], "question": "How many votes did Cronin get against Kerry?", "id": "572aba5a111d821400f38cf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "53.45%"}], "question": "What percent of votes did Cronin get against Kerry?", "id": "572aba5a111d821400f38cf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "92,847"}], "question": "How many votes did Kerry get against Cronin?", "id": "572aba5a111d821400f38cf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "44.72%"}], "question": "What percent of votes did Kerry get against Cronin?", "id": "572aba5a111d821400f38cf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks"}], "question": "What did Kerry think cost him the race against Cronin?", "id": "572aba5a111d821400f38cfa"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1996, Kerry menghadapi perjuangan pemilihan semula yang sukar terhadap Gabenor William Weld, penyandang Republik yang popular yang telah dipilih semula pada 1994 dengan 71% undi. Perlumbaan itu diliputi di seluruh negara sebagai salah satu perlumbaan Senat yang paling dekat pada tahun itu. Kerry dan Weld mengadakan beberapa perdebatan dan merundingkan penutupan kempen berjumlah $ 6.9 juta di rumah bandar Kerry's Beacon Hill. Kedua-dua calon itu menghabiskan lebih banyak daripada topi, dengan setiap kamp menuduh yang lain pertama memecahkan perjanjian itu. Semasa kempen, Kerry bercakap secara ringkas pada Konvensyen Nasional Demokrat 1996. Kerry memenangi pemilihan semula dengan 53 peratus kepada Weld 45 peratus. <> Siapa berlari melawan Kerry pada tahun 1996? || William Weld <> Apabila Weld dipilih semula menjadi gabenor, berapa undian yang dia dapat? || 71% <> Bilakah Gabenor Weld dipilih semula? || 1994 <> Apa yang Kerry dan Weld bersetuju untuk mengehadkan perbelanjaan kempen mereka? || $ 6.9 juta <> Siapa yang memecahkan topi perbelanjaan yang dipersetujui? || Kedua-dua calon", {"context": "In 1996, Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor William Weld, a popular Republican incumbent who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71% of the vote. The race was covered nationwide as one of the most closely watched Senate races that year. Kerry and Weld held several debates and negotiated a campaign spending cap of $6.9 million at Kerry's Beacon Hill townhouse. Both candidates spent more than the cap, with each camp accusing the other of being first to break the agreement. During the campaign, Kerry spoke briefly at the 1996 Democratic National Convention. Kerry won re-election with 53 percent to Weld's 45 percent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "William Weld"}], "question": "Who ran against Kerry in 1996?", "id": "572ac0e134ae481900deaca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "71%"}], "question": "When Weld was re-elected governor, how much of the vote did he get?", "id": "572ac0e134ae481900deacaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When was Weld re-elected governor?", "id": "572ac0e134ae481900deacab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "$6.9 million"}], "question": "What did Kerry and Weld agree to limit their campaign spending to?", "id": "572ac0e134ae481900deacac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Both candidates"}], "question": "Who broke the agreed-upon spending cap?", "id": "572ac0e134ae481900deacad"}]}], ["Kerry mempengerusikan Jawatankuasa Pilihan Senat mengenai Hal Ehwal POW / MIA dari tahun 1991 hingga 1993. Laporan jawatankuasa, yang diluluskan oleh Kerry, menyatakan \"tidak ada bukti yang membuktikan bahawa setiap orang Amerika tetap hidup di penangkaran di Asia Tenggara.\" Pada tahun 1994, Senat meluluskan resolusi, yang ditaja oleh Kerry dan veteran Vietnam veteran John McCain, yang menyeru untuk mengakhiri embargo perdagangan sedia ada terhadap Vietnam; ia bertujuan untuk membuka jalan bagi normalisasi. Pada tahun 1995, Presiden Bill Clinton menormalkan hubungan diplomatik dengan negara Vietnam. <> Jawatankuasa apa kerusi Kerry pada tahun 1991-1993? || Jawatankuasa Pilihan Senat mengenai Hal Ehwal POW / MIA <> Apakah komite POW / MIA menyimpulkan tentang POW Vietnam? || terdapat \"tiada bukti yang membuktikan bahawa mana-mana orang Amerika tetap hidup di penangkaran di Asia Tenggara.\" <> Bilakah Kerry menaja resolusi untuk membuka semula perdagangan dengan Vietnam? || 1994 <> Yang menaja resolusi untuk membuka semula perdagangan dengan Vietnam, bersama dengan Kerry? || John McCain <Bilakah Bill Clinton menormalkan hubungan dengan Vietnam? || 1995", {"context": "Kerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which Kerry endorsed, stated there was \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\" In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the way for normalization. In 1995, President Bill Clinton normalized diplomatic relations with the country of Vietnam.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs"}], "question": "What committee did Kerry chair in 1991-1993?", "id": "572ac437111d821400f38d3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "there was \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\""}], "question": "What did the POW/MIA committee conclude about Vietnam POWs?", "id": "572ac437111d821400f38d3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When did Kerry sponsor a resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam?", "id": "572ac437111d821400f38d3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "John McCain"}], "question": "Who sponsored the resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam, along with Kerry?", "id": "572ac437111d821400f38d3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "1995"}], "question": "When did Bill Clinton normalize relations with Vietnam?", "id": "572ac437111d821400f38d40"}]}], ["Kerry berkata bahawa dia bercadang memberikan komen itu sebagai Presiden Presiden Bush, dan menyifatkan kenyataan itu sebagai \"jenaka yang gagal\", dengan tidak sengaja menanggalkan kata kunci \"kami\" (yang mungkin, \"Jika tidak, anda minta kami terjebak di Iraq \"), dan juga meninggalkan frasa\" hanya minta Presiden Bush \"dari penghujungnya. Dalam ucapan yang disediakan oleh Kerry, yang dibebaskannya semasa kegilaan media yang berlaku, barisan yang sama adalah \"... anda akhirnya membuat kita terjebak dalam perang di Iraq. Beliau juga mengatakan bahawa dari konteks ucapan yang, sebelum \"terperangkap di Iraq\", membuat beberapa rujukan tertentu kepada Bush dan unsur-unsur biografinya, bahawa Kerry merujuk kepada Presiden Bush dan bukan tentera Amerika pada umumnya. <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Kerry ketika dia 'meretas lelucon'? || \"... anda akhirnya menjadi mangsa dalam perang di Iraq, tanya Presiden Bush.\" <> Siapa kata Kerry mengatakan terjebak di Iraq? || Presiden Bush dan bukan tentera Amerika pada umumnya <> Apakah kesilapan yang dibuat Kerry dalam jenaka? || secara tidak sengaja meninggalkan kata kunci \"kami\"", {"context": "Kerry said that he had intended the remark as a jab at President Bush, and described the remarks as a \"botched joke\", having inadvertently left out the key word \"us\" (which would have been, \"If you don't, you get us stuck in Iraq\"), as well as leaving the phrase \"just ask President Bush\" off of the end of the sentence. In Kerry's prepared remarks, which he released during the ensuing media frenzy, the corresponding line was \"... you end up getting us stuck in a war in Iraq. Just ask President Bush.\" He also said that from the context of the speech which, prior to the \"stuck in Iraq\" line, made several specific references to Bush and elements of his biography, that Kerry was referring to President Bush and not American troops in general.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "\"... you end up getting us stuck in a war in Iraq. Just ask President Bush.\""}], "question": "What was Kerry supposed to say when he 'botched a joke'?", "id": "572ac154be1ee31400cb8215"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "President Bush and not American troops in general"}], "question": "Who was Kerry saying was stuck in Iraq?", "id": "572ac154be1ee31400cb8216"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "inadvertently left out the key word \"us\""}], "question": "What mistake did Kerry make in the joke?", "id": "572ac154be1ee31400cb8217"}]}], ["Dalam memimpin Perang Iraq, Kerry berkata pada 9 Oktober 2002; \"Saya akan mengundi untuk memberikan Presiden Amerika Syarikat kuasa untuk menggunakan kekerasan, jika perlu, untuk melucutkan senjata Saddam Hussein kerana saya percaya senjata api yang mematikan senjata pemusnah besar-besaran di tangannya adalah ancaman yang nyata dan berat terhadap keselamatan kita . \" Bush bergantung pada resolusi itu untuk memerangi serangan Iraq pada tahun 2003. Kerry juga memberi ucapan pada 23 Januari 2003 kepada Universiti Georgetown yang mengatakan \"Tanpa persoalan, kita perlu melucutkan senjata Saddam Hussein. Dia adalah seorang diktator yang kejam, yang memimpin sebuah rejim yang menindas yang dia memberikan ancaman yang sangat berat kerana dia begitu konsisten dengan salah perhitungan Jadi ancaman Saddam Hussein dengan senjata pemusnah besar-besaran adalah nyata. \" Walau bagaimanapun, Kerry memberi amaran bahawa pentadbiran harus melancarkan jalan diplomatik sebelum melancarkan perang: \"Tuan Presiden, jangan tergesa-gesa berperang, luangkan masa untuk membina gabungan itu, kerana ia tidak memenangi peperangan yang keras, ia memenangi keamanan Itu sukar. \" <> Bilakah Kerry mengatakan bahawa dia bermaksud untuk menyokong Perang Iraq? || 9 Oktober 2002 <> Bilakah Bush mengisytiharkan perang Iraq? || 2003 <> Siapa yang Kerry katakan kita harus melucutkan senjata? || Saddam Hussein <> Bilakah Kerry bercakap di Universiti Georgetown? || 23 Januari 2003", {"context": "In the lead up to the Iraq War, Kerry said on October 9, 2002; \"I will be voting to give the President of the United States the authority to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein because I believe that a deadly arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in his hands is a real and grave threat to our security.\" Bush relied on that resolution in ordering the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Kerry also gave a January 23, 2003 speech to Georgetown University saying \"Without question, we need to disarm Saddam Hussein. He is a brutal, murderous dictator; leading an oppressive regime he presents a particularly grievous threat because he is so consistently prone to miscalculation. So the threat of Saddam Hussein with weapons of mass destruction is real.\" Kerry did, however, warn that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war: \"Mr. President, do not rush to war, take the time to build the coalition, because it's not winning the war that's hard, it's winning the peace that's hard.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "October 9, 2002"}], "question": "When did Kerry say he intended to support the Iraq War?", "id": "572ac345111d821400f38d34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When did Bush declare the Iraq war?", "id": "572ac345111d821400f38d35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Saddam Hussein"}], "question": "Who did Kerry say we should disarm?", "id": "572ac345111d821400f38d36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "January 23, 2003"}], "question": "When did Kerry speak at Georgetown University?", "id": "572ac345111d821400f38d37"}]}], ["Kerry menubuhkan jawatankuasa tindakan politik yang berasingan, Janji Keeping America, yang mengisytiharkan sebagai mandatnya \"Kongres Demokratik akan memulihkan akauntabilitas ke Washington dan membantu mengubah kursus bencana di Iraq\", dan menaikkan sumbangan dan menyalurkan sumbangan kepada calon Demokratik di negara-negara dan kaum persekutuan . Melalui Janji Menjaga America pada tahun 2005, Kerry menaikkan lebih $ 5.5 juta untuk Demokrat lain atas dan ke bawah undi. Melalui akaun kempennya dan jawatankuasa tindakan politiknya, operasi kempen Kerry menjana lebih daripada $ 10 juta bagi pelbagai jawatankuasa parti dan 179 calon pejabat AS, Senat, negeri dan tempatan di 42 negara yang memberi tumpuan kepada pilihan raya pertengahan semasa kitaran pilihan raya 2006 . \"Secara kumulatif, John Kerry telah melakukan sebanyak mungkin jika tidak lebih daripada senator individu lain,\" kata Hassan Nemazee, pengerusi kewangan kebangsaan DSCC. <> Apa itu PAC Kerry? || Menjaga Janji Amerika <> Apakah misi Menjaga Janji Amerika? || \"Kongres Demokratik akan memulihkan akauntabiliti ke Washington dan membantu mengubah kursus bencana di Iraq\" <> Berapa banyak calon undi yang turun membantu Kerry membantu sokongan? || 179 <> Berapa banyak calon 'undi' undian yang dibuat oleh Kerry membantu menyokong? || 42 <> Pilihan raya mana yang difokuskan pada Kerry's PAC? || pilihan raya pertengahan semasa kitaran pilihan raya 2006", {"context": "Kerry established a separate political action committee, Keeping America's Promise, which declared as its mandate \"A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq\", and raised money and channeled contributions to Democratic candidates in state and federal races. Through Keeping America's Promise in 2005, Kerry raised over $5.5 million for other Democrats up and down the ballot. Through his campaign account and his political action committee, the Kerry campaign operation generated more than $10 million for various party committees and 179 candidates for the U.S. House, Senate, state and local offices in 42 states focusing on the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle. \"Cumulatively, John Kerry has done as much if not more than any other individual senator\", Hassan Nemazee, the national finance chairman of the DSCC said.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Keeping America's Promise"}], "question": "What was Kerry's PAC?", "id": "572ac557f75d5e190021fcb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "\"A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq\""}], "question": "What was the mission of Keeping America's Promise?", "id": "572ac557f75d5e190021fcb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "179"}], "question": "How many down-ballot candidates did Kerry help support?", "id": "572ac557f75d5e190021fcba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "42"}], "question": "How many states' down-ballot candidates did Kerry help support?", "id": "572ac557f75d5e190021fcbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle"}], "question": "Which election did Kerry's PAC focus on?", "id": "572ac557f75d5e190021fcbc"}]}], ["Dalam usahanya untuk dipilih sebagai Presiden pada tahun 2004, Kerry sering mengkritik Presiden George W. Bush untuk Perang Iraq. Walaupun Kerry pada awalnya mengundi menyokong sokongan Presiden Bush untuk menggunakan kekerasan dalam menangani Saddam Hussein, beliau mengundi daripada rang undang-undang tambahan $ 87 bilion untuk membayar perang berikutnya. Kenyataannya pada 16 Mac 2004, \"Saya sebenarnya telah mengundi $ 87 bilion sebelum saya mengundi,\" membantu kempen Bush untuk melukisnya sebagai flopper dan telah dianggap sebagai penyumbang kepada kekalahan Kerry. <> Siapa yang Kerry mengkritik semasa kempen 2004? || Presiden George W. Bush <> Kenapa Kerry mengkritik Bush semasa kempen 2004? || untuk Perang Iraq <> Apa yang Kerry mengundi selepas menyokong kebenaran awal Iraq? || Rang undang-undang peruntukan tambahan $ 87 bilion untuk membayar perang berikutnya <> Apakah kempen Bush memanggil Kerry kerana mengubah fikirannya tentang Iraq? || sebuah flopper", {"context": "During his bid to be elected president in 2004, Kerry frequently criticized President George W. Bush for the Iraq War. While Kerry had initially voted in support of authorizing President Bush to use force in dealing with Saddam Hussein, he voted against an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war. His statement on March 16, 2004, \"I actually did vote for the $87 billion before I voted against it,\" helped the Bush campaign to paint him as a flip-flopper and has been cited as contributing to Kerry's defeat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "President George W. Bush"}], "question": "Who did Kerry criticize during the 2004 campaign?", "id": "572ac4e4f75d5e190021fcb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "for the Iraq War"}], "question": "Why did Kerry criticize Bush during the 2004 campaign?", "id": "572ac4e4f75d5e190021fcb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war"}], "question": "What had Kerry voted against after supporting the initial Iraq authorization?", "id": "572ac4e4f75d5e190021fcb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "a flip-flopper"}], "question": "What did Bush's campaign call Kerry for changing his mind about Iraq?", "id": "572ac4e4f75d5e190021fcb3"}]}], ["Pada 15 Disember 2012, beberapa saluran berita melaporkan bahawa Presiden Barack Obama akan mencalonkan Kerry untuk menggantikan Hillary Clinton sebagai Setiausaha Negara, selepas Susan Rice, dilihat secara meluas sebagai pilihan pilihan Obama, menarik balik namanya dari pertimbangan memetik proses pengesahan yang dipolitikkan berikutan kritikan jawapannya terhadap serangan Benghazi 2012. Pada 21 Disember, Obama mencadangkan pencalonan yang mendapat komentar positif. Pendengaran pengesahan beliau berlaku pada 24 Januari 2013, sebelum Jawatankuasa Hubungan Luar Senat, panel yang sama di mana dia memberi kesaksian pertama pada tahun 1971. Jawatankuasa itu sebulat suara mengundi untuk meluluskannya pada 29 Januari 2013, dan pada hari yang sama, Senat penuh mengesahkannya pada undi 94-3. Dalam surat kepada Gabenor Massachusetts Deval Patrick, Kerry mengumumkan perletakan jawatannya dari Senat berkuatkuasa 1 Februari. <> Bilakah dilaporkan bahawa Kerry akan menjadi SoS? || 15 Disember 2012 <> Siapa Setiausaha Negara sebelum Kerry? || Hillary Clinton <> Siapa yang disokong oleh SoS selepas Hillary? || Susan Rice <> Mengapa Rice menarik diri? || proses pengesahan yang dipolitikkan berikutan kritikan terhadap tanggapannya terhadap serangan Benghazi 2012 <> Bilakah janji temu Kerry disahkan? || 29 Januari 2013", {"context": "On December 15, 2012, several news outlets reported that President Barack Obama would nominate Kerry to succeed Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State, after Susan Rice, widely seen as Obama's preferred choice, withdrew her name from consideration citing a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack. On December 21, Obama proposed the nomination which received positive commentary. His confirmation hearing took place on January 24, 2013, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, the same panel where he first testified in 1971. The committee unanimously voted to approve him on January 29, 2013, and the same day the full Senate confirmed him on a vote of 94\u20133. In a letter to Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, Kerry announced his resignation from the Senate effective February 1.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 15, 2012"}], "question": "When was it reported that Kerry would become SoS?", "id": "572ac5ba111d821400f38d54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Hillary Clinton"}], "question": "Who was Secretary of State before Kerry?", "id": "572ac5ba111d821400f38d55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Susan Rice"}], "question": "Who backed out of becoming SoS after Hillary?", "id": "572ac5ba111d821400f38d56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack"}], "question": "Why did Rice withdraw?", "id": "572ac5ba111d821400f38d57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "January 29, 2013"}], "question": "When was Kerry's appointment confirmed?", "id": "572ac5ba111d821400f38d58"}]}], ["Kebanyakan analisis meletakkan rekod mengundi Kerry di sebelah kiri dalam kaukus Senat Demokratik. Semasa pilihan raya presiden 2004, beliau digambarkan sebagai liberal kuat oleh kumpulan konservatif dan kempen Bush, yang sering menyebut bahawa pada tahun 2003, Kerry telah menilai liberal Senat Tertinggi Kebangsaan. Walau bagaimanapun, penarafan itu hanya berdasarkan pengundian pada tahun lalu. Malah, dari segi rekod mengundi kerjaya, Journal National mendapati bahawa Kerry adalah ahli Senat paling liberal ke-11. Kebanyakan analisis mendapati bahawa Kerry sekurang-kurangnya lebih liberal daripada Senator Demokrat yang tipikal. Kerry telah menyatakan bahawa dia menentang penswastaan Keselamatan Sosial, menyokong hak pengguguran untuk wanita dewasa dan kanak-kanak bawah umur, menyokong perkahwinan sejenis, menentang hukuman mati kecuali untuk pengganas, menyokong undang-undang kawalan senjata yang paling, dan umumnya merupakan penyokong perjanjian perdagangan. Kerry menyokong Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Utara dan status Negara Paling Favorah untuk China, tetapi menentang Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Tengah. [Rujukan?] Siapa kata Kerry adalah 'Senat yang paling liberal'? || Jurnal Nasional <> Bilakah Kerry memanggil 'Senat liberal tertinggi'? || 2003 <> Apakah pangkat kerjaya sebenar kerry untuk 'liberalness'? || Ke-11 yang paling liberal <> Apakah perjanjian perdagangan apa yang Kerry menyokong? || Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Utara <> Perjanjian perdagangan apa yang Kerry menentang? || Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Tengah", {"context": "Most analyses place Kerry's voting record on the left within the Senate Democratic caucus. During the 2004 presidential election he was portrayed as a staunch liberal by conservative groups and the Bush campaign, who often noted that in 2003 Kerry was rated the National Journal's top Senate liberal. However, that rating was based only upon voting on legislation within that past year. In fact, in terms of career voting records, the National Journal found that Kerry is the 11th most liberal member of the Senate. Most analyses find that Kerry is at least slightly more liberal than the typical Democratic Senator. Kerry has stated that he opposes privatizing Social Security, supports abortion rights for adult women and minors, supports same-sex marriage, opposes capital punishment except for terrorists, supports most gun control laws, and is generally a supporter of trade agreements. Kerry supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and Most Favored Nation status for China, but opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "the National Journal"}], "question": "Who said Kerry was the 'top Senate liberal'?", "id": "572ac29334ae481900deacc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When was Kerry called the 'top Senate liberal'?", "id": "572ac29334ae481900deacc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "11th most liberal"}], "question": "What was Kerry's actual career voting rank for 'liberalness'?", "id": "572ac29334ae481900deacc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 912, "text": "North American Free Trade Agreement"}], "question": "What trade agreement did Kerry support?", "id": "572ac29334ae481900deacc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1006, "text": "Central American Free Trade Agreement"}], "question": "What trade agreement did Kerry oppose?", "id": "572ac29334ae481900deacc7"}]}], ["Kerry \"telah muncul dalam beberapa tahun yang lalu sebagai utusan penting bagi Afghanistan dan Pakistan semasa krisis,\" kata laporan Washington Post pada Mei 2011, ketika Kerry melakukan perjalanan lain ke kedua negara. Pembunuhan Osama bin Laden \"telah menghasilkan persimpangan yang paling penting,\" laporan itu berterusan, ketika senator berbicara pada sidang akhbar dan bersedia untuk terbang dari Kabul ke Pakistan. Di antara perkara yang dibincangkan semasa lawatan Mei ke Pakistan, di bawah rubrik umum \"mengimbangi semula\" hubungan dua hala, Kerry mencari dan diambil dari Pakistan yang ekor bahagian helikopter Amerika Syarikat yang terpaksa ditinggalkan di Abbottabad semasa mogok bin Laden . Pada tahun 2013, Kerry bertemu dengan ketua tentera Pakistan, Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani untuk membincangkan proses damai dengan Taliban di Afghanistan. <> Siapa yang Washington Post mengatakan Kerry adalah utusan? || Afghanistan dan Pakistan <> Bilakah Washington Post mengatakan Kerry adalah utusan penting? || Mei 2011 <> Bagaimana, pada Mei 2011, apakah WaPo menggambarkan pembunuhan Bin Laden? || mungkin persimpangan paling penting lagi <> Apa yang Kerry dapat dari Pakistan? || bahagian ekor helikopter A.S. yang terpaksa ditinggalkan di Abbottabad semasa mogok bin Laden <> Siapa ketua tentera Pakistan pada tahun 2013? || Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani", {"context": "Kerry \"has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan during times of crisis,\" a Washington Post report stated in May 2011, as Kerry undertook another trip to the two countries. The killing of Osama bin Laden \"has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet,\" the report continued, as the senator spoke at a press conference and prepared to fly from Kabul to Pakistan. Among matters discussed during the May visit to Pakistan, under the general rubric of \"recalibrating\" the bilateral relationship, Kerry sought and retrieved from the Pakistanis the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike. In 2013, Kerry met with Pakistan's army chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani to discuss the peace process with the Taliban in Afghanistan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Afghanistan and Pakistan"}], "question": "Who did the Washington Post say Kerry was an envoy for?", "id": "572ac20c34ae481900deacb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "May 2011"}], "question": "When did the Washington Post say Kerry was important envoy?", "id": "572ac20c34ae481900deacba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "perhaps the most important crossroads yet"}], "question": "How, in May 2011, did the WaPo describe Bin Laden's killing?", "id": "572ac20c34ae481900deacbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike"}], "question": "What did Kerry get from the Pakistanis?", "id": "572ac20c34ae481900deacbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani"}], "question": "Who was Pakistan's army chief in 2013?", "id": "572ac20c34ae481900deacbd"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2004, John Kerry mengalahkan beberapa musuh Demokrat, termasuk Senator John Edwards (D-North Carolina.), Bekas Gabenor Vermont Howard Dean dan penganjur Tentera Darat Wesley Clark. Kemenangannya di kaukus Iowa secara meluas dipercayai menjadi titik tipikal di mana Kerry menghidupkan semula kempen kendurnya di New Hampshire dan pada 3 Februari 2004, negeri-negeri utama seperti Arizona, South Carolina dan New Mexico. Kerry kemudiannya memenangi kemenangan tanah runtuh di Nevada dan Wisconsin. Oleh itu, Kerry memenangi pencalonan Demokrat untuk bertanding untuk Presiden Amerika Syarikat terhadap penyandang George W. Bush. Pada 6 Julai 2004, beliau mengumumkan pemilihan John Edwards sebagai pasangannya. Strategi demokratik Bob Shrum, yang merupakan penasihat kempen Kerry tahun 2004, menulis sebuah artikel dalam majalah Time yang menyatakan bahawa setelah pemilihan, Kerry mengatakan bahawa dia berharap dia tidak akan memilih Edwards, dan kedua-dua mereka telah berhenti berbicara di antara satu sama lain. Dalam penampilan seterusnya di ABC Minggu Ini, Kerry menolak untuk bertindak balas terhadap tuduhan Shrum, menyebutnya sebagai \"pembaziran masa yang tidak masuk akal.\" <> Di manakah senator John Edwards? || North Carolina <> Di manakah gubernur Howard Dean? || Vermont <> Apakah pekerjaan bekas Wesley Clark? || Tentera Umum <> Yang memenangi Kaukus Demokrat Iowa 2004? || John Kerry <> Bilakah Kerry memilih John Edwards menjadi VPnya? || 6 Julai 2004", {"context": "In the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries, John Kerry defeated several Democratic rivals, including Sen. John Edwards (D-North Carolina.), former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and retired Army General Wesley Clark. His victory in the Iowa caucuses is widely believed to be the tipping point where Kerry revived his sagging campaign in New Hampshire and the February 3, 2004, primary states like Arizona, South Carolina and New Mexico. Kerry then went on to win landslide victories in Nevada and Wisconsin. Kerry thus won the Democratic nomination to run for President of the United States against incumbent George W. Bush. On July 6, 2004, he announced his selection of John Edwards as his running mate. Democratic strategist Bob Shrum, who was Kerry's 2004 campaign adviser, wrote an article in Time magazine claiming that after the election, Kerry had said that he wished he'd never picked Edwards, and that the two have since stopped speaking to each other. In a subsequent appearance on ABC's This Week, Kerry refused to respond to Shrum's allegation, calling it a \"ridiculous waste of time.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "Where was John Edwards a senator?", "id": "572ac497f75d5e190021fca6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Vermont"}], "question": "Where was Howard Dean a governor?", "id": "572ac497f75d5e190021fca7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Army General"}], "question": "What was Wesley Clark's former job?", "id": "572ac497f75d5e190021fca8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "John Kerry"}], "question": "Who won the 2004 Iowa Democratic Caucus?", "id": "572ac497f75d5e190021fca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "July 6, 2004"}], "question": "When did Kerry choose John Edwards to be his VP?", "id": "572ac497f75d5e190021fcaa"}]}], ["Dalam ucapannya sebelum Pertubuhan Negara Amerika pada November 2013, Kerry berkata bahawa era Monroe Doctrine sudah berakhir. Dia terus menerangkan, \"Hubungan yang kita cari dan yang kita telah berusaha keras untuk memupuk bukan tentang deklarasi Amerika Syarikat tentang bagaimana dan bila ia akan campur tangan dalam urusan negara-negara Amerika yang lain. Ini mengenai semua negara kita melihat satu yang lain sama dengan, berkongsi tanggungjawab, bekerjasama dengan isu keselamatan, dan berpegang kepada doktrin, tetapi kepada keputusan yang kami buat sebagai rakan kongsi untuk memajukan nilai dan kepentingan yang kami kongsi. \" <> Di mana Kerry bercakap pada Nov 2013? || Organisasi Negara Amerika <> Apa yang dikatakan Kerry telah berakhir, dalam ucapan Nov 2013? || era Monroe Doctrine <> Bilakah Kerry bercakap dengan OAS? || pada bulan November 2013", {"context": "In a speech before the Organization of American States in November 2013, Kerry remarked that the era of the Monroe Doctrine was over. He went on to explain, \"The relationship that we seek and that we have worked hard to foster is not about a United States declaration about how and when it will intervene in the affairs of other American states. It's about all of our countries viewing one another as equals, sharing responsibilities, cooperating on security issues, and adhering not to doctrine, but to the decisions that we make as partners to advance the values and the interests that we share.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "the Organization of American States"}], "question": "Where did Kerry speak in Nov 2013?", "id": "572ac813111d821400f38d68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "the era of the Monroe Doctrine"}], "question": "What did Kerry say had ended, in the Nov 2013 speech?", "id": "572ac813111d821400f38d69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "in November 2013"}], "question": "When did Kerry speak to the OAS?", "id": "572ac813111d821400f38d6a"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 2014, setelah bertemu dengan Setiausaha Negara, Uskup Agung Pietro Parolin, Kerry berkata, \"Kami menyentuh mengenai setiap isu utama yang kami berdua bekerja, yang menjadi isu yang menjadi perhatian semua pihak. panjang lebar mengenai Syria, dan saya sangat menghargai untuk membangkitkan isu ini, dan sama-sama bersyukur atas komen Bapa Suci - komentar Paus semalam mengenai sokongannya terhadap proses Geneva II.Kami mengalu-alukan sokongan itu. sokongan luas, dan saya tahu bahawa Paus sangat prihatin terhadap jumlah besar manusia yang terlantar dan keganasan yang telah mengambil alih 130.000 nyawa \". <> Siapa yang bertemu dengan Kerry pada Jan 2014? || Uskup Agung Pietro Parolin <> Apa negara yang Kerry berbincang dengan Parolin? || Syria <> Apa sokongan Pope menyatakan pada Jan 2014? || proses Geneva II <> Berapa ramai orang yang dikatakan Kerry telah mati di Syria pada Jan 2014? || lebih 130,000", {"context": "In January 2014, having met with Secretary of State, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, Kerry said \"We touched on just about every major issue that we are both working on, that are issues of concern to all of us. First of all, we talked at great length about Syria, and I was particularly appreciative for the Archbishop\u2019s raising this issue, and equally grateful for the Holy Father\u2019s comments \u2013 the Pope's comments yesterday regarding his support for the Geneva II process. We welcome that support. It is very important to have broad support, and I know that the Pope is particularly concerned about the massive numbers of displaced human beings and the violence that has taken over 130,000 lives\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Archbishop Pietro Parolin"}], "question": "Who met Kerry in Jan 2014?", "id": "572ac68dbe1ee31400cb8227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Syria"}], "question": "What country did Kerry discuss with Parolin?", "id": "572ac68dbe1ee31400cb8228"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "the Geneva II process"}], "question": "What did the Pope express support for in Jan 2014?", "id": "572ac68dbe1ee31400cb8229"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "over 130,000"}], "question": "How many people did Kerry say had died in Syria as of Jan 2014?", "id": "572ac68dbe1ee31400cb822a"}]}], ["Kerry adalah seorang Katolik Roman, dan dikatakan membawa sebuah rosario agama, sebuah buku doa, dan pingat St. Christopher (pelindung para pelancong) ketika dia berkampanye. Walaupun Kerry secara peribadi menentang pengguguran, beliau menyokong hak undang-undang wanita untuk mempunyai satu. Membincangkan imannya, Kerry berkata, \"Saya fikir menjadi imam, saya sangat beragama semasa bersekolah di Switzerland, saya seorang budak lelaki dan sentiasa berdoa, saya sangat berpusat di Misa dan gereja.\" Dia juga mengatakan bahawa Surat Paulus (Rasul Paulus) memindahkan dia yang paling, menyatakan bahawa mereka mengajarnya untuk \"tidak merasa kasihan pada diriku sendiri.\" <> Agama apakah yang Kerry? || Roman Katolik <> Apakah item agama yang dibawa oleh Kerry membawa dia semasa berkempen? || sebuah rosario agama, buku doa, dan penganut St. Christopher <> Apakah St. Christopher adalah pelindung saint? || Pelancong <> Apa yang Kerry lakukan dalam gereja semasa tinggal di Switzerland? || adalah seorang budak lelaki dan terus berdoa sepanjang masa <> Bahagian mana dalam Bible yang paling kerjakan Kerry? || Surat Paulus", {"context": "Kerry is a Roman Catholic, and is said to carry a religious rosary, a prayer book, and a St. Christopher medal (the patron saint of travelers) when he campaigned. While Kerry is personally against abortion, he supports a woman's legal right to have one. Discussing his faith, Kerry said, \"I thought of being a priest. I was very religious while at school in Switzerland. I was an altar boy and prayed all the time. I was very centered around the Mass and the church.\" He also said that the Letters of Paul (Apostle Paul) moved him the most, stating that they taught him to \"not feel sorry for myself.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Roman Catholic"}], "question": "What religion is Kerry?", "id": "572aca2534ae481900deace1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "a religious rosary, a prayer book, and a St. Christopher medal"}], "question": "What religious items did Kerry bring with him while campaigning?", "id": "572aca2534ae481900deace2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "travelers"}], "question": "What is St. Christopher the patron saint of?", "id": "572aca2534ae481900deace3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "was an altar boy and prayed all the time"}], "question": "What did Kerry do in the church while living in Switzerland?", "id": "572aca2534ae481900deace4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "the Letters of Paul"}], "question": "Which part of the Bible did Kerry find the most moving?", "id": "572aca2534ae481900deace5"}]}], ["Alexandra dilahirkan beberapa hari sebelum Kerry memulakan sekolah undang-undang. Pada tahun 1982, Julia meminta Kerry untuk perpisahan ketika dia mengalami kemurungan yang teruk. Mereka telah bercerai pada 25 Julai 1988 dan perkahwinan itu telah dibatalkan secara rasmi pada tahun 1997. \"Selepas 14 tahun sebagai isteri politik, saya menyatukan politik hanya dengan marah, ketakutan dan kesepian,\" tulisnya dalam A Change of Heart, bukunya mengenai kemurungan . Thorne kemudian berkahwin dengan Richard Charlesworth, seorang arkitek, dan berpindah ke Bozeman, Montana, di mana dia menjadi aktif dalam kumpulan alam sekitar tempatan seperti Koalisi Yellowstone Besar. Thorne menyokong kerjaya Presiden Kerry tahun 2004. Dia meninggal dunia akibat barah pada 27 April 2006. <> Bilakah Kerry dan isterinya terpisah? || 1982 <> Bilakah Kerry dan isterinya perceraian? || 25 Julai 1988 <> Bilakah Kerry dan isterinya mendapat penghapusan? || 1997 <> Buku apa yang ditulis oleh bekas isteri Kerry? || A Change of Heart <> Siapa yang pernah berkahwin semula bekas isteri Kerry? || Richard Charlesworth", {"context": "Alexandra was born days before Kerry began law school. In 1982, Julia asked Kerry for a separation while she was suffering from severe depression. They were divorced on July 25, 1988, and the marriage was formally annulled in 1997. \"After 14 years as a political wife, I associated politics only with anger, fear and loneliness\" she wrote in A Change of Heart, her book about depression. Thorne later married Richard Charlesworth, an architect, and moved to Bozeman, Montana, where she became active in local environmental groups such as the Greater Yellowstone Coalition. Thorne supported Kerry's 2004 presidential run. She died of cancer on April 27, 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When did Kerry and his wife separate?", "id": "572ac8dbbe1ee31400cb8241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "July 25, 1988"}], "question": "When did Kerry and his wife divorce?", "id": "572ac8dbbe1ee31400cb8242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When did Kerry and his wife get an annullment?", "id": "572ac8dbbe1ee31400cb8243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "A Change of Heart"}], "question": "What book did Kerry's ex-wife write?", "id": "572ac8dbbe1ee31400cb8244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Richard Charlesworth"}], "question": "Who did Kerry's ex-wife remarry?", "id": "572ac8dbbe1ee31400cb8245"}]}], ["Kerry dan isteri keduanya, ahli perniagaan wanita dan dermawan yang berasal dari Mozambik, Maria Teresa Thierstein Sim\u00f5es Ferreira (yang dikenali sebagai Teresa), janda bekas rakan senat Partai Republik Pennsylvania Kerry Henry John Heinz III, diperkenalkan oleh Heinz pada perhimpunan Hari Bumi di Pada awal tahun berikutnya, Senator Heinz terbunuh dalam kemalangan pesawat berhampiran Lower Merion. Teresa mempunyai tiga anak lelaki dari perkawinan sebelumnya kepada Heinz, Henry John Heinz IV, Andr\u00e9 Thierstein Heinz, dan Christopher Drake Heinz. Heinz dan Kerry telah berkahwin pada 26 Mei 1995, di Nantucket, Massachusetts. <> Siapa isteri ke 2 Kerry? || Maria Teresa Thierstein Sim\u00f5es Ferreira <> Apakah kewarganegaraan Isteri Kerry 2? || Mozambik <> Yang suami isteri sebelum Kerry 2? || Henry John Heinz III <> Bilakah Kerry dan Teresa bertemu? || 1990 <> Di mana Kerry dan Teresa bertemu? || pada perhimpunan Hari Bumi", {"context": "Kerry and his second wife, Mozambican-born businesswoman and philanthropist Maria Teresa Thierstein Sim\u00f5es Ferreira (known as Teresa), the widow of Kerry's late Pennsylvania Republican Senate colleague Henry John Heinz III, were introduced to each other by Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990. Early the following year, Senator Heinz was killed in a plane crash near Lower Merion. Teresa has three sons from her previous marriage to Heinz, Henry John Heinz IV, Andr\u00e9 Thierstein Heinz, and Christopher Drake Heinz. Heinz and Kerry were married on May 26, 1995, in Nantucket, Massachusetts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Maria Teresa Thierstein Sim\u00f5es Ferreira"}], "question": "Who is Kerry's 2nd wife?", "id": "572ac956be1ee31400cb824b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Mozambican"}], "question": "What is Kerry's 2nd wife's nationality?", "id": "572ac956be1ee31400cb824c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Henry John Heinz III"}], "question": "Who was Kerry's 2nd wife's previous husband?", "id": "572ac956be1ee31400cb824d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "1990"}], "question": "When did Kerry and Teresa meet?", "id": "572ac956be1ee31400cb824e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "at an Earth Day rally"}], "question": "Where did Kerry and Teresa meet?", "id": "572ac956be1ee31400cb824f"}]}], ["Kerry memberitahu Kekristianan Hari Ini pada Oktober 2004 \"Saya seorang Katolik dan saya mengamalkan, tetapi pada masa yang sama saya mempunyai minda terbuka untuk banyak ungkapan spiritualitas lain yang datang melalui agama yang berbeza ... Saya telah menghabiskan beberapa waktu membaca dan berfikir tentang agama dan berusaha untuk mengkajinya, dan saya telah tiba di tidak banyak perbezaan, tetapi rasa persamaan dalam banyak cara. \" Dia berkata bahawa dia percaya bahawa Taurat, Al-Qur'an, dan Alkitab semuanya berkongsi kisah asas yang menghubungkan dengan pembaca. <> Siapa yang mewawancarai Kerry pada Okt 2004 tentang agamanya? || Kekristianan Hari Ini <> Apa yang dikatakan Kerry kepada Kristian Hari ini bahawa dia berpikiran terbuka? || banyak ungkapan rohani lain yang datang melalui pelbagai agama <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Kerry mengenai teks agama utama? || dia percaya bahawa Taurat, Al-Qur'an, dan Alkitab semuanya berkongsi cerita asas", {"context": "Kerry told Christianity Today in October 2004 \"I'm a Catholic and I practice, but at the same time I have an open-mindedness to many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions... I've spent some time reading and thinking about religion and trying to study it, and I've arrived at not so much a sense of the differences, but a sense of the similarities in so many ways.\" He said that he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a fundamental story which connects with readers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Christianity Today"}], "question": "Who interviewed Kerry in Oct 2004 about his religion?", "id": "572aca63f75d5e190021fcd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions"}], "question": "What did Kerry tell Christianity Today that he is open-minded to?", "id": "572aca63f75d5e190021fcd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a fundamental story"}], "question": "What did Kerry say about major religious texts?", "id": "572aca63f75d5e190021fcd6"}]}], ["Kakek nenek moyang Kerry, ahli perniagaan kasut Frederick A. \"Fred\" Kerry dan pemuzik Ida Lowe, adalah imigran dari Empayar Austro-Hungary. Fred dilahirkan sebagai \"Fritz Kohn\" sebelum dia dan Ida mengambil nama \"Kerry\" dan berpindah ke Amerika Syarikat. Fred dan Ida dilahirkan oleh Yahudi, dan ditukar menjadi Katolik bersama-sama di Austria. Nenek moyangnya berasal dari keturunan Scotland dan Inggeris, dan datuknya, James Grant Forbes II adalah ahli keluarga Forbes, manakala neneknya, Margaret Tyndal Winthrop, adalah ahli keluarga Dudley-Winthrop. Datuk saudara lelaki Margaret, Robert Charles Winthrop berkhidmat sebagai Speaker 22 Dewan Perwakilan A.S.. Bapa Robert adalah Gabenor Thomas Lindall Winthrop. Bapa Thomas, John Still Winthrop adalah cicit besar Massachusetts Massachusetts Colony John Winthrop dan cucu besar Gabenor Thomas Dudley. Melalui ibunya, John adalah sepupunya yang pertama dikeluarkan oleh ahli politik Perancis, Brice Lalonde. <> Siapa nenek ayah Kerry? || Ida Lowe <> Siapa datuk lelaki ayah Kerry? || Frederick A. \"Fred\" Kerry <> Apa kerjaya nenek ayah Kerry? || pemuzik <> Apa kerjaya bapa lelaki Kerry? || ahli perniagaan kasut <> Di manakah kakek-nenek ayah Kerry berpindah dari? || Empayar Austro-Hungary", {"context": "Kerry's paternal grandparents, shoe businessman Frederick A. \"Fred\" Kerry and musician Ida Lowe, were immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Fred was born as \"Fritz Kohn\" before he and Ida took on the \"Kerry\" name and moved to the United States. Fred and Ida were born Jewish, and converted to Catholicism together in Austria. His maternal ancestors were of Scottish and English descent, and his maternal grandfather James Grant Forbes II was a member of the Forbes family, while his maternal grandmother Margaret Tyndal Winthrop was a member of the Dudley\u2013Winthrop family. Margaret's paternal grandfather Robert Charles Winthrop served as the 22nd Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Robert's father was Governor Thomas Lindall Winthrop. Thomas' father John Still Winthrop was a great-great-grandson of Massachusetts Bay Colony Governor John Winthrop and great-grandson of Governor Thomas Dudley. Through his mother, John is a first cousin once removed of French politician Brice Lalonde.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Ida Lowe"}], "question": "Who was Kerry's paternal grandmother?", "id": "572ac887be1ee31400cb8237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Frederick A. \"Fred\" Kerry"}], "question": "Who was Kerry's paternal grandfather?", "id": "572ac887be1ee31400cb8238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "musician"}], "question": "What was Kerry's paternal grandmother's career?", "id": "572ac887be1ee31400cb8239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "shoe businessman"}], "question": "What was Kerry's paternal grandfather's career?", "id": "572ac887be1ee31400cb823a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "the Austro-Hungarian Empire"}], "question": "Where did Kerry's paternal grandparents immigrate from?", "id": "572ac887be1ee31400cb823b"}]}], ["Kajian Forbes 400 yang dianggarkan pada tahun 2004 bahawa Teresa Heinz Kerry mempunyai nilai bersih $ 750 juta. Walau bagaimanapun, anggaran telah banyak berubah, dari kira-kira $ 165 juta hingga setinggi $ 3.2 bilion, menurut satu kajian di Los Angeles Times. Tanpa mengira angka mana yang betul, Kerry adalah Senator paling sengsara A.S. semasa berkhidmat di Senat. Bebas dari Heinz, Kerry adalah kaya dengan haknya sendiri, dan merupakan penerima sekurang-kurangnya empat kepercayaan yang diwarisi dari kerabat keluarga Forbes, termasuk ibunya, Rosemary Forbes Kerry, yang meninggal pada tahun 2002. Majalah Forbes (yang dinamai untuk keluarga penerbit Forbes , tidak berkaitan dengan Kerry) menganggarkan bahawa jika dipilih, dan jika aset keluarga Heinz dimasukkan, Kerry akan menjadi Presiden Amerika Syarikat terkaya ketiga dalam sejarah, apabila diselaraskan untuk inflasi. Penilaian ini didasarkan pada aset gabungan Heinz dan Kerry, tetapi pasangan menandatangani perjanjian awal yang memisahkan aset mereka. Borang pendedahan kewangan Kerry untuk 2011 meletakkan aset peribadinya dalam lingkungan $ 230,000,000 hingga $ 320,000,000, termasuk aset pasangannya dan mana-mana anak yang bergantung. Ini termasuk lebih daripada tiga juta dolar aset H. J. Heinz Syarikat, yang meningkat dalam nilai lebih dari enam ratus ribu dolar pada tahun 2013 apabila Berkshire Hathaway mengumumkan niat mereka untuk membeli syarikat itu. <> Apakah nilai bersih Teresa Heinz Kerry pada tahun 2004 menurut Forbes? || $ 750 juta <> Berapakah anggaran anggaran yang diberikan untuk nilai bersih Teresa Heinz Kerry? || dari sekitar $ 165 juta hingga setinggi $ 3.2 bilion <> Apa nama ibu Kerry? || Rosemary Forbes Kerry <> Bilakah ibu Kerry tewas? || 2002 <> Di manakah Kerry mempunyai kedudukan di kalangan presiden AS terkaya, disesuaikan dengan inflasi? || terkaya ketiga", {"context": "The Forbes 400 survey estimated in 2004 that Teresa Heinz Kerry had a net worth of $750 million. However, estimates have frequently varied, ranging from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion, according to a study in the Los Angeles Times. Regardless of which figure is correct, Kerry was the wealthiest U.S. Senator while serving in the Senate. Independent of Heinz, Kerry is wealthy in his own right, and is the beneficiary of at least four trusts inherited from Forbes family relatives, including his mother, Rosemary Forbes Kerry, who died in 2002. Forbes magazine (named for the Forbes family of publishers, unrelated to Kerry) estimated that if elected, and if Heinz family assets were included, Kerry would have been the third-richest U.S. President in history, when adjusted for inflation. This assessment was based on Heinz and Kerry's combined assets, but the couple signed a prenuptial agreement that keeps their assets separate. Kerry's financial disclosure form for 2011 put his personal assets in the range of $230,000,000 to $320,000,000, including the assets of his spouse and any dependent children. This included slightly more than three million dollars worth of H. J. Heinz Company assets, which increased in value by over six hundred thousand dollars in 2013 when Berkshire Hathaway announced their intention to purchase the company.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "$750 million"}], "question": "What was Teresa Heinz Kerry's net worth in 2004 according to Forbes?", "id": "572ac9cbbe1ee31400cb8255"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion"}], "question": "What range of estimates have been given for Teresa Heinz Kerry's net worth?", "id": "572ac9cbbe1ee31400cb8256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Rosemary Forbes Kerry"}], "question": "What was Kerry's mother's name?", "id": "572ac9cbbe1ee31400cb8257"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "2002"}], "question": "When did Kerry's mother pass away?", "id": "572ac9cbbe1ee31400cb8258"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "third-richest"}], "question": "Where would Kerry have ranked among richest US presidents, adjusted for inflation?", "id": "572ac9cbbe1ee31400cb8259"}]}], ["Kerry berkata pada 9 September sebagai tindak balas kepada soalan wartawan mengenai sama ada Presiden Syria Bashar al-Assad dapat menghalang serangan ketenteraan: \"Dia boleh menyerahkan setiap senjata kimianya ke masyarakat antarabangsa pada minggu depan, semuanya, tanpa berlengah-lengah, dan membenarkan perakaunan penuh dan menyeluruh untuk itu. Tetapi dia tidak akan melakukannya, dan ia tidak boleh dilakukan, jelas. \" Kenyataan ini yang tidak dicetak itu memulakan proses yang akan membawa kepada Syria bersetuju untuk melepaskan dan memusnahkan senjata senjata kimianya, seperti yang diperlakukan oleh Rusia terhadap kenyataan Kerry sebagai cadangan yang serius. Menteri Luar Rusia, Sergey Lavrov berkata Rusia akan bekerja dengan \"segera\" untuk meyakinkan Syria melepaskan dan memusnahkan senjata senjata kimianya yang besar. Syria dengan cepat mengalu-alukan cadangan ini dan pada 14 September, PBB secara rasmi menerima permohonan Syria untuk menyertai konvensyen yang mengharamkan senjata kimia, dan secara berasingan, AS dan Rusia bersetuju dengan rancangan untuk menghapuskan senjata kimia Syria pada pertengahan 2014. Pada 28 September, Majlis Keselamatan PBB meluluskan resolusi yang memerintahkan pemusnahan senjata kimia Syria dan mengutuk serangan 21 Ghouta pada 21 Ogos. <> Siapa presiden Syria pada 2014? || Bashar al-Assad <> Apa yang Kerry mengatakan Syria boleh lakukan untuk mengelakkan serangan militer? || mengembalikan setiap senjata kimianya kepada masyarakat antarabangsa pada minggu depan <> Negara manakah yang meyakinkan Syria untuk benar-benar melepaskan senjata kimianya? || Rusia <> Apakah kedudukan Sergey Lavrov? || Menteri Luar Rusia <> Bilakah Majlis Keselamatan PBB memerintahkan senjata kimia Syria dimusnahkan? || 28 September", {"context": "Kerry said on September 9 in response to a reporter's question about whether Syrian President Bashar al-Assad could avert a military strike: \"He could turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week. Turn it over, all of it, without delay, and allow a full and total accounting for that. But he isn't about to do it, and it can't be done, obviously.\" This unscripted remark initiated a process that would lead to Syria agreeing to relinquish and destroy its chemical weapons arsenal, as Russia treated Kerry's statement as a serious proposal. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said Russia would work \"immediately\" to convince Syria relinquish and destroy its large chemical weapons arsenal. Syria quickly welcomed this proposal and on September 14, the UN formally accepted Syria's application to join the convention banning chemical weapons, and separately, the U.S. and Russia agreed on a plan to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons by the middle of 2014. On September 28, the UN Security Council passed a resolution ordering the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons and condemning the August 21 Ghouta attack.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Bashar al-Assad"}], "question": "Who was Syria's president in 2014?", "id": "572ac792111d821400f38d5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week"}], "question": "What did Kerry say Syria could do to avoid a military strike?", "id": "572ac792111d821400f38d5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Which country convinced Syria to actually give up its chemical weapons?", "id": "572ac792111d821400f38d60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Russian Foreign Minister"}], "question": "What was Sergey Lavrov's position?", "id": "572ac792111d821400f38d61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1016, "text": "September 28"}], "question": "When did the UN Security Council order Syria's chemical weapons be destroyed?", "id": "572ac792111d821400f38d62"}]}], ["Di Jabatan Negara, Kerry dengan cepat memperoleh reputasi \"kerana menyendiri, menjaga dirinya sendiri, dan tidak mengganggu untuk membaca memo kakitangan.\" Pegawai Jabatan Kerjaya Negeri telah mengadu bahawa kuasa telah menjadi terlalu berpusat di bawah kepimpinan Kerry, yang melambatkan operasi jabatan ketika Kerry berada di salah satu perjalanan kerumunannya di luar negeri. Lain-lain dalam Negeri menggambarkan Kerry sebagai \"sejenis gangguan defisit perhatian diplomatik\" kerana dia beralih dari topik ke topik dan bukannya memberi tumpuan kepada strategi jangka panjang. Ketika ditanya sama ada dia terlalu banyak bepergian, dia menjawab, \"Neraka tidak, saya tidak perlahan.\" Walaupun pencapaian awal Kerry, semangat di Negeri lebih rendah daripada di bawah Hillary Clinton menurut pekerja jabatan. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas enam bulan pertama Kerry di Jabatan Negara, tinjauan pendapat Gallup mendapati beliau mempunyai rating kelulusan yang tinggi di kalangan rakyat Amerika sebagai Setiausaha Negara. Selepas setahun, satu lagi tinjauan menunjukkan kehendak Kerry terus meningkat. Kurang dari dua tahun ke dalam istilah Kerry, kaji selidik Menara Ivory Tower mengenai hubungan antarabangsa para sarjana hubungan antarabangsa bertanya, \"Siapa Setiausaha Negara A.S. yang paling berkesan dalam 50 tahun yang lalu?\"; John Kerry dan Lawrence Eagleburger terikat untuk tempat ke-11 daripada 15 Setiausaha Negara yang disahkan dalam tempoh itu. <> Siapa yang mengadu tentang bagaimana Kerry menjalankan Jabatan Negara? || Pejabat Jabatan Kerjaya <> Apakah aduan mengenai bagaimana Kerry menjalankan Jabatan Negara? || kuasa telah menjadi terlalu berpusat di bawah kepimpinan Kerry, yang melancarkan operasi jabatan ketika Kerry berada di salah satu perjalanannya di luar negeri yang kerap <> Bagaimana ada beberapa pegawai negeri menggambarkan Kerry? || mempunyai \"sejenis gangguan defisit perhatian diplomatik\" <> Siapa yang menerbitkan Kajian Menara Gading? || Majalah Dasar Asing <> Apakah kedudukan Kerry dalam Kajian Pantai Menara Gading untuk keberkesanan sebagai SoS? || terikat untuk tempat ke-11 daripada 15", {"context": "In the State Department, Kerry quickly earned a reputation \"for being aloof, keeping to himself, and not bothering to read staff memos.\" Career State Department officials have complained that power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips. Others in State describe Kerry as having \"a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder\" as he shifts from topic to topic instead of focusing on long-term strategy. When asked whether he was traveling too much, he responded, \"Hell no. I'm not slowing down.\" Despite Kerry's early achievements, morale at State is lower than under Hillary Clinton according to department employees. However, after Kerry's first six months in the State Department, a Gallup poll found he had high approval ratings among Americans as Secretary of State. After a year, another poll showed Kerry's favorability continued to rise. Less than two years into Kerry's term, the Foreign Policy Magazine's 2014 Ivory Tower survey of international relations scholars asked, \"Who was the most effective U.S. Secretary of State in the past 50 years?\"; John Kerry and Lawrence Eagleburger tied for 11th place out of the 15 confirmed Secretaries of State in that period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Career State Department officials"}], "question": "Who complained about how Kerry ran the State Dept?", "id": "572ac63e34ae481900deaccd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips"}], "question": "What was the complaint about how Kerry ran the State Dept?", "id": "572ac63e34ae481900deacce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "having \"a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder\""}], "question": "How had some State employees described Kerry?", "id": "572ac63e34ae481900deaccf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 991, "text": "Foreign Policy Magazine"}], "question": "Who published the Ivory Tower Survey?", "id": "572ac63e34ae481900deacd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1196, "text": "tied for 11th place out of the 15"}], "question": "What was Kerry's ranking in the Ivory Tower Survey for effectiveness as SoS?", "id": "572ac63e34ae481900deacd1"}]}], ["Menurut Boston Herald, bertarikh 23 Julai 2010, Kerry mengarahkan pembinaan kapal layar baru $ 7 juta (Persahabatan 75) di New Zealand dan menaikkannya di Portsmouth, Rhode Island, di mana syarikat kapal layar Persahabatan itu berasaskan. Artikel itu mendakwa ia membenarkan beliau untuk mengelakkan membayar cukai Massachusetts ke atas harta itu termasuk kira-kira $ 437,500 dalam cukai jualan dan cukai eksais tahunan kira-kira $ 500. Walau bagaimanapun, pada 27 Julai 2010, Kerry menyatakan bahawa dia belum lagi mengambil alih perahu tersebut, tidak bermaksud untuk mengelakkan cukai, dan apabila dia mengambil alih, dia akan membayar cukai sama ada dia berhutang atau tidak. <> Apa jenis kapal layar yang dibuat oleh Kerry? || Persahabatan 75 <> Seberapa mahal kapal layar Kerry? || $ 7 juta <> Di manakah kapal layar Kerry dibina? || New Zealand <> Berapa banyak cukai jualan yang Kerry berhutang pada kapal layar? || $ 437,500 <> Negara manakah yang menerima cukai jualan kapal layar Kerry? || Massachusetts", {"context": "According to the Boston Herald, dated July 23, 2010, Kerry commissioned construction on a new $7 million yacht (a Friendship 75) in New Zealand and moored it in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, where the Friendship yacht company is based. The article claimed this allowed him to avoid paying Massachusetts taxes on the property including approximately $437,500 in sales tax and an annual excise tax of about $500. However, on July 27, 2010, Kerry stated he had yet to take legal possession of the boat, had not intended to avoid the taxes, and that when he took possession, he would pay the taxes whether he owed them or not.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "a Friendship 75"}], "question": "What type of yacht did Kerry buy?", "id": "572acb23f75d5e190021fcda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "$7 million"}], "question": "How expensive was Kerry's yacht?", "id": "572acb23f75d5e190021fcdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "Where was Kerry's yacht built?", "id": "572acb23f75d5e190021fcdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "$437,500"}], "question": "How much sales tax did Kerry owe on the yacht?", "id": "572acb23f75d5e190021fcdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Massachusetts"}], "question": "Which state received Kerry's yacht's sales tax?", "id": "572acb23f75d5e190021fcde"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada sukan yang dimainkannya di Yale, Kerry digambarkan oleh Sports Illustrated, antara lain, sebagai \"pengendara basikal\", terutamanya menunggang basikal jalan raya. Sebelum tawaran presiden, Kerry dikenali telah mengambil bahagian dalam beberapa tunggangan jarak jauh (berabad-abad). Malah semasa banyak kempennya, dia dilaporkan telah melawat kedai-kedai basikal di negara asalnya dan di tempat lain. Kakitangannya meminta basikal tetap untuk bilik hotelnya. Dia juga telah menjadi snowboarder, windsurfer, dan pelaut. <> Siapa kata Kerry adalah 'pengendara basikal'? || Sports Illustrated <> Apa jenis basikal yang Kerry lebih suka? || basikal jalan <> Apakah 'berabad-abad' dalam berbasikal? || basikal jarak jauh <> Apa basikal yang digunakan oleh Kerry semasa berkempen? || basikal basikal berulang untuk bilik hotelnya <> Apa sukan lain yang Kerry menyertai? || snowboarder, windsurfer, dan kelasi", {"context": "In addition to the sports he played at Yale, Kerry is described by Sports Illustrated, among others, as an \"avid cyclist\", primarily riding on a road bike. Prior to his presidential bid, Kerry was known to have participated in several long-distance rides (centuries). Even during his many campaigns, he was reported to have visited bicycle stores in both his home state and elsewhere. His staff requested recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms. He has also been a snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Sports Illustrated"}], "question": "Who said Kerry is an 'avid cyclist'?", "id": "572acab534ae481900deaceb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "a road bike"}], "question": "What type of bicycle does Kerry prefer?", "id": "572acab534ae481900deacec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "long-distance rides"}], "question": "What are 'centuries' in bicycling?", "id": "572acab534ae481900deaced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms"}], "question": "What bicycles did Kerry use while campaigning?", "id": "572acab534ae481900deacee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor"}], "question": "What other sports does Kerry participate in?", "id": "572acab534ae481900deacef"}]}]], [["Secara tradisional, Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali (Saini) dan suku-suku lain membuat sumbangan besar dalam membina negeri Rajasthan. Kesemua puak ini mengalami kesukaran dalam melindungi budaya dan tanah mereka. Berjuta-juta orang terbunuh cuba melindungi tanah mereka. Beberapa Gurjars telah dibasmi di kawasan Bhinmal dan Ajmer yang berjuang dengan penyerang. Bhils pernah memerintah Kota. Meenas adalah penguasa Bundi dan rantau Dhundhar. <> Ahli-ahli kumpulan apa yang telah dibasmi di Ajmer? || Gurjars <> Apa suku dahulu memerintah Kota? || Bhils <> Apakah nama kumpulan yang sebelum ini memerintah Bundi? || Meenas <> Apa cara lain untuk merujuk kepada PhulMali? || Saini <> The Jats dibantu dalam membina negeri apa? || Rajasthan", {"context": "Traditionally the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali (Saini) and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan. All these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land. A number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders. Bhils once ruled Kota. Meenas were rulers of Bundi and the Dhundhar region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Gurjars"}], "question": "Members of what tribe were exterminated in Ajmer?", "id": "572a9b9e34ae481900deabbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Bhils"}], "question": "What tribe formerly ruled Kota?", "id": "572a9b9e34ae481900deabc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Meenas"}], "question": "What was the name of the group that formerly ruled Bundi?", "id": "572a9b9e34ae481900deabc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Saini"}], "question": "What is another way to refer to the PhulMali?", "id": "572a9b9e34ae481900deabc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Rajasthan"}], "question": "The Jats assisted in building what state?", "id": "572a9b9e34ae481900deabc3"}]}], ["Selama bertahun-tahun, Mughals mula mengalami pertikaian dalaman yang sangat mengganggu mereka pada masa-masa tertentu. Empayar Mughal terus melemahkan, dan dengan penurunan Empayar Mughal pada abad ke-18, Rajputana berada di bawah kekuasaan Marathas. The Marathas, yang adalah Hindu dari keadaan yang sekarang Maharashtra, memerintah Rajputana untuk kebanyakan abad kelapan belas. Empayar Maratha, yang telah menggantikan Empayar Mughal sebagai tuan atas benua kecil itu, akhirnya digantikan oleh Empayar Britania pada tahun 1818. <Kelompok apa di rantau Rajasthan mula mengalami perselisihan internal? || Mughals <> Dalam abad apakah Empayar Mughal jatuh ke bawah? || Abad ke-18 <> The Maratharas memperoleh apa yang lebih daripada Rajputana? || suzerainty <> Di manakah Marathas dari? || keadaan apa yang kini Maharashtra <> Pada tahun apakah Kerajaan British menggantikan Empayar Maratha? || 1818", {"context": "Over the years, the Mughals began to have internal disputes which greatly distracted them at times. The Mughal Empire continued to weaken, and with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century, Rajputana came under the suzerainty of the Marathas. The Marathas, who were Hindus from the state of what is now Maharashtra, ruled Rajputana for most of the eighteenth century. The Maratha Empire, which had replaced the Mughal Empire as the overlord of the subcontinent, was finally replaced by the British Empire in 1818.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Mughals"}], "question": "What group in the Rajasthan region started to have internal disputes?", "id": "572a9db034ae481900deabd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "18th century"}], "question": "In what century did the Mughal Empire come into decline?", "id": "572a9db034ae481900deabda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "suzerainty"}], "question": "The Maratharas gained what over Rajputana?", "id": "572a9db034ae481900deabdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "the state of what is now Maharashtra"}], "question": "Where were the Marathas from?", "id": "572a9db034ae481900deabdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "1818"}], "question": "In what year did the British Empire replace the Maratha Empire?", "id": "572a9db034ae481900deabdd"}]}], ["Penyebut pertama nama \"Rajasthan\" muncul dalam penerbitan James Tod pada tahun 1829, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan atau Central Rajpoot States of India dan India, sementara rekaan paling awal \"Rajputana\" sebagai nama rantau ini adalah di George 1800 memoir kenangan tentera Thomas. John Keay, dalam bukunya India: A History, menyatakan bahawa \"Rajputana\" diciptakan oleh British pada tahun 1829, John Briggs, menerjemahkan sejarah Ferishta awal Islam India, menggunakan frasa \"Rajpoot (Rajput) raja-raja\" \". <> Bilakah penggunaan pertama perkataan Rajasthan? || 1829 <> Dalam apa penerbitan apakah nama Rajasthan muncul dahulu? || Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan atau Central and Western Rajpoot States of India <> Apa nama lain untuk rantau Rajasthan? || Rajputana <> Pada tahun apakah George Thomas menulis memoar yang dikenali sebagai Kenangan Militer? || 1800 <> Siapa yang menulis buku berjudul India: Sejarah? || John Keay", {"context": "The first mention of the name \"Rajasthan\" appears in James Tod's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while the earliest known record of \"Rajputana\" as a name for the region is in George Thomas's 1800 memoir Military Memories. John Keay, in his book India: A History, stated that \"Rajputana\" was coined by the British in 1829, John Briggs, translating Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, used the phrase \"Rajpoot (Rajput) princes\" rather than \"Indian princes\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "1829"}], "question": "When was the first usage of the word Rajasthan?", "id": "572a9a1cbe1ee31400cb809f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India"}], "question": "In what publication did the name Rajasthan first appear?", "id": "572a9a1cbe1ee31400cb80a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Rajputana"}], "question": "What is another name for the Rajasthan region?", "id": "572a9a1cbe1ee31400cb80a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1800"}], "question": "In what year did George Thomas write the memoir known as Military Memories?", "id": "572a9a1cbe1ee31400cb80a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "John Keay"}], "question": "Who wrote the book entitled India: A History?", "id": "572a9a1cbe1ee31400cb80a3"}]}], ["Ciri-ciri geografi Rajasthan adalah Gurun Thar dan Aravalli Range, yang berjalan melalui negeri ini dari barat daya ke timur laut, hampir dari satu hujung ke yang lain, lebih dari 850 kilometer (530 mi). Gunung Abu terletak di hujung barat daya dari julat ini, dipisahkan dari julat utama oleh Sungai Banas Barat, walaupun satu siri rabung patah terus ke Haryana ke arah Delhi di mana ia dapat dilihat sebagai singkapan dalam bentuk Bukit Raisina dan rabung jauh ke utara. Sekitar tiga perlima di Rajasthan terletak barat laut Aravallis, meninggalkan dua perlima di arah timur dan selatan. <> Pegunungan mana yang melalui Rajasthan? || Julat Aravalli <> Berapa panjang dalam jarak jauh dari Aravalli Range? || 530 mi <> Apa puncak di bahagian barat daya di Aravalli Range? || Gunung Abu <> Sebahagian bahagian Rajasthan adalah timur dan selatan Aravalli Range? || dua pertiga <> Sungai mana yang memisahkan rentang utama Aravelli? || Sungai Banas Barat", {"context": "The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850 kilometres (530 mi). Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River, although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north. About three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south direction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the Aravalli Range"}], "question": "Which mountain range goes through Rajasthan?", "id": "572a9ea0be1ee31400cb80cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "530 mi"}], "question": "What is the length in miles of the Aravalli Range?", "id": "572a9ea0be1ee31400cb80cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Mount Abu"}], "question": "What peak is at the southwestern part of the Aravalli Range?", "id": "572a9ea0be1ee31400cb80cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "two-fifths"}], "question": "What portion of Rajasthan is east and south of the Aravalli Range?", "id": "572a9ea0be1ee31400cb80cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "West Banas River"}], "question": "Which river separates the main Aravelli ranges?", "id": "572a9ea0be1ee31400cb80ce"}]}], ["Julat Aravalli dan tanah ke timur dan tenggara julatnya umumnya lebih subur dan lebih baik disiram. Wilayah ini adalah rumah bagi ekoregion hutan kering daun Kathiarbar-Gir, dengan hutan tropika kering tropika yang termasuk jati, Acacia, dan pokok-pokok lain. Wilayah Vagad yang berbukit, rumah ke kota-kota Dungarpur dan Banswara terletak di bahagian selatan Rajasthan, di sempadan dengan Gujarat dan Madhya Pradesh. Dengan pengecualian Gunung Abu, Vagad adalah rantau paling basah di Rajasthan, dan hutan yang paling tebal. Utara Vagad terletak di rantau Mewar, rumah ke kota Udaipur dan Chittaurgarh. Wilayah Hadoti terletak di tenggara, di sempadan dengan Madhya Pradesh. Utara Hadoti dan Mewar terletak di rantau Dhundhar, rumah ibukota negeri Jaipur. Mewat, wilayah paling timur di Rajasthan, bersempadan dengan Haryana dan Uttar Pradesh. Timur dan tenggara Rajasthan dibersihkan oleh sungai Banas dan Sungai, sungai Ganges. <> Apakah ciri rantau ini di bahagian timur julat Aravalli? || lebih subur dan lebih baik disiram <> Apakah nama kawasan ekoregion di timur dan tenggara di Aravalli Range? || ekor tanah hutan Kathiarbar-Gir kering ekoregion <> Apakah dua contoh pokok di hutan luas di timur Aravalli? || Jati, Acacia <> Apakah nama rantau ini yang merupakan rumah bagi Dungarpur? || Kawasan Vagad <> Kawasan rantau yang paling tebal di Rajasthan? || Vagad", {"context": "The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and better watered. This region is home to the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, with tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak, Acacia, and other trees. The hilly Vagad region, home to the cities of Dungarpur and Banswara lies in southernmost Rajasthan, on the border with Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. With the exception of Mount Abu, Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan, and the most heavily forested. North of Vagad lies the Mewar region, home to the cities of Udaipur and Chittaurgarh. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast, on the border with Madhya Pradesh. North of Hadoti and Mewar lies the Dhundhar region, home to the state capital of Jaipur. Mewat, the easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers, tributaries of the Ganges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "more fertile and better watered"}], "question": "What is a characteristic of the region to the east of the Aravalli range?", "id": "572aa08a111d821400f38c5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion"}], "question": "What is the name of the ecoregion to the east and southeast of the Aravalli Range?", "id": "572aa08a111d821400f38c5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "teak, Acacia"}], "question": "What are two examples of trees in the broadleaf forests east of the Aravalli's?", "id": "572aa08a111d821400f38c60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Vagad region"}], "question": "What is the name of the region which is home to Dungarpur?", "id": "572aa08a111d821400f38c61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Vagad"}], "question": "What is the most heavily forested region in Rajasthan?", "id": "572aa08a111d821400f38c62"}]}], ["Gurjar Pratihar Empire bertindak sebagai penghalang bagi penyerbu Arab dari abad ke-8 hingga abad ke-11. Pencapaian ketua kerajaan Gurjara Pratihara terletak pada ketahanannya yang berjaya terhadap pencerobohan asing dari barat, bermula pada zaman Junaid. Ahli sejarah R. C. Majumdar mengatakan bahawa ini secara terbuka diakui oleh para penulis Arab. Beliau mencatatkan lebih lanjut bahawa sejarawan India telah tertanya-tanya tentang kemajuan perlahan penceroboh Islam di India, berbanding dengan kemajuan pesat mereka di bahagian lain di dunia. Sekarang kelihatannya sedikit keraguan bahawa ia adalah kuasa tentera Gurjara Pratihara yang secara berkesan menghalang kemajuan orang Arab di luar batas-batas Sindh, penaklukan pertama mereka selama hampir 300 tahun. <> Apa empayar menghentikan serangan Arab? || Gurjar Pratihar Empire <> Arab cuba menyerang Empire Gurjar Pratihar bermula pada abad berapa? || 8 <> Penaklukan Arab terhad kepada kawasan apa? || Sindh <> Apa kejayaan yang paling ketara dari Gurjara Pratihara Empire? || rintangan yang berjaya terhadap pencerobohan asing <> Ahli sejarah mana yang mendakwa bahawa orang Arab juga mengakui betapa pentingnya Kerajaan Gurjara Pratihara dalam menghentikan serangan? || Ahli sejarah R. C. Majumdar", {"context": "The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century. The chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Historian R. C. Majumdar says that this was openly acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Gurjara Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Arabs beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly 300 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Gurjar Pratihar Empire"}], "question": "What empire stopped Arab invasions?", "id": "572a9c48f75d5e190021fb8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "8th"}], "question": "Arab attempted to invade the Gurjar Pratihar Empire beginning in what century?", "id": "572a9c48f75d5e190021fb8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "Sindh"}], "question": "Arab conquest was limited to what region?", "id": "572a9c48f75d5e190021fb90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "its successful resistance to foreign invasions"}], "question": "What was the most notable accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire?", "id": "572a9c48f75d5e190021fb8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Historian R. C. Majumdar"}], "question": "Which historian claims that even the Arabs acknowledged the importance of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire in stopping invasions?", "id": "572a9c48f75d5e190021fb8f"}]}], ["Rajasthan (/ r\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u0259st\u00e6n / pengucapan Hindustani: [ra\u02d0d\u0292\u0259st\u032a\u02b0a\u02d0n]) adalah negara terbesar di India dengan wilayah (342,239 kilometer persegi (132,139 mil persegi) atau 10.4% dari jumlah kawasan India). Ia terletak di bahagian barat negara, di mana ia terdiri daripada kebanyakan Gurun Thar yang luas dan tidak ramah (juga dikenali sebagai \"Gurun Rajasthan\" dan \"Great Indian Desert\") dan berkongsi sempadan dengan wilayah Punjab Pakistan barat laut dan Sindh di barat, sepanjang lembah sungai Sutlej-Indus. Di tempat lain ia berbatasan dengan negara-negara India yang lain: Punjab di utara; Haryana dan Uttar Pradesh ke timur laut; Madhya Pradesh ke tenggara; dan Gujarat ke barat daya. Ciri-cirinya termasuk runtuhan Tamadun Lembah Indus di Kalibanga; Kuil Dilwara, tapak ziarah Jain di stesen bukit Rajasthan, Gunung Abu, di kawasan gunung Aravalli purba; dan, di timur Rajasthan, Taman Negara Keoladeo berhampiran Bharatpur, Tapak Warisan Dunia yang terkenal dengan kehidupan burung. Rajasthan juga mempunyai dua rizab harimau kebangsaan, Taman Negara Ranthambore di Sawai Madhopur dan Rizab Harimau Sariska di Alwar. <> Berapa banyak kilometer persegi ialah Rajasthan? || 342,239 <> Berapakah jumlah kawasan India di Rajasthan? || 10.4% <> Apakah nama-nama alternatif yang diketahui oleh Desert Thar? || \"Gurun Rajasthan\" dan \"Gurun India Besar\" <> Wilayah apa di Pakistan yang sempadan Rajasthan di utaranya? || Punjab <> Kuil Dilwara adalah tapak ziarah untuk siapa? || Jain", {"context": "Rajasthan (/\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0d\u0292\u0259st\u00e6n/ Hindustani pronunciation: [ra\u02d0d\u0292\u0259s\u02c8t\u032a\u02b0a\u02d0n] ( listen); literally, \"Land of Kings\") is India's largest state by area (342,239 square kilometres (132,139 sq mi) or 10.4% of India's total area). It is located on the western side of the country, where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert (also known as the \"Rajasthan Desert\" and \"Great Indian Desert\") and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west, along the Sutlej-Indus river valley. Elsewhere it is bordered by the other Indian states: Punjab to the north; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast; and Gujarat to the southwest. Its features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization at Kalibanga; the Dilwara Temples, a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan's only hill station, Mount Abu, in the ancient Aravalli mountain range; and, in eastern Rajasthan, the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. Rajasthan is also home to two national tiger reserves, the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur and Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "342,239"}], "question": "How many square kilometers is Rajasthan?", "id": "572a997134ae481900deabad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "10.4%"}], "question": "What percentage of India's total area is Rajasthan?", "id": "572a997134ae481900deabae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "the \"Rajasthan Desert\" and \"Great Indian Desert\""}], "question": "What are alternative names the Thar Desert is known by?", "id": "572a997134ae481900deabaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Punjab"}], "question": "What province in Pakistan does Rajasthan border on its north?", "id": "572a997134ae481900deabb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 814, "text": "Jain"}], "question": "The Dilwara Temples are a pilgrimage site for whom?", "id": "572a997134ae481900deabb1"}]}], ["Rajasthan moden merangkumi kebanyakan Rajputana, yang terdiri daripada sembilan belas buah negara bersejarah, dua ketua ketua, dan daerah Ajmer-Merwara di British. Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, Mewar (Chittorgarh), Alwar dan Dhundhar (Jaipur) adalah sebahagian daripada raja-raja Rajput utama. Bharatpur dan Dholpur adalah negara-negara Jat yang utama manakala Tonk adalah kerajaan yang utama di bawah Nawab Muslim. Keluarga Rajput semakin terkenal di abad ke-6 CE. The Rajputs meletakkan perlawanan yang kuat terhadap serangan Islam dan melindungi tanah ini dengan peperangan dan kesejahteraan mereka selama lebih dari 500 tahun. Mereka juga menentang pencerobohan Mughal ke India dan dengan itu menyumbang kepada akses mereka yang lebih perlahan daripada yang dijangkakan ke benua kecil India. Kemudian, Mughals, melalui peperangan mahir, dapat memperoleh pegangan kuat di utara India, termasuk Rajasthan. Mewar memimpin kerajaan-kerajaan lain dalam perlawanannya terhadap peraturan luar. Paling penting, Rana Sanga berperang di Pertempuran Khanua melawan Babur, pengasas kerajaan Mughal. <> Berapa banyak kerajaan Rajputana yang mengandungi? || sembilan belas <> Apakah nama daerah British dalam Rajputana? || Ajmer-Merwara <> Bharatpur adalah contoh jenis negeri macam mana? || Di bawah Nawab Muslim terdapat sebuah kerajaan yang bernama, apa namanya? || Tonk <> Keluarga apa yang menjadi kuasa pada abad ke-6? || Keluarga Rajput", {"context": "Modern Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana, which comprises the erstwhile nineteen princely states, two chiefships, and the British district of Ajmer-Merwara. Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, Mewar (Chittorgarh), Alwar and Dhundhar (Jaipur) were some of the main Rajput princely states. Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat princely states whereas Tonk was a princely state under a Muslim Nawab. Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE. The Rajputs put up a valiant resistance to the Islamic invasions and protected this land with their warfare and chivalry for more than 500 years. They also resisted Mughal incursions into India and thus contributed to their slower-than-anticipated access to the Indian subcontinent. Later, the Mughals, through skilled warfare, were able to get a firm grip on northern India, including Rajasthan. Mewar led other kingdoms in its resistance to outside rule. Most notably, Rana Sanga fought the Battle of Khanua against Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "nineteen"}], "question": "How many princely states of Rajputana contain?", "id": "572a9cdf111d821400f38c42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Ajmer-Merwara"}], "question": "What is the name of the British district within Rajputana?", "id": "572a9cdf111d821400f38c43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "princely"}], "question": "Bharatpur is an example of what kind of state?", "id": "572a9cdf111d821400f38c44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Tonk"}], "question": "Under a Muslim Nawab there was a princely state, what was its name?", "id": "572a9cdf111d821400f38c45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Rajput families"}], "question": "What families rose to power in the 6th century?", "id": "572a9cdf111d821400f38c46"}]}], ["Sebahagian daripada apa yang sekarang Rajasthan adalah sebahagian daripada Tamadun Lembah Indus. Kalibangan, di distrik Hanumangarh, adalah ibu kota provinsi utama Tamadun Lembah Indus. Diyakini bahawa Kshatrapas Barat (405-35 SM) adalah penguasa Saka dari bahagian barat India (Saurashtra dan Malwa: Gujarat moden, Sindh Selatan, Maharashtra, Rajasthan). Mereka adalah pengganti kepada Indo-Scythians dan sezaman dengan orang Kush, yang memerintah bahagian utara benua India. The Indo-Scythians menyerang kawasan Ujjain dan menubuhkan era Saka (dengan kalendar mereka), menandakan permulaan negeri Saka Satraps yang lama. Matsya, sebuah negara peradaban Vedik India, dikatakan hampir sama dengan bekas negara Jaipur di Rajasthan dan termasuk seluruh Alwar dengan bahagian-bahagian Bharatpur. Ibukota Matsya berada di Viratanagar (Bairat modern), yang dikatakan telah dinamai raja pendiri Virata. <> Sebilangan bahagian Rajasthan terlibat dengan tamadun kuno? || Tamadun Lembah Indus <> Di mana Kawasan Peradaban Lembah Indus adalah Kalibangan dalam? || Daerah Hanumangarh <> Apa yang disebut oleh Raja-raja Saka dari India Barat? || Barat Kshatrapas <> Berapa tempoh masa yang mana Kshatrapas Barat berkuasa? || 405-35 SM <> Kushans memerintah bahagian mana benua India? || bahagian utara", {"context": "Parts of what is now Rajasthan were part of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan, in Hanumangarh district, was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization,. It is believed that Western Kshatrapas (405\u201335 BC) were Saka rulers of the western part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Southern Sindh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan). They were successors to the Indo-Scythians and were contemporaneous with the Kushans, who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain and established the Saka era (with their calendar), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps state. Matsya, a state of the Vedic civilisation of India, is said to roughly corresponded to the former state of Jaipur in Rajasthan and included the whole of Alwar with portions of Bharatpur. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagar (modern Bairat), which is said to have been named after its founder king Virata.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the Indus Valley Civilization"}], "question": "Some portions of Rajasthan were involved with what ancient civilization?", "id": "572a9b0bbe1ee31400cb80a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Hanumangarh district"}], "question": "In what Indus Valley Civilization district was Kalibangan within?", "id": "572a9b0bbe1ee31400cb80aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Western Kshatrapas"}], "question": "What were the Saka Rulers of Western India believed to be called?", "id": "572a9b0bbe1ee31400cb80ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "405\u201335 BC"}], "question": "Over what time period were the Western Kshatrapas in power?", "id": "572a9b0bbe1ee31400cb80ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "the northern part"}], "question": "The Kushans ruled what part of the Indian subcontinent?", "id": "572a9b0bbe1ee31400cb80ad"}]}], ["Bahagian barat laut Rajasthan umumnya berpasir dan kering. Kebanyakan rantau ini diliputi oleh Gurun Thar yang memanjangkan bahagian Pakistan. Julat Aravalli tidak memintas angin musim hujan monsun barat yang lembap di Laut Arab, kerana ia terletak pada arah yang selari dengan angin monsun yang akan datang, meninggalkan wilayah barat laut dalam bayangan hujan. Gurun Thar adalah penduduk yang kurang padat; bandar Jodhpur adalah bandar terbesar di padang pasir dan dikenali sebagai pintu gerbang thar. Gurun ini mempunyai beberapa daerah utama seperti Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner dan Nagour. Kawasan ini juga merupakan pandangan pertahanan yang penting. Pangkalan udara Jodhpur adalah pangkalan udara dan tentera udara terbesar India, pangkalan BSF juga terletak di sini. Sebuah lapangan terbang awam tunggal juga terletak di Jodhpur. Hutan belukar duri Barat Laut terletak di sebuah band di sekitar Gurun Thar, antara padang pasir dan Aravallis. Kawasan ini menerima kurang daripada 400 mm hujan pada tahun purata. Suhu boleh melebihi 48 \u00b0 C pada musim panas dan turun di bawah beku pada musim sejuk. Kawasan Godwar, Marwar, dan Shekhawati terletak di zon hutan belukar duri, bersama dengan bandar Jodhpur. Sungai Luni dan anak sungainya adalah sistem sungai utama di kawasan Godwar dan Marwar, mengalir di lereng barat Aravallis dan mengosongkan barat daya ke kawasan basah Rann dari Kutch di jiran Gujarat. Sungai ini adalah salin di bahagian bawah dan masih boleh diminum hanya sehingga Balotara di daerah Barmer. Sungai Ghaggar, yang berasal dari Haryana, merupakan aliran sekejap yang menghilang ke pasir Gurun Thar di sudut utara negeri ini dan dilihat sebagai sisa sungai Saraswati yang primitif. <> Keadaan kering dan berpasir menunjukkan kawasan Rajasthan? || Bahagian barat laut <> Gurun yang mana di bahagian barat laut Rajasthan? || Gurun Thar <> Apa bandar paling padat di Gurun Thar? || Jodhpur <> Apakah nama-nama daerah utama di Thar? || Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner dan Nagour <> Hujan di rantau Gurun Thar adalah kurang daripada berapa jumlah setiap tahun pada musim bunga? || 400 mm", {"context": "The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region are covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the town of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and known as the gateway of thar desert. The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour. This area is also important defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is Indias largest airbase and military, BSF bases are also situated here. A single civil airport is also situated in Jodhpur. The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year. Temperatures can exceed 48 \u00b0C in the summer months and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighboring Gujarat. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Saraswati river.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The northwestern portion"}], "question": "Dry and sandy conditions are indicative of which region of Rajasthan? ", "id": "572a9fa6f75d5e190021fbbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "the Thar Desert"}], "question": "Which desert is in the northwestern part of Rajasthan?", "id": "572a9fa6f75d5e190021fbbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Jodhpur"}], "question": "What is the most populous city in the Thar Desert?", "id": "572a9fa6f75d5e190021fbbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour"}], "question": "What are the names of the major districts of the Thar?", "id": "572a9fa6f75d5e190021fbbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 951, "text": "400 mm"}], "question": "Rainfall in the Thar Desert region is less than what amount each year on avarage?", "id": "572a9fa6f75d5e190021fbc0"}]}], ["Taman Negara Ranthambore dikenali di seluruh dunia untuk penduduk harimaunya dan dianggap oleh pencinta padang belantara dan jurugambar sebagai salah satu tempat terbaik di India untuk melihat harimau. Pada satu ketika, kerana haram dan kecuaian, harimau telah pupus di Sariska, tetapi lima harimau telah dipindahkan di sana. Yang terkenal di antara tempat perlindungan hidupan liar ialah Tempat Perlindungan Gunung Abu, Tempat Perlindungan Bhensrod Garh, Tempat Perlindungan Darrah, Tempat Perlindungan Jaisamand, Tempat Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Kumbhalgarh, Tempat Perlindungan Jawahar Sagar, dan Tempat Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Sita Mata. <> Apa taman negara Rajasthani dikenali dengan harimau? || Taman Negara Ranthambore <> Berapa banyak harimau yang dipindahkan ke Sariska? || lima harimau <> Taman Negara Ranthamb dikenali oleh jurugambar sebagai apa? || salah satu tempat terbaik di India untuk melihat harimau <> Mengapa harimau menjadi pupus di Sariska? || pemburuan haram dan kecuaian", {"context": "Ranthambore National Park is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best place in India to spot tigers. At one point, due to poaching and negligence, tigers became extinct at Sariska, but five tigers have been relocated there. Prominent among the wildlife sanctuaries are Mount Abu Sanctuary, Bhensrod Garh Sanctuary, Darrah Sanctuary, Jaisamand Sanctuary, Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar sanctuary, and Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ranthambore National Park"}], "question": "What Rajasthani national park is known for its tigers?", "id": "572aa7a6f75d5e190021fbfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "five tigers"}], "question": "How many tigers were relocated to Sariska?", "id": "572aa7a6f75d5e190021fbff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "one of the best place in India to spot tigers"}], "question": "Ranthamb National Park is known by photographers as what?", "id": "572aa7a6f75d5e190021fc00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "poaching and negligence"}], "question": "Why did tigers became extinct in Sariska?", "id": "572aa7a6f75d5e190021fc01"}]}], ["Kepemilikan roh telah didokumentasikan dalam Rajasthan moden. Sesetengah roh yang memiliki Rajasthanis dilihat sebagai baik dan bermanfaat manakala yang lain dilihat sebagai jahat. Semangat yang baik termasuk royalti dibunuh, dewa Bhaironji, dan orang suci umat Islam. Roh jahat termasuk penghutang kekal yang mati dalam hutang, bayi yang masih melahirkan, janda yang meninggal dunia, dan pelancong asing. Individu yang dipunyai disebut sebagai ghorala (\"gunung\"). Pemilikan, walaupun ia adalah oleh semangat jinak, dianggap sebagai tidak diingini, kerana ia melibatkan kehilangan kawalan kendali dan kekerasan emosional yang ganas. <> Jenis jenis apa yang telah didokumentasikan di Rajasthan? || Keperibadian Roh <> Apa dewa bawah tanah memiliki Rajasthanis? || Bhaironji <> Apa yang ada individu yang dikenali sebagai? || ghorala <> Ghorala adalah perkataan lain untuk apa? || gunung <> Apa hasil daripada pemilikan oleh semangat jinak? || kehilangan kawalan kendiri dan kecemasan emosi yang ganas", {"context": "Spirit possession has been documented in modern Rajasthan. Some of the spirits possessing Rajasthanis are seen as good and beneficial while others are seen as malevolent. The good spirits include murdered royalty, the underworld god Bhaironji, and Muslim saints. Bad spirits include perpetual debtors who die in debt, stillborn infants, deceased widows, and foreign tourists. The possessed individual is referred to as a ghorala (\"mount\"). Possession, even if it is by a benign spirit, is regarded as undesirable, as it entails loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Spirit possession"}], "question": "What type of possession has been documented in Rajasthan?", "id": "572aafcd111d821400f38cc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Bhaironji"}], "question": "What underworld god possess Rajasthanis?", "id": "572aafcd111d821400f38cc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "ghorala"}], "question": "What are possessed individuals known as? ", "id": "572aafcd111d821400f38cc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "mount"}], "question": "Ghorala is another word for what?", "id": "572aafcd111d821400f38cc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts"}], "question": "What results from possession by even benign spirits?", "id": "572aafcd111d821400f38cc6"}]}], ["Taman Negara Gurun di Jaisalmer tersebar di sekitar 3,162 kilometer persegi (1,221 meter persegi), merupakan contoh yang sangat baik dalam ekosistem Gurun Thar dan fauna yang pelbagai. Kerang dan batang pokok fosil yang besar di taman ini merekodkan sejarah geologi padang pasir. Rantau ini adalah tempat tinggal bagi burung migrasi dan penduduk di padang pasir. Kita boleh melihat banyak helang, harrier, falcons, buzzards, kastel dan burung hantu. Eagles berjalur pendek (Circaetus gallicus), helang tawar (Aquila rapax), helang yang terlihat (clap Aquila), lagge falcons (Falco jugger) dan kestelel yang paling biasa. <> Kawasan mana yang mengandungi Taman Negara Desert? || Jaisalmer <> Berapa batu persegi adalah Taman Negara Gurun? || 1,221 persegi mi <> Apakah jenis fosil besar yang terdapat di Taman Negara Desert? || batang pokok fosil yang sangat besar <> Apakah jenis elang paling biasa yang dapat dilihat di rantau Jaisalmer? || Eagles berjalur pendek (Circaetus gallicus), helang tawar (Aquila rapax), melihat helang (Aquila clanga) <> Apa nama lain untuk elang laggar? || Falco jugger", {"context": "The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer is spread over an area of 3,162 square kilometres (1,221 sq mi), is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert and its diverse fauna. Seashells and massive fossilised tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert. The region is a haven for migratory and resident birds of the desert. One can see many eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards, kestrels and vultures. Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga), laggar falcons (Falco jugger) and kestrels are the commonest of these.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Jaisalmer"}], "question": "Which region contains Desert National Park?", "id": "572aa636111d821400f38c7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "1,221 sq mi"}], "question": "How many square miles is Desert National Park?", "id": "572aa636111d821400f38c7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "massive fossilised tree trunks"}], "question": "What types of large fossils are found in Desert National Park?", "id": "572aa636111d821400f38c7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga)"}], "question": "What are the most common types of eagles one might see in the Jaisalmer region?", "id": "572aa636111d821400f38c7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "Falco jugger"}], "question": "What is another name for a laggar falcon?", "id": "572aa636111d821400f38c80"}]}], ["Ekonomi Rajasthan terutama pertanian dan pastoral. Gandum dan barli ditanam di kawasan yang luas, seperti denyutan, tebu, dan minyak. Kapas dan tembakau adalah tanaman tunai negeri. Rajasthan adalah antara pengeluar terbesar minyak masak di India dan pengeluar minyak terbesar kedua. Rajasthan juga merupakan negara pengeluar bulu terbesar di India dan pengeluar dan pengguna candu utama. Terdapat terutamanya dua musim tanaman. Air untuk pengairan datang dari telaga dan tangki. Kanal Indira Gandhi mengawal barat laut Rajasthan. <> Ekonomi Rajasthan sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada jenis industri apa? || pertanian dan pastoral <> Apakah Rajasthan dua tanaman tunai utama? || Kapas dan tembakau <> Jenis minyak apa yang Rajasthan menghasilkan beberapa jumlah terbesar di India? || minyak yang boleh dimakan <> Rajasthan menggunakan sebahagian besar produk apa? || candu <> Berapa banyak musim tanaman di Rajasthan? || dua musim tanaman", {"context": "Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. Cotton and tobacco are the state's cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "agricultural and pastoral"}], "question": "The Rajasthan economy is largely composed of what type of industries?", "id": "572aa878be1ee31400cb8121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Cotton and tobacco"}], "question": "What are Rajasthans two main cash crops?", "id": "572aa878be1ee31400cb8122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "edible oils"}], "question": "What type of oil does Rajasthan produce some of the largest amounts of in India?", "id": "572aa878be1ee31400cb8123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "opium"}], "question": "Rajasthan consumes the most of what product?", "id": "572aa878be1ee31400cb8124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "two crop seasons"}], "question": "How many crop seasons are there in Rajasthan?", "id": "572aa878be1ee31400cb8125"}]}], ["Tarian Ghoomar dari tarian Jodhpur Marwar dan Kalbeliya Jaisalmer telah mendapat pengiktirafan antarabangsa. Muzik rakyat adalah sebahagian besar daripada budaya Rajasthani. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, Kachchhighori, dan Tejaji adalah contoh budaya Rajasthani tradisional. Lagu rakyat biasa adalah balada yang menghubungkan perbuatan heroik dan kisah cinta; dan lagu-lagu agama atau ibadat yang dikenal sebagai bhajans dan banis yang sering diiringi oleh alat musik seperti dholak, sitar, dan sarangi juga dinyanyikan. <> Apa jenis tarian yang berasal dari Jodhpur Marwar? || Tarian Ghoomar <> Tarian Kalbeliya berasal dari rantau mana? || Jaisalmer <> Apa jenis muzik memainkan peranan penting dalam budaya Rajasthan? || Muzik rakyat <> Keberanian sering menjadi tema dari jenis lagu Rajasthani? || Lagu rakyat <> Apa jenis lagu yang disebut sebagai bhajan? || agama atau kebaktian", {"context": "The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur Marwar and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a large part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, Kachchhighori, and Tejaji are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, and sarangi are also sung.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Ghoomar dance"}], "question": "What type of dance comes from Jodhpur Marwar?", "id": "572aae13be1ee31400cb815d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Jaisalmer"}], "question": "Kalbeliya dance is from which region?", "id": "572aae13be1ee31400cb815e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Folk music"}], "question": "What type of music plays a big part in the culture of Rajasthan?", "id": "572aae13be1ee31400cb815f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Folk songs"}], "question": "Heroic deeds are often a theme of what type of Rajasthani song?", "id": "572aae13be1ee31400cb8160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "religious or devotional"}], "question": "What kind of song is referred to as a bhajan?", "id": "572aae13be1ee31400cb8161"}]}], ["Rajasthan adalah [bila?] Memperoleh Rs. 150 juta (lebih kurang AS $ 2.5 juta) sehari sebagai pendapatan dari sektor minyak mentah. Pendapatan ini dijangka mencapai \u00a5 250 juta sehari pada tahun 2013 (iaitu peningkatan sebanyak \u00a5 100 juta atau lebih daripada 66 peratus). Kerajaan India telah memberi izin untuk mengekstrak 300,000 tong minyak mentah sehari dari rantau Barmer yang kini 175.000 tong sehari. Setelah batas ini dicapai Rajasthan akan menjadi pemimpin dalam pengambilan Mentah di Negara. Bombay High mengetuai dengan pengeluaran 250,000 tong minyak mentah sehari. Sebaik sahaja had jika 300,000 tong sehari dicapai, pengeluaran keseluruhan negara akan meningkat sebanyak 15 peratus. Cairn India melakukan kerja penjelajahan dan pengekstrakan minyak mentah di Rajasthan. <> Berapa pendapatan daripada minyak mentah di Rajasthan dijangka pada tahun 2013? || \u20b9 250 juta sehari <> Berapa banyak tong minyak mentah dari Barmer yang Rajasthan dibenarkan untuk mengeluarkan setiap hari? || 300,000 tong <> Pemimpin dalam pengeluaran minyak mentah India pada 250,000 tong sehari adalah apa rantau? || Bombay High <> Kumpulan apa yang melakukan eksplorasi untuk minyak mentah Rajasthan ?? || Cairn India <> Berapa banyak barel sehari diekstrak dari rantau Barmer? || 175,000 tong", {"context": "Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach \u20b9250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of \u20b9100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit if 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "\u20b9250 million per day"}], "question": "What are earnings from crude oil in Rajasthan expected to be in 2013?", "id": "572aac99111d821400f38c9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "300,000 barrels"}], "question": "How many barrels of crude oil from Barmer is Rajasthan allowed to extract each day?", "id": "572aac99111d821400f38c9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Bombay High"}], "question": "The leader in Indian crude oil production at 250,000 barrels per day is what region?", "id": "572aac99111d821400f38ca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "Cairn India"}], "question": "What group is conducting exploration for Rajasthan's crude oil??", "id": "572aac99111d821400f38ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "175,000 barrels"}], "question": "How many barrels per day is currently being extracted from the Barmer region?", "id": "572aac99111d821400f38ca2"}]}], ["Julat Aravalli terletak di seluruh negeri dari puncak barat daya Guru Shikhar (Gunung Abu), iaitu ketinggian 1,722 m, ke Khetri di timur laut. Julat ini membahagikan negeri itu kepada 60% di barat laut julat dan 40% di tenggara. Saluran barat laut berpasir dan tidak produktif dengan sedikit air tetapi secara beransur-ansur meningkat dari tanah gurun di barat dan barat laut ke tanah yang relatif subur dan dihuni ke arah timur. Kawasan ini termasuk Gurun Thar. Kawasan tenggara, lebih tinggi dalam ketinggian (100 hingga 350 m di atas paras laut) dan lebih subur, mempunyai topografi yang sangat pelbagai. di selatan terletak saluran berbukit Mewar. Di tenggara, kawasan yang besar di dalam daerah Kota dan Bundi membentuk kawasan tableland. Ke arah timur laut daerah-daerah ini adalah kawasan yang rimbun (badlands) berikutan garis Sungai Chambal. Lebih jauh ke utara peringkat negara; dataran rata daerah Bharatpur timur laut adalah sebahagian daripada lembangan aluvial. Merta City terletak di pusat geografi Rajasthan. <> Berapa meter tinggi ialah Guru Shikhar? || 1,722 <> Berapa peratus daripada Rajasthan terletak di barat laut kawasan Aravalli? || 60% <> Apakah ketinggian rata-rata wilayah selatan-timur Rajasthan? || 100 hingga 350 m di atas paras laut <> A dataran tinggi terkandung di dalam apa yang ke daerah tenggara? || Kota dan Bundi <> Sungai apa yang mengalir di sepanjang dataran badai di timur laut Rajasthan || Sungai Chambal", {"context": "The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This range divides the state into 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The area includes the Thar Desert. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. in the south lies the hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland. To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River. Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district are part of an alluvial basin. Merta City lies in the geographical center of Rajasthan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "1,722"}], "question": "How many meters high is Guru Shikhar?", "id": "572aa539111d821400f38c72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "60%"}], "question": "What percentage of Rajasthan is to the northwest of the Aravalli range?", "id": "572aa539111d821400f38c73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "100 to 350 m above sea level"}], "question": "What is the average elevation of the south-eastern region of Rajasthan?", "id": "572aa539111d821400f38c74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "Kota and Bundi"}], "question": "A tableland is contained within what to southeastern districts?", "id": "572aa539111d821400f38c75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "the Chambal River"}], "question": "What river runs along the badlands in the northeast of Rajasthan", "id": "572aa539111d821400f38c76"}]}], ["Rajasthan terkenal dengan seni tradisionalnya yang berwarna-warni. Cetakan blok, ikat dan cetakan warna, cetakan Bagaru, cetakan Sanganer, dan sulaman Zari adalah produk eksport utama dari Rajasthan. Barang-barang kraftangan seperti perabot dan kerajinan kayu, permaidani, dan tembikar biru sering ditemukan di sini. Membeli-belah mencerminkan budaya yang berwarna-warni, pakaian Rajasthani mempunyai banyak cermin dan sulaman. Pakaian tradisional Rajasthani untuk wanita terdiri daripada skirt panjang dan kaki pendek, juga dikenali sebagai lehenga atau chaniya choli. Sekeping kain digunakan untuk menutup kepala, baik untuk perlindungan dari haba dan penyelenggaraan kesederhanaan. Pakaian Rajasthani biasanya direka dalam warna-warna cerah seperti biru, kuning dan oren. <> Bagaru dan Sanganer mewakili jenis seni apa? || cetakan <> Zari adalah sejenis seni apa yang merupakan eksport Rajasthani utama? || sulaman <> Perempuan di Rajasthan memakai apa jenis pakaian tradisional? || rok buku lali panjang dan top pendek <> Apakah nama-nama untuk pakaian pendek wanita tradisional? || lehenga atau chaniya choli <> Apa warna pakaian di Rajasthan biasanya dibuat menggunakan? || warna terang seperti biru, kuning dan oren", {"context": "Rajasthan is known for its traditional, colorful art. The block prints, tie and dye prints, Bagaru prints, Sanganer prints, and Zari embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan. Handicraft items like wooden furniture and crafts, carpets, and blue pottery are commonly found here. Shopping reflects the colorful culture, Rajasthani clothes have a lot of mirror work and embroidery. A Rajasthani traditional dress for females comprises an ankle-length skirt and a short top, also known as a lehenga or a chaniya choli. A piece of cloth is used to cover the head, both for protection from heat and maintenance of modesty. Rajasthani dresses are usually designed in bright colors like blue, yellow and orange.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "prints"}], "question": "Bagaru and Sanganer represent what type of art?", "id": "572aaf31be1ee31400cb816d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "embroidery"}], "question": "Zari is a type of what art that is a major Rajasthani export?", "id": "572aaf31be1ee31400cb816e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "ankle-length skirt and a short top"}], "question": "Females in Rajasthan wear what type of traditional clothing?", "id": "572aaf31be1ee31400cb816f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "lehenga or a chaniya choli"}], "question": "What are the names for a traditional female short-top piece of clothing?", "id": "572aaf31be1ee31400cb8170"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "bright colors like blue, yellow and orange"}], "question": "What colors are dresses in Rajasthan typically made using?", "id": "572aaf31be1ee31400cb8171"}]}], ["Memasak Rajasthani dipengaruhi oleh gaya hidup perang seperti penduduknya dan adanya bahan-bahan di rantau ini yang gersang. Makanan yang boleh berlangsung selama beberapa hari dan boleh dimakan tanpa pemanasan lebih disukai. Kekurangan air dan sayur-sayuran hijau segar semuanya mempunyai kesan ke atas masakan. Ia terkenal dengan makanan ringan seperti Bikaneri Bhujia. Hidangan lain yang terkenal termasuk bajre ki roti dan lashun ki chutney (pasta bawang putih panas), membawa kachori Mirchi Bada, Pyaaj Kachori dan ghevar dari Jodhpur, Alwar ka Mawa (Kek Susu), malpauas dari Pushkar dan rassgollas dari Bikaner. Berasal dari rantau Marwar di negara ini adalah konsep Marwari Bhojnalaya, atau restoran vegetarian, hari ini terdapat di banyak bahagian India, yang menawarkan makanan vegetarian orang Marwari. 4 Dal-Bati-Churma sangat popular di Rajasthan. Cara tradisional untuk menghidangkannya adalah untuk pertama kali mash Baati kemudian tuangkan Ghee tulen di atasnya. Ia dihidangkan dengan daal (lentil) dan chutney bawang putih pedas. Dihidangkan juga dengan Besan (tepung gram) ki kadi. Ia biasa dihidangkan di semua perayaan, termasuk majlis keagamaan, upacara perkahwinan, dan pesta ulang tahun di Rajasthan. \"Dal-Baati-Churma\", adalah gabungan tiga barangan makanan yang berbeza - Daal (lentil), Baati dan Churma (Sweet). Ia adalah hidangan khas Rajasthani. <> Jenis makanan apa yang digemari di masakan Rajasthani? || Makanan yang boleh bertahan selama beberapa hari dan boleh dimakan tanpa pemanasan <> Bersama dengan sayur-sayuran hijau langka, apa yang memberi impak kepada masakan Rajasthani? || kekurangan air <> Jenis makanan ringan yang diketahui oleh Rajasthan? || Bikaneri Bhujia <> Apa sajian yang terkenal juga dikenali sebagai pes bawang putih panas? || lashun ki chutney <> Restoran vegetarian berasal dari mana wilayah Rajasthani? || rantau Marwar", {"context": "Rajasthani cooking was influenced by both the war-like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on the cooking. It is known for its snacks like Bikaneri Bhujia. Other famous dishes include bajre ki roti (millet bread) and lashun ki chutney (hot garlic paste), mawa kachori Mirchi Bada, Pyaaj Kachori and ghevar from Jodhpur, Alwar ka Mawa(Milk Cake), malpauas from Pushkar and rassgollas from Bikaner. Originating from the Marwar region of the state is the concept Marwari Bhojnalaya, or vegetarian restaurants, today found in many parts of India, which offer vegetarian food of the Marwari people. 4 Dal-Bati-Churma is very popular in Rajasthan. The traditional way to serve it is to first coarsely mash the Baati then pour pure Ghee on top of it. It is served with the daal (lentils) and spicy garlic chutney. Also served with Besan (gram flour) ki kadi. It is commonly served at all festivities, including religious occasions, wedding ceremonies, and birthday parties in Rajasthan. \"Dal-Baati-Churma\", is a combination of three different food items \u2014 Daal (lentils), Baati and Churma (Sweet). It is a typical Rajasthani dish.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating"}], "question": "What type of food was preferred in Rajasthani cooking?", "id": "572aad73be1ee31400cb8149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "scarcity of water"}], "question": "Along with scarce green vegetables, what had an impact on Rajasthani cooking?", "id": "572aad73be1ee31400cb814a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "Bikaneri Bhujia"}], "question": "What type of snack is Rajasthan known for?", "id": "572aad73be1ee31400cb814b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "lashun ki chutney"}], "question": "What famous dish is also known as hot garlic paste?", "id": "572aad73be1ee31400cb814c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "the Marwar region"}], "question": "Vegetarian restaurants come from which Rajasthani region?", "id": "572aad73be1ee31400cb814d"}]}], ["Industri utama adalah berasaskan mineral, berasaskan pertanian, dan berasaskan tekstil. Rajasthan merupakan pengeluar serat poliester kedua terbesar di India. Daerah Pali dan Bhilwara menghasilkan lebih banyak kain daripada Bhiwandi, Maharashtra dan bhilwara adalah bandar terbesar dalam pengeluaran dan eksport seleksi dan Pali adalah bandar terbesar dalam kapas dan polyster dalam kepingan blus dan pengeluaran dan eksport rubia. Beberapa syarikat kimia dan kejuruteraan terkemuka terletak di bandar Kota, di selatan Rajasthan. Rajasthan adalah terkenal dalam bidang kuari dan perlombongan di India. Taj Mahal dibina dari marmar putih yang ditambang dari sebuah bandar yang dipanggil Makrana. Negeri ini merupakan sumber kedua terbesar di India. Ia mempunyai deposit garam yang kaya di Sambhar, tambang tembaga di Khetri, Jhunjhunu, dan lombong zink di Dariba, tambang Zawar dan Rampura Aghucha (opencast) berhampiran Bhilwara. Perlombongan batu dimensi juga dilakukan di Rajasthan. Batu pasir Jodhpur kebanyakannya digunakan dalam monumen, bangunan penting dan bangunan kediaman. Batu ini disebut sebagai \"patah\" chittar. Jodhpur mengetuai industri Handicraft dan Guar Gum. Rajasthan juga merupakan sebahagian daripada koridor Industri Mumbai-Delhi yang ditetapkan untuk memberi manfaat kepada ekonomi. Negara mendapat 39% dari DMIC, dengan daerah-daerah utama Jaipur, Alwar, Kota dan Bhilwara mendapat manfaat. <> Apa jenis serat yang Rajasthan menduduki tempat ke-2 dalam pengeluaran? || serat poliester <> Apa bandar terbesar bagi kepingan blaus polyster di Rajasthan? || Pali adalah bandar terbesar dalam kapas dan polyster dalam kepingan blaus <> Dari mana bandar marmar di Taj Mahal datang? || Makrana <> Apa jenis deposit yang terdapat di Sambhar? || deposit garam yang kaya <> Apakah jenis lombong yang terdapat di Khetri dan Jhunjhunu? || lombong tembaga", {"context": "The main industries are mineral based, agriculture based, and textile based. Rajasthan is the second largest producer of polyester fibre in India. The Pali and Bhilwara District produces more cloth than Bhiwandi, Maharashtra and the bhilwara is the largest city in suitings production and export and Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces and rubia production and export. Several prominent chemical and engineering companies are located in the city of Kota, in southern Rajasthan. Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The Taj Mahal was built from the white marble which was mined from a town called Makrana. The state is the second largest source of cement in India. It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar, copper mines at Khetri, Jhunjhunu, and zinc mines at Dariba, Zawar mines and Rampura Aghucha (opencast) near Bhilwara. Dimensional stone mining is also undertaken in Rajasthan. Jodhpur sandstone is mostly used in monuments, important buildings and residential buildings. This stone is termed as \"chittar patthar\". Jodhpur leads in Handicraft and Guar Gum industry. Rajasthan is also a part of the Mumbai-Delhi Industrial corridor is set to benefit economically. The State gets 39% of the DMIC, with major districts of Jaipur, Alwar, Kota and Bhilwara benefiting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "polyester fibre"}], "question": "What type of fibre is Rajasthan ranked 2nd in production of?", "id": "572aaa0c34ae481900deac05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces"}], "question": "What is the largest city for polyster blouse pieces in Rajasthan?", "id": "572aaa0c34ae481900deac06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "Makrana"}], "question": "From what town did the marble in the Taj Mahal come?", "id": "572aaa0c34ae481900deac07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "rich salt deposits"}], "question": "What type of deposits are found at Sambhar?", "id": "572aaa0c34ae481900deac08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "copper mines"}], "question": "What kind of mines are found in Khetri and Jhunjhunu ?", "id": "572aaa0c34ae481900deac09"}]}], ["Dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini, kadar celik huruf Rajasthan telah meningkat dengan ketara. Pada tahun 1991, kadar celik huruf negeri hanya 38.55% (54.99% lelaki dan 20.44% perempuan). Pada tahun 2001, kadar celik huruf meningkat kepada 60.41% (lelaki 75.70% dan wanita 43.85%). Ini adalah lonjakan tertinggi dalam peratusan literasi yang direkodkan di India (kenaikan literasi perempuan menjadi 23%). Pada Banci 2011, Rajasthan mempunyai kadar celik huruf 67.06% (80.51% lelaki dan 52.66% perempuan). Walaupun angka literasi Rajasthan berada di bawah purata kebangsaan sebanyak 74.04% dan walaupun kadar celik wanitanya adalah yang paling rendah di negara ini, negara telah dipuji atas usaha dan pencapaiannya dalam menaikkan kadar celik huruf lelaki dan wanita. <> Apakah kadar literasi Rajasthan pada tahun 1991? || 38.55% <> Berapa ramai wanita mempunyai kemampuan membaca di Rajasthan pada tahun 1991? || 20.44% <> Apa kenaikan literasi wanita antara 1991 dan 2001 di Rajasthan? || 23% <> Apakah purata nasional untuk celik huruf di India? || 74.04% <> Apakah kadar celik huruf Rajasthan pada tahun 2001? || 60.41%", {"context": "In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%). At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising male and female literacy rates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "38.55%"}], "question": "What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 1991?", "id": "572ab067be1ee31400cb817f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "20.44%"}], "question": "How many females had the ability to read in Rajasthan in 1991?", "id": "572ab067be1ee31400cb8180"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "23%"}], "question": "What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan?", "id": "572ab067be1ee31400cb8181"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "74.04%"}], "question": "What is the national average for literacy in India?", "id": "572ab067be1ee31400cb8182"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "60.41%"}], "question": "What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 2001?", "id": "572ab067be1ee31400cb8183"}]}], ["Rajasthan menarik 14 peratus daripada jumlah pelawat asing semasa 2009-2010 yang merupakan negara keempat tertinggi di kalangan negara-negara India. Ia keempat juga di pelawat pelancong domestik. Pelancongan adalah industri yang berkembang pesat di Rajasthan. Istana-istana Jaipur dan Ajmer-Pushkar, tasik Udaipur, gerbang gurun Jodhpur, Fort Taragarh (Bintang Fort) di Ajmer, dan Bikaner dan Jaisalmer berada di antara destinasi yang paling disukai di India untuk banyak pelancong India dan asing. Pelancongan menyumbang lapan peratus daripada produk domestik negeri. Banyak istana dan kubu yang lama dan diabaikan menjadi hotel warisan. Pelancongan telah meningkatkan pekerjaan dalam sektor hospitaliti. <> Berapa peratus pelawat asing India datang ke Rajasthan dari tahun 2009 hingga 2010? || 14 peratus <> Pada tahap apakah Rajasthan berada di India untuk lawatan oleh orang asing? || keempat tertinggi <> Berapa tinggi kedudukan Rajasthan di kalangan pelancong India domestik? || keempat <> Apa dua istana yang sering menjadi destinasi pelancongan di Rajasthan? || Istana-istana Jaipur dan Ajmer-Pushkar <> Berapa peratus daripada KDNK Rajasthani berasal dari pelancongan? || lapan peratus", {"context": "Rajasthan attracted 14 percent of total foreign visitors during 2009\u20132010 which is the fourth highest among Indian states. It is fourth also in Domestic tourist visitors. Tourism is a flourishing industry in Rajasthan. The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar, the lakes of Udaipur, the desert forts of Jodhpur, Taragarh Fort (Star Fort) in Ajmer, and Bikaner and Jaisalmer rank among the most preferred destinations in India for many tourists both Indian and foreign. Tourism accounts for eight percent of the state's domestic product. Many old and neglected palaces and forts have been converted into heritage hotels. Tourism has increased employment in the hospitality sector.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "14 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of India's foreign visitors came to Rajasthan from 2009 to 2010?", "id": "572ab1e9111d821400f38cde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "fourth highest"}], "question": "At what level is Rajasthan ranked in India for visits by foreigners?", "id": "572ab1e9111d821400f38cdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "fourth"}], "question": "How high is Rajasthan ranked among domestic Indian tourists?", "id": "572ab1e9111d821400f38ce0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar"}], "question": "What two palaces are frequent tourist destinations within Rajasthan?", "id": "572ab1e9111d821400f38ce1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "eight percent"}], "question": "What percentage of the Rajasthani GDP comes from tourism?", "id": "572ab1e9111d821400f38ce2"}]}], ["Rajasthan terkenal dengan kubu-kubunya, kuil-kuil yang diukir, dan hiasan havelis, yang dibina oleh raja-raja Rajput di zaman pra-Islam Rajasthan. Jaipur Jantar Mantar Rajasthan, Kubu Mehrangarh dan Stepwell of Jodhpur, Kuil Dilwara, Kubu Chittorgarh, Istana, lukisan kecil di Bundi, dan banyak istana bandar dan haveli adalah sebahagian daripada warisan seni bina India. Jaipur, Pink City, terkenal dengan rumah-rumah purba yang terbuat dari jenis batu pasir yang dikuasai oleh warna merah jambu. Di Jodhpur, rumah maksimum dicat biru. Di Ajmer, terdapat marmar putih Bara-dari di tasik Anasagar. Templat Jain di Rajasthan dari utara ke selatan dan ke timur ke barat. Dilwara Kuil Gunung Abu, Kuil Ranakpur didedikasikan untuk Lord Adinath di Daerah Pali, kuil Jain di kompleks kubu Chittor, Jaisalmer dan Kumbhalgarh, Kuil Lodurva Jain, Kuil Mirpur Jain, Kuil Mata kotputli, Bhandasar dan Karni Mata Kuil Bikaner dan Mandore of Jodhpur adalah beberapa contoh terbaik. <> Siapa yang membina havelis yang dihiasi terkenal di Rajasthan? || Rajput raja <> Jaipur juga dikenali sebagai bandar apa? || Pink City <> Apakah rumah-rumah yang terkenal di Jaipur terbuat dari? || sejenis batu pasir yang dikuasai oleh warna merah jambu <> Apa jenis kuil yang menghulurkan dari utara ke selatan Rajasthan? || Kuil Jain <> Yang kuil Daerah Pali didedikasikan kepada Lord Adinath? || Kuil Ranakpur", {"context": "Rajasthan is famous for its forts, carved temples, and decorated havelis, which were built by Rajput kings in pre-Muslim era Rajasthan.[citation needed] Rajasthan's Jaipur Jantar Mantar, Mehrangarh Fort and Stepwell of Jodhpur, Dilwara Temples, Chittorgarh Fort, Lake Palace, miniature paintings in Bundi, and numerous city palaces and haveli's are part of the architectural heritage of India. Jaipur, the Pink City, is noted for the ancient houses made of a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue. In Jodhpur, maximum houses are painted blue. At Ajmer, there is white marble Bara-dari on the Anasagar lake. Jain Temples dot Rajasthan from north to south and east to west. Dilwara Temples of Mount Abu, Ranakpur Temple dedicated to Lord Adinath in Pali District, Jain temples in the fort complexes of Chittor, Jaisalmer and Kumbhalgarh, Lodurva Jain temples, Mirpur Jain Temple, Sarun Mata Temple kotputli, Bhandasar and Karni Mata Temple of Bikaner and Mandore of Jodhpur are some of the best examples.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Rajput kings"}], "question": "Who built the famous decorated havelis in Rajasthan?", "id": "572ab2abf75d5e190021fc4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "the Pink City"}], "question": "Jaipur is also known as what city?", "id": "572ab2abf75d5e190021fc4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue"}], "question": "What are the notable houses in Jaipur made from?", "id": "572ab2abf75d5e190021fc4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "Jain Temples"}], "question": "What type of temples stretch from the north to the south of Rajasthan?", "id": "572ab2abf75d5e190021fc4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "Ranakpur Temple"}], "question": "Which Pali District temple is dedicated to Lord Adinath?", "id": "572ab2abf75d5e190021fc50"}]}], ["Di Rajasthan, Jodhpur dan Kota adalah dua pusat pendidikan utama. Kota terkenal dengan pendidikan berkualiti dalam menyediakan pelbagai ujian persaingan, bimbingan untuk peperiksaan perubatan dan kejuruteraan manakala Jodhpur adalah rumah kepada banyak institusi pendidikan tinggi seperti IIT, AIIMS, Universiti Undang-undang Kebangsaan, Universiti Polis Sardar Patel, Institut Teknologi Fesyen Kebangsaan, MBM Kolej Kejuruteraan dan lain-lain. Kota dikenali sebagai \"modal pembinaan India\". Institusi pendidikan utama lain adalah Institut Teknologi dan Sains Birla Pilani, Institut Teknologi Nasional Malaviya Jaipur, IIM Udaipur r dan LNMIIT. Rajasthan mempunyai sembilan universiti dan lebih daripada 250 kolej, 55,000 sekolah rendah dan 7,400 sekolah menengah. Terdapat 41 kolej kejuruteraan dengan pendaftaran tahunan kira-kira 11,500 pelajar. Selain daripada di atas terdapat 41 universiti swasta seperti Universiti Amity Rajasthan, Jaipur, Universiti Manipal Jaipur, Universiti OPJS, Churu, Universiti Sains dan Teknologi Mody Lakshmangarh (Universiti Wanita, Sikar), RNB Global University, Bikaner. Negeri ini mempunyai 23 kolej politeknik dan 152 Institut Latihan Industri (ITI) yang memberi latihan vokasional. <> Apa yang menjadi pusat pendidikan utama di Rajasthan? || Jodhpur dan Kota <> Di mana pusat pendidikan akan seseorang mencari AIIMS? || Jodhpur <> Apa itu Kota yang dikenali sebagai di India? || modal bimbingan India <> Berapa banyak universiti yang ada di Rajasthan? || sembilan <> Berapa banyak kolej kejuruteraan di Rajasthan? || 41 kolej kejuruteraan", {"context": "In Rajasthan, Jodhpur and Kota are two major educational hubs. Kota is known for its quality education in preparation of various competitive exams, coaching for medical and engineering exams while Jodhpur is home to many higher educational institutions like IIT, AIIMS, National Law University, Sardar Patel Police University, National institute of Fashion Technology, MBM Engineering College etc. Kota is popularly referred to as, \"coaching capital of India\". Other major educational institutions are Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, IIM Udaipur r and LNMIIT. Rajasthan has nine universities and more than 250 colleges, 55,000 primary and 7,400 secondary schools. There are 41 engineering colleges with an annual enrollment of about 11,500 students. Apart from above there 41 Private universities like Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur,Manipal University Jaipur, OPJS University, Churu, Mody University of Technology and Science Lakshmangarh (Women's University, Sikar), RNB Global University, Bikaner. The state has 23 polytechnic colleges and 152 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) that impart vocational training.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Jodhpur and Kota"}], "question": "What are the to main educational hubs of Rajasthan?", "id": "572ab10734ae481900deac2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Jodhpur"}], "question": "In what educational hub would one find AIIMS?", "id": "572ab10734ae481900deac30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "coaching capital of India"}], "question": "What is is Kota known as within India?", "id": "572ab10734ae481900deac31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many universities does Rajasthan have?", "id": "572ab10734ae481900deac32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "41 engineering colleges"}], "question": "How many engineering colleges are in Rajasthan?", "id": "572ab10734ae481900deac33"}]}]], [["Amerika Syarikat menguasai pulau itu pada 1898 Perang Sepanyol-Amerika, sebagai sebahagian daripada Perjanjian Paris. Guam telah dipindahkan ke kawalan Angkatan Laut A.S. pada 23 Disember 1898 oleh Perintah Eksekutif 108-A. Guam datang berkhidmat sebagai stesen untuk kapal-kapal Amerika yang melancong ke dan dari Filipina, manakala Kepulauan Mariana Utara menyeberang ke Jerman, dan kemudian ke Jepun. Halaman Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat telah ditubuhkan di Piti pada tahun 1899, dan sebuah barak laut di Sumay pada tahun 1901. 13 Selepas Perang Filipina-Amerika, Emilio Aguinaldo dan Apolinario Mabini telah diasingkan di Guam pada 1901.:vi <> Kapan Amerika Syarikat mengawal pulau itu? || 1898 <> Apa yang berlaku yang membolehkan Amerika Syarikat mendapatkan Guam? || Perang Sepanyol-Amerika <> Apakah nama perintah eksekutif yang memindahkan Guam ke U.S.? || 108-A <> Yang mana dua orang diasingkan ke Guam selepas perang Filipina-Amerika? || Emilio Aguinaldo dan Apolinario Mabini", {"context": "The United States took control of the island in the 1898 Spanish\u2013American War, as part of the Treaty of Paris. Guam was transferred to U.S. Navy control on 23 December 1898 by Executive Order 108-A. Guam came to serve as a station for American ships traveling to and from the Philippines, while the Northern Mariana Islands passed to Germany, and then to Japan. A U.S. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899, and a marine barracks at Sumay in 1901.:13 Following the Philippine\u2013American War, Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini were exiled on Guam in 1901.:vi", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "1898"}], "question": "When did the United States take control of the island?", "id": "572b4e2e111d821400f38e46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Spanish\u2013American War"}], "question": "What happened that allowed the United States to have Guam?", "id": "572b4e2e111d821400f38e47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "108-A"}], "question": "What is the name of the executive order that transferred Guam over to the U.S?", "id": "572b4e2e111d821400f38e48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini"}], "question": "Which two people were exiled to Guam after the Philippine-American war?", "id": "572b4e2e111d821400f38e49"}]}], ["Masyarakat kuno-Chamorro mempunyai empat kelas: chamorri (ketua), matua (kelas atas), achaot (kelas menengah), dan mana'chang (kelas bawah) .: 20-21 Matua terletak di desa-desa pantai, mereka mempunyai akses terbaik ke kawasan perikanan, sedangkan mana'chang terletak di pedalaman pulau itu. Matua dan mana'chang jarang berkomunikasi antara satu sama lain, dan matua sering digunakan sebagai perantara. Terdapat juga \"makhna\" (mirip dengan dukun), mahir dalam penyembuhan dan ubat. Kepercayaan semangat Chamorros purba yang dipanggil \"Taotao mo'na\" masih tetap sebagai sisa budaya pra-Eropah. Masyarakat mereka dianjurkan bersama puak-puak matrilineal.:21 <> Empat kelas yang membentuk masyarakat purba -Chamorro? || chamorri (ketua), matua (kelas atas), achaot (kelas menengah), dan mana'chang (kelas bawah) <> Di mana matua terletak di pulau itu? || kampung pantai <> Di manakah mana'chag terletak? || dalaman pulau itu", {"context": "The ancient-Chamorro society had four classes: chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class).:20\u201321 The matua were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds, whereas the mana'chang were located in the interior of the island. Matua and mana'chang rarely communicated with each other, and matua often used achaot as intermediaries. There were also \"mak\u00e5hna\" (similar to shamans), skilled in healing and medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called \"Taotao mo'na\" still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. Their society was organized along matrilineal clans.:21", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class)"}], "question": "Which four classes made up the ancient -Chamorro society?", "id": "572abfa0be1ee31400cb820f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "coastal villages"}], "question": "Where were the matua located on the island?", "id": "572abfa0be1ee31400cb8210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "interior of the island"}], "question": "Where were the mana'chag located?", "id": "572abfa0be1ee31400cb8211"}]}], ["Orang Chamorros, orang asli Guam, menetap pulau itu kira-kira 4,000 tahun yang lalu. Penjelajah Portugis Ferdinand Magellan adalah orang Eropah pertama yang melawat pulau itu pada 6 Mac 1521. Guam telah dijajah pada 1668 dengan peneroka, seperti Diego Luis de San Vitores, seorang mubaligh Katolik. Antara tahun 1500-an dan 1700-an, Guam merupakan perhentian penting untuk Galleon Manila Sepanyol. Semasa Perang Sepanyol-Amerika, Amerika Syarikat menawan Guam pada 21 Jun 1898. Di bawah Perjanjian Paris, Sepanyol menyerahkan Guam ke Amerika Syarikat pada 10 Disember 1898. Guam adalah salah satu daripada tujuh belas Wilayah yang Tidak Mentadbir Sendiri dari Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. <> Apakah nama rasmi yang diberikan kepada orang asli Guam? || Chamorros <> Bilakah orang asal Guam tiba dahulu? || 4,000 tahun yang lalu <> Siapa yang Eropah pertama melawat pulau itu? || Ferdinand Magellan <> Apa tahun yang dijajah Guam? || 1668 <> Tahun apakah Amerika menangkap Guam? || 1898", {"context": "The Chamorros, Guam's indigenous people, settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to visit the island on March 6, 1521. Guam was colonized in 1668 with settlers, like Diego Luis de San Vitores, a Catholic missionary. Between the 1500s and the 1700s, Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons. During the Spanish\u2013American War, the United States captured Guam on June 21, 1898. Under the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Guam to the United States on December 10, 1898. Guam is amongst the seventeen Non-Self-Governing Territories of the United Nations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Chamorros"}], "question": "What is the official name given for Guam's indigenous people?", "id": "572ab1da34ae481900deac39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "4,000 years ago"}], "question": "When did Guam's indigenous people first arrive?", "id": "572ab1da34ae481900deac3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Ferdinand Magellan"}], "question": "Who was the first European to visit the island?", "id": "572ab1da34ae481900deac3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "1668"}], "question": "What year was Guam colonized?", "id": "572ab1da34ae481900deac3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "1898"}], "question": "What year did the United States capture Guam?", "id": "572ab1da34ae481900deac3d"}]}], ["Penjajahan Sepanyol bermula pada 15 Jun 1668 dengan kedatangan Diego Luis de San Vitores dan Pedro Calungsod, yang menubuhkan gereja Katolik pertama .:64 Pulau-pulau adalah sebahagian daripada Hindia-Timur Sepanyol yang ditadbir dari Filipina, yang pada gilirannya sebahagian daripada Viceroyalty New Spain yang berpangkalan di Mexico City. Peringatan masa penjajah lain termasuk Istana Gabenor lama di Plaza de Espa\u00f1a dan Jambatan Sepanyol, kedua-duanya di Hagatna. Katedral Guam Dulce Nombre de Maria secara rasmi dibuka pada 2 Februari 1669, seperti Kolej Diraja San Juan de Letran.:68 Guam, bersama-sama dengan Kepulauan Mariana dan Caroline yang lain, dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada jajahan Sepanyol di Filipina. Walaupun budaya Chamorro Guam mempunyai akar asli, budaya kedua-dua Guam dan Marian Utara mempunyai banyak persamaan dengan budaya Sepanyol dan Mexico kerana tiga abad pemerintahan Sepanyol. <> Bilakah penjajahan Sepanyol bermula? || 15 Jun 1668 <> Yang mana dua orang Sepanyol membantu penjajahan ini dan memulakan gereja katolik pertama? || Diego Luis de San Vitores dan Pedro Calungsod <> Bilakah Katedral Guam dibuka pertama kali? || 2 Februari 1669 <> Apakah nama Katedral yang pertama? || Dulce Nombre de Maria", {"context": "Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668 with the arrival of Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod, who established the first Catholic church.:64 The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies governed from the Philippines, which were in turn part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City. Other reminders of colonial times include the old Governor's Palace in Plaza de Espa\u00f1a and the Spanish Bridge, both in Hagat\u00f1a. Guam's Cathedral Dulce Nombre de Maria was formally opened on February 2, 1669, as was the Royal College of San Juan de Letran.:68 Guam, along with the rest of the Mariana and Caroline Islands, were treated as part of Spain's colony in the Philippines. While Guam's Chamorro culture has indigenous roots, the cultures of both Guam and the Northern Marianas have many similarities with Spanish and Mexican culture due to three centuries of Spanish rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "June 15, 1668"}], "question": "When did Spanish colonization commence?", "id": "572b4bbf111d821400f38e2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod"}], "question": "Which two Spaniards aided this colonization and started the first catholic church?", "id": "572b4bbf111d821400f38e2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "February 2, 1669"}], "question": "When did Guam's Cathedral first open?", "id": "572b4bbf111d821400f38e30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Dulce Nombre de Maria"}], "question": "What was the name of the first Cathedral?", "id": "572b4bbf111d821400f38e31"}]}], ["Peperangan yang berselang-seli yang berlangsung dari 23 Julai 1670 hingga 1695 Julai, ditambah pula dengan taufan 1671 dan 1693, dan khususnya epidemik cacar 1688, mengurangkan populasi Chamorro dari 50,000 hingga 10.000 hingga kurang dari 5,000.: 86 Dikenal oleh kematian Quipuha , dan pembunuhan Bapa San Vitores dan Pedro Calungsod oleh ketua pemberontak tempatan Matapang, ketegangan menyebabkan beberapa konflik. Kapten Juan de Santiago memulakan kempen untuk menenangkan pulau itu, yang diteruskan oleh komander berturut-turut pasukan Sepanyol .:68-74 <> Kapan epidemik Cacar itu berlaku? || 1688 <> Dalam tahun apakah ada perang peperangan yang berselang-seli? || 23 Julai 1670 sehingga Julai 1695 <> Apa itu epidemik cacar yang mengurangkan penduduk ke Chamorro? || 50,000 hingga 10,000 <> Apakah nama orang yang memulakan kempen untuk menenangkan kawasan tersebut? || Juan de Santiago", {"context": "Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23, 1670 until July 1695, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 to less than 5,000.:86 Precipitated by the death of Quipuha, and the murder of Father San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod by local rebel chief Matapang, tensions led to a number of conflicts. Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to pacify the island, which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces.:68\u201374", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "1688"}], "question": "When did the Smallpox epidemic take place?", "id": "572b4c90111d821400f38e36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "July 23, 1670 until July 1695"}], "question": "In what years was there intermittent war fare?", "id": "572b4c90111d821400f38e37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "50,000 to 10,000"}], "question": "What did the smallpox epidemic reduce the population down to in Chamorro?", "id": "572b4c90111d821400f38e38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Juan de Santiago"}], "question": "What was the name of the person who started the campaign to pacify the area?", "id": "572b4c90111d821400f38e39"}]}], ["Guam (i / \u0261w\u0251 \u02d0 m / atau / \u0261w\u0252m /; Chamorro: Gu\u00e5h\u00e5n; [memerlukan IPA] secara rasmi Wilayah Guam) adalah wilayah yang tidak diperbadankan dan teratur di Amerika Syarikat. Terletak di Lautan Pasifik barat laut, Guam adalah salah satu daripada lima wilayah Amerika yang mempunyai kerajaan awam yang kukuh. Ibukota Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, dan kota terpadat adalah Dededo. Pada tahun 2015, 161,785 orang menetap di Guam. Guamanian adalah warganegara Amerika dengan kelahiran. Guam mempunyai kawasan 544 km2 (210 batu persegi) dan kepadatan 297 / km\u00b2 (770 / meter persegi). Ia adalah yang terbesar dan paling selatan di Kepulauan Mariana, dan pulau terbesar di Micronesia. Antara perbandarannya, Mongmong-Toto-Maite mempunyai ketinggian tertinggi pada 1,425 km / km\u00b2 (3,691 / sq mi), sedangkan Inarajan dan Umatac mempunyai kepadatan terendah di 47 / km\u00b2 (119 / sq mi). Titik tertinggi adalah Gunung Lamlam di 406 meter (1,332 kaki) di atas paras laut. <> Negara mana yang menjadi wilayah Guam? || Amerika Syarikat <> Di mana pulau Guan terletak? || barat laut Lautan Pasifik <> Berapa banyak orang yang kini memanggil rumah Guam pada 2015? || 161,785 <> Apa bandar paling padat di Guam? || Dededo <> Apa nama gunung terbesar di Guam? || Gunung Lamlam", {"context": "Guam (i/\u02c8\u0261w\u0251\u02d0m/ or /\u02c8\u0261w\u0252m/; Chamorro: Gu\u00e5h\u00e5n;[needs IPA] formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government. The capital city is Hag\u00e5t\u00f1a, and the most populous city is Dededo. In 2015, 161,785 people resided on Guam. Guamanians are American citizens by birth. Guam has an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi) and a density of 297/km\u00b2 (770/sq mi). It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands, and the largest island in Micronesia. Among its municipalities, Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest density at 1,425/km\u00b2 (3,691/sq mi), whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 47/km\u00b2 (119/sq mi). The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 meters (1,332 ft) above sea level.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "United States"}], "question": "What country is Guam a territory of?", "id": "572a9bb9be1ee31400cb80b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "northwestern Pacific Ocean"}], "question": "Where is the island of Guan located?", "id": "572a9bb9be1ee31400cb80ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "161,785"}], "question": "How many people currently call Guam home as of 2015?", "id": "572a9bb9be1ee31400cb80bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Dededo"}], "question": "What is the most populous city in Guam?", "id": "572a9bb9be1ee31400cb80bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "Mount Lamlam"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest mountain in Guam?", "id": "572a9bb9be1ee31400cb80bd"}]}], ["Walaupun lawatan Magellan, Guam tidak diklaim secara rasmi oleh Sepanyol sehingga 26 Januari 1565 oleh Jeneral Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi. 46 Dari 1565 hingga 1815, Guam dan Kepulauan Mariana Utara, satu-satunya jambatan Sepanyol di Lautan Pasifik di timur Filipina, merupakan perhentian penting untuk galleon Manila, sebuah armada yang meliputi laluan perdagangan Pasifik antara Acapulco dan Manila. 51 Untuk melindungi armada Pasifik ini, Sepanyol membina beberapa struktur pertahanan yang masih berdiri hari ini, seperti Fort Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Soledad di Umatac. Ia adalah segmen tunggal terbesar di Mikronesia, pulau terbesar di antara pulau Kyushu (Jepun), New Guinea, Filipina, dan Kepulauan Hawaii. <> Dalam tahun apakah Guam dituntut oleh Sepanyol? || 1565 <> Apa nama umum yang mendakwa Guam? || Ketua Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi <> Apa yang dibina Sepanyol untuk melindungi armada mereka di Guam? || membina beberapa struktur pertahanan", {"context": "Despite Magellan's visit, Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until January 26, 1565 by General Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi.:46 From 1565 to 1815, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, the only Spanish outpost in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, was an important resting stop for the Manila galleons, a fleet that covered the Pacific trade route between Acapulco and Manila.:51 To protect these Pacific fleets, Spain built several defensive structures which are still standing today, such as Fort Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Soledad in Umatac. It is the biggest single segment of Micronesia, the largest islands between the island of Kyushu (Japan), New Guinea, the Philippines, and the Hawaiian Islands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "1565"}], "question": "In what year was Guam claimed by Spain?", "id": "572b4afc34ae481900dead7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "General Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi"}], "question": "What was the name of the general who claimed Guam?", "id": "572b4afc34ae481900dead7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "built several defensive structures"}], "question": "What did Spain build to protect their fleet at Guam?", "id": "572b4afc34ae481900dead7d"}]}], ["Sebelum Perang Dunia II, Guam dan tiga wilayah lain - Samoa Amerika, Hawaii, dan Filipina - adalah satu-satunya undang-undang Amerika di Lautan Pasifik. Pada 7 Disember 1941, sejam selepas serangan ke Pearl Harbor, Guam ditangkap oleh orang Jepun, dan telah diduduki selama tiga puluh bulan. Sewaktu pendudukan, Guamanian tertakluk kepada penjajaran budaya, buruh paksa, pemenggalan kepala, rogol, dan penyeksaan. Guam mengalami permusuhan apabila pasukan Amerika menawan semula pulau tersebut pada 21 Julai 1944; Hari Pembebasan memperingati kemenangan. Sejak 1960-an, ekonomi disokong oleh dua industri: pelancongan dan Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Syarikat. <> Bersama dengan Guam, yang wilayah lain berada di bidang kuasa Amerika Syarikat sebelum WWII? || Amerika Samoa, Hawaii, dan Filipina <> Apa tarikh serangan Pearl Harbor? || 7 Disember 1941 <> Apa yang terjadi selepas serangan ke Peal Harbour? || Guam ditangkap oleh orang Jepun <> Berapa lama pendudukan Jepun yang terakhir? || tiga puluh bulan", {"context": "Before World War II, Guam and three other territories \u2013 American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines \u2013 were the only American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean. On December 7, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured by the Japanese, and was occupied for thirty months. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to culture alignment, forced labor, beheadings, rape, and torture. Guam endured hostilities when American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944; Liberation Day commemorates the victory. Since the 1960s, the economy is supported by two industries: tourism and the United States Armed Forces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines"}], "question": "Along with Guam, which other territories were in the United States jurisdiction before WWII?", "id": "572ab2ccbe1ee31400cb818f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "December 7, 1941"}], "question": "What was the date on the attack of Pearl Harbor?", "id": "572ab2ccbe1ee31400cb8190"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Guam was captured by the Japanese"}], "question": "What happened just after the attack on Peal Harbor?", "id": "572ab2ccbe1ee31400cb8191"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "thirty months"}], "question": "How long did the Japanese occupation last?", "id": "572ab2ccbe1ee31400cb8192"}]}], ["Eropah pertama yang menemui Guam adalah pelaut Portugis Ferdinand Magellan, yang berlayar untuk Raja Sepanyol, ketika dia melihat pulau itu pada 6 Mac, 1521 semasa pelayarannya di seluruh dunia. 41-42 Ketika Magellan tiba di Guam, dia disambut oleh beratus-ratus kanu lari kecil yang kelihatan terbang di atas air, kerana kelajuannya yang besar. Perahu-perahu ini telah dipanggil Proas, dan menyebabkan Magellan menamakan Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas (\"Islands dari Lateen sails\"). Antonio Pigafetta, salah satu daripada nama asal Magellan 18 nama \"Pulau Sails\", tetapi dia juga menulis bahawa penduduk \"memasuki kapal dan mencuri apa sahaja yang mereka dapat meletakkan tangan mereka\", termasuk \"perahu kecil yang diikat ke kotoran \"Orang-orang ini miskin, tetapi cerdik dan sangat misteri, yang mana kita memanggil ketiga pulau itu Islas de los Ladrones (\" Kepulauan pencuri \").\": 131 <> Apa kewarganegaraan Magellan ? || Portugis <> Tahun berapa Magellan mencari pulau Guam? || 1521 <> Apa nama kanu luar biasa? || Proas", {"context": "The first European to discover Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the island on March 6, 1521 during his fleet's circumnavigation of the globe.:41\u201342 When Magellan arrived on Guam, he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the water, due to their considerable speed. These outrigger canoes were called Proas, and resulted in Magellan naming Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas (\"Islands of the Lateen sails\"). Antonio Pigafetta, one of Magellan's original 18 the name \"Island of Sails\", but he also writes that the inhabitants \"entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on\", including \"the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the flagship.\":129 \"Those people are poor, but ingenious and very thievish, on account of which we called those three islands Islas de los Ladrones (\"Islands of thieves\").\":131", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Portuguese"}], "question": "What was the nationality of Magellan?", "id": "572b4a57be1ee31400cb830b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "1521"}], "question": "What year did Magellan locate the island of Guam?", "id": "572b4a57be1ee31400cb830c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Proas"}], "question": "What were the name of outrigger canoes?", "id": "572b4a57be1ee31400cb830d"}]}], ["Selepas ketibaannya pada tahun 1674, Kapten Damian de Esplana mengarahkan penangkapan pemberontak yang menyerang penduduk bandar-bandar tertentu. Kebencian akhirnya menyebabkan kemusnahan kampung-kampung seperti Chochogo, Pepura, Tumon, Sidia-Aty, Sagua, Nagan dan Ninca .:74-75 Bermula pada bulan Jun 1676, Gabenor Sepanyol yang pertama di Guam, Kapten Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar dikawal hal ehwal dalaman lebih ketat daripada pendahulunya untuk membendung ketegangan. Beliau juga mengarahkan pembinaan sekolah, jalan raya dan infrastruktur lain .:75-76 Kemudian, Kapten Jose de Quiroga tiba pada tahun 1680 dan meneruskan beberapa projek pembangunan yang dimulakan oleh pendahulunya. Dia juga meneruskan pencarian para pemberontak yang membunuh Bapa San Vitores, mengakibatkan kempen menentang pemberontak yang bersembunyi di beberapa pulau, akhirnya menyebabkan kematian Matapang, Hurao dan Aguarin .:77-78 Quiroga membawa beberapa orang pribumi dari pulau-pulau utara ke Guam, memerintahkan penduduk untuk tinggal di beberapa kampung besar .:78-79 Ini termasuk Jinapsan, Umatac, Pago, Agat dan Inarajan, di mana beliau membina beberapa gereja .:79 Pada bulan Julai 1695, Quiroga telah selesai proses penyesatan di Guam, Rota, Tinian dan Aguigan .:85 <> Bilakah Kapten Damian de Esplana tiba? || 1674 <> Apa yang Kapten Damian lakukan selepas ketibaannya? || memerintahkan penangkapan pemberontak <> Siapa yang pertama gabenor Sepanyol Guam? || Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar <> Pada tahun apakah Jose de Quiroga tiba? || 1680 <> dalam tahun berapakah Quiroga melengkapkan penipuannya? || 1695", {"context": "After his arrival in 1674, Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns. Hostilities eventually led to the destruction of villages such as Chochogo, Pepura, Tumon, Sidia-Aty, Sagua, Nagan and Ninca.:74\u201375 Starting in June 1676, the first Spanish Governor of Guam, Capt. Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar controlled internal affairs more strictly than his predecessors in order to curb tensions. He also ordered the construction of schools, roads and other infrastructure.:75\u201376 Later, Capt. Jose de Quiroga arrived in 1680 and continued some of the development projects started by his predecessors. He also continued the search for the rebels who had assassinated Father San Vitores, resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands, eventually leading to the death of Matapang, Hurao and Aguarin.:77\u201378 Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam, ordering the population to live in a few large villages.:78\u201379 These included Jinapsan, Umatac, Pago, Agat and Inarajan, where he built a number of churches.:79 By July 1695, Quiroga had completed the pacification process in Guam, Rota, Tinian and Aguigan.:85", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "1674"}], "question": "When did Captain Damian de Esplana arrive?", "id": "572b4d78be1ee31400cb8311"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "ordered the arrest of rebels"}], "question": "What did Captain Damian do after his arrival?", "id": "572b4d78be1ee31400cb8312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar"}], "question": "Who was the first Spanish Governor of Guam?", "id": "572b4d78be1ee31400cb8313"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "1680"}], "question": "In what year did Jose de Quiroga arrive?", "id": "572b4d78be1ee31400cb8314"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1120, "text": "1695"}], "question": "in What year did Quiroga complete his pacification?", "id": "572b4d78be1ee31400cb8315"}]}], ["Pulau Guam adalah panjang 30 km (50 km) dan 4 hingga 12 batu (6 hingga 19 km) lebar, 3/4 saiz Singapura. Pulau ini mengalami gempa bumi yang berpunca daripada lokasi di pinggir barat Pasifik dan berhampiran dengan Laut Filipina. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, gempa bumi dengan epicenters berhampiran Guam mempunyai magnitud berkisar antara 5.0 hingga 8.7. Tidak seperti gunung berapi Anatahan di Kepulauan Mariana Utara, Guam tidak bergiat aktif. Walau bagaimanapun, kerana kedekatannya dengan Anatahan, vog (iaitu asap gunung berapi) kadang-kadang menjejaskan Guam. <> Berapa batu adalah Guam di seluruh? || 30 batu <> Apa bencana alam yang tidak dapat diramal yang Guam perlu bimbang? || gempa bumi <> Oleh kerana Guam sangat dekat dengan Anatahan, apa yang mereka perlu bimbang? || asap gunung berapi", {"context": "The island of Guam is 30 miles (50 km) long and 4 to 12 miles (6 to 19 km) wide, 3\u20444 the size of Singapore. The island experiences occasional earthquakes due to its location on the western edge of the Pacific Plate and near the Philippine Sea Plate. In recent years, earthquakes with epicenters near Guam have had magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 8.7. Unlike the Anatahan volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam is not volcanically active. However, due to its proximity to Anatahan, vog (i.e. volcanic smog) does occasionally affect Guam.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "30 miles"}], "question": "How many miles is Guam across?", "id": "572b514734ae481900dead81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "earthquakes"}], "question": "What natural disaster that is not predictable does Guam have to worry about?", "id": "572b514734ae481900dead82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "volcanic smog"}], "question": "Due to Guam being so close to Anatahan, what dod they have to worry about?", "id": "572b514734ae481900dead83"}]}], ["Guam ditadbir oleh gabenor yang dipilih dan ahli perundangan 15 anggota yang tidak dikenali, yang anggotanya dikenali sebagai senator. Guam memilih salah seorang perwakilan yang tidak mengundi, kini Demokrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo, ke Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Syarikat. Warga A.S. di Guam mengundi dalam pemilihan jagung untuk pilihan mereka dalam pilihan raya presiden A.S., tetapi sejak Guam tidak mempunyai undi di Kolej Pemilihan, undian itu tidak mempunyai kesan nyata. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam menghantar delegasi ke Konvensyen kebangsaan Republik dan Demokratik, Guam mempunyai pengaruh dalam perlumbaan presiden kebangsaan. Perwakilan ini dipilih oleh konvensyen parti tempatan. <> Berapa ramai orang yang membuat undang-undang Guam? || 15 <> Siapa perwakilan tidak mengundi semasa untuk Guam? || Demokrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo <> Berapa banyak undi pemilih yang ada sekarang? || Guam tidak mempunyai undi", {"context": "Guam is governed by a popularly elected governor and a unicameral 15-member legislature, whose members are known as senators. Guam elects one non-voting delegate, currently Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo, to the United States House of Representatives. U.S. citizens in Guam vote in a straw poll for their choice in the U.S. Presidential general election, but since Guam has no votes in the Electoral College, the poll has no real effect. However, in sending delegates to the Republican and Democratic national conventions, Guam does have influence in the national presidential race. These delegates are elected by local party conventions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many people make up the Guam legislation?", "id": "572b589c34ae481900deadb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo"}], "question": "Who is the current non-voting delegate for Guam?", "id": "572b589c34ae481900deadb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Guam has no votes"}], "question": "How many electoral votes does Guam currently have?", "id": "572b589c34ae481900deadb3"}]}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia II, Akta Organik Guam 1950 menubuhkan Guam sebagai wilayah terorganisir yang tidak diperbadankan di Amerika Syarikat, yang disediakan untuk struktur kerajaan awam pulau itu, dan memberikan kewarganegaraan rakyat A.S.. Gabenor Guam dilantik secara federal sehingga tahun 1968, apabila Undang-undang Gabenor Guam menetapkan pilihan raya umum. 242 Sejak Guam bukan negara AS, rakyat AS yang tinggal di Guam tidak dibenarkan mengundi presiden dan wakil kongres mereka adalah ahli tidak mengundi. <> Apa yang menubuhkan Guam sebagai wilayah yang tidak diperbadankan? || Guam Organic Act of 1950 <> Apakah percanggahan yang dilakukan oleh Akta Organik? || Selepas Perang Dunia II <> Apakah Akta Guam membenarkan penduduk sekarang bahawa mereka adalah wilayah U.S? || memberi rakyat kewarganegaraan A.S.", {"context": "After World War II, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968, when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office's popular election.:242 Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Guam Organic Act of 1950"}], "question": "What established Guam as an unincorporated territory?", "id": "572b4fecbe1ee31400cb831b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "After World War II"}], "question": "What conflict did the Organic Act come after?", "id": "572b4fecbe1ee31400cb831c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "granted the people U.S. citizenship"}], "question": "What did the Guam Act allow the population now that they were a U.S territory?", "id": "572b4fecbe1ee31400cb831d"}]}], ["Kepulauan Mariana Utara telah menjadi pelindung Jepun sebelum perang. Ia adalah Chamorros dari Marianas Utara yang dibawa ke Guam untuk berkhidmat sebagai jurubahasa dan dalam kapasiti lain untuk menguasai angkatan Jepun. The Chamorros Guamanian dianggap sebagai musuh yang diduduki oleh tentera Jepun. Selepas perang, ini akan menyebabkan kebencian antara Chamorros Guaman dan Chamorros dari Marian Utara. Chamorros Guam percaya bahawa saudara-saudara mereka di utara harus mempunyai belas kasihan terhadap mereka, sedangkan telah diduduki lebih dari 30 tahun, Chamorros Mariana Utara adalah setia kepada Jepun. <> Mengapa Chamorros dibawa ke Guam? || untuk berkhidmat sebagai jurubahasa <> Bagaimana bahasa Chamorro Guamanian dilihat oleh orang Jepun? || sebagai musuh yang diduduki <> Siapa yang setia kepada Jepun? || Northern Mariana Chamorros", {"context": "The Northern Mariana Islands had become a Japanese protectorate before the war. It was the Chamorros from the Northern Marianas who were brought to Guam to serve as interpreters and in other capacities for the occupying Japanese force. The Guamanian Chamorros were treated as an occupied enemy by the Japanese military. After the war, this would cause resentment between the Guamanian Chamorros and the Chamorros of the Northern Marianas. Guam's Chamorros believed their northern brethren should have been compassionate towards them, whereas having been occupied for over 30 years, the Northern Mariana Chamorros were loyal to Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "to serve as interpreters"}], "question": "Why were the Chamorros brought to Guam?", "id": "572b4f0b111d821400f38e4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "as an occupied enemy"}], "question": "How were Guamanian Chamorro viewed by the Japanese?", "id": "572b4f0b111d821400f38e4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Northern Mariana Chamorros"}], "question": "Who were loyal to Japan?", "id": "572b4f0b111d821400f38e50"}]}], ["Dua aspek budaya pra-Hispanik asli yang bertahan masa adalah chenchule 'dan inafa'maolek. Chenchule 'adalah sistem saling timbal balik di tengah-tengah masyarakat Chamorro. Ia berasaskan nilai teras inafa'maolek. Ahli sejarah, Lawrence Cunningham pada tahun 1992 menulis, \"Dalam rasa Chamorro, tanah dan hasilnya adalah milik semua orang. Inafa'maolek, atau saling ketergantungan, adalah kunci atau nilai pusat dalam budaya Chamorro ... Inafa'maolek bergantung pada semangat kerjasama dan perkongsian Ini adalah segalanya, atau teras, yang semuanya dalam budaya Chamorro berkisar. Ini adalah keprihatinan yang kuat bagi persaudaraan bukannya individualisme dan hak harta swasta. \" <> Apa dua budaya pre-hispanic yang terselamat telah bertahan hingga ke tahap ini? || chenchule 'dan inafa'maolek <> Apa nama sistem rumit di Guam? || . Chenchule <> Apa yang Chamorro percaya menurut sejarawan Lawrence Cinningham || tanah dan hasilnya milik semua orang", {"context": "Two aspects of indigenous pre-Hispanic culture that withstood time are chenchule' and inafa'maolek. Chenchule' is the intricate system of reciprocity at the heart of Chamorro society. It is rooted in the core value of inafa'maolek. Historian Lawrence Cunningham in 1992 wrote, \"In a Chamorro sense, the land and its produce belong to everyone. Inafa'maolek, or interdependence, is the key, or central value, in Chamorro culture ... Inafa'maolek depends on a spirit of cooperation and sharing. This is the armature, or core, that everything in Chamorro culture revolves around. It is a powerful concern for mutuality rather than individualism and private property rights.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "chenchule' and inafa'maolek"}], "question": "What two indiginous pre-hispanic culture has survived to this point?", "id": "572b55f7f75d5e190021fd8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": ". Chenchule"}], "question": "What is the name of the intricate system in Guam?", "id": "572b55f7f75d5e190021fd8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "the land and its produce belong to everyone"}], "question": "What do the Chamorro believe in according to Historian Lawrence Cinningham", "id": "572b55f7f75d5e190021fd8e"}]}], ["Budaya teras atau Pengngan Chamorro adalah berdasarkan protokol sosial yang rumit yang berpusat pada penghormatan: Dari menghidupkan tangan orang tua (dipanggil mangnginge di Chamorro), lulus legenda, lagu, dan ritual pacaran, kepada seseorang yang meminta izin dari nenek moyang rohani sebelum memasuki kawasan hutan atau pertempuran purba. Amalan-amalan lain yang menanti penaklukan Sepanyol termasuk pembuatan kanu galaide, membuat belembaotuyan (alat muzik tali pinggang yang dibuat dari labu), fesyen ekatan sambung batu dan slingstones, pembuatan alat, ritual pengebumian M\u00e5tan Guma, dan penyediaan ubat-ubatan herba oleh Suruhanu. <> Apakah budaya Pengngan Chamorro berdasarkan? || protokol sosial <> Apa yang mangnging merujuk kepada itu secara langsung melibatkan satu skala besar manusia? || mengendus di tangan para penatua <> Apa itu belembaotuyan di Guam? || tali pinggang alat muzik yang diperbuat daripada labu", {"context": "The core culture or Pengngan Chamorro is based on complex social protocol centered upon respect: From sniffing over the hands of the elders (called mangnginge in Chamorro), the passing down of legends, chants, and courtship rituals, to a person asking for permission from spiritual ancestors before entering a jungle or ancient battle grounds. Other practices predating Spanish conquest include galaide' canoe-making, making of the belembaotuyan (a string musical instrument made from a gourd), fashioning of \u00e5cho' atupat slings and slingstones, tool manufacture, M\u00e5tan Guma' burial rituals, and preparation of herbal medicines by Suruhanu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "social protocol"}], "question": "What is the culture of Pengngan Chamorro based on?", "id": "572b56d4be1ee31400cb833b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "sniffing over the hands of the elders"}], "question": "What does mangnging refer to that directly involves one major human scense?", "id": "572b56d4be1ee31400cb833c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "string musical instrument made from a gourd"}], "question": "What is a belembaotuyan in Guam?", "id": "572b56d4be1ee31400cb833d"}]}], ["Komuniti Chamorro selepas hubungan Eropah adalah gabungan dari Amerika, Sepanyol, Filipina, dan lain-lain Islander Micronesian dan tradisi Mexico, dengan sedikit baki adat adat Hispanik. Pengaruh ini ditunjukkan dalam bahasa tempatan, muzik, tarian, navigasi laut, masakan, memancing, permainan (seperti batu, chonka, estuleks, dan bayogu), lagu dan fesyen. Semasa pemerintahan kolonial Sepanyol (1668-1898) majoriti penduduk telah ditukar kepada Katolik Roman dan perayaan agama seperti Paskah dan Krismas menjadi meluas. Masakan selepas Chamorro kebanyakannya berdasarkan jagung, dan termasuk tortilla, tamales, atole dan chilaquiles, yang merupakan pengaruh yang jelas dari perdagangan Sepanyol antara Mesoamerica dan Asia. Bahasa Chamorro moden adalah bahasa Malayo-Polinesia dengan banyak pengaruh bahasa Sepanyol dan Filipina. Ramai Chamorros juga mempunyai nama keluarga Sepanyol kerana penukaran mereka kepada Kristian Katolik Romawi dan penggunaan nama dari Cat\u00e1logo alfab\u00e9tico de apellidos, fenomena yang juga biasa dengan Filipina. <> tahun topi apakah peraturan Guam Sepanyol? || 1668-1898 <> Agama apakah yang dikumpulkan oleh penduduk umum? || Katolik Roman <> Yang dua cuti utama menjadi popular di Guam? || Paskah dan Krismas <> Apakah nama bahasa Chamorro moden? || Malayo-Polinesia", {"context": "Post-European-contact Chamorro culture is a combination of American, Spanish, Filipino, other Micronesian Islander and Mexican traditions, with few remaining indigenous pre-Hispanic customs. These influences are manifested in the local language, music, dance, sea navigation, cuisine, fishing, games (such as batu, chonka, estuleks, and bayogu), songs and fashion. During Spanish colonial rule (1668\u20131898) the majority of the population was converted to Roman Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread. Post-contact Chamorro cuisine is largely based on corn, and includes tortillas, tamales, atole and chilaquiles, which are a clear influence from Spanish trade between Mesoamerica and Asia. The modern Chamorro language is a Malayo-Polynesian language with much Spanish and Filipino influence. Many Chamorros also have Spanish surnames because of their conversion to Roman Catholic Christianity and the adoption of names from the Cat\u00e1logo alfab\u00e9tico de apellidos, a phenomenon also common to the Philippines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "1668\u20131898"}], "question": "hat years did the Spanish rule Guam?", "id": "572b530a34ae481900dead87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Roman Catholicism"}], "question": "What religion was the general population converted to?", "id": "572b530a34ae481900dead88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Easter and Christmas"}], "question": "Which two major holidays become popular in Guam?", "id": "572b530a34ae481900dead89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 769, "text": "Malayo-Polynesian"}], "question": "What is the name of the modern Chamorro language?", "id": "572b530a34ae481900dead8a"}]}], ["Guam terletak di antara 13.2 \u00b0 N dan 13.7 \u00b0 N dan antara 144.6 \u00b0 E dan 145.0 \u00b0 E, dan mempunyai keluasan 212 batu persegi (549 km2), menjadikannya pulau ke-32 terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Ia adalah pulau paling selatan dan terbesar di rantaian pulau Mariana dan juga pulau terbesar di Micronesia. Rangkaian pulau ini dicipta oleh lempeng tektonik pasifik dan Filipina. Guam adalah jajahan paling dekat dengan Mariana Trench, zon subduksi yang mendalam, yang terletak di sebelah rantai pulau di timur. Challenger Deep, titik yang paling dalam yang ditinjau di Lautan, adalah barat daya Guam di 35,797 kaki (10,911 meter) dalam. Titik tertinggi di Guam ialah Gunung Lamlam pada ketinggian 1,334 kaki (407 meter). <> Berapa batu persegi adalah Guam? || 212 <> Bagaimana rantai pulau ini dicipta? || yang melanda lempeng tektonik Pasifik dan Laut Filipina <> Seberapa jauh adalah Mariana Trench yang terletak berhampiran Guam? || 35,797", {"context": "Guam lies between 13.2\u00b0N and 13.7\u00b0N and between 144.6\u00b0E and 145.0\u00b0E, and has an area of 212 square miles (549 km2), making it the 32nd largest island of the United States. It is the southernmost and largest island in the Mariana island chain and is also the largest island in Micronesia. This island chain was created by the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates. Guam is the closest land mass to the Mariana Trench, a deep subduction zone, that lies beside the island chain to the east. Challenger Deep, the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans, is southwest of Guam at 35,797 feet (10,911 meters) deep. The highest point in Guam is Mount Lamlam at an elevation of 1,334 feet (407 meters).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "212"}], "question": "How many square miles is Guam?", "id": "572b50a1111d821400f38e54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates"}], "question": "How was this island chain created?", "id": "572b50a1111d821400f38e55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "35,797"}], "question": "How deep is the Mariana Trench located near Guam?", "id": "572b50a1111d821400f38e56"}]}], ["Alam semulajadi kosmopolitan dan multikultural Guam moden menimbulkan cabaran untuk Chamorros yang berjuang untuk memelihara kebudayaan dan identiti mereka di tengah-tengah daya akulturasi. Peningkatan jumlah Chamorros, terutamanya pemuda Chamorro, yang berpindah ke Tanah Besar AS telah semakin rumit kedua-dua definisi dan pemeliharaan identiti Chamorro. [Rujukan?] Walaupun hanya beberapa tuan yang wujud untuk meneruskan bentuk seni tradisional, kebangkitan semula minat di kalangan Chamorros ke memelihara bahasa dan budaya telah mengakibatkan semakin ramai Chamorros muda yang berusaha meneruskan cara kuno orang Chamorro. <> Apa yang menimbulkan beberapa cabaran untuk Chamorros yang merasa sukar untuk mengekalkan budaya mereka? || sifat kosmopolitan dan multikultural Guam moden <> Apa lagi yang membawa kepada Chamorro merasa sukar untuk menjaga kebudayaan mereka yang melibatkan anak-anak itu? || berpindah ke Tanah Besar A.S. <> Apa yang baru-baru ini membawa kebangkitan dalam budaya Chamorros dan pemeliharaan cara lama mereka? || Chamorros muda yang berusaha meneruskan cara kuno orang Chamorro.", {"context": "The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam poses challenges for Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and identity amidst forces of acculturation. The increasing numbers of Chamorros, especially Chamorro youth, relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both definition and preservation of Chamorro identity.[citation needed] While only a few masters exist to continue traditional art forms, the resurgence of interest among the Chamorros to preserve the language and culture has resulted in a growing number of young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam"}], "question": "What posses some challenges for the Chamorros who find it hard to keep their culture?", "id": "572b57ee34ae481900deada3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "relocating to the U.S. Mainland"}], "question": "What else has led to the Chamorro find it hard to keep their culture that involves it's children?", "id": "572b57ee34ae481900deada4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people."}], "question": "What has recently led to a resurgence in the Chamorros culture and preservation of their old ways?", "id": "572b57ee34ae481900deada5"}]}], ["Iklim Guam dicirikan sebagai marin tropika yang disederhanakan oleh angin perdagangan timur laut bermusim. Cuaca biasanya sangat hangat dan lembap dengan variasi suhu bermusim kecil. Suhu tinggi ialah 86 \u00b0 F (30 \u00b0 C) dan min yang rendah ialah 76 \u00b0 F (24 \u00b0 C) dengan hujan tahunan purata 96 inci (2,180 mm). Musim kering berjalan dari bulan Disember hingga Jun. Bulan-bulan yang tinggal (Julai hingga November) merupakan musim hujan. Bulan Januari dan Februari dianggap bulan paling sejuk tahun ini dengan suhu rendah semalaman 70-75 \u00b0 F (21-24 \u00b0 C) dan tahap kelembapan yang rendah. Suhu tertinggi pernah dicatatkan di Guam adalah 96 \u00b0 F (36 \u00b0 C) pada 18 April 1971 dan 1 April 1990, dan suhu terendah yang pernah dicatatkan ialah 65 \u00b0 F (18 \u00b0 C) pada 8 Februari 1973. < Apakah iklim Guam yang dicirikan? || marin tropika <> Apakah suhu tinggi di Guam? || 86 \u00b0 F (30 \u00b0 C) <> Apa hujan tahunan purata di Guam? || 96 inci (2,180 mm) <> Bilakah musim kering di Guam lazimnya dijalankan? || Disember hingga Jun <> Bulan mana yang dianggap paling sejuk di Guam? || Januari dan Februari", {"context": "Guam's climate is characterized as tropical marine moderated by seasonal northeast trade winds. The weather is generally very warm and humid with little seasonal temperature variation. The mean high temperature is 86 \u00b0F (30 \u00b0C) and mean low is 76 \u00b0F (24 \u00b0C) with an average annual rainfall of 96 inches (2,180 mm). The dry season runs from December to June. The remaining months (July to November) constitute the rainy season. The months of January and February are considered the coolest months of the year with overnight low temperatures of 70\u201375 \u00b0F (21\u201324 \u00b0C) and low humidity levels. The highest temperature ever recorded in Guam was 96 \u00b0F (36 \u00b0C) on April 18, 1971 and April 1, 1990, and the lowest temperature ever recorded was 65 \u00b0F (18 \u00b0C) on February 8, 1973.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "tropical marine"}], "question": "What is Guam's climate characterized as?", "id": "572b521ebe1ee31400cb8321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "86 \u00b0F (30 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What is the mean high temperature in Guam?", "id": "572b521ebe1ee31400cb8322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "96 inches (2,180 mm)"}], "question": "What is the average annual rainfall of Guam?", "id": "572b521ebe1ee31400cb8323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "December to June"}], "question": "When does the dry season in Guam typical run?", "id": "572b521ebe1ee31400cb8324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "January and February"}], "question": "Which months are considered the coldest in Guam?", "id": "572b521ebe1ee31400cb8325"}]}], ["Guam dihidangkan oleh Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Antonio B. Won Pat, yang merupakan hab bagi United Airlines. Pulau ini berada di luar zon kastam Amerika Syarikat sehingga Guam bertanggungjawab untuk menubuhkan dan mengendalikan agensi adat dan kuasanya dan kuarantinnya sendiri. Oleh itu, Perlindungan Kastam dan Sempadan A.S. hanya membawa fungsi imigresen (tetapi bukan kastam). Memandangkan Guam berada di bawah bidang kuasa imigresen federal, penumpang yang tiba terus dari Amerika Syarikat melompat imigresen dan teruskan ke Guam Customs and Quarantine. <> Apa nama lapangan terbang antarabangsa di Guam? || Antonio B. Won Pat <> Apakah syarikat penerbangan utama berada di lapangan terbang? || United Airlines <> Apakah Guam bertanggungjawab apabila barang-barang keduanya masuk dan keluar? || mengendalikan kastam sendiri dan agensi kuarantin", {"context": "Guam is served by the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport, which is a hub for United Airlines. The island is outside the United States customs zone so Guam is responsible for establishing and operating its own customs and quarantine agency and jurisdiction. Therefore, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection only carries immigration (but not customs) functions. Since Guam is under federal immigration jurisdiction, passengers arriving directly from the United States skip immigration and proceed directly to Guam Customs and Quarantine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Antonio B. Won Pat"}], "question": "What is the name of the international airport in Guam?", "id": "572b63a8be1ee31400cb834b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "United Airlines"}], "question": "What major airline resides at the airport?", "id": "572b63a8be1ee31400cb834c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "operating its own customs and quarantine agency"}], "question": "What is Guam responsible for when goods both come in and leave?", "id": "572b63a8be1ee31400cb834d"}]}], ["Pelabuhan Komersial Guam adalah talian bekalan pulau kerana kebanyakan produk mesti dihantar ke Guam untuk pengguna. Ia menerima panggilan mingguan kapal penghantaran berasaskan Hawaii Matson, Inc. yang kapal kontena menghubungkan Guam dengan Honolulu, Hawaii, Los Angeles, California, Oakland, California dan Seattle, Washington. Pelabuhan itu juga merupakan hab pemindahan serantau bagi lebih 500,000 pelanggan di seluruh rantau Micronesia. Pelabuhan itu adalah titik penghantaran dan penerimaan bagi bekas yang ditetapkan untuk pemasangan pemasangan Jabatan Pertahanan di A.S., Pangkalan Angkatan Udara Andersen Angkatan Udara, Angkatan Laut Marianas dan akhirnya Pasukan Ekspedisi Marin Ketiga. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai garis keturunan Guam? || Pelabuhan Perdagangan <> Apakah nama syarikat perkapalan di Hawaii yang menghubungkan Guam? || Matson, Inc <> Mengapa port begitu penting? || kebanyakan produk mesti dihantar ke Guam untuk pengguna", {"context": "The Commercial Port of Guam is the island's lifeline because most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers. It receives the weekly calls of the Hawaii-based shipping line Matson, Inc. whose container ships connect Guam with Honolulu, Hawaii, Los Angeles, California, Oakland, California and Seattle, Washington. The port is also the regional transhipment hub for over 500,000 customers throughout the Micronesian region. The port is the shipping and receiving point for containers designated for the island's U.S. Department of Defense installations, Andersen Air Force Base and Commander, Naval Forces Marianas and eventually the Third Marine Expeditionary Force.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Commercial Port"}], "question": "What is considered to be the lifeline of Guam?", "id": "572b62ad34ae481900deade3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Matson, Inc"}], "question": "What is the name of the shipping company in Hawaii that connects Guam?", "id": "572b62ad34ae481900deade4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers"}], "question": "Why is the port so important?", "id": "572b62ad34ae481900deade5"}]}], ["Tentera A.S. telah mencadangkan membina sebuah kapal pengangkut pesawat baru di Guam dan bergerak 8,600 Marinir, dan 9,000 tanggungan mereka, ke Guam dari Okinawa, Jepun. Termasuk pekerja pembinaan yang diperlukan, pembentukan ini akan meningkatkan penduduk Guam sebanyak 45%. Dalam surat Februari 2010, Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar Amerika Syarikat mengecam rancangan ini dengan ketara kerana kekurangan air, masalah kumbahan dan kesan terumbu karang. Pada tahun 2012, rancangan ini telah dipotong untuk hanya mempunyai maksimum 4,800 Marin yang ditempatkan di pulau itu, dua pertiga daripadanya berada di sana secara berputar tanpa tanggungan mereka. <> Apa yang dicadangkan oleh tentera Amerika Syarikat? || membina kapal pengangkut pesawat baru di Guam <> Berapa banyak Marin akan Amerika Syarikat berpindah ke Guam? || 8,600 Marin <> Kerana EPA, berapa banyak Marinakah Amerika Syarikat boleh menghantar ke Guam untuk hidup? || 4,800 Marin", {"context": "The U.S. military has proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines, and 9,000 of their dependents, to Guam from Okinawa, Japan. Including the required construction workers, this buildup would increase Guam's population by 45%. In a February 2010 letter, the United States Environmental Protection Agency sharply criticized these plans because of a water shortfall, sewage problems and the impact on coral reefs. By 2012, these plans had been cut to only have a maximum of 4,800 Marines stationed on the island, two thirds of which would be there on a rotational basis without their dependents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam"}], "question": "What has the U.S military proposed?", "id": "572b5ad134ae481900deadb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "8,600 Marines"}], "question": "How many Marines would the United States move to Guam?", "id": "572b5ad134ae481900deadb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "4,800 Marines"}], "question": "Because of the EPA, how many Marines would the United States be able to send to Guam to live?", "id": "572b5ad134ae481900deadb9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1980-an dan awal 1990-an, terdapat pergerakan yang besar memihak kepada wilayah itu menjadi sebuah komuniti, yang akan memberikan tahap pemerintahan sendiri yang serupa dengan Puerto Rico dan Kepulauan Mariana Utara. Walau bagaimanapun, kerajaan persekutuan menolak versi persekutuan yang dicadangkan oleh kerajaan Guam, kerana ia mempunyai klausa yang tidak sesuai dengan Fasal Teritoryen (Artyen IV, Bahagian 3, 2) Perlembagaan A.S.. Pergerakan lain menganjurkan kedaulatan A.S. untuk Guam, kesatuan dengan negeri Hawaii, kesatuan dengan Kepulauan Mariana Utara sebagai wilayah tunggal, atau kemerdekaan. <> Apakah gerakan utama yang berlaku di Guam pada tahun 80-an dan 90-an? || menjadi sebuah komuniti <> Mengapa Guam menjadi komuniti yang begitu penting? || akan memberikan tahap pemerintahan sendiri yang serupa dengan Puerto Rico <> Apa nama negeri U.S. ini yang mungkin dapat membentuk kesatuan dengan Guam? || Hawaii", {"context": "In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of the territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, due to it having clauses incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "becoming a commonwealth"}], "question": "What major movement occurred in Guam in the 80's and 90's?", "id": "572b597e111d821400f38e6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico"}], "question": "Why would Guam becoming a commonwealth be so important?", "id": "572b597e111d821400f38e6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Hawaii"}], "question": "What is the name of this U.S state that could possibly form a union with Guam?", "id": "572b597e111d821400f38e6e"}]}], ["Kelajuan perjalanan mel antara Guam dan negeri-negeri berbeza-beza bergantung pada saiz dan masa tahun. Cahaya, barang kelas pertama biasanya mengambil masa kurang dari seminggu ke atau dari daratan, tetapi barang kelas pertama atau Prioriti yang lebih besar dapat mengambil satu atau dua minggu. Mel kelas keempat, seperti majalah, diangkut oleh laut setelah mencapai Hawaii. Kebanyakan penduduk menggunakan kotak pos pejabat atau peti mel swasta, walaupun penghantaran kediaman semakin meningkat. Mel masuk bukan dari Amerika harus ditujukan kepada \"Guam\" dan bukannya \"Amerika Syarikat\" untuk mengelakkan dihalakan jauh melalui tanah besar A.S. dan mungkin dikenakan kadar yang lebih tinggi (terutama dari Asia). <> Apa yang menentukan kelajuan di mana mel mencapai Guam dari Amerika Syarikat? || pada saiz dan masa tahun <> Jenis perkhidmatan mana yang biasanya mengambil masa kurang dari seminggu untuk mendapatkan pos ke pulau itu? || kelas pertama <> Apa yang kebanyakan penduduk Guam menggunakan semasa menerima mel? || kotak pos pejabat atau kotak surat peribadi", {"context": "The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year. Light, first-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland, but larger first-class or Priority items can take a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as magazines, are transported by sea after reaching Hawaii. Most residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes, although residential delivery is becoming increasingly available. Incoming mail not from the Americas should be addressed to \"Guam\" instead of \"USA\" to avoid being routed the long way through the U.S. mainland and possibly charged a higher rate (especially from Asia).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "on size and time of year"}], "question": "What determines the speed in which mail reaches Guam from the United States?", "id": "572b5ebc34ae481900deaddd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "first-class"}], "question": "Which type of service usually takes less than a week to get postage to the island?", "id": "572b5ebc34ae481900deadde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "post office boxes or private mail boxes"}], "question": "What do most Guam residents use when receiving mail?", "id": "572b5ebc34ae481900deaddf"}]}], ["Sebelum diperkenalkannya ular pokok perang, Guam menjadi rumah kepada beberapa spesies burung endemik. Antaranya kereta api Guam (atau ko'ko 'burung di Chamorro) dan penembak lompat Guam, kedua-duanya lazim di seluruh pulau. Hari ini flycatcher sepenuhnya pupus manakala landasan Guam telah pupus dalam liar tetapi dibiakkan dalam penangkapan oleh Bahagian Sumber Air dan Hidupan Liar. Kemusnahan yang disebabkan oleh ular itu telah ketara sejak beberapa dekad yang lalu. Sebanyak dua belas spesies burung dipercayai telah dihancurkan. Menurut banyak penatua, burung ko'ko 'biasa di Guam sebelum Perang Dunia II. <> Apakah nama-nama dua burung asli di Guam sebelum pencerobohan ular coklat? || Guam rail (atau ko'ko 'burung di Chamorro) dan penembak jarak jauh Guam <> Berapa banyak spesies burung telah dipindahkan ke kepupusan di Guam? || Dua belas spesies burung <> Apa burung lain yang sangat biasa sebelum Perang Dunia II menurut para penatua? || burung ko'ko '", {"context": "Before the introduction of the brown tree snake, Guam was home to several endemic bird species. Among them were the Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher, both common throughout the island. Today the flycatcher is entirely extinct while the Guam rail is extinct in the wild but bred in captivity by the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources. The devastation caused by the snake has been significant over the past several decades. As many as twelve bird species are believed to have been driven to extinction. According to many elders, ko'ko' birds were common in Guam before World War II.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher"}], "question": "What are the names of the two native birds in Guam before the brown snake intrusion?", "id": "572b65e4be1ee31400cb8359"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "twelve bird species"}], "question": "How many bird species have been driven to extinction in Guam?", "id": "572b65e4be1ee31400cb835a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "ko'ko' birds"}], "question": "What other bird was very common before WWII according to the elders?", "id": "572b65e4be1ee31400cb835b"}]}], ["Berada di Pasifik barat, Guam adalah destinasi popular bagi pelancong Jepun. Hab wisatanya, Tumon, mempunyai lebih daripada 20 hotel besar, Kedai Bebas Cukai Duty Free, Daerah Pleasure Island, akuarium dalaman, pameran bergaya Sandcastle Las Vegas dan tempat-tempat membeli-belah dan hiburan lain. Ia adalah penerbangan yang agak singkat dari Asia atau Australia berbanding Hawaii, dengan hotel dan tujuh lapangan golf awam yang menampung lebih sejuta pelancong setiap tahun. Walaupun 75% daripada pelancong adalah orang Jepun, Guam menerima sejumlah besar pelancong dari Korea Selatan, A.S., Filipina, dan Taiwan. Sumber pendapatan yang besar termasuk kedai-kedai membeli-belah berjenama bebas, dan pusat membeli-belah gaya-Amerika: Micronesia Mall, Guam Premier Outlets, Agana Shopping Centre, dan Kmart terbesar di dunia. || Jepun <> Sekitar berapa hotel yang ada di Guam sekarang? || 20 hotel besar <> Berapa banyak padang golf awam yang ada di Guam? || tujuh <> Berapa banyak pelancong melawat Guam setiap tahun? || satu juta <> Yang utama kedai U.Sakah yang buat Guam kini menjadi yang terbesar di dunia? || Kmart", {"context": "Lying in the western Pacific, Guam is a popular destination for Japanese tourists. Its tourist hub, Tumon, features over 20 large hotels, a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, Pleasure Island district, indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas\u2013styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues. It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii, with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year. Although 75% of the tourists are Japanese, Guam receives a sizable number of tourists from South Korea, the U.S., the Philippines, and Taiwan. Significant sources of revenue include duty-free designer shopping outlets, and the American-style malls: Micronesia Mall, Guam Premier Outlets, the Agana Shopping Center, and the world's largest Kmart.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Japanese"}], "question": "What tourist commonly visits Guam?", "id": "572b5bd7be1ee31400cb8341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "20 large hotels"}], "question": "Around how many Hotels does Guam currently have?", "id": "572b5bd7be1ee31400cb8342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many public golf courses does Guam currently have?", "id": "572b5bd7be1ee31400cb8343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "a million"}], "question": "About how many tourist visit Guam yearly?", "id": "572b5bd7be1ee31400cb8344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "Kmart"}], "question": "Which major U.S store does Guam currently have that happens to be the largest in the world?", "id": "572b5bd7be1ee31400cb8345"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1899, setem pos tempatan telah mencetak \"Guam\" seperti yang telah dilakukan untuk bekas tanah jajahan Sepanyol yang lain, tetapi ini tidak lama kemudian dan setem tetap A.S. telah digunakan sejak itu. Kerana Guam juga merupakan sebahagian daripada Sistem Pos A.S. (singkatan pos: GU, pelbagai kod ZIP: 96910-96932), mel ke Guam dari tanah besar A.S. dianggap domestik dan tiada caj tambahan diperlukan. Walau bagaimanapun, syarikat perkapalan persendirian, seperti FedEx, UPS, dan DHL, tidak mempunyai kewajiban untuk melakukannya, dan tidak menganggap Guam sebagai domestik. <> Dalam tahun apakah stempel pos tempatan mencetak dan telah diganti? || 1899 <> Apa jenis perkhidmatan pos yang buat Guam pada masa ini? || Penghantaran A.S. <> Apakah rangkaian Kod Zip semasa di Guam? || 96910-96932 <> Tiga syarikat utama yang tidak menganggap Guam sebagai domestik apabila perkapalan terlibat? || FedEx, UPS, dan DHL", {"context": "In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted \"Guam\" as was done for the other former Spanish colonies, but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since. Because Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System (postal abbreviation: GU, ZIP code range: 96910\u201396932), mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, however, have no obligation to do so, and do not regard Guam as domestic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1899"}], "question": "In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced?", "id": "572b5e0834ae481900deadd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "U.S. postage"}], "question": "What type of postal service does Guam currently have today?", "id": "572b5e0834ae481900deadd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "96910\u201396932"}], "question": "What is the current Zip Code range in Guam?", "id": "572b5e0834ae481900deadd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "FedEx, UPS, and DHL"}], "question": "Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved?", "id": "572b5e0834ae481900deadd8"}]}], ["Diyakini menjadi tunggangan di pengangkutan tentera A.S. berhampiran akhir Perang Dunia II, ular pokok coklat (Boiga irregularis) secara tidak sengaja diperkenalkan ke Guam, yang sebelum ini tidak mempunyai spesies ular asli. Ia hampir menghapuskan populasi burung asli. Masalahnya diperburuk kerana reptilia tidak mempunyai pemangsa semula jadi di pulau itu. Ular pokok coklat, yang dikenali secara tempatan sebagai kulebla, berasal dari utara dan timur pantai Australia, Papua New Guinea, dan Kepulauan Solomon. Walaupun sedikit berbisa, ular agak tidak berbahaya kepada manusia. Walaupun beberapa kajian telah mencadangkan ketumpatan tinggi ular-ular ini di Guam, penduduk jarang melihat makhluk-makhluk malam. Jabatan Pertanian Amerika Syarikat telah melatih anjing pengesan untuk menyimpan ular keluar dari aliran kargo pulau itu. Kajian Geologi Amerika Syarikat juga mempunyai anjing yang mampu mengesan ular dalam persekitaran hutan di sekitar pulau-pulau di rantau ini. <> Haiwan mana yang tidak sengaja diperkenalkan ke Guam? || ular pokok perang <> Apa yang tidak sengaja diperkenalkan ke Guam? || ular pohon perang <> Dengan pengenalan ular bukan asli di kawasan Guam, apakah kesannya pulau itu? || hampir menghilangkan populasi burung asli <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Jabatan Pertanian AS untuk menolong ular? || telah mengesan anjing pengesan untuk menyimpan ular keluar dari aliran kargo pulau itu", {"context": "Believed to be a stowaway on a U.S. military transport near the end of World War II, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam, that previously had no native species of snake. It nearly eliminated the native bird population. The problem was exacerbated because the reptile has no natural predators on the island. The brown tree snake, known locally as the kulebla, is native to northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. While slightly venomous, the snake is relatively harmless to human beings. Although some studies have suggested a high density of these serpents on Guam, residents rarely see the nocturnal creatures. The United States Department of Agriculture has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow. The United States Geological Survey also has dogs capable of detecting snakes in forested environments around the region's islands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "brown tree snake"}], "question": "Which animal was accidentally introduced into Guam?", "id": "572b63f4be1ee31400cb8351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "brown tree snake"}], "question": "What was accidentally introduced into Guam?", "id": "572b6504be1ee31400cb8353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "nearly eliminated the native bird population"}], "question": "With the introduction of a non native snake in the area of Guam what impact did it have the island?", "id": "572b6504be1ee31400cb8354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow"}], "question": "What has the U.S Department of Agriculture done to help watch for the snakes?", "id": "572b6504be1ee31400cb8355"}]}], ["Persetujuan Percuma Persatuan antara Amerika Syarikat, Negara Persekutuan Mikronesia, Republik Kepulauan Marshall dan Republik Palau diberikan kepada bekas entiti Wilayah Amanah Kepulauan Pasifik sebagai status politik \"persatuan bebas\" dengan United Negeri. The Compacts memberi rakyat negara-negara pulau ini secara amnya tidak ada sekatan untuk tinggal di Amerika Syarikat (juga wilayahnya), dan banyak yang tertarik kepada Guam kerana keakrabannya, alam sekitar, dan kebudayaannya. Selama bertahun-tahun, ia telah dituntut oleh beberapa di Guam bahawa wilayah itu perlu menanggung perjanjian ini dalam bentuk program bantuan awam dan pendidikan awam bagi mereka dari kawasan yang terlibat, dan kerajaan persekutuan harus membayar pampasan kepada negeri-negeri dan wilayah Dipengaruhi oleh jenis penghijrahan ini. Selama bertahun-tahun, Kongres telah memperuntukkan bantuan \"Kesan Kompak\" ke Guam, Kepulauan Mariana Utara dan Hawaii, dan akhirnya peruntukan ini telah ditulis ke dalam setiap Kompak diperbaharui. Sesetengahnya, terus menuntut pampasan tidak mencukupi atau pengagihan pampasan sebenar yang diterima adalah sangat tidak seimbang. Apakah nama pakatan yang diadakan antara Amerika Syarikat, Mikronesia, Kepulauan Marsekal, dan Palau ? || Persaingan Persatuan Percuma <> Apa faedah Kompak Persatuan Percuma? || tiada sekatan untuk tinggal di Amerika Syarikat (juga wilayahnya) <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Guam mengenai Persatuan Percuma Kompak? || wilayah itu terpaksa menanggung perjanjian ini", {"context": "The Compacts of Free Association between the United States, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of \"free association\" with the United States. The Compacts give citizens of these island nations generally no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories), and many were attracted to Guam due to its proximity, environmental, and cultural familiarity. Over the years, it was claimed by some in Guam that the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement in the form of public assistance programs and public education for those from the regions involved, and the federal government should compensate the states and territories affected by this type of migration.[citation needed] Over the years, Congress had appropriated \"Compact Impact\" aids to Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and Hawaii, and eventually this appropriation was written into each renewed Compact. Some, however, continue to claim the compensation is not enough or that the distribution of actual compensation received is significantly disproportionate.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Compacts of Free Association"}], "question": "What is the name of the pact held between the United States, Micronesia, Marshal Islands, and Palau?", "id": "572b5d20f75d5e190021fd9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories)"}], "question": "What is the benefit of the  Compacts of Free Association?", "id": "572b5d20f75d5e190021fd9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement"}], "question": "What has Guam claimed about Compacts of Free Association?", "id": "572b5d20f75d5e190021fd9e"}]}], ["Kerajaan Guam mengekalkan kemudahan penjagaan kesihatan utama pulau itu, Guam Memorial Hospital, di Tamuning. Doktor dan doktor gigi yang disahkan oleh lembaga A.S. mengamalkan semua kepakaran. Selain itu, Hospital Angkatan Tentera A.S. di Agana Heights mengendalikan anggota aktif dan tanggungan anggota tentera. Terdapat satu ambulans udara berasaskan pelanggan yang terletak di pulau itu, CareJet, yang menyediakan pengangkutan pesakit kecemasan di seluruh Guam dan pulau-pulau sekitarnya. Sebuah hospital swasta, Guam Regional Medical City membuka pintu pada awal 2016. <> Siapa yang menjalankan kemudahan penjagaan kesihatan utama Guam? || Kerajaan Guam <> Apakah nama kemudahan penjagaan kesihatan utama di Guam? || Hospital Memorial Guam <> Kemudahan perubatan swasta yang dibuka pada tahun 2016? || Guam Regional Medical City", {"context": "The Government of Guam maintains the island's main health care facility, Guam Memorial Hospital, in Tamuning. U.S. board certified doctors and dentists practice in all specialties. In addition, the U.S. Naval Hospital in Agana Heights serves active-duty members and dependents of the military community. There is one subscriber-based air ambulance located on the island, CareJet, which provides emergency patient transportation across Guam and surrounding islands. A private hospital, the Guam Regional Medical City opened its doors in early 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Government of Guam"}], "question": "Who runs Guam's main health care facility?", "id": "572b6affbe1ee31400cb8377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Guam Memorial Hospital"}], "question": "What is the name of the main health care facility in Guam?", "id": "572b6affbe1ee31400cb8378"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Guam Regional Medical City"}], "question": "Which privately owned medical facility opened in 2016?", "id": "572b6affbe1ee31400cb8379"}]}], ["Universiti Guam (UOG) dan Kolej Komuniti Guam, kedua-dua akreditasi sepenuhnya oleh Persatuan Sekolah dan Kolej Barat, menawarkan kursus dalam pendidikan tinggi. UOG adalah ahli kumpulan eksklusif hanya 76 institusi pemberian tanah A.S. di seluruh Amerika Syarikat. Pacific Islands University adalah institusi seni liberal Kristian kecil yang diiktiraf oleh Persatuan Transnasional Kolej Kristian dan Sekolah Kristian. Mereka menawarkan kursus di peringkat sarjana dan siswazah. <> Apa nama dua kolej di Guam? || Universiti Guam (UOG) dan Kolej Komuniti Guam <> Siapakah kedua sekolah ini yang diiktiraf oleh? || Persatuan Sekolah dan Kolej Barat <> Apakah nama kolej Kristiani kecil di Guam? || Universiti Kepulauan Pacific", {"context": "The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College, both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, offer courses in higher education. UOG is a member of the exclusive group of only 76 U.S. land-grant institutions in the entire United States. Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts institution nationally accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. They offer courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College"}], "question": "What are the names of the two colleges in Guam?", "id": "572b69e434ae481900deade9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Western Association of Schools and Colleges"}], "question": "Who are these two schools accredited by?", "id": "572b69e434ae481900deadea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Pacific Islands University"}], "question": "What is the name of the small Christian college in Guam?", "id": "572b69e434ae481900deadeb"}]}], ["Jabatan Pendidikan Guam melayani seluruh pulau Guam. Pada tahun 2000, 32,000 pelajar menghadiri sekolah awam Guam. Sekolah Awam Guam bergelut dengan masalah seperti kadar putus sekolah tinggi dan skor ujian yang lemah. Sistem pendidikan Guam sentiasa menghadapi cabaran unik sebagai komuniti kecil yang terletak 6,000 batu (9,700 km) dari tanah besar A.S. dengan badan pelajar yang sangat pelbagai termasuk ramai pelajar yang berasal dari latar belakang tanpa pendidikan Amerika tradisional. Kemelesetan ekonomi di Guam sejak pertengahan tahun 1990-an telah memunculkan masalah di sekolah. <> Berapa ramai pelajar pada tahun 2000 menghadiri sekolah-sekolah awam di Guam? || 32,000 <> Apa yang mengganggu sekolah awam Guam? || kadar putus sekolah tinggi dan skor ujian miskin <> Apa nama badan pentadbiran sekolah di seluruh Guam? || Jabatan Pendidikan Guam", {"context": "The Guam Department of Education serves the entire island of Guam. In 2000, 32,000 students attended Guam's public schools. Guam Public Schools have struggled with problems such as high dropout rates and poor test scores. Guam's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a small community located 6,000 miles (9,700 km) from the U.S. mainland with a very diverse student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education. An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "32,000"}], "question": "How many students as of 2000 were attending public schools in Guam?", "id": "572b6a6d111d821400f38e82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "high dropout rates and poor test scores"}], "question": "What has plagued Guam public schools?", "id": "572b6a6d111d821400f38e83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Guam Department of Education"}], "question": "What is the name of the governing body of the school in all of Guam?", "id": "572b6a6d111d821400f38e84"}]}], ["Kebakaran liar melanda kawasan hutan Guam setiap musim kering walaupun iklim lembap pulau. Kebakaran kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh manusia dengan 80% akibat kebakaran. Penggoda kerap kali memulakan kebakaran untuk menarik rusa ke pertumbuhan baru. Spesies rumput invasif yang bergantung kepada api sebagai sebahagian daripada kitaran hidup semulajadi mereka tumbuh di banyak kawasan yang dibakar secara kerap. Rumput dan \"barrens\" telah menggantikan kawasan hutan terdahulu yang membawa kepada hakisan tanah yang lebih besar. Semasa sedimen musim hujan dibawa oleh hujan lebat ke Tasik Fena dan Sungai Ugum, yang membawa kepada masalah kualiti air untuk selatan Guam. Lapan yang dibangkitkan juga memusnahkan kehidupan marin di terumbu di sekitar pulau itu. Upaya penstabilan tanah oleh sukarelawan dan pekerja kehutanan (menanam pohon) tidak banyak berhasil dalam memelihara habitat semulajadi. <> Apa yang membahayakan musim kering Guam? || Kebakaran hutan <> Apakah punca majoriti kebakaran di kawasan itu? || man <> Apa yang menyebabkan masalah kualiti air di Guam? || sedimen dibawa oleh hujan lebat ke Waduk Fena dan Sungai Ugum", {"context": "Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry season despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are man-caused with 80% resulting from arson. Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and \"barrens\" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion. During the rainy season sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River, leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers (planting trees) have had little success in preserving natural habitats.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Wildfires"}], "question": "What plagues the Guam dry season?", "id": "572b68a7f75d5e190021fda4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "man"}], "question": "What are the cause of the majority of the fires in the area?", "id": "572b68a7f75d5e190021fda5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River"}], "question": "What causes water quality problems in Guam?", "id": "572b68a7f75d5e190021fda6"}]}], ["Usaha telah dilakukan untuk melindungi habitat terumbu karang Guam daripada pencemaran, kelodakan dan penangkapan ikan yang berlebihan, masalah yang menyebabkan populasi ikan menurun. (Sejak Guam adalah tempat bercuti yang penting untuk penyelam skuba, ini penting.) Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, Jabatan Pertanian, Bahagian Sumber Air Akuatik dan Hidupan Liar telah menubuhkan beberapa pengawet marin baru di mana populasi ikan dipantau oleh ahli biologi. Sebelum mengambil piawaian Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar A.S., sebahagian daripada Tumon Bay dikorek oleh rangkaian hotel untuk memberikan pengalaman yang lebih baik untuk para tetamu hotel. Tumon Bay sejak itu telah dipelihara. Sebuah Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Kebangsaan Guam di utara Guam melindungi penduduk penyu yang dihancurkan di samping jajahan kecil kelawar buah Mariana. <> Apa yang baru saja dicuba oleh Guam? || habitat terumbu karang <> Apa yang menyebabkan penurunan ikan berhampiran Guam? || pencemaran, kelodak yang terhakis dan penangkapan ikan yang berlebihan <> Apa nama mamalia terbang di Guam yang sesetengahnya bimbang? || Kelawar buah Mariana", {"context": "Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. (Since Guam is a significant vacation spot for scuba divers, this is important.) In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists. Before adopting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards, portions of Tumon Bay were dredged by the hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests. Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve. A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in addition to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "coral reef habitats"}], "question": "What has Guam recently being trying to protect?", "id": "572b6963f75d5e190021fdaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "pollution, eroded silt and overfishing"}], "question": "What has led to the decrease of fish near Guam?", "id": "572b6963f75d5e190021fdab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "Mariana fruit bats"}], "question": "What is the name of the flying mammal in Guam that some are concerned for?", "id": "572b6963f75d5e190021fdac"}]}], ["Punca kumbang badak kelapa (CRB), rhinoceros Oryctes, dikesan di Guam pada 12 September 2007. CRB tidak diketahui berlaku di Amerika Syarikat kecuali di Samoa Amerika. Tinjauan pengasingan yang dilakukan pada 13 hingga 25 September 2007 menunjukkan bahawa serangan itu terhad kepada Tumon Bay dan Pantai Faifai, seluas kira-kira 900 ekar (3.6 km2). Jabatan Pertanian Guam (GDA) meletak karantina ke atas semua hartanah di kawasan Tumon pada 5 Oktober dan kemudian memperluas kuarantin kepada kira-kira 2,500 ekar (10 km2) pada 25 Oktober; kira-kira jarak radius 0.5 batu (800 m) dalam semua arah dari semua lokasi serangan CRB yang diketahui. CRB adalah asli di Asia Selatan dan diedarkan di seluruh Asia dan Pasifik Barat termasuk Sri Lanka, Upolu, Samoa, Samoa Amerika, Palau, New Britain, Irian Barat, New Ireland, Pulau Pak dan Pulau Manus (New Guinea), Fiji, Cocos Keeling) Kepulauan, Mauritius, dan Reunion. <> Serangga apa yang dikesan pada tahun 2007? || kumbang badak kelapa <> Apa lagi wilayah Amerika yang mempunyai kumbang ini yang telah memusnahkan Guam? || Samoa Amerika <> Dimana kelapa Beetle asli? || Asia Selatan", {"context": "An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, was detected on Guam on September 12, 2007. CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa. Delimiting surveys performed September 13\u201325, 2007 indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach, an area of approximately 900 acres (3.6 km2). Guam Department of Agriculture (GDA) placed quarantine on all properties within the Tumon area on October 5 and later expanded the quarantine to about 2,500 acres (10 km2) on October 25; approximately 0.5 miles (800 m) radius in all directions from all known locations of CRB infestation. CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the Western Pacific including Sri Lanka, Upolu, Samoa, American Samoa, Palau, New Britain, West Irian, New Ireland, Pak Island and Manus Island (New Guinea), Fiji, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Mauritius, and Reunion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "coconut rhinoceros beetle"}], "question": "What insect was detected in 2007?", "id": "572b6762be1ee31400cb835f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "American Samoa"}], "question": "What other American territory has these beetles that have infested Guam?", "id": "572b6762be1ee31400cb8360"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "Southern Asia"}], "question": "Where is the Coconut Beetle native to?", "id": "572b6762be1ee31400cb8361"}]}]], [["Pada abad ke-12 CE ahli falsafah dan novelis Islam Andalusia, Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (dikenali sebagai \"Abubacer\" atau \"Ebn Tophail\" di Barat) termasuk teori tabula rasa sebagai percubaan pemikiran dalam novel filsafat Arabnya, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan yang mana ia menggambarkan perkembangan fikiran anak kecil \"dari tabula rasa kepada orang dewasa, dalam pengasingan sepenuhnya dari masyarakat\" di pulau padang pasir, melalui pengalaman sahaja. Terjemahan Latin novel falsafahnya, berjudul Philosophus Autodidactus, yang diterbitkan oleh Edward Pococke the Younger pada tahun 1671, mempunyai pengaruh pada formulasi tabula rasa John Locke dalam Sebuah Essay Mengenai Pemahaman Manusia. <> Apa yang biasa dipanggil 'Abubacer'? || Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan 'Ebn Topnail'? || Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail <> Apakah agama Ibn Tufail? || Muslim <> Apakah etnik Ibn Tufail? || Andalusia <> Kapan Ibnu Tufail hidup? || Abad ke-12 CE", {"context": "In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (known as \"Abubacer\" or \"Ebn Tophail\" in the West) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child \"from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society\" on a desert island, through experience alone. The Latin translation of his philosophical novel, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, published by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail"}], "question": "What was 'Abubacer' normally called?", "id": "572b3335be1ee31400cb8297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail"}], "question": "What was 'Ebn Topnail' normally called?", "id": "572b3335be1ee31400cb8298"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Muslim"}], "question": "What was Ibn Tufail's religion?", "id": "572b3335be1ee31400cb8299"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Andalusian"}], "question": "What was Ibn Tufail's ethnicity?", "id": "572b3335be1ee31400cb829a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "12th century CE"}], "question": "When did Ibn Tufail live?", "id": "572b3335be1ee31400cb829b"}]}], ["Idea ini kemudiannya dibangunkan dalam falsafah purba oleh sekolah Stoic. Epistemologi Stoic secara amnya menegaskan bahawa minda mula kosong, tetapi memperoleh pengetahuan sebagai dunia luar terkesan dengannya. Pustosografer Aetius meringkaskan pandangan ini sebagai \"Apabila seorang lelaki dilahirkan, Stoics berkata, dia mempunyai bahagian rohnya seperti lembaran kertas yang siap ditulis.\" Stoik kemudian, seperti Sextus Chaeronea, akan meneruskan idea empirisisme ini dalam tulisan-tulisan Stoic kemudian juga. Seperti Sextus berpendapat \"Untuk setiap pemikiran berasal dari persepsi akal atau tidak tanpa persepsi akal dan baik dari pengalaman langsung atau tidak tanpa pengalaman langsung\" (Against the Professors, 8.56-8). <> Apakah pandangan Stoic? || minda mula kosong, tetapi memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan sebagai dunia luar terkesan di atasnya <> Apakah kerjaya Aetius? || penskografer <> Di manakah Sextus dari? || Chaeronea <> Who wrote 'Against the Professors'? || Sextus <> Siapakah idea yang dibuat oleh Sextus? || Aetius", {"context": "This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school. Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it. The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as \"When a man is born, the Stoics say, he has the commanding part of his soul like a sheet of paper ready for writing upon.\" Later stoics, such as Sextus of Chaeronea, would continue this idea of empiricism in later Stoic writings as well. As Sextus contends \"For every thought comes from sense-perception or not without sense-perception and either from direct experience or not without direct experience\" (Against the Professors, 8.56-8).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it"}], "question": "What is the Stoic view?", "id": "572b323ebe1ee31400cb8283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "doxographer"}], "question": "What was Aetius's career?", "id": "572b323ebe1ee31400cb8284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Chaeronea"}], "question": "Where was Sextus from?", "id": "572b323ebe1ee31400cb8285"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Sextus"}], "question": "Who wrote 'Against the Professors'?", "id": "572b323ebe1ee31400cb8286"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Aetius"}], "question": "Whose ideas did Sextus build on?", "id": "572b323ebe1ee31400cb8287"}]}], ["Ahli falsafah falsafah tidak mempunyai pengetahuan untuk disimpulkan atau disimpulkan dengan sempurna melainkan ia diperolehi daripada pengalaman berasaskan rasa. Pandangan ini biasanya dibezakan dengan rasionalisme, yang menyatakan bahawa pengetahuan mungkin berasal dari sebab yang bebas dari deria. Sebagai contoh, John Locke berpendapat bahawa sesetengah ilmu pengetahuan (contohnya pengetahuan tentang kewujudan Tuhan) boleh dicapai melalui intuisi dan pemikiran sahaja. Begitu juga Robert Boyle, seorang peniaga terkemuka kaedah eksperimen, berpendapat bahawa kita mempunyai idea-idea semula jadi. Para rasionalis utama benua (Descartes, Spinoza, dan Leibniz) juga menyokong \"kaedah saintifik\" empirikal. <> Apa yang biasa dikontakkan dengan empirisisme? || rasionalisme <> Di mana rasionalisme mengatakan pengetahuan berasal? || Sebabnya secara bebas daripada deria <> Apa contoh pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari intuisi? || pengetahuan tentang kewujudan Tuhan <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Locke? || intuisi dan pemikiran sahaja <> Di manakah rasionalis Eropah utama? || Descartes, Spinoza, dan Leibniz", {"context": "Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience. This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism, which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses. For example, John Locke held that some knowledge (e.g. knowledge of God's existence) could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone. Similarly Robert Boyle, a prominent advocate of the experimental method, held that we have innate ideas. The main continental rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) were also advocates of the empirical \"scientific method\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "rationalism"}], "question": "What is commonly contrasted with empiricism?", "id": "572aed7d34ae481900dead27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "reason independently of the senses"}], "question": "Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from?", "id": "572aed7d34ae481900dead28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "knowledge of God's existence"}], "question": "What is an example knowledge being derived from intuition?", "id": "572aed7d34ae481900dead29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "intuition and reasoning alone"}], "question": "What did Locke think some knowledge could come from?", "id": "572aed7d34ae481900dead2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz"}], "question": "Where were the main European rationalists?", "id": "572aed7d34ae481900dead2b"}]}], ["Semasa Zaman Pertengahan Teori tabula rasa Aristotle dikembangkan oleh ahli falsafah Islam bermula dengan Al Farabi, berkembang menjadi teori rumit oleh Avicenna dan ditunjukkan sebagai percobaan pemikiran oleh Ibn Tufail. Bagi Avicenna (Ibn Sina), contohnya, tabula rasa adalah potensi yang tulen yang diaktualisasikan melalui pendidikan, dan pengetahuan dicapai melalui \"kebiasaan empiris dengan objek di dunia ini yang mana satu abstrak konsep universal\" yang dibangunkan melalui \"kaedah syllogistik penalaran di mana pemerhatian membawa kepada pernyataan cadangan yang apabila dikompaun membawa kepada konsep abstrak yang lebih lanjut \". Intelektual itu sendiri berkembang dari intelek material (al-'aql al-hayulani), yang merupakan potensi \"yang dapat memperoleh pengetahuan intelek yang aktif (al-'aql al-fa'il), keadaan intelek manusia dalam bersamaan dengan sumber pengetahuan yang sempurna \". Oleh itu, \"intelektual aktif\" yang tidak penting, yang terpisah dari mana-mana individu, masih penting untuk pemahaman berlaku. <> Kepunyaan siapa 'tabula rasa'? || Aristotle <> Agama apakah yang Al Farabi? || Islam <> Apa maksud al-'aql al-hayulani? || akal material <> Apa maksud al-'aql al-fa'il? || akal aktif <> Apa yang penting untuk memahami? || yang tidak penting \"akal aktif\"", {"context": "During the Middle Ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail. For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through \"empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts\" developed through a \"syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts\". The intellect itself develops from a material intellect (al-'aql al-hayulani), which is a potentiality \"that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect (al-'aql al-fa'il), the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge\". So the immaterial \"active intellect\", separate from any individual person, is still essential for understanding to occur.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'?", "id": "572b32b2be1ee31400cb828d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Islamic"}], "question": "What religion was Al Farabi?", "id": "572b32b2be1ee31400cb828e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "material intellect"}], "question": "What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean?", "id": "572b32b2be1ee31400cb828f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "active intellect"}], "question": "What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean?", "id": "572b32b2be1ee31400cb8290"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 899, "text": "the immaterial \"active intellect\""}], "question": "What is crucial for understanding?", "id": "572b32b2be1ee31400cb8291"}]}], ["Penjelasan Aristotle tentang bagaimana ini mungkin tidak secara empiris dalam pengertian moden, tetapi berdasarkan teorinya tentang potensi dan aktualitas, dan pengalaman persepsi akal masih memerlukan pertolongan nous aktif. Perkataan ini berbeza dengan pendapat Platonik minda manusia sebagai entiti yang sebelum ini wujud di langit, sebelum diturunkan untuk bergabung dengan tubuh di Bumi (lihat Phaedo dan Apology Plato, serta yang lain). Aristotle dianggap memberi kedudukan yang lebih penting untuk merasakan persepsi daripada Plato, dan pengulas pada Zaman Pertengahan meringkaskan salah satu jawatannya sebagai \"nihil dalam intellectu nisi prius fuerit dalam sensu\" (Latin untuk \"tidak ada dalam akal tanpa terlebih dahulu berada di dalam deria \"). <> Teori apa yang dikatakan oleh Aristotle? || teorinya mengenai potensi dan hakikat <> Bagaimana Phaedo dan Apologi Plato berfikir tentang fikiran? || sebuah entiti yang sebelum ini wujud di langit, sebelum diturunkan untuk menyertai sebuah badan di Bumi <> Yang mengira indria lebih penting, Aristotle atau Plato? || Aristotle <> Siapa sangka pancaindera kurang penting, Aristotle atau Plato? || Plato <> Apa maksud \"nihil dalam intellectu nisi prius fuerit dalam sensu\" maksudnya? || Latin untuk \"tiada apa-apa dalam akal tanpa terlebih dahulu berada di dalam deria\"", {"context": "Aristotle's explanation of how this was possible was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense, but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actuality, and experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous. These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth (see Plato's Phaedo and Apology, as well as others). Aristotle was considered to give a more important position to sense perception than Plato, and commentators in the Middle Ages summarized one of his positions as \"nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu\" (Latin for \"nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "his theory of potentiality and actuality"}], "question": "What theory was Aristotle's explanation based on?", "id": "572b31d434ae481900dead31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth"}], "question": "How did Plato's Phaedo and Apology think of the mind?", "id": "572b31d434ae481900dead32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "Who thought the senses were more important, Aristotle or Plato?", "id": "572b31d434ae481900dead33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Plato"}], "question": "Who thought the senses were less important, Aristotle or Plato?", "id": "572b31d434ae481900dead34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "Latin for \"nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses\""}], "question": "What does \"nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu\" mean?", "id": "572b31d434ae481900dead35"}]}], ["Empirisme British, walaupun bukan istilah yang digunakan pada masa itu, berasal dari zaman abad ke-17 falsafah moden dan sains moden. Istilah ini berguna untuk menggambarkan perbezaan yang dilihat antara dua pengasasnya Francis Bacon, yang digambarkan sebagai empiris, dan Ren\u00e9 Descartes, yang digambarkan sebagai seorang rasionalis. Thomas Hobbes dan Baruch Spinoza, dalam generasi akan datang, sering digambarkan sebagai ahli empiris dan rasionalis. John Locke, George Berkeley, dan David Hume merupakan pendorong utama empirisisme pada Pencerahan abad ke-18, dengan Locke menjadi orang yang biasanya dikenali sebagai pengasas empirisme seperti itu. <> Bilakah tempoh empirisisme British? || Abad ke-17 <> Apa jenis ahli falsafah adalah Francis Bacon? || empiris <> Apa jenis ahli falsafah Descartes? || rasionalis <> Apa jenis ahli falsafah Hobbes? || empiris <> Apa jenis ahli falsafah adalah Spinoza? || rasionalis", {"context": "British empiricism, though it was not a term used at the time, derives from the 17th century period of early modern philosophy and modern science. The term became useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon, described as empiricist, and Ren\u00e9 Descartes, who is described as a rationalist. Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza, in the next generation, are often also described as an empiricist and a rationalist respectively. John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume were the primary exponents of empiricism in the 18th century Enlightenment, with Locke being the person who is normally known as the founder of empiricism as such.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "17th century"}], "question": "When was the British empiricism period?", "id": "572b34a6111d821400f38dd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "empiricist"}], "question": "What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon?", "id": "572b34a6111d821400f38dd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "rationalist"}], "question": "What type of philosopher was Descartes?", "id": "572b34a6111d821400f38dd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "empiricist"}], "question": "What type of philosopher was Hobbes?", "id": "572b34a6111d821400f38dd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "rationalist"}], "question": "What type of philosopher was Spinoza?", "id": "572b34a6111d821400f38dd4"}]}], ["Satu generasi kemudian, uskup Anglikan Ireland, George Berkeley (1685-1753), memutuskan bahawa pandangan Locke segera membuka pintu yang akan mengakibatkan atheisme akhirnya. Sebagai tindak balas kepada Locke, beliau mengemukakan dalam Treatise Mengenai Prinsip-prinsip Pengetahuan Manusia (1710) merupakan satu cabaran penting untuk empirisisme di mana perkara-perkara hanya wujud sama ada akibat dari pengertian mereka, atau berdasarkan fakta bahawa mereka adalah entiti melakukan perceiving. (Untuk Berkeley, Tuhan memenuhi keperluan manusia dengan melakukan pengertian apabila manusia tidak dapat melakukannya.) Dalam teksnya, Alciphron, Berkeley mengekalkan bahawa setiap perintah manusia dapat dilihat secara alamiah adalah bahasa atau tulisan tangan Tuhan. Pendekatan Berkeley terhadap empirisme kemudiannya dinamakan idealisme subjektif. <> Siapa yang menulis 'Treatise Mengenai Prinsip Pengetahuan Manusia'? || George Berkeley <> Siapa yang menulis 'Alciphron'? || George Berkeley <> Bilakah 'Treatise Mengenai Prinsip Pengetahuan Manusia' yang diterbitkan? || 1710 <> Apakah agama itu George Berkeley? || Anglican <> Apa kewarganegaraannya ialah George Berkeley? || Ireland", {"context": "A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685\u20131753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which things only exist either as a result of their being perceived, or by virtue of the fact that they are an entity doing the perceiving. (For Berkeley, God fills in for humans by doing the perceiving whenever humans are not around to do it.) In his text Alciphron, Berkeley maintained that any order humans may see in nature is the language or handwriting of God. Berkeley's approach to empiricism would later come to be called subjective idealism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "George Berkeley"}], "question": "Who wrote 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'?", "id": "572b3577f75d5e190021fd10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "George Berkeley"}], "question": "Who wrote 'Alciphron'?", "id": "572b3577f75d5e190021fd14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1710"}], "question": "When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' published?", "id": "572b3577f75d5e190021fd11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Anglican"}], "question": "What religion was George Berkeley?", "id": "572b3577f75d5e190021fd12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Irish"}], "question": "What nationality was George Berkeley?", "id": "572b3577f75d5e190021fd13"}]}], ["Pada akhir kebangkitan pelbagai penulis mula mempersoalkan pemahaman zaman pertengahan dan klasik pemerolehan pengetahuan dengan cara yang lebih mendasar. Dalam penulisan politik dan sejarah Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli dan rakannya, Francesco Guicciardini memulakan gaya penulisan realistik yang baru. Machiavelli khususnya adalah mengejek penulis mengenai politik yang menilai segala-galanya berbanding dengan cita-cita mental dan menuntut agar orang harus mempelajari \"kebenaran yang berkesan\" sebaliknya. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) yang kontemporari mereka berkata, \"Jika anda mendapati dari pengalaman anda sendiri bahawa sesuatu adalah fakta dan ia bercanggah dengan apa yang ditulis oleh pihak berkuasa, maka anda mesti meninggalkan kuasa dan mendasarkan penalaran anda atas penemuan anda sendiri . \" <> Bilakah Da Vinci dilahirkan? || 1452 <> Bilakah Da Vinci mati? || 1519 <> Apa yang ditanya oleh penulis penulis kebangkitan? || pengertian zaman pertengahan dan klasik pemerolehan pengetahuan <> Siapa yang menafikan Machiavelli? || penulis mengenai politik yang menilai segala-galanya dibandingkan dengan cita-cita mental <> Apa yang dinasihatkan oleh da Vinci apabila pengalaman anda bertentangan dengan kuasa? || meninggalkan kuasa dan mendasarkan penalaran anda pada penemuan anda sendiri", {"context": "In the late renaissance various writers began to question the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition in a more fundamental way. In political and historical writing Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli and his friend Francesco Guicciardini initiated a new realistic style of writing. Machiavelli in particular was scornful of writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals and demanded that people should study the \"effectual truth\" instead. Their contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci (1452\u20131519) said, \"If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "1452"}], "question": "When was da Vinci born?", "id": "572b33b6111d821400f38dbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "1519"}], "question": "When did da Vinci die?", "id": "572b33b6111d821400f38dbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition"}], "question": "What did renaissance writers question?", "id": "572b33b6111d821400f38dc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals"}], "question": "Who did Machiavelli disdain?", "id": "572b33b6111d821400f38dc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings"}], "question": "What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority?", "id": "572b33b6111d821400f38dc2"}]}], ["Teoritik muzik anti-Aristotelian dan anti-clerical Vincenzo Galilei (kira-kira 1520-1591), bapa kepada Galileo dan pencipta monumen, menggunakan kaedah ini dalam menyelesaikan masalah muzik, pertama, penalaan seperti hubungan padang untuk ketegangan rentetan dan jisim dalam instrumen bertali, dan kepada jumlah udara dalam instrumen angin; dan kedua ke komposisi, dengan pelbagai sarannya kepada para penggubah muzik di dalamnya Dialogo della musica antica e moderna (Florence, 1581). Perkataan Itali yang digunakannya untuk \"eksperimen\" adalah esperienza. Adalah diketahui bahawa dia adalah pengaruh pedagogis penting kepada anak muda Galileo, anak sulungnya (seperti Coelho, Muzik dan Sains di Zaman Galileo Galilei), yang boleh dikatakan sebagai salah satu ahli empiris yang paling berpengaruh dalam sejarah. Vincenzo, melalui penyelidikannya, menemui kebenaran yang mendasar di tengah-tengah mitos yang disalahpahami oleh 'palu Pythagoras' (dataran nombor yang bersangkutan menghasilkan selang muzik itu, bukan bilangan sebenar, seperti yang dipercayai), dan melalui ini dan lain-lain penemuan yang menunjukkan kekurangan pihak berkuasa tradisional, sikap radikal empirikal yang dikembangkan, diteruskan kepada Galileo, yang menganggap \"pengalaman dan demonstrasi\" sebagai penyelidikan rasional yang tidak sah. <> Bilakah Vincenzo Galilei dilahirkan? || ca. 1520 <> Bilakah Vincenzo Galilei mati? || 1591 <> Siapa anak sulung Vincenzo Galilei? || Galileo <> Apakah maksud 'esperienza'? || eksperimen", {"context": "The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei (ca. 1520\u20131591), father of Galileo and the inventor of monody, made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems, firstly, of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to string tension and mass in stringed instruments, and to volume of air in wind instruments; and secondly to composition, by his various suggestions to composers in his Dialogo della musica antica e moderna (Florence, 1581). The Italian word he used for \"experiment\" was esperienza. It is known that he was the essential pedagogical influence upon the young Galileo, his eldest son (cf. Coelho, ed. Music and Science in the Age of Galileo Galilei), arguably one of the most influential empiricists in history. Vincenzo, through his tuning research, found the underlying truth at the heart of the misunderstood myth of 'Pythagoras' hammers' (the square of the numbers concerned yielded those musical intervals, not the actual numbers, as believed), and through this and other discoveries that demonstrated the fallibility of traditional authorities, a radically empirical attitude developed, passed on to Galileo, which regarded \"experience and demonstration\" as the sine qua non of valid rational enquiry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "ca. 1520"}], "question": "When was Vincenzo Galilei born?", "id": "572b345c111d821400f38dc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "1591"}], "question": "When did Vincenzo Galilei die?", "id": "572b345c111d821400f38dc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Galileo"}], "question": "Who was Vincenzo Galilei's oldest son?", "id": "572b345c111d821400f38dca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "experiment"}], "question": "What does 'esperienza' mean?", "id": "572b345c111d821400f38dcb"}]}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada \"rasionalisme benua\" awal abad ke-17, John Locke (1632-1704) yang dicadangkan dalam Sebuah Essay Mengenai Pemahaman Manusia (1689) pandangan yang sangat berpengaruh di mana satu-satunya pengetahuan manusia yang boleh dimiliki adalah posteriori, berdasarkan pengalaman. Locke terkenal dengan memegang proposisi bahawa minda manusia adalah tabula rasa, \"tablet kosong\", dalam kata-kata Locke \"kertas putih\", di mana pengalaman yang diperoleh dari kesan akal sebagai hasil hidup seseorang ditulis. Terdapat dua sumber idea kami: sensasi dan refleksi. Dalam kedua-dua kes, perbezaan dibuat antara ide yang mudah dan rumit. Yang pertama tidak dapat diselesaikan, dan dipecah menjadi kualiti primer dan sekunder. Kualiti utama adalah penting bagi objek yang dimaksudkan untuk menjadi apa itu. Tanpa kualiti utama tertentu, objek tidak akan menjadi apa yang berlaku. Sebagai contoh, epal adalah epal kerana susunan struktur atomnya. Sekiranya epal disusun secara berbeza, ia akan menjadi epal. Kualiti sekunder ialah maklumat deria yang dapat kita perhatikan daripada kualiti utamanya. Sebagai contoh, epal boleh dilihat dalam pelbagai warna, saiz, dan tekstur tetapi ia masih dikenal pasti sebagai epal. Oleh itu, kualiti utamanya menentukan apa objek itu pada asasnya, sementara kualiti sekundernya menentukan sifatnya. Idea kompleks menggabungkan yang mudah, dan membahagikan kepada bahan, mod, dan hubungan. Menurut Locke, pengetahuan kita tentang sesuatu adalah persepsi tentang gagasan yang sesuai atau bertentangan antara satu sama lain, yang sangat berbeda dari pencarian kepastian Descartes. <> Bilakah 'Esei Mengenai Pemahaman Manusia' diterbitkan? || 1689 <> Siapa yang menulis 'Esei Mengenai Memahami Manusia'? || John Locke <> Apa maksud 'tabula rasa'? || tablet kosong <> Apa kata Locke mengatakan 'tabula rasa'? || kertas putih <> Apa pendapat konsep 'tabula rasa' Locke yang berlaku kepada minda? || di mana pengalaman yang diperoleh daripada kesan akal sebagai hasil hidup seseorang ditulis", {"context": "In response to the early-to-mid-17th century \"continental rationalism\" John Locke (1632\u20131704) proposed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) a very influential view wherein the only knowledge humans can have is a posteriori, i.e., based upon experience. Locke is famously attributed with holding the proposition that the human mind is a tabula rasa, a \"blank tablet\", in Locke's words \"white paper\", on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written. There are two sources of our ideas: sensation and reflection. In both cases, a distinction is made between simple and complex ideas. The former are unanalysable, and are broken down into primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities are essential for the object in question to be what it is. Without specific primary qualities, an object would not be what it is. For example, an apple is an apple because of the arrangement of its atomic structure. If an apple was structured differently, it would cease to be an apple. Secondary qualities are the sensory information we can perceive from its primary qualities. For example, an apple can be perceived in various colours, sizes, and textures but it is still identified as an apple. Therefore, its primary qualities dictate what the object essentially is, while its secondary qualities define its attributes. Complex ideas combine simple ones, and divide into substances, modes, and relations. According to Locke, our knowledge of things is a perception of ideas that are in accordance or discordance with each other, which is very different from the quest for certainty of Descartes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "1689"}], "question": "When was 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' published?", "id": "572b352e111d821400f38dda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "John Locke"}], "question": "Who wrote 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'?", "id": "572b352e111d821400f38ddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "blank tablet"}], "question": "What does 'tabula rasa' mean?", "id": "572b352e111d821400f38ddc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "white paper"}], "question": "What did Locke say 'tabula rasa' meant?", "id": "572b352e111d821400f38ddd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written"}], "question": "What did Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept say happens to the mind?", "id": "572b352e111d821400f38dde"}]}], ["Empirisisme logik (juga positivisme logik atau neopositivisme) adalah percubaan awal abad ke-20 untuk mensintesis idea-idea penting empirisisme Inggeris (contohnya penekanan kuat terhadap pengalaman deria sebagai asas untuk pengetahuan) dengan pandangan tertentu dari logika matematik yang telah dibangunkan oleh Gottlob Frege dan Ludwig Wittgenstein. Beberapa tokoh penting dalam gerakan ini ialah Otto Neurath, Moritz Schlick dan seluruh Vienna Circle, bersama dengan A.J. Ayer, Rudolf Carnap dan Hans Reichenbach. <> Apakah istilah lain untuk empirisisme logik? || positivisme logik atau neopositivism <> Bilakah pentadbiran logik dirumuskan? || awal abad ke-20 <> Apakah empirisisme logik cuba menggabungkan dengan logik matematik? || Empirisisme Inggeris <> Apakah Otto Neurath adalah ahli penting? || Empiris logik <> Apa itu AJ Ayer seorang ahli penting? || Empirisisme logik", {"context": "Logical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Some of the key figures in this movement were Otto Neurath, Moritz Schlick and the rest of the Vienna Circle, along with A.J. Ayer, Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "logical positivism or neopositivism"}], "question": "What are other terms for logical empiricism?", "id": "572b415834ae481900dead4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "early 20th-century"}], "question": "When was logical empricism formulated?", "id": "572b415834ae481900dead50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "British empiricism"}], "question": "What did logical empiricism try to combine with mathematical logic?", "id": "572b415834ae481900dead51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Logical empiricism"}], "question": "What was Otto Neurath an important member of?", "id": "572b415834ae481900dead52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Logical empiricism"}], "question": "What was AJ Ayer an important member of?", "id": "572b415834ae481900dead53"}]}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 beberapa bentuk falsafah pragmatik muncul. Idea pragmatisme, dalam pelbagai bentuknya, berkembang terutamanya dari perbincangan antara Charles Sanders Peirce dan William James apabila kedua-dua lelaki berada di Harvard pada tahun 1870an. James mempopularkan istilah \"pragmatisme\", memberikan kredit penuh Peirce untuk warisannya, tetapi Peirce kemudiannya merungut dari tangen yang pergerakan itu mengambil, dan mengulang semula apa yang dianggapnya sebagai idea asal dengan nama \"pragmatik\". Bersama dengan teori pragmatiknya yang benar, perspektif ini mengintegrasikan pandangan asas pemikiran empirikal (berasaskan pengalaman) dan pemikiran rasional (berasaskan konsep). <> Bilakah pragmatisme timbul? || Pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 <> Siapa yang mengembangkan pragmatisme? || Charles Sanders Peirce dan William James <> Di mana Peirce dan James bertemu? || Harvard <> Bilakah Peirce dan James bertemu? || dalam tahun 1870-an <> Apa yang Peirce kemudian memanggil ideanya bukan pragmatisme? || pragmatik", {"context": "In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term \"pragmatism\", giving Peirce full credit for its patrimony, but Peirce later demurred from the tangents that the movement was taking, and redubbed what he regarded as the original idea with the name of \"pragmaticism\". Along with its pragmatic theory of truth, this perspective integrates the basic insights of empirical (experience-based) and rational (concept-based) thinking.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In the late 19th and early 20th century"}], "question": "When did pragmatism arise?", "id": "572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Charles Sanders Peirce and William James"}], "question": "Who developed pragmatism?", "id": "572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Harvard"}], "question": "Where did Peirce and James meet?", "id": "572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "in the 1870s"}], "question": "When did Peirce and James meet?", "id": "572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "pragmaticism"}], "question": "What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism?", "id": "572b42f9be1ee31400cb82d5"}]}], ["Hume membahagikan semua pengetahuan manusia ke dalam dua kategori: hubungan idea dan perkara fakta (lihat juga perbezaan analitik sintetik Kant). Cadangan matematik dan logik (contohnya \"bahawa persegi hipotenus bersamaan dengan jumlah kotak dua sisi\") adalah contoh yang pertama, sementara proposisi yang melibatkan beberapa pemerhatian kontinjen di dunia (contohnya \"matahari terbit dalam Timur \") adalah contoh yang kedua. Semua \"idea\" orang, sebaliknya, berasal daripada \"jejak\" mereka. Bagi Hume, \"kesan\" sepadan dengan apa yang kita sebut sensasi. Untuk mengingati atau membayangkan tanggapan sedemikian adalah mempunyai \"idea\". Oleh itu, gagasan adalah salinan sensasi yang lemah. <> Apa jenis pengetahuan manusia yang dikatakan Hume ada? || hubungan idea dan perkara fakta <> Apa jenis pengetahuan manusia matematik? || hubungan ide <> Apa jenis pengetahuan manusia yang memerhatikan dunia? || perkara fakta <> Apa jenis pengetahuan manusia yang \"matahari terbit di Timur\"? || perkara-perkara fakta <> Di manakah Hume mengatakan idea orang datang? || \"jejak\" mereka", {"context": "Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. \"that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides\") are examples of the first, while propositions involving some contingent observation of the world (e.g. \"the sun rises in the East\") are examples of the second. All of people's \"ideas\", in turn, are derived from their \"impressions\". For Hume, an \"impression\" corresponds roughly with what we call a sensation. To remember or to imagine such impressions is to have an \"idea\". Ideas are therefore the faint copies of sensations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "relations of ideas and matters of fact"}], "question": "What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are?", "id": "572b3656be1ee31400cb82a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "relations of ideas"}], "question": "What type of human knowledge is math?", "id": "572b3656be1ee31400cb82a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "matters of fact"}], "question": "What type of human knowledge is observing the world?", "id": "572b3656be1ee31400cb82a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "matters of fact"}], "question": "What type of human knowledge is \"the sun rises in the East\"?", "id": "572b3656be1ee31400cb82a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "their \"impressions\""}], "question": "Where did Hume say people's ideas come from?", "id": "572b3656be1ee31400cb82a5"}]}], ["Ahli falsafah Scotland, David Hume (1711-1776) bertindak balas terhadap kritikan Berkeley Locke, serta perbezaan lain antara ahli falsafah moden yang awal, dan menggerakkan empirisisme ke tahap baru skeptisisme. Hume berhujah seiring dengan pandangan empiris bahawa semua pengetahuan berasal dari pengalaman akal, tetapi dia menerima bahawa ini mempunyai implikasi yang tidak lazim diterima oleh para ahli falsafah. Beliau menulis sebagai contoh, \"Locke membahagikan semua hujah ke dalam demonstrasi dan kemungkinan. Pada pandangan ini, kita mesti mengatakan bahawa hanya mungkin semua manusia mesti mati atau matahari akan naik ke-esok, kerana tidak satu pun dari ini dapat ditunjukkan. Tetapi untuk menyesuaikan bahasa kami dengan lebih banyak lagi untuk digunakan, kita sepatutnya membahagikan argumen ke demonstrasi, bukti, dan kebarangkalian - dengan bukti 'bukti' dari hujah yang tidak memberi ruang untuk keraguan atau pembangkang. \" Dan, <> Apa yang dibawa Hume ke empirisisme? || tahap keraguan baru <> Apa kebangsaan Hume? || Scotland <> Apa dua jenis argumen yang dikatakan Locke ada? || demonstratif dan kemungkinan <> Bilakah Hume mati? || 1776 <> Bilakah Hume dilahirkan? || 1711", {"context": "The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711\u20131776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepted that this has implications not normally acceptable to philosophers. He wrote for example, \"Locke divides all arguments into demonstrative and probable. On this view, we must say that it is only probable that all men must die or that the sun will rise to-morrow, because neither of these can be demonstrated. But to conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities\u2014by \u2018proofs\u2019 meaning arguments from experience that leave no room for doubt or opposition.\" And,", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "a new level of skepticism"}], "question": "What did Hume bring to empiricism?", "id": "572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Scottish"}], "question": "What was Hume's nationality?", "id": "572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "demonstrative and probable"}], "question": "What two types of arguments did Locke say there are?", "id": "572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "1776"}], "question": "When did Hume die?", "id": "572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "1711"}], "question": "When was Hume born?", "id": "572b35e2f75d5e190021fd1d"}]}], ["Hume mengekalkan bahawa semua pengetahuan, walaupun kepercayaan paling asas tentang dunia semulajadi, tidak dapat ditentukan secara konklusif oleh sebab. Sebaliknya, beliau mengekalkan kepercayaan kita adalah lebih banyak hasil tabiat terkumpul, yang dibangunkan sebagai tindak balas kepada pengalaman akumulasi terkumpul. Di antara banyaknya hujahnya Hume juga menambahkan satu lagi penting untuk perdebatan tentang kaedah saintifik - masalah induksi. Hume berhujah bahawa ia memerlukan penalaran induktif untuk tiba di premis untuk prinsip penalaran induktif, dan oleh itu justifikasi untuk penalaran induktif adalah hujah pekeliling. Di antara kesimpulan Hume mengenai masalah induksi adalah tidak ada kepastian bahawa masa depan akan menyerupai masa lalu. Oleh itu, sebagai contoh mudah yang ditimbulkan oleh Hume, kita tidak dapat mengetahui secara pasti oleh penalaran induktif bahawa matahari akan terus meningkat di Timur, tetapi sebaliknya mengharapkan ia berbuat demikian kerana ia telah berulang kali dilakukan pada masa lalu. <> Apa yang Hume fikir kepercayaan kita? || hasil tabiat terkumpul, yang dibangunkan sebagai tindak balas kepada pengalaman akumulasi terkumpul <> Apa yang Hume fikir kepercayaan kita tidak dapat ditubuhkan semata-mata oleh? || Alasan <> Apa pendapat Hume adalah hujah melingkar? || justifikasi untuk penalaran induktif <> Apa yang dikatakan Hume kita tidak dapat tahu dengan penalaran induktif? || bahawa matahari akan terus meningkat di Timur <> Mengapa Hume mengatakan kita mengharapkan matahari terbit? || kerana ia telah berulang kali dilakukan pada masa lalu", {"context": "Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another important slant to the debate about scientific method \u2014 that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument. Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the past. Thus, as a simple instance posed by Hume, we cannot know with certainty by inductive reasoning that the sun will continue to rise in the East, but instead come to expect it to do so because it has repeatedly done so in the past.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences"}], "question": "What did Hume think our beliefs are?", "id": "572b36debe1ee31400cb82ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "reason"}], "question": "What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?", "id": "572b36debe1ee31400cb82ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "the justification for inductive reasoning"}], "question": "What did Hume think is a circular argument?", "id": "572b36debe1ee31400cb82ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "that the sun will continue to rise in the East"}], "question": "What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning?", "id": "572b36debe1ee31400cb82ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 915, "text": "because it has repeatedly done so in the past"}], "question": "Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?", "id": "572b36debe1ee31400cb82af"}]}], ["Dalam empirisisme ekstremikivis ekstrim-sekurang-kurangnya sebelum tahun 1930-sebarang pernyataan tulen sintetik mesti dapat diabaikan kepada pernyataan muktamad (atau set pernyataan muktamad) yang menyatakan pengamatan atau persepsi langsung. Pada tahun-tahun kemudian, Carnap dan Neurath meninggalkan fenomenal semacam ini memihak kepada pembinaan semula pengetahuan yang rasional ke dalam bahasa fizik spatio-temporal objektif. Iaitu, bukannya menterjemahkan ayat mengenai objek fizikal ke dalam data akal, ayat-ayat tersebut akan diterjemahkan ke dalam ayat-ayat protokol yang dipanggil, \"X pada lokasi Y dan pada masa T memerhatikan apa-apa dan sebagainya.\" Tesis utama positivisme logik (pengesahan, perbezaan analitik sintetik, reduksionisme, dan lain-lain) diserang tajam selepas Perang Dunia II oleh para pemikir seperti Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, dan Richard Rorty. Menjelang akhir 1960-an, ia telah menjadi jelas kepada kebanyakan ahli falsafah bahawa pergerakan itu telah berjalan dengan lancar, walaupun pengaruhnya masih penting di kalangan ahli falsafah analitik kontemporari seperti Michael Dummett dan anti-realis lain. <> Siapa ahli empirik ekstrem? || neopositivists <> Siapa yang menyerang positivisme logik? || Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, dan Richard Rorty <> Apa kedudukan yang diambil oleh Dummett? || anti-realis <> Siapa yang meninggalkan fenomenalisme? || Karnap dan Neurath", {"context": "In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists\u2014at least before the 1930s\u2014any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a rational reconstruction of knowledge into the language of an objective spatio-temporal physics. That is, instead of translating sentences about physical objects into sense-data, such sentences were to be translated into so-called protocol sentences, for example, \"X at location Y and at time T observes such and such.\" The central theses of logical positivism (verificationism, the analytic-synthetic distinction, reductionism, etc.) came under sharp attack after World War II by thinkers such as Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty. By the late 1960s, it had become evident to most philosophers that the movement had pretty much run its course, though its influence is still significant among contemporary analytic philosophers such as Michael Dummett and other anti-realists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "neopositivists"}], "question": "Who were extreme empiricists?", "id": "572b429af75d5e190021fd2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty"}], "question": "Who attacked logical positivism?", "id": "572b429af75d5e190021fd2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1121, "text": "anti-realists"}], "question": "What position does Dummett take?", "id": "572b429af75d5e190021fd30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Carnap and Neurath"}], "question": "Who abandoned phenomenalism?", "id": "572b429af75d5e190021fd31"}]}], ["Para neopositivis melanggan idea falsafah sebagai penjelasan konseptual tentang kaedah, pandangan dan penemuan sains. Mereka melihat dalam simbolisme logis yang diutarakan oleh Frege (1848-1925) dan Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) sebuah instrumen yang kuat yang dapat membina semula semua wacana saintifik menjadi bahasa yang ideal, logiknya sempurna, yang akan bebas dari kekaburan dan deformasi bahasa semulajadi. Ini menimbulkan apa yang mereka lihat sebagai pseudoproblem metafizik dan kebingungan konseptual yang lain. Dengan menggabungkan tesis Frege bahawa semua kebenaran matematik adalah logik dengan idea awal Wittgenstein bahawa semua kebenaran logik adalah tautologi bahasa semata-mata, mereka mencapai klasifikasi dua kali ganda semua proposisi: analitik (priori) dan sintetik (posteriori). Atas dasar ini, mereka merumuskan prinsip penandaan yang kuat antara ayat yang mempunyai akal dan yang tidak: prinsip pengesahan yang dipanggil. Mana-mana ayat yang tidak semata-mata logik, atau tidak dapat diverifikasi tanpa makna. Hasilnya, masalah metafizik, etika, estetik dan lain-lain falsafah tradisional telah dianggap sebagai pseudoproblem. <> Bilakah Bertrand Russell dilahirkan? || 1872 <> Bilakah Bertrand Russell mati? || 1970 <> Apa pendapat Frege mengenai matematik? || semua kebenaran matematik adalah logik <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Wittgenstein mengenai logik? || semua kebenaran logik adalah tautologi bahasa semata <> Apa pseudoproblem? || kebanyakan metafizik, etika, estetik dan lain-lain masalah falsafah tradisional", {"context": "The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848\u20131925) and Bertrand Russell (1872\u20131970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific discourse into an ideal, logically perfect, language that would be free of the ambiguities and deformations of natural language. This gave rise to what they saw as metaphysical pseudoproblems and other conceptual confusions. By combining Frege's thesis that all mathematical truths are logical with the early Wittgenstein's idea that all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies, they arrived at a twofold classification of all propositions: the analytic (a priori) and the synthetic (a posteriori). On this basis, they formulated a strong principle of demarcation between sentences that have sense and those that do not: the so-called verification principle. Any sentence that is not purely logical, or is unverifiable is devoid of meaning. As a result, most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems came to be considered pseudoproblems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "1872"}], "question": "When was Bertrand Russell born?", "id": "572b41aabe1ee31400cb82bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "1970"}], "question": "When did Bertrand Russell die?", "id": "572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "all mathematical truths are logical"}], "question": "What did Frege say about math?", "id": "572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies"}], "question": "What did Wittgenstein say about logic?", "id": "572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1077, "text": "most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems"}], "question": "What are pseudoproblems?", "id": "572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c3"}]}], ["Empirisme kilang itu memegang pengetahuan tentang apa-apa jenis bukan dari pengalaman langsung tetapi kesimpulan induktif dari pengalaman langsung. Masalah-masalah ahli falsafah lain yang ada dengan pusat kedudukan Mill sekitar isu-isu berikut: Pertama, formulasi Mill menghadapi kesulitan ketika menggambarkan apa pengalaman langsung dengan membezakan hanya antara sensasi yang sebenarnya dan mungkin. Ini merindukan beberapa perbincangan utama mengenai keadaan di mana \"kumpulan kemungkinan kekal sensasi\" sedemikian mungkin wujud di tempat pertama. Berkeley meletakkan Tuhan dalam jurang itu; fenomenalis, termasuk Mill, pada dasarnya meninggalkan soalan yang tidak dijawab. Akhirnya, kurang mendapat pengiktirafan dari aspek \"realiti\" yang melampaui \"kemungkinan sensasi\" semata-mata, kedudukan sedemikian membawa kepada versi idealisme subjektif. Soalan tentang bagaimana rasuk lantai terus menyokong lantai sementara tidak dapat diamati, bagaimana pokok terus tumbuh sementara tidak dijaga dan tidak disentuh oleh tangan manusia, dan sebagainya, kekal tidak dijawab, dan mungkin tidak dapat dijawab dalam istilah ini. Kedua, penggubalan Mill membuka peluang yang menggembirakan bahawa \"entiti pengisian jurang adalah kemungkinan semata-mata dan tidak sama sekali\". Ketiga, kedudukan Mill, dengan memanggil matematika hanya satu lagi spesies kesimpulan induktif, salah menafsirkan matematik. Ia gagal menimbang sepenuhnya struktur dan kaedah sains matematik, produk-produk yang dicapai melalui satu prosedur deduktif yang konsisten secara dalaman yang tidak, sama ada hari ini atau pada masa yang ditulis Mill, jatuh di bawah erti induksi yang dipersetujui. <> Apa yang dikatakan Mill tentang pengetahuan? || kesimpulan induktif dari pengalaman langsung <> Apa sensasi yang dilakukan oleh Mill? || sebenar dan mungkin sensasi <> Apabila Mill meninggalkan persoalan sensasi yang tidak dijawab, bagaimanakah Berkeley menjawabnya? || Tuhan <> Apa yang dikatakan Mill mungkin sebenarnya tidak wujud? || entiti pengisian gap <> Apa yang dibuat oleh Mill tentang matematik? || struktur dan kaedah sains matematik, produk yang dihasilkan melalui prosedur deduktif yang konsisten secara dalaman", {"context": "Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experience is by differentiating only between actual and possible sensations. This misses some key discussion concerning conditions under which such \"groups of permanent possibilities of sensation\" might exist in the first place. Berkeley put God in that gap; the phenomenalists, including Mill, essentially left the question unanswered. In the end, lacking an acknowledgement of an aspect of \"reality\" that goes beyond mere \"possibilities of sensation\", such a position leads to a version of subjective idealism. Questions of how floor beams continue to support a floor while unobserved, how trees continue to grow while unobserved and untouched by human hands, etc., remain unanswered, and perhaps unanswerable in these terms. Secondly, Mill's formulation leaves open the unsettling possibility that the \"gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all\". Thirdly, Mill's position, by calling mathematics merely another species of inductive inference, misapprehends mathematics. It fails to fully consider the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures which do not, either today or at the time Mill wrote, fall under the agreed meaning of induction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "an inductive inference from direct experience"}], "question": "What did Mill say knowledge comes from?", "id": "572b3f4734ae481900dead45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "actual and possible sensations"}], "question": "What sensations did Mill differentiate?", "id": "572b3f4734ae481900dead46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "God"}], "question": "When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it?", "id": "572b3f4734ae481900dead47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1121, "text": "gap-filling entities"}], "question": "What did Mill say might not actually exist?", "id": "572b3f4734ae481900dead48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1346, "text": "the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures"}], "question": "What did Mill misrepresent about math?", "id": "572b3f4734ae481900dead49"}]}], ["Kebanyakan pengikut Hume tidak bersetuju dengan kesimpulannya bahawa kepercayaan terhadap dunia luaran adalah tidak dapat dipertikaikan secara rasional, dengan menyatakan bahawa prinsip Hume sendiri secara tersirat mengandungi justifikasi rasional untuk keyakinan seperti itu, yang tidak dapat dipertahankan untuk membiarkan masalah itu beralih kepada naluri manusia, adat dan kebiasaan. Mengikut teori empiris ekstrim yang dikenali sebagai fenomenalisme, yang dijangka oleh hujah kedua Hume dan George Berkeley, objek fizikal adalah sejenis pembinaan daripada pengalaman kami. Fenomenalisme adalah pandangan bahawa objek fizikal, sifat, peristiwa (apa jua fizikal) dapat diturunkan kepada objek mental, sifat, peristiwa. Akhirnya, hanya objek mental, sifat, peristiwa, wujud - oleh itu idealisme subjektif yang berkait rapat. Dengan pemikiran yang fenomenalistik, untuk mempunyai pengalaman visual sesuatu perkara yang sebenar adalah pengalaman pengalaman sesetengah jenis pengalaman. Jenis pengalaman jenis ini mempunyai keteguhan dan kesesuaian yang kurang dari pengalaman pengalaman yang mana halusinasi, sebagai contoh, adalah sebahagian. Seperti yang dinyatakan oleh John Stuart Mill pada pertengahan abad ke-19, perkara adalah \"kemungkinan kekal sensasi\". Empirisme kilang telah membuat langkah penting di luar Hume dalam satu lagi penghormatan: dalam mengekalkan induksi itu diperlukan untuk semua pengetahuan yang bermakna termasuk matematik. Seperti yang diringkaskan oleh D.W. Hamlin: <> Kesimpulan apa yang kebanyakan pengikut Hume tidak bersetuju? || bahawa kepercayaan di dunia luar adalah rasional yang tidak boleh dibenarkan <> Apa yang dikatakan Hume tidak dapat dibenarkan secara rasional? || kepercayaan di dunia luar <> Apa fenomenalisme? || objek fizikal, sifat, peristiwa (apa jua yang fizikal) dapat direduksi kepada objek mental, sifat, peristiwa <> Apakah idealisme subyektif yang berkait rapat dengan? || Phenomenalism <> Apa yang John Stuart Mill katakan? || \"kemungkinan kekal sensasi\"", {"context": "Most of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, custom and habit. According to an extreme empiricist theory known as phenomenalism, anticipated by the arguments of both Hume and George Berkeley, a physical object is a kind of construction out of our experiences. Phenomenalism is the view that physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events. Ultimately, only mental objects, properties, events, exist \u2014 hence the closely related term subjective idealism. By the phenomenalistic line of thinking, to have a visual experience of a real physical thing is to have an experience of a certain kind of group of experiences. This type of set of experiences possesses a constancy and coherence that is lacking in the set of experiences of which hallucinations, for example, are a part. As John Stuart Mill put it in the mid-19th century, matter is the \"permanent possibility of sensation\". Mill's empiricism went a significant step beyond Hume in still another respect: in maintaining that induction is necessary for all meaningful knowledge including mathematics. As summarized by D.W. Hamlin:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable"}], "question": "What conclusion do most of Hume's followers disagree with?", "id": "572b3ab4111d821400f38de4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "belief in an external world"}], "question": "What did Hume say can't be rationally justified?", "id": "572b3ab4111d821400f38de5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events"}], "question": "What is phenomenalism?", "id": "572b3ab4111d821400f38de6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Phenomenalism"}], "question": "What is subjective idealism closely related to?", "id": "572b3ab4111d821400f38de7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1154, "text": "the \"permanent possibility of sensation\""}], "question": "What did John Stuart Mill say matter is?", "id": "572b3ab4111d821400f38de8"}]}], ["Tahap phenomenalist empirisisme pasca Hume berakhir pada tahun 1940-an, kerana pada masa itu telah menjadi jelas bahwa pernyataan tentang benda-benda fizikal tidak dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam pernyataan tentang data akal yang sebenarnya dan mungkin. Sekiranya penyataan objek fizikal akan diterjemahkan ke dalam pernyataan data akal, bekas mesti sekurang-kurangnya deducible dari yang terakhir. Tetapi ternyata tidak ada set pernyataan terhingga mengenai data akal yang sebenarnya dan mungkin dari mana kita dapat menyimpulkan kenyataan pernyataan fizikal tunggal. Ingatlah bahawa pernyataan menterjemahkan atau perumpamaan mestilah dicontohi dari segi pemerhati biasa dalam keadaan pemerhatian normal. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak ada satu set pernyataan terhingga yang dicantumkan dengan istilah deria semata-mata dan dapat menyatakan kepuasan keadaan kehadiran pemerhati biasa. Mengikut fenomenal, mengatakan bahawa pemerhati biasa hadir adalah untuk membuat kenyataan hipotetis yang menjadi doktor untuk memeriksa pemerhati, pemerhati itu akan kelihatan kepada doktor untuk menjadi normal. Tetapi, sudah tentu, doktor itu sendiri mestilah pemerhati biasa. Jika kita hendak menentukan normalisasi doktor ini dalam istilah deria, kita mesti membuat rujukan kepada doktor kedua yang, ketika memeriksa organ-organ rasa doktor pertama, dia sendiri harus mempunyai data akal sebagai pemerhati biasa apabila memeriksa organ-organ indera subjek yang menjadi pemerhati biasa. Dan jika kita hendak menentukan dalam istilah deria bahawa doktor kedua adalah pemerhati biasa, kita mesti merujuk kepada doktor ketiga, dan sebagainya (juga melihat lelaki ketiga). <> Apakah tahap empirisisme berakhir pada 1940-an? || fenomenalis <> Bagaimana tidak boleh dinyatakan set kenyataan yang terhingga? || dalam istilah deria semata <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk menjelaskan normalisasi doktor dalam istilah deria? || seorang doktor kedua", {"context": "The phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data. If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data statement, the former must be at least deducible from the latter. But it came to be realized that there is no finite set of statements about actual and possible sense-data from which we can deduce even a single physical-object statement. Remember that the translating or paraphrasing statement must be couched in terms of normal observers in normal conditions of observation. There is, however, no finite set of statements that are couched in purely sensory terms and can express the satisfaction of the condition of the presence of a normal observer. According to phenomenalism, to say that a normal observer is present is to make the hypothetical statement that were a doctor to inspect the observer, the observer would appear to the doctor to be normal. But, of course, the doctor himself must be a normal observer. If we are to specify this doctor's normality in sensory terms, we must make reference to a second doctor who, when inspecting the sense organs of the first doctor, would himself have to have the sense data a normal observer has when inspecting the sense organs of a subject who is a normal observer. And if we are to specify in sensory terms that the second doctor is a normal observer, we must refer to a third doctor, and so on (also see the third man).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "phenomenalist"}], "question": "What phase of empiricism ended in the 1940s?", "id": "572b40d0111d821400f38df6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "in purely sensory terms"}], "question": "How can't a finite set of statements be described?", "id": "572b40d0111d821400f38df7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1204, "text": "a second doctor"}], "question": "What is necessary to explain a doctor's normality in sensory terms?", "id": "572b40d0111d821400f38df8"}]}], ["John Dewey (1859-1952) mengubah pragmatisme James untuk membentuk teori yang dikenal sebagai instrumentalisme. Peranan pengalaman akal dalam teori Dewey adalah penting, di mana ia melihat pengalaman sebagai kesatuan kesatuan yang melaluinya segala yang lain saling berkaitan. Pemikiran asas Dewey, selaras dengan empirisisme adalah realiti yang ditentukan oleh pengalaman masa lalu. Oleh itu, manusia menyesuaikan pengalaman masa lalu mereka untuk melakukan eksperimen dan menguji nilai pragmatik pengalaman sedemikian. Nilai pengalaman tersebut diukur secara experiential dan saintifik, dan keputusan ujian tersebut menghasilkan idea yang berfungsi sebagai instrumen untuk percubaan masa depan, dalam sains fizikal seperti dalam etika. Oleh itu, idea dalam sistem Dewey mengekalkan rasa empiris mereka kerana mereka hanya dikenali sebagai posteriori. <> Siapa yang datang dengan 'instrumentalisme'? || John Dewey <> Apa yang Dewey berfikir tentang realiti? || realiti ditentukan oleh pengalaman masa lalu <> Bilakah Dewey dilahirkan? || 1859 <> Bilakah Dewey mati? || 1952 <> Apakah instrumentalisme pengubahsuaian? || Pragmatisme James", {"context": "John Dewey (1859\u20131952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that reality is determined by past experience. Therefore, humans adapt their past experiences of things to perform experiments upon and test the pragmatic values of such experience. The value of such experience is measured experientially and scientifically, and the results of such tests generate ideas that serve as instruments for future experimentation, in physical sciences as in ethics. Thus, ideas in Dewey's system retain their empiricist flavour in that they are only known a posteriori.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "John Dewey"}], "question": "Who came up with 'instrumentalism'?", "id": "572b459134ae481900dead71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "reality is determined by past experience"}], "question": "What did Dewey think about reality?", "id": "572b459134ae481900dead72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1859"}], "question": "When was Dewey born?", "id": "572b459134ae481900dead73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "1952"}], "question": "When did Dewey die?", "id": "572b459134ae481900dead74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "James' pragmatism"}], "question": "What was instrumentalism a modification of?", "id": "572b459134ae481900dead75"}]}], ["Charles Peirce (1839-1914) sangat berpengaruh dalam meletakkan asas untuk kaedah saintifik empirikal hari ini. Walaupun Peirce sangat mengkritik banyak unsur rasionalisme jenama Descartes, dia tidak menolak rasionalisme secara terang-terangan. Sesungguhnya dia bersetuju dengan idea utama rasionalisme, yang paling penting adalah idea bahawa konsep rasional boleh menjadi bermakna dan idea bahawa konsep rasional semestinya melampaui data yang diberikan oleh pemerhatian empirikal. Pada tahun-tahun kemudian, beliau juga menegaskan sisi perdebatan konsep yang berterusan antara empirisisme yang ketat dan rasionalisme yang ketat, sebahagiannya untuk mengimbangi kelebihan yang mana beberapa kohortnya telah mengambil pragmatisme di bawah pandangan ketat-empiris \"yang didorong data\". <> Bilakah Peirce dilahirkan? || 1839 <> Bilakah Peirce mati? || 1914 <> Pandangan apa yang difikirkan oleh Peirce terlalu banyak? || pandangan ketat-empiris \"yang didorong oleh data\" yang membentuk asas untuk kaedah saintifik moden? || Charles Peirce <> Siapa rasionalisme yang mengkritik Peirce? || Descartes", {"context": "Charles Peirce (1839\u20131914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rationalism, most importantly the idea that rational concepts can be meaningful and the idea that rational concepts necessarily go beyond the data given by empirical observation. In later years he even emphasized the concept-driven side of the then ongoing debate between strict empiricism and strict rationalism, in part to counterbalance the excesses to which some of his cohorts had taken pragmatism under the \"data-driven\" strict-empiricist view.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "1839"}], "question": "When was Peirce born?", "id": "572b4375be1ee31400cb82db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "1914"}], "question": "When did Peirce die?", "id": "572b4375be1ee31400cb82dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "the \"data-driven\" strict-empiricist view"}], "question": "What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess?", "id": "572b4375be1ee31400cb82dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Peirce"}], "question": "Who formed the basis for modern scientific method?", "id": "572b4375be1ee31400cb82de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Descartes"}], "question": "Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize?", "id": "572b4375be1ee31400cb82df"}]}], ["Sekitar permulaan abad ke-20, William James (1842-1910) mencipta istilah \"empirisisme radikal\" untuk menggambarkan cabang pragmatisme bentuknya, yang mana beliau berhujah boleh ditangani secara berasingan daripada pragmatismenya - walaupun sebenarnya dua konsep bersambung dalam kuliah James yang diterbitkan. James mengekalkan bahawa secara empiris diperhatikan \"keperluan alam semesta yang ditangkap secara langsung ... tidak ada sokongan penyambung trans-empirikal yang melampau\", yang mana ia bertujuan untuk mengesampingkan persepsi bahawa dapat ada nilai tambah dengan mencari penjelasan supranatural untuk fenomena alam. Oleh itu, \"empirisisme radikal\" James adalah tidak radikal dalam konteks istilah \"empirisisme\", tetapi sebaliknya agak konsisten dengan penggunaan moden istilah \"empiris\". (Kaedah hujahnya dalam mencapai pandangan ini, bagaimanapun, masih mudah dijumpai perdebatan dalam falsafah walaupun hari ini.) <> Siapa yang datang dengan 'empirisisme radikal'? || William James <> Di manakah pragmatisme James dan empirisisme radikal saling berkaitan? || dalam kuliah James yang diterbitkan <> Bilakah William James dilahirkan? || 1842 <> Bilakah William James mati? || 1910 <> Bilakah James datang dengan 'empirisisme radikal'? || Sekitar permulaan abad ke-20", {"context": "Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842\u20131910) coined the term \"radical empiricism\" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism \u2013 though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures. James maintained that the empirically observed \"directly apprehended universe needs ... no extraneous trans-empirical connective support\", by which he meant to rule out the perception that there can be any value added by seeking supernatural explanations for natural phenomena. James's \"radical empiricism\" is thus not radical in the context of the term \"empiricism\", but is instead fairly consistent with the modern use of the term \"empirical\". (His method of argument in arriving at this view, however, still readily encounters debate within philosophy even today.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "William James"}], "question": "Who came up with 'radical empiricism'?", "id": "572b4537f75d5e190021fd56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "in James's published lectures"}], "question": "Where were James's pragmatism and radical empiricism intertwined?", "id": "572b4537f75d5e190021fd57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "1842"}], "question": "When was William James born?", "id": "572b4537f75d5e190021fd58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "1910"}], "question": "When did William James die?", "id": "572b4537f75d5e190021fd59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Around the beginning of the 20th century"}], "question": "When did James come up with 'radical empiricism'?", "id": "572b4537f75d5e190021fd5a"}]}], ["Antara sumbangan utama Peirce ialah meletakkan penalaran induktif dan pemikiran deduktif dalam mod pelengkap dan bukan kompetitif, yang kemudian menjadi trend utama di kalangan yang berpendidikan sejak David Hume menulis satu abad sebelum ini. Untuk ini, Peirce menambah konsep penalaran menculik. Gabungan tiga bentuk pemikiran berfungsi sebagai asas konsep utama untuk kaedah saintifik berasaskan empiris hari ini. Pendekatan Peirce \"mengandaikan bahawa (1) objek pengetahuan adalah perkara sebenar, (2) karakter (sifat) benda-benda sebenar tidak bergantung kepada persepsi kita tentang mereka, dan (3) Menurut doktrin mengenai kejahatan Peirce, kesimpulan sains selalu tentatif. Rasionalitas kaedah saintifik tidak bergantung pada kepastian kesimpulannya, tetapi pada watak pembetulannya sendiri: dengan meneruskan penggunaan sains kaedah boleh mengesan dan membetulkan kesilapan sendiri, dan dengan itu akhirnya membawa kepada penemuan kebenaran \". <> Berapa lama sebelum Peirce menulis Hume? || satu abad <> Bagaimana Peirce melihat penalaran induktif vs penalaran deduktif? || Pelengkap <> Bagaimana pandangan Hume terhadap induktif vs penalaran deduktif? || kompetitif <> Apa yang dikatakan kejahilan? || kesimpulan sains selalu tentatif <> Apakah kaedah rasional saintifik bergantung pada? || watak pembetulan diri", {"context": "Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined three forms of reasoning serve as a primary conceptual foundation for the empirically based scientific method today. Peirce's approach \"presupposes that (1) the objects of knowledge are real things, (2) the characters (properties) of real things do not depend on our perceptions of them, and (3) everyone who has sufficient experience of real things will agree on the truth about them. According to Peirce's doctrine of fallibilism, the conclusions of science are always tentative. The rationality of the scientific method does not depend on the certainty of its conclusions, but on its self-corrective character: by continued application of the method science can detect and correct its own mistakes, and thus eventually lead to the discovery of truth\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "a century"}], "question": "How long before Peirce did Hume write?", "id": "572b441cf75d5e190021fd42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "complementary"}], "question": "How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning?", "id": "572b441cf75d5e190021fd43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "competitive"}], "question": "How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning?", "id": "572b441cf75d5e190021fd44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "the conclusions of science are always tentative"}], "question": "What did fallibilism say?", "id": "572b441cf75d5e190021fd45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 902, "text": "its self-corrective character"}], "question": "What does the scientific method's rationality depend on?", "id": "572b441cf75d5e190021fd46"}]}], ["Dalam Harvard beliau \"Kuliah tentang Pragmatisme\" (1903), Peirce menyebutkan apa yang disebutnya \"tiga proposisi pragmatisme\" (L: cos, wolstone cotis), mengatakan bahawa mereka \"meletakkan kelebihan pada pragmatisme\". Pertama di kalangan ini dia menyenaraikan pemerhatian-thomist yang disebutkan di atas, tetapi dia juga melihat bahawa hubungan antara persepsi deria dan konsepsi intelektual adalah jalan dua hala. Iaitu, ia boleh diambil untuk mengatakan bahawa apa sahaja yang kita dapati dalam akal juga terbina dalam deria. Oleh itu, jika teori teori sarat maka begitu juga deria, dan persepsi itu sendiri dapat dilihat sebagai spesies kesimpulan penculikan, perbezaannya adalah bahawa ia berada di luar kendali dan dengan itu melampaui kritik - dalam kata, tidak dapat dikalahkan. Ini sama sekali tidak bertentangan dengan kejatuhan dan kebolehlihatan konsep saintifik, kerana ia hanya merupakan persepsi segera dalam keperibadiannya yang unik atau \"kesahihan\" - apa yang Scholastics memanggil kehebatannya - yang berada di luar kawalan dan pembetulan. Konsep saintifik, sebaliknya, bersifat umum, dan sensasi sementara dalam erti kata lain mencari pembetulan di dalamnya. Pengertian tanggapan ini sebagai penculikan telah menerima kebangkitan berkala dalam kecerdasan buatan dan penyelidikan sains kognitif, yang paling baru-baru ini misalnya dengan kerja Irvin Rock pada persepsi tidak langsung. <> Siapa yang menulis 'Kuliah tentang Pragmatisme'? || Peirce <> Bilakah 'Kuliah pada Pragmatisme' diterbitkan? || 1903 <> Apakah 'haecceity'? || Individu yang unik atau \"ini\" <> Apa yang ditulis oleh Irvin Rock? || persepsi tidak langsung <> Di manakah 'persepsi sebagai penculikan' berulang kali? || dalam kecerdasan buatan dan penyelidikan sains kognitif", {"context": "In his Harvard \"Lectures on Pragmatism\" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the \"three cotary propositions of pragmatism\" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they \"put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism\". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed that this link between sensory perception and intellectual conception is a two-way street. That is, it can be taken to say that whatever we find in the intellect is also incipiently in the senses. Hence, if theories are theory-laden then so are the senses, and perception itself can be seen as a species of abductive inference, its difference being that it is beyond control and hence beyond critique \u2013 in a word, incorrigible. This in no way conflicts with the fallibility and revisability of scientific concepts, since it is only the immediate percept in its unique individuality or \"thisness\" \u2013 what the Scholastics called its haecceity \u2013 that stands beyond control and correction. Scientific concepts, on the other hand, are general in nature, and transient sensations do in another sense find correction within them. This notion of perception as abduction has received periodic revivals in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research, most recently for instance with the work of Irvin Rock on indirect perception.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Peirce"}], "question": "Who wrote 'Lectures on Pragmatism'?", "id": "572b449df75d5e190021fd4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1903"}], "question": "When was 'Lectures on Pragmatism' published?", "id": "572b449df75d5e190021fd4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "unique individuality or \"thisness\""}], "question": "What is 'haecceity'?", "id": "572b449df75d5e190021fd4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1328, "text": "indirect perception"}], "question": "What did Irvin Rock write about?", "id": "572b449df75d5e190021fd4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1211, "text": "in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research"}], "question": "Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?", "id": "572b449df75d5e190021fd50"}]}]], [["Idealisme adalah istilah dengan beberapa makna yang berkaitan. Ia datang melalui idea dari idein Yunani (\u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), yang bermaksud \"untuk melihat\". Istilah itu memasuki bahasa Inggeris pada tahun 1743. Penggunaan biasa, seperti ketika berbicara tentang idealisme politik Woodrow Wilson, secara umum ia mengisyaratkan keutamaan cita-cita, prinsip, nilai, dan matlamat atas realiti konkrit. Idealists difahami sebagai mewakili dunia kerana ia mungkin atau sepatutnya, tidak seperti pragmatis, yang memberi tumpuan kepada dunia kerana ia sekarang ini. Dalam seni, sama juga, idealisme menegaskan imaginasi dan percubaan untuk merealisasikan konsepsi keindahan kecantikan, suatu standard kesempurnaan, disandingkan dengan naturalisme estetik dan realisme. <> Apa maksud \u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd dalam bahasa Inggeris? || untuk melihat <> Pada tahun apakah \"idealisme\" perkataan dalam bahasa Inggeris? || 1743 <> Persoalan dunia yang kontras dengan idealis dalam erti kata biasa? || pragmatis <> Bahasa apa yang \u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd? || Yunani", {"context": "Idealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (\u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd), meaning \"to see\". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values, and goals over concrete realities. Idealists are understood to represent the world as it might or should be, unlike pragmatists, who focus on the world as it presently is. In the arts, similarly, idealism affirms imagination and attempts to realize a mental conception of beauty, a standard of perfection, juxtaposed to aesthetic naturalism and realism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "to see"}], "question": "What does \u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd mean in English?", "id": "572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "1743"}], "question": "By what year was \"idealism\" a word in English?", "id": "572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "pragmatists"}], "question": "Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word?", "id": "572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What language is \u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd?", "id": "572b6a90f75d5e190021fdb3"}]}], ["Bermula dengan Immanuel Kant, idealis Jerman seperti G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, dan Arthur Schopenhauer mendominasi falsafah abad ke-19. Tradisi ini, yang menekankan sifat mental atau \"ideal\" semua fenomena, melahirkan sekolah-sekolah idealis dan subyektifis dari idealisme Inggeris hingga fenomenalisme kepada eksistensialisme. Pengaruh sejarah cawangan idealisme ini tetap menjadi pusat bahkan kepada sekolah-sekolah yang menolak asumsi metafiziknya, seperti Marxisme, pragmatisme dan positivisme. <> Apakah etnik Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling? || Bahasa Jerman <> Dalam abad apa yang ditulis oleh Hegel? || Ke-19 <Seiring dengan idealisme dan eksistensialisme Inggeris, falsafah apa yang dipengaruhi oleh tradisi idealis Jerman? || fenomenalisme <> Bersama dengan positivisme dan pragmatisme, falsafah apa yang menolak pandangan metafizik idealisme tetapi apa yang dipengaruhi olehnya? || Marxisme", {"context": "Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schools ranging from British idealism to phenomenalism to existentialism. The historical influence of this branch of idealism remains central even to the schools that rejected its metaphysical assumptions, such as Marxism, pragmatism and positivism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "German"}], "question": "What was the ethnicity of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling?", "id": "572b6a2734ae481900deadef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "19th"}], "question": "In what century did Hegel write?", "id": "572b6a2734ae481900deadf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "phenomenalism"}], "question": "Along with British idealism and existentialism, what philosophy was influenced by the German idealistic tradition?", "id": "572b6a2734ae481900deadf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Marxism"}], "question": "Along with positivism and pragmatism, what philosophy rejected idealism's metaphysical views but what nevertheless influenced by it?", "id": "572b6a2734ae481900deadf2"}]}], ["Dengan Plotinus neoplatonis, menulis Nathaniel Alfred Boll; \"ada juga yang muncul, mungkin untuk kali pertama dalam falsafah Barat, idealisme yang telah lama ada di Timur bahkan pada masa itu, kerana ia mengajar ... bahawa jiwa telah menjadikan dunia dengan melangkah dari keabadian ke masa ... \". Begitu juga dengan ayat-ayat dari Enneads, \"Satu-satunya ruang atau tempat dunia adalah jiwa\" dan \"Masa tidak boleh dianggap wujud di luar jiwa\", Ludwig Noir\u00e9 menulis: \"Untuk pertama kali dalam falsafah Barat kita mencari idealisme yang betul di Plotinus, Walau bagaimanapun, Plotinus tidak mengatasi sama ada kita tahu objek luaran, tidak seperti Schopenhauer dan ahli falsafah moden yang lain. <> Apa jenis ahli falsafah adalah Plotinus? || neoplatonist <> Menurut Noir\u00e9, yang merupakan idealis Barat yang pertama ? | Plotinus <> Apa isu Schopenhauer membincangkan bahawa Plotinus tidak? || sama ada kita tahu objek luaran <> Apa yang diyakini Enneads mungkin tidak mempunyai kewujudan di luar jiwa?", {"context": "With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; \"there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...\". Similarly, in regard to passages from the Enneads, \"The only space or place of the world is the soul\" and \"Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul\", Ludwig Noir\u00e9 wrote: \"For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus, However, Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects, unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "neoplatonist"}], "question": "What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?", "id": "572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Plotinus"}], "question": "According to Noir\u00e9, who was the first true Western idealist?", "id": "572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "whether we know external objects"}], "question": "What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not?", "id": "572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb837f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Time"}], "question": "What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul?", "id": "572b6d0fbe1ee31400cb8380"}]}], ["Hujah-hujah terdahulu yang paling awal bahawa dunia pengalaman didasarkan pada mental berasal dari India dan Greece. Idealis Hindu di India dan Neoplatonis Yunani memberikan hujah panentheistik untuk kesedaran yang menyeluruh yang menjadi dasar atau sifat sebenar. Sebaliknya, sekolah Yog\u0101c\u0101ra, yang muncul dalam Buddhisme Mahayana di India pada abad ke-4 CE, berdasarkan idealisme \"fikiran-hanya\" yang lebih besar pada analisis fenomenologi pengalaman pribadi. Ini berpaling kepada ahli empiris subjektif yang dijangka seperti George Berkeley, yang menghidupkan semula idealisme di Eropah abad ke-18 dengan menggunakan hujah-hujah yang menentang materialisme. <> Apa pemikir India adalah idealis awal? || Hindu <> Apa ahli falsafah Yunani mempunyai pandangan yang idealis? || Neoplatonis <> Dengan apa kumpulan agama Buddha adalah sekolah Yog\u0101c\u0101ra yang bergabung? || Mahayana <> Dalam abad apa sekolah Yog\u0101c\u0101ra timbul? || Keempat <> Berapa abadkah George Berkeley tinggal? || 18th", {"context": "The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yog\u0101c\u0101ra school, which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE, based its \"mind-only\" idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience. This turn toward the subjective anticipated empiricists such as George Berkeley, who revived idealism in 18th-century Europe by employing skeptical arguments against materialism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Hindu"}], "question": "What Indian thinkers were early idealists?", "id": "572b69c0be1ee31400cb836d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Neoplatonists"}], "question": "What Greek philosophers had idealistic views?", "id": "572b69c0be1ee31400cb836e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "With what sect of Buddhism was the Yog\u0101c\u0101ra school affiliated?", "id": "572b69c0be1ee31400cb836f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "4th"}], "question": "In what century did the Yog\u0101c\u0101ra school arise?", "id": "572b69c0be1ee31400cb8370"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "18th"}], "question": "What century did George Berkeley live in?", "id": "572b69c0be1ee31400cb8371"}]}], ["Idealisme subjektif (immaterialism atau fenomenalisme) menerangkan hubungan antara pengalaman dan dunia di mana objek tidak lebih daripada koleksi atau \"berkas\" data akal dalam perceiver. Penyokong-penyokongnya termasuk Berkeley, Uskup Cloyne, seorang ahli falsafah Anglo-Irish yang memajukan teori yang dipanggil immaterialism, kemudian disebut sebagai \"idealisme subyektif\", dengan menyatakan bahawa individu hanya boleh mengetahui sensasi dan ide objek secara langsung, bukan abstraksi seperti \" , dan idea-idea itu juga bergantung kepada dirasakan untuk kewujudan mereka - esse est percipi; \"adalah untuk dirasakan\". <> Bersama fenomenalisme, apakah istilah lain untuk idealisme subyektif? || immaterialism <> Daripada apa yang dilihat adalah uskup Berkeley? || Cloyne <> Apakah etnik Berkeley? || Anglo-Irish <> Apa artinya esse percipi? || adalah untuk dirasakan <> Apa yang Berkeley menganggap perkara seperti perkara menjadi? || abstraksi", {"context": "Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or \"bundles\" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialism, later referred to as \"subjective idealism\", contending that individuals can only know sensations and ideas of objects directly, not abstractions such as \"matter\", and that ideas also depend upon being perceived for their very existence - esse est percipi; \"to be is to be perceived\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "immaterialism"}], "question": "Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism?", "id": "572b6d7934ae481900deae01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Cloyne"}], "question": "Of what see was Berkeley bishop?", "id": "572b6d7934ae481900deae02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Anglo-Irish"}], "question": "What was Berkeley's ethnicity?", "id": "572b6d7934ae481900deae03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "to be is to be perceived"}], "question": "What does esse est percipi mean?", "id": "572b6d7934ae481900deae04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "abstractions"}], "question": "What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be?", "id": "572b6d7934ae481900deae05"}]}], ["Dalam falsafah, idealisme adalah kumpulan falsafah yang menegaskan bahawa realiti, atau realiti yang dapat kita ketahui, pada dasarnya adalah mental, dibina secara mental, atau tidak penting. Secara epistemologi, idealisme dilihat sebagai keraguan tentang kemungkinan mengetahui apa-apa perkara yang tidak berperikemanusiaan. Dalam arti sosiologi, idealisme menekankan bagaimana idea manusia-terutama kepercayaan dan nilai-nilai masyarakat. Sebagai doktrin ontologi, idealisme lebih jauh, menegaskan bahawa semua entiti terdiri daripada minda atau semangat. Idealisme itu menolak teori fisikal dan dualisme yang gagal untuk menganggap keutamaan minda. <> Apakah falsafah idealis dikatakan dibina dalam minda kita? || realiti <> Apa jenis perkara yang falsafah idealis ragu-ragu tentang? || Fikiran-bebas <> Bersama dengan teori-teori fisikal, apakah teori idealisme yang bertentangan? || dualist <> Dalam sosiologi, apa idea yang difikirkan idealisme? || kepercayaan dan nilai", {"context": "In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas\u2014especially beliefs and values\u2014shape society. As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit. Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "reality"}], "question": "What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?", "id": "572b6958be1ee31400cb8365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "mind-independent"}], "question": "What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?", "id": "572b6958be1ee31400cb8366"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "dualist"}], "question": "Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?", "id": "572b6958be1ee31400cb8367"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "beliefs and values"}], "question": "In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?", "id": "572b6958be1ee31400cb8368"}]}], ["Ahli teologi Kristian telah memegang pandangan idealis, sering berdasarkan Neoplatonisme, walaupun pengaruh aristotelisme Aristoteli dari abad ke-12 dan seterusnya. Kemudian idealisisme theistic barat seperti Hermann Lotze menawarkan teori \"dunia\" di mana semua perkara mencari perpaduan mereka: ia telah diterima secara meluas oleh ahli teologi Protestan. Beberapa pergerakan keagamaan moden, contohnya organisasi dalam Pergerakan Pemikiran Baru dan Gereja Perpaduan, mungkin dikatakan mempunyai orientasi yang sangat idealis. Teologi Sains Kristian termasuk bentuk idealisme: ia mengajar bahawa semua yang benar-benar wujud adalah Tuhan dan idea-idea Tuhan; bahawa dunia seperti yang terdapat pada pancaindera adalah penyelewengan realiti rohani yang mendasari, distorsi yang dapat diperbetulkan (baik secara konseptual dan dari segi pengalaman manusia) melalui reorientasi (spiritualisasi) pemikiran. <> Dalam falsafah apakah idealisme Kristian sering berakar? || Neoplatonisme <> Apa falsafah yang berpengaruh di gereja zaman pertengahan menentang idealisme Kristian? || Aristotelian scholasticism <> Dalam abad apa pemikiran Kristian mula dipengaruhi oleh skolastik Aristoteles? || Ke-12 <> Bersama dengan Gereja Perpaduan, pergerakan agama kontemporer mungkin dianggap sebagai idealis? || Idea Baru <> Apa idealis terkenal yang bertanggungjawab untuk teori \"dunia\"? || Hermann Lotze", {"context": "Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the \"world ground\" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely accepted by Protestant theologians. Several modern religious movements, for example the organizations within the New Thought Movement and the Unity Church, may be said to have a particularly idealist orientation. The theology of Christian Science includes a form of idealism: it teaches that all that truly exists is God and God's ideas; that the world as it appears to the senses is a distortion of the underlying spiritual reality, a distortion that may be corrected (both conceptually and in terms of human experience) through a reorientation (spiritualization) of thought.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Neoplatonism"}], "question": "In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?", "id": "572b6c15f75d5e190021fdb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Aristotelian scholasticism"}], "question": "What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism?", "id": "572b6c15f75d5e190021fdb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "12th"}], "question": "In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle?", "id": "572b6c15f75d5e190021fdba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "New Thought"}], "question": "Along with the Unity Church, what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist?", "id": "572b6c15f75d5e190021fdbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Hermann Lotze"}], "question": "What notable idealist was responsible for a \"world ground\" theory?", "id": "572b6c15f75d5e190021fdbc"}]}], ["Apa-apa falsafah yang memberikan kepentingan penting kepada dunia ideal atau rohani dalam kewujudan manusia boleh disebut sebagai \"idealis\". Idealisasi metafizik adalah doktrin ontologi yang memegang bahawa realiti itu sendiri adalah tidak bermoral atau pengalaman dalam terasnya. Di luar ini, idealis tidak setuju mengenai aspek mental yang lebih mendasar. Ideologi Platonik menegaskan bahawa abstraksi lebih mendasar kepada realiti daripada perkara yang kita anggap, sedangkan idealis subjektif dan fenomenalisis cenderung keistimewaan pengalaman deria terhadap penalaran abstrak. Idealisasi epistemologi adalah pandangan bahawa realiti hanya boleh diketahui melalui idea-idea, bahawa hanya pengalaman psikologi yang boleh ditangkap oleh minda. <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk falsafah yang menganggap rohani menjadi penting? || idealis <> Apa cabang idealisme percaya bahawa realiti pada dasarnya bukan fizikal? || Metaphysical <> Apa cabang idealisme melihat abstrak sebagai lebih nyata daripada objek yang dirasakan? || Platonik <> Bersama dengan fenomenalis, apa idealis percaya indria lebih penting daripada alasan? || subjektif <> Apa cabang idealisme percaya bahawa kita hanya boleh mengetahui dunia sebenar melalui idea-idea? || Epistemologi", {"context": "Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed \"idealist\". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the mental are more basic. Platonic idealism affirms that abstractions are more basic to reality than the things we perceive, while subjective idealists and phenomenalists tend to privilege sensory experience over abstract reasoning. Epistemological idealism is the view that reality can only be known through ideas, that only psychological experience can be apprehended by the mind.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "idealist"}], "question": "What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance?", "id": "572b6b0a111d821400f38e88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Metaphysical"}], "question": "What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical?", "id": "572b6b0a111d821400f38e89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Platonic"}], "question": "What branch of idealism sees abstracts as more real than perceived objects?", "id": "572b6b0a111d821400f38e8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "subjective"}], "question": "Along with phenomenalists, what idealists believe the senses are more important than reason?", "id": "572b6b0a111d821400f38e8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Epistemological"}], "question": "What branch of idealism believes that we can only know the real world via ideas?", "id": "572b6b0a111d821400f38e8c"}]}], ["Idealisis subjektif seperti George Berkeley adalah anti-realis dari segi dunia bebas fikiran, sedangkan idealis transenden seperti Immanuel Kant adalah skeptis yang kuat terhadap dunia seperti itu, mengesahkan idealisme epistemologi dan tidak metafizik. Oleh itu, Kant menjelaskan idealisme sebagai \"penegasan bahawa kita tidak boleh memastikan sama ada semua pengalaman luar yang tidak kita bayangkan\". Beliau mendakwa, menurut idealisme, \"realiti objek luar tidak mengakui bukti yang ketat. Sebaliknya, realiti objek dari perasaan dalaman kita (dari diri saya sendiri dan negeri) jelas dengan segera melalui kesedaran.\" Walau bagaimanapun, tidak semua idealis mengehadkan yang sebenar atau yang dapat mengetahui pengalaman subjektif kami. Objektif idealis membuat tuntutan mengenai dunia transemis, tetapi hanya menafikan bahawa dunia ini pada dasarnya bercerai dari atau ontologi sebelum mental. Oleh itu, Plato dan Gottfried Leibniz mengesahkan realiti yang objektif dan boleh dipelajari melangkau kesedaran subjektif kita - penolakan idealisme epistemologi-tetapi mencadangkan bahawa realiti ini berasaskan entiti ideal, bentuk idealisme metafizik. Tidak juga semua idealis metafizikal bersetuju dengan sifat ideal; untuk Plato, entiti asas adalah bentuk abstrak bukan mental, sementara untuk Leibniz mereka adalah monopoli proto-mental dan konkrit. <> Siapa yang idealist subjektif subjektif? || George Berkeley <> Apa falsafah terkenal adalah seorang idealis transendental? || Immanuel Kant <> Siapa idealis subjektif menentang? || realists <> Bersama dengan Plato, apa falsafah terkenal yang menolak idealisme epistemologi? || Gottfried Leibniz <> Siapa yang percaya intipati realiti terdiri daripada monad? || Leibniz", {"context": "Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as \"the assertion that we can never be certain whether all of our putative outer experience is not mere imagining\". He claimed that, according to idealism, \"the reality of external objects does not admit of strict proof. On the contrary, however, the reality of the object of our internal sense (of myself and state) is clear immediately through consciousness.\"  However, not all idealists restrict the real or the knowable to our immediate subjective experience. Objective idealists make claims about a transempirical world, but simply deny that this world is essentially divorced from or ontologically prior to the mental. Thus Plato and Gottfried Leibniz affirm an objective and knowable reality transcending our subjective awareness\u2014a rejection of epistemological idealism\u2014but propose that this reality is grounded in ideal entities, a form of metaphysical idealism. Nor do all metaphysical idealists agree on the nature of the ideal; for Plato, the fundamental entities were non-mental abstract forms, while for Leibniz they were proto-mental and concrete monads.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "George Berkeley"}], "question": "Who is a notable subjective idealist?", "id": "572b6b97111d821400f38e92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Immanuel Kant"}], "question": "What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist?", "id": "572b6b97111d821400f38e93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "realists"}], "question": "Who are subjective idealists opposed to?", "id": "572b6b97111d821400f38e94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 911, "text": "Gottfried Leibniz"}], "question": "Along with Plato, what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism?", "id": "572b6b97111d821400f38e95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1288, "text": "Leibniz"}], "question": "Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads?", "id": "572b6b97111d821400f38e96"}]}], ["Teori atau bentuk idea Plato menggambarkan bentuk yang ideal (contohnya pepejal platon dalam geometri atau abstrak seperti Kebaikan dan Keadilan), sebagai alam semesta yang wujud secara bebas daripada sebarang contoh tertentu. Arne Gr\u00f8n menyebut doktrin ini sebagai \"contoh klasik dari idealisme metafizik sebagai idealisme yang transenden\", sementara Simone Klein memanggil Plato sebagai \"wakil ideal ideal objektif metafizik\". Walau bagaimanapun, Plato berpendapat bahawa perkara itu adalah nyata, walaupun sementara dan tidak sempurna, dan dilihat oleh tubuh kita dan deria dan diberikan oleh idea-idea abadi yang dirasakan secara langsung oleh jiwa rasional kita. Oleh itu, Plato merupakan metafizik dan epistemologi dualist, pandangan bahawa idealisme moden telah berusaha untuk dielakkan: Pemikiran Plato tidak boleh dianggap sebagai idealis dalam pengertian moden, walaupun penegasan fisika kuantum bahawa kesadaran manusia adalah keperluan yang tidak berubah dan utama untuk tidak hanya merasakan tetapi perkara yang membentuk, dan dengan itu realitinya, akan memberikan lebih banyak kepercayaan kepada kedudukan dualist Plato. [rujukan?] Yang menganggap Plato sebagai penunjuk ideal idealisme metafisik tertua? || Simone Klein <> Apa jenis dualist yang dianggap sebagai Plato? || metafizik dan epistemologi <> Apa istilah lain untuk bentuk dalam bentuk teori Plato? || idea <> Apa cabang fizik mungkin menyokong pandangan dunia yang serupa dengan dualisme Platonik? || kuantum", {"context": "Plato's theory of forms or \"ideas\" describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as universals existing independently of any particular instance. Arne Gr\u00f8n calls this doctrine \"the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcendent idealism\", while Simone Klein calls Plato \"the earliest representative of metaphysical objective idealism\". Nevertheless, Plato holds that matter is real, though transitory and imperfect, and is perceived by our body and its senses and given existence by the eternal ideas that are perceived directly by our rational soul. Plato was therefore a metaphysical and epistemological dualist, an outlook that modern idealism has striven to avoid: Plato's thought cannot therefore be counted as idealist in the modern sense, although quantum physics' assertion that man's consciousness is an immutable and primary requisite for not merely perceiving but shaping matter, and thus his reality, would give more credence to Plato's dualist position.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Simone Klein"}], "question": "Who regarded Plato as the oldest exponent of metaphysical objective idealism?", "id": "572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "metaphysical and epistemological"}], "question": "What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as?", "id": "572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "ideas"}], "question": "What was another term for forms in Plato's theory of forms?", "id": "572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "quantum"}], "question": "What branch of physics might support a worldview similar to Platonic dualism?", "id": "572b6c9cf75d5e190021fdcf"}]}], ["A. A. Luce dan John Foster adalah subjektiviti lain. Luce, dalam Sense tanpa Matter (1954), cuba membawa Berkeley up to date dengan memodenkan perbendaharaan kata beliau dan meletakkan isu-isu yang dia hadapi dalam istilah moden, dan memperlakukan akaun Alkitab mengenai perkara dan psikologi persepsi dan alam semula jadi. Foster's The Case for Idealism berpendapat bahawa dunia fizikal adalah penciptaan logik dari kekangan yang tidak logik semulajadi terhadap pengalaman akal manusia. Pertahanan terbaru Foster mengenai pandangannya adalah dalam bukunya A World for Us: Kes bagi Idealisme Fenomenal. <> Apa jenis pemikir yang Foster dan Luce? || subjectivists <> Buku apa yang ditulis oleh A.A. Luce? || Sense without Matter <> Tahun berapa melihat penerbitan Sense tanpa Matter? || 1954 <> Siapa yang menulis Dunia untuk Kita: Kasus untuk Idealisme Fenomenalistik? || Foster <> Pekerjaan siapa Sense tanpa Matter dianggap sebagai mengemaskini? || Berkeley", {"context": "A. A. Luce and John Foster are other subjectivists. Luce, in Sense without Matter (1954), attempts to bring Berkeley up to date by modernizing his vocabulary and putting the issues he faced in modern terms, and treats the Biblical account of matter and the psychology of perception and nature. Foster's The Case for Idealism argues that the physical world is the logical creation of natural, non-logical constraints on human sense-experience. Foster's latest defense of his views is in his book A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "subjectivists"}], "question": "What sort of thinkers were Foster and Luce?", "id": "572b6f49111d821400f38e9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Sense without Matter"}], "question": "What book was written by A.A. Luce?", "id": "572b6f49111d821400f38e9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "1954"}], "question": "What year saw the publication of Sense without Matter?", "id": "572b6f49111d821400f38e9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Foster"}], "question": "Who wrote A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism?", "id": "572b6f49111d821400f38e9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Berkeley"}], "question": "Whose work is Sense without Matter regarded as updating?", "id": "572b6f49111d821400f38ea0"}]}], ["Idealisasi mutlak adalah cerita G. W. F. Hegel tentang bagaimana kewujudan dapat difahami sebagai keseluruhan menyeluruh. Hegel memanggil falsafahnya \"mutlak\" idealisme berbanding dengan \"idealisme subyektif\" Berkeley dan \"idealisme transendental\" dari Kant dan Fichte, yang tidak berdasarkan kritikan yang terbatas dan falsafah dialektik sejarah sebagai idealisme Hegel. Pengajaran sebab dan intelek membolehkan ahli falsafah mengetahui realiti sejarah yang muktamad, penentuan fenomenologi penentuan nasib sendiri, perkembangan dialektik kesedaran diri dan keperibadian dalam alam Sejarah. <> Menurut Hegel, jenis idealis apakah Fichte? || transendental <> Siapa yang melihat Hegel sebagai seorang idealis subyektif? || Berkeley <> Jenis idealis apa yang Hegel menentukan dirinya? || Mutlak <> Bagaimana Hegel percaya realiti sejarah dapat diketahui oleh seorang ahli falsafah? || pelaksanaan akal dan akal", {"context": "Absolute idealism is G. W. F. Hegel's account of how existence is comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel called his philosophy \"absolute\" idealism in contrast to the \"subjective idealism\" of Berkeley and the \"transcendental idealism\" of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique of the finite and a dialectical philosophy of history as Hegel's idealism was. The exercise of reason and intellect enables the philosopher to know ultimate historical reality, the phenomenological constitution of self-determination, the dialectical development of self-awareness and personality in the realm of History.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "transcendental"}], "question": "According to Hegel, what sort of idealist was Fichte?", "id": "572b749abe1ee31400cb83ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Berkeley"}], "question": "Who did Hegel see as a subjective idealist?", "id": "572b749abe1ee31400cb83ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Absolute"}], "question": "What sort of idealist did Hegel define himself as?", "id": "572b749abe1ee31400cb83ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "exercise of reason and intellect"}], "question": "How did Hegel believe historical reality to be knowable to a philosopher?", "id": "572b749abe1ee31400cb83ae"}]}], ["Friedrich Nietzsche berhujah bahawa Kant melakukan tautologi agnostik dan tidak menawarkan jawapan yang memuaskan tentang sumber hak falsafah untuk tuntutan metafizik seperti-atau-lain; dia menghina kebanggaannya dalam menangani \"perkara paling sukar yang boleh dilakukan untuk metafizik.\" \"Perkara-sendiri\" yang terkenal disebut produk kebiasaan falsafah, yang bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan subjek tatabahasa: kerana di mana-mana terdapat kognisi, mesti ada sesuatu yang diiktiraf dan diduga harus ditambahkan pada ontologi sebagai makhluk (walau bagaimanapun, untuk Nietzsche, hanya dunia seperti penampilan yang sentiasa berubah dapat diandaikan). Namun dia menyerang idealisme Schopenhauer dan Descartes dengan argumen yang sama dengan kritik Kant yang terakhir (lihat di atas). <> Siapa yang menuduh Kant untuk tautologi agnostiknya? || Friedrich Nietzsche <> Bersama Schopenhauer, yang idealisnya menyerang Nietzsche? || Penyerang Descartes <> Nietzsche terhadap Schopenhauer menggunakan argumen yang sama dengan serangan Kant atas siapa? || Descartes", {"context": "Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling \"the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics.\" The famous \"thing-in-itself\" was called a product of philosophical habit, which seeks to introduce a grammatical subject: because wherever there is cognition, there must be a thing that is cognized and allegedly it must be added to ontology as a being (whereas, to Nietzsche, only the world as ever changing appearances can be assumed). Yet he attacks the idealism of Schopenhauer and Descartes with an argument similar to Kant's critique of the latter (see above).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Friedrich Nietzsche"}], "question": "Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology?", "id": "572b734bf75d5e190021fde6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "Descartes"}], "question": "Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?", "id": "572b734bf75d5e190021fde7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "Descartes"}], "question": "Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant's attack on who?", "id": "572b734bf75d5e190021fde8"}]}], ["dan percambahan entiti bersenjata seperti \"benda-sendiri\" (Immanuel Kant), \"hal-as-interaksi-oleh-kita\" (Arthur Fine), \"meja-of-komonsense\" (Sir Arthur Eddington) yang merupakan \"tanda amaran\" untuk idealisme konseptual mengikut Musgrave kerana mereka tidak ada tetapi hanya menyerlahkan banyak cara di mana orang tahu dunia. Hujah ini tidak mengambil kira isu-isu berkaitan dengan hermeneutik, terutama di latar belakang falsafah analitik. Musgrave mengkritik Richard Rorty dan falsafah Postmodernist secara amnya kerana kekeliruan penggunaan dan sebutan. <> Siapa yang membentuk istilah \"thing-in-itself\"? || Immanuel Kant <> Siapa yang mencipta idea \"meja-of-komonsense\"? || Sir Arthur Eddington <> Siapa yang datang dengan idea \"perkara-sebagai-berinteraksi-oleh-kita\"? || Arthur Fine <> Siapa yang bercakap mengenai \"tanda amaran\" idealisme? || Musgrave <> Apa jenis ahli falsafah adalah Richard Rorty? || Postmodernist", {"context": "and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as \"thing-in-itself\" (Immanuel Kant), \"things-as-interacted-by-us\" (Arthur Fine), \"table-of-commonsense\" and \"table-of-physics\" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are \"warning signs\" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world. This argument does not take into account the issues pertaining to hermeneutics, especially at the backdrop of analytic philosophy. Musgrave criticized Richard Rorty and Postmodernist philosophy in general for confusion of use and mention.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Immanuel Kant"}], "question": "Who coined the term \"thing-in-itself\"?", "id": "572b6eeb34ae481900deae0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Sir Arthur Eddington"}], "question": "Who invented the idea of a \"table-of-commonsense\"?", "id": "572b6eeb34ae481900deae0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Arthur Fine"}], "question": "Who came up with the idea of \"things-as-interacted-by-us\"?", "id": "572b6eeb34ae481900deae0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Musgrave"}], "question": "Who spoke of the \"warning signs\" of idealism?", "id": "572b6eeb34ae481900deae0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Postmodernist"}], "question": "What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty?", "id": "572b6eeb34ae481900deae0f"}]}], ["Dalam jumlah pertama Parerga dan Paralipomena, Schopenhauer menulis \"Lakaran Sejarah Doktrin Ideal dan Real\". Beliau mendefinisikan ideal sebagai gambaran mental yang membentuk pengetahuan subjektif. Yang ideal, baginya, adalah apa yang boleh dikaitkan dengan minda kita sendiri. Imej-imej di kepala kita adalah apa yang terdiri daripada yang ideal. Schopenhauer menekankan bahawa kita terhad kepada kesedaran kita sendiri. Dunia yang muncul hanyalah representasi atau gambar mental objek. Kami secara langsung dan dengan serta-merta mengetahui hanya perwakilan. Semua objek yang berada di luar minda diketahui secara tidak langsung melalui pengantaraan minda kita. Dia menawarkan sejarah konsep \"ideal\" sebagai \"ideasional\" atau \"wujud dalam fikiran sebagai imej\". <> Siapa yang menulis Parerga dan Paralipomena? || Schopenhauer <> Apa jenis pengetahuan yang Schopenhauer percaya yang ideal untuk menjadi? || subjektif <> Menurut Schopenhauer, apa yang boleh dikatakan ideal? || minda kita sendiri <> Apa yang Schopenhauer percaya kita terhad? || Kesedaran kita sendiri <> Apa yang dipercayai Schopenhauer adalah satu-satunya perkara yang dapat kita ketahui? || perwakilan", {"context": "In the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his \"Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real\". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images in our head are what comprise the ideal. Schopenhauer emphasized that we are restricted to our own consciousness. The world that appears is only a representation or mental picture of objects. We directly and immediately know only representations. All objects that are external to the mind are known indirectly through the mediation of our mind. He offered a history of the concept of the \"ideal\" as \"ideational\" or \"existing in the mind as an image\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Schopenhauer"}], "question": "Who wrote Parerga and Paralipomena?", "id": "572b7268f75d5e190021fdd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "subjective"}], "question": "What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be?", "id": "572b7268f75d5e190021fdd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "our own minds"}], "question": "According to Schopenhauer, to what can the ideal be attributed?", "id": "572b7268f75d5e190021fdd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "our own consciousness"}], "question": "What did Schopenhauer believe we were restricted to?", "id": "572b7268f75d5e190021fdd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "representations"}], "question": "What did Schopenhauer believe were the only things we could know?", "id": "572b7268f75d5e190021fdd7"}]}], ["Edisi ke-2 (1787) mengandungi Refutation of Idealism untuk membezakan idealisme transendennya dari Idealisme Descartes yang Ragu-ragu dan ketegangan Ideal Subjektif yang anti-realis Berkeley. Bahagian Paralogisme Alasan Murni adalah kritik tersirat dari idealisme Descartes. Kant berkata bahawa tidak mungkin untuk menyimpulkan 'I' sebagai objek (Descartes 'cogito ergo sum) semata-mata dari \"spontan pemikiran\". Kant memberi tumpuan kepada idea-idea yang diambil dari ahli falsafah Inggeris seperti Locke, Berkeley dan Hume tetapi membezakan idealisme transendental atau kritikalnya daripada jenis terdahulu; <> Sekolah pemikiran apa yang dimiliki oleh Berkeley? || Idealisme Subjektif <> Apakah idealis seperti Descartes? || Skeptikal <> Dalam bahagian apa yang dikritik Descartes? || Paralogisme Sebab Tulen <> Dalam edisi apakah ada Penghentian Idealisme? || 2nd <> Bilakah edisi kedua diterbitkan? || 1787", {"context": "The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to infer the 'I' as an object (Descartes' cogito ergo sum) purely from \"the spontaneity of thought\". Kant focused on ideas drawn from British philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley and Hume but distinguished his transcendental or critical idealism from previous varieties;", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Subjective Idealism"}], "question": "What school of thought did Berkeley belong to?", "id": "572b720e34ae481900deae1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Sceptical"}], "question": "What sort of idealist was Descartes?", "id": "572b720e34ae481900deae1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Paralogisms of Pure Reason"}], "question": "In what section was Descartes criticized?", "id": "572b720e34ae481900deae1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "2nd"}], "question": "In what edition was there a Refutation of Idealism?", "id": "572b720e34ae481900deae1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "1787"}], "question": "When was the second edition published?", "id": "572b720e34ae481900deae1f"}]}], ["Kierkegaard mengkritik falsafah idealis Hegel dalam beberapa karyanya, khususnya tuntutannya kepada sistem yang komprehensif yang dapat menjelaskan keseluruhan realiti. Di mana Hegel berhujah bahawa pemahaman muktamad tentang struktur logik dunia adalah pemahaman struktur logik minda Tuhan, Kierkegaard menegaskan bahawa untuk realiti Tuhan boleh menjadi satu sistem tetapi tidak boleh menjadi bagi setiap individu manusia kerana kedua-dua realiti dan manusia adalah tidak lengkap dan semua sistem falsafah membayangkan kesempurnaan. Sistem logik adalah mungkin tetapi sistem eksistensinya tidak. \"Apa yang rasional adalah sebenar dan apa yang sebenarnya adalah rasional\". Ideal mutlak Hegel membantah perbezaan antara kewujudan dan pemikiran: sifat fana kita membataskan pemahaman kita tentang realiti; <> Siapa pengkritik terkenal Hegel? || Kierkegaard <> Bagi yang Kierkegaard berhujah kenyataan tidak boleh menjadi sistem? || manusia <> Menurut Kierkegaard, mengapa tidak dapat menjadi kenyataan untuk menjadi manusia? || manusia tidak lengkap <> Walaupun Kierkegaard tidak mempercayai kemungkinan sistem eksistensial realiti, apakah jenis sistem yang boleh wujud? || logik", {"context": "Kierkegaard criticised Hegel's idealist philosophy in several of his works, particularly his claim to a comprehensive system that could explain the whole of reality. Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God's mind, Kierkegaard asserting that for God reality can be a system but it cannot be so for any human individual because both reality and humans are incomplete and all philosophical systems imply completeness. A logical system is possible but an existential system is not. \"What is rational is actual; and what is actual is rational\". Hegel's absolute idealism blurs the distinction between existence and thought: our mortal nature places limits on our understanding of reality;", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Kierkegaard"}], "question": "Who was a notable critic of Hegel?", "id": "572b76f734ae481900deae2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "human"}], "question": "For whom did Kierkegaard argue reality cannot be a system?", "id": "572b76f734ae481900deae30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "humans are incomplete"}], "question": "According to Kierkegaard, why can't reality be a system for human beings?", "id": "572b76f734ae481900deae31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "logical"}], "question": "Even though Kierkegaard does not believe in the possibility of an existential system of reality, what sort of system can exist?", "id": "572b76f734ae481900deae32"}]}], ["Arthur Collier menerbitkan pernyataan yang sama walaupun sepertinya tidak ada pengaruh antara dua penulis kontemporari. Realiti yang diketahui hanya merupakan imej objek luar. Perkara penting sebagai imej itu, tidak dapat difikirkan dan oleh itu tiada apa pun kepada kita. Dunia luaran sebagai perkara mutlak yang tidak berkaitan dengan pemerhati tidak wujud sejauh mana kita bimbang. Alam semesta tidak dapat wujud kerana ia kelihatan tidak ada pemikiran. Collier telah dipengaruhi oleh An Essay Ke arah Teori Dunia Ideal atau Pintar oleh \"Platonis Cambridge\" John Norris (1701). <> Yang dikenali sebagai \"Platonis Cambridge\"? || John Norris <> Yang dipengaruhi oleh John Norris? || Arthur Collier <> Kapan An Essay Menuju Teori Dunia Ideal atau Pintar ditulis? || 1701 <> Apakah kenyataan sebenar yang Collier percaya dapat diketahui? || mewakili imej objek luaran", {"context": "Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as absolute matter unrelated to an observer does not exist as far as we are concerned. The universe cannot exist as it appears if there is no perceiving mind. Collier was influenced by An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World by \"Cambridge Platonist\" John Norris (1701).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "John Norris"}], "question": "Who was known as the \"Cambridge Platonist\"?", "id": "572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8385"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Arthur Collier"}], "question": "Who was notably influenced by John Norris?", "id": "572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "1701"}], "question": "When was An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World written?", "id": "572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8387"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "represented image of an external object"}], "question": "What sort of reality did Collier believe was knowable?", "id": "572b6e8fbe1ee31400cb8388"}]}], ["Dalam Sains Logiknya (1812-1814) Hegel berpendapat bahawa sifat terhingga tidak sepenuhnya \"nyata\" kerana ia bergantung kepada sifat-sifat terhingga yang lain untuk menentukannya. Ketidakhadiran kualitatif, sebaliknya, akan lebih menentukan sendiri dan dengan itu lebih nyata sepenuhnya. Begitu juga hal-hal semula jadi yang terhingga kurang \"nyata\" - kerana mereka kurang menentukan diri daripada perkara rohani seperti orang yang bertanggungjawab secara moral, masyarakat etika dan Tuhan. Oleh itu doktrin, seperti materialisme, menegaskan bahawa sifat-sifat terhingga atau objek semula jadi benar sepenuhnya adalah salah. <> Kapan Sains Logik ditulis? || 1812-1814 <> Siapa pengarang Sains Logik? || Hegel <> Mengapa Hegel percaya benda-benda semula jadi kurang nyata daripada perkara rohani? || kurang menentukan diri <> Bersama dengan Tuhan dan orang-orang yang bertanggungjawab secara moral, apakah contoh satu hal rohani kepada Hegel? || komuniti etika <> Apa contoh sekolah pemikiran Hegel yang dipercayai salah? || materialisme", {"context": "In his Science of Logic (1812\u20131814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully \"real\" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less \"real\"\u2014because they are less self-determining\u2014than spiritual things like morally responsible people, ethical communities and God. So any doctrine, such as materialism, that asserts that finite qualities or natural objects are fully real is mistaken.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "1812\u20131814"}], "question": "When was Science of Logic written?", "id": "572b755a34ae481900deae25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Hegel"}], "question": "Who was the author of Science of Logic?", "id": "572b755a34ae481900deae26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "less self-determining"}], "question": "Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things?", "id": "572b755a34ae481900deae27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "ethical communities"}], "question": "Along with God and morally responsible people, what is an example of a spiritual thing to Hegel?", "id": "572b755a34ae481900deae28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "materialism"}], "question": "What is an example of a school of thought Hegel believed to be wrong?", "id": "572b755a34ae481900deae29"}]}], ["Hegel sememangnya berhasrat untuk memelihara apa yang diperlukan untuk menjadi kenyataan idealisme Jerman, khususnya desakan Kant yang alasan etika dapat dan tidak melampaui kecenderungan yang terbatas. Bagi Hegel pasti terdapat identiti pemikiran dan menjadi \"subjek\" (mana-mana pemerhati manusia) untuk dapat mengetahui apa-apa objek \"diperhatikan\" (mana-mana entiti luar, mungkin juga manusia lain) sama sekali. Di bawah konsep Hegel \"identiti objek subjek,\" subjek dan objek kedua-duanya mempunyai Roh (ersatz Hegel, didefinisikan semula, nonsupernatural \"Tuhan\") sebagai realiti dalaman konseptual mereka (tidak metafizik) -dan dalam erti kata itu sama. Tetapi sehingga \"penyadaran diri\" Roh berlaku dan graduan Roh dari Roh kepada status Mutlak Roh, subjek (minda manusia) tersilap memikirkan setiap \"objek\" yang diperhatikannya adalah sesuatu yang \"asing,\" yang bermaksud sesuatu yang berasingan atau terpisah daripada \"subjek.\" Dalam kata-kata Hegel, \"Objek diturunkan kepadanya [kepada\" subjek \"] oleh sesuatu yang asing, dan ia tidak mengenali dirinya sendiri.\" Kesedaran diri berlaku apabila Hegel (sebahagian dari Pikiran nonsupernatural Alam Roh, yang merupakan akal kolektif dari semua manusia) tiba di tempat kejadian dan menyadari bahwa setiap \"objek\" itu sendiri, karena subjek dan objeknya pada dasarnya Roh. Apabila realisasi diri berlaku dan Roh menjadi Mutlak Roh, \"terhingga\" (manusia, manusia) menjadi \"tak terbatas\" (\"Tuhan,\" ilahi), menggantikan pemikiran imaginasi atau \"pemikiran gambar\" Tuhan supranatural teisme: manusia menjadi Tuhan . Tucker meletakkannya seperti ini: \"Hegelianisme ... adalah agama penyembahan diri yang tema asas diberikan dalam imej Hegel tentang lelaki yang bercita-cita menjadi Tuhan sendiri, yang menuntut sesuatu yang lebih, yaitu infinitas.\" Gambar Hegel Hadiah adalah \"gambaran kemanusiaan yang memuliakan diri yang berusaha keras, dan pada akhirnya berjaya, bangkit untuk ketuhanan.\" <> Dalam pemikiran Hegel, apakah realiti batin dimiliki oleh kedua subjek dan objek? || Roh <> Apa istilah lain untuk \"subjek\" Hegel? || mana-mana pemerhati manusia <> Apa yang berubah oleh Roh apabila seseorang tiba pada diri sendiri? || Roh Mutlak <> Apa maksud Hegel dengan \"objek\"? || mana-mana entiti luar <> Siapa yang Tucker berhujah bahawa falsafah Hegel melibatkan penyembahan? || diri sendiri", {"context": "Hegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the \"subject\" (any human observer)) to be able to know any observed \"object\" (any external entity, possibly even another human) at all. Under Hegel's concept of \"subject-object identity,\" subject and object both have Spirit (Hegel's ersatz, redefined, nonsupernatural \"God\") as their conceptual (not metaphysical) inner reality\u2014and in that sense are identical. But until Spirit's \"self-realization\" occurs and Spirit graduates from Spirit to Absolute Spirit status, subject (a human mind) mistakenly thinks every \"object\" it observes is something \"alien,\" meaning something separate or apart from \"subject.\" In Hegel's words, \"The object is revealed to it [to \"subject\"] by [as] something alien, and it does not recognize itself.\" Self-realization occurs when Hegel (part of Spirit's nonsupernatural Mind, which is the collective mind of all humans) arrives on the scene and realizes that every \"object\" is himself, because both subject and object are essentially Spirit. When self-realization occurs and Spirit becomes Absolute Spirit, the \"finite\" (man, human) becomes the \"infinite\" (\"God,\" divine), replacing the imaginary or \"picture-thinking\" supernatural God of theism: man becomes God. Tucker puts it this way: \"Hegelianism . . . is a religion of self-worship whose fundamental theme is given in Hegel's image of the man who aspires to be God himself, who demands 'something more, namely infinity.'\" The picture Hegel presents is \"a picture of a self-glorifying humanity striving compulsively, and at the end successfully, to rise to divinity.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Spirit"}], "question": "In Hegel's thought, what inner reality is possessed by both subject and object?", "id": "572b764d111d821400f38ea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "any human observer"}], "question": "What is another term for Hegel's \"subject\"?", "id": "572b764d111d821400f38ea7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1260, "text": "Absolute Spirit"}], "question": "What does Spirit turn into when a person arrives at self-realization?", "id": "572b764d111d821400f38ea9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "any external entity"}], "question": "What does Hegel mean by \"object\"?", "id": "572b764d111d821400f38ea8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1495, "text": "self"}], "question": "Who did Tucker argue that Hegel's philosophy involved the worship of?", "id": "572b764d111d821400f38eaa"}]}], ["Idea peribadi Howison juga dipanggil \"California Personalism\" oleh orang lain untuk membezakannya daripada \"Personalism Boston\" yang berasal dari Bowne. Howison mengekalkan bahawa kedua-dua idealisme monisme dan materialistik yang berlainan bertentangan dengan pengalaman kebebasan moral. Menolak kebebasan untuk mengejar kebenaran, kecantikan, dan \"cinta yang jinak\" adalah melemahkan setiap usaha manusia yang mendalam, termasuk sains, moral, dan falsafah. Idealisistik peribadatan Borden Parker Bowne dan Edgar S. Brightman dan ahli teater peribadi yang realistis Saint Thomas Aquinas menangani masalah utama, iaitu kebergantungan kepada Tuhan peribadi yang tidak terhingga. <> Siapa yang merupakan eksponen yang dipanggil \"Personalism Boston\"? || Bowne <> Apakah istilah yang diberikan kepada idealisme peribadi Howison? || California Personalism <> Siapa ahli teori personaliti yang realistik yang ketara? || Saint Thomas Aquinas <> Apakah isu yang dibincangkan oleh Aquinas dan Brightman? || Ketergantungan kepada Tuhan peribadi yang tak terhingga <> Kebebasan apa macam Howison percaya tidak bersesuaian dengan materialisme? || moral", {"context": "Howison's personal idealism  was also called \"California Personalism\" by others to distinguish it from the \"Boston Personalism\" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and \"benignant love\" is to undermine every profound human venture, including science, morality, and philosophy. Personalistic idealists Borden Parker Bowne and Edgar S. Brightman and realistic personal theist Saint Thomas Aquinas address a core issue, namely that of dependence upon an infinite personal God.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Bowne"}], "question": "Who was an exponent of so-called \"Boston Personalism\"?", "id": "572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "California Personalism"}], "question": "What was the term given to the personal idealism of Howison?", "id": "572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Saint Thomas Aquinas"}], "question": "Who is a notable realistic personal theist?", "id": "572b7a07be1ee31400cb83c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "dependence upon an infinite personal God"}], "question": "What issue do both Aquinas and Brightman discuss?", "id": "572b7a07be1ee31400cb83ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "moral"}], "question": "What sort of freedom did Howison believe was incompatible with materialism?", "id": "572b7a07be1ee31400cb83cb"}]}], ["Pengertian idealis memegang kuat di kalangan ahli fisika awal abad ke 20 yang dihadapi dengan paradoks fizik kuantum dan teori relativiti. Dalam Tata Sains, Pengantar ke Edisi ke-2, 1900, Karl Pearson menulis, \"Terdapat banyak tanda-tanda bahawa idealisme yang baik pastinya menggantikan, sebagai asas falsafah semulajadi, materialisme mentah fizik yang lebih tua.\" Buku ini mempengaruhi kepentingan Einstein tentang kepentingan pemerhati dalam ukuran saintifik [rujukan?]. Dalam \u00a7 5 buku itu, Pearson menegaskan bahawa \"... sains sebenarnya adalah klasifikasi dan analisis kandungan minda ....\" Juga, \"... bidang sains lebih kesedaran daripada luar dunia. \" <> Antara ahli sains abad kedua puluh adalah idealisme yang popular? || ahli fizik <> Bersama dengan fizik kuantum pada umumnya, apa doktrin saintifik yang menyebabkan sesetengah ahli fizik memeluk idealisme? || relativiti <> Pada tahun berapa edisi The Grammar of Science yang diterbitkan? || 1900 <> Apa yang dikatakan Pearson bahawa sains mengklasifikasikan? || kandungan minda <> Siapa yang dikatakan telah dipengaruhi oleh The Grammar of Science? || Einstein", {"context": "Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, \"There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists.\" This book influenced Einstein's regard for the importance of the observer in scientific measurements[citation needed]. In \u00a7 5 of that book, Pearson asserted that \"...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind....\" Also, \"...the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "physicists"}], "question": "Among what twentieth century scientists was idealism popular?", "id": "572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "relativity"}], "question": "Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism?", "id": "572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "1900"}], "question": "In what year was the second edition of The Grammar of Science published?", "id": "572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "contents of the mind"}], "question": "What did Pearson claim that science classifies?", "id": "572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Einstein"}], "question": "Who is claimed to have been influenced by The Grammar of Science?", "id": "572b7b6bbe1ee31400cb83d5"}]}], ["\"Fikiran dunia adalah, tentu saja, sesuatu yang lebih umum daripada minda kita yang sadar .... Bahan pikiran tidak tersebar di angkasa dan masa, ini adalah sebahagian daripada skema kitaran akhirnya dikeluarkan darinya. ... Perlu sentiasa mengingatkan diri kita bahawa semua pengetahuan tentang alam sekitar kita dari mana dunia fizik dibina, telah memasuki dalam bentuk mesej yang disebarkan sepanjang saraf ke tempat kesedaran .... Kesedaran tidak ditakrifkan secara mendadak , tetapi memudar ke bawah sedar dan di sebalik itu kita harus menganggap sesuatu yang tidak pasti tetapi berterusan dengan sifat mental kita .... Adalah sukar bagi ahli fizik perkara-fakta untuk menerima pandangan bahawa substratum segala-galanya adalah sifat mental. Tetapi tiada siapa yang boleh menafikan bahawa fikiran adalah perkara pertama dan paling langsung dalam pengalaman kami, dan yang lain adalah kesimpulan yang jauh. \" <> Bagaimana menerima maklumat dari dunia fizikal? || mesej yang dihantar sepanjang saraf ke kerusi kesedaran <> Jenis kesedaran apa yang serupa tetapi tidak sama dengan kesedaran itu sendiri? || subconsciousness <> Apa sifat watak asas realiti? || mental <> Menurut penulis, siapa yang akan mempunyai masalah tertentu dalam menerima realiti itu secara mental? || ahli fizik <> Apakah perkara utama yang kita alami? || fikiran", {"context": "\"The mind-stuff of the world is, of course, something more general than our individual conscious minds.... The mind-stuff is not spread in space and time; these are part of the cyclic scheme ultimately derived out of it.... It is necessary to keep reminding ourselves that all knowledge of our environment from which the world of physics is constructed, has entered in the form of messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness.... Consciousness is not sharply defined, but fades into subconsciousness; and beyond that we must postulate something indefinite but yet continuous with our mental nature.... It is difficult for the matter-of-fact physicist to accept the view that the substratum of everything is of mental character. But no one can deny that mind is the first and most direct thing in our experience, and all else is remote inference.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness"}], "question": "How do receive information from the physical world?", "id": "572b7c07f75d5e190021fe00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "subconsciousness"}], "question": "What type of consciousness is similar but not identical to consciousness itself?", "id": "572b7c07f75d5e190021fe01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "mental"}], "question": "What is the nature of the fundamental character of reality?", "id": "572b7c07f75d5e190021fe02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "physicist"}], "question": "According to the author, who would have particular trouble in accepting that reality is fundamentally mental?", "id": "572b7c07f75d5e190021fe03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "mind"}], "question": "What is the main thing that we experience?", "id": "572b7c07f75d5e190021fe04"}]}], ["Bradley adalah sasaran radikal penolakan idealisme G. E. Moore. Moore mendakwa bahawa Bradley tidak memahami pernyataan bahawa sesuatu adalah benar. Kita tahu pasti, melalui kepercayaan umum dan kepercayaan prefilosophical, bahawa beberapa perkara adalah benar, sama ada ia adalah objek pemikiran atau tidak, menurut Moore. Artikel 1903 The Refutation of Idealism adalah salah satu demonstrasi pertama komitmen Moore untuk analisis. Beliau meneliti setiap tiga istilah dalam artikulatik Berkeleian iaitu percepti, \"supaya dapat dirasakan\", mendapati bahawa ia mesti bermakna bahawa objek dan subjek itu semestinya dihubungkan supaya \"kuning\" dan \"sensasi kuning\" adalah sama - \"menjadi kuning\" adalah \"berpengalaman sebagai kuning\". Tetapi ia juga seolah-olah ada perbezaan antara \"kuning\" dan \"sensasi kuning\" dan \"esse itu dianggap percipi, semata-mata kerana apa yang berpengalaman dianggap serupa dengan pengalaman itu\". Walaupun jauh dari penolakan yang lengkap, ini adalah kenyataan pertama yang kuat oleh falsafah analitik terhadap pendahulu idealisnya, atau pada kadar apa-apa terhadap jenis idealisme yang diwakili oleh Berkeley. Hujah ini tidak menunjukkan bahawa GEM (dalam post-Stove vernacular, lihat di bawah) secara logik tidak sah. <> Siapa yang menulis The Refutation of Idealism? || Moore <> Dalam penolakannya terhadap idealisme, yang pemikirannya menyerang Moore? || Bradley <> Yang berasal dari perkataan 'esse est percipi'? || Berkeley", {"context": "Bradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism. Moore claimed that Bradley did not understand the statement that something is real. We know for certain, through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs, that some things are real, whether they are objects of thought or not, according to Moore. The 1903 article The Refutation of Idealism is one of the first demonstrations of Moore's commitment to analysis. He examines each of the three terms in the Berkeleian aphorism esse est percipi, \"to be is to be perceived\", finding that it must mean that the object and the subject are necessarily connected so that \"yellow\" and \"the sensation of yellow\" are identical - \"to be yellow\" is \"to be experienced as yellow\". But it also seems there is a difference between \"yellow\" and \"the sensation of yellow\" and \"that esse is held to be percipi, solely because what is experienced is held to be identical with the experience of it\". Though far from a complete refutation, this was the first strong statement by analytic philosophy against its idealist predecessors, or at any rate against the type of idealism represented by Berkeley. This argument did not show that the GEM (in post\u2013Stove vernacular, see below) is logically invalid.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Moore"}], "question": "Who wrote The Refutation of Idealism?", "id": "572b78f434ae481900deae37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bradley"}], "question": "In his rejection of idealism, whose thought did Moore attack?", "id": "572b78f434ae481900deae38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1150, "text": "Berkeley"}], "question": "Who originated the saying 'esse est percipi'?", "id": "572b78f434ae481900deae39"}]}], ["Keprihatinan utama Phenomenology of Spirit Hegel (1807) dan falsafah Roh yang dia letakkan dalam Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817-1830) adalah hubungan antara manusia individu, yang ia mengandung dari segi \"pengakuan bersama. \" Walau bagaimanapun, apa yang Climacus bermaksud dengan kenyataan yang disebutkan di atas, adalah bahawa Hegel, dalam Falsafah Hak, percaya penyelesaian terbaik adalah menyerahkan keperibadian seseorang kepada adat Negara, mengenal pasti yang benar dan salah memandangkan moral borjuasi yang berlaku. Manusia individu patut, di peringkat pembangunan tertinggi Negeri, untuk bersesuaian dengan kehendak Negeri. Climacus menolak penindasan Hegel terhadap keperibadian dengan menunjukkan bahawa mustahil untuk mewujudkan satu set peraturan atau sistem yang sah dalam mana-mana masyarakat yang dapat menggambarkan kewujudan secukupnya bagi mana-mana satu individu. Menyerahkan kehendak seseorang kepada Negara menafikan kebebasan peribadi, pilihan, dan tanggungjawab. <> Siapa yang menulis Ensiklopedia Sains Filosofi? || Hegel <> Bilakah Phenomenology of Spirit diterbitkan? || 1807 <> Apakah sifat Climacus yang percaya bahawa Hegel ditindas? || Kepunyaan siapa yang Hegel percaya akan mengatasi individu itu? || State <> Konsep apa yang betul dan salah dilakukan Climacus percaya Hegel disahkan? || borjuasi", {"context": "A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817\u20131830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of \"mutual recognition.\" However, what Climacus means by the aforementioned statement, is that Hegel, in the Philosophy of Right, believed the best solution was to surrender one's individuality to the customs of the State, identifying right and wrong in view of the prevailing bourgeois morality. Individual human will ought, at the State's highest level of development, to properly coincide with the will of the State. Climacus rejects Hegel's suppression of individuality by pointing out it is impossible to create a valid set of rules or system in any society which can adequately describe existence for any one individual. Submitting one's will to the State denies personal freedom, choice, and responsibility.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Hegel"}], "question": "Who wrote Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences?", "id": "572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "1807"}], "question": "When was Phenomenology of Spirit published?", "id": "572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "individuality"}], "question": "What trait did Climacus believe that Hegel suppressed?", "id": "572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "State"}], "question": "Whose will did Hegel believe should prevail over that of the individual?", "id": "572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "bourgeois"}], "question": "What conception of right and wrong did Climacus believe Hegel endorsed?", "id": "572b77b2be1ee31400cb83b7"}]}], ["J. M. E. McTaggart dari Cambridge University, berpendapat bahawa minda sahaja wujud dan hanya berkaitan dengan satu sama lain melalui cinta. Objek ruang, masa dan bahan tidak nyata. Dalam The Unreality of Time dia berhujah bahawa masa adalah ilusi kerana tidak mungkin untuk menghasilkan satu akaun yang koheren tentang urutan kejadian. The Nature of Existence (1927) mengandungi hujah-hujahnya bahawa ruang, masa, dan perkara tidak mungkin nyata. Dalam Pengajiannya di Hegelian Cosmology (Cambridge, 1901, p196) beliau mengisytiharkan bahawa metafizik tidak relevan dengan tindakan sosial dan politik. McTaggart \"menganggap bahawa Hegel salah dalam mengandaikan bahawa metafizik dapat menunjukkan bahawa negara itu lebih daripada cara untuk kebaikan individu yang mengarangnya\". Untuk McTaggart \"falsafah boleh memberi kita sedikit, jika ada, bimbingan dalam tindakan ... Mengapa seorang warga Hegelian terkejut bahawa kepercayaannya terhadap sifat Mutlak organik tidak membantu beliau dalam memutuskan bagaimana untuk memilih? Adakah Hegelian jurutera menjadi munasabah dengan mengharapkan bahawa kepercayaannya bahawa semua perkara adalah roh harus membantu dia dalam merancang jambatan? <> Dengan universiti apa yang bergabung dengan JME McTaggart? || Cambridge <> Pada tahun berapa adalah The Nature of Existence diterbitkan? || 1927 < > Menurut McTaggart, apakah satu-satunya perkara yang mempunyai kewujudan sebenar? || minds <> Apa yang McTaggart percaya ruang dan masa menjadi? || unreal <> Bagaimana McTaggart percaya fikiran berkaitan dengan satu sama lain? ||", {"context": "J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Existence (1927) contained his arguments that space, time, and matter cannot possibly be real. In his Studies in Hegelian Cosmology (Cambridge, 1901, p196) he declared that metaphysics are not relevant to social and political action. McTaggart \"thought that Hegel was wrong in supposing that metaphysics could show that the state is more than a means to the good of the individuals who compose it\". For McTaggart \"philosophy can give us very little, if any, guidance in action... Why should a Hegelian citizen be surprised that his belief as to the organic nature of the Absolute does not help him in deciding how to vote? Would a Hegelian engineer be reasonable in expecting that his belief that all matter is spirit should help him in planning a bridge?", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Cambridge"}], "question": "With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated?", "id": "572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "1927"}], "question": "In what year was The Nature of Existence published?", "id": "572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "minds"}], "question": "According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real existence?", "id": "572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "unreal"}], "question": "What does McTaggart believe space and time to be?", "id": "572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "love"}], "question": "How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another?", "id": "572b7a8ff75d5e190021fdf9"}]}], ["Thomas Davidson mengajar falsafah yang dipanggil \"apeirotheism\", \"bentuk idealisme pluralistik ... ditambah dengan kekukuhan etika yang tegas\" yang ditakrifkan sebagai \"teori Tuhan yang tidak terhingga bilangan.\" Teori ini terhutang budi kepada pluralisme Aristotle dan konsepnya Soul, aspek rasional, hidup dari bahan hidup yang tidak boleh wujud selain dari tubuh kerana ia bukan bahan tetapi esensi, dan pemikiran, refleksi dan pemahaman yang rasional. Walaupun sumber kontroversi dari terus-menerus, Aristotle boleh dikatakan berpendapat bahawa kedua-duanya adalah sifat abadi dan tidak material, seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam teologi para penggerak yang tidak dikuasai. Mengenal pasti Tuhan Aristotle dengan pemikiran yang rasional, Davidson berhujah, bertentangan dengan Aristoteles, sama seperti jiwa tidak dapat wujud selain dari tubuh, Tuhan tidak boleh wujud selain dari dunia. <> Apakah nama falsafah yang dikemukakan oleh Thomas Davidson? || apeirotheism <> Apa jenis idealisme ialah falsafah Thomas Davidson? || pluralistik <> Menurut Davidson, berapa banyak tuhan di sana? || tak terhingga <> Dengan falsafah yang dipengaruhi oleh Davidson? || Aristotle <> Apa yang Davidson percaya Tuhan Aristotle adalah sinonim dengan? || pemikiran rasional", {"context": "Thomas Davidson taught a philosophy called \"apeirotheism\", a \"form of pluralistic idealism...coupled with a stern ethical rigorism\" which he defined as \"a theory of Gods infinite in number.\" The theory was indebted to Aristotle's pluralism and his concepts of Soul, the rational, living aspect of a living substance which cannot exist apart from the body because it is not a substance but an essence, and nous, rational thought, reflection and understanding. Although a perennial source of controversy, Aristotle arguably views the latter as both eternal and immaterial in nature, as exemplified in his theology of unmoved movers. Identifying Aristotle's God with rational thought, Davidson argued, contrary to Aristotle, that just as the soul cannot exist apart from the body, God cannot exist apart from the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "apeirotheism"}], "question": "What was the name of the philosophy preached by Thomas Davidson?", "id": "572b7afb34ae481900deae3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "pluralistic"}], "question": "What type of idealism was Thomas Davidson's philosophy?", "id": "572b7afb34ae481900deae3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "infinite"}], "question": "According to Davidson, how many gods are there?", "id": "572b7afb34ae481900deae3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "By whose philosophy was Davidson influenced?", "id": "572b7afb34ae481900deae40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "rational thought"}], "question": "What did Davidson believe the God of Aristotle is synonymous with?", "id": "572b7afb34ae481900deae41"}]}], ["Idealisasi pluralistik seperti Gottfried Leibniz mengambil pandangan bahawa terdapat banyak minda individu yang bersama-sama mendasari kewujudan dunia yang diperhatikan dan menjadikan mungkin alam semesta fizikal. Tidak seperti idealisme mutlak, idealisme pluralistik tidak mengandaikan kewujudan satu realiti mental utama atau \"Mutlak\". Bentuk idealisme Leibniz, yang dikenali sebagai Panpsychism, pandangan \"monads\" sebagai atom sejati alam semesta dan sebagai entiti yang mempunyai persepsi. Monad adalah \"bentuk yang substansial untuk menjadi\", unsur, individu, tertakluk kepada undang-undang mereka sendiri, tidak berinteraksi, masing-masing mencerminkan seluruh alam semesta. Monads adalah pusat daya, yang merupakan bahan sementara ruang, benda dan gerakan adalah fenomenal dan bentuk dan kewujudannya bergantung kepada monad sederhana dan tidak penting. Terdapat keharmonian yang telah ditetapkan oleh Tuhan, monad tengah, antara dunia dalam fikiran monad dan dunia luar objek. Kosmologi Leibniz memeluk Theisme Kristian tradisional. Psikologi Inggeris dan ahli falsafah James Ward yang diilhamkan oleh Leibniz juga mempertahankan bentuk idealisme pluralistik. Menurut Ward, alam semesta terdiri daripada \"monster psikik\" dari pelbagai peringkat, berinteraksi untuk saling memperbaiki diri. <> Siapa yang merupakan pesonisme idealisme pluralistik yang ketara? || Gottfried Leibniz <> Apakah istilah untuk jenis idealisme yang diajarkan oleh Leibniz? || Panpsychism <> Apa yang Leibniz percaya alam semesta pada dasarnya terdiri daripada? || monads <> Siapa yang seorang murid terkenal Leibniz? || James Ward <> Apa yang dilihat Ward sebagai tujuan interaksi antara monad? || kebaikan diri", {"context": "Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimate mental reality or \"Absolute\". Leibniz' form of idealism, known as Panpsychism, views \"monads\" as the true atoms of the universe and as entities having perception. The monads are \"substantial forms of being\",elemental, individual, subject to their own laws, non-interacting, each reflecting the entire universe. Monads are centers of force, which is substance while space, matter and motion are phenomenal and their form and existence is dependent on the simple and immaterial monads. There is a pre-established harmony established by God, the central monad, between the world in the minds of the monads and the external world of objects. Leibniz's cosmology embraced traditional Christian Theism. The English psychologist and philosopher James Ward inspired by Leibniz had also defended a form of pluralistic idealism. According to Ward the universe is composed of \"psychic monads\" of different levels, interacting for mutual self- betterment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Gottfried Leibniz"}], "question": "Who is a notable exponent of pluralistic idealism?", "id": "572b7982be1ee31400cb83bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Panpsychism"}], "question": "What is the term for the type of idealism preached by Leibniz?", "id": "572b7982be1ee31400cb83be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "monads"}], "question": "What did Leibniz believe the universe is fundamentally composed of?", "id": "572b7982be1ee31400cb83bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1060, "text": "James Ward"}], "question": "Who was a notable disciple of Leibniz?", "id": "572b7982be1ee31400cb83c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1248, "text": "self- betterment"}], "question": "What does Ward see as the purpose of interaction between monads?", "id": "572b7982be1ee31400cb83c1"}]}], ["Di samping itu, Hegel percaya kita dapat mengetahui struktur fikiran Tuhan, atau realiti muktamad. Hegel bersetuju dengan Kierkegaard bahawa kedua-dua realiti dan manusia tidak lengkap, seolah-olah kita berada dalam masa, dan realiti berkembang melalui masa. Tetapi hubungan antara masa dan keabadian adalah masa di luar dan ini adalah \"struktur logik\" yang difikirkan oleh Hegel kita boleh tahu. Kierkegaard membantah penegasan ini, kerana ia menghapuskan perbezaan jelas antara ontologi dan epistemologi. Kewujudan dan pemikiran tidak sama dan seseorang tidak mungkin berfikir kewujudan. Pemikiran selalu merupakan bentuk abstraksi, dan dengan itu bukan sahaja kewujudan murni mustahil untuk dipikir, tetapi semua bentuk yang ada tidak dapat dibayangkan; pemikiran bergantung kepada bahasa, yang hanya abstrak dari pengalaman, sehingga memisahkan kita daripada pengalaman hidup dan intipati hidup semua makhluk. Di samping itu, kerana kita adalah makhluk yang terhingga, kita tidak mungkin mengetahui atau memahami apa-apa yang universal atau tak terhingga seperti Tuhan, jadi kita tidak dapat mengetahui Tuhan wujud, kerana yang melampaui masa serentak melangkaui pemahaman manusia. <> Sebenarnya apakah hakikat Hegel melihat minda Tuhan? || akhir <> Bersama dengan Hegel, yang juga berhujah untuk ketidaksempurnaan manusia? || Kierkegaard <> Menurut Hegel, bentuk apa yang difikirkannya perlu? || abstraksi <> Mengapa Hegel percaya kita tidak dapat mengenal Tuhan? || kita adalah makhluk terhingga <> Jika sesuatu melampaui masa, apa itu, menurut Hegel, juga melampaui? || pemahaman manusia", {"context": "In addition, Hegel does believe we can know the structure of God's mind, or ultimate reality. Hegel agrees with Kierkegaard that both reality and humans are incomplete, inasmuch as we are in time, and reality develops through time. But the relation between time and eternity is outside time and this is the \"logical structure\" that Hegel thinks we can know. Kierkegaard disputes this assertion, because it eliminates the clear distinction between ontology and epistemology. Existence and thought are not identical and one cannot possibly think existence. Thought is always a form of abstraction, and thus not only is pure existence impossible to think, but all forms in existence are unthinkable; thought depends on language, which merely abstracts from experience, thus separating us from lived experience and the living essence of all beings. In addition, because we are finite beings, we cannot possibly know or understand anything that is universal or infinite such as God, so we cannot know God exists, since that which transcends time simultaneously transcends human understanding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "ultimate"}], "question": "What sort of reality did Hegel perceive God's mind to be?", "id": "572b7822f75d5e190021fdec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Kierkegaard"}], "question": "Along with Hegel, who also argued for human incompleteness?", "id": "572b7822f75d5e190021fded"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "abstraction"}], "question": "According to Hegel, what form does thought necessarily take?", "id": "572b7822f75d5e190021fdee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "we are finite beings"}], "question": "Why does Hegel believe we cannot know God?", "id": "572b7822f75d5e190021fdef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1067, "text": "human understanding"}], "question": "If something transcends time, what does it, according to Hegel, also transcend?", "id": "572b7822f75d5e190021fdf0"}]}]], [["Prasekolah menyediakan pendidikan dari umur tiga hingga tujuh, bergantung kepada negara, apabila kanak-kanak memasuki pendidikan rendah. Ini juga dikenali sebagai sekolah semaian dan tadika, kecuali di Amerika Syarikat, di mana tadika adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk pendidikan rendah. [Tadika diperlukan] Tadika \"menyediakan [kurikulum kurikulum yang berpusat pada kanak-kanak selama tiga hingga tujuh tahun kanak-kanak yang bertujuan untuk mengungkap sifat fizikal, intelektual dan moral anak dengan penekanan yang seimbang pada masing-masing. \" <> Apa jua usia biasa untuk pra-sekolah? || tiga hingga tujuh <> Apakah pra-sekolah yang dikenali sebagai? || sekolah semaian dan tadika, <> Di negara apakah Tadika istilah yang digunakan untuk pendidikan rendah? || AS", {"context": "Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten \"provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "three to seven"}], "question": "Whats the typical age range for pre-school?", "id": "572b83adbe1ee31400cb83f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "nursery schools and as kindergarten,"}], "question": "What are pre-schools also known as?", "id": "572b83adbe1ee31400cb83f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "US"}], "question": "In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?", "id": "572b83adbe1ee31400cb83f7"}]}], ["Pendidikan universiti termasuk aktiviti pengajaran, penyelidikan, dan perkhidmatan sosial, dan termasuk kedua-dua peringkat sarjana (kadang-kadang disebut sebagai pendidikan tertiari) dan peringkat lepasan (atau pascasiswazah) (kadang-kadang disebut sebagai sekolah siswazah). Universiti umumnya terdiri daripada beberapa kolej. Di Amerika Syarikat, universiti boleh menjadi swasta dan bebas seperti Yale University; orang awam dan negeri seperti Sistem Pengajian Tinggi Negeri Pennsylvania; atau bebas tetapi dibiayai oleh negara seperti University of Virginia. Beberapa kursus khusus kerjaya kini boleh didapati untuk pelajar melalui Internet. <> Apa yang termasuk dalam pendidikan di Universiti? || aktiviti pengajaran, penyelidikan, dan sosial, <> Apa yang lazimnya universiti terbabit? || beberapa kolej <> Apa jenis Universiti yang akan jatuh Yale? || bebas", {"context": "University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent like Yale University; public and state-governed like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education; or independent but state-funded like the University of Virginia. A number of career specific courses are now available to students through the Internet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "teaching, research, and social services activities,"}], "question": "What does University education include?", "id": "572b883cf75d5e190021fe32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "several colleges"}], "question": "What are usually Universities made up of?", "id": "572b883cf75d5e190021fe33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "independent"}], "question": "What type of University would Yale fall under?", "id": "572b883cf75d5e190021fe34"}]}], ["Pendidikan tinggi, yang juga dikenali sebagai pendidikan tertiari, peringkat ketiga atau pendidikan rendah, adalah tahap pendidikan yang tidak wajib yang mengikuti pendidikan sekolah seperti sekolah menengah atau sekolah menengah. Pendidikan tertiari biasanya diambil untuk merangkumi pendidikan sarjana dan pascasiswazah, serta pendidikan dan latihan vokasional. Kolej dan universiti terutamanya menyediakan pendidikan peringkat tinggi. Secara kolektif, ini kadang-kadang dikenali sebagai institusi pengajian tinggi. Individu yang melengkapkan pendidikan tinggi biasanya menerima sijil, diploma, atau ijazah akademik. <> Apakah nama lain digunakan untuk Pendidikan Tinggi? || peringkat tertiari, peringkat ketiga, atau pendidikan rendah <> Apakah Pendidikan Tinggi? || berikut penyiapan sebuah sekolah seperti sekolah tinggi <> Apa pula pendidikan tertiari? || pendidikan sarjana dan pasca siswazah", {"context": "Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities mainly provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Individuals who complete tertiary education generally receive certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education"}], "question": "What was another name used for Higher Education?", "id": "572b8770111d821400f38ee8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "follows the completion of a school such as a high school"}], "question": "What is High Education?", "id": "572b8770111d821400f38ee9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "undergraduate and postgraduate education"}], "question": "What does Tertiary education include?", "id": "572b8770111d821400f38eea"}]}], ["Pendidikan formal berlaku dalam persekitaran berstruktur yang tujuan eksplisitnya mengajar pelajar. Biasanya, pendidikan formal berlaku di persekitaran sekolah dengan bilik darjah berbilang pelajar belajar bersama dengan seorang guru terlatih mengenai subjek. Kebanyakan sistem sekolah dirancang di sekitar satu set nilai atau cita-cita yang mengawal semua pilihan pendidikan dalam sistem itu. Pilihan tersebut termasuk kurikulum, model organisasi, reka bentuk ruang pembelajaran fizikal (contohnya bilik darjah), interaksi murid-guru, kaedah penilaian, saiz kelas, aktiviti pendidikan dan banyak lagi. <> Di manakah pendidikan formal berlaku? || persekitaran sekolah <> Apakah beberapa set atau cita-cita yang paling mengikut sistem sekolah? || interaksi pelajar-guru, kaedah penilaian, saiz kelas, <> Siapa yang membimbing pelajar dalam persekitaran formal? || guru yang disahkan", {"context": "Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "school environment"}], "question": "Where does formal education take place?", "id": "572b827ff75d5e190021fe12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size,"}], "question": "What are some of the sets or ideals most school systems follow?", "id": "572b827ff75d5e190021fe13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "certified teacher"}], "question": "Who guides the students in a formal environment?", "id": "572b827ff75d5e190021fe14"}]}], ["Pendidikan menengah di Amerika Syarikat tidak muncul sehingga tahun 1910, dengan munculnya syarikat besar dan memajukan teknologi di kilang-kilang, yang memerlukan pekerja mahir. Untuk memenuhi permintaan pekerjaan baru ini, sekolah tinggi telah diwujudkan, dengan kurikulum tertumpu kepada kemahiran kerja praktikal yang akan lebih baik menyediakan pelajar untuk kolar putih atau kerja kolar biru mahir. Ini terbukti bermanfaat untuk kedua-dua majikan dan pekerja, memandangkan modal insan yang lebih baik menurunkan kos untuk majikan, sementara pekerja mahir menerima upah yang lebih tinggi. <> Bilakah pendidikan menengah muncul di Amerika Syarikat? || 1910 <> Mengapa sekolah menengah diperkenalkan di U.S? || peningkatan syarikat besar dan teknologi maju <> Siapa yang mendapat manfaat daripada sekolah menengah? || majikan dan pekerja", {"context": "Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "1910"}], "question": "When did secondary education emerge in the United States?", "id": "572b86f8111d821400f38ee2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "rise of large corporations and advancing technology"}], "question": "Why was secondary school introduced in the U.S?", "id": "572b86f8111d821400f38ee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "employers and employees"}], "question": "Who benefited from secondary schools?", "id": "572b86f8111d821400f38ee4"}]}], ["Pendidikan adalah proses memudahkan pembelajaran, atau pemerolehan pengetahuan, kemahiran, nilai, kepercayaan, dan kebiasaan. Kaedah pendidikan termasuk penceritaan, perbincangan, pengajaran, latihan, dan penyelidikan yang diarahkan. Pendidikan sering dilakukan di bawah bimbingan pendidik, tetapi pelajar juga boleh mendidik diri sendiri. Pendidikan boleh berlaku dalam tetapan formal atau tidak formal dan sebarang pengalaman yang mempunyai kesan formatif dalam cara seseorang berfikir, merasakan, atau bertindak boleh dipertimbangkan pendidikan. Metodologi mengajar dipanggil pedagogi. <> Apa yang membentuk Pendidikan? || pengetahuan, kemahiran, nilai, kepercayaan dan tabiat <> Kaedah apa yang membentuk Pendidikan? || pengisytiharan, perbincangan, pengajaran, latihan, dan penyelidikan yang diarahkan <> Di mana pendidikan biasanya berlaku di bawah? || bimbingan pendidik", {"context": "Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits"}], "question": "What makes up Education?", "id": "572b713d34ae481900deae15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research"}], "question": "What methods make up Education?", "id": "572b713d34ae481900deae16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "the guidance of educators"}], "question": "Where does education usually take place under?", "id": "572b713d34ae481900deae17"}]}], ["Pada masa lalu, mereka yang kurang upaya sering tidak layak mendapat pendidikan awam. Kanak-kanak kurang upaya secara berulang kali menafikan pendidikan oleh doktor atau tutor khas. Pakar perubatan awal ini (orang seperti Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) menetapkan asas pendidikan khas hari ini. Mereka memberi tumpuan kepada arahan individu dan kemahiran fungsional. Pada tahun-tahun awalnya, pendidikan khas hanya diberikan kepada orang yang kurang upaya yang teruk, tetapi baru-baru ini ia telah dibuka kepada sesiapa yang mengalami kesukaran pembelajaran. <> Apakah peraturan untuk orang kurang upaya pada masa lalu untuk pendidikan? || tidak layak untuk pendidikan awam <> Siapa yang menafikan bahawa kanak-kanak kurang upaya tidak dapat menghadiri sekolah awam? || pakar perubatan atau tutor khas <> Siapa pakar perubatan awal ini? || Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet <> Apa yang Pendidikan Khas biasanya hanya berlaku pada tahun-tahun awal sekolah di U.S? || orang yang kurang upaya yang teruk", {"context": "In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. In its early years, special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "not eligible for public education"}], "question": "What was a rule for disabled people in the past for education?", "id": "572b890d111d821400f38eee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "physicians or special tutors"}], "question": "Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school?", "id": "572b890d111d821400f38eef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet"}], "question": "Who were some of these early physicians?", "id": "572b890d111d821400f38ef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "people with severe disabilities"}], "question": "What would Special Education usually only apply to in the early years of schooling in the U.S?", "id": "572b890d111d821400f38ef1"}]}], ["Selepas Kejatuhan Rom, Gereja Katolik menjadi pengawas tunggal beasiswa literasi di Eropah Barat. Gereja telah menubuhkan sekolah katedral pada Zaman Pertengahan Awal sebagai pusat pendidikan lanjutan. Sesetengah pertubuhan ini akhirnya berkembang menjadi universiti zaman pertengahan dan usang dari banyak universiti moden di Eropah. Semasa Zaman Pertengahan Tinggi, Cathedral Chartres mengendalikan Sekolah Cathedral Chart yang terkenal dan berpengaruh. Universiti-universiti zaman pertengahan abad ke-2 di Christendom Barat terintegrasi dengan baik di seluruh Eropah Barat, menggalakkan kebebasan siasatan, dan menghasilkan pelbagai ulama dan ahli falsafah semulajadi, termasuk Thomas Aquinas dari University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste dari University of Oxford, pendiri awal kaedah percubaan saintifik sistematik, dan Saint Albert the Great, perintis penyelidikan bidang biologi. Ditubuhkan pada 1088, Universiti Bologne dianggap sebagai yang pertama, dan universiti yang beroperasi secara terus menerus. <> Apa yang berlaku selepas Kejatuhan Roma dengan kesusasteraan? || Gereja Katolik menjadi penyendiri tunggal <> Apa yang berlaku dengan pendidikan semasa Zaman Pertengahan Awal? || gereja menubuhkan sekolah katedral <> Apa sekolah-sekolah awal semasa Zaman Pertengahan berevolusi? || universiti zaman pertengahan <> Apakah nama sekolah yang terkenal semasa zaman pertengahan yang tinggi? || Sekolah Cathedral Chartres", {"context": "After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Catholic Church became the sole preserver"}], "question": "What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?", "id": "572b7304f75d5e190021fdde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "church established cathedral schools"}], "question": "What happened with education  during the Early Middle Ages?", "id": "572b7304f75d5e190021fddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "medieval universities"}], "question": "What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve into?", "id": "572b7304f75d5e190021fde0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Chartres Cathedral School"}], "question": "What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages?", "id": "572b7304f75d5e190021fde1"}]}], ["Dalam kebanyakan sistem pendidikan kontemporari di dunia, pendidikan menengah terdiri daripada pendidikan formal yang berlaku semasa remaja. Ia dicirikan oleh peralihan dari pendidikan dasar yang wajib dan menyeluruh untuk kanak-kanak di bawah umur, kepada pendidikan pilihan, tertiary tertutup, \"postecondary\", atau \"tinggi\" (contohnya universiti, sekolah vokasional) untuk orang dewasa. Bergantung pada sistem, sekolah untuk tempoh ini, atau sebahagian daripadanya, boleh dipanggil sekolah menengah atau sekolah menengah, gimnasium, lapan sekolah, sekolah menengah, kolej, atau sekolah vokasional. Makna yang tepat dari mana-mana istilah ini berbeza dari satu sistem ke satu sama lain. Batasan yang tepat antara pendidikan rendah dan menengah juga bervariasi dari negara ke negara dan bahkan di dalamnya, tetapi umumnya sekitar tahun ketujuh hingga tahun kesepuluh sekolah. Pendidikan menengah berlaku terutamanya semasa tahun-tahun remaja. Di Amerika Syarikat, Kanada dan Australia, pendidikan bersama dan menengah bersama-sama kadang-kadang disebut sebagai pendidikan K-12, dan di New Zealand Tahun 1-13 digunakan. Tujuan pendidikan menengah adalah untuk memberi pengetahuan umum, menyediakan pendidikan tinggi, atau melatih secara langsung dalam profesion. <> Apakah pendidikan menengah terdiri daripada? || pendidikan formal yang berlaku semasa remaja <> Apa dua contoh yang diberikan tentang pendidikan \"postsecondary\" atau \"tinggi\"? || universiti, sekolah vokasional <> Bilakah sekolah menengah biasanya berlaku? || tahun remaja <> Apakah tujuan pendidikan menengah? || untuk mempersiapkan pendidikan tinggi, atau melatih secara langsung dalam profesion.", {"context": "In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, \"postsecondary\", or \"higher\" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia, primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1\u201313 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "formal education that occurs during adolescence"}], "question": "What does secondary education comprise of?", "id": "572b8669111d821400f38eda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "university, vocational school"}], "question": "What two examples were given of what \"postsecondary\" or \"higher\" education?", "id": "572b8669111d821400f38edb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 855, "text": "teenage years"}], "question": "When does secondary schooling typically take place?", "id": "572b8669111d821400f38edc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1106, "text": "to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession."}], "question": "What is the purpose of secondary education?", "id": "572b8669111d821400f38edd"}]}], ["Pendidikan rendah (atau asas) terdiri daripada lima hingga tujuh tahun pendidikan formal yang berstruktur. Secara umumnya, pendidikan rendah terdiri daripada enam hingga lapan tahun bersekolah bermula pada umur lima atau enam tahun, walaupun ini berbeza antara, dan kadang kala, di negara-negara. Secara global, sekitar 89% kanak-kanak berumur enam hingga dua belas mendaftar dalam pendidikan rendah, dan kadar ini meningkat. Di bawah program Pendidikan Untuk Semua yang didorong oleh UNESCO, kebanyakan negara berkomitmen untuk mencapai pendaftaran sejagat dalam pendidikan rendah pada tahun 2015, dan di banyak negara, adalah wajib. Pembahagian antara pendidikan rendah dan menengah agak sewenang-wenang, tetapi secara umum berlaku pada usia sebelas atau dua belas tahun. Sesetengah sistem pendidikan mempunyai sekolah menengah yang berasingan, dengan peralihan ke peringkat akhir pendidikan menengah yang berlaku pada usia sekitar empat belas tahun. Sekolah yang menyediakan pendidikan rendah, kebanyakannya dirujuk sebagai sekolah rendah atau sekolah rendah. Sekolah rendah sering dibahagikan kepada sekolah-sekolah dan sekolah rendah. <> Apakah istilah lain yang digunakan untuk pendidikan rendah? || elementary <> Apakah sekolah rendah terdiri daripada? || pertama lima hingga tujuh tahun, pendidikan berstruktur formal <> Apa nama pengagungan yang berusaha mendapatkan semua negara di jalan yang sama dengan pendidikan rendah? || UNESCO", {"context": "Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "elementary"}], "question": "What is another term used for Primary education?", "id": "572b858934ae481900deae63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "first five to seven years of formal, structured education"}], "question": "What does primary school consist of?", "id": "572b858934ae481900deae64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "UNESCO"}], "question": "What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education?", "id": "572b858934ae481900deae65"}]}], ["Pembelajaran tidak formal biasanya berlaku di luar pertubuhan pendidikan, tidak mengikuti kurikulum tertentu dan mungkin berasal secara tidak sengaja, secara sporadis, berkaitan dengan keadaan tertentu, daripada mengubah keperluan praktikal. Ia tidak semestinya merancang untuk menjadi pedagogically sedar, sistematik dan mengikut subjek, tetapi secara tidak sadar bersampingan, secara holistik masalah yang berkaitan, dan berkaitan dengan pengurusan keadaan dan kecergasan untuk hidup. Ia berpengalaman secara langsung dalam fungsi \"semulajadi\" dalam kehidupan seharian dan sering spontan. <> Di mana pembelajaran secara tidak formal biasanya berlaku? || di luar institusi pendidikan <> Apa yang tidak perlu untuk pembelajaran tidak formal? || untuk menjadi pedagogically sedar, sistematik dan mengikut subjek <> Apa yang jatuh di bawah payung pembelajaran tidak formal? || secara tidak sedar bersampingan, berkaitan dengan masalah secara holistik, dan berkaitan dengan pengurusan keadaan", {"context": "Informal learning usually takes place outside educational establishments, does not follow a specified curriculum and may originate accidentally, sporadically, in association with certain occasions, from changing practical requirements. It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects, but rather unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management and fitness for life. It is experienced directly in its \"natural\" function of everyday life and is often spontaneous.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "outside educational establishments"}], "question": "Where does informal learning usually take place?", "id": "572b91db34ae481900deae99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects"}], "question": "What is not necessary for informal learning?", "id": "572b91db34ae481900deae9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management"}], "question": "What falls under the informal learning umbrella?", "id": "572b91db34ae481900deae9b"}]}], ["Pada masa yang sama, sesetengah idea dari percubaan dan cabaran paradigma ini boleh diterima pakai sebagai norma dalam pendidikan, seperti pendekatan Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel untuk pendidikan awal kanak-kanak pada abad ke-19 Jerman telah dimasukkan ke dalam bilik darjah tadika kontemporari. Penulis dan pemikir lain yang berpengaruh termasuk ahli kemanusiaan Swiss, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi; ahli transendental Amerika Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, dan Henry David Thoreau; pengasas pendidikan progresif, John Dewey dan Francis Parker; dan perintis pendidikan seperti Maria Montessori dan Rudolf Steiner, dan lebih baru-baru ini John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison dan Ivan Illich. <> Pendekatan educatgion diperkenalkan di Jerman pada abad ke-19 dan digunakan di kebanyakan Kindergartens? || Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel <> Siapa dari Switzerland adalah berpengaruh dalam pendidikan? || Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi <> Siapa pengasas pendidikan progresif? || John Dewey dan Francis Parker", {"context": "In time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as the norm in education, just as Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel's approach to early childhood education in 19th-century Germany has been incorporated into contemporary kindergarten classrooms. Other influential writers and thinkers have included the Swiss humanitarian Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi; the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau; the founders of progressive education, John Dewey and Francis Parker; and educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner, and more recently John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison and Ivan Illich.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel's"}], "question": "Whos educatgion approach was introduced in Germany in the 19th century and is used in most Kindergartens?", "id": "572b8b0334ae481900deae8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi"}], "question": "Who from Switzerland was an influential in education?", "id": "572b8b0334ae481900deae8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "John Dewey and Francis Parker"}], "question": "Who were the founders of progressive education?", "id": "572b8b0334ae481900deae8f"}]}], ["Autodidacticism (juga autodidactism) adalah proses kontemplatif, menyerap, \"belajar sendiri\" atau \"sendiri\", atau sebagai guru sendiri. Sesetengah autodidacts menghabiskan banyak masa meninjau sumber-sumber perpustakaan dan laman web pendidikan. Satu boleh menjadi autodidact pada hampir mana-mana titik dalam kehidupan seseorang. Walaupun sesetengah mungkin telah dimaklumkan secara konvensional dalam bidang tertentu, mereka mungkin memilih untuk memaklumkan diri mereka di kawasan lain yang sering tidak berkaitan. Autodidactable termasuk Abraham Lincoln (presiden AS), Srinivasa Ramanujan (matematikawan), Michael Faraday (ahli kimia dan ahli fizik), Charles Darwin (naturalis), Thomas Alva Edison (pencipta), Tadao Ando (arkitek), George Bernard Shaw Frank Zappa (komposer, jurutera rakaman, pengarah filem), dan Leonardo da Vinci (jurutera, saintis, ahli matematik). <> Apa arti didaktisisme secara am bermakna? || belajar sendiri <> Bilakah anda boleh menjadi Autodidact? || mana-mana titik dalam kehidupan seseorang <> Yang Presiden U.S yang terkenal adalah Autodidact? || Abraham Lincoln <> Yang pencipta yang terkenal adalah Autodidact? || Thomas Alva Edison", {"context": "Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is a contemplative, absorbing process, of \"learning on your own\" or \"by yourself\", or as a self-teacher. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U.S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, recording engineer, film director), and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "learning on your own"}], "question": "What does Auto didacticism generally mean?", "id": "572b9405be1ee31400cb844d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "any point in one's life"}], "question": "When can you become an Autodidact?", "id": "572b9405be1ee31400cb844e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Abraham Lincoln"}], "question": "Which famous U.S president was a Autodidact?", "id": "572b9405be1ee31400cb844f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Thomas Alva Edison"}], "question": "Which famous inventor was a Autodidact?", "id": "572b9405be1ee31400cb8450"}]}], ["Konsep 'pendidikan melalui rekreasi' telah digunakan untuk perkembangan kanak-kanak pada abad ke-19. Pada awal abad ke-20, konsep ini diperluaskan untuk memasukkan orang dewasa muda tetapi penekanannya pada aktiviti fizikal. LP Jacks, juga pendukung awal pembelajaran sepanjang hayat, menerangkan pendidikan melalui rekreasi: \"Seorang tuan dalam seni hidup tidak membezakan antara kerja dan permainannya, tenaga kerja dan masa lapangnya, fikirannya dan tubuhnya, pendidikannya dan dia tidak tahu apa-apa, dia hanya mengejar visi keunggulannya melalui apa sahaja yang dilakukannya dan meninggalkan orang lain untuk menentukan sama ada dia bekerja atau bermain. Kepada dirinya sendiri, dia seolah-olah melakukan kedua-duanya. ia baik. \" Pendidikan melalui rekreasi adalah peluang untuk belajar dengan cara lancar melalui semua aktiviti kehidupan. Konsep ini telah dihidupkan semula oleh University of Western Ontario untuk mengajar anatomi kepada pelajar perubatan. <> Bilakah 'pendidikan melalui rekreasi' diterapkan pada zaman kanak-kanak? || abad ke-19 <> Bilakah konsep 'pendidikan melalui rekreasi' berubah dan berkembang? || abad ke-20 <> Apa yang berubah apabila konsep diperluas? untuk memasukkan orang dewasa muda", {"context": "The concept of 'education through recreation' was applied to childhood development in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities. L.P. Jacks, also an early proponent of lifelong learning, described education through recreation: \"A master in the art of living draws no sharp distinction between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation. He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well.\" Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of life's activities. The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When was the 'education through recreation\" applied to childhood?", "id": "572b92cb111d821400f38f2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "When was the concept of 'education through recreation' changed and expanded?", "id": "572b92cb111d821400f38f2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "to include young adults"}], "question": "What changed when the concept was broadened?", "id": "572b92cb111d821400f38f30"}]}], ["Pendidikan pribumi merujuk kepada kemasukan pengetahuan, model, kaedah, dan kandungan orang asli dalam sistem pendidikan formal dan bukan formal. Selalunya dalam konteks pasca penjajahan, pengiktirafan yang semakin meningkat dan penggunaan kaedah pendidikan pribumi boleh menjadi tindak balas terhadap hakisan dan kehilangan pengetahuan dan bahasa pribumi melalui proses penjajahan. Tambahan pula, ia dapat membolehkan masyarakat pribumi \"menuntut dan menaikkan semangat bahasa dan budaya mereka, dan dengan itu, meningkatkan kejayaan pendidikan para pelajar pribumi.\" <> Apa yang membentuk pendidikan Adat? || pengetahuan, model, kaedah, dan kandungan orang asli <> Di mana dua sistem boleh menggunakan pendidikan Orang Asli? || sistem pendidikan formal dan tidak formal <> Apakah salah satu tujuan utama bagi pendidikan Orang Asal? || meningkatkan kejayaan pendidikan pelajar pribumi", {"context": "Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism. Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to \"reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content"}], "question": "What makes up Indigenous education?", "id": "572b8b8734ae481900deae93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "formal and non-formal educational systems"}], "question": "In which two systems can Indigenous education be used?", "id": "572b8b8734ae481900deae94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "improve the educational success of indigenous students"}], "question": "What is one of the main purposes for Indigenous education?", "id": "572b8b8734ae481900deae95"}]}], ["Pendidikan Rendah Universal adalah salah satu daripada lapan Matlamat Pembangunan Milenium antarabangsa, ke arah kemajuan yang telah dibuat dalam dekad yang lalu, walaupun halangan masih tetap. Memperoleh pembiayaan amal daripada calon penderma adalah satu masalah yang sangat berterusan. Penyelidik di Institut Pembangunan Luar Negara telah menunjukkan bahawa halangan utama untuk pendanaan untuk pendidikan termasuk keutamaan penderma yang bercanggah, seni bina bantuan yang tidak matang, dan kekurangan bukti dan advokasi untuk isu ini. Di samping itu, Transparency International telah mengenal pasti rasuah dalam sektor pendidikan sebagai penghalang utama untuk mencapai Pendidikan Rendah Universal di Afrika. Tambahan pula, permintaan di dunia membangun untuk akses pendidikan yang lebih baik tidak setinggi yang diharapkan oleh warga asing. Kerajaan pribumi enggan mengambil kos berterusan yang terlibat. Terdapat juga tekanan ekonomi dari beberapa ibu bapa, yang lebih suka anak-anak mereka untuk mendapatkan wang dalam jangka masa pendek daripada bekerja untuk faedah jangka panjang pendidikan. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah pendidikan utama Universal? || Matlamat Pembangunan Milenium Antarabangsa <> Apakah satu isu yang menyakitkan Pendidikan Rendah Universal? || pembiayaan amal <> Organisasi mana yang telah menemui rasuah dalam sektor pendidik? || Transparency International", {"context": "Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "international Millennium Development Goals"}], "question": "What does Universal Primary Education belong to?", "id": "572ba77b34ae481900deaec7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "charitable funding"}], "question": "What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?", "id": "572ba77b34ae481900deaec8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Transparency International"}], "question": "Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector?", "id": "572ba77b34ae481900deaec9"}]}], ["Pembelajaran tidak rasmi adalah salah satu daripada tiga bentuk pembelajaran yang ditakrifkan oleh Organisasi Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan (OECD). Pembelajaran tidak formal berlaku di pelbagai tempat, seperti di rumah, bekerja, dan melalui interaksi harian dan hubungan yang dikongsi bersama di kalangan anggota masyarakat. Bagi kebanyakan pelajar, ini termasuk pemerolehan bahasa, norma budaya dan adab-adab. Pembelajaran informal untuk golongan muda adalah proses yang berterusan yang juga berlaku di pelbagai tempat, seperti waktu sekolah, dalam program belia di pusat komuniti dan makmal media. <> Siapa yang mentakrifkan pembelajaran tidak formal? || Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan (OECD) <> Di mana pembelajaran tidak formal berlaku? || rumah, kerja, dan melalui interaksi harian <> Apa yang bersifat informal biasanya terdiri daripada kalangan orang yang mengambil laluan pembelajaran ini? || pengambilalihan bahasa, norma budaya dan perilaku", {"context": "Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home, work, and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners this includes language acquisition, cultural norms and manners. Informal learning for young people is an ongoing process that also occurs in a variety of places, such as out of school time, in youth programs at community centers and media labs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)"}], "question": "Who defines informal learning?", "id": "572b8fb7be1ee31400cb843d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "home, work, and through daily interactions"}], "question": "Where does informal learning occur?", "id": "572b8fb7be1ee31400cb843e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "language acquisition, cultural norms and manners"}], "question": "What does informal leaning usually consist of amongst people who take this route of learning?", "id": "572b8fb7be1ee31400cb843f"}]}], ["Ketika dianggap \"alternatif\" hari ini, kebanyakan sistem alternatif telah wujud sejak zaman purba. Selepas sistem sekolah awam berkembang secara meluas pada abad ke-19, sesetengah ibu bapa mendapati alasan untuk tidak puas dengan sistem baru. Pendidikan alternatif yang dibangunkan sebahagiannya sebagai tindak balas kepada tanggapan yang dianggap dan kegagalan pendidikan tradisional. Pelbagai pendekatan pendidikan muncul, termasuk sekolah alternatif, pembelajaran sendiri, homeschooling dan unschooling. Contoh sekolah alternatif termasuk sekolah Montessori, sekolah Waldorf (atau sekolah Steiner), sekolah Kawan, Sekolah Sands, Summerhill School, Sekolah Peepal Grove, Sekolah Sudbury Valley, sekolah Krishnamurti, dan sekolah kelas terbuka. Sekolah piagam adalah contoh lain pendidikan alternatif, yang pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini berkembang di Amerika Syarikat dan semakin penting dalam sistem pendidikan awamnya. <> Apakah istilah lain yang digunakan untuk Perkhidmatan Pendidikan Khas? || alternatif <> Bilakah sekolah-sekolah awam menjadi semakin maju? || Abad ke-19 <> Apakah beberapa contoh sekolah alternatif? || Sekolah Montessori, sekolah Waldorf (atau sekolah Steiner), sekolah Kawan", {"context": "While considered \"alternative\" today, most alternative systems have existed since ancient times. After the public school system was widely developed beginning in the 19th century, some parents found reasons to be discontented with the new system. Alternative education developed in part as a reaction to perceived limitations and failings of traditional education. A broad range of educational approaches emerged, including alternative schools, self learning, homeschooling and unschooling. Example alternative schools include Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools, Sands School, Summerhill School, The Peepal Grove School, Sudbury Valley School, Krishnamurti schools, and open classroom schools. Charter schools are another example of alternative education, which have in the recent years grown in numbers in the US and gained greater importance in its public education system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "alternative"}], "question": "What is another term used for Special Education Services?", "id": "572b89eb111d821400f38ef6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When were public schools become more and more developed?", "id": "572b89eb111d821400f38ef7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools"}], "question": "What are some examples of alternative schools?", "id": "572b89eb111d821400f38ef8"}]}], ["Ijazah merit sistem konvensional kini tidak begitu biasa dalam pendidikan terbuka kerana di universiti kampus, walaupun beberapa universiti terbuka sudah menawarkan ijazah konvensional seperti Open University di United Kingdom. Pada masa ini, banyak sumber pendidikan terbuka yang utama menawarkan bentuk perakuan mereka sendiri. Oleh kerana populariti pendidikan terbuka, ini jenis sijil akademik baru semakin menghormati dan nilai \"akademik\" yang setara dengan gelaran tradisional. Kebanyakan universiti terbuka bekerja untuk mempunyai keupayaan untuk menawarkan ujian piawai pelajar dan darjah dan kelayakan tradisional. Budaya bermula untuk membentuk pembelajaran jarak jauh bagi orang yang mencari hubungan sosial yang dinikmati di kampus tradisional. Sebagai contoh, pelajar boleh membuat kumpulan kajian, pertemuan dan pergerakan seperti UnCollege. <> Apa yang tidak biasa dalam pendidikan terbuka? || merit-system degree <> Universiti mana yang menawarkan ijazah konvensional? || Open University di United Kingdom <> Apa yang paling ditawarkan sumber pendidikan terbuka? || bentuk perakuan sendiri", {"context": "The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities, although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education, these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal \"academic value\" to traditional degrees. Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials. A culture is beginning to form around distance learning for people who are looking to social connections enjoyed on traditional campuses. For example, students may create study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "merit-system degree"}], "question": "What is not as common in open education?", "id": "572b976634ae481900deaeaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Open University in the United Kingdom"}], "question": "Which University offers conventional degrees? ", "id": "572b976634ae481900deaeb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "own form of certificate"}], "question": "What do most open education sources offer?", "id": "572b976634ae481900deaeb1"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2012, penggunaan teknologi pendidikan elektronik moden (juga dikenali sebagai e-learning) telah meningkat sebanyak 14 kali dengan kadar pembelajaran tradisional. [Klarifikasi diperlukan] Pendidikan terbuka berkembang pesat untuk menjadi bentuk pendidikan yang dominan, kerana banyak sebab seperti kecekapan dan hasilnya berbanding kaedah tradisional. Kos pendidikan telah menjadi isu sepanjang sejarah, dan isu politik utama di kebanyakan negara hari ini. Kursus dalam talian biasanya boleh lebih mahal daripada kelas tatap muka. Daripada 182 kolej yang ditinjau pada tahun 2009 hampir separuh berkata tuisyen untuk kursus dalam talian adalah lebih tinggi daripada yang berasaskan kampus. Banyak institusi universiti yang besar kini mula menawarkan kursus penuh percuma atau hampir bebas seperti Harvard, MIT dan Berkeley bersama-sama membentuk edX. Universiti lain yang menawarkan pendidikan terbuka ialah Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, dan Caltech. Ia telah dipanggil perubahan terbesar dalam cara kita belajar sejak akhbar percetakan. Walaupun terdapat kajian yang menggalakkan mengenai keberkesanan, ramai orang mungkin masih ingin memilih pendidikan kampus tradisional untuk sebab-sebab sosial dan budaya. <> Pada tahun berapakah e-learning melompat 14 kali lebih tinggi daripada perut tradisional? || 2012 <> Apa bentuk pendidikan yang kelihatan seperti bentuk dominan pada tahun-tahun akan datang? || Pendidikan Terbuka <> Apa yang menjadi isu yang berterusan dengan pendidikan selagi pendidikan telah berada di sekelilingnya? || Kos pendidikan <> Jenis pengajian mana yang paling mahal? || Kursus dalam talian", {"context": "In 2012, the modern use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning) had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional learning.[clarification needed] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods. Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Online courses often can be more expensive than face-to-face classes. Out of 182 colleges surveyed in 2009 nearly half said tuition for online courses was higher than for campus based ones. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX. Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, and Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. Despite favorable studies on effectiveness, many people may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year did e-learning jump 14 times over traditional leaning?", "id": "572b951ef75d5e190021fe5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Open education"}], "question": "Which form of education looks to be the dominant form i the coming years?", "id": "572b951ef75d5e190021fe5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Cost of education"}], "question": "What has been a constant issue with education for as long as education has been around itself?", "id": "572b951ef75d5e190021fe5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "Online courses"}], "question": "Which type of schooling can be most expensive?", "id": "572b951ef75d5e190021fe5f"}]}], ["Perisikan adalah faktor penting dalam bagaimana individu bertindak balas terhadap pendidikan. Mereka yang mempunyai kecerdasan tinggi cenderung untuk melakukan yang lebih baik di sekolah dan pergi ke tahap pendidikan yang lebih tinggi. Kesan ini juga dapat dilihat dalam arah yang bertentangan, dalam pendidikan itu meningkatkan kecerdasan yang terukur. Kajian telah menunjukkan bahawa walaupun pencapaian pendidikan adalah penting dalam meramal kecerdasan dalam kehidupan kemudian, kecerdasan pada 53 lebih erat dikaitkan dengan kecerdasan pada usia 8 tahun daripada pencapaian pendidikan. <> Apa yang penting untuk pelajar dalam pendidikan? || Perisikan <> Apa peningkatan pendidikan pelajar? || kecerdasan yang boleh diukur <> Apakah kecerdasan pada 53 lebih dekat? || kecerdasan pada 8", {"context": "Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education. Those who have higher intelligence tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education. This effect is also observable in the opposite direction, in that education increases measurable intelligence. Studies have shown that while educational attainment is important in predicting intelligence in later life, intelligence at 53 is more closely correlated to intelligence at 8 years old than to educational attainment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Intelligence"}], "question": "What is important for a student in education?", "id": "572bbcad34ae481900deaef1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "measurable intelligence"}], "question": "What does education increase in a student?", "id": "572bbcad34ae481900deaef2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "intelligence at 8"}], "question": "What is intelligence at 53 more closely related to?", "id": "572bbcad34ae481900deaef3"}]}], ["Dunn dan Dunn menumpukan perhatian untuk mengenal pasti rangsangan yang relevan yang boleh mempengaruhi pembelajaran dan memanipulasi persekitaran sekolah, pada masa yang sama dengan Joseph Renzulli mengesyorkan pelbagai strategi pengajaran. Howard Gardner mengenal pasti pelbagai modaliti dalam teori-teori Intelijen Pelbagai. Indikator Jenis Myers-Briggs dan Penyerang Temperatur Keirsey, berdasarkan karya Jung, memberi tumpuan kepada memahami bagaimana keperibadian orang mempengaruhi cara mereka berinteraksi secara peribadi, dan bagaimana ini memberi kesan kepada cara individu bertindak balas antara satu sama lain dalam persekitaran pembelajaran. Kerja-kerja David Kolb dan Anthony Gregorc's Type Delineator mengikuti pendekatan yang serupa tetapi lebih mudah. <> Siapa yang memberi tumpuan kepada mengenal pasti rangsangan yang boleh mempengaruhi pembelajaran? || Dunn <> Siapa juga bersama Dunn mengesyorkan pengajaran pengajaran yang lain? || Joseph Renzulli <> Siapa yang menciptakan Delineator Jenis? || David Kolb dan Anthony Gregorc", {"context": "Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter, based on the works of Jung, focus on understanding how people's personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's Type Delineator follows a similar but more simplified approach.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dunn"}], "question": "Who focused on identifying stimuli that can influence learning?", "id": "572bbdc7f75d5e190021feba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Joseph Renzulli"}], "question": "Who also along with Dunn recommended other teaching studies?", "id": "572bbdc7f75d5e190021febb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's"}], "question": "Who created the Type Delineator?", "id": "572bbdc7f75d5e190021febc"}]}], ["Sesetengah teori mencadangkan bahawa semua individu mendapat manfaat daripada pelbagai modaliti pembelajaran, sementara yang lain mencadangkan bahawa individu mungkin lebih suka gaya pembelajaran, belajar dengan lebih mudah melalui pengalaman visual atau kinestetik. Akibat teori kedua ialah pengajaran yang berkesan harus membentangkan pelbagai kaedah pengajaran yang merangkumi ketiga-tiga modaliti pembelajaran supaya pelajar yang berbeza mempunyai peluang yang sama untuk belajar dengan cara yang berkesan untuk mereka. Guy Claxton telah mempersoalkan sejauh mana gaya pembelajaran seperti Visual, Auditori dan Kinestetik (VAK) sangat membantu, terutamanya kerana mereka mungkin mempunyai kecenderungan untuk melabel kanak-kanak dan dengan itu menyekat pembelajaran. Penyelidikan baru-baru ini telah menegaskan \"tidak ada bukti keterangan yang mencukupi untuk membenarkan memasukkan gaya pembelajaran penilaian ke amalan pendidikan umum.\" <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh beberapa teori? || bahawa semua individu mendapat manfaat daripada pelbagai modaliti belajar <> Apa yang perlu dimasukkan dalam pengajaran yang berkesan? || kaedah pengajaran yang merangkumi ketiga-tiga modaliti pembelajaran", {"context": "Some theories propose that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities, while others suggest that individuals may have preferred learning styles, learning more easily through visual or kinesthetic experiences. A consequence of the latter theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them. Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic(VAK) are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to label children and therefore restrict learning. Recent research has argued \"there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning styles assessments into general educational practice.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities"}], "question": "What do some theories believe?", "id": "572bbe72be1ee31400cb848f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities"}], "question": "What should be included in effective teaching?", "id": "572bbe72be1ee31400cb8490"}]}], ["Kesamaan - dalam sistem atau bahkan dalam idea - sekolah yang berkongsi di peringkat antarabangsa telah membawa kepada peningkatan pertukaran pelajar antarabangsa. Program Socrates-Erasmus Eropah memudahkan pertukaran di seluruh universiti di Eropah. Yayasan Soros menyediakan banyak peluang untuk pelajar dari Asia Tengah dan Eropah Timur. Program-program seperti Baccalaureate Antarabangsa telah menyumbang kepada pengantarabangsaan pendidikan. Kampus global dalam talian, yang diketuai oleh universiti-universiti Amerika, membenarkan akses percuma kepada bahan kelas dan fail kuliah yang direkodkan semasa kelas sebenar. <> Apa yang timbul daripada persamaan dalam sistem? || peningkatan dalam pertukaran pelajar antarabangsa <> Program mana yang memfasilitasi pelajar pertukaran di seluruh Eropah? || Program Socrates-Erasmus Eropah <> Kumpulan mana yang memberi peluang kepada pelajar pertukaran Eropah Timur dan Asia? || Yayasan Soros", {"context": "Similarities \u2014 in systems or even in ideas \u2014 that schools share internationally have led to an increase in international student exchanges. The European Socrates-Erasmus Program facilitates exchanges across European universities. The Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe. Programs such as the International Baccalaureate have contributed to the internationalization of education. The global campus online, led by American universities, allows free access to class materials and lecture files recorded during the actual classes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "increase in international student exchanges"}], "question": "What has come from similarities in systems?", "id": "572ba81cf75d5e190021fe78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "The European Socrates-Erasmus Program"}], "question": "Which programfacilitates the exchange students across Europe?", "id": "572ba81cf75d5e190021fe79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "The Soros Foundation"}], "question": "Which group provides opportunities for Eastern Europe and Asia exchange students?", "id": "572ba81cf75d5e190021fe7a"}]}], ["Ada yang mendakwa terdapat ketidaksamaan pendidikan kerana kanak-kanak tidak melebihi pendidikan ibu bapa mereka. Ketidaksamaan pendidikan ini kemudian dikaitkan dengan ketidaksamaan pendapatan. Walaupun pemikiran kritikal adalah matlamat pendidikan, kritikan dan penyalahkan sering kali tidak diinginkan oleh produk-produk proses pendidikan semasa kami. Pelajar sering menyalahkan guru dan buku teks mereka, walaupun ada perpustakaan dan internet. Apabila seseorang cuba meningkatkan pendidikan, pertubuhan pendidikan itu sendiri kadang-kadang menunjukkan orang yang kritikan daripada rasa syukur. Lebih baik dengan produk sistem pendidikan akan menjadi penghargaan dan kesungguhan. <> Apakah beberapa tuntutan yang ditujukan kepada ketidaksamaan pendidikan? || kanak-kanak tidak melebihi pendidikan ibu bapa mereka <> Siapa yang sering disalahkan oleh pelajar untuk pendidikan mereka yang pendek? || guru dan buku teks mereka <> Apa yang berlaku apabila seseorang cuba meningkatkan pendidikan? || pertubuhan pendidikan itu sendiri kadang-kadang menayangkan orang dengan kritikan dan bukannya rasa syukur", {"context": "Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents. This education inequality is then associated with income inequality. Although critical thinking is a goal of education, criticism and blame are often the unintended by products of our current educational process. Students often blame their teachers and their textbooks, despite the availability of libraries and the internet. When someone tries to improve education, the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude. Better by products of an educational system would be gratitude and determination.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "children did not exceed the education of their parents"}], "question": "What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality?", "id": "572bb59abe1ee31400cb8489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "teachers and their textbooks"}], "question": "Who do students often blame for their education short comings?", "id": "572bb59abe1ee31400cb848a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude"}], "question": "What happens when someone tries to improve education?", "id": "572bb59abe1ee31400cb848b"}]}], ["Negara-negara maju mempunyai lebih banyak sumber (perumahan, makanan, pengangkutan, rawatan air dan kumbahan, hospital, penjagaan kesihatan, perpustakaan, buku, media, sekolah, internet, pendidikan, dll) daripada kebanyakan penduduk dunia. Seseorang hanya perlu melihat melalui perjalanan atau media berapa ramai orang di negara-negara yang belum berkembang dapat memahami ini. Walau bagaimanapun, seseorang juga boleh menggunakan data ekonomi untuk mendapatkan sedikit pemahaman mengenai hal ini. Tetapi kritikan dan penyalah- gunaan adalah perkara biasa di kalangan orang-orang di negara maju. <> Apakah percanggahan antara Negara maju dan kurang maju? || Negara maju mempunyai orang yang mempunyai sumber yang lebih banyak <> Sumber apakah negara maju mempunyai akses yang lebih baik? || perumahan, makanan, pengangkutan <> Apa yang lazim di negara maju? || kritikan dan menyalahkan", {"context": "Developed countries have people with more resources (housing, food, transportation, water and sewage treatment, hospitals, health care, libraries, books, media, schools, the internet, education, etc.) than most of the world's population. One merely needs to see through travel or the media how many people in the undeveloped countries live to sense this. However, one can also use economic data to gain some insight into this. Yet criticism and blame are common among people in the developed countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Developed countries have people with more resources"}], "question": "What is the discrepancy between Developed and less developed countries?", "id": "572bb6a7f75d5e190021feae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "housing, food, transportation"}], "question": "What resources do developed countries have better access to?", "id": "572bb6a7f75d5e190021feaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "criticism and blame"}], "question": "What is common in developed countries?", "id": "572bb6a7f75d5e190021feb0"}]}], ["Psikologi pendidikan boleh sebahagiannya difahami melalui hubungannya dengan disiplin lain. Ia dimaklumkan terutamanya oleh psikologi, yang mempunyai hubungan dengan disiplin yang sama dengan hubungan antara kedokteran dan biologi. Psikologi pendidikan pula memaparkan pelbagai kepakaran dalam pengajian pendidikan, termasuk reka bentuk pengajaran, teknologi pendidikan, pembangunan kurikulum, pembelajaran organisasi, pendidikan khas dan pengurusan bilik darjah. Psikologi pendidikan kedua-duanya menarik dan menyumbang kepada sains kognitif dan sains pembelajaran. Di universiti, jabatan-jabatan psikologi pendidikan biasanya ditempatkan dalam fakulti pendidikan, mungkin merangkumi kekurangan perwakilan kandungan psikologi pendidikan dalam buku teks psikologi pengenalan (Lucas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006). <> Bagaimana psikologi Pendidikan sebahagiannya difahami? || melalui hubungannya dengan disiplin lain <> Bagaimana kaedah psikologi pendidikan mempunyai hubungan dengan ubat dan biologi? || disiplin analogi <> Di manakah psikologi pendidikan diambil dari? || menyumbang kepada sains kognitif dan sains pembelajaran <> Di universiti mana jabatan psikologi pendidikan biasanya diadakan? || fakulti pendidikan", {"context": "Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialties within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks (Lucas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "through its relationship with other disciplines"}], "question": "How can Educational psychology in part be understood?", "id": "572bbc0a111d821400f38f68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "discipline analogous"}], "question": "How is the method of educational psychology have some relation to medicine and biology?", "id": "572bbc0a111d821400f38f69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences"}], "question": "Where does education psychology draw from?", "id": "572bbc0a111d821400f38f6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "faculties of education"}], "question": "In universities where are the departments of educational psychology normally held?", "id": "572bbc0a111d821400f38f6b"}]}], ["Penyelidikan ke LCPS (sekolah swasta kos rendah) mendapati bahawa lebih dari 5 tahun hingga Julai 2013, perdebatan sekitar LCPS untuk mencapai matlamat Pendidikan untuk Semua (EFA) telah dipolarisasi dan mencari liputan yang semakin meningkat dalam dasar antarabangsa. Polarisasi ini disebabkan pertikaian sama ada sekolah mampu untuk golongan miskin, mencapai golongan yang kurang bernasib baik, menyediakan pendidikan yang berkualiti, menyokong atau menjejaskan kesamaan, dan secara mampan kewangan. Laporan itu meneliti cabaran utama yang dihadapi oleh organisasi pembangunan yang menyokong LCPS. Survei menunjukkan jenis sekolah ini berkembang di seluruh Afrika dan Asia. Kejayaan ini disebabkan oleh permintaan yang berlebihan. Kajian ini mendapati kebimbangan untuk: <> Apakah LCPS berdiri? || sekolah swasta kos rendah <> Apakah sebabnya polarisasi untuk sekolah yang berpatutan? || pertikaian sama ada sekolah mampu untuk golongan miskin <> Di mana jenis sekolah ini menyebarkan? || Afrika dan Asia", {"context": "Research into LCPS (low cost private schools) found that over 5 years to July 2013, debate around LCPSs to achieving Education for All (EFA) objectives was polarised and finding growing coverage in international policy. The polarisation was due to disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor, reach disadvantaged groups, provide quality education, support or undermine equality, and are financially sustainable. The report examined the main challenges encountered by development organisations which support LCPSs. Surveys suggest these types of schools are expanding across Africa and Asia. This success is attributed to excess demand. These surveys found concern for:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "low cost private schools"}], "question": "What does LCPS stand for?", "id": "572ba8ea111d821400f38f3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor"}], "question": "What was the reason for the polarisation for affordable schooling?", "id": "572ba8ea111d821400f38f3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Africa and Asia"}], "question": "Where are these types of school spreading across?", "id": "572ba8ea111d821400f38f40"}]}], ["Psikologi pendidikan adalah kajian bagaimana manusia belajar dalam pengaturan pendidikan, keberkesanan campur tangan pendidikan, psikologi mengajar, dan psikologi sosial sekolah sebagai organisasi. Walaupun istilah \"psikologi pendidikan\" dan \"psikologi sekolah\" sering digunakan secara bergantian, para penyelidik dan ahli teori mungkin dikenalpasti sebagai ahli psikologi pendidikan, sedangkan para praktisi di sekolah atau pengaturan yang berkaitan dengan sekolah dikenalpasti sebagai psikolog sekolah. Psikologi pendidikan berkenaan dengan proses pencapaian pendidikan dalam populasi umum dan sub-populasi seperti kanak-kanak yang berbakat dan mereka yang mempunyai masalah tertentu. <> Apa arti psikologi Pendidikan? || kajian bagaimana manusia belajar dalam tetapan pendidikan <> Apa juga yang digunakan secara bergantian dengan psikologi pendidikan? || psikologi sekolah <> Siapa yang mungkin dikenal pasti sebagai psikologi pendidikan? || penyelidik dan ahli teori <> Apakah psikologi pendidikan berkenaan? || proses pencapaian pendidikan", {"context": "Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms \"educational psychology\" and \"school psychology\" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment in the general population and in sub-populations such as gifted children and those with specific disabilities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "the study of how humans learn in educational settings"}], "question": "What is the meaning of Education psychology?", "id": "572bba49111d821400f38f5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "school psychology"}], "question": "What is also used interchangeably  with Education psychology?", "id": "572bba49111d821400f38f5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "researchers and theorists"}], "question": "Who are likely to be identified as educational psychologist?", "id": "572bba49111d821400f38f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "the processes of educational attainment"}], "question": "What is educational psychology concerned with?", "id": "572bba49111d821400f38f5d"}]}], ["Kesyukuran untuk semua sumber ini dan tekad untuk membangun diri akan menjadi lebih produktif daripada kritikan dan menyalahkan kerana sumber sedia ada dan kerana, jika anda menyalahkan orang lain, tidak ada keperluan untuk anda melakukan sesuatu yang berbeza esok atau untuk anda berubah dan memperbaiki. Di mana ada wasiat, ada cara. Orang di negara maju mempunyai kehendak dan cara untuk melakukan banyak perkara yang mereka mahu lakukan. Mereka kadang-kadang memerlukan lebih banyak penentuan dan akan memperbaiki dan mendidik diri mereka dengan sumber-sumber yang tersedia dengan banyaknya. Mereka kadang-kadang memerlukan lebih banyak rasa syukur untuk sumber-sumber yang mereka ada, termasuk guru dan buku teks mereka. Seluruh internet juga disediakan untuk menambah guru dan buku teks ini. <> Apakah satu sifat yang baik tentang pelajar dari negara maju? || mempunyai keinginan dan cara untuk melakukan banyak perkara <> Penggunaan teknologi apa yang boleh menambah banyak cara mengajar guru di dalam bilik darjah? || internet <> Apa yang perlu pelajar sekali-sekala sebelum menyalahkan guru? || terima kasih atas sumber yang mereka ada", {"context": "Gratitude for all these resources and the determination to develop oneself would be more productive than criticism and blame because the resources are readily available and because, if you blame others, there is no need for you to do something different tomorrow or for you to change and improve. Where there is a will, there is a way. People in developed countries have the will and the way to do many things that they want to do. They sometimes need more determination and will to improve and to educate themselves with the resources that are abundantly available. They occasionally need more gratitude for the resources they have, including their teachers and their textbooks. The entire internet is also available to supplement these teachers and textbooks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "have the will and the way to do many things"}], "question": "What is one good trait about students from developed countries?", "id": "572bb84df75d5e190021feb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "internet"}], "question": "What use of technology can greatly supplement how teachers teach in the classroom?", "id": "572bb84df75d5e190021feb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "gratitude for the resources they have"}], "question": "What do students also need occasionally before putting blame on teachers?", "id": "572bb84df75d5e190021feb6"}]}], ["Di peringkat individu, terdapat kesusasteraan yang besar, yang umumnya berkaitan dengan karya Jacob Mincer, tentang bagaimana pendapatan berkaitan dengan persekolahan dan modal insan lain. Kerja ini telah memotivasi sejumlah besar kajian, tetapi juga kontroversi. Kontroversi utama berkisar mengenai cara untuk menafsirkan kesan persekolahan. Sesetengah pelajar yang telah menunjukkan potensi tinggi untuk belajar, dengan menguji dengan kecerdasan tinggi, mungkin tidak mencapai potensi akademik mereka yang penuh, disebabkan oleh kesulitan kewangan. [Sunting] <> Sastera tentang bagaimana pendapatan dan bagaimana ia berkaitan dengan persekolahan sangat dipengaruhi oleh siapa? || Jacob Mincer <> Pandangan ini tentang bagaimana persekolahan dan pendapatan mencetuskan banyak kajian, tetapi apa lagi yang membesar? || juga kontroversi <> Apa salah satu kebimbangan utama kesusasteraan ini tentang bagaimana persekolahan dan pendapatan? || tidak mencapai potensi akademik penuh mereka, kerana masalah kewangan", {"context": "At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Jacob Mincer"}], "question": "Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?", "id": "572bc3cf111d821400f38f7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "is also controversial"}], "question": "This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?", "id": "572bc3cf111d821400f38f7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties"}], "question": "What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?", "id": "572bc3cf111d821400f38f7e"}]}], ["Telah dikatakan bahawa kadar pendidikan yang tinggi adalah penting bagi negara untuk dapat mencapai tahap pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi. Analisis empirikal cenderung menyokong ramalan teori bahawa negara-negara miskin harus berkembang lebih cepat daripada negara kaya kerana mereka dapat mengadopsi teknologi canggih yang telah diuji dan diuji oleh negara kaya. Walau bagaimanapun, pemindahan teknologi memerlukan pengurus dan jurutera yang berpengetahuan yang dapat mengendalikan mesin baru atau amalan pengeluaran yang dipinjam dari pemimpin untuk menutup jurang melalui tiruan. Oleh itu, keupayaan negara untuk belajar dari pemimpin adalah fungsi stoknya \"modal insan\". Kajian terbaru mengenai penentu pertumbuhan agregat ekonomi telah menekankan pentingnya institusi ekonomi asas dan peranan kemahiran kognitif. <> Apakah teori di sebalik dianalisis Empirikal? || negara-negara miskin perlu berkembang lebih cepat daripada negara-negara kaya <> Apa yang dikatakan mengenai kadar yang tinggi dalam pendidikan? || penting bagi negara untuk mencapai tahap pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi <> Apa yang sangat diperlukan dengan pemindahan teknologi ketika berkaitan dengan pendidikan? || memerlukan pengurus dan jurutera yang berpengetahuan", {"context": "It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of \"human capital\". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "poor countries should grow faster than rich countries"}], "question": "What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?", "id": "572bc28a111d821400f38f76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth"}], "question": "What has been argued about high rates in education?", "id": "572bc28a111d821400f38f77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "requires knowledgeable managers and engineers"}], "question": "What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?", "id": "572bc28a111d821400f38f78"}]}], ["Arahan adalah fasilitasi pembelajaran orang lain. Pengajar di institusi rendah dan menengah sering dipanggil guru, dan mereka mengarahkan pendidikan pelajar dan mungkin menarik banyak mata pelajaran seperti membaca, menulis, matematik, sains dan sejarah. Pengajar di institusi pasca menengah mungkin dipanggil guru, pengajar, atau profesor, bergantung kepada jenis institusi; dan mereka hanya mengajar hanya disiplin khusus mereka. Pengajian dari Amerika Syarikat mencadangkan bahawa kualiti guru adalah faktor tunggal yang paling penting yang mempengaruhi prestasi pelajar, dan negara-negara yang mendapat markah tinggi dalam ujian antarabangsa mempunyai banyak dasar untuk memastikan guru-guru yang mereka gunakan adalah berkesan. Dengan lulus NCLB di Amerika Syarikat (Tiada Kanak-kanak Left Behind), guru mestilah berkelayakan tinggi. Cara yang popular untuk mengukur prestasi pengajaran adalah dengan menggunakan penilaian pelajar guru (SETS), tetapi penilaian ini telah dikritik kerana tidak produktif untuk belajar dan tidak tepat kerana kecenderungan pelajar. <> Apakah istilah lain digunakan untuk pengajar? || guru <> Apakah mata pelajaran utama yang diliputi oleh pengajar? || membaca, menulis, matematik, sains dan sejarah <> Di Amerika Syarikat apa yang dianggap faktor terpenting dalam pendidikan anak? || kualiti guru", {"context": "Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline. Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible. With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind), teachers must be highly qualified. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student bias.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "teachers"}], "question": "What is another term used for instructors?", "id": "572bc15c34ae481900deaef7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "reading, writing, mathematics, science and history"}], "question": "What are the main subjects that are covered by the instructor?", "id": "572bc15c34ae481900deaef8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "quality of teachers"}], "question": "In the United States what is considered the single most important factor in a child's education?", "id": "572bc15c34ae481900deaef9"}]}], ["Sebagai bidang akademik, falsafah pendidikan adalah \"kajian falsafah pendidikan dan masalahnya (...) perkara pokoknya adalah pendidikan, dan kaedahnya adalah falsafah\". \"Falsafah pendidikan mungkin sama ada falsafah proses pendidikan atau falsafah disiplin pendidikan. Ini mungkin sebahagian daripada disiplin dalam ertikata berkenaan dengan matlamat, bentuk, kaedah, atau hasil proses mendidik atau terdidik, atau ia mungkin metadisclinlinary dalam ertikata berkenaan dengan konsep, matlamat, dan kaedah disiplin. \" Oleh itu, ia adalah sebahagian daripada bidang pendidikan dan bidang falsafah yang diterapkan, dari medan metafizik, epistemologi, aksiologi dan pendekatan falsafah (spekulatif, preskriptif, dan / atau analitik) untuk menjawab soalan-soalan dalam dan tentang pedagogi, dasar pendidikan, dan kurikulum, serta proses pembelajaran, untuk menamakan beberapa. Sebagai contoh, ia mungkin mengkaji apa yang dikategorikan sebagai pendidikan dan pendidikan, nilai-nilai dan norma-norma yang diturunkan melalui amalan pendidikan dan pendidikan, batasan dan legitimisasi pendidikan sebagai disiplin akademik, dan hubungan antara teori dan amalan pendidikan. <> Apa yang boleh menjadi pendidikan Falsafah apabila kita bercakap tentang proses itu? || falsafah proses pendidikan atau falsafah disiplin pendidikan <> Apa yang mentakrifkan pendidikan falsafah? || kajian falsafah pendidikan dan masalahnya <> Bidang apa yang membentuk pendidikan bidang dan bidang yang digunakan falsafah? || metafizik, epistemologi, aksiologi dan pendekatan falsafah", {"context": "As an academic field, philosophy of education is \"the philosophical study of education and its problems (...) its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy\". \"The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education. That is, it may be part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or being educated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts, aims, and methods of the discipline.\" As such, it is both part of the field of education and a field of applied philosophy, drawing from fields of metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches (speculative, prescriptive, and/or analytic) to address questions in and about pedagogy, education policy, and curriculum, as well as the process of learning, to name a few. For example, it might study what constitutes upbringing and education, the values and norms revealed through upbringing and educational practices, the limits and legitimization of education as an academic discipline, and the relation between education theory and practice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education"}], "question": "What can Philosophy education be when we talk about the process?", "id": "572bc0c3111d821400f38f70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "the philosophical study of education and its problems"}], "question": "What defines Philosophy education?", "id": "572bc0c3111d821400f38f71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches"}], "question": "What fields make up field education and a field applied philosophy?", "id": "572bc0c3111d821400f38f72"}]}]], [["Negara Tennessee berakar pada Persatuan Watauga, sebuah pakta perbatasan 1772 yang umumnya dianggap sebagai pemerintah konstitusi pertama di barat Appalachians. Apa yang kini Tennessee pada mulanya adalah sebahagian daripada North Carolina, dan kemudian sebahagian daripada Wilayah Barat Daya. Tennessee telah dimasukkan ke Kesatuan sebagai negara ke-16 pada 1 Jun 1796. Tennessee adalah negeri terakhir yang meninggalkan Kesatuan dan menyertai Konfederasi semasa pecahnya Perang Saudara AS pada tahun 1861. Diduduki oleh pasukan Kesatuan dari tahun 1862, negeri pertama yang akan kembali ke Kesatuan pada akhir perang. <> Apa kerajaan yang dibentuk pada tahun 1772 dianggap sebagai pelopor Tennessee? || Persatuan Watauga <> Apa negeri yang dipegang negara yang kemudian menjadi sebahagian dari Tennessee? || North Carolina <> Apa tarikh Tennessee menjadi salah satu daripada Amerika Syarikat? || 1 Jun 1796 <> Yang mana negeri terakhir untuk menyertai Konfederasi sebelum perang saudara bermula? || Tennessee <> Yang mana dari negara-negara Gabungan bergabung dengan Kesatuan pertama ketika Perang Saudara menyimpulkan? || Tennessee", {"context": "The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861. Occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Watauga Association"}], "question": "What government formed in 1772 is considered the forerunner of Tennessee?", "id": "572bd14c34ae481900deaf15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "What state held territory that would later become part of Tennessee?", "id": "572bd14c34ae481900deaf16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "June 1, 1796"}], "question": "What date did Tennessee become one of the United States of America?", "id": "572bd14c34ae481900deaf17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Tennessee"}], "question": "Which was the final state to join the Confederacy before Civil War fighting started?", "id": "572bd14c34ae481900deaf18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Tennessee"}], "question": "Which of the Confederate states rejoined the Union first when the Civil War concluded?", "id": "572bd14c34ae481900deaf19"}]}], ["Tennessee (i / t\u025bn\u1d7bsi\u02d0 /) (Cherokee: \u13d4\u13be\u13cf, Tanasi) adalah sebuah negara yang terletak di tenggara Amerika Syarikat. Tennessee adalah ke-36 terbesar dan ke-17 yang paling ramai penduduk di 50 Amerika Syarikat. Tennessee bersempadan dengan Kentucky dan Virginia di utara, North Carolina di timur, Georgia, Alabama, dan Mississippi di selatan, dan Arkansas dan Missouri di barat. Pergunungan Appalachian mendominasi bahagian timur negeri ini, dan Sungai Mississippi membentuk sempadan barat negeri. Ibukota Tennessee dan bandar kedua terbesar ialah Nashville, yang mempunyai populasi 601,222. Memphis adalah bandar terbesar di negeri ini, dengan penduduk 653,450. <> Yang negeri sempadan Tennessee ke timur? || North Carolina <> Pegunungan mana yang menduduki sebahagian besar wilayah Tennessee timur? || Pergunungan Appalachian <> Sungai mana menandakan sempadan Tennessee di barat? || Sungai Mississippi <> Apakah ibu kota Tennessee? || Nashville <> Apa bandar paling padat penduduknya di Tennessee? || Memphis", {"context": "Tennessee (i/t\u025bn\u1d7b\u02c8si\u02d0/) (Cherokee: \u13d4\u13be\u13cf, Tanasi) is a state located in the southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 601,222. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 653,450.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "Which state borders Tennessee to the east?", "id": "572bcfb734ae481900deaf0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Appalachian Mountains"}], "question": "Which mountains occupy much of eastern Tennessee?", "id": "572bcfb734ae481900deaf0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Mississippi River"}], "question": "Which river marks Tennessee's border to the west?", "id": "572bcfb734ae481900deaf0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Nashville"}], "question": "What is the capital of Tennessee?", "id": "572bcfb734ae481900deaf0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "Memphis"}], "question": "What is Tennessee's most populous city?", "id": "572bcfb734ae481900deaf0f"}]}], ["Industri utama Tennessee termasuk pertanian, pembuatan, dan pelancongan. Unggas, kacang soya dan ternakan adalah produk pertanian utama negeri, dan eksport perkilangan utama termasuk bahan kimia, kelengkapan pengangkutan, dan peralatan elektrik. Taman Negara Great Smoky Mountains, taman nasional yang paling banyak dikunjungi negara, beribu pejabat di bahagian timur negara ini, dan satu bahagian di Appalachian Trail kira-kira mengikuti sempadan Tennessee-North Carolina. Tempat-tempat pelancongan utama yang lain termasuk Tennessee Aquarium di Chattanooga; Dollywood di Pigeon Forge; Parthenon, Dewan Kemasyhuran dan Muzium Muzik Negara, dan Auditorium Ryman di Nashville; Penyulingan Jack Daniel di Lynchburg; dan kediaman dan makam Elvis Presley di Graceland, Zoo Memphis, dan Muzium Hak Sivil Kebangsaan di Memphis. <> Apakah produk pertanian bukan daging utama Tennessee? || soybeans <> Jejak apa yang menjadi sebahagian daripada sempadan saham Tennessee dengan North Carolina? || Appalachian Trail <> Taman negara mana di Tennessee melihat lebih banyak pelawat yang lain di Amerika Syarikat? || Great Smoky Mountains National Park <> Yang bandar Tennessee menjadi tuan rumah akuarium paling terkenal di negeri ini? || Chattanooga <> Apa tarikan pelancong yang terletak di Pigeon Forge, Tennessee? || Dollywood", {"context": "Tennessee's major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the state's primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment, and electrical equipment. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the nation's most visited national park, is headquartered in the eastern part of the state, and a section of the Appalachian Trail roughly follows the Tennessee-North Carolina border. Other major tourist attractions include the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge; the Parthenon, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and Ryman Auditorium in Nashville; the Jack Daniel's Distillery in Lynchburg; and Elvis Presley's Graceland residence and tomb, the Memphis Zoo, and the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "soybeans"}], "question": "What is Tennessee's primary non-meat agricultural product?", "id": "572bd5c1dfb02c14005c6ad5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Appalachian Trail"}], "question": "What trail forms part of the border Tennessee shares with North Carolina?", "id": "572bd5c1dfb02c14005c6ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Great Smoky Mountains National Park"}], "question": "Which national park in Tennessee sees more visitors that any other in the United States?", "id": "572bd5c1dfb02c14005c6ad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Chattanooga"}], "question": "Which Tennessee city hosts the state's most famous aquarium?", "id": "572bd5c1dfb02c14005c6ad8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Dollywood"}], "question": "What tourist attraction is located in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee?", "id": "572bd5c1dfb02c14005c6ad9"}]}], ["Tennessee memberikan lebih banyak tentera untuk Tentera Bersekutu daripada mana-mana negara lain, dan lebih banyak tentera untuk Tentera Kesatuan daripada mana-mana negeri Selatan yang lain. Bermula semasa Pembinaan Semula, ia mempunyai politik parti yang berdaya saing, tetapi pengambilalihan Demokrat pada lewat 1880-an menghasilkan undang-undang yang tidak disengajakan yang mengecualikan kebanyakan orang kulit hitam dan banyak orang miskin dari pengundian. Persaingan sengit yang ketara dalam politik di negeri ini sehingga selepas peruntukan undang-undang hak sivil pada pertengahan abad ke-20. Pada abad ke-20, Tennessee beralih dari ekonomi pertanian ke ekonomi yang lebih pelbagai, dibantu oleh pelaburan persekutuan besar-besaran di Tennessee Valley Authority dan, pada awal tahun 1940-an, bandar Oak Ridge. Bandar ini ditubuhkan untuk menempatkan kemudahan pengayaan uranium Projek Manhattan, membantu membina bom atom pertama di dunia, yang digunakan semasa Perang Dunia II. <> Bahagian mana yang mendominasi politik Tennessee pada akhir 1880-an? || Demokratik <> Yang bandar Tennessee telah menerima pelaburan persekutuan yang ketara pada tahun 1940-an? || Oak Ridge <> Apa bahagian Projek Manhattan yang menjadi tuan rumah Tennessee? || Kemudahan pengayaan uranium <> Apa yang menjadikan politik Tennessee lebih kompetitif lagi di pertengahan abad ke-20? || undang-undang hak sivil", {"context": "Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state, and more soldiers for the Union Army than any other Southern state. Beginning during Reconstruction, it had competitive party politics, but a Democratic takeover in the late 1880s resulted in passage of disfranchisement laws that excluded most blacks and many poor whites from voting. This sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. In the 20th century, Tennessee transitioned from an agrarian economy to a more diversified economy, aided by massive federal investment in the Tennessee Valley Authority and, in the early 1940s, the city of Oak Ridge. This city was established to house the Manhattan Project's uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the world's first atomic bomb, which was used during World War II.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Democratic"}], "question": "Which part dominated Tennessee's politics in the late 1880s?", "id": "572bd34d750c471900ed4c16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "Oak Ridge"}], "question": "Which Tennessee city was received significant federal investment in the 1940s?", "id": "572bd34d750c471900ed4c17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "uranium enrichment facilities"}], "question": "What part of the Manhattan Project did Tennessee host?", "id": "572bd34d750c471900ed4c18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "civil rights legislation"}], "question": "What made Tennessee politics more competitive again in the middle of the 20th century?", "id": "572bd34d750c471900ed4c19"}]}], ["Titik tertinggi di negeri ini adalah Clingmans Dome pada 6,643 kaki (2,025 m). Clingmans Dome, yang terletak di sempadan timur Tennessee, adalah titik tertinggi di Appalachian Trail, dan merupakan puncak ketiga tertinggi di Amerika Syarikat di timur Sungai Mississippi. Barisan negeri antara Tennessee dan North Carolina melintasi puncak. Titik terendah di negeri ini ialah Sungai Mississippi di garisan negeri Mississippi (titik paling rendah di Memphis, berhampiran, berada pada 195 kaki (59 m). Pusat geografi negara terletak di Murfreesboro. <> Apakah ketinggian titik tertinggi Tennessee? || 6,643 kaki <> Apa gunung di Tennessee adalah titik tertinggi Appalachian Trail? || Clingmans Dome <> Sungai apa yang terletak di ketinggian terendah di Tennessee? || Sungai Mississippi <> Yang bandar menandakan pusat geografi Tennessee? || Murfreesboro", {"context": "The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m). Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessee's eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The state line between Tennessee and North Carolina crosses the summit. The state's lowest point is the Mississippi River at the Mississippi state line (the lowest point in Memphis, nearby, is at 195 ft (59 m)). The geographical center of the state is located in Murfreesboro.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "6,643 feet"}], "question": "What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point?", "id": "572bdc34f182dd1900d7c790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Clingmans Dome"}], "question": "What mountain in Tennessee is the Appalachian Trail's highest point?", "id": "572bdc34f182dd1900d7c791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Mississippi River"}], "question": "What river is situated on Tennessee point of lowest elevation?", "id": "572bdc34f182dd1900d7c792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Murfreesboro"}], "question": "Which city marks the geographical center of Tennessee?", "id": "572bdc34f182dd1900d7c793"}]}], ["Ejaan moden, Tennessee, dikaitkan dengan James Glen, gabenor South Carolina, yang menggunakan ejaan ini dalam surat rasminya pada 1750-an. Ejaan itu dipopularkan oleh penerbitan \"Rancangan Cherokee Negara\" Henry Timberlake pada tahun 1765. Pada tahun 1788, North Carolina mencipta \"Tennessee County\", daerah ketiga itu diwujudkan dalam apa yang kini Tennessee Tengah. (Tennessee County adalah pendahulu kepada Montgomery County dan Robertson County saat ini.) Ketika konvensyen perlembagaan bertemu pada tahun 1796 untuk menyusun sebuah negara baru dari Wilayah Barat Daya, ia mengadopsi \"Tennessee\" sebagai nama negara. <> Gabenor mana yang diberi kredit untuk nama Tennessee kerana sekarang dieja? || James Glen <> Yang kerja oleh Henry Timberlake membuat ejaan semasa Tennessee popular? || Rancangan Negara Cherokee <> Negara manakah yang mewujudkan sebuah daerah yang dipanggil Tennessee pada tahun 1788? || North Carolina <> Yang dua wilayah Tennessee meliputi kawasan yang terdiri daripada Tennessee County North Carolina? || Montgomery County dan Robertson County <> Di mana tahun mengadakan konvensyen perlembagaan untuk membentuk sebuah negara baru daripada wilayah yang tidak diperbadankan yang akan menjadi Tennessee? || 1796", {"context": "The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. The spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlake's \"Draught of the Cherokee Country\" in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created \"Tennessee County\", the third county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. (Tennessee County was the predecessor to current-day Montgomery County and Robertson County.) When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new state out of the Southwest Territory, it adopted \"Tennessee\" as the name of the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "James Glen"}], "question": "Which governor is given credit for the name Tennessee as it is now spelled?", "id": "572bd9a9dfb02c14005c6adf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Draught of the Cherokee Country"}], "question": "Which work by Henry Timberlake made the current spelling of Tennessee widely popular?", "id": "572bd9a9dfb02c14005c6ae0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "Which state created a county called Tennessee in 1788?", "id": "572bd9a9dfb02c14005c6ae1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Montgomery County and Robertson County"}], "question": "Which two Tennessee counties cover the area that comprised North Carolina's Tennessee County?", "id": "572bd9a9dfb02c14005c6ae2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "1796"}], "question": "In which year did a constitutional convention meet to form a new state out of the unincorporated territory that would become Tennessee?", "id": "572bd9a9dfb02c14005c6ae3"}]}], ["Peregangan barat dari Blue Ridge kira-kira 55 batu (89 km) adalah rantau Ridge dan Valley, di mana banyak anak sungai bergabung untuk membentuk Sungai Tennessee di Lembah Tennessee. Kawasan Tennessee ini dilindungi oleh lembah yang subur yang dipisahkan oleh hutan berhutan, seperti Bays Mountain dan Clinch Mountain. Bahagian barat Lembah Tennessee, di mana lekukan menjadi lebih luas dan rabung menjadi lebih rendah, dipanggil Lembah Besar. Di lembah ini terdapat banyak bandar dan dua kawasan bandar di rantau ini, Knoxville, bandar ke-3 terbesar di negeri ini, dan Chattanooga, kota ke-4 terbesar di negeri ini. Kawasan bandar ketiga, Tri-Cities, yang terdiri daripada Bristol, Johnson City, dan Kingsport dan sekitarnya, terletak di timur laut Knoxville. <> Kira-kira berapa batu yang panjang adalah ridge Tennessee dan Lembah Tennessee? || 55 <> Apa bahagian barat Lembah Tennessee dipanggil? || Lembah Besar <> Kota manakah yang keempat terbesar di Tennessee? || Chattanooga <> Bersama-sama, Bristol, Johnson City, dan Kingsport dikenali dengan nama apa? || Tri-Cities <> Apa bentuk sungai di Lembah Tennessee? || Tennessee River", {"context": "Stretching west from the Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles (89 km) is the Ridge and Valley region, in which numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley. This area of Tennessee is covered by fertile valleys separated by wooded ridges, such as Bays Mountain and Clinch Mountain. The western section of the Tennessee Valley, where the depressions become broader and the ridges become lower, is called the Great Valley. In this valley are numerous towns and two of the region's three urban areas, Knoxville, the 3rd largest city in the state, and Chattanooga, the 4th largest city in the state. The third urban area, the Tri-Cities, comprising Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport and their environs, is located to the northeast of Knoxville.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "55"}], "question": "Approximately how many miles long is Tennessee's Ridge and Valley region?", "id": "572bdd2e2babe914003c295e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "the Great Valley"}], "question": "What is the western part of the Tennessee Valley called?", "id": "572bdd2e2babe914003c295f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "Chattanooga"}], "question": "Which city is Tennessee's fourth largest?", "id": "572bdd2e2babe914003c2960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "the Tri-Cities"}], "question": "Together, Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport are known by what name?", "id": "572bdd2e2babe914003c2961"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Tennessee River"}], "question": "What river forms in the Tennessee Valley?", "id": "572bdd2e2babe914003c2962"}]}], ["Varian terawal nama yang menjadi Tennessee dicatatkan oleh Kapten Juan Pardo, penjelajah Sepanyol, ketika dia dan orang-orangnya melewati sebuah perkampungan India Amerika bernama \"Tanasqui\" pada tahun 1567 semasa perjalanan pedalaman dari South Carolina. Pada awal abad ke-18, peniaga-peniaga British menemui bandar Cherokee bernama Tanasi (atau \"Tanase\") di zaman sekarang Monroe County, Tennessee. Bandar ini terletak di sungai dengan nama yang sama (kini dikenali sebagai Little Tennessee River), dan muncul pada peta seawal tahun 1725. Tidak diketahui sama ada ini adalah bandar yang sama seperti yang ditemui oleh Juan Pardo, walaupun baru-baru ini penyelidikan menunjukkan bahawa \"Tanasqui\" Pardo terletak di persimpangan Sungai Pigeon dan Sungai Broad Perancis, berhampiran Newport moden. <> Siapa yang pertama mencatatkan nama wilayah di rantau ini yang menyerupai nama semasa Tennessee? || Kapten Juan Pardo <> Orang asli Amerika mempunyai sebuah bandar bernama Tanasi pada hari ini Monroe County, Tennessee? || Cherokee <> Tanasi tahu telah diletakkan dan dipetakan oleh peniaga-peniaga British pada tahun mana? || 1725 <> Apa kewarganegaraannya ialah Juan Pardo? || Sepanyol", {"context": "The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo, the Spanish explorer, when he and his men passed through an American Indian village named \"Tanasqui\" in 1567 while traveling inland from South Carolina. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi (or \"Tanase\") in present-day Monroe County, Tennessee. The town was located on a river of the same name (now known as the Little Tennessee River), and appears on maps as early as 1725. It is not known whether this was the same town as the one encountered by Juan Pardo, although recent research suggests that Pardo's \"Tanasqui\" was located at the confluence of the Pigeon River and the French Broad River, near modern Newport.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Captain Juan Pardo"}], "question": "Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee?", "id": "572bd7e52babe914003c2956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Cherokee"}], "question": "Which Native Americans had a town called Tanasi in present day Monroe County, Tennessee?", "id": "572bd7e52babe914003c2957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "1725"}], "question": "Tanasi is know to have been located and mapped by British traders by which year?", "id": "572bd7e52babe914003c2958"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What nationality was Juan Pardo?", "id": "572bd7e52babe914003c2959"}]}], ["Tennessee dikenali sebagai \"Negeri Sukarelawan\", nama samaran yang dituntut diperoleh semasa Perang 1812 kerana peranan penting yang dimainkan oleh askar sukarelawan dari Tennessee, terutama semasa Pertempuran New Orleans. Sumber lain berbeza dari asal nama panggilan negara; menurut Columbia Encyclopedia, nama itu merujuk kepada sukarelawan untuk Perang Mexico-Amerika. Penjelasan ini lebih berkemungkinan, kerana panggilan Presiden Polk untuk 2,600 sukarelawan di seluruh negara pada permulaan Perang Mexico-Amerika menyebabkan 30,000 sukarelawan dari Tennessee sahaja, sebahagian besarnya sebagai tindak balas kepada kematian Davy Crockett dan rayuan oleh bekas Gabenor Tennessee dan kini ahli politik Texas , Sam Houston. <> Dengan apa nama panggilan Tennessee secara rasmi dikenali? || Sukarelawan Negara <> Yang mana konflik utama yang termasuk Pertempuran New Orleans dikatakan telah memberikan nama panggilan Tennessee? || Perang 1812 <> Berapa banyak sukarelawan yang menghantar Tennessee ke Perang Mexico-Amerika? || 30,000 <> Apa konflik yang diawasi oleh Presiden Polk mungkin menjadi sumber nama panggilan Tennessee? || Perang Mexico-Amerika <> Kematian ikon tempatan mana yang memberi inspirasi kepada ramai sukarelawan Tennessee semasa Perang Mexico-Amerika? || Davy Crockett", {"context": "Tennessee is known as the \"Volunteer State\", a nickname some claimed was earned during the War of 1812 because of the prominent role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee, especially during the Battle of New Orleans. Other sources differ on the origin of the state nickname; according to the Columbia Encyclopedia, the name refers to volunteers for the Mexican\u2013American War. This explanation is more likely, because President Polk's call for 2,600 nationwide volunteers at the beginning of the Mexican-American War resulted in 30,000 volunteers from Tennessee alone, largely in response to the death of Davy Crockett and appeals by former Tennessee Governor and now Texas politician, Sam Houston.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Volunteer State"}], "question": "By what nickname is Tennessee officially known?", "id": "572bdafedfb02c14005c6ae9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "War of 1812"}], "question": "Which major conflict that included the Battle of New Orleans is said to have given Tennessee its nickname?", "id": "572bdafedfb02c14005c6aea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "30,000"}], "question": "How many volunteers did Tennessee send to the Mexican-American War?", "id": "572bdafedfb02c14005c6aec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Mexican\u2013American War"}], "question": "What conflict overseen by President Polk might be the source of Tennessee's nickname?", "id": "572bdafedfb02c14005c6aeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "Davy Crockett"}], "question": "Which local icon's death inspired many of the Tennessee volunteers during the Mexican-American War?", "id": "572bdafedfb02c14005c6aed"}]}], ["Tennessee telah memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan pelbagai bentuk muzik popular Amerika, termasuk rock and roll, blues, country, dan rockabilly. [Tidak disahkan di badan] Beale Street di Memphis dianggap oleh banyak orang sebagai tempat kelahiran blues , dengan pemuzik seperti WC Mempunyai persembahan yang handal di kelabnya seawal tahun 1909. [Tidak disahkan dalam badan] Memphis juga menjadi rumah kepada Sun Records, di mana pemuzik seperti Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison, dan Charlie Rich memulakan rakaman mereka kerjaya, dan di mana rock and roll dibentuk pada tahun 1950. [Tidak disahkan dalam badan] Sesi rekod Victor 1927 di Bristol pada umumnya menandakan permulaan genre muzik negara dan kebangkitan Grand Ole Opry pada tahun 1930-an telah membantu menjadikan Nashville pusat industri rakaman muzik negara [tidak disahkan di dalam badan] Tiga muzium bata-dan-mortar mengiktiraf peranan Tennessee dalam memupuk pelbagai bentuk muzik popular: Muzium Memphis Rock N 'Soul, Hall of Fame dan Muzium Muzik Negara di Nashville , dan Muzium Rock-A-Billy Antarabangsa di Jackson. Selain itu, Rockabilly Hall of Fame, sebuah laman web dalam talian mengiktiraf pembangunan rockabilly di mana Tennessee memainkan peranan penting, berpangkalan di Nashville. [Tidak disahkan dalam badan] <> Apa tempat di Memphis diketahui sebagai tempat di mana blues dilahirkan ? || Beale Street <> Apa syarikat rakaman Tennessee pertama mempromosikan Elvis Presley? || Rekod Sun <> Yang bandar Tennessee mana yang menjadi rumah kepada Country Hall of Fame? || Nashville <> Muzium mana yang meraikan muzik popular terletak di Jackson, Tennessee? || Muzium Rock-A-Billy Antarabangsa <> Pada tahun mana adalah W.C. Berguna pertama diketahui telah bermain di kelab Tennessee? || 1909", {"context": "Tennessee has played a critical role in the development of many forms of American popular music, including rock and roll, blues, country, and rockabilly.[not verified in body] Beale Street in Memphis is considered by many to be the birthplace of the blues, with musicians such as W.C. Handy performing in its clubs as early as 1909.[not verified in body] Memphis is also home to Sun Records, where musicians such as Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison, and Charlie Rich began their recording careers, and where rock and roll took shape in the 1950s.[not verified in body] The 1927 Victor recording sessions in Bristol generally mark the beginning of the country music genre and the rise of the Grand Ole Opry in the 1930s helped make Nashville the center of the country music recording industry.[not verified in body] Three brick-and-mortar museums recognize Tennessee's role in nurturing various forms of popular music: the Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, and the International Rock-A-Billy Museum in Jackson. Moreover, the Rockabilly Hall of Fame, an online site recognizing the development of rockabilly in which Tennessee played a crucial role, is based in Nashville.[not verified in body]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Beale Street"}], "question": "What locale in Memphis is know as the place where blues was born?", "id": "572bd4c0750c471900ed4c1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Sun Records"}], "question": "What Tennessee recording company first promoted Elvis Presley?", "id": "572bd4c0750c471900ed4c1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1034, "text": "Nashville"}], "question": "Which Tennessee city is home to the Country Music Hall of Fame?", "id": "572bd4c0750c471900ed4c20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1053, "text": "International Rock-A-Billy Museum"}], "question": "Which museum celebrating popular music is located in Jackson, Tennessee?", "id": "572bd4c0750c471900ed4c21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "1909"}], "question": "In which year is W.C. Handy first known to have been playing in Tennessee clubs?", "id": "572bd4c0750c471900ed4c22"}]}], ["Tennessee Timur mempunyai beberapa rangkaian pengangkutan penting dengan Tennessee Tengah dan Barat, serta seluruh negara dan dunia, termasuk beberapa lapangan terbang dan interstate utama. Lapangan Terbang McGhee Tyson (TYS) Knoxville dan Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA) Chattanooga, serta Lapangan Terbang Wilayah Tri-Cities (TRI) Tri-Cities, menyediakan perkhidmatan udara ke pelbagai destinasi. I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, dan I-26 bersama-sama dengan banyak lebuh raya negeri dan jalan-jalan penting lain, melintasi Bahagian Besar dan menyambungkan Chattanooga, Knoxville, dan Tri-Cities, bersama-sama dengan bandar-bandar lain dan bandar-bandar seperti Cleveland, Athens, dan Sevierville. <> Yang mana lapangan terbang Tennessee mempunyai kod TYS? || Lapangan Terbang McGhee Tyson <> Apakah nama lapangan terbang yang melayani Chattanooga, TN? || Lapangan Terbang Metropolitan Chattanooga <> Apa lebuh raya antara negeri merentasi Bahagian Grand di Tennessee? || I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, dan I-26 <> Sebuah lapangan terbang dengan kod mana yang berfungsi di kawasan Tri-Cities di Tennessee? || TRI", {"context": "East Tennessee has several important transportation links with Middle and West Tennessee, as well as the rest of the nation and the world, including several major airports and interstates. Knoxville's McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) and Chattanooga's Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), as well as the Tri-Cities' Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI), provide air service to numerous destinations. I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26 along with numerous state highways and other important roads, traverse the Grand Division and connect Chattanooga, Knoxville, and the Tri-Cities, along with other cities and towns such as Cleveland, Athens, and Sevierville.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "McGhee Tyson Airport"}], "question": "Which Tennessee airport has the code TYS?", "id": "572beeb22babe914003c2968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport"}], "question": "What is the name of the airport serving Chattanooga, TN?", "id": "572beeb22babe914003c2969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26"}], "question": "What interstate highways cross the Grand Division in Tennessee?", "id": "572beeb22babe914003c296a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "TRI"}], "question": "An airport with which code serves the Tri-Cities area in Tennessee?", "id": "572beeb22babe914003c296b"}]}], ["Musim panas di negeri ini umumnya panas dan lembap, dengan kebanyakan negeri rata-rata tinggi sekitar 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) semasa musim panas. Winters cenderung ringan hingga sejuk, meningkatkan kesejukan pada ketinggian yang lebih tinggi. Umumnya, untuk kawasan di luar pergunungan tertinggi, purata terendah semalaman adalah hampir beku untuk sebahagian besar negeri. Suhu rekod tertinggi ialah 113 \u00b0 F (45 \u00b0 C) di Perryville pada 9 Ogos 1930 manakala suhu rekod paling rendah adalah -32 \u00b0 F (-36 \u00b0 C) di Mountain City pada 30 Disember 1917. <> Apa itu Tennessee purata suhu tinggi dalam darjah Celsius pada musim panas? || 32 <> Apakah suhu tertinggi pernah dicatatkan di Tennessee? || 113 \u00b0 F (45 \u00b0 C) <> Di mana suhu tertinggi yang diketahui di Tennessee direkodkan? || Perryville <> Apakah suhu Fahrenheit yang paling rendah pernah dicatatkan di Tennessee? || -32 \u00b0 F <> Di mana di Tennessee suhu mencapai -36 darjah Celsius pada bulan Disember 1917? || Mountain City", {"context": "Summers in the state are generally hot and humid, with most of the state averaging a high of around 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) during the summer months. Winters tend to be mild to cool, increasing in coolness at higher elevations. Generally, for areas outside the highest mountains, the average overnight lows are near freezing for most of the state. The highest recorded temperature is 113 \u00b0F (45 \u00b0C) at Perryville on August 9, 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature is \u221232 \u00b0F (\u221236 \u00b0C) at Mountain City on December 30, 1917.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "32"}], "question": "What is Tennessee's average high temperature in degree Celsius during the summer?", "id": "572bf16ef182dd1900d7c798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "113 \u00b0F (45 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What is the highest temperature ever recorded in Tennessee?", "id": "572bf16ef182dd1900d7c799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Perryville"}], "question": "Where was the highest known temperature in Tennessee recorded?", "id": "572bf16ef182dd1900d7c79a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "\u221232 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What Fahrenheit temperature is the lowest ever recorded in Tennessee?", "id": "572bf16ef182dd1900d7c79b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Mountain City"}], "question": "Where in Tennessee did the temperature reach -36 degrees Celsius in December of 1917?", "id": "572bf16ef182dd1900d7c79c"}]}], ["Ibukota Nashville, walaupun Knoxville, Kingston, dan Murfreesboro semuanya berkhidmat sebagai ibu negara pada masa lalu. Memphis mempunyai penduduk terbesar di mana-mana bandar di negeri ini. Kawasan metropolitan 13-daerah Nashville telah menjadi negeri terbesar sejak c. 1990. Chattanooga dan Knoxville, kedua-duanya di bahagian timur negeri berhampiran Pergunungan Great Smoky, masing-masing mempunyai kira-kira satu pertiga daripada penduduk Memphis atau Nashville. Bandar Clarksville adalah pusat penduduk kelima yang penting, kira-kira 45 km (72 km) barat laut Nashville. Murfreesboro adalah bandar keenam terbesar di Tennessee, yang terdiri daripada kira-kira 108,755 penduduk. <> Kota mana yang selain Knoxville telah menjadi ibu kota Tennessee? || Knoxville, Kingston, dan Murfreesboro <> Berapa banyak daerah adalah sebahagian daripada kawasan metropolitan Nashville? || 13 <> Apa jarak di batu ialah Clarksville, TN dari Nashville? || 45 <> Kota manakah yang keenam terbesar oleh penduduk di Tennessee? || Murfreesboro <> Yang dua daripada enam bandar terpadat Tennessee paling dekat dengan Mount Smoky Besar? || Chattanooga dan Knoxville", {"context": "The capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville. The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center, some 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee, consisting of some 108,755 residents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro"}], "question": "Which cities other than Knoxville have been the capital of Tennessee?", "id": "572bf39cdfb02c14005c6afb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many counties are part of Nashville's metropolitan area?", "id": "572bf39cdfb02c14005c6afc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "45"}], "question": "What distance in miles is Clarksville, TN from Nashville?", "id": "572bf39cdfb02c14005c6afd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Murfreesboro"}], "question": "Which city is Tennessee's sixth largest by population?", "id": "572bf39cdfb02c14005c6afe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Chattanooga and Knoxville"}], "question": "Which two of the six most populous Tennessee cities are nearest the Great Smoky Mountains?", "id": "572bf39cdfb02c14005c6aff"}]}], ["Lawatan ke Eropah yang pertama yang direkodkan ke dalam apa yang kini dikenali sebagai Tennessee adalah tiga ekspedisi yang diketuai oleh penjelajah Sepanyol, iaitu Hernando de Soto pada tahun 1540, Tristan de Luna pada tahun 1559, dan Juan Pardo pada tahun 1567. Pardo mencatatkan nama \"Tanasqui\" dari sebuah kampung India tempatan , yang berkembang menjadi nama semasa kerajaan. Pada masa itu, Tennessee telah didiami oleh puak Muscogee dan Yuchi. Mungkin kerana penyakit Eropah yang menghancurkan puak-puak India, yang akan meninggalkan kekosongan penduduk, dan juga dari penempatan Eropah yang berkembang di utara, Cherokee bergerak ke selatan dari kawasan yang kini dikenali sebagai Virginia. Apabila penjajah-penjajah Eropah merebak ke kawasan itu, penduduk India telah dipindahkan ke selatan dan barat, termasuk semua orang Muscogee dan Yuchi, Chickasaw dan Choctaw, dan pada akhirnya, Cherokee pada tahun 1838. Kebangsaan Eropah yang pertama kali menjelajah wilayah Tennessee ? || Sepanyol <> Tahun manakah Hernando de Soto meneroka Tennessee? || 1540 <> Orang asli Amerika yang tinggal di Tennessee ketika Juan Pardo menjelajah kawasan tersebut? || Muscogee dan Yuchi <> Orang asli Amerika yang meninggalkan Tennessee untuk kawasan Virginia kerana menceroboh orang Eropah? || Cherokee <> Pada tahun apakah kebanyakan penduduk asli Amerika telah dipaksa keluar dari rantau Tennessee? || 1838", {"context": "The first recorded European excursions into what is now called Tennessee were three expeditions led by Spanish explorers, namely Hernando de Soto in 1540, Tristan de Luna in 1559, and Juan Pardo in 1567. Pardo recorded the name \"Tanasqui\" from a local Indian village, which evolved to the state's current name. At that time, Tennessee was inhabited by tribes of Muscogee and Yuchi people. Possibly because of European diseases devastating the Indian tribes, which would have left a population vacuum, and also from expanding European settlement in the north, the Cherokee moved south from the area now called Virginia. As European colonists spread into the area, the Indian populations were forcibly displaced to the south and west, including all Muscogee and Yuchi peoples, the Chickasaw and Choctaw, and ultimately, the Cherokee in 1838.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "Which European nationality first explored the Tennessee region?", "id": "572bf5e2dfb02c14005c6b05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "1540"}], "question": "Which year did Hernando de Soto explore Tennessee?", "id": "572bf5e2dfb02c14005c6b06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Muscogee and Yuchi"}], "question": "Which Native American peoples were living in Tennessee when Juan Pardo explored the area?", "id": "572bf5e2dfb02c14005c6b07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Cherokee"}], "question": "Which Native American people left Tennessee for the Virginia area because of encroaching Europeans?", "id": "572bf5e2dfb02c14005c6b08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "1838"}], "question": "By which year had most of the Native Americans been forced out of the Tennessee region?", "id": "572bf5e2dfb02c14005c6b09"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Revolusi Amerika, Fort Watauga di Sycamore Shoals (dalam Elizabethton masa kini) diserang (1776) dengan Mengerang Kano dan puaknya yang bercerai dari Cherokee yang selaras dengan Loyalis British. Cherokee yang menafikan ini dirujuk oleh peneroka sebagai Chickamauga. Mereka menentang pencerobohan North Carolina di Daerah Washington dan penangguhan serentak Transylvania Colony ke utara dan barat. Kehidupan ramai peneroka telah terhindar dari serangan pahlawan awal melalui peringatan menyerang sepupu Canoe, Nancy Ward. Kubu sempadan di tebing Sungai Watauga kemudiannya berfungsi sebagai kawasan pentas 1780 untuk Overmountain Men sebagai persiapan untuk melintasi Gunung Appalachian, untuk terlibat, dan kemudian mengalahkan Tentera British pada Pertempuran Kings Mountain di South Carolina. <> Apakah peneroka Amerika memanggil Cherokee yang menyerang Fort Watuaga pada tahun 1776? || yang Chickamauga <> yang memimpin serangan Cherokee di Fort Watuaga pada 1776? || Menarik Kanu <> Apakah nama sepupu pemimpin Chickamauga yang membantu peneroka melarikan diri dari serbuan? || Nancy Ward <> Siapa yang meninggalkan Fort Watuaga, melintasi Appalachians, dan menyerang tentera British di South Carolina pada tahun 1780? || Overmountain Men <> Siapa yang kehilangan Pertempuran Kings Mountain di South Carolina? || Tentera British", {"context": "During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Watauga at Sycamore Shoals (in present-day Elizabethton) was attacked (1776) by Dragging Canoe and his warring faction of Cherokee who were aligned with the British Loyalists. These renegade Cherokee were referred to by settlers as the Chickamauga. They opposed North Carolina's annexation of the Washington District and the concurrent settling of the Transylvania Colony further north and west. The lives of many settlers were spared from the initial warrior attacks through the warnings of Dragging Canoe's cousin, Nancy Ward. The frontier fort on the banks of the Watauga River later served as a 1780 staging area for the Overmountain Men in preparation to trek over the Appalachian Mountains, to engage, and to later defeat the British Army at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "the Chickamauga"}], "question": "What did American settlers call the Cherokee who attacked Fort Watuaga in 1776?", "id": "572bf9b1dfb02c14005c6b15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Dragging Canoe"}], "question": "Who lead the Cherokee attack on Fort Watuaga in 1776?", "id": "572bf9b1dfb02c14005c6b16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Nancy Ward"}], "question": "What was the name of the Chickamauga leader's cousin who helped settlers escape his raids?", "id": "572bf9b1dfb02c14005c6b17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "Overmountain Men"}], "question": "Who left Fort Watuaga, crossed the Appalachians, and attacked the British army in South Carolina in 1780?", "id": "572bf9b1dfb02c14005c6b18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "the British Army"}], "question": "Who lost the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina?", "id": "572bf9b1dfb02c14005c6b19"}]}], ["Walaupun negeri ini cukup jauh dari pantai untuk mengelakkan sebarang kesan langsung dari taufan, lokasi negara itu mungkin akan terjejas akibat sisa-sisa siklon tropika yang melemahkan tanah dan boleh menyebabkan hujan yang ketara, seperti Tropical Storm Chris pada tahun 1982 dan Hurricane Opal pada tahun 1995. Negeri itu purata kira-kira 50 hari ribut petir setiap tahun, beberapa daripadanya boleh teruk dengan hujan batu besar dan merosakkan angin. Tornado adalah mungkin di seluruh negeri, dengan Tennessee Barat dan Tengah yang paling terdedah. Kadangkala, tornado kuat atau ganas berlaku, seperti tornado yang merosakkan April 2011 yang membunuh 20 orang di Georgia Utara dan Tennessee Tenggara. Rata-rata, negara mempunyai 15 tornado setahun. Tornado di Tennessee boleh menjadi teruk, dan Tennessee mengetuai negara dalam peratusan jumlah tornado yang mempunyai kematian. Ribut musim sejuk adalah masalah sekali-sekala, seperti Blizzard yang terkenal pada tahun 1993, walaupun ribut ais adalah kemungkinan yang lebih besar. Kabut adalah masalah yang berterusan di bahagian negeri, terutama di Tennessee Timur. <> Yang taufan membawa hujan merosakkan ke Tennessee pada tahun 1995? || Badai Opal <> Rata-rata, berapa hari setiap tahun ada ribut petir di Tennessee? || 50 <Yang mana bahagian Tennessee paling terancam oleh tornado? || Barat dan Tengah Tennessee <> Berapa banyak tornado mogok di Tennessee pada tahun purata? || 15 <> Apa tahun di tahun 1990-an melakukan lawatan ribut luar biasa ke Tennessee? || 1993", {"context": "While the state is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane, the location of the state makes it likely to be impacted from the remnants of tropical cyclones which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall, such as Tropical Storm Chris in 1982 and Hurricane Opal in 1995. The state averages around 50 days of thunderstorms per year, some of which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds. Tornadoes are possible throughout the state, with West and Middle Tennessee the most vulnerable. Occasionally, strong or violent tornadoes occur, such as the devastating April 2011 tornadoes that killed 20 people in North Georgia and Southeast Tennessee. On average, the state has 15 tornadoes per year. Tornadoes in Tennessee can be severe, and Tennessee leads the nation in the percentage of total tornadoes which have fatalities. Winter storms are an occasional problem, such as the infamous Blizzard of 1993, although ice storms are a more likely occurrence. Fog is a persistent problem in parts of the state, especially in East Tennessee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Hurricane Opal"}], "question": "Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995?", "id": "572bf2712babe914003c2972"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "50"}], "question": "On average, how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee?", "id": "572bf2712babe914003c2973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "West and Middle Tennessee"}], "question": "Which parts of Tennessee are most threatened by tornadoes?", "id": "572bf2712babe914003c2974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many tornadoes strike in Tennessee in an average year?", "id": "572bf2712babe914003c2975"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 942, "text": "1993"}], "question": "What year in the 1990s did an unusual blizzard visit Tennessee?", "id": "572bf2712babe914003c2976"}]}], ["Kawasan yang kini dikenali sebagai Tennessee pertama kali didiami oleh Paleo-India hampir 12,000 tahun yang lalu. Nama-nama kumpulan budaya yang mendiami kawasan antara penempatan pertama dan masa hubungan Eropah tidak diketahui, tetapi beberapa fasa budaya yang berbeza telah dinamakan oleh ahli arkeologi, termasuk Archaic (8000-1000 SM), Woodland (1000 BC-1000 AD) , dan Mississippian (1000-1600 AD), yang ketua utama adalah pendahulu kebudayaan orang Muscogee yang mendiami Lembah Sungai Tennessee sebelum penghijrahan Cherokee ke perairan sungai. <> Berapa tahun yang lalu Tennessee pertama kali didiami manusia? || 12,000 <> Berapa tempoh masa sepadan dengan fasa budaya Mississippian dalam sejarah awal Tennessee? || 1000-1600 AD <> Orang asli Amerika mana yang merupakan kumpulan pertama yang mendiami Tennessee yang kami kenal dengan nama? || Muscogee <> Apa yang disebut arkeolog fasa budaya penghuni Tennessee antara 1000 SM dan 1000 AD? || Woodland", {"context": "The area now known as Tennessee was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians nearly 12,000 years ago. The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown, but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists, including Archaic (8000\u20131000 BC), Woodland (1000 BC\u20131000 AD), and Mississippian (1000\u20131600 AD), whose chiefdoms were the cultural predecessors of the Muscogee people who inhabited the Tennessee River Valley before Cherokee migration into the river's headwaters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "12,000"}], "question": "How many years ago was Tennessee first inhabited by humans?", "id": "572bf4da750c471900ed4c3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "1000\u20131600 AD"}], "question": "What time period corresponds with the Mississippian cultural phase in early Tennessee history?", "id": "572bf4da750c471900ed4c3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Muscogee"}], "question": "Which Native American people are the first group to inhabit Tennessee that we know by name?", "id": "572bf4da750c471900ed4c3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Woodland"}], "question": "What do archaeologists call the cultural phase of the inhabitants of Tennessee between 1000 BC and 1000 AD?", "id": "572bf4da750c471900ed4c3d"}]}], ["Bahagian paling timur, kira-kira 10 batu (16 km) lebar, terdiri daripada tanah berbukit yang berjalan di sepanjang tebing barat Sungai Tennessee. Di sebelah barat tanah sempit ini adalah kawasan bukit dan sungai yang meluas sehingga ke Sungai Mississippi; kawasan ini dipanggil Tennessee Bottoms atau tanah bawah. Di Memphis, Bottoms Tennessee berakhir di tebing yang curam menghadap ke sungai. Di sebelah barat Selat Tennessee adalah Mississippi Alluvial Plain, kurang dari 300 kaki (90 m) di atas paras laut. Kawasan kawasan tanah rendah, dataran banjir, dan tanah rawa ini kadang-kadang disebut sebagai rantau Delta. Memphis adalah pusat ekonomi Tennessee Barat dan bandar terbesar di negeri ini. <> Apakah kawasan rendah di Tennessee antara Sungai Tennessee dan Sungai Mississippi dipanggil? || Tennessee Bottoms <> Kawasan geografi apa yang terletak di barat tanah Tennessee? || Mississippi Alluvial Plain <> Apakah ketinggian maksimum adalah tanah di Dataran Alluvial Mississippi? || 300 kaki (90 m) di atas paras laut <> Apa bandar utama bagi ekonomi Tennessee Barat? || Memphis", {"context": "The easternmost section, about 10 miles (16 km) in width, consists of hilly land that runs along the western bank of the Tennessee River. To the west of this narrow strip of land is a wide area of rolling hills and streams that stretches all the way to the Mississippi River; this area is called the Tennessee Bottoms or bottom land. In Memphis, the Tennessee Bottoms end in steep bluffs overlooking the river. To the west of the Tennessee Bottoms is the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, less than 300 feet (90 m) above sea level. This area of lowlands, flood plains, and swamp land is sometimes referred to as the Delta region. Memphis is the economic center of West Tennessee and the largest city in the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Tennessee Bottoms"}], "question": "What is the lowland area of Tennessee between the Tennessee River and Mississippi River called?", "id": "572befb7dfb02c14005c6af3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Mississippi Alluvial Plain"}], "question": "What geographical region lies west of the Tennessee bottom land?", "id": "572befb7dfb02c14005c6af4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "300 feet (90 m) above sea level"}], "question": "What maximum elevation is the land in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain?", "id": "572befb7dfb02c14005c6af5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Memphis"}], "question": "What city is central to the economy of West Tennessee?", "id": "572befb7dfb02c14005c6af6"}]}], ["Penyelesaian British yang pertama dalam apa yang kini Tennessee dibina pada 1756 oleh peneroka dari jajahan Carolina Selatan di Fort Loudoun, dekat Vonore sekarang ini. Fort Loudoun menjadi pangkalan British paling barat sehingga tarikh itu. Benteng ini direka oleh John William Gerard de Brahm dan dibina oleh pasukan di bawah Kapten British, Raymond Demer\u00e9. Setelah selesai, Kapten Raymond Demer\u00e9 melepaskan perintah pada 14 Ogos 1757 kepada abangnya, Kapten Paul Demer\u00e9. Permusuhan meletus antara British dan jiran Overhill Cherokees, dan pengepungan Kubu Loudoun berakhir dengan penyerahannya pada 7 Ogos 1760. Keesokan harinya, Kapten Paul Demer\u00e9 dan beberapa orangnya terbunuh dalam serangan hendap yang berdekatan, dan kebanyakan Selebihnya garnisun ditawan. <> Di mana tahun pertama British menetap di apa yang akan menjadi Tennessee? || 1756 <> Apakah nama penempatan British yang pertama dalam apa yang kini Tennessee? || Fort Loudoun <> Pegawai British mana yang menyelia pembinaan Fort Loudoun? || Kapten Raymond Demer\u00e9 <Puak Cherokee mana yang memaksa penyerahan Fort Loudoun pada tahun 1760? || Overhill Cherokees <> Yang pegawai pemerintah British dibunuh hari selepas Cherokee mengambil Fort Loudon pada tahun 1760? || Kapten Paul Demer\u00e9", {"context": "The first British settlement in what is now Tennessee was built in 1756 by settlers from the colony of South Carolina at Fort Loudoun, near present-day Vonore. Fort Loudoun became the westernmost British outpost to that date. The fort was designed by John William Gerard de Brahm and constructed by forces under British Captain Raymond Demer\u00e9. After its completion, Captain Raymond Demer\u00e9 relinquished command on August 14, 1757 to his brother, Captain Paul Demer\u00e9. Hostilities erupted between the British and the neighboring Overhill Cherokees, and a siege of Fort Loudoun ended with its surrender on August 7, 1760. The following morning, Captain Paul Demer\u00e9 and a number of his men were killed in an ambush nearby, and most of the rest of the garrison was taken prisoner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "1756"}], "question": "In which year did the British first settle in what would become Tennessee?", "id": "572bf76c750c471900ed4c42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Fort Loudoun"}], "question": "What was the name of the first British settlement in what is now Tennessee?", "id": "572bf76c750c471900ed4c43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Captain Raymond Demer\u00e9"}], "question": "Which British officer oversaw the construction of Fort Loudoun?", "id": "572bf76c750c471900ed4c44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Overhill Cherokees"}], "question": "Which Cherokee faction forced the surrender of Fort Loudoun in 1760?", "id": "572bf76c750c471900ed4c45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "Captain Paul Demer\u00e9"}], "question": "Which British commanding officer was killed the day after Cherokee took Fort Loudon in 1760?", "id": "572bf76c750c471900ed4c46"}]}], ["Kebanyakan negeri mempunyai iklim subtropika yang lembap, kecuali sebahagian daripada ketinggian yang lebih tinggi di Appalachians, yang diklasifikasikan sebagai mempunyai iklim pegunungan yang sederhana atau iklim kontinental yang lembab akibat suhu sejuk. Teluk Mexico adalah faktor utama dalam iklim Tennessee, dengan angin dari selatan yang bertanggungjawab untuk kebanyakan musim hujan negeri. Secara amnya, negeri ini mempunyai musim panas yang panas dan sejuk hingga musim sejuk dengan hujan yang tinggi sepanjang tahun, dengan purata hujan bulanan purata pada musim sejuk dan bulan musim bunga, antara Disember dan April. Bulan paling kering, secara purata, adalah bulan Ogos hingga Oktober. Rata-rata negeri menerima 50 inci (130 cm) hujan setiap tahun. Salji salji berkisar 5 inci (13 cm) di Tennessee Barat hingga lebih dari 16 inci (41 cm) di pergunungan yang lebih tinggi di Tennessee Timur. <> Apakah iklim yang paling biasa di seluruh Tennessee? || lembab subtropika <> Kebanyakan Tennessee mempunyai jenis iklim? || lembab subtropika <> Pegunungan yang mengandungi bahagian-bahagian Tennessee dengan iklim yang sederhana? || Appalachians <> Tubuh laut mana yang paling mempengaruhi iklim Tennessee? || Gulf of Mexico <> Apakah musim hujan purata tahunan Tennessee dalam inci? || 50 <> Antara bulan yang paling ketat di Tennessee? || antara Disember dan April", {"context": "Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate, with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Appalachians, which are classified as having a mountain temperate climate or a humid continental climate due to cooler temperatures. The Gulf of Mexico is the dominant factor in the climate of Tennessee, with winds from the south being responsible for most of the state's annual precipitation. Generally, the state has hot summers and mild to cool winters with generous precipitation throughout the year, with highest average monthly precipitation generally in the winter and spring months, between December and April. The driest months, on average, are August to October. On average the state receives 50 inches (130 cm) of precipitation annually. Snowfall ranges from 5 inches (13 cm) in West Tennessee to over 16 inches (41 cm) in the higher mountains in East Tennessee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "humid subtropical"}], "question": "What is the most common climate across Tennessee?", "id": "572bf00d2babe914003c2970"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "humid subtropical"}], "question": "Most of Tennessee has which type of climate?", "id": "572cad3cdfb02c14005c6bf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Appalachians"}], "question": "Which mountains contain those parts of Tennessee with a temperate climate?", "id": "572cad3cdfb02c14005c6bf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Gulf of Mexico"}], "question": "Which body of ocean water affects Tennessee's climate the most?", "id": "572cad3cdfb02c14005c6bf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "50"}], "question": "What is Tennessee's average annual precipitation in inches?", "id": "572cad3cdfb02c14005c6bfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "between December and April"}], "question": "Which range of months is Tennessee's wettest?", "id": "572cad3cdfb02c14005c6bfa"}]}], ["Banyak pertempuran besar Perang Saudara Amerika telah bertempur di Tennessee-kebanyakannya kemenangan Union. Ulysses S. Grant dan Tentera Laut A.S. menawan kawalan sungai Cumberland dan Tennessee pada bulan Februari 1862. Mereka melancarkan serangan balik Konfederasi di Shiloh pada bulan April. Memphis jatuh ke Kesatuan pada bulan Jun, berikutan pertempuran laut di Sungai Mississippi di depan bandar. Tangkap Memphis dan Nashville memberikan kawalan Kesatuan bahagian barat dan tengah; kawalan ini disahkan pada Pertempuran Murfreesboro pada awal Januari 1863 dan oleh Kempen Tullahoma berikutnya. <> Bahagian mana yang memenangi lebih banyak pertempuran Perang Saudara di Tennessee? || Union <> Yang komander Kesatuan menguasai kawalan Sungai Tennessee pada bulan Februari 1862? || Ulysses S. Grant <> Selama bulan 1862 pasukan Union merebut Memphis? || Jun <> Kawalan Kesatuan Pertahanan Tennessee Tengah ditegaskan semula oleh apa pertempuran pada Januari 1863? || Pertempuran Murfreesboro", {"context": "Many major battles of the American Civil War were fought in Tennessee\u2014most of them Union victories. Ulysses S. Grant and the U.S. Navy captured control of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers in February 1862. They held off the Confederate counterattack at Shiloh in April. Memphis fell to the Union in June, following a naval battle on the Mississippi River in front of the city. The Capture of Memphis and Nashville gave the Union control of the western and middle sections; this control was confirmed at the Battle of Murfreesboro in early January 1863 and by the subsequent Tullahoma Campaign.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Union"}], "question": "Which side won more Civil War battles in Tennessee?", "id": "572c022a750c471900ed4c7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Ulysses S. Grant"}], "question": "Which Union commander seized control of the Tennessee River in February 1862?", "id": "572c022a750c471900ed4c7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "June"}], "question": "During which month in 1862 did Union forces capture Memphis?", "id": "572c022a750c471900ed4c7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Battle of Murfreesboro"}], "question": "Union control of Middle Tennessee was reaffirmed by what battle in January 1863?", "id": "572c022a750c471900ed4c7d"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2002, ahli perniagaan Phil Bredesen dipilih sebagai gabenor ke-48. Juga pada tahun 2002, Tennessee meminda perlembagaan negeri untuk membenarkan penubuhan loteri. Bob Corker dari Tennessee adalah satu-satunya orang yang baru dilantik Republik ke Senat Amerika Syarikat pada pilihan raya tengah tahun 2006. Perlembagaan negeri telah dipinda untuk menolak perkahwinan sejenis. Pada bulan Januari 2007, Ron Ramsey menjadi Republik pertama yang dipilih sebagai Speaker Senat Negeri sejak Semula Pembinaan, sebagai hasil penyusunan semula parti-parti Demokratik dan Republikan di Selatan sejak akhir abad ke-20, dengan Republik sekarang dipilih oleh pengundi konservatif, yang sebelum ini telah menyokong Demokrat. <> Yang mana Senator Tennessee adalah Senator pertama kali yang dipilih pada tahun 2006? || Bob Corker <> Siapa yang telah dipilih gabenor Tennessee pada tahun 2002? || Phil Bredesen <> Siapa Speaker Republik yang pertama di Senat negara Tennessee sejak Demokrat mengambil alih dalam era Rekonstruksi? || Ron Ramsey <> Parti politik mana yang menyokong kebanyakan pengundi Tennessee konservatif pada awal abad ke-20? || Demokrat", {"context": "In 2002, businessman Phil Bredesen was elected as the 48th governor. Also in 2002, Tennessee amended the state constitution to allow for the establishment of a lottery. Tennessee's Bob Corker was the only freshman Republican elected to the United States Senate in the 2006 midterm elections. The state constitution was amended to reject same-sex marriage. In January 2007, Ron Ramsey became the first Republican elected as Speaker of the State Senate since Reconstruction, as a result of the realignment of the Democratic and Republican parties in the South since the late 20th century, with Republicans now elected by conservative voters, who previously had supported Democrats.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Bob Corker"}], "question": "Which Tennessee Senator was the only Republican first-time Senator elected in 2006?", "id": "572c8173dfb02c14005c6b80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Phil Bredesen"}], "question": "Who was elected governor of Tennessee in 2002?", "id": "572c8173dfb02c14005c6b7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Ron Ramsey"}], "question": "Who was the first Republican Speaker of the Tennessee state senate since Democrats took control in the Reconstruction era?", "id": "572c8173dfb02c14005c6b81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "Democratic"}], "question": "Which political party did the majority of conservative Tennessee voters support in the early 20th century?", "id": "572c8173dfb02c14005c6b82"}]}], ["Ketika Proklamasi Emansipasi diumumkan, Tennessee kebanyakannya dipegang oleh pasukan Kesatuan. Oleh itu, Tennessee bukanlah antara negeri-negeri yang dinyatakan dalam Perisytiharan, dan Proklamasi tidak membebaskan mana-mana budak di sana. Walau bagaimanapun, orang Afrika Afrika yang telah melepaskan diri melarikan diri ke garisan Union untuk mendapatkan kebebasan tanpa menunggu tindakan rasmi. Lama dan muda, lelaki, wanita dan kanak-kanak berkhemah berhampiran tentera Kesatuan. Beribu-ribu bekas hamba akhirnya berkelahi di bahagian Kesatuan, hampir 200,000 di seluruh Selatan. <> Tentera mana yang menguasai sebahagian besar Tennessee ketika budak dibebaskan? || Kesatuan <> Sehingga berapa bekas hamba mula berjuang untuk Kesatuan selepas Proklamasi Emansipasi? || 200,000 <> Yang edict yang dibebaskan budak di kebanyakan Konfederasi, tetapi secara teknis bukan Tennessee? || Proklamasi Emansipasi", {"context": "When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, Tennessee was mostly held by Union forces. Thus, Tennessee was not among the states enumerated in the Proclamation, and the Proclamation did not free any slaves there. Nonetheless, enslaved African Americans escaped to Union lines to gain freedom without waiting for official action. Old and young, men, women and children camped near Union troops. Thousands of former slaves ended up fighting on the Union side, nearly 200,000 in total across the South.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Union"}], "question": "Which forces controlled most of Tennessee when slaves were emancipated?", "id": "572c053b750c471900ed4c82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "Up to how many former slaves began fighting with for the Union after the Emancipation Proclamation?", "id": "572c053b750c471900ed4c83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Emancipation Proclamation"}], "question": "Which edict freed slaves across most of the Confederacy, but technically not Tennessee?", "id": "572c053b750c471900ed4c84"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1864, Andrew Johnson (seorang Demokrat Perang dari Tennessee) telah dipilih sebagai Naib Presiden di bawah Abraham Lincoln. Dia menjadi Presiden selepas pembunuhan Lincoln pada tahun 1865. Di bawah polisi kemasukan semula Johnson yang hangat, Tennessee adalah yang pertama dari negeri-negeri yang bersangkutan untuk mendapatkan ahli-ahli yang dipilih semula ke Kongres Amerika Syarikat, pada 24 Julai 1866. Kerana Tennessee telah mengesahkan Perubahan Ke-14, ia adalah satu-satunya negeri pemisahan yang tidak mempunyai gabenor tentera semasa tempoh Pembinaan semula. <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai Naib Presiden Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1864? || Andrew Johnson <> Yang perwakilan negara Konfederasi telah diterima semula ke Kongres terlebih dahulu? || Tennessee <> Pada tarikh yang mana wakil rakyat Tennessee dipulihkan ke pejabat mereka di Washington D.C.? || 24 Julai, 1866 <> Pengesahan mereka yang mana Pindaan melepaskan Tennessee seorang gabenor tentera semasa Pembinaan Semula? || Keempat belas <> Di mana tahun Andrew Johnson menjadi Presiden? || 1865", {"context": "In 1864, Andrew Johnson (a War Democrat from Tennessee) was elected Vice President under Abraham Lincoln. He became President after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Under Johnson's lenient re-admission policy, Tennessee was the first of the seceding states to have its elected members readmitted to the U.S. Congress, on July 24, 1866. Because Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, it was the only one of the formerly secessionist states that did not have a military governor during the Reconstruction period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Andrew Johnson"}], "question": "Who was elected Vice President of the United States in 1864?", "id": "572c0638f182dd1900d7c7be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Tennessee"}], "question": "Which Confederate state's representation was readmitted to Congress first?", "id": "572c0638f182dd1900d7c7bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "July 24, 1866"}], "question": "On which date were Tennessee's elected representatives restored to their offices in Washington D.C.?", "id": "572c0638f182dd1900d7c7c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Fourteenth"}], "question": "Their ratification of which Amendment spared Tennessee a military governor during Reconstruction?", "id": "572c0638f182dd1900d7c7c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "1865"}], "question": "In which year did Andrew Johnson become President?", "id": "572c0638f182dd1900d7c7c2"}]}], ["Tiga daerah di Daerah Washington (sekarang sebahagian dari Tennessee) berpisah dari North Carolina pada tahun 1784 dan membentuk Negara Franklin. Usaha untuk mendapatkan kemasukan ke Kesatuan gagal, dan daerah-daerah (sekarang berjumlah lapan) telah kembali bergabung dengan North Carolina pada tahun 1789. North Carolina menyerahkan kawasan tersebut kepada kerajaan persekutuan pada tahun 1790, selepas itu ia dianjurkan ke Wilayah Barat Daya. Dalam usaha untuk menggalakkan peneroka untuk bergerak ke barat ke wilayah baru, pada tahun 1787 negara ibu North Carolina mengarahkan jalan untuk dipotong untuk mengambil peneroka ke Cumberland Settlements-dari hujung selatan Clinch Mountain (di Tennessee Timur) ke Perancis Lick (Nashville). Trace itu dipanggil \"Jalan North Carolina\" atau \"Avery's Trace\", dan kadang-kadang \"The Wilderness Road\" (walaupun ia tidak boleh dikelirukan dengan \"Wilderness Road\" Daniel Boone melalui Cumberland Gap). <> Apakah nama negara yang tiga kabupaten North Carolina berharap dapat dibentuk pada tahun 1784? || Franklin <> Apa nama yang diberi kepada tanah yang dipindahkan oleh North Carolina kepada kerajaan persekutuan pada tahun 1790? || Wilayah Barat Daya <> Berapa bandar yang menandakan kawasan barat Cumberland Settlements? || Lick Perancis <> Apa nama lain yang dikongsi North Carolina Road dengan laluan Daniel Boone melalui Cumberland Gap? || Wilderness Road", {"context": "Three counties of the Washington District (now part of Tennessee) broke off from North Carolina in 1784 and formed the State of Franklin. Efforts to obtain admission to the Union failed, and the counties (now numbering eight) had re-joined North Carolina by 1789. North Carolina ceded the area to the federal government in 1790, after which it was organized into the Southwest Territory. In an effort to encourage settlers to move west into the new territory, in 1787 the mother state of North Carolina ordered a road to be cut to take settlers into the Cumberland Settlements\u2014from the south end of Clinch Mountain (in East Tennessee) to French Lick (Nashville). The Trace was called the \"North Carolina Road\" or \"Avery's Trace\", and sometimes \"The Wilderness Road\" (although it should not be confused with Daniel Boone's \"Wilderness Road\" through the Cumberland Gap).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Franklin"}], "question": "What was the name of the state that three North Carolina counties hoped to form in 1784?", "id": "572bfb8c750c471900ed4c60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Southwest Territory"}], "question": "What was the name given to the land that North Carolina transferred to the federal government in 1790?", "id": "572bfb8c750c471900ed4c61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "French Lick"}], "question": "What town marked the western extent of the Cumberland Settlements?", "id": "572bfb8c750c471900ed4c62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "Wilderness Road"}], "question": "What other name does the North Carolina Road share with Daniel Boone's passage through the Cumberland Gap?", "id": "572bfb8c750c471900ed4c63"}]}], ["Selepas berakhirnya pembinaan semula, perjuangan ke atas kuasa di masyarakat Selatan terus berlanjut. Melalui keganasan dan intimidasi terhadap pembebas dan sekutunya, White Democrats memperoleh semula kuasa politik di Tennessee dan negara-negara lain di seluruh Selatan pada akhir 1870-an dan 1880-an. Sepanjang dekad yang akan datang, badan perundangan negeri meluluskan undang-undang yang semakin ketat untuk mengawal Amerika Afrika. Pada tahun 1889 Perhimpunan Agung meluluskan empat undang-undang yang digambarkan sebagai pembaharuan pilihan raya, dengan kesan kumulatif yang sebahagian besarnya meremehkan sebahagian besar rakyat Amerika Afrika di kawasan luar bandar dan bandar-bandar kecil, serta banyak orang miskin. Perundangan termasuk pelaksanaan cukai pungutan, masa pendaftaran, dan keperluan rakaman. Beribu-ribu orang pembayar cukai tidak mempunyai perwakilan selama beberapa dekad ke abad ke-20. Undang-undang niaga tidak disertakan dengan undang-undang Jim Crow yang diluluskan pada akhir abad ke-19, yang mengenakan pemisahan di negeri ini. Pada tahun 1900, Afrika Amerika membentuk hampir 24% daripada penduduk negeri ini, dan berjumlah 480,430 orang yang tinggal kebanyakannya di bahagian tengah dan barat negara. <> Siapa yang disasarkan oleh undang-undang yang ketat yang diluluskan di negara-negara Selatan pada akhir abad ke-19? || Afrika Amerika <> Di mana tahun itu telah Majelis Umum Tennessee meluluskan undang-undang pembaharuan pemilihan yang menyalahkan kebanyakan rakyat Amerika Afrika di negeri ini? || 1889 <> Siapa selain Amerika Afrika adalah mangsa reformasi pilihan raya abad ke-19 Tennessee? || putih miskin <> Apakah nama untuk undang-undang yang berasal dari abad ke-19 yang mempromosikan pemisahan? || Jim Crow undang-undang <> Kira-kira berapa ramai warga Amerika Afrika tinggal di Tennessee pada tahun 1900? || 480,430", {"context": "After the formal end of Reconstruction, the struggle over power in Southern society continued. Through violence and intimidation against freedmen and their allies, White Democrats regained political power in Tennessee and other states across the South in the late 1870s and 1880s. Over the next decade, the state legislature passed increasingly restrictive laws to control African Americans. In 1889 the General Assembly passed four laws described as electoral reform, with the cumulative effect of essentially disfranchising most African Americans in rural areas and small towns, as well as many poor Whites. Legislation included implementation of a poll tax, timing of registration, and recording requirements. Tens of thousands of taxpaying citizens were without representation for decades into the 20th century. Disfranchising legislation accompanied Jim Crow laws passed in the late 19th century, which imposed segregation in the state. In 1900, African Americans made up nearly 24% of the state's population, and numbered 480,430 citizens who lived mostly in the central and western parts of the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "African Americans"}], "question": "Who were targeted by restrictive laws passed in Southern states at the end of the 19th century?", "id": "572c807e750c471900ed4ca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "1889"}], "question": "In which year did the Tennessee General Assembly pass electoral reform laws that disenfranchised most African Americans in the state?", "id": "572c807e750c471900ed4ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "poor Whites"}], "question": "Who besides African Americans were victims of Tennessee's late-19th century electoral reform?", "id": "572c807e750c471900ed4ca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 855, "text": "Jim Crow laws"}], "question": "What is the name for laws dating from the late-19th century which promoted segregation?", "id": "572c807e750c471900ed4ca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1028, "text": "480,430"}], "question": "Approximately how many African Americans lived in Tennessee in 1900?", "id": "572c807e750c471900ed4ca4"}]}], ["Confederates telah mengadakan Tennessee Timur meskipun terdapat kekuatan sentimen Kesatuan di sana, dengan pengecualian yang sangat pro-Confederate Sullivan County. The Confederates, yang diketuai oleh Jeneral James Longstreet, telah menyerang Fort Sanders dari General Burnside di Knoxville dan hilang. Ia merupakan satu tamparan hebat kepada Momentum Timur Tennessee Confederate, tetapi Longstreet memenangi Pertempuran Bean's Station beberapa minggu kemudian. The Confederates mengepung Chattanooga semasa Kempen Chattanooga pada musim gugur awal 1863, tetapi dipandu oleh Grant pada bulan November. Banyak kekalahan Konfederasi boleh dikaitkan dengan penglihatan strategik miskin General Braxton Bragg, yang mengetuai Tentera Tennessee dari Perryville, Kentucky ke kekalahan lain di Confederate di Chattanooga. <> Di mana daerah di Tennessee Timur lebih menyokong Konfederasi daripada jirannya? || Sullivan County <> Yang umum Konfederasi gagal menangkap benteng Union di Knoxville? || James Longstreet <> Yang mana Union umum memecahkan pengepungan Konfederasi Chattanooga pada bulan November 1863? || Grant <> Yang umum Konvensyen melancarkan serangan ke Chattanooga dari Perryville, KY? || Braxton Bragg <> Pertarungan mana yang pernah dilakukan oleh Konfederasi Jeneral Longstreet di Tennessee Timur? || Pertempuran Bean's Station", {"context": "Confederates held East Tennessee despite the strength of Unionist sentiment there, with the exception of extremely pro-Confederate Sullivan County. The Confederates, led by General James Longstreet, did attack General Burnside's Fort Sanders at Knoxville and lost. It was a big blow to East Tennessee Confederate momentum, but Longstreet won the Battle of Bean's Station a few weeks later. The Confederates besieged Chattanooga during the Chattanooga Campaign in early fall 1863, but were driven off by Grant in November. Many of the Confederate defeats can be attributed to the poor strategic vision of General Braxton Bragg, who led the Army of Tennessee from Perryville, Kentucky to another Confederate defeat at Chattanooga.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Sullivan County"}], "question": "Which county in East Tennessee was more supportive of the Confederacy than its neighbors?", "id": "572c03fddfb02c14005c6b55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "James Longstreet"}], "question": "Which Confederate general failed to capture the Union fort at Knoxville?", "id": "572c03fddfb02c14005c6b56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Grant"}], "question": "Which Union general broke the Confederate siege of Chattanooga in November 1863?", "id": "572c03fddfb02c14005c6b57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "Braxton Bragg"}], "question": "Which Confederate general launched an attack on Chattanooga from Perryville, KY?", "id": "572c03fddfb02c14005c6b58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Battle of Bean's Station"}], "question": "Which battle did Confederate General Longstreet win in East Tennessee?", "id": "572c03fddfb02c14005c6b59"}]}], ["Pada bulan Februari 1861, pemecah belah di kerajaan negeri Tennessee yang diketuai oleh Gabenor Isham Harris-memohon pengundian pengundi untuk konvensyen untuk memutuskan hubungan dengan Amerika Syarikat, tetapi pengundi Tennessee menolak referendum itu dengan margin 54-46%. Pembangkang terkuat untuk pemisahan datang dari East Tennessee (yang kemudiannya cuba membentuk negara yang selaras dengan kesatuan). Berikutan serangan Konfederasi terhadap Fort Sumter pada bulan April dan panggilan Lincoln untuk tentera dari Tennessee dan negara-negara lain sebagai tindak balas, Gabenor Isham Harris memulakan pengerahan tentera, mengemukakan ordinan pemisahan kepada Perhimpunan Agung, dan membuat tawaran langsung kepada pemerintah Gabungan. Badan perundangan Tennessee telah mengesahkan perjanjian untuk memasuki liga tentera dengan Negara-Negara Gabungan pada 7 Mei 1861. Pada 8 Jun 1861, dengan orang-orang di Tennessee Tengah mempunyai kedudukan yang berubah-ubah secara signifikan, pengundi meluluskan referendum kedua yang meminta pengasingan, menjadi yang terakhir untuk berbuat demikian. <> Yang mana gubernur Tennessee berjaya menguasai pada bulan Februari tahun 1861? || Isham Harris <> Wilayah mana yang paling tahan terhadap pemisahan? || Tennessee Timur <> Berapa peratus daripada pengundi mengundi terhadap pemisahan dalam referendum Februari 1861 Tennessee? || 54 <> Pada tarikhnya apakah Tennessee memasuki sebuah perikatan tentera dengan Konfederasi? || 7 Mei 1861 <> Wilayah mana di Tennessee yang memihak kepada pemisahan dalam referendum pada 1861? || Tennessee Tengah", {"context": "In February 1861, secessionists in Tennessee's state government\u2014led by Governor Isham Harris\u2014sought voter approval for a convention to sever ties with the United States, but Tennessee voters rejected the referendum by a 54\u201346% margin. The strongest opposition to secession came from East Tennessee (which later tried to form a separate Union-aligned state). Following the Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter in April and Lincoln's call for troops from Tennessee and other states in response, Governor Isham Harris began military mobilization, submitted an ordinance of secession to the General Assembly, and made direct overtures to the Confederate government. The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. On June 8, 1861, with people in Middle Tennessee having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum calling for secession, becoming the last state to do so.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Isham Harris"}], "question": "Which Tennessee governor championed secession in February of 1861?", "id": "572c00d6f182dd1900d7c7ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "East Tennessee"}], "question": "Which area of Tennessee was most resistant to secession?", "id": "572c00d6f182dd1900d7c7af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "54"}], "question": "What percentage of voters voted against secession in Tennessee's February 1861 referendum?", "id": "572c00d6f182dd1900d7c7b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 767, "text": "May 7, 1861"}], "question": "On which date did Tennessee enter a military alliance with the Confederacy?", "id": "572c00d6f182dd1900d7c7b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 812, "text": "Middle Tennessee"}], "question": "Which region of Tennessee swung in favor of secession in the June 1861 referendum?", "id": "572c00d6f182dd1900d7c7b2"}]}], ["Tennessee dimasukkan ke Kesatuan pada 1 Jun 1796 sebagai negeri ke-16. Ia adalah negeri pertama yang diwujudkan dari wilayah di bawah bidang kuasa kerajaan persekutuan Amerika Syarikat. Selain daripada bekas Tiga Belas Kolonya sahaja Vermont dan Kentucky mendahului negeri Tennessee, dan tidak pernah ada wilayah persekutuan. Batasan negara, menurut Perlembagaan Negeri Tennessee, Perkara I, Seksyen 31, menyatakan bahawa titik permulaan untuk mengenal pasti sempadan adalah ketinggian Gunung Batu yang melampau, di mana garis Virginia berpotongan, dan pada dasarnya berlari ketinggian rantaian gunung yang melampau melalui Mountains Appalachian yang memisahkan North Carolina dari Tennessee melewati pekan India Cowee dan Old Chota, di sepanjang bukit utama gunung tersebut (Unicoi Mountain) ke sempadan selatan negara itu; semua wilayah, tanah dan perairan yang terletak di barat garis tersebut termasuk dalam sempadan dan batas negeri Tennessee yang baru ditubuhkan. Sebahagian daripada peruntukan itu juga menyatakan bahawa batas dan bidang kuasa negeri itu termasuk pengambilalihan tanah masa depan, merujuk kemungkinan perdagangan tanah dengan negara lain, atau pemerolehan wilayah dari barat Sungai Mississippi. <> Negara manakah yang pertama terbentuk daripada wilayah terkawal federal? || Tennessee <> Sebagai tambahan kepada tiga belas asal, yang mana dua negeri telah dimasukkan ke kesatuan sebelum Tennessee? || Vermont dan Kentucky <> Gunung mana yang menandakan permulaan sempadan Tennessee yang diterangkan oleh perlembagaan negeri? || Batu Gunung <> Apabila sempadan Tennessee ditakrifkan terlebih dahulu, wilayah barat yang mana sungai dianggap sebagai pengambilan masa depan? || Sungai Mississippi", {"context": "Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state. It was the first state created from territory under the jurisdiction of the United States federal government. Apart from the former Thirteen Colonies only Vermont and Kentucky predate Tennessee's statehood, and neither was ever a federal territory. The state boundaries, according to the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, Article I, Section 31, stated that the beginning point for identifying the boundary was the extreme height of the Stone Mountain, at the place where the line of Virginia intersects it, and basically ran the extreme heights of mountain chains through the Appalachian Mountains separating North Carolina from Tennessee past the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota, thence along the main ridge of the said mountain (Unicoi Mountain) to the southern boundary of the state; all the territory, lands and waters lying west of said line are included in the boundaries and limits of the newly formed state of Tennessee. Part of the provision also stated that the limits and jurisdiction of the state would include future land acquisition, referencing possible land trade with other states, or the acquisition of territory from west of the Mississippi River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tennessee"}], "question": "Which state was the first formed out of federally controlled territory?", "id": "572bfdb3750c471900ed4c68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Vermont and Kentucky"}], "question": "In addition to the original thirteen, which two states were admitted to the union before Tennessee?", "id": "572bfdb3750c471900ed4c69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Stone Mountain"}], "question": "Which mountain marked the starting point of the Tennessee border described by the state constitution?", "id": "572bfdb3750c471900ed4c6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1229, "text": "Mississippi River"}], "question": "When Tennessee's border was first defined, territory west of which river was considered for future annexation?", "id": "572bfdb3750c471900ed4c6b"}]}], ["Semasa pentadbiran Presiden AS Martin Van Buren, hampir 17,000 Cherokees-bersama-sama dengan kira-kira 2,000 budak hitam yang dimiliki oleh Cherokees-telah dicabut dari rumah mereka antara tahun 1838 dan 1839 dan dipaksa oleh tentera AS untuk berperang dari \"depot emigrasi\" di Tennessee Timur (seperti Fort Cass) menuju ke Wilayah India yang lebih jauh di barat Arkansas. Semasa pemindahan ini kira-kira 4,000 Cherokees meninggal di sepanjang jalan barat. Dalam bahasa Cherokee, acara tersebut dipanggil Nunna daul Isunyi- \"Trail yang Kami Cried.\" Cherokees bukanlah satu-satunya orang Amerika Amerika terpaksa berpindah akibat usaha penyingkiran India di Amerika Syarikat, dan frasa \"Trail of Tears\" kadang-kadang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada peristiwa-peristiwa serupa yang dialami oleh orang-orang India Amerika yang lain, terutama di kalangan \"Lima Kesan Sibuk\". Frasa ini berasal sebagai perihalan penghijrahan awal negara Choctaw. <> Yang mana yang Presiden AS mengawasi pemindahan terpaksa ke barat Cherokees bermula pada tahun 1838? || Martin Van Buren <> Berapa banyak budak hitam milik Cherokee juga dipindahkan antara 1838 dan 1839? || 2,000 <> Apa frasa Cherokee bererti \"jejak di mana kita menangis?\" || Nunna daul Isunyi <> Yang emigrasi negara asal Amerika pertama kali dikaitkan dengan istilah \"Trails of Lears?\" || Choctaw <> Berapa banyaknya Cherokees meninggal di sepanjang \"Trail of Lears\" mereka? || 4,000", {"context": "During the administration of U.S. President Martin Van Buren, nearly 17,000 Cherokees\u2014along with approximately 2,000 black slaves owned by Cherokees\u2014were uprooted from their homes between 1838 and 1839 and were forced by the U.S. military to march from \"emigration depots\" in Eastern Tennessee (such as Fort Cass) toward the more distant Indian Territory west of Arkansas. During this relocation an estimated 4,000 Cherokees died along the way west. In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nunna daul Isunyi\u2014\"the Trail Where We Cried.\" The Cherokees were not the only American Indians forced to emigrate as a result of the Indian removal efforts of the United States, and so the phrase \"Trail of Tears\" is sometimes used to refer to similar events endured by other American Indian peoples, especially among the \"Five Civilized Tribes\". The phrase originated as a description of the earlier emigration of the Choctaw nation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Martin Van Buren"}], "question": "Which US President oversaw the forced westward relocation of Cherokees beginning in 1838?", "id": "572bff69dfb02c14005c6b33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "2,000"}], "question": "How many Cherokee-owned black slaves were also relocated between 1838 and 1839?", "id": "572bff69dfb02c14005c6b34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Nunna daul Isunyi"}], "question": "What Cherokee phrase means \"the trail where we cried?\"", "id": "572bff69dfb02c14005c6b35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "Choctaw"}], "question": "Which Native American nation's emigration was first associated with the term \"Trail of Tears?\"", "id": "572bff69dfb02c14005c6b36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "4,000"}], "question": "Approximately how many Cherokees died along their \"Trail of Tears?\"", "id": "572bff69dfb02c14005c6b37"}]}], ["Keluaran utama untuk negara termasuk tekstil, kapas, lembu, dan tenaga elektrik. Tennessee mempunyai lebih daripada 82,000 ladang, kira-kira 59 peratus yang menampung lembu daging lembu. Walaupun kapas adalah tanaman awal di Tennessee, penanaman serat skala besar tidak bermula sehingga tahun 1820-an dengan pembukaan tanah antara Tennessee dan Mississippi Rivers. Baji atas Mississippi Delta meluas ke Tennessee barat daya, dan di bahagian subur ini kapas itu ditahan. Kacang kedelai juga ditanam di Tennessee Barat, dengan tumpuan di sudut barat laut negeri ini. <> Secara kasar berapa banyak ladang terletak di Tennesee? || 82,000 <> Yang ternakan adalah tumpuan utama pertanian Tennessee? || lembu sapi <> Bilakah kapas pertama menjadi produk pertanian berskala besar di Tennessee? || 1820-an <> Bahagangan sungai mana yang sebahagiannya di Tennessee menyediakan tanah yang paling subur untuk pengeluaran kapas? || Delta Mississippi", {"context": "Major outputs for the state include textiles, cotton, cattle, and electrical power. Tennessee has over 82,000 farms, roughly 59 percent of which accommodate beef cattle. Although cotton was an early crop in Tennessee, large-scale cultivation of the fiber did not begin until the 1820s with the opening of the land between the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers. The upper wedge of the Mississippi Delta extends into southwestern Tennessee, and it was in this fertile section that cotton took hold. Soybeans are also heavily planted in West Tennessee, focusing on the northwest corner of the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "82,000"}], "question": "Roughly how many farms are located in Tennesee?", "id": "572c85fcdfb02c14005c6b99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "beef cattle"}], "question": "Which livestock is the major focus of Tennessee agriculture?", "id": "572c85fcdfb02c14005c6b9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "1820s"}], "question": "When did cotton first become a large-scale agricultural product in Tennessee?", "id": "572c85fcdfb02c14005c6b9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Mississippi Delta"}], "question": "Which river landform partly in Tennessee provided the most fertile land for cotton production?", "id": "572c85fcdfb02c14005c6b9c"}]}], ["Pada 2013 pelancongan dalam negeri dari penduduk tempatan menyumbang 39.9% pelancong, lokasi kedua yang paling awal untuk pelancong ke Tennessee adalah negeri Georgia, menyumbang 8.4% pelancong.jam empat puluh empat peratus daripada penginapan di negeri itu \"hari perjalanan\", 25% tinggal satu malam, 15% tinggal dua malam, dan 11% tinggal 4 malam atau lebih. Purata penginapan adalah 2.16 malam, berbanding dengan 2.03 malam untuk AS keseluruhannya.40 Orang biasa menghabiskan $ 118 sehari: 29% untuk pengangkutan, 24% untuk makanan, 17% untuk penginapan, dan 28% untuk membeli-belah dan hiburan .: 44 <> Yang mana negeri lain menghantar Tennessee paling pelancong pada tahun 2013? || Georgia <> Berapa peratus pelancong luar negara tinggal di Tennessee selama empat atau lebih malam? || 11% <> Jumlah purata harian yang dibelanjakan pelancong di Tennessee pada tahun 2013? || $ 118 <> Berapa peratus daripada pelancong Tennessee pelancong harian pada tahun 2013 pergi ke penginapan? || 17% <> Di manakah negeri yang melakukan peratusan terbesar pelancong di Tennessee? || Tennessee", {"context": "In 2013 tourism within the state from local citizens accounted for 39.9% of tourists, the second highest originating location for tourists to Tennessee is the state of Georgia, accounting for 8.4% of tourists.:17 Forty-four percent of stays in the state were \"day trips\", 25% stayed one night, 15% stayed two nights, and 11% stayed 4 or more nights. The average stay was 2.16 nights, compared to 2.03 nights for the US as a whole.:40 The average person spent $118 per day: 29% on transportation, 24% on food, 17% on accommodation, and 28% on shopping and entertainment.:44", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Georgia"}], "question": "Which other state sent Tennessee the most tourists in 2013?", "id": "572c9697750c471900ed4caa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "11%"}], "question": "What percentage of out-of-state tourists stayed in Tennessee for four or more nights?", "id": "572c9697750c471900ed4cab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "$118"}], "question": "What average daily amount did a tourist spend in Tennessee in 2013?", "id": "572c9697750c471900ed4cac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "17%"}], "question": "What percentage of Tennessee tourists daily spending in 2013 went toward accommodation?", "id": "572c9697750c471900ed4cad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Tennessee"}], "question": "In which state do the greatest percentage of Tennessee tourists reside?", "id": "572c9697750c471900ed4cae"}]}], ["Tennessee adalah rumah kepada beberapa denominasi Protestan, seperti Konvensyen Baptis Kebangsaan (beribu pejabat di Nashville); Gereja Tuhan dalam Kristus dan Gereja Presbiterian Cumberland (kedua-dua beribu pejabat di Memphis); Jemaat Tuhan dan Jemaat Tuhan Nubuatan (kedua-dua beribu pejabat di Cleveland). Nama Will Baptist yang bebas beribu pejabat di Antioch; Kolej Alkitab utamanya adalah di Nashville. Konvensyen Southern Baptist mengekalkan ibu pejabatnya di Nashville. Penerbitan rumah beberapa denominasi terletak di Nashville. <> Yang denominasi Protestan mempunyai ibu pejabatnya di Nashville, TN? || Konvensyen Baptis Kebangsaan <> Yang bandar Tennessee mengandungi ibu pejabat Jemaat Tuhan dan Jemaat Tuhan Nubuatan? || Cleveland <> Prinsip Bible College of Free Will Baptists terletak di mana bandar Tennessee? || Nashville <> Yang dua denominasi Protestan utama berpusat di Memphis? || Gereja Tuhan dalam Kristus dan Gereja Presbyterian Cumberland", {"context": "Tennessee is home to several Protestant denominations, such as the National Baptist Convention (headquartered in Nashville); the Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (both headquartered in Memphis); the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy (both headquartered in Cleveland). The Free Will Baptist denomination is headquartered in Antioch; its main Bible college is in Nashville. The Southern Baptist Convention maintains its general headquarters in Nashville. Publishing houses of several denominations are located in Nashville.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "National Baptist Convention"}], "question": "Which Protestant denomination has its headquarters in Nashville, TN?", "id": "572c84d4dfb02c14005c6b91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Cleveland"}], "question": "Which Tennessee city contains the headquarters of the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy?", "id": "572c84d4dfb02c14005c6b92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Nashville"}], "question": "The principle Bible college of the Free Will Baptists is located in which Tennessee city?", "id": "572c84d4dfb02c14005c6b93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church"}], "question": "Which two major Protestant denominations are based in Memphis?", "id": "572c84d4dfb02c14005c6b94"}]}], ["Perbadanan utama dengan ibu pejabat di Tennessee termasuk FedEx, AutoZone dan Kertas Antarabangsa, semuanya berpusat di Memphis; Pilot Corporation dan Regal Entertainment Group, yang berpangkalan di Knoxville; Eastman Chemical Company, yang berpusat di Kingsport; ibu pejabat Amerika Utara Nissan Motor Company, yang berpangkalan di Franklin; Hospital Perbadanan Amerika dan Caterpillar Financial, berpangkalan di Nashville; dan Unum, yang berpangkalan di Chattanooga. Tennessee juga merupakan lokasi kilang Volkswagen di Chattanooga, kemudahan pengeluaran polysilicon $ 2 bilion oleh Wacker Chemie di Bradley County, dan kemudahan pengeluaran polisilikon $ 1.2 bilion oleh Hemlock Semiconductor di Clarksville. <> Di mana di Tennessee adalah ibu pejabat Kertas Antarabangsa? || Memphis <> Di mana ibu pejabat Nissan Motor Company di Amerika Syarikat? || Franklin <> Syarikat manakah yang mempunyai kilang pengeluaran $ 2 bilion di Bradley County? || Wacker Chemie <> Hemlock Semiconductor menghasilkan komponen elektronik di mana bandar Tennessee? || Clarksville <> Syarikat perkapalan utama utama mana yang berpusat di Memphis? || FedEx", {"context": "Major corporations with headquarters in Tennessee include FedEx, AutoZone and International Paper, all based in Memphis; Pilot Corporation and Regal Entertainment Group, based in Knoxville; Eastman Chemical Company, based in Kingsport; the North American headquarters of Nissan Motor Company, based in Franklin; Hospital Corporation of America and Caterpillar Financial, based in Nashville; and Unum, based in Chattanooga. Tennessee is also the location of the Volkswagen factory in Chattanooga, a $2 billion polysilicon production facility by Wacker Chemie in Bradley County, and a $1.2 billion polysilicon production facility by Hemlock Semiconductor in Clarksville.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Memphis"}], "question": "Where in Tennessee is the headquarters of International Paper?", "id": "572c86e9dfb02c14005c6ba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Franklin"}], "question": "Where is Nissan Motor Company's headquarters in the United States?", "id": "572c86e9dfb02c14005c6ba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Wacker Chemie"}], "question": "Which company has a $2 billion production plant in Bradley County?", "id": "572c86e9dfb02c14005c6ba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "Clarksville"}], "question": "Hemlock Semiconductor produces electronic components in which Tennessee city?", "id": "572c86e9dfb02c14005c6ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "FedEx"}], "question": "Which major global shipping company is based in Memphis?", "id": "572c86e9dfb02c14005c6ba5"}]}], ["Menurut Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, pada tahun 2015, Tennessee mempunyai penduduk yang dianggarkan 6,600,299, yang meningkat 50,947, dari tahun sebelumnya dan peningkatan 254,194, atau 4.01%, sejak tahun 2010. Ini termasuk kenaikan semula jadi sejak banci terakhir 142,266 orang (iaitu 493,881 kelahiran dikurangkan 351,615 kematian), dan peningkatan daripada penghijrahan bersih 219,551 orang ke negeri ini. Imigresen dari luar Amerika Syarikat menyebabkan peningkatan bersih 59,385 orang, dan penghijrahan di dalam negara menghasilkan peningkatan bersih sebanyak 160,166 orang. Dua puluh peratus daripada Tennesseans dilahirkan di luar Selatan pada tahun 2008, berbanding dengan angka 13.5% pada tahun 1990. <> Apakah anggaran penduduk Tennessee pada tahun 2015? || 6,600,299 <> Berapakah peratusan penduduk yang meningkat pengalaman Tennessee antara 2010 dan 2015? || 4.01% <> Berapa banyak penduduk Tennessee meningkat antara 2010 dan 2015 disebabkan migrasi? || 219,551 <> Pada 2008, berapa peratus penduduk Tennessee dilahirkan di luar Selatan? || Dua puluh peratus <> Apa populasi bersih yang meningkat semasa laporan Banci Amerika dua Tennessee terakhir disebabkan oleh imigresen dari luar negara? || 59,385", {"context": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2015, Tennessee had an estimated population of 6,600,299, which is an increase of 50,947, from the prior year and an increase of 254,194, or 4.01%, since the year 2010. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 142,266 people (that is 493,881 births minus 351,615 deaths), and an increase from net migration of 219,551 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 59,385 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 160,166 people. Twenty percent of Tennesseans were born outside the South in 2008, compared to a figure of 13.5% in 1990.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "6,600,299"}], "question": "What was Tennessee's estimated population in 2015?", "id": "572c82d4dfb02c14005c6b87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "4.01%"}], "question": "What percentage population increase did Tennessee experience between 2010 and 2015?", "id": "572c82d4dfb02c14005c6b88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "219,551"}], "question": "How much of Tennessee's population increase between 2010 and 2015 was due to migration?", "id": "572c82d4dfb02c14005c6b89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Twenty percent"}], "question": "In 2008, what percentage of Tennessee residents were born outside the South?", "id": "572c82d4dfb02c14005c6b8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "59,385"}], "question": "What net population increase during Tennessee's last two US Census reports was due to immigration from outside the country?", "id": "572c82d4dfb02c14005c6b8b"}]}], ["Politik Tennessee, seperti kebanyakan negara A.S., dikuasai oleh parti Republikan dan Parti Demokrat. Ahli sejarah Dewey W. Grantham mengesan bahagian di negeri ini untuk tempoh Perang Saudara Amerika: selama beberapa dekad selepas itu, ketiga negara bagian timur adalah Republik dan dua pertiga barat mengundi Demokrat. Bahagian ini berkaitan dengan corak pertanian, perladangan dan pemilikan rumah negeri. Bahagian timur terdiri daripada petani yeoman, tetapi Tennessee Tengah dan Barat menanam tanaman, seperti tembakau dan kapas, yang bergantung pada penggunaan tenaga kerja budak. Kawasan-kawasan ini telah ditakrifkan sebagai Demokrat selepas perang. <> Yang mana kedua-dua pihak utama dalam politik Tennessee? || Republikan dan Demokratik <> Bahagian mana di Tennessee memilih lebih banyak Republik pada tahun-tahun selepas Perang Saudara? || timur <> Apa jenis petani yang didiami Tennessee timur pada akhir abad ke-19? || yeoman <> Yang tanaman yang ditanam di Tennessee Barat memerlukan banyak pekerja hamba? || tembakau dan kapas", {"context": "Tennessee politics, like that of most U.S. states, are dominated by the Republican and the Democratic parties. Historian Dewey W. Grantham traces divisions in the state to the period of the American Civil War: for decades afterward, the eastern third of the state was Republican and the western two thirds voted Democrat. This division was related to the state's pattern of farming, plantations and slaveholding. The eastern section was made up of yeoman farmers, but Middle and West Tennessee cultivated crops, such as tobacco and cotton, that were dependent on the use of slave labor. These areas became defined as Democratic after the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Republican and the Democratic"}], "question": "Which are the two main parties in Tennessee politics?", "id": "572c99202babe914003c299c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "eastern"}], "question": "Which part of Tennessee voted more Republican in the years following the Civil War?", "id": "572c99202babe914003c299d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "yeoman"}], "question": "What type of farmers inhabited eastern Tennessee in the late 19th century?", "id": "572c99202babe914003c299e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "tobacco and cotton"}], "question": "Which crops grown in West Tennessee had required a great deal of slave labor?", "id": "572c99202babe914003c299f"}]}], ["Interstate 40 melintasi negeri itu dalam orientasi barat-timur. Jalan raya antara negeri cawangannya termasuk I-240 di Memphis; I-440 di Nashville; I-140 dari Knoxville ke Alcoa dan I-640 di Knoxville. I-26, walaupun secara teknikalnya merupakan antara negeri timur laut barat, berjalan dari sempadan North Carolina di bawah Johnson City ke terminalnya di Kingsport. I-24 adalah interstate timur-barat yang menjalankan cross-state dari Chattanooga ke Clarksville. Dalam orientasi utara-selatan adalah lebuh raya I-55, I-65, I-75, dan I-81. Interstate 65 melintasi negeri itu melalui Nashville, manakala Interstate 75 menghidangkan Chattanooga dan Knoxville dan Interstate 55 menghidangkan Memphis. Interstate 81 memasuki negara ini di Bristol dan tamat di persimpangan dengan I-40 berhampiran Dandridge. I-155 adalah lebuh raya cawangan dari I-55. Satu-satunya lebuh raya I-75 di Tennessee ialah I-275, yang terletak di Knoxville. Apabila selesai, I-69 akan mengembara ke bahagian barat negara, dari Fulton Selatan ke Memphis. Interstate cawangan, I-269 juga wujud dari Millington ke Collierville. <> Bandar manakah titik akhir I-26? || Kingsport <> I-24 menghubungkan dua bandar Tennessee itu? || Chattanooga ke Clarksville <> Yang lebuh raya antara bandar yang mengalir ke utara-selatan melalui Memphis? || Interstate 55 <> Yang antara negeri berakhir di persimpangan yang dekat dengan Dandridge, Tennessee? || Interstate 81 <> Apa bandar-bandar Tennessee disambungkan oleh I-269? || Millington ke Collierville", {"context": "Interstate 40 crosses the state in a west-east orientation. Its branch interstate highways include I-240 in Memphis; I-440 in Nashville; I-140 from Knoxville to Alcoa and I-640 in Knoxville. I-26, although technically an east-west interstate, runs from the North Carolina border below Johnson City to its terminus at Kingsport. I-24 is an east-west interstate that runs cross-state from Chattanooga to Clarksville. In a north-south orientation are highways I-55, I-65, I-75, and I-81. Interstate 65 crosses the state through Nashville, while Interstate 75 serves Chattanooga and Knoxville and Interstate 55 serves Memphis. Interstate 81 enters the state at Bristol and terminates at its junction with I-40 near Dandridge. I-155 is a branch highway from I-55. The only spur highway of I-75 in Tennessee is I-275, which is in Knoxville. When completed, I-69 will travel through the western part of the state, from South Fulton to Memphis. A branch interstate, I-269 also exists from Millington to Collierville.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Kingsport"}], "question": "Which city is the endpoint of I-26?", "id": "572c97fbf182dd1900d7c7ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Chattanooga to Clarksville"}], "question": "I-24 connects which two Tennessee cities?", "id": "572c97fbf182dd1900d7c7ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Interstate 55"}], "question": "Which interstate highway running north-south passes through Memphis?", "id": "572c97fbf182dd1900d7c7ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "Interstate 81"}], "question": "Which interstate ends at a junction close to Dandridge, Tennessee?", "id": "572c97fbf182dd1900d7c7ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 981, "text": "Millington to Collierville"}], "question": "What Tennessee cities are connected by I-269?", "id": "572c97fbf182dd1900d7c7f0"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2000, lima kumpulan etnik yang dilaporkan diri sendiri adalah: Amerika (17.3%), Afrika Amerika (13.0%), Ireland (9.3%), Bahasa Inggeris (9.1%), dan Jerman (8.3%). Kebanyakan Tennesseans yang mengiktiraf diri sendiri sebagai keturunan Amerika adalah keturunan Inggeris dan Scotch-Ireland. Dianggarkan 21-24% daripada Tennesseans adalah keturunan Bahasa Inggeris. Dalam banci 1980 1,435,147 Tennesseans mendakwa \"Bahasa Inggeris\" atau \"kebanyakannya bahasa Inggeris\" keturunan daripada penduduk negeri sebanyak 3,221,354 menjadikan mereka 45% daripada negeri pada masa itu. <> Apakah kumpulan etnik yang dilaporkan sendiri oleh Tennessee pada tahun 2000? || Amerika <> Sebanyak peratus penduduk Tennessee melaporkan sendiri kumpulan etnik mereka sebagai Ireland pada tahun 2000? || 9.3% <> Mana-mana keturunan Eropah yang paling biasa di kalangan etnis yang dikenal pasti \"Amerika\" di Tennessee? || Bahasa Inggeris dan Scotch-Irish <> Apakah keturunan negara Eropah yang dituntut oleh 45% penduduk Tennessee pada tahun 1980? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Apakah populasi Tennessee pada tahun 1980? || 3,221,354", {"context": "In 2000, the five most common self-reported ethnic groups in the state were: American (17.3%), African American (13.0%), Irish (9.3%), English (9.1%), and German (8.3%). Most Tennesseans who self-identify as having American ancestry are of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry. An estimated 21\u201324% of Tennesseans are of predominantly English ancestry. In the 1980 census 1,435,147 Tennesseans claimed \"English\" or \"mostly English\" ancestry out of a state population of 3,221,354 making them 45% of the state at the time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "American"}], "question": "What was Tennessee's most common self-reported ethnic group in 2000?", "id": "572c83e2f182dd1900d7c7ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "9.3%"}], "question": "What percent of Tennessee residents self-reported their ethnic group as Irish in 2000?", "id": "572c83e2f182dd1900d7c7cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "English and Scotch-Irish"}], "question": "Which European ancestries are most common among self-identified ethnic \"Americans\" in Tennessee?", "id": "572c83e2f182dd1900d7c7d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "English"}], "question": "What European national ancestry was claimed by 45% of Tennessee residents in 1980?", "id": "572c83e2f182dd1900d7c7d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "3,221,354"}], "question": "What was Tennessee's population in 1980?", "id": "572c83e2f182dd1900d7c7d2"}]}], ["Pelancongan menyumbang berbilion ringgit setiap tahun kepada ekonomi negara dan Tennessee berada di peringkat 10 destinasi utama di AS. Pada tahun 2014, seramai 100 juta orang melawat negara itu menghasilkan $ 17.7 bilion dalam perbelanjaan berkaitan pelancongan di negeri ini, peningkatan sebanyak 6.3% berbanding tahun 2013; hasil cukai dari pelancongan mencapai $ 1.5 bilion. Setiap daerah di Tennessee menyaksikan sekurang-kurangnya $ 1 juta dari pelancongan manakala 19 daerah menerima sekurang-kurangnya $ 100 juta (Davidson, Shelby, dan daerah Sevier adalah tiga teratas). Pekerjaan yang dijana oleh pelancongan untuk negeri ini mencapai 152,900, meningkat 2.8%. Pelancong antarabangsa ke Tennessee menyumbang $ 533 juta dalam perbelanjaan. <> Pada tahun apakah pelancongan Tennessee lebih dari 100 juta pelawat? || 2014 <> Berapa berbilion-bilion dolar dibelanjakan oleh pelancong di Tennessee pada tahun 2014? || 17.7 <> Berapa banyak hasil cukai yang dihasilkan oleh pelancongan untuk Tennessee pada tahun 2014? || $ 1.5 bilion <> Pada tahun 2014, yang mana tiga daerah Tennessee mengambil paling banyak wang dari pelancongan? || Davidson, Shelby, dan Sevier <> Berapa peratus peningkatan dalam pekerjaan berasaskan pelancongan di Tennessee pada tahun 2014? || 2.8%", {"context": "Tourism contributes billions of dollars each year to the state's economy and Tennessee is ranked among the Top 10 destinations in the US. In 2014 a record 100 million people visited the state resulting in $17.7 billion in tourism related spending within the state, an increase of 6.3% over 2013; tax revenue from tourism equaled $1.5 billion. Each county in Tennessee saw at least $1 million from tourism while 19 counties received at least $100 million (Davidson, Shelby, and Sevier counties were the top three). Tourism-generated jobs for the state reached 152,900, a 2.8% increase. International travelers to Tennessee accounted for $533 million in spending.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "2014"}], "question": "In which year did Tennessee tourism first exceed 100 million visitors?", "id": "572c93972babe914003c2992"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "17.7"}], "question": "How many billions of dollars were spend by tourists in Tennessee in 2014?", "id": "572c93972babe914003c2993"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "$1.5 billion"}], "question": "How much tax revenue did tourism generate for Tennessee in 2014?", "id": "572c93972babe914003c2994"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Davidson, Shelby, and Sevier"}], "question": "In 2014, which three Tennessee counties took in the most money from tourism?", "id": "572c93972babe914003c2995"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "2.8%"}], "question": "What was the percentage increase in Tennessee's tourism-based jobs in 2014?", "id": "572c93972babe914003c2996"}]}], ["Cukai pendapatan Tennessee tidak digunakan untuk gaji dan upah, tetapi kebanyakan pendapatan dari stok, bon dan nota belum terima dikenakan cukai. Semua dividen dan faedah yang dikenakan cukai melebihi $ 1,250 pengecualian tunggal atau pengecualian bersama $ 2,500 dikenakan cukai pada kadar 6%. Kadar cukai jualan dan penggunaan negeri untuk kebanyakan item ialah 7%. Makanan dikenakan cukai pada kadar yang lebih rendah sebanyak 5.25%, tetapi gula-gula, makanan tambahan dan makanan yang disediakan dikenakan cukai pada kadar penuh 7%. Cukai jualan tempatan dikumpulkan di kebanyakan bidang kuasa, dengan kadar berbeza dari 1.5% hingga 2.75%, menjadikan jumlah cukai jualan antara 8.5% dan 9.75%, salah satu daripada tahap tertinggi dalam negara. Hartanah tidak ketara dinilai atas saham stok pemegang saham bagi mana-mana syarikat pinjaman, syarikat pelaburan, syarikat insurans atau syarikat perkuburan untuk keuntungan. Nisbah penilaian adalah 40% daripada nilai yang didarabkan oleh kadar cukai untuk bidang kuasa. Tennessee mengenakan cukai warisan pada estet deseden yang melebihi had pengecualian tunggal maksimum ($ 1,000,000 untuk kematian pada tahun 2006 dan selepas itu). <> Jenis pendapatan apa yang dikecualikan daripada cukai pendapatan negeri Tennessee? || gaji dan upah <> Pada kadar apa cukai jualan dan penggunaan negeri Tennessee biasanya digunakan? || 7% <> Di atas jumlah itu adalah cukai warisan yang digunakan di Tennessee? || $ 1,000,000 <> Apakah cukai jualan pada bahan makanan di Tennessee? || 5.25% <> Item yang boleh dimakan dikenakan cukai pada jualan bukan cukai dan kadar cukai penggunaan di Tennessee? || gula-gula, makanan tambahan dan makanan yang disediakan", {"context": "The Tennessee income tax does not apply to salaries and wages, but most income from stock, bonds and notes receivable is taxable. All taxable dividends and interest which exceed the $1,250 single exemption or the $2,500 joint exemption are taxable at the rate of 6%. The state's sales and use tax rate for most items is 7%. Food is taxed at a lower rate of 5.25%, but candy, dietary supplements and prepared food are taxed at the full 7% rate. Local sales taxes are collected in most jurisdictions, at rates varying from 1.5% to 2.75%, bringing the total sales tax to between 8.5% and 9.75%, one of the highest levels in the nation. Intangible property is assessed on the shares of stock of stockholders of any loan company, investment company, insurance company or for-profit cemetery companies. The assessment ratio is 40% of the value multiplied by the tax rate for the jurisdiction. Tennessee imposes an inheritance tax on decedents' estates that exceed maximum single exemption limits ($1,000,000 for deaths in 2006 and thereafter).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "salaries and wages"}], "question": "What types of income are exempt from Tennessee state income tax?", "id": "572c929ef182dd1900d7c7d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "7%"}], "question": "At what rate is Tennessee state sales and use tax usually applied?", "id": "572c929ef182dd1900d7c7d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 991, "text": "$1,000,000"}], "question": "Above which amount is inheritance tax applied in Tennessee?", "id": "572c929ef182dd1900d7c7da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "5.25%"}], "question": "What is the sales tax on foodstuffs in Tennessee?", "id": "572c929ef182dd1900d7c7db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "candy, dietary supplements and prepared food"}], "question": "Which edible items are taxed at the higher non-food sales and use tax rate in Tennessee?", "id": "572c929ef182dd1900d7c7dc"}]}], ["Peronda Lebuhraya adalah entiti penguatkuasaan undang-undang utama yang menumpukan kepada peraturan keselamatan jalan raya dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang negeri bukan hidupan liar dan berada di bawah bidang kuasa Jabatan Keselamatan Tennessee. TWRA adalah agensi bebas yang ditugaskan untuk menguatkuasakan semua peraturan hidupan liar, berperahu, dan perikanan di luar taman negara. TBI mengekalkan kemudahan penyiasatan yang paling canggih dan merupakan jabatan penyiasat jenayah peringkat negeri utama. Tennessee State Park Rangers bertanggungjawab terhadap semua aktiviti dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang di dalam sistem Tennessee State Parks. <> Yang badan penguatkuasa undang-undang Tennessee mencari pelanggaran keselamatan jalan raya? || Patrol Lebuh Raya <> Agensi Tennessee mana yang menguatkuasakan peraturan hidupan liar negeri di luar taman? || TWRA <> Apakah akronim bagi agensi siasatan jenayah di seluruh Tennessee? || TBI <> Siapa yang menyediakan penguatkuasaan undang-undang di taman negara Tennessee? || Tennessee State Park Rangers", {"context": "The Highway Patrol is the primary law enforcement entity that concentrates on highway safety regulations and general non-wildlife state law enforcement and is under the jurisdiction of the Tennessee Department of Safety. The TWRA is an independent agency tasked with enforcing all wildlife, boating, and fisheries regulations outside of state parks. The TBI maintains state-of-the-art investigative facilities and is the primary state-level criminal investigative department. Tennessee State Park Rangers are responsible for all activities and law enforcement inside the Tennessee State Parks system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Highway Patrol"}], "question": "Which Tennessee law enforcement agency looks for road safety violations?", "id": "572ca85f750c471900ed4cbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "TWRA"}], "question": "Which Tennessee agency enforces state wildlife regulations outside of parks?", "id": "572ca85f750c471900ed4cbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "TBI"}], "question": "What is the acronym for Tennessee's statewide criminal investigation agency?", "id": "572ca85f750c471900ed4cc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Tennessee State Park Rangers"}], "question": "Who provides law enforcement within Tennessee's state parks?", "id": "572ca85f750c471900ed4cc1"}]}], ["Penguatkuasaan undang-undang tempatan dibahagikan antara Pejabat Sheriff dan Jabatan Polis Daerah. Perlembagaan Tennessee memerlukan setiap County mempunyai Sheriff yang dipilih. Dalam 94 daripada 95 daerah Sheriff adalah ketua pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang di wilayah itu dan mempunyai bidang kuasa ke atas wilayah secara keseluruhannya. Setiap Pejabat Sheriff bertanggungjawab untuk perkhidmatan waran, keselamatan mahkamah, operasi penjara dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang utama di kawasan yang tidak diperbadankan di sebuah daerah serta menyediakan sokongan kepada jabatan polis perbandaran. Perbandaran yang diperbadankan dikehendaki mengekalkan jabatan polis untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan polis dalam lingkungan syarikat. <> Yang manakah badan penguatkuasaan undang-undang berkhidmat waran di Tennessee? || Pejabat Sheriff <> Setiap daerah Tennessee mesti memilih mana-mana pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang? || Sheriff <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab memantau kawasan Tennessee yang tidak diperbadankan? || County Sheriff <> Siapa yang menggabungkan kawasan-kawasan di Tennessee? || Jabatan Polis Perbandaran <> Seberapa besar daerah Tennessee mengenali Sheriff mereka sebagai pegawai penguat kuasa undang-undang kepala mereka? || 94 daripada 95", {"context": "Local law enforcement is divided between County Sheriff's Offices and Municipal Police Departments. Tennessee's Constitution requires that each County have an elected Sheriff. In 94 of the 95 counties the Sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer in the county and has jurisdiction over the county as a whole. Each Sheriff's Office is responsible for warrant service, court security, jail operations and primary law enforcement in the unincorporated areas of a county as well as providing support to the municipal police departments. Incorporated municipalities are required to maintain a police department to provide police services within their corporate limits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Sheriff's Office"}], "question": "Which law enforcement entity serves warrants in Tennessee?", "id": "572ca974dfb02c14005c6be4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Sheriff"}], "question": "Each Tennessee county must elect which law enforcement official?", "id": "572ca974dfb02c14005c6be3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "County Sheriff"}], "question": "Who is in charge of policing Tennessee counties' unincorporated areas?", "id": "572ca974dfb02c14005c6be5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Municipal Police Departments"}], "question": "Who polices incorporated areas of Tennessee's counties?", "id": "572ca974dfb02c14005c6be6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "94 of the 95"}], "question": "What proportion of Tennessee counties recognize their Sheriff as their head law enforcement official?", "id": "572ca974dfb02c14005c6be7"}]}], ["Menjelang tahun 1960 orang Amerika Afrika terdiri daripada 16.45% penduduk negeri ini. Tidak sampai selepas pertengahan 1960-an dan laluan Hak Pengundian 1965 bahawa mereka dapat mengundi sepenuhnya sekali lagi, tetapi peranti baru, seperti kerajaan pusat komisen yang besar, telah digunakan dalam beberapa bidang kuasa untuk membatasi penyertaan politik. Bekas Gov. Winfield Dunn dan bekas Senator A.S. Bill Brock memenangi pada tahun 1970 membantu menjadikan Parti Republikan bersaing di kalangan orang kulit putih untuk kemenangan di seluruh negara. Tennessee telah memilih gabenor daripada pelbagai pihak sejak 1970. Semakin ramai Parti Republik telah menjadi parti konservatif putih. <> Pada tahun 1960, kumpulan apa yang membentuk 16.45% penduduk Tennessee? || Afrika Amerika <> Apa Akta Kongres sepenuhnya menghidupkan semula Afrika-Amerika di Tennessee? || Akta Hak Undian 1965 <Yang mana kemenangan Senator Republikan 1970 menunjukkan daya saing yang diperbaharui Parti Republikan di Tennessee? || Bill Brock <> Kawasan mana yang menjadi penyokong kuat Parti Republik di Tennessee? || konservatif putih <> Yang mana Republik telah dipilih Gabenor Tennessee pada tahun 1970? || Winfield Dunn", {"context": "By 1960 African Americans comprised 16.45% of the state's population. It was not until after the mid-1960s and passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that they were able to vote in full again, but new devices, such as at-large commission city governments, had been adopted in several jurisdictions to limit their political participation. Former Gov. Winfield Dunn and former U.S. Sen. Bill Brock wins in 1970 helped make the Republican Party competitive among whites for the statewide victory. Tennessee has selected governors from different parties since 1970. Increasingly the Republican Party has become the party of white conservatives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "African Americans"}], "question": "In 1960, what group made up 16.45% of Tennessee's population?", "id": "572c9ce2750c471900ed4cb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Voting Rights Act of 1965"}], "question": "What Congressional Act fully re-enfranchised African-American in Tennessee?", "id": "572c9ce2750c471900ed4cb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Bill Brock"}], "question": "Which Republican Senator's 1970 victory showed the Republican Party's renewed competitiveness in Tennessee?", "id": "572c9ce2750c471900ed4cb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "white conservatives"}], "question": "Which constituency has become the Republican Party's staunchest supporters in Tennessee?", "id": "572c9ce2750c471900ed4cb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Winfield Dunn"}], "question": "Which Republican was elected Tennessee Governor in 1970?", "id": "572c9ce2750c471900ed4cb8"}]}], ["Selepas disenfranchisement orang kulit hitam, GOP di Tennessee secara historis adalah sebuah parti sectional yang disokong oleh orang kulit putih hanya di bahagian timur negara itu. Pada abad ke-20, kecuali dua tanah runtuh Republikan seluruh negara pada tahun 1920-an (pada tahun 1920, ketika Tennessee sempat menyokong Warren G. Harding atas Gubernur Ohio James Cox, dan pada tahun 1928, ketika ia lebih memilih untuk memilih Herbert Hoover atas Gubernur New York Al Smith , seorang Katolik), negeri itu adalah sebahagian daripada Selatan Pepejal Demokratik sehingga tahun 1950-an. Dalam dekad selepas perang itu, dua kali mengundi bagi Republikan Dwight D. Eisenhower, bekas Panglima Bersekutu Angkatan Tentera semasa Perang Dunia II. Sejak itu, lebih banyak pengundi negeri telah beralih kepada menyokong Republikan, dan calon presiden Demokrat telah membawa Tennessee hanya empat kali. <> Mana calon presiden Republik yang menyokong Tennessee pada tahun 1920? || Warren G. Harding <> Agama apakah yang menjadi calon presiden Demokrat yang Tennessee mengundi pada tahun 1928? || Katolik <> Berapa banyak kali telah menyokong calon presiden Demokrat dalam pilihan raya umum sejak tahun 1950-an? || empat <> yang mana Republikan memenangi presiden ketika membawa Tennessee pada tahun 1928? || Herbert Hoover", {"context": "After disenfranchisement of blacks, the GOP in Tennessee was historically a sectional party supported by whites only in the eastern part of the state. In the 20th century, except for two nationwide Republican landslides of the 1920s (in 1920, when Tennessee narrowly supported Warren G. Harding over Ohio Governor James Cox, and in 1928, when it more decisively voted for Herbert Hoover over New York Governor Al Smith, a Catholic), the state was part of the Democratic Solid South until the 1950s. In that postwar decade, it twice voted for Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, former Allied Commander of the Armed Forces during World War II. Since then, more of the state's voters have shifted to supporting Republicans, and Democratic presidential candidates have carried Tennessee only four times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Warren G. Harding"}], "question": "Which Republican presidential candidate did Tennessee support in 1920?", "id": "572c9bb7f182dd1900d7c7f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Catholic"}], "question": "What religion was the Democratic presidential candidate that Tennessee voted against in 1928?", "id": "572c9bb7f182dd1900d7c7f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many times has Tennessee supported Democratic presidential candidates in the general elections since the 1950s?", "id": "572c9bb7f182dd1900d7c7f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Herbert Hoover"}], "question": "Which Republican won the Presidency while carrying Tennessee in 1928?", "id": "572c9bb7f182dd1900d7c7f9"}]}], ["Dalam pilihan raya presiden 2000, Naib Presiden Al Gore, seorang bekas Senator A.S. Demokrat dari Tennessee, gagal membawa negeri asalnya, satu kejadian yang luar biasa tetapi menunjukkan penguatan sokongan Republikan. Republikan George W. Bush menerima sokongan yang meningkat pada tahun 2004, dengan kemenangannya di negeri ini meningkat dari 4% pada tahun 2000 menjadi 14% pada tahun 2004. Penunjuk presiden dari negara-negara Selatan (seperti Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton ) biasanya lebih baik daripada rakan-rakan Utara yang mereka lakukan di Tennessee, terutamanya di kalangan pengundi tiket berpecah di luar kawasan metropolitan. <> Manakah calon Demokrat yang kehilangan negara sendiri pada pilihan raya umum 2000? || Al Gore <> Dengan apa peratusan undi popular George W. Bush membawa Tennessee pada tahun 2004? || 14% <> Calon presiden demokratik dari mana negara rantau ini telah paling baik dalam sejarah Tennessee baru-baru ini? || Selatan <> Yang mana 2000 calon presiden adalah bekas Senator AS dari Tennessee? || Al Gore", {"context": "In the 2000 presidential election, Vice President Al Gore, a former Democratic U.S. Senator from Tennessee, failed to carry his home state, an unusual occurrence but indicative of strengthening Republican support. Republican George W. Bush received increased support in 2004, with his margin of victory in the state increasing from 4% in 2000 to 14% in 2004. Democratic presidential nominees from Southern states (such as Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton) usually fare better than their Northern counterparts do in Tennessee, especially among split-ticket voters outside the metropolitan areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Al Gore"}], "question": "Which Democratic candidate lost his own state in the 2000 general election?", "id": "572ca218dfb02c14005c6bc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "14%"}], "question": "By what percentage of the popular vote did George W. Bush carry Tennessee in 2004?", "id": "572ca218dfb02c14005c6bca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Southern"}], "question": "Democratic presidential candidates from which region's states have fared best in recent Tennessee history?", "id": "572ca218dfb02c14005c6bcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Al Gore"}], "question": "Which 2000 presidential candidate was a former US Senator from Tennessee?", "id": "572ca218dfb02c14005c6bcc"}]}], ["Keputusan Baker v. Carr (1962) Mahkamah Agung AS menubuhkan prinsip \"satu orang, satu undi\", yang memerlukan perundangan negeri untuk memerintah untuk membahagikan pembahagian Kongres selaras dengan bancian dekade. Ia juga memerlukan kedua-dua rumah perundangan negeri berdasarkan kepada penduduk untuk perwakilan dan bukan daerah geografi seperti daerah. Kes ini timbul daripada tuntutan mahkamah yang mencabar bias luar bandar yang lama untuk pembahagian kerusi di badan perundangan Tennessee. Selepas beberapa dekad di mana penduduk bandar kurang bernasib baik di banyak badan perundangan negeri, keputusan penting ini membawa kepada peningkatan yang tinggi (dan berkadar) dalam politik negara oleh bandar dan, akhirnya, pinggir bandar, penggubal undang-undang dan pemegang amanah seluruh negara berhubung dengan populasi mereka di dalam negeri. Keputusan itu juga digunakan untuk banyak negara lain yang dikendalikan oleh minoriti luar bandar, seperti Alabama, Vermont, dan Montana. <> Yang mana 1962 Amerika Mahkamah Agung memerintah memaksa negeri menyusun semula daerah pengundian mereka untuk mencerminkan penemuan banci? || Baker v Carr <> Ungkapan apa yang menyatakan keputusan Mahkamah Agung 1962 bahawa populasi mengatasi pertimbangan geografi dalam pemilihan daerah? || seorang lelaki, satu undi <> Bias dalam politik Tennessee yang memihak kepada mana jenis daerah geografi menimbulkan kes Mahkamah Agung Baker v Carr? || pedesaan <> Jenis daerah geografi mana yang menjadi lebih kuat dalam politik Tennessee berikutan keputusan Mahkamah Agung 1962? || bandar", {"context": "The Baker v. Carr (1962) decision of the US Supreme Court established the principle of \"one man, one vote\", requiring state legislatures to redistrict to bring Congressional apportionment in line with decennial censuses. It also required both houses of state legislatures to be based on population for representation and not geographic districts such as counties. This case arose out of a lawsuit challenging the longstanding rural bias of apportionment of seats in the Tennessee legislature. After decades in which urban populations had been underrepresented in many state legislatures, this significant ruling led to an increased (and proportional) prominence in state politics by urban and, eventually, suburban, legislators and statewide officeholders in relation to their population within the state. The ruling also applied to numerous other states long controlled by rural minorities, such as Alabama, Vermont, and Montana.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Baker v. Carr"}], "question": "Which 1962 US Supreme Court ruling forced states to realign their voting districts to reflect census findings? ", "id": "572ca3fcf182dd1900d7c812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "one man, one vote"}], "question": "What phrase expresses the Supreme Court's 1962 decision that population overrules geographic consideration in election districting?", "id": "572ca3fcf182dd1900d7c813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "rural"}], "question": "A bias in Tennessee politics favoring which type of geographical district gave rise to the Baker v. Carr Supreme Court case?", "id": "572ca3fcf182dd1900d7c814"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "urban"}], "question": "Which type of geographical district became more powerful in Tennessee politics following the 1962 Supreme Court decision?", "id": "572ca3fcf182dd1900d7c815"}]}], ["Di Knoxville, pasukan perguruan sukarelawan Tennessee telah bermain di Persidangan Pusat Sukan Persatuan Kolej Nasional sejak 1932. Pasukan bola sepak telah memenangi kejuaraan 13 dan 25 Piala, termasuk empat Sugar Bowls, tiga Bowl Kain, Orange Bowl dan Fiesta Mangkuk. Sementara itu, pasukan bola keranjang lelaki telah memenangi empat kejohanan SEC dan mencapai NCAA Elite Eight pada tahun 2010. Di samping itu, pasukan bola keranjang wanita telah memenangi pelbagai musim reguler dan tajuk kejohanan SEC bersama-sama dengan 8 tajuk kebangsaan. <> Berapakah nama samaran Universiti Tennessee, pasukan olahraga Knoxville? || Sukarelawan <> Di mana tahun itu University of Tennessee mula bersaing dalam Persidangan Southeastern NCAA? || 1932 <> Berapa banyak kejohanan bolasepak bola sepak kolej telah memenangi Pertandingan Tennessee? || 25 <> Berapa banyak gelaran kebangsaan yang dituntut oleh pasukan bola keranjang wanita Volunteer Tennessee? || 8 <> Apa yang paling jauh dari Sukarelawan Tennessee telah berkembang dalam kejohanan bola keranjang lelaki NCAA? || Elit Lapan", {"context": "In Knoxville, the Tennessee Volunteers college team has played in the Southeastern Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association since 1932. The football team has won 13 SEC championships and 25 bowls, including four Sugar Bowls, three Cotton Bowls, an Orange Bowl and a Fiesta Bowl. Meanwhile, the men's basketball team has won four SEC championships and reached the NCAA Elite Eight in 2010. In addition, the women's basketball team has won a host of SEC regular-season and tournament titles along with 8 national titles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Volunteers"}], "question": "What is the nickname of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville athletic teams?", "id": "572cabbb2babe914003c29b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "1932"}], "question": "In which year did the University of Tennessee begin competing in the Southeastern Conference of the NCAA?", "id": "572cabbb2babe914003c29b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "25"}], "question": "How many college football bowl championships have the Tennessee Volunteers won?", "id": "572cabbb2babe914003c29ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "8"}], "question": "How many national titles has the Tennessee Volunteers women's basketball team claimed?", "id": "572cabbb2babe914003c29bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Elite Eight"}], "question": "What is the farthest the Tennessee Volunteers have progressed in the NCAA men's basketball tournament?", "id": "572cabbb2babe914003c29bb"}]}], ["Hukuman modal telah wujud di Tennessee pada masa-masa tertentu sejak kebangkitan. Sebelum 1913 kaedah pelaksanaan digantung. Dari 1913 hingga 1915 terdapat hiatus pada hukuman mati tetapi mereka telah dibaikpulih semula pada tahun 1916 apabila elektrik menjadi kaedah baru. Dari 1972 hingga 1978, selepas Mahkamah Agung memutuskan (Furman v. Georgia) hukuman mati tidak berperlembagaan, tidak ada hukuman mati lagi. Hukuman modal telah dimulakan semula pada tahun 1978, walaupun para tahanan yang menunggu pelaksanaan antara tahun 1960 dan 1978 mempunyai kalimat mereka yang kebanyakannya berubah menjadi kehidupan di penjara. Dari tahun 1916 hingga 1960, kerajaan menyempurnakan 125 penghuni. Atas pelbagai alasan, tidak ada lagi hukuman mati sehingga tahun 2000. Sejak tahun 2000, Tennessee telah mengeksekusi enam tahanan dan mempunyai 73 tahanan atas kematian (sehingga April 2015). <> Apakah kaedah yang digunakan oleh Tennessee untuk hukuman mati sebelum 1913? || menggantung <> Di mana tahun itu elektrik telah diperkenalkan sebagai kaedah pelaksanaan Tennessee? || 1916 <> Berapa ramai penghukum yang telah dilaksanakan oleh Tennessee sejak tahun 2000? || enam <> Berapa banyak penghuni barisan kematian sedang menunggu di Tennessee pada April 2015? || 73 <> Berapa ramai tahanan yang tampil di Tennessee antara tahun 1916 dan 1960? || 125", {"context": "Capital punishment has existed in Tennessee at various times since statehood. Before 1913 the method of execution was hanging. From 1913 to 1915 there was a hiatus on executions but they were reinstated in 1916 when electrocution became the new method. From 1972 to 1978, after the Supreme Court ruled (Furman v. Georgia) capital punishment unconstitutional, there were no further executions. Capital punishment was restarted in 1978, although those prisoners awaiting execution between 1960 and 1978 had their sentences mostly commuted to life in prison. From 1916 to 1960 the state executed 125 inmates. For a variety of reasons there were no further executions until 2000. Since 2000, Tennessee has executed six prisoners and has 73 prisoners on death row (as of April 2015).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "hanging"}], "question": "What method did Tennessee use for capital punishment before 1913?", "id": "572caa632babe914003c29ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "1916"}], "question": "In which year was electrocution introduced as Tennessee's method of execution?", "id": "572caa632babe914003c29af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many inmates has Tennessee executed since 2000?", "id": "572caa632babe914003c29b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "73"}], "question": "How many death row inmates were awaiting executing in Tennessee in April 2015?", "id": "572caa632babe914003c29b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "125"}], "question": "How many prisoners did Tennessee execute between 1916 and 1960?", "id": "572caa632babe914003c29b0"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-21, pengundi Republik mengawal kebanyakan negeri, terutamanya di kawasan lebih pedalaman dan pinggir bandar di luar bandar; Kekuatan demokratik kebanyakannya terhad kepada teras bandar di empat bandar utama, dan sangat kuat di bandar-bandar Nashville dan Memphis. Kawasan yang terakhir ini termasuk penduduk Afrika-Amerika yang besar. Secara sejarah, Republikan mempunyai kekuatan terbesar di Tennessee Timur sebelum tahun 1960-an. Daerah kongres 1 dan 2 di Tennessee, yang berpangkalan di Tri-Cities dan Knoxville, adalah antara beberapa daerah Republikan bersejarah di Selatan. Penduduk daerah tersebut menyokong Kesatuan atas Konfederasi semasa Perang Saudara; mereka telah dikenal pasti dengan GOP selepas perang dan telah tinggal dengan parti sejak itu. Yang pertama telah berada di tangan Republik sejak tahun 1881, dan Republikan (atau pendahulu mereka) telah memegangnya untuk semua tetapi empat tahun sejak 1859. Kedua telah diadakan secara terus oleh Republikan atau pendahulu mereka sejak tahun 1859. < paling menyokong Parti Demokratik? || Nashville dan Memphis <> Yang bandar Tennessee mempunyai penduduk Afrika-Amerika yang terbesar? || Memphis <> Yang mana dua daerah kongres di Tennessee mempunyai rekod terpanjang untuk memihak kepada calon Republikan? || 1 dan 2 <> Sejak tahun mana telah distrik kongres 1 Tennessee mengundi secara menyeluruh Republik? || 1881 <> Yang mana dua kawasan metropolitan Tennessee paling menyokong Parti Republikan? || Tri-Cities dan Knoxville", {"context": "In the early 21st century, Republican voters control most of the state, especially in the more rural and suburban areas outside of the cities; Democratic strength is mostly confined to the urban cores of the four major cities, and is particularly strong in the cities of Nashville and Memphis. The latter area includes a large African-American population. Historically, Republicans had their greatest strength in East Tennessee before the 1960s. Tennessee's 1st and 2nd congressional districts, based in the Tri-Cities and Knoxville, respectively, are among the few historically Republican districts in the South. Those districts' residents supported the Union over the Confederacy during the Civil War; they identified with the GOP after the war and have stayed with that party ever since. The 1st has been in Republican hands continuously since 1881, and Republicans (or their antecedents) have held it for all but four years since 1859. The 2nd has been held continuously by Republicans or their antecedents since 1859.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Nashville and Memphis"}], "question": "Which two Tennessee cities are most supportive of the Democratic Party?", "id": "572ca113dfb02c14005c6bb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Memphis"}], "question": "Which Tennessee city has the largest African-American population?", "id": "572ca113dfb02c14005c6bb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "1st and 2nd"}], "question": "Which two eastern Tennessee congressional districts have the longest track record of favoring Republican candidates?", "id": "572ca113dfb02c14005c6bb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "1881"}], "question": "Since which year has Tennessee's 1st congressional district voted overwhelmingly Republican?", "id": "572ca113dfb02c14005c6bb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Tri-Cities and Knoxville"}], "question": "Which two Tennessee metropolitan areas have been most supportive of the Republican Party?", "id": "572ca113dfb02c14005c6bb9"}]}], ["Semasa Pembinaan Semula, orang yang bebas dan bekas orang warna percuma telah diberikan hak untuk mengundi; paling banyak menyertai Parti Republikan. Banyak orang Amerika Afrika terpilih ke pejabat tempatan, dan beberapa pejabat negeri. Berikutan Pembinaan Semula, Tennessee terus mempunyai politik parti yang kompetitif. Tetapi pada tahun 1880-an, kerajaan negeri yang didominasi putih meluluskan empat undang-undang, yang terakhir mengenakan keperluan cukai undian untuk pendaftaran pengundi. Ini berfungsi untuk meremehkan kebanyakan orang Amerika Afrika, dan kuasa mereka di Partai Republik, negara, dan kota di mana mereka memiliki penduduk yang signifikan telah dikurangi dengan ketara. Pada tahun 1900 orang Afrika Afrika terdiri daripada 23.8 peratus daripada penduduk negeri ini, tertumpu di Tennessee Tengah dan Barat. Pada awal 1900-an, badan perundangan negeri meluluskan satu bentuk komisen kerajaan untuk bandar-bandar berdasarkan pengundian yang agak besar untuk beberapa jawatan di sebuah Lembaga Suruhanjaya; beberapa mengadopsi ini sebagai satu lagi cara untuk menghadkan penyertaan politik Afrika-Amerika. Pada tahun 1913, badan perundangan negeri menggubal rang undang-undang yang membolehkan bandar-bandar menggunakan struktur ini tanpa kelulusan perundangan. <> Parti mana yang pernah paling bekas budak menyertai apabila mereka diberi hak untuk mengundi selepas Perang Saudara? || Republikan <> Di mana dekad itu dewan perundangan Tennessee menubuhkan cukai undian? || 1880-an <> Parti mana yang merosot dalam politik Tennessee berikutan perundangan pembaharuan mengundi semasa Rekonstruksi? || Republikan <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk Tennessee adalah Afrika-Amerika pada tahun 1900? || 23.8 <> Pada tahun 1913, badan perundangan negara Tennessee membuat struktur organisasinya sebagai bentuk lalai kerajaan bandar di negara ini? || Lembaga Suruhanjaya", {"context": "During Reconstruction, freedmen and former free people of color were granted the right to vote; most joined the Republican Party. Numerous African Americans were elected to local offices, and some to state office. Following Reconstruction, Tennessee continued to have competitive party politics. But in the 1880s, the white-dominated state government passed four laws, the last of which imposed a poll tax requirement for voter registration. These served to disenfranchise most African Americans, and their power in the Republican Party, the state, and cities where they had significant population was markedly reduced. In 1900 African Americans comprised 23.8 percent of the state's population, concentrated in Middle and West Tennessee. In the early 1900s, the state legislature approved a form of commission government for cities based on at-large voting for a few positions on a Board of Commission; several adopted this as another means to limit African-American political participation. In 1913 the state legislature enacted a bill enabling cities to adopt this structure without legislative approval.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "Which party did most former slaves join when they were given the right to vote after the Civil War?", "id": "572c9ab62babe914003c29a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "1880s"}], "question": "In which decade did the Tennessee legislature institute a poll tax?", "id": "572c9ab62babe914003c29a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "Which party declined in Tennessee politics following voting reform legislation during Reconstruction?", "id": "572c9ab62babe914003c29a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "23.8"}], "question": "What percentage of the Tennessee population was African-American in 1900?", "id": "572c9ab62babe914003c29a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "Board of Commission"}], "question": "In 1913, the Tennessee state legislature made which organizational structure the default form of city government in the state?", "id": "572c9ab62babe914003c29a8"}]}]], [["Semasa era punk awal, pelbagai usahawan yang berminat dalam tabung muzik berpengaruh punk tempatan mula menubuhkan label rekod bebas, termasuk Rough Trade (yang diasaskan oleh pemilik kedai rekod Geoff Travis) dan Pabrik (yang diasaskan oleh personaliti televisyen Manchester-Tony Wilson). Menjelang tahun 1977, kumpulan-kumpulan mula dengan tajam mengejar kaedah melepaskan muzik secara bebas, satu idea yang disebarkan secara khusus oleh pembebasan Buzzcocks 'EP Spiral Scratch EP mereka pada label mereka sendiri serta perseorangan yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1977 iaitu Sepuluh Desertate Bicycles. Imperatif DIY ini akan membantu membentuk infrastruktur pengeluaran dan pengedaran post-punk dan adegan muzik indie yang kemudian berkembang pada pertengahan 1980-an. <> WHE syarikat muzik bebas yang diasaskan oleh Geoff Travis? || Perdagangan kasar <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Kilang? || Tony Wilson <> Bilakah melepaskan muzik secara mendalam benar-benar memukul populariti? || 1977 <> Siapa yang melepaskan Scratch Spiral pada label mereka sendiri? || Buzzcocks <> Ketika adegan muzik indo mula berkembang? || pertengahan 1980-an <> Apakah banyak usahawan yang berminat dalam adegan muzik punk yang dipengaruhi tempatan mereka? || label rekod bebas <> Siapa yang mengasaskan label rekod Perdagangan kasar? || Geoff Travis <> Di manakah kilang Tony Wilson? || Manchester <> Bilakah beberapa kumpulan mula mencari kaedah untuk melepaskan muzik mereka sendiri? || 1977 <> Label siapa yang Buzzcocks membebaskan EP Scratch EP mereka? || mereka punya", {"context": "During the initial punk era, a variety of entrepreneurs interested in local punk-influenced music scenes began founding independent record labels, including Rough Trade (founded by record shop owner Geoff Travis) and Factory (founded by Manchester-based television personality Tony Wilson). By 1977, groups began pointedly pursuing methods of releasing music independently , an idea disseminated in particular by the Buzzcocks' release of their Spiral Scratch EP on their own label as well as the self-released 1977 singles of Desperate Bicycles. These DIY imperatives would help form the production and distribution infrastructure of post-punk and the indie music scene that later blossomed in the mid-1980s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Rough Trade"}], "question": "WHich independent music company was founded by Geoff Travis?", "id": "572d3ee8b297151900c7ce8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Tony Wilson"}], "question": "Who founded Factory?", "id": "572d3ee8b297151900c7ce8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "1977"}], "question": "When did releasing music indepentently really hit popularity?", "id": "572d3ee8b297151900c7ce8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Buzzcocks"}], "question": "Who released Spiral Scratch on their own label?", "id": "572d3ee8b297151900c7ce90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "mid-1980s"}], "question": "When did the indoe music scene begin to grow?", "id": "572d3ee8b297151900c7ce91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "independent record labels"}], "question": "What did many entrepreneurs interested in their local punk-influenced music scenes found?", "id": "572e763cdfa6aa1500f8d003"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Geoff Travis"}], "question": "Who founded the record label Rough Trade?", "id": "572e763cdfa6aa1500f8d004"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Manchester"}], "question": "Where was Tony Wilson's Factory based?", "id": "572e763cdfa6aa1500f8d005"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "1977"}], "question": "When did some groups start looking for methods to release their music themselves?", "id": "572e763cdfa6aa1500f8d006"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "their own"}], "question": "Whose label did the Buzzcocks release their Spiral Scratch EP on?", "id": "572e763cdfa6aa1500f8d007"}]}], ["Pada akhir tahun 1977, penulis muzik untuk Bunyi pertama kali menggunakan istilah \"New Musick\" dan \"post punk\" untuk menggambarkan tindakan British seperti Siouxsie dan Banshees dan Wire, yang mula bereksperimen dengan bunyi, lirik dan estetik yang berbeza jauh dari zaman silam mereka . Penulis Jon Savage menyifatkan beberapa perkembangan awal ini sebagai menerokai \"pengikisan bandar yang keras [,] bunyi putih terkawal\" dan \"drumming secara beransur-ansur beraksen\". Pada bulan Januari 1978, penyanyi John Lydon (kemudian dikenali sebagai Johnny Rotten) mengumumkan pemecatan band punk perintisnya Sex Pistols, yang mengutuk kekecewaannya dengan kepelbagaian muzik dan kepintaran muzik punk oleh kepentingan komersil, serta hasratnya untuk meneroka lebih pelbagai kepentingan. <> Bilakah penulis untuk Bunyi pertama menyebut \"post punk\"? || lewat 1977 <> Apa yang dilakukan Wire dengan bunyi, lirik dan estetika yang banyak berbeza dari rakan-rakan mereka? || bereksperimen <> Apa jalan karier yang dilakukan Jon Savage dalam hidup? || Penulis <> Bilakah seks Pistols berpecah? || Januari 1978 <> Siapa yang disokong Siouxsie? || Banshees <> Apakah contoh-contoh band British yang disebut post-punk? || Siouxsie dan Banshees dan Wire <> Siapa yang membangkitkan post-punk \"pengikisan bandar keras [,] bunyi putih terkawal\" dan \"drumming secara besar-besaran beraksen\"? || Jon Savage <> Penyanyi utama band itu ialah Johnny Rotten? || Sex Pistols <> Apakah nama sebenar Johnny Rotten? || John Lydon <> Bilakah Pistols Seks dipecah? || 1978", {"context": "In late 1977, music writers for Sounds first used the terms \"New Musick\" and \"post punk\" to describe British acts such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire, who began experimenting with sounds, lyrics and aesthetics that differed significantly from their punk contemporaries. Writer Jon Savage described some of these early developments as exploring \"harsh urban scrapings [,] controlled white noise\" and \"massively accented drumming\". In January 1978, singer John Lydon (then known as Johnny Rotten) announced the break-up of his pioneering punk band the Sex Pistols, citing his disillusionment with punk's musical predictability and cooption by commercial interests, as well as his desire to explore more diverse interests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "late 1977"}], "question": "When did writers for Sounds first mention \"post punk\"?", "id": "572e83e003f9891900756701"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "experimenting"}], "question": "What did Wire do with sounds, lyrics and aesthetics which different a lot from their peers?", "id": "572e83e003f9891900756702"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Writer"}], "question": "What career path did Jon Savage take in life?", "id": "572e83e003f9891900756703"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "January 1978"}], "question": "When did the Sex Pistols break up?", "id": "572e83e003f9891900756704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "the Banshees"}], "question": "Who was Siouxsie backed by?", "id": "572e83e003f9891900756705"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire"}], "question": "What are examples of British bands termed post-punk?", "id": "572f5b9da23a5019007fc591"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Jon Savage"}], "question": "Who connsidered post-punk \"harsh urban scrapings [,] controlled white noise\" and \"massively accented drumming\"?", "id": "572f5b9da23a5019007fc592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Sex Pistols"}], "question": "Which band's lead singer was Johnny Rotten?", "id": "572f5b9da23a5019007fc593"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "John Lydon"}], "question": "What was Johnny Rotten's real name?", "id": "572f5b9da23a5019007fc594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "1978"}], "question": "When did the Sex Pistols break up?", "id": "572f5b9da23a5019007fc595"}]}], ["Minggu selepas mengakhiri Sex Pistols, Lydon membentuk kumpulan eksperimen Public Image Ltd dan mengisytiharkan projek itu sebagai \"anti muzik dalam apa jua bentuk\". Imej Awam dan perbuatan lain seperti Pop Group dan Slits telah mula bereksperimen dengan muzik tarian, teknik pengeluaran dub dan avant garde, manakala Manchester yang terhutang budi bertindak seperti Joy Division, The Fall dan A Certain Ratio mengembangkan gaya unik yang Menarik pelbagai pengaruh yang berbeza merentasi muzik dan kesusasteraan moden. Band-band seperti Scritti Politti, Gang of Four dan This Heat menggabungkan falsafah politik Kiri dan kajian sekolah seni mereka sendiri dalam kerja mereka. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab membubarkan Pistols Seks? || Lydon <> Apa kumpulan yang mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai anti-muzik apa-apa? || Public Image Ltd <> Di manakah Bahagian Joy berasal dari? || Manchester <> Apa jenis kesusasteraan yang menyumbang kepada gaya unik Divisi Joy? || modernist <> Apa akhir spektrum politik adalah falsafah politik Gang of Four? || Kiri <> Band apa yang dilakukan Johnny Rotten selepas Sex Pistols? || Public Image Ltd <> Apakah jenis kumpulan yang Public Image Ltd? || \"anti muzik dalam apa jua bentuk\" <> Mana band yang digabungkan dengan politik kiri dengan kajian sekolah seni? || Scritti Politti, Geng Empat dan Haba Ini <> Apa beberapa band post-punk British dari Manchester? || Bahagian Joy, Kejatuhan dan Nisbah Tertentu <> Mana band post-punk yang mula memupuk ke dalam hal-hal seperti dub dan muzik tarian? || Pop Group dan Slits", {"context": "Weeks after ending the Sex Pistols, Lydon formed the experimental group Public Image Ltd and declared the project to be \"anti music of any kind\". Public Image and other acts such as the Pop Group and the Slits had begun experimenting with dance music, dub production techniques and the avant-garde, while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio developed unique styles which drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist literature. Bands such as Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat incorporated Leftist political philosophy and their own art school studies in their work.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Lydon"}], "question": "Who was responsible for disbanding the Sex Pistols?", "id": "572e90dccb0c0d14000f12b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Public Image Ltd"}], "question": "What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind?", "id": "572e90dccb0c0d14000f12b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Manchester"}], "question": "Where did Joy Division hail from?", "id": "572e90dccb0c0d14000f12b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "modernist"}], "question": "What type of literature contributed to Joy Division's unique style?", "id": "572e90dccb0c0d14000f12b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Leftist"}], "question": "What end of the political spectrum was the political philosophy of Gang of Four?", "id": "572e90dccb0c0d14000f12b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Public Image Ltd"}], "question": "What band did Johnny Rotten form after the Sex Pistols?", "id": "572f6195947a6a140053c8fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "\"anti music of any kind\""}], "question": "What kind of group was Public Image Ltd?", "id": "572f6195947a6a140053c8ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat"}], "question": "Which bands combined way left politics with art school studies?", "id": "572f6195947a6a140053c900"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio"}], "question": "What are some British post-punk bands from Manchester?", "id": "572f6195947a6a140053c901"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Pop Group and the Slits"}], "question": "Which post-punk bands began to branch off into things like dub and dance music?", "id": "572f6195947a6a140053c902"}]}], ["Istilah \"post-punk\" pertama kali digunakan oleh wartawan pada akhir 1970-an untuk menggambarkan kumpulan yang bergerak melampaui templat sonic punk ke kawasan yang berbeza. Kebanyakan artis ini, pada mulanya terinspirasi oleh etika dan tenaga DIY punk, akhirnya menjadi kecewa dengan gaya dan pergerakan, merasakan bahawa ia telah jatuh ke dalam formula komersil, konvensyen batu dan parodi diri. Mereka menafikan tuntutan populisnya terhadap kebolehcapaian dan kesederhanaan mentah, sebaliknya melihat peluang untuk memecahkan tradisi muzik, menumbangkan tempat umum dan mencabar penonton. Artis memindahkan fokus kepada perhatian para penduduk kelas putih, lelaki, kelas pekerja dan meninggalkan kebergantungan yang berterusan terhadap tropika rock rock dan roll, seperti perkembangan tiga kord dan riff gitar Chuck Berry. Artis-artis ini menggambarkan punk sebagai \"penting untuk perubahan berterusan\", mempercayai bahawa \"kandungan radikal menuntut bentuk radikal\". <> Siapa yang mencipta istilah post-punk? || wartawan di akhir 1970-an <> Apa istilah baru, post-punk, cover? || kumpulan yang bergerak melampaui templat sonic punk ke kawasan-kawasan yang berbeza <> Apa yang memberi inspirasi kepada para seniman post-punk awal? || etika dan tenaga DIY punk <> Mengapa post-punk jatuh cinta dengan punk? || formula komersial, konvensyen batu dan parodi diri <> Apa yang diyakini oleh para seniman post-punk yang baru? || \"kandungan radikal menuntut bentuk radikal\" <> Siapa yang pertama menggunakan istilah \"post-punk\"? || wartawan <> Kapan \"post-punk\" pertama kali digunakan untuk mula menggambarkan artis? || lewat tahun 1970-an <> Apa banyak artis-artis pasca-punk yang diilhamkan oleh? || etika dan tenaga DIY punk <> Berapa banyak lagu yang biasa digunakan oleh lagu-lagu punk standard? || tiga <> Apa yang dirasai oleh artis pasca-punk ada yang perlu dilakukan? || ubah", {"context": "The term \"post-punk\" was first used by journalists in the late 1970s to describe groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas. Many of these artists, initially inspired by punk's DIY ethic and energy, ultimately became disillusioned with the style and movement, feeling that it had fallen into commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody. They repudiated its populist claims to accessibility and raw simplicity, instead seeing an opportunity to break with musical tradition, subvert commonplaces and challenge audiences. Artists moved beyonds punk's focus on the concerns of a largely white, male, working class population and abandoned its continued reliance on established rock and roll tropes, such as three-chord progressions and Chuck Berry-based guitar riffs. These artists instead defined punk as \"an imperative to constant change\", believing that \"radical content demands radical form\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "journalists in the late 1970s"}], "question": "Who coined the term post-punk?", "id": "572d10fadfb02c14005c6c27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas"}], "question": "What dis the new term, post-punk, cover?", "id": "572d10fadfb02c14005c6c28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "punk's DIY ethic and energy"}], "question": "What inspired early post-punk artists?", "id": "572d10fadfb02c14005c6c29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody"}], "question": "Why did post-punk fall out of love with punk?", "id": "572d10fadfb02c14005c6c2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 882, "text": "\"radical content demands radical form\""}], "question": "What did the new post-punk artists believe?", "id": "572d10fadfb02c14005c6c2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "journalists"}], "question": "Who were the first to use the term \"post-punk\"?", "id": "572e5dabcb0c0d14000f1188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "late 1970s"}], "question": "When was \"post-punk\" first used to start describing artists?", "id": "572e5dabcb0c0d14000f1189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "punk's DIY ethic and energy"}], "question": "What were many post-punk artists originally inspired by?", "id": "572e5dabcb0c0d14000f118a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many chords did standard punk songs typically use?", "id": "572e5dabcb0c0d14000f118b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "change"}], "question": "What did post-punk artists feel there was an imperative to constantly do?", "id": "572e5dabcb0c0d14000f118c"}]}], ["Ketika pergerakan punk awal berkurang, adegan baru yang bertenaga mulai menyatukan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengejar bunyi percubaan dan wilayah konseptual yang lebih luas dalam kerja mereka. Kebanyakan artis ini menarik latar belakang dalam seni dan melihat muzik mereka seperti yang dilaburkan dalam agenda politik atau estetik tertentu. Penerbitan muzik British seperti NME dan Bunyi mengembangkan bahagian yang berpengaruh dalam kebudayaan post-punk ini, dengan penulis seperti Jon Savage, Paul Morley dan Ian Penman mengembangkan gaya kritis yang padat (dan sering bermain-main) yang menarik pada teori kritis, radikal politik dan pelbagai eklektik sumber-sumber lain. <> Apabila pergerakan punk mulai menyusut, apa yang mula mengisi kekosongan yang ditinggalkan oleh kematian mereka? || adegan baru yang bertenaga <> Wilayah apakah yang dilakukan oleh band-band pasca-punk dalam karya mereka? || konseptual yang lebih luas <> Apa majalah muzik kewarganegaraan mempunyai bahagian yang berpengaruh dalam budaya post-punk? || British <> Apa yang profesional yang diketahui oleh Ian Penman? || penulis <> latar belakang apa yang telah dilakukan oleh ramai artis awal? || seni <> Siapa yang terkenal penulis yang meliputi era post-punk? || Jon Savage, Paul Morley dan Ian Penman <> Apakah sumber-sumber media kebudayaan post-punk yang popular? || NME dan Bunyi <> Apa band yang masuk pada tumit post-punk bermula seperti bunyi? || bunyi percubaan dan wilayah konseptual yang lebih luas <> Apakah latar belakang umum pemuzik pasca-punk? || latar belakang dalam seni <> Apakah tema yang sama untuk muzik pasca-punk? || agenda politik atau estetik", {"context": "As the initial punk movement dwindled, vibrant new scenes began to coalesce out of a variety of bands pursuing experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory in their work. Many of these artists drew on backgrounds in art and viewed their music as invested in particular political or aesthetic agendas. British music publications such as the NME and Sounds developed an influential part in this nascent post-punk culture, with writers like Jon Savage, Paul Morley and Ian Penman developing a dense (and often playful) style of criticism that drew on critical theory, radical politics and an eclectic variety of other sources.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "vibrant new scenes"}], "question": "When the punk movement started shrinking, what began to fill the void left by their demise?", "id": "572e8aaec246551400ce4316"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "wider conceptual"}], "question": "What territory did the post-punk bands pursue in their works?", "id": "572e8aaec246551400ce4317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "British"}], "question": "What nationality's music magazines had an influential part of post-punk culture?", "id": "572e8aaec246551400ce4318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "writers"}], "question": "What professional is Ian Penman known from?", "id": "572e8aaec246551400ce4319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "art"}], "question": "What kind of background did many of the initial post-punk artists have?", "id": "572e8aaec246551400ce431a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Jon Savage, Paul Morley and Ian Penman"}], "question": "Who were well known authors covering the post-punk era?", "id": "572f8332a23a5019007fc6b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "NME and Sounds"}], "question": "What were popular post-punk culture media sources?", "id": "572f8332a23a5019007fc6b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory"}], "question": "What were the bands coming in on the heels of post-punk beginning to sound like?", "id": "572f8332a23a5019007fc6b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "backgrounds in art"}], "question": "What was a common background of post-punk musicians?", "id": "572f8332a23a5019007fc6ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "political or aesthetic agendas"}], "question": "What was a common theme to post-punk music?", "id": "572f8332a23a5019007fc6bb"}]}], ["Secara umum, muzik pasca-punk ditakrifkan sebagai muzik yang muncul dari persekitaran kebudayaan punk rock pada akhir 1970-an, walaupun banyak kumpulan yang kini dikategorikan sebagai post-punk yang mula-mula ditanam di bawah payung luas punk atau muzik gelombang baru, hanya menjadi berbeza kerana terma-terma ini menandakan gaya yang lebih sempit. Di samping itu, ketepatan awalan kronologi \"jawatan\" istilah telah dipertikaikan, kerana pelbagai kumpulan yang biasanya dilabelkan sebagai post-punk sebenarnya mendahului pergerakan punk rock. Reynolds mendefinisikan era post-punk seperti yang berlaku lama antara 1978 dan 1984. <> Apakah post-punk? || muzik yang muncul dari persekitaran kebudayaan punk rock pada akhir 1970-an <> Apa lagi muzik yang tidak betul-betul diterbitkan sebelum post-punk? || muzik gelombang baru <> Mengapa istilah post-punk kadangkala dipertikaikan? || pelbagai kumpulan yang biasanya dilabelkan sebagai post-punk sebenarnya mendahului pergerakan punk rock <> Apa era post-punk yang diterima? || antara 1978 dan 1984 <> Apa pergerakan sebelum ini adalah post-punk yang sering dikenal pasti sebagai datangnya? || punk rock <> Apakah banyak kumpulan yang kini dilabelkan sebagai post-punk pada mulanya dikategorikan sebagai? || punk atau muzik gelombang baru <> Mengapakah pos 'awalan' menyebabkan sedikit pertikaian kerana ia berkaitan dengan pelbagai kumpulan pasca-punk? || mendahului gerakan punk rock <> Siapa yang telah menentukan tempoh ketika era post-punk itu? || Reynolds <> Antara tahun berapa Reynolds mengenal pasti era post-punk seperti yang ada? || 1978 dan 1984", {"context": "Generally, post-punk music is defined as music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s, although many groups now categorized as post-punk were initially subsumed under the broad umbrella of punk or new wave music, only becoming differentiated as the terms came to signify more narrow styles. Additionally, the accuracy of the term's chronological prefix \"post\" has been disputed, as various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement. Reynolds defined the post-punk era as occurring loosely between 1978 and 1984.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s"}], "question": "What is post-punk?", "id": "572d3b0d8351f81400e9d37d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "new wave music"}], "question": "What else was music incorrectly catagorized into before post-punk?", "id": "572d3b0d8351f81400e9d37e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement"}], "question": "Why is the term post-punk sometimes disputed?", "id": "572d3b0d8351f81400e9d37f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "between 1978 and 1984"}], "question": "What is the acctepted era of post-punk?", "id": "572d3b0d8351f81400e9d380"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "punk rock"}], "question": "What previous movement is post-punk often identified as coming after?", "id": "572e6bacc246551400ce422c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "punk or new wave music"}], "question": "What were many groups now labeled as post-punk initially categorized as?", "id": "572e6bacc246551400ce422d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "predate the punk rock movement"}], "question": "Why has the prefix 'post' caused a bit of dispute as it relates to various post-punk groups?", "id": "572e6bacc246551400ce422e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Reynolds"}], "question": "Who has defined a period of when the post-punk era was?", "id": "572e6bacc246551400ce422f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "1978 and 1984"}], "question": "Between what years did Reynolds identify the post-punk era as existing?", "id": "572e6bacc246551400ce4230"}]}], ["Walaupun muzik berbeza-beza di antara rantau dan artis, pergerakan pasca-punk telah dicirikan oleh \"serangan konseptual\" pada konvensyen batu dan penolakan estetika dianggap sebagai tradisionalis, hegemonik atau rockist yang memihak kepada eksperimen dengan teknik pengeluaran dan bukan rock gaya muzik seperti dub, muzik elektronik, disko, bunyi bising, jazz, krautrock, muzik dunia dan avant-garde. Walaupun pemuzik pasca-punk sering dielakkan atau sengaja mengaburkan pengaruh konvensional, gaya muzik terdahulu telah berfungsi sebagai batu sentuh untuk pergerakan itu, termasuk jenama glam, seni rock dan \"[bawah] gelap di bawah '60s muzik.\" [Nb 1] kepada Reynolds, artis sekali lagi mendekati studio sebagai instrumen, menggunakan kaedah rakaman baru dan meneruskan wilayah sonik novel. Penulis Matthew Bannister menulis bahawa para seniman post-punk menolak peninggalan budaya tinggi 1960-an artis rock seperti Beatles dan Bob Dylan serta paradigma yang mendefinisikan \"batu sebagai progresif, sebagai seni, sebagai perfeksionisme studio 'steril' ... dengan mengadopsi avant garde estetik \". <> Apakah perkara-perkara yang benar-benar berlaku dalam post-punk? || percubaan dengan teknik pengeluaran <> Apakah gaya non-rock yang digunakan sebagai post-punk sebagai inspirasi? || dub, muzik elektronik, disko, bunyi bising, jazz, krautrock, muzik dunia dan avant garde <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh estetika Matthew Bannister dengan post-punk? || avant-garde <> Apa muzik yang akhirnya menamatkan post-punk? || rujukan budaya yang tinggi dari seniman rock tahun 1960 <> Sebagai pergerakan, post-punk telah dicirikan oleh serangan konseptual tentang konvensi apa? || rock <> Apakah post-punk menolak mana-mana yang dianggap sebagai tradisionalis, hegemoni, atau rockist? || estetika <> Apa salah satu aspek asas post-punk sangat menggalakkan? || percubaan <> Bagaimana artis-artis pasca-punk sekali lagi mendekati studio? || sebagai instrumen <> Apakah rujukan yang dilakukan para seniman post-punk menolak seniman rock tahun 1960? || budaya yang tinggi", {"context": "Though the music varied widely between regions and artists, the post-punk movement has been characterized by its \"conceptual assault\" on rock conventions and rejection of aesthetics perceived of as traditionalist, hegemonic or rockist in favor of experimentation with production techniques and non-rock musical styles such as dub, electronic music, disco, noise, jazz, krautrock, world music and the avant-garde. While post-punk musicians often avoided or intentionally obscured conventional influences, previous musical styles did serve as touchstones for the movement, including particular brands of glam, art rock and \"[the] dark undercurrent of '60s music\".[nb 1] According to Reynolds, artists once again approached the studio as an instrument, using new recording methods and pursuing novel sonic territories. Author Matthew Bannister wrote that post-punk artists rejected the high cultural references of 1960s rock artists like the Beatles and Bob Dylan as well as paradigms that defined \"rock as progressive, as art, as 'sterile' studio perfectionism ... by adopting an avant-garde aesthetic\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "experimentation with production techniques"}], "question": "What were the things that post-punk really got into?", "id": "572d31bfb297151900c7ce85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "dub, electronic music, disco, noise, jazz, krautrock, world music and the avant-garde"}], "question": "What are non-rock styles that post-punk used as inspiration?", "id": "572d31bfb297151900c7ce86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "avant-garde"}], "question": "What aesthetic did Matthew Bannister associate with post-punk?", "id": "572d31bfb297151900c7ce87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "high cultural references of 1960s rock artists"}], "question": "What music did post-punk end to reject?", "id": "572d31bfb297151900c7ce88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "rock"}], "question": "As a movement, post-punk has been characterized by its conceptual assault on what conventions?", "id": "572e64b9c246551400ce4222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "aesthetics"}], "question": "What does post-punk reject any of which are perceived as being traditionalist, hegemonic, or rockist?", "id": "572e64b9c246551400ce4223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "experimentation"}], "question": "What is one of the foundational aspects post-punk is deeply favorable towards?", "id": "572e64b9c246551400ce4224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "as an instrument"}], "question": "How did post-punk artists once again approach the studio?", "id": "572e64b9c246551400ce4225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "high cultural"}], "question": "What references did post-punk artists specifically reject of the 1960s rock artists?", "id": "572e64b9c246551400ce4226"}]}], ["Skop istilah \"post-punk\" tertakluk kepada kontroversi. Walaupun beberapa pengkritik, seperti AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, telah menggunakan istilah \"post-punk\" untuk menunjukkan \"bentuk yang lebih mencabar dan artistik punk\", yang lain mencadangkan ia berkaitan dengan satu set sensasi dan pendekatan artistik daripada mana-mana penyatuan gaya. Wartawan muzik dan ulama pasca punk Simon Reynolds telah menganjurkan bahawa post-punk dianggap sebagai \"kurang genre muzik daripada ruang kemungkinan\", mencadangkan bahawa \"apa yang menyatukan semua aktiviti ini adalah satu set imperatif terbuka: inovasi; ganjil yang sengaja, penyitaan sengaja semua perkara terdahulu atau 'rock'n'roll' \". Nicholas Lezard, yang mengusahakan pengkategorian post-punk sebagai genre, menyifatkan pergerakan itu sebagai \"begitu pelbagai bahawa hanya penggunaan paling luas istilah itu mungkin\". <> Siapa yang menggambarkan post-punk sebagai \"bentuk punk yang lebih mencabar dan arty\"? || Stephen Thomas Erlewine <> Siapa yang menggambarkan post-punk sebagai \"kurang genre muzik daripada ruang kemungkinan\"? || Simon Reynolds <> Siapa kata \"begitu pelbagai bahawa hanya penggunaan paling luas istilah yang mungkin\" berkaitan dengan post-punk? || Nicholas Lezard <> Siapa pengkritik muzik Stephen Thomas Erlewine bekerja? || AllMusic <> Bagaimana dengan istilah selimut \"post-punk\" yang menjadi sasaran? || kontroversi <> Apakah organisasi itu Stephen Thomas Erlewine dikaitkan dengan? || AllMusic <> Apa yang ada sesetengah orang yang mencadangkan post-punk tidak mempunyai, bukannya lebih mengenai pendekatan dan perasaan? || gaya penyatuan <> Mengapa jenis sarjana adalah wartawan muzik Simon Reynolds? || post-punk <> Mengapa hanya penggunaan genre yang paling luas apabila cuba mengkategorikan apa yang sebenarnya mentakrifkan post-punk? || pelbagai", {"context": "The scope of the term \"post-punk\" has been subject to controversy. While some critics, such as AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, have employed the term \"post-punk\" to denote \"a more adventurous and arty form of punk\", others have suggested it pertains to a set of artistic sensibilities and approaches rather than any unifying style. Music journalist and post-punk scholar Simon Reynolds has advocated that post-punk be conceived as \"less a genre of music than a space of possibility\", suggesting that \"what unites all this activity is a set of open-ended imperatives: innovation; willful oddness; the willful jettisoning of all things precedented or 'rock'n'roll'\". Nicholas Lezard, problematizing the categorization of post-punk as a genre, described the movement as \"so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Stephen Thomas Erlewine"}], "question": "Who described post-punk as \"a more adventurous and arty form of punk\"?", "id": "572d388fb0a7fe1900521136"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Simon Reynolds"}], "question": "Who described post-punk as  \"less a genre of music than a space of possibility\"?", "id": "572d388fb0a7fe1900521137"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "Nicholas Lezard"}], "question": "Who said \"so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible\" with regards to post-punk?", "id": "572d388fb0a7fe1900521138"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "AllMusic"}], "question": "Who does music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine work for?", "id": "572d388fb0a7fe1900521139"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "controversy"}], "question": "What as the blanket term \"post-punk\" been the target of?", "id": "572e6ada03f9891900756685"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "AllMusic"}], "question": "What organization is Stephen Thomas Erlewine associated with?", "id": "572e6ada03f9891900756686"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "unifying style"}], "question": "What have some people suggested post-punk doesn't have, instead being more about approaches and sensibilities?", "id": "572e6ada03f9891900756687"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "post-punk"}], "question": "Why type of scholar is music journalist Simon Reynolds?", "id": "572e6ada03f9891900756688"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "multifarious"}], "question": "Why is only the broadest use of genre possible when trying to categorize what actually defines post-punk?", "id": "572e6ada03f9891900756689"}]}], ["Post-punk adalah sejenis muzik rock yang heterogen yang muncul selepas pergerakan punk pada tahun 1970-an. Melukis inspirasi daripada unsur-unsur punk rock semasa berlepas dari konvensyen muzik dan gabungan budaya yang lebih luas, muzik post-punk ditandai dengan kepelbagaian, perasaan percubaan dan \"konseptual serangan\" pada tradisi batu. Artis memeluk muzik elektronik, gaya tarian hitam dan avant garde, serta teknik rakaman novel dan teknik produksi. Pergerakan itu juga menyaksikan persilangan muzik dengan seni dan politik yang kerap, kerana para seniman menarik minat sumber-sumber seperti teori kritis, pawagam, seni persembahan dan kesusasteraan modenis. Mengiringi perkembangan muzik ini adalah subkultur yang menghasilkan seni visual, persembahan multimedia, label rekod bebas dan fanzines bersempena dengan muzik. <> Apakah post-punk? || jenis muzik rock yang heterogen <> Bilakah post-punk tiba di tempat kejadian? || berikutan pergerakan punk pada 1970-an <> Apa yang digunakan para artis pasca-punk dalam muzik mereka? || teori kritis, pawagam, seni persembahan dan kesusasteraan modenis <> Apa yang mula muncul di sekitar musik pasca-punk? || label rekod bebas dan fanzines <> Bagaimana post-punk mengambil batu dan roll? || serangan konsep <> Bilakah pergerakan punk asal? || 1970-an <> Apakah nama untuk jenis muzik rock yang sangat bervariasi dalam bunyi? || Post-punk <> Apakah unsur-unsur punk rock lakukan selepas-punk berlepas? || konvensyen muzik dan gabungan kebudayaan yang lebih luas <> Apa perkara yang dilakukan oleh post-punk yang biasanya memandang kepekaan muziknya? || seni dan politik <> Apa yang dibangunkan bersama perkembangan muzik post-punk? || subkultur", {"context": "Post-punk is a heterogeneous type of rock music that emerged in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s. Drawing inspiration from elements of punk rock while departing from its musical conventions and wider cultural affiliations, post-punk music was marked by varied, experimentalist sensibilities and its \"conceptual assault\" on rock tradition. Artists embraced electronic music, black dance styles and the avant-garde, as well as novel recording technology and production techniques. The movement also saw the frequent intersection of music with art and politics, as artists liberally drew on sources such as critical theory, cinema, performance art and modernist literature. Accompanying these musical developments were subcultures that produced visual art, multimedia performances, independent record labels and fanzines in conjunction with the music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "heterogeneous type of rock music"}], "question": "What is post-punk?", "id": "572d0faa2babe914003c29c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s"}], "question": "When did post-punk arrive on the scene?", "id": "572d0faa2babe914003c29c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "critical theory, cinema, performance art and modernist literature"}], "question": "What did post-punk artists use in their music?", "id": "572d0faa2babe914003c29c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "independent record labels and fanzines"}], "question": "What began to spring up around the post-punk music?", "id": "572d0faa2babe914003c29c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "conceptual assault"}], "question": "How did post-punk take on rock and roll?", "id": "572d0faa2babe914003c29c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "When was the original punk movement?", "id": "572e5cc5c246551400ce4218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Post-punk"}], "question": "What is a name for a type of rock music that is extremely varied in sound?", "id": "572e5cc5c246551400ce4219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "musical conventions and wider cultural affiliations"}], "question": "What elements of punk rock did post-punk depart from?", "id": "572e5cc5c246551400ce421a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "art and politics"}], "question": "What subject matter does post-punk commonly mesh its musical sensibilities with?", "id": "572e5cc5c246551400ce421b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "subcultures"}], "question": "What developed along with the music developments of post-punk?", "id": "572e5cc5c246551400ce421c"}]}], ["Nicholas Lezard menggambarkan post-punk sebagai \"perpaduan seni dan muzik\". Era ini menyaksikan penggunaan idea-idea dari kesusasteraan, seni, pawagam, falsafah, politik dan teori kritikal dalam konteks budaya muzik dan pop. Seniman berusaha untuk menolak perbezaan umum antara budaya tinggi dan rendah dan kembali kepada tradisi sekolah seni yang terdapat dalam karya artis seperti Kapten Beefheart dan David Bowie. Antara pengaruh utama pada pelbagai artis pasca-punk ialah penulis-penulis seperti William S. Burroughs dan J.G. Ballard, adegan politik avant-garde seperti Situasiisme dan Dada, dan gerakan intelektual seperti postmodernisme. Ramai artis melihat karya mereka secara jelas dalam istilah politik. Selain itu, di beberapa lokasi, penciptaan muzik pasca-punk sangat berkait rapat dengan perkembangan subkultur yang berkhasiat, yang memainkan peranan penting dalam pengeluaran seni, persembahan multimedia, fanzines dan label bebas berkaitan dengan muzik. Banyak artis post-punk mengekalkan pendekatan anti-korporat untuk merekod dan sebaliknya merangkumi cara alternatif untuk menghasilkan dan melepaskan muzik. Wartawan juga menjadi elemen penting dalam budaya, dan majalah muzik dan pengkritik popular menjadi tenggelam dalam pergerakan itu. <> Bagaimana Nicholas Lezard menggambarkan post-punk? || gabungan seni dan muzik <> Artis mana yang berpengaruh dalam post-punk? || Kapten Beefheart dan David Bowie <> Penulis apa yang membantu mempengaruhi pergerakan pasca-punk? || William S. Burroughs dan J.G. Ballard <> Apa tumpuan intelektual post-punk? || postmodernism <> Bagaimana pergerakan pasca-punk merasakan perniagaan besar? || anti-pengkorporat <> Apakah deskripsi Nicholas Lezard mengenai post-punk? || \"gabungan seni dan muzik\" <> Di manakah post-punk ram pemisahan idea-idea ke dalam? || konteks budaya muzik dan pop <> Tradisi apa yang boleh didapati dalam karya oleh Kapten Beefheart dan David Bowie? || sekolah seni <> Apa pergerakan intelektual yang dimaklumkan dan mempengaruhi pelbagai artis pasca-punk? || postmodernism <> Mengapa ramai artis pasca-punk menghasilkan dan melepaskan muzik mereka sendiri? || anti-korporat", {"context": "Nicholas Lezard described post-punk as \"a fusion of art and music\". The era saw the robust appropriation of ideas from literature, art, cinema, philosophy, politics and critical theory into musical and pop cultural contexts. Artists sought to refuse the common distinction between high and low culture and returned to the art school tradition found in the work of artists such as Captain Beefheart and David Bowie. Among major influences on a variety of post-punk artists were writers such as William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard, avant-garde political scenes such as Situationism and Dada, and intellectual movements such as postmodernism. Many artists viewed their work in explicitly political terms. Additionally, in some locations, the creation of post-punk music was closely linked to the development of efficacious subcultures, which played important roles in the production of art, multimedia performances, fanzines and independent labels related to the music. Many post-punk artists maintained an anti-corporatist approach to recording and instead seized on alternate means of producing and releasing music. Journalists also became an important element of the culture, and popular music magazines and critics became immersed in the movement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "fusion of art and music"}], "question": "How did Nicholas Lezard describe post-punk?", "id": "572d333e8351f81400e9d373"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Captain Beefheart and David Bowie"}], "question": "Which artists were influential in post-punk?", "id": "572d333e8351f81400e9d374"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard"}], "question": "Which writers helped to influence the post-punk movement?", "id": "572d333e8351f81400e9d375"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "postmodernism"}], "question": "What was an intellectual focus of post-punk?", "id": "572d333e8351f81400e9d376"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1006, "text": "anti-corporatist"}], "question": "How did the post-punk movement feel about big business?", "id": "572d333e8351f81400e9d377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "\"a fusion of art and music\""}], "question": "What was Nicholas Lezard's description of post-punk?", "id": "572e6570dfa6aa1500f8cff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "musical and pop cultural contexts"}], "question": "Where did post-punk ram its appropriation of ideas into?", "id": "572e6570dfa6aa1500f8cffa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "art school"}], "question": "What tradition could be found in works by Captain Beefheart and David Bowie?", "id": "572e6570dfa6aa1500f8cffb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "postmodernism"}], "question": "What intellectual movement informed and influenced a variety of post-punk artists?", "id": "572e6570dfa6aa1500f8cffc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1006, "text": "anti-corporatist"}], "question": "Why did many post-punk artists produce and release their own music?", "id": "572e6570dfa6aa1500f8cffd"}]}], ["Artis seperti Gary Numan, Liga Manusia, Cell Soft, John Foxx dan Visage membantu perintis gaya synthpop baru yang menarik lebih banyak daripada muzik elektronik dan synthesizer dan mendapat manfaat daripada peningkatan MTV. Pelukis pasca-punk seperti Green Gartside Scritti Politti dan Josef K's Paul Haig, yang sebelum ini terlibat dalam amalan avant garde, berpaling daripada pendekatan ini dan mengejar gaya arus perdana dan kejayaan komersil. Perkembangan baru ini, di mana para seniman post-punk cuba untuk membawa idea-idea subversif ke dalam arus perdana pop, mula dikategorikan berdasarkan istilah pemasaran pop baru. <> Apa gaya muzik yang dikaitkan dengan Gary Numan? || synthpop <> Apakah gaya synthpop muzik mendapat manfaat daripada populariti? || MTV <> Synthpop banyak elemen yang dipinjam dari jenis muzik apa? || muzik elektronik dan penyegerakan <> Apakah jenis idea yang dilakukan oleh seniman pasca-punk untuk menyelinap ke pop arus perdana? || subversif <> Apa beberapa artis post-punk menolak amalan avant garde mereka sebelum ini? || kejayaan komersial <> Apa gaya muzik baru yang memberi tumpuan kepada bunyi elektronik dan disintesis? || synthpop <> Apa yang benar-benar membantu melancarkan synthpop? || MTV <> Apa lagi yang mula muncul ketika kumpulan pasca-punk berpindah ke fokus yang lebih komersial? || pop <> Bagaimana pop-punk menimbulkan pop? || seniman post-punk cuba membawa idea-idea subversif ke arus perdana pop", {"context": "Artists such as Gary Numan, the Human League, Soft Cell, John Foxx and Visage helped pioneer a new synthpop style that drew more heavily from electronic and synthesizer music and benefited from the rise of MTV. Post-punk artists such as Scritti Politti's Green Gartside and Josef K's Paul Haig, previously engaged in avant-garde practices, turned away from these approaches and pursued mainstream styles and commercial success. These new developments, in which post-punk artists attempted to bring subversive ideas into the pop mainstream, began to be categorized under the marketing term new pop.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "synthpop"}], "question": "What style of music was Gary Numan associated with?", "id": "572ec73bdfa6aa1500f8d395"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "MTV"}], "question": "What did the synthpop style of music benefit from the gaining popularity of?", "id": "572ec73bdfa6aa1500f8d396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "electronic and synthesizer music"}], "question": "Synthpop heavily borrowed elements from what type of music?", "id": "572ec73bdfa6aa1500f8d397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "subversive"}], "question": "What type of ideas did post-punk artists attempt to sneak into mainstream pop?", "id": "572ec73bdfa6aa1500f8d398"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "commercial success"}], "question": "What did some post-punk artists reject their previous avant-garde practices to pursue?", "id": "572ec73bdfa6aa1500f8d399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "synthpop"}], "question": "What new music style focused on electronic and synthesized sounds?", "id": "572f7b4104bcaa1900d769ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "MTV"}], "question": "What really helped to launch synthpop?", "id": "572f7b4104bcaa1900d769f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "pop"}], "question": "What else began to emerge as post-punk groups moved to a more commercial focus?", "id": "572f7b4104bcaa1900d769f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "post-punk artists attempted to bring subversive ideas into the pop mainstream"}], "question": "How did pos-punk give rise to pop?", "id": "572f7b4104bcaa1900d769f2"}]}], ["Di Jerman, kumpulan seperti Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten membangunkan gaya muzik perindustrian yang unik, menggunakan bunyi bising avant-garde, instrumen buatan tangan dan objek yang dijumpai. Ahli kumpulan itu kemudiannya akan bekerjasama dengan ahli-ahli Parti Hari Lahir. Di Brazil, adegan pasca punk berkembang selepas generasi rock Brasilia dengan band seperti Legi\u00e3o Urbana, Capital Inicial dan Plebe Rude dan kemudian pembukaan kelab muzik Madame Sat\u00e3 di S\u00e3o Paulo, dengan tindakan seperti Cabine C, Titian, Patife Band, Fellini dan Mercen\u00e1rias, seperti yang didokumentasikan pada kompilasi seperti Kehidupan Seksual Savages dan N\u00e3o Wave / N\u00e3o S\u00e3o Paulo siri, yang dikeluarkan di UK, Jerman dan Brazil, masing-masing. gaya muzik perindustrian yang unik? || Jerman <> Jenis muzik apa yang termasuk bunyi bising, instrumen buatan tangan, dan objek yang dijumpai secara rawak? || industri <> Negara apakah yang mempunyai pemandangan pasca-punk selepas generasi batu? || Brazil <> Jenis album apa yang Kehidupan Seksual Savages? || kompilasi <> Apa negara-negara selain Brazil tidak ada muzik gelombang Brazil yang dieksport ke? || UK, Jerman <> Jenis muzik apa yang dikaitkan dengan Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten? || industri <> Di mana Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten dari? || Jerman <> Bagaimana Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten datang dengan bunyi perindustrian mereka yang baru? || bunyi bising avant-garde, instrumen buatan tangan dan benda yang ditemui <> Siapa ahli Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten juga bekerjasama? || Parti Hari Lahir <> Di mana Madame Sat\u00e3? || Brazil", {"context": "In Germany, groups such as Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten developed a unique style of industrial music, utilizing avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects. Members of that group would later go on to collaborate with members of the Birthday Party. In Brazil, the post-punk scene grew after the generation of Brasilia rock with bands such as Legi\u00e3o Urbana, Capital Inicial and Plebe Rude and then the opening of the music club Madame Sat\u00e3 in S\u00e3o Paulo, with acts like Cabine C, Tit\u00e3s, Patife Band, Fellini and Mercen\u00e1rias, as documented on compilations like The Sexual Life of the Savages and the N\u00e3o Wave/N\u00e3o S\u00e3o Paulo series, released in the UK, Germany and Brazil, respectively.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "Where did some groups develop a unique style of industrial music?", "id": "572edc2edfa6aa1500f8d475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "industrial"}], "question": "What type of music included noise, homemade instruments, and randomly found objects?", "id": "572edc2edfa6aa1500f8d476"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "What country had a post-punk scene after a generation of rock?", "id": "572edc2edfa6aa1500f8d477"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "compilations"}], "question": "What type of album was The Sexual Life of the Savages?", "id": "572edc2edfa6aa1500f8d478"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "UK, Germany"}], "question": "What countries other than Brazil was Brazil's no wave music exported to?", "id": "572edc2edfa6aa1500f8d479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "industrial"}], "question": "What type of music was associated with Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten?", "id": "572f7dba947a6a140053c9be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "Where was Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten from?", "id": "572f7dba947a6a140053c9bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects"}], "question": "How did Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten come up with their new industrial sound?", "id": "572f7dba947a6a140053c9c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "the Birthday Party"}], "question": "Who did members of Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten also collaborate with?", "id": "572f7dba947a6a140053c9c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "Where was Madame Sat\u00e3?", "id": "572f7dba947a6a140053c9c0"}]}], ["Post-punk British memasuki tahun 1980-an dengan sokongan daripada ahli-ahli kritikal komuniti-Amerika Greil Marcus yang mencirikan \"postpunk pop avant-garde Britain\" dalam artikel Rolling Stone tahun 1980 sebagai \"dipicu oleh ketegangan, humor dan rasa paradoks jelas unik muzik pop hari ini \"- dan juga tokoh media seperti BBC DJ John Peel, manakala beberapa kumpulan, seperti PiL dan Bahagian Joy, berjaya mencapai kejayaan dalam carta popular. Rangkaian label rekod sokongan yang termasuk Perindustrian, Cepat, EG, Bisu, Axis / 4AD dan Glass terus memudahkan output muzik, oleh artis seperti Raincoats, Essential Logic, Membunuh Joke, Teardrop Explodes, dan Psychedelic Furs. <> Bagaimana pengkritik bertindak balas terhadap kumpulan pasca-punk British pada tahun 1980-an? || sokongan <> Apa kewarganegaraan adalah pengkritik yang positif mencirikan adegan postpunk Britain dalam artikel Rolling Stone tahun 1980? || Amerika <> Bagaimana dengan rasa paradoks dalam postpunk berbeza dalam hubungan dengan muzik pop hari itu? || unik <> Apakah syarikat itu John Peel seorang DJ? || BBC <> Apa yang Cepat, Bisu, dan Kaca dalam konteks muzik pasca-punk? || label rekod <> Bilakah post-punk British muncul? || 1980-an <> Siapa kata bahawa post-punk British \"dipicu oleh ketegangan, humor dan rasa paradoks jelas unik dalam muzik pop hari ini\"? || Greil Marcus <> Apakah band-band post-punk British berjaya dalam carta popular? || PiL dan Joy Division <> Label rekod mana yang benar-benar menyokong pergerakan pasca-punk British? || Industri, Cepat, E.G., Bisu, Axis / 4AD dan Glass <> DJ popular apa yang menyokong kemunculan post-punk British? || BBC DJ John Peel", {"context": "British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community\u2014American critic Greil Marcus characterised \"Britain's postpunk pop avant-garde\" in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as \"sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music\"\u2014as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel, while several groups, such as PiL and Joy Division, achieved some success in the popular charts. The network of supportive record labels that included Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass continued to facilitate a large output of music, by artists such as the Raincoats, Essential Logic, Killing Joke, the Teardrop Explodes, and the Psychedelic Furs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "support"}], "question": "How did critics respond to British post-punk groups in the 1980s?", "id": "572e97b4c246551400ce43a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "American"}], "question": "What nationality was the critic who positively characterized Britain's postpunk scene in an 1980 Rolling Stone article?", "id": "572e97b4c246551400ce43a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "unique"}], "question": "What about the sense of paradox in postpunk different in relation to the pop music of the day?", "id": "572e97b4c246551400ce43a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "BBC"}], "question": "What corporation was John Peel a DJ for?", "id": "572e97b4c246551400ce43a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "record labels"}], "question": "What were Fast, Mute, and Glass in the context of post-punk music?", "id": "572e97b4c246551400ce43a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "When did British post-punk emerge?", "id": "572f7951a23a5019007fc65f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Greil Marcus"}], "question": "Who said that British post-punk was \"sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music\"?", "id": "572f7951a23a5019007fc660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "PiL and Joy Division"}], "question": "What British post-punk bands had success in the popular charts?", "id": "572f7951a23a5019007fc662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass"}], "question": "Which record labels really supported the British post-punk movement?", "id": "572f7951a23a5019007fc663"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "BBC DJ John Peel"}], "question": "What popular DJ supported the emergence of British post-punk?", "id": "572f7951a23a5019007fc661"}]}], ["Turut muncul dalam tempoh ini adalah pergerakan gelombang New York, seni dan muzik yang tidak lama lagi yang bermula sebagai sebahagian reaksi terhadap kitar semula punk dari tropis rock tradisionalis dan sering mencerminkan pandangan dunia yang kasar, konfrontatif dan nihilistik. Tidak ada pemuzik gelombang seperti Contortions, Teenage Jesus dan Jerks, Marikh, DNA, Girls Theoretical dan Rhys Chatham sebaliknya bereksperimen dengan bunyi bising, kekeliruan dan pidana selain gaya non-rock. Bekas empat kumpulan telah dimasukkan ke dalam kompilasi Eno yang dihasilkan No New York, yang sering dianggap sebagai bukti yang sangat jelas di tempat kejadian. Label tidak bersekutu gelombang ZE Rekod ditubuhkan pada tahun 1978, dan juga akan menghasilkan kompilasi yang terkenal dan berpengaruh pada tahun-tahun berikutnya. <> Jenis pandangan dunia apa yang tidak ada pergerakan gelombang New York cenderung? || nihilistic <> The Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks semua pemuzik sebahagian dari pergerakan apa? || Tiada gelombang <> Siapa yang menghasilkan kompilasi \"No New York\"? || Eno <> Apa label tiada gabungan yang diasaskan pada tahun 1978? || Rekod ZE <> Sebagai tambahan kepada gaya bukan rock, apakah yang ada percubaan kumpulan tanpa gelombang dengan sonically? || bunyi bising, kekacauan dan kecemasan <> Apa gelombang tidak? || seni dan adegan muzik yang berpanjangan yang bermula sebahagiannya sebagai tindak balas terhadap kitar semula punk dari tropis rock tradisionalis <> Apakah jenis pandangan yang tidak mempunyai gelombang? || yang bermasalah, konfrontatif dan nihilistic <> Jenis-jenis pemuzik apa saja Contortions, Teenage Jesus dan Jerks, Mars, DNA, Girls Theoretical and Rhys Chatham? || Tiada gelombang <> Bilakah ZE Rekod ditubuhkan? || 1978 <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai potret sebenar pergerakan gelombang tidak? || Tiada New York", {"context": "Also emerging during this period was New York's no wave movement, a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes and often reflected an abrasive, confrontational and nihilistic worldview. No wave musicians such as the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham instead experimented with noise, dissonance and atonality in addition to non-rock styles. The former four groups were included on the Eno-produced No New York compilation, often considered the quintessential testament to the scene. The no wave-affiliated label ZE Records was founded in 1978, and would also produce acclaimed and influential compilations in subsequent years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "nihilistic"}], "question": "What type of worldview did New York's no wave movement tend to have?", "id": "572e963703f98919007567f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "No wave"}], "question": "The Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks were all musicians part of what movement?", "id": "572e963703f98919007567f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Eno"}], "question": "Who produced the compilation \"No New York\"?", "id": "572e963703f98919007567f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "ZE Records"}], "question": "What no wave-affiliated label was founded in 1978?", "id": "572e963703f98919007567fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "noise, dissonance and atonality"}], "question": "In addition to non-rock styles, what did some of the no-wave groups experiment with sonically?", "id": "572e963703f98919007567fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes"}], "question": "What was no wave?", "id": "572f781404bcaa1900d769b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "an abrasive, confrontational and nihilistic"}], "question": "What type of a view did no wave have?", "id": "572f781404bcaa1900d769b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "No wave"}], "question": "What types of musicians were the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham?", "id": "572f781404bcaa1900d769b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "1978"}], "question": "When was ZE Records founded?", "id": "572f781404bcaa1900d769b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "No New York"}], "question": "What was considered the true portrait of the no wave movement?", "id": "572f781404bcaa1900d769b9"}]}], ["Pergerakan pasca punk yang asli berakhir sebagai kumpulan yang dikaitkan dengan pergerakan itu berpaling dari estetiknya, selalunya memihak kepada bunyi yang lebih komersial. Banyak kumpulan ini akan terus merekodkan sebagai sebahagian daripada pergerakan pop baru, dengan entryism menjadi konsep yang popular. Di Amerika Syarikat, didorong oleh MTV dan stesen radio rock moden, beberapa tindakan post-punk telah mempengaruhi atau menjadi sebahagian daripada Penjajahan British Kedua \"Muzik Baru\" di sana. Ada yang beralih ke bunyi gelombang baru yang lebih komersial (seperti Gang of Four), sementara yang lain adalah lekapan radio radio Amerika dan menjadi contoh awal rock alternatif. Mungkin band yang paling berjaya muncul dari post-punk adalah U2, yang menggabungkan unsur-unsur imej agama bersama dengan komentar politik ke dalam muzik anthem yang sering mereka. <> Jenis muzik apa yang banyak di antara band post-punk mula memasuki? || pop <> Bagaimana band yang berkaitan dengan pergerakan pos-punk asal menyebabkannya berakhir? || berpaling dari estetika nya <> Apa venue memandu banyak kesadaran muzik dari band pop-punk pop sekarang? || MTV <> Di manakah banyak band pop pasca-punk yang dimainkan selain MTV? || Radio kolej Amerika <> Band apa yang menggabungkan imej agama dengan ulasan politik ke dalam muzik mereka? || U2 <> Apakah pembengkakan kematian gerakan pasca-punk? || bunyi komersial <> Apa lagi rekod pos-punk di bawah? || pop <> Siapa band yang paling berjaya untuk menangkap dari post-punk? || U2 <> Apa salah satu konsep yang paling popular mengenai pergerakan pop? || entryism <> Apa daya penggerak di sebalik kebangkitan semula Penyiaran British Muzik Baru ke Amerika kedua? || MTV dan stesen radio rock moden", {"context": "The original post-punk movement ended as the bands associated with the movement turned away from its aesthetics, often in favor of more commercial sounds. Many of these groups would continue recording as part of the new pop movement, with entryism becoming a popular concept. In the United States, driven by MTV and modern rock radio stations, a number of post-punk acts had an influence on or became part of the Second British Invasion of \"New Music\" there. Some shifted to a more commercial new wave sound (such as Gang of Four), while others were fixtures on American college radio and became early examples of alternative rock. Perhaps the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was U2, who combined elements of religious imagery together with political commentary into their often anthemic music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "pop"}], "question": "What type of music did many of the post-punk bands start indulging in?", "id": "572ee1b1c246551400ce4763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "turned away from its aesthetics"}], "question": "How did bands associated with the original post-punk movement cause it to end?", "id": "572ee1b1c246551400ce4762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "MTV"}], "question": "What venue drove a lot of the awareness of the music from the now pop post-punk bands?", "id": "572ee1b1c246551400ce4764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "American college radio"}], "question": "Where was a lot of the post-punk pop bands played in addition to MTV?", "id": "572ee1b1c246551400ce4765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "U2"}], "question": "What band combined religious imagery with political commentary into their music?", "id": "572ee1b1c246551400ce4766"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "commercial sounds"}], "question": "What was the death knell of the post-punk movement?", "id": "572f7ebda23a5019007fc68f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "pop"}], "question": "What else would the post-punk bands record under?", "id": "572f7ebda23a5019007fc690"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "U2"}], "question": "Who was the most successful band to arrise from post-punk?", "id": "572f7ebda23a5019007fc693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "entryism"}], "question": "What was one of the most popular concepts of the pop movement?", "id": "572f7ebda23a5019007fc691"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "MTV and modern rock radio stations"}], "question": "What was a driving force behind the revival of the second British Invasion of New Music to America?", "id": "572f7ebda23a5019007fc692"}]}], ["Pada awal tahun 1980-an, suasana gelombang Downtown Downtown Manhattan tidak beralih dari asal-usulnya yang melelas ke dalam bunyi berorientasikan tarian yang lebih banyak, dengan kompilasi seperti Mutant Disco (1981) ZE yang menonjolkan kepekaan yang baru dimainkan dari hip hop bandar, disko dan gaya punk, serta reggae dan pengaruh dunia muzik. Artis seperti Cecair Liquid, B-52, Cristina, Arthur Russell, James White dan Blacks dan Lizzy Mercier Descloux mengejar formula yang digambarkan oleh Luc Sante sebagai \"apa-apa pun di bawah + disko bawah\". Parti-parti dekaden dan pemasangan seni tempat-tempat seperti Club 57 dan Mudd Club menjadi hab budaya untuk pemuzik dan artis visual, dengan tokoh-tokoh seperti Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring dan Michael Holman berkunjung ke tempat kejadian. Lain-lain kumpulan tidak berhutang gelombang seperti Swans, Glenn Branca, Lizards Lounge, Bush Tetras dan Pemuda Sonic sebaliknya terus meneroka penjelajahan tempat kejadian awal ke dalam bising dan wilayah yang lebih kasar. <> Bilakah adegan gelombang Manhattan tidak lagi menjadi berorientasikan tarian? || awal tahun 1980-an <> Formula apa banyak artis yang muncul dari tempat kejadian mematuhi? || \"apa-apa sahaja + bahagian bawah disko\" <> Apa jenis pesta yang boleh didapati di tempat-tempat seperti Club 57? || dekaden <> Siapa yang membuat tempat-tempat kerana hab budaya untuk? || pemuzik dan artis visual yang sama <> Pergerakan apa yang kumpulan itu berhutang dengannya? || tiada gelombang <> Apa yang berlaku dalam peralihan pemandangan di Downtown Manhattan? || bunyi berorientasikan tarian <> Jenis bunyi apa yang tidak mempunyai gelombang sebelum ia mula beralih ke bunyi berorientasikan tarian yang lebih? || kasar <> Bilakah Dise Mutant ZE dibebaskan? || 1981 <> Apa kelab-kelab yang sering dikunjungi oleh seniman dalam adegan tarian yang baru muncul? || Kelab 57 dan Kelab Mudd", {"context": "In the early 1980s, Downtown Manhattan's no wave scene transitioned from its abrasive origins into a more dance-oriented sound, with compilations such as ZE's Mutant Disco (1981) highlighting a newly playful sensibility borne out of the city's clash of hip hop, disco and punk styles, as well as dub reggae and world music influences. Artists such as Liquid Liquid, the B-52s, Cristina, Arthur Russell, James White and the Blacks and Lizzy Mercier Descloux pursued a formula described by Luc Sante as \"anything at all + disco bottom\". The decadent parties and art installations of venues such as Club 57 and the Mudd Club became cultural hubs for musicians and visual artists alike, with figures such as Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring and Michael Holman frequenting the scene. Other no wave-indebted groups such as Swans, Glenn Branca, the Lounge Lizards, Bush Tetras and Sonic Youth instead continued exploring the early scene's forays into noise and more abrasive territory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "early 1980s"}], "question": "When did Manhattan's no wave scene start becoming more dance-oriented?", "id": "572ec84603f9891900756a11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "\"anything at all + disco bottom\""}], "question": "What formula did a lot of the artists emerging from the scene adhere to?", "id": "572ec84603f9891900756a12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "decadent"}], "question": "What type of party could be found at venues like Club 57?", "id": "572ec84603f9891900756a13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "musicians and visual artists alike"}], "question": "Who did the venues because cultural hubs for?", "id": "572ec84603f9891900756a14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "no wave"}], "question": "What movement was the group the Lounge Lizards indebted to?", "id": "572ec84603f9891900756a15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "dance-oriented sound"}], "question": "What did Downtown Manhattan's no wave scene transition into?", "id": "572f7cef04bcaa1900d76a0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "abrasive"}], "question": "What type of sound did no wave have before it began to transition to a more dance oriented sound?", "id": "572f7cef04bcaa1900d76a0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "1981"}], "question": "When was ZE's Mutant Disco released?", "id": "572f7cef04bcaa1900d76a0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "Club 57 and the Mudd Club"}], "question": "What clubs were frequented by artists in the emerging dance scene?", "id": "572f7cef04bcaa1900d76a0e"}]}], ["Teknik pengeluaran inovatif yang dihasilkan oleh pengeluar pasca-punk seperti Martin Hannett dan Dennis Bovell pada masa ini akan menjadi elemen penting dalam muzik yang muncul, dengan eksperimen studio mengambil peranan utama. Berbagai kumpulan yang mendahului punk, seperti Cabaret Voltaire dan Throbbing Gristle, bereksperimen dengan teknik pengeluaran mentah dan instrumen elektronik seiring dengan kaedah seni pencapaian dan pengaruh dari kesusasteraan transgressive, akhirnya membantu perintis muzik perindustrian. Rekod bebas Industri Gristle yang berdenyut berdenyut akan menjadi hub untuk kejadian ini dan menyediakannya dengan nama yang disebutkan. <> Jenis pengeluar apakah Martin Hannett? || post-punk <> Apa jenis teknik pengeluaran yang dilakukan oleh Dennis Bovell? || inovatif <> Apa yang mengambil roll utama untuk muzik pasca-punk yang muncul? || percubaan studio <> Apa yang akhirnya mengakibatkan perintis muzik perindustrian? || teknik pengeluaran mentah <> Label bebas siapa yang menjadi hub untuk adegan industri? || Groble's berdenyut <> Siapa pengeluar yang mengetuai jalan dengan muncul budaya post-punk? || Martin Hannett dan Dennis Bovell <> Apakah nama label rekod Throbbing Gristle? || Rekod Perindustrian <> Band mana yang berada di barisan hadapan muzik perindustrian? || Cabaret Voltaire dan Groble Throbbing <> Di mana muzik perindustrian mendapat namanya? || Rekod Perindustrian <> Apakah salah satu cara paling penting yang artis-artis pasca-punk menghasilkan bunyi baru mereka? || percubaan studio", {"context": "The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music, with studio experimentation taking a central role. A variety of groups that predated punk, such as Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle, experimented with crude production techniques and electronic instruments in tandem with performance art methods and influence from transgressive literature, ultimately helping to pioneer industrial music. Throbbing Gristle's independent label Industrial Records would become a hub for this scene and provide it with its namesake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "post-punk"}], "question": "What type of producer was Martin Hannett?", "id": "572e918dcb0c0d14000f12c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "innovative"}], "question": "What type of production techniques did Dennis Bovell develop?", "id": "572e918dcb0c0d14000f12c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "studio experimentation"}], "question": "What took a central roll for the emerging post-punk music?", "id": "572e918dcb0c0d14000f12c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "crude production techniques"}], "question": "What eventually resulted in the pioneering of industrial music?", "id": "572e918dcb0c0d14000f12c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Throbbing Gristle's"}], "question": "Whose independent label became a hub for the industrial scene?", "id": "572e918dcb0c0d14000f12ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell"}], "question": "Who were producers that led the way with emerging the post-punk culture?", "id": "572f6326947a6a140053c912"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Industrial Records"}], "question": "What was the name of Throbbing Gristle's record label?", "id": "572f6326947a6a140053c914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle"}], "question": "Which bands were on the forefront of industrial music?", "id": "572f6326947a6a140053c913"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Industrial Records"}], "question": "Where did industrial music get it's name?", "id": "572f6326947a6a140053c915"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "studio experimentation"}], "question": "What was one of the most important ways that post-punk artists created their new sound?", "id": "572f6326947a6a140053c916"}]}], ["Sehingga baru-baru ini, dalam penulisan yang paling kritikal era post-punk \"sering dipecat sebagai tempoh yang canggung di mana perebutan gergasi punk meretas ke dalam kekosongan Delapan Puluh\". Para ulama kontemporari berpendapat sebaliknya, menegaskan bahawa zaman itu menghasilkan inovasi dan muzik yang penting sendiri. Simon Reynolds menggambarkan tempoh itu sebagai \"pertandingan yang adil untuk tahun enam puluhan dari segi jumlah besar muzik yang dicipta, semangat pengembaraan dan idealisme yang menanamkannya, dan cara muzik seolah-olah terhubung dengan ketegangan politik dan sosial eranya \". Nicholas Lezard menulis bahawa muzik dalam tempoh \"adalah avant-garde, terbuka kepada sebarang kemungkinan muzik yang mencadangkan diri mereka sendiri, bersatu hanya dalam erti kata bahawa ia seringkali serebral, dicipta oleh lelaki muda dan wanita yang berminat untuk mengganggu penonton , atau membuat mereka berfikir, seperti dalam membuat lagu pop \". <> Bagaimana tulisan paling kritikal merawat era post-punk, sehingga baru-baru ini? || dibuang kerja <> Apa sarjana kontemporari merasakan masa pasca punk menyumbang dalam penamatan? || inovasi dan muzik yang penting <> Apa yang dilakukan Simon Reynolds menggambarkan era post-punk sebagai satu pertandingan dalam bentuk muzik yang hebat? || tahun enam puluhan <Siapa yang menulis bahawa musik era post-punk adalah avant-garde? || Nicholas Lezard <> Apakah artis-artis era pasca-punk lebih tertarik untuk melakukan penonton berbanding dengan menghiburkan mereka dengan lagu-lagu pop? || mengganggu <> Era apa yang biasanya dibuang sebagai fasa muzik yang canggung? || post-punk <> Apa yang dikatakan para sarjana moden tentang post-punk sebenarnya untuk muzik? || menghasilkan inovasi dan muzik yang penting dengan sendiri <> Yang mengkritik mengatakan bahawa tempoh pasca-punk terbuka kepada sebarang kemungkinan sejauh mana muzik pergi? || Nicholas Lezard <> Siapa kata bahawa pergerakan pasca-punk bersaing dengan Enam puluh dalam jumlah ricih muzik yang hebat? || Simon Reynolds <> Apa kata Nicholas Leonard bersatu pasca punk? || cerebral, yang dicipta oleh lelaki muda dan wanita yang bijak seperti yang mengganggu penonton, atau membuat mereka berfikir, seperti dalam membuat lagu pop", {"context": "Until recently, in most critical writing the post-punk era was \"often dismissed as an awkward period in which punk's gleeful ructions petered out into the vacuity of the Eighties\". Contemporary scholars have argued to the contrary, asserting that the period produced significant innovations and music on its own. Simon Reynolds described the period as \"a fair match for the sixties in terms of the sheer amount of great music created, the spirit of adventure and idealism that infused it, and the way that the music seemed inextricably connected to the political and social turbulence of its era\". Nicholas Lezard wrote that the music of the period \"was avant-garde, open to any musical possibilities that suggested themselves, united only in the sense that it was very often cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "dismissed"}], "question": "How did most critical writing treat the post-punk era, until recently?", "id": "572ee666dfa6aa1500f8d4a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "significant innovations and music"}], "question": "What do contemporary scholars feel the post-punk period contributed in hindsight?", "id": "572ee666dfa6aa1500f8d4a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "the sixties"}], "question": "What did Simon Reynolds describe the era of post-punk as a match for in terms of great music created?", "id": "572ee666dfa6aa1500f8d4a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Nicholas Lezard"}], "question": "Who wrote that the music of the post-punk era was avant-garde?", "id": "572ee666dfa6aa1500f8d4a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "disturbing"}], "question": "What were the post-punk era artists more interested in doing to their audiences than in entertaining them with pop songs?", "id": "572ee666dfa6aa1500f8d4a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "post-punk"}], "question": "What era was usually dismissed as merely an awkward phase of music?", "id": "572f80b8947a6a140053c9d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "produced significant innovations and music on its own"}], "question": "What do comtemporary scholars think that post-punk actually did for music?", "id": "572f80b8947a6a140053c9d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Nicholas Lezard"}], "question": "Which critic said that the post-punk period was open to any possibilities as far as music went?", "id": "572f80b8947a6a140053c9d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Simon Reynolds"}], "question": "Who said that the post-punk movement rivaled the Sixties in the shear amount of great music produced?", "id": "572f80b8947a6a140053c9d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 776, "text": "cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song"}], "question": "What did Nicholas Leonard say united post-punk?", "id": "572f80b8947a6a140053c9d6"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan tahun 1970-an, pelbagai kumpulan Amerika (beberapa dengan hubungan dengan scene punk Downtown Manhattan, termasuk Televisyen dan Suicide) telah mula mengembangkan perbendaharaan kata muzik punk. Kelompok-kelompok Midwestern seperti Pere Ubu dan Devo menarik inspirasi dari persekitaran perindustrian dereliktif di rantau ini, menggunakan teknik-teknik seni konseptual, concr\u00e8te musique dan gaya lisan yang tidak konvensional yang akan menggantikan pergerakan pasca-punk oleh beberapa tahun. Pelbagai kumpulan berikutnya, termasuk Talking Heads yang berpusat di New York dan Mission of Burma yang berpangkalan di Boston, gabungan unsur punk dengan perasaan seni sekolah. Pada tahun 1978, bekas band itu memulakan satu siri kerjasama dengan perintis ambient British dan bekas ahli muzik Roxy Brian Eno, bereksperimen dengan teknik lirik yang dipengaruhi Dada, muzik tarian, dan polyrhythms Afrika. Adegan pasca-punk yang bersemangat di San Francisco berpusat di sekeliling kumpulan seperti Chrome, Penduduk dan Tuxedomoon, yang menggabungkan eksperimen multimedia, filem dan idea dari Theatre of Cruelty oleh Antonin Artaud. <> Kebangsaan apa yang memulakan kumpulan kelahiran yang memperluaskan kosa kata muzik punk? || Amerika <> Dari rantau apa yang Devo kumpulan berasal? || Midwestern <> Dimana band Talking Heads berdasarkan dari? || New York <> Siapa yang Talking Heads memulakan satu rangkaian kerjasama dengan tahun 1978? || Brian Eno <> Kawasan adegan pos apa pun di rantau ini menggabungkan idea-idea dari Theatre of Cruelty? || San Francisco <> Bilakah kumpulan-kumpulan Amerika mula masuk ke dalam gerakan pasca-punk? || pertengahan tahun 1970-an <> Mana band-band Amerika yang mempunyai hubungan dengan adegan punk Manchester? || Televisyen dan Bunuh diri <> Apakah beberapa band punk Midwestern? || Pere Ubu dan Devo <> Apa yang Pere dan Devo menarik inspirasi untuk muzik mereka? || membatalkan persekitaran perindustrian <> Apakah kumpulan dalam adegan pasca punk San Francisco? || Chrome, Penduduk dan Tukang Kebenaran", {"context": "In the mid 1970s, various American groups (some with ties to Downtown Manhattan's punk scene, including Television and Suicide) had begun expanding on the vocabulary of punk music. Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region's derelict industrial environments, employing conceptual art techniques, musique concr\u00e8te and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years. A variety of subsequent groups, including New York-based Talking Heads and Boston-based Mission of Burma, combined elements of punk with art school sensibilities. In 1978, the former band began a series of collaborations with British ambient pioneer and ex-Roxy Music member Brian Eno, experimenting with Dada-influenced lyrical techniques, dance music, and African polyrhythms. San Francisco's vibrant post-punk scene was centered around such groups as Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon, who incorporated multimedia experimentation, film and ideas from Antonin Artaud's Theater of Cruelty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "American"}], "question": "What nationality began birthing groups who expanded the vocabulary of punk music?", "id": "572e956cc246551400ce4386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Midwestern"}], "question": "From what region did the group Devo originate? ", "id": "572e956cc246551400ce4387"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "New York"}], "question": "Where was the band Talking Heads based out of?", "id": "572e956cc246551400ce4388"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "Brian Eno"}], "question": "Who did the Talking Heads begin a series of collaborations with in 1978?", "id": "572e956cc246551400ce4389"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "San Francisco's"}], "question": "What region's post-punk scene incorporated ideas from Theater of Cruelty?", "id": "572e956cc246551400ce438a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "mid 1970s"}], "question": "When did the American groups begin to really get in on the post-punk movement?", "id": "572f64e9947a6a140053c91c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Television and Suicide"}], "question": "Which American bands had ties to the Manchester punk scene?", "id": "572f64e9947a6a140053c91d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Pere Ubu and Devo"}], "question": "What were some Midwestern punk bands?", "id": "572f64e9947a6a140053c91e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "derelict industrial environments"}], "question": "What did Pere and Devo draw inspiration for their music from?", "id": "572f64e9947a6a140053c91f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon"}], "question": "What were groups in San Francisco's post-punk scene?", "id": "572f64e9947a6a140053c920"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, dalam tempoh ini, tokoh utama dan artis di tempat kejadian mula bersandar dari estetika bawah tanah. Dalam akhbar muzik, penulisan yang semakin esoterik penerbitan post-punk tidak lama kemudian mula mengasingkan pembaca mereka; Dianggarkan bahawa dalam beberapa tahun, NME mengalami kehilangan separuh peredarannya. Penulis seperti Paul Morley mula menganjurkan \"kecerahan di atas tanah\" dan bukannya percubaan percubaan yang dipromosikan pada tahun-tahun awal. Kerjasama musikal Morley dengan jurutera Gary Langan dan programmer J. J. Jeczalik, Art of Noise, akan cuba membawa bunyi sampel dan elektronik ke arus perdana pop. Pelbagai kumpulan yang berorientasikan pop, termasuk ABC, Associates, Adam dan Ants dan Bow Wow Wow (dua yang dikendalikan oleh bekas pengurus Sex Pistols, Malcolm McLaren) muncul seiring dengan perkembangan pemandangan budaya subkultur New Romantic. Menekankan glamor, fesyen, dan kebencian dalam perbezaan dengan keseronokan percubaan kumpulan pasca-punk yang terdahulu, adegan yang berorientasikan kelab menarik sedikit kecurigaan dari para penyokong pergerakan itu. <> Apakah majalah yang memenuhi kepentingan pasca-punk untuk mengasingkan pembaca mereka? || semakin menulis esoterik <> Banyak pemain besar dalam adegan pasca-punk mula bersandar dari apa masa berlanjutan? || estetika bawah tanah <> Apa penulis menganjurkan \"kecerahan di atas tanah\"? || Paul Morley <> Majalah mana yang terikat dengan gerakan pasca-punk yang kehilangan separuh daripada peredarannya? || NME <> Apakah adegan yang berorientasikan kelab itu menekankan bukannya kesungguhan percubaan kumpulan pasca-punk yang terdahulu? || glamor, fesyen, dan eskolisme <> Apa yang penulis mula-mula menganjurkan untuk menggantikan adegan bawah tanah? || kecerahan overground <> Apa yang mula mengasingkan pembaca daripada penerbitan seperti NME? || semakin menulis esoterik <> Siapa yang Paul Morley bekerjasama dengan Art of Noise? || jurutera Gary Langan dan pengaturcara J. J. Jeczalik <> Apa yang Harapan Art Harus dicapai? || cuba membawa bunyi sampel dan elektronik ke arus perdana <> Pergerakan kebudayaan baru mana yang mula menekankan glam, escapism dan fesyen? || Baru romantis", {"context": "However, during this period, major figures and artists in the scene began leaning away from underground aesthetics. In the music press, the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships; it is estimated that within several years, NME suffered the loss of half its circulation. Writers like Paul Morley began advocating \"overground brightness\" instead of the experimental sensibilities promoted in early years. Morley's own musical collaboration with engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik, the Art of Noise, would attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream. A variety of more pop-oriented groups, including ABC, the Associates, Adam and the Ants and Bow Wow Wow (the latter two managed by former Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren) emerged in tandem with the development of the New Romantic subcultural scene. Emphasizing glamour, fashion, and escapism in distinction to the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups, the club-oriented scene drew some suspicion from denizens of the movement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "increasingly esoteric writing"}], "question": "What did the magazines catering to post-punk interest do to alienate their readers?", "id": "572e98d103f989190075681c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "underground aesthetics"}], "question": "Many of the big players in the post-punk scene began leaning away from what as time progressed?", "id": "572e98d103f989190075681b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Paul Morley"}], "question": "What writer advocated \"overground brightness\"?", "id": "572e98d103f989190075681e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "NME"}], "question": "Which magazine tied to the post-punk movement lost half of its circulation?", "id": "572e98d103f989190075681d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 912, "text": "glamour, fashion, and escapism"}], "question": "What did the club-oriented scene emphasize instead of the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups?", "id": "572e98d103f989190075681f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "overground brightness"}], "question": "What did authors and artists begin advocating for instead of the underground scene?", "id": "572f7a7704bcaa1900d769db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "increasingly esoteric writing"}], "question": "What began to alienate the readers from publications such as NME?", "id": "572f7a7704bcaa1900d769dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik"}], "question": "Who did Paul Morley collaborate with on the Art of Noise?", "id": "572f7a7704bcaa1900d769dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream"}], "question": "What did the Art of Noise hope to accomplish?", "id": "572f7a7704bcaa1900d769de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 868, "text": "New Romantic"}], "question": "Which new cultural movement began to emphasize glam, escapism and fashion?", "id": "572f7a7704bcaa1900d769df"}]}], ["Post-punk adalah genre eklektik yang menghasilkan pelbagai inovasi muzik dan membantu menggabungkan gaya muzik putih dan hitam. Daripada persaingan pasca punk, bermulanya pelbagai genre berikutnya termasuk gelombang baru, tarian-rock, New Pop, muzik perindustrian, synthpop, pasca-hardcore, neo-psychedelia rock alternatif dan muzik rumah. Band-band seperti Joy Division, Siouxsie dan Banshees, Bauhaus dan Cure bermain dalam gaya yang lebih gelap dan post-punk yang lebih buruk yang membawa kepada perkembangan genre rock gothic. <> Apakah gaya muzik yang dimainkan oleh post-punk membantu? || gaya muzik putih dan hitam <> Apa permulaannya bangkit dari abu-abu pasca-punk? || pelbagai genre berikutnya <> gelombang baru, muzik perindustrian, synthpop dan rumah semua berkongsi akar dalam genre apa? || post-punk <> Apa gaya muzik yang bermain pasca punk bermain Cure? || lebih gelap, lebih ganas <> Apakah genre muzik yang dilakukan Divisyen Joy membantu dalam pembangunan? || rock gothic <> Apa jenis muzik eklektik mempunyai pelbagai besar, inovasi besar dan mentalitas \"apa-apa sahaja\"? || Post-punk <> Mana band-band post-punk yang lebih gelap menimbulkan batu gothik? || Bahagian Joy, Siouxsie dan Banshees, Bauhaus dan Penyembuhan <> Di mana muzik systhpop, industri dan neo-psychedelia berasal dari? || Post-punk <> Apa jenis muzik yang rock gothic? || gaya yang lebih gelap, lebih kasar <> Gaya muzik apa yang dilakukan oleh post-punk membuka jalan? || gelombang baru, tarian-rock, Pop Baru, muzik perindustrian, synthpop, post-hardcore, neo-psychedelia rock alternatif dan muzik rumah", {"context": "Post-punk was an eclectic genre which resulted in a wide variety of musical innovations and helped merge white and black musical styles. Out of the post-punk milieu came the beginnings of various subsequent genres, including new wave, dance-rock, New Pop, industrial music, synthpop, post-hardcore, neo-psychedelia alternative rock and house music. Bands such as Joy Division, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus and the Cure played in a darker, more morose style of post-punk that lead to the development of the gothic rock genre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "white and black musical styles"}], "question": "What musical styles did post-punk help merge?", "id": "572ee720c246551400ce4792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "various subsequent genres"}], "question": "What beginnings rose from the dead ashes of post-punk?", "id": "572ee720c246551400ce4793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "post-punk"}], "question": "New wave, industrial music, synthpop and house all share roots in what genre?", "id": "572ee720c246551400ce4794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "darker, more morose"}], "question": "What style of music did post-punk band the Cure play in?", "id": "572ee720c246551400ce4795"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "gothic rock"}], "question": "What genre of music did Joy Division help in the development of?", "id": "572ee720c246551400ce4796"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Post-punk"}], "question": "Which type of eclectic music had a huge variety, large innovations and an \"anything goes\" mentality?", "id": "572f81ad947a6a140053c9dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Joy Division, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus and the Cure"}], "question": "Which darker post-punk bands gave rise to gothic rock?", "id": "572f81ad947a6a140053c9dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Post-punk"}], "question": "Where did systhpop, industrial and neo-psychedelia music derive from?", "id": "572f81ad947a6a140053c9de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "darker, more morose style"}], "question": "What type of music was gothic rock?", "id": "572f81ad947a6a140053c9df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "new wave, dance-rock, New Pop, industrial music, synthpop, post-hardcore, neo-psychedelia alternative rock and house music"}], "question": "What styles of music did post-punk pave the way for?", "id": "572f81ad947a6a140053c9e0"}]}], ["Pada pergantian abad ke-21, kebangkitan semula pasca-punk berkembang dalam alternatif British dan Amerika dan rock indie, yang kemudiannya muncul di negara lain juga. Tanda awal kebangkitan ialah kemunculan pelbagai kumpulan bawah tanah di pertengahan tahun '90an. Walau bagaimanapun, kumpulan pertama yang berjaya secara komersial - Strok, Franz Ferdinand, Interpol, Kanak-kanak Neils dan Editor - muncul pada akhir 1990-an hingga awal tahun 2000, seperti juga beberapa kumpulan berorientasi tarian seperti Rapture, Radio 4 dan Soundsystem LCD. Selain itu, beberapa band post-punk yang lebih gelap mula muncul di dalam panggung muzik indie pada tahun 2010, termasuk Gua Dingin, Dia Ingin membalas dendam, Eagulls, Bulan Lembut, Dia Lalu Lepas dan Asylum Cahaya, yang juga bergabung dengan kebangkitan gelombang gelap, serta A Place to Bury Strangers, yang menggabungkan post-punk dan shoegaze awal. Band-band ini cenderung menggambar fanbase yang merupakan gabungan dari subkultur muzik indie, peminat pasca-punk yang lebih tua dan subkultur goth semasa. Pada tahun 2010, Savages memainkan muzik yang mengingatkan pada awal band-band post-punk British pada lewat 70-an. <> Bilakah kebangkitan semula pasca-punk bermula di England dan Koloni? || pergantian abad ke 21 <> Tanda awal apa yang menggembirakan kebangkitan semula pasca-punk? || kemunculan pelbagai kumpulan bawah tanah <> Apabila beberapa band post-punk yang gelap mula muncul di tempat indie? || The 2010s <> The post-punk revival bands membawa dalam fanbase dari apa subkultur? || Muzik indie <> Band apa yang bermain muzik yang serupa dengan band-band post-punk British yang awal tahun 70-an akhir tahun 2010? || Savages <> Kapan kebangkitan post-punk dalam budaya British dan Amerika? || belian abad ke-21 <> Siapa band yang paling berjaya dalam kebangkitan semula pasca-punk? || The Strokes, Franz Ferdinand, Interpol, Neils Children and Editors <> Bilakah band post-punk yang berjaya secara komersil mula memukul tempat kejadian? || lewat tahun 1990-an hingga awal 2000-an <> Apakah tanda awal kebangkitan post-punk? || kemunculan pelbagai kumpulan bawah tanah di pertengahan '90-an <> Mana-mana kumpulan pasca-punk yang gelap mula memancar di tempat kejadian indie? || Gua sejuk, Dia Mahu membalas dendam, Eagulls, Bulan Lembut, Dia Lepaskan dan Asylum Cahaya", {"context": "At the turn of the 21st century, a post-punk revival developed in British and American alternative and indie rock, which soon started appearing in other countries, as well. The earliest sign of a revival was the emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s. However, the first commercially successful bands \u2013 the Strokes, Franz Ferdinand, Interpol, Neils Children and Editors \u2013 surfaced in the late 1990s to early 2000s, as did several dance-oriented bands such as the Rapture, Radio 4 and LCD Soundsystem. Additionally, some darker post-punk bands began to appear in the indie music scene in the 2010s, including Cold Cave, She Wants Revenge, Eagulls, the Soft Moon, She Past Away and Light Asylum, who were also affiliated with the darkwave revival, as well as A Place to Bury Strangers, who combined early post-punk and shoegaze. These bands tend to draw a fanbase who are a combination of the indie music subculture, older post-punk fans and the current goth subculture. In the 2010s, Savages played a music reminiscent of early British post-punk bands of the late '70s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "turn of the 21st century"}], "question": "When did a post-punk revival start happening in England and the Colonies?", "id": "572ee844c246551400ce479c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "emergence of various underground bands"}], "question": "What early sign heralded the post-punk revival?", "id": "572ee844c246551400ce479d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "the 2010s"}], "question": "When did some of the darker post-punk bands start to appear in the indie scene?", "id": "572ee844c246551400ce479e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 907, "text": "indie music"}], "question": "The post-punk revival bands bring in a fanbase from what subculture?", "id": "572ee844c246551400ce479f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 999, "text": "Savages"}], "question": "What band played music similar to that of the early British post-punk bands of the late '70s as recently as 2010?", "id": "572ee844c246551400ce47a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "turn of the 21st century"}], "question": "When was the post-punk revival in British and American cultures?", "id": "572f82cc947a6a140053c9e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "the Strokes, Franz Ferdinand, Interpol, Neils Children and Editors"}], "question": "Who were the most commercially successful bands of the post-punk revival?", "id": "572f82cc947a6a140053c9e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "late 1990s to early 2000s"}], "question": "When did the commercially successful post-punk bands begin to hit the scene?", "id": "572f82cc947a6a140053c9e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s"}], "question": "What was the earliest sign of the post-punk revival?", "id": "572f82cc947a6a140053c9e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Cold Cave, She Wants Revenge, Eagulls, the Soft Moon, She Past Away and Light Asylum"}], "question": "Which dark post-punk bands began to emmerge in the indie scene?", "id": "572f82cc947a6a140053c9ea"}]}]], [["Bola sepak amatur ditadbir oleh Bola Sepak Kanada. Di peringkat universiti, 26 pasukan bermain dalam empat persidangan di bawah naungan Sukan Interuniversity Kanada; juara CIS dianugerahkan Piala Vanier. Bola sepak muda dimainkan oleh ramai selepas sekolah menengah sebelum menyertai peringkat universiti. Terdapat 20 pasukan junior di tiga bahagian di Liga Bola Sepak Junior Kanada yang bersaing untuk Bowl Kanada. Liga Bola Sepak Junior Quebec termasuk pasukan dari Ontario dan Quebec yang berjuang untuk Piala Manson. <> Organisasi mana yang menyelia bola sepak amatur Kanada? || Bola Sepak Kanada <> Berapa banyak pasukan bola sepak bersaing dalam Sukan Interuniversity Kanada? || 26 <> Trofi mana yang pergi ke juara bola sepak Sukan Interuniversity Kanada? || Vanier Cup <> Apakah nama permainan kejohanan untuk pasukan bola sepak Kanada yang junior? || Bowl Kanada <> Wilayah manakah di mana pasukan di Quebec Junior Football League? || Ontario dan Quebec", {"context": "Amateur football is governed by Football Canada. At the university level, 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup. Junior football is played by many after high school before joining the university ranks. There are 20 junior teams in three divisions in the Canadian Junior Football League competing for the Canadian Bowl. The Quebec Junior Football League includes teams from Ontario and Quebec who battle for the Manson Cup.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Football Canada"}], "question": "Which organization oversees amateur Canadian football?", "id": "572e82e403f98919007566ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "26"}], "question": "How many football teams compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport?", "id": "572e82e403f98919007566ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Vanier Cup"}], "question": "Which trophy goes to the Canadian Interuniversity Sport football champion?", "id": "572e82e403f98919007566ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Canadian Bowl"}], "question": "What is the name of the championship game for junior Canadian football teams?", "id": "572e82e403f98919007566f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Ontario and Quebec"}], "question": "Which provinces field teams in the Quebec Junior Football League?", "id": "572e82e403f98919007566f1"}]}], ["Bola sepak Kanada juga dimainkan di peringkat sekolah menengah, junior, kolej, dan separa profesional: Liga Bola Sepak Junior Kanada, dibentuk pada 8 Mei 1974, dan Liga Bola Sepak Junior Quebec adalah liga bagi pemain berumur 18-22 tahun, banyak pasca menengah Institusi bersaing dalam Sukan Interuniversity Kanada untuk Piala Vanier, dan liga senior seperti Liga Bola Sepak Alberta telah berkembang popular dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini. Pencapaian hebat dalam bola sepak Kanada adalah termasyhur di Dewan Kemasyhuran Bola Sepak Kanada. <> Pada tarikh yang mana terbentuklah Liga Bola Sepak Junior Kanada? || 8 Mei 1974 <> Berapa lamakah pemain-pemain di Liga Bola Sepak Junior Quebec? || 18-22 <> Apa piala yang diberikan kepada pemenang pertandingan bola sepak antar universiti Kanada? || Piala Vanier <> Institusi apa yang memorializes pencapaian bola sepak Kanada yang hebat? || Hall of Fame Football Football Kanada", {"context": "Canadian football is also played at the high school, junior, collegiate, and semi-professional levels: the Canadian Junior Football League, formed May 8, 1974, and Quebec Junior Football League are leagues for players aged 18\u201322, many post-secondary institutions compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport for the Vanier Cup, and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League have grown in popularity in recent years. Great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "May 8, 1974"}], "question": "On which date was the Canadian Junior Football League formed?", "id": "572e7b91dfa6aa1500f8d017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "18\u201322"}], "question": "How old are the players in the Quebec Junior Football League?", "id": "572e7b91dfa6aa1500f8d018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Vanier Cup"}], "question": "What trophy is awarded to the winner of Canadian inter-university football competition?", "id": "572e7b91dfa6aa1500f8d019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Canadian Football Hall of Fame"}], "question": "What institution memorializes great Canadian football achievements?", "id": "572e7b91dfa6aa1500f8d01a"}]}], ["Pada permulaan pertandingan, seorang pegawai melemparkan duit syiling dan membolehkan kapten pasukan pelawat memanggil kepala atau ekor. Kapten pasukan yang memenangi duit syiling itu diberi pilihan untuk mempunyai pilihan pertama, atau menunda pilihan pertama kepada kapten yang lain. Kapten yang membuat pilihan pertama sama ada memilih a) untuk memulakan atau menerima tendangan dan permulaan separuh, atau b) arahan arah padang untuk bermain. Pilihan yang tersisa diberikan kepada kapten lawan. Sebelum kembali bermain pada babak kedua, kapten yang tidak mempunyai pilihan pertama pada babak pertama diberi pilihan pertama. Pasukan biasanya memilih untuk menangguhkan, oleh itu ia adalah tipikal untuk pasukan yang memenangi duit syiling untuk menendang untuk memulakan babak pertama dan menerima untuk memulakan kedua. <> Pasukan mana yang memanggil kepala atau ekor dalam flip duit syiling sebelum permainan CFL? || melawat <> Siapa di pasukan bola sepak yang menyatakan keputusan pasukan berikut flip duit syiling? || Kapten <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh pasukan yang memenangi duit syiling memilih sama ada mereka ingin memulakan atau menerima bola? || yang mana arah padang untuk bermain di <> Siapa yang membuat pilihan selepas pasukan yang memenangi duit syiling duit syiling telah membuat keputusan mereka? || kapten lawan", {"context": "At the beginning of a match, an official tosses a coin and allows the captain of the visiting team call heads or tails. The captain of the team winning the coin toss is given the option of having first choice, or of deferring first choice to the other captain. The captain making first choice may either choose a) to kick off or receive the kick and the beginning of the half, or b) which direction of the field to play in. The remaining choice is given to the opposing captain. Before the resumption of play in the second half, the captain that did not have first choice in the first half is given first choice. Teams usually choose to defer, so it is typical for the team that wins the coin toss to kick to begin the first half and receive to begin the second.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "visiting"}], "question": "Which team calls heads or tails in the coin flip before a CFL game?", "id": "572e8567cb0c0d14000f1236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "captain"}], "question": "Who on a football team articulates the team's decision following the coin flip?", "id": "572e8567cb0c0d14000f1237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "which direction of the field to play in"}], "question": "What can the team that wins the coin toss choose besides whether they wish to kick off or receive the ball?", "id": "572e8567cb0c0d14000f1238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "the opposing captain"}], "question": "Who makes a choice after the team that wins the coin toss has made their decision?", "id": "572e8567cb0c0d14000f1239"}]}], ["Aksara bertulis pertama permainan yang dimainkan adalah pada 15 Oktober 1862, di Montreal Cricket Grounds. Ia adalah antara Pengawal-pengawal Grenadier Pertama Batalion dan Penjara-penjaga Batalion Kedua Penjaga Fusilier yang menghasilkan kemenangan oleh Pengawal-pengawal Grenadier 3 gol, 2 rouge tanpa apa-apa. [Rujukan?] Pada tahun 1864, di Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, dan Christopher Gwynn, salah seorang pengasas Milton, Massachusetts, menyusun peraturan berdasarkan bola sepak ragbi. Permainan ini secara beransur-ansur menjadi berikut, dengan Hamilton Football Club dibentuk pada 3 November 1869, (kelab bola sepak tertua di Kanada). Montreal membentuk sebuah pasukan pada 8 April 1872, Toronto dibentuk pada 4 Oktober 1873, dan Ottawa FBC pada 20 September 1876. <> Pada tarikh itu adalah permainan bola sepak pertama Kanada yang mana rekod bertulis telah terselamat? || 15 Oktober 1862 <> Pasukan manakah yang memenangi perlawanan bola sepak Kanada pertama yang dirakam? || Batalion Pertama Pengawal Grenadier <> Apakah kelab bola sepak tertua di Kanada? || Kelab Bola Sepak Hamilton <> Mana pengasas Milton, MA juga membantu membangunkan peraturan bola sepak Kanada? || Christopher Gwynn <> Apakah skor akhir pertama yang dirakamkan dalam permainan bola sepak Kanada? || 3 gol, 2 rouges kepada apa-apa", {"context": "The first written account of a game played was on October 15, 1862, on the Montreal Cricket Grounds. It was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing.[citation needed] In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, and Christopher Gwynn, one of the founders of Milton, Massachusetts, devised rules based on rugby football. The game gradually gained a following, with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3, 1869, (the oldest football club in Canada). Montreal formed a team April 8, 1872, Toronto was formed on October 4, 1873, and the Ottawa FBC on September 20, 1876.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "October 15, 1862"}], "question": "On which date was the first Canadian football game for which a written record has survived?", "id": "572e7c7303f989190075668f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "First Battalion Grenadier Guards"}], "question": "Which team won the first recorded Canadian football game?", "id": "572e7c7303f9891900756690"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Hamilton Football Club"}], "question": "What is the oldest football club in Canada?", "id": "572e7c7303f9891900756692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Christopher Gwynn"}], "question": "Which founder of Milton, MA also helped develop the rules of Canadian football?", "id": "572e7c7303f9891900756693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing"}], "question": "What was the first final score recorded of a Canadian football game?", "id": "572e7c7303f9891900756691"}]}], ["Percubaan pertama untuk menubuhkan badan pentadbir yang betul dan mengadopsi peraturan Rugby semasa ialah Persatuan Bola Sepak Kanada yang dianjurkan pada 24 Mac 1873 diikuti oleh Persatuan Bola Sepak Rugbi Kanada (CRFU) yang ditubuhkan pada 12 Jun 1880, termasuk pasukan dari Ontario dan Quebec. Kemudian kedua-dua Ontario dan Quebec Football Union (ORFU dan QRFU) dibentuk (Januari 1883), dan kemudian Interprovincial (1907) dan Union Football Interprovincial Barat (1936) (IRFU dan WIFU). CRFU disusun semula menjadi organisasi payung yang membentuk Persatuan Ragbi Kanada (CRU) pada tahun 1891. Pelopor asal ke Liga Bola Sepak Kanada semasa, ditubuhkan pada tahun 1956 apabila IRFU dan WIFU membentuk organisasi payung, The Football Council of Canada (CFC). Dan kemudian pada tahun 1958 CFC meninggalkan The CRFU untuk menjadi The CFL. <> Pada tarikh mana badan mentadbir pertama untuk bola sepak Kanada dibentuk? || 24 Mac 1873 <> Organisasi pentadbiran bola sepak Kanada yang ditubuhkan pada 12 Jun 1880? || Kesatuan Bola Sepak Ragbi Kanada <> Di mana tahun itu Union Football Interprovincial diasaskan? || 1936 <> Yang kesatuan bola sepak Kanada memperluaskan skopnya pada tahun 1891? || Persatuan Bola Sepak Ragbi Kanada <> Organisasi mana yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1956 berkembang menjadi Liga Bola Sepak Kanada yang moden? || Majlis Bola Sepak Kanada", {"context": "The first attempt to establish a proper governing body and adopted the current set of Rugby rules was the Foot Ball Association of Canada, organized on March 24, 1873 followed by the Canadian Rugby Football Union (CRFU) founded June 12, 1880, which included teams from Ontario and Quebec. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union (ORFU and QRFU) were formed (January 1883), and then the Interprovincial (1907) and Western Interprovincial Football Union (1936) (IRFU and WIFU). The CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, The Canadian Football Council (CFC). And then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become The CFL.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "March 24, 1873"}], "question": "On which date was the first governing body for Canadian football formed?", "id": "572e7db403f98919007566bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Canadian Rugby Football Union"}], "question": "Which governing organization for Canadian football was formed on June 12, 1880?", "id": "572e7db403f98919007566c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "1936"}], "question": "In which year was the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded?", "id": "572e7db403f98919007566c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Canadian Rugby Football Union"}], "question": "Which Canadian football union expanded its scope in 1891? ", "id": "572e7db403f98919007566c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "Canadian Football Council"}], "question": "Which organization founded in 1956 evolved into the modern Canadian Football League?", "id": "572e7db403f98919007566c3"}]}], ["Piala Grey ditubuhkan pada 1909 selepas disumbangkan oleh Albert Gray, Earl Grey 4, Gabenor Jeneral Kanada sebagai kejohanan pasukan di bawah CRU untuk Kejohanan Bola Sepak Ragbi Kanada. Pada permulaan pertandingan amatur, ia akhirnya dikuasai oleh pasukan profesional pada tahun 1940-an dan awal 1950-an. Kesatuan Bola Sepak Ragbi Ontario, organisasi amatur terakhir untuk bersaing untuk trofi itu, menarik diri dari persaingan pada tahun 1954. Langkah ini diiringi dalam era moden bola sepak profesional Kanada. <> Siapa yang mendermakan trofi kejohanan untuk pasukan bola sepak Kanada pada tahun 1909? || Albert Gray <> Bilakah pasukan profesional mula menguasai kejohanan bola sepak Kanada? || 1940-an dan awal 1950-an <> Piala apa yang telah diberikan kepada juara bola sepak Kanada bermula pada tahun 1909? || Piala Grey <> Yang merupakan pasukan amatur terakhir untuk bersaing untuk kejohanan bola sepak Kanada? || Ontario Rugby Football Union <> Apakah kedudukan kerajaan yang dipegang oleh lelaki yang mendermakan Piala Grey kepada bola sepak Kanada? || Gabenor Jeneral Kanada", {"context": "The Grey Cup was established in 1909 after being donated by Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, The Governor General of Canada as the championship of teams under the CRU for the Rugby Football Championship of Canada. Initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, withdrew from competition in 1954. The move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Albert Grey"}], "question": "Who donated a championship trophy for Canadian football teams in 1909?", "id": "572e807dcb0c0d14000f11e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "1940s and early 1950s"}], "question": "When did professional teams begin to dominate the Canadian football championship?", "id": "572e807dcb0c0d14000f11e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Grey Cup"}], "question": "Which trophy was awarded to a Canadian football champion beginning in 1909?", "id": "572e807dcb0c0d14000f11ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Ontario Rugby Football Union"}], "question": "Which was the last amateur team to compete for the Canadian football championship?", "id": "572e807dcb0c0d14000f11eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "The Governor General of Canada"}], "question": "What government position was held by the man who donated the Grey Cup to Canadian football?", "id": "572e807dcb0c0d14000f11ec"}]}], ["Bola sepak Kanada kebanyakannya terhad kepada Kanada, dengan Amerika Syarikat menjadi satu-satunya negara yang telah menjadi tuan rumah permainan bola sepak Kanada peringkat tinggi. Kontroversi \"Divisyen Selatan\" CFL kerana ia akan diketahui secara rasmi cuba untuk meletakkan pasukan CFL di Amerika Syarikat yang bermain di bawah peraturan Kanada antara tahun 1992 dan 1995. Tindakan itu telah digugurkan selepas tiga tahun; Baltimore Stallions adalah yang paling berjaya pasukan Amerika banyak bermain di CFL, memenangi Piala Grey 83. Kerugian kewangan yang berterusan, kekurangan tempat bola sepak Kanada yang betul, kepercayaan yang meluas bahawa pasukan Amerika hanya mencadangkan untuk menyediakan pasukan Kanada yang berjuang dengan pendapatan yuran pengembangan, dan kepulangan NFL ke Baltimore mendorong akhir bola sepak Kanada di Amerika sebelah sempadan. <> Yang mana satu negara selain Kanada telah menjadi tuan rumah permainan bola sepak profesional Kanada? || Amerika Syarikat <> Pada tahun apakah percubaan CFL percubaan pertama ke Amerika Syarikat? || 1992 <> Mana pasukan CFL Amerika memenangi Piala Grey? || Baltimore Stallions <> Kembalinya pasukan NFL yang mana bandar itu menyumbang kepada kemunculan pengembangan CFL Amerika? || Baltimore <> Berapa tahunkah Divisyen CFL Selatan terakhir? || tiga", {"context": "Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the only other country to have hosted a high-level Canadian football game. The CFL's controversial \"South Division\" as it would come to be officially known attempted to put CFL teams in the United States playing under Canadian rules between 1992 and 1995. The move was aborted after three years; the Baltimore Stallions were the most successful of the numerous Americans teams to play in the CFL, winning the 83rd Grey Cup. Continuing financial losses, a lack of proper Canadian football venues, a pervasive belief that the American teams were simply pawns to provide the struggling Canadian teams with expansion fee revenue, and the return of the NFL to Baltimore prompted the end of Canadian football on the American side of the border.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "United States"}], "question": "Which one country besides Canada has hosted a professional Canadian football game?", "id": "572e8209dfa6aa1500f8d065"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "1992"}], "question": "In which year did the CFL first attempt an expansion into the United States?", "id": "572e8209dfa6aa1500f8d066"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Baltimore Stallions"}], "question": "Which American CFL team won the Grey Cup?", "id": "572e8209dfa6aa1500f8d067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "Baltimore"}], "question": "The return of an NFL team to which city contributed to the demise of the CFL's American expansion?", "id": "572e8209dfa6aa1500f8d068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many years did the CFL South Division last?", "id": "572e8209dfa6aa1500f8d069"}]}], ["Di Kanada, istilah \"bola sepak\" boleh merujuk kepada bola sepak Kanada dan bola sepak Amerika secara kolektif, atau sama ada sukan khusus, bergantung pada konteks. Kedua-dua sukan telah berkongsi asal dan berkait rapat tetapi mempunyai perbezaan yang signifikan. Khususnya, bola sepak Kanada mempunyai 12 pemain di lapangan setiap pasukan berbanding 11; medan itu adalah kira-kira 10 meter lebih luas, dan 10 meter lagi di antara zon akhir yang mereka sendiri 10 meter lebih dalam; dan satu pasukan hanya mempunyai tiga ketinggalan untuk memperolehi 10 meter, yang mengakibatkan serangan yang kurang menyerang daripada permainan Amerika. Dalam permainan Kanada semua pemain dalam pasukan bertahan, apabila turun bermula, mesti sekurang-kurangnya 1 halaman dari garis scrimmage. (Permainan Amerika mempunyai \"zon neutral\" sama tetapi ia hanya panjang bola sepak.) <> Yang versi Amerika Utara bola sepak memanggil 12 pemain setiap sisi di lapangan? || Kanada <> Berapa meter lebih luas adalah padang bola sepak Kanada daripada lapangan bola sepak Amerika? || 10 <> Versi mana yang sepak bola Amerika Utara mempunyai zon akhir yang lebih kecil? || Amerika <> Berapa banyak pasukan tidak perlu memajukan sepuluh meter di bola sepak Kanada? || tiga <> Seberapa jauh dari garis pertandingan mesti pembela bola sepak Kanada? || 1 halaman", {"context": "In Canada, the term \"football\" may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are closely related but have significant differences. In particular, Canadian football has 12 players on the field per team rather than 11; the field is roughly 10 yards wider, and 10 yards longer between end-zones that are themselves 10 yards deeper; and a team has only three downs to gain 10 yards, which results in less offensive rushing than in the American game. In the Canadian game all players on the defending team, when a down begins, must be at least 1 yard from the line of scrimmage. (The American game has a similar \"neutral zone\" but it is only the length of the football.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Canadian"}], "question": "Which North American version of football calls for 12 player per side on the field?", "id": "572e7aa8dfa6aa1500f8d00d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many yards wider is a Canadian football field than an American football field?", "id": "572e7aa8dfa6aa1500f8d00e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "American"}], "question": "Which version of North American football has smaller end zones?", "id": "572e7aa8dfa6aa1500f8d00f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many downs does a team have to advance ten yards in Canadian football?", "id": "572e7aa8dfa6aa1500f8d010"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "1 yard"}], "question": "How far away from the line of scrimmage must Canadian football defenders be?", "id": "572e7aa8dfa6aa1500f8d011"}]}], ["Padang bola sepak Kanada adalah 150 meter panjang (137 m) dan 65 meter (59 m) lebar dengan zon akhir 20 meter (18 m) dalam, dan garisan gol seluas 110 meter (101 m). Di setiap garisan gol adalah satu set poket 40 kaki tinggi (12 m), yang terdiri daripada dua upstights yang disertai dengan palang silang 18 1/2 kaki (5.6 m) yang 10 kaki (3 m) di atas garis gol. Palang gol boleh berbentuk H (kedua-dua jawatan yang ditetapkan di dalam tanah) walaupun dalam pertandingan yang lebih tinggi berkaliber, reka bentuk penalaan (disokong oleh satu lengkung melengkung di belakang garisan gol, supaya setiap jawatan bermula 10 kaki (3 m) di atas tanah) lebih disukai. Sisi medan ditandai dengan sela-sela putih, garisan gol ditandai dengan putih, dan garisan putih ditarik di sebelah setiap lapangan sepanjang 5 meter (4.6 m) dari garis gawang. Garis sisi ini dipanggil \"garisan halaman\" dan sering ditandai dengan jarak dalam meter dari dan anak panah menunjuk ke arah garis gawang terdekat. Dalam dekad-dekad terdahulu, anak panah tidak digunakan dan setiap baris halaman biasanya ditandai dengan jarak ke garisan gol, termasuk garisan gol sendiri yang ditandai dengan \"0\"; di kebanyakan stadium hari ini, garisan 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, dan 50-halaman ditandai dengan nombor, dengan garis gawang kadangkala ditandai dengan \"G\". Barisan pusat (55-halaman) biasanya ditandakan dengan \"C\". \"Tanda Hash\" dicat putih, selari dengan garis yardage, pada jarak 1 meter (0.9 m), 24 meter (21.9 m) dari luar. Di ladang yang mempunyai landasan larian di sekitar, seperti Stadium Komanwel, Stadium Molson, dan banyak universiti, zon akhir sering terputus di sudut untuk menampung trek. Pada tahun 2014, Edmonton meletakkan turf di landasan untuk membuat zon penuh. Ini sangat umum di kalangan pasukan yang berpangkalan di A.S. semasa pengembangan CFL di Amerika, di mana beberapa stadium Amerika mampu menampung bidang CFL yang lebih lama dan nyata. <> Berapa meter lebar adalah padang bola sepak Kanada? || 65 <> Berapa lama meter adalah palang gol bola sepak Kanada? || 5.6 <> Apa bahagian padang bola sepak Kanada kadangkala ditandakan dengan \"G\"? || garis matlamat <> Berapa jarak dari pinggir ish tanda dicat pada medan CFL? || 24 meter (21.9 m)", {"context": "The Canadian football field is 150 yards (137 m) long and 65 yards (59 m) wide with end zones 20 yards (18 m) deep, and goal lines 110 yards (101 m) apart. At each goal line is a set of 40-foot-high (12 m) goalposts, which consist of two uprights joined by an 18 1\u20442-foot-long (5.6 m) crossbar which is 10 feet (3 m) above the goal line. The goalposts may be H-shaped (both posts fixed in the ground) although in the higher-calibre competitions the tuning-fork design (supported by a single curved post behind the goal line, so that each post starts 10 feet (3 m) above the ground) is preferred. The sides of the field are marked by white sidelines, the goal line is marked in white, and white lines are drawn laterally across the field every 5 yards (4.6 m) from the goal line. These lateral lines are called \"yard lines\" and often marked with the distance in yards from and an arrow pointed toward the nearest goal line. In previous decades, arrows were not used and every yard line was usually marked with the distance to the goal line, including the goal line itself which was marked with a \"0\"; in most stadiums today, the 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-yard lines are marked with numbers, with the goal line sometimes being marked with a \"G\". The centre (55-yard) line usually is marked with a \"C\". \"Hash marks\" are painted in white, parallel to the yardage lines, at 1 yard (0.9 m) intervals, 24 yards (21.9 m) from the sidelines. On fields that have a surrounding running track, such as Commonwealth Stadium, Molson Stadium, and many universities, the end zones are often cut off in the corners to accommodate the track. In 2014, Edmonton placed turf over the track to create full end zones. This was particularly common among U.S.-based teams during the CFL's American expansion, where few American stadiums were able to accommodate the much longer and noticeably wider CFL field.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "65"}], "question": "How many yards wide is a Canadian football field?", "id": "572e844703f989190075670b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "5.6"}], "question": "How long in meters is the crossbar of a Canadian football goal?", "id": "572e844703f989190075670c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1200, "text": "goal line"}], "question": "What part of a Canadian football field was sometimes marked with a \"G\"?", "id": "572e844703f989190075670d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1396, "text": "24 yards (21.9 m)"}], "question": "What distance from the sidelines are hash marks painted on a CFL field?", "id": "572e844703f989190075670e"}]}], ["Peraturan Burnside yang hampir menyerupai Bola Sepak Amerika yang diperbadankan pada tahun 1903 oleh The ORFU, merupakan satu usaha untuk membezakannya dari permainan yang lebih berorientasi rugby. Peraturan Burnside telah dikurangkan kepada 12 pasukan di setiap sisi, memperkenalkan sistem Snap-Back, memerlukan pasukan yang menyerang untuk mendapatkan 10 meter pada tiga ketinggalan, menghapuskan Throw-In dari luar, hanya dibenarkan enam lelaki di baris tersebut, menyatakan bahawa semua gol dengan tendangan penalti bernilai dua mata dan pembangkang akan bersiap sedia 10 meter dari pembela pada semua tendangan. Peraturan itu merupakan cubaan untuk menyeragamkan peraturan di seluruh negara. CIRFU, QRFU dan CRU enggan mengamalkan peraturan baru pada mulanya. Pas maju tidak dibenarkan dalam permainan Kanada sehingga 1929, dan sentuhan, yang telah lima mata, meningkat menjadi enam mata pada tahun 1956, dalam kedua-dua kes beberapa dekad setelah Amerika telah menerima perubahan yang sama. Perbezaan utama antara permainan Kanada dan Amerika berasal dari peraturan yang mengubah sisi Amerika sempadan tetapi pihak Kanada tidak (pada asalnya, kedua-dua pihak mempunyai tiga ketinggalan, jawatan gol pada garis gawang dan gerakan tanpa had, tetapi Amerika sisi mengubah peraturan ini dan orang Kanada tidak). Lebar medan Kanada adalah satu peraturan yang tidak berdasarkan peraturan Amerika, kerana permainan Kanada dimainkan di bidang yang lebih luas dan stadium yang tidak sekecil stadium Amerika. <> Peraturan peraturan bola sepak Kanada yang mana ORFU mengadopsi pada tahun 1903? || Burnside <> Yang ketiga kesatuan bola sepak Kanada menentang Peraturan Burnside? || CIRFU, QRFU dan CRU <> Di mana tahun berlalu pas boleh diterima dalam bola sepak Kanada? || 1929 <> Gaya gaya sepak bola Amerika Utara mengubah aturan permainan mereka paling banyak dari versi awal mereka? || Amerika", {"context": "The Burnside rules closely resembling American Football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU, was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game. The Burnside Rules had teams reduced to 12 men per side, introduced the Snap-Back system, required the offensive team to gain 10 yards on three downs, eliminated the Throw-In from the sidelines, allowed only six men on the line, stated that all goals by kicking were to be worth two points and the opposition was to line up 10 yards from the defenders on all kicks. The rules were an attempt to standardize the rules throughout the country. The CIRFU, QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first. Forward passes were not allowed in the Canadian game until 1929, and touchdowns, which had been five points, were increased to six points in 1956, in both cases several decades after the Americans had adopted the same changes. The primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not (originally, both sides had three downs, goal posts on the goal lines and unlimited forward motion, but the American side modified these rules and the Canadians did not). The Canadian field width was one rule that was not based on American rules, as the Canadian game played in wider fields and stadiums that were not as narrow as the American stadiums.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Burnside"}], "question": "Which Canadian football rules did the ORFU adopt in 1903?", "id": "572e7f4603f98919007566d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "CIRFU, QRFU and CRU"}], "question": "Which three Canadian football unions resisted the Burnside Rules?", "id": "572e7f4603f98919007566d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "1929"}], "question": "In which year did forward passes become acceptable in Canadian football?", "id": "572e7f4603f98919007566d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 947, "text": "American"}], "question": "Which style of North American football changed the rules of their game the most from their earliest versions?", "id": "572e7f4603f98919007566d6"}]}], ["Jam tidak berjalan semasa percubaan menukar dalam tiga minit terakhir separuh. Sekiranya 15 minit satu suku tamat tempoh sementara bola hidup, suku akhir diperpanjang sehingga bola mati. Sekiranya masa suku tahun tamat semasa bola mati, suku itu diperluaskan untuk satu lagi perlawanan. Suku tidak dapat berakhir sementara penalti masih belum selesai: selepas penalti dikenakan, suku itu diperpanjang satu pertandingan. Perhatikan bahawa pasukan yang tidak dihukum mempunyai pilihan untuk menolak apa-apa penalti yang difikirkannya tidak memihak, jadi pasukan yang kalah tidak dapat memanjangkan permainan dengan melakukan pelanggaran berulang kali. <> Apa yang berlaku pada suku yang masanya tamat sementara bola masih hidup dalam bermain? || dilanjutkan <> Memainkan mana yang tidak menyebabkan masa lari jam semasa minit terakhir separuh? || menukar percubaan <> Apa yang menyebabkan seperempat diperpanjang satu pertunjukan tambahan walaupun waktu telah habis? || penalti <> Berapa lama seperempat dalam minit? || 15", {"context": "The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end while a penalty is pending: after the penalty yardage is applied, the quarter is extended one scrimmage. Note that the non-penalized team has the option to decline any penalty it considers disadvantageous, so a losing team cannot indefinitely prolong a game by repeatedly committing infractions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "extended"}], "question": "What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play?", "id": "572e9091cb0c0d14000f12aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "convert attempts"}], "question": "Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half?", "id": "572e9091cb0c0d14000f12ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "penalty"}], "question": "What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out?", "id": "572e9091cb0c0d14000f12ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "15"}], "question": "How long is a quarter in minutes?", "id": "572e9091cb0c0d14000f12ac"}]}], ["Di padang pada awal permainan adalah dua pasukan dari 12 (tidak seperti 11 dalam bola sepak Amerika). Pasukan yang memiliki bola adalah kesalahan dan pertahanan pasukan disebut sebagai pembela. Main bermula dengan punggung melewati kaki (snap) oleh ahli pasukan serangan, kepada ahli pasukan yang menyerang. Ini biasanya quarterback atau punter, tetapi satu \"snap langsung\" untuk lari belakang juga tidak biasa. Sekiranya quarterback atau punter menerima bola, dia boleh melakukan mana-mana yang berikut: <> Berapa banyak pemain setiap bidang sampingan dalam permainan bola sepak Amerika? || 11 <> Apakah istilah bagi pasukan yang memulakan permainan dengan mengawal bola? || pelanggaran <> Apakah pergerakan mundur awal bola dalam permainan dipanggil? || snap <> Yang mana dua pemain yang paling sering menerima pas pandang pertama dalam permainan bola sepak? || quarterback atau punter", {"context": "On the field at the beginning of a play are two teams of 12 (unlike 11 in American football). The team in possession of the ball is the offence and the team defending is referred to as the defence. Play begins with a backwards pass through the legs (the snap) by a member of the offensive team, to another member of the offensive team. This is usually the quarterback or punter, but a \"direct snap\" to a running back is also not uncommon. If the quarterback or punter receives the ball, he may then do any of the following:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many players does each side field in an American football game?", "id": "572e885c03f989190075673d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "offence"}], "question": "What is the term for the team who begins a play with control of the ball?", "id": "572e885c03f989190075673e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "the snap"}], "question": "What is the initial backward movement of the ball in a play called?", "id": "572e885c03f989190075673f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "quarterback or punter"}], "question": "Which two players most commonly receive the first backward pass in a football play?", "id": "572e885c03f9891900756740"}]}], ["Putar berhenti apabila lutut, siku, atau bahagian badan lain selain dari kaki dan tangan dipaksa ke tanah (mengatasi); apabila lulus ke hadapan tidak ditangkap dengan cepat (semasa pertikaian); apabila sentuhan (lihat di bawah) atau matlamat medan dijaringkan; apabila bola meninggalkan kawasan bermain dengan apa-apa cara (dibawa, dibuang, atau dibongkar); atau apabila pengangkut bola berada dalam posisi berdiri tetapi tidak dapat bergerak ke depan (dipanggil kemajuan maju). Sekiranya tiada markah telah dibuat, permainan seterusnya bermula dari pertandingan. <> Apakah istilah untuk mainan berhenti kerana pembawa bola, walaupun tidak ditangani sepenuhnya, tidak dapat lagi memajukan bola? || kemajuan ke hadapan <> Di manakah permainan seterusnya bermula kecuali satu pasukan hanya mencetak gol? || scrimmage <> Bahagian mana badan pembawa bola tidak menyebabkan mainan berhenti apabila mereka menyentuh tanah? || kaki dan tangan <> Arah mana laluan menyebabkan bermain berhenti apabila ia tidak ditangkap? || ke hadapan", {"context": "Play stops when the ball carrier's knee, elbow, or any other body part aside from the feet and hands, is forced to the ground (a tackle); when a forward pass is not caught on the fly (during a scrimmage); when a touchdown (see below) or a field goal is scored; when the ball leaves the playing area by any means (being carried, thrown, or fumbled out of bounds); or when the ball carrier is in a standing position but can no longer move forwards (called forward progress). If no score has been made, the next play starts from scrimmage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "forward progress"}], "question": "What is the term for play stopped because the ball carrier, although not fully tackled, can no longer advance the ball?", "id": "572e8686c246551400ce42c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "scrimmage"}], "question": "Where does the next play start unless a team has just scored?", "id": "572e8686c246551400ce42c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "feet and hands"}], "question": "Which parts of the ball carrier's body do not cause play to stop when they touch the ground?", "id": "572e8686c246551400ce42c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "forward"}], "question": "Which direction of pass causes play to stop when it is not caught?", "id": "572e8686c246551400ce42c5"}]}], ["Sebelum pertandingan, seorang pegawai meletakkan bola di tempat yang tepat pada penghujung jam, tetapi tidak lebih dekat dari 24 meter dari garis tepi atau 1 meter dari garis gawang. Barisan selari dengan garis gawang yang melewati bola (garisan dari garis tepi ke pinggir untuk bola panjang) dirujuk sebagai garis scrimmage. Barisan ini sama dengan \"tanah tiada manusia\"; pemain mesti berada di sebelah masing-masing garisan mereka sehingga permainan dimulakan semula. Untuk pertarungan yang sah, pasukan yang memiliki bola sepak itu mestilah mempunyai tujuh pemain, tidak termasuk quarterback, dalam satu halaman garis pertandingan. Pasukan pertahanan mesti tinggal di halaman atau lebih banyak lagi dari garis pertandingan. <> Apa jarak minimum dari garisan tepi tempat rasmi tempat bola sebelum dimainkan? || 24 yard <> Berapakah istilah untuk garis merentas lapangan di mana bola diposisikan sebelum bermain? || line scrimmage <> Berapa banyak pemain mesti pasukan dengan tempat pemilikan berhampiran garis scrimmage? || tujuh <> Seberapa dekat dengan garis pertunangan yang dapat mempertahankan pendekatan pemain sebelum pertandingan dijalankan? || satu halaman", {"context": "Before scrimmage, an official places the ball at the spot it was at the stop of clock, but no nearer than 24 yards from the sideline or 1 yard from the goal line. The line parallel to the goal line passing through the ball (line from sideline to sideline for the length of the ball) is referred to as the line of scrimmage. This line is similar to \"no-man's land\"; players must stay on their respective sides of this line until the play has begun again. For a scrimmage to be valid the team in possession of the football must have seven players, excluding the quarterback, within one yard of the line of scrimmage. The defending team must stay a yard or more back from the line of scrimmage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "24 yards"}], "question": "What minimum distance from the sideline does the official place the ball before play starts?", "id": "572e87afdfa6aa1500f8d0c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "line of scrimmage"}], "question": "What is the term for the line across the field where the ball is positioned before a play?", "id": "572e87afdfa6aa1500f8d0c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many players must the team with possession place near the line of scrimmage?", "id": "572e87afdfa6aa1500f8d0c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "one yard"}], "question": "How close to the line of scrimmage can defensive players approach before a play is run?", "id": "572e87afdfa6aa1500f8d0c6"}]}], ["Setiap permainan merupakan satu ke bawah. Pelanggaran itu harus memajukan bola setidaknya sepuluh meter ke arah garis gawang lawan dalam tiga ketinggalan atau kehilangan bola ke lawan mereka. Sebaik sahaja sepuluh kilometer telah diperolehi kesilapan memperoleh satu set baru tiga ketinggalan (bukannya ketinggalan empat diberikan dalam bola sepak Amerika). Downs tidak berkumpul. Jika pasukan yang menyerang melengkapkan 10 yard pada perlawanan pertama mereka, mereka kehilangan dua kejatuhan yang lain dan diberi satu lagi set ketiga. Sekiranya pasukan gagal mencapai sepuluh kilometer dalam dua pertandingan, mereka biasanya menendang bola di bawah ketiga atau cuba menendang gawang lapangan (lihat di bawah), bergantung pada posisi mereka di lapangan. Bagaimanapun, pasukan itu boleh menggunakan pertahanan ketiga dalam percubaan untuk memajukan bola dan memperoleh 10 meter kumulatif. <> Apa istilah lain untuk permainan yang lengkap? || turun <> Berapa banyak mainan yang boleh dilakukan tanpa mendapatkan sepuluh meter? || tiga <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh pasukan apabila mereka tidak memajukan bola cukup untuk mencetak gol atau mungkin mendapatkan satu set baru? || punt <> Berapa banyak yang diturunkan oleh pasukan selepas mereka mendapat sepuluh di bawah pertama mereka? || tiga", {"context": "Each play constitutes a down. The offence must advance the ball at least ten yards towards the opponents' goal line within three downs or forfeit the ball to their opponents. Once ten yards have been gained the offence gains a new set of three downs (rather than the four downs given in American football). Downs do not accumulate. If the offensive team completes 10 yards on their first play, they lose the other two downs and are granted another set of three. If a team fails to gain ten yards in two downs they usually punt the ball on third down or try to kick a field goal (see below), depending on their position on the field. The team may, however use its third down in an attempt to advance the ball and gain a cumulative 10 yards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "down"}], "question": "What is another term for a completed play?", "id": "572e893d03f989190075674f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many plays can the offence run without gaining ten yards?", "id": "572e893d03f9891900756750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "punt"}], "question": "What does a team do when they have not advance the ball enough to score or likely gain a new set of downs?", "id": "572e893d03f9891900756752"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many downs does a team get after they've gained ten on their first down?", "id": "572e893d03f9891900756751"}]}], ["Dalam kebanyakan kes, pasukan tidak dihukum akan mempunyai pilihan untuk menolak penalti; di mana keputusan perlawanan terdahulu terdahulu seolah-olah hukuman itu tidak dipanggil. Pengecualian yang ketara kepada peraturan ini adalah jika pasukan menendang di atas perlawanan bawah ke-3 dihukum sebelum tendangan terjadi: pasukan penerima mungkin tidak menolak penalti dan mengambil alih atas ketinggalan. Selepas tendangan dibuat, perubahan pemilikan berlaku dan penalti berikutnya dinilai sama ada tempat di mana bola ditangkap, atau runback. <> Siapa yang boleh menolak penalti? || pasukan tidak dihukum <> Pasukan yang menerima punt tidak dapat menolak penalti yang mana turun? || Ketiga ke bawah <> Hasil bermain mana yang menentukan penempatan bola apabila penalti ditolak? || permainan terdahulu <> Apa yang dapat dilakukan oleh pasukan ketika mereka lebih suka hasil asli dari pertandingan dengan situasi yang mereka miliki dengan penalti yang dinilai pada tim lain untuk bermain itu? || menurunkan penalti", {"context": "In most cases, the non-penalized team will have the option of declining the penalty; in which case the results of the previous play stand as if the penalty had not been called. One notable exception to this rule is if the kicking team on a 3rd down punt play is penalized before the kick occurs: the receiving team may not decline the penalty and take over on downs. After the kick is made, change of possession occurs and subsequent penalties are assessed against either the spot where the ball is caught, or the runback.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "the non-penalized team"}], "question": "Who can decline a penalty?", "id": "572e8e2703f989190075677d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "3rd down"}], "question": "A team receiving a punt cannot decline a penalty on which down?", "id": "572e8e2703f989190075677e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "the previous play"}], "question": "The outcome of which play determines the placement of the ball when a penalty is declined?", "id": "572e8e2703f989190075677f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "decline the penalty"}], "question": "What can a team do when they prefer the original outcome of a play to the situation they would have with a penalty assessed on the other team for that play?", "id": "572e8e2703f9891900756780"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh tiga minit yang lalu, penalti kerana kegagalan untuk meletakkan bola bermain dalam waktu bermain 20 saat, dikenali sebagai \"hitungan masa\" (ini adalah \"kelewatan permainan\" dalam bola sepak Amerika), adalah secara dramatik berbeza dari semasa 27 minit pertama. Daripada penalti 5 meter dengan pengulangan yang berulang, penalti asas (kecuali semasa percubaan percubaan) menjadi kehilangan turun pada tahap pertama atau kedua, dan 10 meter pada posisi ketiga dengan turun berulang. Di samping itu, seperti yang dinyatakan sebelum ini, pengadil boleh memberikan kepunyaan pertahanan untuk mengira pelanggaran jumlah masa yang disengajakan di bawah ketiga. <> Pada titik mana dalam permainan adalah masa pelanggaran yang diperlukan untuk meletakkan bola dalam permainan diukur? || tiga minit terakhir separuh <> Berapa banyak detik berlalu sebelum penalti jumlah masa dinilai? || 20 <> Apakah hukuman untuk menghitung waktu pada dua kali pertama? || kehilangan bawah <> Siapa yang boleh menghidupkan bola ke sisi lain jika pasukan yang menyerang terlalu banyak mengira pelanggaran? || pengadil <> Berapa banyak yuran kesalahan yang hilang untuk menghitung waktu di bawah ketiga? || 10", {"context": "During the last three minutes of a half, the penalty for failure to place the ball in play within the 20-second play clock, known as \"time count\" (this foul is known as \"delay of game\" in American football), is dramatically different from during the first 27 minutes. Instead of the penalty being 5 yards with the down repeated, the base penalty (except during convert attempts) becomes loss of down on first or second down, and 10 yards on third down with the down repeated. In addition, as noted previously, the referee can give possession to the defence for repeated deliberate time count violations on third down.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "last three minutes of a half"}], "question": "At which point in a game is the time the offence takes to put the ball in play measured?", "id": "572e8fbbdfa6aa1500f8d13d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many seconds elapse before a time count penalty is assessed?", "id": "572e8fbbdfa6aa1500f8d13e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "loss of down"}], "question": "What is the penalty for a time count on the first two downs?", "id": "572e8fbbdfa6aa1500f8d13f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "referee"}], "question": "Who can turn the ball over to the other side if an offensive team incurs too many time count violations?", "id": "572e8fbbdfa6aa1500f8d140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many yards does the offense lose for a time count on third down?", "id": "572e8fbbdfa6aa1500f8d141"}]}], ["Penalti tidak pernah menghasilkan skor untuk kesalahan itu. Sebagai contoh, pelanggaran titik-pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh pembelaan di zon akhir mereka tidak diketepikan, tetapi memajukan bola ke garisan satu halaman dengan turun pertama secara automatik. Untuk jarak penalti, jika yardage itu lebih besar dari separuh jarak ke garis gawang, maka bola itu maju setengah jarak ke garis gawang, meskipun hanya sampai ke garis satu halaman (tidak seperti sepak bola Amerika, dalam bola sepak Kanada tidak scrimmage boleh bermula di dalam salah satu garisan satu halaman). Sekiranya yardage penalti asal akan mengakibatkan turun pertama atau menggerakkan bola melepasi garisan gol, undur pertama diberikan. <> Dimana bola diletakkan ketika penalti bertahan dilakukan di zona akhir mereka sendiri? || satu baris halaman <> Di mana gaya bola sepak Amerika Utara adalah garis scrimmage tidak pernah berada di dalam garis satu halaman? || Kanada <> Bermain yang menghasilkan hasil yang tidak akan pernah menjadi permainan scoring? || Penalti <> Berapakah jumlah penalti yang diberikan apabila bola lebih dekat dengan garis gawang daripada yardase penalti biasa? || separuh jarak ke garis gol", {"context": "Penalties never result in a score for the offence. For example, a point-of-foul infraction committed by the defence in their end zone is not ruled a touchdown, but instead advances the ball to the one-yard line with an automatic first down. For a distance penalty, if the yardage is greater than half the distance to the goal line, then the ball is advanced half the distance to the goal line, though only up to the one-yard line (unlike American football, in Canadian football no scrimmage may start inside either one-yard line). If the original penalty yardage would have resulted in a first down or moving the ball past the goal line, a first down is awarded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "one-yard line"}], "question": "Where is the ball placed when a defensive penalty is committed in their own end zone?", "id": "572e8ce903f9891900756775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Canadian"}], "question": "In which North American style of football is the line of scrimmage never inside the one-yard line?", "id": "572e8ce903f9891900756776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Penalties"}], "question": "A play that results in what outcome will never also be a scoring play?", "id": "572e8ce903f9891900756777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "half the distance to the goal line"}], "question": "How many penalty yards are awarded when the ball is nearer the goal line than the usual penalty yardage?", "id": "572e8ce903f9891900756778"}]}], ["Pelanggaran terhadap peraturan dihukum dengan penalti, biasanya kehilangan yardage 5, 10 atau 15 meter terhadap tim yang dihukum. Pelanggaran kecil seperti offside (pemain dari kedua-dua belah pihak yang menceroboh zon scrimmage sebelum permainan bermula) dihukum 5 meter, penalti yang lebih berat (seperti memegang) dihukum 10 meter, dan pelanggaran peraturan yang teruk (seperti peletakan muka ) biasanya dihukum 15 meter. Bergantung pada penalti, yardage penalti boleh dinilai dari baris asal scrimmage, dari mana pelanggaran berlaku (contohnya, untuk pelanggaran gangguan lulus), atau dari mana bola berakhir selepas bermain. Penalti atas kesalahan itu boleh, atau mungkin tidak, menyebabkan kehilangan ke bawah; penalti pada pertahanan boleh mengakibatkan penurunan pertama secara otomatis diberikan kepada kesalahan itu. Untuk kelakuan yang sangat teruk, pegawai permainan boleh mengeluarkan pemain (pemain yang diusir boleh diganti), atau dalam kes-kes yang luar biasa, mengisytiharkan permainan lebih dan memberi kemenangan kepada satu pihak atau yang lain. Penalti tidak menjejaskan kawasan halaman yang harus dicapai oleh pelanggaran untuk mendapatkan peringkat pertama (kecuali jika hasil penalti di bawah yang pertama diberikan); jika suatu penalti terhadap pertahanan mengakibatkan yardage bawah pertama dicapai, maka kesalahan itu diberikan pertama turun. <> Apakah penalti biasa apabila peraturan bermain dilanggar? || kehilangan yardage <> Berapa banyak meter yang hilang pasukan apabila mereka melakukan penalti kecil? || lima <> Berapakah bilangan meter yang diturunkan oleh pasukan untuk menutup muka? || 15 <> Apa yang lain daripada yardage kadang-kadang dianugerahkan kesalahan pada penalti bertahan? || pertama turun", {"context": "Infractions of the rules are punished with penalties, typically a loss of yardage of 5, 10 or 15 yards against the penalized team. Minor violations such as offside (a player from either side encroaching into scrimmage zone before the play starts) are penalized five yards, more serious penalties (such as holding) are penalized 10 yards, and severe violations of the rules (such as face-masking) are typically penalized 15 yards. Depending on the penalty, the penalty yardage may be assessed from the original line of scrimmage, from where the violation occurred (for example, for a pass interference infraction), or from where the ball ended after the play. Penalties on the offence may, or may not, result in a loss of down; penalties on the defence may result in a first down being automatically awarded to the offence. For particularly severe conduct, the game official(s) may eject players (ejected players may be substituted for), or in exceptional cases, declare the game over and award victory to one side or the other. Penalties do not affect the yard line which the offence must reach to gain a first down (unless the penalty results in a first down being awarded); if a penalty against the defence results in the first down yardage being attained, then the offence is awarded a first down.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "loss of yardage"}], "question": "What is the usual penalty when the rules of play are violated?", "id": "572e8ba0c246551400ce432a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many yards does a team lose when they commit a minor penalty?", "id": "572e8ba0c246551400ce432b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many yards does a team lose for face-masking?", "id": "572e8ba0c246551400ce432c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "first down"}], "question": "What other than yardage is sometimes awarded the offence on a defensive penalty?", "id": "572e8ba0c246551400ce432d"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak peraturan untuk dihubungi dalam jenis bola sepak ini. Pertama, satu-satunya pemain di lapangan yang mungkin ditangani secara sah adalah pemain yang kini memiliki bola sepak (bola pengangkut). Kedua, seorang penerima, yang mengatakan, pemain yang menyerang menghantar padang untuk menerima pas, mungkin tidak diganggu (memaksa geraknya terhalang, disekat, dan lain-lain) melainkan jika ia berada dalam satu halaman garis pertandingan (bukan 5 meter (4.6 m) dalam bola sepak Amerika). Mana-mana pemain boleh menyekat laluan pemain lain, selagi dia tidak memegang atau mengendarai pemain yang dia hendak bloki. Kicker tidak boleh dihubungi selepas tendangan tetapi sebelum tendangannya kembali ke tanah (aturan ini tidak dikuatkan oleh pemain yang telah menyekat sepakan), dan quarterback, setelah telah melemparkan bola, mungkin tidak akan dipukul atau ditangani . <> Apakah istilah untuk pemain yang sedang menyerahkan sepak bola ketika bermain berlangsung? || pengangkut bola <> Dalam jarak apa saja dari garis scrimmage boleh menyerang pemain yang tidak memiliki bola dihubungi secara sah oleh pemain pertahanan? || satu halaman <> Apakah dua cara yang menyalahi undang-undang untuk menghalang kemajuan pemain lawan yang berdekatan dengan garis pertandingan? || tahan atau perjalanan <> Pemain mana yang tidak dapat ditangani segera setelah mereka melemparkan pas? || quarterback", {"context": "There are many rules to contact in this type of football. First, the only player on the field who may be legally tackled is the player currently in possession of the football (the ball carrier). Second, a receiver, that is to say, an offensive player sent down the field to receive a pass, may not be interfered with (have his motion impeded, be blocked, etc.) unless he is within one yard of the line of scrimmage (instead of 5 yards (4.6 m) in American football). Any player may block another player's passage, so long as he does not hold or trip the player he intends to block. The kicker may not be contacted after the kick but before his kicking leg returns to the ground (this rule is not enforced upon a player who has blocked a kick), and the quarterback, having already thrown the ball, may not be hit or tackled.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "ball carrier"}], "question": "What is the term for the player that is currently handing the football when play is underway?", "id": "572e8a57cb0c0d14000f1276"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "one yard"}], "question": "Within what distance from the line of scrimmage can offensive players who do not have the ball be legally contacted by defensive players?", "id": "572e8a57cb0c0d14000f1277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "hold or trip"}], "question": "What are two illegal ways to block an opposing player's progress near the line of scrimmage?", "id": "572e8a57cb0c0d14000f1278"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "quarterback"}], "question": "Which player may not be tackled immediately after they have thrown a pass?", "id": "572e8a57cb0c0d14000f1279"}]}], ["Dalam CFL, jika permainan terikat pada akhir permainan peraturan, maka setiap pasukan diberikan jumlah yang sama untuk memecahkan tali. Tali duit syiling diadakan untuk menentukan pasukan mana yang akan mengambil alih pertama; Pasukan pertama melakukan scrimmages bola di lawan 35-halaman lawan dan kemajuan melalui satu siri down sehingga ia skor atau kehilangan kepemilikan. Sekiranya pasukan menjaringkan gol, bermula dengan musim 2010, ia perlu mencuba penukaran 2 mata. Pasukan lain kemudian melancarkan bola di garis 35 halaman yang sama dan mempunyai peluang yang sama untuk mencetak gol. Selepas pasukan telah menyelesaikan harta benda mereka, jika satu pasukan berada di depan, maka ia diisytiharkan sebagai pemenang; jika tidak, kedua-dua pasukan masing-masing mendapat peluang lain untuk menjaringkan gol, merosakkan dari garisan 35 halaman yang lain. Selepas pusingan kedua ini, jika masih tiada pemenang, semasa musim biasa permainan berakhir sebagai tali. Dalam permainan playoff atau kejohanan, pasukan terus berusaha menjaringkan gol dari garisan selebar 35 halaman, sehingga satu pasukan memimpin setelah kedua-duanya memiliki jumlah harta yang sama. <> Apa yang menentukan pasukan mana yang pertama dimiliki apabila memanjangkan permainan untuk memecah tali? || duit syiling yang melemparkan <> Di mana barisan halaman di pihak lawan mereka ada satu pasukan yang menguasai bola mengikut peraturan melanggar peraturan CFL? || 35 <> Di mana tahun itu CFL mula menghendaki pasukan mencuba penukaran 2 mata setelah mencetak gol dalam keadaan melanggar? || 2010 <> Pusingan pusingan mana yang terakhir adalah pusingan terakhir dalam perlawanan CFL musim biasa? || kedua <> Permainan CFL mana yang memerlukan pusingan perpecahan terus meneruskan sehingga keputusan pemenang? || playoff atau kejohanan", {"context": "In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it scores or loses possession. If the team scores a touchdown, starting with the 2010 season, it is required to attempt a 2-point conversion. The other team then scrimmages the ball at the same 35-yard line and has the same opportunity to score. After the teams have completed their possessions, if one team is ahead, then it is declared the winner; otherwise, the two teams each get another chance to score, scrimmaging from the other 35-yard line. After this second round, if there is still no winner, during the regular season the game ends as a tie. In a playoff or championship game, the teams continue to attempt to score from alternating 35-yard lines, until one team is leading after both have had an equal number of possessions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "coin toss"}], "question": "What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie?", "id": "572e92c5c246551400ce4368"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "35"}], "question": "At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules?", "id": "572e92c5c246551400ce4369"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation?", "id": "572e92c5c246551400ce436a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 776, "text": "second"}], "question": "Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game?", "id": "572e92c5c246551400ce436b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "playoff or championship"}], "question": "Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results?", "id": "572e92c5c246551400ce436c"}]}]], [["Menyedari bahawa perang sudah dekat, Prussia menyerang Saxony dengan cepat dan cepat mengalahkannya. Hasilnya menyebabkan kegemparan di seluruh Eropah. Kerana persekutuan Prussia dengan Britain, Austria membentuk persekutuan dengan Perancis, melihat peluang untuk menawan semula Silesia, yang telah hilang dalam perang sebelumnya. Dengan tidak sengaja, dengan mengikut diet kekaisaran, kebanyakan negeri empayar bergabung dengan Austria. Persekutuan Anglo-Prussian disertai oleh negara-negara Jerman yang lebih kecil (terutama Hanover). Sweden, yang takut dengan kecenderungan pengembangan Prussia, berperang pada tahun 1757 untuk melindungi kekuasaan Baltik, melihat peluangnya apabila hampir semua Eropah menentang Prusia. Sepanyol, yang terikat oleh Pacte de Famille, campur tangan bagi pihak Perancis dan bersama-sama mereka melancarkan serangan yang tidak berjaya ke Portugal pada tahun 1762. Empayar Rusia pada awalnya bersekutu dengan Austria, yang takut dengan cita-cita Prussia di Komanwel Poland-Lithuania, tetapi bertukar sisi penggantian Tsar Peter III pada tahun 1762. <> Siapa yang membuat mogok pertama Perang Tujuh Tahun? || Prussia secara paksa melanda <> Kawasan apa pun yang merupakan tapak tindakan pertama dalam Perang Tujuh Tahun || Saxony <> Apa negara bersekutu dengan Prusia? || Persekutuan Prussia dengan Britain <> Apakah negara asal yang bersekutu dengan Perancis? || Austria membentuk satu persekutuan dengan Perancis <> Jerman yang lebih kecil bergabung di sebelah mana? || Persekutuan Anglo-Prussian disertai oleh negara-negara Jerman yang lebih kecil", {"context": "Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover). Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched an utterly unsuccessful invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Prussia preemptively struck"}], "question": "Who made the first strike of the Seven Years' War?", "id": "572e7c79cb0c0d14000f11b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Saxony"}], "question": "What area was the site of the first action in the Seven Years' War", "id": "572e7c79cb0c0d14000f11b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Prussia's alliance with Britain"}], "question": "What country allied with Prussia?", "id": "572e7c79cb0c0d14000f11b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Austria formed an alliance with France"}], "question": "What was the initial country to ally with France?", "id": "572e7c79cb0c0d14000f11b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states"}], "question": "The smaller German states joined which side?", "id": "572e7c79cb0c0d14000f11b4"}]}], ["Perang Tujuh Tahun dipertaruhkan antara tahun 1755 dan 1764, konflik utama yang berlaku dalam tempoh tujuh tahun dari 1756 hingga 1763. Ia melibatkan setiap kuasa hebat masa kecuali Empayar Uthmaniyyah, dan mempengaruhi Eropah, Amerika, Afrika Barat, India, dan Filipina. Dianggap sebagai pendahuluan kepada dua perang dunia dan perang Eropah yang terbesar sejak Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun abad ke-17, ia sekali lagi memecahkan Eropah menjadi dua gabungan, yang dipimpin oleh Great Britain di satu pihak dan Perancis di pihak yang lain. Buat pertama kalinya, dengan tujuan untuk mengurangkan kemungkinan Britain dan Prussia yang semakin berkembang, Perancis membentuk koalisi besar sendiri, yang berakhir dengan kegagalan ketika Britain bangkit sebagai kuasa utama dunia, mengubah keseimbangan kekuatan Eropah. <> Negara mana yang mengetuai dua gabungan semasa Perang Tujuh Tahun? || dua gabungan yang diketuai oleh Great Britain di satu pihak dan Perancis <> Apakah kuasa utama masa itu tidak terlibat dalam Perang Tujuh Tahun? || Ia melibatkan setiap kuasa besar masa itu kecuali Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Kapan perang Tujuh Tahun berperang? || Perang Tujuh Tahun bertempur antara 1755 dan 1764 <> Negara apa yang muncul sebagai kuasa dominan di dunia? || Britain meningkat sebagai kuasa utama dunia <> Apakah Perang Tujuh Tahun dianggap sebagai permulaan? || Dianggap sebagai permulaan kepada dua perang dunia", {"context": "The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. Considered a prelude to the two world wars and the greatest European war since the Thirty Years War of the 17th century, it once again split Europe into two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia's ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world's predominant power, altering the European balance of power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France"}], "question": "What countries led the two coalitions during the Seven Years' War?", "id": "572e7b2ecb0c0d14000f1192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "What major power of the time was not involved in The Seven Years' War?", "id": "572e7b2ecb0c0d14000f1194"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764"}], "question": "When was the Seven Year' War fought?", "id": "572e7b2ecb0c0d14000f1193"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "Britain rose as the world's predominant power"}], "question": "What country emerged as the world's predominate power?", "id": "572e7b2ecb0c0d14000f1195"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Considered a prelude to the two world wars"}], "question": "What was the Seven Years' War considered as the prelude to?", "id": "572e7b2ecb0c0d14000f1196"}]}], ["Perang Suara Austria telah menyaksikan para pesalah berturut-turut berturut-turut dengan dasar masa yang dihormati. Musuh tradisional Perancis, Great Britain dan Austria, telah bersatu sama seperti yang mereka lakukan terhadap Louis XIV. Prusia, negara anti-Austria terkemuka di Jerman, telah disokong oleh Perancis. Walau bagaimanapun kumpulan tidak menemui banyak alasan untuk berpuas hati dengan perkongsiannya: Subsidi British ke Austria tidak menghasilkan banyak bantuan kepada British, sementara usaha ketenteraan British tidak menyelamatkan Silesia untuk Austria. Prussia, setelah memperoleh Silesia, telah mencapai syarat dengan Austria dalam mengabaikan kepentingan Perancis. Walaupun demikian, Perancis telah membuat persetujuan pertahanan dengan Prussia pada tahun 1747, dan penyelenggaraan penjajaran Anglo-Austria selepas 1748 dianggap penting oleh Duke of Newcastle, setiausaha kerajaan British dalam kementerian saudaranya Henry Pelham. Keruntuhan sistem itu dan penyelarasan Perancis dengan Austria dan Great Britain dengan Prussia merupakan apa yang dikenali sebagai \"revolusi diplomatik\" atau \"pembalikan aliansi.\" <> Siapakah pasangan tradisional dengan Great Britain pada permulaan konflik itu? || Great Britain dan Austria, telah bergabung <> Apa yang diperoleh atau hilang oleh Austria? || Usaha ketenteraan British tidak menyelamatkan Silesia untuk Austria <> Apa keuntungan utama oleh Great Britain dengan mempunyai Austria sebagai sekutunya? || Subsidi British ke Austria telah menghasilkan apa-apa yang banyak membantu kepada British <> Persekutuan apa yang dibentuk dalam \"pembalikan diplomatik\"? || Keruntuhan sistem itu dan penyelarasan Perancis dengan Austria dan Great Britain dengan Prussia membentuk apa yang dikenali sebagai \"revolusi diplomatik\" <> Adakah kehilangan Silesia oleh Austria meningkatkan pertempuran dengan Prussia? || . Prusia, setelah memperoleh Silesia, telah datang ke Austria", {"context": "The War of the Austrian Succession had seen the belligerents aligned on a time-honoured basis. France\u2019s traditional enemies, Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced just as they had done against Louis XIV. Prussia, the leading anti-Austrian state in Germany, had been supported by France. Neither group, however, found much reason to be satisfied with its partnership: British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British, while the British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria. Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria in disregard of French interests. Even so, France had concluded a defensive alliance with Prussia in 1747, and the maintenance of the Anglo-Austrian alignment after 1748 was deemed essential by the Duke of Newcastle, British secretary of state in the ministry of his brother Henry Pelham. The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the \u201cdiplomatic revolution\u201d or the \u201creversal of alliances.\u201d", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced"}], "question": "Who was the traditional partner with Great Britain at the beginning of the conflict?", "id": "572e89ce03f9891900756757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria"}], "question": "What was gained or lost by Austria?", "id": "572e89ce03f9891900756759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British"}], "question": "What was the major gain by Great Britain by having Austria as it ally?", "id": "572e89ce03f9891900756758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the \u201cdiplomatic revolution\u201d"}], "question": "What alliances were formed in the \"diplomatic reversal\"?", "id": "572e89ce03f989190075675b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": ". Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria"}], "question": "Did the loss of Silesia by Austria intensify its battle with Prussia?", "id": "572e89ce03f989190075675a"}]}], ["Perang ini digambarkan sebagai \"peperangan dunia\" pertama, walaupun label ini juga diberikan kepada pelbagai konflik terdahulu seperti Perang Lapan Puluh Tahun, Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun, Perang Suara Spanyol dan Perang Succession Austria, dan konflik kemudian seperti Perang Napoleon. Istilah \"Seratus Seratus Tahun\" telah digunakan untuk menggambarkan tahap konflik seluruh dunia sepanjang abad ke-18, mengingatkan perjuangan yang lebih terkenal dan kompak pada abad ke-14. <> Apakah label paling hebat yang pernah digunakan ahli sejarah untuk menerangkan Perang Tujuh Tahun? || Perang telah digambarkan sebagai \"peperangan dunia pertama\" <> Apa istilah \"Perang Seratus Tahun Kedua\" menggambarkan? || Istilah \"Seratus Seratus Tahun\" telah digunakan untuk menggambarkan tahap konflik seluruh dunia sepanjang abad ke-18, <> Apakah duluan untuk \"Perang Seratus Tahun Kedua? || mengingatkan perjuangan yang lebih terkenal dan padat pada abad ke-14 <> Apa konflik kemudian yang dianggap sebagai Perang Dunia pertama? || ke konflik yang lebih lama seperti Perang Napoleon", {"context": "The war has been described as the first \"world war\", although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars. The term \"Second Hundred Years' War\" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The war has been described as the first \"world war\""}], "question": "What is the grandest label that historians have used to describe the  Seven Years' War?", "id": "572e81f2cb0c0d14000f1204"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "The term \"Second Hundred Years' War\" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century,"}], "question": "What does the term \"Second Hundred Years' War\" describe?", "id": "572e81f2cb0c0d14000f1205"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century"}], "question": "What is the precedent for the \"Second Hundred Year's War?", "id": "572e81f2cb0c0d14000f1206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars"}], "question": "What was a later conflict that some considered the first World War?", "id": "572e81f2cb0c0d14000f1207"}]}], ["Menyedari bahawa perang sudah dekat, Prussia menyerang Saxony dengan cepat dan cepat mengalahkannya. Hasilnya menyebabkan kegemparan di seluruh Eropah. Kerana persekutuan Prussia dengan Britain, Austria membentuk persekutuan dengan Perancis, melihat peluang untuk menawan semula Silesia, yang telah hilang dalam perang sebelumnya. Dengan tidak sengaja, dengan mengikut diet kekaisaran, kebanyakan negeri empayar bergabung dengan Austria. Persekutuan Anglo-Prussian disertai oleh negara-negara Jerman yang lebih kecil (terutama Hanover). Sweden, yang takut dengan kecenderungan pengembangan Prussia, berperang pada tahun 1757 untuk melindungi kekuasaan Baltik, melihat peluangnya apabila hampir semua Eropah menentang Prusia. Sepanyol, yang terikat oleh Pacte de Famille, campur tangan bagi pihak Perancis dan bersama-sama mereka melancarkan serangan ke Portugal pada tahun 1762. Empayar Rusia pada awalnya sejajar dengan Austria, yang takut dengan cita-cita Prussia di Komanwel Poland-Lithuania, tetapi bertukar sisi penggantian Tsar Peter III pada tahun 1762. <> Apakah motivasi Sweden untuk menyertai perang? || Sweden, yang takut dengan kecenderungan pengembangan Prussia, berperang pada tahun 1757 untuk melindungi kekuasaan Baltik, <> Negara mana yang menyerang Sepanyol? || Sepanyol, yang terikat oleh Pacte de Famille, campur tangan bagi pihak Perancis dan bersama-sama mereka melancarkan serangan ke atas Portugal <> Bilakah Sepanyol menyerang? || Sepanyol, yang terikat oleh Pacte de Famille, campur tangan bagi pihak Perancis dan bersama-sama mereka melancarkan serangan ke Portugal di 1762 <> Kawasan apa yang Austria berharap dapat menawan semula? || Austria membentuk satu perikatan dengan Perancis, melihat peluang untuk menawan semula Silesia, yang telah hilang dalam perang terdahulu <> Apa hasil pencerobohan oleh Sepanyol? || Sepanyol, terikat oleh Pacte de Famille, campur tangan bagi pihak Perancis dan bersama-sama mereka melancarkan serangan yang buruk", {"context": "Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover). Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions,"}], "question": "What was Sweden's motivation to join the war?", "id": "572e83d3c246551400ce429e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal"}], "question": "What country did Spain invade?", "id": "572e83d3c246551400ce429f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762"}], "question": "When did Spain invade?", "id": "572e83d3c246551400ce42a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war"}], "question": "What region did Austria hope to recapture?", "id": "572e83d3c246551400ce42a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion"}], "question": "What was the result of the invasion by Spain?", "id": "572e83d3c246551400ce42a1"}]}], ["Perang ini berjaya untuk Great Britain, yang mendapat sebahagian besar New France di Amerika Utara, Florida Florida, beberapa pulau Caribbean di Hindia Barat, koloni Senegal di pantai Afrika Barat, dan keunggulan di atas pos perdagangan Perancis di Subbenua India. Suku-suku asli Amerika tidak termasuk dalam penyelesaian; Konflik berikutnya, yang dikenali sebagai Perang Pontiac, juga tidak berjaya memulangkannya kepada status pra-perang mereka. Di Eropah, perang bermula dengan malapetaka untuk Prusia, tetapi gabungan kebaikan dan strategi yang berjaya menyaksikan King Frederick the Great menguruskan untuk mendapatkan kedudukan Prusia dan mengekalkan status quo ante bellum. Prussia muncul sebagai kuasa besar Eropah yang baru. Penglibatan Portugal, Sepanyol dan Sweden tidak mengembalikan mereka ke status bekas mereka sebagai kuasa besar. Perancis telah kehilangan banyak tanah jajahannya dan telah bersusah payah dengan hutang perang berat yang sistem kewangannya yang tidak cekap hampir tidak dapat dikendalikan. Sepanyol kehilangan Florida tetapi memperoleh Perancis Louisiana dan menguasai semula koloni-koloninya, contohnya, Cuba dan Filipina, yang telah ditawan oleh British semasa perang. Perancis dan kuasa-kuasa Eropah yang lain tidak lama lagi akan membalas kekalahan mereka pada tahun 1778 apabila Perang Revolusi Amerika meletus, dengan harapan untuk memusnahkan dominasi Britain sekali gus. <> Apakah keuntungan Great Britain berhubung dengan pos-pos perdagangan Perancis di benua kecil India? || keunggulan di atas pos perdagangan Perancis <> Apa hasilnya untuk suku kaum Native American? || Suku-suku asli Amerika dikecualikan daripada penempatan <> Apa suku kaum Native Americans lakukan dalam Perang Pontiac kemudian? || ; Konflik berikutnya, yang dikenali sebagai Perang Pontiac, juga tidak berjaya memulangkannya kepada status pra-perang mereka. <> Apakah dua faktor yang menebus hasil bagi orang Prussia? || nasib baik dan strategi yang berjaya <> Siapa pemimpin Prusia? || Raja Frederick yang Agung", {"context": "The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status. In Europe, the war began disastrously for Prussia, but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum. Prussia emerged as a new European great power. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e.g., Cuba and the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the war. France and other European powers will soon avenge their defeat in 1778 when American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "superiority over the French trading outposts"}], "question": "What did Great Britain gain with respect to the French trading outposts on the subcontinent of India?", "id": "572e87fcc246551400ce42ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement"}], "question": "What was the result for the Native American tribes?", "id": "572e87fcc246551400ce42ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status."}], "question": "What did the Native American tribes accomplish in the later Pontiac's War?", "id": "572e87fcc246551400ce42f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "good luck and successful strategy"}], "question": "What were two factors that redeemed the outcome for the Prussians?", "id": "572e87fcc246551400ce42f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "King Frederick the Great"}], "question": "Who was the leader of Prussia?", "id": "572e87fcc246551400ce42f2"}]}], ["Ramai kuasa tengah dan kecil di Eropah, tidak seperti dalam perang terdahulu, cuba memalingkan diri dari konflik yang semakin meningkat, walaupun mereka mempunyai kepentingan dalam konflik atau dengan musuh-musuh seperti Denmark-Norway. Republik Belanda, sekutu sekutu British, mengekalkan ketegaran neutralnya, takut kemungkinan terhadap Britain dan Prusia melawan kuasa besar Eropah, malah cuba menghalang dominasi Britain di India. Naples, Sicily, dan Savoy, walaupun memihak kepada parti Franco-Sepanyol, enggan bergabung dengan gabungan di bawah kekuasaan British. Percukaian yang diperlukan untuk perang menyebabkan orang-orang Rusia mengalami kesulitan yang besar, ditambah dengan cukai garam dan alkohol yang dimulakan oleh Permaisuri Elizabeth pada tahun 1759 untuk menyelesaikan penambahannya ke Istana Musim Sejuk. Seperti Sweden, Rusia menyimpulkan keamanan yang berasingan dengan Prusia. <> Mengapa Denmark-Norway kekal neutral daripada membantu sekutu lama, Britain? || Republik Belanda, sekutu sekutu British, mengekalkan kerelatifannya utuh, takut kemungkinan terhadap Britain dan Prussia melawan kuasa besar Eropah <> Siapa Sicily dan Savoy biasanya sejajar dengannya? || Sicily, dan Savoy, walaupun memihak kepada parti Franco-Spanish <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Permaisuri Rusia mengenai hasil cukai garam dan alkohol? || cukai garam dan alkohol yang dimulakan oleh Empress Elizabeth pada tahun 1759 untuk menyelesaikan penambahannya ke Istana Musim Sejuk. <> Mengapa Naples kekal neutral? || Naples, Sicily, dan Savoy, walaupun memihak kepada parti Franco-Sepanyol, enggan bergabung dengan gabungan di bawah kekuasaan British", {"context": "Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe"}], "question": "Why did Denmark-Norway remain neutral rather than assisting its longtime ally, Britain?", "id": "572e8578c246551400ce42ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party"}], "question": "Who would Sicily and Savoy normally align with?", "id": "572e8578c246551400ce42bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace."}], "question": "What did Russian Empress Elizabeth use the proceeds of the tax on salt and alcohol for?", "id": "572e8578c246551400ce42bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power"}], "question": "Why did Naples remain neutral?", "id": "572e8578c246551400ce42bc"}]}], ["Ramai kuasa tengah dan kecil di Eropah, tidak seperti dalam perang terdahulu, cuba memalingkan diri dari konflik yang semakin meningkat, walaupun mereka mempunyai kepentingan dalam konflik atau dengan musuh-musuh seperti Denmark-Norway. Republik Belanda, sekutu sekutu British, mengekalkan ketegaran neutralnya, takut kemungkinan terhadap Britain dan Prusia melawan kuasa besar Eropah, malah cuba menghalang dominasi Britain di India. Naples, Sicily, dan Savoy, walaupun memihak kepada parti Franco-Sepanyol, enggan bergabung dengan gabungan di bawah kekuasaan British. Percukaian yang diperlukan untuk perang menyebabkan orang-orang Rusia mengalami kesulitan yang besar, ditambah dengan cukai garam dan alkohol yang dimulakan oleh Permaisuri Elizabeth pada tahun 1759 untuk menyelesaikan penambahannya ke Istana Musim Sejuk. Seperti Sweden, Rusia menyimpulkan keamanan yang berasingan dengan Prusia. <> Dengan siapa jajahan Belanda? || Republik Belanda, sekutu sekutu British, mengekalkan kerelatifannya utuh <> Aliran mana yang bergabung dengan Naples, Sicily dan Savoy? || Naples, Sicily, dan Savoy, walaupun memihak kepada parti Franco-Sepanyol, enggan bergabung dengan koalisi di bawah ketakutan kuasa British <> Bagaimana pengaruh perang terhadap penduduk Rusia? || Percukaian yang diperlukan untuk peperangan menyebabkan orang-orang Rusia mengalami kesusahan yang besar <> Barang-barang apa yang telah dikenakan cukai oleh Permaisuri Rusia? || ditambah kepada cukai garam dan alkohol yang dimulakan oleh Permaisuri Elizabeth pada 1759 <> Apa dua negara menyimpulkan keamanan yang terpisah dengan Prusia? || Seperti Sweden, Rusia menyimpulkan keamanan yang berasingan dengan Prusia.", {"context": "Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact"}], "question": "With whom did the Dutch Republic align?", "id": "572e7e3cdfa6aa1500f8d03d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power"}], "question": "Which side of the coalitions did Naples, Sicily and Savoy join?", "id": "572e7e3cdfa6aa1500f8d03e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship"}], "question": "How did the war impact the Russian population?", "id": "572e7e3cdfa6aa1500f8d03f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759"}], "question": "What items had already been taxed by Russian Empress Elizabeth?", "id": "572e7e3cdfa6aa1500f8d040"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia."}], "question": "What two countries concluded a separate peace with Prussia?", "id": "572e7e3cdfa6aa1500f8d041"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1756, Austria membuat persiapan ketenteraan untuk berperang dengan Prusia dan mengejar persekutuan dengan Rusia untuk tujuan ini. Pada 2 Jun 1746, Austria dan Rusia menyempurnakan satu persekutuan pertahanan yang meliputi wilayah mereka sendiri dan Poland terhadap serangan oleh Prusia atau Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Mereka juga bersetuju dengan suatu klausa rahsia yang menjanjikan pemulihan Silesia dan kiraan ke atas Glatz (sekarang K\u0142odzko, Poland) ke Austria sekiranya berlakunya permusuhan dengan Prusia. Walau bagaimanapun, keinginan sebenar mereka adalah untuk memusnahkan kekuasaan Frederick sama sekali, mengurangkan kekuasaannya kepada pemilihnya Brandenburg dan memberikan Prussia Timur ke Poland, pertukaran yang akan disertai dengan penghapusan Duchy Polish Courland ke Rusia. Aleksey Petrovich, Graf (count) Bestuzhev-Ryumin, canselor besar Rusia di bawah Empress Elizabeth, bermusuhan dengan Perancis dan Prussia, tetapi dia tidak dapat memujuk negarawan Austria Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz untuk melakukan rekaan serangan terhadap Prussia selagi Prussia dapat bergantung kepada sokongan Perancis. <> Persetujuan Rusia-Austria sebelum Perang Tujuh Tahun yang bermula pada tahun 1755-56? || 2 Jun 1746, Austria dan Rusia menyimpulkan sebuah pakatan pertahanan yang meliputi wilayah mereka sendiri dan Poland terhadap serangan oleh Prusia atau Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Menurut perjanjian Rusia-Austria pada 1746, apa yang akan berlaku di Silesia sekiranya permusuhan dengan Prussia? || Mereka juga bersetuju dengan klausa rahsia yang menjanjikan pemulihan Silesia dan penghitungan Glatz (sekarang K\u0142odzko, Poland) ke Austria <> Apa kawasan lain yang disebutkan mengenai kekuasaan Prusia dalam perjanjian Rusia-Austria? || kiraan dari Glatz (sekarang K\u0142odzko, Poland) ke Austria <> Apa individu itu menjadi sasaran utama pakatan itu? || Walau bagaimanapun, hasrat sebenar mereka untuk memusnahkan kuasa Frederick sama sekali <> Mengapa Petrovich tidak dapat memujuk Austria untuk menyerang Prussia? || dia tidak dapat memujuk negarawan Austria Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz untuk melakukan reka bentuk serangan terhadap Prussia", {"context": "In 1756 Austria was making military preparations for war with Prussia and pursuing an alliance with Russia for this purpose. On June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire. They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now K\u0142odzko, Poland) to Austria in the event of hostilities with Prussia. Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick\u2019s power altogether, reducing his sway to his electorate of Brandenburg and giving East Prussia to Poland, an exchange that would be accompanied by the cession of the Polish Duchy of Courland to Russia. Aleksey Petrovich, Graf (count) Bestuzhev-Ryumin, grand chancellor of Russia under Empress Elizabeth, was hostile to both France and Prussia, but he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia so long as Prussia was able to rely on French support.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "What Russian-Austrian agreement preceded the Seven Years War that started in 1755-56?", "id": "572e8c2fcb0c0d14000f127e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now K\u0142odzko, Poland) to Austria"}], "question": "According to the Russian-Austrian pact of 1746, what would happen to Silesia in the event of hostilities with Prussia?", "id": "572e8c2fcb0c0d14000f127f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "the countship of Glatz (now K\u0142odzko, Poland) to Austria"}], "question": "What other area was mentioned regarding Prussian dominion in the Russian-Austrian pact?", "id": "572e8c2fcb0c0d14000f1280"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick\u2019s power altogether"}], "question": "What individual was the main target of the pact?", "id": "572e8c2fcb0c0d14000f1281"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 865, "text": "he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia"}], "question": "Why couldn't Petrovich persuade Austria to invade Prussia?", "id": "572e8c2fcb0c0d14000f1282"}]}], ["Perang ini berjaya untuk Great Britain, yang mendapat sebahagian besar New France di Amerika Utara, Florida Florida, beberapa pulau Caribbean di Hindia Barat, koloni Senegal di pantai Afrika Barat, dan keunggulan di atas pos perdagangan Perancis di Subbenua India. Suku-suku asli Amerika tidak termasuk dalam penyelesaian; Konflik berikutnya, yang dikenali sebagai Perang Pontiac, juga tidak berjaya memulangkannya kepada status pra-perang mereka. Di Eropah, perang bermula dengan malapetaka untuk Prusia, tetapi gabungan kebaikan dan strategi yang berjaya menyaksikan King Frederick the Great menguruskan untuk mendapatkan kedudukan Prusia dan mengekalkan status quo ante bellum. Prussia muncul sebagai kuasa besar Eropah yang baru. Walaupun Austria gagal mendapatkan semula wilayah Silesia dari Prusia (tujuan asalnya) kehebatan ketenteraannya juga dicatat oleh kuasa lain. Penglibatan Portugal, Sepanyol dan Sweden tidak mengembalikan mereka ke status bekas mereka sebagai kuasa besar. Perancis telah kehilangan banyak tanah jajahannya dan telah bersusah payah dengan hutang perang berat yang sistem kewangannya yang tidak cekap hampir tidak dapat dikendalikan. Sepanyol kehilangan Florida tetapi memperoleh Perancis Louisiana dan menguasai semula koloni-koloninya, contohnya, Cuba dan Filipina, yang telah ditawan oleh British semasa perang. Perancis dan kuasa-kuasa Eropah yang lain membalas kekalahan mereka pada tahun 1778 apabila Perang Revolusi Amerika meletus, dengan harapan untuk memusnahkan dominasi Britain sekali dan untuk semua. <> Apa yang diperoleh Britain di Amerika Utara dari perang? || Great Britain, yang mendapat sebahagian besar New France di Amerika Utara, Sepanyol Florida <> Apa yang Great Britain mendapat di Hindia Barat dari perang? || beberapa pulau Caribbean di Hindia Barat, <> Apa keuntungan Inggeris di Afrika dari perang? || koloni Senegal di pantai Afrika Barat <> Apa yang berlaku pada ruang lingkup koloni Perancis akibat perang? || Perancis telah kehilangan banyak jajahannya <> Bagaimana kesan perang Perancis secara kewangan? || telah menyedari dirinya dengan hutang perang berat bahawa sistem kewangan yang tidak cekap hampir tidak dapat dikendalikan", {"context": "The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status. In Europe, the war began disastrously for Prussia, but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum. Prussia emerged as a new European great power. Although Austria failed to retrieve the territory of Silesia from Prussia (its original goal) its military prowess was also noted by the other powers. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e.g., Cuba and the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the war. France and other European powers avenged their defeat in 1778 when the American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida"}], "question": "What did Britain gain in North America from the war?", "id": "572e8003c246551400ce425e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies,"}], "question": "What did Great Britain gain in the West Indies from the war?", "id": "572e8003c246551400ce425f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "the colony of Senegal on the West African coast"}], "question": "What did Great Britain gain in Africa from the war?", "id": "572e8003c246551400ce4260"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 986, "text": "France was deprived of many of its colonies"}], "question": "What happened to the scope of France's colonies as a result of the war?", "id": "572e8003c246551400ce4261"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1034, "text": "had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle"}], "question": "How did the war impact France financially?", "id": "572e8003c246551400ce4262"}]}], ["Dalam usaha untuk memenuhi Austria pada masa itu, Britain memberikan undi pemilihan mereka di Hanover untuk pencalonan anak Maria Theresa, Joseph, sebagai Kaisar Rom Suci, banyak kecewa dengan Frederick dan Prussia. Bukan itu sahaja, Britain akan segera bergabung dengan pakatan Austro-Rusia, tetapi komplikasi timbul. Rangka asas Britain untuk pakatan itu sendiri adalah untuk melindungi kepentingan Hanover terhadap Perancis. Semasa pada masa yang sama, Kaunitz terus mendekati Perancis dengan harapan untuk membentuk persekutuan dengan Austria. Tidak hanya itu, Perancis tidak mempunyai niat untuk bersekutu dengan Rusia, yang telah mengusir urusan mereka dalam perang pengganti Austria, tahun-tahun sebelumnya, dan menyaksikan pemecatan Prussia yang lengkap sebagai tidak dapat diterima oleh kestabilan Eropah Tengah. <> Apa negara yang gembira bahawa Britain menggunakan undian Hanover untuk memilih Yusuf sebagai Kaisar Romawi Te Holy? || Austria <> Apa negara dan orang tidak suka bahawa Britain menggunakannya mengundi Hanover untuk memilih Joseph sebagai Empayar Rom Suci? || Frederick dan Prussia <> Apa pandangan Perancis mengenai pemisahan Prussia? || menyaksikan pemecatan sepenuhnya Prusia sebagai tidak dapat diterima oleh kestabilan Eropah Tengah. <> Apa tujuan utama Britain dalam menyertai perikatan Austro-Rusia? || untuk melindungi kepentingan Hanover terhadap Perancis. <> Apa maksud Kaunitz dengan Perancis? || Kaunitz terus menghampiri Perancis dengan harapan untuk mewujudkan persekutuan dengan Austria", {"context": "In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time, Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa's son, Joseph, as the Holy Roman Emperor, much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia. Not only that, Britain would soon join the Austro-Russian alliance, but complications arose. Britain's basic framework for the alliance itself was to protect Hanover's interests against France. While at the same time, Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria. Not only that, France had no intention to ally with Russia, who meddled with their affairs in Austria's succession war, years earlier, and saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Austria"}], "question": "What country was pleased that Britain used its Hanover vote to elect Joseph as Te Holy Roman Emperor?", "id": "572e9f64cb0c0d14000f1388"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Frederick and Prussia"}], "question": "What country and person were displeased that Britain used it Hanover vote to elect Joseph as the Holy Roman Emporer?", "id": "572e9f64cb0c0d14000f1389"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe."}], "question": "What was the French view about the dismemberment of Prussia?", "id": "572e9f64cb0c0d14000f138a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "to protect Hanover's interests against France."}], "question": "What was a major objective of Britain in joining the Austro-Russian alliance?", "id": "572e9f64cb0c0d14000f138b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria"}], "question": "What was Kaunitz's objective with the French?", "id": "572e9f64cb0c0d14000f138c"}]}], ["Benteng Perancis yang paling penting dirancang untuk menduduki posisi di \"Forks\" di mana Sungai Allegheny dan Monongahela bertemu untuk membentuk Sungai Ohio (sekarang Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Percubaan British yang damai untuk menghentikan pembinaan benteng ini tidak berjaya, dan Perancis terus membina benteng mereka yang bernama Fort Duquesne. Militia kolonial British dari Virginia kemudian dihantar untuk mengusir mereka. Dipimpin oleh George Washington, mereka menyerang sebuah pasukan kecil Perancis di Jumonville Glen pada 28 Mei 1754 membunuh sepuluh, termasuk komander Jumonville. Orang Perancis membalas dengan menyerang tentera Washington di Fort Necessity pada 3 Julai 1754 dan memaksa Washington menyerah. <> Di manakah Perancis membina Fort Duquesne? || The Forks \"di mana Sungai Allegheny dan Monongahela bertemu untuk membentuk Sungai Ohio <> Kota apa yang kini terletak di mana Fort Duquesne dibina? || Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania <> Adakah kejayaan British dalam menghentikan pembinaan Fort Duquesne? percubaan untuk menghentikan pembinaan kubu ini tidak berjaya <> Yang mengetuai militia British untuk mengusir orang Perancis keluar dari Fort Duquesne? || Dipimpin oleh George Washington <> Di mana orang Perancis menyerah kalah kepada George Jeneral George?", {"context": "The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at \"the Forks\" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort they named Fort Duquesne. British colonial militia from Virginia were then sent to drive them out. Led by George Washington, they ambushed a small French force at Jumonville Glen on 28 May 1754 killing ten, including commander Jumonville. The French retaliated by attacking Washington's army at Fort Necessity on 3 July 1754 and forced Washington to surrender.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "the Forks\" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River"}], "question": "Where did the French build Fort Duquesne?", "id": "572ea780dfa6aa1500f8d25b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}], "question": "What city is now located where Fort Duquesne was built?", "id": "572ea780dfa6aa1500f8d25c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful"}], "question": "Were the British successful in stopping the building of Fort Duquesne?", "id": "572ea780dfa6aa1500f8d25d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Led by George Washington"}], "question": "Who led the British militia to drive the French out of Fort Duquesne?", "id": "572ea780dfa6aa1500f8d25e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "Fort Necessity"}], "question": "Where did the French for General George Washington's surrender?", "id": "572ea780dfa6aa1500f8d25f"}]}], ["Dasar Perancis, lebih-lebih lagi, rumit oleh kewujudan rah Rahsia du roi-sistem diplomasi swasta yang dikendalikan oleh Raja Louis XV. Tidak tahu dengan menteri luar negerinya, Louis telah menubuhkan rangkaian ejen di seluruh Eropah dengan matlamat untuk mengejar objektif politik peribadi yang sering bertentangan dengan dasar-dasar Perancis yang dinyatakan secara terbuka. Matlamat Louis untuk rahsia du roi termasuk percubaan untuk memenangi mahkota Poland untuk kerabatnya Louis Fran\u00e7ois de Bourbon, putera de Conti, dan penyelenggaraan Poland, Sweden, dan Turki sebagai negara klien Perancis yang bertentangan dengan kepentingan Rusia dan Austria. <> Apa maksud rahsia du roi? || matlamat untuk mengejar objektif politik peribadi yang sering bertentangan dengan dasar-dasar Perancis yang menyatakan secara umum <> Siapa yang dikehendaki oleh Raja Louis XV atas tahta Poland? || karyanya Louis Fran\u00e7ois de Bourbon, pangeran de Conti, <> Apa cita rahsia Raja Louis XV untuk Sweden dan Turki? || Sweden, dan Turki sebagai negara klien Perancis yang bertentangan dengan kepentingan Rusia dan Austria <> Apa pejabat Perancis yang disimpan dalam kegelapan tentang rahsia du roi? || Tidak kenal dengan menteri luar negerinya, <> Apa negara-negara yang dikehendaki oleh Raja Louis XV dalam pengaruhnya untuk menghalang kepentingan Rusia? || Poland, Sweden, dan Turki sebagai negara klien Perancis yang bertentangan dengan Rusia", {"context": "French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the le Secret du roi\u2014a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV. Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France\u2019s publicly stated policies. Louis\u2019s goals for le Secret du roi included an attempt to win the Polish crown for his kinsman Louis Fran\u00e7ois de Bourbon, prince de Conti, and the maintenance of Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France\u2019s publicly stated policies"}], "question": "What was the objective of le Secret du roi?", "id": "572e99e7dfa6aa1500f8d1d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "his kinsman Louis Fran\u00e7ois de Bourbon, prince de Conti,"}], "question": "Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne?", "id": "572e99e7dfa6aa1500f8d1d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests"}], "question": "What was King Louis XV's secret ambition for Sweden and Turkey?", "id": "572e99e7dfa6aa1500f8d1d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Unbeknownst to his foreign minister,"}], "question": "What French official was kept in the dark about le Secret du roi?", "id": "572e99e7dfa6aa1500f8d1da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian"}], "question": "What countries did King Louis XV want keep in his sphere of influence to thwart the interests of Russia?", "id": "572e99e7dfa6aa1500f8d1db"}]}], ["Berita ini tiba di Eropah, di mana Britain dan Perancis gagal untuk berunding penyelesaiannya. Kedua-dua negara akhirnya menghantar tentera tetap ke Amerika Utara untuk menguatkuasakan tuntutan mereka. Tindakan pertama British adalah serangan ke atas Acadia pada 16 Jun 1755 dalam Pertempuran Fort Beaus\u00e9jour, yang segera diikuti dengan pengusiran mereka dari Acadians. Pada bulan Julai, Ketua Jeneral Inggeris, Edward Braddock mengetuai kira-kira 2,000 askar tentera dan militia wilayah pada ekspedisi untuk merebut semula Fort Duquesne, namun ekspedisi itu berakhir dengan kekalahan buruk. Dalam tindakan selanjutnya, Admiral Edward Boscawen melancarkan kapal Perancis Alcide pada 8 Jun 1755, menangkapnya dan dua kapal pasukan. Pada bulan September 1755, tentera Perancis dan Inggeris bertemu di Battle of Lake George yang tidak dapat dipastikan. <> Negara mana yang menghantar pasukan tetap ke Amerika Utara? || Britain dan Perancis <> Apa hasil serangan British terhadap Ft Duquesne? || ekspedisi itu berakhir dengan kekalahan yang mengerikan <> Siapa yang mengetuai serangan British di Ft. Duquesne? || British Major General Edward Braddock <> Apa hasil pertarungan tentera laut antara Britain dan Perancis? || Laksamana Edward Boscawen melancarkan kapal Perancis Alcide pada 8 Jun 1755, menangkapnya dan dua kapal pasukan <> Yang memenangi Pertempuran Tasik George? || tidak dapat disangkal", {"context": "News of this arrived in Europe, where Britain and France unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a solution. The two nations eventually dispatched regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on Acadia on 16 June 1755 in the Battle of Fort Beaus\u00e9jour, which was immediately followed by their expulsion of the Acadians. In July British Major General Edward Braddock led about 2,000 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition to retake Fort Duquesne, but the expedition ended in disastrous defeat. In further action, Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships. In September 1755, French and British troops met in the inconclusive Battle of Lake George.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Britain and France"}], "question": "Which country dispatched regular troops to North America?", "id": "572ea92e03f98919007568d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "the expedition ended in disastrous defeat"}], "question": "What was the result of the British attack on Ft Duquesne?", "id": "572ea92e03f98919007568d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "British Major General Edward Braddock"}], "question": "Who led the British assault on Ft. Duquesne?", "id": "572ea92e03f98919007568d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships"}], "question": "What was the result of the naval encounter between Britain and France?", "id": "572ea92e03f98919007568d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "inconclusive"}], "question": "Who won the Battle of Lake George?", "id": "572ea92e03f98919007568d5"}]}], ["Beberapa tahun kemudian, Kaunitz terus berusaha untuk mewujudkan persekutuan Perancis dengan Austria. Dia berusaha keras semata-mata untuk Austria untuk tidak terjerat dalam hal ehwal politik Hanover, dan juga bersedia untuk berdagang Belanda Belanda untuk bantuan Perancis dalam menangkap Silesia. Dengan kecewa dengan keputusan ini dan desakan Belanda terhadap penentian neutral, Britain tidak lama lagi berpaling ke Rusia. Pada 30 September 1755, Britain memberi bantuan kewangan kepada Rusia untuk mendaratkan 50,000 tentera di sempadan Livonian-Lithunian, sehingga mereka dapat mempertahankan kepentingan Britain di Hanover dengan segera. Besthuzev, dengan asumsi persiapan itu diarahkan kepada Prussia, lebih gembira untuk mematuhi permintaan British. Tanpa pengetahuan kepada kuasa lain, Raja George II juga membuat tawaran kepada raja Prusia; Frederick, yang mula bimbang dengan niat Austro-Rusia, dan teruja untuk mengalu-alukan rapprochement dengan Britain. Pada 16 Januari 1756, Konvensyen Westminster ditandatangani di mana Britain dan Prussia berjanji untuk membantu satu sama lain untuk mencapai kedamaian dan kestabilan yang kekal di Eropah. <> Apa kaunitz Austria bersedia untuk berdagang untuk membantu Perancis dalam menangkap Silesia? || bersedia untuk berdagang Austria Belanda untuk bantuan Perancis <> Apa yang Rusia menggunakan wang Britain? || untuk menempatkan 50,000 tentera di sempadan Livonian-Lithunian, supaya mereka dapat mempertahankan kepentingan Britain di Hanover <> Negara apa yang bekerjasama di Konvensyen Westminster? || Britain dan Prussia <> Bilakah Konvensyen Westminster ditandatangani? || 16 Januari 1756 <> Mengapa Beshuzev senang meletakkan pasukan di sempadan Livonian-Lithunian? || Besthuzev, memandangkan persiapan itu diarahkan kepada Prussia,", {"context": "Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could for Austria to not get entangled in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the Dutch Republic's insistence on neutrality, Britain soon turned to Russia. On September 30, 1755, Britain pledged financial aid to Russia in order to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover immediately. Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia, was more than happy to obey the request of the British. Unbeknownst to the other powers, King George II also made overtures to the Prussian king; Frederick, who began fearing the Austro-Russian intentions, and was excited to welcome a rapprochement with Britain. On January 16, 1756, the Convention of Westminster was signed wherein Britain and Prussia promised to aid one another in order to achieve lasting peace and stability in Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid"}], "question": "What was Kaunitz of Austria willing to trade for French help in capturing Silesia?", "id": "572ea33603f989190075687f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover"}], "question": "What did Russia use Britain's money for?", "id": "572ea33603f9891900756880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 972, "text": "Britain and Prussia"}], "question": "What countries teamed together at the Convention of Westminster?", "id": "572ea33603f9891900756881"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 905, "text": "January 16, 1756"}], "question": "When was the Convention of Westminster signed?", "id": "572ea33603f9891900756882"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia,"}], "question": "Why was Beshuzev happy to put the troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border?", "id": "572ea33603f9891900756883"}]}], ["Frederick melihat Saxony dan Poland barat Prusia sebagai bidang yang berpotensi untuk berkembang tetapi tidak dapat mengharapkan sokongan Perancis jika dia memulakan perang agresif untuk mereka. Sekiranya dia menyertai Perancis melawan Inggeris dengan harapan untuk menyenaraikan Hanover, dia mungkin akan menjadi mangsa serangan Austria-Rusia. Pemilih keturunan Saxony, Augustus III, juga dipilih sebagai Raja Polandia sebagai Augustus III, tetapi dua wilayah secara terpisah dipisahkan oleh Brandenburg dan Silesia. Negara tidak boleh dianggap sebagai kuasa yang hebat. Sachsen hanyalah penampan antara Prussia dan Bohemia Austria, sedangkan Poland, walaupun kesatuannya dengan tanah-tanah kuno Lithuania, menjadi mangsa puak pro-Perancis dan pro-Rusia. Skim Prusia untuk memberi ganti rugi kepada Frederick Augustus dengan Bohemia sebagai pertukaran untuk Saxony jelas dianggap sebagai spoliasi di Austria. <> Apa geografi yang dikehendaki Frederick untuk Prusia? || Sachsen dan Poland barat Prussia <> Negara mana yang akan menolak sokongan jika Frederick wen berperang untuk Saxony dan barat Prusia? || tidak dapat mengharapkan sokongan Perancis <> Apa kebimbangannya tentang cuba mengambil Hanover dari British? || dia mungkin menjadi mangsa serangan Austro-Rusia <> Apa yang menyebabkan Augustus III menggabungkan Saxony dan Poland? || kedua-dua wilayah secara fizikal dipisahkan oleh Brandenburg dan Silesia <> Siapakah sekutu purba Poland? || Poland, walaupun kesatuannya dengan tanah kuno Lithuania,", {"context": "Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, Augustus III, was also elective King of Poland as Augustus III, but the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia. Neither state could pose as a great power. Saxony was merely a buffer between Prussia and Austrian Bohemia, whereas Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania, was prey to pro-French and pro-Russian factions. A Prussian scheme for compensating Frederick Augustus with Bohemia in exchange for Saxony obviously presupposed further spoliation of Austria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Saxony and Polish west Prussia"}], "question": "What two geographies did Frederick want for Prussia?", "id": "572e9cadc246551400ce43ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "could not expect French support"}], "question": "What country would refuse support if Frederick wen to war for Saxony and west Prussia?", "id": "572e9cadc246551400ce43ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack"}], "question": "What was his concern about trying take Hanover from the British?", "id": "572e9cadc246551400ce43ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia"}], "question": "What kept Augustus III from consolidating Saxony and Poland?", "id": "572e9cadc246551400ce43ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania,"}], "question": "Who was Poland's ancient ally?", "id": "572e9cadc246551400ce43f0"}]}], ["Kata-kata yang dikodkan dengan teliti dalam perjanjian itu membuktikan tidak ada pemangkin untuk kuasa-kuasa Eropah yang lain. Hasilnya adalah kekacauan mutlak. Permaisuri Elizabeth dari Rusia telah marah atas kepalsuan kedudukan Britain. Bukan sahaja Perancis begitu marah, dan ketakutan, dengan pengkhianatan secara tiba-tiba sekutunya. Austria, terutamanya Kaunitz, menggunakan situasi ini untuk kelebihan mereka. Perancis yang terpencil sekarang terpaksa menyetujui pakatan Austro-Rusia atau merosakkan muka. Selepas itu, pada 1 Mei 1756, Perjanjian Pertama Versailles ditandatangani, di mana kedua-dua negara itu menjanjikan 24.000 tentera untuk mempertahankan satu sama lain dalam kes serangan. Revolusi diplomatik ini terbukti menjadi penyebab penting perang; walaupun kedua-dua perjanjian itu bersifat mempertahankan diri, tindakan kedua-dua pakatan membuat perang hampir tidak dapat dielakkan. <> Apakah respons Elizabeth Permaisuri Rusia terhadap perjanjian Inggeris-Prusia? || Empress Elizabeth of Russia marah <> Mengapa Perancis marah pada perjanjian British-Prussian? || Perancis sangat marah, dan ketakutan, dengan pengkhianatan secara tiba-tiba sekutunya. Austria, <> Perancis kini dalam keadaan terdesak, apa yang mereka lakukan? || Perancis dipaksa untuk menyertai persekutuan Austro-Rusia <> Siapa yang menjadi pihak perjanjian Versailles? || Austria, terutamanya Kaunitz, menggunakan situasi ini untuk kelebihan mereka. Perancis sekarang yang terpencil <Berapa ramai askar Austria dan Perancis yang berjanji untuk mempertahankan satu sama lain? || Tentera 24.000", {"context": "The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. The now-isolated France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance or face ruin. Thereafter, on May 1, 1756, the First Treaty of Versailles was signed, in which both nations pledged 24.000 troops to defend each other in the case of an attack. This diplomatic revolution proved to be an important cause of the war; although both treaties were self-defensive in nature, the actions of both coalitions made the war virtually inevitable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged"}], "question": "What was the response of Empress Elizabeth of Russia to the English-Prussian agreement?", "id": "572ea61f03f98919007568a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria,"}], "question": "Why was France mad at the British-Prussian agreement?", "id": "572ea61f03f98919007568a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance"}], "question": "France was now in a desperate position, what did they do?", "id": "572ea61f03f98919007568a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. The now-isolated France"}], "question": "Who were the parties to the treaty of Versailles?", "id": "572ea61f03f98919007568a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "24.000 troops"}], "question": "How many troops did Austria and France pledge to defend each other?", "id": "572ea61f03f98919007568a7"}]}], ["Raja Hanoverian George II dari Great Britain bersungguh-sungguh menumpukan kepada pegangan benua keluarganya, tetapi komitmennya di Jerman telah diimbangi oleh tuntutan jajahan British di luar negeri. Sekiranya perang melawan Perancis untuk pengembangan kolonial akan diteruskan, maka Hanover terpaksa berhadapan dengan serangan Franco-Prussian. Perancis sangat berminat dengan pengembangan kolonial dan bersedia mengeksploitasi kerentanan Hanover dalam peperangan melawan Great Britain, tetapi ia tidak mempunyai keinginan untuk mengalihkan tentera ke Eropah tengah untuk kepentingan Prussia. <> Apakah rumah raja George II? || Hanover <> Namakan dua geografi yang pelbagai yang harus dipelihara oleh raja George II. || komitmennya di Jerman telah diimbangi oleh tuntutan jajahan British di luar negeri <> Seberapa cemas Perancis membantu Prussia mengambil alih Hanover? || ia tidak mempunyai keinginan untuk mengalihkan kuasa ke Eropah tengah untuk kepentingan Prussia. <> Mengapa Perancis ingin menyerang Hanover? || Perancis sangat berminat dengan pengembangan penjajah dan bersedia mengeksploitasi kerentanan Hanover dalam peperangan melawan Great Britain. <> Apakah kewajipan Britain terhadap Hanover jika pengembangan kolonial melalui perang dengan Perancis akan disambung semula? || Hanover terpaksa berhadapan dengan serangan Franco-Prussian", {"context": "The Hanoverian king George II of Great Britain was passionately devoted to his family\u2019s continental holdings, but his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas. If war against France for colonial expansion was to be resumed, then Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack. France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain, but it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Hanover"}], "question": "What was the house of king George II?", "id": "572e8e84dfa6aa1500f8d11f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas"}], "question": "Name two diverse geographies that king George II had to protect.", "id": "572e8e84dfa6aa1500f8d120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest."}], "question": "How anxious was France to assist Prussia to take over Hanover?", "id": "572e8e84dfa6aa1500f8d121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain"}], "question": "Why would France want to invade Hanover?", "id": "572e8e84dfa6aa1500f8d122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack"}], "question": "What was Britain's obligation to Hanover if colonial expansion via war with France was to be resumed?", "id": "572e8e84dfa6aa1500f8d123"}]}], ["Kecenderungan British dan juga untuk tujuan praktikal-cenderung untuk mengelakkan komitmen besar-besaran tentera di Benua. Mereka berusaha untuk mengimbangi kelemahan ini di Eropah dengan mengaitkan diri dengan satu atau lebih kuasa Benua yang kepentingannya bersifat antithetical terhadap musuh-musuh mereka, khususnya Perancis. 15-16 Dengan memberi subsidi kepada tentera sekutu kontinental, Britain dapat mengubah kewangan London yang besar kuasa untuk kelebihan ketenteraan. Dalam Perang Tujuh Tahun, British memilih sebagai rakan utama mereka sebagai jeneral terbesar hari itu, Frederick the Great of Prussia, kemudian kuasa yang semakin meningkat di Eropah tengah, dan membayar subsidi Frederick yang banyak untuk kempennya.106 Ini dicapai dalam Revolusi Diplomatik 1756, di mana Britain mengakhiri persekutuannya yang lama dengan Austria memihak kepada Prusia, meninggalkan Austria dengan Perancis. Berbeza dengan Perancis, Britain berusaha untuk mengadili peperangan secara aktif di jajahan, dengan memanfaatkan kekuatan lautnya. : 64-66 Pihak British mengejar strategi dua hala - blokade laut dan pengeboman pelabuhan musuh, dan pergerakan cepat tentera di laut. Mereka mengganggu perkapalan musuh dan menyerang koloni musuh, sering menggunakan kolonis dari koloni British berhampiran dalam usaha. <> Bagaimanakah Inggeris mengelakkan kontingen besar tentera di benua Eropah? || bersekongkol dengan satu atau lebih kuasa di benua yang kepentingannya bersifat antithetis terhadap musuh-musuh mereka, <> Mengenal pasti kelebihan yang dimiliki oleh Britain dalam Perang Tujuh Tahun. || Britain boleh menukar kuasa kewangan London yang besar kepada kelebihan ketenteraan <> Yang mengetuai tentera menyokong kepentingan British di Eropah tengah? || Frederick the Great of Prussia <> Negara mana yang dipandu dengan persekutuan dengan Perancis oleh pasangan Inggris dengan Prusia? || meninggalkan Austria dengan Perancis <> Bagaimana British bertindak dalam mempertahankan tanah jajahan mereka berbanding dengan pendekatan Perancis? || Sebaliknya berbeza dengan Perancis, Britain berusaha untuk mendakwa perang secara aktif di tanah jajahan", {"context": "The British\u2014by inclination as well as for practical reasons\u2014had tended to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the Continent. They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly France.:15\u201316 By subsidising the armies of continental allies, Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage. In the Seven Years' War, the British chose as their principal partner the greatest general of the day, Frederick the Great of Prussia, then the rising power in central Europe, and paid Frederick substantial subsidies for his campaigns.:106 This was accomplished in the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, in which Britain ended its long-standing alliance with Austria in favor of Prussia, leaving Austria to side with France. In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies, taking full advantage of its naval power. :64\u201366 The British pursued a dual strategy \u2013 naval blockade and bombardment of enemy ports, and rapid movement of troops by sea. They harassed enemy shipping and attacked enemy colonies, frequently using colonists from nearby British colonies in the effort.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies,"}], "question": "How did the British avoid having large contingents of troops in continental Europe?", "id": "572ead8003f989190075691f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage"}], "question": "Identify an advantage that Britain had during the Seven Year's War.", "id": "572ead8003f9891900756920"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Frederick the Great of Prussia"}], "question": "Who led the armies supporting British interests in central Europe?", "id": "572ead8003f9891900756921"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "leaving Austria to side with France"}], "question": "What country was driven into an alliance with France by the British pairing with Prussia?", "id": "572ead8003f9891900756922"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 881, "text": "In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies"}], "question": "How did the British behave in defending their colonies compared to the French approach?", "id": "572ead8003f9891900756923"}]}], ["Untuk sebahagian besar abad kelapan belas, Perancis mendekati peperangannya dengan cara yang sama. Ia akan membiarkan jajahan mempertahankan diri atau hanya akan menawarkan sedikit bantuan (menghantar mereka jumlah tentera terhad atau askar yang tidak berpengalaman), menjangkakan bahawa pergaduhan bagi tanah jajahan kemungkinan akan hilang lagi. Strategi ini adalah untuk satu darjah yang dipaksa ke atas Perancis: geografi, ditambah pula dengan keunggulan angkatan laut British, menjadikannya sukar bagi angkatan laut Perancis untuk menyediakan bekalan dan sokongan yang signifikan ke tanah jajahan Perancis. Begitu juga, beberapa sempadan tanah yang panjang menjadikan penting tentera domestik yang berkesan bagi mana-mana pemerintah Perancis. Memandangkan keperluan ketenteraan ini, kerajaan Perancis tidak menghairankan, berdasarkan strateginya secara meluas terhadap tentera di Eropah: ia akan memelihara kebanyakan tenteranya di benua, dengan harapan kemenangan lebih dekat ke rumah. Rancangannya adalah untuk bertarung hingga akhir permusuhan dan kemudian, dalam rundingan perjanjian, untuk memperdagangkan pengambilalihan wilayah di Eropah untuk mendapatkan harta benda asing yang hilang. Pendekatan ini tidak melayani Perancis dengan baik dalam peperangan, kerana tanah jajahannya memang hilang, tetapi walaupun banyak perang di Eropa berjalan dengan baik, dengan berakhirnya Perancis tidak banyak mengatasi kejayaan Eropah. <> Berapa banyak usaha yang dilakukan oleh Perancis ke dalam peperangan untuk mempertahankan tanah jajahannya? || Ia akan membiarkan jajahan mempertahankan diri atau hanya akan menawarkan sedikit bantuan <> Mengenal pasti faktor utama dalam strategi fekus ini oleh Perancis yang tidak mempertahankan tanah jajahannya dengan semangat? || geografi, ditambah pula dengan keunggulan tentera laut British, menjadikannya sukar <> Mengapa penguasa Perancis memerlukan tentera domestik yang besar? || beberapa sempadan darat yang panjang membuat pasukan tentera domestik yang berkesan <> Berapa banyak kejayaan yang dilakukan Perancis dalam menambah wilayah Eropah dengan pendekatan ini? || Perancis tidak banyak mengatasi kejayaan Eropah. <> Dalam perundingan perjanjian, apa yang dilakukan oleh Perancis untuk dibuat. || dalam rundingan perjanjian, untuk memperdagangkan pengambilalihan wilayah di Eropah untuk mendapatkan harta benda asing yang hilang.", {"context": "For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway. This strategy was to a degree forced upon France: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to French colonies. Similarly, several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative for any French ruler. Given these military necessities, the French government, unsurprisingly, based its strategy overwhelmingly on the army in Europe: it would keep most of its army on the continent, hoping for victories closer to home. The plan was to fight to the end of hostilities and then, in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions. This approach did not serve France well in the war, as the colonies were indeed lost, but although much of the European war went well, by its end France had few counterbalancing European successes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help"}], "question": "How much effort did France put into wars to defend its colonies?", "id": "572eab27cb0c0d14000f142e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult"}], "question": "Identify a major factor in this feckless strategy by France of not defending its colonies with enthusiasm?", "id": "572eab27cb0c0d14000f142f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative"}], "question": "Why did the French rulers need a large domestic army?", "id": "572eab27cb0c0d14000f1430"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1137, "text": "France had few counterbalancing European successes."}], "question": "How much success did France have in adding European territory with this approach?", "id": "572eab27cb0c0d14000f1432"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 886, "text": "in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions."}], "question": "In treaty negotiations, what trades did France hope to make.", "id": "572eab27cb0c0d14000f1431"}]}], ["Masalah ini dikompaun apabila tentera Hanoveria di bawah Cumberland dikalahkan di Pertempuran Hastenbeck dan terpaksa menyerah sepenuhnya pada Konvensyen Klosterzeven berikutan Penjajahan Perancis Hanover. Konvensyen itu menghilangkan Hanover dan Brunswick dari perang, meninggalkan pendekatan Barat ke wilayah Prusia yang sangat terdedah. Frederick menghantar permintaan mendesak ke Britain untuk mendapatkan bantuan yang lebih besar, kerana dia sekarang tanpa sokongan ketenteraan luar untuk pasukannya di Jerman. <> Apa pemimpin Hanoverian kehilangan Pertempuran Hastenbeck? || Cumberland <> Negara apakah yang memenangi pertempuran di Hanover? || Bahasa Perancis <> Bagaimana seseorang menggambarkan penyertaan masa depan Hanover? || Konvensyen mengalihkan Hanover dan Brunswick dari perang <> Bagaimana Frederick bertindak balas terhadap kekalahan di Hanover? || Frederick menghantar permintaan mendesak ke Britain untuk mendapatkan bantuan yang lebih besar", {"context": "This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable. Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance, as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Cumberland"}], "question": "What Hanoverian leader lost the Battle of Hastenbeck?", "id": "572ec36adfa6aa1500f8d35d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "French"}], "question": "What country won the battle at Hanover?", "id": "572ec36adfa6aa1500f8d35e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war"}], "question": "How would one describe the future participation of Hanover?", "id": "572ec36adfa6aa1500f8d35f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance"}], "question": "How did Frederick respond to the defeat at Hanover?", "id": "572ec36adfa6aa1500f8d360"}]}], ["William Pitt, yang memasuki kabinet pada tahun 1756, mempunyai visi besar untuk peperangan yang menjadikannya sama sekali berbeza daripada perang sebelumnya dengan Perancis. Sebagai perdana menteri Pitt berkomitmen Britain untuk strategi besar merebut seluruh Empayar Perancis, terutama harta benda di Amerika Utara dan India. Senjata utama Britain adalah Tentera Laut Diraja, yang dapat mengawal laut dan membawa banyak pasukan pencerobohan yang diperlukan. Dia juga merancang untuk menggunakan angkatan penjajah dari tiga belas jajahan Amerika, yang bekerja di bawah komandan tetap Britain, untuk menyerang Perancis baru. Untuk mengikat tentera Perancis, dia memberi subsidi kepada sekutu Eropahnya. Ketua Pitt dari 1756 hingga 1761, dan walaupun selepas itu British meneruskan strateginya. Ia terbukti berjaya. Pitt mempunyai penghargaan yang jelas mengenai nilai harta benda kerajaan yang sangat besar, dan menyedari betapa lemahnya Kerajaan Perancis. <> Apakah strategi besar perdana menteri William Pitt? || satu strategi besar merampas seluruh Empayar Perancis <> Apakah kelebihan ketenteraan utama Pitt? || Senjata utama Britain adalah Tentera Laut Diraja <> Lokasi apa yang dikehendaki Pitt dari Perancis? || Amerika Utara dan India <> Bagaimana rancangan Pitt untuk menambah tentera tetap Inggeris? || Dia juga merancang untuk menggunakan angkatan kolonial dari tiga belas jajahan Amerika <> Bagaimana strategi Pitt mempengaruhi rancangan masa depan Britain? || walaupun selepas itu British meneruskan strateginya", {"context": "William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy, which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed. He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies, working under the command of British regulars, to invade new France. In order to tie the French army down he subsidized his European allies. Pitt Head of the government from 1756 to 1761, and even after that the British continued his strategy. It proved completely successful. Pitt had a clear appreciation of the enormous value of imperial possessions, and realized how vulnerable was the French Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire"}], "question": "What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt?", "id": "572eb0c2c246551400ce4520"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy"}], "question": "What was Pitt's primary military advantage?", "id": "572eb0c2c246551400ce4522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "North America and India"}], "question": "What locations did Pitt want from France?", "id": "572eb0c2c246551400ce4521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies"}], "question": "How did Pitt plan to augment the British regular troops?", "id": "572eb0c2c246551400ce4523"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "even after that the British continued his strategy"}], "question": "How did Pitt's strategy affect Britain's future plans?", "id": "572eb0c2c246551400ce4524"}]}], ["Kemudian musim panas itu, Rusia menyerang Memel dengan 75,000 tentera. Memel mempunyai salah satu kubu terkuat di Prussia. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas lima hari pengeboman artileri, tentera Rusia berjaya menyerangnya. Orang Rusia kemudian menggunakan Memel sebagai pangkalan untuk menyerang Prussia Timur dan mengalahkan pasukan Prusia yang lebih kecil dalam Pertempuran Gross-J\u00e4gersdorf pada 30 Ogos 1757. Namun, ia masih belum dapat mengambil K\u00f6nigsberg dan mundur tidak lama kemudian. Namun, ia merupakan ancaman baru kepada Prusia. Bukan sahaja Frederick terpaksa memecahkan pencerobohan Bohemia, dia kini terpaksa menarik diri lebih jauh ke wilayah yang dikuasai Prusia. Kekalahannya di medan perang membawa negara-negara oportunis lebih jauh ke dalam peperangan. Sweden mengisytiharkan perang ke atas Prusia dan menyerang Pomerania dengan 17,000 orang. Sweden merasakan tentera kecil ini adalah semua yang diperlukan untuk menduduki Pomerania dan merasakan tentera Sweden tidak perlu melibatkan orang Prusia kerana orang Prusia itu menduduki pelbagai bidang lain. <> Apa yang menyebabkan kekalahan orang Prussia di Memel? || lima hari pengeboman meriam <> Bagaimana Rusia menggunakan Memel yang ditawan? || digunakan Memel sebagai pangkalan untuk menyerang Prusia Timur <> Apa yang menyebabkan orang Rusia yang berpusat di Memel menjadi lebih berjaya dalam Prusia? || mengalahkan pasukan Prusia yang lebih kecil <> Apa respon Frederick terhadap pencerobohan Rusia? || dia kini terpaksa menarik diri lebih jauh ke wilayah yang dikuasai Prussia <> Apa negara tambahan yang merasakan untuk menyerang Prussia? || Sweden", {"context": "Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-J\u00e4gersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take K\u00f6nigsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "five days of artillery bombardment"}], "question": "What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?", "id": "572ec004c246551400ce45f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia"}], "question": "How did the Russians used the captured Memel?", "id": "572ec004c246551400ce45f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "defeated a smaller Prussian force"}], "question": "What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia?", "id": "572ec004c246551400ce45f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory"}], "question": "What was Frederick's response to the Russian invasion?", "id": "572ec004c246551400ce45f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "Sweden"}], "question": "What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia?", "id": "572ec004c246551400ce45fa"}]}], ["Oleh itu, meninggalkan Marshal Field Count Kurt von Schwerin di Silesia dengan 25,000 askar untuk menjaga serangan dari Moravia atau Hungary, dan meninggalkan Marshal Field Hans von Lehwaldt di Prussia Timur untuk menjaga serangan Rusia dari timur, Frederick berangkat dengan tenteranya untuk Saxony . Tentera Prusia bergerak dalam tiga lajur. Di sebelah kanan adalah lajur sekitar 15,000 orang di bawah perintah Pangeran Ferdinand dari Brunswick. Di sebelah kiri adalah lajur 18.000 orang di bawah komando Duke of Brunswick-Bevern. Di tengah-tengahnya adalah Frederick II, dirinya dengan Marsekal Field James Keith yang memerintah 30.000 pasukan. Ferdinand of Brunswick adalah untuk menutup di bandar Chemnitz. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern adalah untuk melintasi Lusatia untuk menutup di Bautzen. Sementara itu, Frederick dan Field Marshal Keith akan membuat untuk Dresden. <> Bagaimana Frederick melindungi Silesia ketika dia pergi menyerang Saxony? || meninggalkan Marshal Lapangan Count Kurt von Schwerin di Silesia dengan 25,000 tentera untuk menjaga serangan daripada Moravia atau Hungary <> Bagaimana Frederick melindungi Prussia Timur ketika dia pergi menyerbu Saxony? || meninggalkan Marshal Field Hans von Lehwaldt di Prussia Timur untuk mengawasi pencerobohan Rusia dari timur <> Jelaskan perintah Putera Ferdinand dari Brunswick. || satu tiang kira-kira 15,000 orang <> Terangkan arahan Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern. || satu lajur 18,000 orang <> Jelaskan arahan Field Marshall James Keith || sebuah korps 30,000 tentera.", {"context": "Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal James Keith commanding a corps of 30,000 troops. Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of Chemnitz. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse Lusatia to close in on Bautzen. Meanwhile, Frederick and Field Marshal Keith would make for Dresden.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary"}], "question": "How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony?", "id": "572eb7dfcb0c0d14000f14ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east"}], "question": "How did Frederick protect East Prussia when he went to invade Saxony?", "id": "572eb7dfcb0c0d14000f14af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "a column of about 15,000 men"}], "question": "Describe the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick.", "id": "572eb7dfcb0c0d14000f14b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "a column of 18,000 men"}], "question": "Describe the command of the Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern.", "id": "572eb7dfcb0c0d14000f14b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "a corps of 30,000 troops."}], "question": "Describe the command of Field Marshall James Keith ", "id": "572eb7dfcb0c0d14000f14b2"}]}], ["Frederick II of Prussia telah menerima laporan mengenai pertempuran di Amerika Utara dan telah membentuk satu pakatan dengan Great Britain. Pada 29 Ogos 1756, dia mengetuai pasukan Prusia di seberang sempadan Saxony, salah satu negara kecil Jerman yang bertanding dengan Austria. Dia bermaksud ini sebagai pre-emption yang berani dari serangan Austro-Perancis yang dijangka untuk Silesia. Dia mempunyai tiga gol dalam perang barunya di Austria. Pertama, dia akan merampas Saxony dan menghapuskannya sebagai ancaman kepada Prusia, kemudian menggunakan tentera Saxon dan perbendaharaan untuk membantu usaha perang Prusia. Matlamat kedua adalah untuk maju ke Bohemia di mana dia mungkin menubuhkan kuarters musim sejuk di perbelanjaan Austria. Ketiganya, dia ingin menyerang Moravia dari Silesia, merebut kubu di Olm\u00fctz, dan memajukan Vienna untuk memaksa perang berakhir. <> Bagaimana Frederick II of Prussia menanggapi berita pertempuran British dan Perancis di Amerika Utara? || dia mengetuai askar Prusia di seberang sempadan Saxony <> Negara apa Sachsen sejajar dengannya? || Sachsen, salah satu negara Jerman kecil yang bertanding dengan Austria <> Fpr apa kepunyaan Prussia yang menyerang Saxony sebagai gangguan? || pre-emption yang dijangka serangan Austro-Perancis ke Silesia <> Apa satu tujuan pencerobohan Saxony? || dia akan merampas Saxony dan menghapuskannya sebagai ancaman kepada Prussia <> Apa tujuan lain pencerobohan Saxony? || untuk maju ke Bohemia di mana dia mungkin menubuhkan suku musim sejuk di perbelanjaan Austria", {"context": "Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had formed an alliance with Great Britain. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia. He had three goals in his new war on Austria. First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then using the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. His second goal was to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense. Thirdly, he wanted to invade Moravia from Silesia, seize the fortress at Olm\u00fctz, and advance on Vienna to force an end to the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony"}], "question": "How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America?", "id": "572eb68dcb0c0d14000f14a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria"}], "question": "What country was Saxony aligned with?", "id": "572eb68dcb0c0d14000f14a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia"}], "question": "Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction?", "id": "572eb68dcb0c0d14000f14a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia"}], "question": "What was one goal of the invasion of Saxony?", "id": "572eb68dcb0c0d14000f14a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense"}], "question": "What was another goal of the invasion of Saxony?", "id": "572eb68dcb0c0d14000f14a8"}]}], ["Britain telah terkejut dengan serangan Prussia yang tiba-tiba tetapi kini mula menghantar bekalan dan \u20a4 670,000 (bersamaan dengan \u20a4 89.9 juta pada 2015) kepada sekutu yang baru. Kekuatan gabungan dari negara-negara bersekutu Jerman dianjurkan oleh pihak British untuk melindungi Hanover dari serangan Perancis, di bawah perintah Duke of Cumberland. Pihak British cuba memujuk Republik Belanda untuk bergabung dengan pakatan itu, tetapi permintaan itu ditolak, kerana Belanda ingin kekal neutral sepenuhnya. Walaupun terdapat ketimpangan yang besar, tahun telah berjaya untuk pasukan yang dipimpin Prusia di benua, berbeza dengan mengecewakan kempen British di Amerika Utara. <> Bagaimana Britain Melindungi Hanover? || gabungan kekuatan sekutu-sekutu negeri Jerman telah dianjurkan oleh pihak British untuk melindungi Hanover <> Bagaimana menyokong British Prussia? || bekalan perkapalan dan \u20a4 670,000 <> Mengapa Belanda menolak tawaran Britain untuk bergabung dengan pakatan itu? || Belanda ingin kekal neutral sepenuhnya <> Siapa yang telah melakukan lebih baik, orang Prussia di Eropah atau Brits di Amerika Utara? || berjaya bagi pasukan yang dipimpin Prusia di benua itu, berbeza dengan mengecewakan kempen British di Amerika Utara. <> Siapa yang mengetuai pasukan untuk membela Hanover? || di bawah perintah Duke of Cumberland", {"context": "Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and \u20a4670,000 (equivalent to \u20a489.9 million in 2015) to its new ally. A combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover from French invasion, under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. The British attempted to persuade the Dutch Republic to join the alliance, but the request was rejected, as the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral. Despite the huge disparity in numbers, the year had been successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover"}], "question": "How did Britain Protect Hanover?", "id": "572ebd11c246551400ce45c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "shipping supplies and \u20a4670,000"}], "question": "How did the British support Prussia?", "id": "572ebd11c246551400ce45c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral"}], "question": "Why did the Dutch reject Britain's offer to join the alliance?", "id": "572ebd11c246551400ce45c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America."}], "question": "Who had done better, the Prussians in Europe or the Brits in North America?", "id": "572ebd11c246551400ce45c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "under the command of the Duke of Cumberland"}], "question": "Who led the force to defend Hanover?", "id": "572ebd11c246551400ce45c6"}]}], ["Perdana Menteri Britain, Duke of Newcastle, yakin bahawa siri perikatan baru dapat mencegah peperangan daripada pecah di Eropah. Walau bagaimanapun, pasukan Perancis yang besar telah berkumpul di Toulon, dan Perancis membuka kempen menentang British dengan serangan ke atas Minorca di Mediterranean. Percubaan British untuk melepaskan diri telah digagalkan di Pertempuran Minorca, dan pulau itu ditawan pada 28 Jun (yang mana Laksamana Byng adalah mahkamah tentera dan dibunuh). Peperangan antara Britain dan Perancis telah diisytiharkan secara rasmi pada 18 Mei hampir dua tahun selepas pertempuran telah pecah di Ohio State. <> Apakah sebabnya Perdana Menteri Britain berfikir bahawa ware di Eropah boleh dihalang? || siri perikatan baru boleh mencegah peperangan daripada pecah di Eropah <> Apa negara yang memulakan konflik? || Perancis membuka kempen menentang British dengan serangan ke atas Minorca <> Apa hasilnya untuk Admiral Byng? || Admiral Byng adalah mahkamah tentera dan dibunuh <> Kapan perang yang diisytiharkan antara Britain dan Perancis? || Peperangan antara Britain dan Perancis telah diisytiharkan secara rasmi pada 18 Mei <> Bagaimana masa pengisytiharan perang berbanding konflik di Amerika Utara antara Britain dan Perancis? || hampir dua tahun selepas pertempuran telah pecah di Ohio State.", {"context": "The British Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, was optimistic that the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe. However, a large French force was assembled at Toulon, and the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca in the Mediterranean. A British attempt at relief was foiled at the Battle of Minorca, and the island was captured on 28 June (for which Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed). War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe"}], "question": "What was the reason that the British Prime Minister thought that ware in Europe could be prevented?", "id": "572eb4c8cb0c0d14000f149a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca"}], "question": "What country initiated conflict?", "id": "572eb4c8cb0c0d14000f149b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed"}], "question": "What was the result for Admiral Byng?", "id": "572eb4c8cb0c0d14000f149c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May"}], "question": "When was war declared between Britain and France?", "id": "572eb4c8cb0c0d14000f149d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country."}], "question": "How did the timing of the declaration of war compare to the conflicts in North America between Britain and France?", "id": "572eb4c8cb0c0d14000f149e"}]}], ["Perkara-perkara yang kelihatan muram untuk Prussia sekarang, dengan Austria menggerakkan untuk menyerang tanah dikawal Prussia dan tentera Perancis di bawah Soubise menghampiri dari barat. Bagaimanapun, pada bulan November dan Disember 1757, keseluruhan keadaan di Jerman telah dibalikkan. Pertama, Frederick menghancurkan pasukan Perancis Putera Soubise di Pertempuran Rossbach pada 5 November 1757 dan kemudian mengalahkan pasukan Austria yang sangat unggul di Pertempuran Leuthen pada 5 Disember 1757 Dengan kemenangan-kemenangan ini, Frederick sekali lagi menegaskan dirinya sebagai jeneral utama Eropah dan orang-orangnya sebagai tentera Eropah yang paling berjaya. Walaupun begitu, orang Prussian kini menghadapi prospek empat kuasa besar yang menyerang empat bidang (Perancis dari Barat, Austria dari Selatan, Rusia dari Timur dan Sweden dari Utara). Sementara itu, gabungan kekuatan dari beberapa negara Jerman yang lebih kecil seperti Bavaria telah ditubuhkan di bawah pimpinan Austria, sehingga mengancam kawalan orang Jerman terhadap Saxony. <> Apakah sebab-sebab bahawa kerangka waktu akhir 1757 kelihatan buruk bagi Prusia? || orang-orang Austria yang menggerakkan untuk menyerang tanah yang dikuasai Prusia dan tentera Perancis di bawah Soubise menghampiri dari barat <> Apa hasil awal pencerobohan Perancis? || Frederick menghancurkan pasukan Perancis Putera Soubise di Pertempuran Rossbach pada 5 November 1757 <> Apa akibat pencerobohan Austria? || kemudian mengatasi pasukan Austria yang sangat unggul di Pertempuran Leuthen pada 5 Disember 1757 <> Nama empat lawan dari Prusia. || (Perancis dari Barat, Austria dari Selatan, Rusia dari Timur dan Sweden dari Utara) <> Kawasan Jerman apa yang mula menentang Prussia? || beberapa negara Jerman yang lebih kecil seperti Bavaria telah ditubuhkan di bawah kepimpinan Austria", {"context": "Things were looking grim for Prussia now, with the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west. However, in November and December of 1757, the whole situation in Germany was reversed. First, Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757 With these victories, Frederick once again established himself as Europe's premier general and his men as Europe's most accomplished soldiers. In spite of this, the Prussians were now facing the prospect of four major powers attacking on four fronts (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North). Meanwhile, a combined force from a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership, thus threatening Prussian control of Saxony.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west"}], "question": "What were reasons that the late 1757 time frame looked bad for Prussia?", "id": "572ec240cb0c0d14000f1510"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757"}], "question": "What was the initial result of the French invasion?", "id": "572ec240cb0c0d14000f1511"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757"}], "question": "What was the result of the Austrian invasion?", "id": "572ec240cb0c0d14000f1512"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "(France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North)"}], "question": "Name the four opponents of Prussia.", "id": "572ec240cb0c0d14000f1513"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership"}], "question": "What German areas were beginning to oppose Prussia?", "id": "572ec240cb0c0d14000f1514"}]}], ["Tentera Saxon dan Austria tidak bersedia, dan pasukan mereka bertaburan. Frederick menduduki Dresden dengan sedikit atau tidak ada pembangkang dari Saxons. Pada Pertempuran Lobositz pada 1 Oktober 1756, Frederick menghalang tentera Saxon yang terpencil daripada diperkuat oleh tentera Austria di bawah jeneral Browne. Prusia kemudian menduduki Saxony; selepas Pengepungan Pirna, tentera Saxon menyerah pada Oktober 1756, dan secara paksa dimasukkan ke dalam tentera Prusia. Serangan ke atas Saxony neutral menyebabkan kemarahan di seluruh Eropah dan menyebabkan pengukuhan gabungan anti-Prusia. Satu-satunya kejayaan Austria yang signifikan adalah pekerjaan separa Silesia. Jauh dari mudah, kesuksesan awal Frederick terbukti ragu-ragu dan sangat mahal untuk tentera kecil Prussia. Ini membawa dia untuk menyatakan bahawa dia tidak melawan orang Austria yang sama seperti dia semasa perang sebelumnya. <> Berapa rintangan yang pernah dicapai Frederick di Saxon? || Tentera Saxon dan Austria tidak bersedia, dan pasukan mereka bertaburan. <> Apa bantuan yang diterima oleh Saxons? || Frederick menghalang tentera Saxon yang terpencil daripada diperkukuhkan oleh tentera Austria di bawah General Browne <> Apa yang berlaku kepada tentera Saxon? || Tentera Saxon menyerah diri pada Oktober 1756, dan secara paksa dimasukkan ke dalam tentera Prusia <> Apa akibat kemarahan Eropah? || membawa kepada pengukuhan gabungan anti-Prussia <> Apa ciri Saxony menyebabkan Eropah menjadi gila? || serangan ke atas Saxony neutral menyebabkan kemarahan", {"context": "The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756, Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne. The Prussians then occupied Saxony; after the Siege of Pirna, the Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army. The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition. The only significant Austrian success was the partial occupation of Silesia. Far from being easy, Frederick's early successes proved indecisive and very costly for Prussia's smaller army. This led him to remark that he did not fight the same Austrians as he had during the previous war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered."}], "question": "How much resistance did Frederick encounter in Saxon?", "id": "572eb9e9cb0c0d14000f14ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne"}], "question": "What reinforcements were the Saxons expecting?", "id": "572eb9e9cb0c0d14000f14cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army"}], "question": "What happened to the Saxon army?", "id": "572eb9e9cb0c0d14000f14cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition"}], "question": "What was the result of the fury of Europe?", "id": "572eb9e9cb0c0d14000f14ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage"}], "question": "What characteristic of Saxony caused Europe to be mad?", "id": "572eb9e9cb0c0d14000f14cd"}]}], ["Pada awal 1757, Frederick II sekali lagi mengambil inisiatif itu dengan berarak ke Kerajaan Bohemia, dengan harapan dapat menimbulkan kekalahan terhadap pasukan Austria. Selepas memenangi Pertempuran berdarah Prague pada 6 Mei 1757, di mana kedua-dua pasukan mengalami kecederaan besar, orang Prusia memaksa orang Austria kembali ke kubu Prague. Tentera Prusia kemudian mengepung bandar. Berikutan pertempuran di Prague, Frederick mengambil 5,000 askar dari pengepungan di Prague dan menghantar mereka untuk mengukuhkan tentera 19,000 orang di bawah Duke of Brunswick-Bevern di Kolin di Bohemia. Marshal Daun Austria tiba terlambat untuk menyertai pertempuran di Prague, tetapi mengambil 16,000 orang yang melarikan diri dari pertempuran. Dengan tentera ini dia perlahan-lahan bergerak untuk melegakan Prague. Tentera Prussia terlalu lemah untuk mengepung serentak di Prague dan menjaga Daun pergi, dan Frederick terpaksa menyerang kedudukan yang disediakan. Pertempuran Kolin yang terhasil adalah kekalahan tajam untuk Frederick, kekalahan tentera pertamanya. Kerugiannya semakin memaksanya untuk mengangkat pengepungan dan menarik diri dari Bohemia sama sekali. <> Di manakah kaum Austria berundur pada Mei 1757? || kubu Prague <> Apa yang menjadi korban dalam pertempuran 1757 di Prague? || kedua-dua pasukan mengalami kecederaan besar <> yang mengetuai serangan Prusia di Prague pada 1757 || Frederick II <> Mengapa Frederick mengurangkan tenaga kerjanya di Prague? || Frederick mengambil 5,000 askar dari pengepungan di Prague dan menghantar mereka untuk mengukuhkan tentera 19,000 orang di bawah Duke Brunswick-Bevern di Kolin di Bohemia Bagaimana Marshall Daun Austria membalikkan keadaan di Prague? || mengambil 16,000 orang yang melarikan diri dari pertempuran. Dengan tentera ini dia perlahan-lahan bergerak untuk melegakan Prague.", {"context": "In early 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. The Prussian army then laid siege to the city. Following the battle at Prague, Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia. Austrian Marshal Daun arrived too late to participate in the battle of Prague, but picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague. The Prussian army was too weak to simultaneously besiege Prague and keep Daun away, and Frederick was forced to attack prepared positions. The resulting Battle of Kolin was a sharp defeat for Frederick, his first military defeat. His losses further forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "the fortifications of Prague"}], "question": "Where did the Austrians retreat in May of 1757?", "id": "572ebebbc246551400ce45dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "both forces suffered major casualties"}], "question": "What were casualties like in the 1757 battle in Prague?", "id": "572ebebbc246551400ce45de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Frederick II"}], "question": "Who led the Prussian assault on Prague in 1757", "id": "572ebebbc246551400ce45dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia"}], "question": "Why did Frederick reduce his manpower at Prague?", "id": "572ebebbc246551400ce45df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague."}], "question": "How did Austrian Marshall Daun reverse the situation at Prague?", "id": "572ebebbc246551400ce45e0"}]}], ["Walaupun demikian, orang Austria, di bawah komando Jeneral Laudon, menangkap Glatz (sekarang K\u0142odzko, Poland) di Silesia. Dalam Pertempuran Liegnitz Frederick menjaringkan kemenangan yang kuat walaupun kalah melebihi tiga hingga satu. Orang Rusia di bawah Ketua Saltykov dan Austria di bawah Jeneral Lacy menduduki ibu kota Berlin, pada bulan Oktober, tetapi tidak lama lagi. Akhir tahun itu menyaksikan Frederick sekali lagi menang, mengalahkan Daun yang mampu di Pertempuran Torgau; tetapi dia mengalami kecederaan yang sangat berat, dan Austria telah berundur dengan baik. <> Kenal pasti kejayaan orang Austria? || orang Austria, di bawah perintah Jeneral Laudon, menangkap Glatz <> Di mana Glatz || Glatz (sekarang K\u0142odzko, Poland) di Silesia <> Apa yang luar biasa tentang kemenangan Frederick dalam Pertempuran Liegnitz? || Lebih dari tiga ke satu <> Mengapa kekalahan Frederick Daun begitu mahal? || dia mengalami kecederaan yang sangat berat, dan kaum Austria telah berundur dengan baik. <> Siapa yang mengetuai penjajahan Rusia di Berlin? || Ketua Saltykov", {"context": "Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now K\u0142odzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin, in October, but could not hold it for long. The end of that year saw Frederick once more victorious, defeating the able Daun in the Battle of Torgau; but he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz"}], "question": "Identify a success of the Austrians?", "id": "572ecf2fc246551400ce46c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Glatz (now K\u0142odzko, Poland) in Silesia"}], "question": "Where is Glatz", "id": "572ecf2fc246551400ce46c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "outnumbered three to one"}], "question": "What was outstanding about Frederick's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz?", "id": "572ecf2fc246551400ce46c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order."}], "question": "Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly?", "id": "572ecf2fc246551400ce46c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "General Saltykov"}], "question": "Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin?", "id": "572ecf2fc246551400ce46c5"}]}], ["Pada masa ini Frederick semakin prihatin dengan pendahuluan Rusia dari timur dan berarak untuk melawannya. Hanya di timur Oder di Brandenburg-Neumark, di Battle of Zorndorf (sekarang Sarbinowo, Poland), sebuah tentera Prussia yang terdiri daripada 35,000 orang di bawah Frederick pada 25 Ogos 1758, bertempur dengan tentera Rusia sebanyak 43,000 yang diperintahkan oleh Count William Fermor. Kedua-dua pihak mengalami kecederaan berat - Prusia 12,800, Rusia 18.000 - tetapi Rusia mengundurkan diri, dan Frederick mengaku kemenangan. Dalam Pertempuran Tornow yang belum selesai pada 25 September, tentera Sweden ditangkis enam serangan oleh tentera Prusia tetapi tidak menolak Berlin berikutan Pertempuran Fehrbellin. <> Bagaimana Frederick bertindak balas terhadap pendudukan Rusia di Prusia timur? || berarak untuk mengatasinya. <> Berapa besar kuasa yang dikirim Frederick terhadap Rusia yang menduduki? || 35,000 lelaki <> Berapa banyak orang Rusia yang ada dalam pertahanan? || Tentera Rusia sebanyak 43,000 <> Tentera mana yang menarik diri? || Rusia menarik balik <> Negara apa Prussia berjuang di hadapan lain? || Sweden", {"context": "By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count William Fermor. Both sides suffered heavy casualties \u2013 the Prussians 12,800, the Russians 18,000 \u2013 but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory. In the undecided Battle of Tornow on 25 September, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the Battle of Fehrbellin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "marched to counter it."}], "question": "How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia?", "id": "572eca2903f9891900756a2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "35,000 men"}], "question": "How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?", "id": "572eca2903f9891900756a2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Russian army of 43,000"}], "question": "How many Russians were in defense?", "id": "572eca2903f9891900756a2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "the Russians withdrew"}], "question": "Which army withdrew?", "id": "572eca2903f9891900756a2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Swedish"}], "question": "What country was Prussia fighting on another front?", "id": "572eca2903f9891900756a2f"}]}], ["Perancis merancang untuk menyerang Kepulauan British pada tahun 1759 dengan mengumpul pasukan di dekat mulut Loire dan menumpukan armada Brest dan Toulon mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, dua kekalahan laut menghalangnya. Pada bulan Ogos, armada Mediterranean di bawah Jean-Fran\u00e7ois de La Clue-Sabran telah bertaburan oleh armada British yang lebih besar di bawah Edward Boscawen di Pertempuran Lagos. Dalam Pertempuran Quiberon Bay pada 20 November, laksamana British Edward Hawke dengan 23 kapal barisan menangkap armada Brest Perancis dengan 21 kapal barisan di bawah Marshal de Conflans dan tenggelam, ditangkap, atau memaksanya banyak yang terkurung, meletakkan berakhir dengan rancangan Perancis. <> Di mana pencerobohan yang dirancang oleh Perancis oleh Perancis? || berhampiran mulut Loire <> Bagaimana rancangan Perancis untuk mengangkut tenteranya ke Britain untuk serangan itu? || armada Brest dan Toulon mereka <> Apa yang berlaku dengan armada Mediterranean Perancis? || armada Mediterranean di bawah Jean-Fran\u00e7ois de La Clue-Sabran telah bertaburan oleh armada British yang lebih besar <> Apa yang berlaku dengan armada Brest Perancis? || menangkap armada Brest Perancis dengan 21 kapal barisan di bawah Marshal de Conflans dan tenggelam, ditangkap, atau memaksa ramai yang terkepung <> Dengan kehilangan dua armada, bagaimanakah pasukan Perancis mendapatkan askar mereka ke Britain untuk serangan itu? || menamatkan rancangan Perancis.", {"context": "The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-Fran\u00e7ois de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under Edward Boscawen at the Battle of Lagos. In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November, the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "near the mouth of the Loire"}], "question": "Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?", "id": "572ecdbadfa6aa1500f8d3e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "their Brest and Toulon fleets"}], "question": "How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?", "id": "572ecdbadfa6aa1500f8d3e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-Fran\u00e7ois de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet"}], "question": "What happened to the French Mediterranean fleet?", "id": "572ecdbadfa6aa1500f8d3e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground"}], "question": "What happened to the French Brest fleet?", "id": "572ecdbadfa6aa1500f8d3e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "putting an end to the French plans."}], "question": "With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?", "id": "572ecdbadfa6aa1500f8d3e9"}]}], ["Tahun 1759 menyaksikan beberapa kekalahan Prusia. Di Pertempuran Kay, atau Paltzig, Rusia Count Saltykov dengan 47.000 Rusia mengalahkan 26,000 Prusia yang diperintahkan oleh Ketua Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Walaupun Hanoverians mengalahkan tentera 60,000 orang Perancis di Minden, jeneral Austria Daun memaksa penyerahan keseluruhan pasukan Prusia 13.000 dalam Pertempuran Maxen. Frederick sendiri kalah separuh tenteranya di Pertempuran Kunersdorf (sekarang Kunowice Poland), kekalahan paling buruk dalam kerjaya tenteranya dan satu yang mendorongnya ke ambang abdication dan pemikiran bunuh diri. Bencana itu mengakibatkan sebahagian besarnya daripada salah percakapannya terhadap Rusia, yang telah menunjukkan kekuatan mereka di Zorndorf dan di Gross-J\u00e4gersdorf (sekarang Motornoye, Rusia), dan sebahagiannya dari kerjasama yang baik antara pasukan Rusia dan Austria. <> Bagaimana tentera Prusia telah melaksanakan pada 1759 / || 1759 menyaksikan beberapa kekalahan Prussian <> Bagaimana seseorang akan mencirikan pertemuan dengan tentera Rusia pada tahun 1757? || 47,000 Rusia menewaskan 26,000 Prusia <> Apa akibat Pertempuran Maxen? || Jeneral Austria Daun memaksa penyerahan seluruh korps Prusia 13,000 <> Apa yang berlaku di Minden pada 1757? || Hanoverians mengalahkan tentera 60,000 Perancis Apa yang berlaku kepada tentera Frederick pada Pertempuran di Kunersdorf? || Frederick sendiri kalah separuh tenteranya", {"context": "The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-J\u00e4gersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1759 saw several Prussian defeats"}], "question": "How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/", "id": "572ecc82c246551400ce46a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians"}], "question": "How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?", "id": "572ecc82c246551400ce46a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000"}], "question": "What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?", "id": "572ecc82c246551400ce46a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French"}], "question": "What happened at Minden in 1757?", "id": "572ecc82c246551400ce46a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Frederick himself lost half his army"}], "question": "What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?", "id": "572ecc82c246551400ce46a8"}]}], ["Antara 10 dan 17 Oktober 1757, seorang jeneral Hungary, Count Andr\u00e1s Hadik, berkhidmat di tentera Austria, melaksanakan apa yang mungkin menjadi tindakan hussar yang paling terkenal dalam sejarah. Apabila Raja Prusia Raja Frederick sedang berarak ke selatan dengan pasukannya yang kuat, jeneral Hungary secara tidak disangka-sangka mengayunkan kekuatannya kepada 5,000, kebanyakannya hussar, di sekitar Prussia dan menduduki bahagian ibu kota mereka, Berlin, selama satu malam. Bandar ini terhindar dari tebusan rundingan 200,000 penipu. Apabila Frederick mendengar pendudukan yang memalukan ini, dia segera menghantar pasukan yang lebih besar untuk membebaskan bandar. Namun, Hadik meninggalkan bandar dengan Hussars dan selamat sampai ke garisan Austria. Selepas itu, Hadik dinaikkan pangkat Marshal dalam tentera Austria. <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh umum Hungary orang Prusia? || Count Andr\u00e1s Hadik <> Apa kota yang diduduki Hadik? || menduduki sebahagian daripada modal mereka, Berlin, selama satu malam <> Bagaimana Berlin selamat? || bandar telah terselamat untuk tebusan rundingan 200,000 thalers <> Bagaimana Hadik bertindak balas kepada pasukan Frederick? || Namun, Hadik meninggalkan bandar dengan Hussars dan selamat sampai ke garisan Austria <> Apa respon Frederick terhadap pekerjaan oleh Hadik? || dia segera menghantar satu pasukan yang lebih besar untuk membebaskan bandar", {"context": "Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count Andr\u00e1s Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Count Andr\u00e1s Hadik"}], "question": "What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?", "id": "572ec68503f9891900756a07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night"}], "question": "What city did Hadik occupy?", "id": "572ec68503f9891900756a08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers"}], "question": "How was Berlin spared?", "id": "572ec68503f9891900756a09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines"}], "question": "How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?", "id": "572ec68503f9891900756a0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "he immediately sent a larger force to free the city"}], "question": "What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?", "id": "572ec68503f9891900756a0a"}]}], ["Pada awal 1758, Frederick melancarkan serangan ke Moravia, dan mengepung ke Olm\u00fctz (sekarang Olomouc, Republik Czech). Berikutan kemenangan Austria di Pertempuran Domstadtl yang menghapuskan konvoi bekalan yang ditakdirkan untuk Olm\u00fctz, Frederick memecat pengepungan itu dan menarik diri dari Moravia. Ia menandakan berakhirnya percubaan terakhirnya untuk melancarkan serangan utama wilayah Austria. Prusia Timur telah diduduki oleh pasukan Rusia pada musim sejuk dan akan tetap berada di bawah kendali mereka sehingga 1762, walaupun Frederick tidak melihat Rusia sebagai ancaman segera dan sebaliknya menghiburkan harapan untuk pertama melawan pertarungan tegas terhadap Austria yang akan mengetuk mereka keluar dari perang. <> Di mana Frederick menyerang pada 1758 || Frederick melancarkan pencerobohan Moravia <> Apa bandar Frederick mengepung? || Olm\u00fctz <> Apa yang berubah pertempuran untuk Olmutz terhadap Frederick? || Kemenangan Austria di Pertempuran Domstadtl yang menghapuskan konvoi bekalan yang ditakdirkan untuk Olm\u00fctz, <> Bagaimana Frederick bertindak balas terhadap kehilangan konvoi pembekalan? || Frederick memecat pengepungan dan menarik diri dari Moravia.", {"context": "In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olm\u00fctz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olm\u00fctz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt to launch a major invasion of Austrian territory. East Prussia had been occupied by Russian forces over the winter and would remain under their control until 1762, although Frederick did not see the Russians as an immediate threat and instead entertained hopes of first fighting a decisive battle against Austria that would knock them out of the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia"}], "question": "Where did Frederick invade in 1758", "id": "572ec79bcb0c0d14000f1550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Olm\u00fctz"}], "question": "What city did Frederick lay siege to?", "id": "572ec79bcb0c0d14000f1551"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olm\u00fctz,"}], "question": "What turned the battle for Olmutz against Frederick?", "id": "572ec79bcb0c0d14000f1552"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia."}], "question": "How did Frederick respond to the loss of a supply convoy?", "id": "572ec79bcb0c0d14000f1553"}]}], ["1762 membawa dua negara baru ke dalam perang. Britain mengisytiharkan perang melawan Sepanyol pada 4 Januari 1762; Sepanyol bertindak balas dengan mengeluarkan deklarasi perang mereka sendiri terhadap Britain pada 18 Januari. Portugal diikuti dengan menyertai perang di pihak Britain. Sepanyol, dibantu oleh Perancis, melancarkan serangan ke Portugal dan berjaya menangkap Almeida. Ketibaan bala bantuan Inggeris menghalang kemajuan Sepanyol lebih jauh, dan Pertempuran Valencia de Alc\u00e1ntara menyaksikan pasukan British-Portugis menyerang pangkalan bekalan utama Sepanyol. Para penceroboh dihentikan di puncak di depan Abrantes (dipanggil lulus ke Lisbon) di mana Portugis-Inggeris bertubuh. Akhirnya tentera Anglo-Portugis, yang dibantu oleh gerila dan mengamalkan strategi bumi hangus, mengejar tentera Franco-Sepanyol yang sangat berkurangan ke Sepanyol, memulihkan hampir semua bandar yang hilang, di antaranya ibu pejabat Sepanyol di Castelo Branco penuh dengan luka dan sakit telah ditinggalkan. <> Kenal pasti negara baru yang menyertai perang pada tahun 1762? || Sepanyol <> Kenal pasti negara baru kedua yang menyertai perang pada tahun 1762? || Portugal <> Apa bandar yang ditangkap dalam konflik Sepanyol-Portugal yang pertama? || . Sepanyol, dibantu oleh Perancis, melancarkan serangan ke Portugal dan berjaya menawan Almeida <> Adakah Portugal di sebelah Perancis atau Britain? || Portugal diikuti dengan menyertai perang di sebelah Britain <> Britain menghantar tentera untuk membantu Portugal. Apakah hasilnya? || tentera Anglo-Portugis, dibantu oleh gerila dan mengamalkan strategi bumi hangus, mengejar tentera Franco-Sepanyol yang sangat berkurang kembali ke Sepanyol", {"context": "1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and the Battle of Valencia de Alc\u00e1ntara saw British-Portuguese forces overrun a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of Abrantes (called the pass to Lisbon) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain, recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?", "id": "572ed18acb0c0d14000f15dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Portugal"}], "question": "Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?", "id": "572ed18acb0c0d14000f15dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": ". Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida"}], "question": "What city was captured in the first Spain-Portugal conflict?", "id": "572ed18acb0c0d14000f15df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side"}], "question": "Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?", "id": "572ed18acb0c0d14000f15de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain"}], "question": "Britain sent troops to aid Portugal.  What was the result?", "id": "572ed18acb0c0d14000f15e0"}]}], ["Pada April 1758, British menyimpulkan Konvensyen Anglo-Prussian dengan Frederick di mana mereka komited untuk membayar subsidi tahunan sebanyak \u00a3 670,000. Britain juga mengirim 9,000 askar untuk menguatkan tentera Hanoverian Ferdinand, komitmen pasukan British pertama di benua itu dan pembalikan dalam dasar Pitt. Ferdinand telah berjaya memacu Perancis dari Hanover dan Westphalia dan kembali menawan pelabuhan Emden pada bulan Mac 1758 sebelum melintasi Rhine dengan pasukannya sendiri, yang menyebabkan penggeledahan di Perancis. Walaupun kemenangan Ferdinand ke atas Perancis di Pertempuran Krefeld dan pendudukan ringkas di D\u00fcsseldorf, dia dipaksa oleh kejayaan pasukan Perancis yang lebih besar untuk menarik diri ke seluruh rantau Rhine. <> Apakah komitmen kewangan tahunan oleh Britain kepada Frederick? || satu subsidi tahunan \u00a3 670,000 <> Bagaimana Britain membantu pembelaan Hanover? || Britain juga menghantar 9,000 askar untuk menguatkan tentera Hanoverian Ferdinand <> Apa yang menyebabkan kecemasan di Perancis? || kembali menangkap pelabuhan Emden pada bulan Mac 1758 sebelum melintasi Rhine dengan pasukannya sendiri <> Siapa yang Ferdinand menolak dari Ha nover? || Perancis <> Adakah Ferdinand kekal menduduki Perancis? || beliau dipaksa oleh pasukan Perancis yang lebih besar untuk menarik diri ke seluruh Rhine", {"context": "In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of \u00a3670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Ferdinand had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and Westphalia and re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces, which caused alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the Battle of Krefeld and the brief occupation of D\u00fcsseldorf, he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "an annual subsidy of \u00a3670,000"}], "question": "What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick?", "id": "572ec8ffc246551400ce467e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army"}], "question": "How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover?", "id": "572ec8ffc246551400ce467f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces"}], "question": "What caused alarm in France?", "id": "572ec8ffc246551400ce4681"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "the French"}], "question": "Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover?", "id": "572ec8ffc246551400ce4680"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine"}], "question": "Did Ferdinand permanently occupy France?", "id": "572ec8ffc246551400ce4682"}]}], ["Peperangan itu terus berleluasa apabila pada 14 Oktober, orang-orang Austria Marshal Daun mengejutkan tentera Prusia utama di Pertempuran Hochkirch di Saxony. Frederick kehilangan banyak artilerinya tetapi berundur dengan baik, dibantu oleh hutan yang padat. Orang Austria akhirnya membuat sedikit kemajuan dalam kempen di Saxony walaupun Hochkirch dan gagal mencapai kejayaan yang tegas. Selepas percubaan untuk mengambil Dresden, tentera Daun terpaksa berundur ke wilayah Austria untuk musim sejuk, sehingga Saxony kekal di bawah pendudukan Prusia. Pada masa yang sama, Rusia gagal dalam usaha untuk mengambil Kolberg di Pomerania (sekarang Ko\u0142obrzeg, Poland) dari Prusia. <> Apakah Jeneral Austrian mengejutkan Prusia di Hochkirch? || Marshal Daun <> Apa kerugian utama untuk Prussia di Hochkirch? || kehilangan banyak artilerinya <> Kenapa Frederick dapat berundur dengan berjaya? || berundur dengan baik, dibantu oleh hutan yang padat <> Apa hasil kemenangan bagi Austria? || Orang Austria akhirnya membuat sedikit kemajuan dalam kempen di Saxony walaupun Hochkirch dan gagal mencapai penentuan yang tegas <> Bagaimana pasukan Austria menghabiskan musim sejuk? || , Tentera Daun terpaksa berundur ke wilayah Austria untuk musim sejuk", {"context": "The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation. At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take Kolberg in Pomerania (now Ko\u0142obrzeg, Poland) from the Prussians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Marshal Daun"}], "question": "What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch?", "id": "572ecb3c03f9891900756a35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "lost much of his artillery"}], "question": "What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch?", "id": "572ecb3c03f9891900756a36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "retreated in good order, helped by dense woods"}], "question": "Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully?", "id": "572ecb3c03f9891900756a37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough"}], "question": "What was the result of the victory for the Austrians?", "id": "572ecb3c03f9891900756a38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": ", Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter"}], "question": "How did the Austrian troops spend the winter?", "id": "572ecb3c03f9891900756a39"}]}], ["Mengira bahawa tidak ada lagi kemajuan Rusia yang mungkin sehingga 1758, Frederick memindahkan sebahagian besar pasukan timurnya ke Pomerania di bawah komando Marshal Lehwaldt di mana mereka menangkis serangan Sweden. Secara ringkasnya, tentera Prussia melancarkan belakang Sweden, menduduki kebanyakan Pomerania Sweden, dan menghalang Stralsund modalnya. George II dari Great Britain, atas nasihat menteri-menteri Britishnya, membatalkan Konvensyen Klosterzeven, dan Hanover menyerang semula perang. Sepanjang musim sejuk, komander baru pasukan Hanoverian, Duke Ferdinand dari Brunswick, menggabungkan semula tenteranya dan melancarkan beberapa siri serangan yang mengusir orang Perancis melintasi Sungai Rhine. British telah mengalami kekalahan lebih jauh di Amerika Utara, terutama di Fort William Henry. Walau bagaimanapun, di rumah, kestabilan telah ditubuhkan. Sejak tahun 1756, kerajaan berturut-turut yang diketuai oleh Newcastle dan Pitt telah jatuh. Pada bulan Ogos 1757, kedua-dua lelaki itu bersetuju dengan perkongsian politik dan membentuk kerajaan campuran yang memberi arah baru yang lebih tegas kepada usaha perang. Strategi baru menekankan komitmen Newcastle terhadap penglibatan British di Benua, terutamanya dalam pertahanan Jerman, dan penentuan William Pitt untuk menggunakan kuasa angkatan laut untuk merampas tanah jajahan Perancis di seluruh dunia. \"Strategi dua\" ini akan menguasai dasar British untuk lima tahun akan datang. <> Mengapa Ferdinand merasa selesa menarik pasukan dari bahagian timur? || Mengira bahawa tidak ada lagi kemajuan Rusia yang berkemungkinan sehingga 1758 <> Apakah hasil perlawanan Prussian ke Sweden? || tentera Prussia mengusir belakang Sweden, menduduki kebanyakan Pomerania Sweden <> Daerah apa Sweden telah diduduki oleh Prusia? || menduduki kebanyakan Pomerania Sweden <> Apa perkembangan yang menggembirakan yang berlaku untuk Prussia di Hanover? || Duke Ferdinand dari Brunswick, menggabungkan semula tenteranya dan melancarkan satu siri serangan yang mengusir orang Perancis ke seberang Sungai Rhine. <> Apa perkembangan politik yang membentuk dasar British? || Kerajaan berturut-turut yang diketuai oleh Newcastle dan Pitt telah jatuh. Pada bulan Ogos 1757, kedua-dua lelaki itu bersetuju dengan perkongsian politik dan membentuk gabungan", {"context": "Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania, and blockaded its capital Stralsund. George II of Great Britain, on the advice of his British ministers, revoked the Convention of Klosterzeven, and Hanover reentered the war. Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine. The British had suffered further defeats in North America, particularly at Fort William Henry. At home, however, stability had been established. Since 1756, successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition government that gave new, firmer direction to the war effort. The new strategy emphasised both Newcastle's commitment to British involvement on the Continent, particularly in defence of Germany, and William Pitt's determination to use naval power to seize French colonies around the globe. This \"dual strategy\" would dominate British policy for the next five years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758"}], "question": "Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front?", "id": "572ec545cb0c0d14000f152c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania"}], "question": "What was the result of Prussian resistance to Sweden?", "id": "572ec545cb0c0d14000f152d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "occupied most of Swedish Pomerania"}], "question": "What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia?", "id": "572ec545cb0c0d14000f152e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine."}], "question": "What favorable developments occurred for Prussia in Hanover?", "id": "572ec545cb0c0d14000f152f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition"}], "question": "What political development shaped the policy of the British?", "id": "572ec545cb0c0d14000f1530"}]}], ["Pitt kini bersedia menghantar pasukan ke Jerman; dan kedua-dua Marlborough dan Sackville, jijik oleh apa yang mereka anggap sebagai sia-sia \"keturunan\", memperoleh komisi dalam tentera itu. Jenderal Agung Bligh telah dilantik untuk memerintah \"keturunan\" yang baru, diiringi oleh Howe. Kempen itu bermula dengan pantas dengan Raid on Cherbourg. Dilindungi oleh pengeboman tentera laut, tentera mengusir pasukan Perancis yang terperinci untuk menentang pendaratan mereka, menangkap Cherbourg, dan memusnahkan kubu, dok, dan perkapalannya. <> Siapa yang memutuskan untuk menghantar pasukan Inggeris ke Jerman? || Pitt kini bersedia menghantar pasukan ke Jerman; <> Siapa yang mengetuai tentera serangan? || Orang tua Jeneral Bligh <> Adakah pendaratan berjaya? || tentera mengusir pasukan Perancis yang terperinci untuk menentang pendaratan mereka, ditangkap Cherbourg, <> Di manakah tentera darat? || Cherbourg <> Bagaimana Inggeris merawat Cherbourg? || memusnahkan kubu, dok, dan perkapalannya.", {"context": "Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the \"descents\", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new \"descent\", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;"}], "question": "Who decided to send British troops into Germany?", "id": "572edbf7c246551400ce4740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "The elderly General Bligh"}], "question": "Who led the invasion troops?", "id": "572edbf7c246551400ce4741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,"}], "question": "Was the landing successful?", "id": "572edbf7c246551400ce4743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Cherbourg"}], "question": "Where did the troops land?", "id": "572edbf7c246551400ce4742"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping."}], "question": "How did the British treat Cherbourg?", "id": "572edbf7c246551400ce4744"}]}], ["Perdana Menteri British William Pitt memberi tumpuan kepada koloni untuk kempen 1758 yang dibebankan dengan pengambilan Louisbourg selepas bala bantuan Perancis disekat oleh kemenangan tentera laut British di Pertempuran Cartagena dan dalam penangkapan Fort Duquesne dan Fort Frontenac. British juga meneruskan proses mengangkut penduduk Acadian dengan gelombang operasi utama menentang \u00cele Saint-Jean (sekarang Prince Edward Island), lembah Sungai St. John, dan lembah Sungai Petitcodiac. Perayaan kejayaan ini telah dilemahkan oleh kekalahan mereka yang memalukan di Pertempuran Carillon (Ticonderoga), di mana 4,000 tentera Perancis ditendang 16.000 orang British. <> Bagaimana British menjamin keunggulan numerik dalam mengambil Louisbourg? || Pasukan bantuan Perancis disekat oleh kemenangan tentera laut British di Pertempuran Cartagena. Mengenal pasti dua harta benda Perancis lainnya yang ditangkap oleh pihak British. || Fort Duquesne dan Fort Frontenac <> Siapa yang mengusir British dari Lie Saint-Jean? || penduduk Acadian <> Apa yang dipanggil Lie Saint-Jean hari ini? || \u00cele Saint-Jean (Pulau Prince Edward hari ini) <> Berapa banyak jumlah Perancis yang kalah di Battle of Carillion? || 4,000 tentera Perancis ditangkis 16,000 orang British", {"context": "British Prime Minister William Pitt's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the taking of Louisbourg after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena and in the successful capture of Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac. The British also continued the process of deporting the Acadian population with a wave of major operations against \u00cele Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island), the St. John River valley, and the Petitcodiac River valley. The celebration of these successes was dampened by their embarrassing defeat in the Battle of Carillon (Ticonderoga), in which 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena"}], "question": "How did the British assure numerical superiority in taking Louisbourg?", "id": "572f820a04bcaa1900d76a37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac"}], "question": "Identify two other French possessions captured by the British.", "id": "572f820a04bcaa1900d76a38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "the Acadian population"}], "question": "Who did the British deport from Lie Saint-Jean?", "id": "572f820a04bcaa1900d76a39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "\u00cele Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island)"}], "question": "What is Lie Saint-Jean called today?", "id": "572f820a04bcaa1900d76a3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British"}], "question": "How much were the French outnumbered at the Battle of Carillion?", "id": "572f820a04bcaa1900d76a3b"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1756 dan 1757, Perancis menawan benteng-benteng Oswego dan William Henry dari British. Kemenangan yang terakhir itu dicemari apabila sekutu-sekutu negara Perancis memecahkan syarat-syarat penyerahan dan menyerang lompatan British, yang berada di bawah pengawal Perancis, menyembelih dan mencetak tentera dan menawan banyak lelaki, wanita dan kanak-kanak manakala Perancis enggan melindungi tawanan mereka. Penyebaran tentera laut Perancis pada tahun 1757 juga berjaya mempertahankan Benteng utama Louisbourg di Pulau Cape Breton, dengan mengambil pendekatan laut ke Quebec. <> Siapa yang membantu Perancis dalam mengambil benteng Oswego dan William Henry? || Sekutu Perancis <<Bagaimana pengawal Perancis menanggapi serangan terhadap tahanan? || Perancis enggan melindungi tawanan mereka <> Bagaimana cara sekutu-sekutu Perancis merawat tahanan British? || menyembelih dan mencetak tentera dan menawan banyak lelaki, wanita dan kanak-kanak <> Bagaimana Perancis mempertahankan Benteng Louisbourg? || Pengangkut angkatan laut Perancis <> Apa kawasan Kanada yang ada di tepi laut dilindungi oleh pertahanan Benteng Louisbourg? || mengamankan pendekatan laut ke Quebec.", {"context": "In 1756 and 1757 the French captured forts Oswego and William Henry from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect their captives. French naval deployments in 1757 also successfully defended the key Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "France's native allies"}], "question": "Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?", "id": "572f7f37b2c2fd1400568191"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "the French refused to protect their captives"}], "question": "How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?", "id": "572f7f37b2c2fd1400568193"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children"}], "question": "How did France's native allies treat the British prisoners?", "id": "572f7f37b2c2fd1400568192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "French naval deployments"}], "question": "How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg?", "id": "572f7f37b2c2fd1400568194"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "securing the seaward approaches to Quebec."}], "question": "What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg?", "id": "572f7f37b2c2fd1400568195"}]}], ["Tentera-tentera telah bangkit dan berpindah ke Teluk St. Lunaire di Brittany di mana, pada 3 September, mereka mendarat untuk beroperasi melawan St. Malo; Walau bagaimanapun, tindakan ini terbukti tidak praktikal. Cuaca yang semakin teruk memaksa kedua-dua tentera untuk memisahkan: kapal-kapal berlayar untuk penangkapan lebih selamat St. Cast, sementara tentera bergerak ke darat. Keterlambatan Bligh dalam menggerakkan pasukannya membolehkan pasukan Perancis 10,000 dari Brest untuk mengejarnya dan membakar tentera rejuvenasi. Pengawal belakang 1,400 di bawah Jeneral Dury memegang Perancis manakala tentera yang lain melancarkan. Mereka tidak dapat diselamatkan; 750, termasuk Dury, terbunuh dan selebihnya ditangkap. <> Apa yang menghentikan pengepungan yang dirancang di St Malo? || Cuaca semakin teruk <> Bagaimana tentera pergi ke lokasi pelabuhan yang baru? || tentera bergerak ke darat. <> Bagaimana pasukan menanggapi cuaca buruk? || kapal-kapal berlayar untuk penangkapan lebih selamat St. Cast <> Bagaimana tentera British melarikan diri || Sebuah pengawal belakang 1,400 di bawah General Dury yang dipegang Perancis manakala tentera yang lain memulakan <> Apa yang berlaku kepada tentera British? || sebuah pasukan Perancis dari 10,000 dari Brest untuk mengejarnya dan membakar tentera rejuvenasi", {"context": "The troops were reembarked and moved to the Bay of St. Lunaire in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast, while the army proceeded overland. The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops. A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked. They could not be saved; 750, including Dury, were killed and the rest captured.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Worsening weather"}], "question": "What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo?", "id": "572f7934947a6a140053c998"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "the army proceeded overland."}], "question": "How did the army get to the new anchorage location?", "id": "572f7934947a6a140053c99a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast"}], "question": "How did the fleet respond to the bad weather?", "id": "572f7934947a6a140053c999"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked"}], "question": "How did the British army escape", "id": "572f7934947a6a140053c99c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops"}], "question": "What happened to the British army?", "id": "572f7934947a6a140053c99b"}]}], ["Semasa perang, Tujuh Bangsa Kanada bersekutu dengan Perancis. Ini adalah orang asli Amerika lembah Laurentian-Algonquin, Abenaki, Huron, dan lain-lain. Walaupun puak-puak Algonquin dan Tujuh Bangsa tidak langsung terlibat dengan nasib Lembah Sungai Ohio, mereka telah menjadi mangsa Konfederasi Iroquois. The Iroquois telah menceroboh di wilayah Algonquin dan menolak Algonquins barat di seberang Tasik Michigan. Oleh itu, Algonquin dan Seven Nations berminat untuk melawan Iroquois. Di seluruh New England, New York, dan suku-suku asli Native Americans membentuk hubungan yang berlainan dengan perjuangan utama. The Iroquois, yang dominan dalam apa yang kini Upstate New York, memihak kepada British tetapi tidak memainkan peranan besar dalam perang. <> Siapa Tujuh Bangsa Kanada? || Ini adalah penduduk asli Amerika lembah Laurentian <> suku mana yang menjadi musuh dari Seven Nations of Canada? || Tujuh Bangsa berminat untuk melawan Iroquois <> Berapa banyak bantuan yang diberikan oleh Tujuh Bangsa Perancis kepada Perancis di Lembah Ohio? || Tujuh Bangsa tidak langsung terlibat dengan nasib Lembah Sungai Ohio <> Siapakah rakan Eropah dari Iroquois? || The Iroquois, yang dominan dalam apa yang sekarang Upstate New York, memihak kepada British <> Betapa berharganya persekutuan Iroquois dengan Britain? || The Iroquois, dominan dalam apa yang kini Upstate New York, memihak kepada British tetapi tidak memainkan peranan besar dalam perang", {"context": "During the war, the Seven Nations of Canada were allied with the French. These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley\u2014the Algonquin, the Abenaki, the Huron, and others. Although the Algonquin tribes and the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley, they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation. The Iroquois had encroached on Algonquin territory and pushed the Algonquins west beyond Lake Michigan. Therefore, the Algonquin and the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois. Throughout New England, New York, and the North-west Native American tribes formed differing alliances with the major belligerents. The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley"}], "question": "Who were the Seven Nations of Canada?", "id": "572f7ca3a23a5019007fc67d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois"}], "question": "Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada?", "id": "572f7ca3a23a5019007fc67e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley"}], "question": "How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley?", "id": "572f7ca3a23a5019007fc67f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British"}], "question": "Who was the European partner of the Iroquois?", "id": "572f7ca3a23a5019007fc680"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war"}], "question": "How valuable was the Iroquois alliance with Britain?", "id": "572f7ca3a23a5019007fc681"}]}], ["Great Britain kehilangan Minorca di Mediterranean dengan Perancis pada tahun 1756 tetapi menawan koloni Perancis di Senegal pada tahun 1758. Tentera Laut Diraja British mengambil koloni gula Perancis Guadeloupe pada tahun 1759 dan Martinique pada tahun 1762 serta kota-kota Spanyol Havana di Cuba, dan Manila di Filipina, kedua-dua bandar kolonial Sepanyol yang terkenal. Walau bagaimanapun, pengembangan ke kawasan pedalaman kedua-dua bandar menghadapi rintangan yang sengit. Di Filipina, orang Inggeris terkurung di Manila sehingga mereka bersetuju dengan penarikan diri pada akhir perang. <> Apa pulau yang hilang di Great Britain pada tahun 1756? || Great Britain kehilangan Minorca di Mediterranean dengan Perancis pada tahun 1756 <> Apa kejayaan yang dilakukan oleh Inggeris di Cuba? || Bandar Sepanyol di Havana di Cuba <> Apa kepunyaan Perancis kalah kepada Brits pada 1758 || menawan koloni Perancis di Senegal pada tahun 1758 <> Mengenal pasti koloni Perancis yang hilang kepada British pada 1759 dan 1762. || Tentera Laut Diraja British mengambil koloni gula Perancis Guadeloupe pada tahun 1759 dan Martinique pada 1762 <> Apa koloni lain yang diambil oleh orang Inggeris dari Sepanyol? || Manila di Filipina", {"context": "Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758. The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines, both prominent Spanish colonial cities. However, expansion into the hinterlands of both cities met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were confined to Manila until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756"}], "question": "What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?", "id": "572f7b09a23a5019007fc673"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba"}], "question": "What success did the British have in Cuba?", "id": "572f7b09a23a5019007fc676"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758"}], "question": "What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758", "id": "572f7b09a23a5019007fc674"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762"}], "question": "Identify the French colonies lost  to the British in 1759 and 1762.", "id": "572f7b09a23a5019007fc675"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Manila in the Philippines"}], "question": "What other colony was taken by the British from Spain?", "id": "572f7b09a23a5019007fc677"}]}], ["Britain kini mengancam untuk menarik balik subsidinya jika Prussia tidak menganggap menawarkan konsesi untuk mendapatkan keamanan. Ketika tentera Prusia telah berkurang kepada hanya 60,000 orang dan dengan Berlin sendiri di bawah pengepungan, kelangsungan hidup Frederick terancam terancam. Kemudian pada 5 Januari 1762, Permaisuri Rusia Elizabeth meninggal dunia. Pengganti Prussophile, Peter III, sekali gus mengingatkan tentera Rusia dari Berlin (lihat: Perjanjian Saint Petersburg (1762)) dan mengantarkan gencatan senjata Frederick dengan Sweden. Dia juga meletakkan sebuah pasukan tentera sendiri di bawah perintah Frederick. Peristiwa ini telah dikenali sebagai Keajaiban Dewan Brandenburg. Frederick kemudian dapat mengumpulkan tentera yang lebih besar dari 120,000 orang dan menumpukannya terhadap Austria. Dia mengusir mereka dari banyak Saxony, sementara saudaranya Henry memenangi kemenangan di Silesia di Pertempuran Freiberg (29 Oktober 1762). Pada masa yang sama, sekutunya Brunswick menawan bandar utama G\u00f6ttingen dan menggabungkannya dengan mengambil Cassel. <> Britain cuba mempengaruhi Prussia untuk mengambil tindakan? || menawarkan konsesi untuk mendapatkan keamanan <> Berapa banyak pasukan yang telah meninggalkan Frederick? || 60,000 lelaki Apa pembangunan di Rusia dibantu Prussia? || Permaisuri Rusia Elizabeth meninggal dunia. Pengganti beliau Prussophile, Peter III, sekali gus mengingatkan tentera Rusia dari Berlin <> Apa yang mengubah hubungan Prusia dengan Sweden? || Peter III, sekali gus mengingatkan tentera Rusia dari Berlin (lihat: Perjanjian Saint Petersburg (1762)) dan mengantarkan gencatan senjata Frederick dengan Sweden <> Apakah tindakan Peter III yang tidak dijangka yang membantu Frederick? || Dia juga meletakkan pasukan tentera sendiri di bawah arahan Frederick", {"context": "Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia didn't consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege, Frederick's survival was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden. He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command This turn of events has become known as the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg. Frederick was then able to muster a larger army of 120,000 men and concentrate it against Austria. He drove them from much of Saxony, while his brother Henry won a victory in Silesia in the Battle of Freiberg (29 October 1762). At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of G\u00f6ttingen and compounded this by taking Cassel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "offering concessions to secure peace"}], "question": "Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?", "id": "572ed4b3cb0c0d14000f15f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "60,000 men"}], "question": "How many troops did Frederick have left?", "id": "572ed4b3cb0c0d14000f15f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin"}], "question": "What development in Russia assisted Prussia?", "id": "572ed4b3cb0c0d14000f15f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden"}], "question": "What changed the Prussian relationship with Sweden?", "id": "572ed4b3cb0c0d14000f15f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command"}], "question": "What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick?", "id": "572ed4b3cb0c0d14000f15fa"}]}], ["Menjelang 1763, peperangan di Eropah Tengah pada dasarnya adalah kebuntuan. Frederick telah mengambil semula sebahagian besar daripada Silesia dan Saxony tetapi bukan ibu negara itu, Dresden. Keadaan kewangannya tidak mengerikan, tetapi kerajaannya hancur dan tentaranya sangat lemah. Tenaga manusia telah menurun secara dramatik, dan dia telah kehilangan begitu banyak pegawai dan jeneral yang berkesan sehingga serangan baru mungkin tidak mungkin. Subsidi British telah dihentikan oleh Perdana Menteri baru Lord Bute, dan Maharaja Rusia telah digulingkan oleh isterinya, Catherine, yang mengakhiri persekutuan Rusia dengan Prusia dan menarik diri dari perang. Austria, bagaimanapun, seperti kebanyakan peserta, menghadapi krisis kewangan yang teruk dan terpaksa mengurangkan saiz tenteranya, sesuatu yang sangat mempengaruhi kuasa serangannya. Memang, setelah berjaya menahan perang yang panjang, pentadbirannya berantakan. Pada masa itu, ia masih diadakan di Dresden, bahagian tenggara Sachsen, daerah Glatz, dan selatan Silesia, tetapi prospek kemenangan tidak redup tanpa sokongan Rusia. Pada 1763 penyelesaian damai dicapai di Perjanjian Hubertusburg, mengakhiri perang di Eropah tengah. <> Pada tahun 1763 apakah status Frederick? || kerajaannya hancur dan tentaranya sangat lemah <1763 Pada tahun 1763 apakah status Austria? || menghadapi krisis kewangan yang teruk dan terpaksa mengurangkan saiz tenteranya <> Apa yang telah terjadi kepada bantuan kewangan Frederick dari Britain? || Subsidi British telah dihentikan oleh Perdana Menteri baru Lord Bute <> Apa yang telah berlaku kepada pasukan tambahan Frederick dari Rusia? || Catherine, yang mengakhiri perikatan Rusia dengan Prusia dan menarik diri dari perang <> Apa akibat kelemahan kedua-dua Prussia dan Austria? || Pada 1763 penyelesaian damai dicapai di Perjanjian Hubertusburg, mengakhiri perang di Eropah tengah.", {"context": "By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that a new offensive was perhaps impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute, and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife, Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, something which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, the county of Glatz, and southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened"}], "question": "In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?", "id": "572ed5ccdfa6aa1500f8d425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army"}], "question": "In 1763 what was the status of Austria?", "id": "572ed5ccdfa6aa1500f8d426"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute"}], "question": "What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?", "id": "572ed5ccdfa6aa1500f8d427"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war"}], "question": "What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?", "id": "572ed5ccdfa6aa1500f8d428"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1044, "text": "In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe."}], "question": "What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?", "id": "572ed5ccdfa6aa1500f8d429"}]}], ["Walaupun kejayaan strategik yang diperdebatkan dan kegagalan operasi keturunan di Rochefort, William Pitt-yang melihat tujuan dalam jenis asimetri perusahaan yang disediakan untuk meneruskan operasi sedemikian. Tentera telah dipasang di bawah perintah Charles Spencer, Duke ke-3 Marlborough; dia dibantu oleh Lord George Sackville. Skuadron tentera laut dan pengangkutan untuk ekspedisi itu diperintahkan oleh Richard Howe. Tentera mendarat pada 5 Jun 1758 di Cancalle Bay, menuju St. Malo, dan, mendapati bahawa ia akan mengambil pengepungan yang berpanjangan untuk menawannya, sebaliknya menyerang pelabuhan St. Ia membakar perkapalan di pelabuhan, kira-kira 80 orang persendirian dan pedagang Perancis, serta empat kapal perang yang sedang dalam pembinaan. Angkatan itu kemudian dilancarkan semula dengan ancaman ketibaan pasukan bantuan Perancis. Serangan terhadap Havre de Grace telah dipadamkan, dan armada itu berlayar ke Cherbourg; cuaca buruk dan peruntukan yang rendah, yang juga ditinggalkan, dan ekspedisi itu kembali mengalami kerosakan peribadi Perancis dan menyediakan demonstrasi strategik yang lebih jauh menentang pantai Perancis. <> Apakah gaya peperangan William Pitt? || melihat tujuan dalam jenis perusahaan asimetris <> Apa tindakan yang diambil Pitt terhadap Perancis pada tahun 1758? || Tentera mendarat pada 5 Jun 1758 di Cancalle Bay <> Bagaimana pasukan tentera British menyerang di St Malo? || ia akan mengambil pengepungan yang berpanjangan untuk menangkapnya, sebaliknya menyerang pelabuhan St. Servan berdekatan <> Apa kerosakan yang telah dilakukan di tapak ganti? || Ia membakar perkapalan di pelabuhan, kira-kira 80 orang persendirian dan pedagang Perancis, serta empat kapal perang yang sedang dalam pembinaan. Bagaimana cara penjajah British bertindak balas terhadap ketibaan pasukan bantuan Perancis? || ekspedisi tersebut kembali mengalami kerosakan peribadi Perancis", {"context": "Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt\u2014who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise\u2014prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackville. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by Richard Howe. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay, proceeded to St. Malo, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction. The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on Havre de Grace was called off, and the fleet sailed on to Cherbourg; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise"}], "question": "What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?", "id": "572ed741c246551400ce470c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay"}], "question": "What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?", "id": "572ed741c246551400ce470d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan"}], "question": "How did the invading British army do at St. Malo?", "id": "572ed741c246551400ce470e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction"}], "question": "What damage was done at the alternate site?", "id": "572ed741c246551400ce470f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 961, "text": "the expedition returned having damaged French privateering"}], "question": "How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?", "id": "572ed741c246551400ce4710"}]}], ["Di bahagian depan timur, kemajuan sangat perlahan. Tentera Rusia sangat bergantung kepada majalah utamanya di Poland, dan tentera Prusia melancarkan beberapa serangan yang berjaya menentang mereka. Salah seorang daripada mereka, yang diketuai oleh umum Platen pada bulan September, mengakibatkan kehilangan 2,000 orang Rusia, kebanyakannya ditawan, dan pemusnahan 5,000 gerobak. Orang-orang Prusia yang dilucutkan oleh orang-orang Prussia terpaksa menggunakan peperangan baru ini, menyerang, untuk menangguhkan kemajuan musuh mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, pada akhir tahun, mereka mengalami dua kemunduran kritikal. Orang Rusia di bawah Zakhar Chernyshev dan Pyotr Rumyantsev menyerang Kolberg di Pomerania, sementara Austria menawan Schweidnitz. Kehilangan Kos Kolberg menyebabkan Prussia pelabuhan terakhir di Laut Baltik. Di Britain, spekulasi bahawa jumlah keruntuhan Prussian kini semakin hampir. <> Bagaimana orang Prussia memperlambat kemajuan orang Rusia? || tentera Prusia melancarkan beberapa serbuan berjaya menentang mereka <> Apakah saiz salah satu kemenangan Prusia terhadap Rusia? || . Salah seorang daripada mereka, yang diketuai oleh umum Platen pada bulan September, mengakibatkan kehilangan 2,000 orang Rusia, kebanyakannya ditangkap, dan pemusnahan 5,000 gerabak <> Mengenal pasti kerugian Prusia besar kepada orang Rusia || Rusia di bawah Zakhar Chernyshev dan Pyotr Rumyantsev menyerang Kolberg di Pomerania <> mengenal pasti kehilangan Prussian utama kepada Austria. || Austria menawan Schweidnitz. <> Apa kebimbangan mengenai Prussia di Britain? || . Di Britain, spekulasi bahawa jumlah keruntuhan Prussian kini semakin hampir.", {"context": "On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons. Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Nonetheless, at the end of the year, they suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania, while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the Baltic Sea. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them"}], "question": "How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?", "id": "572ed315cb0c0d14000f15e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": ". One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons"}], "question": "What was the size of one of the Prussian victories against the Russians?", "id": "572ed315cb0c0d14000f15e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania"}], "question": "Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians", "id": "572ed315cb0c0d14000f15e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "the Austrians captured Schweidnitz."}], "question": "identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.", "id": "572ed315cb0c0d14000f15e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": ". In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent."}], "question": "What was the concern about Prussia in Britain?", "id": "572ed315cb0c0d14000f15ea"}]}], ["Di India, British mengekalkan Telek Utara, tetapi kembali ke semua pelabuhan perdagangan Perancis. Walau bagaimanapun, perjanjian itu memerlukan benteng-benteng penempatan ini dimusnahkan dan tidak pernah dibina semula, sementara hanya garnison minimum yang dapat dikekalkan di sana, sehingga menjadikan mereka tidak bernilai sebagai pangkalan tentera. Digabungkan dengan hilangnya sekutu Perancis di Bengal dan pembelotan Hyderabad ke Inggris akibat perang, ini secara efektif membawa kekuasaan Prancis di India untuk berakhir, membuat jalan menuju hegemoni Inggris dan akhirnya mengawal anak benua itu. <> Apa yang disimpan oleh Perancis di India? || kembali semua pelabuhan perdagangan Perancis <> Bagaimana penempatan Perancis berubah untuk menghapuskan kegunaan tentera mereka? || perjanjian, bagaimanapun, memerlukan kubu-kubu ini dimusnahkan dan tidak pernah dibina semula <> Apa sekutu Perancis di kawasan itu meninggalkan Perancis? || kehilangan sekutu Perancis di Bengal <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kuasa Perancis di kawasan itu? || ini dengan berkesan membawa kuasa Perancis di India ke hujung <> yang membelot ke Inggeris? || pembunuhan Hyderabad ke British", {"context": "In India, the British retained the Northern Circars, but returned all the French trading ports. The treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt, while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there, thus rendering them worthless as military bases. Combined with the loss of France's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "returned all the French trading ports"}], "question": "What did France retain in India?", "id": "572f9cad947a6a140053caca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt"}], "question": "How were the French settlements changed to eliminate their military usefulness?", "id": "572f9cad947a6a140053cacb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "loss of France's ally in Bengal"}], "question": "What French ally in the area abandoned the French?", "id": "572f9cad947a6a140053cacc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "this effectively brought French power in India to an end"}], "question": "What happened to French power in the area?", "id": "572f9cad947a6a140053cace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "the defection of Hyderabad to the British"}], "question": "Who defected to the British?", "id": "572f9cad947a6a140053cacd"}]}], ["Sejarah Perang Tujuh Tahun di Amerika Utara, terutamanya pengusiran Acadians, pengepungan Quebec, kematian Wolfe, dan Pertempuran Fort William Henry menghasilkan sejumlah besar balada, broadsides, gambar, dan novel ( lihat Evangeline Longfellow, Kematian Jeneral Wolfe Benjamin West, James Fenimore Cooper The Last of Mohicans), peta dan bahan bercetak lain, yang memberi keterangan tentang bagaimana acara ini mengadakan imaginasi orang awam Inggeris dan Amerika Utara lama selepas kematian Wolfe pada tahun 1759 . <> Nama dua peristiwa utama Perang Tujuh Tahun Di Amerika Utara. || pengusiran Acadians, pengepungan Quebec <> Namakan dua lagi peristiwa utama Perang Tujuh Tahun di Amerika Utara. || kematian Wolfe, dan Pertempuran Fort William Henry <> Bagaimana peristiwa Perang Tujuh Tahun mempengaruhi pengeluaran seni? || menghasilkan sejumlah besar balada, broadsides, imej, dan novel <> Apakah beberapa novel mengenai tempoh Perang Tujuh Tahun? || Evangeline Longfellow, Kematian Ketua Wolfe Benjamin West, James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans <> Apa benda lain yang menonjolkan kepentingan dalam peristiwa Perang Tujuh Tahun? || peta dan bahan bercetak lain", {"context": "The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec, the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans), maps and other printed materials, which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe's death in 1759.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec"}], "question": "Name two major events of the Seven Years' War In North America.", "id": "572f880804bcaa1900d76a55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry"}], "question": "Name two more major events of the Seven Years' War in North America.", "id": "572f880804bcaa1900d76a56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels"}], "question": "How did the events of the Seven Years' War affects the production of art?", "id": "572f880804bcaa1900d76a57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans"}], "question": "What are some novels about the Seven Years' War period?", "id": "572f880804bcaa1900d76a58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "maps and other printed materials"}], "question": "What other items point to the interest in the events of the Seven Years' War?", "id": "572f880804bcaa1900d76a59"}]}], ["Perjanjian Hubertusburg, antara Austria, Prusia, dan Saxony, telah ditandatangani pada 15 Februari 1763, di sebuah pondok perburuan antara Dresden dan Leipzig. Rundingan telah bermula di sana pada 31 Disember 1762. Frederick, yang telah mempertimbangkan untuk menumpaskan Prussia Timur ke Rusia jika Peter III membantunya mengamankan Saxony, akhirnya menegaskan tidak termasuk Rusia (sebenarnya, tidak lagi berperang) dari rundingan. Pada masa yang sama, beliau enggan memindahkan Saxony sehingga pemilihnya telah meninggalkan sebarang tuntutan untuk membayar ganti rugi. Orang Austria mahu sekurang-kurangnya mengekalkan Glatz, yang sebenarnya mereka telah dikembalikan, tetapi Frederick tidak membenarkannya. Perjanjian itu hanya memulihkan status quo tahun 1748, dengan Silesia dan Glatz kembali ke Frederick dan Saxony kepada pemilihnya sendiri. Satu-satunya konsesi yang dibuat oleh Prusia kepada Austria adalah untuk membenarkan pemilihan Archduke Joseph sebagai maharaja Romawi Suci. <> Di mana Perjanjian Hubertusburg ditandatangani? || di sebuah pondok berburu antara Dresden dan Leipzig. <> Siapa yang menjadi pihak dalam Perjanjian Hubertusburg? || Austria, Prusia, dan Saxony <> Apa negara yang membuat keuntungan dalam Perjanjian Hubertusburg? || Perjanjian itu hanya memulihkan status quo dari 1748 <> Apa yang Austria mahu dalam Perjanjian Hubertusburg || Orang Austria mahu sekurang-kurangnya mengekalkan Glatz <> Adakah orang Austria mengekalkan Glatz? || Frederick tidak akan membenarkannya", {"context": "The Treaty of Hubertusburg, between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, was signed on February 15, 1763, at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig. Negotiations had started there on December 31, 1762. Frederick, who had considered ceding East Prussia to Russia if Peter III helped him secure Saxony, finally insisted on excluding Russia (in fact, no longer a belligerent) from the negotiations. At the same time, he refused to evacuate Saxony until its elector had renounced any claim to reparation. The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz, which they had in fact reconquered, but Frederick would not allow it. The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748, with Silesia and Glatz reverting to Frederick and Saxony to its own elector. The only concession that Prussia made to Austria was to consent to the election of Archduke Joseph as Holy Roman emperor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig."}], "question": "Where was the Treaty of Hubertusburg signed?", "id": "572fabb1b2c2fd1400568303"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Austria, Prussia, and Saxony"}], "question": "Who were the parties in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?", "id": "572fabb1b2c2fd1400568304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748"}], "question": "What country made gains in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?", "id": "572fabb1b2c2fd1400568305"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz"}], "question": "What did Austrian want in the Treaty of Hubertusburg", "id": "572fabb1b2c2fd1400568306"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Frederick would not allow it"}], "question": "Did the Austrians retain Glatz?", "id": "572fabb1b2c2fd1400568307"}]}], ["Semua kempen Britain melawan New France berjaya pada 1759, sebahagian daripada apa yang dikenali sebagai Annus Mirabilis. Fort Niagara dan Fort Carillon pada 8 Julai 1758 jatuh ke angkatan British yang besar, memotong tebing perbatasan Perancis jauh ke barat. Pada 13 September 1759, selepas pengepungan tiga bulan Quebec, Jeneral James Wolfe mengalahkan Perancis di dataran Abraham di luar bandar. Orang Perancis melakukan kontroversi pada musim bunga 1760, dengan kejayaan awal di Pertempuran Sainte-Foy, tetapi mereka tidak dapat mengalahkan Quebec, kerana kehebatan angkatan laut British berikutan pertempuran Neuville. Angkatan Perancis berundur ke Montreal, di mana pada 8 September mereka menyerah kepada keunggulan berangka British yang luar biasa. <> Negara mana yang paling berjaya dalam peperangan di Amerika Utara pada tahun 1759 || Semua kempen Britain melawan New France berjaya pada 1759 <> Apa dua kubu jatuh pada hari yang sama pada tahun 1758? || Fort Niagara dan Fort Carillon pada 8 Julai 1758 jatuh ke angkatan British yang besar <> Bilakah General Wolfe mengambil Quebec? || Pada 13 September 1759, selepas pengepungan tiga bulan Quebec, Jeneral James Wolfe mengalahkan Perancis <> Adakah Perancis mengambil Quebec kembali? || mereka tidak dapat mengulangi Quebec <> Apa kelebihan ketenteraan membawa kejayaan untuk British dalam mempertahankan Quebec? || Keunggulan angkatan laut British", {"context": "All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759, part of what became known as an Annus Mirabilis. Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces, cutting off French frontier forts further west. On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham outside the city. The French staged a counteroffensive in the spring of 1760, with initial success at the Battle of Sainte-Foy, but they were unable to retake Quebec, due to British naval superiority following the battle of Neuville. The French forces retreated to Montreal, where on 8 September they surrendered to overwhelming British numerical superiority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759"}], "question": "Which country enjoyed the most success in battles in North America in 1759", "id": "572f84b3a23a5019007fc6d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces"}], "question": "What two forts fell on the same day in 1758?", "id": "572f84b3a23a5019007fc6d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French"}], "question": "When did General Wolfe take Quebec?", "id": "572f84b3a23a5019007fc6d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "they were unable to retake Quebec"}], "question": "Did the French take Quebec back?", "id": "572f84b3a23a5019007fc6d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "British naval superiority"}], "question": "What military advantage brought the success for the British in defending Quebec?", "id": "572f84b3a23a5019007fc6d5"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1762, menjelang akhir perang, pasukan Perancis menyerang St John's, Newfoundland. Jika berjaya, ekspedisi itu akan menguatkan tangan Perancis di meja rundingan. Walaupun mereka mengambil St John dan menyerbu penempatan berhampiran, pasukan Perancis akhirnya dikalahkan oleh tentera British di Battle of Signal Hill. Ini adalah peperangan terakhir perang di Amerika Utara, dan ia memaksa orang Perancis menyerahkan diri kepada Letnan Kolonel William Amherst. British yang berjaya kini menguasai seluruh Amerika Utara timur. <> Di manakah serangan Perancis pada tahun 1762? || St John's, Newfoundland <> Apa kelebihan yang akan diambil oleh St John untuk Perancis? || ekspedisi itu akan menguatkan tangan Perancis di meja rundingan <> Adakah Perancis memegang St John? || Pasukan Perancis akhirnya dikalahkan oleh tentera British <> Adakah orang Perancis mengambil St John? || mereka mengambil St John's <> Di mana perang terakhir antara Perancis dan British di Amerika Utara? || Battle of Signal Hill", {"context": "In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked St. John's, Newfoundland. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "St. John's, Newfoundland"}], "question": "Where did the French attack in 1762?", "id": "572f85f6b2c2fd14005681b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table"}], "question": "What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?", "id": "572f85f6b2c2fd14005681b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "French forces were eventually defeated by British troops"}], "question": "Did the French hold St. John's?", "id": "572f85f6b2c2fd14005681b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "they took St. John's"}], "question": "Did the French take St. John's?", "id": "572f85f6b2c2fd14005681b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Battle of Signal Hill"}], "question": "Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?", "id": "572f85f6b2c2fd14005681b7"}]}], ["Austria tidak mampu merebut semula Silesia atau membuat keuntungan wilayah yang signifikan. Walau bagaimanapun, ia telah menghalang Prussia dari menyerang bahagian Saxony. Lebih penting lagi, prestasi ketenteraannya terbukti jauh lebih baik daripada semasa Perang Suara Austria dan seolah-olah membuktikan pembaharuan pentadbiran dan ketenteraan Maria Theresa. Oleh itu, prestij Austria telah dipulihkan secara besar-besaran dan kerajaan menguasai kedudukannya sebagai pemain utama dalam sistem Eropah. Juga, dengan menjanjikan untuk mengundi Joseph II dalam pemilihan Imperial, Frederick II menerima Habsburg keunggulan dalam Empayar Rom Suci. Namun, survival Prusia sebagai kuasa pertama dan prestij yang dipertingkatkan oleh raja dan tenteranya, bagaimanapun, berpotensi merosakkan dalam jangka panjang untuk pengaruh Austria di Jerman. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada prestij Austria akibat perang? || Prestige Austria dipulihkan sebahagian besar <> Bagaimana keputusan Prussia mempengaruhi Austria dalam jangka panjang? || berpotensi merosakkan dalam jangka panjang untuk pengaruh Austria di Jerman. <> Kawasan apa yang dipelihara dari serangan Prusia? || ia telah menghalang Prussia dari menyerang sebahagian daripada Saxony <> Adakah Austria mendapat kembali Silesia? || Austria tidak mampu merebut semula Silesia <> Siapa yang berjanji Frederick II untuk mengundi dalam pilihan raya imperial? || dengan menjanjikan untuk mengundi Joseph II dalam pilihan raya Imperial", {"context": "Austria was not able to retake Silesia or make any significant territorial gain. However, it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony. More significantly, its military performance proved far better than during the War of the Austrian Succession and seemed to vindicate Maria Theresa's administrative and military reforms. Hence, Austria's prestige was restored in great part and the empire secured its position as a major player in the European system. Also, by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections, Frederick II accepted the Habsburg preeminence in the Holy Roman Empire. The survival of Prussia as a first-rate power and the enhanced prestige of its king and its army, however, was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Austria's prestige was restored in great part"}], "question": "What happened to Austrian prestige due to the war?", "id": "572fae7a947a6a140053cb68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany."}], "question": "How would Prussia's outcome affect Austria in the long run?", "id": "572fae7a947a6a140053cb69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony"}], "question": "What area was preserved from Prussian invasion?", "id": "572fae7a947a6a140053cb6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Austria was not able to retake Silesia"}], "question": "Did Austria get Silesia back?", "id": "572fae7a947a6a140053cb6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections"}], "question": "Who did Frederick II promise to vote for in the imperial elections?", "id": "572fae7a947a6a140053cb6c"}]}], ["Prussia muncul dari perang sebagai kuasa besar yang pentingnya tidak lagi dicabar. Reputasi peribadi Frederick the Great telah dipertingkatkan, kerana hutangnya kepada kekayaan (wajah voltan Rusia selepas kematian Elizabeth) dan kepada subsidi British telah lama dilupakan sementara ingatan tenaga dan genius ketenteraannya terus hidup. Rusia, sebaliknya, membuat satu keuntungan besar yang tidak dapat dilihat dari perang: penghapusan pengaruh Perancis di Poland. Pemisahan Pertama Poland (1772) menjadi transaksi Rusia-Prusia, dengan Austria hanya terlibat dengan enggan dan dengan Perancis hanya diabaikan. <> Apa perang yang dilakukan oleh reputasi Frederick the Great? || Reputasi peribadi Frederick the Great sangat dipertingkatkan <> Apa pendapat umum mengenai ketenteraan Frederick the Great? || genius ketenteraannya terus-menerus terus hidup <> Apa nasib baik dari Rusia yang membantu Frederick the Great? || Russia volte-face <> Apa keuntungan yang Rusia membuat dari hasil perang? || Rusia, sebaliknya, membuat satu keuntungan yang tidak dapat dilihat hebat dari perang: penghapusan pengaruh Perancis di Poland <> Negara mana yang berpesta dengan Partition Pertama Poland? || urus niaga Russo-Prussian, dengan Austria hanya terlibat dengan enggan", {"context": "Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great\u2019s personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia\u2019s volte-face after Elizabeth\u2019s death) and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive. Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland. The First Partition of Poland (1772) was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France simply ignored.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Frederick the Great\u2019s personal reputation was enormously enhanced"}], "question": "What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great?", "id": "572fc05ca23a5019007fc967"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "his military genius was strenuously kept alive"}], "question": "What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military acumen?", "id": "572fc05ca23a5019007fc968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Russia\u2019s volte-face"}], "question": "What good fortune from Russia assisted Frederick the Great?", "id": "572fc05ca23a5019007fc969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland"}], "question": "What gain did Russia make from the results of the war?", "id": "572fc05ca23a5019007fc96a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved"}], "question": "What countries were party to The First Partition of Poland?", "id": "572fc05ca23a5019007fc96b"}]}], ["Bukan itu sahaja, Austria kini tersekat dengan perkembangan baru dalam empayar itu sendiri. Selain bangkitnya Prusia, Augustus III, walaupun tidak berkesan, dapat mengumpulkan tentera bukan sahaja dari Sachsen, tetapi juga Poland, menganggap pemilih itu juga Raja Poland. Kuasa dan kemerdekaan Bavaria yang semakin berkembang juga jelas kerana dia mempunyai lebih banyak suara di jalan yang tentunya telah diambil oleh pasukannya, dan berjaya melepaskan diri daripada peperangan dengan kehendaknya sendiri. Paling penting, dengan Hanover sekarang berperang dengan sendirinya di bawah George III dari Great Britain, Ia dapat mengumpulkan kekuatan yang besar, bahkan membawa Britain masuk, pada masa depan konflik. Dinamik kuasa ini penting untuk masa depan dan konflik terakhir empayar. Perang juga membuktikan bahawa pembaharuan Maria Theresa masih belum cukup untuk bersaing dengan Prussia: tidak seperti musuhnya, orang Austria hampir hampir bangkrut pada akhir perang. Oleh itu, beliau mendedikasikan dua dekad akan datang untuk penyatuan pentadbirannya. <> Apakah kesan perang terhadap kekayaan Austria? || orang Austria hampir bangkrut pada akhir perang. <> Apakah perubahan dalam status Prusia kerana perang? || Selain bangkitnya Prussia <> Apa sikap Hanover terhadap Austria? || -Harover Hanover <> Berapa banyak pencerobohan ketenteraan yang dilakukan oleh Maria Theresa selepas perang? || dia mendedikasikan dua dekad akan datang untuk penyatuan pentadbirannya. <> Yang mana raja Inggeris menyokong Hanover berikutan perang? || George III dari Great Britain", {"context": "Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Beside the rise of Prussia, Augustus III, although ineffective, could mustered up an army not only from Saxony, but also Poland, considering the elector was also the King of Poland. Bavaria's growing power and independence was also apparent as she had more voices on the path that its army should have taken, and managed to slip out of the war at its own will. Most importantly, with the now somehow-belligerent Hanover united personally under George III of Great Britain, It can amassed a considerable power, even brought Britain in, on the future conflicts. This power dynamic is important to the future and the latter conflicts of the empire. The war also proved that Maria Theresa's reforms were still not enough to compete with Prussia: unlike its enemy, the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war. Hence, she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 863, "text": "the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war."}], "question": "What was the impact of the war on the wealth of Austria?", "id": "572fbec0947a6a140053cc2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Beside the rise of Prussia"}], "question": "What was the change in the status of Prussia because of the war?", "id": "572fbec0947a6a140053cc2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "-belligerent Hanover"}], "question": "What was Hanover's attitude toward Austria?", "id": "572fbec0947a6a140053cc2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 924, "text": "she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration."}], "question": "How much military aggression did Maria Theresa exert following the war?", "id": "572fbec0947a6a140053cc2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "George III of Great Britain"}], "question": "Which British king supported Hanover following the war?", "id": "572fbec0947a6a140053cc30"}]}], ["Kerajaan British hampir muflis, dan Britain kini menghadapi tugas yang rumit untuk menenangkan mata pelajaran Perancis-Kanada baru serta banyak suku Indian Amerika yang telah menyokong Perancis. Perisytiharan George III dari 1763, yang melarang penyelesaian putih di luar puncak Appalachians, bertujuan untuk mengharungi yang terakhir tetapi menyebabkan kemarahan yang besar di Tiga Belas Koloni, yang penduduknya ingin memperoleh tanah asli. Akta Quebec 1774, yang juga bertujuan untuk memenangi kesetiaan orang Kanada Kanada, juga mendorong kebencian di kalangan penjajah Amerika. Tindakan itu melindungi agama Katolik dan bahasa Perancis, yang marah Amerika, tetapi Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois tetap setia dan tidak memberontak. <> Siapa yang George III cuba menyenangkan dengan Proklamasi 1763? || Suku India Amerika <> Siapakah yang diperparah oleh Perisytiharan 1763? || kemarahan di Tiga Belas Colonies, yang penduduknya ingin mendapatkan tanah asli <> Siapa yang George III cuba menyenangkan dengan Akta Quebec 1774? || Kanada Canadians <> Bagaimana Akta Quebec 1774 memengaruhi agama? || Perbuatan itu melindungi agama Katolik <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Akta Quebec 1774 tentang bahasa? || Tindakan ini melindungi agama Katolik dan bahasa Perancis", {"context": "The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. George III's Proclamation of 1763, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended to appease the latter but led to considerable outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands. The Quebec Act of 1774, similarly intended to win over the loyalty of French Canadians, also spurred resentment among American colonists. The act protected Catholic religion and French language, which enraged the Americans, but the Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois remained loyal and did not rebel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "American Indian tribes"}], "question": "Who was George III trying to please with the Proclamation of 1763?", "id": "572fc19a947a6a140053cc52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands"}], "question": "Who was aggravated by the Proclamation of 1763?", "id": "572fc19a947a6a140053cc53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "French Canadians"}], "question": "Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774?", "id": "572fc19a947a6a140053cc54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "The act protected Catholic religion"}], "question": "How did the Quebec Act of 1774 affect religion?", "id": "572fc19a947a6a140053cc55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "The act protected Catholic religion and French language"}], "question": "What did the Quebec Act of 1774 do about language?", "id": "572fc19a947a6a140053cc56"}]}], ["Permusuhan Anglo-Perancis telah berakhir pada 1763 oleh Perjanjian Paris, yang melibatkan siri pertukaran tanah yang kompleks, yang paling penting adalah penguasaan Perancis ke Spanyol dari Louisiana, dan ke Great Britain yang lain dari New France kecuali untuk pulau-pulau St Pierre dan Miquelon. Menghadapi pilihan mengambil semula sama ada New France atau pulau-pulau koloni pulau-pulau Caribbean di Guadeloupe dan Martinique, Perancis memilih yang terakhir untuk mengekalkan sumber gula yang lumayan ini, melancarkan New France sebagai wilayah yang tidak produktif dan mahal. Perancis juga kembali ke Minorca kepada British. Sepanyol kehilangan kawalan ke Florida ke Great Britain, tetapi ia diterima dari Perancis \u00cele d'Orl\u00e9ans dan semua bekas Perancis di barat Sungai Mississippi. Pertukaran juga sesuai dengan British, kerana pulau-pulau Caribbean mereka sendiri telah membekalkan gula yang banyak, dan dengan pengambilalihan New France dan Florida, mereka kini menguasai seluruh Amerika Utara di timur Mississippi. <> Bagaimana persamaan British-Perancis menyimpulkan? || permusuhan telah berakhir pada 1763 oleh Perjanjian Paris <> Siapa yang akhirnya memiliki Louisiana? || yang paling penting ialah penyisihan Perancis ke Sepanyol dari Louisiana <> Apa bahagian Amerika Utara yang dilakukan oleh Britain? || mereka kini menguasai seluruh Amerika Utara di timur Mississippi. <> Negara apa yang berakhir dengan Lie d'Orleans || Sepanyol kehilangan kawalan ke Florida ke Great Britain, tetapi ia diterima dari Perancis \u00cele d'Orl\u00e9ans <> Apa yang diperoleh Perancis yang memberi mereka bekalan gula? || Koloni pulau Caribbean di Guadeloupe dan Martinique, Perancis memilih yang terakhir", {"context": "The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of retrieving either New France or its Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Minorca to the British. Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the \u00cele d'Orl\u00e9ans and all of the former French holdings west of the Mississippi River. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own Caribbean islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris"}], "question": "How were the British-French hostilities concluded?", "id": "572f9a52b2c2fd1400568239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana"}], "question": "Who ended up owning Louisiana?", "id": "572f9a52b2c2fd140056823a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 897, "text": "they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi."}], "question": "What part of North America did Britain end up with?", "id": "572f9a52b2c2fd140056823b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the \u00cele d'Orl\u00e9ans"}], "question": "What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans", "id": "572f9a52b2c2fd140056823d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter"}], "question": "What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar?", "id": "572f9a52b2c2fd140056823c"}]}], ["Perang juga telah menamatkan \"Sistem Lama\" pakatan di Eropah, Dalam tahun-tahun selepas peperangan, di bawah arahan Lord Sandwich, pihak British telah berusaha untuk mewujudkan semula sistem ini. Tetapi setelah kejayaan besarnya mengejutkan terhadap gabungan kekuatan besar, negara-negara Eropah seperti Austria, Republik Belanda, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Empayar Uthmaniyyah, dan Rusia kini melihat Britain sebagai ancaman yang lebih besar daripada Perancis dan tidak bergabung dengan mereka, sementara orang Prusia yang marah dengan apa yang mereka anggap pengkhianatan British pada tahun 1762. Akibatnya, ketika Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika bertukar menjadi perang global antara 1778-83, Britain mendapati dirinya ditentang oleh koalisi kekuatan Eropah yang kuat, dan kekurangan sekutu yang besar. <> Apa bangsawan British cuba mempertahankan pakatan Eropah selepas Perang Tujuh Tahun? || Lord Sandwich <> Negara apa yang menyertai Britain sebagai sekutu? || kekurangan sekutu yang besar <> Adakah negara-negara Eropah melihat Britain atau Perancis sebagai ancaman yang lebih besar? || kini menyaksikan Britain sebagai ancaman yang lebih besar daripada Perancis <> Kapan Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika berubah menjadi konflik global? || 1778-83 <> Apa yang mendorong Prussia menjauhkan diri dari memperbaharuinya dengan Britain? || Prussians marah dengan apa yang mereka anggap pengkhianatan British pada tahun 1762", {"context": "The war had also brought to an end the \"Old System\" of alliances in Europe, In the years after the war, under the direction of Lord Sandwich, the British did try to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, The Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Ottoman Empire, and Russia now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join them, while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762. Consequently, when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778\u201383, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Lord Sandwich"}], "question": "What British nobleman attempted to retain European alliances following the Seven Years' War?", "id": "572fc3ed04bcaa1900d76cb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "lacking any substantial ally"}], "question": "What countries joined Britain as allies?", "id": "572fc3ed04bcaa1900d76cb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "now saw Britain as a greater threat than France"}], "question": "Did the European countries see Britain or France as a greater threat?", "id": "572fc3ed04bcaa1900d76cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "1778\u201383"}], "question": "When did the American War of Independence turn into a global conflict?", "id": "572fc3ed04bcaa1900d76cb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762"}], "question": "What drove Prussia away from renewing its alliance with Britain?", "id": "572fc3ed04bcaa1900d76cb5"}]}]], [["Dia menenggelamkan diri dalam kerja projek itu, dan hadir di ujian bom Trinity. Feynman mendakwa sebagai satu-satunya orang yang melihat letupan tanpa kanta gelas atau kanta pengilat yang sangat disediakan, memandangkan ia adalah selamat untuk melihat kaca depan trak, kerana ia akan menyebarkan radiasi ultraviolet yang berbahaya. Semasa menyaksikan letupan itu, Feynman tersungkur ke arah lantai traknya kerana kecerahan letupan besar, di mana dia melihat \"kejadian\" ungu sementara sementara selepas kejadian. <> Feynman menggunakan ini untuk melindungi matanya semasa letupan ujian || kaca depan trak <> Ujian bom atom apa yang dilihat Feynman? || Ujian bom Trinity <> Apa yang dilihat oleh Feynman selepas ujian atom? || \"ungu splotch\" afterimage <> Apa yang Feynman berfikir bahawa kaca depan trak akan melindungi dia? || radiasi ultra ungu", {"context": "He immersed himself in work on the project, and was present at the Trinity bomb test. Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiation. On witnessing the blast, Feynman ducked towards the floor of his truck because of the immense brightness of the explosion, where he saw a temporary \"purple splotch\" afterimage of the event.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "truck windshield"}], "question": "Feynman used this to protect his eyes during the test detonation", "id": "572e808d03f98919007566e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Trinity bomb test"}], "question": "What atomic bomb test did Feynman see?", "id": "572e808d03f98919007566e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "\"purple splotch\" afterimage"}], "question": "What did Feynman see after the atomic test?", "id": "572e808d03f98919007566e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "ultraviolet radiation"}], "question": "What did Feynman think that the truck windshield would shield him against?", "id": "572e808d03f98919007566e8"}]}], ["Feynman muda sangat dipengaruhi oleh ayahnya, yang mendorongnya untuk mengajukan soalan untuk mencabar pemikiran ortodoks, dan siap untuk mengajar Feynman sesuatu yang baru. Dari ibunya, dia mendapat rasa humor yang dia alami sepanjang hidupnya. Sebagai seorang kanak-kanak, dia mempunyai bakat untuk kejuruteraan, mengekalkan makmal eksperimen di rumahnya, dan gembira dalam membaiki radio. Apabila dia berada di sekolah menengah, dia mencipta sistem penggera pencuri rumah sementara ibu bapanya keluar untuk tugas yang sedang berjalan. <> Apakah sifat keperibadian yang dilakukan oleh Feynman dari ibunya? || humor <> Orang apa yang mempengaruhi Feynman berfikir dengan mendalam? || bapa <> Apakah instrumen elektronik yang dilakukan Feynman sebagai kanak-kanak? || radio <> Sebagai anak sekolah kelas, dia mencipta peranti elektronik ketika orang tuanya pergi, apa itu? || sistem penggera pencuri rumah <> Apa bakat yang dilakukan Feynman, walaupun pada zaman kanak-kanaknya? || kejuruteraan", {"context": "The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "humor"}], "question": "What personality trait did Feynman acquire from his mother?", "id": "572e7d44dfa6aa1500f8d029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "father"}], "question": "What person influenced Feynman to think deeply?", "id": "572e7d44dfa6aa1500f8d02a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "radios"}], "question": "What electronic instrument did Feynman repair as a child?", "id": "572e7d44dfa6aa1500f8d02b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "home burglar alarm system"}], "question": "As a grade school child he created an electronic device while his parents were away, what was it?", "id": "572e7d44dfa6aa1500f8d02c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "engineering"}], "question": "What talent did Feynman have, even early in his childhood?", "id": "572e7d44dfa6aa1500f8d02d"}]}], ["Kerja lain Feynman di Los Alamos termasuk menghitung persamaan neutron untuk Los Alamos \"Dandang Air\", sebuah reaktor nuklear kecil, untuk mengukur sejauh mana rapat perakitan material fisil adalah untuk kritikal. Setelah menyelesaikan kerja ini, beliau telah dipindahkan ke kemudahan Oak Ridge, di mana dia membantu jurutera dalam merancang prosedur keselamatan untuk penyimpanan material supaya kemalangan kritikal (contohnya, kerana jumlah sub-kritikal bahan fissile secara tidak sengaja disimpan berdekatan dengan sisi bertentangan dinding) boleh dielakkan. Beliau juga melakukan kerja dan perhitungan teori mengenai bom hidrida uranium yang dicadangkan, yang kemudiannya terbukti tidak boleh dilakukan. <> Apakah Dandang Air yang Feyman berfungsi? || reaktor nuklear <> Di mana Feyman dihantar selepas kerja di Los Alamos? || Kemudahan Oak Ridge <> Apa yang Feynman membantu menghasilkan di Kemudahan Oak Ridge? || prosedur keselamatan <> Senjata mana yang dilakukan oleh Feynman tidak dapat dilaksanakan? || Bom hidrida uranium <> Di mana Feynman bekerja pada \"Boiler Wateer\"? || Los Alamos", {"context": "Feynman's other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos \"Water Boiler\", a small nuclear reactor, to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality. On completing this work he was transferred to the Oak Ridge facility, where he aided engineers in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents (for example, due to sub-critical amounts of fissile material inadvertently stored in proximity on opposite sides of a wall) could be avoided. He also did theoretical work and calculations on the proposed uranium hydride bomb, which later proved not to be feasible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "nuclear reactor"}], "question": "What was the Water Boiler that Feyman worked on?", "id": "572e8200c246551400ce4270"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Oak Ridge facility"}], "question": "Where was Feyman sent after his work at Los Alamos?", "id": "572e8200c246551400ce4271"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "safety procedures"}], "question": "What did Feynman help produce at the Oak Ridge Facility?", "id": "572e8200c246551400ce4272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "uranium hydride bomb"}], "question": "Which weapon did Feynman found to not be feasible?", "id": "572e8200c246551400ce4273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Los Alamos"}], "question": "Where did Feynman work on the \"Wateer Boiler\"?", "id": "572e8200c246551400ce4274"}]}], ["Di Princeton, ahli fizikal Robert R. Wilson menggalakkan Feynman untuk mengambil bahagian dalam Projek Manhattan-projek perang Tentera A.S. di Los Alamos membangunkan bom atom. Feynman berkata beliau dipujuk untuk menyertai usaha ini untuk membinanya sebelum Nazi Jerman mengembangkan bom mereka sendiri. Dia ditugaskan ke bahagian teori Hans Bethe dan mengagumkan Bethe cukup untuk dijadikan pemimpin kumpulan. Dia dan Bethe mengembangkan formula Bethe-Feynman untuk menghitung hasil bom pembelahan, yang dibina atas karya sebelumnya oleh Robert Serber. <> Penyelidikan persenjataan yang dilakukan oleh Feynman? || Projek Manhattan <> Bahagian manakah Feynman ditugaskan di Projek Manhattan? || Hans Bethe <> Apa yang dihasilkan oleh Feynman dengan bantuan Bethe? || Bethe-Feynman formula <> Apakah tujuan formula Bethe-Feynman? || mengira hasil bom pembelahan <> Siapa yang pernah bekerja pada bom pembebasan sebelum Feynman? || Robert Serber", {"context": "At Princeton, the physicist Robert R. Wilson encouraged Feynman to participate in the Manhattan Project\u2014the wartime U.S. Army project at Los Alamos developing the atomic bomb. Feynman said he was persuaded to join this effort to build it before Nazi Germany developed their own bomb. He was assigned to Hans Bethe's theoretical division and impressed Bethe enough to be made a group leader. He and Bethe developed the Bethe\u2013Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb, which built upon previous work by Robert Serber.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Manhattan Project"}], "question": "Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in?", "id": "572e7ff1cb0c0d14000f11d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Hans Bethe"}], "question": "Whose division was Feynman assigned to at the Manhattan Project?", "id": "572e7ff1cb0c0d14000f11d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Bethe\u2013Feynman formula"}], "question": "What did Feynman produce with the help of Bethe?", "id": "572e7ff1cb0c0d14000f11d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "calculating the yield of a fission bomb"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the Bethe-Feynman formula?", "id": "572e7ff1cb0c0d14000f11d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "Robert Serber"}], "question": "Who had previously worked on fission bomb yields before Feynman?", "id": "572e7ff1cb0c0d14000f11d8"}]}], ["Apabila Richard berusia lima tahun, ibunya melahirkan adik lelaki, tetapi abang ini meninggal dunia pada usia empat minggu. Empat tahun kemudian, Richard mendapat seorang kakak, Joan, dan keluarganya berpindah ke Far Rockaway, Queens. Walaupun dipisahkan oleh sembilan tahun, Joan dan Richard rapat, kerana kedua-duanya berkongsi rasa ingin tahu semulajadi tentang dunia. Ibunya berpendapat bahawa wanita tidak mempunyai keupayaan untuk memahami perkara tersebut. Walaupun tidak setuju dengan keinginan Joan untuk mengkaji astronomi, Richard menggalakkan kakaknya untuk meneroka alam semesta. Joan akhirnya menjadi ahli astrofizik yang mengkhususkan diri dalam interaksi antara Bumi dan angin suria. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada adik lelaki Feyman? || meninggal dunia pada usia empat minggu <> Apakah nama kakak Feynman itu? || Joan <> Apa paham sains melakukan Feyman menggalakkan kakaknya belajar? || astronomi <> Siapa yang menolak Joan untuk meneroka alam semesta? || Richard <> Apa kerjaya yang dipegang Joan? || astrofizik", {"context": "When Richard was five years old, his mother gave birth to a younger brother, but this brother died at four weeks of age. Four years later, Richard gained a sister, Joan, and the family moved to Far Rockaway, Queens. Though separated by nine years, Joan and Richard were close, as they both shared a natural curiosity about the world. Their mother thought that women did not have the cranial capacity to comprehend such things. Despite their mother's disapproval of Joan's desire to study astronomy, Richard encouraged his sister to explore the universe. Joan eventually became an astrophysicist specializing in interactions between the Earth and the solar wind.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "died at four weeks of age"}], "question": "What happened to Feyman's younger brother?", "id": "572e7de1dfa6aa1500f8d033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Joan"}], "question": "What is Feynman's sister's name?", "id": "572e7de1dfa6aa1500f8d034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "astronomy"}], "question": "What science displicine did Feyman encourage his sister to study?", "id": "572e7de1dfa6aa1500f8d035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Richard"}], "question": "Who was the one that pushed Joan to explore the universe?", "id": "572e7de1dfa6aa1500f8d036"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "astrophysicist"}], "question": "What career did Joan hold?", "id": "572e7de1dfa6aa1500f8d037"}]}], ["Beliau mendapat markah yang sempurna dalam peperiksaan masuk sekolah siswazah ke Princeton University dalam bidang matematik dan fizik-prestasi yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini-tetapi agak kurang baik dalam sejarah dan bahagian Bahasa Inggeris. Hadir dalam seminar pertama Feynman termasuk Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, dan John von Neumann. Beliau menerima Doktor Falsafah dari Princeton pada tahun 1942; penasihat tesisnya ialah John Archibald Wheeler. Tesis Feynman menggunakan prinsip tindakan pegun terhadap masalah mekanik kuantum, yang diilhamkan oleh keinginan untuk mengkuantisasi teori penyerap Wheeler-Feynman elektrodinamika, meletakkan asas bagi pendekatan \"integral jalur\" dan gambar rajah Feynman, dan bertajuk \"Prinsip Tindakan Kurang dalam Mekanik Kuantum \". <> Yang dua bahagian peperiksaan lulusan Feynman cemerlang? || matematik dan fizik <> Yang dua bahagian peperiksaan lulusan Feynman lakukan dengan kurang? || sejarah dan bahasa Inggeris <> Skor apa yang diterima Feyman pada peperiksaan masuk matematik dan fiziknya? || skor sempurna <> Bilakah dia menerima PhDnya? || 1942 <> Apa itu tesis PhD Feynman yang bertajuk? || Prinsip Tindakan Terendah dalam Mekanik Kuantum", {"context": "He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in mathematics and physics\u2014an unprecedented feat\u2014but did rather poorly on the history and English portions. Attendees at Feynman's first seminar included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. He received a PhD from Princeton in 1942; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler. Feynman's thesis applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler\u2013Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, laying the groundwork for the \"path integral\" approach and Feynman diagrams, and was titled \"The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "mathematics and physics"}], "question": "Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman excel in?", "id": "572e7f29c246551400ce4254"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "history and English"}], "question": "Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman do poorly in?", "id": "572e7f29c246551400ce4255"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "perfect score"}], "question": "What score did Feyman receive on his math and physics entrance exams?", "id": "572e7f29c246551400ce4256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "1942"}], "question": "When did he receive his PhD?", "id": "572e7f29c246551400ce4257"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics"}], "question": "What was Feynman's PhD thesis titled?", "id": "572e7f29c246551400ce4258"}]}], ["Feynman adalah seorang penerbit fizik yang berminat menerusi kedua-dua buku dan kuliah, termasuk ceramah 1959 dalam bidang nanoteknologi di atas yang dipanggil Terdapat Banyak Bilik di Bawah, dan penerbitan tiga volume kuliah sarjana, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman juga dikenali melalui buku-buku separa autobiografinya. Sudah tentu anda bercanda, Encik Feynman! dan Apa Yang Anda Bimbang Apa Orang Lain Pikirkan? dan buku-buku yang ditulis mengenai dia, seperti Tuva atau Bust! dan Genius: Kehidupan dan Sains Richard Feynman oleh James Gleick. <> Apakah nama ceramah Feynman pada nanotech 1959? || Ada Banyak Bilik di Bawah <> Apa nama kuliah Feynman yang dia buat sebagai mahasiswa? || Kuliah Feynman pada Fizik <> Apakah nama salah satu buku separa autobiografinya? || Sudah tentu anda bercanda, Encik Feynman! <> Feynman menulis banyak buku dan memberikan banyak ___ || kuliah <> Buku apa yang ditulis oleh James Gleck tentang Feynman? || Genius: Kehidupan dan Sains Richard Feynman", {"context": "Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think? and books written about him, such as Tuva or Bust! and Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"}], "question": "What was the name of Feynman's 1959 talk on nanotech?", "id": "572e7c00c246551400ce4240"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics"}], "question": "What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate?", "id": "572e7c00c246551400ce4241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!"}], "question": "What was the name of one of his semi-autobiographical books?", "id": "572e7c00c246551400ce4242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "lectures"}], "question": "Feynman wrote many books and gave many ___", "id": "572e7c00c246551400ce4244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman"}], "question": "What book did James Gleck write about Feynman?", "id": "572e7c00c246551400ce4243"}]}], ["Feynman menghadiri Sekolah Tinggi Far Rockaway, sebuah sekolah di Far Rockaway, Queens yang turut dihadiri oleh pemenang Nobel Burton Richter dan Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Setelah memulakan sekolah menengah, Feynman dengan pantas dinaikkan ke kelas matematik yang lebih tinggi. Ujian IQ sekolah yang tidak ditentukan diperkirakan menganggarkan IQnya pada 123-tinggi, tetapi \"semata-mata dihormati\" menurut penulis biografi James Gleick. Apabila dia berusia 15 tahun, dia mengajar dirinya trigonometri, algebra canggih, siri tak terhingga, geometri analitik, dan kedua-dua kalkulus perbezaan dan integral. Di sekolah menengah dia sedang membangunkan gerak hati matematik di belakang siri Taylor pengendali matematiknya. Sebelum memasuki kolej, dia sedang bereksperimen dengan dan memperoleh topik matematik seperti setengah derivatif menggunakan notasi sendiri. <> Apa skor IQ yang dilakukan Feyman di sekolah menengah? || 123 <> Apa sekolah tinggi yang dilakukan oleh Feynman? || Far Rockaway High School <> Apa yang diperoleh Feyman sebelum dia pergi ke kolej? || setengah derivatif <> Feyman mengajar banyak subjek matematik, termasuk Trigonometri pada umur berapa? || 15 <> Apa yang berlaku di sekolah menengah Feynman? || Queens", {"context": "Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, a school in Far Rockaway, Queens also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted into a higher math class. An unspecified school-administered IQ test estimated his IQ at 123\u2014high, but \"merely respectable\" according to biographer James Gleick. When he turned 15, he taught himself trigonometry, advanced algebra, infinite series, analytic geometry, and both differential and integral calculus. In high school he was developing the mathematical intuition behind his Taylor series of mathematical operators. Before entering college, he was experimenting with and deriving mathematical topics such as the half-derivative using his own notation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "123"}], "question": "What IQ score did Feyman attain in high school?", "id": "572e7ea2c246551400ce424a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Far Rockaway High School"}], "question": "What high school did Feynman go to?", "id": "572e7ea2c246551400ce424b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "half-derivative"}], "question": "What did Feyman derive before he went to college?", "id": "572e7ea2c246551400ce424d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "15"}], "question": "Feyman taught himself many math subjects, including Trigonometry at what age?", "id": "572e7ea2c246551400ce424c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Queens"}], "question": "What burrough was Feynman's high school in?", "id": "572e7ea2c246551400ce424e"}]}], ["Richard Phillips Feynman dilahirkan pada 11 Mei 1918, di Queens, New York City, anak lelaki Lucille (n\u00e9e Phillips), ibu rumah tangga, dan Melville Arthur Feynman, seorang pengurus jualan. Keluarganya berasal dari Rusia dan Poland; Kedua orang tuanya adalah orang Yahudi Ashkenazi. Mereka tidak beragama, dan oleh Feynman belia beliau menggambarkan dirinya sebagai \"ateis yang diakui\". Dia juga menyatakan \"Untuk memilih, untuk meluluskan unsur-unsur aneh yang berasal dari keturunan Yahudi yang kononnya adalah untuk membuka pintu kepada semua jenis karut pada teori perkauman,\" dan menambah \"... pada tiga belas aku bukan hanya bertobat ke agama lain pandangan, tetapi saya juga berhenti mempercayai bahawa orang Yahudi berada dalam apa cara 'orang pilihan'. \" Kemudian dalam hidupnya, semasa berkunjung ke Semenanjung Teologi Yahudi, dia menemui Talmud untuk pertama kalinya, dan berkata bahawa dia mendapati \"buku yang indah\" dan \"berharga\". <> Apakah tarikh kelahiran Feynman itu? || 11 Mei 1918 <> Di mana bandar Feynman dilahirkan? || New York City <> Apakah hubungan keagamaan Feynman? || ateis <> Apakah gabungan orang Yahudi yang dipegang oleh ibu bapanya? || Ashkenazi <> Apa pendapat Feynam tentang Talmud? || \"buku indah\" dan \"berharga\"", {"context": "Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, the son of Lucille (n\u00e9e Phillips), a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager. His family originated from Russia and Poland; both of his parents were Ashkenazi Jews. They were not religious, and by his youth Feynman described himself as an \"avowed atheist\". He also stated \"To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory,\" and adding \"... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'.\" Later in his life, during a visit to the Jewish Theological Seminary, he encountered the Talmud for the first time, and remarked that he found it a \"wonderful book\" and \"valuable\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "May 11, 1918"}], "question": "What was the date of Feynman's birth?", "id": "572e7c9c03f9891900756699"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "In what city was Feynman born?", "id": "572e7c9c03f989190075669a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "atheist"}], "question": "Whats is Feynman's religious affiliation?", "id": "572e7c9c03f989190075669b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Ashkenazi"}], "question": "What Jewish affiliation did his parents hold?", "id": "572e7c9c03f989190075669c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "\"wonderful book\" and \"valuable\""}], "question": "What did Feynam think of the Talmud?", "id": "572e7c9c03f989190075669d"}]}], ["Richard Phillips Feynman (/ fa\u026anm\u0259n /; 11 Mei 1918 - 15 Februari 1988) adalah seorang ahli fizik teoretikal Amerika yang terkenal dengan karyanya dalam perumusan penting dalam mekanik kuantum, teori elektrodinamika kuantum, dan fizik superfluiti supercooled helium cecair, serta dalam fizik zarah yang mana dia mencadangkan model parton. Sebagai sumbangannya kepada pembangunan elektrodinamika kuantum, Feynman, bersama dengan Julian Schwinger dan Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, menerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik pada tahun 1965. Beliau membangunkan skim perwakilan bergambar bergambar yang banyak digunakan untuk ungkapan matematik yang mengawal perilaku zarah subatomik, yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai gambar rajah Feynman. Semasa hidupnya, Feynman menjadi salah seorang saintis terkenal di dunia. Dalam tinjauan pendapat 1999 dari 130 ahli fizik terkemuka di seluruh dunia oleh jurnal British Physics World, beliau telah disenaraikan sebagai salah satu daripada sepuluh ahli fizik terbesar sepanjang masa. <> Feynman mencadangkan model integral dalam fizik partikel, apa itu? || parton model <> Siapa dua lelaki yang memenangi Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik dengan Feynman? || Julian Schwinger dan Sin-Itiro Tomonaga <> Pada tahun apakah Feynman memenangi Hadiah Nobelnya? || 1965 <> Feynman terkenal dengan gambar rajah yang memperlihatkan bagaimana zarah subatom berkelakuan, apa yang dikenali sebagai? || Rajah Feynman <> Apakah kehormatan yang diterima Feynman dalam tinjauan 1999 yang dijalankan oleh British Journal Physics World? || Kedudukan sebagai salah satu daripada sepuluh ahli fizik terbesar sepanjang masa", {"context": "Richard Phillips Feynman (/\u02c8fa\u026anm\u0259n/; May 11, 1918 \u2013 February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "parton model"}], "question": "Feynman proposed a integral model in particle physics, what was it?", "id": "572e7b47c246551400ce4236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga"}], "question": "Who were the two men that won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Feynman?", "id": "572e7b47c246551400ce4237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "1965"}], "question": "In what year did Feynman win his Nobel Prize?", "id": "572e7b47c246551400ce4238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "Feynman diagrams"}], "question": "Feynman was famous for diagrams that showed how subatomic particles behaved, what are these known as?", "id": "572e7b47c246551400ce4239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time"}], "question": "What honor did Feynman recieve in a 1999 poll conducted by British Journal Physics World?", "id": "572e7b47c246551400ce423a"}]}], ["Berikutan penyempurnaan PhDnya pada tahun 1942, Feynman mengadakan temujanji di University of Wisconsin-Madison sebagai penolong profesor fizik. Pelantikan itu dibelanjakan untuk cuti untuk penglibatannya dalam projek Manhattan. Pada tahun 1945, beliau menerima surat daripada Dean Mark Ingraham dari College of Letters and Science yang meminta beliau pulang ke UW untuk mengajar dalam tahun akademik yang akan datang. Pelantikannya tidak dilanjutkan apabila dia tidak berkomitmen untuk kembali. Dalam satu ceramah yang diberikan beberapa tahun kemudian di UW, Feynman mengucapkan, \"Sangat baik untuk kembali ke satu-satunya universiti yang pernah masuk akal untuk memecat saya.\" <> Di mana Feynman menerima pekerjaan selepas mendapat PhD? || University of Wisconsin-Madison <> Feyman menerima surat untuk kembali mengajar dari siapa? || Dean Mark Ingraham <> Tahun mana yang Feyman menyelesaikan PhDnya? || 1942 <> Di manakah Feynman meluangkan masa semasa kontraknya di UW? || Projek Manhattan", {"context": "Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, \"It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"}], "question": "Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD?", "id": "572e843cc246551400ce42a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Dean Mark Ingraham"}], "question": "Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom?", "id": "572e843cc246551400ce42a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "1942"}], "question": "Which year did Feyman complete his PhD?", "id": "572e843cc246551400ce42aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Manhattan project"}], "question": "Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW?", "id": "572e843cc246551400ce42ab"}]}], ["Selepas kejayaan elektrodinamika kuantum, Feynman beralih kepada graviti kuantum. Dengan analogi dengan foton, yang mempunyai spin 1, dia menyelidiki akibat dari medan spin 2 massless percuma, dan menghasilkan persamaan medan Einstein relativiti umum, tetapi sedikit lagi. Peranti pengiraan yang Feynman kemudiannya menemui graviti, \"hantu\", yang merupakan \"zarah\" di bahagian dalam rajahnya yang mempunyai hubungan \"salah\" antara spin dan statistik, telah terbukti tidak ternilai dalam menjelaskan perilaku zarah kuantum Yang- Teori Mills, misalnya, QCD dan teori elektro-lemah. <> Di mana Feynman berjaya sebelum bergerak ke graviti kuantiti || elektrodinamika kuantum <> Apa yang Feynman menyiasat semasa bekerja pada graviti kuantum? || akibat dari medan spin tanpa jisim percuma 2 <> Persamaan apa yang dihasilkan oleh Feyman? || Persamaan medan Einstein tentang kerelatifan umum <> Yang mana bahagian teori Yang-Mills telah membantu Feynman menjelaskan? || QCD dan teori lemah elektro <> Apa yang ditemui oleh penemuan Feynman? || Teori Yang-Mills", {"context": "After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, \"ghosts\", which are \"particles\" in the interior of his diagrams that have the \"wrong\" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang\u2013Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "quantum electrodynamics"}], "question": "Where did  Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity", "id": "572e89d0c246551400ce4302"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "consequences of a free massless spin 2 field"}], "question": "What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity?", "id": "572e89d0c246551400ce4303"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Einstein field equation of general relativity"}], "question": "What equation did Feyman derive?", "id": "572e89d0c246551400ce4304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "QCD and the electro-weak theory"}], "question": "Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain?", "id": "572e89d0c246551400ce4306"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Yang\u2013Mills theories"}], "question": "What did Feynman's discoveries help explain?", "id": "572e89d0c246551400ce4305"}]}], ["Walaupun tawaran lain dari Institut Kajian Lanjutan, Feynman menolak Institut atas alasan bahawa tidak ada tugas pengajaran: Feynman merasakan bahawa pelajar adalah sumber inspirasi dan pengajaran adalah lencongan semasa mantra tidak kreatif. Oleh kerana itu, Institut Pengajian Lanjutan dan Princeton University bersama-sama menawarkan pakej di mana beliau boleh mengajar di universiti dan juga di institut. Feynman sebaliknya menerima tawaran dari California Institute of Technology (Caltech) dan seperti yang dia katakan dalam bukunya Surely You're Joking Encik Feynman! -kenyebabkan keinginan untuk hidup dalam iklim yang sederhana telah tegas tetap dalam fikirannya semasa dia memasang rantai tayar di atas keretanya di tengah-tengah badai salju di Ithaca . <> Institut Kajian Lanjutan dan universiti lain berkumpul bersama untuk mendapatkan kedudukan Feynman? || Princeton University <> Mengapa Feynman memutuskan untuk menolak tawaran dari Institut Kajian Lanjutan? || tiada tugas mengajar <> Di manakah Feynman mendapat banyak inspirasi? || pelajar <> Pada akhirnya Feynman memutuskan untuk mengambil pekerjaan di mana kolej? || Institut Teknologi California <> Di mana bandar Feynman mendapati dirinya melekatkan rantai tayar? || Ithaca", {"context": "Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)\u2014and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!\u2014because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Princeton University"}], "question": "The  Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position?", "id": "572e85a3cb0c0d14000f1240"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "no teaching duties"}], "question": "Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study?", "id": "572e85a3cb0c0d14000f123e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "students"}], "question": "Where did Feynman receive much inspiration?", "id": "572e85a3cb0c0d14000f123f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "California Institute of Technology"}], "question": "Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college?", "id": "572e85a3cb0c0d14000f1241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 758, "text": "Ithaca"}], "question": "In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains?", "id": "572e85a3cb0c0d14000f1242"}]}], ["Beliau juga telah membangunkan gambar rajah Feynman, alat simpan kira yang membantu dalam mengkonseptualisasi dan mengira interaksi antara zarah dalam ruang masa, termasuk interaksi antara elektron dan rakan antimaterinya, positron. Peranti ini membenarkannya, dan kemudian yang lain, untuk mendekati kebolehulangan masa dan proses asas yang lain. Gambar mental Feynman untuk rajah-rajah ini bermula dengan penghampiran sfera keras, dan interaksi boleh dianggap sebagai perlanggaran pada mulanya. Tidak sampai dekad kemudian ahli fizik memikirkan menganalisis nod-nuk gambar Feynman dengan lebih dekat. Feynman melukis rajah Feynman di luar vannya. <> Apa yang Feynman menghasilkan yang membantu dalam memahami pengiraan antara zarah dalam ruang dan masa? || Rajah Feynman <> Apakah nama rakan antimatter elektron? || positron <> Di mana Feynman melukis rajahnya? || vannya <> Apa yang digambarkan oleh Feynman digrams? || pendekatan kebolehubahan masa dan proses asas yang lain", {"context": "He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Feynman diagrams"}], "question": "What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?", "id": "572e87bedfa6aa1500f8d0cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "positrons"}], "question": "What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons?", "id": "572e87bedfa6aa1500f8d0cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "his van"}], "question": "Where did Feynman paint his diagrams?", "id": "572e87bedfa6aa1500f8d0cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes"}], "question": "What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do?", "id": "572e87bedfa6aa1500f8d0ce"}]}], ["Selepas perang, Feynman menolak tawaran dari Institut Kajian Lanjutan di Princeton, New Jersey, walaupun kehadiran ahli-ahli fakulti seperti Albert Einstein, Kurt G\u00f6del dan John von Neumann. Feynman mengikuti Hans Bethe, sebaliknya, ke Cornell University, di mana Feynman mengajar fizik teori dari tahun 1945 hingga tahun 1950. Semasa kemurungan sementara berikutan pemusnahan Hiroshima oleh bom yang dihasilkan oleh Projek Manhattan, dia memberi tumpuan kepada masalah fizik kompleks, bukan untuk kegunaan, tetapi untuk kepuasan diri. Salah satu daripada ini menganalisis fizik hidangan yang berpusing-pusing sambil mengalir melalui udara. Kerja-kerja beliau dalam tempoh ini, yang menggunakan persamaan putaran untuk meluahkan kelajuan berputar, terbukti penting untuk memenangi Hadiah Nobel, namun kerana dia merasa terbakar dan telah mengalihkan perhatiannya kepada masalah yang kurang tepat lagi, dia terkejut dengan tawaran daripada profesor dari universiti terkemuka lain. <> Di mana kolej Feyman menolak kerja? || Institut Kajian Lanjutan <> Di mana Feyman menerima pekerjaan selepas perang? || Cornell University <> Rakan sekerja mana yang Feynman mengikut Cornell? || Hans Bethe <> Karyanya di Cornell membantu menyumbang kepada apa? || Kerja pemenang Hadiah Nobel <> Mengapa Feynman mengalami kemurungan? || pemusnahan Hiroshima oleh bom", {"context": "After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt G\u00f6del and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize\u2013winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Institute for Advanced Study"}], "question": "At which college did Feyman turn down a job?", "id": "572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d079"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Cornell University"}], "question": "Where did Feyman accept a job after the war?", "id": "572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d07a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Hans Bethe"}], "question": "Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell?", "id": "572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d07b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 767, "text": "Nobel Prize\u2013winning work"}], "question": "His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what?", "id": "572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d07d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb"}], "question": "Why did Feynman go through a depression?", "id": "572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d07c"}]}], ["Feynman telah dipanggil \"Penjelasan Besar\". Beliau mendapat reputasi untuk mengambil perhatian yang sangat baik apabila memberi penjelasan kepada pelajarnya dan membuat kewajipan moral untuk menjadikan topik itu dapat diakses. Prinsipnya ialah, jika topik tidak dapat dijelaskan dalam kuliah baru, ia belum difahami sepenuhnya. Feynman mendapat keseronokan daripada datang dengan penjelasan \"tahap baru\", contohnya, hubungan antara spin dan statistik. Apa yang dia katakan adalah bahawa kumpulan zarah dengan spin \u00bd \"menangkis\", sedangkan kumpulan dengan spin integer \"rumpun\". Ini adalah cara yang mudah dipamerkan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana statistik Fermi-Dirac dan statistik Bose-Einstein berkembang sebagai akibat daripada mempelajari bagaimana fermions dan boson berkelakuan di bawah putaran 360 \u00b0. Ini juga merupakan persoalan yang dipikirnya dalam kuliahnya yang lebih maju, dan yang mana ia menunjukkan jalan penyelesaian dalam kuliah peringatan Dirac 1986. Dalam kuliah yang sama, beliau menjelaskan lagi bahawa antipartikel mesti wujud, kerana jika zarah hanya mempunyai tenaga positif, ia tidak akan terhad kepada \"kon cahaya\" yang dipanggil. <> Nama panggilan mana yang diterima oleh Feynman? || Penjelasan Besar <> Feynman percaya bahawa jika topik tidak mudah diakses oleh orang baru daripada yang belum apa? || Memahami sepenuhnya <> Dalam kuliah, Feynman berkata apa yang perlu wujud? || antipartikel <> Antipartikel terpaksa wujud kerana jika zarah hanya mempunyai tenaga positif, mereka tidak akan berada dalam apa? || kon cahaya", {"context": "Feynman has been called the \"Great Explainer\". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a \"freshman-level\" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin \u00bd \"repel\", whereas groups with integer spin \"clump\". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi\u2013Dirac statistics and Bose\u2013Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360\u00b0. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called \"light cone\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Great Explainer"}], "question": "Which nickname did Feynman receive?", "id": "572e86b8dfa6aa1500f8d0a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "fully understood"}], "question": "Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?", "id": "572e86b8dfa6aa1500f8d0aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "antiparticles"}], "question": "In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist?", "id": "572e86b8dfa6aa1500f8d0ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1082, "text": "light cone"}], "question": "Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what?", "id": "572e86b8dfa6aa1500f8d0ac"}]}], ["Feynman merujuk kepada pemikirannya tentang justifikasi untuk terlibat dalam projek Manhattan dalam The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. Dia merasakan kemungkinan Nazi Jerman membangunkan bom itu sebelum pihak Sekutu menjadi alasan yang kuat untuk membantu perkembangannya di A.S.. Ia terus mengatakan bahawa ia adalah kesilapan yang tidak dapat dipertimbangkan semula ketika Jerman dikalahkan. Dalam penerbitan yang sama, Feynman juga bercakap tentang kebimbangan beliau dalam usia bom atom, rasa untuk masa yang agak lama bahawa terdapat risiko yang tinggi bahawa bom itu akan digunakan lagi tidak lama lagi, sehingga tidak berguna untuk membina masa depan. Kemudian dia menerangkan tempoh ini sebagai \"kemurungan\". <> Dalam buku mana yang Feynman bercakap tentang projek Manhattan? || The Pleasure of Finding Things Out <> Apa alasannya dalam membantu membuat bom atom? || kemungkinan Nazi Jerman membangunkan bom itu sebelum Sekutu <> Setelah merasa bersalah kerana membantu membuat bom atom, Feynman mengalami gangguan mental apa? || Kemurungan <> Apa yang difikirkan Feynman mengenai bahagiannya dalam membuat bom selepas Jerman dikalahkan? || kesilapan di pihaknya", {"context": "Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated. In the same publication, Feynman also talks about his worries in the atomic bomb age, feeling for some considerable time that there was a high risk that the bomb would be used again soon, so that it was pointless to build for the future. Later he describes this period as a \"depression\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "The Pleasure of Finding Things Out"}], "question": "In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project?", "id": "572e83b6c246551400ce4296"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies"}], "question": "What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb?", "id": "572e83b6c246551400ce4297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "depression"}], "question": "After feeling guilty for helping make an atomic bomb, Feynman went through what mental disorder?", "id": "572e83b6c246551400ce4298"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "error on his part"}], "question": "What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Germany had been defeated?", "id": "572e83b6c246551400ce4299"}]}], ["Feynman telah dipilih sebagai Ahli Luar Negara Royal Society (ForMemRS) pada tahun 1965. Pada masa ini pada awal tahun 1960-an, Feynman meletihkan dirinya dengan bekerja di pelbagai projek besar pada masa yang sama, termasuk permintaan, sementara di Caltech, untuk \"merapikan \"pengajaran pelajar. Setelah tiga tahun menumpukan tugasnya, beliau menghasilkan satu siri ceramah yang akhirnya menjadi Ceramah Feynman mengenai Fizik. Dia menginginkan gambar drumhead yang ditaburi dengan serbuk untuk menunjukkan mod getaran pada awal buku. Kebimbangan mengenai hubungan dengan ubat-ubatan dan rock and roll yang boleh dibuat dari imej, penerbit mengubah penutup menjadi merah kosong, walaupun mereka menyertakan gambar dia bermain gendang di pengantar. Ceramah Feynman mengenai Fizik menduduki dua ahli fizik, Robert B. Leighton dan Matthew Sands, sebagai penulis bersama sambilan selama beberapa tahun. Walaupun buku itu tidak digunakan oleh kebanyakan universiti sebagai buku teks, mereka terus menjual dengan baik kerana mereka memberikan pemahaman yang mendalam tentang fizik. Banyak kuliah dan ceramah pelbagainya berubah menjadi buku-buku lain, termasuk Karakter Undang-undang Fizikal, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Mekanik Statistik, Kuliah tentang Gravitation, dan Kuliah Feynman mengenai Pengiraan. <> Masyarakat mana yang dipilih oleh Feynman? || Royal Society <> Selepas 3 tahun di Caltech apa kuliah yang dihasilkan Feynman? || Kuliah Feynman pada Fizik <> Mengapa penerbit menukar gambar penutup pada buku Feynman? || sambungan ke dadah dan rock and roll <> Dalam bukunya, Feynman ditunjukkan bermain alat apa? || dram <> Apa nama buku Feynman menulis tentang cahaya dan perkara? || Karakter Undang-undang Fizikal, QED: Teori Aneh Cahaya dan Matter", {"context": "Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to \"spruce up\" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Royal Society"}], "question": "Which society was Feynman elected to?", "id": "572e8b9edfa6aa1500f8d101"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics"}], "question": "After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce?", "id": "572e8b9edfa6aa1500f8d102"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "connections to drugs and rock and roll"}], "question": "Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book?", "id": "572e8b9edfa6aa1500f8d103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "drums"}], "question": "In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument?", "id": "572e8b9edfa6aa1500f8d104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1111, "text": "The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter"}], "question": "What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter?", "id": "572e8b9edfa6aa1500f8d105"}]}], ["Disebabkan sifat rahsia kerja, Los Alamos terpencil. Dalam kata-kata Feynman sendiri, \"Tidak ada apa-apa yang perlu dilakukan di sana.\" Bosan, dia memanjakan rasa ingin tahunya dengan belajar memilih kunci gabungan pada kabinet dan meja yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan kertas. Feynman memainkan banyak jenaka pada rakan sekerja. Dalam satu kes, dia mendapati kombinasi itu kepada kabinet pemfailan yang dikunci dengan mencuba nombor-nombor yang difikirkannya ahli fizik akan digunakan (ia terbukti sebagai 27-18-28 selepas asas logaritma semulajadi, e = 2.71828 ...), dan mendapati bahawa tiga kabinet pemfailan di mana rakan sekerja menyimpan satu set penyelidikan bom atom nota semua mempunyai kombinasi yang sama. Dia meninggalkan satu siri nota dalam kabinet sebagai prank, yang pada awalnya menyerang rakannya, Frederic de Hoffmann, memikirkan seorang mata-mata atau saboteur telah mendapat akses ke rahsia bom atom. Pada beberapa kesempatan, Feynman memandu ke Albuquerque untuk melihat isterinya yang sakit di sebuah kereta yang dipinjam dari Klaus Fuchs, yang kemudiannya dijumpai sebagai pengintip sebenar untuk Soviet, mengangkut rahsia nuklear di dalam keretanya ke Santa Fe. <> Feynman dengan cepat bosan dengan Los Alamos kerana kerja semua disimpan __? || rahsia teratas <> Bagaimana Feynman mencetuskan rakan sekerja? || meninggalkan satu siri nota dalam kabinet <> Apa yang difikirkan Frederic de Hoffmann telah berlaku apabila dia mendapati nota ini? || saboteur telah mendapat akses ke rahsia bom atom <> Feynman melawat isterinya di mana bandar New Mexico? || Albuquerque <> Feynman meminjam kereta dari Klaus Fuchs, yang kemudian dijumpai sebagai apa? || mata-mata untuk Soviet", {"context": "Due to the top secret nature of the work, Los Alamos was isolated. In Feynman's own words, \"There wasn't anything to do there.\" Bored, he indulged his curiosity by learning to pick the combination locks on cabinets and desks used to secure papers. Feynman played many jokes on colleagues. In one case he found the combination to a locked filing cabinet by trying the numbers he thought a physicist would use (it proved to be 27\u201318\u201328 after the base of natural logarithms, e = 2.71828...), and found that the three filing cabinets where a colleague kept a set of atomic bomb research notes all had the same combination. He left a series of notes in the cabinets as a prank, which initially spooked his colleague, Frederic de Hoffmann, into thinking a spy or saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets. On several occasions, Feynman drove to Albuquerque to see his ailing wife in a car borrowed from Klaus Fuchs, who was later discovered to be a real spy for the Soviets, transporting nuclear secrets in his car to Santa Fe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "top secret"}], "question": "Feynman quickly bored of Los Alamos because the work was all kept __?", "id": "572e82fc03f98919007566f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "left a series of notes in the cabinets"}], "question": "How did Feynman spook a colleague?", "id": "572e82fc03f98919007566f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets"}], "question": "What did Frederic de Hoffmann think had happened when he found these notes?", "id": "572e82fc03f98919007566f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "Albuquerque"}], "question": "Feynman visited his wife in which New Mexico city?", "id": "572e82fc03f98919007566fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 956, "text": "spy for the Soviets"}], "question": "Feynman borrowed a car from Klaus Fuchs, who was later found to be a what?", "id": "572e82fc03f98919007566fb"}]}], ["Daripada rajahnya sebilangan kecil zarah yang berinteraksi dalam ruang masa, Feynman kemudian dapat memodelkan semua fizik dari segi berputar zarah-zarah tersebut dan pelbagai gandingan kekuatan asas. Feynman mencuba penjelasan mengenai interaksi kuat yang mengawal penumpuan nukleon yang dipanggil model parton. Model parton muncul sebagai pelengkap kepada model quark yang dikembangkan oleh rakannya Caltech, Murray Gell-Mann. Hubungan antara kedua-dua model itu keruh; Gell-Mann merujuk kepada parti Feynman secara kasar sebagai \"putaran\". Pada pertengahan tahun 1960-an, ahli fizik percaya bahawa kuark hanyalah alat simpan kira bagi nombor simetri, bukan zarah sebenar, kerana statistik zarah Omega-minus, jika ia ditafsirkan sebagai tiga kuark aneh yang sama terikat, seolah-olah mustahil jika quark sebenar. Percubaan linear linear Stanford yang tidak mencolok dalam eksperimen pada tahun 1960-an menunjukkan, sama dengan eksperimen Ernest Rutherford yang menyebarkan zarah alpha pada nukleus emas pada tahun 1911, bahawa nukleon (proton dan neutron) mengandungi zarah-zarah seperti elektron yang bertaburan. Ia adalah semula jadi untuk mengenal pasti ini dengan kuark, tetapi model parti Feynman cuba mentafsirkan data eksperimen dengan cara yang tidak memperkenalkan hipotesis tambahan. Sebagai contoh, data menunjukkan bahawa kira-kira 45% daripada momentum tenaga dibawa oleh zarah elektrik neutral dalam nukleon. Zarah-zarah elektrik neutral ini kini dilihat sebagai gluon yang membawa kuasa antara kuark dan membawa juga nombor kuantum warna bernilai tiga yang menyelesaikan masalah Omega-minus. Feynman tidak mempertikaikan model quark; Sebagai contoh, apabila quark kelima ditemui pada tahun 1977, Feynman dengan segera menunjukkan kepada para pelajarnya bahawa penemuan ini menyiratkan kewujudan kuark keenam, yang ditemui pada dekad selepas kematiannya. <> Model apa yang dilakukan oleh Murray Gell-Mann? || model quark <> Model apa yang dihasilkan oleh Feynman untuk melengkapkan model quark? || model parton <> Quark difikirkan seperti pada 1960-an? || bukan zarah sebenar <> Yang ahli sains bereksperimen dengan letupan zarah alpha di nukleus emas? || Ernest Rutherford <> Selepas kuark kelima ditemui, Feynman berkata apa juga yang perlu wujud? || kuark keenam", {"context": "From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as \"put-ons\". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "quark model"}], "question": "What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop?", "id": "572e88aadfa6aa1500f8d0d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "parton model"}], "question": "What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model?", "id": "572e88aadfa6aa1500f8d0d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "not real particles"}], "question": "Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s?", "id": "572e88aadfa6aa1500f8d0d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 946, "text": "Ernest Rutherford"}], "question": "Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold?", "id": "572e88aadfa6aa1500f8d0d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1817, "text": "sixth quark"}], "question": "After the fifth quark was discovered, Feynman said what had to also exist?", "id": "572e88aadfa6aa1500f8d0d7"}]}], ["Pada akhir 1980-an, menurut \"Richard Feynman dan Mesin Sambungan\", Feynman memainkan peranan penting dalam membangunkan komputer selari secara besar-besaran, dan mencari kegunaan inovatif untuk pengiraan berangka, dalam membina rangkaian saraf, serta simulasi fizikal menggunakan automata selular (seperti aliran cecair turbulen), bekerja dengan Stephen Wolfram di Caltech. Anaknya Carl juga memainkan peranan dalam pembangunan kejuruteraan Mesin Sambungan asal; Feynman mempengaruhi perhubungan sementara anaknya bekerja pada perisian. <> Apa yang membantu Feynman berkembang pada tahun 1980-an? || komputer selari <> Siapa yang Feynman bekerja dengan komputer di Caltech? || Stephen Wolfram <> Siapa lagi yang bekerja dengan Feynman untuk membangunkan komputer? || Anaknya Carl <> Apa yang khusus dilakukan anaknya? || perisian <> Apa yang dilakukan Feyman semasa anaknya bekerja pada perisian? || mempengaruhi interkoneksi", {"context": "In the late 1980s, according to \"Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine\", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "parallel computer"}], "question": "What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?", "id": "572e8d5bc246551400ce4332"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Stephen Wolfram"}], "question": "Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?", "id": "572e8d5bc246551400ce4333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "His son Carl"}], "question": "Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers?", "id": "572e8d5bc246551400ce4334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "software"}], "question": "What specifically did his son work on?", "id": "572e8d5bc246551400ce4335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "influencing the interconnects"}], "question": "What did Feyman do while his son worked on software?", "id": "572e8d5bc246551400ce4336"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1974, Feynman menyampaikan alamat permulaan Caltech mengenai topik sains kultus kargo, yang mempunyai kemiripan sains, tetapi hanya pseudosains kerana kekurangan \"semacam integriti saintifik, prinsip pemikiran saintifik yang sepadan dengan jenis daripada kejujuran \"di pihak saintis. Dia mengarahkan kelas yang menamatkan pengajian bahawa \"Prinsip pertama adalah bahawa anda tidak boleh menipu diri sendiri-dan anda adalah orang yang paling mudah untuk menipu, jadi anda perlu berhati-hati dengan itu.Selepas anda tidak menipu diri sendiri, ahli sains yang lain. Anda perlu jujur dengan cara yang konvensional selepas itu. \" <> Di mana tahun Feynman menyampaikan ucapan permulaan Caltech? || 1974 <> Topik manakah ucapan permulaan Feynman di pusat Caltech? || sains kargo <> Apa yang Feyman memberitahu kelas bahawa mereka tidak boleh lakukan untuk diri mereka sendiri? || tolol sendiri <> Apa sains kultur kargo? || pseudoscience", {"context": "In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of \"a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty\" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that \"The first principle is that you must not fool yourself\u2014and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1974"}], "question": "In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?", "id": "572e8c7dcb0c0d14000f1288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "cargo cult science"}], "question": "Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?", "id": "572e8c7dcb0c0d14000f1289"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "fool yourself"}], "question": "What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves?", "id": "572e8c7dcb0c0d14000f128b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "pseudoscience"}], "question": "What is cargo cult science?", "id": "572e8c7dcb0c0d14000f128a"}]}], ["Walaupun lahir dan dibesarkan oleh ibu bapa yang Ashkenazi, Feynman bukan sahaja seorang atheis, tetapi enggan dilabel Yahudi. Dia secara rutin enggan dimasukkan ke dalam senarai atau buku yang diklasifikasikan oleh kaum. Beliau meminta agar tidak dimasukkan ke dalam The Levi's The Laureates: Pemenang Yahudi Hadiah Nobel, menulis, \"Untuk memilih, untuk meluluskan unsur-unsur aneh yang berasal dari beberapa keturunan Yahudi yang kononnya adalah untuk membuka pintu kepada semua jenis karut pada teori perkauman , \"dan menambah\" ... pada usia tiga belas, saya bukan hanya ditukarkan kepada pandangan agama lain, tetapi saya juga tidak mempercayai bahawa orang Yahudi berada dalam apa cara 'orang pilihan'. \" <> Sekte agama mana yang Feynman enggan menjadi sebahagian daripada? || Yahudi <> Buku manakah yang ditolak Feynman untuk disenaraikan? || The Laureates: Pemenang Yahudi Hadiah Nobel <> Apa yang Feynman percaya bahawa orang-orang Yahudi tidak? || orang yang terpilih <> Apakah hubungan keagamaan yang dilakukan oleh Feynman? || atheist <> Feynman tidak suka disenaraikan dalam apa-apa yang melabel orang dengan standard apa? || bangsa", {"context": "Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi, Feynman was not only an atheist, but declined to be labelled Jewish. He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race. He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan's The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize, writing, \"To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory,\" and adding \"... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Jewish"}], "question": "Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of?", "id": "572e8fdecb0c0d14000f1298"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize"}], "question": "Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in?", "id": "572e8fdecb0c0d14000f1299"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "the chosen people"}], "question": "What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not?", "id": "572e8fdecb0c0d14000f129a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "atheist"}], "question": "What religious affiliation did Feynman have?", "id": "572e8fdecb0c0d14000f129b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "race"}], "question": "Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard?", "id": "572e8fdecb0c0d14000f129c"}]}], ["Feynman mempunyai banyak kejayaan mengajar Carl, menggunakan, contohnya, perbincangan mengenai semut dan Martian sebagai alat untuk mendapatkan perspektif mengenai masalah dan isu. Dia terkejut apabila mengetahui bahawa peranti pengajaran yang sama tidak berguna dengan Michelle. Matematik adalah kepentingan bersama untuk bapa dan anak; mereka berdua memasuki bidang komputer sebagai perunding dan terlibat dalam memajukan kaedah baru menggunakan pelbagai komputer untuk menyelesaikan masalah kompleks-kemudian dikenali sebagai pengkomputeran selari. Makmal Jet Propulsion mengekalkan Feynman sebagai perunding pengkomputeran semasa misi kritikal. Seorang rakan sekerja mencirikan Feynman sama seperti Don Quixote di mejanya, dan bukannya di stesen kerja komputer, bersedia untuk berperang dengan kincir angin. <> Apa analogi yang digunakan oleh Feynman untuk mengajar Carl? || semut dan Martian <> Subjek yang manakah Feynman dan Carl kedua-duanya menikmati? || Matematik <> Apa jenis komputer yang dilakukan Feynman dan anaknya membantu mengembangkannya? || pengkomputeran selari <> Apakah watak fiksyen adalah Feynman berbanding dengan rakan sekerja? || Don Quixote <> Apa Makmal yang menggunakan Feynman untuk misi kritikal? || Makmal Jet Propulsion", {"context": "Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems\u2014later known as parallel computing. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions. One co-worker characterized Feynman as akin to Don Quixote at his desk, rather than at a computer workstation, ready to do battle with the windmills.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "ants and Martians"}], "question": "What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?", "id": "572e90e4cb0c0d14000f12bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Mathematics"}], "question": "Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?", "id": "572e90e4cb0c0d14000f12bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "parallel computing"}], "question": "What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?", "id": "572e90e4cb0c0d14000f12be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "Don Quixote"}], "question": "What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?", "id": "572e90e4cb0c0d14000f12c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "The Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}], "question": "What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?", "id": "572e90e4cb0c0d14000f12bf"}]}], ["Semasa mengejar PhD di Princeton, Feynman berkahwin dengan kekasih sekolahnya yang tinggi, Arline Greenbaum (sering disebutkan salah \"Arlene\"), walaupun pengetahuan bahawa dia sakit parah dengan tuberkulosis-penyakit yang tidak dapat diubati pada masa itu. Dia meninggal dunia pada tahun 1945. Pada tahun 1946, Feynman menulis surat kepadanya, menyatakan cinta yang mendalam dan kesakitannya, bahawa dia menyimpan selama sisa hidupnya. (\"Tolong maafkan saya tidak menghantar surat ini,\" surat itu menyimpulkan, \"tetapi saya tidak tahu alamat baru anda.\") Bahagian kehidupan Feynman ini digambarkan dalam filem Infinity 1996, yang menampilkan anak perempuan Feynman, Michelle, dalam kumbang peranan. <> Siapa isteri Feynman? || Arline Greenbaum <> Penyakit mana yang Arline menyerah? || batuk kering <> Di mana tahun kematian isterinya? || 1945 <> Siapa yang bermain dengan kumbang dalam filem mengenai Feynman? || Anak perempuan Feynman, Michelle <> Apa nama filem yang menunjukkan kehidupan Feynman? || Infiniti", {"context": "While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled \"Arlene\"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis\u2014an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heartbreak, that he kept for the rest of his life. (\"Please excuse my not mailing this,\" the letter concluded, \"but I don't know your new address.\") This portion of Feynman's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity, which featured Feynman's daughter, Michelle, in a cameo role.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Arline Greenbaum"}], "question": "Who was Feynman's wife?", "id": "572e904bdfa6aa1500f8d147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "tuberculosis"}], "question": "Which disease did Arline succumb to?", "id": "572e904bdfa6aa1500f8d148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "1945"}], "question": "In which year did his wife die?", "id": "572e904bdfa6aa1500f8d149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Feynman's daughter, Michelle"}], "question": "Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman?", "id": "572e904bdfa6aa1500f8d14a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Infinity"}], "question": "What was the name of the film that showed Feynman's life?", "id": "572e904bdfa6aa1500f8d14b"}]}], ["Feynman mengembara ke Brazil, di mana dia memberi kursus di BCPF (Pusat Penyelidikan Fizik Brazil) dan hampir akhir hayatnya untuk melawat tanah Tuva Rusia, mimpi bahawa, kerana masalah birokrasi Perang Dingin tidak pernah menjadi realiti. Sehari selepas dia meninggal dunia, suratnya tiba untuknya dari kerajaan Soviet, memberi dia kebenaran untuk pergi ke Tuva. Kemudian anak perempuan Feynman Michelle akan menyedari perjalanan ini. Daripada minatnya untuk mencapai Tuva datanglah frasa \"Tuva atau Bust\" (juga tajuk buku mengenai usahanya untuk sampai di sana), yang dilemparkan dengan kerap di kalangan kawan-kawannya dengan harapan mereka, suatu hari, boleh lihatnya secara langsung. Filem dokumentari, Genghis Blues, menyebut beberapa percubaannya untuk berkomunikasi dengan Tuva dan mengisahkan perjalanan yang berjaya di sana oleh kawan-kawannya. Menjawab ucapan tahniah Hubert Humphrey untuk Hadiah Nobelnya, Feynman mengakui kekaguman yang lama untuk naib presiden itu. <> Di mana Feynman bekerja di Brazil? || Pusat Penyelidikan Fizik Brazil <> Tempat mana di Rusia boleh Feynman tidak melawat, tetapi ingin berbuat demikian? || Tuva <> Bilakah Feynman dibenarkan pergi ke Tuva? || Hari selepas dia meninggal <> Apakah nama filem yang membincangkan percubaan Feynman untuk sampai ke Tuva? || Genghis Blues <> Siapa yang pergi ke Tuva di Feynman? || Anak perempuan Feynman Michelle", {"context": "Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase \"Tuva or Bust\" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Brazilian Center for Physics Research"}], "question": "Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?", "id": "572e916a03f98919007567bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Tuva"}], "question": "Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?", "id": "572e916a03f98919007567bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "The day after he died"}], "question": "When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?", "id": "572e916a03f98919007567bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "Genghis Blues"}], "question": "What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?", "id": "572e916a03f98919007567bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Feynman's daughter Michelle"}], "question": "Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?", "id": "572e916a03f98919007567be"}]}], ["Menurut Genius, biografi yang ditulis oleh James Gleick, Feynman mencuba LSD semasa profesornya di Caltech. Agak malu dengan tindakannya, dia sebahagian besarnya menghalang isu itu apabila mendiktekan anekdotnya; dia menyebutnya secara lulus dalam bahagian \"O Americano, Outra Vez\", manakala bab \"Altered States\" dalam Tentunya Anda Bercinta, Encik Feynman! hanya menggambarkan pengalaman ganja dan ketamin di tangki kekurangan deria yang terkenal John Lilly, sebagai cara untuk mempelajari kesadaran. Feynman menyerah alkohol apabila dia mula menunjukkan samar-samar, tanda-tanda awal alkohol, kerana dia tidak mahu melakukan apa-apa yang boleh merosakkan otaknya-sebab yang sama diberikan dalam \"O Americano, Outra Vez\" kerana keengganannya bereksperimen dengan LSD. <> Apakah bahan yang diberikan oleh Feynman selepas itu? || alkohol <> Mengapa Feynman menyerah alkohol? || dia tidak mahu melakukan apa-apa yang boleh merosakkan otaknya <> Yang dadah haram yang dilakukan Feynman cuba di Caltech? || LSD <> Dalam buku apa dia bercakap mengenai penggunaan LSDnya? || O Americano, Outra Vez", {"context": "According to Genius, the James Gleick-authored biography, Feynman tried LSD during his professorship at Caltech. Somewhat embarrassed by his actions, he largely sidestepped the issue when dictating his anecdotes; he mentions it in passing in the \"O Americano, Outra Vez\" section, while the \"Altered States\" chapter in Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! describes only marijuana and ketamine experiences at John Lilly's famed sensory deprivation tanks, as a way of studying consciousness. Feynman gave up alcohol when he began to show vague, early signs of alcoholism, as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain\u2014the same reason given in \"O Americano, Outra Vez\" for his reluctance to experiment with LSD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "alcohol"}], "question": "What substance did Feynman give up later in life?", "id": "572e91f8c246551400ce4361"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain"}], "question": "Why did Feynman give up alcohol?", "id": "572e91f8c246551400ce4362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "LSD"}], "question": "Which illicit drug did Feynman try at Caltech?", "id": "572e91f8c246551400ce4360"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "O Americano, Outra Vez"}], "question": "In what book did he talk about his LSD use?", "id": "572e91f8c246551400ce4363"}]}], ["Rajah Feynman kini menjadi asas bagi teori tali dan teori M, dan bahkan telah dipanjangkan secara topologi. Garis-garis rajah dunia telah dibangunkan untuk menjadi tiub untuk membolehkan pemodelan lebih banyak objek rumit seperti tali dan membran. Tidak lama sebelum kematiannya, Feynman mengkritik teori tali dalam satu temu bual: \"Saya tidak suka bahawa mereka tidak mengira apa-apa,\" katanya. \"Saya tidak suka bahawa mereka tidak memeriksa idea mereka. Saya tidak suka untuk apa-apa yang tidak bersetuju dengan eksperimen, mereka memasak penjelasan-pembetulan untuk mengatakan, 'Nah, ia masih mungkin benar . \"Kata-kata ini telah banyak dikutip oleh penentang arahan rentetan teori untuk fizik zarah. <> Teori apa yang membuat gambarajah Feynman membantu menjelaskan? || teori tali dan teori M <> Gambarajah telah dibuat dari garis ke dalam bentuk 3 dimensi? || tiub <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Feynman terhadap ahli teori rentetan? || mereka tidak menyemak idea mereka <> Yang kutipan oleh Feynman sering digunakan oleh lawan teori tali? || 'Baiklah, ia masih mungkin benar.' \"", {"context": "Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: \"I don't like that they're not calculating anything,\" he said. \"I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation\u2014a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'\" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "string theory and M-theory"}], "question": "What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?", "id": "572e8ddfc246551400ce433c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "tubes"}], "question": "The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?", "id": "572e8ddfc246551400ce433d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "they don't check their ideas"}], "question": "What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?", "id": "572e8ddfc246551400ce433e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "'Well, it still might be true.'\""}], "question": "Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents?", "id": "572e8ddfc246551400ce433f"}]}], ["Dalam Sudah Sesungguhnya Anda Bercinta, Encik Feynman !, dia memberikan nasihat tentang cara terbaik untuk mengambil seorang gadis di bar nyonya rumah. Di Caltech, dia menggunakan bar bogel atau topless sebagai pejabat dari pejabatnya biasa, membuat lakaran atau menulis persamaan fizik pada placemats kertas. Apabila pegawai-pegawai daerah cuba menutup tempat itu, semua pelawat kecuali Feynman enggan memberi keterangan memihak kepada bar, takut bahawa keluarga atau pelanggan mereka akan belajar tentang lawatan mereka. Hanya Feynman yang diterima, dan di mahkamah, beliau mengesahkan bahawa bar itu adalah keperluan awam, yang menyatakan bahawa tukang, juruteknik, jurutera, pekerja biasa, \"dan profesor fizik\" sering membuat penubuhannya. Walaupun bar kehilangan kes mahkamah, ia dibenarkan untuk kekal terbuka sebagai kes yang serupa sedang menunggu rayuan. <> Buku mana yang terperinci Feynman adalah untuk mengambil gadis? || Sudah tentu anda bercanda, Encik Feynman <> Di manakah pejabat keduanya di Caltech? || topless bar <> Siapa satu-satunya orang yang memberi keterangan bahawa bar topless harus tetap terbuka? || Feynman <> Di mana Feynman menulis persamaannya di bar topless? || placemats kertas <> Siapa yang cuba menutup bar topless ke bawah? || pegawai daerah", {"context": "In Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, he gives advice on the best way to pick up a girl in a hostess bar. At Caltech, he used a nude or topless bar as an office away from his usual office, making sketches or writing physics equations on paper placemats. When the county officials tried to close the place, all visitors except Feynman refused to testify in favor of the bar, fearing that their families or patrons would learn about their visits. Only Feynman accepted, and in court, he affirmed that the bar was a public need, stating that craftsmen, technicians, engineers, common workers, \"and a physics professor\" frequented the establishment. While the bar lost the court case, it was allowed to remain open as a similar case was pending appeal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman"}], "question": "Which book does Feynman detail was to pick up girls?", "id": "572e9284dfa6aa1500f8d16f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "topless bar"}], "question": "Where was his second office at Caltech?", "id": "572e9284dfa6aa1500f8d170"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Feynman"}], "question": "Who was the only person to testify that the topless bar should remain open?", "id": "572e9284dfa6aa1500f8d171"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "paper placemats"}], "question": "Where did Feynman write down his equations at the topless bar?", "id": "572e9284dfa6aa1500f8d172"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "county officials"}], "question": "Who tried to shut the topless bar down?", "id": "572e9284dfa6aa1500f8d173"}]}], ["Feynman menumpukan separuh akhir bukunya What Do You Care What People Think? kepada pengalamannya di Suruhanjaya Rogers, menyimpang dari konvensyen biasa yang ringkas, anekdot terang-terangan untuk menyampaikan naratif yang panjang dan sober. Akaun Feynman mendedahkan sambungan antara jurutera dan eksekutif NASA yang jauh lebih menarik daripada yang diharapkannya. Wawancara beliau terhadap pengurus peringkat tinggi NASA mendedahkan salah faham konsep konsep yang mengejutkan. Sebagai contoh, pengurus NASA mendakwa bahawa terdapat 1 dalam 100,000 kemungkinan kegagalan bencana di atas pesawat ulang-alik, tetapi Feynman mendapati bahawa jurutera NASA sendiri menganggarkan kemungkinan bencana pada hampir 1 dalam 200. Dia menyimpulkan bahawa anggaran ruang angkasa kehandalan oleh pengurusan NASA adalah sangat tidak realistik, dan dia sangat marah bahawa NASA menggunakan angka-angka ini untuk merekrut Christa McAuliffe ke dalam program Guru-dalam-Angkasa. Dia memberi amaran dalam lampirannya kepada laporan suruhanjaya itu (yang dimasukkan hanya selepas dia mengancam untuk tidak menandatangani laporan itu), \"Untuk teknologi yang berjaya, realitas haruslah menjadi prioritas atas hubungan masyarakat, karena alam tidak dapat ditipu.\" <> Dengan cara mana dia menulis tentang pengalamannya pada Komisi Rogers? || cerita naratif <> Pengalaman Feyman terhadap Komisi Rogers telah dibincangkan mengenai buku-buku beliau? || Apa Yang Anda Bimbang Apa Orang Lain Berfikir? <> Sementara orang-orang yang lebih tinggi mengatakan kegagalan tidak mungkin, pada 1 dalam 100,000 kemungkinan, saintis merasakan ganjil itu apa? || 1 dalam 200 <> Tulisan-tulisannya tentang Komisi Rogers menunjukkan bahawa masalah adalah menyusun antara saintis dan eksekutif di mana lembaga yang produktif? || NASA <> Siapa yang merekrut NASA dengan menggunakan nombor keselamatan yang cacat? || Christa McAuliffe", {"context": "Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think? to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that the space shuttle reliability estimate by NASA management was fantastically unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used these figures to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), \"For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "sober narrative"}], "question": "In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?", "id": "572e8f2edfa6aa1500f8d134"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "What Do You Care What Other People Think?"}], "question": "Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?", "id": "572e8f2edfa6aa1500f8d133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "1 in 200"}], "question": "While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely, at 1 in 100,000 odds, the scientists felt the odd were what?", "id": "572e8f2edfa6aa1500f8d136"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "NASA"}], "question": "His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute?", "id": "572e8f2edfa6aa1500f8d135"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "Christa McAuliffe"}], "question": "Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers?", "id": "572e8f2edfa6aa1500f8d137"}]}], ["Dalam artikel New York Times 1992 tentang Feynman dan warisannya, James Gleick menceritakan kisah bagaimana Murray Gell-Mann menggambarkan apa yang telah dikenali sebagai \"Algoritma Feynman\" atau \"Algoritma Penyelesaian Masalah Feynman\" kepada seorang pelajar: \"The Gell-Mann berkata, tidak ada kaedah Dick yang sama seperti kaedah yang digunakan di sini. Pelajar bertanya, apa yang mana kaedah Feynman? Gell-Mann bersandar dengan coyly terhadap papan hitam dan berkata: Dick's Kaedah ini adalah anda menulis masalah ini.Anda fikir sangat keras (Dia menutup matanya dan menekan jarumnya secara parodik ke dahinya.) Kemudian anda menulis jawapannya. \" <> Kertas yang menerbitkan kisah tentang Feynman pada tahun 1992? || New York Times <> Siapa yang membantu memberitahu kisah New York Times 1992 tentang Feynman? || James Gleick <> Gleick menceritakan tentang algoritme khusus yang diterangkan oleh Gell-Mann kepada seorang pelajar, apa yang dipanggil algoritme ini? || Algoritma Penyelesaian Masalah Feynman <> Feynman's algorithim termasuk menulis masalah, berfikir, dan kemudian apa? || tulis jawapannya", {"context": "In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy, James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as \"The Feynman Algorithm\" or \"The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm\" to a student: \"The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman's notes. Gell-Mann says no, Dick's methods are not the same as the methods used here. The student asks, well, what are Feynman's methods? Gell-Mann leans coyly against the blackboard and says: Dick's method is this. You write down the problem. You think very hard. (He shuts his eyes and presses his knuckles parodically to his forehead.) Then you write down the answer.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "New York Times"}], "question": "Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992?", "id": "572e9358cb0c0d14000f12ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "James Gleick"}], "question": "Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman?", "id": "572e9358cb0c0d14000f12ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm"}], "question": "Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student, what was this algorithim called?", "id": "572e9358cb0c0d14000f12ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "write down the answer"}], "question": "Feynman's algorithim included writing the problem, thinking, and then what?", "id": "572e9358cb0c0d14000f12ef"}]}], ["Ceramah Feynman mengenai Fizik mungkin merupakan karya yang paling mudah diaksesnya untuk sesiapa sahaja yang mempunyai minat dalam fizik, yang disusun dari kuliah kepada pelajar Caltech pada tahun 1961-64. Sebagai berita tentang kecerdasan kuliah berkembang, ahli fizik profesional dan pelajar siswazah mula turun untuk mendengar. Pengarang Robert B. Leighton dan Matthew Sands, rakan-rakan Feynman, menyunting dan menggambarkan mereka dalam bentuk buku. Kerja-kerja ini telah bertahan dan berguna untuk hari ini. Mereka telah disunting dan ditambah pada tahun 2005 dengan \"Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Supplementing Problem-Solving to the Feynman Lectures on Physics\" by Michael Gottlieb dan Ralph Leighton (anak Robert Leighton), dengan sokongan dari Kip Thorne dan ahli fizik lain. <> Di mana kuliah Feynman mengenai Fizik menarik maklumat? || disusun dari ceramah ke Caltech mahasiswa pada tahun 1961-64 <> Setelah populariti di kuliah berkembang, yang mula hadir? || ahli fizik profesional dan pelajar siswazah <> Yang dua daripada rakan Feynman membantu meletakkan ceramah tersebut dalam format buku? || Robert B. Leighton dan Matthew Sands <> Tambahan yang ditambah kepada buku Kuliah pada tahun 2005? || \"Petua Feynman mengenai Fizik: Penambahbaikan Masalah kepada Kuliah Feynman pada Fizik <> Siapa yang menulis bahan tambahan yang ditambah pada buku Kuliah pada tahun 2005? || Michael Gottlieb dan Ralph Leighton", {"context": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961\u201364. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with \"Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics\" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961\u201364"}], "question": "Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from?", "id": "572e951fdfa6aa1500f8d183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "professional physicists and graduate students"}], "question": "Once the popularity on the lectures grew, who began to attend?", "id": "572e951fdfa6aa1500f8d184"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands"}], "question": "Which two of Feynman's colleagues helped put the lectures into book format?", "id": "572e951fdfa6aa1500f8d185"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "\"Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics"}], "question": "Which addendum was added to the Lectures book in 2005?", "id": "572e951fdfa6aa1500f8d186"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton"}], "question": "Who wrote the supplemental material added to the Lectures book in 2005?", "id": "572e951fdfa6aa1500f8d187"}]}]], [["Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Bahasa Arab: \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a Pengucapan Arab: [mu\u0295amar al.qa\u00f0a\u02d0fi\u02d0]; /mo\u028a.\u0259m\u0251\u02d0r \u0261\u0259d\u0251\u02d0fi /; audio (help \u00b7 info); c 1942 - 20 Oktober 2011) yang dikenali sebagai Kolonel Gaddafi, [b] adalah seorang revolusioner, ahli politik, dan ahli politik politik Libya. Beliau memerintah Libya sebagai Pengerusi Revolusi Republik Arab Libya dari tahun 1969 hingga 1977 dan kemudian sebagai \"Pengetua Persaudaraan\" dari Jemaah Arab Libya Arab Libya Besar Sosialis dari tahun 1977 hingga 2011. Pada mulanya secara ideologis komitmen terhadap nasionalisme Arab dan sosialisme Arab, ia memerintah menurut Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga sebelum memeluk Pan-Africanisme dan berkhidmat sebagai Pengerusi Kesatuan Afrika dari tahun 2009 hingga 2010. <> Ketika Gaddafi lahir, dan kapan dia mati? || 1942 - 20 Oktober 2011 <> Apa pandangan politik asal Gaddifi? || Pada mulanya secara ideologi komited terhadap nasionalisme Arab dan sosialisme Arab <> Apa falsafah politik yang dilakukan oleh Gaddifi? || Teori Antarabangsa Ketiganya sendiri <> Apa falsafah politik yang dilakukan oleh Gaddafi ketika dia menjadi Pengerusi Kesatuan Afrika? || Pan-Africanism <> Apakah kedudukan Gaddafi ketika dia dianggap sebagai \"Pemimpin Ikhwan\"? || Jamahiriya Arab Libya Besar Sosialis Rakyat dari 1977 hingga 2011 <> Bilakah Gaddafi memerintah sebagai \"Pemimpin Ikhwan\"? || dari tahun 1977 hingga 2011 <> Apakah ideologi Gaddafi mengadopsi ketika dia menjadi Pengerusi Kesatuan Afrika? || Pan-Africanism <> Senarai umur Gaddafi. || 1942 - 20 Oktober 2011 <> Bilakah dia mula-mula mendapat kuasa di Libya? || 1969 <> Apakah ideologi politik yang dibuat oleh Gaddafi? || Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga <> Dengan nama apa yang dikenali oleh Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi? || Kolonel Gaddafi <> Apa kewarganegaraan Gaddafi? || Libya <> Apakah nama rasmi Libya antara tahun 1969 dan 1977? || Republik Libya <> Dari tahun 1977 hingga 2011, apakah tajuk Gaddafi? || Pemimpin Ikhwan <> Apakah tarikh kematian Kolonel Gaddafi? || 20 Oktober 2011", {"context": "Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a\u200e Arabic pronunciation: [mu\u0295amar al.qa\u00f0a\u02d0fi\u02d0]; /\u02c8mo\u028a.\u0259m\u0251\u02d0r \u0261\u0259\u02c8d\u0251\u02d0fi/;  audio (help\u00b7info); c.\u20091942 \u2013 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the \"Brotherly Leader\" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "1942 \u2013 20 October 2011"}], "question": "When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?", "id": "572e7b4fcb0c0d14000f119c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism"}], "question": "What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?", "id": "572e7b4fcb0c0d14000f119d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "his own Third International Theory"}], "question": "What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?", "id": "572e7b4fcb0c0d14000f119e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Pan-Africanism"}], "question": "What political philosophy did  Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?", "id": "572e7b4fcb0c0d14000f119f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011"}], "question": "What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the \"Brotherly Leader\"?", "id": "572e7b4fcb0c0d14000f11a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "from 1977 to 2011"}], "question": "When did Gaddafi rule as the \"Brotherly Leader\"?", "id": "572eb94ac246551400ce457e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Pan-Africanism"}], "question": "What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?", "id": "572eb94ac246551400ce457f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "1942 \u2013 20 October 2011"}], "question": "List Gaddafi's lifespan.", "id": "572eb94ac246551400ce4580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "1969"}], "question": "When did he first gain power in Libya?", "id": "572eb94ac246551400ce4581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "Third International Theory"}], "question": "What political ideology did Gaddafi create?", "id": "572eb94ac246551400ce4582"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Colonel Gaddafi"}], "question": "By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known?", "id": "57316ae3e6313a140071cf06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Libyan"}], "question": "What was Gaddafi's nationality?", "id": "57316ae3e6313a140071cf07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Libyan Arab Republic"}], "question": "What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977?", "id": "57316ae3e6313a140071cf08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Brotherly Leader"}], "question": "From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title?", "id": "57316ae3e6313a140071cf09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "20 October 2011"}], "question": "What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death?", "id": "57316ae3e6313a140071cf0a"}]}], ["Gaddafi menganjurkan demonstrasi dan mengedarkan poster yang mengkritik monarki. Pada bulan Oktober 1961, beliau mengetuai demonstrasi yang memperjuangkan pemisahan Syria dari Republik Arab Bersatu. Selama ini mereka memecah tingkap sebuah hotel tempatan yang dituduh menggunakan alkohol. Menangkap perhatian pihak berkuasa, mereka mengusir keluarganya dari Sabha. Gaddafi berpindah ke Misrata, menghadiri Sekolah Menengah Misrata. Mengekalkan minatnya dalam aktivisme nasionalis Arab, beliau enggan menyertai mana-mana parti politik yang dilarang aktif di bandar itu - termasuk Pergerakan Kebangsaan Arab, Parti Sosialis Ba'ath Arab, dan Ikhwanul Muslimin - mendakwa beliau menolak paksaan. Beliau membaca dengan seksama mengenai subjek Nasser dan Revolusi Perancis 1789, serta karya teori politik Syria Michel Aflaq dan biografi Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, dan Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk. <> Mengapa keluarga Gaddafi terpaksa meninggalkan Sabha? || beliau mengetuai demonstrasi membantah pemisahan Syria dari Republik Arab Bersatu. Selama ini mereka memecah tingkap sebuah hotel tempatan yang dituduh menggunakan alkohol. <> Gaddafi adalah pembaca yang gemar. Namakan tiga biografi yang dia baca. || Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, dan Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk <> Apa idealogi politik yang Gaddafi tidak percaya? || Walaupun dia berada di sekolah menengah, apakah aktivisme seperti apakah yang dilakukan oleh Gaddafi? || Aktivisme nasionalis Arab <> Mengapa keluarga Gaddafi meninggalkan Sabha? || Oktober 1961, beliau mengetuai demonstrasi yang memperjuangkan pemisahan Syria dari Republik Arab Bersatu <> Senarai beberapa biografi yang mempengaruhi Gaddafi. || Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, dan Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk <> Di mana jenis aktivisme Gaddafi mempromosikan semasa menghadiri sekolah menengah? || Aktivisme nasionalis Arab <> Apakah ideologi politik yang dilakukan oleh Gaddafi apabila dia menghadiri Sekolah Menengah Misrata? || faksionalisme <> Di mana Gaddafi pergi ke tempat selepas dia ditendang dari Sabha? || Misrata <> Bersama dengan Parti Ba'ath dan Ikhwanul Muslimin, apa kumpulan yang dilarang di Misrata? || Pergerakan Nasionalis Arab <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apakah protes Gaddafi terhadap Syria meninggalkan Republik Arab Bersatu? || Oktober 1961 <> Dari apa kewarganegaraan Michel Aflaq? || Syria <> Bersama dengan Lincoln dan Ataturk, yang biografinya membaca Gaddafi semasa di Misrata? || Abraham Lincoln", {"context": "Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol. Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family from Sabha. Gaddafi moved to Misrata, there attending Misrata Secondary School. Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city \u2013 including the Arab Nationalist Movement, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and the Muslim Brotherhood \u2013 claiming he rejected factionalism. He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789, as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol."}], "question": "Why did Gaddafi's family have to leave Sabha?", "id": "572e8441cb0c0d14000f1226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk"}], "question": "Gaddafi was an avid reader. Name three biographies that he read.", "id": "572e8441cb0c0d14000f1227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "factionalism"}], "question": "What political idealogy did Gaddafi not believe in?", "id": "572e8441cb0c0d14000f1228"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Arab nationalist activism"}], "question": "While he was in secondary school, what sort of activism did Gaddafi support?", "id": "572e8441cb0c0d14000f1229"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic"}], "question": "Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha?", "id": "572ebd1903f98919007569c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk"}], "question": "List several biographies that influenced Gaddafi.", "id": "572ebd1903f98919007569cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Arab nationalist activism"}], "question": "Where sort of activism did Gaddafi promote while attending secondary school?", "id": "572ebd1903f98919007569cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "factionalism"}], "question": "What political ideology did Gaddafi reject when he attended Misrata Secondary School?", "id": "572ebd1903f98919007569ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Misrata"}], "question": "Where did Gaddafi travel to after he was kicked out of Sabha?", "id": "57316d8b05b4da19006bd144"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Arab Nationalist Movement"}], "question": "Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood, what group was notably banned in Misrata?", "id": "57316d8b05b4da19006bd145"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "October 1961"}], "question": "In what month and year did Gaddafi protest against Syria leaving the United Arab Republic?", "id": "57316d8b05b4da19006bd146"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "Syrian"}], "question": "Of what nationality was Michel Aflaq?", "id": "57316d8b05b4da19006bd147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "Abraham Lincoln"}], "question": "Along with Lincoln and Ataturk, whose biography did Gaddafi read while in Misrata?", "id": "57316d8b05b4da19006bd148"}]}], ["Gaddafi secara ringkas mempelajari Sejarah di Universiti Libya di Benghazi, sebelum keluar untuk menyertai tentera. Walaupun rekod polisnya, pada tahun 1963 ia mula berlatih di Akademi Ketenteraan Diraja, Benghazi, bersama rakan-rakan yang bermoral seperti Misrata. Angkatan bersenjata menawarkan satu-satunya peluang untuk mobiliti sosial ke atas bagi Libya yang kurang bernasib baik, dan Gaddafi mengiktirafnya sebagai instrumen berpotensi perubahan politik. Di bawah Idris, angkatan bersenjata Libya dilatih oleh tentera British; Gaddafi yang marah ini, yang melihat British sebagai imperialis, dan dengan itu dia enggan belajar bahasa Inggeris dan kasar kepada pegawai British, akhirnya gagal ujiannya. Jurulatih British melaporkan beliau kerana sikap tidak bersalah dan menyalahkan, menyatakan bahawa mereka terlibat dalam pembunuhan komander akademi tentera pada tahun 1963. Laporan itu tidak diendahkan dan Gaddafi dengan cepat berkembang melalui kursus itu. <> Subjek apa Gaddafi belajar secara ringkas sebelum menyertai tentera? || Sejarah di Universiti Libya di Benghazi <> Mengapa Gaddafi tidak belajar berbahasa Inggeris? || Gaddafi, yang melihat British sebagai imperialis <> Dimana Gaddafi memulakan latihan ketenteraannya? || di Akademi Ketenteraan Diraja <> Bagaimana Gaddafi melihat pengaruh tentera? || satu-satunya peluang untuk mobiliti sosial ke atas Libya yang kurang bernasib baik, dan Gaddafi mengiktirafnya sebagai instrumen yang berpotensi perubahan politik <> Apa kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh jurulatih Inggeris yang dipercayai Gaddafi terlibat? || pembunuhan komander akademi tentera pada tahun 1963 <> Subjek apa Gaddafi belajar di Universiti LIbya? || Sejarah <> Mengapa Gaddafi berhenti dari kolej? || untuk menyertai tentera <> Apa alasan yang digunakan Gaddafi untuk menyertai tentera? || Gaddafi mengiktirafnya sebagai alat yang berpotensi perubahan politik <> Apa negara yang melatih tentera Libya? || tentera British <> Apa kejahatan Gaddafi yang disyaki terlibat dalam masa beliau dalam tentera? || pembunuhan komander akademi tentera pada tahun 1963 <> Di manakah Gaddafi menghadiri kolej untuk satu masa? || Universiti Libya <> Semasa beliau di kolej, apa yang dilakukan oleh Gaddafi? || Sejarah <> Selepas Gaddafi meninggalkan Universiti Libya, institusi apa yang dia hadir? || Akademi Ketenteraan Diraja, Benghazi <> Walaupun monarki Libya wujud, yang melatih tentera Libya? || British <> Apa Gaddafi menganggap pengajar Inggerisnya? || imperialis", {"context": "Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi, before dropping out to join the military. Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change. Under Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists, and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers, ultimately failing his exams. British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such reports were ignored and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "History at the University of Libya in Benghazi"}], "question": "What subject did Gaddafi briefly study before joining the military?", "id": "572e8515dfa6aa1500f8d083"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists"}], "question": "Why didn't Gaddafi learn to speak English?", "id": "572e8515dfa6aa1500f8d084"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "at the Royal Military Academy"}], "question": "Where did Gaddafi begin his military training?", "id": "572e8515dfa6aa1500f8d085"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi view the influence of the military?", "id": "572e8515dfa6aa1500f8d086"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963"}], "question": "What crime did the British trainers believe Gaddafi was involved in?", "id": "572e8515dfa6aa1500f8d087"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "History"}], "question": "What subject did Gaddafi study at the University of LIbya?", "id": "572ebda3c246551400ce45cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "to join the military"}], "question": "Why did Gaddafi drop out of college?", "id": "572ebda3c246551400ce45cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change"}], "question": "What rationale did Gaddafi use for joining the military?", "id": "572ebda3c246551400ce45ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "the British military"}], "question": "What country trained Libya's military?", "id": "572ebda3c246551400ce45cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963"}], "question": "What crime was Gaddafi suspected of being involved in during his time in the military?", "id": "572ebda3c246551400ce45d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "University of Libya"}], "question": "Where did Gaddafi attend college for a time?", "id": "57316e08a5e9cc1400cdbf59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "History"}], "question": "During his time in college, what did Gaddafi study?", "id": "57316e08a5e9cc1400cdbf5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Royal Military Academy, Benghazi"}], "question": "After Gaddafi left the University of Libya, what institution did he attend?", "id": "57316e08a5e9cc1400cdbf5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "British"}], "question": "While the Libyan monarchy existed, who trained the Libyan army?", "id": "57316e08a5e9cc1400cdbf5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "imperialists"}], "question": "What did Gaddafi regard his British instructors as?", "id": "57316e08a5e9cc1400cdbf5d"}]}], ["Ramai guru di Sabha adalah orang Mesir, dan buat kali pertama Gaddafi mempunyai akses kepada akhbar-akhbar Arab dan siaran radio, terutamanya suara orang Arab yang berpangkalan di Kaherah. Berkembang, Gaddafi menyaksikan peristiwa-peristiwa penting yang melanda dunia Arab, termasuk Perang Arab-Israel 1948, Revolusi Mesir 1952, Krisis Suez 1956, dan kewujudan Republik Arab Bersatu antara 1958 dan 1961. Gaddafi dikagumi perubahan politik yang dilaksanakan di Republik Arab Mesir di bawah wira beliau, Presiden Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser berhujah untuk nasionalisme Arab; penolakan kolonialisme Barat, neo-kolonialisme, dan Zionisme; dan peralihan dari kapitalisme kepada sosialisme. Buku Nasser, Filosofi Revolusi, merupakan pengaruh utama pada Gaddafi; menggariskan bagaimana untuk memulakan rampasan kuasa, ia telah digambarkan sebagai \"inspirasi dan cetak biru revolusi [Gaddafi].\" <> Apa perubahan yang menarik Gaddafi di Mesir? || Presiden Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser berhujah untuk nasionalisme Arab; penolakan kolonialisme Barat, neo-kolonialisme, dan Zionisme <> Apa pemimpin Mesir yang kagum Gaddafi? || wira beliau, Presiden Gamal Abdel Nasser <> Buku apa yang memerintahkan Gaddafi bagaimana untuk menuntaskan rampasan kuasa? || Buku Nasser, Filsafat Revolusi <> Namakan satu peristiwa yang terjadi di dunia Arab semasa zaman kanak-kanak Gaddafi yang mempengaruhi hidupnya. || 1948 Perang Arab-Israel, Revolusi Mesir 1952, Krisis Suez 1956, dan kewujudan Republik Arab Bersatu antara 1958 dan 1961 <> Apa ideologi politik yang dilakukan oleh Nasser? || peralihan dari kapitalisme ke sosialisme <> Apakah kewarganegaraan dari sejumlah besar guru di Sabha? || Mesir <> Bilakah berakhirnya Republik Arab Bersatu? || 1961 <> Apa kejadian yang ketara berlaku pada tahun 1952? || Revolusi Mesir <> Dari apa bandar yang disiarkan oleh Voice of the Arab? || Kaherah <> Apakah pemimpin politik Gaddafi sangat mengagumi? || Nasser", {"context": "Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as \"the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism"}], "question": "What changes impressed Gaddafi in Egypt?", "id": "572ebc4803f98919007569b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser"}], "question": "What Egyptian leader impressed Gaddafi?", "id": "572ebc4803f98919007569b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution"}], "question": "What book instructed Gaddafi in how to stage a coup?", "id": "572ebc4803f98919007569b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961"}], "question": "Name one event that occurred in the Arab world during Gaddafi 's childhood that influenced his life.", "id": "572ebc4803f98919007569b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "transition from capitalism to socialism"}], "question": "What political ideology did Nasser implement?", "id": "572ebc4803f98919007569b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Egyptian"}], "question": "What was the nationality of a significant number of teachers in Sabha?", "id": "57316d0605b4da19006bd13a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "1961"}], "question": "When did the United Arab Republic end?", "id": "57316d0605b4da19006bd13d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Egyptian Revolution"}], "question": "What notable event occurred in 1952?", "id": "57316d0605b4da19006bd13c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Cairo"}], "question": "From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast?", "id": "57316d0605b4da19006bd13b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Nasser"}], "question": "What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire?", "id": "57316d0605b4da19006bd13e"}]}], ["Pendidikan terdahulu Gaddafi adalah sifat keagamaan, yang disampaikan oleh guru Islam tempatan. Selepas itu bergerak ke Sirte berhampiran untuk menghadiri sekolah rendah, dia berkembang melalui enam gred dalam empat tahun. Pendidikan di Libya tidak bebas, tetapi bapanya fikir ia akan sangat memberi manfaat kepada anaknya meskipun terancam. Semasa minggu Gaddafi tidur di masjid, dan pada hujung minggu berjalan 20 batu untuk melawat ibu bapanya. Dibuli untuk menjadi seorang Badwi, dia bangga dengan identiti beliau dan menggalakkan kebanggaan dalam anak-anak Bedouin yang lain. Dari Sirte, dia dan keluarganya berpindah ke bandar pasar Sabha di Fezzan, di tengah-tengah Libya, di mana bapanya bekerja sebagai penjaga bagi seorang pemimpin puak manakala Muammar menghadiri sekolah menengah, sesuatu yang tidak dilakukan ibu bapa. Gaddafi popular di sekolah; sesetengah rakan di sana mendapat pekerjaan penting dalam pentadbirannya yang lalu, terutamanya sahabatnya Abdul Salam Jalloud. <> Jelaskan pengalaman pertama Gaddafi dengan pendidikan. || sifat keagamaan, yang disampaikan oleh seorang guru agama tempatan <> Selain mendapat pelajaran, terangkan bagaimana Gaddafi berjaya menghadiri sekolah 20 batu dari keluarganya. || Semasa minggu Gaddafi tidur di masjid, dan pada hujung minggu berjalan 20 batu untuk melawat ibu bapanya <> Bagaimana Gaddafi berurusan dengan tekanan rakan sebaya tentang latar belakang budayanya? || Dibuli untuk menjadi seorang Badwi, dia bangga dengan identiti beliau dan menggalakkan kebanggaan dalam anak-anak Bedouin yang lain. <> Apabila keluarga Gaddafi berpindah ke Sabha, terangkan pengalaman pendidikannya di sekolah menengah. || Gaddafi popular di sekolah; sesetengah rakan di sana mendapat pekerjaan penting dalam pentadbirannya yang lalu, terutamanya sahabatnya Abdul Salam Jalloud. <> Jelaskan latar belakang pendidikan ibu bapa Gaddafi. || di mana bapanya bekerja sebagai penjaga untuk pemimpin puak manakala Muammar menghadiri sekolah menengah, sesuatu yang tidak dilakukan ibu bapa. <> Mengapa Gaddafi bersenang-senang di sekolah rendah? || Dibuli untuk menjadi seorang Badwi, dia bangga dengan identiti beliau dan menggalakkan kebanggaan dalam anak-anak Bedouin yang lain. <> Bagaimana Gaddafi berjaya menghadiri sekolah rendah setakat ini dari rumah? || Semasa minggu Gaddafi tidur di masjid, dan pada hujung minggu berjalan 20 batu untuk melawat ibu bapanya. <> Adakah orang Gaddafi berpendidikan? || manakala Muammar menghadiri sekolah menengah, sesuatu yang tidak dilakukan ibu bapa. <> Adakah pendidikan Gaddafi percuma? || Pendidikan di Libya tidak bebas, tetapi bapanya fikir ia akan sangat memberi manfaat kepada anaknya meskipun terancam. <> Bagaimana hubungan awalnya memainkan peranan kemudian ketika Gaddafi menjadi penguasa? || Gaddafi popular di sekolah; sesetengah rakan di sana mendapat pekerjaan penting dalam pentadbirannya yang lalu, terutamanya sahabatnya Abdul Salam Jalloud. <> Dalam agama apa Gaddafi berpendidikan? || Islam <> Apa bandar keluarga Gaddafi berpindah selepas mereka meninggalkan Sirte? || Sabha <> Apa bahagian geografi Libya yang terletak di Fezzan? || selatan-tengah <> Siapa sahabat terdekat Gaddafi di sekolah menengah? || Abdul Salam Jalloud <> Di mana bandar Gaddafi pertama kali menghadiri sekolah rendah? || Sirte", {"context": "Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents. Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children. From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher"}], "question": "Describe Gaddafi's first experience with education.", "id": "572e81e0dfa6aa1500f8d05b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents"}], "question": "In addition to gaining an education, describe how Gaddafi managed to attend school 20 miles from his family.", "id": "572e81e0dfa6aa1500f8d05c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children."}], "question": "How did Gaddafi deal with peer pressure regarding his cultural background?", "id": "572e81e0dfa6aa1500f8d05d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 759, "text": "Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud."}], "question": "When Gaddafi's family moved to Sabha, describe his educational experiences in secondary school.", "id": "572e81e0dfa6aa1500f8d05e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done."}], "question": "Describe Gaddafi's parents' educational backgrounds.", "id": "572e81e0dfa6aa1500f8d05f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children."}], "question": "Why was Gaddafi made fun of in elementary school?", "id": "572ebb0fc246551400ce45ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents."}], "question": "How did Gaddafi manage to attend elementary school so far from home?", "id": "572ebb0fc246551400ce45af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done."}], "question": "Were Gaddafi's parents educated?", "id": "572ebb0fc246551400ce45b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain."}], "question": "Was Gaddafi's education free?", "id": "572ebb0fc246551400ce45b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 759, "text": "Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud."}], "question": "How did his early relationships play a role later when Gaddafi  became a ruler?", "id": "572ebb0fc246551400ce45b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Islamic"}], "question": "In what religion was Gaddafi educated?", "id": "57316cb605b4da19006bd130"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Sabha"}], "question": "What town did Gaddafi's family move to after they left Sirte?", "id": "57316cb605b4da19006bd131"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "south-central"}], "question": "What geographical portion of Libya is Fezzan located in?", "id": "57316cb605b4da19006bd132"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 898, "text": "Abdul Salam Jalloud"}], "question": "Who was Gaddafi's closest friend in secondary school?", "id": "57316cb605b4da19006bd133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Sirte"}], "question": "In what town did Gaddafi first attend primary school?", "id": "57316cb605b4da19006bd134"}]}], ["Anak seorang kambing biri-biri Bedouin yang miskin, Gaddafi terlibat dalam politik semasa bersekolah di Sabha, kemudian mendaftarkan diri di Akademi Tentera Diraja, Benghazi. Mengasaskan sebuah sel revolusioner di dalam tentera, pada tahun 1969 mereka merampas kuasa dari monarki Raja Idris dalam rampasan tanpa darah. Menjadi Pengerusi Majlis Perundangan Revolusi yang memerintah (RCC), Gaddafi menghapuskan monarki dan mengisytiharkan Republik. Keputusan oleh dekrit, dia melaksanakan langkah-langkah untuk menghilangkan apa yang dilihatnya sebagai pengaruh imperialis asing dari Libya, dan memperkuat hubungan dengan pemerintah nasionalis Arab. Hasrat untuk mendorong Libya ke arah \"sosialisme Islam\", dia memperkenalkan syariah sebagai asas bagi sistem perundangan dan negarakan industri minyak, menggunakan peningkatan pendapatan untuk meningkatkan tentera, melaksanakan program-program sosial dan membiayai militan revolusioner di seluruh dunia. Pada tahun 1973 beliau memulakan \"Revolusi Popular\" dengan pembentukan Jawatankuasa Rakyat Umum (GPC), yang dikatakan sebagai sistem demokrasi langsung, tetapi mengekalkan kawalan peribadi terhadap keputusan utama. Dia menggariskan Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga tahun itu, menerbitkan idea-idea ini dalam The Green Book. <> Buku apa yang dilakukan oleh Gaddafi menerbitkan terperinci Teori Dalaman Ketiganya? || The Green Book <> Apakah kedudukan pertama Gaddafi dalam kerajaan? || Pengerusi Majlis Perundangan Revolusi yang memerintah <> Sebagai Pengerusi RCC, senaraikan dua perkara pertama yang dilakukan Gaddafi. || menghapuskan monarki dan memproklamasikan Republik <> Bagaimana Gaddafi mengubah sistem perundangan? || memperkenalkan syariah sebagai asas bagi sistem undang-undang <> Jelaskan Revolusi Popular. || pembentukan Jawatankuasa Rakyat Am (GPC), yang dikatakan sebagai sistem demokrasi langsung, tetapi mengekalkan kawalan peribadi terhadap keputusan utama. <> Bagaimana Gaddafi menukar sistem perundangan? || dia memperkenalkan syariah sebagai asas bagi sistem undang-undang <> Bagaimana Gaddafi menggunakan semua wang yang dihasilkan daripada nasionalisasi industri minyak? || untuk memperkuat tentera, melaksanakan program sosial dan membiayai militan revolusioner di seluruh dunia. <> Jelaskan Revolusi Popular. || pembentukan Jawatankuasa Rakyat Umum (GPC), yang dikatakan sebagai sistem demokrasi langsung, tetapi mengekalkan kawalan peribadi terhadap keputusan utama. <> Ketika Gaddafi mendirikan kekuasaannya dalam pemerintahan, apakah tindakan pertamanya? || memansuhkan monarki dan memproklamasikan Republik <> Apa ideologi politik yang dilakukan oleh Gaddafi untuk mendorong negaranya? || Sosialisme Islam <> Apa profesi ayah Gaddafi? || pemangsa kambing <> Apakah etnis Gaddafi? || Bedouin <> Di mana bandar terdapat Akademi Ketenteraan Diraja? || Benghazi <Dari apa yang permaisuri pergerakan Gaddafi mengambil alih Libya? || Idris <> Apakah nama badan yang diketuai oleh Gaddafi selepas revolusi? || Majlis Perundangan Revolusi", {"context": "The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards \"Islamic socialism\", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a \"Popular Revolution\" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1166, "text": "The Green Book"}], "question": "What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?", "id": "572e7cbbdfa6aa1500f8d01f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council"}], "question": "What was Gaddafi's first position in government?", "id": "572e7cbbdfa6aa1500f8d020"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic"}], "question": "As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished.", "id": "572e7cbbdfa6aa1500f8d021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi change the legal system?", "id": "572e7cbbdfa6aa1500f8d022"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 935, "text": "the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions."}], "question": "Describe the Popular Revolution.", "id": "572e7cbbdfa6aa1500f8d023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi change the legal system?", "id": "572eb947dfa6aa1500f8d321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world."}], "question": "How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?", "id": "572eb947dfa6aa1500f8d322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 939, "text": "formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions"}], "question": "Describe the Popular Revolution.", "id": "572eb947dfa6aa1500f8d323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic"}], "question": "When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?", "id": "572eb947dfa6aa1500f8d324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "Islamic socialism"}], "question": "What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?", "id": "572eb947dfa6aa1500f8d325"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "goat herder"}], "question": "What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?", "id": "57316b37e6313a140071cf1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Bedouin"}], "question": "What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?", "id": "57316b37e6313a140071cf1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Benghazi"}], "question": "In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?", "id": "57316b37e6313a140071cf1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Idris"}], "question": "From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?", "id": "57316b37e6313a140071cf1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Revolutionary Command Council"}], "question": "What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?", "id": "57316b37e6313a140071cf1e"}]}], ["Muammar Gaddafi dilahirkan di sebuah khemah berhampiran Qasr Abu Hadi, sebuah kawasan pedalaman di luar bandar Sirte di padang pasir Libya barat. Keluarganya berasal dari kumpulan puak kecil yang agak tidak berpengaruh yang dikenali sebagai Qadhadhfa, yang berbedan Berber dalam warisan. Bapanya, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, dikenali sebagai Abu Meniar (meninggal dunia tahun 1985), dan ibunya bernama Aisha (meninggal pada tahun 1978); Abu Meniar memperoleh kehidupan seharian sebagai seekor kambing dan unta. Nomadic Bedouins, mereka buta huruf dan tidak menyimpan rekod kelahiran. Oleh itu, tarikh kelahiran Gaddafi tidak diketahui dengan pasti, dan sumber telah menetapkannya pada tahun 1942 atau pada musim bunga tahun 1943, walaupun biografi Blundy dan Lycett menyatakan bahawa ia mungkin telah berlaku sebelum tahun 1940. Anak lelaki yang masih hidup hanya ibu bapanya, dia mempunyai tiga adik perempuan yang lebih tua. Pembelajaran Gaddafi dalam budaya Bedouin mempengaruhi citarasa peribadinya sepanjang hayatnya. Dia berulang kali menyatakan keinginan untuk gurun di atas bandar dan berundur ke padang pasir untuk bermeditasi. <> Jelaskan pembaharuan Gaddafi yang rendah hati. || dilahirkan di dalam sebuah khemah berhampiran Qasr Abu Hadi, sebuah kawasan luar bandar di luar bandar Sirte di padang pasir barat Libya <> Bagaimana ayah Gaddafi mendapat nafkah? || sebagai kambing dan camel herder <> Bagaimana kesannya membesarkan keinginan hidupnya kemudian? || Dia berulang kali menyatakan keinginan untuk gurun di atas bandar dan berundur ke padang pasir untuk bermeditasi. <> Budaya apa yang Gaddafi mengalami semasa kanak-kanak? || Bedouin <> Bilakah Gaddafi dilahirkan? || Tarikh kelahiran Gaddafi tidak diketahui dengan pasti, dan sumber telah menetapkannya pada tahun 1942 atau pada musim bunga tahun 1943 <> Jelaskan masa kecil kanak-kanak Gaddafi. || Gaddafi dilahirkan di dalam sebuah khemah berhampiran Qasr Abu Hadi, sebuah kawasan luar bandar di luar bandar Sirte di padang pasir barat Libya <> Bagaimana ayah Gaddafi mendapat pendapatan? || Abu Meniar memperoleh kehidupan seharian sebagai seekor kambing dan camel <> Bagaimana tidak ada yang tahu pasti ketika Gaddafi dilahirkan? || Nomadic Bedouins, mereka tidak buta huruf dan tidak menyimpan rekod kelahiran <> Bagaimana pengalaman zaman kanak-kanaknya mengaruhi kehidupannya yang kemudian? || Dia berulang kali menyatakan keinginan untuk gurun di atas bandar dan berundur ke padang pasir untuk bermeditasi. <> Bilakah ibu bapa Gaddafi mati? || Bapanya, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, dikenali sebagai Abu Meniar (meninggal tahun 1985), dan ibunya bernama Aisha (meninggal pada tahun 1978) selain Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, apa yang dipanggil ayah Gaddafi? || Abu Meniar <> Bilakah ibu Gaddafi mati? || 1978 <> Berapa ramai beradik Gaddafi? || tiga <> Berhampiran kota mana tempat kelahiran Qasr Abu Hadi di Gaddafi? || Sirte <> Apakah nama suku Gaddafi? || Qadhadhfa", {"context": "Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya. His family came from a small, relatively un-influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arabized Berber in heritage. His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978); Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder. Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records. As such, Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943, although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that it could have been pre-1940. His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life. He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya"}], "question": "Describe Gaddafi's humble upbringing.", "id": "572e7f49cb0c0d14000f11c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "as a goat and camel herder"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?", "id": "572e7f49cb0c0d14000f11c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 884, "text": "He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate."}], "question": "How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences?", "id": "572e7f49cb0c0d14000f11c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "Bedouin"}], "question": "What culture did Gaddafi experience as a child?", "id": "572e7f49cb0c0d14000f11c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943"}], "question": "When was Gaddafi born?", "id": "572e7f49cb0c0d14000f11c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya"}], "question": "Describe Gaddafi's early childhood.", "id": "572eb93fdfa6aa1500f8d317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?", "id": "572eb93fdfa6aa1500f8d318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records"}], "question": "How come no one knows for sure when Gaddafi was born?", "id": "572eb93fdfa6aa1500f8d319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 884, "text": "He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate."}], "question": "How did his early childhood experiences impact his later life?", "id": "572eb93fdfa6aa1500f8d31a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)"}], "question": "When did Gaddafi's parents die?", "id": "572eb93fdfa6aa1500f8d31b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Abu Meniar"}], "question": "Other than Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, what was Gaddafi's father called?", "id": "57316bfea5e9cc1400cdbf3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "1978"}], "question": "When did Gaddafi's mother die?", "id": "57316bfea5e9cc1400cdbf3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many sisters did Gaddafi have?", "id": "57316bfea5e9cc1400cdbf3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Sirte"}], "question": "Near what town was Gaddafi's birthplace of Qasr Abu Hadi?", "id": "57316bfea5e9cc1400cdbf3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Qadhadhfa"}], "question": "What was the name of Gaddafi's tribe?", "id": "57316bfea5e9cc1400cdbf3c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1977, Gaddafi membubarkan Republik dan mencipta negara sosialis baru, Jamahiriya (\"keadaan orang ramai\"). Secara rasmi mengamalkan peranan simbolik dalam tadbir urus, beliau mengekalkan kuasa sebagai komander ketua tentera dan ketua Jawatankuasa Revolusi yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengawasi dan menentang lawan. Mengawasi konflik sempadan yang tidak berjaya dengan Mesir dan Chad, sokongan Gaddafi terhadap militan asing dan bertanggungjawab terhadap pengeboman Lockerbie membawa kepada label \"paria antarabangsa\" Libya. Hubungan yang sangat bermusuhan yang dibangunkan dengan Amerika Syarikat dan United Kingdom, mengakibatkan pengeboman ekonomi AS dan Libya dan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu pada tahun 1986. Menolak komitmen ideologinya sebelum ini, dari tahun 1999 Gaddafi menggalakkan penswastaan ekonomi dan mencari persesuaian dengan negara-negara Barat, juga memeluk Pan-Afrikaisme dan membantu menubuhkan Kesatuan Afrika. Di tengah-tengah musim bunga Arab, pada tahun 2011 satu pemberontakan anti-Gaddafi yang dipimpin oleh Majlis Peralihan Negara (NTC) meletus, mengakibatkan Perang Saudara Libya. NATO campur tangan secara ketenteraan di sisi NTC, membawa kejatuhan kerajaan. Berundur ke Sirte, Gaddafi ditangkap dan dibunuh oleh militan NTC. <> Apa maksud \"Jamahiriya\"? || keadaan orang ramai <> Apakah peranan Gaddafi dalam jamahiriya? || beliau mengekalkan kuasa sebagai ketua tentera dan ketua Jawatankuasa Revolusi yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengawasi dan menahan lawan. <> Senarai dua alasan mengapa Libya menjadi \"paria antarabangsa\". || Mengawasi konflik sempadan yang tidak berjaya dengan Mesir dan Chad, sokongan Gaddafi terhadap militan asing dan bertanggungjawab terhadap pengeboman Lockerbie <> Nama dua peristiwa penting pada tahun 1986 yang menunjukkan pandangan dunia tentang Libya. || Pengeboman A.S. Libya dan sekatan ekonomi yang dikenakan PBB <> Bagaimana Gaddafi kehilangan kuasa? || Pemberontakan yang diketuai oleh Majlis Peralihan Negara (NTC), menyebabkan Perang Saudara Libya. NATO campur tangan secara ketenteraan di sisi NTC <> Apa yang dipanggil kerajaan sosialis Libya? || Jamahiriya (\"keadaan orang ramai\") <> Mengapa Libya menjadi \"pariah antarabangsa\"? || Sokongan Gaddafi untuk militan asing dan bertanggungjawab terhadap pengeboman Lockerbie <> Bagaimana dunia bertindak balas terhadap Libya pada tahun 1986? || Pengeboman A.S. ke atas sekatan ekonomi yang dikenakan oleh Libya dan PBB. <> Bagaimana Gaddafi kehilangan kuasa? || pemberontakan anti-Gaddafi yang dipimpin oleh Majlis Peralihan Negara (NTC), menyebabkan Perang Saudara Libya <> Bagaimana Gaddafi mati? || Berundur ke Sirte, Gaddafi ditangkap dan dibunuh oleh militan NTC. <> Apakah maksud istilah Jamahiriya dalam bahasa Inggeris? || keadaan orang ramai <> Dalam tahun apakah Gaddafi menjumpai Jamahiriya? || 1977 <> Bersama dengan Mesir, negara apa yang Libya mempunyai isu sempadan dengan era ini? || Chad <> Apa pengeboman pengganas yang dikatakan oleh Libya Gaddafi? || Lockerbie <> Dalam tahun apakah Amerika membom Libya? || 1986", {"context": "In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya (\"state of the masses\"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of \"international pariah\". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "state of the masses"}], "question": "What does \"Jamahiriya\" mean?", "id": "572e7e6acb0c0d14000f11ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents"}], "question": "What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?", "id": "572e7e6acb0c0d14000f11bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing"}], "question": "List two reasons why Libya become an \"international pariah.\"", "id": "572e7e6acb0c0d14000f11bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions"}], "question": "Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya.", "id": "572e7e6acb0c0d14000f11bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 959, "text": "uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi lose power?", "id": "572e7e6acb0c0d14000f11be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Jamahiriya (\"state of the masses\")"}], "question": "What was Libya's socialist government called?", "id": "572eb943c246551400ce4574"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing"}], "question": "Why did Libya become an \"international pariah\"?", "id": "572eb943c246551400ce4575"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions."}], "question": "How did the world respond to Libya in 1986?", "id": "572eb943c246551400ce4576"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 941, "text": "an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi lose power?", "id": "572eb943c246551400ce4577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1154, "text": "Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants."}], "question": "How did Gaddafi die?", "id": "572eb943c246551400ce4578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "state of the masses"}], "question": "What does the term Jamahiriya mean in English?", "id": "57316b98e6313a140071cf24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1977"}], "question": "In what year did Gaddafi found the Jamahiriya?", "id": "57316b98e6313a140071cf25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Chad"}], "question": "Along with Egypt, what nation did Libya have border issues with in this era?", "id": "57316b98e6313a140071cf26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Lockerbie"}], "question": "What terrorist bombing was Gaddafi's Libya supposedly involved in?", "id": "57316b98e6313a140071cf27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "1986"}], "question": "In what year did the United states bomb Libya?", "id": "57316b98e6313a140071cf28"}]}], ["Sejak zaman kanak-kanak, Gaddafi menyedari penglibatan para penjajah Eropah di Libya; Negara itu diduduki oleh Itali, dan semasa Kampanye Afrika Utara Perang Dunia II ia menyaksikan konflik antara pasukan Itali dan Inggris. Menurut tuntutan kemudian, datuk sebelah bapa Gaddafi, Abdessalam Bouminyar, dibunuh oleh Tentera Itali semasa pencerobohan Itali pada 1911. Pada akhir Perang Dunia II pada tahun 1945, Libya diduduki oleh pasukan British dan Perancis. Walaupun Britain dan Perancis berhasrat untuk membahagikan negara antara empayar mereka, Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) mengisytiharkan negara itu mendapat kebebasan politik. Pada tahun 1951, PBB mencipta United Kingdom of Libya, sebuah negara persekutuan di bawah kepimpinan seorang raja pro-barat, Idris, yang mengharamkan parti-partai politik dan menubuhkan monarki mutlak. <> Bilakah Libya menjadi negara merdeka? || Pada tahun 1951 <> Ketika Libya pertama kali menjadi negara merdeka, apakah bentuk pemerintahan apakah yang diterimanya? || negara monarki mutlak <> Negara apa yang menduduki Libya selepas Perang Dunia II? || Pasukan British dan Perancis <> Siapa pemimpin Libya pertama? || seorang raja pro-barat, Idris <> Apa peristiwa Perang Dunia I secara langsung memberi kesan terhadap keluarga Gaddafi? || Datuk lelaki Gaddafi, Abdessalam Bouminyar, dibunuh oleh Tentera Itali ketika serangan Itali pada 1911 <> Bagaimana Perang Dunia I secara langsung mempengaruhi keluarga Gaddafi? || Menurut tuntutan kemudian, datuk sebelah bapa Gaddafi, Abdessalam Bouminyar, dibunuh oleh Tentera Itali semasa serangan Itali pada 1911 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Libya sejurus selepas Perang Dunia II? || Libya diduduki pasukan British dan Perancis <> Bilakah ia diumumkan bahawa Libya akan bebas? || Pada tahun 1951, PBB mencipta United Kingdom Libya, sebuah negara persekutuan di bawah kepimpinan <> Apakah jenis pemerintahan pertama yang Libya ada? || seorang raja pro-barat, Idris, yang mengharamkan parti-parti politik dan menubuhkan monarki mutlak. <> Apa negara menduduki Libya semasa Perang Dunia II? || Negaranya diduduki oleh Itali <> Negara apa yang mengawal Libya sebagai tanah jajahan ketika Gaddafi masih kecil? || Itali <> Siapa yang berjuang melawan Itali semasa kempen Afrika Utara? || British <> Siapa ayah bapa Gaddafi? || Abdessalam Bouminyar <> Semasa tahun apakah orang Itali menyerang Libya? || 1911 <> Bersama dengan orang Inggeris, yang menduduki Libya pada akhir Perang Dunia Kedua? || Perancis", {"context": "From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya; his nation was occupied by Italy, and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops. According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911. At World War II's end in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Although Britain and France intended on dividing the nation between their empires, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) declared that the country be granted political independence. In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "In 1951"}], "question": "When did Libya become an independent nation?", "id": "572e8035cb0c0d14000f11de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 823, "text": "an absolute monarchy"}], "question": "When Libya first became an independent country, what form of government did it adopt?", "id": "572e8035cb0c0d14000f11df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "British and French forces"}], "question": "What countries occupied Libya after World War II?", "id": "572e8035cb0c0d14000f11e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "a pro-western monarch, Idris"}], "question": "Who was the first leader of Libya?", "id": "572e8035cb0c0d14000f11e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911"}], "question": "What World War I event directly impacted Gaddafi's family?", "id": "572e8035cb0c0d14000f11e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911"}], "question": "How did World War I directly impact Gaddafi's family?", "id": "572eba1ac246551400ce4592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Libya was occupied by British and French forces"}], "question": "What happened to Libya right after World War II?", "id": "572eba1ac246551400ce4593"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership"}], "question": "When was it announced that Libya would be independent?", "id": "572eba1ac246551400ce4594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy."}], "question": "What was the first type of government that Libya had?", "id": "572eba1ac246551400ce4595"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "his nation was occupied by Italy"}], "question": "What country occupied Libya during World War II?", "id": "572eba1ac246551400ce4596"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "What nation controlled Libya as a colony when Gaddafi was a child?", "id": "57316c55a5e9cc1400cdbf45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "British"}], "question": "Who battled the Italians during the North African campaign?", "id": "57316c55a5e9cc1400cdbf46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Abdessalam Bouminyar"}], "question": "Who was Gaddafi's father's father?", "id": "57316c55a5e9cc1400cdbf47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "1911"}], "question": "During what year did the Italians invade Libya?", "id": "57316c55a5e9cc1400cdbf48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "French"}], "question": "Along with the British, who occupied Libya at the end of the Second World War?", "id": "57316c55a5e9cc1400cdbf49"}]}], ["Pengarah kursus isyarat Bovington melaporkan bahawa Gaddafi berjaya mengatasi masalah pembelajaran Bahasa Inggeris, memaparkan arahan suara suara yang mantap. Memandangkan hobi kegemaran Gaddafi membaca dan bermain bola sepak, dia menganggapnya sebagai \"pegawai lucu, sentiasa ceria, rajin, dan teliti.\" Gaddafi tidak menyukai England, mendakwa pegawai Tentera Darat British menghina dia dan mendapati sukar menyesuaikan diri dengan budaya negara; menegaskan identiti Arabnya di London, dia berjalan di sekitar Piccadilly memakai jubah Libya tradisional. Dia kemudian menyangkut bahawa ketika dia pergi ke England dengan mempercayainya lebih maju daripada Libya, ia kembali ke rumah \"lebih yakin dan bangga dengan nilai, cita-cita dan karakter sosial kita.\" <> Apabila Gaddafi mengembara ke London, adakah dia cuba bercampur dengan budaya Inggeris? || mendapati sukar menyesuaikan diri dengan budaya negara; menegaskan identiti Arabnya di London, dia berjalan di sekitar Piccadilly memakai jubah Libya tradisional <> Bagaimana perasaan Gaddafi terhadap pegawai British? || mendakwa pegawai Tentera Darat British menghina dia <> Bagaimana pengarah kursus isyarat Bovington melihat Gaddafi? || dia fikir dia seorang \"pegawai lucu, sentiasa ceria, bekerja keras, dan teliti.\" <> Bagaimana Gaddafi melihat Libya ketika dia kembali dari England? || dia pulang ke rumah \"lebih yakin dan bangga dengan nilai, cita-cita dan watak sosial kita.\" <> Bagaimana pengarah kursus tanda Bovington memikirkan Gaddafi? || seorang \"pegawai lucu, sentiasa ceria, rajin, dan teliti.\" <> Ketika Gaddafi pergi ke Inggris, bagaimana dia menjawab budaya mereka? || mendapati sukar menyesuaikan diri dengan budaya negara; menegaskan identiti Arabnya di London, dia berjalan di sekitar Piccadilly memakai jubah Libya tradisional <> Bagaimana perasaan Gaddafi mengenai pegawai Tentera British? || Gaddafi tidak menyukai England, dengan mendakwa pegawai tentera British menghina dia <> Ketika Gaddafi kembali ke Libya, bagaimana dia melihat negaranya? || semasa dia pergi ke England dengan mempercayainya lebih maju daripada Libya, dia pulang ke rumah \"lebih yakin dan bangga dengan nilai, cita-cita dan watak sosial kita.\" <> Apakah kegemaran kegemaran Gaddafi dalam tentera? || membaca dan bermain bola sepak <> Bersama dengan membaca, bagaimana Gaddafi menikmati menghabiskan waktu luangnya? || bermain bola sepak <> Di mana bahagian London Gaddafi memakai pakaian Arab tradisional? || Piccadilly <> Bahasa apa bahasa Gaddafi mempunyai kesukaran belajar? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Di manakah kursus isyarat Gaddafi berlaku? || Bovington <> Apakah penganiayaan Gaddafi mengatakan bahawa tentera British menundukkannya? || racially menghina dia", {"context": "The Bovington signal course's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English, displaying a firm command of voice procedure. Noting that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football, he thought him an \"amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious.\" Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes. He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home \"more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes"}], "question": "When Gaddafi traveled to London, did he attempt to blend into the English culture?", "id": "572e85b403f989190075671e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "claiming British Army officers racially insulted him"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi feel about the British officers?", "id": "572e85b403f989190075671d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "he thought him an \"amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious.\""}], "question": "How did the Bovington signal course director view Gaddafi?", "id": "572e85b403f989190075671c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "he returned home \"more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character.\""}], "question": "How did Gaddafi view Libya when he returned from England?", "id": "572e85b403f989190075671b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "an \"amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious.\""}], "question": "How did the Bovington sign course director think of Gaddafi?", "id": "572ebe3c03f98919007569db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes"}], "question": "When Gaddafi went to England, how did he respond to their culture?", "id": "572ebe3c03f98919007569dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi feel about the British Army officers?", "id": "572ebe3c03f98919007569dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home \"more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character.\""}], "question": "When Gaddafi returned to Libya, how did he view his country?", "id": "572ebe3c03f98919007569de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "reading and playing football"}], "question": "What were Gaddafi's favorite hobbies in the military?", "id": "572ebe3c03f98919007569df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "playing football"}], "question": "Along with reading, how did Gaddafi enjoy spending his free time?", "id": "57316e8ae6313a140071cf2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Piccadilly"}], "question": "In what part of London did Gaddafi wear traditional Arab garb?", "id": "57316e8ae6313a140071cf2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "English"}], "question": "What language did Gaddafi have difficulty learning?", "id": "57316e8ae6313a140071cf30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Bovington"}], "question": "Where did Gaddafi's signal course take place?", "id": "57316e8ae6313a140071cf31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "racially insulted him"}], "question": "What mistreatment did Gaddafi say that British soldiers subjected him to?", "id": "57316e8ae6313a140071cf32"}]}], ["RCC cuba untuk menindas gabungan wilayah dan suku, menggantikannya dengan identiti pan-Libya yang bersatu. Dengan berbuat demikian, mereka cuba membantah pemimpin suku sebagai agen rejim lama, dan pada bulan Ogos 1971, sebuah mahkamah tentera Sabha mencuba banyak daripada mereka untuk kegiatan revolusioner. Batas-batas pentadbiran yang lama telah ditarik semula, menyeberangi sempadan suku, sementara pemodenan pro-revolusi menggantikan pemimpin tradisional, tetapi masyarakat yang mereka berkhidmat sering menolaknya. Menyadari kegagalan penganjur modernisasi, Gaddafi menciptakan Kesatuan Sosialis Arab (ASU), pesta pelopor massa di mana ia menjadi presiden. ASU mengiktiraf RCC sebagai \"Pihak Berkuasa Utama Tertinggi\", dan direka bentuk untuk terus bersemangat revolusi di seluruh negara. <> Jenis identiti apa yang dipromosikan oleh RCC? || pan-Libya <> Apa identiti yang RCC cuba untuk menghalang? || serantau dan puak <> Di mana mahkamah tentera terletak yang mencuba pemimpin puak pada tahun 1971? || Sabha <> Apakah pemimpin puak yang dituduh pada tahun 1971? || aktiviti balas revolusioner <> Daripada parti mana yang Gaddafi menjadi presiden dalam tempoh ini? || Kesatuan Sosialis Arab", {"context": "The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its \"Supreme Leading Authority\", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "pan-Libyan"}], "question": "What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?", "id": "5731735ba5e9cc1400cdbf77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "regional and tribal"}], "question": "What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?", "id": "5731735ba5e9cc1400cdbf78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Sabha"}], "question": "Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?", "id": "5731735ba5e9cc1400cdbf7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "counter-revolutionary activity"}], "question": "What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?", "id": "5731735ba5e9cc1400cdbf79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Arab Socialist Union"}], "question": "Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?", "id": "5731735ba5e9cc1400cdbf7b"}]}], ["Dengan minyak mentah sebagai eksport utama negara, Gaddafi berusaha memperbaiki sektor minyak Libya. Pada bulan Oktober 1969, beliau mengisytiharkan istilah perdagangan yang tidak adil, memberi manfaat kepada syarikat asing lebih daripada negara Libya, dan dengan mengancam untuk mengurangkan pengeluaran, pada bulan Disember Jalloud berjaya meningkatkan harga minyak Libya. Pada tahun 1970, negara-negara OPEC lain diikuti, yang membawa kepada kenaikan harga minyak mentah global. RCC diikuti dengan Perjanjian Tripoli, di mana mereka memperoleh cukai pendapatan, bayaran balik dan harga yang lebih baik daripada syarikat minyak; langkah-langkah ini membawa kira-kira $ 1 bilion pendapatan Libya pada tahun pertama. <> Apakah eksport utama Libya? || minyak mentah <> Bagaimana keputusan Gaddafi dalam industri minyak memberi kesan kepada OPEC lain? || Pada tahun 1970, negara-negara OPEC lain diikuti, yang membawa kepada kenaikan harga minyak mentah global. <> Apakah eksport utama Libya? || minyak mentah <> Berapa banyak wang yang dilakukan Libya dalam setahun sebagai hasil dari Perjanjian Tripoli? || $ 1 bilion <> Apa organisasi pengeluar minyak adalah sebahagian daripada Libya? || OPEC <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab menaikkan harga minyak Libya pada tahun 1969? || Jalloud", {"context": "With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "crude oil"}], "question": "What was Libya's main export?", "id": "572ec348c246551400ce462e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil."}], "question": "How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?", "id": "572ec348c246551400ce462f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "crude oil"}], "question": "What was the main export of Libya?", "id": "5731723805b4da19006bd1a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "$1 billion"}], "question": "How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement?", "id": "5731723805b4da19006bd1a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "OPEC"}], "question": "What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of?", "id": "5731723805b4da19006bd1a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Jalloud"}], "question": "Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969?", "id": "5731723805b4da19006bd1a9"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei 1970, Seminar Intelektual Revolusi diadakan untuk membawa golongan intelektual sejajar dengan revolusi, sementara Kajian dan Perubahan Legislatif tahun itu menyatukan kod undang-undang sekular dan agama, memperkenalkan syariah ke dalam sistem perundangan. Keputusan oleh perintah, RCC mengekalkan larangan monarki terhadap partai politik, pada Mei 1970 mengharamkan kesatuan-kesatuan sekerja, dan pada tahun 1972 mengharamkan mogok pekerja dan surat khabar yang digantung. Pada September 1971, Gaddafi meletak jawatan, mendakwa tidak berpuas hati dengan kadar pembaharuan, tetapi kembali ke jawatannya dalam masa sebulan. Pada Februari 1973, beliau meletak jawatan sekali lagi, sekali lagi kembali pada bulan berikutnya. <> Apakah pandangan RCC terhadap parti-parti politik? || Keputusan oleh perintah, RCC mengekalkan larangan monarki terhadap partai politik, <> Apa yang Gaddafi lakukan pada tahun 1971? || Pada September 1971, Gaddafi meletak jawatan, mendakwa tidak berpuas hati dengan kadar pembaharuan, tetapi kembali ke jawatannya dalam masa sebulan. <> Apakah kesan menggabungkan syariah ke dalam sistem perundangan? || kod undang-undang sekular dan agama bersatu <> Apa yang Gaddafi lakukan pada tahun 1973? || Pada Februari 1973, beliau meletak jawatan sekali lagi, sekali lagi kembali pada bulan berikutnya. <> Pada tahun berapakah Seminar Intelektual Revolusi berlaku? || 1970 <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apakah Gaddafi meletak jawatan pertama? || September 1971 <> Apa yang mengharamkan RCC pada tahun 1970? || kesatuan sekerja <> Apakah penerbitan ditutup 1972? || akhbar <> Pada tahun apakah berlaku peletakan jawatan kedua Gaddafi? || 1973", {"context": "In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,"}], "question": "What was the RCC's view of political parties?", "id": "572ec2cedfa6aa1500f8d355"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month."}], "question": "What did Gaddafi do in 1971?", "id": "572ec2cedfa6aa1500f8d356"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "united secular and religious law codes"}], "question": "What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system?", "id": "572ec2cedfa6aa1500f8d358"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month."}], "question": "What did Gaddafi do in 1973?", "id": "572ec2cedfa6aa1500f8d357"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "1970"}], "question": "In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur?", "id": "573171d105b4da19006bd19c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "September 1971"}], "question": "In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign?", "id": "573171d105b4da19006bd19f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "trade unions"}], "question": "What did the RCC outlaw in 1970?", "id": "573171d105b4da19006bd19d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "newspapers"}], "question": "What publications were shut down 1972?", "id": "573171d105b4da19006bd19e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "1973"}], "question": "In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur?", "id": "573171d105b4da19006bd1a0"}]}], ["Walaupun teori secara teorinya beroperasi melalui bangunan konsensus, Gaddafi mendominasi RCC, walaupun beberapa yang lain cuba untuk mengekang apa yang mereka lihat sebagai kelebihannya. Gaddafi tetap menjadi muka awam kerajaan, dengan identiti ahli-ahli RCC yang lain hanya didedahkan secara terbuka pada 10 Januari 1970. Semua lelaki muda dari latar belakang bekerja (kelas luar bandar) dan kelas menengah, tiada yang mempunyai ijazah universiti; dengan cara ini mereka berbeza daripada golongan konservatif yang kaya dan berpendidikan yang pernah memerintah negara. <> Bagaimana staf Gaddafi menjadi ahli RCC? || Semua lelaki muda dari (biasanya luar bandar) bekerja dan kelas pertengahan latar belakang, tidak ada darjah universiti; <> Mengapa Gaddafi memilih lelaki ini sebagai anggota RCC? || mereka berbeza dari golongan konservatif yang kaya dan berpendidikan yang pernah memerintah negara. <> Wajah siapa paling berkaitan dengan kerajaan baru Libya? || Gaddafi <> Adakah semua orang menyokong Gaddafi? || sesetengah yang lain cuba untuk mengekang apa yang mereka lihat sebagai kelebihannya <> Pada tarikh apa yang diumumkan oleh ahli-ahli RCC? || 10 Januari 1970 <> Apakah kumpulan umur umum ahli-ahli RCC? || muda <> Berapa ramai ahli RCC telah lulus dari universiti? || tiada <> Apa hubungan seks semua ahli RCC? || lelaki <> Bersama dengan kelas pekerja, apakah latar belakang kelas ahli RCC? || tengah", {"context": "Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?", "id": "572ec189cb0c0d14000f1508"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country."}], "question": "Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?", "id": "572ec189cb0c0d14000f1509"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Gaddafi"}], "question": "Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?", "id": "572ec189cb0c0d14000f150a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses"}], "question": "Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?", "id": "572ec189cb0c0d14000f150b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "10 January 1970"}], "question": "On what date were the members of the RCC announced?", "id": "5731710105b4da19006bd188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "young"}], "question": "What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?", "id": "5731710105b4da19006bd18a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "none"}], "question": "How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?", "id": "5731710105b4da19006bd189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "men"}], "question": "What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?", "id": "5731710105b4da19006bd18b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "middle"}], "question": "Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?", "id": "5731710105b4da19006bd18c"}]}], ["RCC melaksanakan langkah-langkah untuk reformasi sosial, mengamalkan syariah sebagai asas. Pengambilan alkohol diharamkan, kelab malam dan gereja-gereja Kristian telah ditutup, pakaian tradisional Libya digalakkan, manakala bahasa Arab telah ditetapkan sebagai satu-satunya bahasa yang dibenarkan dalam komunikasi rasmi dan tanda-tanda jalan. Dari 1969 hingga 1973, RCC memperkenalkan program kebajikan sosial yang dibiayai dengan wang minyak, yang membawa kepada projek pembinaan rumah dan peningkatan penjagaan kesihatan dan pendidikan. Dengan berbuat demikian, mereka meluaskan sektor awam, menyediakan pekerjaan untuk beribu-ribu orang. <> Mengenai falsafah apakah pembaharuan sosial RCC? || sharia <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan dalam komunikasi rasmi oleh kerajaan Libya? || Bahasa Arab <> Dalam tempoh apa program program pembiayaan minyak untuk kebajikan sosial dicipta? || 1969 hingga 1973 <> Apa agama ditindas di Libya? || Kristian <> Apa minuman yang larangan kerajaan Libya? || alkohol", {"context": "The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "sharia"}], "question": "On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?", "id": "573173bea5e9cc1400cdbf81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?", "id": "573173bea5e9cc1400cdbf82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "1969 to 1973"}], "question": "During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created?", "id": "573173bea5e9cc1400cdbf83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "What religion was suppressed in Libya?", "id": "573173bea5e9cc1400cdbf84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "alcohol"}], "question": "What beverage did the Libyan government ban?", "id": "573173bea5e9cc1400cdbf85"}]}], ["Rampasan itu selesai, RCC meneruskan dengan niat mereka menyatukan kerajaan revolusioner dan memodenkan negara. Mereka membasmi kaum monarkis dan anggota klan Idris 'Senussi dari dunia politik Libya dan angkatan bersenjata; Gaddafi percaya golongan elit ini menentang kehendak rakyat Libya dan perlu dibuang. \"Pengadilan Rakyat\" diasaskan untuk mencuba pelbagai ahli politik dan wartawan monarkis, dan walaupun ramai yang dipenjarakan, tidak ada yang dilaksanakan. Idris dijatuhkan hukuman mati dalam ketidakhadiran. <> Apa yang dilakukan RCC dengan sisa-sisa monarki? || Mereka membasmi monarkis dan ahli-ahli Idris 'Senussi klan dari dunia politik Libya dan angkatan tentera <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Idris? || Idris dijatuhkan hukuman mati dalam ketidakhadiran. <> Bagaimana Gaddafi melihat golongan elit? || Gaddafi percaya golongan elit ini menentang kehendak rakyat Libya dan perlu dibuang. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada monarkis dan wartawan? || \"Pengadilan Rakyat\" diasaskan untuk mencuba pelbagai ahli politik dan wartawan monarkis, dan walaupun ramai yang dipenjarakan, tidak ada yang dilaksanakan. <> Apa puak itu adalah Raja Idris? || Senussi <> Berapa ramai orang yang dibunuh oleh Mahkamah Rakyat? || tiada <> hukuman apa yang diberikan kepada King Idris yang tidak hadir? || pelaksanaan <> Bersama dengan Senussi, yang dibersihkan dari tentera? || monarchists <> Bersama wartawan, yang telah diuji di Mahkamah Rakyat? || ahli politik monarki", {"context": "The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. \"People's Courts\" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces"}], "question": "What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy?", "id": "572ec21cdfa6aa1500f8d34d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia."}], "question": "What happened to Idris?", "id": "572ec21cdfa6aa1500f8d34e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged."}], "question": "How did Gaddafi view the elite?", "id": "572ec21cdfa6aa1500f8d34f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "\"People's Courts\" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed."}], "question": "What happened to the monarchists and and journalists?", "id": "572ec21cdfa6aa1500f8d350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Senussi"}], "question": "What clan was King Idris part of?", "id": "57317177a5e9cc1400cdbf6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "none"}], "question": "How many people were executed by the People's Courts?", "id": "57317177a5e9cc1400cdbf6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "execution"}], "question": "What sentence was given to the absent King Idris?", "id": "57317177a5e9cc1400cdbf70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "monarchists"}], "question": "Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military?", "id": "57317177a5e9cc1400cdbf71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "monarchist politicians"}], "question": "Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts?", "id": "57317177a5e9cc1400cdbf6e"}]}], ["Meningkatkan kawalan negeri ke atas sektor minyak, RCC memulakan program nasionalisasi, bermula dengan pengambilalihan bahagian British Petroleum dari British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field pada bulan Disember 1971. Pada bulan September 1973, diumumkan bahawa semua pengeluar minyak asing yang aktif di Libya akan dinasionalisasi. Bagi Gaddafi, ini adalah langkah penting ke arah sosialisme. Ia membuktikan kejayaan ekonomi; manakala produk domestik kasar telah $ 3.8 bilion pada tahun 1969, ia telah meningkat kepada $ 13.7 bilion pada tahun 1974, dan $ 24.5 bilion pada tahun 1979. Pada gilirannya, standard kehidupan Libya bertambah baik sejak dekad pertama pentadbiran Gaddafi, dan pada tahun 1979 purata pendapatan per kapita ialah $ 8,170, naik dari $ 40 pada tahun 1951; ini adalah di atas purata banyak negara perindustrian seperti Itali dan U.K. <> Pada tahun 1979, berapa perubahan purata pendapatan per kapita bagi orang Libya? || menjelang tahun 1979 pendapatan per kapita purata adalah pada $ 8,170, naik dari $ 40 pada 1951 <> Bagaimana peningkatan keluaran dalam negara kasar Libya dari tahun 1969 hingga 1979? || manakala produk domestik kasar telah $ 3.8 bilion pada tahun 1969, ia telah meningkat kepada $ 13.7 bilion pada tahun 1974, dan $ 24.5 bilion pada tahun 1979. <> Apa keputusan membenarkan Gaddafi untuk memindahkan Libya lebih dekat kepada sosialisme? || Pada September 1973, diumumkan bahawa semua pengeluar minyak asing yang aktif di Libya akan dimansurkan. <> Bagaimana RCC memulakan perarakan ke arah nasionalisasi? || bermula dengan pengambil alihan British Petroleum bahagian British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field pada bulan Disember 1971. <> Harta syarikat apa yang Libya menasionalisasi pada Disember 1971? || British Petroleum <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apa yang dimaksudkan dengan pembasmian kebangsaan pengeluaran minyak asing? || September 1973 <> Apakah PDB Libya pada tahun 1969? || $ 3.8 bilion <> Dalam tahun apakah Libya mempunyai KDNK $ 24.5 bilion? || 1979 <> Apa pendapatan per kapita Libya pada tahun 1951? || $ 40", {"context": "Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951"}], "question": "In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?", "id": "572ec488cb0c0d14000f1524"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979."}], "question": "How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?", "id": "572ec488cb0c0d14000f1526"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized."}], "question": "What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?", "id": "572ec488cb0c0d14000f1525"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971."}], "question": "How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?", "id": "572ec488cb0c0d14000f1527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "British Petroleum"}], "question": "What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?", "id": "57317297497a881900248ef7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "September 1973"}], "question": "In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?", "id": "57317297497a881900248ef8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "$3.8 billion"}], "question": "What was Libya's GDP in 1969?", "id": "57317297497a881900248ef9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "1979"}], "question": "In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?", "id": "57317297497a881900248efa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "$40"}], "question": "What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?", "id": "57317297497a881900248efb"}]}], ["Setelah memecat kerajaan monarki, Gaddafi mengisytiharkan asas Republik Arab Libya. Menangani penduduk dengan radio, dia mengumumkan penghapusan kepada rejim \"reaksioner dan korup\", \"bau busuk yang sakit dan mengerutkan kita semua.\" Disebabkan sifat kembalinya rampasan kuasa, ia pada mulanya dilabelkan sebagai \"Revolusi Putih\", walaupun kemudiannya dinamakan semula sebagai \"Revolusi Satu September\" selepas tarikh ia berlaku. Gaddafi menegaskan bahawa rampasan kuasa Pegawai Bebas merepresentasikan revolusi, menandakan permulaan perubahan luas dalam sifat sosio-ekonomi dan politik Libya. Beliau mengumumkan bahawa revolusi itu bermaksud \"kebebasan, sosialisme, dan perpaduan\", dan pada tahun-tahun akan datang, langkah-langkah untuk mencapai tujuan ini. <> Bagaimana Gaddafi mengumumkan kepimpinannya ?: || Menangani penduduk dengan radio <> Senaraikan dua nama rampasan kuasa Gaddafi. || \"Revolusi Putih\", walaupun kemudiannya dinamakan semula sebagai \"Revolusi Satu September\" <> Apa Gaddafi memberitahu rakyat bahawa revolusi itu diwakili? || kebebasan, sosialisme, dan perpaduan <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Gaddafi bahawa rampasan kuasa itu disebut? || sebuah revolusi <> Apa nama kerajaan Gaddafi ditubuhkan selepas menggulingkan monarki? || Libya Arab Republic <> Apa riba Libya dipanggil pada mulanya? || Revolusi Putih <> Apakah rampasan kuasa Libya kemudian dipanggil, apabila ia dinamakan semula untuk hari itu? || Satu Revolusi September <> Apakah nama kumpulan revolusioner yang dipimpin oleh Gaddafi? || Pegawai Percuma <> Bagaimana Gaddafi mencirikan monarki di alamat radionya? || reaksioner dan rasuah", {"context": "Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the \"reactionary and corrupt\" regime, \"the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all.\" Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the \"White Revolution\", although was later renamed the \"One September Revolution\" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant \"freedom, socialism, and unity\", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Addressing the populace by radio"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:", "id": "572ec0e9cb0c0d14000f1500"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "\"White Revolution\", although was later renamed the \"One September Revolution\""}], "question": "List the two names of Gaddafi's coup.", "id": "572ec0e9cb0c0d14000f1501"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "freedom, socialism, and unity"}], "question": "What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented?", "id": "572ec0e9cb0c0d14000f1502"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "a revolution"}], "question": "What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as?", "id": "572ec0e9cb0c0d14000f1503"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Libyan Arab Republic"}], "question": "What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy?", "id": "57316ff8e6313a140071cf38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "White Revolution"}], "question": "What was the Libyan coup called at first?", "id": "57316ff8e6313a140071cf39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "One September Revolution"}], "question": "What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place?", "id": "57316ff8e6313a140071cf3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Free Officers"}], "question": "What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi?", "id": "57316ff8e6313a140071cf3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "reactionary and corrupt"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address?", "id": "57316ff8e6313a140071cf3c"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan tahun 1969, Idris pergi ke luar negara untuk menghabiskan musim panas di Turki dan Greece. Pegawai Bebas Gaddafi mengakui ini sebagai peluang mereka untuk menggulingkan monarki, memulakan \"Operasi Baitulmuqaddis\". Pada 1 September, mereka menduduki lapangan terbang, depot polis, stesen radio dan pejabat kerajaan di Tripoli dan Benghazi. Gaddafi menguasai barak Berka di Benghazi, sementara Omar Meheisha menduduki barisan Tripoli dan Jalloud merampas bateri anti-pesawat di bandar itu. Khweldi Hameidi telah dihantar untuk menangkap putera mahkota Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, dan memaksanya untuk melepaskan tuntutannya untuk takhta. Mereka tidak menghadapi tentangan yang serius, dan keganasan kecil terhadap monarkis. <> Apabila Gaddafi mengadakan rampasan kuasa, apakah dia perlu menggunakan pertunjukan keganasan yang hebat? || Mereka tidak menghadapi tentangan yang serius, dan keganasan kecil terhadap monarkis. <> Bilakah Gaddafi memutuskan untuk menunaikan rampasannya? || Pada pertengahan tahun 1969, Idris pergi ke luar negara untuk menghabiskan musim panas di Turki dan Greece. <> Apakah rampasan kuasa Gaddafi dipanggil? || Operasi Yerusalem <> Apakah Gaddafi merampas semasa rampasan kuasa? || Gaddafi menguasai barak Berka di Benghazi, <> Apa yang dilakukan Hameidi semasa rampasan kuasa? || Hameidi dihantar untuk menangkap putera mahkota Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, dan memaksa dia untuk melepaskan tuntutannya untuk takhta. <> Negara apa yang Idris melawat pada musim panas tahun 1969? || Turki dan Greece <> Apakah nama kod bagi rampasan Gaddafi terhadap monarki? || Operasi Baitulmuqaddis <> Pasukan tentera mana yang menduduki barak di Tripoli? || Omar Meheisha <> Yang menangkap Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi? || Khweldi Hameidi <> Apa pemimpin revolusioner menguasai peralatan anti pesawat di Tripoli? || Jalloud", {"context": "In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating \"Operation Jerusalem\". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists."}], "question": "When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence?", "id": "572ec021c246551400ce4600"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece."}], "question": "When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup?", "id": "572ec021c246551400ce4601"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Operation Jerusalem"}], "question": "What was Gaddafi's coup called?", "id": "572ec021c246551400ce4602"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi,"}], "question": "What did Gaddafi seize during the coup?", "id": "572ec021c246551400ce4603"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne."}], "question": "What did Hameidi do during the coup?", "id": "572ec021c246551400ce4604"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Turkey and Greece"}], "question": "What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969?", "id": "57316f8d05b4da19006bd162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Operation Jerusalem"}], "question": "What was the code name for Gaddafi's coup against the monarchy?", "id": "57316f8d05b4da19006bd163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Omar Meheisha"}], "question": "What leader's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli?", "id": "57316f8d05b4da19006bd164"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Khweldi Hameidi"}], "question": "Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi?", "id": "57316f8d05b4da19006bd165"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Jalloud"}], "question": "What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli?", "id": "57316f8d05b4da19006bd166"}]}], ["Kerajaan Idris semakin tidak popular pada 1960-an; ia telah memburukkan lagi perpecahan serantau dan suku tradisional Libya dengan memusatkan sistem persekutuan negara untuk memanfaatkan kekayaan minyak negara itu, sementara sistem rasuah dan sistem peneguhan berleluasa telah meluas di seluruh industri minyak. Nasionalisme Arab semakin popular, dan protes dibakar setelah kekalahan 1967 Mesir dalam Perang Enam Hari dengan Israel; bersekutu dengan kuasa barat, pentadbiran Idris dianggap sebagai pro-Israel. Rusuhan anti-barat berlaku di Tripoli dan Benghazi, manakala pekerja Libya menutup terminal minyak dalam perpaduan dengan Mesir. Menjelang 1969, Agensi Perisikan Pusat A.S. menjangkakan segmen angkatan tentera Libya melancarkan rampasan kuasa. Walaupun tuntutan telah dibuat bahawa mereka mengetahui Gerakan Pegawai Bebas Gaddafi, mereka telah menuntut kejahilan, menyatakan bahawa mereka sedang memantau kumpulan revolusioner Black Boots Abdul Aziz Shalhi. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kerajaan Idris pada tahun 1960-an? || Kerajaan Idris semakin tidak popular pada tahun 1960-an <> Industri apa yang sangat mempengaruhi kejatuhan kerajaan Idris? || industri minyak <> Apakah masalah seperti pengalaman industri minyak di Libya? || rasuah dan sistem pengawal keselamatan yang meluas di seluruh industri minyak <> Apa yang pekerja Libya lakukan untuk menunjukkan sokongan mereka terhadap Mesir? || Pekerja Libya menutup terminal minyak dalam perpaduan dengan Mesir <> Adakah CIA mengesahkan pengetahuan mengenai rampasan kuasa Gaddafi yang akan datang: || mereka telah mendakwa ketidaktahuan, menyatakan bahawa mereka memantau kumpulan revolusioner Black Boots Abdul Aziz Shalhi. <> Negara apa yang memenangi Perang Enam Hari? || Israel <> Di bandar-bandar apakah protes terhadap orang Barat yang menyerang pada tahun 1967? || Tripoli dan Benghazi <> Atas nama negara apakah protes 1967 berlaku? || Mesir <> Pada tahun apakah CIA mula mengharapkan rampasan kuasa tentera di Libya? || 1969 <> Apa organisasi revolusi yang diketuai oleh Abdul Aziz Shalhi? || Boots Hitam", {"context": "Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s"}], "question": "What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?", "id": "572ebf5303f98919007569eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "the oil industry"}], "question": "What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?", "id": "572ebf5303f98919007569ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry"}], "question": "What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya?", "id": "572ebf5303f98919007569ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt"}], "question": "What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt?", "id": "572ebf5303f98919007569ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group."}], "question": "Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:", "id": "572ebf5303f98919007569ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Israel"}], "question": "What country won the Six-Day War?", "id": "57316f0c05b4da19006bd158"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Tripoli and Benghazi"}], "question": "In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967?", "id": "57316f0c05b4da19006bd159"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "Egypt"}], "question": "On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place?", "id": "57316f0c05b4da19006bd15a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "1969"}], "question": "In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya?", "id": "57316f0c05b4da19006bd15b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 947, "text": "Black Boots"}], "question": "What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi?", "id": "57316f0c05b4da19006bd15c"}]}], ["Selepas Nasser meninggal dunia pada bulan November 1970, penggantinya, Anwar Sadat, mencadangkan bahawa bukan negara bersatu, mereka membuat persekutuan politik, yang dilaksanakan pada bulan April 1971; Dengan berbuat demikian, Mesir, Syria dan Sudan mendapat geran besar wang minyak Libya. Pada bulan Februari 1972, Gaddafi dan Sadat menandatangani piagam penggabungan tidak rasmi, tetapi ia tidak pernah dilaksanakan kerana perhubungan dihentikan pada tahun berikutnya. Sadat menjadi semakin waspada terhadap arahan radikal Libya, dan tarikh akhir September 1973 untuk melaksanakan Persekutuan yang diluluskan tanpa mengambil tindakan. <> Siapa yang berjaya Anwar Sadat? || Nasser <> Apakah alternatif untuk mewujudkan persekutuan politik Arab? || negara bersatu <> Bersama dengan Libya, negara apa yang menyertai pertubuhan politik? || Mesir, Syria dan Sudan <> Pada tahun apakah piagam penggabungan itu ditandatangani? || 1972 <> Bilakah federasi perlu dilaksanakan? || September 1973", {"context": "After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "Nasser"}], "question": "Who did Anwar Sadat succeed?", "id": "573176cba5e9cc1400cdbf8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "unified state"}], "question": "What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation?", "id": "573176cba5e9cc1400cdbf8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Egypt, Syria and Sudan"}], "question": "Along with Libya, what nations joined the political federation?", "id": "573176cba5e9cc1400cdbf8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "1972"}], "question": "In what year was the merger charter signed?", "id": "573176cba5e9cc1400cdbf8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "September 1973"}], "question": "When did the federation have to be implemented by?", "id": "573176cba5e9cc1400cdbf8f"}]}], ["Sebagai sebahagian daripada Revolusi Popular ini, Gaddafi menjemput rakyat Libya untuk menemui Jawatankuasa Umum Rakyat sebagai saluran untuk meningkatkan kesedaran politik. Walaupun menawarkan panduan kecil untuk mendirikan majlis-majlis ini, Gaddafi mendakwa bahawa mereka akan menawarkan satu bentuk penyertaan politik langsung yang lebih demokratik daripada sistem perwakilan berasaskan parti tradisional. Beliau berharap majlis-majlis itu akan memobilisasi rakyat di belakang RCC, menghancurkan kuasa para pemimpin tradisional dan birokrasi, dan membenarkan sistem perundangan baru yang dipilih oleh rakyat. <> Apa yang diperintahkan orang Libya untuk mencipta bersempena dengan Revolusi Popular? || Komiti Rakyat Umum <> Bersama dengan birokrasi yang diarahkan oleh Jawatankuasa Am Rakyat? || pemimpin tradisional <> Apa sistem politik yang dilakukan oleh Gaddafi kurang demokratik daripada Komite Rakyat Am? || wakil berasaskan parti tradisional", {"context": "As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found General People's Committees as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of direct political participation that was more democratic than a traditional party-based representative system. He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC, erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy, and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "General People's Committees"}], "question": "What were the Libyan people instructed to create in conjunction with the Popular Revolution?", "id": "57317a26a5e9cc1400cdbfaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "traditional leaders"}], "question": "Along with the bureaucracy, who were the General People's Committees directed at?", "id": "57317a26a5e9cc1400cdbfb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "traditional party-based representative"}], "question": "What political system did Gaddafi claim was less democratic than the General People's Committees?", "id": "57317a26a5e9cc1400cdbfb1"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun 1973, Gaddafi mencipta ideologi politik sebagai asas Revolusi Popular. Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga menganggap A.S. dan Kesatuan Soviet sebagai imperialis, dengan itu menolak kapitalisme Barat serta atheisme komunisme blok Timur. Dalam hal ini ia sama dengan Teori Tiga Dunia yang dikembangkan oleh pemimpin politik China Mao Zedong. Sebagai sebahagian daripada teori ini, Gaddafi memuji nasionalisme sebagai satu pasukan progresif dan menganjurkan penciptaan negara pan-Arab yang akan memimpin Dunia Islam dan Ketiga menentang imperialisme. <> Siapakah pengasas Teori Tiga Dunia? || Mao Zedong <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apakah Gaddafi memulakan Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga? || Jun 1973 <> Apa jenis negeri yang dipercayai Gaddafi harus ditubuhkan? || pan-Arab <> Bersama dengan Amerika Syarikat, apakah negara yang dipercayai Gaddafi sebagai imperialis? || Kesatuan Soviet <> Apakah falsafah ekonomi dikaitkan dengan Barat? || kapitalisme", {"context": "In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution. Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist, thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism's atheism. In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed by China's political leader Mao Zedong. As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised nationalism as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Mao Zedong"}], "question": "Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?", "id": "57317b49a5e9cc1400cdbfb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "June 1973"}], "question": "In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?", "id": "57317b49a5e9cc1400cdbfb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "pan-Arab"}], "question": "What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded?", "id": "57317b49a5e9cc1400cdbfb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "Along with the United States, what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist?", "id": "57317b49a5e9cc1400cdbfb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "capitalism"}], "question": "What economic philosophy was associated with the West?", "id": "57317b49a5e9cc1400cdbfb9"}]}], ["Pengaruh nasionalisme Arab Nasser terhadap RCC adalah dengan jelas. Pentadbiran segera diiktiraf oleh rejim nasionalis jiran Arab di Mesir, Syria, Iraq dan Sudan, dengan Mesir menghantar pakar untuk membantu RCC yang tidak berpengalaman. Gaddafi mengusulkan idea-idea Pan-Arab, menyatakan keperluan untuk satu negara Arab yang merentasi seluruh Afrika Utara dan Timur Tengah. Pada Disember 1969, Libya mengasaskan Barisan Revolusi Arab dengan Mesir dan Sudan sebagai langkah ke arah penyatuan politik, dan pada tahun 1970 Syria menyatakan niatnya untuk bergabung. <> Apakah falsafah mempengaruhi RCC? || Nasionalisme Arab <> Bersama dengan Mesir, Iraq dan Sudan, apakah negara nasionalis Arab yang mengiktiraf kerajaan revolusi Libya? || Syria <> Apa pemikir nasionalis Arab berpengaruh dengan RCC? || Nasser <> Negara apa yang menubuhkan Barisan Revolusi Arab dengan Libya? || Mesir dan Sudan <> Pada tahun apa mana arwah Revolusi Arab ditubuhkan? || 1969", {"context": "The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Arab nationalism"}], "question": "What philosophy influenced the RCC?", "id": "5731744305b4da19006bd1b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Syria"}], "question": "Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?", "id": "5731744305b4da19006bd1b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Nasser"}], "question": "What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?", "id": "5731744305b4da19006bd1b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Egypt and Sudan"}], "question": "What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?", "id": "5731744305b4da19006bd1b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "1969"}], "question": "In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?", "id": "5731744305b4da19006bd1ba"}]}], ["Pada 16 April 1973, Gaddafi memproklamirkan permulaan \"Revolusi Popular\" dalam ucapan Zuwarah. Beliau memulakan ini dengan pelan lima perkara, titik pertama yang membubarkan semua undang-undang yang sedia ada, digantikan oleh enakmen revolusioner. Titik kedua mengisytiharkan bahawa semua lawan revolusi terpaksa dikeluarkan, sementara yang ketiga memulakan satu revolusi pentadbiran yang diproklamasikan oleh Gaddafi akan menghapus semua jejak birokrasi dan borjuasi. Titik keempat mengumumkan bahawa penduduk mesti membentuk Jawatankuasa Rakyat dan bersenjata untuk mempertahankan revolusi, manakala kelima mengisytiharkan permulaan revolusi budaya untuk membuang Libya pengaruh asing \"beracun\". Beliau mula mengajar mengenai fasa baru revolusi di Libya, Mesir, dan Perancis. <> Pada tarikh apa Gaddafi mengisytiharkan permulaan \"Revolusi Popular\"? || 16 April 1973 <> Apa jenis revolusi bermula sebagai hasil dari titik ketiga? || pentadbiran <> Apa yang berlaku kepada undang-undang Libya sebagai hasil titik pertama perbualan Gaddafi? || dibubarkan <> Berapa banyak mata yang ada dalam rancangan Revolusi Populer? || 5 <> Bersama dengan Libya dan Perancis, di mana Gaddafi bercakap mengenai Revolusi Popular? || Mesir", {"context": "On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a \"Popular Revolution\" in a Zuwarah speech. He initiated this with a 5-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of bureaucracy and the bourgeoisie. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of a cultural revolution to expunge Libya of \"poisonous\" foreign influences. He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "16 April 1973"}], "question": "On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a \"Popular Revolution\"?", "id": "5731799c497a881900248f55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "administrative"}], "question": "What type of revolution began as a result of the third point?", "id": "5731799c497a881900248f58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "dissolved"}], "question": "What happened to Libya's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi's speech?", "id": "5731799c497a881900248f56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "5"}], "question": "How many points did the Popular Revolution plan have?", "id": "5731799c497a881900248f57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "Egypt"}], "question": "Along with Libya and France, where did Gaddafi speak on the Popular Revolution?", "id": "5731799c497a881900248f59"}]}], ["Jawatankuasa Rakyat membawa kepada peratusan yang tinggi penglibatan awam dalam membuat keputusan, dalam had yang dibenarkan oleh RCC, tetapi memburukkan lagi bahagian puak. Mereka juga berfungsi sebagai sistem pengawasan, membantu perkhidmatan keselamatan dalam mencari individu dengan pandangan yang kritikal terhadap RCC, yang membawa kepada penangkapan Ba'athists, Marxists dan Islamists. Beroperasi dalam struktur piramid, bentuk asas Jawatankuasa ini adalah kumpulan kerja tempatan, yang menghantar wakil rakyat ke peringkat daerah, dan dari sana ke peringkat nasional, dibahagikan antara Kongres Rakyat Umum dan Jawatankuasa Rakyat Am. Di atas ini tetap Gaddafi dan RCC, yang tetap bertanggungjawab untuk semua keputusan utama. <> Apakah jenis struktur yang digunakan oleh sistem Jawatankuasa Rakyat? || piramid <> Apa kesan negatif yang dibawa oleh Jawatankuasa Rakyat? || Bahagian puak <> Bersama dengan Ba'athists dan Islamis, yang ditangkap akibat tindakan Jawatankuasa Rakyat? || Marxists <> Bersama dengan Kongres Rakyat Am, apakah badan kebangsaan mewakili Jawatankuasa Rakyat? || Jawatankuasa Rakyat Am", {"context": "The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC, but exacerbated tribal divisions. They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the RCC, leading to the arrest of Ba'athists, Marxists and Islamists. Operating in a pyramid structure, the base form of these Committees were local working groups, who sent elected representatives to the district level, and from there to the national level, divided between the General People's Congress and the General People's Committee. Above these remained Gaddafi and the RCC, who remained responsible for all major decisions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "pyramid"}], "question": "What kind of structure did the People's Committee system use?", "id": "57317ace497a881900248f6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "tribal divisions"}], "question": "What negative consequence did the People's Committees lead to?", "id": "57317ace497a881900248f69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Marxists"}], "question": "Along with Ba'athists and Islamists, who was arrested as a result of the actions of the People's Committees?", "id": "57317ace497a881900248f6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "General People's Committee"}], "question": "Along with the General People's Congress, what national body represented the People's Committees?", "id": "57317ace497a881900248f6b"}]}], ["Gaddafi menyokong kewangan kumpulan militan yang lain di seluruh dunia, termasuk Parti Hitam Panther, Negara Islam, Tupamaros, Gerakan 19th April dan Front Pembebasan Kebangsaan Sandinista di Amerika, ANC antara pergerakan pembebasan lain dalam memerangi Apartheid di Afrika Selatan, Tentera Republik Provisional Ireland, ETA, nasionalis Sardinia, Tindakan langsung, Briged Merah, dan Pasukan Tentera Merah di Eropah, dan Tentera Rahsia Armenia, Tentera Merah Jepun, Gerakan Aceh Merdeka dan Front Pembebasan Kebangsaan Moro di Asia. Gaddafi tidak peduli dengan sebab-sebab yang dia dibiayai, kadang-kadang berpindah dari menyokong satu pihak dalam konflik dengan yang lain, seperti dalam Perang Kemerdekaan Eritrean. Sepanjang tahun 1970-an kumpulan ini menerima sokongan kewangan dari Libya, yang dilihat sebagai pemimpin dalam perjuangan Dunia Ketiga menentang penjajahan dan neokolonialisme. Walaupun banyak kumpulan ini dilabel \"pengganas\" oleh pengkritik aktiviti mereka, Gaddafi menolak pencirian seperti itu, dan bukan menganggap mereka sebagai revolusioner yang terlibat dalam perjuangan pembebasan. <> Selama apa dekad Libya membiayai kumpulan militan? || 1970an <> Semasa konflik apa yang dilakukan oleh Gaddafi? || Perang Eritrea Kemerdekaan <> Pada apa benua yang dilakukan Operasi Tentara Merah? || Eropah <> Apa yang berperang Dunia Ketiga pada tahun 1970-an? || kolonialisme dan neokolonialisme <> Apa yang berperang dengan ANC? || Apartheid", {"context": "Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam, Tupamaros, 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas, the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA, Sardinian nationalists, Action directe, the Red Brigades, and the Red Army Faction in Europe, and the Armenian Secret Army, Japanese Red Army, Free Aceh Movement, and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the Eritrean War of Independence. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism. Though many of these groups were labelled \"terrorists\" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected such a characterisation, instead considering them revolutionaries engaged in liberation struggles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "During what decade did Libya finance militant groups?", "id": "57317925497a881900248f4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "Eritrean War of Independence"}], "question": "During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides?", "id": "57317925497a881900248f4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate?", "id": "57317925497a881900248f4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 864, "text": "colonialism and neocolonialism"}], "question": "What was the Third World fighting against in the 1970s?", "id": "57317925497a881900248f4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Apartheid"}], "question": "What was the ANC combating?", "id": "57317925497a881900248f4f"}]}], ["Hubungannya dengan pemimpin Palestin Yasser Arafat dari Fatah tegang, dengan Gaddafi menganggapnya terlalu sederhana dan menyeru tindakan yang lebih ganas. Sebaliknya beliau menyokong militia seperti Front Popular bagi Pembebasan Palestin, Front Popular untuk Pembebasan Palestin - Komando Umum, Front Demokratik untuk Pembebasan Palestin, As-Sa'iqa, Barisan Perjuangan Popular Palestin, dan Abu Nidal Pertubuhan. Dia membiayai Organisasi Hitam September yang melakukan pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Munich 1972 di atlet Israel di Jerman Barat, dan telah membunuh mayat-mayat militan yang terbunuh ke Libya untuk pengebumian wira. Gaddafi juga mengalu-alukan tiga penyerang yang masih hidup di Tripoli berikutan pembebasannya sebagai pertukaran kepada tebusan Lufthansa Penerbangan 615 yang dibajak beberapa minggu kemudian dan membolehkan mereka bersembunyi. <> Apakah tokoh politik Palestin mempunyai hubungan yang lemah dengan Gaddafi? || Yasser Arafat <> Organisasi apa yang dimiliki oleh Arafat? || Fatah <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk menyerang atlet Israel pada tahun 1972? || Pertubuhan September Black <> Dalam apa bandar yang berlaku serangan 1972 terhadap atlet Israel berlaku? || Munich <> Berapa ramai pengganas yang terselamat daripada serangan Munich 1972? || tiga", {"context": "His relationship with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat of Fatah was strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action. Instead he supported militia like the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine \u2013 General Command, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, As-Sa'iqa, the Palestinian Popular Struggle Front, and the Abu Nidal Organization. He funded the Black September Organization who perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in West Germany, and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral. Gaddafi also welcomed the three surviving attackers in Tripoli following their release in exchange for the hostages of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615 a few weeks later and allowed them to go into hiding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Yasser Arafat"}], "question": "What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?", "id": "5731789ee6313a140071cf72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Fatah"}], "question": "What organization did Arafat belong to?", "id": "5731789ee6313a140071cf73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Black September Organization"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the attack on Israeli athletes in 1972?", "id": "5731789ee6313a140071cf74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Munich"}], "question": "In what city did the 1972 attack on Israeli athletes occur?", "id": "5731789ee6313a140071cf75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many terrorists survived the 1972 Munich attack?", "id": "5731789ee6313a140071cf76"}]}], ["Bergerak untuk mengurangkan pengaruh Itali, pada Oktober 1970 semua aset milik Itali telah dirampas dan komuniti Itali yang 12.000 orang yang dibuang dari Libya bersama-sama dengan jumlah Yahudi yang lebih kecil. Hari ini menjadi cuti kebangsaan. Bertujuan untuk mengurangkan kuasa NATO di Mediterranean, pada tahun 1971 Libya meminta agar Malta berhenti membenarkan NATO menggunakan tanahnya untuk pangkalan tentera, sekali gus menawarkan bantuan asing. Mengompromi, kerajaan Malta terus membenarkan penggunaan pulau NATO, tetapi hanya dengan syarat bahawa mereka tidak akan menggunakannya untuk melancarkan serangan di wilayah Arab. Merancang sebuah bangunan tentera, RCC mula membeli senjata dari Perancis dan Kesatuan Soviet. Hubungan komersial dengan yang terakhir membawa kepada hubungan yang semakin tegang dengan A.S., yang kemudian terlibat dalam Perang Dingin dengan Soviet. <> Berapa banyak orang Itali tinggal di Libya sebelum Oktober 1970? || 12,000 <> Sebagai tambahan kepada orang Itali, apa orang ditendang keluar dari Libya pada tahun 1970? || Yahudi <> Siapa yang membeli peralatan ketenteraan dari RCC? || Perancis dan Kesatuan Soviet <> Siapa musuh Soviet pada Perang Dingin? || A.S. <> Siapa yang membuat Libya menawarkan bantuan asing pada tahun 1971? || Malta", {"context": "Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "12,000"}], "question": "How many Italians lived in Libya prior to October of 1970?", "id": "5731782a497a881900248f2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Jews"}], "question": "In addition to Italians, what people were kicked out of Libya in 1970?", "id": "5731782a497a881900248f30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "France and the Soviet Union"}], "question": "Who did the RCC buy military equipment from?", "id": "5731782a497a881900248f31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "U.S."}], "question": "Who were the adversaries of the Soviets during the Cold War?", "id": "5731782a497a881900248f32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Malta"}], "question": "Who did Libya offer foreign aid to in 1971?", "id": "5731782a497a881900248f33"}]}], ["Selepas rampasan kuasa 1969, wakil-wakil Empayar Empayar - Perancis, United Kingdom, Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet - dipanggil untuk bertemu dengan wakil RCC. U.K. dan A.S. dengan cepat memperluas pengenalan diplomatik, dengan harapan untuk mengamankan kedudukan pangkalan tentera mereka di Libya dan takut ketidakstabilan lagi. Berharap untuk mengingatkan diri dengan Gaddafi, pada tahun 1970 A.S. memaklumkan kepadanya tentang sekurang-kurangnya satu rampasan balas yang dirancang. Percubaan untuk membentuk hubungan kerja dengan RCC gagal; Gaddafi bertekad untuk menegakkan semula kedaulatan negara dan mengusir apa yang digambarkannya sebagai pengaruh kolonial dan imperialis asing. Pentadbirannya menegaskan bahawa A.S. dan U.K. menghapuskan pangkalan tentera mereka dari Libya, dengan Gaddafi menyatakan bahawa \"angkatan bersenjata yang bangkit untuk menyatakan revolusi rakyat [tidak akan] mentolerir tinggal di gubuk mereka sementara pangkalan imperialisme ada di wilayah Libya.\" The British meninggalkan pada bulan Mac dan Amerika pada bulan Jun 1970. <> Apa negara-negara yang terdiri daripada Empayar Kuasa? || Perancis, United Kingdom, Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet <> Siapa yang memberitahu Gaddafi mengenai kemungkinan rampasan kuasa pada tahun 1970? || A.S. <> Bersama dengan A.S., apakah kuasa utama yang diiktiraf oleh kerajaan Gaddafi pada awalnya? || U.K. <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apakah Amerika mengeluarkan pangkalan tentera dari Libya? || Jun 1970 <> Siapa yang mengalihkan pangkalan tentera Libya mereka pada bulan Mac 1970? || Inggeris", {"context": "After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers \u2013 France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union \u2013 were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that \"the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory.\" The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What nations comprised the Four Powers?", "id": "5731773c497a881900248f25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "U.S."}], "question": "Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970?", "id": "5731773c497a881900248f26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "U.K."}], "question": "Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date?", "id": "5731773c497a881900248f27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 971, "text": "June 1970"}], "question": "In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya?", "id": "5731773c497a881900248f28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 928, "text": "British"}], "question": "Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970?", "id": "5731773c497a881900248f29"}]}], ["Pada bulan Disember 1978, Gaddafi meletak jawatan sebagai Setiausaha Agung GPC, mengumumkan fokus barunya terhadap revolusioner dan bukannya aktiviti kerajaan; ini adalah sebahagian daripada penekanan baru beliau untuk memisahkan peralatan revolusi dari kerajaan. Walaupun tidak lagi dalam jawatan rasmi kerajaan, beliau mengambil alih gelaran \"Pemimpin Revolusi\" dan terus sebagai ketua komandan angkatan bersenjata. Dia terus memberi pengaruh besar terhadap Libya, dengan banyak pengkritik menegaskan bahawa struktur demokrasi langsung Libya memberikannya \"kebebasan untuk memanipulasi hasil\". <> Dalam tahun berapa Gaddafi meletak jawatan dari kedudukannya di GPC? || 1978 <Sebelum pengunduran diri, apa pejabat yang menduduki Gaddafi di GPC? || Setiausaha Agung <> Selepas Gaddafi meletak jawatan dari GPC, apa gelaran yang dia ambil? || Pemimpin Revolusi <> Apakah kuasa Gaddafi mempunyai kuasa angkatan tentera Libya? || ketua komander", {"context": "In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government. Although no longer in a formal governmental post, he adopted the title of \"Leader of the Revolution\" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He continued exerting considerable influence over Libya, with many critics insisting that the structure of Libya's direct democracy gave him \"the freedom to manipulate outcomes\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1978"}], "question": "In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC?", "id": "573180a5e6313a140071cfd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Secretary-General"}], "question": "Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC?", "id": "573180a5e6313a140071cfd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Leader of the Revolution"}], "question": "After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take?", "id": "573180a5e6313a140071cfd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "commander-in-chief"}], "question": "What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces?", "id": "573180a5e6313a140071cfd5"}]}], ["Berikutan kenaikan Anwar Sadat kepada presiden Mesir, hubungan Libya dengan Mesir merosot. Sadat ditakutkan oleh ketidakprediksi dan desakan Gaddafi bahawa Mesir memerlukan revolusi budaya. Pada bulan Februari 1973, tentera Israel menembak jatuh Penerbangan Arab Libya Arab 114, yang telah menyimpang dari ruang udara Mesir ke wilayah Israel semasa ribut pasir. Gaddafi berasa marah bahawa Mesir tidak melakukan lebih banyak untuk menghalang kejadian itu, dan sebagai balasannya merancang untuk memusnahkan RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, kapal British yang disewa oleh orang Yahudi Amerika untuk berlayar ke Haifa untuk ulang tahun ke-25 Israel. Gaddafi mengarahkan sebuah kapal selam Mesir untuk menargetkan kapal itu, tetapi Sadat membatalkan perintah itu, ketakutan peningkatan ketenteraan. <> Kepada siapa yang menjadi presiden Mesir menyebabkan penurunan hubungan antara Mesir dan Libya? || Sadat <> Apa tentera negara yang menghancurkan Penerbangan Arab Libya Arab 114? || Israel <> Apa bandar tujuan RMS Queen Elizabeth 2? || Haifa <> Mengapa Libya Arab Airlines Penerbangan 114 sengaja terbang ke dalam ruang udara Israel? || ribut pasir <> Yahudi dari negara apa yang disewa RMS Ratu Elizabeth 2? || Amerika", {"context": "Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to Haifa for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Sadat"}], "question": "Whose rise to the presidency of Egypt led to the decline in relations between Egypt and Libya?", "id": "57317cc7a5e9cc1400cdbfc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Israeli"}], "question": "What nation's military destroyed Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114?", "id": "57317cc7a5e9cc1400cdbfca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "Haifa"}], "question": "What city was the destination of RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?", "id": "57317cc7a5e9cc1400cdbfcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "sandstorm"}], "question": "Why did Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 accidentally fly into Israel's airspace?", "id": "57317cc7a5e9cc1400cdbfcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "American"}], "question": "Jews from what nation chartered the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?", "id": "57317cc7a5e9cc1400cdbfcd"}]}], ["Perbahasan tetap terhad, dan keputusan utama mengenai ekonomi dan pertahanan telah dielakkan atau ditangani dengan cursorily; GPC sebahagian besarnya kekal sebagai \"setem getah\" untuk dasar Gaddafi. Pada masa-masa yang jarang berlaku, GPC menentang cadangan Gaddafi, kadang-kadang berjaya; terutamanya, apabila Gaddafi menyeru sekolah-sekolah rendah untuk dimansuhkan, mempercayai bahawa sekolah di rumah lebih sihat untuk kanak-kanak, GPC menolak idea itu. Dalam keadaan lain, Gaddafi meneruskan undang-undang tanpa sokongan GPC, seperti ketika dia ingin membenarkan perempuan masuk ke angkatan bersenjata. Gaddafi mengisytiharkan bahawa Kongres Rakyat membekalkan setiap keperluan politik Libya, menjadikan organisasi politik lain tidak perlu; semua kumpulan yang tidak dibenarkan, termasuk parti politik, persatuan profesional, kesatuan sekerja bebas dan kumpulan wanita, dilarang. <> Apakah GPC dituduh berpaling kepada Gaddafi? || setem getah <> Dasar apakah Gaddafi mencadangkan bahawa GPC bertentangan? || sekolah rendah dihapuskan <> Apa jenis pendidikan yang Gaddafi suka ke sekolah rendah? || home schooling> Apa dasar yang dimulakan oleh Gaddafi tanpa sokongan dari GPC? || membenarkan wanita masuk ke angkatan bersenjata", {"context": "Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained \"a rubber stamp\" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "a rubber stamp"}], "question": "What was the GPC accused of being vis-\u00e0-vis Gaddafi?", "id": "57317f53a5e9cc1400cdbfd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "primary schools to be abolished"}], "question": "What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against?", "id": "57317f53a5e9cc1400cdbfd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "home schooling"}], "question": "What type of education did Gaddafi prefer to primary schools?", "id": "57317f53a5e9cc1400cdbfd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "allow women into the armed forces"}], "question": "What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC?", "id": "57317f53a5e9cc1400cdbfd6"}]}], ["Libya mula beralih kepada sosialisme. Pada bulan Mac 1978, kerajaan mengeluarkan garis panduan untuk pengagihan semula perumahan, cuba memastikan penduduk yang setiap orang dewasa Libya memiliki rumah sendiri dan tiada siapa yang telah diperbudak untuk membayar sewa mereka. Kebanyakan keluarga dilarang memiliki lebih dari satu rumah, sementara bekas harta sewa disita dan dijual kepada penyewa dengan harga bersubsidi. Pada bulan September, Gaddafi menyeru Jawatankuasa Rakyat untuk menghapuskan \"birokrasi sektor awam\" dan \"pemerintahan diktator sektor swasta\"; Jawatankuasa Rakyat menguasai beberapa ratus syarikat, mengubahnya menjadi koperasi pekerja yang dijalankan oleh wakil rakyat. <> Pada bulan September 1978, apakah birokrasi yang dilakukan oleh Gaddafi terhadapnya? || sektor awam <> Apa \"kediktatoran\" melakukan serangan Gaddafi pada September 1978? || sektor swasta <> Selepas Komiti Rakyat merampas syarikat, apakah yang mereka lakukan? || koperasi pekerja <> Berapa banyak syarikat diambil alih oleh Jawatankuasa Rakyat? || beberapa ratus", {"context": "Libya began to turn towards socialism. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure the population that every adult Libyan owned his own home and that nobody was enslaved to paying their rent. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former rental properties were seized and sold to the tenants at a heavily subsidized price. In September, Gaddafi called for the People's Committees to eliminate the \"bureaucracy of the public sector\" and the \"dictatorship of the private sector\"; the People's Committees took control of several hundred companies, converting them into worker cooperatives run by elected representatives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "public sector"}], "question": "In September of 1978, what bureaucracy did Gaddafi speak out against?", "id": "57318193497a881900248f99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "private sector"}], "question": "What \"dictatorship\" did Gaddafi attack in September of 1978?", "id": "57318193497a881900248f9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "worker cooperatives"}], "question": "After People's Committees expropriated companies, what did they turn them into?", "id": "57318193497a881900248f9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "several hundred"}], "question": "How many companies were taken over by People's Committees?", "id": "57318193497a881900248f9c"}]}], ["Pada 2 Mac 1977, Kongres Rakyat Am menerima \"Pengisytiharan Penubuhan Pihak Berkuasa Rakyat\" atas perintah Gaddafi. Membubarkan Republik Arab Libya, ia digantikan oleh Jamahiriya Arab Libya Besar Sosialis Rakyat (Arab: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629, al-Jam\u0101r\u012br\u012byah al-'Arab\u012byah al-L\u012bb\u012byah ash-Sha'b\u012byah al-Ishtir\u0101k\u012byah), sebuah \"negara orang ramai \"yang dikonsepkan oleh Gaddafi. Secara rasmi, Jamahiriya adalah demokrasi langsung di mana rakyat memerintah sendiri melalui 187 Kongres Rakyat Asas, di mana semua warga Libya dewasa mengambil bahagian dan mengundi pada keputusan nasional. Ini kemudian menghantar ahli ke Kongres Rakyat Umum tahunan, yang disiarkan secara langsung di televisyen. Pada dasarnya, Kongres Rakyat adalah otoritas tertinggi Libya, dengan keputusan utama yang diajukan oleh pejabat pemerintah atau dengan Gaddafi sendiri yang memerlukan persetujuan Kongres Rakyat. <> Apakah nama negeri yang ditubuhkan di Libya pada 2 Mac 1977? || Orang-orang Sosialis Besar Jamahiriya Arab <> Berapa banyak Kongres Rakyat Asas wujud di Jamahiriya? || 187 <> Tubuh apa yang telah dipilih oleh anggota Kongres Rakyat Asas? || Kongres Rakyat Am <> Apakah nama rasmi Libya sebelum penubuhan Jamahiriya? || Republik Libya <> Berapa kerapkah Kongres Rakyat Am berlaku? || tahunan", {"context": "On 2 March 1977 the General People's Congress adopted the \"Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority\" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u200e, al-Jam\u0101h\u012br\u012byah al-\u2018Arab\u012byah al-L\u012bb\u012byah ash-Sha\u2018b\u012byah al-Ishtir\u0101k\u012byah), a \"state of the masses\" conceptualized by Gaddafi. Officially, the Jamahiriya was a direct democracy in which the people ruled themselves through the 187 Basic People's Congresses, where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya"}], "question": "What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2, 1977?", "id": "57317eb2e6313a140071cfc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "187"}], "question": "How many Basic People's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya?", "id": "57317eb2e6313a140071cfc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "General People's Congress"}], "question": "What body did the members elected by the Basic People's Congresses attend?", "id": "57317eb2e6313a140071cfc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Libyan Arab Republic"}], "question": "What was the official name of Libya prior to the establishment of the Jamahiriya?", "id": "57317eb2e6313a140071cfc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "annual"}], "question": "How often did the General People's Congress occur?", "id": "57317eb2e6313a140071cfc3"}]}], ["Gaddafi kemudiannya marah apabila Mesir dan Syria merancang Perang Yom Kippur melawan Israel tanpa berunding dengannya, dan marah apabila Mesir mengakui perbincangan damai dan bukannya meneruskan perang. Gaddafi menjadi bermusuhan dengan pemimpin Mesir, menyeru penggulingan Sadat, dan ketika Presiden Sudan, Gaafar Nimeiry mengambil sisi Sadat, Gaddafi pada tahun 1975 menaja Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat Sudan untuk menggulingkan Nimeiry. Memfokuskan perhatiannya di tempat lain di Afrika, pada akhir 1972 dan awal 1973, Libya menyerang Chad untuk mengadopsi Strip Aouzou yang kaya uranium. Menawarkan insentif kewangan, beliau berjaya meyakinkan 8 negara Afrika untuk memecah hubungan diplomatik dengan Israel pada tahun 1973. Niat untuk menyebarkan Islam, pada 1973 Gaddafi mengasaskan Persatuan Panggilan Islam yang telah membuka 132 pusat di seluruh Afrika dalam satu dekad. Pada tahun 1973, beliau memeluk Presiden Gabon Omar Bongo, satu tindakan yang dia berulang tiga tahun kemudian dengan Jean-B\u00e9del Bokassa, presiden Republik Afrika Tengah. <> Siapakah yang bersekutu dengan Mesir semasa Perang Yom Kippur? || Syria <> Siapa presiden Sudan pada tahun 1975? || Gaafar Nimeiry <> Apa kumpulan revolusioner yang cuba menggulingkan presiden Sudan? || Tentera Pembebasan Rakyat Sudan <> Sebelum pencerobohan Libya, negara apakah yang merupakan bahagian Aouzou Strip? || Chad <> Unsur apa yang dilakukan oleh Aouzou Strip? || uranium", {"context": "Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the Yom Kippur War against Israel without consulting him, and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war. Gaddafi become openly hostile to Egypt's leader, calling for Sadat's overthrow, and when Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry took Sadat's side, Gaddafi by 1975 sponsored the Sudan People's Liberation Army to overthrow Nimeiry. Focusing his attention elsewhere in Africa, in late 1972 and early 1973, Libya invaded Chad to annex the uranium-rich Aouzou Strip. Offering financial incentives, he successfully convinced 8 African states to break off diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973. Intent on propagating Islam, in 1973 Gaddafi founded the Islamic Call Society, which had opened 132 centres across Africa within a decade. In 1973 he converted Gabonese President Omar Bongo, an action which he repeated three years later with Jean-B\u00e9del Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Syria"}], "question": "Who was allied with Egypt during the Yom Kippur War?", "id": "57317d77e6313a140071cfac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Gaafar Nimeiry"}], "question": "Who was the president of Sudan in 1975?", "id": "57317d77e6313a140071cfad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Sudan People's Liberation Army"}], "question": "What revolutionary group sought to overthrow the president of Sudan?", "id": "57317d77e6313a140071cfae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "Chad"}], "question": "Prior to the Libyan invasion, what country was the Aouzou Strip a part of?", "id": "57317d77e6313a140071cfaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "uranium"}], "question": "What element did the Aouzou Strip possess a great deal of?", "id": "57317d77e6313a140071cfb0"}]}], ["Gaddafi merumuskan Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga dalam tiga jilid pendek yang diterbitkan antara 1975 dan 1979, secara kolektif dikenali sebagai The Green Book. Volume satu dikhaskan untuk isu demokrasi, menggariskan kelemahan sistem perwakilan yang menyokong GPC secara langsung dan partisipatif. Yang kedua berurusan dengan kepercayaan Gaddafi tentang sosialisme, sementara yang ketiga mengeksplorasi isu-isu sosial mengenai keluarga dan suku. Walaupun dua jilid pertama menyokong pembaharuan radikal, yang ketiga mengadopsi sikap konservatif sosial, menyatakan bahawa walaupun lelaki dan wanita sama, mereka direka secara biologi untuk peranan yang berbeza dalam kehidupan. Selama bertahun-tahun yang lalu, Gaddafists menggunakan sebutan dari The Green Book, seperti \"Representation is Fraud\", sebagai slogan. Sementara itu, pada September 1975, Gaddafi melaksanakan langkah-langkah selanjutnya untuk meningkatkan mobilisasi yang popular, memperkenalkan objektif untuk meningkatkan hubungan antara Majlis dan ASU. <> Kerja bertulis Gaddafi pada Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga terdiri dari berapa banyak jilid? || tiga <> Bilakah jumlah terakhir karya Gaddafi pada Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga diterbitkan? || 1979 <> Apakah tajuk yang diberikan kepada tulisan-tulisan Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga Gaddafi? || Buku Hijau <> Berapakah jumlah Buku Hijau yang dibahas demokrasi? || satu <> Apa falsafah politik dibincangkan dalam jilid kedua The Green Book? || sosialisme", {"context": "Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as The Green Book. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs regarding socialism, while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe. While the first two volumes advocated radical reform, the third adopted a socially conservative stance, proclaiming that while men and women were equal, they were biologically designed for different roles in life. During the years that followed, Gaddafists adopted quotes from The Green Book, such as \"Representation is Fraud\", as slogans. Meanwhile, in September 1975, Gaddafi implemented further measures to increase popular mobilization, introducing objectives to improve the relationship between the Councils and the ASU.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "three"}], "question": "Gaddafi's written work on Third International Theory consisted of how many volumes?", "id": "57317bc6e6313a140071cf98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "1979"}], "question": "When was the last volume of Gaddafi's work on Third International Theory published?", "id": "57317bc6e6313a140071cf99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "The Green Book"}], "question": "What was the title given to Gaddafi's Third International Theory writings?", "id": "57317bc6e6313a140071cf9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "one"}], "question": "What volume of The Green Book discussed democracy?", "id": "57317bc6e6313a140071cf9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "socialism"}], "question": "What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book?", "id": "57317bc6e6313a140071cf9c"}]}], ["Pada bulan September 1975, Gaddafi membersihkan tentera, menangkap kira-kira 200 orang pegawai kanan, dan pada bulan Oktober dia mengasaskan pejabat klandestin untuk Keselamatan Revolusi. Pada tahun 1976, demonstrasi pelajar tercetus di Tripoli dan Benghazi, dan diserang oleh pelajar polis dan Gaddafis. RCC bertindak balas dengan penangkapan besar-besaran, dan memperkenalkan perkhidmatan negara wajib untuk golongan muda. Dissent juga timbul dari ulama konservatif dan Ikhwanul Muslimin, yang dianiaya sebagai anti-revolusioner. Pada bulan Januari 1977, dua pelajar yang berbeza dan beberapa pegawai tentera digantung secara terbuka; Amnesty International mengutuknya sebagai kali pertama dalam Gaddafist Libya bahawa orang-orang yang bertentangan telah dilaksanakan untuk jenayah semata-mata politik. <> Pada tahun berapa adalah Pejabat untuk Keamanan Revolusi diasaskan? || 1975 <> Pada tahun apakah protes pelajar berlaku di Benghazi? || 1976 <> Berapa ramai pegawai kanan yang dikeluarkan dari tentera pada tahun 1975? || 200 <> Berapa ramai pelajar yang telah disempurnakan pada bulan Januari 1977? || dua <> Siapa yang mengkritik pelaksanaan politik pelajar dan pegawai tentera yang berlaku pada Januari 1977? || pengampunan antarabangsa", {"context": "In September 1975, Gaddafi purged the army, arresting around 200 senior officers, and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution. In 1976, student demonstrations broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, and were attacked by police and Gaddafist students. The RCC responded with mass arrests, and introduced compulsory national service for young people. Dissent also arose from conservative clerics and the Muslim Brotherhood, who were persecuted as anti-revolutionary. In January 1977, two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged; Amnesty International condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "1975"}], "question": "In what year was the Office for the Security of the Revolution founded?", "id": "57317c2b497a881900248f7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "1976"}], "question": "In what year did student protests occur in Benghazi?", "id": "57317c2b497a881900248f7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "200"}], "question": "How many senior officers were expelled fro the army in 1975?", "id": "57317c2b497a881900248f7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many students were executed in January of 1977?", "id": "57317c2b497a881900248f7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Amnesty International"}], "question": "Who criticized the political execution of students and military officers that occurred in January 1977?", "id": "57317c2b497a881900248f7f"}]}], ["Gaddafi berusaha untuk mengembangkan hubungan rapat di Maghreb; pada Januari 1974 Libya dan Tunisia mengumumkan kesatuan politik, Republik Islam Arab. Walaupun disokong oleh Gaddafi dan Presiden Tunisia Habib Bourguiba, langkah itu sangat tidak disenangi di Tunisia dan tidak lama lagi ditinggalkan. Retaliasi, Gaddafi yang menaja militan anti-kerajaan di Tunisia ke tahun 1980-an. Mengalih perhatiannya ke Algeria, pada 1975 Libya menandatangani perjanjian pertahanan Hassi Messaoud yang didakwa melawan \"ekspansi Maghribi\", juga membiayai Front Polisario Sahara Barat dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan mereka terhadap Maghribi. Mencari kepelbagaian ekonomi Libya, kerajaan Gaddafi mula membeli saham di syarikat-syarikat utama Eropah seperti Fiat serta membeli hartanah di Malta dan Itali, yang akan menjadi sumber pendapatan yang berharga semasa kemerosotan minyak tahun 1980-an. <> Apa negara membentuk kesatuan politik dengan Libya pada tahun 1974? || Tunisia <> Apa nama kesatuan politik abortif antara Tunisia dan Libya pada tahun 1974? || Republik Arab Arab <> Siapa presiden Tunisia pada tahun 1974? || Habib Bourguiba <> Dengan negara apakah Libya menyimpulkan perjanjian pertahanan Hassi Messaoud? || Algeria <> Terhadap apa yang kerajaan ditangani oleh Hassi Messaoud? || Maghribi", {"context": "Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the Maghreb; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union, the Arab Islamic Republic. Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba, the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia and soon abandoned. Retaliating, Gaddafi sponsored anti-government militants in Tunisia into the 1980s. Turning his attention to Algeria, in 1975 Libya signed the Hassi Messaoud defence agreement allegedly to counter \"Moroccan expansionism\", also funding the Polisario Front of Western Sahara in their independence struggle against Morocco. Seeking to diversify Libya's economy, Gaddafi's government began purchasing shares in major European corporations like Fiat as well as buying real estate in Malta and Italy, which would become a valuable source of income during the 1980s oil slump.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Tunisia"}], "question": "What country formed a political union with Libya in 1974?", "id": "57317e0505b4da19006bd1e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Arab Islamic Republic"}], "question": "What was the name of the abortive political union between Tunisia and Libya in 1974?", "id": "57317e0505b4da19006bd1e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Habib Bourguiba"}], "question": "Who was the president of Tunisia in 1974?", "id": "57317e0505b4da19006bd1ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Algeria"}], "question": "With what country did Libya conclude the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement?", "id": "57317e0505b4da19006bd1eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Moroccan"}], "question": "Against what government was the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement directed against?", "id": "57317e0505b4da19006bd1ec"}]}], ["Dengan institusi undang-undang terdahulu dimansuhkan, Gaddafi membayangkan Jamahiriya sebagai mengikuti al-Quran untuk bimbingan undang-undang, mengadopsi undang-undang syariah; dia mengisytiharkan \"buatan manusia\" undang-undang yang tidak wajar dan diktator, hanya membenarkan undang-undang Allah. Dalam masa setahun, beliau telah mengundurkan diri, mengumumkan bahawa syariah tidak sesuai untuk Jamahiriya kerana ia menjamin perlindungan harta peribadi, yang melanggar sosialisme Green Book. Penekanannya meletakkan kerja sendiri setanding dengan Al-Qur'an yang diketuai oleh ulama konservatif untuk menuduhnya syirik, melanjutkan penentangan mereka terhadap rejimnya. Pada bulan Julai, perang sempadan meletus dengan Mesir, di mana rakyat Mesir mengalahkan Libya walaupun rendah diri teknologi mereka. Konflik berlangsung satu minggu sebelum kedua-dua pihak bersetuju untuk menandatangani perjanjian damai yang dibebani oleh beberapa negara Arab. Pada tahun itu, Gaddafi telah dijemput ke Moscow oleh kerajaan Soviet sebagai pengiktirafan hubungan perdagangan mereka yang semakin meningkat. <> Buku apa yang dilihat oleh Jamahiriya untuk mendapat nasihat undang-undang? || Al-Qur'an <> Apa prinsip syariat yang dilakukan oleh Gaddafi tidak bersesuaian dengan sosialisme? || perlindungan harta swasta <> Hubungan apa yang menyebabkan Soviet mengundang Gaddafi ke Moscow? || perdagangan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh ulama-ulama Muslim konservatif terhadap Gaddafi? || syirik <> Yang memenangi perang sempadan dengan Libya? || Mesir", {"context": "With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the Qur'an for legal guidance, adopting sharia law; he proclaimed \"man-made\" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting Allah's law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening The Green Book's socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of shirk, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July, a border war broke out with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. That year, Gaddafi was invited to Moscow by the Soviet government in recognition of their increasing commercial relationship.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Qur'an"}], "question": "What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice?", "id": "57317ff2a5e9cc1400cdbfdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "protection of private property"}], "question": "What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism?", "id": "57317ff2a5e9cc1400cdbfdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 921, "text": "commercial"}], "question": "What relationship led the Soviets to invite Gaddafi to Moscow?", "id": "57317ff2a5e9cc1400cdbfdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "shirk"}], "question": "What did conservative Muslim clerics accuse Gaddafi of?", "id": "57317ff2a5e9cc1400cdbfde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "Egypt"}], "question": "Who won a border war with Libya?", "id": "57317ff2a5e9cc1400cdbfdf"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1979, jawatankuasa tersebut memulakan pengagihan semula tanah di dataran Jefara, meneruskan melalui 1981. Pada bulan Mei 1980, langkah untuk mengagihkan semula dan menyamakan kekayaan dilaksanakan; sesiapa yang mempunyai lebih daripada 1000 dinar dalam akaun banknya melihat bahawa wang tambahan telah dirampas. Pada tahun berikutnya, GPC mengumumkan bahawa kerajaan akan mengawal semua fungsi import, eksport dan pengedaran, dengan pasaraya negara menggantikan perniagaan milik persendirian; ini membawa kepada kemerosotan ketersediaan barangan pengguna dan perkembangan pasaran hitam yang berkembang pesat. <> Di manakah pengagihan semula tanah bermula pada tahun 1979? || Jefara plain <> Bilakah berakhirnya pengagihan tanah tanah Jefara? || 1981 <> Apa jumlah wang maksimum yang boleh diperoleh seseorang dalam akaun bank mereka tanpa mengeluarkannya pada tahun 1980? || 1000 dinar <> Apa yang mengambil tempat perniagaan swasta pada tahun 1981? || pasar raya negeri <> Sebagai hasil daripada undang-undang 1981 yang meletakkan kerajaan dalam mengawal perdagangan, apa yang mula berkembang? || pasaran gelap", {"context": "In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain, continuing through 1981. In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000 dinar in his bank account saw that extra money expropriated. The following year, the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import, export and distribution functions, with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer goods and the development of a thriving black market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Jefara plain"}], "question": "Where did land redistribution begin in 1979?", "id": "5731826ca5e9cc1400cdbff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "1981"}], "question": "When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end?", "id": "5731826ca5e9cc1400cdbffa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "1000 dinar"}], "question": "What was the maximum amount of money a person could have in their bank account without having it expropriated in 1980?", "id": "5731826ca5e9cc1400cdbffb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "state supermarkets"}], "question": "What took the place of private businesses in 1981?", "id": "5731826ca5e9cc1400cdbffd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "black market"}], "question": "As a result of the 1981 laws putting the government in control of commerce, what began to thrive?", "id": "5731826ca5e9cc1400cdbffc"}]}], ["Selepas serangan A.S. tahun 1986, tentera telah dibersihkan dari elemen yang tidak dipersoalkan, dan pada tahun 1988, Gaddafi mengumumkan penciptaan sebuah milisi yang popular untuk menggantikan tentera dan polis. Pada tahun 1987, Libya memulakan pengeluaran gas mustard di sebuah kemudahan di Rabta, walaupun secara terbuka menafikannya adalah menumpuk senjata kimia, dan tidak berjaya mencuba mengembangkan senjata nuklear. Tempoh itu juga menyaksikan pertumbuhan pembangkang Islam dalam negeri, dirumuskan menjadi kumpulan seperti Ikhwanul Muslimin dan Kumpulan Perjuangan Islam Libya. Beberapa percubaan pembunuhan terhadap Gaddafi telah digagalkan, dan pada gilirannya, 1989 menyaksikan pasukan keselamatan menyerang masjid yang dipercayai sebagai pusat pemberontakan balas revolusioner. Pada bulan Oktober 1993, unsur-unsur tentera yang semakin terpinggir memulakan rampasan gagal di Misrata, sementara pada bulan September 1995, umat Islam melancarkan pemberontakan di Benghazi, dan pada bulan Julai 1996 rusuhan bola sepak anti-Gaddafi berlaku di Tripoli. Jawatankuasa Revolusi mengalami kebangkitan semula untuk memerangi golongan Islam ini. <> Badan-badan apa yang dimaksudkan untuk digantikan oleh milisi popular yang dibuat pada tahun 1988? || tentera dan polis <> Di manakah Libya mengeluarkan gas sawi? || Rabta <> Apa senjata kimia yang dilakukan Libya bermula pada tahun 1987? || gas mustard <> Di manakah rampasan abortif berlaku pada tahun 1993? || Misrata <> Di manakah pemberontakan Islam berlaku pada tahun 1995? || Benghazi", {"context": "In the aftermath of the 1986 U.S. attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements, and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police. In 1987, Libya began production of mustard gas at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denying it was stockpiling chemical weapons, and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons. The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group. A number of assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching. In October 1993, elements of the increasingly marginalised army initiated a failed coup in Misrata, while in September 1995, Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi, and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli. The Revolutionary Committees experienced a resurgence to combat these Islamists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "army and police"}], "question": "What bodies were intended to be replaced by the popular militia created in 1988?", "id": "5731860d05b4da19006bd22c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Rabta"}], "question": "Where did Libya manufacture mustard gas?", "id": "5731860d05b4da19006bd22e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "mustard gas"}], "question": "What chemical weapon did Libya start making in 1987?", "id": "5731860d05b4da19006bd22d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "Misrata"}], "question": "Where did an abortive coup occur in 1993?", "id": "5731860d05b4da19006bd22f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 873, "text": "Benghazi"}], "question": "Where did a Muslim insurgency take place in 1995?", "id": "5731860d05b4da19006bd230"}]}], ["Arah radikal Jamahiriya memperoleh kerajaan banyak musuh. Pada bulan Februari 1978, Gaddafi mendapati bahawa ketua perisikan tentera telah merancang untuk membunuhnya, dan mula semakin mengamankan keselamatan kepada suku Qaddadfanya. Ramai yang melihat kekayaan dan harta mereka dirampas bertukar menjadi pentadbiran, dan beberapa kumpulan pembangkang yang dibina barat didirikan oleh orang buangan. Yang paling menonjol adalah Front Nasional untuk Keselamatan Libya (NFSL), yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1981 oleh Mohammed Magariaf, yang mengatur serangan militan terhadap kerajaan Libya, sementara yang lain, al-Borkan, telah membunuh diplomat Libya di luar negeri. Berikutan arahan Gaddafi untuk membunuh \"anjing-anjing liar\" ini, di bawah kepimpinan Kolonel Younis Bilgasim, Jawatankuasa Revolusi menubuhkan cawangan di luar negara untuk menekan aktiviti balas revolusioner, membunuh pelbagai pembangkang. Walaupun negara-negara berdekatan seperti Syria juga menggunakan skuad yang melanda, Gaddafi tidak biasa secara umum membual tentang penggunaan pentadbirannya; pada bulan Jun 1980, beliau mengarahkan semua penentang pulang ke rumah atau \"dilikuidasi di mana sahaja anda berada.\" <> Apa suku kaum Gaddafi milik? || Qaddadfa <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh pegawai kerajaan Libya untuk membunuh Gaddafi pada tahun 1978? || Ketua perisikan tentera <> Pada tahun 1981, apa kumpulan pembangkang Libya didirikan? || Front Nasional untuk Keselamatan Libya <> Siapa yang mengasaskan NFSL? || Mohammed Magariaf <> Apa kumpulan yang membunuh diplomat Libya? || al-Borkan,", {"context": "The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him, and began to increasingly entrust security to his Qaddadfa tribe. Many who had seen their wealth and property confiscated turned against the administration, and a number of western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf, which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government, while another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad. Following Gaddafi's command to kill these \"stray dogs\", under Colonel Younis Bilgasim's leadership, the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating various dissidents. Although nearby nations like Syria also used hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his administration's use of them; in June 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home or be \"liquidated wherever you are.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Qaddadfa"}], "question": "What tribe did Gaddafi belong to?", "id": "573182e9e6313a140071cfee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "head of military intelligence"}], "question": "What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978?", "id": "573182e9e6313a140071cfef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "National Front for the Salvation of Libya"}], "question": "In 1981, what Libyan opposition group was founded?", "id": "573182e9e6313a140071cff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Mohammed Magariaf"}], "question": "Who founded the NFSL?", "id": "573182e9e6313a140071cff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "al-Borkan,"}], "question": "What group notably murdered Libyan diplomats?", "id": "573182e9e6313a140071cff2"}]}], ["Selepas A.S. menuduh Libya mengaturkan pengeboman diskotik Berlin pada 1986, di mana dua tentera Amerika meninggal, Reagan memutuskan untuk membalas tentera. Agensi Intelijen Pusat adalah kritikan terhadap langkah itu, mempercayai bahawa Syria adalah ancaman yang lebih besar dan serangan akan memperkuat reputasi Gaddafi; bagaimanapun Libya diiktiraf sebagai \"sasaran yang lembut.\" Reagan disokong oleh U.K. tetapi ditentang oleh sekutu Eropah lain, yang berpendapat bahawa ia akan bertentangan dengan undang-undang antarabangsa. Dalam Operasi El Dorado Canyon, yang dirancang pada 15 April 1986, pesawat tentera A.S. melancarkan serangkaian serangan udara ke Libya, pengeboman pemasangan ketenteraan di pelbagai bahagian negara, membunuh sekitar 100 orang Libya, termasuk beberapa orang awam. Salah satu sasarannya ialah rumah Gaddafi. Dia sendiri tidak terluka, dua anak lelaki Gaddafi cedera, dan dia mendakwa anak angkatnya yang berusia empat tahun Hanna terbunuh, meskipun kewujudannya telah dipertanyakan. Selepas itu, Gaddafi berundur ke padang pasir untuk bermeditasi, sementara terdapat pertikaian antara Gaddafis dan pegawai tentera yang mahu menggulingkan kerajaan. Walaupun A.S. dikutuk di peringkat antarabangsa, Reagan menerima rangsangan populariti di rumah. Secara umum menyamar sebagai imperialisme A.S., reputasi Gaddafi sebagai anti-imperialis telah diperkuatkan di dalam negara dan seluruh dunia Arab, dan pada bulan Jun 1986, beliau mengarahkan nama-nama bulan itu diubah di Libya. <> Berapa banyak orang Libya mati dalam Operasi El Dorado Canyon? || 100 <> Apa serangan pengganas yang AS mendakwa menyokong Libya? || 1986 Berlin pengeboman diskotik <> Berapa banyak rakyat Amerika meninggal dunia dalam pengeboman disko Berlin tahun 1986? || dua <> Apa nama gadis Gaddafi yang mungkin tidak ada? || Hanna <> Negara mana yang dikatakan CIA percaya Reagan harus menyerang bukannya Libya? || Syria", {"context": "After the U.S. accused Libya of orchestrating the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing, in which two American soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate militarily. The Central Intelligence Agency were critical of the move, believing that Syria were a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however Libya was recognised as a \"soft target.\" Reagan was supported by the U.K. but opposed by other European allies, who argued that it would contravene international law. In Operation El Dorado Canyon, orchestrated on 15 April 1986, U.S. military planes launched a series of air-strikes on Libya, bombing military installations in various parts of the country, killing around 100 Libyans, including several civilians. One of the targets had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed that his four-year-old adopted daughter Hanna was killed, although her existence has since been questioned.  In the immediate aftermath, Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate, while there were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government. Although the U.S. was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at home. Publicly lambasting U.S. imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened both domestically and across the Arab world, and in June 1986, he ordered the names of the month to be changed in Libya.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "100"}], "question": "About how many Libyans died in Operation El Dorado Canyon?", "id": "57318515a5e9cc1400cdc015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "1986 Berlin discotheque bombing"}], "question": "What terrorist attack did the United States claim Libya supported?", "id": "57318515a5e9cc1400cdc016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many Americans died in the Berlin disco bombing of 1986?", "id": "57318515a5e9cc1400cdc017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "Hanna"}], "question": "What was the name of Gaddafi's daughter who may not have existed?", "id": "57318515a5e9cc1400cdc019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Syria"}], "question": "What country did the CIA believe Reagan should attack instead of Libya?", "id": "57318515a5e9cc1400cdc018"}]}], ["Pada 2 Mac 1979, GPC mengumumkan pemisahan kerajaan dan revolusi, yang diwakili oleh Jawatankuasa Revolusi baru, yang beroperasi selari dengan Jawatankuasa Rakyat di sekolah, universiti, kesatuan, pasukan polis dan tentera. Didominasi oleh zealot revolusioner, Jawatankuasa Revolusi dipimpin oleh Mohammad Maghgoub dan Pejabat Penyelaras Pusat, dan bertemu dengan Gaddafi setiap tahun. Menerbitkan majalah mingguan The Green March (al-Zahf al-Akhdar), pada bulan Oktober 1980 mereka mengendalikan akhbar. Bertanggungjawab untuk mengekalkan semangat revolusioner, mereka melakukan pengawasan ideologi, kemudian mengamalkan peranan keselamatan yang signifikan, membuat penangkapan dan menempatkan orang-orang di pengadilan sesuai dengan \"hukum revolusi\" (qanun al-thawra). Tanpa kod undang-undang atau perlindungan, pentadbiran keadilan revolusioner sebahagian besarnya sewenang-wenang dan mengakibatkan pelanggaran yang meluas dan penindasan kebebasan sivil: \"Keganasan Hijau.\" <> Pada tarikh apa GPC memisahkan revolusi daripada kerajaan? || 2 Mac 1979, <> Siapa pemimpin Jawatankuasa Revolusi? || Mohammad Maghgoub <> Apakah nama Inggeris majalah yang diterbitkan oleh Jawatankuasa Revolusi? || The Green March <> Berapa seringkah al-Zahf al-Akhdar diterbitkan? || mingguan <> Badan apa yang mewakili revolusi selepas pemisahan kerajaan dan revolusi? || Jawatankuasa Revolusi", {"context": "On 2 March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated in tandem with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force and the military. Dominated by revolutionary zealots, the Revolutionary Committees were led by Mohammad Maghgoub and a Central Coordinating Office, and met with Gaddafi annually. Publishing a weekly magazine The Green March (al-Zahf al-Akhdar), in October 1980 they took control of the press. Responsible for perpetuating revolutionary fervour, they performed ideological surveillance, later adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the \"law of the revolution\" (qanun al-thawra). With no legal code or safeguards, the administration of revolutionary justice was largely arbitrary and resulted in widespread abuses and the suppression of civil liberties: the \"Green Terror.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2 March 1979,"}], "question": "On what date did the GPC separate the revolution from the government?", "id": "573181fd05b4da19006bd1fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Mohammad Maghgoub"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Revolutionary Committees?", "id": "573181fd05b4da19006bd1fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "The Green March"}], "question": "What was the English name of the magazine published by the Revolutionary Committees?", "id": "573181fd05b4da19006bd1fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "weekly"}], "question": "How often was al-Zahf al-Akhdar published?", "id": "573181fd05b4da19006bd1ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Revolutionary Committees"}], "question": "What bodies represented the revolution after the separation of government and revolution?", "id": "573181fd05b4da19006bd200"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1981, Presiden Amerika Syarikat yang baru Ronald Reagan mengejar pendekatan garis keras ke Libya, dengan keliru menganggapnya sebagai rejim boneka Kesatuan Soviet. Sebaliknya, Gaddafi memainkan hubungan komersialnya dengan Soviets, melawat Moscow sekali lagi pada bulan April 1981 dan 1985, dan mengancam untuk bergabung dengan Pakta Warsaw. Namun, Soviet telah berhati-hati terhadap Gaddafi, melihatnya sebagai pelampau yang tidak menentu. Bermula latihan ketenteraan di Teluk Sirte - kawasan laut yang dikatakan Libya sebagai sebahagian daripada perairan wilayahnya - pada bulan Ogos 1981 A.S. menembak jatuh dua pesawat Su-22 Libya yang memantau mereka. Menutup kedutaan Libya di Washington, D.C., Reagan menasihatkan syarikat A.S. yang beroperasi di negara ini untuk mengurangkan jumlah anggota Amerika yang ditempatkan di sana. Pada bulan Mac 1982, A.S. telah melaksanakan suatu embargo minyak Libya, dan pada bulan Januari 1986 mengarahkan semua syarikat A.S. untuk berhenti beroperasi di negara ini, walaupun beberapa ratus pekerja tetap. Hubungan diplomatik juga merosot dengan Inggeris, selepas diplomat Libya dituduh dalam kematian menembak Yvonne Fletcher, seorang pegawai polis British ditempatkan di luar kedutaan London mereka, pada bulan April 1984. Pada Spring 1986, Angkatan Laut AS sekali lagi mula melakukan latihan di Teluk Sirte; tentera Libya membalas, tetapi gagal kerana A.S. telah menyelamatkan beberapa kapal Libya. <> Dalam berapa tahun Gaddafi melawat Kesatuan Soviet? || 1981 dan 1985 <> Apa yang Reagan salah percaya Libya? || rejim boneka Uni Soviet <> Sebagai akibat permusuhan Amerika, apa perikatan tentera yang Libya mengatakan ia akan bergabung? || Pesawat Warsaw <> Apa pesawat Libya ditembak oleh Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1981? || Su-22 <> Apa pekerjaan Yvonne Fletcher? || polis wanita", {"context": "In 1981, the new US President Ronald Reagan pursued a hard line approach to Libya, erroneously considering it a puppet regime of the Soviet Union. In turn, Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets, visiting Moscow again in April 1981 and 1985, and threatening to join the Warsaw Pact. The Soviets were nevertheless cautious of Gaddafi, seeing him as an unpredictable extremist. Beginning military exercises in the Gulf of Sirte \u2013 an area of sea that Libya claimed as a part of its territorial waters \u2013 in August 1981 the U.S. shot down two Libyan Su-22 planes monitoring them. Closing down Libya's embassy in Washington, D.C., Reagan advised U.S. companies operating in the country to reduce the number of American personnel stationed there. In March 1982, the U.S. implemented an embargo of Libyan oil, and in January 1986 ordered all U.S. companies to cease operating in the country, although several hundred workers remained. Diplomatic relations also broke down with the U.K., after Libyan diplomats were accused in the shooting death of Yvonne Fletcher, a British policewoman stationed outside their London embassy, in April 1984. In Spring 1986, the U.S. Navy again began performing exercises in the Gulf of Sirte; the Libyan military retaliated, but failed as the U.S. sank several Libyan ships.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "1981 and 1985"}], "question": "In what years did Gaddafi visit the Soviet Union?", "id": "57318491e6313a140071d002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "a puppet regime of the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What did Reagan wrongly believe Libya to be?", "id": "57318491e6313a140071d003"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Warsaw Pact"}], "question": "As a result of American hostility, what military alliance did Libya say it would join?", "id": "57318491e6313a140071d004"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "Su-22"}], "question": "What Libyan aircraft were shot down by the United States in 1981?", "id": "57318491e6313a140071d005"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1091, "text": "policewoman"}], "question": "What was the occupation of Yvonne Fletcher?", "id": "57318491e6313a140071d006"}]}], ["Awal dan pertengahan 1980-an menyaksikan masalah ekonomi bagi Libya; dari tahun 1982 hingga 1986, pendapatan tahunan minyak negara menurun daripada $ 21 bilion kepada $ 5.4 bilion. Memfokuskan pada projek pengairan, 1983 menyaksikan pembinaan bermula pada \"Projek Binatang Gaddafi,\" Sungai Great Man Made; walaupun direka untuk disiapkan menjelang akhir dekad, ia tetap tidak lengkap pada permulaan abad ke-21. Belanjawan tentera meningkat, manakala belanjawan pentadbiran lain dipotong. Libya telah lama menyokong milisi FROLINAT di Chad jiran, dan pada bulan Disember 1980, menyerang semula Chad atas permintaan pemerintah GUNT yang dikuasai Frolinat untuk membantu dalam perang saudara; pada bulan Januari 1981, Gaddafi mencadangkan penggabungan politik. Pertubuhan Kesatuan Afrika (OAU) menolak ini, dan menyerukan penarikan balik Libya, yang berlaku pada bulan November 1981. Perang saudara kembali, dan Libya menghantar pasukan kembali, bertempur dengan pasukan Perancis yang menyokong pasukan Chadian selatan. Banyak negara Afrika telah bosan dengan dasar campur tangan Libya dalam urusan luar negeri; pada tahun 1980, sembilan negara Afrika telah memisahkan hubungan diplomatik dengan Libya, sedangkan pada tahun 1982 OAU membatalkan persidangan yang dijadualkan di Tripoli untuk menghalang Gaddafi mendapat pengerusi. Mengusulkan perpaduan politik dengan Maghribi, pada bulan Agustus 1984, raja Gaddafi dan Maghribi Hassan II menandatangani Perjanjian Oujda, membentuk Kesatuan Arab-Afrika; kesatuan itu dianggap mengejutkan kerana perbezaan politik yang kuat dan permusuhan lama yang wujud antara kedua-dua kerajaan. Perhubungan tetap tegang, terutamanya disebabkan hubungan mesra Maghribi dengan A.S. dan Israel; pada bulan Ogos 1986, Hassan menghapuskan kesatuan itu. Ancaman Domestik terus melanda Gaddafi; pada bulan Mei 1984, rumah Bab al-Azizianya tidak berjaya diserang oleh militan NFSL-Muslim Ikhwan bersama, dan selepas pencabul 5000 orang itu ditangkap. <> Berapa banyak wang yang diperoleh Libya daripada minyak pada tahun 1986? || $ 5.4 bilion <> Apa nama lain untuk Sungai Great Man Made? || Projek Binatang Gaddafi <> Di negara apa yang dilakukan FROLINAT? || Chad <> Dalam tahun apakah tentera Libya keluar dari Chad di perintah OAU? || 1981 <> Siapa penguasa Maghribi pada tahun 1984? || Hassan II", {"context": "The early and mid-1980s saw economic trouble for Libya; from 1982 to 1986, the country's annual oil revenues dropped from $21 billion to $5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on \"Gaddafi's Pet Project\", the Great Man-Made River; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century. Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut back. Libya had long supported the FROLINAT militia in neighbouring Chad, and in December 1980, re-invaded Chad at the request of the Frolinat-controlled GUNT government to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) rejected this, and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came about in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and so Libya sent troops back in, clashing with French forces who supported the southern Chadian forces. Many African nations had tired of Libya's policies of interference in foreign affairs; by 1980, nine African states had cut off diplomatic relations with Libya, while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli in order to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship. Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch Hassan II signed the Oujda Treaty, forming the Arab-African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the strong political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two governments. Relations remained strained, particularly due to Morocco's friendly relations with the U.S. and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union. Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his Bab al-Azizia home was unsuccessfully attacked by a joint NFSL\u2013Muslim Brotherhood militia, and in the aftermath 5000 dissidents were arrested.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "$5.4 billion"}], "question": "How much money did Libya earn from oil in 1986?", "id": "573183df05b4da19006bd21a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Gaddafi's Pet Project"}], "question": "What was another name for the Great Man-Made River?", "id": "573183df05b4da19006bd21b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Chad"}], "question": "In what country did FROLINAT operate?", "id": "573183df05b4da19006bd21c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "1981"}], "question": "In what year did the Libyan military pull out of Chad at the behest of the OAU?", "id": "573183df05b4da19006bd21d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1323, "text": "Hassan II"}], "question": "Who was the ruler of Morocco in 1984?", "id": "573183df05b4da19006bd21e"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1979, A.S. meletakkan Libya pada senarai \"Penaja Negeri Terorisme\", sementara pada akhir tahun demonstrasi membakar kedutaan A.S. di Tripoli dalam perpaduan dengan pelaku serangan tebusan Iran. Pada tahun berikutnya, pejuang Libya mula memintas jet pejuang A.S. yang terbang di atas Mediterranean, menandakan keruntuhan hubungan antara kedua-dua negara. Hubungan Libya dengan Lubnan dan komuniti Shi'ite di seluruh dunia juga merosot kerana hilangnya imam Musa al-Sadr pada bulan Ogos 1978 ketika melawat Libya; orang Lebanon menuduh Gaddafi membunuh dia atau dipenjarakan, satu tuduhan yang ditolaknya. Hubungan dengan Syria bertambah baik, ketika Gaddafi dan Presiden Syria Hafez al-Assad berkongsi permusuhan dengan Israel dan Sadat Mesir. Pada tahun 1980, mereka mencadangkan kesatuan politik, dengan Libya membayar hutang \u00a3 1 bilion Syria kepada Kesatuan Soviet; walaupun tekanan menyebabkan Assad keluar, mereka tetap sekutu. Satu lagi sekutu penting ialah Uganda, dan pada tahun 1979, Gaddafi menghantar 2,500 tentera ke Uganda untuk mempertahankan rejim Presiden Idi Amin dari penceroboh Tanzania. Misi itu gagal; 400 orang Libya terbunuh dan mereka terpaksa berundur. Gaddafi kemudian menyesal dengan Amin, secara terang-terangan mengkritiknya. <> Senarai apa yang AS menambah Libya pada tahun 1979? || Penaja Negeri Terorisme <> Dalam apa bandar Libya adalah kedutaan Amerika Syarikat dibakar pada tahun 1979? || Tripoli <> Kegiatan apa yang menyebabkan pembakaran kedutaan AS di Libya? || Krisis tebusan Iran <> Berapa banyak wang yang ditanggung Syria kepada Soviet pada tahun 1980? || \u00a3 1 bilion <> Apa tentera negara mana yang menyerang Uganda pada tahun 1979? || Tanzanian", {"context": "In 1979, the U.S. placed Libya on its list of \"State Sponsors of Terrorism\", while at the end of the year a demonstration torched the U.S. embassy in Tripoli in solidarity with the perpetrators of the Iran hostage crisis. The following year, Libyan fighters began intercepting U.S. fighter jets flying over the Mediterranean, signalling the collapse of relations between the two countries. Libyan relations with Lebanon and Shi'ite communities across the world also deteriorated due to the August 1978 disappearance of imam Musa al-Sadr when visiting Libya; the Lebanese accused Gaddafi of having him killed or imprisoned, a charge he denied. Relations with Syria improved, as Gaddafi and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad shared an enmity with Israel and Egypt's Sadat. In 1980, they proposed a political union, with Libya paying off Syria's \u00a31 billion debt to the Soviet Union; although pressures led Assad to pull out, they remained allies. Another key ally was Uganda, and in 1979, Gaddafi sent 2,500 troops into Uganda to defend the regime of President Idi Amin from Tanzanian invaders. The mission failed; 400 Libyans were killed and they were forced to retreat. Gaddafi later came to regret his alliance with Amin, openly criticising him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "State Sponsors of Terrorism"}], "question": "What list did the United States add Libya to in 1979?", "id": "5731838705b4da19006bd210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Tripoli"}], "question": "In what Libyan city was the United States embassy burned in 1979?", "id": "5731838705b4da19006bd211"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Iran hostage crisis"}], "question": "What event prompted the burning of the US embassy in Libya?", "id": "5731838705b4da19006bd212"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 841, "text": "\u00a31 billion"}], "question": "How much money did Syria owe to the Soviets as of 1980?", "id": "5731838705b4da19006bd213"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1070, "text": "Tanzanian"}], "question": "What country's military was attacking Uganda in 1979?", "id": "5731838705b4da19006bd214"}]}], ["Akhir 1980-an menyaksikan satu siri meliberalisasikan pembaharuan ekonomi di Libya yang dirancang untuk menangani penurunan pendapatan minyak. Pada Mei 1987, Gaddafi mengumumkan permulaan \"Revolusi dalam Revolusi\", yang bermula dengan pembaharuan kepada industri dan pertanian dan menyaksikan pembukaan semula perniagaan kecil. Sekatan diletakkan pada aktiviti-aktiviti Jawatankuasa Revolusi; pada bulan Mac 1988, peranan mereka telah dikurangkan oleh Kementerian yang baru diwujudkan untuk Pengerahan Massa dan Kepimpinan Revolusi untuk menyekat keganasan dan peradilan mereka, sedangkan pada bulan Ogos 1988, Gaddafi mengkritik mereka secara terbuka, dengan menyatakan bahawa \"mereka menyimpang, dirugikan, disiksa\" dan \" revolusioner sejati tidak mengamalkan penindasan. \" Pada bulan Mac, beratus-ratus tahanan politik telah dibebaskan, dengan Gaddafi mendakwa bahawa tidak ada lagi tahanan politik di Libya. Pada bulan Jun, kerajaan Libya mengeluarkan Piagam Hijau Besar mengenai Hak Asasi Manusia di Era Masses, di mana 27 artikel meletakkan matlamat, hak dan jaminan untuk memperbaiki keadaan hak asasi manusia di Libya, menyekat penggunaan hukuman mati dan memanggil kerana penghapusannya. Banyak langkah yang dicadangkan dalam piagam itu akan dilaksanakan pada tahun berikutnya, walaupun yang lain masih tidak aktif. Juga pada 1989, kerajaan mengasaskan Hadiah Antarabangsa untuk Hak Asasi Manusia Al-Gaddafi, yang akan dianugerahkan kepada tokoh-tokoh dari Dunia Ketiga yang telah berjuang melawan penjajahan dan imperialisme; pemenang tahun pertama adalah aktivis anti-apartheid Afrika Selatan, Nelson Mandela. Dari 1994 hingga 1997, kerajaan memulakan jawatankuasa pembersihan untuk menghapuskan rasuah, terutamanya dalam sektor ekonomi. <> Pada tahun apakah \"Revolusi dalam Revolusi\" bermula? || 1987 <> Pada tahun apakah Kementerian Pelancaran Massal dan Kepimpinan Revolusi dibuat? || 1988 <> Berapa banyak artikel yang terkandung dalam Piagam Hijau Besar mengenai Hak Asasi Manusia di Era Para Misa? || 27 <> Yang memenangi Hadiah Antarabangsa Al-Gaddafi untuk Hak Asasi Manusia pada tahun 1989? || Nelson Mandela <> Apakah kewarganegaraan Mandela? || Afrika Selatan", {"context": "The late 1980s saw a series of liberalising economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the \"Revolution within a Revolution\", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business. Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticised them, asserting that \"they deviated, harmed, tortured\" and that \"the true revolutionary does not practise repression.\" In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya. In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the following year, although others remained inactive. Also in 1989, the government founded the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela. From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "1987"}], "question": "In what year did the \"Revolution within a Revolution\" begin?", "id": "57318587e6313a140071d016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "1988"}], "question": "In what year was the Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership created?", "id": "57318587e6313a140071d017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 963, "text": "27"}], "question": "How many articles were contained in the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses?", "id": "57318587e6313a140071d018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1524, "text": "Nelson Mandela"}], "question": "Who won the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights in 1989?", "id": "57318587e6313a140071d019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1486, "text": "South African"}], "question": "What was Mandela's nationality?", "id": "57318587e6313a140071d01a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1989, Gaddafi sangat gembira dengan asas Persatuan Maghreb Arab, yang menyatukan Libya dalam perjanjian ekonomi dengan Mauritania, Maghribi, Tunisia dan Algeria, melihatnya sebagai permulaan kesatuan Pan-Arab baru. Sementara itu, Libya meningkatkan sokongannya terhadap militan anti-barat seperti IRA Sementara, dan pada tahun 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 diletupkan ke atas Lockerbie di Scotland, membunuh 243 penumpang dan 16 anak kapal, ditambah 11 orang di lapangan. Siasatan polis British mengenal pasti dua orang Libya - Abdelbaset al-Megrahi dan Lamin Khalifah Fhimah - sebagai suspek utama, dan pada bulan November 1991 mengeluarkan perisytiharan menuntut agar Libya menyerahkannya. Apabila Gaddafi menolak, memetik Konvensyen Montreal, Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) yang menetapkan Resolusi 748 pada bulan Mac 1992, memulakan sekatan ekonomi terhadap Libya yang mempunyai kesan yang mendalam terhadap ekonomi negara. Negara ini mengalami kerugian kewangan sebanyak $ 900 juta akibatnya. Masalah selanjutnya timbul dengan barat apabila pada bulan Januari 1989, dua kapal perang Libya ditembak jatuh oleh A.S. di luar pantai Libya. Banyak negara Afrika menentang sekatan PBB, dengan Mandela mengkritik mereka dalam lawatan ke Gaddafi pada Oktober 1997, ketika dia memuji Libya atas tugasnya dalam memerangi apartheid dan menganugerahkan Gaddafi Order of Good Hope. Mereka hanya akan digantung pada tahun 1998 apabila Libya bersetuju untuk membenarkan ekstradisi suspek ke Mahkamah Scotland di Belanda, dalam proses yang diawasi oleh Mandela. <> Bersama dengan Libya, Maghribi, Tunisia dan Algeria, yang merupakan ahli pendiri Arab Maghreb Union? || Mauritania <> Bersama dengan Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, yang disyaki serangan terhadap Pan Am Flight 103? || Abdelbaset al-Megrahi <> Berapa ramai orang yang tidak di Pan Am Flight 103 terbunuh akibat kemusnahannya? || 11 <> Apa 1992 Resolusi PBB mengenakan sekatan terhadap Libya kerana penolakannya untuk menyerahkan suspek pengeboman Pan Am Flight 103? || 748 <> Apakah nilai kerugian ekonomi yang dialami oleh Libya akibat daripada Resolusi 748? || $ 900 juta", {"context": "In 1989, Gaddafi was overjoyed by the foundation of the Arab Maghreb Union, uniting Libya in an economic pact with Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, viewing it as beginnings of a new Pan-Arab union. Meanwhile, Libya stepped up its support for anti-western militants such as the Provisional IRA, and in 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Scotland, killing 243 passengers and 16 crew members, plus 11 people on the ground. British police investigations identified two Libyans \u2013 Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah \u2013 as the chief suspects, and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over. When Gaddafi refused, citing the Montreal Convention, the United Nations (UN) imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992, initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country's economy. The country suffered an estimated $900 million financial loss as a result. Further problems arose with the west when in January 1989, two Libyan warplanes were shot down by the U.S. off the Libyan coast. Many African states opposed the UN sanctions, with Mandela criticising them on a visit to Gaddafi in October 1997, when he praised Libya for its work in fighting apartheid and awarded Gaddafi the Order of Good Hope. They would only be suspended in 1998 when Libya agreed to allow the extradition of the suspects to the Scottish Court in the Netherlands, in a process overseen by Mandela.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Mauritania"}], "question": "Along with Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, who was a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union?", "id": "5731869a497a881900248fab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Abdelbaset al-Megrahi"}], "question": "Along with Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who was suspected of the attack on Pan Am Flight 103?", "id": "5731869a497a881900248fad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many people not on Pan Am Flight 103 were killed by its destruction?", "id": "5731869a497a881900248fac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "748"}], "question": "What 1992 UN Resolution imposed sanctions on Libya for its refusal to hand over the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing suspects?", "id": "5731869a497a881900248fae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 906, "text": "$900 million"}], "question": "What was the value of the economic losses experienced by Libya as a result of Resolution 748?", "id": "5731869a497a881900248faf"}]}], ["Berikutan permulaan musim semi Arab pada tahun 2011, Gaddafi bercakap mengenai Presiden Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, yang kemudian diancam oleh Revolusi Tunisia. Beliau mencadangkan agar rakyat Tunisia akan berpuas hati jika Ben Ali memperkenalkan sistem Jamahiriyah di sana. Takut terhadap protes domestik, pemerintah Libya melaksanakan langkah-langkah pencegahan, menurunkan harga makanan, membersihkan kepemimpinan tentera dari pembelot yang potensial dan melepaskan beberapa tahanan Islam. Mereka terbukti tidak berkesan, dan pada 17 Februari 2011, protes utama berlaku terhadap kerajaan Gaddafi. Tidak seperti Tunisia atau Mesir, Libya sebahagian besarnya bersahaja dan tidak mempunyai pergerakan Islamis yang kuat, tetapi terdapat rasa tidak puas hati dengan sistem rasuah dan kebijaksanaan yang meluas, sementara pengangguran telah mencapai sekitar 30%. <> Dalam tahun apakah berlaku apa yang disebut Spring Arab? || 2011 <> Siapa presiden Tunisia pada tahun 2011? || Zine El Abidine Ben Ali <> Berapa peratuskah penduduk Libya menganggur pada tahun 2011? || 30 <> Pada tarikh apa yang berlaku pada tahun 2011, protes bermula di Libya? || 17 Februari <> Bersama dengan rasuah, apa yang orang Libya kecewa pada tahun 2011? || naungan", {"context": "Following the start of the Arab Spring in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, then threatened by the Tunisian Revolution. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a Jamahiriyah system there. Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government implemented preventative measures, reducing food prices, purging the army leadership of potential defectors and releasing several Islamist prisoners. They proved ineffective, and on 17 February 2011, major protests broke out against Gaddafi's government. Unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya was largely religiously homogenous and had no strong Islamist movement, but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage, while unemployment had reached around 30%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In what year did the so-called Arab Spring occur?", "id": "5731890be6313a140071d050"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali"}], "question": "Who was the president of Tunisia in 2011?", "id": "5731890be6313a140071d051"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 810, "text": "30"}], "question": "About what percentage of the Libyan population was unemployed in 2011?", "id": "5731890be6313a140071d052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "17 February"}], "question": "On what date in 2011 did protests begin in Libya?", "id": "5731890be6313a140071d053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": "patronage"}], "question": "Along with corruption, what were Libyans upset with in 2011?", "id": "5731890be6313a140071d054"}]}], ["Menuduh pemberontak menjadi \"dibiakkan\" dan dikaitkan dengan al-Qaeda, Gaddafi menyatakan bahawa dia akan mati syahid daripada meninggalkan Libya. Semasa dia mengumumkan bahawa pemberontak akan \"diburu jalan di jalan, rumah dengan rumah dan almari pakaian oleh almari pakaian\", tentera melepaskan tembakan ke atas protes di Benghazi, membunuh beratus-ratus orang. Terkejut dengan sambutan kerajaan, beberapa ahli politik kanan meletak jawatan atau membelot ke pihak penunjuk perasaan. Pemberontakan itu menyebar dengan cepat menerusi setengah timur Libya yang kurang ekonomis. Menjelang akhir Februari, bandar-bandar timur seperti Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda dan Tobruk dikawal oleh pemberontak, dan Majlis Peralihan Negara (NTC) yang berpangkalan di Benghazi telah diasaskan untuk mewakili mereka. <> Siapa Gaddafi menuduh pemberontak Libya dikaitkan dengannya? || al-Qaeda <> Berapa ramai penunjuk perasaan terbunuh di Benghazi? || beratus-ratus <> Apa organisasi pemberontakan ditubuhkan di Benghazi? || Majlis Peralihan Negara <> Bandar di mana bahagian geografi Libya dikawal oleh pemberontak? || timur <> Bersama dengan Benghazi dan Misrata, apa bandar-bandar yang mengawal pemberontak pada bulan Februari? || al-Bayda dan Tobruk", {"context": "Accusing the rebels of being \"drugged\" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a martyr rather than leave Libya. As he announced that the rebels would be \"hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe\", the army opened fire on protests in Benghazi, killing hundreds. Shocked at the government's response, a number of senior politicians resigned or defected to the protesters' side. The uprising spread quickly through Libya's less economically developed eastern half. By February's end, eastern cities like Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda and Tobruk were controlled by rebels, and the Benghazi-based National Transitional Council (NTC) had been founded to represent them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "al-Qaeda"}], "question": "Who did Gaddafi accuse the Libyan rebels of being linked to?", "id": "5731899305b4da19006bd24a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "hundreds"}], "question": "How many protesters were killed in Benghazi?", "id": "5731899305b4da19006bd24b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "National Transitional Council"}], "question": "What rebel organization was founded in Benghazi?", "id": "5731899305b4da19006bd24c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "eastern"}], "question": "Cities in what geographic part of Libya were controlled by rebels?", "id": "5731899305b4da19006bd24d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "al-Bayda and Tobruk"}], "question": "Along with Benghazi and Misrata, what cities did the rebels control in February?", "id": "5731899305b4da19006bd24e"}]}], ["Sekarang dengan sokongan NATO dalam bentuk penutup udara, milisi pemberontak menolak ke arah barat, mengalahkan tentera setia dan mengawal pusat negara. Memperoleh sokongan komuniti Amazigh (Berber) Pergunungan Nafusa, yang telah lama dianiaya sebagai penutur bukan bahasa Arab di bawah Gaddafi, tentera NTC mengepung setiausaha Gaddafi dalam beberapa bidang utama di Libya barat. Pada bulan Ogos, pemberontak merampas Zliten dan Tripoli, mengakhiri kekayaan terakhir Gaddafist kuasa. Pada 25 Ogos, Liga Arab mengiktiraf NTC menjadi \"wakil sah negeri Libya\", di mana asas Libya akan meneruskan keahliannya dalam Liga. <> Apa istilah lain untuk Amazigh? || Berber <> Bahasa apa yang Berber yang tinggal di Pegunungan Nafusa tidak bercakap? || Bahasa Arab <> Pada tarikh apakah kerajaan NTC memasuki Liga Arab? || 25 Ogos <> Organisasi apa yang memberi sokongan udara kepada pemberontak Libya? || NATO <> Apakah dua bandar terakhir yang dikawal oleh kerajaan Gaddafi? || Zliten dan Tripoli", {"context": "Now with NATO support in the form of air cover, the rebel militia pushed westward, defeating loyalist armies and securing control of the centre of the country. Gaining the support of Amazigh (Berber) communities of the Nafusa Mountains, who had long been persecuted as non-Arabic speakers under Gaddafi, the NTC armies surrounded Gaddafi loyalists in several key areas of western Libya. In August, the rebels seized Zliten and Tripoli, ending the last vestiges of Gaddafist power. On 25 August, the Arab League recognised the NTC to be \"the legitimate representative of the Libyan state\", on which basis Libya would resume its membership in the League.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Berber"}], "question": "What is another term for the Amazigh?", "id": "57318b57e6313a140071d088"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "What language did the Berbers living in the Nafusa Mountains not speak?", "id": "57318b57e6313a140071d089"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "25 August"}], "question": "On what date did the NTC government enter the Arab League?", "id": "57318b57e6313a140071d08a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "NATO"}], "question": "What organization provided air support to the Libyan rebels?", "id": "57318b57e6313a140071d08c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Zliten and Tripoli"}], "question": "What were the last two cities to be controlled by Gaddafi's government?", "id": "57318b57e6313a140071d08b"}]}], ["Hanya beberapa bandar di Libya barat-seperti Bani Walid, Sebha dan Sirte-kekal sebagai kubu kuat Gaddafis. Berundur ke Sirte selepas kejatuhan Tripoli, Gaddafi mengumumkan kesanggupannya untuk berunding untuk penyerahan kepada kerajaan peralihan, cadangan yang ditolak oleh NTC. Mengeliling dirinya dengan pengawal peribadi, dia terus berpindah untuk melarikan diri dari serangan NTC, mengabdikan hari-harinya untuk berdoa dan membaca Al-Qur'an. Pada 20 Oktober, Gaddafi memecah Daerah Sirte 2 dalam konvoi awam-tentera bersama, dengan harapan untuk berlindung di Lembah Jarref. Pada pukul 8.30 pagi, pengebom NATO menyerang, memusnahkan sekurang-kurangnya 14 kenderaan dan membunuh sekurang-kurangnya 53. Konvoi bertaburan, dan Gaddafi dan yang paling dekat dengannya melarikan diri ke sebuah vila yang berdekatan, yang dibombardir oleh milisi pemberontak dari Misrata. Melarikan diri ke tapak pembinaan, Gaddafi dan kohort dalamannya bersembunyi di dalam paip saliran manakala pengawal peribadinya bertempur dengan pemberontak; dalam konflik itu, Gaddafi mengalami kecederaan kepala dari letupan bom tangan ketika menteri pertahanan Abu Bakr Yunis Jabr terbunuh. <> Di bahagian geografi Libya apakah Bani Walid terletak? || barat <> Selepas Tripoli ditawan, di mana Gaddafi pergi? || Sirte <> Meninggalkan Sirte, apa lembah yang Gaddafi berharap untuk pergi ke? || Jarref <> Berapa banyak orang terbunuh dalam konvoi Gaddafi yang dibom pada 20 Oktober? || 53 <Selepas melarikan diri ke tapak pembinaan, bagaimana kecederaan Gaddafi? || letupan bom tangan", {"context": "Only a few towns in western Libya\u2014such as Bani Walid, Sebha and Sirte\u2014remained Gaddafist strongholds. Retreating to Sirte after Tripoli's fall, Gaddafi announced his willingness to negotiate for a handover to a transitional government, a suggestion rejected by the NTC. Surrounding himself with bodyguards, he continually moved residences to escape NTC shelling, devoting his days to prayer and reading the Qur'an. On 20 October, Gaddafi broke out of Sirte's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy, hoping to take refuge in the Jarref Valley. At around 8.30am, NATO bombers attacked, destroying at least 14 vehicles and killing at least 53. The convoy scattered, and Gaddafi and those closest to him fled to a nearby villa, which was shelled by rebel militia from Misrata. Fleeing to a construction site, Gaddafi and his inner cohort hid inside drainage pipes while his bodyguards battled the rebels; in the conflict, Gaddafi suffered head injuries from a grenade blast while defence minister Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr was killed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "western"}], "question": "In what geographic part of Libya is Bani Walid located?", "id": "57318bd9497a881900248ffb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Sirte"}], "question": "After Tripoli was conquered, where did Gaddafi go?", "id": "57318bd9497a881900248ffc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Jarref"}], "question": "Leaving Sirte, what valley did Gaddafi hope to travel to?", "id": "57318bd9497a881900248ffd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "53"}], "question": "About how many people were killed in the October 20 bombing of Gaddafi's convoy?", "id": "57318bd9497a881900248ffe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 964, "text": "grenade blast"}], "question": "After fleeing to a construction site, how was Gaddafi injured?", "id": "57318bd9497a881900248fff"}]}], ["Seminggu selepas pelaksanaan zon laras terbang, NATO mengumumkan bahawa ia akan dikuatkuasakan. Pada 30 April serangan udara NATO membunuh anak keenam Gaddafi dan tiga cucunya di Tripoli, walaupun Gaddafi dan isterinya tidak terluka. Pejabat Barat terus membahagikan sama ada Gaddafi adalah sasaran ketenteraan yang sah di bawah resolusi Majlis Keselamatan U.N. Setiausaha Pertahanan A.S. Robert Gates mengatakan bahawa NATO \"tidak menargetkan Gaddafi secara khusus\" tetapi kemudahan komando dan kawalannya adalah sasaran yang sah-termasuk kemudahan di dalam kompleks Tripoli yang terkena serangan udara pada 25 April. <> Pada tarikh apa NATO membunuh anak Gaddafi? || 30 April <> Pada masa kejadian ini, apakah gelaran Robert Gates? || Setiausaha Pertahanan <> Organisasi apa yang membunuh cucu Gaddafi? || NATO <> Apa bandar NATO bom pada 25 April? || Tripoli", {"context": "A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was \"not targeting Gaddafi specifically\" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets\u2014including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "30 April"}], "question": "On what date did NATO kill Gaddafi's son?", "id": "57318a6305b4da19006bd264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Secretary of Defense"}], "question": "At the time of these events, what was Robert Gates' title?", "id": "57318a6305b4da19006bd266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "NATO"}], "question": "What organization killed Gaddafi's grandsons?", "id": "57318a6305b4da19006bd265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "Tripoli"}], "question": "What city did NATO bomb on 25 April?", "id": "57318a6305b4da19006bd267"}]}], ["Pada 27 Jun, ICC menerbitkan waran tangkap Gaddafi, anaknya Saif al-Islam, dan ipar iparnya, Abdullah Senussi, ketua keselamatan negara, atas dakwaan mengenai jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan. Pegawai Libya menolak ICC, mendakwa bahawa ia \"tidak mempunyai sebarang legitimasi\" dan menekankan bahawa \"semua kegiatannya diarahkan kepada pemimpin Afrika\". Bulan itu, Amnesty International menerbitkan penemuan mereka, di mana mereka menegaskan bahawa banyak tuduhan penyalahgunaan hak asasi manusia yang dibuat terhadap pasukan Gaddafis tidak mempunyai keterangan yang boleh dipercayai, dan sebaliknya adalah penciptaan pasukan pemberontak yang telah diterima pakai oleh media barat. Amnesty International bagaimanapun masih menuduh pasukan Gaddafi melakukan pelbagai jenayah perang. Pada 15 Julai 2011, pada mesyuarat di Istanbul, lebih daripada 30 buah kerajaan mengiktiraf NTC sebagai kerajaan Libya yang sah. Gaddafi menjawab pengumuman itu dengan ucapan di televisyen kebangsaan Libya, di mana dia menyeru para penyokong untuk \"menginjak-injak pengiktirafan itu, menginjak-injak mereka di bawah kakimu ... Mereka tidak berharga\". <> Kedudukan apa yang dipegang oleh ipar Gaddafi? || ketua keselamatan negara <> Berapa banyak kerajaan yang mengiktiraf legitimasi NTC pada suatu pertemuan pada 15 Julai 2011? || 30 <> Di mana mesyuarat 15 Julai 2011 berlaku? || Istanbul <> Anak manakah Gaddafi menerbitkan waran tangkap pada 27 Jun? || Saif al-Islam <> Siapa abang ipar Gaddafi? || Abdullah Senussi", {"context": "On 27 June, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and his brother-in-law Abdullah Senussi, head of state security, for charges concerning crimes against humanity. Libyan officials rejected the ICC, claiming that it had \"no legitimacy whatsoever\" and highlighting that \"all of its activities are directed at African leaders\". That month, Amnesty International published their findings, in which they asserted that many of the accusations of mass human rights abuses made against Gaddafist forces lacked credible evidence, and were instead fabrications of the rebel forces which had been readily adopted by the western media. Amnesty International did however still accuse Gaddafi forces of numerous war crimes. On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, over 30 governments recognised the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya. Gaddafi responded to the announcement with a speech on Libyan national television, in which he called on supporters to \"Trample on those recognitions, trample on them under your feet ... They are worthless\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "head of state security"}], "question": "What position was held by Gaddafi's brother-in-law?", "id": "57318ae9e6313a140071d07e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "30"}], "question": "About how many governments recognized the legitimacy of the NTC at a meeting on July 15, 2011?", "id": "57318ae9e6313a140071d07f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "Istanbul"}], "question": "Where did the July 15, 2011 meeting take place?", "id": "57318ae9e6313a140071d080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Saif al-Islam"}], "question": "Which child of Gaddafi did the ICC issue an arrest warrant for on June 27?", "id": "57318ae9e6313a140071d081"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Abdullah Senussi"}], "question": "Who is Gaddafi's brother-in-law?", "id": "57318ae9e6313a140071d082"}]}], ["Dalam bulan-bulan awal konflik, kerajaan Gaddafi - dengan kuasa tembaga yang lebih besar - akan menang. Kedua-dua pihak mengabaikan undang-undang perang, melakukan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia, termasuk penangkapan sewenang-wenangnya, penyeksaan, eksekusi tanpa eksekusi dan serangan balas dendam. Pada 26 Februari Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu meluluskan Resolusi 1970, menggantung Libya dari Majlis Hak Asasi Manusia PBB, melaksanakan sekatan dan menyerukan siasatan Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa (ICC) ke atas pembunuhan orang awam yang tidak bersenjata. Pada bulan Mac, Majlis Keselamatan mengisytiharkan tiada zon terbang untuk melindungi penduduk awam dari pengeboman udara, memanggil negara-negara asing untuk menguatkuasakannya; ia juga secara khusus melarang pekerjaan asing. Mengabaikan ini, Qatar menghantar beratus-ratus tentera untuk menyokong pembangkang, dan bersama-sama dengan Perancis dan Emiriyah Arab Bersatu menyediakan NTC dengan persenjataan dan latihan. <> Sebagai hasil daripada Resolusi 1970, apa badan yang digantung oleh Libya? || Majlis Hak Asasi Manusia PBB <> Dalam bulan apakah Majlis Keselamatan PBB telah membuat zon terbang? || Mac <> Berapa banyak tentera yang menghantar Qatar ke Libya? || beratus-ratus <> Bersama dengan Qatar dan Perancis, negara mana yang membantu melatih NTC? || Emiriah Arab Bersatu", {"context": "In the conflict's early months it appeared that Gaddafi's government \u2013 with its greater firepower \u2013 would be victorious. Both sides disregarded the laws of war, committing human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial executions and revenge attacks. On 26 February the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1970, suspending Libya from the UN Human Rights Council, implementing sanctions and calling for an International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation into the killing of unarmed civilians. In March, the Security Council declared a no fly zone to protect the civilian population from aerial bombardment, calling on foreign nations to enforce it; it also specifically prohibited foreign occupation. Ignoring this, Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents, and along with France and the United Arab Emirates provided the NTC with weaponry and training.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "UN Human Rights Council"}], "question": "As a result of Resolution 1970, what body was Libya suspended from?", "id": "57318a0ae6313a140071d06c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "March"}], "question": "In what month did the UN Security Council set up a no fly zone?", "id": "57318a0ae6313a140071d06d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 767, "text": "hundreds"}], "question": "How many troops did Qatar send to Libya?", "id": "57318a0ae6313a140071d06e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "United Arab Emirates"}], "question": "Along with Qatar and France, what nation helped to train the NTC?", "id": "57318a0ae6313a140071d06f"}]}], ["Ekonomi Libya menyaksikan peningkatan penswastaan; walaupun menolak dasar-dasar sosialis yang disasarkan di Green Book, angka-angka kerajaan menegaskan bahawa mereka telah memalsukan \"sosialisme rakyat\" daripada kapitalisme. Gaddafi mengalu-alukan pembaharuan ini, menyeru penswastaan berskala luas dalam ucapan Mac 2003. Pada tahun 2003, industri minyak sebahagian besarnya dijual kepada syarikat swasta, dan pada tahun 2004, terdapat pelaburan asing langsung $ 40 bilion di Libya, peningkatan enam kali ganda pada tahun 2003. Sektor-populasi penduduk Libya bertindak balas terhadap pembaharuan ini dengan demonstrasi awam, dan pada bulan Mac 2006 , barisan keras revolusioner mengendalikan kabinet GPC; walaupun menyusun semula perubahan, mereka tidak menghentikannya. Pada tahun 2010, rancangan telah diumumkan yang akan menyaksikan separuh ekonomi Libya diswastakan dalam dekad yang berikut. Walaupun tiada liberalisasi politik yang menyertai, dengan Gaddafi mengekalkan kawalan utama, pada bulan Mac 2010, kerajaan mengalihkan kuasa selanjutnya ke majlis-majlis perbandaran. Peningkatan teknokrat reformis mencapai kedudukan dalam tadbir urus negara; paling terkenal adalah anak lelaki Gaddafi dan keturunan pewaris Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, yang secara terbuka kritis terhadap rekaman hak asasi manusia Libya. Beliau mengetuai kumpulan yang mencadangkan penggubalan perlembagaan baru, walaupun ia tidak pernah diterima pakai, dan pada Oktober 2009 dilantik untuk mengetuai PSLC. Terlibat dalam menggalakkan pelancongan, Saif mengasaskan beberapa saluran media swasta pada tahun 2008, tetapi selepas mengkritik kerajaan mereka telah dimodenisasi pada tahun 2009. Pada Oktober 2010, Gaddafi meminta maaf kepada pemimpin Afrika bagi pihak negara-negara Arab kerana terlibat dalam perdagangan hamba Afrika. <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apakah Gaddafi membuat ucapan yang mempromosikan penswastaan ekonomi? || Mac 2003 <> Berapa banyak pelaburan langsung asing wujud di Libya sekitar tahun 2004? || $ 40 bilion <> Dengan faktor apa yang mendorong pelaburan asing langsung di Libya meningkat antara 2003 dan 2004? || enam kali <> Menurut rencana tahun 2010, berapa pecahan ekonomi Libya dimaksudkan untuk diswastakan? || separuh <> Sehingga Oktober 2009, siapa yang menjadi ketua PSLC? || Saif al-Islam Gaddafi", {"context": "Libya's economy witnessed increasing privatization; although rejecting the socialist policies of nationalized industry advocated in The Green Book, government figures asserted that they were forging \"people's socialism\" rather than capitalism. Gaddafi welcomed these reforms, calling for wide-scale privatization in a March 2003 speech. In 2003, the oil industry was largely sold to private corporations, and by 2004, there was $40 billion of direct foreign investment in Libya, a sixfold rise over 2003. Sectors of Libya's population reacted against these reforms with public demonstrations, and in March 2006, revolutionary hard-liners took control of the GPC cabinet; although scaling back the pace of the changes, they did not halt them. In 2010, plans were announced that would have seen half the Libyan economy privatized over the following decade. While there was no accompanying political liberalization, with Gaddafi retaining predominant control, in March 2010, the government devolved further powers to the municipal councils. Rising numbers of reformist technocrats attained positions in the country's governance; best known was Gaddafi's son and heir apparent Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, who was openly critical of Libya's human rights record. He led a group who proposed the drafting of the new constitution, although it was never adopted, and in October 2009 was appointed to head the PSLC. Involved in encouraging tourism, Saif founded several privately run media channels in 2008, but after criticising the government they were nationalised in 2009. In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders on behalf of Arab nations for their involvement in the African slave trade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "March 2003"}], "question": "In what month and year did Gaddafi make a speech promoting economic privatization?", "id": "57318873497a881900248fd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "$40 billion"}], "question": "How much direct foreign investment existed in Libya circa 2004?", "id": "57318873497a881900248fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "sixfold"}], "question": "By what factor did direct foreign investment in Libya increase between 2003 and 2004?", "id": "57318873497a881900248fd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "half"}], "question": "According to the plan of 2010, what fraction of Libya's economy was intended to be privatized?", "id": "57318873497a881900248fd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1173, "text": "Saif al-Islam Gaddafi"}], "question": "As of October 2009, who was the head of the PSLC?", "id": "57318873497a881900248fd7"}]}], ["Menjelang abad ke 20, Gaddafi semakin menolak nasionalisme Arab, kecewa dengan kegagalan cita-cita Pan-Arabnya; sebaliknya ia berpaling kepada Pan-Africanisme, menekankan identiti Afrika Libya. Dari tahun 1997 hingga 2000, Libya memulakan perjanjian koperasi atau perkiraan bantuan bilateral dengan 10 negara Afrika, dan pada tahun 1999 menyertai Komuniti Sahel-Sahara. Pada bulan Jun 1999, Gaddafi melawat Mandela di Afrika Selatan, dan pada bulan berikutnya menghadiri sidang kemuncak OAU di Algiers, menyerukan integrasi politik dan ekonomi yang lebih besar di seluruh benua dan menyokong dasar Amerika Syarikat di Afrika. Dia menjadi salah seorang pengasas Kesatuan Afrika (AU), yang dimulakan pada bulan Julai 2002 untuk menggantikan OAU; pada majlis perasmian, beliau menyatakan bahawa negara-negara Afrika harus menolak bantuan bersyarat dari dunia maju, berbeza dengan mesej Presiden Afrika Selatan Thabo Mbeki. Pada sidang kemuncak AU yang ketiga, yang diadakan di Libya pada bulan Julai 2005, beliau menyeru agar tahap integrasi yang lebih tinggi, yang menyokong satu pasport AU, sistem pertahanan bersama dan mata wang tunggal, menggunakan slogan: \"Amerika Syarikat Afrika adalah harapan . \" Pada bulan Jun 2005, Libya menyertai Pasaran Bersama untuk Timur dan Selatan Afrika (COMESA), dan pada bulan Ogos 2008, Gaddafi telah diisytiharkan sebagai \"Raja Raja\" oleh jawatankuasa pemimpin Afrika tradisional. Pada 1 Februari 2009, \"upacara penobatannya\" telah diadakan di Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, bertepatan dengan pemilihan Gaddafi sebagai pengerusi AU selama setahun. <> Organisasi apa yang dilancarkan Libya pada tahun 1999? || Komuniti Negara Sahel-Sahara <> Di mana sidang kemuncak OAU pada bulan Julai 1999 berlaku? || Algiers <> Organisasi apa yang ditubuhkan pada bulan Julai 2002? || Kesatuan Afrika <> Apa itu COMESA? || Pasaran Biasa untuk Afrika Timur dan Selatan <> Siapa presiden Afrika Selatan sekitar tahun 2002? || Thabo Mbeki", {"context": "As the 20th century came to a close, Gaddafi increasingly rejected Arab nationalism, frustrated by the failure of his Pan-Arab ideals; instead he turned to Pan-Africanism, emphasising Libya's African identity. From 1997 to 2000, Libya initiated cooperative agreements or bilateral aid arrangements with 10 African states, and in 1999 joined the Community of Sahel-Saharan States. In June 1999, Gaddafi visited Mandela in South Africa, and the following month attended the OAU summit in Algiers, calling for greater political and economic integration across the continent and advocating the foundation of a United States of Africa. He became one of the founders of the African Union (AU), initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU; at the opening ceremonies, he proclaimed that African states should reject conditional aid from the developed world, a direct contrast to the message of South African President Thabo Mbeki. At the third AU summit, held in Libya in July 2005, he called for a greater level of integration, advocating a single AU passport, a common defence system and a single currency, utilising the slogan: \"The United States of Africa is the hope.\" In June 2005, Libya joined the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and in August 2008 Gaddafi was proclaimed \"King of Kings\" by an assembled committee of traditional African leaders. On 1 February 2009, his \"coronation ceremony\" was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, coinciding with Gaddafi's election as AU chairman for a year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Community of Sahel-Saharan States"}], "question": "What organization did Libya join in 1999?", "id": "5731870e497a881900248fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Algiers"}], "question": "Where did the OAU summit in July 1999 occur?", "id": "5731870e497a881900248fb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "African Union"}], "question": "What organization was founded in July of 2002?", "id": "5731870e497a881900248fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1195, "text": "Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa"}], "question": "What is COMESA?", "id": "5731870e497a881900248fb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "Thabo Mbeki"}], "question": "Who was the president of South Africa circa 2002?", "id": "5731870e497a881900248fb9"}]}], ["Era melihat kembali Libya ke arena antarabangsa. Pada tahun 1999, Libya memulakan perbincangan rahsia dengan kerajaan British untuk menormalkan hubungan. Pada tahun 2001, Gaddafi mengutuk serangan 11 September di A.S. oleh al-Qaeda, menyatakan simpati dengan mangsa dan memanggil penglibatan Libya dalam Perang Teror terhadap Islamisme militan. Pemerintahannya terus menekan Islamisme domestik, pada waktu yang sama dengan Gaddafi menyerukan penerapan hukum syariah yang lebih luas. Libya juga menyambung hubungan dengan China dan Korea Utara, yang dikunjungi oleh Presiden China Jiang Zemin pada April 2002. Dipengaruhi oleh peristiwa Perang Iraq, pada bulan Disember 2003, Libya melepaskan kepemilikannya senjata pemusnah besar-besaran, pembongkaran senjata kimia dan nuklirnya program. Hubungan dengan Amerika Syarikat bertambah baik hasilnya, sementara Perdana Menteri Britain Tony Blair bertemu dengan Gaddafi di padang pasir Libya pada bulan Mac 2004. Bulan berikutnya, Gaddafi pergi ke ibu pejabat Uni Eropa (EU) di Brussels, menandakan hubungan yang lebih baik antara Libya dan EU, yang terakhir menamatkan sanksi yang masih berlaku pada bulan Oktober. Pada bulan Oktober 2010, EU membayar Libya \u20ac 50 juta untuk menghentikan pendatang Afrika yang melalui Eropah; Gaddafi menggalakkan langkah itu, dengan mengatakan bahawa adalah perlu untuk menghalang kehilangan identiti budaya Eropah kepada \"Hitam Eropah\" baru. Dikeluarkan dari senarai pengawal pengganas negeri AS pada tahun 2006, namun Gaddafi meneruskan retorik anti-baratnya, dan pada Sidang Kemuncak Kedua Afrika-Amerika Selatan di Venezuela pada September 2009, bergabung dengan Presiden Venezuela Hugo Ch\u00e1vez dalam memanggil \"anti-imperialis \"depan di seluruh Afrika dan Amerika Latin. Gaddafi mencadangkan penubuhan Pertubuhan Perjanjian Atlantik Selatan untuk menyaingi NATO. Pada bulan itu, beliau juga mengetuai Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu di New York buat kali pertama, menggunakannya untuk mengutuk \"pencerobohan barat\". Pada musim semi 2010, Gaddafi mengisytiharkan jihad melawan Switzerland selepas polis Switzerland menuduh dua anggota keluarganya melakukan kegiatan jenayah di negara ini, menyebabkan perpecahan hubungan dua hala. <> Apa pemimpin dunia yang terkenal melawat Libya pada tahun 2002? || Jiang Zemin <> Apa konflik yang mendorong Libya untuk menamatkan program senjata nuklearnya? || Perang Iraq <> Apa pemimpin dunia melawat Gaddafi pada tahun 2004? || Tony Blair <> Di mana bandar ibu pejabat EU terletak? || Brussels <> Berapa banyak wang yang diterima Libya untuk menghalang aliran migran Afrika ke Eropah? || \u20ac 50 juta", {"context": "The era saw Libya's return to the international arena. In 1999, Libya began secret talks with the British government to normalise relations. In 2001, Gaddafi condemned the September 11 attacks on the U.S. by al-Qaeda, expressing sympathy with the victims and calling for Libyan involvement in the War on Terror against militant Islamism. His government continued suppressing domestic Islamism, at the same time as Gaddafi called for the wider application of sharia law. Libya also cemented connections with China and North Korea, being visited by Chinese President Jiang Zemin in April 2002. Influenced by the events of the Iraq War, in December 2003, Libya renounced its possession of weapons of mass destruction, decommissioning its chemical and nuclear weapons programs. Relations with the U.S. improved as a result, while UK Prime Minister Tony Blair met with Gaddafi in the Libyan desert in March 2004. The following month, Gaddafi travelled to the headquarters of the European Union (EU) in Brussels, signifying improved relations between Libya and the EU, the latter ending its remaining sanctions in October. In October 2010, the EU paid Libya \u20ac50 million to stop African migrants passing into Europe; Gaddafi encouraged the move, saying that it was necessary to prevent the loss of European cultural identity to a new \"Black Europe\". Removed from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism in 2006, Gaddafi nevertheless continued his anti-western rhetoric, and at the Second Africa-South America Summit in Venezuela in September 2009, joined Venezuelan President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez in calling for an \"anti-imperialist\" front across Africa and Latin America. Gaddafi proposed the establishment of a South Atlantic Treaty Organization to rival NATO. That month he also addressed the United Nations General Assembly in New York for the first time, using it to condemn \"western aggression\". In Spring 2010, Gaddafi proclaimed jihad against Switzerland after Swiss police accused two of his family members of criminal activity in the country, resulting in the breakdown of bilateral relations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Jiang Zemin"}], "question": "What world leader notably visited Libya in 2002?", "id": "5731878b497a881900248fbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Iraq War"}], "question": "What conflict prompted Libya to end its nuclear weapons program?", "id": "5731878b497a881900248fc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "Tony Blair"}], "question": "What world leader visited Gaddafi in 2004?", "id": "5731878b497a881900248fc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 997, "text": "Brussels"}], "question": "In what city is the EU headquarters located?", "id": "5731878b497a881900248fc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1152, "text": "\u20ac50 million"}], "question": "How much money did Libya receive to stem the flow of African migrants into Europe?", "id": "5731878b497a881900248fc3"}]}], ["Gaddafi adalah individu yang sangat peribadi, yang menyifatkan dirinya sebagai \"revolusioner mudah\" dan \"Muslim yang saleh\" yang dipanggil oleh Allah untuk meneruskan kerja Nasser. Reporter Mirella Bianco mendapati bahawa kawan-kawannya menganggapnya sangat setia dan murah hati, dan menegaskan bahawa dia memuja anak-anak. Dia diberitahu oleh ayah Gaddafi bahawa walaupun kanak-kanak dia \"selalu serius, walaupun tidak tahu\", sifatnya juga dipamerkan pada masa dewasa. Bapanya berkata bahawa dia berani, bijak, berjiwa, dan berorientasikan keluarga. <> Yang usaha yang dilakukan Gaddafi melihat dirinya sebagai terus menerus? || Nasser <> Yang menyatakan bahawa Gaddafi suka anak-anak? || Mirella Bianco <> Apa hubungan agama Gaddafi? || Muslim <> Apakah pekerjaan Mirella Biano? || Reporter <> Siapa yang bercerita mengenai orientasi keluarga Gaddafi? || Bapanya", {"context": "Gaddafi was a very private individual, who described himself as a \"simple revolutionary\" and \"pious Muslim\" called upon by Allah to continue Nasser's work. Reporter Mirella Bianco found that his friends considered him particularly loyal and generous, and asserted that he adored children. She was told by Gaddafi's father that even as a child he had been \"always serious, even taciturn\", a trait he also exhibited in adulthood. His father said that he was courageous, intelligent, pious, and family oriented.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Nasser"}], "question": "Whose efforts did Gaddafi see himself as continuing?", "id": "57318f8ae6313a140071d09a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Mirella Bianco"}], "question": "Who stated that Gaddafi was fond of children?", "id": "57318f8ae6313a140071d09c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Muslim"}], "question": "What was Gaddafi's religious affiliation?", "id": "57318f8ae6313a140071d09b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Reporter"}], "question": "What is Mirella Biano's occupation?", "id": "57318f8ae6313a140071d09d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "His father"}], "question": "Who remarked on Gaddafi's family orientation?", "id": "57318f8ae6313a140071d09e"}]}], ["Biografi Blundy dan Lycett percaya bahawa dia adalah \"populis di hati.\" Sepanjang Libya, ramai penyokong akan muncul pada acara-acara umum di mana dia muncul; digambarkan sebagai \"demonstrasi spontan\" oleh kerajaan, ada contoh yang dicatatkan oleh kumpulan yang dipaksa atau dibayar untuk menghadiri. Dia biasanya terlambat untuk acara-acara awam, dan kadangkala tidak muncul sama sekali. Walaupun Bianco menyangka dia mempunyai \"hadiah untuk pidato\", dia dianggap pemurah miskin oleh biografi Blundy dan Lycett. Biografi Daniel Kawczynski menyatakan bahawa Gaddafi terkenal dengan ucapannya yang \"panjang, mengembara\", yang biasanya melibatkan mengkritik Israel dan A.S. <> Yang merujuk kepada Gaddafi sebagai populis? || Blundy dan Lycett <> Siapa menyatakan bahawa Gaddafi adalah penceramah berbakat? || Bianco <> Siapa tahu bahawa Gaddafi membuat ucapan panjang? || Daniel Kawczynski", {"context": "Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that he was \"a populist at heart.\" Throughout Libya, crowds of supporters would turn up to public events at which he appeared; described as \"spontaneous demonstrations\" by the government, there are recorded instances of groups being coerced or paid to attend. He was typically late to public events, and would sometimes not show up at all. Although Bianco thought he had a \"gift for oratory\", he was considered a poor orator by biographers Blundy and Lycett. Biographer Daniel Kawczynski noted that Gaddafi was famed for his \"lengthy, wandering\" speeches, which typically involved criticising Israel and the U.S.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Blundy and Lycett"}], "question": "Who referred to Gaddafi as a populist?", "id": "573190e9a5e9cc1400cdc0b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Bianco"}], "question": "Who stated that Gaddafi was a gifted speaker?", "id": "573190e9a5e9cc1400cdc0b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "Daniel Kawczynski"}], "question": "Who noted that Gaddafi made long speeches?", "id": "573190e9a5e9cc1400cdc0b3"}]}], ["Pada petang hari kematian Gaddafi, Perdana Menteri NTC Mahmoud Jibril secara terbuka mendedahkan berita itu. Mayat Gaddafi diletakkan di dalam peti sejuk pasaran tempatan bersama mayat Yunis Jabr dan Mutassim; mayat itu dipaparkan secara terbuka selama empat hari, dengan orang Libya dari seluruh negara datang untuk melihatnya. Sebagai tindak balas kepada panggilan antarabangsa, pada 24 Oktober, Jibril mengumumkan bahawa sebuah suruhanjaya akan menyiasat kematian Gaddafi. Pada 25 Oktober, NTC mengumumkan bahawa Gaddafi telah dikebumikan di lokasi yang tidak dikenali di padang pasir; Al Aan TV menunjukkan rakaman video amatur pengebumian. Mencari balas dendam untuk pembunuhan itu, simpatisan Gaddafis melukai salah seorang dari mereka yang telah menawan Gaddafi, Omran Shaaban, dekat Bani Walid pada September 2012. <> Siapa perdana menteri NTC? || Mahmoud Jibril <> Selama berapa hari mayat Gaddafi dipamerkan di khalayak umum? || empat <> Siapa yang dibunuh oleh penyokong Gaddafi atas peranannya dalam penangkapan Gaddafi? || Omran Shaaban <> Di mana bandar Oran Shaaban terbunuh? || Bani Walid <> Pada tarikh apakah NTC mengumumkan pengebumian Gaddafi? || 25 Oktober", {"context": "On the afternoon of Gaddafi's death, NTC Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril publicly revealed the news. Gaddafi's corpse was placed in the freezer of a local market alongside the corpses of Yunis Jabr and Mutassim; the bodies were publicly displayed for four days, with Libyans from all over the country coming to view them. In response to international calls, on 24 October Jibril announced that a commission would investigate Gaddafi's death. On 25 October, the NTC announced that Gaddafi had been buried at an unidentified location in the desert; Al Aan TV showed amateur video footage of the funeral. Seeking vengeance for the killing, Gaddafist sympathisers fatally wounded one of those who had captured Gaddafi, Omran Shaaban, near Bani Walid in September 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Mahmoud Jibril"}], "question": "Who was the prime minister of the NTC?", "id": "57318cb8a5e9cc1400cdc045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "four"}], "question": "For how many days was Gaddafi's corpse displayed in public?", "id": "57318cb8a5e9cc1400cdc046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "Omran Shaaban"}], "question": "Who was killed by Gaddafi supporters for his role in Gaddafi's capture?", "id": "57318cb8a5e9cc1400cdc047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "Bani Walid"}], "question": "Near what town was Oran Shaaban killed?", "id": "57318cb8a5e9cc1400cdc048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "25 October"}], "question": "On what date did the NTC announce Gaddafi's burial?", "id": "57318cb8a5e9cc1400cdc049"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an terdapat laporan tentang kemajuan seksualnya terhadap wartawan wanita dan ahli rombongannya. Selepas peperangan saudara, tuduhan yang lebih serius menjadi terang. Annick Cojean, seorang wartawan bagi Le Monde, menulis dalam bukunya, Gaddafi's Harem bahawa Gaddafi telah diperkosa, disiksa, melakukan urolagnia, dan dipenjarakan ratusan atau ribuan wanita, biasanya sangat muda. Seorang lagi psikologi sumber-Libya, Seham Sergewa-melaporkan bahawa beberapa pengawal wanita perempuannya dikatakan telah diperkosa oleh Gaddafi dan pegawai kanan. Selepas perang saudara, Luis Moreno Ocampo, pendakwa Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa, berkata terdapat bukti bahawa Gaddafi memberitahu tentera untuk merogol wanita yang bercakap terhadap rejimnya. Pada tahun 2011 Amnesty International mempersoalkan ini dan tuntutan lain yang digunakan untuk membenarkan perang NATO di Libya. <> Apakah penerbitan Annick Cojean berfungsi? || Le Monde <> Apa kewarganegaraan Seham Sergewa? || Libya <> Apa pendakwa ICC mendakwa bahawa Gaddafi telah memerintahkan askar untuk merogol wanita pembangkang? || Luis Moreno Ocampo <> Buku apa yang ditulis oleh Annick Cojean? || Gaddafi's Harem", {"context": "In the 1970s and 1980s there were reports of his making sexual advances toward female reporters and members of his entourage. After the civil war, more serious charges came to light. Annick Cojean, a journalist for Le Monde, wrote in her book, Gaddafi's Harem that Gaddafi had raped, tortured, performed urolagnia, and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of women, usually very young. Another source\u2014Libyan psychologist Seham Sergewa\u2014reported that several of his female bodyguards claim to have been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. After the civil war, Luis Moreno Ocampo, prosecutor for the International Criminal Court, said there was evidence that Gaddafi told soldiers to rape women who had spoken out against his regime. In 2011 Amnesty International questioned this and other claims used to justify NATO's war in Libya.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Le Monde"}], "question": "What publication did Annick Cojean work for?", "id": "57318ff105b4da19006bd2c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Libyan"}], "question": "What is the nationality of Seham Sergewa?", "id": "57318ff105b4da19006bd2c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Luis Moreno Ocampo"}], "question": "What ICC prosector claimed that Gaddafi had ordered soldiers to rape opposition women?", "id": "57318ff105b4da19006bd2c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Gaddafi's Harem"}], "question": "What book was written by Annick Cojean?", "id": "57318ff105b4da19006bd2c3"}]}], ["Berikutan pendakiannya untuk berkuasa, Gaddafi berpindah ke barak Bab al-Azizia, sebuah kompaun yang berkembar sepanjang enam batu yang terletak dua batu dari pusat Tripoli. Rumah dan pejabatnya di Azizia adalah sebuah bunker yang direka oleh jurutera Jerman Barat, manakala seluruh keluarganya tinggal di bangunan dua tingkat yang besar. Di dalam kompleks itu juga terdapat dua gelanggang tenis, padang bola sepak, beberapa taman, unta, dan khemah Bedouin di mana dia menghibur tetamu. Pada tahun 1980-an, gaya hidupnya dianggap sederhana berbanding dengan pemimpin Arab yang lain. Gaddafi didakwa bekerja selama bertahun-tahun dengan bank Switzerland untuk mencuci transaksi perbankan antarabangsa. Pada bulan November 2011, The Sunday Times mengenal pasti harta bernilai \u00a3 1 bilion di UK yang Gaddafi didakwa dimiliki. Gaddafi mempunyai jet peribadi Airbus A340, yang dibeli dari Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal dari Arab Saudi untuk $ 120 juta pada tahun 2003. Dioperasikan oleh Afriqiyah Airways yang berpangkalan di Tripoli dan dihiasi secara luaran dalam warna mereka, ia mempunyai pelbagai kemewahan termasuk jakuzi. <> Berapa jauhnya barak Bab al-Azizia dari Tripoli? || dua batu <> Yang meniru rumah Azizia Gaddafi? || Jurutera-jurutera Jerman Barat <> Berapa banyak gelanggang tenis yang ada di kompleks Gaddafi? || dua <> Apa nilai kepemilikan gadai janji yang dimiliki oleh Gaddafi pada November 2011? || \u00a3 1 bilion <> Berapakah Gaddafi membayar untuk Airbus A340? || $ 120 juta", {"context": "Following his ascension to power, Gaddafi moved into the Bab al-Azizia barracks, a six-mile long fortified compound located two miles from the center of Tripoli. His home and office at Azizia was a bunker designed by West German engineers, while the rest of his family lived in a large two-story building. Within the compound were also two tennis courts, a soccer field, several gardens, camels, and a Bedouin tent in which he entertained guests. In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders. Gaddafi allegedly worked for years with Swiss banks to launder international banking transactions. In November 2011, The Sunday Times identified property worth \u00a31 billion in the UK that Gaddafi allegedly owned. Gaddafi had an Airbus A340 private jet, which he bought from Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal of Saudi Arabia for $120 million in 2003. Operated by Tripoli-based Afriqiyah Airways and decorated externally in their colours, it had various luxuries including a jacuzzi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "two miles"}], "question": "How far is the Bab al-Azizia barracks from Tripoli?", "id": "57319054a5e9cc1400cdc09d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "West German engineers"}], "question": "Who designed Gaddafi's Azizia home?", "id": "57319054a5e9cc1400cdc09e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many tennis courts existed in Gaddafi's compound?", "id": "57319054a5e9cc1400cdc09f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "\u00a31 billion"}], "question": "What was the value of Gaddafi's supposed British property holdings as of November 2011?", "id": "57319054a5e9cc1400cdc0a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 867, "text": "$120 million"}], "question": "How much did Gaddafi pay for his Airbus A340?", "id": "57319054a5e9cc1400cdc0a1"}]}], ["Gaddafi berkahwin dengan isterinya yang pertama, Fatiha al-Nuri, pada tahun 1969. Dia adalah anak kepada Jenderal Khalid, tokoh kanan dalam pentadbiran Raja Idris, dan berasal dari latar belakang kelas menengah. Walaupun mereka mempunyai seorang anak lelaki, Muhammad Gaddafi (1970), hubungan mereka telah tegang, dan mereka bercerai pada tahun 1970. Isteri kedua Gaddafi ialah Safia Farkash, n\u00e9e el-Brasai, bekas jururawat dari suku Obeidat yang lahir di Bayda. Mereka bertemu pada tahun 1969, berikutan kenaikannya kepada kuasa, ketika dia dimasukkan ke hospital dengan apendisitis; dia mendakwa bahawa ia adalah cinta pada pandangan pertama. Pasangan itu tetap berkahwin sehingga kematiannya. Bersama mereka mempunyai tujuh anak biologi: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (1972), Al-Saadi Gaddafi (1973), Mutassim Gaddafi (1974-2011), Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi (1975), Ayesha Gaddafi (b. 1976), Saif al-Arab Gaddafi (1982-2011), dan Khamis Gaddafi (1983-2011). Dia juga mengadopsi dua anak, Hanna Gaddafi dan Milad Gaddafi. <> Siapa bapa mertua Gaddafi? || Ketua Khalid <> Bilakah anak Gaddafi oleh Fatiha al-Nuri dilahirkan? || 1970 <> Apa nama keluarga sulung isteri kedua Gaddafi? || el-Brasai <> Apa suku kaum Safia Farkash milik? || Obeidat <> Bilakah Khamis Gaddafi mati? || 2011", {"context": "Gaddafi married his first wife, Fatiha al-Nuri, in 1969. She was the daughter of General Khalid, a senior figure in King Idris' administration, and was from a middle-class background. Although they had one son, Muhammad Gaddafi (b. 1970), their relationship was strained, and they divorced in 1970. Gaddafi's second wife was Safia Farkash, n\u00e9e el-Brasai, a former nurse from Obeidat tribe born in Bayda. They met in 1969, following his ascension to power, when he was hospitalized with appendicitis; he claimed that it was love at first sight. The couple remained married until his death. Together they had seven biological children: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (b. 1972), Al-Saadi Gaddafi (b. 1973), Mutassim Gaddafi (1974\u20132011), Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi (b. 1975), Ayesha Gaddafi (b. 1976), Saif al-Arab Gaddafi (1982\u20132011), and Khamis Gaddafi (1983\u20132011). He also adopted two children, Hanna Gaddafi and Milad Gaddafi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "General Khalid"}], "question": "Who was Gaddafi's first father-in-law?", "id": "573190a3a5e9cc1400cdc0a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "1970"}], "question": "When was Gaddafi's son by Fatiha al-Nuri born?", "id": "573190a3a5e9cc1400cdc0a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "el-Brasai"}], "question": "What was the maiden surname of Gaddafi's second wife?", "id": "573190a3a5e9cc1400cdc0a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Obeidat"}], "question": "What tribe did Safia Farkash belong to?", "id": "573190a3a5e9cc1400cdc0aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When did Khamis Gaddafi die?", "id": "573190a3a5e9cc1400cdc0ab"}]}], ["Sebagai pelajar sekolah, Gaddafi mengadopsi ideologi nasionalisme Arab dan sosialisme Arab, yang dipengaruhi khususnya oleh Nasserism, pemikiran revolusioner Mesir dan presiden Gamal Abdel Nasser, yang dipakai Gaddafi sebagai wira. Semasa awal 1970-an, Gaddafi merumuskan pendekatannya sendiri kepada nasionalisme dan sosialisme Arab, yang dikenali sebagai Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga, yang telah digambarkan sebagai gabungan \"sosialisme utopia, nasionalisme Arab, dan teori revolusi Dunia Ketiga yang menjadi gaya di masa\". Dia meletakkan prinsip Teori ini dalam tiga jilid The Green Book, di mana dia berusaha untuk \"menjelaskan struktur masyarakat yang ideal.\" Pandangan nasionalis Arabnya menyebabkannya percaya bahawa perlu ada perpaduan di seluruh dunia Arab, menggabungkan negara Arab di bawah satu negara bangsa. Beliau menyifatkan pendekatannya kepada ekonomi sebagai \"sosialisme Islam\", walaupun ahli biografi Blundy dan Lycett menyatakan bahawa sosialisme Gaddafi mempunyai \"sikap Marxis yang aneh\", dengan ahli sains politik Sami Hajjar dengan mengatakan bahawa model sosialisme Gaddafi menawarkan penyederhanaan Karl Marx dan Friedrich Engels ' teori. Gaddafi melihat Jamahiriyah sosialisnya sebagai model untuk dunia Arab, Islam, dan tidak sejajar untuk diikuti. <> Apa falsafah dinamakan untuk Gamal Abdel Nasser? || Nasserism <> Apa Gaddafi memanggil falsafah politiknya yang dicipta pada 1970-an? || Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga <> Apa falsafah digabungkan dengan sosialisme dan nasionalisme untuk membentuk Teori Antarabangsa Ketiga? || Teori revolusioner Dunia Ketiga <> Buku Hijau terdiri daripada berapa banyak jilid? || tiga <> Apa pekerjaan Sami Hajjar? || saintis politik", {"context": "As a schoolboy, Gaddafi adopted the ideologies of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, influenced in particular by Nasserism, the thought of Egyptian revolutionary and president Gamal Abdel Nasser, whom Gaddafi adopted as his hero. During the early 1970s, Gaddafi formulated his own particular approach to Arab nationalism and socialism, known as Third International Theory, which has been described as a combination of \"utopian socialism, Arab nationalism, and the Third World revolutionary theory that was in vogue at the time\". He laid out the principles of this Theory in the three volumes of The Green Book, in which he sought to \"explain the structure of the ideal society.\" His Arab nationalist views led him to believe that there needed to be unity across the Arab world, combining the Arab nation under a single nation-state. He described his approach to economics as \"Islamic socialism\", although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that Gaddafi's socialism had a \"curiously Marxist undertone\", with political scientist Sami Hajjar arguing that Gaddafi's model of socialism offered a simplification of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' theories. Gaddafi saw his socialist Jamahiriyah as a model for the Arab, Islamic, and non-aligned worlds to follow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Nasserism"}], "question": "What philosophy was named for Gamal Abdel Nasser?", "id": "57318dff05b4da19006bd29a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "Third International Theory"}], "question": "What did Gaddafi call his political philosophy created in the 1970s?", "id": "57318dff05b4da19006bd29b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Third World revolutionary theory"}], "question": "What philosophy was combined with socialism and nationalism to form Third International Theory?", "id": "57318dff05b4da19006bd29c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "three"}], "question": "The Green Book consisted of how many volumes?", "id": "57318dff05b4da19006bd29d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1010, "text": "political scientist"}], "question": "What is the occupation of Sami Hajjar?", "id": "57318dff05b4da19006bd29e"}]}], ["Milisi Misratan membawa tahanan Gaddafi, memukulnya, menyebabkan kecederaan serius; acara itu difilemkan di telefon bimbit. Video kelihatan seperti gambar Gaddafi dipecat atau ditikam di hujung belakang \"dengan beberapa jenis kayu atau pisau\" atau mungkin bayonet. Ditarik ke hadapan trak pick-up, dia jatuh ketika ia memandu. Tubuhnya yang setengah telanjang, tidak bermaya kemudiannya dimasukkan ke ambulans dan dibawa ke Misrata; sebaik tiba, dia didapati mati. Akaun NTC rasmi mendakwa bahawa Gaddafi ditangkap dalam kebakaran dan meninggal dunia akibat luka peluru. Laporan mata saksi lain mendakwa bahawa pemberontak telah menembak Gaddafi secara perut secara perut; pemberontak yang mengenali dirinya sebagai Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi kemudian mengaku bertanggungjawab. Anak lelaki Gaddafi, Mutassim, yang turut berada di kalangan konvoi itu, juga ditangkap, dan ditemui mati beberapa jam kemudian, kemungkinan besar dari pelaksanaan ekstremisial. Sekitar 140 pengikut setia Gaddafi telah dibundarkan dari konvoi itu; diikat dan didera, mayat 66 ditemui di Mahari Hotel yang berdekatan, mangsa pelaksanaan ekstremisial. Ahli patologi forensik Libya, Dr. Othman al-Zintani, menjalankan autopsi Gaddafi, anaknya dan Jabr pada hari-hari selepas kematian mereka; walaupun ahli patologi itu pada mulanya memberitahu akhbar bahawa Gaddafi telah meninggal dunia akibat luka tembakan ke kepala, laporan autopsi itu tidak dipublikasikan. <> Siapa yang mendakwa telah membunuh Gaddafi? || Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi <> Anak lelaki Gaddafi, yang hadir dalam konvoi itu, ditemui mati sejurus selepas ditangkap? || Mutassim <> Di mana ambulans membawa Gaddafi selepas dibunuh? || Misrata <> Siapa ahli patologi forensik Libya? || Dr. Othman al-Zintani <> Berapa banyak mayat penyokong Gaddafi ditemui di Mahari Hotel? || 66", {"context": "A Misratan militia took Gaddafi prisoner, beating him, causing serious injuries; the events were filmed on a mobile phone. A video appears to picture Gaddafi being poked or stabbed in the rear end \"with some kind of stick or knife\" or possibly a bayonet. Pulled onto the front of a pick-up truck, he fell off as it drove away. His semi-naked, lifeless body was then placed into an ambulance and taken to Misrata; upon arrival, he was found to be dead. Official NTC accounts claimed that Gaddafi was caught in a cross-fire and died from his bullet wounds. Other eye-witness accounts claimed that rebels had fatally shot Gaddafi in the stomach; a rebel identifying himself as Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi later claimed responsibility. Gaddafi's son Mutassim, who had also been among the convoy, was also captured, and found dead several hours later, most probably from an extrajudicial execution. Around 140 Gaddafi loyalists were rounded up from the convoy; tied up and abused, the corpses of 66 were found at the nearby Mahari Hotel, victims of extrajudicial execution. Libya's chief forensic pathologist, Dr. Othman al-Zintani, carried out the autopsies of Gaddafi, his son and Jabr in the days following their deaths; although the pathologist initially told the press that Gaddafi had died from a gunshot wound to the head, the autopsy report was not made public.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi"}], "question": "Who claimed to have murdered Gaddafi?", "id": "57318c5c497a88190024900f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "Mutassim"}], "question": "What son of Gaddafi, present in the convoy, was found dead shortly after being captured?", "id": "57318c5c497a881900249010"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Misrata"}], "question": "Where did an ambulance take Gaddafi after he was murdered?", "id": "57318c5c497a881900249011"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1102, "text": "Dr. Othman al-Zintani"}], "question": "Who was the chief forensic pathologist of Libya?", "id": "57318c5c497a881900249013"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 988, "text": "66"}], "question": "How many bodies of Gaddafi supporters were found at the Mahari Hotel?", "id": "57318c5c497a881900249012"}]}], ["Sebahagian asas dari ideologi Gaddafi adalah anti-Zionisme. Beliau percaya bahawa keadaan Israel tidak sepatutnya wujud, dan sebarang kompromi Arab dengan kerajaan Israel adalah pengkhianatan terhadap rakyat Arab. Sebahagian besar disebabkan sokongan mereka terhadap Israel, Gaddafi membenci Amerika Syarikat, menganggap negara itu sebagai imperialis dan menyamar sebagai \"perwujudan kejahatan.\" Rali terhadap Yahudi dalam banyak ucapannya, anti-Semitismenya telah digambarkan sebagai \"hampir Hitlerian\" oleh Blundy dan Lycett. Dari akhir 1990-an dan seterusnya, pandangannya kelihatan lebih sederhana. Pada tahun 2007, beliau menganjurkan penyelesaian tunggal negara Isratin kepada konflik Israel-Palestin, yang menyatakan bahawa \"penyelesaian [Israel-Palestin] adalah untuk menubuhkan negara demokratik untuk orang-orang Yahudi dan Palestin ... Ini adalah penyelesaian asas, atau lagi orang Yahudi akan dimusnahkan di masa depan, kerana rakyat Palestin mempunyai kedalaman [strategis]. \" Dua tahun kemudian, beliau berhujah bahawa penyelesaian satu-satu negara akan \"melampaui konflik lama dan melihat kepada masa depan yang bersatu berdasarkan budaya dan penghormatan bersama.\" <> Negara apa Gaddafi merujuk sebagai \"perwujudan kejahatan\"? || Amerika Syarikat <> Bagaimana Gaddafi percaya konflik Israel-Palestin perlu diselesaikan? || Isratin penyelesaian keadaan tunggal <> Yang membandingkan Gaddafi kepada Hitler? || Blundy dan Lycett <> Apakah faktor utama dalam kebencian Gaddafi terhadap Amerika Syarikat? || sokongan Israel", {"context": "A fundamental part of Gaddafi's ideology was anti-Zionism. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist, and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people. In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the country to be imperialist and lambasting it as \"the embodiment of evil.\" Rallying against Jews in many of his speeches, his anti-Semitism has been described as \"almost Hitlerian\" by Blundy and Lycett. From the late 1990s onward, his view seemed to become more moderate. In 2007, he advocated the Isratin single-state solution to the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict, stating that \"the [Israel-Palestine] solution is to establish a democratic state for the Jews and the Palestinians... This is the fundamental solution, or else the Jews will be annihilated in the future, because the Palestinians have [strategic] depth.\" Two years later he argued that a single-state solution would \"move beyond old conflicts and look to a unified future based on shared culture and respect.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "United States"}], "question": "What country did Gaddafi refer to as \"the embodiment of evil\"?", "id": "57318f36e6313a140071d092"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "Isratin single-state solution"}], "question": "How did Gaddafi believe the Israel-Palestine conflict should be resolved?", "id": "57318f36e6313a140071d093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Blundy and Lycett"}], "question": "Who compared Gaddafi to Hitler?", "id": "57318f36e6313a140071d094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "support of Israel"}], "question": "What was a major factor in Gaddafi's hatred of the United States?", "id": "57318f36e6313a140071d095"}]}], ["Tinjauan ideologi Gaddafi telah dibentuk oleh persekitarannya, iaitu kepercayaan Islamnya, pembiakan Bedouinnya, dan jijiknya terhadap tindakan penjajah-penjajah Eropah di Libya. Beliau didorong oleh rasa \"misi ilahi\", mempercayai dirinya sebagai penyambung kehendak Allah, dan berfikir bahawa dia mesti mencapai matlamatnya \"tidak peduli apa pun kosnya\". Di dalam cawangan Islam Sunni, Gaddafi menggesa pelaksanaan syariah di Libya. Dia menghendaki perpaduan di seluruh dunia Islam, dan menggalakkan penyebaran iman di tempat lain. Pada lawatan 2010 ke Itali, beliau telah membayar agensi pemodelan untuk mencari 200 wanita Itali muda untuk syarahan yang beliau berikan kepada mereka untuk menukarkannya. Beliau juga membiayai pembinaan dan pengubahsuaian dua buah masjid di Afrika, termasuk Masjid Kampala Uganda. Dia bagaimanapun bertengkar dengan ulama-ulama Libia yang konservatif mengenai tafsirannya tentang Islam. Ramai yang mengkritik percubaannya untuk menggalakkan wanita memasuki sektor-sektor masyarakat yang hanya mengikut kaum, seperti angkatan bersenjata. Gaddafi berminat untuk meningkatkan status wanita, walaupun melihat jantina sebagai \"berasingan tetapi sama\" dan oleh itu merasakan wanita biasanya harus tetap dalam peranan tradisional. <> Apakah pelbagai agama Islam yang dibangkitkan oleh Gaddafi? || Sunni <> Di negara apakah masjid Kampala terletak? || Uganda <> Dalam apa budaya etnik Gaddafi dibangkitkan? || Bedouin <> Dalam tahun apakah Gaddafi melawat Italy? || 2010", {"context": "Gaddafi's ideological worldview was moulded by his environment, namely his Islamic faith, his Bedouin upbringing, and his disgust at the actions of European colonialists in Libya. He was driven by a sense of \"divine mission\", believing himself a conduit of Allah's will, and thought that he must achieve his goals \"no matter what the cost\". Raised within the Sunni branch of Islam, Gaddafi called for the implementation of sharia within Libya. He desired unity across the Islamic world, and encouraged the propagation of the faith elsewhere. On a 2010 visit to Italy, he paid a modelling agency to find 200 young Italian women for a lecture he gave urging them to convert. He also funded the construction and renovation of two mosques in Africa, including Uganda's Kampala Mosque. He nevertheless clashed with conservative Libyan clerics as to his interpretation of Islam. Many criticised his attempts to encourage women to enter traditionally male-only sectors of society, such as the armed forces. Gaddafi was keen to improve women's status, though saw the sexes as \"separate but equal\" and therefore felt women should usually remain in traditional roles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Sunni"}], "question": "What variety of Islam was Gaddafi raised in?", "id": "57318ea405b4da19006bd2a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "Uganda"}], "question": "In what country is Kampala Mosque located?", "id": "57318ea405b4da19006bd2a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Bedouin"}], "question": "In what ethnic culture was Gaddafi raised?", "id": "57318ea405b4da19006bd2a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did Gaddafi notably visit Italy?", "id": "57318ea405b4da19006bd2a7"}]}], ["Bermula pada tahun 1980-an, dia mengembara dengan Pengawal Amazoniannya, yang didakwa bersumpah kepada kehidupan pembujangan. Walau bagaimanapun, menurut ahli psikologi Seham Sergewa, selepas perang saudara beberapa pengawal memberitahu mereka mereka telah ditekan untuk menyertai dan diperkosa oleh Gaddafi dan pegawai kanan. Dia mengupah beberapa jururawat Ukraine untuk menjaga kesihatannya dan keluarganya, dan mengembara ke mana-mana dengan jururawatnya yang terpercaya, Halyna Kolotnytska. Anak perempuan Kolotnytska menafikan cadangan bahawa hubungan itu hanyalah sesuatu yang profesional. <> Apa nama pengawal wanita Gaddafi? || Amazonian Guard <> Dalam sedekad apakah Gaddafi pertama disertai oleh pengawal perempuannya? || 1980-an <> Apakah kewarganegaraan Halyna Kolotnytska? || Ukraine <> Apa profesi Halyna Kolotnytska? || jururawat <> Apa hubungan antara Gaddafi dengan Halyna Kolotnytska? || profesional", {"context": "Starting in the 1980s, he travelled with his all-female Amazonian Guard, who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy. However, according to psychologist Seham Sergewa, after the civil war several of the guards told her they had been pressured into joining and raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. He hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him and his family's health, and traveled everywhere with his trusted Ukrainian nurse Halyna Kolotnytska. Kolotnytska's daughter denied the suggestion that the relationship was anything but professional.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Amazonian Guard"}], "question": "What was the name of Gaddafi's female bodyguard?", "id": "573191a8a5e9cc1400cdc0cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "In what decade was Gaddafi first accompanied by his female bodyguard?", "id": "573191a8a5e9cc1400cdc0cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Ukrainian"}], "question": "What is Halyna Kolotnytska's nationality?", "id": "573191a8a5e9cc1400cdc0cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "nurse"}], "question": "What is the profession of Halyna Kolotnytska?", "id": "573191a8a5e9cc1400cdc0ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "professional"}], "question": "What sort of relationship did Gaddafi have with Halyna Kolotnytska?", "id": "573191a8a5e9cc1400cdc0cf"}]}], ["Gaddafi amat konfrontatif dalam pendekatannya terhadap kuasa asing, dan secara umumnya menghalang duta-duta dan diplomat barat, mempercayai mereka menjadi mata-mata. Dia pernah berkata bahawa HIV adalah \"virus damai, bukan virus yang agresif\" dan memberi jaminan kepada hadirin di Kesatuan Afrika bahawa \"jika anda lurus, anda tidak perlu takut dari AIDS\". Dia juga mengatakan bahawa virus influenza H1N1 adalah senjata biologi yang dihasilkan oleh tentera asing, dan dia memberi jaminan kepada orang Afrika bahawa terbang dan nyamuk tsetse adalah \"tentera Tuhan yang akan melindungi kita daripada penjajah\". Jika 'musuh' ini datang ke Afrika, \"mereka akan mendapat penyakit malaria dan tidur\". <> Apa jenis virus Gaddafi menggambarkan HIV sebagai? || selamat <> Siapa yang membuat tuntutan Gaddafi mencipta H1N1? || tentera asing <> Menurut Gaddafi, serangga apa yang membentuk tentera Tuhan? || terbang dan nyamuk <> Apa penyakit yang dilakukan Gaddafi mendakwa akan menyerang penjajah yang menyerang? || malaria dan sakit tidur", {"context": "Gaddafi was notably confrontational in his approach to foreign powers, and generally shunned western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies. He once said that HIV was \"a peaceful virus, not an aggressive virus\" and assured attendees at the African Union that \"if you are straight you have nothing to fear from AIDS\". He also said that the H1N1 influenza virus was a biological weapon manufactured by a foreign military, and he assured Africans that the tsetse fly and mosquito were \"God's armies which will protect us against colonialists\". Should these 'enemies' come to Africa, \"they will get malaria and sleeping sickness\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "peaceful"}], "question": "What sort of virus did Gaddafi describe HIV as?", "id": "5731914c497a881900249049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "a foreign military"}], "question": "Who did Gaddafi claim created H1N1?", "id": "5731914c497a88190024904a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "tsetse fly and mosquito"}], "question": "According to Gaddafi, what insects made up God's armies?", "id": "5731914c497a88190024904b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "malaria and sleeping sickness"}], "question": "What illnesses did Gaddafi claim would afflict invading colonialists?", "id": "5731914c497a88190024904c"}]}], ["Berikutan kekalahannya dalam perang saudara, sistem pemerintahan Gaddafi telah dibongkar dan digantikan di bawah kerajaan sementara NTC, yang meluluskan kesatuan sekerja dan kebebasan akhbar. Pada bulan Julai 2012, pilihan raya diadakan untuk membentuk Kongres Kebangsaan (GNC) yang baru, yang secara rasmi mengambil alih tadbir daripada NTC pada bulan Ogos. GNC terus memilih Mohammed Magariaf sebagai presiden dewan, dan kemudian mengundi Mustafa A.G. Abushagur sebagai Perdana Menteri; apabila Abushagar gagal mendapatkan kelulusan kongres, GNC sebaliknya memilih Ali Zeidan untuk kedudukannya. Pada Januari 2013, GNC secara rasmi menamakan semula Jamahiriyah sebagai \"Negeri Libya\". <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai presiden GNC? || Mohammed Magariaf <> Yang pada mulanya dinamakan perdana menteri oleh GNC? || Mustafa A.G. Abushagur <> Mengapa Mustafa A.G. Abushagur tidak menjadi perdana menteri? || gagal mendapatkan kelulusan kongres <> Siapa yang GNC akhirnya membuat perdana menteri? || Ali Zeidan <> Apa nama rasmi yang diberikan oleh GNC kepada Libya? || Negeri Libya", {"context": "Following his defeat in the civil war, Gaddafi's system of governance was dismantled and replaced under the interim government of the NTC, who legalised trade unions and freedom of the press. In July 2012, elections were held to form a new General National Congress (GNC), who officially took over governance from the NTC in August. The GNC proceeded to elect Mohammed Magariaf as president of the chamber, and then voted Mustafa A.G. Abushagur as Prime Minister; when Abushagar failed to gain congressional approval, the GNC instead elected Ali Zeidan to the position. In January 2013, the GNC officially renamed the Jamahiriyah as the \"State of Libya\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Mohammed Magariaf"}], "question": "Who was elected president of the GNC?", "id": "57319432e6313a140071d0cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Mustafa A.G. Abushagur"}], "question": "Who was initially named prime minister by the GNC?", "id": "57319432e6313a140071d0cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "failed to gain congressional approval"}], "question": "Why did Mustafa A.G. Abushagur not become prime minister?", "id": "57319432e6313a140071d0ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Ali Zeidan"}], "question": "Who did the GNC eventually make prime minister?", "id": "57319432e6313a140071d0cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "State of Libya"}], "question": "What official name did the GNC give to Libya?", "id": "57319432e6313a140071d0d0"}]}], ["Reaksi antarabangsa terhadap kematian Gaddafi dibahagikan. Presiden A.S. Barack Obama menyatakan bahawa \"bayangan kezaliman terhadap Libya telah diangkat,\" sementara Perdana Menteri Inggeris, David Cameron menyatakan bahawa dia \"bangga\" peranan negaranya dalam menggulingkan \"diktator kejam ini\". Contrastingly, bekas Presiden Cuba Fidel Castro berkomentar bahawa dalam menentang pemberontak, Gaddafi akan \"memasuki sejarah sebagai salah satu tokoh besar bangsa Arab\", sementara Presiden Venezuela Hugo Ch\u00e1vez menggambarkannya sebagai \"pejuang yang hebat, revolusioner dan martir. \" Nelson Mandela menyatakan kesedihan pada berita itu, memuji Gaddafi atas sikap anti-apartheidnya, menyatakan bahawa dia menyokong Kongres Nasional Afrika semasa \"saat-saat paling gelap perjuangan kita\". Gaddafi dikhianati oleh ramai orang sebagai seorang wira di seluruh Afrika Sub-Sahara, misalnya, berjaga-jaga telah diadakan oleh orang Islam di Sierra Leone. The Daily Times of Nigeria menyatakan bahawa walaupun tidak dapat dipandang sebagai diktator, Gaddafi adalah yang paling berbelas kasihan di rantau yang hanya mengetahui kediktatoran, dan bahawa dia adalah \"seorang yang hebat yang memandang rakyatnya dan menjadikan mereka iri hati semua Afrika.\" Kepimpinan akhbar Nigeria melaporkan bahawa sementara banyak orang Libya dan Afrika akan meratapi Gaddafi, ini akan diabaikan oleh media barat dan oleh itu diperlukan 50 tahun sebelum ahli sejarah memutuskan sama ada dia adalah \"martir atau penjahat.\" <> Siapa yang merujuk kepada Gaddafi sebagai martir? || Hugo Chavez <> Siapa yang mengatakan pembangkang Gaddafi terhadap apartheid? || Nelson Mandela <> Yang menyatakan bangga dengan menggulingkan kerajaan Gaddafi? || David Cameron <> Di negara apa ada penjagaan Muslim yang ketara untuk Gaddafi? || Sierra Leone <> Siapa kata sesuatu tentang kezaliman? || Barack Obama", {"context": "International reactions to Gaddafi's death were divided. U.S. President Barack Obama stated that it meant that \"the shadow of tyranny over Libya has been lifted,\" while UK Prime Minister David Cameron stated that he was \"proud\" of his country's role in overthrowing \"this brutal dictator\". Contrastingly, former Cuban President Fidel Castro commented that in defying the rebels, Gaddafi would \"enter history as one of the great figures of the Arab nations\", while Venezuelan President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez described him as \"a great fighter, a revolutionary and a martyr.\" Nelson Mandela expressed sadness at the news, praising Gaddafi for his anti-apartheid stance, remarking that he backed the African National Congress during \"the darkest moments of our struggle\". Gaddafi was mourned by many as a hero across Sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, a vigil was held by Muslims in Sierra Leone. The Daily Times of Nigeria stated that while undeniably a dictator, Gaddafi was the most benevolent in a region that only knew dictatorship, and that he was \"a great man that looked out for his people and made them the envy of all of Africa.\" The Nigerian newspaper Leadership reported that while many Libyans and Africans would mourn Gaddafi, this would be ignored by western media and that as such it would take 50 years before historians decided whether he was \"martyr or villain.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Hugo Ch\u00e1vez"}], "question": "Who referred to Gaddafi as a martyr?", "id": "573193a7a5e9cc1400cdc0fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Nelson Mandela"}], "question": "Who noted Gaddafi's opposition to apartheid?", "id": "573193a7a5e9cc1400cdc0fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "David Cameron"}], "question": "Who expressed pride at overthrowing Gaddafi's government?", "id": "573193a7a5e9cc1400cdc0fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 868, "text": "Sierra Leone"}], "question": "In what country was there a notable Muslim vigil for Gaddafi?", "id": "573193a7a5e9cc1400cdc0fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Barack Obama"}], "question": "Who said something about tyranny?", "id": "573193a7a5e9cc1400cdc0ff"}]}], ["Gaddafi kekal sebagai kontroversi dan pemisahan di peringkat dunia sepanjang hayatnya dan selepas kematian. Penyokong memuji pentadbiran Gaddafi untuk mewujudkan masyarakat yang hampir tidak berkelas melalui reformasi domestik. Mereka menekankan pencapaian rejim dalam memerangi homelessness dan memastikan akses kepada makanan dan air minum yang selamat. Menyoroti bahawa di bawah Gaddafi, semua orang Libya menikmati pendidikan percuma ke peringkat universiti, mereka menunjuk kepada kenaikan harga celik dramatik selepas revolusi 1969. Penyokong juga memuji pencapaian dalam rawatan perubatan, memuji penjagaan kesihatan percuma sejagat yang disediakan di bawah pentadbiran Gaddafis, dengan penyakit seperti kolera dan kepialu yang terkandung dan jangkaan jangka hayat. Biografi Blundy dan Lycett percaya bahawa di bawah dekad pertama kepimpinan Gaddafi, kehidupan bagi kebanyakan orang Libya \"tidak dapat dinafikan berubah menjadi lebih baik\" kerana keadaan dan kekayaan material meningkat secara mendadak, sementara pakar kajian Libya Lillian Craig Harris menyatakan bahawa pada tahun-tahun awal pentadbirannya, \"Kekayaan negara dan pengaruh antarabangsa Libya melonjak, dan taraf hidup negaranya meningkat secara dramatik.\" Piawaian yang tinggi merosot pada tahun 1980-an, akibat daripada gejolak ekonomi. Gaddafi mendakwa bahawa Jamahiriyanya adalah \"utopia konkrit\", dan dia telah dilantik oleh \"persetujuan popular\", dengan beberapa penyokong Islam percaya bahawa dia memperlihatkan barakah. Pertentangannya terhadap kerajaan-kerajaan Barat telah menimbulkan rasa hormat kepada banyak orang di wilayah Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah penyakit yang dikurangkan oleh dasar penjagaan kesihatan Gaddafi? || kolera dan kepialu <> Apakah kos pendidikan rendah dan menengah di bawah Gaddafi? || percuma <> Mengapa taraf hidup menurun pada tahun 1980-an Libya? || kemerosotan ekonomi <> Oleh kerana penentangannya kepada kerajaan-kerajaan Barat, yang terutama menghormati Gaddafi? || Euro-Amerika jauh <> Apa pekerjaan Lillian Craig Harris? || Pakar kajian Libya", {"context": "Gaddafi remained a controversial and divisive figure on the world stage throughout his life and after death. Supporters praised Gaddafi's administration for the creation of an almost classless society through domestic reform. They stress the regime's achievements in combating homelessness and ensuring access to food and safe drinking water. Highlighting that under Gaddafi, all Libyans enjoyed free education to a university level, they point to the dramatic rise in literacy rates after the 1969 revolution. Supporters have also applauded achievements in medical care, praising the universal free healthcare provided under the Gaddafist administration, with diseases like cholera and typhoid being contained and life expectancy raised. Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that under the first decade of Gaddafi's leadership, life for most Libyans \"undoubtedly changed for the better\" as material conditions and wealth drastically improved, while Libyan studies specialist Lillian Craig Harris remarked that in the early years of his administration, Libya's \"national wealth and international influence soared, and its national standard of living has risen dramatically.\" Such high standards declined during the 1980s, as a result of economic stagnation. Gaddafi claimed that his Jamahiriya was a \"concrete utopia\", and that he had been appointed by \"popular assent\", with some Islamic supporters believing that he exhibited barakah. His opposition to Western governments earned him the respect of many in the Euro-American far right.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "cholera and typhoid"}], "question": "What diseases were minimized by Gaddafi's health care policies?", "id": "57319266497a881900249051"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "free"}], "question": "What was the cost of primary and secondary education under Gaddafi?", "id": "57319266497a881900249052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1239, "text": "economic stagnation"}], "question": "Why did living standards decline in 1980s Libya?", "id": "57319266497a881900249053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1515, "text": "Euro-American far right"}], "question": "Due to his opposition to West governments, who notably respected Gaddafi?", "id": "57319266497a881900249054"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 952, "text": "Libyan studies specialist"}], "question": "What is the occupation of Lillian Craig Harris?", "id": "57319266497a881900249055"}]}], ["Pengkritik melabel Gaddafi sebagai \"despotik, kejam, sombong, sia-sia dan bodoh\", dengan pemerintah barat dan akhbar menyampaikannya sebagai \"diktator kejam orang yang tertindas\". Semasa pemerintahan Reagan, Amerika Syarikat menganggapnya sebagai \"Musuh Umum No. 1\" dan Reagan terkenal sebagai \"anjing gila Timur Tengah\". Menurut para pengkritik, rakyat Libya hidup dalam iklim ketakutan di bawah pentadbiran Gaddafi, disebabkan pengawasan pemerintahnya terhadap orang awam. Libya Gaddafi biasanya digambarkan oleh pengulas barat sebagai \"negara polis\". Penentang adalah kritikal terhadap penyalahgunaan hak asasi manusia Libya; menurut Human Rights Watch (HRW) dan lain-lain, beratus-ratus penentang politik yang ditangkap seringkali gagal menerima perbicaraan yang adil, dan kadang-kadang dikenakan penyeksaan atau pelaksanaan ekstremisial, terutama dalam penjara Abu Salim, termasuk dakwaan pembunuhan beramai-ramai pada 29 Jun 1996 di mana HRW menganggarkan bahawa 1,270 tahanan dibunuh. Pembebanan di luar negara atau \"anjing-anjing liar\" juga diancam secara terbuka dengan kematian dan kadang-kadang dibunuh oleh skuad yang melanda kerajaan. Rawatan kerajaannya terhadap Libya bukan Arab juga turut mendapat kritikan daripada aktivis hak asasi manusia, dengan orang Berber asli, orang Itali, orang Yahudi, pelarian, dan pekerja asing yang menghadapi penganiayaan di Libya Gaddafis. Menurut wartawan, Annick Cojean dan pakar psikologi, Seham Sergewa, Gaddafi dan pegawai kanan merogol dan memenjarakan ratusan atau ribuan wanita muda dan dilaporkan merogol beberapa pengawal wanita. Kerajaan Gaddafi sering dikritik kerana tidak demokratik, dengan Freedom House secara konsisten memberi Libya di bawah Gaddafi sebagai \"Tidak Percuma\" untuk kebebasan sivil dan hak politik. <> Apa yang dipanggil Reagan Gaddafi? || anjing gila di Timur Tengah <> Menurut Human Rights Watch, berapa ramai tawanan yang dibunuh pada 29 Jun 1996? || 1,270 <> Di bawah Gaddafi, bagaimana kadar Freedom House Libya? || Tidak Percuma <> Apa Gaddafi memanggil pembangkang Libya berdasarkan luar negeri? || anjing-anjing liar <> Di mana penjara melakukan eksekusi ekstremisial berlaku mengikut HRW? || Abu Salim", {"context": "Critics labelled Gaddafi \"despotic, cruel, arrogant, vain and stupid\", with western governments and press presenting him as the \"vicious dictator of an oppressed people\". During the Reagan administration, the United States regarded him as \"Public Enemy No. 1\" and Reagan famously dubbed him the \"mad dog of the Middle East\". According to critics, the Libyan people lived in a climate of fear under Gaddafi's administration, due to his government's pervasive surveillance of civilians. Gaddafi's Libya was typically described by western commentators as \"a police state\". Opponents were critical of Libya's human rights abuses; according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) and others, hundreds of arrested political opponents often failed to receive a fair trial, and were sometimes subjected to torture or extrajudicial execution, most notably in the Abu Salim prison, including an alleged massacre on 29 June 1996 in which HRW estimated that 1,270 prisoners were massacred. Dissidents abroad or \"stray dogs\" were also publicly threatened with death and sometimes killed by government hit squads. His government's treatment of non-Arab Libyans has also came in for criticism from human rights activists, with native Berbers, Italians, Jews, refugees, and foreign workers all facing persecution in Gaddafist Libya. According to journalist Annick Cojean and psychologist Seham Sergewa, Gaddafi and senior officials raped and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of young women and reportedly raped several of his female bodyguards. Gaddafi's government was frequently criticized for not being democratic, with Freedom House consistently giving Libya under Gaddafi the \"Not Free\" ranking for civil liberties and political rights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "mad dog of the Middle East"}], "question": "What did Reagan call Gaddafi?", "id": "57319323a5e9cc1400cdc0f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 935, "text": "1,270"}], "question": "According to Human Rights Watch, how many prisoners were killed on June 29, 1996?", "id": "57319323a5e9cc1400cdc0f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1655, "text": "Not Free"}], "question": "Under Gaddafi, how did Freedom House rate Libya?", "id": "57319323a5e9cc1400cdc0f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 989, "text": "stray dogs"}], "question": "What did Gaddafi call Libya dissidents based outside the country?", "id": "57319323a5e9cc1400cdc0f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "Abu Salim"}], "question": "At what prison did extrajudicial executions occur according to HRW?", "id": "57319323a5e9cc1400cdc0f5"}]}]], [["Nisbah umat Islam kepada orang Kristian bervariasi sepanjang zaman pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah. Pada 1777-78, 47,000 orang Islam membentuk majoriti di atas 37,000 orang Kristian di pulau ini. Menjelang tahun 1872, penduduk pulau itu meningkat kepada 144,000, yang terdiri daripada 44,000 orang Islam dan 100,000 orang Kristian. Penduduk Muslim termasuk banyak orang Kristian, termasuk Linobambaki, komunitas kripto-Katolik yang timbul akibat penganiayaan agama masyarakat Katolik oleh pihak berkuasa Uthmaniyah; komuniti ini akan mengasimilasikan masyarakat Siprus Turki semasa pemerintahan British. <> Berapa banyak umat Islam membentuk penduduk pulau ini pada tahun 1777-78? || 47,000 <> Berapa banyak orang Kristian yang membentuk penduduk pulau itu pada 1777-78? || 37,000 <> Apa populasi pulau itu pada tahun 1872? || 144,000 <> Pada tahun 1872 pulau itu mengandungi berapa ramai umat Islam? || 44,000 <> Pada tahun 1872 pulau itu mengandungi berapa orang Kristian? || 100,000", {"context": "The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777\u201378, 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians. By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians. The Muslim population included numerous crypto-Christians, including the Linobambaki, a crypto-Catholic community that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottoman authorities; this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "47,000"}], "question": "How many Muslims made up the island's population in 1777-78?", "id": "572e80e8cb0c0d14000f11fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "37,000"}], "question": "How many Christians made up the island's population in 1777-78?", "id": "572e80e8cb0c0d14000f11fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "144,000"}], "question": "What was the population of the island in 1872?", "id": "572e80e8cb0c0d14000f11fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "44,000"}], "question": "In 1872 the island contained how many Muslims?", "id": "572e80e8cb0c0d14000f11fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "100,000"}], "question": "In 1872 the island contained how many Christians?", "id": "572e80e8cb0c0d14000f11fe"}]}], ["Berikutan kematian pada tahun 1473 dari James II, raja Lusignan yang terakhir, Republik Venice menguasai pulau itu, sementara janda Venetian raja Ratu Catherine Cornaro, memerintah sebagai tokoh. Venice secara rasmi mencaplok Kerajaan Siprus pada tahun 1489, berikutan penolakan Catherine. Orang Venesia menguatkan Nicosia dengan membina Dinding Venesia, dan menggunakannya sebagai hab komersil yang penting. Sepanjang pemerintahan Venesia, Empayar Uthmaniyyah sering menyerbu Cyprus. Pada tahun 1539, Uthmaniyah memusnahkan Limassol dan begitu takut dengan yang paling teruk, orang Venesia juga memperkuat Famagusta dan Kyrenia. <> Dalam tahun apakah James II mati? || 1473 <> Siapa yang menguasai pulau itu selepas kematian James II? || Republik Venice <> Dalam tahun berapakah Venice secara rasmi menampar kerajaan Cyprus? || 1489 <> Kerajaan mana yang sering menyerang Cyprus semasa pemerintahan Venesia? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Pada tahun berapakah orang Ottoman memusnahkan Limassol? || 1539", {"context": "Following the death in 1473 of James II, the last Lusignan king, the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen Catherine Cornaro, reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine. The Venetians fortified Nicosia by building the Venetian Walls, and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the Ottoman Empire frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed Limassol and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified Famagusta and Kyrenia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "1473"}], "question": "In what year did James II die?", "id": "572e7f8003f98919007566db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Republic of Venice"}], "question": "Who assumed control of the island after the death of James II?", "id": "572e7f8003f98919007566dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "1489"}], "question": "In what year did Venice formally annex the kingdom of Cyprus?", "id": "572e7f8003f98919007566dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "Which empire frequently raided Cyprus during Venetian rule?", "id": "572e7f8003f98919007566de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "1539"}], "question": "In what year did the Ottomans destroy Limassol?", "id": "572e7f8003f98919007566df"}]}], ["Sebaik sahaja Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani meletus pada tahun 1821, beberapa orang Cypriot Yunani meninggalkan Yunani untuk bergabung dengan pasukan Yunani. Sebagai tindak balas, gabenor Uthmaniyyah di Cyprus menangkap dan mengeksekusi 486 Cypriot Yunani yang terkenal, termasuk Uskup Agung Cyprus, Kyprianos dan empat uskup lain. Pada tahun 1828, presiden pertama moden Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias menyeru kesatuan Cyprus dengan Greece, dan beberapa pemberontakan kecil berlaku. Reaksi terhadap kekalahan Uthmaniyyah menyebabkan pergolakan oleh Cypriot Yunani dan Turki, walaupun tidak ada yang berhasil. Selepas berabad-abad pengabaian oleh orang-orang Turki, kemiskinan yang tidak terhingga kebanyakan orang, dan pengumpul cukai yang sentiasa membiak nasionalisme Yunani, dan idea abad ke-20 tentang enosi, atau kesatuan, dengan Greece yang baru merdeka telah berakar umbi di kalangan Cypriot Yunani . <> Berapa tahun perang kemerdekaan Yunani keluar? || 1821 <> Berapa banyak orang Cyprus yang ditangkap dan dibunuh oleh gabenor Uthmaniyyah di Cyprus? || 486 <> Siapa presiden pertama yang moden di Greece? || Ioannis Kapodistrias <> Apa yang dipanggil Ioannis Kapodistrias? || kesatuan Cyprus dengan Greece", {"context": "As soon as the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, Kyprianos and four other bishops. In 1828, modern Greece's first president Ioannis Kapodistrias called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place. Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. After centuries of neglect by the Turks, the unrelenting poverty of most of the people, and the ever-present tax collectors fuelled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century idea of enosis, or union, with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "1821"}], "question": "What year did the Greek war of independence break out?", "id": "572e8153c246551400ce4268"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "486"}], "question": "How many Greek Cypriots were arrested and executed by the Ottoman governor of Cyprus?", "id": "572e8153c246551400ce4269"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Ioannis Kapodistrias"}], "question": "Who was modern Greece's first president?", "id": "572e8153c246551400ce426a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "union of Cyprus with Greece"}], "question": "What did Ioannis Kapodistrias call for?", "id": "572e8153c246551400ce426b"}]}], ["Semasa Zaman Gangsa lewat pulau itu mengalami dua gelombang penyelesaian Yunani. Gelombang pertama terdiri daripada pedagang Yunani Mycenaean yang mula berkunjung ke Cyprus sekitar 1400 SM. Satu gelombang utama penyelesaian Greek dipercayai berlaku berikutan kejatuhan Zaman Gangsa Mycenaean Greece 1100-1050 BC, dengan pulau itu dating watak kebanyakannya Greek dari tempoh ini. Cyprus menduduki peranan penting dalam mitologi Yunani menjadi tempat kelahiran Aphrodite dan Adonis, dan rumah kepada King Cinyras, Teucer dan Pygmalion. Bermula pada abad ke-8 SM koloni Phoenician didirikan di pantai selatan Cyprus, dekat Larnaca dan Salamis saat ini. <> Semasa apa umur Cyprus telah mengalami dua gelombang penyelesaian Yunani? || Zaman Gangsa lewat <> Siapa yang membuat gelombang pertama penyelesaian Yunani terdiri daripada? || Peniaga Yunani Mycenaean <> Tahun berapakah Republik Turki Cyprus Utara mula melawat Cyprus? || 1400 SM <> Cyprus adalah tempat kelahiran dua angka mitos Yunani? || Aphrodite dan Adonis <> Cyprus adalah rumah yang mana angka mitologi Greek? || King Cinyras, Teucer dan Pygmalion", {"context": "During the late Bronze Age the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement. The first wave consisted of Mycenaean Greek traders who started visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC. A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050 BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period. Cyprus occupies an important role in Greek mythology being the birthplace of Aphrodite and Adonis, and home to King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion. Beginning in the 8th century BC Phoenician colonies were founded on the south coast of Cyprus, near present-day Larnaca and Salamis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "late Bronze Age"}], "question": "During what Age did Cyprus experience two waves of Greek settlement?", "id": "572e7f0adfa6aa1500f8d047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Mycenaean Greek traders"}], "question": "Who did the first wave of Greek settlement consist of?", "id": "572e7f0adfa6aa1500f8d048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "1400 BC"}], "question": "What year did Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus begin visiting Cyprus?", "id": "572e7f0adfa6aa1500f8d049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Aphrodite and Adonis"}], "question": "Cyprus is the birthplace of what two Greek mythological figures?", "id": "572e7f0adfa6aa1500f8d04a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion"}], "question": "Cyprus is home to which Greek mythological figures?", "id": "572e7f0adfa6aa1500f8d04b"}]}], ["Kegiatan manusia yang paling awal diketahui di pulau ini adalah sekitar abad ke-10 SM. Sisa arkeologi dari zaman ini termasuk kampung Neolitik Khirokitia yang dipelihara dengan baik, dan Cyprus adalah rumah kepada beberapa telaga air tertua di dunia. Cyprus diselesaikan oleh Mycenaean Greeks dalam dua gelombang pada milenium ke-2 SM. Sebagai lokasi yang strategik di Timur Tengah, ia kemudiannya diduduki oleh beberapa kuasa utama, termasuk empayar Asyur, Mesir dan Persia, yang daripadanya pulau itu dirampas pada tahun 333 SM oleh Alexander the Great. Peraturan berikutnya oleh Ptolemaic Mesir, Kekaisaran Romawi Klasik dan Timur, Arab berkaliber untuk masa yang singkat, dinasti Lusignan Perancis dan Venesia, diikuti oleh lebih tiga abad pemerintahan Uthmaniyah antara 1571 dan 1878 (de jure hingga 1914). <> Apakah tarikh aktiviti manusia yang paling awal diketahui di Cyprus? || 10 milenium SM <> Apa itu Cyprus? || telaga air yang tertua di dunia <> Siapa yang Cyprus diselesaikan pada tahun 2 milenium SM? || Mycenaean Greeks <> Apa kerajaan telah menduduki Cyprus? || empayar Asyur, Mesir dan Persia <> Bilakah pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah berlaku di Cyprus? || antara 1571 dan 1878", {"context": "The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Middle East, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians, was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 (de jure until 1914).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "10th millennium BC"}], "question": "What is the date of the earliest known human activity on Cyprus?", "id": "572e7cf003f98919007566a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "the oldest water wells in the world"}], "question": "What is Cyprus home to of?", "id": "572e7cf003f98919007566a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Mycenaean Greeks"}], "question": "Who was Cyprus settled by in 2nd millennium BC?", "id": "572e7cf003f98919007566a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians"}], "question": "What empires have occupied Cyprus?", "id": "572e7cf003f98919007566a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "between 1571 and 1878"}], "question": "When did Ottoman rule occur in Cyprus?", "id": "572e7cf003f98919007566a7"}]}], ["Pada 1570, serangan Ottoman yang penuh dengan 60,000 tentera membawa pulau itu di bawah kawalan Uthmaniyyah, walaupun rintangan kuat oleh penduduk Nicosia dan Famagusta. Pasukan Utsmani menawan Cyprus membunuh ramai penduduk Kristian Yunani dan Armenia. Elit Latin sebelum ini dimusnahkan dan perubahan demografi penting pertama sejak zaman dahulu berlaku dengan pembentukan masyarakat Islam. Askar-askar yang bertempur dalam penaklukan itu menetap di pulau itu dan petani dan tukang masak Turki dibawa ke pulau itu dari Anatolia. Masyarakat baru ini juga termasuk menghalau puak-puak Anatolia, \"orang-orang yang tidak diingini\" dan ahli-ahli dari pelbagai sekte-sekte Muslim yang \"menyusahkan\", serta sejumlah penukar baru di pulau itu. <> Dalam tahun apakah Cyprus menghadapi serangan Ottoman berskala besar? || 1570 <> Pasukan Uthmaniyyah membunuh orang-orang macam mana? || Penduduk Kristian Yunani dan Armenia <> Petani dan tukang masak Turki dibawa ke pulau itu dari mana? || Anatolia", {"context": "In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus massacred many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants. The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community. Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from Anatolia. This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, \"undesirable\" persons and members of various \"troublesome\" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1570"}], "question": "In what year did Cyprus face a full-scale Ottoman assault?", "id": "572e7fd1cb0c0d14000f11ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants"}], "question": "Ottoman forces massacred which types of people?", "id": "572e7fd1cb0c0d14000f11cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Anatolia"}], "question": "Turkish peasants and craftsman were brought to the island from where?", "id": "572e7fd1cb0c0d14000f11d0"}]}], ["Cyprus (i / sa\u026apr\u0259s /; Greek: \u039a\u03cd\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 IPA: [cipros]; Turki: K\u0131br\u0131s IPA: [k\u026fb\u027e\u026fs]), secara rasmi Republik Cyprus (Greek: \u039a\u03c5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1; Turki: K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti) Laut Mediterranean, di luar pantai Syria dan Turki. [E] Cyprus adalah pulau ketiga terbesar dan ketiga yang paling ramai penduduknya di Mediterranean, dan negara anggota Kesatuan Eropah. Ia terletak di selatan Turki, barat Syria dan Lubnan, barat laut Israel dan Palestin, utara Mesir dan timur Greece. <> Apakah nama rasmi Cypus? || Republik Cyprus <> Di mana Cyprus terletak? || Laut Mediterranean Timur <> Negara apakah yang berdekatan dengan Cyprus? || Syria dan Turki <> Apakah hubungan Cyprus dengan Kesatuan Eropah? || negara anggota <> Adakah Cyprus sebuah negara pulau atau negara berkunci? || negara pulau <> Apa itu Cyprus kedudukan dari segi saiz di Mediterranean? || ketiga terbesar <> Negara manakah di utara Cyprus? || Turki", {"context": "Cyprus (i/\u02c8sa\u026apr\u0259s/; Greek: \u039a\u03cd\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 IPA: [\u02c8cipros]; Turkish: K\u0131br\u0131s IPA: [\u02c8k\u026fb\u027e\u026fs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: \u039a\u03c5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1; Turkish: K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, off the coasts of Syria and Turkey.[e] Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and a member state of the European Union. It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt and east of Greece.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Republic of Cyprus"}], "question": "What is the official name of Cypus?", "id": "572e7c43cb0c0d14000f11a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Eastern Mediterranean Sea"}], "question": "Where is Cyprus located?", "id": "572e7c43cb0c0d14000f11a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Syria and Turkey"}], "question": "What countries are nearby Cyprus?", "id": "572e7c43cb0c0d14000f11a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "member state"}], "question": "What is Cyprus' affiliation with the European Union?", "id": "572e7c43cb0c0d14000f11a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "island country"}], "question": "Is Cyprus an island country or land-locked country? ", "id": "572e7c43cb0c0d14000f11aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "third largest"}], "question": "What does Cyprus rank in terms of size in the Mediterranean? ", "id": "572eaf3fcb0c0d14000f1477"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "Which country is north of Cyprus?", "id": "572eaf3fcb0c0d14000f1478"}]}], ["Orang-orang Uthmaniyyah menghapuskan sistem feudal sebelum ini dan mengaplikasikan sistem millet ke Cyprus, di mana orang-orang bukan Islam ditadbir oleh pihak berkuasa agama mereka sendiri. Dalam pembalikan dari zaman pemerintahan Latin, ketua Gereja Cyprus dilaburkan sebagai pemimpin penduduk Cyprus dan bertindak sebagai mediator antara Kristian Cyprus dan pihak berkuasa Uthmaniyyah. Status ini memastikan bahawa Gereja Cyprus berada dalam kedudukan untuk menamatkan pencerobohan berterusan Gereja Roman Katolik. Pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah di Cyprus pada masa-masa acuh tak acuh, kadang-kadang menindas, bergantung pada temperamen para sultan dan pegawai-pegawai tempatan, dan pulau itu bermula lebih dari 250 tahun penurunan ekonomi. <> Sistem apakah yang dimansuhkan oleh Uthmaniyyah memihak kepada sistem bijih? || sistem feudal <> Siapa yang dilaburkan sebagai ketua penduduk Cyprus Cyprus? || ketua Gereja Cyprus <> Siapa Gereja Cyprus yang berharap dapat mengakhiri pencerobohan? || Gereja Katolik Roma <> Berapa tahun Cyprus mengalami kemerosotan ekonomi? || 250 tahun", {"context": "The Ottomans abolished the feudal system previously in place and applied the millet system to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the Church of Cyprus was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church. Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials, and the island began over 250 years of economic decline.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "feudal system"}], "question": "What system did the Ottomans abolish in favor of the millet system?", "id": "572e8093cb0c0d14000f11f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "head of the Church of Cyprus"}], "question": "Who was invested as the leader of the Greek Cypriot population?", "id": "572e8093cb0c0d14000f11f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Roman Catholic Church"}], "question": "Who was the Church of Cyprus hoping to end encroachments of?", "id": "572e8093cb0c0d14000f11f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "250 years"}], "question": "How many years did Cyprus face of economic decline?", "id": "572e8093cb0c0d14000f11f5"}]}], ["Republik Cyprus mempunyai kedaulatan de jure di pulau Cyprus dan perairan sekitarnya, mengikut undang-undang antarabangsa, kecuali Wilayah Luar Negeri British Akrotiri dan Dhekelia, yang ditadbir sebagai Kawasan Dasar Kerajaan. Bagaimanapun, Republik Cyprus secara de facto dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian utama; kawasan di bawah kawalan berkesan Republik, yang merangkumi kira-kira 59% kawasan pulau itu, dan utara, yang dikendalikan oleh Republik Turki Utara Utara yang diisytiharkan sendiri, yang diiktiraf hanya oleh Turki, yang meliputi sekitar 36% kawasan pulau itu . Masyarakat antarabangsa menganggap bahagian utara pulau itu sebagai wilayah Republik Cyprus yang diduduki pasukan Turki. Pendudukan itu dilihat sebagai tidak sah di bawah undang-undang antarabangsa, berjumlah pendudukan yang tidak sah di wilayah EU sejak Cyprus menjadi ahli Kesatuan Eropah. <> Republik Cyprus tidak mempunyai kedaulatan de jure atas apa dua wilayah British? || Akrotiri dan Dhekelia <> Berapa banyak bahagian Republik Cyprus dipartisi? || dua bahagian utama <> Berapa banyak kawasan pulau yang mengawal Republik? || 59% <> Republik Turki Utara Cyprus hanya diiktiraf oleh negara apa? || Turki <> Apa masyarakat antarabangsa menganggap bahagian utara Cyprus? || wilayah Republik Cyprus yang diduduki oleh pasukan Turki", {"context": "The Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus and its surrounding waters, according to international law, except for the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, administered as Sovereign Base Areas. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts; the area under the effective control of the Republic, comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north, administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognised only by Turkey, covering about 36% of the island's area. The international community considers the northern part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law, amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Akrotiri and Dhekelia"}], "question": "The Republic of Cyprus does not have de jure sovereignty over what two British territories? ", "id": "572e7e8503f98919007566c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "two main parts"}], "question": "How many parts is the Republic of Cyprus partitioned into?", "id": "572e7e8503f98919007566ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "59%"}], "question": "How much area of the island does the Republic control?", "id": "572e7e8503f98919007566cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is only recognized by what country?", "id": "572e7e8503f98919007566cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces"}], "question": "What does the international community consider the northern part of Cyprus?", "id": "572e7e8503f98919007566cd"}]}], ["Cyprus diletakkan di bawah pentadbiran British berdasarkan Konvensyen Cyprus pada tahun 1878 dan secara rasmi dilampirkan oleh Britain pada tahun 1914. Walaupun Siprus Turki membentuk hanya 18% daripada populasi, pemisahan Cyprus dan penciptaan negara Turki di utara menjadi dasar Pemimpin Cyprus Turki dan Turki pada tahun 1950-an. Pemimpin Turki untuk tempoh yang menganjurkan penyambungan Cyprus ke Turki sebagai Cyprus dianggap sebagai \"pelanjutan Anatolia\" oleh mereka; Sedang sejak abad ke-19, penduduk Siprus majoriti Yunani dan gereja Ortodoksnya telah mengejar kesatuan dengan Yunani, yang menjadi dasar kebangsaan Yunani pada tahun 1950-an. Berikutan keganasan nasionalis pada tahun 1950-an, Cyprus telah diberikan kemerdekaan pada tahun 1960. Pada tahun 1963, keganasan antara 11 tahun antara Cypriots Yunani dan Cypriots Turki bermula, yang telah memindahkan lebih daripada 25,000 Cypriots Turki dan membawa penghujung perwakilan Cypriot Turki di republik itu. Pada 15 Julai 1974, satu rampasan kuasa diadakan oleh nasionalis Yunani Cypriot dan unsur-unsur junta tentera Yunani dalam cubaan enose, penubuhan Cyprus ke Greece. Tindakan ini mendorong pencerobohan Turki ke Cyprus, yang membawa kepada penangkapan wilayah Cyprus Utara pada bulan berikutnya, selepas gencatan senjata runtuh, dan pemindahan lebih dari 150,000 Cypriot Yunani dan 50,000 Cypriot Turki. Negara Turki Siprus yang berasingan di utara ditubuhkan pada tahun 1983. Keadaan-keadaan ini dan situasi politik yang terhasil adalah perkara-perkara perselisihan yang berterusan. <> Bilakah Cyprus diletakkan di bawah pentadbiran British? || 1878 <> Tahun apakah Cyprus dilampirkan oleh Britain? || 1914 <> Tahun apakah Cyprus diberikan kemerdekaan? || 1960 <> Tahun apakah berlaku keganasan antara kaum Yunani dan Siprus? || 1963 <> Berapa banyak Cypriot Turki yang dipindahkan kerana keganasan 11 tahun pada tahun 1963? || 25,000", {"context": "Cyprus was placed under British administration based on Cyprus Convention in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in 1914. Even though Turkish Cypriots made up only 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s. Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an \"extension of Anatolia\" by them; while since the 19th century, the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s. Following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. In 1963, the 11-year intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots started, which displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. On 15 July 1974, a coup d'\u00e9tat was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at enosis, the incorporation of Cyprus into Greece. This action precipitated the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, which led to the capture of the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus the following month, after a ceasefire collapsed, and the displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots. A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was established in 1983. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "1878"}], "question": "When was Cyprus placed under British administration?", "id": "572e7d9703f98919007566b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "1914"}], "question": "What year was Cyprus annexed by Britain?", "id": "572e7d9703f98919007566b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "1960"}], "question": "What year was Cyprus granted independence?", "id": "572e7d9703f98919007566b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "1963"}], "question": "What year did the intercommunal violence between Greek and Cypriots occur?", "id": "572e7d9703f98919007566b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 849, "text": "25,000"}], "question": "How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the 11 year violence in 1963? ", "id": "572e7d9703f98919007566b9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1964, Turki cuba menyerang Cyprus sebagai tindak balas kepada keganasan antara Cyprus yang berterusan. Tetapi Turki dihentikan oleh telegram yang dipetik dari Presiden Amerika Syarikat Lyndon B. Johnson pada 5 Jun, memberi amaran bahawa Amerika Syarikat tidak akan berdiri di samping Turki sekiranya berlaku pencerobohan Soviet akibat wilayah Turki. Sementara itu, pada 1964, enosinya adalah dasar Yunani yang tidak boleh ditinggalkan; Makarios dan perdana menteri Yunani Georgios Papandreou bersetuju bahawa enosis harus menjadi matlamat utama dan Raja Constantine berharap Cyprus \"kesatuan dengan ibu negara\". Greece menghantar 10,000 tentera ke Cyprus untuk menentang pencerobohan Turki yang mungkin. <> Siapa yang cuba menyerang Cyprus pada tahun 1964? || Turki <> Yang Presiden AS menghalang Turki daripada menyerang Cyprus? || Lyndon B. Johnson <> Dasar apa yang tidak boleh ditinggalkan pada tahun 1964? || enose <> Berapa banyak tentera yang menghantar Greece ke Cyprus? || 10,000", {"context": "In 1964, Turkey tried to invade Cyprus in response to the continuing Cypriot intercommunal violence. But Turkey was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President Lyndon B. Johnson on 5 June, warning that the US would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential Soviet invasion of Turkish territory. Meanwhile, by 1964, enosis was a Greek policy that could not be abandoned; Makarios and the Greek prime minister Georgios Papandreou agreed that enosis should be the ultimate aim and King Constantine wished Cyprus \"a speedy union with the mother country\". Greece dispatched 10,000 troops to Cyprus to counter a possible Turkish invasion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "Who tried to invade Cyprus in 1964?", "id": "572e874adfa6aa1500f8d0b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson"}], "question": "Which US President prevented Turkey from invading Cyprus?", "id": "572e874adfa6aa1500f8d0b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "enosis"}], "question": "What policy could not be abandoned in 1964?", "id": "572e874adfa6aa1500f8d0b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "How many troops did Greece send to Cyprus?", "id": "572e874adfa6aa1500f8d0b4"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, pembahagian kuasa seperti yang diramalkan oleh perlembagaan tidak lama lagi mengakibatkan kecacatan dan rasa tidak puas hati di kedua-dua belah pihak, dan militan nasionalis mula berlatih semula, dengan sokongan ketenteraan Greece dan Turki masing-masing. Kepimpinan Cypriot Yunani percaya hak-hak yang diberikan kepada Cypriot Turki di bawah perlembagaan 1960 terlalu luas dan merancang pelan Akritas, yang bertujuan untuk mereformasi perlembagaan yang memihak kepada Cypriot Yunani, membujuk masyarakat antarabangsa tentang kebenaran perubahan dan kekerasan menakluki Cyprus Cyprus dalam beberapa hari sekiranya mereka tidak menerima rancangan tersebut. Ketegangan meningkat apabila Presiden Uskup Agung Cypriot Makarios III menggesa perubahan perlembagaan, yang ditolak oleh Turki dan ditentang oleh Cyprus Cypriots. <> Militan nasional mendapat sokongan dari apa yang dua negara? || Greece dan Turki <> Apakah matlamat rancangan Akritas? || pembaharuan perlembagaan yang memihak kepada Cypriot Yunani <> Yang mana presiden memanggil perubahan perlembagaan? || Presiden Uskup Agung Makarios <> Siapa yang menolak perubahan perlembagaan yang dicadangkan oleh Presiden Uskup Agung Makarios? || Turki", {"context": "However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the Akritas plan, which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan. Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III called for constitutional changes, which were rejected by Turkey and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Greece and Turkey"}], "question": "National militants had the support of what two countries?", "id": "572e85cc03f9891900756723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots"}], "question": "What was the goal of the Akritas plan?", "id": "572e85cc03f9891900756724"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "President Archbishop Makarios"}], "question": "Which president called for constitutional changes?", "id": "572e85cc03f9891900756725"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "Who rejected the constitutional changes proposed by President Archbishop Makarios?", "id": "572e85cc03f9891900756726"}]}], ["Keganasan antara kaum meletus pada 21 Disember 1963, ketika dua orang Cypriot Turki terbunuh dalam satu kejadian yang melibatkan polis Siprus Yunani. Keganasan tersebut mengakibatkan kematian 364 orang Turki dan 174 orang Cypriot Yunani, pemusnahan 109 Cypriot Turki atau kampung campuran dan penghilangan 25,000-30,000 Cypriot Turki. Krisis ini mengakibatkan penglibatan Cypriot Turki dalam pentadbiran dan mereka mendakwa ia telah kehilangan legitimasinya; sifat acara ini masih kontroversi. Di beberapa tempat, Cypriot Yunani menghalang Cypriot Turki dari dalam perjalanan dan memasuki bangunan kerajaan, sementara beberapa Cypriot Turki dengan rela menarik diri kerana panggilan pentadbiran Cypriot Turki. Cypriot Turki mula hidup di daerah; Struktur republik itu diubah secara unilateral oleh Makarios dan Nicosia dibahagikan dengan Green Line, dengan penempatan pasukan UNFICYP. <> Pada bulan Disember tahun berapa keganasan antara kaum meletus? || 1963 <> Keganasan yang bermula pada tahun 1963 mengakibatkan kematian banyak orang Turki? || 364 <> Berapa banyak Cypriot Turki yang dipindahkan akibat keganasan? || 25,000-30, <> Turki Cypriots dihalang daripada melakukan apa? || perjalanan dan memasuki bangunan kerajaan", {"context": "Intercommunal violence erupted on December 21, 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots, destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000-30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy; the nature of this event is still controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration. Turkish Cypriots started living in enclaves; the republic's structure was changed unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the Green Line, with the deployment of UNFICYP troops.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "1963"}], "question": "In December of what year did intercommunal violence erupt?", "id": "572e86a903f989190075672b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "364"}], "question": "The violence beginning in 1963 resulted in the deaths of many Turks?", "id": "572e86a903f989190075672c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "25,000-30,"}], "question": "How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the violence?", "id": "572e86a903f989190075672d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "travelling and entering government buildings"}], "question": "Turkish Cypriots were prevented from doing what?", "id": "572e86a903f989190075672e"}]}], ["Tiga hari kemudian, apabila gencatan senjata telah dipersetujui, Turki telah mendarat 30,000 tentera di pulau itu dan menangkap Kyrenia, koridor menghubungkan Kyrenia ke Nicosia, dan suku Cyprus Cyprus Nicosia sendiri. Junta di Athens, dan kemudian rejim Sampson di Cyprus jatuh dari kuasa. Di Nicosia, Glafkos Clerides mengambil alih jawatan presiden dan perintah perlembagaan telah dipulihkan, menghapus alasan untuk serangan Turki. Tetapi selepas rundingan damai di Geneva, kerajaan Turki mengukuhkan jambatan Kyrenia mereka dan memulakan serangan kedua pada 14 Ogos. Pencerobohan ini mengakibatkan penyitaan Morphou, Karpass, Famagusta dan Mesaoria. <> Apa yang ditakut pasukan Turki di pulau itu? || Kyrenia <> Apa tarikh pencerobohan Turki kedua? || 14 Ogos <> Lokasi apa yang disita dalam serangan kedua? || Morphou, Karpass, Famagusta dan Mesaoria", {"context": "Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed, Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the island and captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia, and the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Nicosia itself. The junta in Athens, and then the Sampson regime in Cyprus fell from power. In Nicosia, Glafkos Clerides assumed the presidency and constitutional order was restored, removing the pretext for the Turkish invasion. But after the peace negotiations in Geneva, the Turkish government reinforced their Kyrenia bridgehead and started a second invasion on 14 August. The invasion resulted in the seizure of Morphou, Karpass, Famagusta and the Mesaoria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Kyrenia"}], "question": "What did the Turkish troops capture first on the island?", "id": "572e8843cb0c0d14000f125c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "14 August"}], "question": "What was the date of the second Turkish invasion?", "id": "572e8843cb0c0d14000f125d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "Morphou, Karpass, Famagusta and the Mesaoria"}], "question": "What locations were seized in the second invasion?", "id": "572e8843cb0c0d14000f125e"}]}], ["Pada 15 Julai 1974, junta tentera Yunani di bawah Dimitrios Ioannides melakukan rampasan kuasa di Cyprus, untuk menyatukan pulau itu dengan Greece. Rampasan kuasa itu menggulingkan presiden Makarios III dan menggantikannya dengan nasionalis pro-enos Nikos Sampson. Sebagai tindak balas kepada rampasan kuasa itu, lima hari kemudian, pada 20 Julai 1974, tentera Turki menyerang pulau itu, dengan alasan hak untuk campur tangan untuk memulihkan perintah perlembagaan daripada Perjanjian Jaminan 1960. Justifikasi ini telah ditolak oleh Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu dan masyarakat antarabangsa. <> Apa tarikh rampasan kuasa yang dilakukan di Cyprus? || 15 Julai 1974 <> Siapa yang memimpin percubaan kudeta? || Dimitrios Ioannides <> Siapa yang menggantikan Presiden Makarios Ill? || Nikos Sampson <> Apa tentera Turki untuk bertindak balas terhadap kudeta? || menyerang pulau <> Organisasi mana yang menolak pembenaran yang digunakan oleh Turki untuk menyerang? || Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu", {"context": "On 15 July 1974, the Greek military junta under Dimitrios Ioannides carried out a coup d'\u00e9tat in Cyprus, to unite the island with Greece. The coup ousted president Makarios III and replaced him with pro-enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson. In response to the coup, five days later, on 20 July 1974, the Turkish army invaded the island, citing a right to intervene to restore the constitutional order from the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee. This justification has been rejected by the United Nations and the international community.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "15 July 1974"}], "question": "What date was a coup d'etat carried out in Cyprus?", "id": "572e87d3c246551400ce42e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Dimitrios Ioannides"}], "question": "Who lead the coup d'etat attempt?", "id": "572e87d3c246551400ce42e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Nikos Sampson"}], "question": "Who replaced president Makarios Ill?", "id": "572e87d3c246551400ce42e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "invaded the island"}], "question": "What did the Turkish army to do respond to the coup d'etat?", "id": "572e87d3c246551400ce42e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "United Nations"}], "question": "Which organization rejected the justification used by Turkey to invade?", "id": "572e87d3c246551400ce42e8"}]}], ["Pulau ini akan berkhidmat sebagai pangkalan tentera utama bagi laluan penjajahnya. Menjelang tahun 1906, apabila pelabuhan Famagusta selesai, Cyprus adalah pangkalan tentera laut yang strategik yang menghadap Terusan Suez, laluan utama yang penting ke India yang kemudiannya menjadi milik Britain yang paling penting di seberang laut. Berikutan pecahnya Perang Dunia Pertama dan keputusan Empayar Uthmaniyyah untuk menyertai peperangan di sisi Kuasa Tengah, pada 5 November 1914 Empayar Britania secara rasmi melampirkan Cyprus dan mengisytiharkan Kapten Uthmaniyyah Mesir dan Sudan Kesultanan dan British protektorat. <> Pulau Cyprus berfungsi sebagai pangkalan tentera utama untuk negara barat? || Britain <> Berapa tahunkah pelabuhan Famagusta selesai? || 1906 <> Cyprus adalah sebuah pangkalan tentera laut yang mengabaikan kanal apa? || Suez Canal <> Sisi mana yang dilakukan oleh Empayar Uthmaniyyah dalam Perang Dunia Pertama? || Kuasa pusat", {"context": "The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal, the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the First World War and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the Central Powers, on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan a Sultanate and British protectorate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "The island of Cyprus serves as a key military base to what western country?", "id": "572e8261c246551400ce4284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "1906"}], "question": "What years was the Famagusta harbour completed?", "id": "572e8261c246551400ce4285"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Suez Canal"}], "question": "Cyprus was a naval outpost which overlooked what canal?", "id": "572e8261c246551400ce4286"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Central Powers"}], "question": "Which side did the Ottoman Empire join in World War 1?", "id": "572e8261c246551400ce4287"}]}], ["Pada 16 Ogos 1960, Cyprus mencapai kemerdekaan selepas Perjanjian Z\u00fcrich dan London antara United Kingdom, Greece dan Turki. Cyprus mempunyai jumlah penduduk 573,566; yang mana 442,138 (77.1%) adalah orang Yunani, 104.320 (18.2%) orang Turki, dan 27.108 (4.7%) yang lain. UK mengekalkan dua kawasan asas berdaulat Akrotiri dan Dhekelia, sementara jawatan kerajaan dan pejabat awam diperuntukkan oleh kuota etnik minoriti Cypriots Turki adalah veto kekal, 30% di parlimen dan pentadbiran, dan memberikan hak penjamin tiga negara ibu. <> Negara mana yang menjadi sebahagian daripada Perjanjian Zurich dan London? || United Kingdom, Greece dan Turki <> Apakah jumlah penduduk Cyprus ketika ia mencapai kemerdekaan? || 573,566 <> Apa tarikh Cyrpus mencapai kemerdekaan? || 16 Ogos 1960 <> Apakah peratusan orang Yunani dalam populasi Cyprus? || (77.1% <> Apakah peratusan orang Turki dalam populasi Cyprus? || 18.2%", {"context": "On 16 August 1960, Cyprus attained independence after the Z\u00fcrich and London Agreement between the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey. Cyprus had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others  The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey"}], "question": "Which countries were part of the Zurich and London Agreement?", "id": "572e8556dfa6aa1500f8d08e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "573,566"}], "question": "What was Cyprus' total population when it gained independence?", "id": "572e8556dfa6aa1500f8d08f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "16 August 1960"}], "question": "What is the date that Cyrpus attained independence?", "id": "572e8556dfa6aa1500f8d08d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "(77.1%"}], "question": "What was the percentage of Greeks in the Cyprus population?", "id": "572e8556dfa6aa1500f8d090"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "18.2%"}], "question": "What was the percentage of Turks in the Cyprus population?", "id": "572e8556dfa6aa1500f8d091"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 1950, Gereja Cyprus telah menganjurkan satu referendum di bawah pengawasan ulama dan tanpa penyertaan Cyprus Turki, di mana 96% daripada golongan Cypriot Yunani yang berpengaruh mengundi untuk enosi, Orang Yunani adalah 80.2% daripada jumlah penduduk pulau di masa (banci 1946). Otonomi terhad di bawah perlembagaan telah dicadangkan oleh pentadbiran British tetapi akhirnya ditolak. Pada tahun 1955 organisasi EOKA diasaskan, mencari kesatuan dengan Greece melalui perjuangan bersenjata. Pada masa yang sama Pertahanan Pertahanan Turki (TMT), yang memanggil Taksim, atau partisyen, ditubuhkan oleh Cypriots Turki sebagai penimbang. British juga telah menerima pakai pada dasarnya \"membahagikan dan memerintah\". Woodhouse, seorang pegawai British di Cyprus, mendedahkan bahawa Setiausaha Luar British Harold Macmillan \"menggesa orang Inggeris di Siprus untuk mencetuskan Turki untuk meneutralkan kegelisahan Yunani\". Pegawai British juga menafikan penciptaan organisasi bawah tanah Turki T.M.T. Setiausaha Negara bagi Jajahan-jajahan dalam surat bertarikh 15 Julai 1958 telah menasihatkan Gabenor Cyprus untuk tidak bertindak terhadap T.M.T walaupun tindakan haramnya sehingga tidak membahayakan hubungan-hubungan Inggris dengan pemerintah Turki. <> Dalam tahun apakah Gereja Cyprus menyusun referendum? || 1950 <> Pada tahun 1946, orang-orang Yunani membentuk berapa peratus populasi Cyprus? || 80.2% <> Pada tahun berapa organisasi EOKA ditubuhkan? || 1955 <> Apakah nama dasar yang diambil oleh British? || \"membahagikan dan memerintah\"", {"context": "In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a referendum under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation, where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of enosis, The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island' s population at the time (census 1946). Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded, seeking union with Greece through armed struggle. At the same time the Turkish Resistance Organisation (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition, was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight. The British had also adopted at the time a policy of \"divide and rule\". Woodhouse, a British official in Cyprus, revealed that then British Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan \"urged the Britons in Cyprus to stir up the Turks in order to neutralise Greek agitation\". British officials also tolerated the creation of the Turkish underground organisation T.M.T. The Secretary of State for the Colonies in a letter dated 15 July 1958 had advised the Governor of Cyprus not to act against T.M.T despite its illegal actions so as not to harm British relations with the Turkish government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "1950"}], "question": "In what year did the Church of Cyprus organize a referendum?", "id": "572e84dbcb0c0d14000f122e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "80.2%"}], "question": "In 1946, the Greeks made up what percent of Cyprus' population?", "id": "572e84dbcb0c0d14000f122f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "1955"}], "question": "In what year was the EOKA organization founded?", "id": "572e84dbcb0c0d14000f1230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "\"divide and rule\""}], "question": "What is the name of the policy that the British adopted?", "id": "572e84dbcb0c0d14000f1231"}]}], ["Sementara itu, penduduk Siprus Yunani telah menjadi harapan bahwa pemerintahan Inggris akan membawa kepada enosi. Gagasan enosi adalah sebahagian daripada Ide Megali, sebuah cita-cita politik yang lebih besar dari sebuah negara Yunani yang merangkumi wilayah-wilayah dengan penduduk Yunani di bekas Empayar Uthmaniyyah, termasuk Cyprus dan Asia Minor dengan modal di Constantinople, dan secara aktif dikejar oleh Siprus Gereja Ortodoks, yang mempunyai anggotanya dididik di Greece. Pegawai-pegawai agama ini, bersama-sama dengan pegawai-pegawai tentera Yunani dan profesional, yang sebahagiannya masih mengejar Ide Megali, kemudiannya akan menemui organisasi gerila Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston atau Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Pejuang Siprus (EOKA). Cypriot Yunani melihat pulau ini sebagai sejarah Yunani dan percaya bahawa kesatuan dengan Greece adalah hak semulajadi. Pada tahun 1950-an, mengejar enosi menjadi sebahagian daripada dasar kebangsaan Yunani, <> Ide Megali yang diusahakan secara aktif oleh siapa? || Gereja Ortodoks Cyprus <> Secara sejarah, idea enosmen adalah sebahagian daripada idea lain? || Megali Idea <> Apa organisasi gerila yang ditubuhkan oleh pegawai agama dan pegawai tentera? || Etniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston atau Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Pejuang Siprus (EOKA). <> Dalam sedekad berapa tahun apakah usaha mencari enos menjadi sebahagian daripada dasar Yunani kebangsaan? || 1950-an", {"context": "The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to enosis. The idea of enosis was historically part of the Megali Idea, a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with Greek inhabitants in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus and Asia Minor with a capital in Constantinople, and was actively pursued by the Cypriot Orthodox Church, which had its members educated in Greece. These religious officials, together with Greek military officers and professionals, some of whom still pursued the Megali Idea, would later found the guerrilla organisation Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA). The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historically Greek and believed that union with Greece was a natural right. In the 1950s, the pursuit of enosis became a part of the Greek national policy,", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Cypriot Orthodox Church"}], "question": "The Megali Idea was actively pursued by whom?", "id": "572e833acb0c0d14000f1217"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Megali Idea"}], "question": "Historically, the idea of enosis was part of which other idea?", "id": "572e833acb0c0d14000f1216"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA)."}], "question": "What guerrilla organization was founded by religious officials and military officers?", "id": "572e833acb0c0d14000f1218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 853, "text": "1950s"}], "question": "In what year decade did the pursuit of enosis become a part of national Greek policy?", "id": "572e833acb0c0d14000f1219"}]}], ["Pada mulanya, Cypriot Turki menyukai penerusan pemerintahan British. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka terkejut dengan panggilan Cypriot Greek untuk enosis kerana mereka melihat kesatuan Crete dengan Greece, yang membawa kepada penghilangan Cretan Turki, sebagai contoh yang harus dielakkan, dan mereka mengambil pendirian pro-partisi sebagai tindak balas kepada aktiviti militan EOKA. Cypriot Turki juga melihat diri mereka sebagai kumpulan etnik yang berbeza di pulau itu dan percaya mereka mempunyai hak yang berasingan untuk penentuan nasib sendiri dari Cypriot Yunani. Sementara itu, pada tahun 1950-an, ketua Turki, Menderes menganggap Cyprus sebagai \"pelanjutan Anatolia\", menolak pemisahan Cyprus di sepanjang garis etnik dan menyukai penggabungan seluruh pulau itu ke Turki. Slogan-slogan nasionalistik berpusat pada idea bahawa \"Cyprus adalah Turki\" dan parti pemerintah mengisytiharkan Cyprus sebagai sebahagian daripada tanah air Turki yang penting untuk keselamatannya. Apabila menyedari hakikat bahawa penduduk Siprus Turki adalah hanya 20% penduduk pulau yang membuat pengambilan tidak dapat dilaksanakan, dasar kebangsaan telah diubah untuk memihak kepada partition. Slogan \"Partition atau Death\" sering digunakan dalam protes Turki dan Turki Turki bermula pada akhir 1950-an dan terus sepanjang 1960-an. Walaupun selepas persidangan Z\u00fcrich dan London seolah-olah menerima kewujudan negara Cyprus dan memisahkan diri dari dasarnya yang memihak kepada pemisahan pulau ini, matlamat pemimpin Turki dan Turki Cypriot terus mencipta negara Turki bebas dalam bahagian utara pulau itu. <> Siapa yang melihat diri mereka sebagai kumpulan etnik yang berbeza di pulau Cyprus? || Cypriot Turki <> Pada mulanya Cypriot Turki memihak kepada kuasa Barat yang berterusan? || British <> Berapa peratus penduduknya telah membuat Cypriot Turki? || 20% <> Slogan apa yang sering digunakan dalam protes Cyprus Turki? || \"Pemisahan atau Kematian\"", {"context": "Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule. However, they were alarmed by the Greek Cypriot calls for enosis as they saw the union of Crete with Greece, which led to the exodus of Cretan Turks, as a precedent to be avoided, and they took a pro-partition stance in response to the militant activity of EOKA. The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to self-determination from Greek Cypriots. Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Turkish leader Menderes considered Cyprus an \"extension of Anatolia\", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines and favoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey. Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that \"Cyprus is Turkish\" and the ruling party declared Cyprus to be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy was changed to favour partition. The slogan \"Partition or Death\" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after the Z\u00fcrich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and to distance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of the island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Turkish Cypriots"}], "question": "Who viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island of Cyprus?", "id": "572e83e5cb0c0d14000f121f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "British"}], "question": "Initially Turkish Cypriots favoured the continued rule of what Western power?", "id": "572e83e5cb0c0d14000f121e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 964, "text": "20%"}], "question": "What percentage of the population did Turkish Cypriots make up?", "id": "572e83e5cb0c0d14000f1220"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1077, "text": "\"Partition or Death\""}], "question": "What slogan was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot protests?", "id": "572e83e5cb0c0d14000f1221"}]}], ["Perlembagaan 1960 memperuntukkan sistem pemerintahan presiden dengan eksekutif, perundangan dan perundangan bebas serta sistem pemeriksaan dan baki yang kompleks termasuk nisbah pembahagian kuasa yang direka untuk melindungi kepentingan Cypriot Turki. Eksekutif itu diketuai oleh seorang presiden Cypriot Yunani dan wakil presiden Cypriot Turki yang dipilih oleh komuniti masing-masing selama lima tahun dan masing-masing mempunyai hak veto atas beberapa jenis undang-undang dan keputusan eksekutif. Kuasa perundangan terletak pada Dewan Perwakilan yang juga dipilih berdasarkan gulungan pemilih yang terpisah. <> Apa jenis cawangan yang dibuat Perlembagaan 1960? || cawangan perundangan dan kehakiman <> Apakah jenis orang yang menjadi naib presiden? || Cypriot Turki <> Di manakah rehat kuasa perundangan? || Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat", {"context": "The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "legislative and judicial branches"}], "question": "What types of branches did the 1960 Constitution provide?", "id": "572e984b03f9891900756815"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Turkish Cypriot"}], "question": "What type of person was the vice-president?", "id": "572e984b03f9891900756816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "the House of Representatives"}], "question": "Where did Legislative power rest?", "id": "572e984b03f9891900756817"}]}], ["Peristiwa musim panas tahun 1974 menguasai politik di pulau itu, serta hubungan Yunani-Turki. Sekitar 150,000 peneroka dari Turki dipercayai tinggal di utara - kebanyakannya dipaksa dari Turki oleh kerajaan Turki-yang melanggar Konvensyen Geneva dan pelbagai resolusi PBB. Berikutan pencerobohan dan penangkapan wilayah utaranya oleh tentera Turki, Republik Cyprus mengumumkan bahawa semua pelabuhan kemasukannya di utara ditutup, kerana ia tidak berkesan di bawah kawalannya. dari Turki tinggal di utara? || 150,000 <> Apa istilah kerajaan Turki melanggar dengan menghantar orang? || Konvensyen Geneva dan pelbagai resolusi PBB <> Apa yang berlaku kepada pelabuhan di Cyprus selepas menangkap wilayah utaranya oleh pasukan Turki? || semua pelabuhan masuk di utara ditutup", {"context": "The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north\u2014many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government\u2014in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions. Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops, the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ports of entry in the north were closed, as they were effectively not under its control.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "150,000"}], "question": "How many settlers from Turkey were living in the north?", "id": "572e898bdfa6aa1500f8d0f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions"}], "question": "What terms did the Turkish government violate by sending people?", "id": "572e898bdfa6aa1500f8d0f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "all of its ports of entry in the north were closed"}], "question": "What happened to ports on Cyprus after capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops?", "id": "572e898bdfa6aa1500f8d0f1"}]}], ["Tengah musim panas panas - pada bulan Julai dan Ogos di pantai suhu purata biasanya sekitar 33 \u00b0 C (91 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan sekitar 22 \u00b0 C (72 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam (pedalaman, di kawasan tanah tinggi suhu melebihi 35 \u00b0 C (95 \u00b0 F) manakala pada bulan Jun dan September di pantai suhu purata biasanya sekitar 30 \u00b0 C (86 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan sekitar 20 \u00b0 C (68 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam di Limassol, sementara biasanya sekitar 28 \u00b0 C (82 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan sekitar 18 \u00b0 C (64 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam di Paphos. Perubahan suhu yang besar jarang berlaku. Suhu darat lebih melampau, dengan musim sejuk yang lebih sejuk dan musim panas yang panas berbanding dengan pantai pulau itu. <> Bilakah pertengahan musim panas berlaku di Cyprus? || Julai dan Ogos <> Apakah suhu harian purata di pantai semasa musim panas? || 33 \u00b0 C (91 \u00b0 F) <> Apakah suhu harian purata di pantai pada bulan Jun dan September? || 30 \u00b0 C (86 \u00b0 F) <> Di mana suhu lebih melampau berbanding pantai Cyprus? || Pedalaman", {"context": "The middle of summer is hot \u2013 in July and August on the coast the average temperature is usually around 33 \u00b0C (91 \u00b0F) during the day and around 22 \u00b0C (72 \u00b0F) at night (inland, in the highlands average temperature exceeds 35 \u00b0C (95 \u00b0F)) while in the June and September on the coast the average temperature is usually around 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) during the day and around 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F) at night in Limassol, while is usually around 28 \u00b0C (82 \u00b0F) during the day and around 18 \u00b0C (64 \u00b0F) at night in Paphos. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Inland temperatures are more extreme, with colder winters and hotter summers compared with the coast of the island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "July and August"}], "question": "When does the middle of summer occur on Cyprus?", "id": "572e9610cb0c0d14000f1312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "33 \u00b0C (91 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "What is the average day temperature on the coast during summer?", "id": "572e9610cb0c0d14000f1313"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "What is the average day temperature on the coast in June and September?", "id": "572e9610cb0c0d14000f1314"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "Inland"}], "question": "Where are temperatures more extreme compared to the coast of Cyprus?", "id": "572e9610cb0c0d14000f1315"}]}], ["Cyprus mengalami kekurangan air yang kronik. Negara ini banyak bergantung kepada hujan untuk menyediakan air isi rumah, tetapi dalam tempoh 30 tahun terakhir, hujan tahunan berkurang. Antara tahun 2001 dan 2004, hujan lebat tahunan yang sangat teruk mendorong rizab air, dengan bekalan yang melebihi permintaan, yang membolehkan simpanan keseluruhan di takungan di pulau itu naik ke paras tertinggi sepanjang tahun 2005. Walau bagaimanapun, sejak itu permintaan meningkat setiap tahun - satu hasil daripada pertumbuhan penduduk tempatan, orang asing berpindah ke Cyprus dan bilangan pelancong yang melawat - sementara bekalan telah jatuh akibat kemarau yang lebih kerap. <> Bilakah Cyprus menerima hujan yang mencukupi untuk mengisi rizab air mereka? || Antara 2001 dan 2004 <> Apa yang orang yang tinggal di Cyprus bergantung kepada air isi rumah? || hujan <> Mengapa bekalan air telah merosot pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya? || kekeringan yang lebih kerap <> Sumber apa yang kekurangan di Cyprus? || air <> Mengapa permintaan air meningkat setiap tahun di Cyprus? || pertumbuhan penduduk tempatan, orang asing berpindah ke Cyprus dan bilangan pelancong yang melawat", {"context": "Cyprus suffers from a chronic shortage of water. The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water, but in the past 30 years average yearly precipitation has decreased. Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage in the island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005. However, since then demand has increased annually \u2013 a result of local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists \u2013 while supply has fallen as a result of more frequent droughts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Between 2001 and 2004"}], "question": "When did Cyprus receive enough rainfall to fill up their water reserves?", "id": "572e968a03f9891900756803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "rain"}], "question": "What do people living in Cyprus rely on for household water?", "id": "572e968a03f9891900756802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "more frequent droughts"}], "question": "Why has the water supply shrunk in previous years?", "id": "572e968a03f9891900756805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "water"}], "question": "What resource is scarce on Cyprus?", "id": "572e968a03f9891900756801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists"}], "question": "Why has demand for water increased annually on Cyprus?", "id": "572e968a03f9891900756804"}]}], ["Empangan kekal sebagai sumber utama air untuk kegunaan domestik dan pertanian; Cyprus mempunyai sejumlah 107 empangan (termasuk satu yang sedang dalam pembinaan) dan takungan, dengan jumlah kapasiti penyimpanan air kira-kira 330,000,000 m3 (1.2 \u00d7 1010 cu ft). Tumbuhan penyahgaraman air secara beransur-ansur dibina untuk menangani kemarau yang berpanjangan sejak kebelakangan ini. Kerajaan telah banyak melabur dalam penciptaan tumbuhan penyahgaraman air yang telah membekalkan hampir 50 peratus air domestik sejak tahun 2001. Usaha juga telah dibuat untuk meningkatkan kesedaran orang ramai tentang keadaan dan menggalakkan pengguna air domestik mengambil lebih banyak tanggungjawab untuk pemuliharaan daripada komoditi yang semakin sukar ini. <> Apa yang orang-orang Cyprus bergantung kepada bekalan air domestik dan pertanian? || Empangan <> Berapa jumlah empangan siap di Cyprus? || 107 <> Apakah kapasiti air yang boleh ditampung oleh empangan di Cyprus? || 330,000,000 m3 (1.2 \u00d7 1010 cu ft). <> Berapakah peratusan air domestik yang menghasilkan kilang penyahgarapan menyediakan di Cyprus? || hampir 50 peratus <> Apakah kerajaan telah melabur dalam membantu bekalan air untuk Cyprus? || tumbuhan penyahgaraman", {"context": "Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 107 dams (plus one currently under construction) and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m3 (1.2\u00d71010 cu ft). Water desalination plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought. The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dams"}], "question": "What do the people of Cyprus rely on for domestic and agricultural supply of water?", "id": "572e97d1c246551400ce43aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "107"}], "question": "What is the total number of completed dams located on Cyprus?", "id": "572e97d1c246551400ce43ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "330,000,000 m3 (1.2\u00d71010 cu ft)."}], "question": "What is the capacity of water that the dams on Cyprus can hold?", "id": "572e97d1c246551400ce43ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "almost 50 per cent"}], "question": "What percentage of domestic water do desalination plants provide on Cyprus?", "id": "572e97d1c246551400ce43ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "desalination plants"}], "question": "What has the government invested in to help supply water for Cyprus?", "id": "572e97d1c246551400ce43ad"}]}], ["Relief fisik pulau ini didominasi oleh dua rentang gunung, Mountains Troodos dan Range Kyrenia yang lebih kecil, dan dataran tengah mereka merangkumi, Mesaoria. Dataran Mesaoria dikalir oleh Sungai Pedieos, yang paling lama di pulau itu. Pergunungan Troodos meliputi sebahagian besar bahagian selatan dan barat pulau itu dan menyumbang kira-kira setengah kawasannya. Titik tertinggi di Cyprus ialah Gunung Olympus pada 1,952 m (6,404 kaki), terletak di pusat rangkaian Troodos. Julat Kisaran Kyrenia, yang meluas di sepanjang garis pantai utara, menduduki kawasan yang jauh lebih rendah, dan ketinggiannya lebih rendah, mencapai maksimum 1,024 m (3,360 kaki). Pulau ini terletak di dalam Anatolian Plate. <> Apa dua rentang gunung terletak di pulau Cyprus? || Troodos Mountains dan yang lebih kecil Kyrenia Range <> Apa yang biasa terletak di antara Troodos Mountains dan Kyrenia Range? || Mesaoria <> Sungai mana yang mengalir dataran Mesaoria? || Sungai Pedieos <> Apakah titik tertinggi di pulau Cyprus? || Gunung Olympus <> Berapa tinggi Gunung Olympus? || 1,952 m (6,404 kaki)", {"context": "The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range, and the central plain they encompass, the Mesaoria. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the Pedieos River, the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m (6,404 ft), located in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of 1,024 m (3,360 ft). The island lies within the Anatolian Plate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range"}], "question": "What two mountains ranges are located on the island of Cyprus?", "id": "572e94eecb0c0d14000f1308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "the Mesaoria"}], "question": "What plain is located in between the Troodos Mountains and the Kyrenia Range?", "id": "572e94eecb0c0d14000f1309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Pedieos River"}], "question": "Which river drains the Mesaoria plain?", "id": "572e94eecb0c0d14000f130a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Mount Olympus"}], "question": "What is the highest point on the island of Cyprus?", "id": "572e94eecb0c0d14000f130b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "1,952 m (6,404 ft)"}], "question": "How tall is Mount Olympus?", "id": "572e94eecb0c0d14000f130c"}]}], ["Di antara semua bandar di bahagian Mediterranean Kesatuan Eropah, Limassol mempunyai musim sejuk yang paling hangat, dalam tempoh Januari - suhu purata Februari ialah 17-18 \u00b0 C (63-64 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan 7-8 \u00b0 C (45-46 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam, di lokasi pantai yang lain di Cyprus pada umumnya adalah 16-17 \u00b0 C (61-63 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan 6-8 \u00b0 C (43-46 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam. Pada bulan Mac, Limassol mempunyai suhu purata 19-20 \u00b0 C (66-68 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan 9-11 \u00b0 C (48-52 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam, di lokasi pantai lain di Cyprus pada umumnya 17-19 \u00b0 C (63-66 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan 8-10 \u00b0 C (46-50 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam. <> Kota mana yang mempunyai salah satu musim panas yang paling panas di Kesatuan Eropah? || Limassol <> Apakah emperatur harian purata Limassol semasa musim sejuk? || 17-18 \u00b0 C (63-64 \u00b0 F) <> Apakah suhu umum lokasi pantai pada waktu malam? || 6-8 \u00b0 C (43-46 \u00b0 F)", {"context": "Among all cities in the Mediterranean part of the European Union, Limassol has one of the warmest winters, in the period January \u2013 February average temperature is 17\u201318 \u00b0C (63\u201364 \u00b0F) during the day and 7\u20138 \u00b0C (45\u201346 \u00b0F) at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 16\u201317 \u00b0C (61\u201363 \u00b0F) during the day and 6\u20138 \u00b0C (43\u201346 \u00b0F) at night. During March, Limassol has average temperatures of 19\u201320 \u00b0C (66\u201368 \u00b0F) during the day and 9\u201311 \u00b0C (48\u201352 \u00b0F) at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 17\u201319 \u00b0C (63\u201366 \u00b0F) during the day and 8\u201310 \u00b0C (46\u201350 \u00b0F) at night.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Limassol"}], "question": "Which cities has one of the warmest winters in the European Union?", "id": "572e95a4c246551400ce4390"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "17\u201318 \u00b0C (63\u201364 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "What is the average day emperature of Limassol during winter?", "id": "572e95a4c246551400ce4391"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "6\u20138 \u00b0C (43\u201346 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "What is the general temperature of coastal location during the night?", "id": "572e95a4c246551400ce4392"}]}], ["Cyprus mempunyai salah satu iklim terpanas di bahagian Mediterranean Kesatuan Eropah. [Rujukan?] Suhu tahunan purata di pantai adalah sekitar 24 \u00b0 C (75 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan 14 \u00b0 C (57 \u00b0 F) di malam. Secara umum, musim panas berlangsung sekitar lapan bulan, bermula pada bulan April dengan suhu purata 21-23 \u00b0 C (70-73 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan 11-13 \u00b0 C (52-55 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam, dan berakhir pada bulan November dengan purata suhu 22-23 \u00b0 C (72-73 \u00b0 F) pada siang hari dan 12-14 \u00b0 C (54-57 \u00b0 F) pada waktu malam, walaupun dalam suhu empat bulan yang tinggal kadang-kadang melebihi 20 \u00b0 C (68 \u00b0 F). <> Di Cyprus, apakah suhu purata pada siang hari? || 24 \u00b0 C (75 \u00b0 F) <> Apakah jenis iklim yang ada di Cyprus? || salah satu iklim paling panas di Mediterranean <> Berapa bulan biasanya menandakan akhir musim panas di Cyprus? || November <> Berapa lama musim panas biasanya berlaku di Cyprus? || lapan bulan", {"context": "Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean part of the European Union.[citation needed] The average annual temperature on the coast is around 24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F) during the day and 14 \u00b0C (57 \u00b0F) at night. Generally, summers last about eight months, beginning in April with average temperatures of 21\u201323 \u00b0C (70\u201373 \u00b0F) during the day and 11\u201313 \u00b0C (52\u201355 \u00b0F) at night, and ending in November with average temperatures of 22\u201323 \u00b0C (72\u201373 \u00b0F) during the day and 12\u201314 \u00b0C (54\u201357 \u00b0F) at night, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes exceed 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "In Cyprus, what is the average temperature during the day?", "id": "572e9552dfa6aa1500f8d18e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean"}], "question": "What type of climate does Cyprus have?", "id": "572e9552dfa6aa1500f8d18d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "November"}], "question": "What month typically marks the end of summer on Cyprus?", "id": "572e9552dfa6aa1500f8d190"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "eight months"}], "question": "How long do summers generally last on Cyprus?", "id": "572e9552dfa6aa1500f8d18f"}]}], ["Tekanan antarabangsa membawa kepada gencatan senjata, dan pada masa itu 37% pulau itu telah diambil alih oleh Turki dan 180,000 orang Cypriot Yunani telah diusir dari rumah mereka di utara. Pada masa yang sama, kira-kira 50,000 orang Cypriot Turki berpindah ke kawasan di bawah kawalan Angkatan Turki dan menetap di dalam sifat-sifat Cypriot Yunani yang dipindahkan. Antara pelbagai sekatan terhadap Turki, pada pertengahan 1975, Kongres AS mengenakan sekatan senjata di Turki untuk menggunakan peralatan dibekalkan Amerika semasa pencerobohan Turki di Cyprus pada tahun 1974. Terdapat 1,534 orang Cypriot Yunani dan 502 orang Cypriot Turki yang hilang akibat pertempuran itu. <> Berapa banyak pulau dikawal oleh Turki selepas tekanan antarabangsa membawa kepada gencatan senjata? || 37% <> Berapa banyak warga Cyprus di Cyprus telah dipindahkan dari rumah mereka? || 180,000 <> Berapa banyak orang Cyprus Turki berpindah ke kawasan yang berada di bawah kawalan Turki? || 50,000 <> Pada tahun apakah AS mengenakan sekatan senjata di Turki? || 1975 <> Mengapa AS mengenakan sekatan senjata di Turki? || menggunakan peralatan dibekalkan Amerika semasa pencerobohan Turki ke Cyprus pada tahun 1974", {"context": "International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 37% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north. At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots moved to the areas under the control of the Turkish Forces and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. There are 1,534 Greek Cypriots and 502 Turkish Cypriots missing as a result of the fighting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "37%"}], "question": "How much of the island was controlled by Turks after international pressure led to a ceasefire?", "id": "572e8900dfa6aa1500f8d0e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "180,000"}], "question": "How many Greek Cypriots had been displaced from their homes?", "id": "572e8900dfa6aa1500f8d0e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "How many Turkish Cypriots moved into areas that were under Turkish control?", "id": "572e8900dfa6aa1500f8d0e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "1975"}], "question": "In what year did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?", "id": "572e8900dfa6aa1500f8d0ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974"}], "question": "Why did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?", "id": "572e8900dfa6aa1500f8d0eb"}]}], ["Pencerobohan Turki, diikuti oleh pendudukan dan deklarasi kemerdekaan TRNC telah dikutuk oleh resolusi Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, yang ditegaskan oleh Majlis Keselamatan setiap tahun. Usaha utama terakhir untuk menyelesaikan pertikaian Siprus adalah Pelan Annan pada tahun 2004, yang disusun oleh Ketua Setiausaha Agung, Kofi Annan. Pelan itu telah diputuskan pada referendum di utara Cyprus dan Republik Cyprus. 65% daripada Cyprus Cyprus memilih untuk menyokong rancangan itu dan 74% Cypriots Yunani mengundi terhadap rancangan itu, mendakwa bahawa ia tidak menguntungkan pihak Turki. Secara keseluruhannya, 66.7% pengundi menolak Annan Plan V. Pada 1 Mei 2004 Cyprus menyertai Kesatuan Eropah, bersama-sama dengan sembilan negara lain. Cyprus diterima ke EU secara keseluruhan, walaupun undang-undang EU digantung di wilayah yang diduduki oleh Turki (TRNC), sehingga penyelesaian terakhir masalah Siprus. Pada bulan Julai 2006, pulau ini menjadi tempat perlindungan bagi orang-orang yang melarikan diri dari Lubnan, kerana konflik antara Israel dan Hizbullah (juga dikenali sebagai \"Perang Julai\"). <> Pada tahun apakah usaha utama terakhir untuk menyelesaikan pertikaian Cyprus berlaku? || 2004 <> Pada tahun 2006 orang melarikan diri ke Cyprus dari negara apa? || Lebanon <> Dalam tahun apakah Cyprus menyertai Kesatuan Eropah? || 2004 <> Berapa banyak orang Cyprus Turki memilih Pelan Annan pada tahun 2004? || 65% <> Berapa banyak orang Cyprus yang mengundi terhadap Pelan Annan pada tahun 2004? || 74%", {"context": "The Turkish invasion, followed by occupation and the declaration of independence of the TRNC have been condemned by United Nations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the Security Council every year. The last major effort to settle the Cyprus dispute was the Annan Plan in 2004, drafted by the then Secretary General, Kofi Annan. The plan was put to a referendum in both Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus. 65% of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74% Greek Cypriots voted against the plan, claiming that it disproportionately favoured the Turkish side. In total, 66.7% of the voters rejected the Annan Plan V. On 1 May 2004 Cyprus joined the European Union, together with nine other countries. Cyprus was accepted into the EU as a whole, although the EU legislation is suspended in the territory occupied by Turkey (TRNC), until a final settlement of the Cyprus problem. In July 2006, the island served as a haven for people fleeing Lebanon, due to the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah (also called \"The July War\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year did the last major effort to settle the Cyprus dispute take place?", "id": "572e8a3303f9891900756761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 959, "text": "Lebanon"}], "question": "In 2006 people fled to Cyprus from what country?", "id": "572e8a3303f9891900756765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year did Cyprus join the European Union?", "id": "572e8a3303f9891900756764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "65%"}], "question": "How many Turkish Cypriots voted for the Annan Plan in 2004?", "id": "572e8a3303f9891900756762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "74%"}], "question": "How many Greek Cypriots voted against the Annan Plan in 2004?", "id": "572e8a3303f9891900756763"}]}], ["Angkatan udara termasuk Skuadron Gunship 449 Helikopter (449 \u039c\u0391\u0395) - operasi A\u00e9rospatiale SA-342L dan Bell 206 dan Skuadron Gunship Gunship 450 (450 ME / P) - mengendalikan helikopter Mi-35P dan Britten-Norman BN-2B dan Pilatus Pesawat sayap tetap PC-9. Pegawai-pegawai kanan semasa ini termasuk Komander Tertinggi, Pengawal Kebangsaan Cyprus, Lt. General Stylianos Nasis, dan Ketua Staf, Pengawal Negara Siprus: Majelis Umum Michalis Flerianos. [Evolusi] Evangelos Florakis Naval Base, yang berlaku pada 11 Julai 2011, adalah kemalangan tentera yang paling maut yang pernah dirakam di Cyprus. <> Insiden apakah kemalangan tentera yang paling maut yang berlaku di Cyprus? || Evangelos Florakis Pangkalan Tentera Laut letupan <> Apakah salah satu tajuk pegawai kanan angkatan udara Cyprus? || Panglima Tertinggi <> Apa tarikh kejadian letupan Evangelos Florakis Laut? || 11 Julai 2011", {"context": "The air force includes the 449th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (449 \u039c\u0391\u0395) \u2013 operating A\u00e9rospatiale SA-342L and Bell 206 and the 450th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (450 ME/P) \u2013 operating Mi-35P helicopters and the Britten-Norman BN-2B and Pilatus PC-9 fixed-wing aircraft. Current senior officers include Supreme Commander, Cypriot National Guard, Lt. General Stylianos Nasis, and Chief of Staff, Cypriot National Guard: Maj. General Michalis Flerianos.[citation needed] The Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion, which occurred on 11 July 2011, was the most deadly military accident ever recorded in Cyprus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion"}], "question": "What incident was the most deadly military accident that occurred on Cyprus?", "id": "572e9ad0c246551400ce43ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Supreme Commander"}], "question": "What is one of the senior officer titles of the Cyprus air force?", "id": "572e9ad0c246551400ce43d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "11 July 2011"}], "question": "What date did the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion occur?", "id": "572e9ad0c246551400ce43cf"}]}], ["Dalam \"Kebebasan di Dunia 2011\", Freedom House menilai Cyprus sebagai \"percuma\". Pada bulan Januari 2011, Laporan Pejabat Pesuruhjaya Tinggi Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk Hak Asasi Manusia mengenai Persoalan Hak Asasi Manusia di Cyprus mencatatkan bahawa bahagian Cyprus yang berterusan terus menjejaskan hak asasi manusia di seluruh pulau \"... termasuk kebebasan bergerak, hak asasi manusia berhubung persoalan orang hilang, diskriminasi, hak hidup, kebebasan beragama, dan hak ekonomi, sosial dan budaya. \" Tumpuan berterusan pada pembahagian pulau kadang-kadang boleh menutup isu-isu hak asasi manusia yang lain. [Rujukan?] <> Mengapa Persoalan Bangsa-Bangsa mempertikaikan status hak asasi manusia Cyprus? || pembahagian berterusan Cyprus terus menjejaskan hak asasi manusia di seluruh pulau <> Apakah penarafan untuk Cyprus dalam laporan \"Kebebasan di Dunia 2011\"? || percuma <> Apa salah satu sebab bagi isu hak asasi manusia di Cyprus? || bahagian pulau itu", {"context": "In \"Freedom in the World 2011\", Freedom House rated Cyprus as \"free\". In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island \"... including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights.\" The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island"}], "question": "Why does the United Nations question the Human rights status of Cyprus?", "id": "572e99cbc246551400ce43be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "free"}], "question": "What is the rating for Cyprus in the \"Freedom in the World 2011\" report?", "id": "572e99cbc246551400ce43bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "division of the island"}], "question": "What is one of the reasons for the human rights issues on Cyprus?", "id": "572e99cbc246551400ce43c0"}]}], ["Mod pengangkutan yang ada adalah dengan jalan, laut dan udara. Dari 10,663 km (6,626 mi) jalan raya di Republik Cyprus pada tahun 1998, 6,249 km (3,883 mi) telah diaspal, dan 4,414 km (2,743 mi) tidak berturap. Pada tahun 1996, kawasan yang diduduki Turki mempunyai nisbah yang sama diaspal hingga tidak berturap, dengan kira-kira 1,370 km (850 mi) jalan berturap dan 980 km (610 mi) tidak beraspal. [Rujukan?] Cyprus adalah salah satu daripada hanya empat negara Kesatuan Eropah kenderaan memandu di sebelah kiri jalan, sisa penjajahan British (yang lain adalah Ireland, Malta dan United Kingdom). Satu siri lebuh raya berjalan di sepanjang pantai dari Paphos timur ke Ayia Napa, dengan dua jalan raya berjalan di pedalaman ke Nicosia, satu dari Limassol dan satu dari Larnaca. <> Apakah tiga mod pengangkutan yang terdapat di Cyprus? || jalan, laut dan udara <> Berapa batu jalan di darat di Cyprus? || 6,249 km (3,883 mi) <> Berapa batu jalan tidak berturap di Cyprus? || 4,414 km (2,743 mi) <> Jalan manakah jalan raya yang memandu kenderaan Cyprus? || Tangan kiri", {"context": "Available modes of transport are by road, sea and air. Of the 10,663 km (6,626 mi) of roads in the Republic of Cyprus in 1998, 6,249 km (3,883 mi) were paved, and 4,414 km (2,743 mi) were unpaved. In 1996 the Turkish-occupied area had a similar ratio of paved to unpaved, with approximately 1,370 km (850 mi) of paved road and 980 km (610 mi) unpaved.[citation needed] Cyprus is one of only four EU nations in which vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road, a remnant of British colonisation (the others being Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom). A series of motorways runs along the coast from Paphos east to Ayia Napa, with two motorways running inland to Nicosia, one from Limassol and one from Larnaca.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "road, sea and air"}], "question": "What are the three modes of transport available on Cyprus?", "id": "572e9d6d03f9891900756837"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "6,249 km (3,883 mi)"}], "question": "How many miles of roads are paved on Cyprus?", "id": "572e9d6d03f9891900756838"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "4,414 km (2,743 mi)"}], "question": "How many miles of roads are unpaved on Cyprus?", "id": "572e9d6d03f9891900756839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "left-hand"}], "question": "Which side of the road do vehicles on Cyprus drive on?", "id": "572e9d6d03f989190075683a"}]}], ["Krisis kewangan Cyprus 2012-2013 membawa kepada perjanjian dengan Eurogroup pada Mac 2013 untuk memecah bank kedua terbesar di negara ini, Cyprus Popular Bank (juga dikenali sebagai Laiki Bank), ke dalam sebuah bank \"buruk\" yang akan luka sepanjang masa dan bank \"baik\" yang akan diserap oleh Bank of Cyprus. Sebagai balasan untuk bailout \u20ac 10 bilion dari Suruhanjaya Eropah, Bank Pusat Eropah dan Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa, yang sering disebut sebagai \"troika\", kerajaan Siprus dikehendaki mengenakan potongan rambut yang signifikan ke atas deposit tidak diinsuranskan, sebahagian besar daripada yang dipegang oleh orang Rusia yang kaya yang menggunakan Cyprus sebagai syurga cukai. Deposit yang diinsuranskan sebanyak \u20ac 100,000 atau kurang tidak terjejas. <> Apa perjanjian memutuskan pada Mac 2013? || memecah bank kedua terbesar negara <> Siapa yang akhirnya akan menyerap bank \"baik\" Cyprus Popular Bank? || Bank of Cyprus <> Berapakah jumlah wang bantuan yang diberikan kepada Cyprus? || \u20ac 10 bilion <> Siapa yang menggunakan Cyprus sebagai syurga cukai? || kaya Rusia", {"context": "The 2012\u20132013 Cypriot financial crisis led to an agreement with the Eurogroup in March 2013 to split the country's second largest bank, the Cyprus Popular Bank (also known as Laiki Bank), into a \"bad\" bank which would be wound down over time and a \"good\" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus. In return for a \u20ac10 billion bailout from the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, often referred to as the \"troika\", the Cypriot government was required to impose a significant haircut on uninsured deposits, a large proportion of which were held by wealthy Russians who used Cyprus as a tax haven. Insured deposits of \u20ac100,000 or less were not affected.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "split the country's second largest bank"}], "question": "What did the March 2013 agreement decide?", "id": "572e9be5cb0c0d14000f1354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Bank of Cyprus"}], "question": "Who would eventually absorb the \"good\" bank of Cyprus Popular Bank?", "id": "572e9be5cb0c0d14000f1355"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "\u20ac10 billion"}], "question": "What was the amount of bailout money given to Cyprus?", "id": "572e9be5cb0c0d14000f1356"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "wealthy Russians"}], "question": "Who was using Cyprus as a tax haven?", "id": "572e9be5cb0c0d14000f1357"}]}], ["Sejak tahun 1965, berikutan pergaduhan antara kedua-dua komuniti, kerusi Turki Siprus di Rumah kekal kosong. Pada tahun 1974 Cyprus dibahagikan secara de facto apabila tentera Turki menduduki tempat ketiga di pulau itu. Siprus Turki kemudiannya mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan pada tahun 1983 sebagai Republik Turki Utara Cyprus tetapi diiktiraf hanya oleh Turki. Pada tahun 1985 TRNC mengamalkan perlembagaan dan mengadakan pilihan raya pertamanya. Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengakui kedaulatan Republik Cyprus atas seluruh pulau Cyprus. <> Yang mana bahagian Cyprus diduduki oleh tentera Turki? || utara ketiga pulau <> Dalam berapa tahun Cyprus dibahagikan? || 1974 <> Pada tahun 1983, Cypriots Turki mengisytiharkan apa? || kemerdekaan <> Organisasi apa yang mengiktiraf kedaulatan Republik Cyprus? || Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu", {"context": "Since 1965, following clashes between the two communities, the Turkish Cypriot seats in the House remain vacant. In 1974 Cyprus was divided de facto when the Turkish army occupied the northern third of the island. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus but were recognised only by Turkey. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island of Cyprus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "northern third of the island"}], "question": "Which part of Cyprus was occupied by the Turkish army?", "id": "572e98d4cb0c0d14000f1325"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "1974"}], "question": "In what years was Cyprus divided?", "id": "572e98d4cb0c0d14000f1324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "independence"}], "question": "In 1983, Turkish Cypriots declared what?", "id": "572e98d4cb0c0d14000f1326"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "The United Nations"}], "question": "What organization recognizes the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus?", "id": "572e98d4cb0c0d14000f1327"}]}], ["Menurut anggaran Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa terkini, KDNK per kapita (disesuaikan untuk kuasa beli) pada $ 30,769 hanya di atas rata-rata Kesatuan Eropah. [Rujukan?] Cyprus telah dicari sebagai asas bagi beberapa perniagaan luar pesisir untuk cukai yang rendah kadar. Pelancongan, perkhidmatan kewangan dan perkapalan adalah sebahagian besar daripada ekonomi. Dasar ekonomi kerajaan Cyprus telah memberi tumpuan kepada memenuhi kriteria kemasukan ke Kesatuan Eropah. Kerajaan Cypriot mengguna pakai euro sebagai mata wang negara pada 1 Januari 2008. <> Apakah KDNK per kapita Cyprus diberikan oleh IMF? || $ 30,769 <> Apa tiga penyumbang terbesar kepada ekonomi Cyprus? || Pelancongan, perkhidmatan kewangan dan penghantaran <> Bilakah Euro diisytiharkan sebagai mata wang negara Cyprus? || 1 Januari 2008 <> Mengapa Cyprus telah dicari oleh perniagaan luar pesisir? || kadar cukai yang rendah", {"context": "According to the latest International Monetary Fund estimates, its per capita GDP (adjusted for purchasing power) at $30,769 is just above the average of the European Union.[citation needed] Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses for its low tax rates. Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy. Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "$30,769"}], "question": "What is the per capita GDP of Cyprus given by the IMF?", "id": "572e9c50c246551400ce43d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Tourism, financial services and shipping"}], "question": "What are three of the largest contributors to the Cyprus economy?", "id": "572e9c50c246551400ce43d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "1 January 2008"}], "question": "When was the Euro declared as the national currency of Cyprus?", "id": "572e9c50c246551400ce43d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "low tax rates"}], "question": "Why has Cyprus been sought out by offshore businesses?", "id": "572e9c50c246551400ce43d5"}]}], ["Dewan Rakyat saat ini mempunyai 59 anggota yang dipilih untuk jangka waktu lima tahun, 56 anggota dengan perwakilan proporsional dan 3 anggota pemerhati yang mewakili minoritas Armenia, Latin dan Maronit. 24 kerusi diperuntukkan kepada masyarakat Turki tetapi kekal kosong sejak tahun 1964. Persekitaran politik dikuasai oleh AKEL komunis, perhimpunan Demokratik konservatif liberal, Partai Demokrat yang berpusat, EDEK sosial-demokratis dan pusat EURO.KO. Pada tahun 2008, Dimitris Christofias menjadi ketua komunis negara pertama. Disebabkan penglibatan beliau dalam krisis kewangan Cypriot 2012-13, Christofias tidak berlumba untuk pemilihan semula pada 2013. Pilihan raya Presiden pada 2013 menyebabkan calon Demokrat Rally, Nicos Anastasiades memenangi 57.48% undi. Akibatnya, Anastasiades telah bersumpah dan telah menjadi Presiden sejak 28 Februari 2013. <> Berapa banyak ahli yang kini berada di Dewan Perwakilan? || 59 ahli <> Berapa lama istilah untuk ahli Dewan Rakyat yang dipilih? || jangka lima tahun <> Berapa banyak lautan yang diperuntukkan kepada masyarakat Turki? || 24 <> Siapa yang menjadi ketua komunis pertama negara itu pada tahun 2008? || Dimitris Christofias <> Siapa presiden semasa Cyprus? || Nicos Anastasiades", {"context": "The House of Representatives currently has 59 members elected for a five-year term, 56 members by proportional representation and 3 observer members representing the Armenian, Latin and Maronite minorities. 24 seats are allocated to the Turkish community but remain vacant since 1964. The political environment is dominated by the communist AKEL, the liberal conservative Democratic Rally, the centrist Democratic Party, the social-democratic EDEK and the centrist EURO.KO. In 2008, Dimitris Christofias became the country's first Communist head of state. Due to his involvement in the 2012\u201313 Cypriot financial crisis, Christofias did not run for re-election in 2013. The Presidential election in 2013 resulted in Democratic Rally candidate Nicos Anastasiades winning 57.48% of the vote. As a result, Anastasiades was sworn in on and has been President since 28 February 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "59 members"}], "question": "How many members are currently in the House of Representatives?", "id": "572e9939c246551400ce43b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "five-year term"}], "question": "How long is the term for an elected member of the House of Representatives?", "id": "572e9939c246551400ce43b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "24"}], "question": "How many seas are allocated to the Turkish community?", "id": "572e9939c246551400ce43b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Dimitris Christofias"}], "question": "Who became the country's first Communist head of state in 2008?", "id": "572e9939c246551400ce43b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "Nicos Anastasiades"}], "question": "Who is the current president of Cyprus?", "id": "572e9939c246551400ce43b8"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-21, ekonomi Cyprus mempelbagaikan dan menjadi makmur. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 2012 ia menjadi terjejas oleh krisis kewangan dan perbankan Eurozone. Pada bulan Jun 2012, kerajaan Cyprus mengumumkan bahawa ia memerlukan \u20ac 1.8 bilion bantuan asing untuk menyokong Cyprus Popular Bank, dan ini diikuti oleh Fitch menurunkan penarafan kredit Cyprus kepada status sampah. Fitch berkata Cyprus memerlukan tambahan \u20ac 4 bilion untuk menyokong bank-banknya dan penurunan itu disebabkan terutamanya oleh pendedahan Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank dan Hellenic Bank, tiga bank terbesar Cyprus, kepada krisis kewangan Yunani. <> Apa yang menjejaskan ekonomi Cyprus pada tahun 2012? || Krisis kewangan dan perbankan euro <> Berapa banyak yang dilakukan kerajaan Cyprus pada mulanya mengumumkannya diperlukan? || \u20ac 1.8 bilion <> Apa jumlah wang tambahan yang diminta oleh Cyprus? || \u20ac 4 bilion <> Apa nama tiga bank terbesar di Cyprus? || Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank dan Hellenic Bank", {"context": "In the early 21st century the Cypriot economy has diversified and become prosperous. However, in 2012 it became affected by the Eurozone financial and banking crisis. In June 2012, the Cypriot government announced it would need \u20ac1.8 billion in foreign aid to support the Cyprus Popular Bank, and this was followed by Fitch downgrading Cyprus's credit rating to junk status. Fitch said Cyprus would need an additional \u20ac4 billion to support its banks and the downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank, Cyprus's three largest banks, to the Greek financial crisis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Eurozone financial and banking crisis"}], "question": "What affected the Cypriot economy in 2012?", "id": "572e9b5e03f9891900756825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "\u20ac1.8 billion"}], "question": "How much many did the Cypriot government initially announce it needed?", "id": "572e9b5e03f9891900756826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "\u20ac4 billion"}], "question": "What was the amount of additional money requested by Cyprus?", "id": "572e9b5e03f9891900756827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank"}], "question": "What are the names of Cyprus' three largest banks?", "id": "572e9b5e03f9891900756828"}]}], ["Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, sejumlah besar gas asli luar pesisir telah ditemui di kawasan yang dikenali sebagai Aphrodite di zon ekonomi eksklusif Cyprus (EEZ), kira-kira 175 kilometer (109 batu) di selatan Limassol pada 33 \u00b0 5'40 \"N dan 32 \u00b0 59 '0' E. Walau bagaimanapun, syarikat-syarikat penggerudian luar pesisir Turki telah mengakses kedua-dua sumber gas asli dan minyak sejak tahun 2013. Cyprus menandatangani sempadan maritimnya dengan Mesir pada tahun 2003, dan dengan Lebanon pada tahun 2007. Cyprus dan Israel menaraskan sempadan maritim mereka pada tahun 2010, dan pada bulan Ogos 2011, AS syarikat berpangkalan di Noble Energy memeterai perjanjian perkongsian pengeluaran dengan kerajaan Cyprus mengenai pembangunan komersil blok. <> Sumber apa yang telah diketahui di luar pesisir dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini? || gas asli <> Dengan apa dua negara Cyprus pertama menyarasikan sempadan maritimnya? || Mesir pada tahun 2003, dan dengan Lubnan pada tahun 2007 <> Negara manakah Cyprus menaraskan sempadan maritimnya pada tahun 2010? || Israel <> Apa nama syarikat yang berpangkalan di AS dalam perjanjian perkongsian pengeluaran dengan Cyprus? || Noble Energy", {"context": "In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as Aphrodite in Cyprus' exclusive economic zone (EEZ), about 175 kilometres (109 miles) south of Limassol at 33\u00b05\u203240\u2033N and 32\u00b059\u20320\u2033E. However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013. Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007. Cyprus and Israel demarcated their maritime border in 2010, and in August 2011, the US-based firm Noble Energy entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "natural gas"}], "question": "What resource has been discovered offshore in recent years?", "id": "572e9d0bcb0c0d14000f1364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007"}], "question": "With what two countries did Cyprus first demarcate its maritime border?", "id": "572e9d0bcb0c0d14000f1365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Israel"}], "question": "Which country did Cyprus demarcate its maritime border in 2010?", "id": "572e9d0bcb0c0d14000f1366"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "Noble Energy"}], "question": "What is the name of the US-based firm in a production-sharing agreement with Cyprus?", "id": "572e9d0bcb0c0d14000f1367"}]}], ["Pada 2014, Turki telah diperintahkan oleh Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah untuk membayar lebih daripada $ 100m ganti rugi ke Cyprus untuk pencerobohan itu; Ankara mengumumkan bahawa ia akan mengabaikan penghakiman. Pada tahun 2014, sekumpulan pelarian Cyprus dan ahli parlimen Eropah, yang kemudiannya disertai oleh kerajaan Cypriot, memfailkan aduan kepada Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa, menuduh Turki melanggar Konvensyen Geneva dengan secara langsung atau tidak langsung memindahkan penduduk awamnya ke wilayah yang diduduki. Sepanjang sepuluh tahun yang lalu, pemindahan awam oleh Turki telah \"mencapai tahap baru\", dengan kata-kata seorang duta AS. [F] Pelanggaran lain Geneva dan Konvensyen Hague - kedua-duanya disahkan oleh Turki-jumlah yang disebut arkeolog Sophocles Hadjisavvas \"pemusnahan warisan Yunani dan Kristian di utara\". Pelanggaran ini termasuk merampas khazanah budaya, pemusnahan gereja yang sengaja, pengabaian karya seni, dan mengubah nama-nama tapak bersejarah penting, yang dikutuk oleh Majlis Antarabangsa mengenai Monumen dan Tapak. Hadjisavvas menegaskan bahawa tindakan ini didorong oleh dasar Turki menghapuskan kehadiran Yunani di Cyprus Utara dalam kerangka pembersihan etnik, serta oleh tamak dan mencari keuntungan dari pihak individu yang terlibat. <> Berapa Turki dipesan untuk membayar pampasan ke Cyprus? || lebih daripada $ 100m <> Siapa yang dituduh melanggar Konvensyen Geneva? || Turki <> Tahun berapa Turki diperintahkan membayar denda ke Cyprus? || 2014 <> Mengapa Turki dituduh melanggar Konvensyen Geneva? || secara langsung atau tidak langsung memindahkan penduduk awam ke wilayah yang diduduki", {"context": "In 2014, Turkey was ordered by the European Court of Human Rights to pay well over $100m in compensation to Cyprus for the invasion; Ankara announced that it would ignore the judgment. In 2014, a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian, later joined by the Cypriot government, filed a complaint to the International Court of Justice, accusing Turkey of violating the Geneva Conventions by directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupied territory. Over the preceding ten years, civilian transfer by Turkey had \"reached new heights\", in the words of one US ambassador.[f] Other violations of the Geneva and the Hague Conventions\u2014both ratified by Turkey\u2014amount to what archaeologist Sophocles Hadjisavvas called \"the organized destruction of Greek and Christian heritage in the north\". These violations include looting of cultural treasures, deliberate destruction of churches, neglect of works of art, and altering the names of important historical sites, which was condemned by the International Council on Monuments and Sites. Hadjisavvas has asserted that these actions are motivated by a Turkish policy of erasing the Greek presence in Northern Cyprus within a framework of ethnic cleansing, as well as by greed and profit-seeking on the part of the individuals involved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "over $100m"}], "question": "How much was Turkey ordered to pay in compensation to Cyprus?", "id": "572e9a4edfa6aa1500f8d1e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "Who was accused of violating the Geneva Conventions?", "id": "572e9a4edfa6aa1500f8d1e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2014"}], "question": "What year was Turkey ordered to pay fines to Cyprus?", "id": "572e9a4edfa6aa1500f8d1e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupied territory"}], "question": "Why was Turkey accused of violating the Geneva Conventions?", "id": "572e9a4edfa6aa1500f8d1e4"}]}], ["Salah satu ciri seni Cypriot adalah kecenderungan ke arah lukisan kiasan walaupun seni konseptual sedang dipromosikan dengan kuat oleh beberapa \"institusi\" seni dan yang paling terkenal ialah Pusat Seni Perbandaran Nicosia. Galeri seni perbandaran ada di semua pekan utama dan terdapat adegan seni komersil yang besar dan meriah. Cyprus dijangka menjadi tuan rumah festival seni antarabangsa Manifesta pada tahun 2006 tetapi ini dibatalkan pada minit terakhir berikutan pertikaian antara penganjur Belanda Manifesta dan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Cyprus atas lokasi beberapa acara Manifesta di sektor Turki daripada modal Nicosia. <> Apakah jenis seni yang dipromosikan oleh institusi seni di Cyprus? || seni konseptual <> Apa jenis tempat yang boleh dikunjungi oleh orang Cyprus untuk mengalami seni? || Galeri seni perbandaran <> Tahun apakah Cyprus patut menjadi tuan rumah pesta seni antarabangsa Manifesta? || 2006", {"context": "One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although conceptual art is being rigorously promoted by a number of art \"institutions\" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene. Cyprus was due to host the international art festival Manifesta in 2006 but this was cancelled at the last minute following a dispute between the Dutch organizers of Manifesta and the Cyprus Ministry of Education and Culture over the location of some of the Manifesta events in the Turkish sector of the capital Nicosia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "conceptual art"}], "question": "What type of art is being promoted by art institutions in Cyprus?", "id": "572ea349cb0c0d14000f13b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Municipal art galleries"}], "question": "What types of places can Cypriots visit to experience art?", "id": "572ea349cb0c0d14000f13b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year was Cyprus supposed to host the international art festival Manifesta?", "id": "572ea349cb0c0d14000f13ba"}]}], ["Majoriti Cypriot Yunani mengenal pasti Orthodox Yunani, sedangkan kebanyakan Cypriot Turki adalah penganut Islam Sunni. Menurut Eurobarometer 2005, Cyprus adalah negara paling banyak keagamaan kedua di Kesatuan Eropah ketika itu, setelah Malta (walaupun pada tahun 2005 Romania tidak berada di Uni Eropa, sekarang Romania adalah negara paling agama di Uni Eropa) (lihat Agama di Kesatuan Eropah). Presiden pertama Cyprus, Makarios III, adalah seorang uskup. Pemimpin Gereja Ortodoks Yunani semasa adalah Uskup Agung Chrysostomos II. <> Apa agama yang paling dikenal dengan Cyprus? || Orthodox Yunani <> Agama apa yang paling dikenal dengan Cyprus? || Sunni Islam <> Negara mana yang paling religius kedua di Kesatuan Eropah? || Cyprus <> Siapa kepala gereja Ortodoks Yunani sekarang di Cyprus? || Uskup Agung Chrysostomos II", {"context": "The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as Greek Orthodox, whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of Sunni Islam. According to Eurobarometer 2005, Cyprus was the second most religious state in the European Union at that time, after Malta (although in 2005 Romania wasn't in the European Union, currently Romania is the most religious state in the European Union) (see Religion in the European Union). The first President of Cyprus, Makarios III, was an archbishop. The current leader of the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus is Archbishop Chrysostomos II.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Greek Orthodox"}], "question": "What religion do most Greek Cypriots identify with?", "id": "572e9fd2dfa6aa1500f8d215"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Sunni Islam"}], "question": "What religion do most Turkish Cypriots identify with?", "id": "572e9fd2dfa6aa1500f8d216"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Cyprus"}], "question": "What country is the second most religious in the European Union?", "id": "572e9fd2dfa6aa1500f8d217"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "Archbishop Chrysostomos II"}], "question": "Who is the current head of the Greek Orthodox church in Cyprus?", "id": "572e9fd2dfa6aa1500f8d218"}]}], ["Cyprus mempunyai dua bahasa rasmi, bahasa Yunani dan Turki. Armenian dan Cypriot Maronite Arabic diiktiraf sebagai bahasa minoriti. Walaupun tanpa status rasmi, bahasa Inggeris digunakan secara meluas dan mempunyai ciri-ciri yang luas di dalam tanda jalan, notis awam, dan dalam iklan, dan sebagainya. Bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa rasmi tunggal semasa pemerintahan kolonial British dan lingua franca sehingga tahun 1960, dan terus digunakan (de facto) di mahkamah undang-undang sehingga 1989 dan dalam undang-undang sehingga tahun 1996. 80.4% daripada orang Cyprus mahir dalam bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa kedua. Rusia secara meluas bercakap di kalangan minoriti negara, penduduk dan rakyat negara pasca-Soviet, dan Pontic Greeks. Bahasa Rusia, selepas bahasa Inggeris dan Yunani, adalah bahasa ketiga yang digunakan pada banyak tanda-tanda kedai dan restoran, terutamanya di Limassol dan Paphos. Selain bahasa-bahasa ini, 12% berbahasa Perancis dan 5% berbahasa Jerman. <> Berapa banyak bahasa rasmi yang ada di Cyprus? || dua <> Apa dua bahasa rasmi Cyprus? || Bahasa Yunani dan Turki <> Apakah bahasa minoriti dituturkan di Cyprus? || Armenia dan Cypriot Maronite Arabic <> Adakah terdapat bahasa-bahasa Barat yang dituturkan di Cyprus? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Adakah terdapat bahasa-bahasa Timur yang dituturkan di Cyprus? || Rusia", {"context": "Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many official languages does Cyprus have?", "id": "572ea043c246551400ce4422"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Greek and Turkish"}], "question": "What are the two official languages of Cyprus?", "id": "572ea043c246551400ce4423"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic"}], "question": "What are the minority languages are spoken in Cyprus?", "id": "572ea043c246551400ce4424"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "English"}], "question": "Are there any Western languages spoken in Cyprus?", "id": "572ea043c246551400ce4425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Russian"}], "question": "Are there any Eastern languages spoken in Cyprus?", "id": "572ea043c246551400ce4426"}]}], ["Pada zaman moden, sejarah seni Cypriot bermula dengan pelukis Vassilis Vryonides (1883-1958) yang belajar di Akademi Seni Halus di Venice. Boleh dikatakan kedua-dua bapa pengasas seni Cypriot moden adalah Adamantios Diamantis (1900-1994) yang belajar di Royal College of Art dan London Christopheros Savva (1924-1968) yang juga belajar di London, di Sekolah Seni Saint Martin. Dalam banyak cara, kedua-dua pelukis ini menetapkan template untuk seni Cypriot berikutnya dan kedua-dua gaya artistik mereka dan corak pendidikan mereka kekal berpengaruh hingga ke hari ini. Khususnya majoriti artis Cypriot masih melatih di England sementara yang lain melatih di sekolah seni di Yunani dan institusi seni tempatan seperti Kolej Seni Siprus, Universiti Nicosia dan Institut Teknologi Frederick. <> Siapa pelukis Cyprus pertama yang penting zaman moden? || Vassilis Vryonides <> Di mana Vassilis Vryonides belajar? || Akademi Seni Halus di Venice <> Nama salah satu daripada individu yang dianggap sebagai bapa pengasas seni Cypriot moden. || Adamantios Diamantis <> Nama individu lain dianggap sebagai bapa pengasas seni Cypriot moden. || Christopheros Savva <> Di manakah ramai seniman Cypriot? || England", {"context": "In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides (1883\u20131958) who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice. Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis (1900\u20131994) who studied at London's Royal College of Art and Christopheros Savva (1924\u20131968) who also studied in London, at Saint Martin's School of Art. In many ways these two artists set the template for subsequent Cypriot art and both their artistic styles and the patterns of their education remain influential to this day. In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train in England while others train at art schools in Greece and local art institutions such as the Cyprus College of Art, University of Nicosia and the Frederick Institute of Technology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Vassilis Vryonides"}], "question": "Who was the first important Cyprus painter of modern times?", "id": "572ea2bbc246551400ce4446"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Academy of Fine Arts in Venice"}], "question": "Where did Vassilis Vryonides study?", "id": "572ea2bbc246551400ce4447"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Adamantios Diamantis"}], "question": "Name one of the individuals considered the founding fathers of modern Cypriot art.", "id": "572ea2bbc246551400ce4448"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Christopheros Savva"}], "question": "Name the other individual considered the founding fathers of modern Cypriot art.", "id": "572ea2bbc246551400ce4449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "England"}], "question": "Where do many Cypriot artists train?", "id": "572ea2bbc246551400ce444a"}]}], ["Muzik rakyat tradisional Cyprus mempunyai beberapa unsur yang sama dengan muzik Yunani, Turki, dan Arab termasuk tarian Greco-Turki seperti sousta, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, dan karsilamas serta tsifteteli dan arapies yang diilhamkan oleh Timur Tengah. Terdapat juga puisi muzik yang dikenali sebagai chattista yang sering dilakukan pada perayaan dan perayaan tradisional. Instrumen yang sering dikaitkan dengan muzik rakyat Cyprus ialah bouzouki, oud (\"outi\"), biola (\"fkiolin\"), lute (\"laouto\"), akordion, siput Cyprus (\"pithkiavlin\") dan perkusi (termasuk \"toumperleki\" ). Komposer yang dikaitkan dengan muzik tradisional Cypriot termasuk Evagoras Karageorgis, Marios Tokas, Solon Michaelides dan Savvas Salides. Antara pemuzik juga adalah pianis terkenal Cyprien Katsaris dan pengarang dan pengarah artistik inisiatif Modal Kebudayaan Eropah, Marios Joannou Elia. <> Muzik Cyprus tradisional mempunyai apa jenis genre lain yang sama? || Greek, Turkish, and Arabic <> Apakah nama tarian Greco-Turki? || sousta, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, dan karsilamas <> Apakah nama-nama tarian yang diilhamkan oleh Timur Tengah? || tsifteteli dan arapies <> Apa itu chattista? || bentuk puisi muzik <> Di mana chattista dilakukan? || perayaan dan perayaan tradisional", {"context": "The traditional folk music of Cyprus has several common elements with Greek, Turkish, and Arabic music including Greco-Turkish dances such as the sousta, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, and karsilamas as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired tsifteteli and arapies. There is also a form of musical poetry known as chattista which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations. The instruments commonly associated with Cyprus folk music are the bouzouki, oud (\"outi\"), violin (\"fkiolin\"), lute (\"laouto\"), accordion, Cyprus flute (\"pithkiavlin\") and percussion (including the \"toumperleki\"). Composers associated with traditional Cypriot music include Evagoras Karageorgis, Marios Tokas, Solon Michaelides and Savvas Salides. Among musicians is also the acclaimed pianist Cyprien Katsaris and composer and artistic director of the European Capital of Culture initiative Marios Joannou Elia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Greek, Turkish, and Arabic"}], "question": "Traditional Cyprus music has what other types of genres in common?", "id": "572eaab3c246551400ce4492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "sousta, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, and karsilamas"}], "question": "What are the names of the Greco-Turkish dances?", "id": "572eaab3c246551400ce4493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "tsifteteli and arapies"}], "question": "What are the names of the Middle-Eastern inspired dances?", "id": "572eaab3c246551400ce4494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "form of musical poetry"}], "question": "What is chattista?", "id": "572eaab3c246551400ce4495"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "traditional feasts and celebrations"}], "question": "Where is chattista performed?", "id": "572eaab3c246551400ce4496"}]}], ["Menurut banci tahun 2006 yang dijalankan oleh Cyprus Utara, terdapat 256,644 (de jure) orang yang tinggal di Cyprus Utara. 178,031 adalah warga Siprus Utara, di mana 147.405 dilahirkan di Siprus (112.534 dari utara; 32.538 dari selatan; 371 tidak menunjukkan bahagian Cyprus dari mereka); 27.333 lahir di Turki; 2,482 dilahirkan di UK dan 913 dilahirkan di Bulgaria. Daripada 147.405 penduduk yang lahir di Cyprus, 120,031 mengatakan kedua-dua ibu bapa dilahirkan di Cyprus; 16,824 mengatakan kedua-dua ibu bapa lahir di Turki; 10,361 mempunyai seorang ibu bapa yang lahir di Turki dan seorang ibu bapa yang lahir di Cyprus. <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal di Cyprus Utara mengikut banci 2006? || 256,644 <> Berapa ramai warganegara yang lahir di Cyprus juga mempunyai ibu bapa yang lahir di Cyprus? || 120,031 <> Berapa ramai penduduk Cyprus Utara dilahirkan di Cyprus? || 147,405", {"context": "According to the 2006 census carried out by Northern Cyprus, there were 256,644 (de jure) people living in Northern Cyprus. 178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus, of whom 147,405 were born in Cyprus (112,534 from the north; 32,538 from the south; 371 did not indicate what part of Cyprus they were from); 27,333 born in Turkey; 2,482 born in the UK and 913 born in Bulgaria. Of the 147,405 citizens born in Cyprus, 120,031 say both parents were born in Cyprus; 16,824 say both parents born in Turkey; 10,361 have one parent born in Turkey and one parent born in Cyprus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "256,644"}], "question": "How many people were living in Northern Cyprus according to the 2006 census?", "id": "572e9f67c246551400ce4414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "120,031"}], "question": "How many citizens born in Cyprus also have parents who were born in Cyprus?", "id": "572e9f67c246551400ce4415"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "147,405"}], "question": "How many of the citizens in Northern Cyprus was born in Cyprus?", "id": "572e9f67c246551400ce4416"}]}], ["Kebanyakan orang Cyprus menerima pendidikan tinggi mereka di Yunani, British, Turki, universiti lain di Eropah dan Amerika Utara. Perlu diperhatikan bahawa Cyprus kini mempunyai peratusan tertinggi penduduk usia kerja yang mempunyai pendidikan peringkat tinggi di EU pada 30% yang mendahului Finlandia 29.5%. Di samping itu, 47% penduduknya berusia 25-34 mempunyai pendidikan tinggi, yang merupakan tertinggi di EU. Tubuh pelajar Cypriot sangat mudah alih, dengan 78.7% belajar di sebuah universiti di luar Siprus. <> Di manakah kebanyakan orang penuntut Cyprus lebih tinggi? || Yunani, Inggeris, Turki, universiti lain di Eropah dan Amerika Utara <> Negara mana yang mempunyai peratusan tahap tertinggi rakyat yang bekerja dengan pendidikan peringkat tinggi? || Cyprus <> Berapa peratus daripada 25-34 populasi Cyprus mempunyai pendidikan tinggi? || 47% <> Berapa banyak pelajar Cypriot bersekolah di luar negara || 78.7%", {"context": "The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities. It is noteworthy that Cyprus currently has the highest percentage of citizens of working age who have higher-level education in the EU at 30% which is ahead of Finland's 29.5%. In addition, 47% of its population aged 25\u201334 have tertiary education, which is the highest in the EU. The body of Cypriot students is highly mobile, with 78.7% studying in a university outside Cyprus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities"}], "question": "Where do most Cypriots receiver higher education?", "id": "572ea15acb0c0d14000f139c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Cyprus"}], "question": "What nation has the highest level percentage of working citizens with higher-level education?", "id": "572ea15acb0c0d14000f139d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "47%"}], "question": "What percentage of the 25-34 Cyprus population has tertiary education?", "id": "572ea15acb0c0d14000f139e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "78.7%"}], "question": "How many Cypriots students attend school outside of the country", "id": "572ea15acb0c0d14000f139f"}]}], ["Cypriot Yunani dan Cypriot Turki banyak berkongsi dengan budaya mereka tetapi juga mempunyai perbezaan. Beberapa makanan tradisional (seperti souvla dan halloumi) dan minuman adalah sama, serta ekspresi dan cara hidup. Hospitality dan membeli atau menawarkan makanan dan minuman untuk tetamu atau orang lain adalah biasa di kalangan keduanya. Dalam kedua-dua komuniti, muzik, tarian dan seni adalah bahagian penting dalam kehidupan sosial dan banyak ungkapan artistik, lisan dan nonverbal, tarian tradisional seperti tsifteteli, persamaan dalam pakaian tarian dan kepentingan yang diletakkan pada aktiviti sosial dikongsi di antara masyarakat. Walau bagaimanapun, kedua-dua komuniti ini mempunyai agama dan budaya agama yang berbeza, dengan Cypriot Yunani yang secara tradisionalnya adalah Ortodoks Yunani dan Cypriot Turki yang secara tradisinya menjadi Muslim Sunni, yang sebahagiannya menghalang pertukaran kebudayaan. Cypriot Yunani mempunyai pengaruh dari Yunani dan Kristian, sementara Cypriot Turki mempunyai pengaruh dari Turki dan Islam. <> Makanan manakah yang digunakan oleh Cypriot Yunani dan Cypriot Turki? || souvla dan halloumi <> Yang bentuk seni mana yang menjadi bahagian penting dalam kehidupan seharian? || muzik, tarian dan seni <> Apa sesuatu yang Cyprus dan Cypriot Yunani tidak mempunyai persamaan? || agama dan agama <> Agama apa yang biasa dilakukan oleh orang Cyprus? || Orthodox Yunani <> Agama apa yang biasanya dilakukan oleh orang Cyprus? || Muslim Sunni", {"context": "Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots share a lot in common in their culture but also have differences. Several traditional food (such as souvla and halloumi) and beverages are similar, as well as expressions and ways of life. Hospitality and buying or offering food and drinks for guests or others are common among both. In both communities, music, dance and art are integral parts of social life and many artistic, verbal and nonverbal expressions, traditional dances such as tsifteteli, similarities in dance costumes and importance placed on social activities are shared between the communities. However, the two communities have distinct religions and religious cultures, with the Greek Cypriots traditionally being Greek Orthodox and Turkish Cypriots traditionally being Sunni Muslims, which has partly hindered cultural exchange. Greek Cypriots have influences from Greece and Christianity, while Turkish Cypriots have influences from Turkey and Islam.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "souvla and halloumi"}], "question": "Which foods do Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots have in common?", "id": "572ea23fcb0c0d14000f13a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "music, dance and art"}], "question": "Which art forms are integral parts of everyday life?", "id": "572ea23fcb0c0d14000f13a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "religions and religious"}], "question": "What is something that Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots do not have in common?", "id": "572ea23fcb0c0d14000f13a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "Greek Orthodox"}], "question": "What religion do Greek Cypriots usually practice?", "id": "572ea23fcb0c0d14000f13a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "Sunni Muslims"}], "question": "What religion do Greek Cypriots usually practice?", "id": "572ea23fcb0c0d14000f13a8"}]}], ["Sekolah negeri umumnya dilihat sebagai bersamaan dengan kualiti pendidikan kepada institusi sektor swasta. Walau bagaimanapun, nilai diploma sekolah menengah negeri adalah terhad oleh hakikat bahawa gred diperolehi hanya kira-kira 25% daripada gred akhir untuk setiap topik, dengan baki 75% yang diberikan oleh guru semasa semester, secara minima cara telus. Universiti-universiti Cypriot (seperti universiti-universiti di Greece) mengabaikan gred sekolah tinggi hampir sepenuhnya untuk tujuan kemasukan. Walaupun diploma sekolah menengah adalah mandatori untuk kehadiran universiti, kemasukan diputuskan hampir semata-mata atas dasar markah di peperiksaan kemasukan universiti yang berpusat di pusat yang semua calon universiti diperlukan. <> Apakah universiti Cypriot mengabaikan ketika melihat kemasukan? || gred sekolah tinggi <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk kehadiran universiti? || diploma sekolah tinggi <> Apa yang memainkan faktor besar dalam menentukan kemasukan di universiti? || peperiksaan kemasukan universiti <> Berapakah peratus gred yang diperolehi dalam gred akhir pelajar? || 25%", {"context": "State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private-sector institutions. However, the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparent way. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes. While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "high school grades"}], "question": "What do Cypriot universities ignore when looking at admission?", "id": "572ea0bedfa6aa1500f8d21d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "high-school diploma"}], "question": "What is required for university attendance?", "id": "572ea0bedfa6aa1500f8d21e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "university entrance examinations"}], "question": "What plays a large factor in determining admission at a university?", "id": "572ea0bedfa6aa1500f8d21f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "25%"}], "question": "What percentage do grades obtained account for in a students final grade?", "id": "572ea0bedfa6aa1500f8d220"}]}], ["Oleh kerana ketegangan antara kaum antara tahun 1963 dan 1974, satu banci di seluruh pulau dianggap tidak mungkin. Walau bagaimanapun, Cypriot Yunani menjalankan satu pada tahun 1973, tanpa penduduk Siprus Turki. Mengikut banci ini, populasi Cyprus Cyprus adalah 482,000. Setahun kemudian, pada 1974, Jabatan Perangkaan dan Penyelidikan kerajaan Cyprus menganggarkan jumlah penduduk Cyprus pada 641,000; yang mana 506,000 (78.9%) adalah orang Yunani, dan 118,000 (18.4%) orang Turki. Selepas pembahagian pulau itu pada tahun 1974, orang Yunani melakukan empat lagi bancian: pada tahun 1976, 1982, 1992 dan 2001; ini tidak termasuk penduduk Turki yang tinggal di bahagian utara pulau itu. <> Berapakah bilangan Cyprus di Cyprus pada tahun 1973? || 482,000 <> Apa yang kerajaan Cyprus menemui adalah penduduk Yunani di Cyprus? || 506,000 (78.9%) <> Apa yang kerajaan Cyprus menemui adalah penduduk Turki di Cyprus? || 118,000 (18.4%) <> Dalam berapa tahun orang-orang Yunani menjalankan banci tambahan? || 1976, 1982, 1992 dan 2001 <> Siapa yang dikecualikan daripada banci yang dikendalikan oleh orang Yunani? || penduduk Turki", {"context": "Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the Greek Cypriots conducted one in 1973, without the Turkish Cypriot populace. According to this census, the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom 506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish. After the partition of the island in 1974, Greeks conducted four more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in the northern part of the island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "482,000"}], "question": "What was the number of Greek Cypriots on Cyprus in 1973?", "id": "572e9e8bc246551400ce4400"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "506,000 (78.9%)"}], "question": "What did the Cypriot government find was the Greek population on Cyprus?", "id": "572e9e8bc246551400ce4401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "118,000 (18.4%)"}], "question": "What did the Cypriot government find was the Turkish population on Cyprus?", "id": "572e9e8bc246551400ce4402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001"}], "question": "In what years did the Greeks conduct extra censuses?", "id": "572e9e8bc246551400ce4403"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "the Turkish population"}], "question": "Who was excluded from the censuses conducted by the Greeks?", "id": "572e9e8bc246551400ce4404"}]}], ["Contoh-contoh Cyprus dalam kesusasteraan asing, termasuk karya Shakespeare, dengan majoriti bermain Othello oleh William Shakespeare yang terletak di pulau Cyprus. Penulis Inggeris, Lawrence Durrell tinggal di Siprus dari tahun 1952 hingga 1956, semasa bekerja untuk pemerintahan kolonial British di pulau itu, dan menulis buku Bitter Lemons mengenai waktu di Siprus yang memenangkan Hadiah Duff Cooper kedua pada tahun 1957. Penulis baru-baru ini dari Inggris Victoria Hislop menggunakan Cyprus sebagai penetapan untuk novel terbarunya The Sunrise. <> Di mana William Shakespeare's Othello ditetapkan? || Cyprus <> Di mana penulis Inggeris Lawrence Durrell tinggal dari 1952-1956? || Cyprus <> Yang mana novel 2014 menggunakan Cyprus sebagai lokasi utamanya? || The Sunrise <> Apa buku yang ditulis Lawrence Durrell semasa tinggal di Cyprus? || Lemah pahit", {"context": "Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature, include the works of Shakespeare, with the majority of the play Othello by William Shakespeare set on the island of Cyprus. British writer Lawrence Durrell lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island, and wrote the book Bitter Lemons concerning his time in Cyprus which won the second Duff Cooper Prize in 1957. More recently British writer Victoria Hislop used Cyprus as the setting for her 2014 novel The Sunrise.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Cyprus"}], "question": "Where was William Shakespeare's Othello set?", "id": "572eacbfcb0c0d14000f1442"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Cyprus"}], "question": "Where did British writer Lawrence Durrell reside from 1952-1956?", "id": "572eacbfcb0c0d14000f1443"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "The Sunrise"}], "question": "Which 2014 novel uses Cyprus as its main location?", "id": "572eacbfcb0c0d14000f1445"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Bitter Lemons"}], "question": "What book did Lawrence Durrell write while living on Cyprus?", "id": "572eacbfcb0c0d14000f1444"}]}], ["Angka-angka sastera moden Yunani Cypriot termasuk penyair dan penulis Kostas Montis, penyair Kyriakos Charalambides, penyair Michalis Pasiardis, penulis Nicos Nicolaides, Stylianos Atteshlis, Altheides, Loukis Akritas dan Demetris Th. Gotsis. Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides dan Pavlos Liasides adalah penyair rakyat yang menulis sajak terutamanya dalam dialek Cypriot-Greek. Di antara penulis terkemuka Turki Cypriot adalah Osman T\u00fcrkay, dua kali dicalonkan untuk Hadiah Nobel dalam Kesusasteraan, \u00d6zker Ya\u015f\u0131n, Neriman Cahit, Urkiye Mine Balman, Mehmet Ya\u015f\u0131n dan Ne\u015fe Ya\u015f\u0131n. <> Siapa pujangga rakyat Cyprus yang terkenal? || Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides dan Pavlos Liasides <> Mana penulis Turki Siprus telah dicalonkan untuk Hadiah Nobel dalam kesusasteraan dua kali? || Osman T\u00fcrkay <> Siapa penulis dan penyair Yunani moden? || Kostas Montis", {"context": "Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer Kostas Montis, poet Kyriakos Charalambides, poet Michalis Pasiardis, writer Nicos Nicolaides, Stylianos Atteshlis, Altheides, Loukis Akritas and Demetris Th. Gotsis. Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the Cypriot-Greek dialect. Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are Osman T\u00fcrkay, twice nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, \u00d6zker Ya\u015f\u0131n, Neriman Cahit, Urkiye Mine Balman, Mehmet Ya\u015f\u0131n and Ne\u015fe Ya\u015f\u0131n.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides"}], "question": "Who are some famous Cypriot folk poets?", "id": "572eac3fc246551400ce44b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Osman T\u00fcrkay"}], "question": "Which Turkish Cypriot writer has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature twice?", "id": "572eac3fc246551400ce44b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Kostas Montis"}], "question": "Who is a modern Greek Cypriot writer and poet?", "id": "572eac3fc246551400ce44ba"}]}], ["Syarikat-syarikat televisyen tempatan di Cyprus termasuk Perbadanan Penyiaran Cyprus milik negara yang menjalankan dua saluran televisyen. Selain di sebelah Yunani pulau itu terdapat saluran swasta ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) dan New Extra. Di Cyprus Utara, saluran tempatan adalah BRT, Cyprus Cyprus bersamaan dengan Perbadanan Penyiaran Cyprus, dan beberapa saluran swasta. Majoriti seni dan pemrograman budaya tempatan dihasilkan oleh Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation dan BRT, dengan dokumentari seni tempatan, program tinjauan dan siri drama yang difilmkan. <> Apakah nama sebuah syarikat televisyen tempatan di Cyprus? || Perbadanan Penyiaran Cyprus <> Apakah BRT? || Cyprus yang setara dengan Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation <> Siaran televisyen mana yang menghasilkan pengaturcaraan seni dan kebudayaan? || Perbadanan Penyiaran Cyprus dan BRT", {"context": "Local television companies in Cyprus include the state owned Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation which runs two television channels. In addition on the Greek side of the island there are the private channels ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) and New Extra. In Northern Cyprus, the local channels are BRT, the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, and a number of private channels. The majority of local arts and cultural programming is produced by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT, with local arts documentaries, review programmes and filmed drama series.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation"}], "question": "What is the name of a local television company in Cyprus?", "id": "572ead24dfa6aa1500f8d29f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation"}], "question": "What is BRT?", "id": "572ead24dfa6aa1500f8d2a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT"}], "question": "Which television broadcasters produce art and cultural programming?", "id": "572ead24dfa6aa1500f8d2a0"}]}], ["Puisi epik, terutamanya lagu-lagu \"acritic\", berkembang semasa Zaman Pertengahan. Dua kronik, yang ditulis oleh Leontios Machairas dan yang lain oleh Georgios Voustronios, merangkumi seluruh Abad Pertengahan sehingga berakhirnya pemerintahan Frank (abad ke-1489). Po\u00e8mes d'amour ditulis dalam zaman Yunani zaman pertengahan, Cyprus dari abad ke-16. Sebahagian daripada mereka adalah terjemahan sebenar puisi yang ditulis oleh Petrarch, Bembo, Ariosto dan G. Sannazzaro. Banyak cendekiawan Cyprus melarikan diri dari Cyprus pada masa-masa sukar seperti Ioannis Kigalas (sekitar 1622-1687) yang berhijrah dari Cyprus ke Itali pada abad ke-17, beberapa karyanya telah terselamat dalam buku-buku sarjana lain. <> Apa jenis bentuk seni yang berkembang pada zaman Abad Pertengahan? || Puisi epik <> Apakah tempoh masa pemerintahan Frank? || Keempat abad ke-1489 <> Siapakah salah seorang ulama yang melarikan diri dari Siprus semasa zaman bermasalah? || Ioannis Kigalas <> Di mana para ilmuwan Ioannis Kigalas melarikan diri ke abad ke-17? || Itali", {"context": "Epic poetry, notably the \"acritic songs\", flourished during Middle Ages. Two chronicles, one written by Leontios Machairas and the other by Georgios Voustronios, cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century\u20131489). Po\u00e8mes d'amour written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by Petrarch, Bembo, Ariosto and G. Sannazzaro. Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times such as Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622\u20131687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Epic poetry"}], "question": "What type of artistic form flourished at the time of the Middle Ages?", "id": "572eabafc246551400ce44a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "4th century\u20131489"}], "question": "What was the time period of Frankish rule?", "id": "572eabafc246551400ce44a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Ioannis Kigalas"}], "question": "Who is one of the scholars that fled Cyprus during troubled times?", "id": "572eabafc246551400ce44a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "Where did scholar Ioannis Kigalas flee to in the 17th century?", "id": "572eabafc246551400ce44a9"}]}], ["Pemain tenis Marcos Baghdatis menduduki tempat ke-8 di dunia, menjadi finalis di Terbuka Australia dan mencapai semifinal Wimbledon pada 2006. Pelumba tinggi Kyriakos Ioannou mencapai lompat 2.35 m pada Kejohanan Dunia IAAF ke-11 di Athletics dalam Osaka, Jepun, pada tahun 2007, memenangi pingat gangsa. Dia telah menduduki tempat ketiga di dunia. Dalam motorsport, Tio Ellinas adalah pemandu kereta perlumbaan yang berjaya, kini berlumba dalam Siri GP3 untuk Marussia Manor Motorsport. Terdapat juga artis seni bela diri campuran Costas Philippou, yang bertanding dalam bahagian menengah pertandingan promosi Ultimate Fighting Championship. Costas memegang rekod 6-3 dalam pertarungan UFC, dan baru-baru ini mengalahkan \"The Monsoon\" Lorenz Larkin dengan Knockout di pusingan pertama. <> Pemain tenis Cyprus mana yang menduduki tempat ke-8 di dunia? || Marcos Baghdatis <> Berapa tinggi Kyriakos Ioannou melompat di Osaka pada tahun 2007? || 2.35 m <> Organisasi apa yang dilakukan Costas Philippou menyertai? || Kejuaraan Lawan Terbaik <> Di mana perlumbaan Tio Ellinas? || Siri GP3 untuk Marussia Manor Motorsport", {"context": "Tennis player Marcos Baghdatis was ranked 8th in the world, was a finalist at the Australian Open, and reached the Wimbledon semi-final, all in 2006. High jumper Kyriakos Ioannou achieved a jump of 2.35 m at the 11th IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Osaka, Japan, in 2007, winning the bronze medal. He has been ranked third in the world. In motorsports, Tio Ellinas is a successful race car driver, currently racing in the GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport. There is also mixed martial artist Costas Philippou, who competes in the Ultimate Fighting Championship promotion's middleweight division. Costas holds a 6-3 record in UFC bouts, and recently defeated \"The Monsoon\" Lorenz Larkin with a Knockout in the 1st round.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Marcos Baghdatis"}], "question": "Which Cypriot tennis player ranked 8th in the world?", "id": "572eaedccb0c0d14000f146c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "2.35 m"}], "question": "How high did Kyriakos Ioannou jump in Osaka in 2007?", "id": "572eaedccb0c0d14000f146d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Ultimate Fighting Championship"}], "question": "What organization does Costas Philippou participate in?", "id": "572eaedccb0c0d14000f146e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport"}], "question": "Where does Tio Ellinas race?", "id": "572eaedccb0c0d14000f146f"}]}], ["Muzik popular di Cyprus biasanya dipengaruhi oleh pemandangan La\u00efka Yunani; artis yang bermain dalam genre ini termasuk bintang platinum antarabangsa Anna Vissi, Evridiki, dan Sarbel. Hip Hop, R & B dan reggae telah disokong oleh kemunculan rap Cyprus dan adegan muzik bandar di Ayia Napa. Muzik batu Cypriot dan rock \u00c9ntekhno sering dikaitkan dengan artis seperti Michalis Hatzigiannis dan Alkinoos Ioannidis. Logam juga mempunyai berikut kecil di Cyprus yang diwakili oleh band-band seperti Armageddon (rev.16: 16), Blynd, Winter's Verge dan Quadraphonic. <> Apa pengaruh muzik popular di Cyprus? || Adegan La\u00efka Yunani <> Apakah beberapa artis Cypriot yang terkenal? || Anna Vissi, Evridiki, dan Sarbel <> Apa jenis muzik lain yang dinikmati di Cyprus? || Hip Hop, R & B dan reggae <> Apa beberapa kumpulan Cypriot logam terkenal? || Armageddon (rev.16: 16), Blynd, Verge Winter dan Quadraphonic <> Artis mana yang dikaitkan dengan muzik rock Cypriot? || Michalis Hatzigiannis dan Alkinoos Ioannidis", {"context": "Popular music in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek La\u00efka scene; artists who play in this genre include international platinum star Anna Vissi, Evridiki, and Sarbel. Hip Hop, R&B and reggae have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot rap and the urban music scene at Ayia Napa. Cypriot rock music and \u00c9ntekhno rock is often associated with artists such as Michalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis. Metal also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, Winter's Verge and Quadraphonic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Greek La\u00efka scene"}], "question": "What influences popular music in Cyprus?", "id": "572eab10c246551400ce449c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Anna Vissi, Evridiki, and Sarbel"}], "question": "What are some famous Cypriot artists?", "id": "572eab10c246551400ce449d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Hip Hop, R&B and reggae"}], "question": "What other genres of music are enjoyed in Cyprus?", "id": "572eab10c246551400ce449e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, Winter's Verge and Quadraphonic"}], "question": "What are some famous metal Cypriot bands?", "id": "572eab10c246551400ce44a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Michalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis"}], "question": "Which artists are associated with Cypriot rock music?", "id": "572eab10c246551400ce449f"}]}], ["Sayuran dan buah-buahan segar adalah bahan biasa. Sayur-sayuran yang sering dimakan termasuk minuman keras, lada hijau, okra, kacang hijau, artichokes, wortel, tomato, timun, salad dan daun anggur, dan kacang-kacangan seperti kacang, kacang luas, kacang-kacangan, kacang bermata hitam, kacang-kacangan dan kacang-kacangan. Buah-buahan dan kacang-kacangan yang paling biasa adalah pear, epal, anggur, oren, mandarina, nektar, medlar, beri hitam, ceri, strawberi, buah ara, tembikai, tembikai, alpukat, lemon, pistachio, badam, chestnut, walnut dan hazelnut. <> Bolehkah anda menamakan beberapa sayur biasa yang digunakan di Cyprus? || courgettes, lada hijau, okra, kacang hijau <> Bolehkah anda menamakan beberapa buah-buahan yang biasa digunakan di Cyprus? || pear, epal, anggur, oren, mandarine <> Bolehkah anda menamakan beberapa denyutan biasa yang digunakan di Cyprus? || kacang, kacang luas, kacang polong, kacang bermata hitam", {"context": "Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines, nectarines, medlar, blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans"}], "question": "Can you name some common vegetables used in Cyprus?", "id": "572eae65cb0c0d14000f145c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines"}], "question": "Can you name some common fruits used in Cyprus?", "id": "572eae65cb0c0d14000f145d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans"}], "question": "Can you name some common pulses used in Cyprus?", "id": "572eae65cb0c0d14000f145e"}]}], ["Makanan laut dan ikan termasuk cumi-cumi, sotong, mullet merah, dan bass laut. Timun dan tomato digunakan secara meluas dalam salad. Persediaan sayur-sayuran biasa termasuk kentang dalam minyak zaitun dan pasli, kembang kol dan acar acar, asparagus dan taro. Hidangan tradisional lain adalah daging yang diasinkan dalam biji dan wain ketumbar kering, dan akhirnya dikeringkan dan diisap, seperti lumberza (daging babi asap), kambing arang panggang, souvlaki (babi dan ayam yang dimasak di atas arang), dan sheftalia (daging cincang dibungkus dalam mesentery). Pourgouri (bulgur, gandum retak) adalah sumber karbohidrat tradisional selain daripada roti, dan digunakan untuk membuat keranjang roti. <> Apa sajian makanan laut dan ikan yang terkenal? || cumi-cumi, sotong, mullet merah, dan bass laut <> Buah apa yang biasa digunakan dalam makanan? || Timun dan tomato <> Apakah lumberza? || merokok daging babi <> Apakah souvlaki? || daging babi dan ayam yang dimasak di atas arang <> Apakah heftalia? || daging cincang yang dibungkus dalam mesentery", {"context": "Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and taro. Other traditional delicacies of are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as lountza (smoked pork loin), charcoal-grilled lamb, souvlaki (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and sheftalia (minced meat wrapped in mesentery). Pourgouri (bulgur, cracked wheat) is the traditional source of carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the delicacy koubes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass"}], "question": "What are some famous seafood and fish dishes?", "id": "572eae27cb0c0d14000f1452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Cucumber and tomato"}], "question": "What fruits are commonly used in foods?", "id": "572eae27cb0c0d14000f1453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "smoked pork loin"}], "question": "What is lountza?", "id": "572eae27cb0c0d14000f1454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "pork and chicken cooked over charcoal"}], "question": "What is souvlaki?", "id": "572eae27cb0c0d14000f1455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "minced meat wrapped in mesentery"}], "question": "What is sheftalia?", "id": "572eae27cb0c0d14000f1456"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1994, pengeluaran sinematografi mendapat rangsangan dengan penubuhan Jawatankuasa Penasihat Cinema. Pada tahun 2000, jumlah tahunan yang ditetapkan dalam bajet negara terletak pada Cy Pounds 500,000 (kira-kira 850,000 Euro). Sebagai tambahan kepada geran kerajaan, produksi bersama Cyprus layak mendapat pembiayaan dari Eurimages Fund Council of Europe, yang membiayai produksi film Eropah. Setakat ini, empat filem panjang yang mempunyai Cypriot adalah pengeluar eksekutif yang menerima pembiayaan daripada Eurimages. Yang pertama ialah Sphagi tou Kokora (1992), yang disiapkan pada tahun 1996, Hellados (Dan Kereta Terbang ke Langit, 1995), yang saat ini dalam pasca produksi, dan O Dromos Costas Demetriou gia tin Ithaki (Jalan ke Ithaka, 1997) yang dirasmikan pada bulan Mac 2000. Lagu tema ke Jalan ke Ithaka disusun oleh Costas Cacoyannis dan dinyanyikan oleh Alexia Vassiliou. Pada bulan September 1999, To Tama (The Promise) oleh Andreas Pantzis juga menerima dana dari Eurimages Fund. Pada tahun 2009, pengarah, penulis dan pengarang Yunani Vassilis Mazomenos difilmkan di Guilt Cyprus. Filem ini telah dianugerahkan pada tahun 2012 dengan Penulisan Skrip Terbaik dan Anugerah Fotografi Terbaik di Festival Filem Greek London (UK) dan pemilihan rasmi di Festival Filem Dunia Montreal, Festival Filem Antarabangsa Cairo, Festival Filem Antarabangsa India, Festival Filem Tallinn Black Nights, Fantasporto dan membuka filem di Panorama Cinema Eropah di Athens. Pada tahun 2010, filem ini Dinamakan untuk filem terbaik dari Akademi Filem Hellenic. <> Berapakah jumlah dalam Euro yang diketepikan untuk Jawatankuasa Penasihat Cinema? || 850,000 Euro <> Siapa yang membiayai pengeluaran filem Eropah? || Majlis Eropah Eurimages Fund <> Apakah filem ciri pertama untuk menerima pembiayaan daripada Eurimages? || Saya Sphagi tou Kokora <> Filem mana yang dianugerahkan Skrip Terbaik dan Fotografi Terbaik di Festival Filem Greek London? || Bersalah Cyprus", {"context": "In 1994, cinematographic production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. As of the year 2000, the annual amount set aside in the national budget stands at Cy Pounds 500,000 (about 850,000 Euros). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature-length films in which a Cypriot was executive producer have received funding from Eurimages. The first was I Sphagi tou Kokora (1992), completed in 1996, Hellados (And the Trains Fly to the Sky, 1995), which is currently in post-production, and Costas Demetriou's O Dromos gia tin Ithaki (The Road to Ithaka, 1997) which premiered in March 2000. The theme song to The Road to Ithaka was composed by Costas Cacoyannis and sung by Alexia Vassiliou. In September 1999, To Tama (The Promise) by Andreas Pantzis also received funding from the Eurimages Fund. In 2009 the Greek director, writer and producer Vassilis Mazomenos filmed in Cyprus Guilt. The film was awarded in 2012 with the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography award in London Greek Film Festival (UK) and was official selection in Montreal World Film Festival, Cairo International Film Festival, India International Film Festival, Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival, Fantasporto and opening film in the Panorama of European Cinema in Athens. In 2010 the film was Nominated for the best film from the Hellenic Film Academy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "850,000 Euros"}], "question": "What is the amount in Euros of money set aside for the Cinema Advisory Committee?", "id": "572eadd5dfa6aa1500f8d2a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund"}], "question": "Who finances European film co-productions?", "id": "572eadd5dfa6aa1500f8d2a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "I Sphagi tou Kokora"}], "question": "What was the first feature film to receive funding  from Eurimages?", "id": "572eadd5dfa6aa1500f8d2a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1058, "text": "Cyprus Guilt"}], "question": "Which film was awarded the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography at the London Greek Film Festival?", "id": "572eadd5dfa6aa1500f8d2a8"}]}]], [["Menolak tawaran untuk mengarahkan Jaws 2, King Kong dan Superman, Spielberg dan pelakon Richard Dreyfuss kembali berkumpul untuk membuat filem mengenai UFO, yang menjadi Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). Salah satu filem langka yang ditulis dan diarahkan oleh Spielberg, Close Encounters adalah kritikal dan melanda pejabat, memberikan Spielberg pencalonan Pengarah Terbaiknya yang pertama dari Akademi serta memperoleh enam pencalonan Anugerah Akademi lain. Ia memenangi Oscar dalam dua kategori (Sinematografi, Vilmos Zsigmond, dan Anugerah Pencapaian Khas untuk Editing Kesan Bunyi, Frank E. Warner). Blokbuster kedua ini membantu menjamin peningkatan Spielberg. Filem berikutnya, 1941, sebuah pelukis Perang Dunia II yang besar-anggaran, hampir tidak berjaya dan walaupun ia menyumbang lebih dari $ 92.4 juta di seluruh dunia (dan membuat keuntungan kecil untuk menghasilkan studio Columbia dan Universal), ia dilihat sebagai kekecewaan , terutamanya dengan pengkritik. <> Filem apakah yang dilakukan Spielberg pada tahun 70-an? || Jaws 2, King Kong dan Superman <> Berapa banyak Oscars yang berjaya menutup Encounters? || dua <> Berapa banyak Oscar yang Menutup Encounter mendapat dicalonkan, selain Pengarah Terbaik? || enam <> Apakah genre '1941'? || Perang dunia II cengkraman <> Berapa banyak yang dilakukan '1941'? || lebih daripada $ 92.4 juta di seluruh dunia", {"context": "Rejecting offers to direct Jaws 2, King Kong and Superman, Spielberg and actor Richard Dreyfuss re-convened to work on a film about UFOs, which became Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). One of the rare films both written and directed by Spielberg, Close Encounters was a critical and box office hit, giving Spielberg his first Best Director nomination from the Academy as well as earning six other Academy Awards nominations. It won Oscars in two categories (Cinematography, Vilmos Zsigmond, and a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing, Frank E. Warner). This second blockbuster helped to secure Spielberg's rise. His next film, 1941, a big-budgeted World War II farce, was not nearly as successful and though it grossed over $92.4 million worldwide (and did make a small profit for co-producing studios Columbia and Universal) it was seen as a disappointment, mainly with the critics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Jaws 2, King Kong and Superman"}], "question": "What films did Spielberg turn down in the 70s?", "id": "57318f17497a881900249035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many Oscars did Close Encounters win?", "id": "57318f17497a881900249036"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many Oscars did Close Encounters get nominated for, besides Best Director?", "id": "57318f17497a881900249037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "World War II farce"}], "question": "What was the genre of '1941'?", "id": "57318f17497a881900249038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "over $92.4 million worldwide"}], "question": "How much did '1941' earn?", "id": "57318f17497a881900249039"}]}], ["Sebagai seorang kanak-kanak, Spielberg menghadapi kesukaran untuk mendamaikan menjadi seorang Yahudi Ortodok dengan persepsi dia oleh anak-anak lain yang dimainkannya. \"Bukan sesuatu yang saya suka mengakui,\" katanya pernah berkata, \"tetapi apabila saya berusia tujuh, lapan, sembilan tahun, Allah memaafkan saya, saya malu kerana kita adalah orang Yahudi Ortodoks. Saya malu dengan persepsi luar saya amalan Yahudi ibu bapa. Saya tidak pernah benar-benar malu menjadi Yahudi, tetapi saya tidak selesa pada masa-masa tertentu. \" Spielberg juga mengatakan bahawa dia mengalami prasangka dan buli anti-Semitik: \"Di sekolah menengah, saya mendapat pukulan dan menendang sekitar dua hidung berdarah. <> Bilakah Steven Spielberg menghadapi masalah untuk menjadi seorang Yahudi Ortodoks? || Sebagai seorang kanak-kanak <> Bagaimana perasaan Steven Spielberg tentang menjadi seorang Yahudi Ortodoks? || malu <> Apa prejudis yang harus dilakukan Spielberg di sekolah menengah? || anti-Semitik <> Berapa banyak hidung berdarah yang Spielberg masuk ke Sekolah Tinggi? || Dua <> Pada umur berapa Spielberg malu oleh keluarganya sebagai Yahudi? || tujuh, lapan, sembilan tahun <> Apa yang dibuli oleh Spielberg kerana? || prasangka anti-Semitik <> Berapa banyak hidung berdarah yang Spielberg mendapat di sekolah menengah? || Dua", {"context": "As a child, Spielberg faced difficulty reconciling being an Orthodox Jew with the perception of him by other children he played with. \"It isn't something I enjoy admitting,\" he once said, \"but when I was seven, eight, nine years old, God forgive me, I was embarrassed because we were Orthodox Jews. I was embarrassed by the outward perception of my parents' Jewish practices. I was never really ashamed to be Jewish, but I was uneasy at times.\" Spielberg also said he suffered from acts of anti-Semitic prejudice and bullying: \"In high school, I got smacked and kicked around. Two bloody noses. It was horrible.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "As a child"}], "question": "When did Steven Spielberg have trouble dealing with being an Orthodox Jew?", "id": "572e847d03f9891900756713"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "embarrassed"}], "question": "How did Steven Spielberg feel about being an Orhtodox Jew?", "id": "572e847d03f9891900756714"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "anti-Semitic"}], "question": "What kind of prejudice did Spielberg have to deal with in High school?", "id": "572e847d03f9891900756715"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in High School?", "id": "572e847d03f9891900756716"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "seven, eight, nine years old"}], "question": "At what age was Spielberg embarrassed by his family being Jewish?", "id": "57318ba805b4da19006bd28a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "anti-Semitic prejudice"}], "question": "What was Spielberg bullied because of?", "id": "57318ba805b4da19006bd28b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in high school?", "id": "57318ba805b4da19006bd28c"}]}], ["Semasa masih seorang pelajar, beliau ditawarkan pekerjaan tanpa gaji kecil di Universal Studios dengan jabatan penyuntingan. Dia kemudian diberi peluang untuk membuat filem pendek untuk siaran teater, 26-minit, 35mm, Amblin ', yang dia tulis dan diarahkan. Naib Presiden Studio Sidney Sheinberg terkesan dengan filem itu, yang telah memenangi beberapa anugerah, dan menawarkan kontrak pengarah tujuh tahun Spielberg. Ia menjadikannya pengarah termuda yang pernah ditandatangani untuk perjanjian jangka panjang dengan sebuah studio Hollywood utama. <> Apa pekerjaan yang ditawarkan SPielberg ketika dia seorang pelajar? || Universal Studios <> Siapa yang menawarkan kontrak Spielberg di Universal Studios? || Sidney Sheinberg <> Apa film pendek yang Spielberg buat untuk siaran teater? || Amblin <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Steven Spielberg untuk mengarahkan rancangan TV untuk Universal? || jatuh dari kolej <> Bagaimana perasaan Sidney Sheinberg mengenai filem \"Amblin '\" || kagum <> Studio apa yang memberi Spielberg sebagai magang yang tidak dibayar? || Universal Studios <> Apa jabatan yang Spielberg mempunyai latihan tanpa gaji? || pengeditan <> Berapa lamakah 'Amblin'? || 26 minit <> Apakah kedudukan Sidney Sheinberg dengan Universal? || naib presiden <> Berapa lama kontrak dibuat Sheinberg memberi Spielberg? || tujuh tahun", {"context": "While still a student, he was offered a small unpaid intern job at Universal Studios with the editing department. He was later given the opportunity to make a short film for theatrical release, the 26-minute, 35mm, Amblin', which he wrote and directed. Studio vice president Sidney Sheinberg was impressed by the film, which had won a number of awards, and offered Spielberg a seven-year directing contract. It made him the youngest director ever to be signed for a long-term deal with a major Hollywood studio.:548 He subsequently dropped out of college to begin professionally directing TV productions with Universal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Universal Studios"}], "question": "What job was SPielberg offered when he was a student?", "id": "572e877adfa6aa1500f8d0b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Sidney Sheinberg"}], "question": "Who offered Spielberg a contract at Universal Studios?", "id": "572e877adfa6aa1500f8d0ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Amblin"}], "question": "What short film did Spielberg make for theatrical release?", "id": "572e877adfa6aa1500f8d0bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "dropped out of college"}], "question": "What did Steven Spielberg do to begin directing TV prouctions for Universal?", "id": "572e877adfa6aa1500f8d0bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "impressed"}], "question": "How did Sidney Sheinberg feel about the film \"Amblin'\"", "id": "572e877adfa6aa1500f8d0bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Universal Studios"}], "question": "What studio gave Spielberg an unpaid internship?", "id": "57318ca7497a881900249019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "editing"}], "question": "What department did Spielberg have an unpaid internship with?", "id": "57318ca7497a88190024901a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "26-minute"}], "question": "How long was 'Amblin'?", "id": "57318ca7497a88190024901b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "vice president"}], "question": "What was Sidney Sheinberg's position with Universal?", "id": "57318ca7497a88190024901c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "seven-year"}], "question": "How long of a contract did Sheinberg give Spielberg?", "id": "57318ca7497a88190024901d"}]}], ["Pengeluar studio Richard D. Zanuck dan David Brown menawarkan Spielberg kerusi pengarah untuk Jaws, filem thriller-horror berdasarkan novel Peter Benchley mengenai hiu pembunuh yang sangat besar. Spielberg sering merujuk kepada pukulan melelahkan sebagai kriket profesionalnya. Walaupun kejayaan filem yang hebat dan hebat, ia hampir ditutup kerana kelewatan dan bajet yang terlalu banyak. Tetapi Spielberg gigih dan menyelesaikan filem itu. Ia adalah satu kejutan besar, memenangi tiga Anugerah Akademi (untuk penyuntingan, skor asal dan bunyi) dan menyumbang lebih daripada $ 470 juta di seluruh dunia di box office. Ia juga menetapkan rekod domestik untuk box office kasar, yang membawa kepada apa yang ditekan oleh akhbar itu sebagai \"Jawsmania.\": 248 Jaws membuat Spielberg nama isi rumah dan salah seorang jutawan termuda di Amerika, yang membolehkan beliau banyak autonomi untuk projek masa depannya .: 250 Ia dicalonkan untuk Gambar Terbaik dan memaparkan tiga kerjasama pertama Spielberg dengan pelakon Richard Dreyfuss. <> Filem apa yang dilakukan Richard D. Zanuck dan David Brown menawarkan Steven Spielberg untuk mengarahkan? || Jaws <> Mengapa Jaws hampir ditutup? || kelewatan dan bajet yang berlebihan <> Berapa banyak Anugerah Akademi yang memenangi filem \"Jaws\"? || tiga <> Apakah filem \"Jaws\" yang dicalonkan? || Gambar Terbaik <> Berapa banyak wang yang dilakukan filem \"Jaws\" kasar di seluruh dunia? || $ 470 juta di seluruh dunia <> Siapa yang membuat Spielberg pengarah 'Jaws'? || Richard D. Zanuck dan David Brown <> Berapa banyak Anugerah Akademi yang menang 'Jaws'? || Tiga <> yang menulis buku 'Jaws'? || Peter Benchley <> Berapa banyak 'Rahang' mendapat di teater? || lebih daripada $ 470 juta di seluruh dunia <> Berapa kali Spielberg bekerja dengan Richard Dreyfus? || tiga", {"context": "Studio producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offered Spielberg the director's chair for Jaws, a thriller-horror film based on the Peter Benchley novel about an enormous killer shark. Spielberg has often referred to the gruelling shoot as his professional crucible. Despite the film's ultimate, enormous success, it was nearly shut down due to delays and budget over-runs. But Spielberg persevered and finished the film. It was an enormous hit, winning three Academy Awards (for editing, original score and sound) and grossing more than $470 million worldwide at the box office. It also set the domestic record for box office gross, leading to what the press described as \"Jawsmania.\":248 Jaws made Spielberg a household name and one of America's youngest multi-millionaires, allowing him a great deal of autonomy for his future projects.:250 It was nominated for Best Picture and featured Spielberg's first of three collaborations with actor Richard Dreyfuss.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Jaws"}], "question": "What film did Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offer Steven Spielberg to direct?", "id": "572e9a3fc246551400ce43c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "delays and budget over-runs"}], "question": "Why was Jaws nearly shut down?", "id": "572e9a3fc246551400ce43c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many Academy Awards did the film \"Jaws\" win?", "id": "572e9a3fc246551400ce43c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 869, "text": "Best Picture"}], "question": "What was the film \"Jaws\" nominated for?", "id": "572e9a3fc246551400ce43c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "$470 million worldwide"}], "question": "How much money did the film \"Jaws\" gross worldwide?", "id": "572e9a3fc246551400ce43c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown"}], "question": "Who made Spielberg the 'Jaws' director?", "id": "57318e2fa5e9cc1400cdc06b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many Academy Awards did 'Jaws' win?", "id": "57318e2fa5e9cc1400cdc06d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Peter Benchley"}], "question": "Who wrote the 'Jaws' book?", "id": "57318e2fa5e9cc1400cdc06c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "more than $470 million worldwide"}], "question": "How much did 'Jaws' earn in theaters?", "id": "57318e2fa5e9cc1400cdc06e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 916, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many times did Spielberg work with Richard Dreyfus?", "id": "57318e2fa5e9cc1400cdc06f"}]}], ["Pekerjaan TV profesionalnya yang pertama datang ketika dia diupah untuk mengarahkan salah satu segmen untuk episod peringatan 1969 Galeri Malam. Segmen itu, \"Mata,\" membintangi Joan Crawford; dia dan Spielberg dilaporkan sahabat dekat hingga kematiannya. Episod itu adalah luar biasa dalam tubuhnya yang bekerja, kerana camerawork itu lebih tinggi daripada filem-filemnya yang lebih lama dan lebih matang. Selepas ini, dan satu episod Marcus Welby, M.D., Spielberg mendapat tugasan panjang-panjangnya: episod Nama Permainan yang dipanggil \"L.A. 2017\". Episod fiksyen futuristik ini mengagumkan Universal Studios dan mereka menandatanganinya untuk kontrak pendek. Dia melakukan segmen lain di Galeri Malam dan melakukan beberapa kerja untuk pertunjukan seperti Owen Marshall: Kaunselor Undang-Undang dan Psikiatri, sebelum mendarat episod siri pertama Columbo (episod sebelumnya sebenarnya filem TV). <> Siapa yang membintangi segmen acara TV \"Mata\" || Joan Crawford <> Genre apakah episod Steven Spielberg mengenai \"Nama Permainan\"? || fiksyen sains <> Apakah penyampaian panjang ciri pertama Steven Spielberg? || satu episod Nama Permainan yang dipanggil \"L.A. 2017\". <> Tahun berapa adalah Spielberg diupah untuk mengarahkan salah satu segmen untuk \"Galeri Malam\"? || 1969 <> Apa hubungan antara Joan Crawford dan Steven Spielberg? || dilaporkan kawan rapat <> Apakah episod TV pertama Spielberg mengarahkan sebahagian? || 1969 episod perintis Galeri Malam <> Apakah episod TV penuh Spielberg pertama diarahkan? || satu episod Nama Permainan yang dipanggil \"L.A. 2017\" <> Siapa yang membintangi debut TV Spielberg? || Joan Crawford <> Apa rancangan undang-undang yang dilakukan Spielberg? || Owen Marshall: Kaunselor di Undang-undang <> Genre apakah 'LA 2017'? || fiksyen sains futuristik", {"context": "His first professional TV job came when he was hired to direct one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery. The segment, \"Eyes,\" starred Joan Crawford; she and Spielberg were reportedly close friends until her death. The episode is unusual in his body of work, in that the camerawork is more highly stylized than his later, more \"mature\" films. After this, and an episode of Marcus Welby, M.D., Spielberg got his first feature-length assignment: an episode of The Name of the Game called \"L.A. 2017\". This futuristic science fiction episode impressed Universal Studios and they signed him to a short contract. He did another segment on Night Gallery and did some work for shows such as Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law and The Psychiatrist, before landing the first series episode of Columbo (previous episodes were actually TV films).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Joan Crawford"}], "question": "Who starred in the TV show segment \"Eyes\"", "id": "572e88f5dfa6aa1500f8d0dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "science fiction"}], "question": "What genre was Steven Spielberg's episode of \"The Name of the Game\"?", "id": "572e88f5dfa6aa1500f8d0df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "an episode of The Name of the Game called \"L.A. 2017\"."}], "question": "What was Steven Spielberg's first feature-length assignment?", "id": "572e88f5dfa6aa1500f8d0de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "1969"}], "question": "What year was Spielberg hired to direct one of the segments for \"Night Gallery\"?", "id": "572e88f5dfa6aa1500f8d0e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "reportedly close friends"}], "question": "What was the relatioship between Joan Crawford and Steven Spielberg?", "id": "572e88f5dfa6aa1500f8d0e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery"}], "question": "What was the first TV episode Spielberg directed part of?", "id": "57318d40a5e9cc1400cdc04f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "an episode of The Name of the Game called \"L.A. 2017\""}], "question": "What was Spielberg's first full TV episode to direct?", "id": "57318d40a5e9cc1400cdc051"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Joan Crawford"}], "question": "Who starred in Spielberg's TV debut?", "id": "57318d40a5e9cc1400cdc050"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law"}], "question": "What law show did Spielberg work on?", "id": "57318d40a5e9cc1400cdc053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "futuristic science fiction"}], "question": "What genre was 'LA 2017'?", "id": "57318d40a5e9cc1400cdc052"}]}], ["Spielberg dilahirkan di Cincinnati, Ohio, kepada keluarga Yahudi Ortodoks. Ibunya, Leah (Adler) Posner (lahir 1920), adalah seorang pianis restoran dan konsert, dan bapanya, Arnold Spielberg (lahir 1917), adalah jurutera elektrik yang terlibat dalam pembangunan komputer. Kakek nenek moyangnya adalah pendatang dari Ukraine yang menetap di Cincinnati pada dekad pertama tahun 1900-an. Pada tahun 1950, keluarganya berpindah ke Haddon Township, New Jersey ketika ayahnya mengambil pekerjaan dengan RCA. Tiga tahun kemudian, keluarga itu berpindah ke Phoenix, Arizona. 498 Spielberg menghadiri sekolah Ibrani dari tahun 1953 hingga 1957, dalam kelas yang diajar oleh Rabbi Albert L. Lewis. <> Dimana Steven Spielberg dilahirkan? || Cincinnati, Ohio <> Agama apa yang dikatakan keluarga Steven Spielberg? || Yahudi Ortodoks <> Di mana granparen Steven Spielberg dari? || Ukraine <> Di mana keluarga Steven Spielberg bergerak ke tahun 1953? || Phoenix, Arizona <> Pekerjaan apa yang dilakukan oleh bapa Steven Spielberg? || jurutera elektrik <> Dimana Spielberg dilahirkan? || Cincinnati, Ohio <> Apakah agama itu adalah keluarga Spielberg? || Yahudi Ortodoks <> Apakah kerjaya bapa Spielberg? || jurutera elektrik yang terlibat dalam pembangunan komputer <> Apakah karier ibu Spielberg? || restauran dan pianis konsert <> Di manakah datuk nenek moyang Spielberg berpindah dari? || Ukraine", {"context": "Spielberg was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to an Orthodox Jewish family. His mother, Leah (Adler) Posner (born 1920), was a restaurateur and concert pianist, and his father, Arnold Spielberg (born 1917), was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers. His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Ukraine who settled in Cincinnati in the first decade of the 1900s. In 1950, his family moved to Haddon Township, New Jersey when his father took a job with RCA. Three years later, the family moved to Phoenix, Arizona.:548 Spielberg attended Hebrew school from 1953 to 1957, in classes taught by Rabbi Albert L. Lewis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Cincinnati, Ohio"}], "question": "Where was Steven Spielberg born?", "id": "572e8172dfa6aa1500f8d051"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Orthodox Jewish"}], "question": "What religion was Steven Spielberg's family?", "id": "572e8172dfa6aa1500f8d052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Ukraine"}], "question": "Where were Steven Spielberg's granparents from?", "id": "572e8172dfa6aa1500f8d053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Phoenix, Arizona"}], "question": "Where did Steven Spielberg's family move to in 1953?", "id": "572e8172dfa6aa1500f8d054"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "electrical engineer"}], "question": "What job did Steven Spielberg's father have?", "id": "572e8172dfa6aa1500f8d055"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Cincinnati, Ohio"}], "question": "Where was Spielberg born?", "id": "57318b4d05b4da19006bd276"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Orthodox Jewish"}], "question": "What religion was Spielberg's family?", "id": "57318b4d05b4da19006bd277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "electrical engineer involved in the development of computers"}], "question": "What was Spielberg's father's career?", "id": "57318b4e05b4da19006bd279"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "restaurateur and concert pianist"}], "question": "What was Spielberg's mother's career?", "id": "57318b4e05b4da19006bd278"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Ukraine"}], "question": "Where did Spielberg's paternal grandparents immigrate from?", "id": "57318b4e05b4da19006bd27a"}]}], ["Dalam kerjaya yang merangkumi lebih daripada empat dekad, filem Spielberg telah merangkumi banyak tema dan genre. Filem Spielberg awal-fiksyen dan filem pengembaraan dilihat sebagai archetypes pembuatan film blockbuster Hollywood yang moden. Pada tahun-tahun kemudian, filem-filemnya mula menangani isu-isu humanistik seperti Holocaust (dalam Senarai Schindler), perdagangan hamba transatlantik (dalam Amistad), perang (Empayar Matahari, Menyimpan Ryan Swasta, Kuda Perang dan Jambatan Spies) (di Munich). Filem-filemnya yang lain termasuk Close Encounters of the Third Kind, siri filem Indiana Jones, dan A.I. Kecerdasan Buatan. <> Apa masalahnya alamat Spielberg dalam senarai Schindler filemnya? || Holocaust <> Apa masalahnya alamat Spielberg dalam filemnya Amistad? || perdagangan hamba transatlantik <> Apakah isu Spielberg alamat di dalam filemnya di Munich? || keganasan <> Berapa lama mempunyai kerjaya Steven Spielberg setakat ini? || lebih daripada empat dekad <> Dalam filem apa yang Spielberg menangani isu humanistik? || Senarai Schindler <> Dalam filem apa yang Spielberg menutup perdagangan hamba? || Amistad <> Dalam filem apakah Spielberg menangani peperangan? || Empire of the Sun, Menyimpan Ryan Swasta, Kuda Perang dan Jembatan Spies <> Dalam filem apakah Spielberg menangani keganasan? || Munich <> Jenis filem apa yang Spielberg mencari kejayaan awal dengan? || fiksyen sains dan pengembaraan", {"context": "In a career spanning more than four decades, Spielberg's films have covered many themes and genres. Spielberg's early science-fiction and adventure films were seen as archetypes of modern Hollywood blockbuster filmmaking. In later years, his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust (in Schindler's List), the transatlantic slave trade (in Amistad), war (in Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies) and terrorism (in Munich). His other films include Close Encounters of the Third Kind, the Indiana Jones film series, and A.I. Artificial Intelligence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "the Holocaust"}], "question": "What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Schindler's List?", "id": "572e7d5203f98919007566ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "the transatlantic slave trade"}], "question": "What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Amistad?", "id": "572e7d5203f98919007566ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "terrorism"}], "question": "What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Munich?", "id": "572e7d5203f98919007566af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "more than four decades"}], "question": "How long has Steven Spielberg had his career so far?", "id": "572e7d5203f98919007566b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Schindler's List"}], "question": "In what film did Spielberg address humanistic issues?", "id": "573189d6e6313a140071d062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Amistad"}], "question": "In what film did Spielberg cover the slave trade?", "id": "573189d6e6313a140071d063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies"}], "question": "In what films did Spielberg address war?", "id": "573189d6e6313a140071d064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Munich"}], "question": "In what film did Spielberg address terrorism?", "id": "573189d6e6313a140071d065"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "y science-fiction and adventure"}], "question": "What type of films did Spielberg find early success with?", "id": "573189d6e6313a140071d066"}]}], ["Spielberg memenangi Anugerah Akademi untuk Pengarah Terbaik untuk Senarai Schindler (1993) dan Saving Private Ryan (1998). Tiga filem Spielberg-Jaws (1975), E.T. Rekod-rekod pejabat tambahan Extra-Terrestrial (1982), dan Jurassic Park (1993), berasal dan datang untuk melambangkan filem blockbuster. Filem yang tidak diselaraskan semua filem yang diarahkan Spielberg melebihi $ 9 bilion di seluruh dunia, menjadikannya pengarah tertinggi dalam sejarah. Nilai bersih peribadinya dianggarkan lebih daripada $ 3 bilion. Beliau telah dikaitkan dengan komposer John Williams sejak 1974, yang menyusun muzik untuk semua kecuali lima filem ciri Spielberg. <> Berapa banyak wang yang mempunyai semua filem Steven Spielberg yang kotor di seluruh dunia? || melebihi $ 9 bilion <> Apa komposer yang telah dikaitkan dengan Steven Spielberg sejak tahun 1974? || John Williams <> Berapa banyak wang yang bernilai Steven Spielberg? || lebih daripada $ 3 bilion <> Apa rekod yang ada Steven Spielberg? || pengarah tertinggi dalam sejarah <> Siapa yang telah menyusun kebanyakan filem Steven Spielberg? || John Williams <> Bilakah Jaws dibebaskan? || 1975 <> Bilakah Jurassic Park keluar? || 1993 <> Apakah kemenangan Spielberg untuk Senarai Schindler? || Anugerah Akademi untuk Pengarah Terbaik <> Siapa yang membuat muzik untuk kebanyakan filem Spielberg? || John Williams <> Apakah nilai bersih Spielberg? || lebih daripada $ 3 bilion", {"context": "Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindler's List (1993) and Saving Private Ryan (1998). Three of Spielberg's films\u2014Jaws (1975), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and Jurassic Park (1993)\u2014achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $9 billion worldwide, making him the highest-grossing director in history. His personal net worth is estimated to be more than $3 billion. He has been associated with composer John Williams since 1974, who composed music for all save five of Spielberg's feature films.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "exceeds $9 billion"}], "question": "How much money has all of Steven Spielberg's movies grossed worldwide?", "id": "572e8213c246551400ce427a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "John Williams"}], "question": "What composer has Steven Spielberg been associated with since 1974?", "id": "572e8213c246551400ce427b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "more than $3 billion"}], "question": "How much money is Steven Spielberg worth?", "id": "572e8213c246551400ce427c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "the highest-grossing director in history"}], "question": "What record does Steven Spielberg have?", "id": "572e8213c246551400ce427d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "John Williams"}], "question": "Who has composed most of Steven Spielberg's movies?", "id": "572e8213c246551400ce427e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "1975"}], "question": "When was Jaws released?", "id": "57318afba5e9cc1400cdc01f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "1993"}], "question": "When did Jurassic Park come out?", "id": "57318afba5e9cc1400cdc020"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Academy Award for Best Director"}], "question": "What did Spielberg win for Schindler's List?", "id": "57318afba5e9cc1400cdc021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "John Williams"}], "question": "Who composes music for most of Spielberg's movies?", "id": "57318afba5e9cc1400cdc023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "more than $3 billion"}], "question": "What is Spielberg's net worth?", "id": "57318afba5e9cc1400cdc022"}]}], ["Berdasarkan kekuatan karyanya, Universal menandatangani Spielberg untuk melakukan empat filem TV. Yang pertama adalah penyesuaian Richard Matheson yang disebut Duel. Filem ini adalah tentang seorang pemandu trak tangki Peterbilt 281 yang psikotik yang mengejar pemandu yang menakutkan (Dennis Weaver) dari Plymouth Valiant kecil dan cuba melarikannya dari jalan raya. Pujian khas filem ini oleh pengkritik British berpengaruh Dilys Powell sangat penting untuk kerjaya Spielberg. Satu lagi filem TV (Something Evil) telah dibuat dan dikeluarkan untuk memanfaatkan populariti The Exorcist, kemudian sebuah buku terlaris utama yang belum dikeluarkan sebagai sebuah filem. Dia memenuhi kontraknya dengan mengarahkan juruterbang panjang filem TV pertunjukan yang dipanggil Savage, yang dibintangi Martin Landau. Spielberg's debut filem penuh panjang adalah The Sugarland Express, tentang pasangan suami isteri yang dikejar polis kerana pasangan itu cuba mendapatkan hak penjagaan bayi mereka. Sinematografi Spielberg untuk mengejar polis telah dipuji oleh pengulas, dan The Hollywood Reporter menyatakan bahawa \"pengarah baru yang baru berada di cakrawala.\": 223 Bagaimanapun, filem itu kurang memuaskan di box office dan menerima pelepasan terhad. <> Berapa banyak filem TV melakukan tanda Universal Spielbergo untuk mengarahkan? || empat <> Apa pengkritik British membantu meningkatkan kerjaya Steven Spielberg? || Dilys Powell <> Siapa yang membintangi rancangan TV \"Savage\"? || Martin Landau <> Bagaimana filem Steven Spielberg \"The Sugarland Express\" lakukan di box office? || buruk <> Apa pasangan suami-isteri dalam filem Steven Spielberg \"The Sugarland Express\" cuba untuk mendapatkan semula? || penjagaan bayi mereka <> Berapa banyak filem TV yang ditandatangani Spielberg untuk mengarahkan? || empat <> Apa trak macam mana 'Duel'? || Peterbilt 281 tanker <> Yang pengkritik Inggeris memuji 'Duel'? || Dilys Powell <> Filem mana yang diketuai Spielberg dimainkan 'The Exorcist'? || Something Evil <> Siapa yang membintangi 'Savage' / || Martin Landau", {"context": "Based on the strength of his work, Universal signed Spielberg to do four TV films. The first was a Richard Matheson adaptation called Duel. The film is about a psychotic Peterbilt 281 tanker truck driver who chases the terrified driver (Dennis Weaver) of a small Plymouth Valiant and tries to run him off the road. Special praise of this film by the influential British critic Dilys Powell was highly significant to Spielberg's career. Another TV film (Something Evil) was made and released to capitalize on the popularity of The Exorcist, then a major best-selling book which had not yet been released as a film. He fulfilled his contract by directing the TV film-length pilot of a show called Savage, starring Martin Landau. Spielberg's debut full-length feature film was The Sugarland Express, about a married couple who are chased by police as the couple tries to regain custody of their baby. Spielberg's cinematography for the police chase was praised by reviewers, and The Hollywood Reporter stated that \"a major new director is on the horizon.\":223 However, the film fared poorly at the box office and received a limited release.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many TV films did Universal sign Spielbergo to direct?", "id": "572e9600c246551400ce4396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Dilys Powell"}], "question": "What British critic helped boost Steven Spielberg's career?", "id": "572e9600c246551400ce4397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "Martin Landau"}], "question": "Who starred in the TV show \"Savage\"?", "id": "572e9600c246551400ce4398"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1081, "text": "poorly"}], "question": "How did Steven Spielberg's film \"The Sugarland Express\" do in the box office?", "id": "572e9600c246551400ce4399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 875, "text": "custody of their baby"}], "question": "What were the married couple in Steven Spielberg's film \"The Sugarland Express\" trying to regain?", "id": "572e9600c246551400ce439a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many TV movies was Spielberg signed to direct?", "id": "57318dc8a5e9cc1400cdc061"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Peterbilt 281 tanker"}], "question": "What kind of truck was 'Duel' about?", "id": "57318dc8a5e9cc1400cdc062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Dilys Powell"}], "question": "Which British critic praised 'Duel'?", "id": "57318dc8a5e9cc1400cdc063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Something Evil"}], "question": "Which TV film Spielberg directed played off 'The Exorcist'?", "id": "57318dc8a5e9cc1400cdc064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "Martin Landau"}], "question": "Who starred in 'Savage'/", "id": "57318dc8a5e9cc1400cdc065"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1958, beliau menjadi Pengakap Anak dan memenuhi syarat untuk lencana merit fotografi dengan membuat filem sembilan minit 8 mm berjudul The Last Gunfight. Bertahun-tahun kemudian, Spielberg teringat kepada pewawancara majalah, \"Kamera kamera ayah saya telah rosak, jadi saya bertanya kepada pengakap itu jika saya dapat menceritakan kisah dengan kamera filem ayah saya. Dia berkata ya, dan saya mendapat idea untuk melakukan Barat. Saya membuatnya dan mendapat lencana merit saya. Itulah bagaimana ia bermula. \" Pada usia tiga belas, semasa tinggal di Phoenix, Spielberg memenangi hadiah untuk filem perang 40 minit yang berjudul Escape to Nowhere, menggunakan pelakon yang terdiri daripada rakan sekolah menengah lain. Ia memotivasi dia untuk membuat 15 lagi filem 8mm amatur. Pada tahun 1963, pada usia enam belas tahun, Spielberg menulis dan mengarahkan filem independen pertamanya, pengembaraan fiksyen sains selama 140 minit yang dipanggil Firelight, yang kemudiannya akan mengilhami Close Encounters. Filem ini dibuat untuk $ 500, kebanyakannya berasal dari bapanya, dan ditunjukkan di pawagam tempatan untuk satu malam, yang memperoleh kembali kosnya. <> Apakah filem indepenen pertama Spielberg? || Firelight <> Berapa lama filem Spielberg \"Escape to Nowhere\"? || 40-minit <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibelanjakan Spielberg ke filem Close Encounters? || $ 500 <> Siapa yang Spielberg mendapat wang dari filem Menutup Encounter? || bapanya <> Apa genre adalah filem pertama Spielberg \"The Last Gunfight\" || Western <> Bilakah Spielberg menyertai Pengakap Boy? || 1958 <> Apa filem yang dibuat oleh Spielberg untuk mendapatkan lencana merit? || The Last Gunfight <> Mengapa Spielberg membuat filem bukan mengambil foto untuk lencana merit fotografi? || kamera tetap ayah dipecah <> Pada umur berapa Spielberg membuat 'Escape to Nowhere'? || tiga belas <> Apa filem yang membawa kepada Tutup Encounter? || Firasat", {"context": "In 1958, he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight. Years later, Spielberg recalled to a magazine interviewer, \"My dad's still-camera was broken, so I asked the scoutmaster if I could tell a story with my father's movie camera. He said yes, and I got an idea to do a Western. I made it and got my merit badge. That was how it all started.\" At age thirteen, while living in Phoenix, Spielberg won a prize for a 40-minute war film he titled Escape to Nowhere, using a cast composed of other high school friends. That motivated him to make 15 more amateur 8mm films.:548 In 1963, at age sixteen, Spielberg wrote and directed his first independent film, a 140-minute science fiction adventure called Firelight, which would later inspire Close Encounters. The film was made for $500, most of which came from his father, and was shown in a local cinema for one evening, which earned back its cost.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "Firelight"}], "question": "What was Spielberg's first indepenent film?", "id": "572e85c9cb0c0d14000f1248"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "40-minute"}], "question": "How long was Spielberg's film \"Escape to Nowhere\"?", "id": "572e85c9cb0c0d14000f1249"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "$500"}], "question": "How much money did Spielberg spend to film Close Encounters?", "id": "572e85c9cb0c0d14000f124a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 904, "text": "his father"}], "question": "Who did Spielberg get money from to film Close Encounters?", "id": "572e85c9cb0c0d14000f124b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Western"}], "question": "What genre was Spielberg's first film \"The Last Gunfight\"", "id": "572e85c9cb0c0d14000f124c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1958"}], "question": "When did Spielberg join the Boy Scouts?", "id": "57318c2ca5e9cc1400cdc029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "The Last Gunfight"}], "question": "What film did Spielberg make to earn a merit badge?", "id": "57318c2ca5e9cc1400cdc02a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "dad's still-camera was broken"}], "question": "Why did Spielberg make a movie instead of taking still photos for the photography merit badge?", "id": "57318c2ca5e9cc1400cdc02b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "At what age did Spielberg make 'Escape to Nowhere'?", "id": "57318c2ca5e9cc1400cdc02c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "Firelight"}], "question": "What film led to Close Encounters?", "id": "57318c2ca5e9cc1400cdc02d"}]}], ["Ciri pengarah seterusnya ialah Raiders prequel Indiana Jones dan Temple of Doom. Berkawan sekali lagi dengan Lucas dan Ford, filem ini terganggu dengan ketidakpastian terhadap bahan dan skrip. Filem ini dan Gremlins yang dihasilkan oleh Spielberg menyebabkan penciptaan penilaian PG-13 disebabkan oleh tahap keganasan yang tinggi dalam filem yang disasarkan kepada penonton yang lebih muda. Walaupun ini, Temple of Doom dinilai PG oleh MPAA, walaupun ia adalah filem paling gelap dan, mungkin, filem Indy yang paling ganas. Walau bagaimanapun, filem itu masih menjadi penghalang besar pada tahun 1984. Pada projek ini Spielberg juga bertemu dengan isteri masa depannya, pelakon Kate Capshaw. <> Apakah penarafan 'Temple of Doom' yang diterima? || PG <> Filem apa yang menyebabkan 'PG-13' dibuat? || Gremlins <> Ketika melakukan 'Temple of Doom' debut? || 1984 <> Mengapa Gremlins memerlukan 'PG-13'? || tahap keganasan yang tinggi dalam filem yang disasarkan kepada penonton yang lebih muda <> Apakah karier isteri masa depan Spielberg? || pelakon", {"context": "His next directorial feature was the Raiders prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Teaming up once again with Lucas and Ford, the film was plagued with uncertainty for the material and script. This film and the Spielberg-produced Gremlins led to the creation of the PG-13 rating due to the high level of violence in films targeted at younger audiences. In spite of this, Temple of Doom is rated PG by the MPAA, even though it is the darkest and, possibly, most violent Indy film. Nonetheless, the film was still a huge blockbuster hit in 1984. It was on this project that Spielberg also met his future wife, actress Kate Capshaw.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "PG"}], "question": "What rating did 'Temple of Doom' receive?", "id": "5731919ba5e9cc1400cdc0c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Gremlins"}], "question": "What movie caused 'PG-13' to be created?", "id": "5731919ba5e9cc1400cdc0c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "1984"}], "question": "When did 'Temple of Doom' debut?", "id": "5731919ba5e9cc1400cdc0c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "the high level of violence in films targeted at younger audiences"}], "question": "Why did Gremlins need 'PG-13'?", "id": "5731919ba5e9cc1400cdc0c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "actress"}], "question": "What was Spielberg's future wife's career?", "id": "5731919ba5e9cc1400cdc0c5"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1987, ketika China mula membuka pelaburan modal Barat, Spielberg menembak filem Amerika pertama di Shanghai sejak tahun 1930-an, adaptasi novel autobiografi J. G. Ballard Empayar Matahari, yang dibintangi oleh John Malkovich dan seorang Bale Kristian muda. Filem itu mendapat banyak pujian daripada pengkritik dan dicalonkan untuk beberapa Oscar, tetapi tidak menghasilkan pendapatan kotak pejabat yang besar. Peninjau Andrew Sarris memanggilnya filem terbaik tahun ini dan kemudian memasukkannya di kalangan filem terbaik dekad ini. Spielberg juga merupakan pengeluar filem bateri 1987 yang tidak termasuk. <> Sehingga tahun 1980an, ketika filem Amerika pernah ditembak di Shanghai? || tahun 1930-an yang menulis 'Empire of the Sun'? || J. G. Ballard <> Siapa yang membintangi 'Empire of the Sun'? || John Malkovich dan seorang Bale Kristian muda <> Siapa yang menganggap 'Empire of the Sun' adalah filem terbaik tahun ini? || Andrew Sarris <> Apakah peranan Spielberg terhadap 'Bateri Tidak Termasuk'? || pengeluar bersama", {"context": "In 1987, as China began opening to Western capital investment, Spielberg shot the first American film in Shanghai since the 1930s, an adaptation of J. G. Ballard's autobiographical novel Empire of the Sun, starring John Malkovich and a young Christian Bale. The film garnered much praise from critics and was nominated for several Oscars, but did not yield substantial box office revenues. Reviewer Andrew Sarris called it the best film of the year and later included it among the best films of the decade. Spielberg was also a co-producer of the 1987 film *batteries not included.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "the 1930s"}], "question": "Until the 1980s, when had an American film last been shot in Shanghai?", "id": "57319277e6313a140071d0b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "J. G. Ballard"}], "question": "Who wrote 'Empire of the Sun'?", "id": "57319277e6313a140071d0b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "John Malkovich and a young Christian Bale"}], "question": "Who starred in 'Empire of the Sun'?", "id": "57319277e6313a140071d0ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Andrew Sarris"}], "question": "Who thought 'Empire of the Sun' was the best film of the year?", "id": "57319277e6313a140071d0bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "co-producer"}], "question": "What was Spielberg's role on 'Batteries Not Included'?", "id": "57319277e6313a140071d0bc"}]}], ["Juga pada tahun 2005, Spielberg mengarahkan penyesuaian moden War of the Worlds (bersama pembuatan Paramount dan DreamWorks), berdasarkan buku HG Wells dengan nama yang sama (Spielberg telah menjadi peminat buku dan filem asal 1953 ). Ia membintangi Tom Cruise dan Dakota Fanning, dan, seperti pada masa lalu filem Spielberg, Industri Light & Magic (ILM) memberikan kesan visual. Tidak seperti E.T. dan Tutup Menemui Jenis Ketiga, yang menggambarkan pelawat asing yang mesra, Perang Dunia mencatatkan penceroboh ganas. Filem itu adalah satu lagi pejabat besar kotak smash, yang melonjak lebih $ 591 juta di seluruh dunia. <> Studio mana yang menghasilkan 'War of the Worlds' Spielberg? || Paramount dan DreamWorks <> Siapa yang menulis buku 'Perang Dunia'? || H. G. Wells <> Kapan filem pertama 'War of the Worlds' dikeluarkan? || 1953 <> Siapa yang memberi kesan visual untuk 'Perang Dunia'? || Perindustrian Cahaya & Magic <> Berapa banyak 'Perang Dunia' mendapat? || lebih daripada $ 591 juta di seluruh dunia", {"context": "Also in 2005, Spielberg directed a modern adaptation of War of the Worlds (a co-production of Paramount and DreamWorks), based on the H. G. Wells book of the same name (Spielberg had been a huge fan of the book and the original 1953 film). It starred Tom Cruise and Dakota Fanning, and, as with past Spielberg films, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) provided the visual effects. Unlike E.T. and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which depicted friendly alien visitors, War of the Worlds featured violent invaders. The film was another huge box office smash, grossing over $591 million worldwide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Paramount and DreamWorks"}], "question": "Which studios produced Spielberg's 'War of the Worlds'?", "id": "5731944605b4da19006bd2ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "H. G. Wells"}], "question": "Who wrote the 'War of the Worlds' book?", "id": "5731944605b4da19006bd2ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "1953"}], "question": "When was the first 'War of the Worlds' movie released?", "id": "5731944605b4da19006bd2f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Industrial Light & Magic"}], "question": "Who did the visual effects for 'War of the Worlds'?", "id": "5731944605b4da19006bd2f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "over $591 million worldwide"}], "question": "How much did 'War of the Worlds' earn?", "id": "5731944605b4da19006bd2f2"}]}], ["Spielberg kemudiannya meninjau semula projek Close Encountersnya dan, dengan sokongan kewangan dari Columbia Pictures, melancarkan Close Encounters: The Edisi Khas pada tahun 1980. Untuk ini, Spielberg menetapkan beberapa kekurangan yang difikirkannya menghalang versi asal filem 1977 dan juga, di behest dari Columbia, dan sebagai syarat Spielberg menyemak semula filem itu, menembak rakaman tambahan yang menunjukkan penonton bahagian dalaman ibadat yang dilihat pada akhir filem (keputusan Spielberg kemudiannya akan menyesal kerana dia merasakan bahagian dalam induk mestilah kekal suatu misteri). Walau bagaimanapun, pelepasan semula itu adalah satu kejayaan yang sederhana, manakala filem DVD pada tahun 2001 telah memulihkan semula asalnya. <> Bilakah Spielberg melepas semula Tutup Encounter? || 1980 <> Apa rakaman baru yang diperlukan oleh Columbia untuk disemak semula oleh Close Encounters? || bahagian dalaman ibu bapa <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh Menutup Tutup Menelefon? || Tutup Encounter: Edisi Khas <> Studio mana yang didanai Close Encounters? || Columbia Pictures <> Bilakah DVD Close Encounters keluar? || 2001", {"context": "Spielberg then revisited his Close Encounters project and, with financial backing from Columbia Pictures, released Close Encounters: The Special Edition in 1980. For this, Spielberg fixed some of the flaws he thought impeded the original 1977 version of the film and also, at the behest of Columbia, and as a condition of Spielberg revising the film, shot additional footage showing the audience the interior of the mothership seen at the end of the film (a decision Spielberg would later regret as he felt the interior of the mothership should have remained a mystery). Nevertheless, the re-release was a moderate success, while the 2001 DVD release of the film restored the original ending.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "1980"}], "question": "When did Spielberg re-release Close Encounters?", "id": "57318fb805b4da19006bd2b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "the interior of the mothership"}], "question": "What new footage did Columbia require for a Close Encounters revisit?", "id": "57318fb805b4da19006bd2b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Close Encounters: The Special Edition"}], "question": "What was the Close Encounters revisit called?", "id": "57318fb805b4da19006bd2b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Columbia Pictures"}], "question": "Which studio funded Close Encounters?", "id": "57318fb805b4da19006bd2b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When did a Close Encounters DVD come out?", "id": "57318fb805b4da19006bd2ba"}]}], ["Filem seterusnya Spielberg, Senarai Schindler, berdasarkan kisah sebenar Oskar Schindler, seorang lelaki yang mempertaruhkan nyawanya untuk menyelamatkan 1,100 orang Yahudi dari Holocaust. Senarai Schindler memperoleh Spielberg Anugerah Akademi pertamanya untuk Pengarah Terbaik (ia juga memenangi Gambar Terbaik). Dengan filem itu kejayaan besar di box office, Spielberg menggunakan keuntungannya untuk menubuhkan Shoah Foundation, organisasi bukan keuntungan yang arkib memfailkan kesaksian mengenai korban Holocaust. Pada tahun 1997, Institut Filem Amerika menyenaraikannya di antara 10 Filem Terbesar Amerika yang pernah Dibuat (# 9) yang bergerak sehingga (# 8) apabila senarai itu dibuat semula pada tahun 2007. <> Kehidupan yang mana adalah 'Senarai Schindler' berdasarkan? || Oskar Schindler <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi yang menyelamatkan Schindler? || 1,100 <> Apakah Spielberg menang pertama Pengarah Terbaik? || Senarai Schindler <> Apa yang dilakukan Spielberg dengan keuntungan 'Senarai Schindler'? || menubuhkan Yayasan Shoah, sebuah organisasi bukan keuntungan yang arkib membuktikan kesaksian para korban selamat Holocaust <> Di manakah Institusi Filem Amerika menempa 'Senarai Schindler' pada tahun 1997? || # 9", {"context": "Spielberg's next film, Schindler's List, was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust. Schindler's List earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director (it also won Best Picture). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg used the profits to set up the Shoah Foundation, a non-profit organization that archives filmed testimony of Holocaust survivors. In 1997, the American Film Institute listed it among the 10 Greatest American Films ever Made (#9) which moved up to (#8) when the list was remade in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Oskar Schindler"}], "question": "Whose life was 'Schindler's List' based on?", "id": "5731933a05b4da19006bd2d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "1,100"}], "question": "How many Jews did Schindler save?", "id": "5731933a05b4da19006bd2d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Schindler's List"}], "question": "What did Spielberg first win Best Director for?", "id": "5731933a05b4da19006bd2d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "set up the Shoah Foundation, a non-profit organization that archives filmed testimony of Holocaust survivors"}], "question": "What did Spielberg do with 'Schindler's List' profits?", "id": "5731933a05b4da19006bd2d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "#9"}], "question": "Where did the American Film Institute rank 'Schindler's List' in 1997?", "id": "5731933a05b4da19006bd2d4"}]}], ["Spielberg dan pelakon Tom Cruise bekerjasama untuk pertama kalinya untuk Laporan Minoriti neo-noir futuristik, berdasarkan cerita pendek fiksyen sains yang ditulis oleh Philip K. Dick mengenai kapten polis Washington DC pada tahun 2054 yang telah diramalkan membunuh seorang lelaki dia belum jumpa lagi. Filem ini mendapat ulasan yang kuat dengan laman web tallying kajian Rotten Tomatoes memberikan rating kelulusan 92%, melaporkan bahawa 206 daripada 225 ulasan yang mereka tetapkan adalah positif. Filem ini memperoleh lebih daripada $ 358 juta di seluruh dunia. Roger Ebert, yang menamakannya sebagai filem terbaik pada tahun 2002, memuji visi yang menakjubkan tentang masa depan serta cara Spielberg menggabungkan CGI dengan tindakan langsung. <> Filem apa yang Spielberg bekerjasama dengan Cruise? || Laporan Minoriti <> Bilakah Laporan Minoriti ditetapkan? || 2054 <> Apa itu Kedudukan Tomato Rotten untuk Laporan Minoriti? || 92% <> Berapakah jumlah Laporan Minoriti yang diperoleh? || lebih daripada $ 358 juta di seluruh dunia <> Bilakah Laporan Minoriti dikeluarkan? || 2002", {"context": "Spielberg and actor Tom Cruise collaborated for the first time for the futuristic neo-noir Minority Report, based upon the science fiction short story written by Philip K. Dick about a Washington D.C. police captain in the year 2054 who has been foreseen to murder a man he has not yet met. The film received strong reviews with the review tallying website Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 92% approval rating, reporting that 206 out of the 225 reviews they tallied were positive. The film earned over $358 million worldwide. Roger Ebert, who named it the best film of 2002, praised its breathtaking vision of the future as well as for the way Spielberg blended CGI with live-action.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Minority Report"}], "question": "What movie did Spielberg collaborate with Cruise for?", "id": "573193ec497a88190024906b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "2054"}], "question": "When is Minority Report set?", "id": "573193ec497a88190024906c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "92%"}], "question": "What was the Rotten Tomatoes rating for Minority Report?", "id": "573193ec497a88190024906d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "over $358 million worldwide"}], "question": "How much did Minority Report earn?", "id": "573193ec497a88190024906e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "2002"}], "question": "When was Minority Report released?", "id": "573193ec497a88190024906f"}]}], ["Selepas dua filem melangkah ke filem-filem dramatik yang lebih serius, Spielberg kemudian mengarahkan filem Indiana Jones yang ketiga, Indiana Jones 1989 dan Perang Salib Terakhir. Sekali lagi bekerja sama dengan Lucas dan Ford, Spielberg juga melakonkan pelakon Sean Connery dalam peranan sokongan sebagai bapa Indy. Filem ini mendapat tinjauan positif secara umumnya dan merupakan satu lagi kejayaan box office, menjadi filem paling tinggi di seluruh dunia pada tahun itu; jumlah penerimaan pejabat kotaknya bahkan mendahului mereka yang paling dinanti-nantikan oleh filem Batman, Tim Burton yang telah menjadi lebih hebat dalam negeri. Juga pada tahun 1989, dia semula bersatu dengan pelakon Richard Dreyfuss untuk drama komedi romantis Always, mengenai juruterbang yang berani yang memadamkan kebakaran hutan. Filem romantis pertama Spielberg, Sentiasa hanya kejayaan sederhana dan mempunyai ulasan bercampur. <> Bilakah filem Indiana Jones ke-3 keluar? || 1989 <> Apa yang dipanggil filem Indiana Jones ke-3? || Indiana Jones dan Perang Salib Terakhir <> Siapa yang bermain bapa Indiana Jones? || Sean Connery <> Siapa yang mengarahkan 'Batman'? || Tim Burton <> Apa itu 'Sentiasa'? || juruterbang darat yang memadamkan kebakaran hutan", {"context": "After two forays into more serious dramatic films, Spielberg then directed the third Indiana Jones film, 1989's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Once again teaming up with Lucas and Ford, Spielberg also cast actor Sean Connery in a supporting role as Indy's father. The film earned generally positive reviews and was another box office success, becoming the highest grossing film worldwide that year; its total box office receipts even topped those of Tim Burton's much-anticipated film Batman, which had been the bigger hit domestically. Also in 1989, he re-united with actor Richard Dreyfuss for the romantic comedy-drama Always, about a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires. Spielberg's first romantic film, Always was only a moderate success and had mixed reviews.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "1989"}], "question": "When did the 3rd Indiana Jones film come out?", "id": "573192cde6313a140071d0c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"}], "question": "What was the 3rd Indiana Jones film called?", "id": "573192cde6313a140071d0c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Sean Connery"}], "question": "Who played Indiana Jones's father?", "id": "573192cde6313a140071d0c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Tim Burton"}], "question": "Who directed 'Batman'?", "id": "573192cde6313a140071d0c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires"}], "question": "What was 'Always' about?", "id": "573192cde6313a140071d0c6"}]}], ["Seterusnya, Spielberg bekerjasama dengan pencipta Star Wars dan rakannya George Lucas dalam filem pengembaraan aksi, Raiders of the Lost Ark, yang pertama dalam filem Indiana Jones. Ahli arkeologi dan pahlawan pengembara Indiana Jones telah dimainkan oleh Harrison Ford (yang pernah dilahirkan oleh Lucas dalam filem Star Warsnya sebagai Han Solo). Filem itu dianggap penghormatan kepada siri-siri cliffhanger Zaman Emas Hollywood. Ia menjadi filem terbesar di box office pada tahun 1981, dan penerima pencalonan Oscar yang banyak termasuk Pengarah Terbaik (pencalonan kedua Spielberg) dan Best Picture (filem kedua Spielberg yang dicalonkan untuk Best Picture). Raiders masih dianggap sebagai contoh utama genre pengembaraan tindakan. Filem itu juga membawa kepada pemutus Ford dalam Blade Runner Ridley Scott. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk Star Wars? || George Lucas <> Siapa yang bermain Indiana Jones? || Harrison Ford <> Siapa yang bermain Han Solo? || Harrison Ford <> Apakah filem Indiana Jones yang pertama? || Raiders of the Lost Ark <> Bilakah filem Indiana Jones yang pertama keluar? || 1981", {"context": "Next, Spielberg teamed with Star Wars creator and friend George Lucas on an action adventure film, Raiders of the Lost Ark, the first of the Indiana Jones films. The archaeologist and adventurer hero Indiana Jones was played by Harrison Ford (whom Lucas had previously cast in his Star Wars films as Han Solo). The film was considered an homage to the cliffhanger serials of the Golden Age of Hollywood. It became the biggest film at the box office in 1981, and the recipient of numerous Oscar nominations including Best Director (Spielberg's second nomination) and Best Picture (the second Spielberg film to be nominated for Best Picture). Raiders is still considered a landmark example of the action-adventure genre. The film also led to Ford's casting in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "George Lucas"}], "question": "Who was responsible for Star Wars?", "id": "57319038a5e9cc1400cdc093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Harrison Ford"}], "question": "Who played Indiana Jones?", "id": "57319038a5e9cc1400cdc094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Harrison Ford"}], "question": "Who played Han Solo?", "id": "57319038a5e9cc1400cdc095"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Raiders of the Lost Ark"}], "question": "What was the first Indiana Jones movie?", "id": "57319038a5e9cc1400cdc096"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "1981"}], "question": "When did the first Indiana Jones movie come out?", "id": "57319038a5e9cc1400cdc097"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1985, Spielberg mengeluarkan The Color Purple, penyesuaian novel pemenang Hadiah Pulitzer Alice Walker dari nama yang sama, tentang generasi wanita Amerika-Amerika yang berkuasa semasa Amerika kemurungan. Dibintangi Whoopi Goldberg dan superstar talk show yang akan datang Oprah Winfrey, filem itu adalah penghancur box office dan pengkritik memuji kejayaan Spielberg dalam genre dramatik. Roger Ebert mengisytiharkannya sebagai filem terbaik tahun ini dan kemudian memasuki arkib Great Films. Filem ini menerima sebelas nominasi Anugerah Akademi, termasuk dua untuk Goldberg dan Winfrey. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak yang mengejutkan ramai, Spielberg tidak mendapat pencalonan Pengarah Terbaik. <> Siapa yang menulis 'Warna Ungu'? || Alice Walker <> Apa itu 'Warna Ungu'? || satu generasi wanita Afrika-Amerika yang berkuasa semasa era depresi Amerika <> Yang membintangi 'Warna Ungu'? || Whoopi Goldberg dan superstar cakap masa depan Oprah Winfrey <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Ebert mengenai 'Warna Ungu'? || mengisytiharkannya sebagai filem terbaik tahun ini dan kemudian memasukkannya ke dalam arkib Great Films nya <> Berapa banyak pencalonan Oscar telah 'Warna Ungu' mendapat? || sebelas", {"context": "In 1985, Spielberg released The Color Purple, an adaptation of Alice Walker's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name, about a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America. Starring Whoopi Goldberg and future talk-show superstar Oprah Winfrey, the film was a box office smash and critics hailed Spielberg's successful foray into the dramatic genre. Roger Ebert proclaimed it the best film of the year and later entered it into his Great Films archive. The film received eleven Academy Award nominations, including two for Goldberg and Winfrey. However, much to the surprise of many, Spielberg did not get a Best Director nomination.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Alice Walker"}], "question": "Who wrote 'The Color Purple'?", "id": "5731920ce6313a140071d0ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America"}], "question": "What was 'The Color Purple' about?", "id": "5731920ce6313a140071d0af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Whoopi Goldberg and future talk-show superstar Oprah Winfrey"}], "question": "Who starred in 'The Color Purple'?", "id": "5731920ce6313a140071d0b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "proclaimed it the best film of the year and later entered it into his Great Films archive"}], "question": "What did Ebert think of 'The Color Purple'?", "id": "5731920ce6313a140071d0b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "eleven"}], "question": "How many Oscar nominations did 'The Color Purple' get?", "id": "5731920ce6313a140071d0b2"}]}], ["Pelancaran teater yang akan datang pada tahun yang sama adalah filem World Saving II Saving Private Ryan, mengenai sekumpulan tentera AS yang diketuai oleh Kapten Miller (Tom Hanks) yang dihantar untuk membawa pulang penumpang payung yang tiga adik lelaki terbunuh dalam dua puluh sama, empat jam, 5-6 Jun, pendaratan Normandy. Filem ini merupakan kejayaan besar dalam box office, yang mencatatkan lebih daripada $ 481 juta di seluruh dunia dan merupakan filem terbesar tahun ini di pejabat kotak Amerika Utara (di seluruh dunia ia menjadi tempat kedua selepas Armageddon Michael Bay). Spielberg memenangi Anugerah Akademi kedua untuk arahannya. Gambaran grafis, realistik keganasan pertempuran yang nyata mempengaruhi filem-filem perang kemudian seperti Black Hawk Down and Enemy di Gates. Filem ini juga merupakan hit utama pertama untuk DreamWorks, yang menghasilkan filem itu dengan Paramount Pictures (oleh itu, ia adalah pembebasan pertama Spielberg dari yang terakhir itu bukan sebahagian daripada siri Indiana Jones). Kemudian, Spielberg dan Tom Hanks menghasilkan siri mini TV berdasarkan buku Band of Brothers Stephen Ambrose. Siri mini sepuluh bahagian HBO berikut Syarikat Mudah di Rejimen Infantri Parasut 506 Divisyen Airborne ke-101. Siri ini memenangi beberapa anugerah di Golden Globes dan Emmys. <> Siapa yang bermain di Tom Hanks di 'Saving Private Ryan'? || Kapten Miller <> Apa peperangan adalah 'Saving Private Ryan'? || Perang Dunia II <> Berapa banyakkah yang dilakukan oleh 'Saving Private Ryan'? || lebih $ 481 juta di seluruh dunia <> Filem manakah yang mengalahkan 'Saving Private Ryan' di seluruh dunia? || Armageddon <> Siapa yang mengarahkan 'Armageddon'? || Michael Bay", {"context": "His next theatrical release in that same year was the World War II film Saving Private Ryan, about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours, June 5\u20136, of the Normandy landing. The film was a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office (worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay's Armageddon). Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war films such as Black Hawk Down and Enemy at the Gates. The film was also the first major hit for DreamWorks, which co-produced the film with Paramount Pictures (as such, it was Spielberg's first release from the latter that was not part of the Indiana Jones series). Later, Spielberg and Tom Hanks produced a TV mini-series based on Stephen Ambrose's book Band of Brothers. The ten-part HBO mini-series follows Easy Company of the 101st Airborne Division's 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment. The series won a number of awards at the Golden Globes and the Emmys.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Capt. Miller"}], "question": "Who did Tom Hanks play in 'Saving Private Ryan'?", "id": "5731939a497a881900249061"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "What war was 'Saving Private Ryan' about?", "id": "5731939a497a881900249062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "over $481 million worldwide"}], "question": "How much did 'Saving Private Ryan' earn?", "id": "5731939a497a881900249063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Armageddon"}], "question": "Which film beat 'Saving Private Ryan' worldwide?", "id": "5731939a497a881900249064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Michael Bay"}], "question": "Who directed 'Armageddon'?", "id": "5731939a497a881900249065"}]}], ["Lain-lain siri televisyen utama Spielberg yang dihasilkan ialah Band of Brothers, Taken and The Pacific. Beliau adalah seorang pengeluar eksekutif di TV miniseries yang terkenal di Barat Ke-Barat yang memenangi dua anugerah Emmy, termasuk satu untuk skor Geoff Zanelli. Untuk miniseries 2010 beliau, The Pacific, dia bekerjasama sekali lagi dengan pengeluar bersama Tom Hanks, dengan Gary Goetzman juga menghasilkan '. The miniseries dipercayai mempunyai kos $ 250 juta dan merupakan miniseri perang 10 bahagian yang berpusat pada pertempuran di Teater Pasifik semasa Perang Dunia II. Penulis Bruce McKenna, yang menulis beberapa ansuran (Band of Brothers), adalah penulis kepala. <> Bilakah udara 'Ke Udara'? || 2005 <> Berapa banyak Emmys melakukan 'Ke Barat'? || dua <> Siapa yang menulis muzik untuk 'Ke Barat'? || Geoff Zanelli <> Bilakah 'The Pacific' dibebaskan? || 2010 <> Berapa kos 'Pasifik'? || $ 250 juta", {"context": "Other major television series Spielberg produced were Band of Brothers, Taken and The Pacific. He was an executive producer on the critically acclaimed 2005 TV miniseries Into the West which won two Emmy awards, including one for Geoff Zanelli's score. For his 2010 miniseries The Pacific he teamed up once again with co-producer Tom Hanks, with Gary Goetzman also co-producing'. The miniseries is believed to have cost $250 million and is a 10-part war miniseries centered on the battles in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Writer Bruce McKenna, who penned several installments of (Band of Brothers), was the head writer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "2005"}], "question": "When did 'Into the West' air?", "id": "5731c5ba0fdd8d15006c651d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many Emmys did 'Into the West' win?", "id": "5731c5ba0fdd8d15006c651e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Geoff Zanelli"}], "question": "Who wrote the music for 'Into the West'?", "id": "5731c5ba0fdd8d15006c651f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When was 'The Pacific' released?", "id": "5731c5ba0fdd8d15006c6520"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "$250 million"}], "question": "How much did 'The Pacific' cost?", "id": "5731c5ba0fdd8d15006c6521"}]}], ["Spielberg diikuti dengan War Horse, ditembak di England pada musim panas tahun 2010. Ia dibebaskan hanya empat hari selepas The Adventures of Tintin, pada 25 Disember 2011. Filem ini berdasarkan novel nama yang sama yang ditulis oleh Michael Morpurgo dan diterbitkan pada tahun 1982, berikut persahabatan panjang antara budak lelaki Inggeris dan janggutnya Joey sebelum dan semasa Perang Dunia I - novel itu juga disesuaikan dengan bermain di London yang masih berjalan di sana, serta di Broadway. Filem ini dikeluarkan dan diedarkan oleh Disney, dengan siapa DreamWorks membuat perjanjian pengedaran pada tahun 2009. War Horse menerima ulasan positif secara umumnya daripada pengkritik, dan telah dicalonkan untuk enam Anugerah Akademi, termasuk Gambar Terbaik. <> Di mana 'Kuda Perang' difilmkan? || England <> Bilakah 'War Horse' keluar? || 25 Disember 2011 <> Siapa yang menulis buku 'Kuda Perang'? || Michael Morpurgo <> Bilakah buku 'War Horse' keluar? || 1982 <> Siapa yang mengedarkan 'Kuda Perang'? || Disney", {"context": "Spielberg followed with War Horse, shot in England in the summer of 2010. It was released just four days after The Adventures of Tintin, on December 25, 2011. The film, based on the novel of the same name written by Michael Morpurgo and published in 1982, follows the long friendship between a British boy and his horse Joey before and during World War I \u2013 the novel was also adapted into a hit play in London which is still running there, as well as on Broadway. The film was released and distributed by Disney, with whom DreamWorks made a distribution deal in 2009. War Horse received generally positive reviews from critics, and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "England"}], "question": "Where was 'War Horse' filmed?", "id": "57319608497a881900249091"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "December 25, 2011"}], "question": "When did 'War Horse' come out?", "id": "57319608497a881900249092"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Michael Morpurgo"}], "question": "Who wrote the 'War Horse' book?", "id": "57319608497a881900249093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When did the 'War Horse' book come out?", "id": "57319608497a881900249094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Disney"}], "question": "Who distributed 'War Horse'?", "id": "57319608497a881900249095"}]}], ["Filem Spielberg, Munich, mengenai peristiwa-peristiwa yang berlaku selepas Pembunuhan Munich 1972 atlet Israel di Sukan Olimpik, adalah filem kedua yang menyusun hubungan Yahudi di dunia (yang pertama ialah Senarai Schindler). Filem ini berdasarkan Vengeance, sebuah buku oleh wartawan Kanada George Jonas. Ia sebelum ini diadaptasikan ke dalam filem 1986 Made-for-TV Sword of Gideon. Filem ini mendapat pujian kritikal yang kuat, tetapi kurang berjaya di pejabat kotak A dan dunia; ia tetap menjadi salah satu filem paling kontroversial Spielberg sehingga kini. Munich menerima lima pencalonan Anugerah Akademi, termasuk Gambar Terbaik, Penyuntingan Filem, Skor Muzik Asal (oleh John Williams), Senario Disesuaikan Terbaik, dan Pengarah Terbaik untuk Spielberg. Ia adalah pencalonan Pengarah Terbaik keenam Spielberg dan pencalonan Best Picture kelima. <> Apa itu 'Munich'? || 1972 Munich Massacre atlet Israel di Sukan Olimpik <> Apa buku itu berdasarkan 'Munich'? || Vengeance <> Who wrote 'Vengeance'? || George Jonas <> Berapa banyak pencalonan Oscar lakukan 'Munich'? || lima <> Siapa yang membuat muzik untuk 'Munich'? || John Williams", {"context": "Spielberg's film Munich, about the events following the 1972 Munich Massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games, was his second film essaying Jewish relations in the world (the first being Schindler's List). The film is based on Vengeance, a book by Canadian journalist George Jonas. It was previously adapted into the 1986 made-for-TV film Sword of Gideon. The film received strong critical praise, but underperformed at the U.S. and world box-office; it remains one of Spielberg's most controversial films to date. Munich received five Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture, Film Editing, Original Music Score (by John Williams), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Director for Spielberg. It was Spielberg's sixth Best Director nomination and fifth Best Picture nomination.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "the 1972 Munich Massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games"}], "question": "What was 'Munich' about?", "id": "5731949b497a88190024907f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Vengeance"}], "question": "What book was 'Munich' based on?", "id": "5731949b497a881900249080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "George Jonas"}], "question": "Who wrote 'Vengeance'?", "id": "5731949b497a881900249081"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many Oscar nominations did 'Munich' get?", "id": "5731949b497a881900249082"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "John Williams"}], "question": "Who composed music for 'Munich'?", "id": "5731949b497a881900249083"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2011, Spielberg melancarkan Falling Skies, siri televisyen fiksyen sains, di rangkaian TNT. Beliau membangunkan siri ini dengan Robert Rodat dan dikreditkan sebagai pengeluar eksekutif. Spielberg juga menghasilkan siri Fox TV Terra Nova. Terra Nova bermula pada tahun 2149 apabila semua kehidupan di planet Bumi terancam dengan kepupusan yang menyebabkan para saintis membuka pintu yang membolehkan orang ramai mengembara 85 juta tahun ke zaman prasejarah. Spielberg juga menghasilkan The River, Smash, Under the Dome, Extant and The Whispers, serta penyesuaian TV Laporan Minoriti. <> Saluran mana yang disiarkan 'Falling Skies'? || TNT <> Pada tahun apakah 'Terra Nova' bermula? || 2149 <> Berapa masa lagi orang dalam perjalanan 'Terra Nova'? || 85 juta tahun <> Saluran mana yang disiarkan 'Terra Nova'? || Fox <> Apa rancangan yang dilakukan Spielberg bekerja dengan Rodat? || Langit jatuh", {"context": "In 2011, Spielberg launched Falling Skies, a science fiction television series, on the TNT network. He developed the series with Robert Rodat and is credited as an executive producer. Spielberg is also producing the Fox TV series Terra Nova. Terra Nova begins in the year 2149 when all life on the planet Earth is threatened with extinction resulting in scientists opening a door that allows people to travel back 85 million years to prehistoric times. Spielberg also produced The River, Smash, Under the Dome, Extant and The Whispers, as well as a TV adaptation of Minority Report.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "TNT"}], "question": "Which channel aired 'Falling Skies'?", "id": "5731c6730fdd8d15006c6527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "2149"}], "question": "In what year does 'Terra Nova' begin?", "id": "5731c6730fdd8d15006c6528"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "85 million years"}], "question": "How far back in time do people in 'Terra Nova' travel?", "id": "5731c6730fdd8d15006c6529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Fox"}], "question": "Which channel aired 'Terra Nova'?", "id": "5731c6730fdd8d15006c652a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Falling Skies"}], "question": "What show did Spielberg work with Rodat on?", "id": "5731c6730fdd8d15006c652b"}]}], ["Pada awal tahun 2009, Spielberg menembak filem pertama dalam trilogi yang dirancangkan filem menangkap gerakan berdasarkan The Adventures of Tintin, yang ditulis oleh artis Belgium Herg\u00e9, dengan Peter Jackson. Pengembaraan Tintin: Rahsia Unicorn, tidak dikeluarkan sehingga Oktober 2011, disebabkan oleh kerumitan animasi komputer yang terlibat. Perdana dunia berlangsung pada 22 Oktober 2011 di Brussels, Belgium. Filem ini dikeluarkan di pawagam Amerika Utara pada 21 Disember 2011, dalam Digital 3D dan IMAX. Ia menerima ulasan positif dari pengkritik, dan menyumbang lebih daripada $ 373 juta di seluruh dunia. The Adventures of Tintin memenangi anugerah untuk Filem Feature Animasi Terbaik di Golden Globe Awards tahun itu. Ia adalah filem non-Pixar yang pertama untuk memenangi anugerah itu sejak kategori pertama diperkenalkan. Jackson telah diumumkan untuk mengarahkan filem kedua. <> Apakah filem pertama bukan Pixar untuk memenangi anugerah Filem Animasi Terbaik? || The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn <> Kapan debut Adventures of Tintin? || 22 Oktober 2011 <> Di manakah debut Adventures of Tintin? || Brussels, Belgium <> Kapan Adventures of Tintin dikeluarkan di Amerika Syarikat? || 21 Disember 2011 <> Berapa banyak Pengembaraan Tintin mendapat? || lebih daripada $ 373 juta di seluruh dunia", {"context": "In early 2009, Spielberg shot the first film in a planned trilogy of motion capture films based on The Adventures of Tintin, written by Belgian artist Herg\u00e9, with Peter Jackson. The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn, was not released until October 2011, due to the complexity of the computer animation involved. The world premiere took place on October 22, 2011 in Brussels, Belgium. The film was released in North American theaters on December 21, 2011, in Digital 3D and IMAX. It received generally positive reviews from critics, and grossed over $373 million worldwide. The Adventures of Tintin won the award for Best Animated Feature Film at the Golden Globe Awards that year. It is the first non-Pixar film to win the award since the category was first introduced. Jackson has been announced to direct the second film.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn"}], "question": "What was the first non-Pixar movie to win the Best Animated Feature Film award?", "id": "573195b3e6313a140071d0d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "October 22, 2011"}], "question": "When did Adventures of Tintin debut?", "id": "573195b3e6313a140071d0d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Brussels, Belgium"}], "question": "Where did Adventures of Tintin debut?", "id": "573195b3e6313a140071d0d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "December 21, 2011"}], "question": "When was Adventures of Tintin released in the US?", "id": "573195b3e6313a140071d0d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "over $373 million worldwide"}], "question": "How much did Adventures of Tintin earn?", "id": "573195b3e6313a140071d0da"}]}], ["Spielberg mengarahkan 2015 Jembatan Spies, Thriller Perang Dingin berdasarkan kejadian 1960 U-2, dan memberi tumpuan kepada rundingan James B. Donovan dengan Soviet untuk melepaskan juruterbang Gary Powers selepas pesawatnya ditembak jatuh di wilayah Soviet. Filem ini membintangi Tom Hanks sebagai Donovan, serta Mark Rylance, Amy Ryan, dan Alan Alda, dengan skrip oleh saudara Coen. Filem ini ditembak dari September hingga Disember 2014 di lokasi di New York City, Berlin dan Wroclaw, Poland (yang berlipat ganda untuk East Berlin), dan dikeluarkan oleh Disney pada 16 Oktober 2015. Jambatan Spies mendapat ulasan positif dari pengkritik, dan telah dicalonkan untuk enam Anugerah Akademi, termasuk Gambar Terbaik. <> Bilakah 'Bridge of Spies' dibebaskan? || 16 Oktober 2015 <> Berapa banyak pencalonan Oscar lakukan 'Bridge of Spies'? || enam <> Bilakah ditetapkan 'Bridge of Spies'? || 1960 <> Di mana 'Jambatan Spies' difilmkan? || New York City, Berlin dan Wroclaw, Poland <> Siapa yang bermain Donovan di 'Bridge of Spies'? || Tom Hanks", {"context": "Spielberg directed 2015's Bridge of Spies, a Cold War thriller based on the 1960 U-2 incident, and focusing on James B. Donovan's negotiations with the Soviets for the release of pilot Gary Powers after his aircraft was shot down over Soviet territory. The film starred Tom Hanks as Donovan, as well as Mark Rylance, Amy Ryan, and Alan Alda, with a script by the Coen brothers. The film was shot from September to December 2014 on location in New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw, Poland (which doubled for East Berlin), and was released by Disney on October 16, 2015. Bridge of Spies received positive reviews from critics, and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "October 16, 2015"}], "question": "When was 'Bridge of Spies' released?", "id": "5731c386e17f3d140042239f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many Oscar nominations did 'Bridge of Spies' get?", "id": "5731c386e17f3d14004223a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "1960"}], "question": "When was 'Bridge of Spies' set?", "id": "5731c386e17f3d14004223a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw, Poland"}], "question": "Where was 'Bridge of Spies' filmed?", "id": "5731c386e17f3d14004223a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Tom Hanks"}], "question": "Who played Donovan in 'Bridge of Spies'?", "id": "5731c386e17f3d14004223a2"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun 2006, Steven Spielberg mengumumkan bahawa dia akan mengarahkan filem yang tepat secara saintifik mengenai \"kumpulan penjelajah yang bergerak melalui lubang cacing dan dimensi lain\", dari rawatan oleh Kip Thorne dan pengeluar Lynda Obst. Pada bulan Januari 2007, penulis skenario Jonathan Nolan bertemu dengan mereka untuk membincangkan menyesuaikan rawatan Obst dan Thorne ke dalam skrip naratif. Penulis skrip mencadangkan penambahan \"elemen masa\" kepada idea asas rawatan, yang dialu-alukan oleh Obst dan Thorne. Pada bulan Mac tahun itu, Paramount mengupah Nolan, serta saintis dari Caltech, membentuk bengkel untuk menyesuaikan rawatan di bawah tajuk Interstellar. Bulan Julai berikutnya, Kip Thorne berkata terdapat pendorong oleh orang untuknya menggambarkan dirinya dalam filem itu. Spielberg kemudiannya meninggalkan Interstellar, yang akhirnya diarahkan oleh Christopher Nolan. <> Bilakah Spielberg mengumumkan apa yang akan menjadi 'Interstellar'? || Jun 2006 <> Siapa yang mengambil alih mengarahkan 'Interstellar'? || Christopher Nolan <> Apakah konsep untuk 'Interstellar'? || sekumpulan penjelajah yang bergerak melalui lubang cacing dan ke dimensi lain <> Siapa yang menulis skrip 'Interstellar'? || Jonathan Nolan <> Apa universiti menyediakan konsultasi saintifik untuk 'Interstellar'? || Caltech", {"context": "In June 2006, Steven Spielberg announced he would direct a scientifically accurate film about \"a group of explorers who travel through a worm hole and into another dimension\", from a treatment by Kip Thorne and producer Lynda Obst. In January 2007, screenwriter Jonathan Nolan met with them to discuss adapting Obst and Thorne's treatment into a narrative screenplay. The screenwriter suggested the addition of a \"time element\" to the treatment's basic idea, which was welcomed by Obst and Thorne. In March of that year, Paramount hired Nolan, as well as scientists from Caltech, forming a workshop to adapt the treatment under the title Interstellar. The following July, Kip Thorne said there was a push by people for him to portray himself in the film. Spielberg later abandoned Interstellar, which was eventually directed by Christopher Nolan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "June 2006"}], "question": "When did Spielberg announce what would become 'Interstellar'?", "id": "57319559a5e9cc1400cdc105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "Christopher Nolan"}], "question": "Who took over directing 'Interstellar'?", "id": "57319559a5e9cc1400cdc106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "a group of explorers who travel through a worm hole and into another dimension"}], "question": "What was the concept for 'Interstellar'?", "id": "57319559a5e9cc1400cdc107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Jonathan Nolan"}], "question": "Who wrote the 'Interstellar' script?", "id": "57319559a5e9cc1400cdc108"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Caltech"}], "question": "What university provided scientific consultation for 'Interstellar'?", "id": "57319559a5e9cc1400cdc109"}]}], ["Spielberg berkhidmat sebagai pengeluar eksekutif uncredited pada The Haunting, The Prince of Egypt, Sama Seperti Syurga, Shrek, Jalan ke Perdition, dan Evolution. Beliau berkhidmat sebagai pengeluar eksekutif untuk filem 1997 Men in Black, dan sekuelnya, Lelaki dalam Hitam II dan Lelaki dalam Hitam III. Pada tahun 2005, beliau berkhidmat sebagai penerbit Memoirs of a Geisha, penyesuaian novel oleh Arthur Golden, sebuah filem yang pernah dilampirkan sebagai pengarah. Pada tahun 2006, co-eksekutif Spielberg menghasilkan pengarang terkenal Robert Zemeckis filem CGI yang dipanggil Monster House, menandakan kerjasama kelapan mereka sejak tahun 1990-an Kembali ke Masa Depan Bahagian III. Dia juga bekerjasama dengan Clint Eastwood untuk kali pertama dalam karier mereka, bersama menghasilkan Flags of Our Father and Letters dari Eastwood dari Iwo Jima dengan Robert Lorenz dan Eastwood sendiri. Beliau memperoleh pencalonan Anugerah Akademi Kedua ke-12 untuk filem terakhir kerana ia dicalonkan untuk Gambar Terbaik. Spielberg berkhidmat sebagai pengeluar eksekutif untuk filem-filem Disturbia dan Transformers secara langsung dengan Brian Goldner, pekerja Hasbro. Filem ini diarahkan oleh Michael Bay dan ditulis oleh Roberto Orci dan Alex Kurtzman, dan Spielberg terus berkolaborasi pada sekuel, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen dan Transformers: Dark of the Moon. Pada tahun 2011, beliau menghasilkan filem thriller fiksi sains J. J. Abrams Super 8 untuk Gambar-gambar Paramount. <> Bilakah 'Men In Black' dibebaskan? || 1997 <> Siapa yang menulis buku 'Memoirs of a Geisha' berdasarkan? || Arthur Golden <> Siapa yang Spielberg bekerjasama dengan pada tahun 2006? || Robert Zemeckis <> Apa filem Spielberg pertama kali bekerjasama dengan Zemeckis? || Kembali ke Bahagian Masa Depan III <> Studio mana yang menghasilkan 'Super 8'? || Gambar Paramount", {"context": "Spielberg served as an uncredited executive producer on The Haunting, The Prince of Egypt, Just Like Heaven, Shrek, Road to Perdition, and Evolution. He served as an executive producer for the 1997 film Men in Black, and its sequels, Men in Black II and Men in Black III. In 2005, he served as a producer of Memoirs of a Geisha, an adaptation of the novel by Arthur Golden, a film to which he was previously attached as director. In 2006, Spielberg co-executive produced with famed filmmaker Robert Zemeckis a CGI children's film called Monster House, marking their eighth collaboration since 1990's Back to the Future Part III. He also teamed with Clint Eastwood for the first time in their careers, co-producing Eastwood's Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima with Robert Lorenz and Eastwood himself. He earned his twelfth Academy Award nomination for the latter film as it was nominated for Best Picture. Spielberg served as executive producer for Disturbia and the Transformers live action film with Brian Goldner, an employee of Hasbro. The film was directed by Michael Bay and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, and Spielberg continued to collaborate on the sequels, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In 2011, he produced the J. J. Abrams science fiction thriller film Super 8 for Paramount Pictures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When was 'Men In Black' released?", "id": "5731c52de17f3d14004223bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Arthur Golden"}], "question": "Who wrote the book 'Memoirs of a Geisha' is based on?", "id": "5731c52de17f3d14004223bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Robert Zemeckis"}], "question": "Who did Spielberg collaborate with in 2006?", "id": "5731c52de17f3d14004223bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "Back to the Future Part III"}], "question": "What film did Spielberg first collaborate with Zemeckis on?", "id": "5731c52de17f3d14004223be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1343, "text": "Paramount Pictures"}], "question": "Which studio produced 'Super 8'?", "id": "5731c52de17f3d14004223bf"}]}], ["Spielberg seterusnya mengarahkan drama drama sejarah Lincoln, yang membintangi Daniel Day-Lewis sebagai Presiden Amerika Syarikat Abraham Lincoln dan Sally Field sebagai Mary Todd Lincoln. Berdasarkan kepada Doris Kearns Goodwin's bestseller Team of Rivals: The Genius Political of Abraham Lincoln, filem itu merangkumi empat bulan terakhir kehidupan Lincoln. Ditulis oleh Tony Kushner, filem itu ditembak di Richmond, Virginia, pada akhir 2011, dan dikeluarkan di Amerika Syarikat oleh Disney pada November 2012. Pengedaran antarabangsa filem ini dikendalikan oleh 20th Century Fox. Setelah dibebaskan, Lincoln menerima pujian kritis yang meluas, dan telah dicalonkan untuk dua belas Anugerah Akademi (kebanyakan mana-mana filem tahun itu) termasuk Gambar Terbaik dan Pengarah Terbaik untuk Spielberg. Ia memenangi anugerah Reka Bentuk Pengeluaran Terbaik dan Day-Lewis memenangi Anugerah Akademi untuk Pelakon Terbaik untuk penggambarannya di Lincoln, menjadi pemenang tiga kali pertama dalam kategori itu dan juga yang pertama untuk memenangi persembahan yang diarahkan oleh Spielberg. <> Siapa yang membintangi 'Lincoln' sebagai Abraham Lincoln? || Daniel Day-Lewis <> Apa buku itu berdasarkan 'Lincoln'? || Pasukan Saingan: Genius Politik Abraham Lincoln <> Apa bahagian kehidupan Lincoln yang dilakoninya? || empat bulan terakhir <> Di manakah filem 'Lincoln' yang difilemkan? || Richmond, Virginia <> Siapa yang bermain Mary Todd Lincoln di 'Lincoln'? || Sally Field", {"context": "Spielberg next directed the historical drama film Lincoln, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln. Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's bestseller Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, the film covered the final four months of Lincoln's life. Written by Tony Kushner, the film was shot in Richmond, Virginia, in late 2011, and was released in the United States by Disney in November 2012. The film's international distribution was handled by 20th Century Fox. Upon release, Lincoln received widespread critical acclaim, and was nominated for twelve Academy Awards (the most of any film that year) including Best Picture and Best Director for Spielberg. It won the award for Best Production Design and Day-Lewis won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Lincoln, becoming the first three time winner in that category as well as the first to win for a performance directed by Spielberg.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Daniel Day-Lewis"}], "question": "Who starred in 'Lincoln' as Abraham Lincoln?", "id": "5731c2c3e99e3014001e6264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln"}], "question": "What book was 'Lincoln' based on?", "id": "5731c2c3e99e3014001e6265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "the final four months"}], "question": "What part of Lincoln's life did the film cover?", "id": "5731c2c3e99e3014001e6266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Richmond, Virginia"}], "question": "Where was 'Lincoln' filmed?", "id": "5731c2c3e99e3014001e6267"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Sally Field"}], "question": "Who played Mary Todd Lincoln in 'Lincoln'?", "id": "5731c2c3e99e3014001e6268"}]}], ["Sejak pertengahan 1980-an, Spielberg telah meningkatkan peranannya sebagai pengeluar filem. Dia mengetuai pasukan pengeluaran untuk beberapa kartun, termasuk Warner Bros yang menyaksikan Petualangan Tiny Toon, Animaniacs, Pinky dan Otak, Toonsylvania, dan Freakazoid !, yang mana ia bekerjasama dengan Jean MacCurdy dan Tom Ruegger. Oleh kerana kerjanya dalam siri-siri ini, dalam tajuk rasmi, kebanyakan mereka berkata, \"Steven Spielberg membentangkan\" serta membuat banyak teka-teki di pertunjukan. Spielberg juga menghasilkan ciri animasi Don Bluth, An American Tail dan The Land Before Time, yang dikeluarkan oleh Universal Studios. Beliau juga pernah berkhidmat sebagai salah seorang pengeluar eksekutif Who Framed Roger Rabbit dan ketiga-tiga seluar pendek yang berkaitan (Tummy Trouble, Roller Coaster Rabbit, Trail Mix-Up), yang semuanya dikeluarkan oleh Disney, di bawah kedua-dua Walt Disney Pictures dan Touchstone Pictures spanduk. Beliau juga, dalam masa yang singkat, pengeluar eksekutif drama perubatan jangka panjang ER. Pada tahun 1989, beliau membawa konsep The Dig ke LucasArts. Beliau menyumbang kepada projek itu dari masa itu sehingga tahun 1995 apabila permainan dikeluarkan. Beliau juga bekerjasama dengan Penerbit Pengetahuan Knowledge Adventure dalam permainan multimedia Steven Spielberg, Pengerusi Pengarah, yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1996. Spielberg muncul sebagai dirinya dalam permainan untuk mengarahkan pemain. Nama Spielberg menyediakan penjenamaan untuk kit Lego Moviemaker, yang hasilnya pergi ke Yayasan Starbright. <> Kartun Warner Bros yang mana yang dihasilkan oleh Spielberg? || Petualangan Toon Kecil, Animaniacs, Pinky dan Otak, Toonsylvania, dan Freakazoid! <> Apa filem yang dihasilkan oleh Spielberg untuk Don Bluth? || Tail Amerika dan Land Before Time <> Apa permainan video yang Spielberg datang dengan konsep untuk? || The Dig <> When was 'The Dig' released? || 1995 <> Apa amal yang dilakukan oleh dana kit 'Lego Moviemaker' Spielberg? || Yayasan Starbright", {"context": "Since the mid-1980s, Spielberg has increased his role as a film producer. He headed up the production team for several cartoons, including the Warner Bros. hits Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid!, for which he collaborated with Jean MacCurdy and Tom Ruegger. Due to his work on these series, in the official titles, most of them say, \"Steven Spielberg presents\" as well as making numerous cameos on the shows. Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animated features, An American Tail and The Land Before Time, which were released by Universal Studios. He also served as one of the executive producers of Who Framed Roger Rabbit and its three related shorts (Tummy Trouble, Roller Coaster Rabbit, Trail Mix-Up), which were all released by Disney, under both the Walt Disney Pictures and the Touchstone Pictures banners. He was furthermore, for a short time, the executive producer of the long-running medical drama ER. In 1989, he brought the concept of The Dig to LucasArts. He contributed to the project from that time until 1995 when the game was released. He also collaborated with software publishers Knowledge Adventure on the multimedia game Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair, which was released in 1996. Spielberg appears, as himself, in the game to direct the player. The Spielberg name provided branding for a Lego Moviemaker kit, the proceeds of which went to the Starbright Foundation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid!"}], "question": "Which Warner Bros. cartoons did Spielberg produce?", "id": "5731c48ae17f3d14004223b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "An American Tail and The Land Before Time"}], "question": "What films did Spielberg produce for Don Bluth?", "id": "5731c48ae17f3d14004223b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1003, "text": "The Dig"}], "question": "What video game did Spielberg come up with the concept for?", "id": "5731c48ae17f3d14004223b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1076, "text": "1995"}], "question": "When was 'The Dig' released?", "id": "5731c48ae17f3d14004223b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1426, "text": "Starbright Foundation"}], "question": "What charity did Spielberg's 'Lego Moviemaker' kit fund?", "id": "5731c48ae17f3d14004223b5"}]}], ["Spielberg dijadualkan menembak penyesuaian $ 200 juta novel Daniel H. Wilson Robopocalypse, disesuaikan untuk skrin oleh Drew Goddard. Filem ini akan mengikuti perang manusia global terhadap pemberontakan robot kira-kira 15-20 tahun pada masa akan datang. Seperti Lincoln, ia akan dikeluarkan oleh Disney di Amerika Syarikat dan Fox di luar negara. Ia ditetapkan untuk dibebaskan pada 25 April 2014, dengan Anne Hathaway dan Chris Hemsworth ditetapkan untuk bintang, tetapi Spielberg menangguhkan pengeluaran tanpa henti pada bulan Januari 2013, sebelum ia ditetapkan untuk bermula. <> Siapa yang akan membintangi 'Robopocalypse'? || Anne Hathaway dan Chris Hemsworth <> Bilakah 'Robopocalypse' dijadualkan untuk dibebaskan? || April 25, 2014 <> Seberapa jauh di masa depan adalah 'Robopocalypse' yang ditetapkan? || 15-20 tahun <> Siapa yang menulis buku 'Robopocalypse' berdasarkan? || Daniel H. Wilson <> Apakah anggaran untuk 'Robopocalypse'? || $ 200 juta", {"context": "Spielberg was scheduled to shoot a $200 million adaptation of Daniel H. Wilson's novel Robopocalypse, adapted for the screen by Drew Goddard. The film would follow a global human war against a robot uprising about 15\u201320 years in the future. Like Lincoln, it was to be released by Disney in the United States and Fox overseas. It was set for release on April 25, 2014, with Anne Hathaway and Chris Hemsworth set to star, but Spielberg postponed production indefinitely in January 2013, just before it had been set to begin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Anne Hathaway and Chris Hemsworth"}], "question": "Who was going to star in 'Robopocalypse'?", "id": "5731c9b6e17f3d14004223ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "April 25, 2014"}], "question": "When was 'Robopocalypse' scheduled for release?", "id": "5731c9b6e17f3d14004223eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "15\u201320 years"}], "question": "How far in the future was 'Robopocalypse' set?", "id": "5731c9b6e17f3d14004223ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Daniel H. Wilson"}], "question": "Who wrote the book 'Robopocalypse' is based on?", "id": "5731c9b6e17f3d14004223ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "$200 million"}], "question": "What was the budget for 'Robopocalypse'?", "id": "5731c9b6e17f3d14004223ef"}]}], ["Filem Spielberg sering berurusan dengan beberapa tema berulang. Kebanyakan filemnya berurusan dengan watak-watak biasa yang mencari atau datang bersentuhan dengan makhluk luar biasa atau mencari diri mereka dalam keadaan yang luar biasa. Dalam wawancara AFI pada bulan Ogos 2000 Spielberg mengulas minatnya tentang kemungkinan kehidupan darat tambahan dan bagaimana ia telah mempengaruhi beberapa filemnya. Spielberg menyifatkan dirinya sebagai perasaan seperti seorang asing semasa zaman kanak-kanak, dan minatnya datang dari bapanya, peminat fiksyen sains, dan pendapatnya bahawa orang asing tidak akan mengembara tahun-tahun ringan untuk penaklukan, melainkan rasa ingin tahu dan perkongsian pengetahuan. <> Tema apa yang biasa dengan filem Spielberg? || watak-watak biasa mencari atau datang bersentuhan dengan makhluk yang luar biasa atau mendapati diri mereka dalam keadaan luar biasa <> Ketika dalam hidupnya Spielberg 'merasa seperti orang asing'? || semasa kanak-kanak <> Bilakah Spielberg memberi temuduga mengatakan dia telah 'merasa seperti orang asing'? || Ogos 2000 <> Mengapa Spielberg fikir orang asing akan melawat? || rasa ingin tahu dan perkongsian ilmu <> Antara ibu bapa Spielberg yang paling menyukai ilmu pengetahuan? || bapanya", {"context": "Spielberg's films often deal with several recurring themes. Most of his films deal with ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances. In an AFI interview in August 2000 Spielberg commented on his interest in the possibility of extra terrestrial life and how it has influenced some of his films. Spielberg described himself as feeling like an alien during childhood, and his interest came from his father, a science fiction fan, and his opinion that aliens would not travel light years for conquest, but instead curiosity and sharing of knowledge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances"}], "question": "What theme is common to Spielberg's films?", "id": "5731ca31b9d445190005e559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "during childhood"}], "question": "When in his life did Spielberg 'feel like an alien'?", "id": "5731ca31b9d445190005e55a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "August 2000"}], "question": "When did Spielberg give an interview saying he had 'felt like an alien'?", "id": "5731ca31b9d445190005e55b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "curiosity and sharing of knowledge"}], "question": "Why does Spielberg think aliens would visit?", "id": "5731ca31b9d445190005e55c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "his father"}], "question": "Which of Spielberg's parents liked sci-fi?", "id": "5731ca31b9d445190005e55d"}]}], ["Setelah selesai penggambaran di Siap Pemain Satu, walaupun dalam masa yang lama, kesan-berat selepas pengeluaran, dia akan menyesuaikan adaptasinya yang telah lama dirancang oleh David Kertzer yang disengajakan The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. Buku ini mengikuti kisah sebenar seorang budak Yahudi muda pada tahun 1858 Itali yang dibaptis secara rahsia oleh seorang hamba keluarga dan kemudian diculik dari keluarganya oleh Negara-negara Papal, di mana ia dibesarkan dan dilatih sebagai imam, menyebabkan kemarahan antarabangsa dan menjadi media sensasi. Pertama kali diumumkan pada tahun 2014, buku itu telah diadaptasi oleh Tony Kushner dan filem tersebut akan kembali membintangi Mark Rylance, sebagai Paus Pius IX. Ia akan difilterkan pada awal tahun 2017 untuk dibebaskan pada akhir tahun itu, sebelum Ready Player One selesai dan dibebaskan pada 2018. <> Siapa yang menulis 'Penculikan Edgardo Mortara'? || David Kertzer <> Bilakah 'Penculikan Edgardo Mortara' berlaku? || 1858 <> Di manakah 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara' berlaku? || Itali <> Siapa yang bermain Pope Pius IX dalam 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara'? || Mark Rylance <> Bilakah 'Sedia Pemain Satu' merancang untuk dibebaskan? || 2018", {"context": "After completing filming on Ready Player One, while it is in its lengthy, effects-heavy post-production, he will film his long-planned adaptation of David Kertzer's acclaimed The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. The book follows the true story of a young Jewish boy in 1858 Italy who was secretly baptized by a family servant and then kidnapped from his family by the Papal States, where he was raised and trained as a priest, causing international outrage and becoming a media sensation. First announced in 2014, the book has been adapted by Tony Kushner and the film will again star Mark Rylance, as Pope Pius IX. It will be filmed in early 2017 for release at the end of that year, before Ready Player One is completed and released in 2018.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "David Kertzer"}], "question": "Who wrote 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara'?", "id": "5731c899b9d445190005e547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "1858"}], "question": "When does 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara' take place?", "id": "5731c899b9d445190005e548"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "Where does 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara' take place?", "id": "5731c899b9d445190005e549"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "Mark Rylance"}], "question": "Who plays Pope Pius IX in 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara'?", "id": "5731c899b9d445190005e54a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "2018"}], "question": "When is 'Ready Player One' planned to be released?", "id": "5731c899b9d445190005e54b"}]}], ["Spielberg telah difilmkan dan kini sedang dalam pengeluaran pasca penyesuaian cerita anak-anak Roald Dahl yang disiarkan The BFG. DreamWorks Spielberg membeli hak pada tahun 2010, yang pada asalnya bertujuan John Madden untuk mengarahkan. Filem ini ditulis oleh E.T. penulis skrip Melissa Mathison dan dihasilkan bersama oleh Walt Disney Pictures, menandakan filem berjenama Disney pertama yang diarahkan oleh Spielberg. BFG ditetapkan untuk perdana persaingan di Festival Filem Cannes pada Mei 2016, sebelum dilepaskan di Amerika Syarikat pada 1 Julai 2016. <> Siapa yang menulis 'The BFG'? || Roald Dahl <> Siapa yang menulis skrip E.T. || Melissa Mathison <> Apa festival filem yang pertama akan menyiarkan 'The BFG'? || Cannes Film Festival <> Dalam bulan berapa Cannes diadakan? || Mei <> Kapan 'The BFG' berada di kebanyakan pawagam? || 1 Julai 2016", {"context": "Spielberg has filmed and is currently in post-production on an adaptation of Roald Dahl's celebrated children's story The BFG. Spielberg's DreamWorks bought the rights in 2010, originally intending John Madden to direct. The film was written by E.T. screenwriter Melissa Mathison and is co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, marking the first Disney-branded film to be directed by Spielberg. The BFG is set to premiere out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2016, before its wide release in the US on July 1, 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Roald Dahl"}], "question": "Who wrote 'The BFG'?", "id": "5731c776b9d445190005e533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Melissa Mathison"}], "question": "Who wrote E.T.'s script?", "id": "5731c776b9d445190005e534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Cannes Film Festival"}], "question": "What film festival will first air 'The BFG'?", "id": "5731c776b9d445190005e535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "May"}], "question": "In what month is Cannes held?", "id": "5731c776b9d445190005e536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "July 1, 2016"}], "question": "When will 'The BFG' be in most theaters?", "id": "5731c776b9d445190005e537"}]}], ["Spielberg lebih suka bekerja dengan ahli pengeluaran dengan siapa dia telah membangunkan hubungan kerja yang sedia ada. Contohnya ialah hubungan pengeluarannya dengan Kathleen Kennedy yang telah berkhidmat sebagai pengeluar semua filem utama beliau dari E.T. Extra-Terrestrial kepada Lincoln baru-baru ini. Bagi sinematografi, Allen Daviau, kawan zaman kanak-kanak dan ahli sinematografi, menembak filem Spielberg awal Amblin dan sebahagian besar filemnya hingga Empayar Matahari; Janusz Kami\u0144ski yang telah menembak setiap filem Spielberg sejak Senarai Schindler (lihat Senarai pengarah filem dan kerjasama sinematographer); dan editor filem Michael Kahn yang telah menyunting setiap filem yang diarahkan oleh Spielberg dari Close Encounters ke Munich (kecuali E.T. Extra-Terrestrial). Kebanyakan DVD filem Spielberg mempunyai dokumentari oleh Laurent Bouzereau. <> Filem mana yang Kathleen Kennedy bekerja pertama dengan Spielberg? || E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial <> Yang kawan zaman kanak-kanak bekerja pada filem Spielberg? || Allen Daviau <> Filem mana yang Kaminski mula bekerja dengan Spielberg? || Senarai Schindler <> Filem mana yang Daviau mula-mula bekerja dengan Spielberg? || Amblin <> Filem mana yang pernah kahn bekerja pertama dengan Spielberg? || Pertemuan rapat", {"context": "Spielberg prefers working with production members with whom he has developed an existing working relationship. An example of this is his production relationship with Kathleen Kennedy who has served as producer on all his major films from E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to the recent Lincoln. For cinematography, Allen Daviau, a childhood friend and cinematographer, shot the early Spielberg film Amblin and most of his films up to Empire of the Sun; Janusz Kami\u0144ski who has shot every Spielberg film since Schindler's List (see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations); and the film editor Michael Kahn who has edited every film directed by Spielberg from Close Encounters to Munich (except E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial). Most of the DVDs of Spielberg's films have documentaries by Laurent Bouzereau.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial"}], "question": "Which film did Kathleen Kennedy first work with Spielberg on?", "id": "5731cca5e17f3d1400422409"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Allen Daviau"}], "question": "Which childhood friend worked on Spielberg's films?", "id": "5731cca5e17f3d140042240a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Schindler's List"}], "question": "Which film did Kaminski first work with Spielberg on?", "id": "5731cca5e17f3d140042240b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Amblin"}], "question": "Which film did Daviau first work with Spielberg on?", "id": "5731cca5e17f3d140042240c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "Close Encounters"}], "question": "Which film did Kahn first work with Spielberg on?", "id": "5731cca5e17f3d140042240d"}]}], ["Satu contoh terkenal Spielberg yang bekerja dengan profesional yang sama adalah kerjasama panjangnya dengan John Williams dan penggunaan skor muziknya dalam semua filemnya sejak The Sugarland Express (kecuali Jambatan Spies, Warna Ungu dan Zon Twilight: Filem ). Salah satu tanda dagangan Spielberg ialah penggunaan muzik oleh Williams untuk menambah kesan visual dari adegan-adegannya dan untuk mencuba dan mencipta gambar dan bunyi filem yang berkekalan dalam kenangan penonton filem. Adegan-adegan visual ini sering menggunakan imej-imej matahari (mis. Empire of the Sun, Menyimpan Private Ryan, adegan terakhir Jurassic Park, dan kredit akhir Indiana Jones dan Perang Salib Terakhir (di mana mereka naik ke matahari terbenam)), di mana yang terakhir dua ciri skor Williams pada adegan akhir itu. Spielberg adalah kontemporari pembuat filem George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, dan Brian De Palma, secara kolektif dikenali sebagai \"Brat Movie\". Selain peranan utamanya sebagai pengarah, Spielberg telah bertindak sebagai penerbit untuk sejumlah besar filem, termasuk hits awal untuk Joe Dante dan Robert Zemeckis. Spielberg sering tidak pernah bekerja dengan penulis skrip yang sama dalam filemnya, di samping Tony Kushner dan David Koepp, yang telah menulis beberapa filemnya lebih daripada sekali. <> Apakah satu-satunya filem Spielberg sejak Sugarland Express tidak mempunyai muzik oleh John Williams? || Jambatan Spies, Zon Warna Ungu dan Twilight: Filem <> Apa yang berlaku pada akhir 'Indiana Jones dan Perang Salib Terakhir'? || mereka naik ke matahari terbenam <> Siapa 'Brat Movie', selain Spielberg? || George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, dan Brian De Palma <> Siapa sahaja jurulatih Spielberg yang pernah bekerja dengan lebih daripada satu filem? || Tony Kushner dan David Koepp", {"context": "A famous example of Spielberg working with the same professionals is his long-time collaboration with John Williams and the use of his musical scores in all of his films since The Sugarland Express (except Bridge of Spies, The Color Purple and Twilight Zone: The Movie). One of Spielberg's trademarks is his use of music by Williams to add to the visual impact of his scenes and to try and create a lasting picture and sound of the film in the memories of the film audience. These visual scenes often uses images of the sun (e.g. Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, the final scene of Jurassic Park, and the end credits of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (where they ride into the sunset)), of which the last two feature a Williams score at that end scene. Spielberg is a contemporary of filmmakers George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, and Brian De Palma, collectively known as the \"Movie Brats\". Aside from his principal role as a director, Spielberg has acted as a producer for a considerable number of films, including early hits for Joe Dante and Robert Zemeckis. Spielberg has often never worked with the same screenwriter in his films, beside Tony Kushner and David Koepp, who have written a few of his films more than once.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Bridge of Spies, The Color Purple and Twilight Zone: The Movie"}], "question": "What are the only Spielberg films since Sugarland Express to not have music by John Williams?", "id": "5731cd430fdd8d15006c654b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "they ride into the sunset"}], "question": "What happens at the end of 'Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'?", "id": "5731cd430fdd8d15006c654c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 806, "text": "George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, and Brian De Palma"}], "question": "Who are the 'Movie Brats', besides Spielberg?", "id": "5731cd430fdd8d15006c654d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1185, "text": "Tony Kushner and David Koepp"}], "question": "Who are the only screenwriters Spielberg has worked with on more than one film?", "id": "5731cd430fdd8d15006c654e"}]}], ["Selain menjadi seorang peminat bersungguh-sungguh, Spielberg mempunyai sejarah yang panjang dalam penglibatan dalam permainan video. Dia telah mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pertandingannya di bahagian DreamWorks Interactive yang paling terkenal sebagai Seseorang di Dapur dengan skrip yang ditulis oleh Animaniacs 'Paul Rugg, Goosebumps: Melarikan diri dari HorrorLand, The Neverhood (semua pada tahun 1996), Skullmonkeys, Permainan Desktop Dilbert, Goosebumps : Serangan Mutant (semua 1997), Boombots (1999), T'ai Fu: Wrath of the Tiger (1999), dan Undying Clive Barker (2001). Pada tahun 2005, pengarah menandatangani dengan Electronic Arts untuk bekerjasama dalam tiga perlawanan termasuk permainan aksi dan permainan teka-teki memenangi anugerah untuk Wii yang dipanggil Boom Blox (dan sekuelnya 2009: Boom Blox Bash Party). Sebelum ini, beliau terlibat dalam mencipta senario untuk permainan pengembaraan The Dig. Pada tahun 1996, Spielberg bekerja dan menembak rakaman asal bagi permainan simulasi pembuatan filem yang dipanggil Pengerusi Pengarah Steven Spielberg. Beliau adalah pencipta siri Medal of Honor oleh Electronic Arts. Dia dikreditkan di bahagian terima kasih khas pada tahun 1998 video game Trespasser. Pada tahun 2013, Spielberg telah mengumumkan bahawa beliau bekerjasama dengan 343 Industries untuk rancangan TV aksi Halo. <> Siapa yang menulis skrip untuk 'Seseorang di Dapur'? || Paul Rugg <> Bilakah 'Skullmonkeys' dibebaskan? || 1997 <> Bilakah Boombots dibebaskan? || 1999 <> Bilakah The Neverhood dibebaskan? || 1996 <> Apa permainan video yang dikatakan Spielberg pada tahun 2013 dia bekerja pada rancangan TV berdasarkan? || Halo", {"context": "Apart from being an ardent gamer Spielberg has had a long history of involvement in video games. He has been giving thanks to his games of his division DreamWorks Interactive most notable as Someone's in the Kitchen with script written by Animaniacs' Paul Rugg, Goosebumps: Escape from HorrorLand, The Neverhood (all in 1996), Skullmonkeys, Dilbert's Desktop Games, Goosebumps: Attack of the Mutant (all 1997), Boombots (1999), T'ai Fu: Wrath of the Tiger (1999), and Clive Barker's Undying (2001). In 2005 the director signed with Electronic Arts to collaborate on three games including an action game and an award winning puzzle game for the Wii called Boom Blox (and its 2009 sequel: Boom Blox Bash Party). Previously, he was involved in creating the scenario for the adventure game The Dig. In 1996, Spielberg worked on and shot original footage for a movie-making simulation game called Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair. He is the creator of the Medal of Honor series by Electronic Arts. He is credited in the special thanks section of the 1998 video game Trespasser. In 2013, Spielberg has announced he is collaborating with 343 Industries for a live-action TV show of Halo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Paul Rugg"}], "question": "Who wrote the script for 'Someone's in the Kitchen'?", "id": "5731c705e17f3d14004223cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When was 'Skullmonkeys' released?", "id": "5731c705e17f3d14004223ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "1999"}], "question": "When was Boombots released?", "id": "5731c705e17f3d14004223cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "1996"}], "question": "When was The Neverhood released?", "id": "5731c705e17f3d14004223d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1178, "text": "Halo"}], "question": "What video game did Spielberg say in 2013 he's working on a TV show based on?", "id": "5731c705e17f3d14004223d1"}]}], ["Dari segi pemutus dan pengeluaran itu sendiri, Spielberg mempunyai kecenderungan untuk bekerja dengan pelakon dan ahli produksi dari filem-filem sebelumnya. Sebagai contoh, dia telah membuang Richard Dreyfuss dalam beberapa filem: Jaws, Close Encounters of Third Kind, dan Always. Selain daripada peranannya sebagai Indiana Jones, Spielberg juga membuang Harrison Ford sebagai ketua di E.T. Extra-Terrestrial (walaupun adegan itu akhirnya dipotong). Walaupun Spielberg mengarahkan aktor suara veteran Frank Welker hanya sekali (dalam Raiders of the Lost Ark, yang mana ia menyuarakan banyak haiwan), Welker telah meminjamkan suaranya dalam sejumlah produksi Spielberg mempunyai eksekutif yang dihasilkan dari Gremlins untuk sekuel Gremlins 2: The New Batch, serta The Land Before Time, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, dan rancangan televisyen seperti Tiny Toons, Animaniacs, dan SeaQuest DSV. Spielberg telah menggunakan Tom Hanks beberapa kali dan telah membuangnya dalam Saving Private Ryan, Menangkap Saya Jika Anda Boleh, Terminal, dan Jambatan Spies. Spielberg telah bekerjasama dengan Tom Cruise dua kali dalam Laporan Minoriti dan Perang Dunia, dan membintangi Shia LaBeouf dalam lima filem: Transformers, Eagle Eye, Indiana Jones dan Kerajaan Crystal Skull, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, dan Transformers: Dark Bulan. <> Filem mana yang Spielberg mempunyai Dreyfuss dalam? || Jaws, Tutup Menemui Jenis Ketiga, dan Sentiasa <> Siapa yang Ford akan bermain di E.T., sehingga tempat kejadian dikeluarkan? || seorang pengetua <> Yang rancangan TV Spielberg mempunyai Frank Welker sebagai seorang pelakon suara? || Tiny Tiny, Animaniacs, dan SeaQuest DSV <> Yang filem Spielberg mempunyai Tom Hanks dalam? || Menyimpan Ryan Swasta, Menangkap Saya Jika Anda Boleh, Terminal, dan Jambatan Spies <> Yang filem Spielberg mempunyai Tom Cruise di? || Laporan Minoriti dan Perang Dunia", {"context": "In terms of casting and production itself, Spielberg has a known penchant for working with actors and production members from his previous films. For instance, he has cast Richard Dreyfuss in several films: Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and Always. Aside from his role as Indiana Jones, Spielberg also cast Harrison Ford as a headteacher in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (though the scene was ultimately cut). Although Spielberg directed veteran voice actor Frank Welker only once (in Raiders of the Lost Ark, for which he voiced many of the animals), Welker has lent his voice in a number of productions Spielberg has executive produced from Gremlins to its sequel Gremlins 2: The New Batch, as well as The Land Before Time, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, and television shows such as Tiny Toons, Animaniacs, and SeaQuest DSV. Spielberg has used Tom Hanks on several occasions and has cast him in Saving Private Ryan, Catch Me If You Can, The Terminal, and Bridge of Spies. Spielberg has collaborated with Tom Cruise twice on Minority Report and War of the Worlds, and cast Shia LaBeouf in five films: Transformers, Eagle Eye, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, and Transformers: Dark of the Moon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and Always"}], "question": "Which Spielberg films has Dreyfuss been in?", "id": "5731cc2ce99e3014001e62a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "a headteacher"}], "question": "Who was Ford going to play in E.T., until the scene was removed?", "id": "5731cc2ce99e3014001e62a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "Tiny Toons, Animaniacs, and SeaQuest DSV"}], "question": "Which Spielberg TV shows has Frank Welker been a voice actor for?", "id": "5731cc2ce99e3014001e62a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "Saving Private Ryan, Catch Me If You Can, The Terminal, and Bridge of Spies"}], "question": "Which Spielberg films has Tom Hanks been in?", "id": "5731cc2ce99e3014001e62a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1030, "text": "Minority Report and War of the Worlds"}], "question": "Which Spielberg films has Tom Cruise been in?", "id": "5731cc2ce99e3014001e62a4"}]}], ["Tema konsisten yang kuat dalam karya mesra keluarganya adalah seperti keajaiban dan keimanan seperti kanak-kanak, seperti yang dicontohi oleh kerja-kerja seperti Close Encounters of Third Kind, E.T. Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Kecerdasan Buatan dan BFG. Menurut Warren Buckland, tema-tema ini digambarkan melalui penggunaan tembakan pengesanan kamera ketinggian rendah, yang telah menjadi salah satu tanda dagangan Spielberg yang mengarahkan. Dalam kes-kes di mana filem-filemnya termasuk kanak-kanak (ET Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park, dll.), Jenis tembakan ini lebih jelas, tetapi ia juga digunakan dalam filem-filem seperti Munich, Saving Private Ryan, The Terminal, Laporan Minoriti, dan Amistad. Jika seseorang melihat setiap filemnya, seseorang akan melihat pukulan ini yang digunakan oleh pengarah, terutamanya adegan air di Jaws difilemkan dari perspektif sudut rendah seseorang berenang. Satu lagi tema berorientasikan kanak-kanak dalam filem-filem Spielberg adalah bahawa kehilangan tidak bersalah dan datang usia. Di Empire of the Sun, Jim, seorang pemuda bahasa Inggeris yang rapi dan manja, kehilangan kesunyiannya semasa dia mengalami Perang Dunia II China. Begitu juga, dalam Menangkap Me Jika Anda Boleh, Frank secara naif dan bodoh percaya bahawa dia boleh menuntut kembali keluarga yang hancurnya jika dia mengumpulkan cukup wang untuk menyokong mereka. <> Filem mana yang Spielberg adalah contoh keajaiban kanak-kanak? || Tutup Pertemuan Jenis Ketiga, E.T. Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Kecerdasan Buatan dan BFG <> Apakah gaya kamera yang sering digunakan oleh Spielberg? || tembakan pengesanan kamera ketinggian rendah <> Apakah beberapa filem Spielberg yang termasuk kanak-kanak? || E.T. Ekstra Teristri, Empayar Matahari, Jurassic Park <> Bagaimana adegan air di Jaws difilmkan? || dari perspektif sudut rendah seseorang yang berenang <> Siapa naif dalam 'Menangkap Saya Jika Anda Boleh'? || Frank", {"context": "A strong consistent theme in his family-friendly work is a childlike, even na\u00efve, sense of wonder and faith, as attested by works such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG. According to Warren Buckland, these themes are portrayed through the use of low height camera tracking shots, which have become one of Spielberg's directing trademarks. In the cases when his films include children (E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park, etc.), this type of shot is more apparent, but it is also used in films like Munich, Saving Private Ryan, The Terminal, Minority Report, and Amistad. If one views each of his films, one will see this shot utilized by the director, notably the water scenes in Jaws are filmed from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming. Another child oriented theme in Spielberg's films is that of loss of innocence and coming-of-age. In Empire of the Sun, Jim, a well-groomed and spoiled English youth, loses his innocence as he suffers through World War II China. Similarly, in Catch Me If You Can, Frank naively and foolishly believes that he can reclaim his shattered family if he accumulates enough money to support them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG"}], "question": "Which Spielberg films are examples of a childlike sense of wonder?", "id": "5731cad1e99e3014001e6282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "low height camera tracking shots"}], "question": "What camera style does Spielberg often use?", "id": "5731cad1e99e3014001e6283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park"}], "question": "What are some Spielberg films that included kids?", "id": "5731cad1e99e3014001e6284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming"}], "question": "How were the water scenes in Jaws filmed?", "id": "5731cad1e99e3014001e6285"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1118, "text": "Frank"}], "question": "Who is naive in 'Catch Me if You Can'?", "id": "5731cad1e99e3014001e6286"}]}], ["Tema yang paling berterusan sepanjang filemnya adalah ketegangan dalam hubungan ibu bapa dan anak. Ibu bapa (sering bapa) enggan, tidak hadir atau tidak tahu. Peter Banning di Hook bermula pada permulaan filem itu sebagai ibu bapa yang enggan berkahwin dengannya yang melalui filem itu mendapat penghormatan terhadap anak-anaknya. Ketiadaan bapa Elliott yang terkenal di E.T., adalah contoh paling terkenal dalam tema ini. Di Indiana Jones dan Perang Salib Terakhir, terungkap bahawa Indy selalu mempunyai hubungan yang sangat ketat dengan bapanya, yang merupakan seorang profesor kesusasteraan abad pertengahan, kerana bapanya selalu kelihatan lebih berminat dalam karyanya, khususnya dalam pelajarannya tentang Kudus Grail, berbanding dengan anaknya sendiri, walaupun bapanya sepertinya tidak menyedari atau memahami kesan negatif yang sifatnya menyendiri pada Indy (dia juga percaya bahawa dia adalah bapa yang baik dalam arti bahawa dia mengajarkan anaknya \"pergantungan diri,\" yang bukan bagaimana Indy melihatnya). Walaupun Oskar Schindler, dari Senarai Schindler, enggan untuk mempunyai anak dengan isterinya. Munich menggambarkan Avner sebagai seorang lelaki dari isteri dan anak perempuannya yang baru lahir. Terdapat pengecualian tentu saja; Brody dalam Jaws adalah seorang lelaki keluarga yang komited, manakala John Anderton dalam Laporan Minoriti adalah seorang lelaki yang hancur selepas kehilangan anaknya. Tema ini boleh dikatakan aspek autobiografikal filem Spielberg, kerana Spielberg sendiri terpengaruh oleh perceraian ibu bapanya sebagai seorang kanak-kanak dan dengan ketiadaan bapanya. Tambahan pula, untuk tema ini, protagonis dalam filemnya sering datang dari keluarga dengan ibu bapa yang bercerai, terutamanya E.T. Extra-Terrestrial (ibu protagonis Elliot bercerai) dan Catch Me If You Can (ibu dan bapa Frank Abagnale berpecah awal di dalam filem). Sedikit yang diketahui juga ialah Tim di Jurassic Park (awal dalam filem itu, satu lagi watak menengah menyebutkan perceraian ibubapa Tim dan Lex). Keluarga yang sering terbahagi sering diselesaikan pada akhir juga. Berikutan tema ini bapa-bapa dan tokoh-tokoh bapa enggan, Tim kelihatan kepada Dr. Alan Grant sebagai tokoh bapa. Pada mulanya, Dr. Grant enggan untuk mengembalikan perasaan saudara kepada Tim. Bagaimanapun, pada akhir filem, dia telah berubah, dan anak-anak juga tertidur dengan kepala mereka di bahunya. <> Apakah kerjaya bapa Indy? || profesor kesusasteraan zaman pertengahan <> Apakah artefak yang dilakukan oleh bapa Indy? || Holy Grail <> Apakah tema yang paling umum Spielberg? || ketegangan dalam hubungan ibu bapa dan kanak-kanak <> Anak manakah yang hilang dalam 'Laporan Minoriti'? || John Anderton <> Orang tua yang bercerai dalam 'Menangkap Saya Jika Anda Boleh'? || Frank Abagnale", {"context": "The most persistent theme throughout his films is tension in parent-child relationships. Parents (often fathers) are reluctant, absent or ignorant. Peter Banning in Hook starts off in the beginning of the film as a reluctant married-to-his-work parent who through the course of the film regains the respect of his children. The notable absence of Elliott's father in E.T., is the most famous example of this theme. In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, it is revealed that Indy has always had a very strained relationship with his father, who is a professor of medieval literature, as his father always seemed more interested in his work, specifically in his studies of the Holy Grail, than in his own son, although his father does not seem to realize or understand the negative effect that his aloof nature had on Indy (he even believes he was a good father in the sense that he taught his son \"self reliance,\" which is not how Indy saw it). Even Oskar Schindler, from Schindler's List, is reluctant to have a child with his wife. Munich depicts Avner as a man away from his wife and newborn daughter. There are of course exceptions; Brody in Jaws is a committed family man, while John Anderton in Minority Report is a shattered man after the disappearance of his son. This theme is arguably the most autobiographical aspect of Spielberg's films, since Spielberg himself was affected by his parents' divorce as a child and by the absence of his father. Furthermore, to this theme, protagonists in his films often come from families with divorced parents, most notably E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (protagonist Elliot's mother is divorced) and Catch Me If You Can (Frank Abagnale's mother and father split early on in the film). Little known also is Tim in Jurassic Park (early in the film, another secondary character mentions Tim and Lex's parents' divorce). The family often shown divided is often resolved in the ending as well. Following this theme of reluctant fathers and father figures, Tim looks to Dr. Alan Grant as a father figure. Initially, Dr. Grant is reluctant to return those paternal feelings to Tim. However, by the end of the film, he has changed, and the kids even fall asleep with their heads on his shoulders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "professor of medieval literature"}], "question": "What was Indy's father's career?", "id": "5731cbbce99e3014001e6296"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "the Holy Grail"}], "question": "What artifact did Indy's father focus on?", "id": "5731cbbce99e3014001e6297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "tension in parent-child relationships"}], "question": "What is Spielberg's most common theme?", "id": "5731cbbce99e3014001e6298"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1183, "text": "John Anderton"}], "question": "Whose son disappeared in 'Minority Report'?", "id": "5731cbbce99e3014001e6299"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1664, "text": "Frank Abagnale"}], "question": "Whose parents divorced in 'Catch Me If You Can'?", "id": "5731cbbce99e3014001e629a"}]}], ["Sejak bermain Pong semasa penggambaran Jaws pada tahun 1974, Spielberg telah menjadi penggemar video yang gemar. Spielberg memainkan banyak permainan pengembaraan LucasArts, termasuk permainan Monkey Island yang pertama. Dia memiliki Wii, PlayStation 3, PSP, dan Xbox 360, dan menikmati bermain penembak orang pertama seperti siri Medal of Honor dan Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare. Dia juga mengkritik penggunaan adegan potong dalam permainan, memanggil mereka mengganggu, dan merasa membuat aliran cerita secara semulajadi ke dalam permainan adalah satu cabaran untuk pemaju permainan masa depan. <> Apakah permainan video pertama Spielberg dimainkan? || Pong <> Bilakah Spielberg mula bermain permainan video? || 1974 <> Filem apa yang Spielberg bekerja pada ketika dia pertama kali bermain Pong? || Jaws <> Apa permainan konsol yang Spielberg sendiri? || Wii, PlayStation 3, PSP, dan Xbox 360 <> Bagaimana perasaan Spielberg mengenai permainan dalam permainan? || mengganggu", {"context": "Since playing Pong while filming Jaws in 1974, Spielberg has been an avid video gamer. Spielberg played many of LucasArts adventure games, including the first Monkey Island games. He owns a Wii, a PlayStation 3, a PSP, and Xbox 360, and enjoys playing first-person shooters such as the Medal of Honor series and Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare. He has also criticized the use of cut scenes in games, calling them intrusive, and feels making story flow naturally into the gameplay is a challenge for future game developers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Pong"}], "question": "What was the first video game Spielberg played?", "id": "5731d0e50fdd8d15006c6577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1974"}], "question": "When did Spielberg first play a video game?", "id": "5731d0e50fdd8d15006c6578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Jaws"}], "question": "What movie was Spielberg working on when he first played Pong?", "id": "5731d0e50fdd8d15006c6579"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "a Wii, a PlayStation 3, a PSP, and Xbox 360"}], "question": "What game consoles does Spielberg own?", "id": "5731d0e50fdd8d15006c657a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "intrusive"}], "question": "How does Spielberg feel about cutscenes in games?", "id": "5731d0e50fdd8d15006c657b"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2004 beliau diterima sebagai ksatria dari L\u00e9gion d'honneur oleh presiden Jacques Chirac. Pada 15 Julai 2006, Spielberg juga dianugerahkan Anugerah Pencapaian Sepanjang Hayat Emas Hugo pada Summer Gala Festival Filem Antarabangsa Chicago, dan juga dianugerahkan penghormatan Pusat Kennedy pada 3 Disember. Penghormatan kepada Spielberg menampilkan biografi pendek, yang dirakamkan diriwayatkan oleh Tom Hanks dan termasuk terima kasih dari veteran Perang Dunia II untuk Menyimpan Ryan Swasta, serta prestasi yang terakhir kepada Candide Leonard Bernstein, yang dikendalikan oleh John Williams (komposer kerap Spielberg). Spielberg menerima pada 15 Jul 2006? || Anugerah Pencapaian Sepanjang Hayat Emas Hugo <> Siapa yang membuat Spielberg seorang ksatria? || Jacques Chirac <> Di manakah Spielberg dihormati pada 3 Dis 2006? || Pusat Kennedy <> Siapa yang menyampaikan bio Spielberg pendek di Pusat Kennedy? || Tom Hanks", {"context": "In 2004 he was admitted as knight of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur by president Jacques Chirac. On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival, and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3. The tribute to Spielberg featured a short, filmed biography narrated by Tom Hanks and included thank-yous from World War II veterans for Saving Private Ryan, as well as a performance of the finale to Leonard Bernstein's Candide, conducted by John Williams (Spielberg's frequent composer).[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award"}], "question": "What award did Spielberg receive on Jul 15, 2006?", "id": "5731d33de17f3d1400422456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Jacques Chirac"}], "question": "Who made Spielberg a knight?", "id": "5731d33de17f3d1400422455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Kennedy Center"}], "question": "Where was Spielberg honored on Dec 3, 2006?", "id": "5731d33de17f3d1400422457"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Tom Hanks"}], "question": "Who narrated a short Spielberg bio at the Kennedy Center?", "id": "5731d33de17f3d1400422458"}]}], ["Hall Fiction Science Fiction mengumumkan Spielberg pada tahun 2005, tahun pertama yang dianggap penyumbang bukan kesusasteraan. Pada November 2007, beliau dipilih untuk Anugerah Pencapaian Sepanjang Hayat yang akan dipersembahkan pada Anugerah Persatuan Kesan Visual yang keenam pada Februari 2009. Beliau telah ditetapkan untuk dianugerahi Anugerah Cecil B. DeMille pada Golden Globes Januari 2008; Walau bagaimanapun, format baru yang disiram dari majlis yang timbul akibat konflik dalam mogok penulis 2007-08, HFPA menunda kehormatannya pada upacara 2009. Pada tahun 2008, Spielberg dianugerahkan L\u00e9gion d'honneur. <> Bilakah Spielberg ditambah ke Dewan Kemasyhuran Fiksyen Sains? || 2005 <> Bilakah Visual Effects Society memberikan Spielberg Anugerah Pencapaian Sepanjang Hayat? || Februari 2009 <> Bilakah Spielberg memenangi Anugerah Cecil B. DeMille? || 2009 <> Mengapa Cecil B. DeMille Award ditangguhkan dari tahun 2008? || format yang disiram dari majlis yang timbul akibat konflik dalam mogok penulis-penulis 2007-08", {"context": "The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Spielberg in 2005, the first year it considered non-literary contributors. In November 2007, he was chosen for a Lifetime Achievement Award to be presented at the sixth annual Visual Effects Society Awards in February 2009. He was set to be honored with the Cecil B. DeMille Award at the January 2008 Golden Globes; however, the new, watered-down format of the ceremony resulting from conflicts in the 2007\u201308 writers strike, the HFPA postponed his honor to the 2009 ceremony. In 2008, Spielberg was awarded the L\u00e9gion d'honneur.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "2005"}], "question": "When was Spielberg added to the Science Fiction Hall of Fame?", "id": "5731d4c3b9d445190005e5a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "February 2009"}], "question": "When did the Visual Effects Society give Spielberg a Lifetime Achievement Award?", "id": "5731d4c3b9d445190005e5a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did Spielberg win the Cecil B. DeMille Award?", "id": "5731d4c3b9d445190005e5a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "watered-down format of the ceremony resulting from conflicts in the 2007\u201308 writers strike"}], "question": "Why was Spielberg's Cecil B. DeMille Award postponed from 2008?", "id": "5731d4c3b9d445190005e5aa"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2002, Spielberg adalah salah satu daripada lapan orang yang membawa bendera Olimpik ke Stadion Rice-Eccles pada Majlis Perasmian Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk 2002 di Salt Lake City. Pada tahun 2006, Premiere menyenaraikannya sebagai tokoh yang paling kuat dan berpengaruh dalam industri filem. Masa menyenaraikannya sebagai salah satu daripada 100 Orang Paling Penting dalam Abad ini. Pada akhir kurun ke-20, Life menamakannya sebagai orang yang paling berpengaruh dalam generasinya. Pada tahun 2009, Boston University membentangkannya sebagai ijazah Doktor Kehormat Surat Humane. <> Di mana Olimpik adalah Spielberg seorang pelaut bendera? || 2002 Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk <> Dimana Spielberg seorang pelaut bendera Olimpik? || Salt Lake City <> Bagaimana Majalah Time mengenali Spielberg? || salah satu daripada 100 Orang Paling Penting dalam Abad <> Apakah gelar kehormatan yang diterima Spielberg dari Boston University? || Doctor of Humane Letters <> Bagaimana majalah Life mengenali Spielberg? || orang yang paling berpengaruh dalam generasi beliau", {"context": "In 2002, Spielberg was one of eight flagbearers who carried the Olympic Flag into Rice-Eccles Stadium at the Opening Ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City. In 2006, Premiere listed him as the most powerful and influential figure in the motion picture industry. Time listed him as one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century. At the end of the 20th century, Life named him the most influential person of his generation. In 2009, Boston University presented him an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "2002 Winter Olympic Games"}], "question": "In which Olympics was Spielberg a flagbearer?", "id": "5731ce62e17f3d140042243d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Salt Lake City"}], "question": "Where was Spielberg an Olympic flagbearer?", "id": "5731ce62e17f3d140042243e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century"}], "question": "How did Time Magazine recognize Spielberg?", "id": "5731ce62e17f3d140042243f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Doctor of Humane Letters"}], "question": "What honorary degree did Spielberg receive from Boston University?", "id": "5731ce62e17f3d1400422441"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "the most influential person of his generation"}], "question": "How did Life Magazine recognize Spielberg?", "id": "5731ce62e17f3d1400422440"}]}], ["Menurut senarai Forbes 'Most Influential Celebrities 2014, Spielberg disenaraikan sebagai selebriti paling berpengaruh di Amerika. Senarai tahunan ini dijalankan oleh Penyelidikan Pasaran E-Poll dan ia memberikan lebih daripada 6,600 selebriti pada 46 ciri keperibadian yang berbeza dengan skor yang mewakili \"bagaimana orang itu dilihat sebagai mempengaruhi orang ramai, rakan sebaya mereka, atau keduanya.\" Spielberg menerima skor 47, yang bermaksud 47% daripada AS percaya dia berpengaruh. Gerry Philpott, presiden E-Poll Market Research, menyokong skor Spielberg dengan menyatakan, \"Jika ada keraguan bahawa Steven Spielberg sangat mempengaruhi orang ramai, berfikir tentang berapa banyak akan berfikir sejenak sebelum masuk ke dalam air musim panas ini.\" <> Bilakah Spielberg menamakan selebriti 'paling berpengaruh di Amerika'? || 2014 <> Berapa banyak AS percaya Spielberg berpengaruh? || 47% <> Siapa Gerry Philpott? || presiden E-Poll Market Research <> Bagaimana Spielberg mempengaruhi tingkah laku orang ramai? || ramai yang akan berfikir sejenak sebelum masuk ke dalam air pada musim panas ini", {"context": "According to Forbes' Most Influential Celebrities 2014 list, Spielberg was listed as the most influential celebrity in America. The annual list is conducted by E-Poll Market Research and it gave more than 6,600 celebrities on 46 different personality attributes a score representing \"how that person is perceived as influencing the public, their peers, or both.\" Spielberg received a score of 47, meaning 47% of the US believes he is influential. Gerry Philpott, president of E-Poll Market Research, supported Spielberg's score by stating, \"If anyone doubts that Steven Spielberg has greatly influenced the public, think about how many will think for a second before going into the water this summer.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "2014"}], "question": "When was Spielberg named the 'most influential celebrity in America'?", "id": "5731ced3e99e3014001e62c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "47%"}], "question": "How much of the US believes Spielberg is influential?", "id": "5731ced3e99e3014001e62c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "president of E-Poll Market Research"}], "question": "Who is Gerry Philpott?", "id": "5731ced3e99e3014001e62ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "many will think for a second before going into the water this summer"}], "question": "How did Spielberg influence the public's behavior?", "id": "5731ced3e99e3014001e62cb"}]}], ["Menggambar dari pengalamannya sendiri dalam Pengakap, Spielberg membantu Boy Scouts of America mengembangkan lencana merit dalam sinematografi untuk membantu mempromosikan pembuatan filem sebagai kemahiran yang boleh dipasarkan. Lencana itu dilancarkan pada 1989 Jambore Pengakap Kebangsaan, yang dihadiri Spielberg, dan di mana dia secara peribadi menasihatkan ramai budak lelaki dalam kerja mereka mengenai keperluan. Pada tahun yang sama, 1989, menyaksikan pembebasan Indiana Jones dan Perang Salib Terakhir. Tempat kejadian menunjukkan seorang remaja Indiana Jones dalam pakaian seragam yang berpangkat penganjur Life Scout. Spielberg menyatakan bahawa dia menjadikan Indiana Jones seorang Pengakap Boy sebagai penghormatan terhadap pengalamannya dalam Pengakap. Bagi pencapaian kerjayanya, perkhidmatan kepada orang lain, dan dedikasi kepada lencana merit baru Spielberg dianugerahkan Anugerah Pengakap Eagle Distinguished. <> Apakah lencana Merit Boy Scout yang membantu Spielberg membantu? || sinematografi <> Yang filem Spielberg menunjukkan watak utamanya ialah Pengakap Anak? || Indiana Jones dan Perang Salib Terakhir <> Apakah kedudukan Indy dalam Pengakap Boy apabila ditunjukkan dalam filem? || Pengakap Kehidupan <> Yang watak utama filem Spielberg adalah Pengakap Anak? || Indiana Jones <> Bilakah lencana merit Spielberg dilancarkan? || 1989", {"context": "Drawing from his own experiences in Scouting, Spielberg helped the Boy Scouts of America develop a merit badge in cinematography in order to help promote filmmaking as a marketable skill. The badge was launched at the 1989 National Scout Jamboree, which Spielberg attended, and where he personally counseled many boys in their work on requirements. That same year, 1989, saw the release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. The opening scene shows a teenage Indiana Jones in scout uniform bearing the rank of a Life Scout. Spielberg stated he made Indiana Jones a Boy Scout in honor of his experience in Scouting. For his career accomplishments, service to others, and dedication to a new merit badge Spielberg was awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "cinematography"}], "question": "What Boy Scout merit badge did Spielberg help develop?", "id": "5731d15c0fdd8d15006c6581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"}], "question": "Which Spielberg movie showed its main character was a Boy Scout?", "id": "5731d15c0fdd8d15006c6584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Life Scout"}], "question": "What was Indy's rank in Boy Scouts when shown in a movie?", "id": "5731d15c0fdd8d15006c6585"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Indiana Jones"}], "question": "Which major Spielberg movie character was a Boy Scout?", "id": "5731d15c0fdd8d15006c6583"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "1989"}], "question": "When was Spielberg's merit badge launched?", "id": "5731d15c0fdd8d15006c6582"}]}], ["Spielberg pertama kali bertemu pelakon Amy Irving pada tahun 1976 dengan cadangan pengarah Brian De Palma, yang tahu dia sedang mencari seorang pelakon untuk bermain di Close Encounters. Selepas bertemu dengannya, Spielberg memberitahu penerbit bersamanya, Julia Phillips, \"Saya bertemu dengan seorang lelaki yang sakit hati malam tadi.\": 293 Walaupun dia terlalu muda untuk peranannya, dia dan Spielberg mula berkencan dan akhirnya dia berpindah ke apa yang digambarkannya sebagai \"rumah bachelor funky.\" 29 Mereka hidup bersama selama empat tahun, tetapi tekanan kerjaya profesional mereka mengambil tol pada hubungan mereka. Irving ingin memastikan bahawa apa sahaja kejayaan yang dia capai sebagai seorang pelakon akan menjadi dirinya sendiri: \"Saya tidak mahu dikenali sebagai teman wanita Steven,\" katanya, dan memilih untuk tidak berada dalam mana-mana filemnya sepanjang tahun-tahun tersebut. 295 <> Siapa yang Spielberg mula bertarikh pada tahun 1976? || Amy Irving <> Apakah kerjaya Amy Irving? || pelakon <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan Irving ke Spielberg? || Brian De Palma <> Bagaimana Irving menerangkan rumah Spielberg? || \"bachelor funky\" <> Mengapa Irving tidak mahu berada di dalam filem Spielberg semasa bertarikh? || \"Saya tidak mahu dikenali sebagai teman wanita Steven,\"", {"context": "Spielberg first met actress Amy Irving in 1976 at the suggestion of director Brian De Palma, who knew he was looking for an actress to play in Close Encounters. After meeting her, Spielberg told his co-producer Julia Phillips, \"I met a real heartbreaker last night.\":293 Although she was too young for the role, she and Spielberg began dating and she eventually moved in to what she described as his \"bachelor funky\" house.:294 They lived together for four years, but the stresses of their professional careers took a toll on their relationship. Irving wanted to be certain that whatever success she attained as an actress would be her own: \"I don't want to be known as Steven's girlfriend,\" she said, and chose not to be in any of his films during those years.:295", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Amy Irving"}], "question": "Who did Spielberg begin dating in 1976?", "id": "5731cdbce17f3d1400422433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "actress"}], "question": "What was Amy Irving's career?", "id": "5731cdbce17f3d1400422434"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Brian De Palma"}], "question": "Who introduced Irving to Spielberg?", "id": "5731cdbce17f3d1400422435"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "\"bachelor funky\""}], "question": "How did Irving describe Spielberg's house?", "id": "5731cdbce17f3d1400422436"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "\"I don't want to be known as Steven's girlfriend,\""}], "question": "Why did Irving not want to be in Spielberg's films while dating?", "id": "5731cdbce17f3d1400422437"}]}], ["Akibatnya, mereka berpisah pada tahun 1979, tetapi tetap menjadi kawan rapat. Kemudian pada tahun 1984 mereka memperbaharui percintaan mereka, dan pada bulan November 1985, mereka berkahwin, sudah mempunyai anak lelaki, Max Samuel. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas tiga tahun setengah perkahwinan, banyak tekanan yang sama dengan karier mereka menyebabkan mereka bercerai pada tahun 1989. Mereka bersetuju untuk menjaga rumah berhampiran antara satu sama lain untuk memudahkan penjagaan bersama dan keibubapaan anak mereka. perceraian dicatatkan sebagai perceraian selebriti paling mahal ketiga dalam sejarah. <> Bilakah Spielberg dan Irving pada mulanya berpecah? || 1979 <> Bilakah Spielberg dan Irving kembali bersama? || 1984 <> Bilakah Spielberg dan Irving berkahwin? || November 1985 <> Bilakah perceraian Spielberg dan Irving? || 1989 <> Seberapa mahal perceraian Spielberg dan Irving? || perceraian selebriti ketiga paling mahal dalam sejarah", {"context": "As a result, they broke up in 1979, but remained close friends. Then in 1984 they renewed their romance, and in November 1985, they married, already having had a son, Max Samuel. After three and a half years of marriage, however, many of the same competing stresses of their careers caused them to divorce in 1989. They agreed to maintain homes near each other as to facilitate the shared custody and parenting of their son.:403 Their divorce was recorded as the third most costly celebrity divorce in history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "1979"}], "question": "When did Spielberg and Irving initially break up?", "id": "5731ce01e99e3014001e62b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "1984"}], "question": "When did Spielberg and Irving get back together?", "id": "5731ce01e99e3014001e62b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "November 1985"}], "question": "When did Spielberg and Irving marry?", "id": "5731ce01e99e3014001e62b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "1989"}], "question": "When did Spielberg and Irving divorce?", "id": "5731ce01e99e3014001e62b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "third most costly celebrity divorce in history"}], "question": "How expensive was Spielberg and Irving's divorce?", "id": "5731ce01e99e3014001e62b8"}]}], ["Seorang pemungut memorabilia filem, Spielberg membeli balsa Rosebud sled dari Citizen Kane (1941) pada tahun 1982. Dia membeli salinan pengarah Orson Welles sendiri untuk siaran radio The War of the Worlds (1938) pada tahun 1994. Spielberg telah membeli Akademi Patung-patung penganugerahan yang dijual di pasaran terbuka dan menyumbang kepada Akademi Seni Rupa dan Seni Lukis, untuk menghalang eksploitasi komersial mereka. Derma beliau termasuk Oscars yang diterima oleh Bette Davis untuk Dangerous (1935) dan Jezebel (1938), dan Oscar Clark Gable untuk Ia Berlaku Satu Malam (1934). <> Bilakah Citizen Kane dibebaskan? || 1941 <> Bilakah siaran radio 'Perang Dunia'? || 1938 <> Bilakah Spielberg membeli kereta luncur dari Citizen Kane? || 1982 <> Bilakah Spielberg membeli salinan skrip peribadi Orson Welles dari 'The War of the Worlds'? || 1994 <> Apa yang dilakukan Spielberg dengan Anugerah Akademi yang dia beli? || menderma mereka ke Akademi Seni Rupa dan Sains Picture, untuk menghalang eksploitasi komersial mereka", {"context": "A collector of film memorabilia, Spielberg purchased a balsa Rosebud sled from Citizen Kane (1941) in 1982. He bought Orson Welles's own directorial copy of the script for the radio broadcast The War of the Worlds (1938) in 1994. Spielberg has purchased Academy Award statuettes being sold on the open market and donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation. His donations include the Oscars that Bette Davis received for Dangerous (1935) and Jezebel (1938), and Clark Gable's Oscar for It Happened One Night (1934).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "1941"}], "question": "When was Citizen Kane released?", "id": "5731cf3d0fdd8d15006c6565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "1938"}], "question": "When was 'The War of the Worlds' radio broadcast?", "id": "5731cf3d0fdd8d15006c6566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When did Spielberg buy a sled from Citizen Kane?", "id": "5731cf3d0fdd8d15006c6567"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When did Spielberg buy Orson Welles' personal script copy from 'The War of the Worlds'?", "id": "5731cf3d0fdd8d15006c6568"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation"}], "question": "What does Spielberg do with Academy Awards he buys?", "id": "5731cf3d0fdd8d15006c6569"}]}]], [["Bermula di lombong arang batu, pada pertengahan abad ke-19 lif dikendalikan dengan kuasa stim dan digunakan untuk memindahkan barang secara pukal di lombong dan kilang. Alat-alat yang didorong oleh stim ini tidak lama lagi digunakan untuk pelbagai tujuan - pada tahun 1823, dua arkitek yang bekerja di London, Burton dan Hormer, membina dan mengendalikan tarikan baru yang disebut \"ruang menaik\". Ia meningkatkan pelanggan yang membayar ke ketinggian yang besar di tengah-tengah London, membolehkan mereka pemandangan panorama yang indah di pusat bandar. <> Untuk mana industri adalah lif yang pertama digunakan? || lombong arang batu <> Pada pertengahan tahun 1800-an apakah lif yang dibakar oleh? || Kuasa stim <> Apakah lif yang mula-mula dibina untuk? || barang bergerak secara pukal di lombong dan kilang <> Siapa yang membina \"bilik menaik\", pada tahun 1823? || Burton dan Hormer <> \"Bilik menaik\" memberikan pelanggan pandangan mengenai pusat bandar di mana? || London", {"context": "Starting in the coal mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. These steam driven devices were soon being applied to a diverse set of purposes - in 1823, two architects working in London, Burton and Hormer, built and operated a novel tourist attraction, which they called the \"ascending room\". It elevated paying customers to a considerable height in the center of London, allowing them a magnificent panoramic view of downtown.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "coal mines"}], "question": "For which industry were elevators first used?", "id": "572e82aacb0c0d14000f120c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "steam power"}], "question": "In the mid 1800s what were elevators fueled by?", "id": "572e82aacb0c0d14000f120d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "moving goods in bulk in mines and factories"}], "question": "What were elevators originally built for?", "id": "572e82aacb0c0d14000f120e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Burton and Hormer"}], "question": "Who built the \"ascending room\", in 1823?", "id": "572e82aacb0c0d14000f120f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "London"}], "question": "The \"ascending room\" gave customers a view of what city's downtown?", "id": "572e82aacb0c0d14000f1210"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1845, arkitek Neapolitan Gaetano Genovese dipasang di Royal Palace of Caserta yang \"Kerusi Terbang\", sebuah lif di hadapan waktunya, ditutup dengan kayu chestnut di luar dan dengan kayu maple di dalamnya. Ia termasuk lampu, dua bangku dan isyarat yang dikendalikan tangan, dan boleh diaktifkan dari luar, tanpa sebarang usaha di pihak penghuni. Daya tarikan dikawal oleh mekanik motor yang menggunakan sistem roda bergigi. Sistem keselamatan direka untuk berlaku jika tali pecah. Ia terdiri daripada rasuk yang ditolak keluar oleh spring keluli. <> Apa arsitek Neapolitan mencipta lif \"Kerusi Terbang\"? || Gaetano Genovese <> Di mana lokasi \"Kerusi Terbang\" dipasang pada tahun 1845? || Istana DiRaja Caserta <> Apakah jenis kayu yang digunakan di dalamnya? || maple <> Apa yang mengawal daya tarikan? || sebuah mekanik motor yang menggunakan sistem roda bergigi <> Apa sistem keselamatan terdiri daripada? || satu rasuk ditolak oleh sebuah spring keluli", {"context": "In 1845, the Neapolitan architect Gaetano Genovese installed in the Royal Palace of Caserta the \"Flying Chair\", an elevator ahead of its time, covered with chestnut wood outside and with maple wood inside. It included a light, two benches and a hand operated signal, and could be activated from the outside, without any effort on the part of the occupants. Traction was controlled by a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels. A safety system was designed to take effect if the cords broke. It consisted of a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Gaetano Genovese"}], "question": "What Neapolitan architect created the \"Flying Chair\" elevator?", "id": "572e877703f9891900756733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Royal Palace of Caserta"}], "question": "At what location was the \"Flying Chair\" installed in 1845?", "id": "572e877703f9891900756734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "maple"}], "question": "What type of wood was used on the inside ?", "id": "572e877703f9891900756735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels"}], "question": "What controlled the traction?", "id": "572e877703f9891900756736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring"}], "question": "What did the safety system consist of?", "id": "572e877703f9891900756737"}]}], ["Aci lif pertama mendahului lif pertama dengan empat tahun. Pembinaan untuk bangunan Yayasan Koperasi Union Cooper Peter di New York bermula pada tahun 1853. Sebuah lif lif dimasukkan dalam reka bentuk, kerana Cooper yakin bahawa lif penumpang yang selamat akan segera dicipta. Aci itu silinder kerana Cooper fikir ia adalah reka bentuk yang paling berkesan. Kemudian, Otis telah menubuhkan sebuah lif khas untuk bangunan itu. Hari ini Otis Elevator Company, kini anak syarikat United Technologies Corporation, merupakan pengeluar sistem pengangkutan menegak terbesar di dunia. <> Yang dibina terlebih dahulu, lif lif pertama atau lif pertama? || pertama lif ace <> Tahun berapa pembinaan bermula untuk Cooper Union Foundation? || 1853 <> Rekabentuk apa yang difikirkan Peter Cooper adalah yang paling berkesan? || silinder <> Otis Elevator Company hari ini adalah anak syarikat dari perbadanan utama apa? || United Technologies Corporation <> Apakah tajuk yang dipegang oleh United Technologies Corporation? || pengeluar sistem pengangkutan menegak terbesar di dunia", {"context": "The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was cylindrical because Cooper thought it was the most efficient design. Later, Otis designed a special elevator for the building. Today the Otis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "first elevator shaft"}], "question": "Which was built first, the first elevator shaft or the first elevator?", "id": "572e8aa9dfa6aa1500f8d0f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "1853"}], "question": "What year did constructrion begin for the Cooper Union Foundation?", "id": "572e8aa9dfa6aa1500f8d0f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "cylindrical"}], "question": "What design did Peter Cooper feel was the most efficient?", "id": "572e8aa9dfa6aa1500f8d0f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "United Technologies Corporation"}], "question": "The Otis Elevator Company is today a subsidiary of what major corporation?", "id": "572e8aa9dfa6aa1500f8d0fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems"}], "question": "What title does United Technologies Corporation hold?", "id": "572e8aa9dfa6aa1500f8d0fb"}]}], ["Pintu lif melindungi pelumba daripada jatuh ke dalam batang. Konfigurasi yang paling biasa adalah untuk mempunyai dua panel yang bertemu di tengah, dan slaid dibuka secara lisan. Dalam konfigurasi teleskopik yang melesat (berpotensi membenarkan kemasukan yang lebih luas dalam ruang yang terhad), pintu melancarkan trek bebas supaya sementara dibuka, mereka terselip di antara satu sama lain, dan semasa ditutup, mereka membentuk lapisan berlubang di satu pihak. Ini boleh dikonfigurasikan supaya dua set pintu cascading tersebut beroperasi seperti pintu pembukaan pusat yang diterangkan di atas, membolehkan lif lif yang sangat luas. Dalam pemasangan yang kurang mahal, lif juga boleh menggunakan satu pintu \"besar\": pintu panel tunggal lebar pintu yang terbuka ke sebelah kiri atau kanan. Sesetengah bangunan mempunyai lif dengan pintu tunggal di atas aci, dan pintu cascading berganda di atas teksi. <> Bagaimana cara kerja pintu lif? || mempunyai dua panel yang bertemu di tengah, dan slaid terbuka di sebelah <> Apakah satu pintu panel yang dirujuk sebagai? || \"slab\" pintu <> Reka bentuk apa yang membolehkan pintu masuk yang lebih luas dalam ruang terhad? || konfigurasi teleskopik yang melayang <> Pintu tunggal kadang-kadang terletak di mana? || pada arah aci <> Apa pintu lif melindungi pelumba dari? || jatuh ke dalam batang", {"context": "Elevator doors protect riders from falling into the shaft. The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. In a cascading telescopic configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space), the doors roll on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked behind one another, and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side. This can be configured so that two sets of such cascading doors operate like the center opening doors described above, allowing for a very wide elevator cab. In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large \"slab\" door: a single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally. Some buildings have elevators with the single door on the shaft way, and double cascading doors on the cab.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally"}], "question": "How do most elevator doors work?", "id": "572e90ee03f98919007567b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "\"slab\" door"}], "question": "What is a single panel door referred to as?", "id": "572e90ee03f98919007567b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "a cascading telescopic configuration"}], "question": "What design allows wider entryways within limited space?", "id": "572e90ee03f98919007567b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "on the shaft way"}], "question": "The single door is sometimes located where?", "id": "572e90ee03f98919007567b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "falling into the shaft"}], "question": "What do elevator doors protect riders from?", "id": "572e90ee03f98919007567b5"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1852, Elisha Otis memperkenalkan lif keselamatan, yang menghalang kejatuhan teksi jika kabel pecah. Reka bentuk lif keselamatan Otis agak serupa dengan satu jenis yang masih digunakan hari ini. Peranti gabenor melibatkan penggelek knurled (s), mengunci lif ke panduannya sekiranya lif turun pada kelajuan yang berlebihan. Dia memperlihatkannya di pameran New York di Crystal Palace dalam pembentangan dramatik, yang menantang kematian pada 1854, dan lif penumpang sedemikian pertama dipasang di 488 Broadway di New York City pada 23 Mac 1857. <> Siapa yang membuat keselamatan lif pada tahun 1852? || Elisha Otis <> Ciri-ciri apa yang dipamerkan keselamatan lif? || menghalang kejatuhan teksi jika kabel pecah <> Apa alat perunding terlibat untuk mengunci lif? || roller knurled (s) <> Di lokasi apakah yang pertama dibentangkan? || Eksposisi New York di Crystal Palace <> Di mana dipasang lif keselamatan pertama? || 488 Broadway di New York City", {"context": "In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in a dramatic, death-defying presentation in 1854, and the first such passenger elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City on March 23, 1857.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Elisha Otis"}], "question": "Who created the safety elevator in 1852?", "id": "572e88edcb0c0d14000f126c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke"}], "question": "What feature did the safety elevator display? ", "id": "572e88edcb0c0d14000f126d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "knurled roller(s)"}], "question": "What did the govenor device engage to lock the elevator?", "id": "572e88edcb0c0d14000f126e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "New York exposition in the Crystal Palace"}], "question": "At what location was it first presented?", "id": "572e88edcb0c0d14000f126f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "488 Broadway in New York City"}], "question": "Where was the first safety elevator installed?", "id": "572e88edcb0c0d14000f1270"}]}], ["Dari segi sejarah, motor AC digunakan untuk mesin lif tunggal atau double dengan alasan kos dan aplikasi penggunaan yang lebih rendah di mana kelajuan kereta dan keselesaan penumpang kurang daripada masalah, tetapi untuk kelajuan yang lebih tinggi, lif berkapasiti yang lebih besar, keperluan untuk kelajuan kelajuan yang berubah-ubah atas mesin tarikan menjadi isu. Oleh itu, mesin DC yang dikuasakan oleh penjana motor AC / DC adalah penyelesaian pilihan. Set MG juga biasanya menguasai pengawal relay lif, yang mempunyai kelebihan tambahan elektrik mengasingkan lif dari seluruh sistem elektrik bangunan, dengan itu menghapus pancang kuasa sementara dalam bekalan elektrik bangunan yang disebabkan oleh motor bermula dan berhenti (menyebabkan pencahayaan dimatikan setiap kali lif digunakan misalnya), serta gangguan kepada peralatan elektrik yang lain yang disebabkan oleh pembengkakan penghubung relay dalam sistem kawalan. <> Sepanjang sejarah, jenis mesin yang digunakan untuk mesin lif? || Motor AC <> Mengapa motor AC digunakan? || kos dan aplikasi penggunaan yang lebih rendah di mana kelajuan kereta dan keselesaan penumpang kurang masalah <> Masalah apa yang timbul untuk lif berkuasa tinggi dan besar? || keperluan untuk kawalan kelajuan yang boleh berubah-ubah ke atas mesin daya tarikan <> Secara amnya, apa yang dikuasakan dengan penyampai geganti? || MG set <> Apakah kelebihan yang diketahui oleh set MG? || elektrik mengasingkan lif dari seluruh sistem elektrik bangunan", {"context": "Historically, AC motors were used for single or double speed elevator machines on the grounds of cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue, but for higher speed, larger capacity elevators, the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine becomes an issue. Therefore, DC machines powered by an AC/DC motor generator were the preferred solution. The MG set also typically powered the relay controller of the elevator, which has the added advantage of electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system, thus eliminating the transient power spikes in the building's electrical supply caused by the motors starting and stopping (causing lighting to dim every time the elevators are used for example), as well as interference to other electrical equipment caused by the arcing of the relay contactors in the control system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "AC motors"}], "question": "Throughout history, what type of engines were used for elevator machines?", "id": "572e9584dfa6aa1500f8d195"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue"}], "question": "Why were AC motors used?", "id": "572e9584dfa6aa1500f8d196"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine"}], "question": "What problem arises for fast and large capacity elevators?", "id": "572e9584dfa6aa1500f8d197"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "MG set"}], "question": "Generally, what powered the relay contoller?", "id": "572e9584dfa6aa1500f8d198"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system"}], "question": "What is a known advantage of the MG set?", "id": "572e9584dfa6aa1500f8d199"}]}], ["Kren hidraulik dicipta oleh Sir William Armstrong pada tahun 1846, terutamanya untuk digunakan di dok Tyneside untuk memuatkan kargo. Ini dengan cepat menggantikan lif stim terdorong terdahulu: mengeksploitasi undang-undang Pascal, mereka memberikan kekuatan yang lebih besar. Pompa air membekalkan satu tahap pemboleh ubah tekanan air kepada pelocok yang terbungkus di dalam silinder menegak, yang membolehkan tahap platform (membawa beban berat) dibangkitkan dan diturunkan. Kaunter timbang dan baki juga digunakan untuk meningkatkan daya angkat radas. <> Siapa yang mencipta kren hidraulik pada tahun 1846? || Sir William Armstrong <> Adakah kren hidraulik pada mulanya digunakan? || Tyneside docks <> Dengan cara apakah kren hidraulik menggunakan undang-undang Pascal? || mereka menyediakan tenaga yang lebih besar <> Pam air yang dibekalkan tekanan air ke plunger yang terletak di mana? || terbungkus di dalam silinder tegak <> selain tekanan air, apa lagi yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan daya angkat? || Kaunter timbang dan baki", {"context": "The hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the earlier steam driven elevators: exploiting Pascal's law, they provided a much greater force. A water pump supplied a variable level of water pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder, allowing the level of the platform (carrying a heavy load) to be raised and lowered. Counterweights and balances were also used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Sir William Armstrong"}], "question": "Who invented the hydraulic crane in 1846?", "id": "572e8519c246551400ce42b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Tyneside docks"}], "question": "Were was the hydraulic crane initially used?", "id": "572e8519c246551400ce42b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "they provided a much greater force"}], "question": "In what manner did hydraulic cranes employ Pascal's law? ", "id": "572e8519c246551400ce42b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "encased inside a vertical cylinder"}], "question": "The water pump supplied water pressure to a plunger located where?", "id": "572e8519c246551400ce42b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Counterweights and balances"}], "question": "besides water pressure, what else was used to increase the lifting power?", "id": "572e8519c246551400ce42b4"}]}], ["Lif elektrik pertama dibina oleh Werner von Siemens pada tahun 1880 di Jerman. Penemu Anton Freissler mengembangkan idea von Siemens dan membina sebuah syarikat yang berjaya di Austria-Hungary. Keselamatan dan kelajuan lif elektrik telah ditingkatkan dengan ketara oleh Frank Sprague yang menambah kawalan lantai, lif automatik, kawalan pecutan kereta dan keselamatan. Lifnya berlari lebih pantas dan dengan beban yang lebih besar daripada lif hidraulik atau stim, dan 584 lif elektrik telah dipasang sebelum Sprague menjual syarikatnya ke Otis Elevator Company pada tahun 1895. Sprague juga mengembangkan idea dan teknologi untuk pelbagai lif dalam satu batang. <> Siapa yang membina lif elektrik pertama? || Werner von Siemens <> Lif elektrik pertama, yang dibina pada tahun 1880, berada di Negara apa? || Jerman <> Siapa yang dikreditkan dengan meningkatkan keselamatan dan kelajuan lif elektrik? || Frank Sprague <> Siapa yang mengutamakan idea Siemens untuk membina perniagaan yang berjaya? || Anton Freissler <> Kepada siapa Frank Sprague menjual syarikatnya pada tahun 1895? || Syarikat Lif Otis", {"context": "The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in Germany. The inventor Anton Freissler developed the ideas of von Siemens and built up a successful enterprise in Austria-Hungary. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague who added floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of cars, and safeties. His elevator ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 electric elevators were installed before Sprague sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1895. Sprague also developed the idea and technology for multiple elevators in a single shaft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Werner von Siemens"}], "question": "Who built the first electric elevator?", "id": "572e8c9003f989190075676b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "The first electric elevator, built in 1880, was in what Country?", "id": "572e8c9003f989190075676c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Frank Sprague"}], "question": "Who is credited with increasing the safety and speed of electric elevators?", "id": "572e8c9003f989190075676e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Anton Freissler"}], "question": "Who ultilized von Siemens ideas to build a succesful business?", "id": "572e8c9003f989190075676d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "Otis Elevator Company"}], "question": "To whom did Frank Sprague sell his company to in 1895?", "id": "572e8c9003f989190075676f"}]}], ["Sesetengah orang berhujah bahawa lif bermula sebagai tali mudah atau penggantung rantaian (lihat lif daya tarikan di bawah). Lif adalah pada asasnya platform yang sama ada ditarik atau ditarik oleh cara mekanikal. Lif moden terdiri daripada sebuah teksi (juga dikenali sebagai \"sangkar\", \"kereta\" atau \"kereta\") dipasang di atas platform di dalam ruang tertutup yang dipanggil aci atau kadang-kadang \"hoistway\". Pada masa lalu, mekanisme pemanduan lif dikuasakan oleh wap dan hidrolik hidraulik air atau dengan tangan. Dalam lif \"tarikan\", kereta ditarik dengan cara melancarkan tali besi ke atas gelendong yang sangat beralun, biasanya dipanggil kerongsang dalam industri. Berat badan itu seimbang dengan penimbang. Kadang-kadang dua lif dibina supaya kereta mereka sentiasa bergerak serentak dalam arah yang bertentangan, dan saling mengimbangi masing-masing. <> Apakah nama lain untuk lif aci? || mekanisme pemanduan lif telah, pada masa lalu, dikuasakan oleh apa? || wap dan air hidraulik omboh atau dengan tangan <> Berapakah berat sangkar lif seimbang? || penimbang> </ b> </ b> || kereta mereka sentiasa bergerak serentak dalam arah yang bertentangan,", {"context": "Some people argue that elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists (see Traction elevators below). An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day elevator consists of a cab (also called a \"cage\", \"carriage\" or \"car\") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a \"hoistway\". In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand. In a \"traction\" elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight. Sometimes two elevators are built so that their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions, and are each other's counterweight.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "hoistway"}], "question": "What is another name for an elevator shaft?", "id": "572e8f1d03f989190075678f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand"}], "question": "Elevator drive mechanisms have, in the past been, powered by what?", "id": "572e8f1d03f9891900756790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "a counterweight"}], "question": "What is the weight of the elevator cage balanced by? ", "id": "572e8f1d03f9891900756791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions,"}], "question": "How do elevators built in pairs work?", "id": "572e8f1d03f9891900756792"}]}], ["Mesin daya tarikan gear tidak berkelajuan rendah (RPM rendah), motor elektrik berkuasa tork berkuasa sama ada dengan AC atau DC. Dalam kes ini, sheave drive dipasang secara langsung ke hujung motor. Lif daya tarikan tanpa gear boleh mencapai kelajuan sehingga 20 m / s (4,000 kaki / min), Brak dipasang di antara motor dan gearbox atau di antara motor dan memandu sheave atau di hujung roda penggerak untuk memegang lif pegun di lantai. Brek ini biasanya jenis dram luaran dan digerakkan oleh daya pegas dan dipegang terbuka secara elektrik; kegagalan kuasa akan menyebabkan brek bergerak dan menghalang lif dari jatuh (lihat keselamatan dan keselamatan kejuruteraan yang sedia ada). Tetapi ia juga boleh menjadi beberapa jenis cakera seperti 1 atau lebih calipers di atas cakera di satu hujung aci motor atau drive sheave yang digunakan dalam kelajuan tinggi, naik tinggi dan lif berkapasiti besar dengan bilik mesin (pengecualian adalah Kone EcoDisc MonoSpace yang tidak berkelajuan tinggi, tinggi dan kapasiti yang besar dan ruang mesin kurang tetapi menggunakan reka bentuk yang sama seperti versi mesin tipu daya konvensional yang lebih nipis) untuk memecahkan kuasa, kekompakan dan redundansi (dengan mengandaikan sekurang-kurangnya 2 kaliper pada cakera), atau 1 atau lebih cakera cakera dengan satu caliper pada satu hujung batang motor atau sheave memandu yang digunakan di dalam bilik mesin yang kurang lif untuk kekompakan, kuasa pecah, dan redundansi (dengan mengandaikan ada brek 2 atau lebih). <> Dalam enjin cengkaman gearless, apakah gear sheave dipasang? || terus dilampirkan pada akhir motor <> Apa kelajuan adalah lif daya tarikan gearless yang mampu dicapai? || 20 m / s (4,000 kaki / min) <> Apa yang memotivasi brek dram luaran yang dipegang secara elektrik? || kekuatan musim bunga <> Satu pengecualian yang tidak berkelajuan tinggi tinggi dan kapasiti yang besar adalah apa? || Kone MonoSpace's EcoDisc", {"context": "Gearless traction machines are low-speed (low-RPM), high-torque electric motors powered either by AC or DC. In this case, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor. Gearless traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 20 m/s (4,000 ft/min), A brake is mounted between the motor and gearbox or between the motor and drive sheave or at the end of the drive sheave to hold the elevator stationary at a floor. This brake is usually an external drum type and is actuated by spring force and held open electrically; a power failure will cause the brake to engage and prevent the elevator from falling (see inherent safety and safety engineering). But it can also be some form of disc type like 1 or more calipers over a disc in one end of the motor shaft or drive sheave which is used in high speed, high rise and large capacity elevators with machine rooms(an exception is the Kone MonoSpace's EcoDisc which is not high speed, high rise and large capacity and is machine room less but it uses the same design as is a thinner version of a conventional gearless traction machine) for breaking power, compactness and redundancy(assuming there's at least 2 calipers on the disc), or 1 or more disc brakes with a single caliper at one end of the motor shaft or drive sheave which is used in machine room less elevators for compactness, breaking power, and redundancy(assuming there's 2 brakes or more).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "directly attached to the end of the motor"}], "question": "In a gearless traction engine, what is the drive sheave attached to?", "id": "572ea29b03f9891900756877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "20 m/s (4,000 ft/min)"}], "question": "What speed is a gearless traction elevator capable of attaining?", "id": "572ea29b03f9891900756878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "spring force"}], "question": "What motivates an external drum brake held open electrically?", "id": "572ea29b03f9891900756879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 893, "text": "Kone MonoSpace's EcoDisc"}], "question": "One exception that is not high speed high rise and large capacity is what?", "id": "572ea29b03f989190075687a"}]}], ["Motor lif terletak di bahagian atas aci atau di sebelah bawah batang. Menolak pemegang ke hadapan akan menyebabkan teksi itu naik; ke belakang akan menjadikannya tenggelam. Semakin sukar tekanan, semakin cepat lif akan bergerak. Pemegang ini juga berfungsi sebagai suis orang mati: jika pengendali melepaskan pemegang, ia akan kembali ke kedudukan tegaknya, menyebabkan taksi lif berhenti. Dalam masa yang singkat, sekatan keselamatan akan memastikan pintu dalaman dan luaran ditutup sebelum lif dibenarkan bergerak. <> Di mana motor lif dijumpai? || di bahagian atas aci atau di sebelah bahagian bawah aci <> Bergerak ke depan ke hadapan menyebabkan teksi melakukan apa? || untuk bangkit <> Tekanan yang lebih banyak digunakan untuk menangani menyebabkan apa? || semakin cepat lif akan bergerak <> Mengapa pemegang menganggap \"suis lelaki mati\"? || jika pengendali melepaskan pemegang, ia akan kembali ke kedudukan tegaknya, menyebabkan taksi lif berhenti <> Akhirnya kunci keselamatan digunakan untuk menjamin apa? || bahawa pintu dalaman dan luaran ditutup sebelum lif dibenarkan bergerak", {"context": "The elevator motor was located at the top of the shaft or beside the bottom of the shaft. Pushing the handle forward would cause the cab to rise; backwards would make it sink. The harder the pressure, the faster the elevator would move. The handle also served as a dead man switch: if the operator let go of the handle, it would return to its upright position, causing the elevator cab to stop. In time, safety interlocks would ensure that the inner and outer doors were closed before the elevator was allowed to move.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "at the top of the shaft or beside the bottom of the shaft"}], "question": "Where is the elevator motor found?", "id": "572eb759dfa6aa1500f8d2f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "to rise"}], "question": "Moving the helve forward causes the cab to do what?", "id": "572eb759dfa6aa1500f8d2fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "the faster the elevator would move"}], "question": "The more pressure applied to the handle caused what?", "id": "572eb759dfa6aa1500f8d2fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "if the operator let go of the handle, it would return to its upright position, causing the elevator cab to stop"}], "question": "Why was the handle considered a \"dead man switch\"?", "id": "572eb759dfa6aa1500f8d2fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "that the inner and outer doors were closed before the elevator was allowed to move"}], "question": "Eventually safety locks were used to guarantee what?", "id": "572eb759dfa6aa1500f8d2fd"}]}], ["Pada separuh pertama abad kedua puluh, hampir semua lif tidak mempunyai kedudukan automatik lantai di mana taksi akan berhenti. Beberapa lif pengangkutan yang lebih tua dikawal oleh suis yang dikendalikan dengan menarik tali yang bersebelahan. Pada umumnya, kebanyakan lif sebelum Perang Dunia II dikawal secara manual oleh pengendali lif menggunakan rheostat yang disambungkan ke motor. Rheostat ini (lihat gambar) disertakan dalam bekas silinder mengenai saiz dan bentuk kek. Ini dipasang secara tegak atau mendatar di dinding taksi dan dikendalikan melalui pemegang yang memproyeksikan, yang dapat meluncur di sekitar bahagian atas silinder. <> Sehingga pertengahan tahun 1900an kebanyakan lif kurang apa? || kedudukan automatik lantai di mana taksi akan berhenti <> Bagaimanakah kebanyakan lif dibina sebelum tahun 1939 dikuasakan? || oleh pengendali lif yang menggunakan rheostat yang disambungkan ke motor <> Banyak lif yang dibina terlebih dahulu dikendalikan oleh apa? || suis yang dikendalikan dengan menarik tali bersebelahan <> Rheostat adalah saiz dan bentuk apa? || kek <> Di manakah rheostat dipasang? || tegak atau mendatar di dinding kabin", {"context": "In the first half of the twentieth century, almost all elevators had no automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop. Some of the older freight elevators were controlled by switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes. In general, most elevators before WWII were manually controlled by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor. This rheostat (see picture) was enclosed within a cylindrical container about the size and shape of a cake. This was mounted upright or sideways on the cab wall and operated via a projecting handle, which was able to slide around the top half of the cylinder.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop"}], "question": "Until the mid 1900s most elevators lacked what?", "id": "572eb3abdfa6aa1500f8d2d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor"}], "question": "How were most elevators built before 1939 powered? ", "id": "572eb3abdfa6aa1500f8d2d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes"}], "question": " Many earlier built  freight elevators were controlled by what?", "id": "572eb3abdfa6aa1500f8d2d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "a cake"}], "question": "A rheostat is the size and shape of what?", "id": "572eb3abdfa6aa1500f8d2d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "upright or sideways on the cab wall"}], "question": "Where was the rheostat mounted?", "id": "572eb3abdfa6aa1500f8d2d7"}]}], ["Kerumitan mekanikal yang rendah dari lif hidraulik berbanding dengan lif tarikan membuat mereka ideal untuk kenaikan rendah, pemasangan lalu lintas yang rendah. Mereka kurang cekap tenaga kerana pam berfungsi dengan graviti untuk menolak kereta dan penumpangnya ke atas; tenaga ini hilang apabila kereta turun dengan berat sendiri. Undian pam semasa yang tinggi semasa memulakan juga meletakkan permintaan yang lebih tinggi pada sistem elektrik bangunan. Terdapat juga kebimbangan alam sekitar sekiranya cecair kebocoran silinder mengangkat ke tanah. <> Apakah jenis pemasangan lif hidraulik yang paling sesuai? || kenaikan rendah, pemasangan trafik yang rendah <> Mengapa lif hidraulik menggunakan lebih banyak tenaga? || pam berfungsi dengan graviti untuk menolak kereta dan penumpangnya ke atas; tenaga ini hilang apabila kereta turun dengan berat sendiri <> Apa lagi yang menyumbang kepada permintaan yang lebih tinggi daripada sistem elektrik? || Cabutan pam semasa yang tinggi semasa memulakan <> Apakah kebimbangan yang timbul apabila silinder mengangkat cecair ke dalam tanah? || kebimbangan alam sekitar", {"context": "The low mechanical complexity of hydraulic elevators in comparison to traction elevators makes them ideal for low rise, low traffic installations. They are less energy efficient as the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight. The high current draw of the pump when starting up also places higher demands on a building\u2019s electrical system. There are also environmental concerns should the lifting cylinder leak fluid into the ground.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "low rise, low traffic installations"}], "question": "What type of installations are hydraulic elevators best suited for?", "id": "572ead00c246551400ce44c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight"}], "question": "Why do hydraulic elevators use more energy?", "id": "572ead00c246551400ce44c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "The high current draw of the pump when starting up"}], "question": "What else contributes to a higher demand from the electrical system?", "id": "572ead00c246551400ce44c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "environmental concerns"}], "question": "What concerns arise when the lifting cylinder leaks fluid into the ground?", "id": "572ead00c246551400ce44c9"}]}], ["Beberapa gedung pencakar langit dan jenis pemasangan lain mempunyai panel operasi destinasi di mana seorang penumpang mendaftarkan panggilan lantai mereka sebelum memasuki kereta. Sistem ini membolehkan mereka tahu kereta mana yang perlu menunggu, bukannya setiap orang menaiki kereta seterusnya. Dengan cara ini, masa perjalanan dikurangkan kerana lif berhenti lebih sedikit untuk penumpang individu, dan komputer mengedarkan perhentian bersebelahan dengan kereta yang berlainan di bank. Walaupun masa perjalanan dikurangkan, masa menunggu penumpang mungkin lebih lama kerana mereka tidak semestinya akan diperuntukkan kereta seterusnya untuk berlepas. Semasa tempoh puncak turun manfaat kawalan destinasi akan terhad kerana penumpang mempunyai destinasi yang sama. <> Fungsi apa ciri \"panel operasi destinasi\"? || seorang penumpang mendaftarkan panggilan tingkat mereka sebelum memasuki kereta <> Apa manfaat lain dari \"panel operasi tujuan\"? || komputer mengedarkan perhentian bersebelahan dengan kereta yang berlainan di bank <> Apa faedah dari \"panel operasi destinasi\" || masa perjalanan dikurangkan kerana lif membuat perhentian yang lebih sedikit untuk penumpang individu <> Apakah kelemahan ke: panel operasi destinasi \"? || penumpang masa menunggu mungkin lebih lama kerana mereka tidak semestinya akan diperuntukkan kereta seterusnya untuk berlepas", {"context": "Some skyscraper buildings and other types of installation feature a destination operating panel where a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car. The system lets them know which car to wait for, instead of everyone boarding the next car. In this way, travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers, and the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank. Although travel time is reduced, passenger waiting times may be longer as they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart. During the down peak period the benefit of destination control will be limited as passengers have a common destination.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car"}], "question": "What function does a \"destination operating panel\" feature?", "id": "572eb90bcb0c0d14000f14c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank"}], "question": "What is another benefit of a \"destination operating panel\"?", "id": "572eb90bcb0c0d14000f14c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers"}], "question": "What is one benefit of a \"destination operating panel\"", "id": "572eb90bcb0c0d14000f14c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "passenger waiting times may be longer as they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart"}], "question": "What is the downside to a :destination operating panel\"?", "id": "572eb90bcb0c0d14000f14c5"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, peningkatan prestasi tidak boleh digeneralisasikan kerana faedah dan batasan sistem bergantung kepada banyak faktor. Satu masalah adalah bahawa sistem itu tertakluk kepada permainan. Kadang-kadang, seseorang memasuki destinasi untuk sekumpulan besar orang yang pergi ke tingkat yang sama. Algoritma penghantaran biasanya tidak dapat memenuhi sepenuhnya variasi, dan latekomer mungkin mendapati lif yang diberikan kepada mereka sudah penuh. Juga, kadang-kadang, seseorang boleh menekan lantai beberapa kali. Ini biasa dengan butang naik / turun apabila orang percaya ini adalah cara yang berkesan untuk tergesa-gesa lif. Walau bagaimanapun, ini akan menjadikan komputer berfikir bahawa ramai orang sedang menunggu dan akan memperuntukkan kereta kosong untuk berkhidmat kepada satu orang ini. <> Apakah satu contoh batasan pada sistem? || sistem tertakluk kepada permainan <> Apa yang umumnya tidak dapat menyokong variasi bilangan orang untuk tujuan tertentu? || Algoritma penghantaran <> Atas sebab apakah orang berulang kali menekan butang atas / bawah pada panel? || orang percaya ini adalah cara yang berkesan untuk tergesa-gesa lif <> Mengapa ini amalan yang buruk? || ini akan membuat komputer berfikir ramai orang sedang menunggu dan akan memperuntukkan kereta kosong untuk berkhidmat kepada satu orang ini", {"context": "However, performance enhancements cannot be generalized as the benefits and limitations of the system are dependent on many factors. One problem is that the system is subject to gaming. Sometimes, one person enters the destination for a large group of people going to the same floor. The dispatching algorithm is usually unable to completely cater for the variation, and latecomers may find the elevator they are assigned to is already full. Also, occasionally, one person may press the floor multiple times. This is common with up/down buttons when people believe this to be an effective way to hurry elevators. However, this will make the computer think multiple people are waiting and will allocate empty cars to serve this one person.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "the system is subject to gaming"}], "question": "What is one example of a limitation on the system? ", "id": "572ebc76cb0c0d14000f14e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "The dispatching algorithm"}], "question": "What is generally unable to support variations in the number of people for a particular destination?", "id": "572ebc76cb0c0d14000f14e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "people believe this to be an effective way to hurry elevators"}], "question": "For what reason do people repeatedly push the up/down buttons on a panel?", "id": "572ebc76cb0c0d14000f14e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "this will make the computer think multiple people are waiting and will allocate empty cars to serve this one person"}], "question": "Why is this a bad practice?", "id": "572ebc76cb0c0d14000f14e9"}]}], ["Lif jenis ini menggunakan vakum di atas teksi dan injap di bahagian atas \"batang\" untuk menggerakkan teksi ke atas dan menutup injap untuk memastikan teksi di tahap yang sama. sebuah diafragma atau piston digunakan sebagai \"brek\" jika terdapat peningkatan mendadak tekanan ke atas teksi. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk turun, ia membuka injap supaya udara boleh menekan bahagian atas \"batang\", yang membolehkan teksi menurun dengan beratnya sendiri. ini juga bermakna bahawa sekiranya berlaku kegagalan kuasa, teksi akan secara automatik turun. \"batang\" diperbuat daripada acrilic, sentiasa bulat, kerana bentuk turbin pam vakum. untuk memastikan udara di dalam teksi, anjing laut getah digunakan. disebabkan oleh batasan teknikal, lif ini mempunyai kapasiti yang rendah. mereka biasanya membenarkan 1-3 penumpang dan sehingga 525 lbs. <> Apakah jenis penggunaan lif ini untuk menggerakkan sangkar? || vakum di atas teksi dan injap di bahagian atas \"batang\" <> Untuk lonjakan mendadak dalam tekanan di atas teksi, apa yang digunakan sebagai \"brek\"? || sebuah diafragma atau omboh <> Bagaimana ia membolehkan teksi itu turun dengan berat sendiri? || ia membuka injap supaya udara boleh menekan bahagian atas \"batang\" <> Apa yang diperbuat daripada batang? || acrilic <> Berapakah berat badan yang dibenarkan pada lif kapasiti rendah? || sehingga 525 lbs", {"context": "A elevator of this kind uses a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the \"shaft\" to move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. a diaphragm or a piston is used as a \"brake\" if there's a sudden increase in pressure avove the cab. however, to go down, it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the \"shaft\", allowing the cab to go down by its own weight. this also means that in case of a power failure, the cab will automatically go down. the \"shaft\" is made of acrilic, is always round, due to the shape of the vacuum pump turbine. in order to keep the air inside of the cab, rubber seals are used. due to technical limitations, these elevators have a low capacity. they usually allow 1-3 passengers and up to 525 lbs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the \"shaft\""}], "question": "What does this type of elevator use to propel the cage?", "id": "572eb0d603f9891900756955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "a diaphragm or a piston"}], "question": "For sudden surges in pressure above the cab, what is used as a \"brake\"?", "id": "572eb0d603f9891900756956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the \"shaft\""}], "question": "How does it enable the cab to go down by it's own weight?", "id": "572eb0d603f9891900756957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "acrilic"}], "question": "What is the shaft made of?", "id": "572eb0d603f9891900756958"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "up to 525 lbs"}], "question": "How much weight is permitted on a low capacity elevator?", "id": "572eb0d603f9891900756959"}]}], ["Lif naik adalah lif naik sendiri dengan pendorong sendiri. Penggerak boleh dilakukan oleh mesin elektrik atau pembakaran. Lif naik digunakan di tiang atau menara yang berambut panjang, untuk memudahkan akses kepada bahagian-bahagian pembinaan ini, seperti lampu keselamatan penerbangan untuk penyelenggaraan. Satu contohnya ialah menara cahaya Moonlight di Austin, Texas, di mana lif memegang hanya satu orang dan peralatan untuk penyelenggaraan. Menara Glasgow - menara pemerhatian di Glasgow, Scotland - juga menggunakan dua lif pendakian. <> Apa yang mentakrifkan lif naik? || lif menaik sendiri dengan pendorong sendiri <> Apakah tetapan menaikkan lif yang digunakan? || tiang atau menara yang berambut panjang <> Apa itu Menara Glasgow? || menara pemerhatian di Glasgow, Scotland <> Bagaimana penggerak didorong di lif mendaki? || dengan elektrik atau enjin pembakaran", {"context": "A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions, such as flight safety lamps for maintenance. An example would be the Moonlight towers in Austin, Texas, where the elevator holds only one person and equipment for maintenance. The Glasgow Tower \u2014 an observation tower in Glasgow, Scotland \u2014 also makes use of two climbing elevators.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion"}], "question": "What defines a climbing elevator?", "id": "572eae7803f9891900756931"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "guyed masts or towers"}], "question": "What settings are climbing elevators used in?", "id": "572eae7803f9891900756932"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "an observation tower in Glasgow, Scotland"}], "question": "What is the Glasgow Tower?", "id": "572eae7803f9891900756933"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "by an electric or a combustion engine"}], "question": "How is the propulsion powered in a climbing elevator?", "id": "572eae7803f9891900756934"}]}], ["Untuk mengelakkan masalah ini, dalam satu pelaksanaan kawalan destinasi, setiap pengguna mendapat kad RFID untuk mengenal pasti dirinya, jadi sistem mengetahui setiap panggilan pengguna dan boleh membatalkan panggilan pertama jika penumpang memutuskan untuk pergi ke destinasi lain untuk mengelakkan panggilan kosong. Ciptaan terbaru mengetahui walaupun di mana orang berada dan berapa banyak lantai di mana pengenalannya, sama ada untuk tujuan memindahkan bangunan atau atas sebab keselamatan. Satu lagi cara untuk mengelakkan masalah ini adalah untuk merawat semua orang yang bergerak dari satu tingkat ke satu sama lain sebagai satu kumpulan dan untuk memperuntukkan hanya satu kereta untuk kumpulan itu. <> Apa salah satu cara untuk melaksanakan kawalan destinasi? || setiap pengguna mendapat kad RFID untuk mengenal pasti dirinya <> Bagaimana ini membantu sistem? || sistem mengetahui setiap panggilan pengguna dan boleh membatalkan panggilan pertama jika penumpang memutuskan untuk pergi ke destinasi lain untuk mengelakkan panggilan kosong <> Sistem yang lebih baru tahu di mana dan berapa ramai orang berada di lokasi dengan sebab apa? || sama ada untuk tujuan memindahkan bangunan atau atas sebab keselamatan", {"context": "To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user gets an RFID card to identify himself, so the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons. Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "every user gets an RFID card to identify himself"}], "question": "What is one way to implement destination control?", "id": "572ebdfdc246551400ce45d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls"}], "question": "How does this help the system?", "id": "572ebdfdc246551400ce45d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons"}], "question": "Newer systems know where and how many people are at a location for what reasons?", "id": "572ebdfdc246551400ce45d8"}]}], ["Lif dengan lebih daripada 30 m (98 kaki) perjalanan mempunyai sistem yang dipanggil pampasan. Ini adalah satu set kabel yang berasingan atau rantaian yang dilampirkan ke bahagian bawah penimbang dan bahagian bawah lif. Ini menjadikannya lebih mudah untuk mengawal lif, kerana ia memberi pampasan bagi berat kabel yang berbeza antara angkat dan teksi. Jika teksi lif berada di bahagian atas jalan angkat, ada panjang kabel angkat pendek di atas kereta dan panjang panjang kabel pampasan di bawah kereta dan sebaliknya untuk penimbang. Sekiranya sistem pampasan menggunakan kabel, akan ada sekeping tambahan di dalam lubang di bawah lif, untuk membimbing kabel. Sekiranya sistem pampasan menggunakan rantai, rantaian itu dipandu oleh sebuah bar yang dipasang di antara landasan keretapi. <> \"Pampasan\" ialah nama sistem yang digunakan untuk jenis lif? || Lif dengan lebih daripada 30 m (98 kaki) perjalanan <> \"Pampasan\" terdiri daripada apa? || satu set kabel yang berasingan atau satu rantaian yang dilampirkan ke bahagian bawah penimbang dan bahagian bawah hab lif <> Apakah rantai yang dipandu dalam sistem pampasan yang menggunakan rantai? || bar yang dipasang di antara jalur kereta api yang mengimbangi <> Sebenarnya apa sistem ini mengimbangi? || kabel berat yang berbeza antara angkat dan teksi", {"context": "Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel have a system called compensation. This is a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab. This makes it easier to control the elevator, as it compensates for the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab. If the elevator cab is at the top of the hoist-way, there is a short length of hoist cable above the car and a long length of compensating cable below the car and vice versa for the counterweight. If the compensation system uses cables, there will be an additional sheave in the pit below the elevator, to guide the cables. If the compensation system uses chains, the chain is guided by a bar mounted between the counterweight railway lines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel"}], "question": "\"Compensation\" is the name of the system used for what type of elevators?", "id": "572ea840cb0c0d14000f13fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab"}], "question": "\"Compensation\" consists of what?", "id": "572ea840cb0c0d14000f13fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "a bar mounted between the counterweight railway lines"}], "question": "What is the chain guided by in a compensation system that uses chains?", "id": "572ea840cb0c0d14000f13fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab"}], "question": "What exactly does this system compensate for?", "id": "572ea840cb0c0d14000f13fc"}]}], ["Dalam setiap kes, kabel dilampirkan pada plat hitch di atas teksi atau mungkin \"underslung\" di bawah teksi, dan kemudian dilingkari atas helaian pemacu ke penimbang yang dilampirkan ke ujung kabel yang bertentangan yang mengurangkan jumlah kuasa diperlukan untuk menggerakkan teksi. Penimbangan ini terletak di jalan angkat dan menunggang sistem kereta api yang berasingan; apabila kereta naik, pengimbang menurun, dan sebaliknya. Tindakan ini dikuasakan oleh mesin daya tarikan yang diarahkan oleh pengawal, biasanya logik geganti atau peranti berkomputer yang mengarahkan permulaan, pecutan, nyahpecutan dan berhenti dari lif lift. Berat penimbang biasanya bersamaan dengan berat lif lift ditambah 40-50% keupayaan lif. Alur dalam helai pemacu direka khas untuk mengelakkan kabel daripada tergelincir. \"Daya tarikan\" diberikan kepada tali dengan cengkaman alur di sheave, dengan itu namanya. Apabila umur tali dan alur traksi dipakai, sesetengah daya tarikan hilang dan tali mesti diganti dan sheave diperbaiki atau diganti. Kehilangan helaian dan tali boleh dikurangkan dengan ketara dengan memastikan semua tali mempunyai ketegangan yang sama, dengan itu berkongsi beban secara sama rata. Ketegangan ketegangan tali boleh dicapai dengan menggunakan tolok ketegangan tali, dan merupakan cara mudah untuk memperluaskan hayat tali dan tali. <> Apa yang mengurangkan jumlah daya yang diperlukan untuk menggerakkan teksi? || kabel dilampirkan pada plat hitch di atas teksi <> Di mana penimbang dapat dijumpai? || di hoist-way <> Apa yang membimbing mesin tarikan? || pengawal <> Penimbang timbang berjalan sama dengan berat teksi ditambah apa peratusan kapasiti lif? || 40-50% <> Mengekalkan bahawa tali semua mempunyai ketegangan yang sama boleh mengurangkan apa? || Memakai pakaian dan tali", {"context": "In each case, cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab or may be \"underslung\" below a cab, and then looped over the drive sheave to a counterweight attached to the opposite end of the cables which reduces the amount of power needed to move the cab. The counterweight is located in the hoist-way and rides a separate railway system; as the car goes up, the counterweight goes down, and vice versa. This action is powered by the traction machine which is directed by the controller, typically a relay logic or computerized device that directs starting, acceleration, deceleration and stopping of the elevator cab. The weight of the counterweight is typically equal to the weight of the elevator cab plus 40-50% of the capacity of the elevator. The grooves in the drive sheave are specially designed to prevent the cables from slipping. \"Traction\" is provided to the ropes by the grip of the grooves in the sheave, thereby the name. As the ropes age and the traction grooves wear, some traction is lost and the ropes must be replaced and the sheave repaired or replaced. Sheave and rope wear may be significantly reduced by ensuring that all ropes have equal tension, thus sharing the load evenly. Rope tension equalization may be achieved using a rope tension gauge, and is a simple way to extend the lifetime of the sheaves and ropes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab"}], "question": "What reduces the amount of force needed to propel the cab?", "id": "572ea56bcb0c0d14000f13dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "in the hoist-way"}], "question": "Where will the counterweight be found?", "id": "572ea56bcb0c0d14000f13dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "the controller"}], "question": "What guides the traction machine?", "id": "572ea56bcb0c0d14000f13de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "40-50%"}], "question": "The counterweight runs equal to the cab weight plus what percentage of the elevator capacity?", "id": "572ea56bcb0c0d14000f13df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1082, "text": "Sheave and rope wear"}], "question": "Maintaining that the ropes all have equal tension may reduce what?", "id": "572ea56bcb0c0d14000f13e0"}]}], ["Perkhidmatan bebas adalah mod perkhidmatan khas yang terdapat pada kebanyakan lif. Ia diaktifkan oleh suis utama sama ada di dalam lif sendiri atau pada panel kawalan berpusat di lobi. Apabila sebuah lif diletakkan pada perkhidmatan bebas, ia tidak lagi akan menjawab panggilan panggung. (Di tebing lif, lalu lintas dialihkan ke lif lain, sementara di lif tunggal, butang dewan dinyahdayakan). Lif akan terus diletakkan di atas lantai dengan pintu dibuka sehingga lantai dipilih dan butang tutup pintu diadakan sehingga lif bermula. Perkhidmatan bebas berguna apabila mengangkut barangan besar atau kumpulan bergerak di antara lantai tertentu. <> Bagaimana mod sercice khas diaktifkan? || dengan suis utama sama ada di dalam lif itu sendiri atau pada panel kawalan berpusat di lobi <> Apakah kesan pada lif yang ditetapkan untuk mod perkhidmatan yang bebas? || ia tidak lagi akan menjawab panggilan panggung <> Pada masa yang mana perkhidmatan Independen yang terbaik digunakan? || semasa mengangkut barangan besar atau kumpulan bergerak antara tingkat tertentu <> Semasa mod perkhidmatan bebas bagaimana teksi tunggal di dalam dewan disimpan daripada digunakan? || butang dewan dilumpuhkan", {"context": "Independent service is a special service mode found on most elevators. It is activated by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby. When an elevator is placed on independent service, it will no longer respond to hall calls. (In a bank of elevators, traffic is rerouted to the other elevators, while in a single elevator, the hall buttons are disabled). The elevator will remain parked on a floor with its doors open until a floor is selected and the door close button is held until the elevator starts to travel. Independent service is useful when transporting large goods or moving groups of people between certain floors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby"}], "question": "How is the special sercice mode enabled?", "id": "572ec373c246551400ce4632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "it will no longer respond to hall calls"}], "question": "What is the impact on an elevator set to independant service mode?", "id": "572ec373c246551400ce4633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "when transporting large goods or moving groups of people between certain floors"}], "question": "At what times is Independant service best utilized?", "id": "572ec373c246551400ce4634"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "the hall buttons are disabled"}], "question": "During independant service mode how is a single cab in a hall kept from being used?", "id": "572ec373c246551400ce4635"}]}], ["Dalam sistem lif hidraulik, kuasa kecemasan akan menurunkan lif ke pendaratan yang paling rendah dan membuka pintu untuk membolehkan penumpang keluar. Pintu kemudian ditutup selepas tempoh masa laras dan kereta tetap tidak dapat digunakan sehingga ditetapkan semula, biasanya dengan berbasikal suis kuasa utama lif. Biasanya, disebabkan tarikan semasa yang tinggi apabila memulakan pam pam, lif hidraulik tidak dijalankan menggunakan sistem kuasa kecemasan standard. Bangunan seperti hospital dan rumah kejururawatan biasanya saiz penjana kecemasan mereka untuk menampung cabutan ini. Walau bagaimanapun, semakin banyak penggunaan permulaan motor yang mengehadkan semasa, biasanya dikenali sebagai penghubung \"permulaan lembut\", mengelakkan banyak masalah ini, dan tarikan semasa motor pam kurang kebimbangan yang membataskan. <> Bagaimana lif hidraulik berfungsi dalam kecemasan? || kuasa kecemasan akan menurunkan lif ke pendaratan yang paling rendah dan membuka pintu untuk membolehkan penumpang keluar <> Apabila penumpang telah keluar, apa yang berlaku? || Pintu kemudian ditutup selepas tempoh masa laras dan kereta tetap tidak dapat digunakan sehingga ditetapkan semula, biasanya dengan berbasikal lif lif utama switch <> Atas sebab apa yang lif hidraulik tidak dikuasai oleh sistem kecemasan standard? || kerana daya tarikan semasa yang tinggi semasa memulakan pam pam <> Apakah pembolehubah motor semasa yang dirujuk sebagai? || contactors \"lembut\"", {"context": "In hydraulic elevator systems, emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit. The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch. Typically, due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor, hydraulic elevators are not run using standard emergency power systems. Buildings like hospitals and nursing homes usually size their emergency generators to accommodate this draw. However, the increasing use of current-limiting motor starters, commonly known as \"soft-start\" contactors, avoid much of this problem, and the current draw of the pump motor is less of a limiting concern.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit"}], "question": "How do hydraulic elevators work in emergencies?", "id": "572ed1e0dfa6aa1500f8d409"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch"}], "question": "Once the passengers have exited, what happens?", "id": "572ed1e0dfa6aa1500f8d40a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor"}], "question": "For what reason are hydraulic elevators not powered by the standard emergency system?", "id": "572ed1e0dfa6aa1500f8d40b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "\"soft-start\" contactors"}], "question": "What are current-limiting motor starters referred to as?", "id": "572ed1e0dfa6aa1500f8d40c"}]}], ["Sebaik sahaja lif tiba di lantai, ia akan diletak dengan pintu terbuka dan butang kereta akan dimatikan untuk mengelakkan penumpang mengawal lif. Kakitangan perubatan kemudiannya mesti mengaktifkan suis utama kod-biru di dalam kereta, pilih lantai mereka dan tutup pintu dengan butang penutup pintu. Lif kemudiannya akan bergerak tanpa henti ke lantai yang dipilih, dan akan tetap dalam perkhidmatan biru-kod sehingga dimatikan di dalam kereta. Sesetengah lif hospital akan menampilkan kedudukan 'memegang' pada suis utama kod-biru (serupa dengan perkhidmatan api) yang membolehkan lif kekal di lantai yang dikunci daripada perkhidmatan sehingga kod biru dinyahaktifkan. <> Apabila tiba di lantai yang ditinggalkan, apakah yang dilakukan oleh lif? || ia akan diletak dengan pintu terbuka dan butang kereta akan dimatikan untuk mengelakkan penumpang mengawal lif <> Apakah langkah-langkah yang diambil oleh kakitangan perubatan pada ketika itu? || Kakitangan perubatan kemudiannya mesti mengaktifkan suis kunci kod-biru di dalam kereta, pilih lantai mereka dan tutup pintu dengan butang penutup pintu <> Di mana kemudian naik lif? || Lif kemudian akan bergerak tanpa henti ke lantai yang dipilih <> Apabila ia tiba apa yang dilakukan lif itu || akan kekal dalam perkhidmatan biru-kod sehingga dimatikan di dalam kereta <> Apa ciri pemanggilan lakukan? || membolehkan lif kekal di lantai yang dikunci daripada perkhidmatan sehingga kod biru dinyahaktifkan", {"context": "Once the elevator arrives at the floor, it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator. Medical personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and close the doors with the door close button. The elevator will then travel non-stop to the selected floor, and will remain in code-blue service until switched off in the car. Some hospital elevators will feature a 'hold' position on the code-blue key switch (similar to fire service) which allows the elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until code blue is deactivated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator"}], "question": "Upon arriving at the desinated floor, what does the elevator do?", "id": "572ecdd5cb0c0d14000f15a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Medical personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and close the doors with the door close button"}], "question": "What steps do medical personnel take at that point?", "id": "572ecdd5cb0c0d14000f15a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "The elevator will then travel non-stop to the selected floor"}], "question": "Where then does the elevator go?", "id": "572ecdd5cb0c0d14000f15a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "will remain in code-blue service until switched off in the car"}], "question": "Once it arrives what does the elevator do", "id": "572ecdd5cb0c0d14000f15a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "allows the elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until code blue is deactivated"}], "question": "What does the hold feature do?", "id": "572ecdd5cb0c0d14000f15a6"}]}], ["Semasa mod up-peak (juga dikenali sebagai trafik masuk yang sederhana), kereta lif dalam kumpulan ditarik balik ke lobi untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan pantas kepada penumpang tiba di bangunan, biasanya pada waktu pagi apabila orang tiba untuk bekerja atau pada akhir tempoh masa makan tengahari. Lif akan dihantar satu demi satu apabila mereka mencapai beban penumpang yang telah ditetapkan, atau apabila mereka telah membuka pintu untuk tempoh tertentu. Lif seterusnya yang akan dihantar biasanya mempunyai tanglung lereng atau tanda \"kereta ini meninggalkan seterusnya\" yang diterangi untuk menggalakkan penumpang untuk menggunakan kapasiti maksimum sistem lif yang ada. Sesetengah bank lif diprogramkan supaya sekurang-kurangnya satu kereta akan sentiasa kembali ke tingkat lobi dan meletak kenderaan apabila ia menjadi percuma. <> Apakah nama lain untuk mod up-peak? || sederhana trafik masuk <> Secara amnya, mod up-peak berlaku pada masa hari apa? || paling biasanya pada waktu pagi <> Apakah sebab-sebab mod up-peak pada awal hari? || orang tiba untuk bekerja atau pada akhir tempoh waktu makan siang <> Atas sebab-sebab mengapa lif diarahkan satu demi satu? || apabila mereka mencapai beban penumpang yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya, atau apabila mereka telah membuka pintu mereka untuk tempoh tertentu <> Mengapa tanda \"kereta ini meninggalkan seterusnya\" digunakan? || untuk menggalakkan penumpang menggunakan maksimum kapasiti sistem lif yang ada", {"context": "During up-peak mode (also called moderate incoming traffic), elevator cars in a group are recalled to the lobby to provide expeditious service to passengers arriving at the building, most typically in the morning as people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period. Elevators are dispatched one-by-one when they reach a pre-determined passenger load, or when they have had their doors opened for a certain period of time. The next elevator to be dispatched usually has its hall lantern or a \"this car leaving next\" sign illuminated to encourage passengers to make maximum use of the available elevator system capacity. Some elevator banks are programmed so that at least one car will always return to the lobby floor and park whenever it becomes free.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "moderate incoming traffic"}], "question": "What is another name for up-peak mode?", "id": "572ec147c246551400ce4610"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "most typically in the morning"}], "question": "Generally, up-peak mode takes place during what times of the day?", "id": "572ec147c246551400ce4611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period"}], "question": "What are the reasons for up-peak mode early in the day?", "id": "572ec147c246551400ce4612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "when they reach a pre-determined passenger load, or when they have had their doors opened for a certain period of time"}], "question": "For what reasons are elevators routed one-by-one?", "id": "572ec147c246551400ce4613"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "to encourage passengers to make maximum use of the available elevator system capacity"}], "question": "Why is a \"this car leaving next\" sign used?", "id": "572ec147c246551400ce4614"}]}], ["Perkhidmatan pemeriksaan direka untuk menyediakan akses ke atas keretapi dan kereta untuk tujuan pemeriksaan dan penyelenggaraan oleh mekanik lif yang berkelayakan. Ia mula-mula diaktifkan oleh suis utama pada panel operasi kereta yang biasanya dilabelkan sebagai 'Inspeksi', 'Top Mobil', 'Access Enable' atau 'HWENAB'. Apabila suis ini diaktifkan, lif akan terhenti jika bergerak, panggilan kereta akan dibatalkan (dan butang tidak disekat), dan panggilan dewan akan diberikan kepada kereta lif lain dalam kumpulan (atau dibatalkan dalam konfigurasi lif tunggal). Lif kini hanya boleh digerakkan oleh suis utama 'Akses' yang sama, biasanya terletak pada tahap paling tinggi (untuk mengakses bahagian atas kereta) dan paling rendah (untuk mengakses lubang lif) pendaratan. Suis kunci akses akan membolehkan kereta bergerak pada kelajuan pemeriksaan berkurangan dengan pintu hoistway terbuka. Kelajuan ini boleh berkisar dari mana-mana sehingga 60% dari kelajuan operasi normal pada kebanyakan pengawal, dan biasanya ditakrifkan oleh kod keselamatan tempatan. <> Siapa yang diberi kuasa untuk memberi pemeriksaan dan / atau penyelenggaraan lif? || mekanik lif yang berkelayakan <> Apakah maksud perkhidmatan Pemeriksaan? || untuk menyediakan akses ke atas keretapi dan kereta untuk pemeriksaan dan penyelenggaraan <> Tindakan apa yang memulakan aktivasi? || suis utama pada panel operasi kereta biasanya dilabelkan 'Pemeriksaan', 'Top Mobil', 'Access Enable' atau 'HWENAB <> Apa yang pertama berlaku apabila suis diaktifkan? || lif akan berhenti jika bergerak <> Sekali diaktifkan, apakah satu-satunya cara untuk menyahaktifkannya? || Lif kini hanya boleh dipindahkan oleh suis utama 'Akses' yang sepadan", {"context": "Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics. It is first activated by a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB'. When this switch is activated the elevator will come to a stop if moving, car calls will be canceled (and the buttons disabled), and hall calls will be assigned to other elevator cars in the group (or canceled in a single elevator configuration). The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches, usually located at the highest (to access the top of the car) and lowest (to access the elevator pit) landings. The access key switches will allow the car to move at reduced inspection speed with the hoistway door open. This speed can range from anywhere up to 60% of normal operating speed on most controllers, and is usually defined by local safety codes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "qualified elevator mechanics"}], "question": "Who is authorized to provide inspection and/or maintenance of the elevator?", "id": "572ec66cdfa6aa1500f8d38b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the Inspection service? ", "id": "572ec66cdfa6aa1500f8d38c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB"}], "question": "What action initiates it's activation?", "id": "572ec66cdfa6aa1500f8d38d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "the elevator will come to a stop if moving"}], "question": "WWhat's the first thing to happen when the switch is activated?", "id": "572ec66cdfa6aa1500f8d38e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches"}], "question": "Once activatated, what is the only way to deactivate it?", "id": "572ec66cdfa6aa1500f8d38f"}]}], ["Masalah lalu dengan lif hidraulik termasuk pemusnahan elektrolitik bawah tanah silinder dan lengkung, kegagalan paip, dan kegagalan kawalan. Silinder sekerap tunggal, yang biasanya dibina sebelum perubahan Kod Keselamatan Lif ASME A17.1 1972 yang memerlukan sekurang-sekurang-kurangnya terkawal, mungkin tertakluk kepada kegagalan bencana yang mungkin. Kod ini sebelum ini hanya dibenarkan satu silinder hidraulik tunggal. Sekiranya berlaku pelanggaran silinder, kehilangan bendalir akan mengakibatkan pergerakan lif tidak terkawal. Ini menimbulkan dua bahaya penting: tertakluk kepada kesan di bahagian bawah apabila lif berhenti tiba-tiba dan berada di pintu masuk untuk potensi geser jika penunggang itu sebahagiannya di dalam lif. Kerana tidak mustahil untuk mengesahkan sistem pada setiap masa, kod tersebut memerlukan ujian berkala keupayaan tekanan. Satu lagi penyelesaian untuk melindungi terhadap semburan silinder adalah memasang alat pencengkam plunger. Satu boleh didapati secara komersial dikenali dengan nama pemasaran \"LifeJacket\". Ini adalah satu peranti yang, sekiranya berlaku pecutan ke bawah yang tidak terkawal, nondestructively mengikat plunger dan menghentikan kereta. Peranti yang dikenali sebagai injap overspeed atau pecah dilampirkan pada salur masuk / alur keluar hidraulik silinder dan diselaraskan untuk kadar aliran maksimum. Sekiranya paip atau hos dipecahkan (pecah), kadar aliran injap pecah akan melepasi had set dan secara mekanik menghentikan aliran keluar cecair hidraulik, dengan itu menghentikan plunger dan kereta ke arah bawah. <> Kerugian elektrolitik bawah tanah dalam lif hidraulik boleh mengakibatkan kemusnahan apa? || silinder dan soket <> Apakah perubahan kod Keselamatan Lif yang memerlukan sekurang-kurangnya sekat? || 1972 ASME A17.1 <> Sebelum perubahan kod dibuat apa jenis silinder hidraulik yang dibenarkan sahaja? || satu-bawah <> Setelah silinder dilanggar, apakah malapetaka yang menyebabkan kehilangan cecair? || pergerakan lif yang tidak terkawal <> Ujian apa yang memerlukan kod? || ujian berkala keupayaan tekanan", {"context": "Past problems with hydraulic elevators include underground electrolytic destruction of the cylinder and bulkhead, pipe failures, and control failures. Single bulkhead cylinders, typically built prior to a 1972 ASME A17.1 Elevator Safety Code change requiring a second dished bulkhead, were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code previously permitted only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders. In the event of a cylinder breach, the fluid loss results in uncontrolled down movement of the elevator. This creates two significant hazards: being subject to an impact at the bottom when the elevator stops suddenly and being in the entrance for a potential shear if the rider is partly in the elevator. Because it is impossible to verify the system at all times, the code requires periodic testing of the pressure capability. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a plunger gripping device. One commercially available is known by the marketing name \"LifeJacket\". This is a device which, in the event of an uncontrolled downward acceleration, nondestructively grips the plunger and stops the car. A device known as an overspeed or rupture valve is attached to the hydraulic inlet/outlet of the cylinder and is adjusted for a maximum flow rate. If a pipe or hose were to break (rupture), the flow rate of the rupture valve will surpass a set limit and mechanically stop the outlet flow of hydraulic fluid, thus stopping the plunger and the car in the down direction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "the cylinder and bulkhead"}], "question": "Underground electrolytic malfunctions in hydraulic elevators can result in the destruction of what? ", "id": "572eddd7dfa6aa1500f8d47f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "1972 ASME A17.1"}], "question": "What Elevator Safety Code change required a second dished bulkhead? ", "id": "572eddd7dfa6aa1500f8d480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "single-bottom"}], "question": "Before the code change was enacted what was the only permitted hydraulic cylinder type?", "id": "572eddd7dfa6aa1500f8d481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "uncontrolled down movement of the elevator"}], "question": "Once the cylinder is breached, what calamity does the loss of fluid cause?", "id": "572eddd7dfa6aa1500f8d482"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "periodic testing of the pressure capability"}], "question": "What testing does the code require?", "id": "572eddd7dfa6aa1500f8d483"}]}], ["Mod Tahap dua hanya boleh diaktifkan oleh suis utama yang terletak di dalam lif pada panel kawalan terpusat. Mod ini dicipta untuk anggota bomba supaya mereka dapat menyelamatkan orang dari bangunan terbakar. Suis utama fasa dua yang terletak di COP mempunyai tiga kedudukan: off, on, and hold. Dengan menghidupkan fasa dua, pemadam kebakaran membolehkan kereta bergerak. Walau bagaimanapun, seperti mod perkhidmatan bebas, kereta tidak akan bertindak balas terhadap panggilan kereta melainkan jika pemadam secara manual menolak dan memegang butang penutup pintu. Setelah lif sampai ke lantai yang dikehendaki, ia tidak akan membuka pintu kecuali ahli bomba memegang butang pintu terbuka. Ini jika lantai sedang terbakar dan pemadam kebakaran boleh merasakan panas dan tidak tahu membuka pintu. Pemadam kebakaran mesti membuka pintu sehingga pintu dibuka sepenuhnya. Jika atas sebab apa pun ahli bomba ingin meninggalkan lif, mereka akan menggunakan kedudukan memegang pada suis utama untuk memastikan lif kekal di tingkat itu. Jika ahli bomba ingin kembali ke lantai balik, mereka hanya mematikan kunci dan menutup pintu. <> Bagaimana fase dua mod diaktifkan? || Mod Tahap dua hanya boleh diaktifkan oleh suis utama yang terletak di dalam lif pada panel kawalan berpusat <> Tindakan apa yang perlu dilakukan pemadam api untuk mengaktifkan mod Fasa dua? || secara manual menolak dan memegang butang tutup pintu <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Fasa dua? || membolehkan kereta bergerak <> Apakah maksud mod Tahap dua? || Mod ini dicipta untuk anggota bomba supaya mereka dapat menyelamatkan orang-orang dari bangunan terbakar <> Di manakah suis utama Fasa dua dijumpai? || pada COP", {"context": "Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel. This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building. The phase-two key switch located on the COP has three positions: off, on, and hold. By turning phase two on, the firefighter enables the car to move. However, like independent-service mode, the car will not respond to a car call unless the firefighter manually pushes and holds the door close button. Once the elevator gets to the desired floor it will not open its doors unless the firefighter holds the door open button. This is in case the floor is burning and the firefighter can feel the heat and knows not to open the door. The firefighter must hold door open until the door is completely opened. If for any reason the firefighter wishes to leave the elevator, they will use the hold position on the key switch to make sure the elevator remains at that floor. If the firefighter wishes to return to the recall floor, they simply turn the key off and close the doors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel"}], "question": "How is the Phase-two mode enabled?", "id": "572ec9f6c246551400ce4688"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "manually pushes and holds the door close button"}], "question": "What actions must a firefighter take to activate Phase-two mode?", "id": "572ec9f6c246551400ce468c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "enables the car to move"}], "question": "What does Phase-two do?", "id": "572ec9f6c246551400ce468b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the Phase-two mode?", "id": "572ec9f6c246551400ce4689"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "on the COP"}], "question": "Where is the Phase-two key switch to be found?", "id": "572ec9f6c246551400ce468a"}]}], ["Mod Tahap 1 diaktifkan oleh sensor asap atau sensor haba yang sesuai di bangunan. Setelah penggera diaktifkan, lif akan secara automatik masuk ke fasa pertama. Lif akan menunggu jumlah masa, kemudian pergi ke mod penumpuan untuk memberitahu semua orang bahawa lif akan keluar dari lantai. Sebaik sahaja lif telah meninggalkan lantai, bergantung pada tempat penggera dimatikan, lif akan menuju ke lantai api. Walau bagaimanapun, jika penggera diaktifkan di lantai pemulihan api, lif akan mempunyai lantai alternatif untuk ditarik semula. Apabila lif dipanggil semula, ia berjalan ke lantai semula dan berhenti dengan pintu terbuka. Lif tidak lagi bertindak balas terhadap panggilan atau bergerak ke arah mana-mana. Terletak di lantai balik api adalah suis utama perkhidmatan api. Suis kunci perkhidmatan api mempunyai keupayaan untuk mematikan perkhidmatan api, mematikan perkhidmatan api atau mematikan perkhidmatan api. Satu-satunya cara untuk mengembalikan lif ke perkhidmatan normal adalah untuk menukarnya untuk memintas selepas penggera telah ditetapkan semula. <> Apa yang memulakan mode Fasa satu? || sensor asap yang sepadan atau sensor haba di bangunan <> Apa yang berlaku apabila lif masuk ke mod Tahap satu? || Lif akan tunggu sebentar, kemudian pergi ke mod penumpuan untuk memberitahu semua orang bahawa lif akan meninggalkan lantai <> Di mana lif keluar dari sana? || lif akan pergi ke lantai balik api <> Bagaimana lif diaktifkan untuk perkhidmatan selepas kejadian? || Satu-satunya cara untuk mengembalikan lif ke perkhidmatan biasa adalah untuk menukarnya untuk memintas selepas penggera telah menetapkan semula <> Apa yang berlaku jika mod diaktifkan di lantai kebakaran semula? || lif akan mempunyai lantai alternatif untuk ditarik semula", {"context": "Phase one mode is activated by a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building. Once an alarm has been activated, the elevator will automatically go into phase one. The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor. Once the elevator has left the floor, depending on where the alarm was set off, the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor. However, if the alarm was activated on the fire-recall floor, the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to. When the elevator is recalled, it proceeds to the recall floor and stops with its doors open. The elevator will no longer respond to calls or move in any direction. Located on the fire-recall floor is a fire-service key switch. The fire-service key switch has the ability to turn fire service off, turn fire service on or to bypass fire service. The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building"}], "question": "What initiates Phase one mode?", "id": "572ec87ac246551400ce4674"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor"}], "question": "What happens when an elevator goes into Phase one mode?", "id": "572ec87ac246551400ce4675"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor"}], "question": "Where does the elevator go from there?", "id": "572ec87ac246551400ce4676"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 899, "text": "The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset"}], "question": "How is the elevator enabled for service after the incident?", "id": "572ec87ac246551400ce4678"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to"}], "question": "What happens if the mode is activated on the fire-recall floor?", "id": "572ec87ac246551400ce4677"}]}], ["Apabila kuasa hilang dalam sistem lif tarikan, semua lif akan mula berhenti. Satu demi satu, setiap kereta dalam kumpulan akan kembali ke lantai lobi, membuka pintu dan ditutup. Orang di lif yang tinggal mungkin melihat lampu indikator atau mendengar pengumuman suara yang memberitahu mereka bahawa lif akan kembali ke lobi tidak lama lagi. Sebaik sahaja semua kereta telah berjaya dikembalikan, sistem akan secara automatik memilih satu atau lebih kereta yang akan digunakan untuk operasi biasa dan kereta ini akan kembali ke perkhidmatan. Kereta yang dipilih untuk dijalankan di bawah kuasa kecemasan boleh ditindih secara manual oleh suis kunci atau jalur di lobi. Untuk membantu mengelakkan serangan, apabila sistem mengesan bahawa ia sedang berkuasa rendah, ia akan membawa kereta yang berjalan ke lobi atau lantai terdekat, membuka pintu dan ditutup. <> Apakah urutan peristiwa berlaku apabila kuasa menutup di lif tarikan dan semua lif berhenti? || Satu demi satu, setiap kereta dalam kumpulan itu akan kembali ke lantai lobi, membuka pintu dan menutup <> Apa yang mana penumpang mengalami pada ketika ini? || Orang di lif yang tinggal mungkin melihat lampu indikator atau mendengar pengumuman suara yang memberitahu mereka bahawa lif akan kembali ke lobi tidak lama lagi <> Setelah semua kereta pergi ke lobi, apakah langkah seterusnya? || sistem kemudiannya akan memilih satu atau lebih kereta secara automatik untuk digunakan untuk operasi biasa dan kereta-kereta ini akan kembali ke perkhidmatan <> Bagaimana kereta yang dipilih kemudian disiapkan untuk penumpang? || Kereta yang dipilih untuk dikendalikan di bawah kuasa kecemasan boleh ditindih secara manual oleh suis kunci atau jalur di lobi <> Apakah ciri keselamatan untuk mengelakkan kekeliruan? || apabila sistem mengesan bahawa ia sedang berkuasa rendah, ia akan membawa kereta yang berjalan ke lobi atau tingkat terdekat, membuka pintu dan menutup", {"context": "When power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt. One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down. People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly. Once all cars have successfully returned, the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service. The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby. In order to help prevent entrapment, when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down"}], "question": "What sequence of events happens when the power shuts off in a traction elevator and the elevators all stop?", "id": "572ed00ac246551400ce46cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly"}], "question": "What do any passengers experience at this point?", "id": "572ed00ac246551400ce46cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service"}], "question": "After all cars go to the lobby, what is the next step?", "id": "572ed00ac246551400ce46ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby"}], "question": "How are the selected cars then readied for passengers? ", "id": "572ed00ac246551400ce46cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down"}], "question": "What is a safety feature to prevent entrapment?", "id": "572ed00ac246551400ce46d0"}]}], ["Secara statistik, lif yang dibawa kabel sangat selamat. Rekod keselamatan mereka tidak dapat ditandingi oleh sistem kenderaan lain. Pada tahun 1998, dianggarkan kira-kira lapan juta daripada satu peratus (1 dalam 12 juta) tunggangan lif menghasilkan anomali, dan kebanyakannya adalah perkara-perkara kecil seperti pintu yang gagal dibuka. Daripada 20 hingga 30 kematian yang berkaitan dengan lif setiap tahun, kebanyakannya berkaitan dengan penyelenggaraan - contohnya, juruteknik bersandar terlalu jauh ke dalam poros atau terjebak di antara bahagian yang bergerak, dan kebanyakan yang lain adalah disebabkan oleh jenis kemalangan lain, seperti orang yang melangkah secara membuta tuli melalui pintu yang terbuka ke dalam batang kosong atau dicekik oleh selendang yang ditangkap di pintu. Malah, sebelum serangan pengganas pada 11 September, satu-satunya peristiwa kejatuhan bebas yang diketahui dalam lif yang ditanggung kabel moden berlaku pada tahun 1945 apabila pengebom B-25 melanda Bangunan Empayar Negeri dalam kabus, memotong kabel sebuah lif, yang jatuh dari tingkat 75 hingga ke bahagian bawah bangunan, mencederakan serius (walaupun tidak membunuh) penghuni tunggal - pengendali lif. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat satu kejadian pada tahun 2007 di sebuah hospital kanak-kanak Seattle, di mana sebuah mesin ThyssenKrupp ISIS-bilik yang kurang lif bebas jatuh sehingga brek keselamatan terlibat. Ini adalah disebabkan oleh kecacatan reka bentuk di mana kabel-kabelnya dihubungkan pada satu titik umum, dan tali kevlar mempunyai kecenderungan untuk terlalu panas dan menyebabkan tergelincir (atau, dalam kes ini, jatuh bebas). Walaupun ada kemungkinan (walaupun luar biasa tidak mungkin) untuk kabel lif berhenti, semua lif di era moden telah dilengkapi dengan beberapa peranti keselamatan yang menghalang lif dari hanya jatuh bebas dan terhempas. Tangki lif biasanya ditanggung oleh 2-6 (sehingga 12 atau lebih dalam pemasangan tinggi) kabel atau tali pinggang angkat, masing-masing mampu dengan sendiri menampung beban penuh lif ditambah dua puluh lima peratus lebih berat. Di samping itu, terdapat peranti yang mengesan sama ada lif menurun lebih cepat daripada kelajuan maksimum yang dirancang; jika ini berlaku, peranti itu menyebabkan kasut brek (atau silikon nitrida dalam pemasangan tinggi) untuk menampal di sepanjang rel menegak dalam aci, menghentikan lif dengan cepat, tetapi tidak tiba-tiba menyebabkan kecederaan. Peranti ini dipanggil gabenor, dan dicipta oleh Elisha Graves Otis. Di samping itu, minyak / hidraulik atau spring atau poliuretana atau minyak teleskopik / penimbal hidraulik atau gabungan (bergantung kepada ketinggian perjalanan dan kelajuan perjalanan) dipasang di bahagian bawah aci (atau di bahagian bawah taksi dan kadang-kadang juga dalam bahagian atas teksi atau aci) untuk mengurangkan kesan. Bagaimanapun, Di Thailand, pada bulan November 2012, seorang wanita terbunuh dalam lif jatuh bebas, dalam apa yang dilaporkan sebagai \"kematian yang diakui secara undang-undang pertama yang disebabkan oleh angkat jatuh\". <> Apakah jenis lif memegang rekod keselamatan tertinggi? || lif yang ditanggung kabel <> Pada penghujung tahun sembilan puluhan, apa yang dianggap sebagai masalah masalah kabel yang ditanggung kabel? || lapan juta dari satu peratus (1 dalam 12 juta) lif naik <> Apakah keterukan majoriti kegagalan lif dicatatkan? || Perkara-perkara kecil seperti pintu yang gagal dibuka <> Apakah satu contoh kematian lif berkaitan penyelenggaraan? || juruteknik bersandar terlalu jauh ke dalam aci atau terjebak di antara bahagian-bahagian yang bergerak <sebelum serangan menara berkembar pada tahun 2001, apakah satu-satunya kemalangan freefall yang dilaporkan disebabkan oleh lif yang ditanggung kabel moden? || 1945 apabila pengebom B-25 melanda Bangunan Empayar Negeri", {"context": "Statistically speaking, cable-borne elevators are extremely safe. Their safety record is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system. In 1998, it was estimated that approximately eight millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides result in an anomaly, and the vast majority of these were minor things such as the doors failing to open. Of the 20 to 30 elevator-related deaths each year, most of them are maintenance-related \u2014 for example, technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts, and most of the rest are attributed to other kinds of accidents, such as people stepping blindly through doors that open into empty shafts or being strangled by scarves caught in the doors. In fact, prior to the September 11th terrorist attacks, the only known free-fall incident in a modern cable-borne elevator happened in 1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building in fog, severing the cables of an elevator cab, which fell from the 75th floor all the way to the bottom of the building, seriously injuring (though not killing) the sole occupant \u2014 the elevator operator. However, there was an incident in 2007 at a Seattle children's hospital, where a ThyssenKrupp ISIS machine-room-less elevator free-fell until the safety brakes were engaged. This was due to a flaw in the design where the cables were connected at one common point, and the kevlar ropes had a tendency to overheat and cause slipping (or, in this case, a free-fall). While it is possible (though extraordinarily unlikely) for an elevator's cable to snap, all elevators in the modern era have been fitted with several safety devices which prevent the elevator from simply free-falling and crashing. An elevator cab is typically borne by 2 to 6 (up to 12 or more in high rise installations) hoist cables or belts, each of which is capable on its own of supporting the full load of the elevator plus twenty-five percent more weight. In addition, there is a device which detects whether the elevator is descending faster than its maximum designed speed; if this happens, the device causes copper (or silicon nitride in high rise installations) brake shoes to clamp down along the vertical rails in the shaft, stopping the elevator quickly, but not so abruptly as to cause injury. This device is called the governor, and was invented by Elisha Graves Otis. In addition, a oil/hydraulic or spring or polyurethane or telescopic oil/hydraulic buffer or a combination (depending on the travel height and travel speed) is installed at the bottom of the shaft (or in the bottom of the cab and sometimes also in the top of the cab or shaft) to somewhat cushion any impact. However, In Thailand, in November 2012, a woman was killed in free falling elevator, in what was reported as the \"first legally recognised death caused by a falling lift\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "cable-borne elevators"}], "question": "What types of elevator hold the highest safety record?", "id": "572ed638dfa6aa1500f8d42f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "eight millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides"}], "question": "In the late nineties, what was considered the rate of cable-borne elevator problems? ", "id": "572ed638dfa6aa1500f8d430"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "minor things such as the doors failing to open"}], "question": "What was the severity of the majority of elevator failures recorded?", "id": "572ed638dfa6aa1500f8d431"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts"}], "question": "What is an example of a maintenance-related elevator death?", "id": "572ed638dfa6aa1500f8d432"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 860, "text": "1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building"}], "question": "Before the Twin Towers attack in 2001 , what was the only reported freefall accident attributed to a modern cable-borne elevator?", "id": "572ed638dfa6aa1500f8d433"}]}], ["Beberapa jenis lif kediaman tidak menggunakan aci lif tradisional, bilik mesin, dan lif hoistway. Ini membolehkan lif dipasang di mana lif tradisional mungkin tidak sesuai, dan memudahkan pemasangan. Lembaga ASME pertama kali meluluskan sistem mesin tanpa bilik pada semakan ASME A17.1 pada tahun 2007. Lift tanpa bilik mesin telah tersedia secara komersial sejak pertengahan tahun 1990-an, namun kos dan saiz keseluruhan menghalang penggunaannya ke lif kediaman pasaran sehingga sekitar tahun 2010. <> Jenis-jenis lif yang jarang sekali tidak menggunakan lif lif tradisional, ruang mesin atau hoistway? || kediaman <> Pada tahun berapa pula lif mesin tanpa bilik pertama dibenarkan? || 2007 <> Keputusan ini mencerminkan semakan semula apa? || ASME A17.1 <> Apakah faedah yang diberikan ini? || membolehkan lif dipasang di mana lif tradisional mungkin tidak sesuai, dan memudahkan pemasangan", {"context": "Some types of residential elevators do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room, and elevator hoistway. This allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation. The ASME board first approved machine-room-less systems in a revision of the ASME A17.1 in 2007. Machine-room-less elevators have been available commercially since the mid 1990s, however cost and overall size prevented their adoption to the residential elevator market until around 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "residential"}], "question": "What types of elevators occassionaly do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room or hoistway?", "id": "572ef20ecb0c0d14000f1694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year were Machine-room-less elevators first allowed?", "id": "572ef20ecb0c0d14000f1696"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "the ASME A17.1"}], "question": "This decision reflected a revision of what?", "id": "572ef20ecb0c0d14000f1697"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation"}], "question": "What benefits does this serve?", "id": "572ef20ecb0c0d14000f1695"}]}], ["Lif memerlukan protokol sosial baru. Ketika Nicholas II dari Rusia melawat Hotel Adlon di Berlin, para pengawalnya panik tentang siapa yang akan memasuki lif terlebih dahulu, dan siapa yang akan menekan butang tersebut. Diangkat: Sejarah Kebudayaan Elevator, pengarang Andreas Bernard menimbulkan kesan sosial lain yang disebabkan oleh lif moden, termasuk filem thriller mengenai lif yang terangkut, pertemuan kasual dan ketegangan seksual pada lif, pengurangan ruang peribadi, dan kebimbangan tentang kebersihan diri. <> Penciptaan lif membawa soalan-soalan tentang etika sosial dan formalitas, secara amnya dirujuk sebagai apa? || protokol sosial <> Tsar terakhir Rusia, Nicholas akan menemui lif pertamanya di Hotel Adloin di bandar apa? || Berlin <> Ini menyebabkan kecenderungan dalam memutuskan siapa yang harus masuk terlebih dahulu dan siapa yang harus melakukan apa? || tekan butang <> Andreas Bernard menulis tentang aspek sosial lif baru dalam buku apa? || Diangkat: Sejarah Kebudayaan Lif", {"context": "Elevators necessitated new social protocols. When Nicholas II of Russia visited the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first, and who would press the buttons. In Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator, author Andreas Bernard documents other social impacts caused by the modern elevator, including thriller movies about stuck elevators, casual encounters and sexual tension on elevators, the reduction of personal space, and concerns about personal hygiene.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "social protocols"}], "question": "The invention of elevators brought with it questions of social etiquette and formalities, generally referred to as what?", "id": "572efd66cb0c0d14000f16cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Berlin"}], "question": "The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas ll encountered his first elevator at the Hotel Adloin in what city?", "id": "572efd66cb0c0d14000f16cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "press the buttons"}], "question": "This caused a stir in deciding who should enter first and who should do what?", "id": "572efd66cb0c0d14000f16ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator"}], "question": "Andreas Bernard wrote about the social aspects of the new elevators in what book?", "id": "572efd66cb0c0d14000f16cf"}]}], ["Lif peringkat dan lif orkestra adalah lif khusus, biasanya dikuasai oleh hidraulik, yang digunakan untuk menaikkan dan menurunkan keseluruhan bahagian panggung teater. Sebagai contoh, Radio City Music Hall mempunyai empat lif seperti: angkat orkestra yang meliputi kawasan besar pentas, dan tiga lif kecil di belakang pentas. Dalam kes ini, angkat orkestra cukup berkuasa untuk menaikkan keseluruhan orkestra, atau seluruh pemain penghibur (termasuk gajah hidup) sehingga tahap dari bawah. Terdapat setong pada latar belakang imej kiri yang boleh digunakan sebagai skala untuk mewakili saiz mekanisme <> Bagaimana tahap lift dikuasakan? || oleh hidraulik <> Berapa banyak lif hidraulik yang terdapat di Radio City Music Hall? || empat <> Apa yang digunakan untuk mengangkat orkestra? || untuk menaikkan keseluruhan orkestra, atau keseluruhan pemain penghibur (termasuk gajah hidup) hingga tahap peringkat dari bawah <> Apa latar belakang imej yang boleh digunakan sebagai skala untuk mewakili saiz mekanisme? || setong", {"context": "Stage lifts and orchestra lifts are specialized elevators, typically powered by hydraulics, that are used to raise and lower entire sections of a theater stage. For example, Radio City Music Hall has four such elevators: an orchestra lift that covers a large area of the stage, and three smaller lifts near the rear of the stage. In this case, the orchestra lift is powerful enough to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live elephants) up to stage level from below. There's a barrel on the background of the image of the left which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "by hydraulics"}], "question": "How are stage lifts powered?", "id": "572eecab03f9891900756ae3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many hydraulic elevators are there at Radio City Music Hall?", "id": "572eecab03f9891900756ae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live elephants) up to stage level from below"}], "question": "What is an orchestra lift used for?", "id": "572eecab03f9891900756ae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "a barrel"}], "question": "What is on the background of the image which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism?", "id": "572eecab03f9891900756ae6"}]}], ["Kapasiti lif penumpang berkaitan dengan ruang lantai yang ada. Secara umumnya, lif penumpang boleh didapati dengan kapasiti dari 500 hingga 2,700 kg (1,000-6,000 lb) dalam peningkatan 230 kg (500 lb). [Rujukan?] Umumnya lif penumpang di bangunan lapan tingkat atau kurang hidraulik atau elektrik, yang boleh mencapai kelajuan sehingga 1 m / s (200 kaki / min) hidraulik dan sehingga 152 m / min (500 kaki / min) elektrik. Dalam bangunan sehingga sepuluh tingkat, lif elektrik dan tanpa gear berkemungkinan mempunyai kelajuan sehingga 3 m / s (500 kaki / min), dan kelajuan sepuluh lantai melebihi 3 hingga 10 m / s (500-2,000 kaki / min). [rujukan?] <> Apa yang menentukan kapasiti lif penumpang? || ruang lantai yang ada <> Kapasiti apa yang ada lif penumpang yang tersedia? || dari 500 hingga 2,700 kg (1,000-6,000 lb) dalam 230 kg (500 lb) kenaikan <> Apakah jenis lif penumpang dipasang dalam struktur sehingga lapan tingkat? || hidraulik atau elektrik <> Lif hidraulik boleh mencapai kelajuan sehingga 1m / s atau berapa kaki per minit? || 200 <> Lif elektrik boleh mencapai kelajuan sehingga 3 m / s atau berapa kaki per minit? || 500", {"context": "Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000\u20136,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments.[citation needed] Generally passenger elevators in buildings of eight floors or fewer are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 1 m/s (200 ft/min) hydraulic and up to 152 m/min (500 ft/min) electric. In buildings up to ten floors, electric and gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 3 m/s (500 ft/min), and above ten floors speeds range 3 to 10 m/s (500\u20132,000 ft/min).[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "the available floor space"}], "question": "What dictates passenger elevator capacities?", "id": "572ee270c246551400ce4774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000\u20136,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments"}], "question": "What capacities are passenger elevators availablee in?", "id": "572ee270c246551400ce4775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "hydraulic or electric"}], "question": "What types of passenger elevators are installed in structures of up to eight floors?", "id": "572ee270c246551400ce4776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "200"}], "question": "Hydraulic elevators can reach speeds up to 1m/s or how many feet per minute?", "id": "572ee270c246551400ce4777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "500"}], "question": "Electric elevators can reach speeds up to 3 m/s or how many feet per minute?", "id": "572ee270c246551400ce4778"}]}], ["Ujian keselamatan rel kereta api aci tambang dilakukan secara rutin. Kaedah ini melibatkan ujian merosakkan segmen kabel. Hujung segmen itu tergelincir, kemudian dituangkan ke dalam acuan zink kon. Setiap hujung segmen kemudiannya diamankan dalam mesin peregangan hidraulik yang besar. Segmen ini kemudiannya diletakkan di bawah beban yang meningkat ke titik kegagalan. Data mengenai keanjalan, beban, dan faktor lain dikumpulkan dan laporan dihasilkan. Laporan itu kemudiannya dianalisis untuk menentukan sama ada keseluruhan rel selamat digunakan. <> Apakah bahagian tiang lombong memerlukan ujian rutin? || rel kereta api <> Apakah langkah pertama dalam ujian merosakkan? || Hujung segmen dihancurkan, kemudian disetakan di dalam acuan zink kon. <Selepas itu, jenis mesin apa yang di segmen di segmen? || mesin penyambung hidraulik <> Jenis ujian apa yang dilakukan ke kawasan kabel? || ujian merosakkan <> Apakah jenis maklumat yang dikumpulkan dalam proses? || Data mengenai keanjalan, beban, dan faktor lain dikumpulkan", {"context": "Safety testing of mine shaft elevator rails is routinely undertaken. The method involves destructive testing of a segment of the cable. The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds. Each end of the segment is then secured in a large, hydraulic stretching machine. The segment is then placed under increasing load to the point of failure. Data about elasticity, load, and other factors is compiled and a report is produced. The report is then analyzed to determine whether or not the entire rail is safe to use.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "elevator rails"}], "question": "What part of the mine shaft requires routine testing?", "id": "572edff503f9891900756aa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds"}], "question": "What is  the first step in destructive testing?", "id": "572edff503f9891900756aab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "hydraulic stretching machine"}], "question": "Afterwards, what type of machine is the segment secured in?", "id": "572edff503f9891900756aac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "destructive testing"}], "question": "What type of testing is done to the an area of the cable?", "id": "572edff503f9891900756aaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Data about elasticity, load, and other factors is compiled"}], "question": "What types of information are collected in the process?", "id": "572edff503f9891900756aad"}]}], ["Dumbwaiters adalah lif pengangkutan kecil yang bertujuan untuk membawa makanan, buku atau beban barang kecil lain daripada penumpang. Mereka sering menyambung dapur ke bilik di tingkat lain. mereka biasanya tidak mempunyai ciri keselamatan yang sama yang terdapat di lif penumpang, seperti pelbagai tali untuk redundansi. mereka mempunyai kapasiti yang lebih rendah, dan mereka boleh mencapai sehingga 1 meter (3 kaki) tinggi. terdapat panel kawalan pada setiap hentian, yang meniru yang terdapat dalam lif penumpang, seperti memanggil, kawalan pintu, pemilihan lantai. <> Apakah lif pengangkutan kecil yang digunakan untuk perkara-perkara seperti makanan, yang dipanggil? || Dumbwaiters <> Bilik apa yang sering digunakan oleh dumbwaiters? || Mereka sering menyambung dapur ke bilik di tingkat lain <> Apakah ciri keselamatan yang terdapat dalam lif penumpang yang mereka tidak mempunyai? || pelbagai tali untuk redundansi <> Apakah sekatan tinggi pada dumbwaiters? || mereka boleh mencapai sehingga 1 meter (3 kaki) tinggi <> Ciri-ciri apa yang mereka ada yang meniru lif penumpang? || memanggil, kawalan pintu, pemilihan lantai", {"context": "Dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are intended to carry food, books or other small freight loads rather than passengers. They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors. they usually do not have the same safety features found in passenger elevators, like various ropes for redundancy. they have a lower capacity, and they can be up to 1 meter (3 ft.) tall. there's a control panel at every stop, that mimics the ones found in passenger elevators, like calling, door control, floor selection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dumbwaiters"}], "question": "What are small freight elevators used for things such as food, called?", "id": "572ef3eac246551400ce47de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors"}], "question": "What rooms are dumbwaiters frequently used in?", "id": "572ef3eac246551400ce47df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "various ropes for redundancy"}], "question": "What is a safety feature found in passenger elevators they generally do not have?", "id": "572ef3eac246551400ce47e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "they can be up to 1 meter (3 ft.) tall"}], "question": "What is the height restriction on dumbwaiters?", "id": "572ef3eac246551400ce47e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "calling, door control, floor selection"}], "question": "What features do they have that mimic passenger elevators?", "id": "572ef3eac246551400ce47e2"}]}], ["Pengangkut pengangkutan bahan umumnya terdiri daripada satah condong di mana tali pinggang penghantar berjalan. Penghantar sering memasukkan partition untuk memastikan bahawa bahan bergerak ke hadapan. Lif ini sering digunakan dalam aplikasi perindustrian dan pertanian. Apabila mekanisme tersebut (atau sekrup lingkaran atau pengangkutan pneumatik) digunakan untuk meningkatkan bijirin untuk penyimpanan dalam silinder menegak yang besar, struktur keseluruhan dipanggil lif gandum. Lif tali pinggang sering digunakan dalam dok untuk memuatkan bahan longgar seperti arang batu, bijih besi dan bijirin ke dalam pengangkut pembawa pukal <> Apa yang dilakukan para partisan pada penghantar? || memastikan bahawa bahan bergerak ke hadapan <> Sebuah satah condong dengan tali pinggang penghantar menerangkan jenis lif? || Lif pengangkutan bahan <> Industri apa jenis jenis lif yang digunakan secara umum? || aplikasi perindustrian dan pertanian <> Apakah skru spiral yang digunakan? || untuk meningkatkan gandum untuk penyimpanan dalam silo menegak besar <> Jenis lif apa yang digunakan untuk memuatkan bahan longgar ke dalam pembawa pukal? || Lif tali pinggang", {"context": "Material transport elevators generally consist of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to ensure that the material moves forward. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator. Belt elevators are often used in docks for loading loose materials such as coal, iron ore and grain into the holds of bulk carriers", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "ensure that the material moves forward"}], "question": "What do the partians do on the conveyor?", "id": "572ef6bfcb0c0d14000f16a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Material transport elevators"}], "question": "An inclined plane with a conveyor belt describes what type of elevator?", "id": "572ef6bfcb0c0d14000f16a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "industrial and agricultural applications"}], "question": "What industries are these types of elevators generally used in?", "id": "572ef6bfcb0c0d14000f16a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos"}], "question": "What are spiral screws used for?", "id": "572ef6bfcb0c0d14000f16a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Belt elevators"}], "question": "What type of elevators are used for loading loose materials into bulk carriers?", "id": "572ef6bfcb0c0d14000f16aa"}]}], ["Lif kediaman sering dibenarkan untuk kos dan kerumitan yang lebih rendah daripada lif komersial yang lengkap. Mereka mungkin mempunyai ciri-ciri reka bentuk yang unik yang sesuai untuk hiasan rumah, seperti pintu akses pintu aci kayu bukannya pintu gelangsar logam yang tipikal untuk lif komersil. Pembinaan mungkin kurang mantap daripada reka bentuk komersil dengan tempoh penyelenggaraan yang lebih pendek, tetapi sistem keselamatan seperti kunci pada pintu masuk aci, jatuh arrestors, dan telefon kecemasan masih harus hadir sekiranya berlaku kerosakan. <> Jenis lif jenis apa yang biasanya lebih murah daripada lif komersil sepenuhnya? || kediaman <> Jenis pintu apa yang digunakan oleh lif komersil? || sliding logam <> Apakah mekanisme keselamatan masih diperlukan, walaupun kos reka bentuk yang lebih rendah? || kunci pintu masuk aci, jatuh penahan, dan telefon kecemasan <> Jenis lif apa yang mempunyai pintu akses kayu aci berengsel? || kediaman", {"context": "A residential elevator is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than full commercial elevators. They may have unique design characteristics suited for home furnishings, such as hinged wooden shaft-access doors rather than the typical metal sliding doors of commercial elevators. Construction may be less robust than in commercial designs with shorter maintenance periods, but safety systems such as locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones must still be present in the event of malfunction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "residential"}], "question": "What type of elevators are generally less costly than full commercial elevators?", "id": "572eef64cb0c0d14000f1682"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "metal sliding"}], "question": "What type of doors do commercial elevators use?", "id": "572eef64cb0c0d14000f1683"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones"}], "question": "What safety mechanisms are still required, despite lower design costs?", "id": "572eef64cb0c0d14000f1684"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "residential"}], "question": "What type of elevator has a hinged wooden shaft-access door?", "id": "572eef64cb0c0d14000f1685"}]}], ["Lif pengangkutan, atau barang angkat, adalah lif yang direka untuk membawa barangan, bukannya penumpang. Lif pengangkutan biasanya diperlukan untuk memaparkan notis bertulis di dalam kereta bahawa penggunaan oleh penumpang adalah dilarang (walaupun tidak semestinya menyalahi undang-undang), walaupun lif pengangkutan tertentu membolehkan penggunaan ganda melalui penggunaan riser yang tidak mencolok. Agar lif menjadi sah untuk membawa penumpang dalam beberapa bidang kuasa, ia mesti mempunyai pintu dalaman yang kukuh. Lif pengangkutan biasanya lebih besar dan mampu membawa lebih banyak beban daripada lif penumpang, biasanya dari 2,300 hingga 4,500 kg. Lif pengangkut mungkin mempunyai pintu beroperasi secara manual, dan sering mempunyai kemasan dalaman lasak untuk mengelakkan kerosakan semasa memuat dan memunggah. Walaupun lif pengangkutan hidraulik wujud, lif elektrik lebih cekap tenaga untuk kerja angkat barang. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah nama lain untuk lif pengangkutan? || barangan mengangkat <> Apakah jenis notis yang diperlukan untuk dilihat di kebanyakan lif barang? || notis bertulis di dalam kereta yang digunakan oleh penumpang dilarang <> Sesetengah lif pengangkutan mengangkut pengangkutan barang dan penumpang dengan menggunakan apa? || penumpang yang tidak mencolok <> Bagaimanakah lif pengangkutan berbeza daripada lif penumpang? || Lif pengangkutan biasanya lebih besar dan mampu menanggung beban lebih berat daripada lif penumpang <> Jenis lif apa yang lebih sesuai untuk membawa barang? || lif elektrik", {"context": "A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. In order for an elevator to be legal to carry passengers in some jurisdictions it must have a solid inner door. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "goods lift"}], "question": "What is another name for a freight elevator?", "id": "572eeb54c246551400ce47a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited"}], "question": "What type of notice is required to be visible in most freight elevators?", "id": "572eeb54c246551400ce47a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "an inconspicuous riser"}], "question": "Some freight elevators allow transport of both freight and passengers by using what?", "id": "572eeb54c246551400ce47a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator"}], "question": "How do freight elevators differ from passenger elevators?", "id": "572eeb54c246551400ce47a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "electric elevators"}], "question": "What type of elevator is better suited for carrying freight?", "id": "572eeb54c246551400ce47aa"}]}], ["Kadang-kadang lif penumpang digunakan sebagai pengangkutan bandar bersama dengan funiculars. Sebagai contoh, terdapat lif awam bawah tanah 3-stesen di Yalta, Ukraine, yang mengambil penumpang dari puncak bukit di atas Laut Hitam di mana hotel-hotel terletak, ke terowong yang terletak di pantai di bawah. Di stesen Casco Viejo di Bilbao Metro, lif yang menyediakan akses ke stesen dari kawasan kejiranan puncak bukit ganda sebagai pengangkutan bandar: halangan tiket stesen dibentuk sedemikian rupa sehingga penumpang boleh membayar untuk mencapai lif dari pintu masuk bandar yang lebih rendah, atau sebaliknya. Lihat juga Lif untuk bahagian pengangkutan bandar. <> Lif penumpang, yang digunakan dalam persamaan pengangkutan pengangkutan bandar dengan apa yang lain menaikkan dan menurunkan kenderaan antara satu sama lain? || funiculars <> Apa jenis lif awam di Yalta, Ukraine, penumpang pengangkutan dari bukit di atas Laut Hitam ke terowong di pantai? || lif awam bawah tanah <> Lif yang terletak di stesen Casco Viejo di Bilbao Metro juga digunakan untuk apa? || pengangkutan bandar <> Bagaimana keadaannya? || halangan tiket dibentuk sedemikian rupa sehingga penumpang boleh membayar untuk mencapai lif dari pintu masuk di bandar yang lebih rendah, atau sebaliknya", {"context": "Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below. At Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro, the elevator that provides access to the station from a hilltop neighborhood doubles as city transportation: the station's ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa. See also the Elevators for urban transport section.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "funiculars"}], "question": "Passenger elevators, used in city transport share similarities to what other ascending and descending vehicles counterbalancing each other?    ", "id": "572eea0ddfa6aa1500f8d4d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "underground public elevator"}], "question": "What type of public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, transport passengers from a hill above the Black Sea to a tunnel down on the beach?", "id": "572eea0ddfa6aa1500f8d4d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "city transportation"}], "question": "The elevator located at the Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro is also used for what?", "id": "572eea0ddfa6aa1500f8d4d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa"}], "question": "How is that set up?", "id": "572eea0ddfa6aa1500f8d4d8"}]}], ["Selain butang panggilan, lif biasanya mempunyai petunjuk lantai (sering diterangi oleh LED) dan lampu arah arah. Yang pertama adalah hampir universal di ruang pam teksi dengan lebih daripada dua berhenti dan boleh didapati di luar lif juga di satu atau lebih lantai. Penunjuk lantai boleh terdiri daripada dail dengan jarum berputar, tetapi jenis yang paling biasa adalah mereka yang mempunyai petunjuk lantai terang atau LCD. Begitu juga, perubahan lantai atau ketibaan di lantai ditunjukkan dengan bunyi, bergantung pada lif. <> Kedudukan lif moden atau penunjuk lantai sering menggunakan jenis mentol apa? || LED <> Jenis lampu apa yang digunakan di luar lif dan di dalam kebanyakan teksi? || arahan lampu <> Apakah penunjuk lantai sering terdiri daripada? || tanda-tanda lantai yang bercahaya atau LCD <> Apa yang umumnya menunjukkan ketibaan lif di tingkat yang baru? || bunyi", {"context": "In addition to the call buttons, elevators usually have floor indicators (often illuminated by LED) and direction lanterns. The former are almost universal in cab interiors with more than two stops and may be found outside the elevators as well on one or more of the floors. Floor indicators can consist of a dial with a rotating needle, but the most common types are those with successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs. Likewise, a change of floors or an arrival at a floor is indicated by a sound, depending on the elevator.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "LED"}], "question": "Modern elevator position or floor indicaters often use what type of bulbs?", "id": "572eff4bcb0c0d14000f16ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "direction lanterns"}], "question": "What type of lanterns are used outside elevators as well as inside most cabs?", "id": "572eff4bcb0c0d14000f16ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs"}], "question": "What do floor indicaters often consist of?", "id": "572eff4bcb0c0d14000f16f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "a sound"}], "question": "What generally indicates the arrival of the elevator at a new floor?", "id": "572eff4bcb0c0d14000f16f1"}]}], ["Tangki penumpang secara mekanikal dipisahkan dari mekanisme angkat, dengan itu membolehkan lif lif digunakan terus menerus semasa penumpang dan memulakan perjalanan dari teksi, serta bergerak melalui tab pameran di pelbagai lantai. Tangki penumpang, yang merupakan kenderaan berpandu automatik atau AGV, bergerak ke dalam aci gerakan menegak dan mengunci diri sebelum lif mula bergerak secara menegak. Aci lif pelbagai digunakan untuk meningkatkan lagi penumpang. Pintu beberapa \"lantai\" dari tarikan utama terbuka kepada persekitaran luaran, sehingga membolehkan penumpang untuk melihat dari puncak struktur. <> Bagaimana penumpang teksi dipisahkan dari lif? || mekanikal <> Apa jenis kenderaan yang menjadi penumpang? || kenderaan berpandu automatik atau AGVs <> Tindakan apa yang dilakukan oleh teksi sebelum lif bermula? || bergerak ke dalam batang gerak menegak dan mengunci diri di <> Apa yang istimewa tentang pintu di tingkat atas? || Pintu beberapa \"lantai\" tarikan yang paling atas terbuka kepada persekitaran luar <> Apakah ini yang membolehkan pengendara melakukan di atas? || melihat keluar dari bahagian atas struktur", {"context": "The passenger cabs are mechanically separated from the lift mechanism, thus allowing the elevator shafts to be used continuously while passengers board and embark from the cabs, as well as move through show scenes on various floors. The passenger cabs, which are automated guided vehicles or AGVs, move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in before the elevator starts moving vertically. Multiple elevator shafts are used to further improve passenger throughput. The doorways of the top few \"floors\" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment, thus allowing passengers to look out from the top of the structure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "mechanically"}], "question": "How are passenger cabs separated from the lift?", "id": "572f1256cb0c0d14000f175e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "automated guided vehicles or AGVs"}], "question": "What type of vehicles are the passenger cabs?", "id": "572f1256cb0c0d14000f175f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in"}], "question": "What action do the cabs take before the elevator begins to move?", "id": "572f1256cb0c0d14000f1760"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "The doorways of the top few \"floors\" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment"}], "question": "What is special about the doorways of the top floors?", "id": "572f1256cb0c0d14000f1761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "look out from the top of the structure"}], "question": "What does this allow riders to do at the top?", "id": "572f1256cb0c0d14000f1762"}]}], ["Kebanyakan lif mempunyai lokasi di mana permit bagi pemilik bangunan untuk mengendalikan lif dipaparkan. Walaupun sesetengah bidang kuasa memerlukan permit untuk dipaparkan di lif teksi, bidang kuasa lain membolehkan permit operasi disimpan di fail di tempat lain - seperti pejabat penyenggaraan - dan disediakan untuk pemeriksaan atas permintaan. Dalam kes seperti itu, bukannya permit yang dipaparkan di dalam teksi lif, selalunya notis disiarkan di tempatnya memaklumkan pengendara di mana permit sebenar disimpan. <> Nama siapa pada permit yang diperlukan untuk operasi lif? || pemilik bangunan <> Adakah semua bidang kuasa memerlukan permit untuk dipaparkan di lif? || sesetengah bidang kuasa memerlukan permit untuk dipaparkan di lif, lain-lain bidang kuasa membenarkan permit operasi disimpan di fail di tempat lain <> Selain dari lif, di mana lagi mungkin permit dipaparkan? || pejabat penyelenggaraan <> Jenis notis apa yang boleh dipaparkan di lif sebagai pengganti permit? || notis disiarkan di tempatnya memaklumkan pengendali tempat permit sebenar disimpan.", {"context": "Most elevators have a location in which the permit for the building owner to operate the elevator is displayed. While some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere \u2013 such as the maintenance office \u2013 and to be made available for inspection on demand. In such cases instead of the permit being displayed in the elevator cab, often a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "the building owner"}], "question": "Whose name is on the permit required for operation of an elevator? ", "id": "572f0b6cdfa6aa1500f8d57f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere"}], "question": "Do all jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator?", "id": "572f0b6cdfa6aa1500f8d580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "the maintenance office"}], "question": "Aside from the elevator, where else might a permit be displayed?", "id": "572f0b6cdfa6aa1500f8d581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept."}], "question": "What type of notice can be displayed in the elevator in lieu of the permit?", "id": "572f0b6cdfa6aa1500f8d582"}]}], ["Terdapat beberapa teknologi yang bertujuan untuk memberikan pengalaman yang lebih baik kepada para penumpang yang menderita claustrophobia, antropophobia atau kebimbangan sosial. Permulaan Israel DigiGage menggunakan sensor gerakan untuk menatal gambar pra-diberikan, bangunan dan kandungan khusus lantai pada skrin yang tertanam ke dinding apabila teksi bergerak ke atas dan ke bawah. LiftEye syarikat British menyediakan teknologi tingkap maya untuk menjadikan lif biasa menjadi panorama. Ia mewujudkan panorama video 3d menggunakan suapan langsung dari kamera yang diletakkan secara menegak di sepanjang fasad dan menyegerakkannya dengan gerakan teksi. Video tersebut diunjurkan pada skrin berukuran dinding sehingga kelihatan seperti dinding terbuat dari kaca. <> Teknologi baru bertujuan memberikan pengalaman lif yang lebih baik kepada penumpang yang mengalami apa? || claustrophobia, antropophobia atau kecemasan sosial <> Apa syarikat Israel menggunakan sensor gerakan untuk memaparkan maklumat pada skrin yang tertanam di dinding teksi? || DigiGage <> LiftEye menggunakan teknologi tetingkap maya untuk apa? || untuk menjadikan lif biasa menjadi panorama <> Bagaimana ia menghasilkan kesan panorama? || Ia mewujudkan panorama video 3d menggunakan suapan langsung dari kamera yang diletakkan secara menegak di sepanjang fasad dan menyegerakkannya dengan pergerakan teksi <> Di mana video diproyeksikan? || pada skrin bersaiz dinding", {"context": "There are several technologies aimed to provide better experience to passengers suffering from claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety. Israeli startup DigiGage uses motion sensors to scroll the pre-rendered images, building and floor-specific content on a screen embedded into the wall as the cab moves up and down. British company LiftEye provides a virtual window technology to turn common elevator into panoramic. It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement. The video is projected on a wall-sized screens making it look like the walls are made of glass.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety"}], "question": "New technologies aim to provide a better elevator experience to passengers who suffer from what?", "id": "572f0356dfa6aa1500f8d563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "DigiGage"}], "question": "What Israeli company uses motion sensors to display information on a screen embedded in the wall of the cabs?", "id": "572f0356dfa6aa1500f8d564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "to turn common elevator into panoramic"}], "question": "LiftEye uses virtual window technology for what?", "id": "572f0356dfa6aa1500f8d565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement"}], "question": "How does it produce the panoramic effects?", "id": "572f0356dfa6aa1500f8d566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "on a wall-sized screens"}], "question": "Where is the video projected?", "id": "572f0356dfa6aa1500f8d567"}]}], ["Di kebanyakan bidang kuasa Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada, lif penumpang dikehendaki mematuhi Standard A17.1 Persatuan Jurutera Mekanikal Amerika, Kod Keselamatan untuk Lif dan Escalators. Pada tahun 2006, semua negeri kecuali Kansas, Mississippi, North Dakota, dan South Dakota telah mengadopsi beberapa versi kod ASME, walaupun tidak semestinya yang paling baru. Di Kanada dokumen itu adalah Standard Keselamatan CAN / CSA B44, yang diselaraskan dengan versi AS dalam edisi 2000. [rujukan?] Selain itu, lif penumpang mungkin diperlukan untuk mematuhi keperluan A17.3 untuk lif sedia ada di mana dirujuk oleh bidang kuasa tempatan. Lif penumpang diuji menggunakan Standard ASME A17.2. Kekerapan ujian ini diberi mandat oleh bidang kuasa tempatan, yang mungkin menjadi bandar, kota, negara atau wilayah provinsi. <> Dalam apa negara jiran adalah lif penumpang yang diperlukan untuk mematuhi Standard A17.1? || kebanyakan bidang kuasa Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada <> Apa yang setara dengan Standard AS A17.1 yang dipanggil di Kanada? || CAN / CSA B44 Standard Keselamatan <> Apakah Standard A17.1? || Kod Keselamatan untuk Lif dan Escalators <> Apakah lif lift yang diuji dengan? || Standard ASME A17.2", {"context": "In most US and Canadian jurisdictions, passenger elevators are required to conform to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Standard A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. As of 2006, all states except Kansas, Mississippi, North Dakota, and South Dakota have adopted some version of ASME codes, though not necessarily the most recent. In Canada the document is the CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard, which was harmonized with the US version in the 2000 edition.[citation needed] In addition, passenger elevators may be required to conform to the requirements of A17.3 for existing elevators where referenced by the local jurisdiction. Passenger elevators are tested using the ASME A17.2 Standard. The frequency of these tests is mandated by the local jurisdiction, which may be a town, city, state or provincial standard.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "most US and Canadian jurisdictions"}], "question": "In what neighboring countries are passenger elevators required to adhere to Standard A17.1?", "id": "572f068ccb0c0d14000f1718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard"}], "question": "What is the equivilent to the US Standard A17.1 called in Canada?", "id": "572f068ccb0c0d14000f171a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators"}], "question": " What is Standard A17.1?", "id": "572f068ccb0c0d14000f1719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "ASME A17.2 Standard"}], "question": "What are passenger elevators tested with?", "id": "572f068ccb0c0d14000f171b"}]}], ["Sehingga Januari 2008, Sepanyol adalah negara yang mempunyai lif paling banyak dipasang di dunia, dengan 950,000 lif dipasang yang mengendalikan lebih daripada seratus juta lif setiap hari, diikuti oleh Amerika Syarikat dengan 700,000 lif dipasang dan China dengan 610,000 lif dipasang sejak tahun 1949. Di Brazil, dianggarkan ada kira-kira 300,000 lif yang sedang beroperasi. Pasaran terbesar di dunia untuk lif adalah Itali, dengan lebih daripada 1.629 juta euro jualan dan 1,224 juta euro pasaran dalaman. <> Negara apa yang dipasang oleh lif paling banyak? || Amerika Syarikat <> Pada tahun 2008, negara mana yang mempunyai bilangan lif terbesar? || Sepanyol <> Berapa banyak lif telah dipasang China sejak tahun 1949? || 610,000 <> Negara apa yang mempunyai pasaran terbesar di dunia untuk lif? || Itali <> Berapa banyak lif di Brazil? || 300,000", {"context": "As of January 2008, Spain is the nation with the most elevators installed in the world, with 950,000 elevators installed that run more than one hundred million lifts every day, followed by United States with 700,000 elevators installed and China with 610,000 elevators installed since 1949. In Brazil, it is estimated that there are approximately 300,000 elevators currently in operation. The world's largest market for elevators is Italy, with more than 1,629 million euros of sales and 1,224 million euros of internal market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "United States"}], "question": "What country had the second most elevators installed?", "id": "572f0d29dfa6aa1500f8d592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "In 2008, what country had the largest number of elevators?", "id": "572f0d29dfa6aa1500f8d591"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "610,000"}], "question": "How many elevators had China installed since 1949?", "id": "572f0d29dfa6aa1500f8d593"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "What country boasts the worlds largest market for elevators?", "id": "572f0d29dfa6aa1500f8d594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "300,000"}], "question": "How many elevators are in Brazil?", "id": "572f0d29dfa6aa1500f8d595"}]}], ["Pengangkat geladak pemerhatian berkelajuan tinggi mempercepatkan ke kelajuan rekod bersertifikat dunia sebanyak 1,010 meter seminit (61 km / j) dalam 16 saat, dan kemudian melambatkan untuk ketibaan dengan sensasi tekanan udara halus. Pintu dibuka selepas 37 saat dari tingkat 5. Ciri-ciri khas termasuk kereta aerodinamik dan kontra pertahanan, dan kawalan tekanan kabin untuk membantu penumpang menyesuaikan dengan lancar ke tekanan perubahan. Perjalanan ke bawah siap pada kelajuan 600 meter seminit, dengan pintu dibuka pada minit ke-52. <> Seberapa cepat perjalanan dek pemerhatian perjalanan? || 1,010 meter seminit (61 km / j) dalam 16 saat <> Kecepatan ini memegang rekod apa? || kelajuan rekod dunia yang disahkan <> Apa yang dilakukan kawalan tekanan kabin? || membantu penumpang menyesuaikan dengan lancar ke tekanan perubahan <> Seberapa cepat turunnya lif? || 600 meter seminit <> Pada lantai apa pintu dibuka dalam perjalanan ke bawah? || 52 tahun", {"context": "The high-speed observation deck elevators accelerate to a world-record certified speed of 1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds, and then it slows down for arrival with subtle air pressure sensations. The door opens after 37 seconds from the 5th floor. Special features include aerodynamic car and counterweights, and cabin pressure control to help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes. The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute, with the doors opening at the 52nd second.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds"}], "question": "How fast do the observation deck elevators travel?", "id": "572f0fb8c246551400ce4888"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "world-record certified speed"}], "question": "This speed holds what record?", "id": "572f0fb8c246551400ce4889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes"}], "question": "What does cabin pressure control do? ", "id": "572f0fb8c246551400ce488a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "600 meters per minute"}], "question": "How fast does the elevator drop down?", "id": "572f0fb8c246551400ce488b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "52nd"}], "question": "At what floor do the doors open on the way down?", "id": "572f0fb8c246551400ce488c"}]}], ["The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror adalah nama biasa bagi satu siri tarikan lif di taman Disney's Hollywood Studios di Orlando, Taman Disney Adventure Park di Anaheim, Walt Disney Studios Park di Paris dan taman Tokyo DisneySea di Tokyo. Unsur utama dari tarikan ini adalah kejatuhan bebas simulasi yang dicapai melalui penggunaan sistem lif berkelajuan tinggi. Atas sebab keselamatan, penumpang duduk dan terjamin di tempat duduk mereka daripada berdiri. Tidak seperti lif daya tarikan yang tinggi, kereta lif dan penimbang digabungkan menggunakan sistem rel dalam gelung berterusan yang berjalan melalui bahagian atas dan bawah aci drop. Ini membolehkan motor memandu menurunkan kereta lif dari bawah, menyebabkan pecutan ke bawah lebih tinggi daripada graviti biasa. Motor berkelajuan tinggi digunakan untuk mengangkat lif dengan pantas. <> Apakah nama tarikan lif di taman Disney World di seluruh dunia? || The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror <> Apa ciri utama tarikan ini? || kejatuhan bebas yang disimulasikan dicapai melalui penggunaan sistem lif berkelajuan tinggi <> Adakah menunggang penunggang atau duduk? || penumpang duduk dan diamankan di tempat duduk mereka daripada berdiri <> Ciri-ciri unik apakah perjalanan ini menyediakan tetamu? || pecutan ke bawah lebih besar daripada graviti biasa <> Apakah jenis motor yang digunakan? || motor pemacu berkelajuan tinggi", {"context": "The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror is the common name for a series of elevator attractions at the Disney's Hollywood Studios park in Orlando, the Disney California Adventure Park park in Anaheim, the Walt Disney Studios Park in Paris and the Tokyo DisneySea park in Tokyo. The central element of this attraction is a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system. For safety reasons, passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing. Unlike most traction elevators, the elevator car and counterweight are joined using a rail system in a continuous loop running through both the top and the bottom of the drop shaft. This allows the drive motor to pull down on the elevator car from underneath, resulting in downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity. The high-speed drive motor is used to rapidly lift the elevator as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror"}], "question": "What is the name of the elevator attraction at the Disney World parks across the world?", "id": "572f112fdfa6aa1500f8d5ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system"}], "question": "What is the main feature of this attraction?", "id": "572f112fdfa6aa1500f8d5ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing"}], "question": "Do ride goers stand or sit?", "id": "572f112fdfa6aa1500f8d5af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 758, "text": "downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity"}], "question": "What unique feature does this ride provide guests?", "id": "572f112fdfa6aa1500f8d5b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "high-speed drive motor"}], "question": "What type of motor is used?", "id": "572f112fdfa6aa1500f8d5b1"}]}], ["Lif geladak berganda digunakan di menara pejabat Taipei 101. Penyewa lantai yang bernombor terlebih dahulu mengambil eskalator (atau lif dari garaj parkir) ke tingkat ke-2, di mana mereka akan memasuki dek atas dan sampai ke tingkat mereka. Dek rendah dimatikan semasa waktu bervariasi rendah, dan geladak atas boleh bertindak sebagai lif tingkat tunggal yang berhenti di semua tingkat bersebelahan. Sebagai contoh, restoran tingkat 85 boleh diakses dari lobi langit lantai 60. Pelanggan restoran perlu membersihkan tempahan mereka di kaunter penyambut tetamu di tingkat 2. Sebuah bank lift ekspres hanya berhenti di tingkat lobi langit (36 dan 60, kereta dek atas), di mana penyewa boleh memindahkan ke lif \"tempatan\". <> Jenis lif apa yang digunakan di menara pejabat Taipei 101? || Lif geladak berganda <> Semasa jam berapa geladak bawah dimatikan? || jam jilid rendah <> Semasa jam jilid rendah, apa yang boleh berfungsi sebagai dek atas? || lif tingkat tunggal yang berhenti di semua lantai bersebelahan <> Di lantai apa yang harus pelanggan restoran membersihkan tempahan mereka? || di kaunter penyambut tetamu di tingkat 2 <> Tahap apa yang membentuk \"lobi langit\"? || 36 dan 60, kereta atas dek", {"context": "Double deck elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower. Tenants of even-numbered floors first take an escalator (or an elevator from the parking garage) to the 2nd level, where they will enter the upper deck and arrive at their floors. The lower deck is turned off during low-volume hours, and the upper deck can act as a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors. For example, the 85th floor restaurants can be accessed from the 60th floor sky-lobby. Restaurant customers must clear their reservations at the reception counter on the 2nd floor. A bank of express elevators stop only on the sky lobby levels (36 and 60, upper-deck car), where tenants can transfer to \"local\" elevators.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Double deck elevators"}], "question": "What type of elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower?", "id": "572f0e72c246551400ce487e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "low-volume hours"}], "question": "During what hours is the lower deck turned off?", "id": "572f0e72c246551400ce487f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors"}], "question": "During the low volume hours, what can the upper deck function as?", "id": "572f0e72c246551400ce4880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "at the reception counter on the 2nd floor"}], "question": "On what floor must restaurant customers clear their reservations?", "id": "572f0e72c246551400ce4881"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "36 and 60, upper-deck car"}], "question": "What levels make up the \"sky lobby\"?", "id": "572f0e72c246551400ce4882"}]}], ["Lampiran arahan juga didapati di dalam dan di luar lif kereta, tetapi mereka harus sentiasa dapat dilihat dari luar kerana tujuan utama mereka adalah untuk membantu orang memutuskan sama ada atau tidak untuk mendapatkan di lif. Jika seseorang yang menunggu untuk lif ingin naik, tetapi kereta yang pertama menunjukkan bahawa ia akan turun, maka orang itu mungkin memutuskan untuk tidak menaiki lif. Sekiranya orang itu menunggu, maka seseorang itu akan terus berhenti. Petunjuk arah kadang-kadang terukir dengan anak panah atau berbentuk seperti anak panah dan / atau menggunakan konvensyen bahawa salah satu yang menyala merah bermakna \"turun\" dan hijau bermaksud \"naik\". Oleh kerana konvensyen warna sering diganggu atau ditindih oleh sistem yang tidak menggunakannya, ia biasanya digunakan hanya bersempena dengan faktor pembezaan yang lain. Satu contoh tempat yang lifnya hanya menggunakan konvensyen warna untuk membezakan antara arahan adalah Muzium Seni Kontemporari di Chicago, di mana satu bulatan boleh dibuat untuk menyala hijau untuk \"naik\" dan merah untuk \"turun\". Kadang-kadang arahan mesti disimpulkan oleh kedudukan penunjuk berbanding satu sama lain. <> Apakah fungsi utama arah lampu lentera? || untuk membantu orang memutuskan sama ada atau tidak untuk mendapatkan lif <> Apa yang mungkin mengubah fikiran anda sama ada untuk memasuki lif? || Sekiranya seseorang menunggu lif hendak naik, tetapi kereta yang pertama menunjukkan bahawa ia turun <> Apa jenis etsa yang mungkin anda lihat pada penunjuk arah? || anak panah atau berbentuk seperti anak panah <> Sesetengah lif boleh menggunakan konvensyen warna untuk tujuan apa sahaja? || untuk membezakan antara arahan", {"context": "Direction lanterns are also found both inside and outside elevator cars, but they should always be visible from outside because their primary purpose is to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator. If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down, then the person may decide not to get on the elevator. If the person waits, then one will still stop going up. Direction indicators are sometimes etched with arrows or shaped like arrows and/or use the convention that one that lights up red means \"down\" and green means \"up\". Since the color convention is often undermined or overridden by systems that do not invoke it, it is usually used only in conjunction with other differentiating factors. An example of a place whose elevators use only the color convention to differentiate between directions is the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, where a single circle can be made to light up green for \"up\" and red for \"down\". Sometimes directions must be inferred by the position of the indicators relative to one another.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator"}], "question": "What is the main function of direction lanterns?", "id": "572f010ddfa6aa1500f8d551"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down"}], "question": "What might change your mind about whether or not to enter an elevator?", "id": "572f010ddfa6aa1500f8d552"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "arrows or shaped like arrows"}], "question": "What type of etching might you see on a direction indicator?", "id": "572f010ddfa6aa1500f8d553"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 841, "text": "to differentiate between directions"}], "question": "Some elevators may use the color convention for only what purpose?", "id": "572f010ddfa6aa1500f8d554"}]}], ["Sebahagian daripada tarikan Mansion Haunted di Disneyland di Anaheim, California, dan Disneyland di Paris, Perancis, berlaku di atas lif. \"Bilik peregangan\" pada perjalanan sebenarnya adalah sebuah lif yang bergerak ke bawah, memberikan akses kepada terowong bawah tanah yang pendek yang membawa kepada tarikan lain. Lif tidak mempunyai siling dan batangnya dihiasi untuk kelihatan seperti dinding rumah. Kerana tidak ada bumbung, penumpang dapat melihat dinding aci dengan melihat, yang memberikan ilusi bilik regangan. <> The Mansion Haunted di Disneyland di California dan yang satu di Paris, France sharribhat attribute? || berlaku di lif <> Apakah nama kawasan yang benar-benar sebuah lif? || \"Bilik peregangan\" <> Apa yang termasuk dalam reka bentuk lif? || Lif tidak mempunyai siling dan batangnya dihiasi untuk kelihatan seperti dinding rumah <> Apakah ilusi yang diberikan oleh kesan ini? || ilusi bilik yang terbentang", {"context": "Part of the Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and Disneyland in Paris, France, takes place on an elevator. The \"stretching room\" on the ride is actually an elevator that travels downwards, giving access to a short underground tunnel which leads to the rest of the attraction. The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion. Because there is no roof, passengers are able to see the walls of the shaft by looking up, which gives the illusion of the room stretching.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "takes place on an elevator"}], "question": " The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland in California and the one in Paris, France sharewhat attribute?", "id": "572f15a303f9891900756b87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "The \"stretching room\""}], "question": "What is the name of area that is really an elevator?", "id": "572f15a303f9891900756b88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion"}], "question": "What is included in the elevator's design?", "id": "572f15a303f9891900756b89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "the illusion of the room stretching"}], "question": "What is the illusion given by these effects?", "id": "572f15a303f9891900756b8a"}]}], ["Para tetamu yang menaiki dek pemerhatian peringkat ke-67, 69 dan 70 (yang disebut \"Top of the Rock\") di atas Bangunan GE di Rockefeller Center di New York City menaiki lif kaca berkelajuan tinggi. Apabila memasuki teksi, nampaknya terdapat lif naik biasa. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila teksi bermula bergerak, lampu dalaman dimatikan dan lampu biru khas di atas teksi menghidupkan. Ini menyala seluruh aci, jadi penunggang boleh melihat teksi bergerak melalui siling kaca kerana ia naik dan menurunkan melalui aci. Memainkan muzik dan pelbagai animasi juga dipaparkan di siling. Perjalanan keseluruhan mengambil masa kira-kira 60 saat. <> Apakah lantai 67, 69, dan 70 Bangunan GE di Rockerfeller Centre dijuluki? || \"Top of the Rock\" <> Apa lantai ini berfungsi? || dek pemerhatian <> Jenis lif apa yang dipaparkan? || kaca berkelajuan tinggi <> Berapa lama perjalanan singkat? || kira-kira 60 saat <> Kesan khas termasuk cahaya biru, bermain muzik dan apa lagi? || pelbagai animasi juga dipaparkan di siling", {"context": "Guests ascending to the 67th, 69th, and 70th level observation decks (dubbed \"Top of the Rock\") atop the GE Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City ride a high-speed glass-top elevator. When entering the cab, it appears to be any normal elevator ride. However, once the cab begins moving, the interior lights turn off and a special blue light above the cab turns on. This lights the entire shaft, so riders can see the moving cab through its glass ceiling as it rises and lowers through the shaft. Music plays and various animations are also displayed on the ceiling. The entire ride takes about 60 seconds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "\"Top of the Rock\""}], "question": "What are the 67th, 69th, and 70th floors of the GE Building at Rockerfeller Center nicknamed?", "id": "572f139a03f9891900756b73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "observation decks"}], "question": "What do these floors serve as?", "id": "572f139a03f9891900756b74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "high-speed glass-top"}], "question": "What type of elevator is featured?", "id": "572f139a03f9891900756b75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "about 60 seconds"}], "question": "How long is the short trip?", "id": "572f139a03f9891900756b76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "various animations are also displayed on the ceiling"}], "question": "The special effects include blue light, music playing and what else?", "id": "572f139a03f9891900756b77"}]}]], [["Neptunus adalah serupa dengan komposisi kepada Uranus, dan kedua-duanya mempunyai komposisi yang berbeza daripada gergasi gas yang lebih besar, Musytari dan Saturnus. Suasana seperti Jupiter dan Saturnus, atmosfer Neptunus terdiri terutamanya daripada hidrogen dan helium, bersama-sama dengan jejak hidrokarbon dan mungkin nitrogen, tetapi mengandungi kadar \"ices\" yang lebih tinggi seperti air, ammonia, dan metana. Walau bagaimanapun, pedalamannya, seperti Uranus, terutamanya terdiri daripada ices dan batu, dan oleh itu Uranus dan Neptunus biasanya dianggap \"gergasi es\" untuk menekankan perbezaan ini. Jejak metana di kawasan terluar dalam bahagian akaun untuk penampilan biru planet. <> Planet mana yang bersamaan dengan Neptunus? || Uranus <> Apa suasana Neptune yang utama terdiri daripada? || hidrogen dan helium <> Apakah bahagian dalam Neptune terdiri daripada? || ices dan batu <> Apa yang membuatkan Neptunus biru? || metana <> Apa \"ices\" membentuk Neptunus? || air, ammonia, dan metana", {"context": "Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proportion of \"ices\" such as water, ammonia, and methane. However, its interior, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock, and hence Uranus and Neptune are normally considered \"ice giants\" to emphasise this distinction. Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Uranus"}], "question": "Which planet is compositionally similar to Neptune? ", "id": "572e86c7c246551400ce42d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "hydrogen and helium"}], "question": "What is Neptune's atmosphere primarily composed of? ", "id": "572e86c7c246551400ce42d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "ices and rock"}], "question": "What is the interior of Neptune composed of? ", "id": "572e86c7c246551400ce42d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "methane"}], "question": "What makes Neptune blue? ", "id": "572e86c7c246551400ce42d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "water, ammonia, and methane"}], "question": "What \"ices\" makes up Neptune? ", "id": "572e86c7c246551400ce42d4"}]}], ["Sementara itu, Le Verrier dengan surat menggesa ahli astronomi Observatorium Berlin, Johann Gottfried Galle untuk mencari refraktor penyelamat itu. Heinrich d'Arrest, seorang pelajar di klinik itu, mencadangkan kepada Galle bahawa mereka dapat membandingkan carta langit baru-baru ini di rantau lokasi yang diramalkan Le Verrier dengan langit saat ini untuk mencari sifat perpindahan planet, yang bertentangan dengan bintang tetap. Pada petang 23 September 1846, hari Galle menerima surat tersebut, dia menemui Neptune dalam 1 \u00b0 di mana Le Verrier telah meramalkannya, kira-kira 12 \u00b0 dari ramalan Adams. Challis kemudian menyedari bahawa dia telah memerhatikan planet ini dua kali, pada 4 dan 12 Ogos, tetapi tidak mengiktirafnya sebagai planet kerana dia tidak mempunyai peta bintang terkini dan terganggu oleh kerja serentak pada pemerhatian komet. <> Siapa Henrich d'Arrest? || pelajar di klinik <> Bilakah Galle menemui Neptunus? || 23 September 1846 <> Berapa derajat darjah adalah ramalan Adams? || 12 \u00b0 <> Apa yang Henrich d'Arrest mencari? || ciri perpindahan planet <> Apa yang dicari Challis ketika dia melihat Neptune dua kali pertama? || pemerhatian komet", {"context": "Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1\u00b0 of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12\u00b0 from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12 August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "student at the observatory"}], "question": "Who was Henrich d'Arrest? ", "id": "572e8f1ddfa6aa1500f8d129"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "23 September 1846"}], "question": "When did Galle discover Neptune? ", "id": "572e8f1ddfa6aa1500f8d12b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "12\u00b0"}], "question": "How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?", "id": "572e8f1ddfa6aa1500f8d12c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "the displacement characteristic of a planet"}], "question": "What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find? ", "id": "572e8f1ddfa6aa1500f8d12a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 799, "text": "comet observations"}], "question": "What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times? ", "id": "572e8f1ddfa6aa1500f8d12d"}]}], ["Kebanyakan bahasa hari ini, walaupun di negara-negara yang tidak mempunyai pautan langsung kepada budaya Greco-Rom, menggunakan beberapa nama \"Neptunus\" untuk planet ini. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam bahasa Cina, Jepun, dan Korea, nama planet itu diterjemahkan sebagai \"bintang laut laut\" (\u6d77\u738b\u661f), kerana Neptunus adalah tuhan laut. Dalam bahasa Mongolia, Neptunus dipanggil Dalain Van (Dalai Van), mencerminkan peranan tuhannya sebagai penguasa laut. Dalam bahasa Yunani moden, planet ini dipanggil Poseidon (\u03a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, Poseidonas), rakan Yunani dari Neptunus. Dalam bahasa Ibrani, \"Rahab\" (\u05e8\u05d4\u05d1), dari raksasa laut Alkitab yang disebut dalam Kitab Mazmur, dipilih dalam undi yang diuruskan oleh Akademi Bahasa Ibrani pada tahun 2009 sebagai nama rasmi untuk planet ini, walaupun bahasa Latin yang ada istilah \"Neptun\" (\u05e0\u05e4\u05d8\u05d5\u05df) biasanya digunakan. Di M\u0101ori, planet ini dinamakan Tangaroa, dinamakan selepas tuhan M\u0101ori di laut. Di Nahuatl, planet ini dinamakan Tl\u0101locc\u012btlalli, dinamakan sempena dewa hujan Tl\u0101loc. <> Apakah terjemahan Cina, Jepun, dan Korea untuk Neptune? || raja laut laut <> Dewa apa Neptunus? || tuhan laut <> Apakah nama Mongolia untuk Neptunus? || Dalain Van <> Apa yang dipanggil orang Yunani Neptunus? || Poseidon <> Apakah monster laut Alkitab yang Neptunus dinamai dalam bahasa Ibrani? || Rahab", {"context": "Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name \"Neptune\" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as \"sea king star\" (\u6d77\u738b\u661f), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called Dalain Van (\u0414\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d \u0432\u0430\u043d), reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon (\u03a0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, Poseidonas), the Greek counterpart of Neptune. In Hebrew, \"Rahab\" (\u05e8\u05d4\u05d1), from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms, was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term \"Neptun\" (\u05e0\u05e4\u05d8\u05d5\u05df) is commonly used. In M\u0101ori, the planet is called Tangaroa, named after the M\u0101ori god of the sea. In Nahuatl, the planet is called Tl\u0101locc\u012btlalli, named after the rain god Tl\u0101loc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "sea king star"}], "question": "What is the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations for Neptune? ", "id": "572e923bdfa6aa1500f8d15b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "god of the sea"}], "question": "What god was Neptune? ", "id": "572e923bdfa6aa1500f8d15c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Dalain Van"}], "question": "What is the Mongolian name for Neptune? ", "id": "572e923bdfa6aa1500f8d15d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Poseidon"}], "question": "What did the Greeks call Neptune? ", "id": "572e923bdfa6aa1500f8d15e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Rahab"}], "question": "What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew? ", "id": "572e923bdfa6aa1500f8d15f"}]}], ["Selepas penemuan itu, terdapat banyak persaingan nasionalis antara Perancis dan British yang berhak menerima penemuan itu. Akhirnya, satu konsensus antarabangsa muncul bahawa kedua-dua Le Verrier dan Adams bersama-sama layak kredit. Sejak tahun 1966, Dennis Rawlins mempersoalkan kredibiliti tuntutan Adams untuk ditemui bersama, dan isu ini dinilai semula oleh ahli sejarah dengan kembali pada tahun 1998 dari \"kertas Neptunus\" (dokumen sejarah) ke Balai Cerap DiRaja, Greenwich. Selepas mengkaji semula dokumen-dokumen itu, mereka mencadangkan bahawa \"Adams tidak layak mendapat kredit yang sama dengan Le Verrier untuk penemuan Neptune. Kredit itu hanya milik orang yang berjaya meramalkan tempat planet itu dan meyakinkan ahli astronomi untuk mencarinya.\" <> Apa dua negara yang berhujah atas kredit untuk penemuan Neptunus? || Perancis dan British <> Yang akhirnya patut mendapat kredit untuk penemuan Neptune? || Le Verrier dan Adams <> Siapa yang mempersoalkan tuntutan Adams untuk menemui Neptune? || Dennis Rawlins <> Siapa yang meramalkan tempat Neptunus dan meyakinkan ahli astronomi untuk mencarinya? || Le Verrier <> Siapa yang tidak sepatutnya mendapat kredit untuk menemui Neptune? || Adams", {"context": "In the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams's claim to co-discovery, and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the \"Neptune papers\" (historical documents) to the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. After reviewing the documents, they suggest that \"Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune. That credit belongs only to the person who succeeded both in predicting the planet's place and in convincing astronomers to search for it.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "French and the British"}], "question": "What two countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune? ", "id": "572e90cedfa6aa1500f8d151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Le Verrier and Adams"}], "question": "Who ultimately deserved credit for the discovery of Neptune? ", "id": "572e90cedfa6aa1500f8d152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Dennis Rawlins"}], "question": "Who questioned Adams's claim to co-discovery of Neptune? ", "id": "572e90cedfa6aa1500f8d153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Le Verrier"}], "question": "Who predicted Neptune's place and convinced astronomer's to search for it? ", "id": "572e90cedfa6aa1500f8d155"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Adams"}], "question": "Who did not deserve credit to co-discovery of Neptune? ", "id": "572e90cedfa6aa1500f8d154"}]}], ["Berbeza dengan suasana kabur, suasana yang agak tidak bermaya Uranus, suasana Neptunus mempunyai pola cuaca yang aktif dan kelihatan. Sebagai contoh, pada masa Voyager 2 pada tahun 1989, hemisfera selatan planet ini mempunyai Titik Gelap Besar yang setanding dengan Great Red Spot pada Musytari. Corak cuaca ini didorong oleh angin kencang yang kuat dari mana-mana planet dalam Sistem Suria, dengan kelajuan angin mencatatkan setinggi 2,100 kilometer sejam (580 m / s; 1,300 mph). Kerana jarak jauhnya dari Matahari, atmosfera luar Neptune adalah salah satu tempat paling sejuk di Sistem Tata Surya, dengan suhu di puncak awan mendekati 55 K (-218 \u00b0 C). Suhu di pusat planet ini adalah kira-kira 5,400 K (5,100 \u00b0 C). Neptunus mempunyai sistem cincin yang lemah dan berpecah (berlabel \"lengkungan\"), yang mula-mula dikesan pada tahun 1960-an dan disahkan oleh Voyager 2. <> Apa cuaca yang dilakukan oleh Voyager 2 pada Neptune? || Great Dark Spot <> Apa ciri cuaca yang Neptunus mempunyai lebih kuat daripada planet lain? || angin berkelanjutan <> Apa kelajuan angin dicatatkan pada Neptunus? || 2,100 kilometer sejam <> Apakah puncak awan pada suhu Neptunus? || 55 K (-218 \u00b0 C). <> Apakah suhu pusat planet Neptune itu? || 5,400 K (5,100 \u00b0 C)", {"context": "In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (580 m/s; 1,300 mph). Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K (\u2212218 \u00b0C). Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately 5,400 K (5,100 \u00b0C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled \"arcs\"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Great Dark Spot"}], "question": "What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune? ", "id": "572e8793c246551400ce42da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "sustained winds"}], "question": "What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet? ", "id": "572e8793c246551400ce42db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "2,100 kilometres per hour"}], "question": "What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune? ", "id": "572e8793c246551400ce42dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "55 K (\u2212218 \u00b0C)."}], "question": "What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature? ", "id": "572e8793c246551400ce42dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "5,400 K (5,100 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What is Neptune's planet center temperature? ", "id": "572e8793c246551400ce42de"}]}], ["Neptunus tidak dapat dilihat oleh mata tanpa bantuan dan merupakan satu-satunya planet dalam Sistem Suria yang dijumpai oleh ramalan matematik dan bukannya oleh pemerhatian empirikal. Perubahan yang tidak dijangka dalam orbit Uranus menyebabkan Alexis Bouvard menyimpulkan bahawa orbitnya adalah tertakluk kepada gangguan graviti oleh planet yang tidak diketahui. Neptun kemudian diperhatikan dengan teleskop pada 23 September 1846 oleh Johann Galle dalam tahap kedudukan yang diramalkan oleh Urbain Le Verrier. Bulan terbesarnya, Triton, ditemui sejurus selepas itu, walaupun tiada 14 planet yang diketahui selama ini terletak teleskopik sehingga abad ke-20. Jarak planet dari Bumi memberikan saiz yang sangat kecil, menjadikannya mencabar untuk belajar dengan teleskop berasaskan Bumi. Neptunus dilawati oleh Voyager 2, ketika ia terbang di planet ini pada 25 Ogos 1989. Kedatangan Teleskop Angkasa Hubble dan teleskop berasaskan darat yang besar dengan optik adaptif baru-baru ini membenarkan pemerhatian terperinci dari jauh. <> Bagaimana Neptunus dijumpai? || ramalan matematik <> Bilakah Neptun pertama diperhatikan? || 23 September 1846 <> Siapa yang menemui Neptunus? || Alexis Bouvard <> Apa bulan terbesar di Neptune? || Triton <> Apa yang terbang oleh Neptune pada tahun 1989? || Voyager 2", {"context": "Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "mathematical prediction"}], "question": "How was Neptune found? ", "id": "572e8363dfa6aa1500f8d06f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "23 September 1846"}], "question": "When was Neptune first observed? ", "id": "572e8363dfa6aa1500f8d071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Alexis Bouvard"}], "question": "Who discovered Neptune? ", "id": "572e8363dfa6aa1500f8d070"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Triton"}], "question": "What is Neptune's largest moon? ", "id": "572e8363dfa6aa1500f8d072"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "Voyager 2"}], "question": "What flew by Neptune in 1989? ", "id": "572e8363dfa6aa1500f8d073"}]}], ["Mengaku hak untuk menamakan penemuannya, Le Verrier dengan cepat mencadangkan nama Neptune untuk planet baru ini, walaupun secara palsu menyatakan bahwa ini telah secara resmi diluluskan oleh Biro Perancis des Longitudes. Pada bulan Oktober, dia berusaha menamakan planet Le Verrier, selepas dirinya, dan dia mendapat sokongan setia dalam hal ini dari pengarah perantau, Fran\u00e7ois Arago. Cadangan ini bertemu dengan perlawanan sengit di luar Perancis. Almanak Perancis dengan cepat memperkenalkan nama Herschel untuk Uranus, selepas penemu planet itu, Sir William Herschel, dan Leverrier untuk planet baru. <> Yang mendakwa hak untuk menamakan Neptunus? || Le Verrier <> Negara apa yang diluluskan nama pertama Neptunus? || Perancis <> Apa yang diketahui penemu ingin menamakan Neptunus terlebih dahulu? || Le Verrier <> Apa yang pertama memperkenalkan nama Neptune dan Uranus? || Almanac Perancis <> Siapa yang tidak meluluskan nama pertama untuk Neptunus? || Biro Perancis des Longitudes", {"context": "Claiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, Fran\u00e7ois Arago. This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Le Verrier"}], "question": "Who claimed the right to name Neptune? ", "id": "572e916ec246551400ce4356"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country approved Neptune's first name? ", "id": "572e916ec246551400ce4358"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Le Verrier"}], "question": "What did the discoverer want to name Neptune first? ", "id": "572e916ec246551400ce4357"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "French almanacs"}], "question": "What first introduced Neptune and Uranus's names? ", "id": "572e916ec246551400ce4359"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "French Bureau des Longitudes"}], "question": "Who did not approve of the first name for Neptune? ", "id": "572e916ec246551400ce435a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1821, Alexis Bouvard menerbitkan jadual astronomi dari orbit Uranus jiran Neptune. Pemerhatian seterusnya mendedahkan penyimpangan yang besar dari jadual, memimpin Bouvard untuk hipotesis bahawa sebuah badan yang tidak diketahui sedang mengetengahkan orbit melalui interaksi graviti. Pada tahun 1843, John Couch Adams memulakan kerja di orbit Uranus menggunakan data yang dia ada. Melalui pengarah Observatorium Cambridge, James Challis, dia meminta data tambahan dari Sir George Airy, Astronomer Royal, yang membekalkannya pada Februari 1844. Adams terus bekerja pada tahun 1845-46 dan menghasilkan beberapa perkiraan yang berbeza tentang sebuah planet baru. <> Tahun apakah Alexis Bouvard menerbitkan jadual astronomi yang berkaitan? || 1821 <> Apa yang dilakukan Alexis Bouvard? || orbit dari jiran Neptune Uranus <> Bilakah John Couch Adams mula bekerja pada orbit Uranus? || 1843 <> Siapa yang memberikan data tambahan John Couch Adams? || Sir George Airy <> Apakah data tambahan John Couch Adams diterima? || beberapa anggaran yang berbeza dari sebuah planet baru", {"context": "In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had. Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis, he requested extra data from Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who supplied it in February 1844. Adams continued to work in 1845\u201346 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1821"}], "question": "What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables? ", "id": "572e8e6bc246551400ce4344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus"}], "question": "What did Alexis Bouvard study? ", "id": "572e8e6bc246551400ce4345"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "1843"}], "question": "When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus? ", "id": "572e8e6bc246551400ce4346"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Sir George Airy"}], "question": "Who gave John Couch Adams extra data? ", "id": "572e8e6bc246551400ce4347"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "several different estimates of a new planet"}], "question": "What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce? ", "id": "572e8e6bc246551400ce4348"}]}], ["Neptunus adalah planet kelapan dan terjauh yang diketahui dari Matahari dalam Sistem Suria. Ia adalah planet keempat terbesar dengan diameter dan yang ketiga terbesar secara besar-besaran. Antara planet gergasi dalam Sistem Suria, Neptunus adalah yang paling padat. Neptunus adalah 17 kali jisim Bumi dan sedikit lebih besar daripada Uranus kembarnya yang dekat, iaitu 15 kali jisim bumi dan sedikit lebih besar daripada Neptunus. [C] Neptunus mengorbit Matahari sekali setiap 164.8 tahun pada jarak purata 30.1 unit astronomi (4.50 \u00d7 109 km). Dinamakan sempena tuhan Rom di laut, simbol astronominya adalah \u2646, versi tritunggal dewa Neptunus yang trident. <> Planet apa planet kembar Neptune? || Uranus <> Apakah nama Neptune dinamakan? || Dewa Rom di lautan <> Seberapa lebih padatnya Neptunus berbanding Bumi? || 17 kali <> Apakah tanda astronomi Neptune mewakili? || tuhan Neptunus <> Berapa banyak tahun Bumi Neptunus mengorbit matahari? || 164.8 tahun", {"context": "Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune.[c] Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical units (4.50\u00d7109 km). Named after the Roman god of the sea, its astronomical symbol is \u2646, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Uranus"}], "question": "What planet is Neptune's near-twin? ", "id": "572e82d1c246551400ce428c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Roman god of the sea"}], "question": "What is Neptune named after?", "id": "572e82d1c246551400ce428e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "17 times"}], "question": "How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth?", "id": "572e82d1c246551400ce428d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "god Neptune's trident"}], "question": "What does the astronomical sign of Neptune represent?", "id": "572e82d1c246551400ce428f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "164.8 years"}], "question": "How many Earth years does Neptune orbit the sun? ", "id": "572e82d1c246551400ce4290"}]}], ["Beberapa pemerhatian tercatat paling awal yang pernah dibuat melalui teleskop, lukisan Galileo pada 28 Disember 1612 dan 27 Januari 1613, mengandungi titik-titik diplot yang sepadan dengan apa yang kini dikenali sebagai kedudukan Neptunus. Pada kedua-dua keadaan, Galileo nampaknya telah menyalahkan Neptunus untuk bintang tetap ketika ia muncul dekat-bersama-sama dengan Musytari di langit malam; Oleh itu, dia tidak dikreditkan dengan penemuan Neptune. Pada pemerhatian pertama pada bulan Disember 1612, Neptunus hampir tidak bergerak di langit kerana ia baru saja berubah menjadi hari itu. Pergerakan mundur yang jelas ini dibuat apabila orbit bumi mengambilnya di luar planet luar. Kerana Neptunus hanya memulakan kitaran retrograde tahunan, usul planet ini terlalu kecil untuk dikesan dengan teleskop kecil Galileo. Pada bulan Julai 2009, ahli fizik University of Melbourne, David Jamieson mengumumkan bukti baru yang menunjukkan bahawa Galileo menyedari bahawa 'bintang' yang dilihatnya telah berpindah berbanding bintang tetap. <> Siapa yang menarik Neptunus selepas memerhati dengan teleskop? || Galileo <> Apakah Neptune yang salah pada mulanya? || bintang tetap <> Apa yang berlaku apabila Neptunus turun mundur? || Orbit bumi membawanya ke luar planet luar <> Apa tarikh Neptune ditarik terlebih dahulu? || 28 Disember 1612 <> Siapa yang baru-baru ini meneliti pengamatan asal Neptune? || David Jamieson", {"context": "Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close\u2014in conjunction\u2014to Jupiter in the night sky; hence, he is not credited with Neptune's discovery. At his first observation in December 1612, Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that day. This apparent backward motion is created when Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet. Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle, the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo's small telescope. In July 2009, University of Melbourne physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the 'star' he had observed had moved relative to the fixed stars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Galileo"}], "question": "Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? ", "id": "572e8d3edfa6aa1500f8d10b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "a fixed star"}], "question": "What was Neptune mistaken for at first? ", "id": "572e8d3edfa6aa1500f8d10c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet"}], "question": "What happens when Neptune goes retrograde? ", "id": "572e8d3edfa6aa1500f8d10d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "28 December 1612"}], "question": "What date was Neptune drawn first? ", "id": "572e8d3edfa6aa1500f8d10e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "David Jamieson"}], "question": "Who recently researched the original observation of Neptune? ", "id": "572e8d3edfa6aa1500f8d10f"}]}], ["Neptunus mempunyai sistem cincin planet, walaupun satu jauh lebih besar daripada Saturnus. Cincin boleh terdiri daripada zarah ais yang disalut dengan silikat atau bahan berasaskan karbon, yang kemungkinan besar memberikan warna kemerahan. Tiga cincin utama adalah Ring Adams yang sempit, 63,000 km dari pusat Neptunus, Le Verrier Ring, pada 53,000 km, dan Galle Ring yang lebih luas, di 42,000 km. Pelanjutan keluar ke Le Verrier Ring telah dinamakan Lassell; ia dibatasi di pinggir luar oleh Arago Ring di 57,000 km. <> Sistem apa, seperti Saturnus, mempunyai Neptunus? || sistem cincin planet <> Apa mungkin cincin Neptune terdiri daripada? || zarah ais <> Apa mungkin zarah ais cincin Neptune dilapisi dengan? || silikat atau bahan berasaskan karbon <> Di manakah cincin Adams dari pusat Neptunus? || 63,000 km <> Di manakah cincin La Verrier dari pusat Neptune? || 53,000 km", {"context": "Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "planetary ring system"}], "question": "What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have? ", "id": "572ea38403f9891900756889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "ice particles"}], "question": "What might Neptune's rings consist of?", "id": "572ea38403f989190075688a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "silicates or carbon-based material"}], "question": "What might the ice particles of Neptune's rings be coated with?", "id": "572ea38403f989190075688b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "63,000 km"}], "question": "Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune?", "id": "572ea38403f989190075688c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "53,000 km"}], "question": "Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune?", "id": "572ea38403f989190075688d"}]}], ["Di ketinggian tinggi, atmosfera Neptunus adalah hidrogen 80% dan helium 19%. Jumlah surih metana juga ada. Garis penyerapan yang terkenal dari metana wujud pada panjang gelombang melebihi 600 nm, di bahagian merah dan inframerah spektrum. Seperti halnya Uranus, penyerapan cahaya merah oleh metana atmosfera adalah sebahagian daripada apa yang memberikan warna biru Neptune, walaupun biru terang Neptune berbeza dari cyan yang lebih ringan Uranus. Oleh kerana kandungan metana atmosfera Neptune serupa dengan Uranus, konstitusi atmosfera yang tidak diketahui dianggap menyumbang kepada warna Neptunus. <> Apakah suasana Neptune dibuat? || 80% hidrogen dan 19% helium <> Di mana penyerapan metana metana pada Neptunus? || panjang gelombang melebihi 600 nm <> Apa yang memberikan Neptune warna biru itu? || penyerapan cahaya merah oleh metana atmosfera> Planet apa juga mendapat warna dari konstituen atmosfera? || Uranus <> Warna apa Uranus, berbanding dengan Neptunus? || cyan", {"context": "At high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue, although Neptune's vivid azure differs from Uranus's milder cyan. Because Neptune's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus, some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune's colour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "80% hydrogen and 19% helium"}], "question": "What is Neptune's atmosphere made of? ", "id": "572e9983cb0c0d14000f132c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "wavelengths above 600 nm"}], "question": "Where are absorption bands of methane on Neptune? ", "id": "572e9983cb0c0d14000f132d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane"}], "question": "What gives Neptune it's blue hue? ", "id": "572e9983cb0c0d14000f132e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Uranus"}], "question": "What planet also gets it's color from atmospheric constituent? ", "id": "572e9983cb0c0d14000f132f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "cyan"}], "question": "What color is Uranus, compared to Neptune? ", "id": "572e9983cb0c0d14000f1330"}]}], ["Awan ketinggian tinggi di Neptunus telah dilihat bayang-bayang pemutus di dek awan kabur di bawah. Terdapat juga band awan tinggi yang melingkari planet ini pada garis lintang yang tetap. Band lintang ini mempunyai lebar 50-150 km dan terletak kira-kira 50-110 km di atas dek awan. Ketinggian ini berada di lapisan di mana cuaca berlaku, troposfera. Cuaca tidak berlaku di stratosfer atau termosfer yang lebih tinggi. Tidak seperti Uranus, komposisi Neptunus mempunyai jumlah lautan yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan Uranus mempunyai mantel yang lebih kecil. <> Pada Neptunus, yang awan melemparkan bayang-bayang di dek awan di bawahnya? || Awan ketinggian tinggi <> Berapakah lebar jalur awan pada Neptunus? || 50-150 km <> Di mana awan awan ketinggian tinggi di Neptune? || 50-110 km di atas dek awan. <> Apakah Neptune mempunyai lebih banyak berbanding Uranus? || jumlah lautan <> Di mana di Neptune cuaca tidak berlaku? || stratosfera atau termosfera yang lebih tinggi", {"context": "High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50\u2013150 km and lie about 50\u2013110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs, the troposphere. Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere. Unlike Uranus, Neptune's composition has a higher volume of ocean, whereas Uranus has a smaller mantle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "High-altitude clouds"}], "question": "On Neptune, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it? ", "id": "572e9d16c246551400ce43f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "50\u2013150 km"}], "question": "What are the widths of the cloud bands on Neptune? ", "id": "572e9d16c246551400ce43f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "50\u2013110 km above the cloud deck."}], "question": "Where are the high altitude bands of clouds on Neptune? ", "id": "572e9d16c246551400ce43f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "volume of ocean"}], "question": "What does Neptune have more of compared to Uranus? ", "id": "572e9d16c246551400ce43fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "higher stratosphere or thermosphere"}], "question": "Where on Neptune does weather not occur? ", "id": "572e9d16c246551400ce43f9"}]}], ["Model mencadangkan bahawa troposfer Neptune dibundarkan oleh awan pelbagai komposisi bergantung kepada ketinggian. Awan tingkat tinggi terletak pada tekanan di bawah satu bar, di mana suhu itu sesuai untuk metana untuk mengembun. Untuk tekanan antara satu dan lima batang (100 dan 500 kPa), awan ammonia dan hidrogen sulfida dianggap terbentuk. Di atas tekanan lima bar, awan boleh terdiri daripada ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hidrogen sulfida dan air. Awan air yang lebih mendalam harus ditemui pada tekanan kira-kira 50 bar (5.0 MPa), di mana suhu mencapai 273 K (0 \u00b0 C). Di bawah, awan ammonia dan hidrogen sulfida boleh didapati. <> Apakah varian persaingan awan Neptune bergantung kepada? || altitud <> Yang awan di Neptune sesuai untuk metana untuk mengembun? || tingkat atas <> Apa bentuk awan antara satu dan lima batang pada Neptunus? || ammonia dan hidrogen sulfida <> Pada Neptunus, apakah awan di atas lima bar terdiri daripada? || ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hidrogen sulfida dan air <> Apakah suhu pada awan Neptune yang berada di 50 bar? || 273 K (0 \u00b0 C)", {"context": "Models suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form. Above a pressure of five bars, the clouds may consist of ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water. Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars (5.0 MPa), where the temperature reaches 273 K (0 \u00b0C). Underneath, clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "altitude"}], "question": "What is Neptune's clouds competition variants dependent on? ", "id": "572e9ac6dfa6aa1500f8d1e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "upper-level"}], "question": "Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense?  ", "id": "572e9ac6dfa6aa1500f8d1ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "ammonia and hydrogen sulfide"}], "question": "What clouds form between one and five bars on Neptune? ", "id": "572e9ac6dfa6aa1500f8d1eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water"}], "question": "On Neptune, what do clouds above five bars consist of? ", "id": "572e9ac6dfa6aa1500f8d1ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "273 K (0 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 50 bars? ", "id": "572e9ac6dfa6aa1500f8d1ed"}]}], ["Jisim Neptun 1.0243 \u00d7 1026 kg, adalah antara Bumi dan gergasi gas yang lebih besar: ia adalah 17 kali Bumi tetapi hanya 1 / 19th daripada Musytari. [D] Graviti pada 1 bar ialah 11.15 m / s2, 1.14 kali graviti permukaan bumi, dan hanya melepasi Musytari. Radius khatulistiwa Neptunus 24,764 km adalah hampir empat kali ganda Bumi. Neptunus, seperti Uranus, adalah gergasi ais, subkelas planet gergasi, kerana saiznya yang lebih kecil dan kepekatan volatil yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan Musytari dan Zuhal. Dalam mencari planet-planet extrasolar, Neptunus telah digunakan sebagai satu istilah: badan-badan yang ditemui jisim yang sama sering disebut sebagai \"Neptunes\", sama seperti saintis merujuk kepada pelbagai badan extrasolar sebagai \"Jupiters\". <> Apakah jisim Neptunus? || 1.0243 \u00d7 1026 kg <> Berapa banyak massa yang Neptunus berbanding Bumi? || 17 kali <> Apakah graviti Neptune pada 1 bar? || 11.15 m / s2 <> Apakah radius khatulistiwa Neptunus? || 24,764 km <> Apakah Neptune dirujuk kerana saiz dan kepekatan volatil? || gergasi ais", {"context": "Neptune's mass of 1.0243\u00d71026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like Uranus, is an ice giant, a subclass of giant planet, due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of volatiles relative to Jupiter and Saturn. In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a metonym: discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as \"Neptunes\", just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as \"Jupiters\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "1.0243\u00d71026 kg"}], "question": "What is Neptune's mass? ", "id": "572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "17 times"}], "question": "How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? ", "id": "572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "11.15 m/s2"}], "question": "What is Neptune's gravity at 1 bar? ", "id": "572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "24,764 km"}], "question": "What is Neptune's equatorial radius? ", "id": "572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "ice giant"}], "question": "What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles? ", "id": "572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f8"}]}], ["Komponen dipol medan magnet di khatulistiwa magnet Neptunus adalah kira-kira 14 mikroteslas (0.14 G). Momen magnetik dipol Neptunus adalah kira-kira 2.2 \u00d7 1017 T \u00b7 m3 (14 \u03bcT \u00b7 RN3, di mana RN adalah jejari Neptunus). Medan magnet Neptunus mempunyai geometri kompleks yang termasuk sumbangan yang agak besar daripada komponen bukan dipolar, termasuk momen quadrupole yang kuat yang mungkin melebihi masa dipole dalam kekuatan. Sebaliknya, Bumi, Musytari dan Saturnus hanya mempunyai momen quadrupole yang agak kecil, dan bidang mereka kurang condong dari paksi kutub. Momen kuadrupole Neptune yang besar mungkin hasil daripada mengimbangi dari pusat planet dan kekangan geometri penjana dynamo lapangan. <> Apakah momen magnetik dipole Neptune? || 2.2 \u00d7 1017 T \u00b7 m3 <> Apakah salah satu komponen non-dipolar Neptune yang boleh melebihi masa dipole dalam kekuatan? || momen quadrupole kuat <> Tiga planet yang mana mempunyai momen quadrupole kecil berbanding Neptunus? || Bumi, Musytari dan Zuhal <> Selain daripada kekangan geometri penjana dynamo Neptune, apakah hasil lain dari momen quadrupole? || pusat planet <> Apakah komponen dipole medan magnet di khatulistiwa magnet neptunus? || 14 microteslas (0.14 G)", {"context": "The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 \u00d7 1017 T\u00b7m3 (14 \u03bcT\u00b7RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components, including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength. By contrast, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments, and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis. The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet's centre and geometrical constraints of the field's dynamo generator.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "2.2 \u00d7 1017 T\u00b7m3"}], "question": "What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment? ", "id": "572ea25103f989190075686d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "strong quadrupole moment"}], "question": "What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? ", "id": "572ea25103f989190075686e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Earth, Jupiter and Saturn"}], "question": "Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?", "id": "572ea25103f989190075686f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "the planet's centre"}], "question": "Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment?", "id": "572ea25103f9891900756870"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "14 microteslas (0.14 G)"}], "question": "What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune?", "id": "572ea25103f9891900756871"}]}], ["Atas sebab-sebab yang tetap tidak jelas, termosfera di planet ini berada pada suhu anomali yang tinggi kira-kira 750 K. Planet terlalu jauh dari Matahari kerana haba ini dihasilkan oleh radiasi ultraviolet. Satu calon untuk mekanisme pemanasan adalah interaksi atmosfera dengan ion dalam medan magnet planet. Calon lain adalah gelombang graviti dari pedalaman yang menghilang di atmosfera. Termosfera mengandungi jejak karbon dioksida dan air, yang mungkin disimpan dari sumber luaran seperti meteorit dan debu. <> Apakah suhu Neptune dalam termosfera? || 750 K <> Apa yang akan berinteraksi dengan medan magnet Neptune untuk memanaskannya? || interaksi atmosfera dengan ion <> Di manakah gelombang graviti di bahagian dalam Neptune hilang? || di atmosfer <> Apa bekas bekas termosfera Neptune? || karbon dioksida dan air", {"context": "For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "750 K"}], "question": "What is Neptune's temperature in the thermosphere? ", "id": "572e9eb603f989190075683f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "atmospheric interaction with ions"}], "question": "What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it warm?", "id": "572e9eb603f9891900756840"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "in the atmosphere"}], "question": "Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior dissipate? ", "id": "572e9eb603f9891900756841"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "carbon dioxide and water"}], "question": "What does Neptune's thermosphere containers traces of? ", "id": "572e9eb603f9891900756842"}]}], ["Neptunus juga menyerupai Uranus dalam magnetosferanya, dengan medan magnet yang kuat miring berbanding dengan paksi putaran pada 47 \u00b0 dan diimbangi sekurang-kurangnya 0.55 radii, atau sekitar 13500 km dari pusat fizikal planet. Sebelum ketibaan Voyager 2 di Neptune, ia telah dihipotesiskan bahawa magnetosfera yang miring Uranus adalah hasil daripada gilirannya yang gilirannya. Dalam membandingkan medan magnet kedua-dua planet itu, saintis kini berfikir bahawa orientasi ekstrem mungkin ciri-ciri aliran di dalam 'planet'. Bidang ini boleh dijana oleh pergerakan cecair perancit dalam cengkerang sfera cecair yang mengendalikan cecair elektrik (mungkin gabungan ammonia, metana dan air) yang mengakibatkan tindakan dinamo. <> Apakah paksi putaran medan magnet Neptune? || 47 \u00b0 <> Di mana medan magnet Neptunus diimbangi dari pusat fizikal? || 0.55 radii <> Apa planet selain Neptunus mempunyai giliran yang mendatar? || Uranus's <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan orientasi ekstrem Neptune? || mengalir di pedalaman 'planet'> Apa cecair di pedalaman Neptunus? || ammonia, metana dan air", {"context": "Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47\u00b0 and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation. In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets' interiors. This field may be generated by convective fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of electrically conducting liquids (probably a combination of ammonia, methane and water) resulting in a dynamo action.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "47\u00b0"}], "question": "What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field? ", "id": "572ea13b03f9891900756863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "0.55 radii"}], "question": "Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre? ", "id": "572ea13b03f9891900756864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Uranus's"}], "question": "What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation? ", "id": "572ea13b03f9891900756865"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "flows in the planets' interiors"}], "question": "What might cause Neptune's extreme orientation? ", "id": "572ea13b03f9891900756866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "ammonia, methane and water"}], "question": "What fluids are in Neptune's interior? ", "id": "572ea13b03f9891900756867"}]}], ["Dari penemuannya pada 1846 sehingga penemuan Pluto pada tahun 1930, Neptunus adalah planet yang paling jauh diketahui. Apabila Pluto ditemui ia dianggap sebagai planet, dan Neptunus menjadi planet yang terakhir dikenali, kecuali untuk tempoh 20 tahun antara 1979 dan 1999 ketika orbit elips Pluto membawa ia lebih dekat ke Matahari daripada Neptunus. Penemuan tali pinggang Kuiper pada tahun 1992 membawa banyak ahli astronomi untuk membahaskan sama ada Pluto harus dianggap sebagai planet atau sebagai sebahagian daripada tali Kuiper. Pada tahun 2006, Kesatuan Astronomi Antarabangsa menetapkan kata \"planet\" untuk kali pertama, mengklasifikasikan semula Pluto sebagai \"planet kerdil\" dan menjadikan Neptunus sebagai planet terluar yang paling terkenal dalam Sistem Suria. <> Apakah Neptune sebelum Pluto ditemui? || planet terjauh yang diketahui <> Penemuan apa yang membuat perdebatan astronomi status Pluto sebagai planet? || tali pinggang Kuiper <> Tahun berapakah Kesatuan Astronomi Antarabangsa menentukan planet perkataan? || 2006 <> Sekarang Pluto bukan planet, apa yang diketahui Neptune dalam sistem suria kita? || planet terluar yang diketahui <> Tempoh apa yang Pluto dekat dengan matahari daripada Neptunus? || antara 1979 dan 1999", {"context": "From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune. The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union defined the word \"planet\" for the first time, reclassifying Pluto as a \"dwarf planet\" and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "farthest known planet"}], "question": "What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered? ", "id": "572e931103f98919007567c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "the Kuiper belt"}], "question": "What discovery made astronomer's debate Pluto's status as a planet? ", "id": "572e931103f98919007567c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word planet? ", "id": "572e931103f98919007567c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "the outermost known planet"}], "question": "Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Neptune known for in our solar system? ", "id": "572e931103f98919007567c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "between 1979 and 1999"}], "question": "What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune? ", "id": "572e931103f98919007567c6"}]}], ["Mantel ini bersamaan dengan 10 hingga 15 massa Bumi dan kaya dengan air, ammonia dan metana. Seperti biasa dalam sains planet, campuran ini dirujuk sebagai ais walaupun ia adalah cecair yang panas dan padat. Fluid ini, yang mempunyai kekonduksian elektrik yang tinggi, kadang-kadang dipanggil lautan air-amoniak. Mantel mungkin terdiri daripada lapisan air ionik di mana molekul air memecah menjadi sup hidrogen dan ion oksigen, dan air superionik yang lebih dalam di mana oksigen berkristal tetapi ion hidrogen terapung di dalam kisi oksigen. Pada kedalaman 7000 km, keadaan mungkin seperti metana yang terurai menjadi kristal berlian yang turun ke bawah seperti batu hujan. Eksperimen tekanan yang sangat tinggi di Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Livermore menunjukkan bahawa pangkal mantel itu mungkin terdiri daripada lautan karbon cair dengan berlian padat 'berlian'. <> Apa mantel Neptune kaya? || air, amonia dan metana <> Apakah cecair yang panas dan tebal dalam Neptune disebut sebagai? || icy <> Apa cecair di Neptun mempunyai kekonduksian yang tinggi? || elektrik <> Seberapa jauh laut laut amoniak Neptune pergi? || 7000 km <> Apa hujan di Neptunus? || kristal berlian", {"context": "The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water\u2013ammonia ocean. The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice. At a depth of 7000 km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones. Very-high-pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may comprise an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid 'diamonds'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "water, ammonia and methane"}], "question": "What is Neptune's mantle rich in? ", "id": "572e945cc246551400ce4372"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "icy"}], "question": "What is the hot, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as? ", "id": "572e945cc246551400ce4373"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "electrical"}], "question": "What does the fluid in Neptune have a high conductivity of? ", "id": "572e945cc246551400ce4374"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "7000 km"}], "question": "How deep does Neptune's water-ammonia ocean go? ", "id": "572e945cc246551400ce4375"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "diamond crystals"}], "question": "What rains on Neptune? ", "id": "572e945cc246551400ce4376"}]}], ["Pembentukan gergasi ais, Neptune dan Uranus, telah terbukti sukar untuk model dengan tepat. Model semasa menunjukkan bahawa ketumpatan perkara di kawasan luar sistem Suria adalah terlalu rendah untuk mengambil kira pembentukan badan-badan besar tersebut daripada kaedah akresi teras yang diterima secara tradisional, dan pelbagai hipotesis telah maju untuk menjelaskan pembentukannya. Satu adalah bahawa gergasi ais tidak dibentuk oleh pertambahan teras tetapi dari ketidakstabilan dalam cakera protoplanet asal dan kemudian mempunyai atmosfera mereka yang diletupkan oleh radiasi dari bintang OB yang besar. <> Apa yang boleh meletupkan suasana Neptunus dan Uranus dengan radiasi, membantu dalam penciptaan? || berhampiran bintang OB yang besar <> Apa yang terlalu rendah untuk menjelaskan pembentukan Neptunus? || kepadatan bahan <> Jika Neptunus terbentuk daripada ketidakstabilan dalam cakera protoplanet asal, apa yang tidak dibentuk oleh? || pertambahan teras", {"context": "The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion, and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation. One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "nearby massive OB star"}], "question": "What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation? ", "id": "572ead7cc246551400ce44d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "matter density"}], "question": "What is too low to account for the formation of Neptune?", "id": "572ead7cc246551400ce44d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "core accretion"}], "question": "If Neptune was formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc, what was it not formed by?", "id": "572ead7cc246551400ce44da"}]}], ["Orbit Neptunus mempunyai kesan yang mendalam di rantau ini di luarnya, yang dikenali sebagai tali pinggang Kuiper. Tali Kuiper adalah cincin dunia berais kecil, sama dengan tali pinggang asteroid tetapi jauh lebih besar, memanjang dari orbit Neptunus pada 30 AU ke sekitar 55 AU dari Matahari. Sama seperti graviti Musytari mendominasi tali pinggang asteroid, membentuk strukturnya, maka graviti Neptunus menguasai tali pinggang Kuiper. Lebih dari umur Sistem Suria, kawasan-kawasan tertentu di pinggang Kuiper menjadi tidak stabil oleh graviti Neptune, mewujudkan jurang dalam struktur tali pinggang Kuiper. Rantau antara 40 dan 42 AU adalah satu contoh. <> Apakah rantau di sebalik Neptune dipanggil? || Kuiper belt <> Apa tali pinggang Kuiper terdiri daripada? || dunia berais kecil <> Di mana sabuk Kuiper relatif terhadap Neptunus? || 30 AU ke sekitar 55 AU dari Matahari <> Apa yang menguasai tali pinggang Kuiper? || Graviti Neptune <> Apa gravitasi Neptune lakukan pada sabuk Kuiper? || jurang dalam struktur tali pinggang Kuiper", {"context": "Neptune's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it, known as the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds, similar to the asteroid belt but far larger, extending from Neptune's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun. Much in the same way that Jupiter's gravity dominates the asteroid belt, shaping its structure, so Neptune's gravity dominates the Kuiper belt. Over the age of the Solar System, certain regions of the Kuiper belt became destabilised by Neptune's gravity, creating gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure. The region between 40 and 42 AU is an example.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Kuiper belt"}], "question": "What is the region behind Neptune called? ", "id": "572ea9c803f98919007568db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "small icy worlds"}], "question": "What does the Kuiper belt consist of?", "id": "572ea9c803f98919007568dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun"}], "question": "Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Neptune?", "id": "572ea9c803f98919007568dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Neptune's gravity"}], "question": "What dominates the Kuiper belt? ", "id": "572ea9c803f98919007568de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure"}], "question": "What did Neptune's gravity do to Kuiper belt? ", "id": "572ea9c803f98919007568df"}]}], ["Scooter adalah satu lagi ribut, kumpulan awan putih lebih jauh di selatan daripada Great Dark Spot. Nama julukan ini muncul pada bulan-bulan sebelum pertemuan Voyager 2 pada tahun 1989, ketika mereka diperhatikan bergerak dengan kecepatan lebih cepat daripada Great Dark Spot (dan gambar yang diperoleh kemudian akan menunjukkan kehadiran awan bergerak lebih cepat daripada yang pada awalnya telah dikesan oleh Voyager 2). Spot Dark Small adalah badai siklonik selatan, badai kedua paling hebat yang diperhatikan pada tahun 1989. Ia pada awalnya benar-benar gelap, tetapi ketika Voyager 2 mendekati planet ini, teras terang dikembangkan dan dapat dilihat pada kebanyakan imej resolusi tertinggi. <> Apa kumpulan awan putih di Neptunus jauh di selatan daripada tempat yang sangat gelap? || The Scooter <> Kapan Skuter pada Neptune diperhatikan? || 1989 <> Apa jenis ribut The Scooter on Neptune? || ribut siklon selatan <> Apa yang mengesan ribut pada Neptunus? || Voyager 2) <> Apakah badai kedua paling hebat pada Neptunus? || The Dark Dark Spot", {"context": "The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989, when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot (and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2). The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter. It was initially completely dark, but as Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Scooter"}], "question": "What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot?", "id": "572ea63ac246551400ce446c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "1989"}], "question": "When was The Scooter on Neptune observed?", "id": "572ea63ac246551400ce446d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "southern cyclonic storm"}], "question": "What type of storm is The Scooter on Neptune? ", "id": "572ea63ac246551400ce446e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Voyager 2)"}], "question": "What detected the storms on Neptune? ", "id": "572ea63ac246551400ce446f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "The Small Dark Spot"}], "question": "What is the second most intense storm on Neptune? ", "id": "572ea63ac246551400ce4470"}]}], ["Titik gelap Neptunus dianggap berlaku di troposfera di ketinggian yang lebih rendah daripada ciri awan yang lebih cerah, sehingga ia muncul sebagai lubang di dek awan atas. Memandangkan ciri-ciri stabil yang dapat bertahan selama beberapa bulan, mereka dianggap sebagai struktur vorteks. Seringkali dikaitkan dengan bintik-bintik gelap adalah awan metana yang lebih cerah, yang membentuk sekitar lapisan tropopause. Kegigihan awan pendamping menunjukkan bahawa sesetengah bekas gelap boleh terus wujud sebagai siklon walaupun mereka tidak lagi kelihatan sebagai ciri gelap. Titik gelap mungkin hilang apabila mereka berpindah terlalu dekat dengan khatulistiwa atau mungkin melalui beberapa mekanisme lain yang tidak diketahui. <> Di mana titik gelap Neptune fikir berlaku? || di troposphere <> Apa yang kelihatan gelap di Neptune seperti dalam dek awan? || Lubang-lubang <> Sejak bintik-bintik gelap Neptun berlanjut selama beberapa bulan, apa yang mereka pikirkan? || Struktur vorteks <> Apa yang di Neptun dikaitkan dengan bintik gelap yang lebih cerah? || awan metana <> Apabila bintik gelap Neptunus berpindah terlalu dekat dengan khatulistiwa, apa yang mereka lakukan? || hilang", {"context": "Neptune's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features, so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks. As they are stable features that can persist for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures. Often associated with dark spots are brighter, persistent methane clouds that form around the tropopause layer. The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature. Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "in the troposphere"}], "question": "Where are Neptune's dark spots thought to occur? ", "id": "572ea6dbdfa6aa1500f8d251"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "holes"}], "question": "What do Neptune's dark spots appear as in the cloud decks? ", "id": "572ea6dbdfa6aa1500f8d252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "vortex structures"}], "question": "Since Neptune's dark spots persist for several months, what are they thought to be?", "id": "572ea6dbdfa6aa1500f8d253"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "methane clouds"}], "question": "What on Neptune are associated with dark spots that are brighter?", "id": "572ea6dbdfa6aa1500f8d254"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "dissipate"}], "question": "When Neptune's dark spots migrate too close to the equator, what do they do?", "id": "572ea6dbdfa6aa1500f8d255"}]}], ["Pada 11 Julai 2011, Neptunus menamatkan orbit barycentric pertama yang penuh sejak penemuannya pada 1846, walaupun ia tidak muncul pada kedudukan penemuan yang tepat di langit, kerana Bumi berada di lokasi yang berbeza dalam orbit 365.26 hari. Kerana gerak Matahari berhubung dengan barycentre Sistem Tata Surya, pada 11 Julai Neptunus juga tidak berada pada kedudukan penemuan yang tepat berkaitan dengan Matahari; jika sistem koordinat heliosentrik yang lebih biasa digunakan, longitud penemuan telah dicapai pada 12 Julai 2011. <> Bilakah Neptunus melengkapkan orbit barycentric yang pertama sejak ia ditemui? || 11 Julai 2011 <> Apakah orbit Bumi? || 365.26-hari <> Kenapa tidak Neptunus kelihatan berada dalam kedudukan penemuan yang tepat? || Bumi berada di lokasi yang berbeza <> Menggunakan sistem koordinat heliosentrik, ketika Neptunus mencapai bujur penemuan? || 12 Julai 2011", {"context": "On 11 July 2011, Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846, although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky, because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26-day orbit. Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System, on 11 July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun; if the more common heliocentric coordinate system is used, the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "11 July 2011"}], "question": "When did Neptune complete it's first barycentric orbit since it's discovery?", "id": "572ea93ec246551400ce448a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "365.26-day"}], "question": "What is the Earth's orbit?", "id": "572ea93ec246551400ce448b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Earth was in a different location"}], "question": "Why didn't Neptune appear to be in it's exact discover position? ", "id": "572ea93ec246551400ce448d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "12 July 2011"}], "question": "Using the heliocentric coordinate system, when did Neptune reach the discovery longitude? ", "id": "572ea93ec246551400ce448c"}]}], ["Cuaca Neptune dicirikan oleh sistem ribut yang sangat dinamik, dengan angin mencapai kelajuan hampir 600 m / s (2,200 km / h, 1,300 mph) -mengikuti aliran supersonik. Secara lebih kerap, dengan mengesan gerakan awan berterusan, kelajuan angin telah ditunjukkan untuk berubah dari 20 m / s ke arah timur ke 325 m / s ke arah barat. Di puncak awan, angin semasa berkelajuan tinggi dari 400 m / s di sepanjang khatulistiwa hingga 250 m / s di kutub. Kebanyakan angin di Neptun bergerak ke arah yang bertentangan dengan putaran planet. Corak umum angin menunjukkan putaran progres pada latitud tinggi vs putaran retrograde pada latitud yang lebih rendah. Perbezaan arah aliran dianggap sebagai \"kesan kulit\" dan bukan disebabkan oleh sebarang proses atmosfera yang lebih mendalam. Pada lintang 70 \u00b0 S, jet berkelajuan tinggi bergerak pada kelajuan 300 m / s. <> Apa cuaca dinamik yang dilakukan oleh Neptunus? || ribut <> Apa kelajuan angin Neptune dicapai? || 600 m / s (2,200 km / h; 1,300 mph) <> Apakah kelajuan angin yang tinggi pada puncak awan Neptune? || 400 m / s <> Arah mana angin angin Neptune yang berkaitan dengan putaran tumbuhan? || bertentangan <> Apa kesan yang disebut yang menerangkan arah aliran pada Neptunus? || kesan kulit", {"context": "Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)\u2014nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s westward. At the cloud tops, the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m/s along the equator to 250 m/s at the poles. Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet's rotation. The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes. The difference in flow direction is thought to be a \"skin effect\" and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes. At 70\u00b0 S latitude, a high-speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m/s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "storm"}], "question": "What dynamic weather does Neptune have?", "id": "572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)"}], "question": "What does Neptune's wind speeds reach? ", "id": "572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "400 m/s"}], "question": "What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?", "id": "572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "opposite"}], "question": "Which direction does Neptune's winds move relevant to the plant's rotation?", "id": "572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "skin effect"}], "question": "What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune? ", "id": "572ea40dcb0c0d14000f13d6"}]}], ["Neptunus mempunyai sejumlah objek trojan yang diketahui yang menduduki kedua-dua titik Matahari-Neptunus L4 dan L5 Lagrangian-wilayah graviti stabil yang mengetuai dan mengesampingkan Neptunus di orbitnya, masing-masing. Trojan Neptunus boleh dilihat sebagai resonans 1: 1 dengan Neptunus. Sesetengah trojan Neptune sangat stabil di orbit mereka, dan mungkin telah terbentuk bersama Neptunus daripada ditangkap. Objek pertama dan sejauh ini yang dikenalpasti sebagai berkaitan dengan titik L5 Lagrangian trailing Neptune ialah LC18 2008. Neptunus juga mempunyai satelit kuasi sementara, (309239) 2007 RW10. Objek itu telah menjadi kuasi satelit Neptunus selama kira-kira 12,500 tahun dan ia akan kekal dalam keadaan dinamik selama 12,500 tahun lagi. <> Apakah resonans trojan Neptune? || 1: 1 <> Di manakah kebanyakan trojan Neptune terbentuk? || bersama-sama Neptunus <> Apa satu-satunya objek yang dikenalpasti dengan titik L5 Lagrangian yang menguntungkan Neptunus? || 2008 LC18 <> Apakah nama kuasi satelit Neptune sementara? || (309239) 2007 RW10 <> Berapa lama satelit Neptunus dengan Neptunus? || 12,500 tahun", {"context": "Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun\u2013Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points\u2014gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits, and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured. The first and so far only object identified as associated with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point is 2008 LC18. Neptune also has a temporary quasi-satellite, (309239) 2007 RW10. The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "1:1"}], "question": "What is the resonance of Neptune trojans?", "id": "572eab33cb0c0d14000f1438"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "alongside Neptune"}], "question": "Where did most Neptune trojans form?", "id": "572eab33cb0c0d14000f1439"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "2008 LC18"}], "question": "What is the only object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?", "id": "572eab33cb0c0d14000f143a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "(309239) 2007 RW10"}], "question": "What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named?", "id": "572eab33cb0c0d14000f143b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "12,500 years"}], "question": "How long has Neptune's quasi-satellite been with Neptune? ", "id": "572eab33cb0c0d14000f143c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2007, didapati bahawa troposfera atas kutub selatan Neptun adalah kira-kira 10 K lebih hangat daripada keseluruhan atmosferanya, yang purata kira-kira 73 K (-200 \u00b0 C). Pembezaan suhu cukup untuk membiarkan metana, yang mana di tempat lain dibekukan di troposfera, melarikan diri ke stratosfera berhampiran kutub. \"Tempat panas\" relatif disebabkan oleh kecondongan paksi Neptunus, yang telah mendedahkan kutub selatan ke Matahari untuk suku terakhir tahun Neptunus, atau kira-kira 40 tahun Bumi. Sebagai Neptunus perlahan bergerak ke arah seberang Matahari, tiang selatan akan menjadi gelap dan tiang utara diterangi, menyebabkan pelepasan metana beralih ke tiang utara. <> Berapa lebih panas adalah tiang selatan Neptune ke atmosferanya yang lain? || 10 K <> Di mana metana di kutub selatan melarikan diri ke Neptunus? || stratosfera berhampiran kutub. <> Apakah suhu purata tiang selatan Neptune? || 73 K (-200 \u00b0 C). <> Berapa banyak tahun bumi adalah tiang selatan Neptune yang terdedah kepada matahari? || 40 <> Untuk mana tiang akan metana Neptune beralih ke arah yang bergerak ke seberang matahari? || kutub utara", {"context": "In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (\u2212200 \u00b0C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pole. The relative \"hot spot\" is due to Neptune's axial tilt, which has exposed the south pole to the Sun for the last quarter of Neptune's year, or roughly 40 Earth years. As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun, the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated, causing the methane release to shift to the north pole.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "10 K"}], "question": "How much warmer is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere? ", "id": "572ea4b0c246551400ce4458"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "the stratosphere near the pole."}], "question": "Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune? ", "id": "572ea4b0c246551400ce445a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "73 K (\u2212200 \u00b0C)."}], "question": "What is the average temperature of Neptune's south pole? ", "id": "572ea4b0c246551400ce4459"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "40"}], "question": "How many earth years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun?", "id": "572ea4b0c246551400ce445b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "north pole"}], "question": "To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the opposite side of the sun?", "id": "572ea4b0c246551400ce445c"}]}], ["Terdapat orbit ada di dalam kawasan kosong di mana objek boleh bertahan untuk umur Sistem Suria. Resonans ini berlaku apabila tempoh orbit Neptune adalah pecahan tepat objek tersebut, seperti 1: 2, atau 3: 4. Sekiranya, katakan, sesuatu objek mengorbit Matahari sekali untuk setiap dua orbit Neptunus, ia hanya akan menyiapkan separuh orbit pada masa Neptunus kembali ke kedudukan asalnya. Resonans yang paling ramai penduduk di pinggang Kuiper, dengan lebih daripada 200 objek yang diketahui, adalah resonans 2: 3. Objek dalam resonans ini melengkapkan 2 orbit untuk setiap 3 Neptunus, dan dikenali sebagai plutinos kerana yang terbesar dari objek Sabuk Kuiper yang diketahui, Pluto, adalah di antara mereka. Walaupun Pluto melintasi orbit Neptun secara teratur, resonans 2: 3 memastikan mereka tidak boleh bertembung. The 3: 4, 3: 5, 4: 7 dan 2: 5 resonans kurang dihuni. <> Apakah pecahan resonans yang paling ramai penduduk di sabuk Kuiper? || 2: 3 resonansi <> Apakah objek yang paling terkenal dan paling besar dalam tali pinggang Kuiper? || Pluto <> Berapa banyak objek yang diketahui berada dalam resonans yang paling penduduk di pinggang Kuiper? || 200 <> Apakah resonans Pluto dalam tali pinggang Kuiper? || 2: 3 <> Resonans mana yang kurang di dalam sabuk Kuiper? || 3: 4, 3: 5, 4: 7 dan 2: 5", {"context": "There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position. The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects, is the 2:3 resonance. Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune, and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects, Pluto, is among them. Although Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit regularly, the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide. The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "2:3 resonance"}], "question": "What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt? ", "id": "572eaa5903f98919007568e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "Pluto"}], "question": "What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?", "id": "572eaa5903f98919007568e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "200"}], "question": "How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?", "id": "572eaa5903f98919007568e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "2:3"}], "question": "What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?", "id": "572eaa5903f98919007568e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5"}], "question": "Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?", "id": "572eaa5903f98919007568e9"}]}], ["Cuaca yang lebih bervariasi Neptunus apabila dibandingkan dengan Uranus sebahagiannya disebabkan pemanasan dalaman yang lebih tinggi. Walaupun Neptune terletak lebih 50% dari Matahari berbanding Uranus, dan menerima hanya 40% jumlah cahaya matahari, suhu permukaan dua planet hampir sama. Kawasan atas troposfera Neptune mencapai suhu rendah 51.8 K (-221.3 \u00b0 C). Pada kedalaman di mana tekanan atmosfera sama dengan 1 bar (100 kPa), suhu adalah 72.00 K (-201.15 \u00b0 C). Lebih mendalam di dalam lapisan gas, suhu semakin meningkat. Seperti halnya Uranus, sumber pemanasan ini tidak diketahui, tetapi percanggahannya lebih besar: Uranus hanya memancarkan tenaga sebanyak 1.1 kali lebih banyak seperti yang diterima dari Matahari; manakala Neptune memancarkan kira-kira 2.61 kali lebih banyak tenaga kerana ia menerima dari Matahari. Neptunus adalah planet terjauh dari Matahari, namun tenaga dalamannya mencukupi untuk memacu angin planet terpantas yang dilihat dalam Sistem Suria. Bergantung pada sifat termal dalamannya, haba yang tersisa daripada pembentukan Neptune mungkin mencukupi untuk menerangkan aliran haba semasanya, walaupun lebih sukar untuk menjelaskan secara mendalam tentang kekurangan haba dalaman Uranus sambil memelihara persamaan jelas antara kedua-dua planet. <> Mengapa Neptunus mempunyai cuaca lebih banyak daripada Uranus? || pemanasan dalaman yang lebih tinggi <> Berapa jauh Neptunus dari Matahari berbanding Uranus? || 50% <> Berapakah peratusan matahari yang Neptunus dibandingkan dengan Uranus? || 40% <> Berapa banyak tenaga yang Neptune memancarkan daripada yang diterima? || 2.61 <> Aliran haba semasa di Neptune mungkin dijelaskan oleh apa? || haba yang tersisa dari pembentukan Neptunus", {"context": "Neptune's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating. Although Neptune lies over 50% further from the Sun than Uranus, and receives only 40% its amount of sunlight, the two planets' surface temperatures are roughly equal. The upper regions of Neptune's troposphere reach a low temperature of 51.8 K (\u2212221.3 \u00b0C). At a depth where the atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar (100 kPa), the temperature is 72.00 K (\u2212201.15 \u00b0C). Deeper inside the layers of gas, the temperature rises steadily. As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System. Depending on the thermal properties of its interior, the heat left over from Neptune's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow, though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "higher internal heating"}], "question": "Why might Neptune have more varied weather than Uranus?", "id": "572ea842dfa6aa1500f8d26f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "50%"}], "question": "How much farther is Neptune from the Sun than Uranus?", "id": "572ea842dfa6aa1500f8d270"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "40%"}], "question": "How much percentage of the sun does Neptune get compared to Uranus?", "id": "572ea842dfa6aa1500f8d271"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "2.61"}], "question": "How much more energy does Neptune radiate than it receives? ", "id": "572ea842dfa6aa1500f8d272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 981, "text": "heat left over from Neptune's formation"}], "question": "The current heat flow on Neptune might be explained by what?", "id": "572ea842dfa6aa1500f8d273"}]}], ["Voyager 2 adalah satu-satunya kapal angkasa yang telah melawat Neptunus. Pendekatan kapal angkasa yang paling dekat dengan planet ini berlaku pada 25 Ogos 1989. Kerana ini adalah planet utama yang terakhir, kapal angkasa boleh melawat, ia telah memutuskan untuk membuat jarak dekat Triton bulan, tanpa mengira akibat trajektori, sama dengan apa yang berlaku dilakukan untuk pertemuan Voyager 1 dengan Saturn dan Titan bulannya. Imej-imej yang dihantarkan kembali ke Bumi dari Voyager 2 menjadi asas kepada program sepanjang malam PBS 1989, Neptune All Night. <> Apakah kapal angkasa hanya untuk melawat Neptunus? || Voyager 2 <> Bilakah kapal angkasa menjadi paling dekat dengan Neptunus? || 25 Ogos 1989 <> Apa yang dekat dengan Neptune melakukan lawatan kapal angkasa berbahaya? || Triton <> Apa program yang disiarkan di PBS tentang Neptune? || Neptune All Night", {"context": "Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan. The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program, Neptune All Night.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Voyager 2"}], "question": "What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune?", "id": "572eb077c246551400ce4518"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "25 August 1989"}], "question": "When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?", "id": "572eb077c246551400ce4519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Triton"}], "question": "What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close?", "id": "572eb077c246551400ce451a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Neptune All Night"}], "question": "What program aired on PBS about Neptune?", "id": "572eb077c246551400ce451b"}]}], ["Konsep alternatif adalah bahawa mereka membentuk lebih dekat dengan Matahari, di mana kepadatan bahan lebih tinggi, dan kemudiannya berpindah ke orbit semasa mereka selepas penyingkiran cakera protoplanet gas. Hipotesis penghijrahan selepas pembentukan disukai, kerana keupayaannya untuk menjelaskan lebih jelas tentang penghunian populasi objek kecil yang diperhatikan di rantau trans-Neptunus. Penjelasan terkini yang paling meluas mengenai butiran hipotesis ini dikenali sebagai model Nice, yang meneroka kesan Neptunus dan planet gergasi lain pada struktur tali pinggang Kuiper. <> Jika Neptun terbentuk lebih dekat dengan matahari, apakah kepadatan benda? || lebih tinggi <> Jika Neptunus mendekati matahari, apakah yang menyebabkannya berhijrah ke orbit semasa? || penyingkiran cakera protoplanet gas <> Apakah penjelasan yang paling meluas mengenai pembentukan Neptune dipanggil? || model Nice <> Apa model Nice mempertimbangkan memindahkan penghijrahan Neptune? || Tali pinggang Kuiper.", {"context": "An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans-Neptunian region. The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model, which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "higher"}], "question": "If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?", "id": "572eae2203f9891900756929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc"}], "question": "If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?", "id": "572eae2203f989190075692a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "the Nice model"}], "question": "What is the most widely accepted explanation of Neptune's formation called?", "id": "572eae2203f989190075692b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "Kuiper belt."}], "question": "What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Neptune?", "id": "572eae2203f989190075692c"}]}], ["Selepas misi flyway Voyager 2, langkah seterusnya dalam penerokaan saintifik sistem Neptunian, dianggap sebagai misi orbital Flagship. Misi hipotetikal sedemikian dijangka dapat dilakukan pada akhir 2020an atau awal tahun 2030an. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa perbincangan untuk melancarkan misi Neptune lebih awal. Pada tahun 2003, ada cadangan dalam \"Pengajian Misi Penglihatan\" NASA untuk misi \"Neptunus Orbiter dengan Probes\" yang mengendalikan sains peringkat Cassini. Satu lagi cadangan yang lebih baru adalah untuk Argo, sebuah kapal angkasa terbang yang akan dilancarkan pada 2019, yang akan melawat Musytari, Zuhal, Neptunus, dan objek tali pinggang Kuiper. Fokusnya adalah pada Neptunus dan Triton bulan terbesarnya untuk disiasat sekitar tahun 2029. Misi New Horizons 2 yang dicadangkan (yang kemudiannya dibatalkan) mungkin juga telah dilakukan secara dekat dengan sistem Neptunus. <> Bilakah misi hipotetikal seterusnya kepada Neptunus? || lewat 2020 <> Bagaimana pula dengan Neptune yang dicadangkan oleh NASA pada tahun 2003 dalam \"Pengajian Misi Visi\" mereka? || Neptunus Orbiter dengan Probes <> Bilakah Argo dilancarkan? || 2019 <> Apa yang akan Argo melawat? || Musytari, Zuhal, Neptunus, dan objek ikat pinggang Kuiper <> Bilakah kita boleh mengharapkan Argo untuk melawat Triton? || 2029", {"context": "After the Voyager 2 flyby mission, the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system, is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission. Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible at in the late 2020s or early 2030s. However, there have been a couple of discussions to launch Neptune missions sooner. In 2003, there was a proposal in NASA's \"Vision Missions Studies\" for a \"Neptune Orbiter with Probes\" mission that does Cassini-level science. Another, more recent proposal was for Argo, a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019, that would visit Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object. The focus would be on Neptune and its largest moon Triton to be investigated around 2029. The proposed New Horizons 2 mission (which was later scrapped) might also have done a close flyby of the Neptunian system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "late 2020s"}], "question": "When is the next hypothetical mission to Neptune?", "id": "572eb0fd03f989190075695f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Neptune Orbiter with Probes"}], "question": "What about Neptune did NASA propose in 2003 in their \"Vision Missions Studies\"?", "id": "572eb0fd03f9891900756960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "2019"}], "question": "When will Argo be launched?", "id": "572eb0fd03f9891900756961"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object"}], "question": "What will Argo visit?", "id": "572eb0fd03f9891900756962"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 709, "text": "2029"}], "question": "When can we expect Argo to visit Triton?", "id": "572eb0fd03f9891900756963"}]}], ["Neptunus mempunyai 14 bulan yang diketahui. Triton adalah bulan Neptunus terbesar, yang terdiri daripada lebih daripada 99.5% massa di orbit sekitar Neptune, [e] dan ia adalah satu-satunya yang cukup besar untuk menjadi spheroid. Triton ditemui oleh William Lassell hanya 17 hari selepas penemuan Neptunus itu sendiri. Tidak seperti semua planet planet besar yang lain dalam Sistem Suria, Triton mempunyai orbit retrograde, menunjukkan bahawa ia ditangkap dan bukannya terbentuk; ia mungkin sekali planet kerdil di pinggang Kuiper. Ia cukup dekat untuk Neptunus dikunci menjadi putaran segerak, dan ia perlahan-lahan melayang masuk ke dalam kerana pecutan pasang surut. Ia akhirnya akan hancur, kira-kira 3.6 bilion tahun, apabila mencapai batas Roche. Pada tahun 1989, Triton adalah objek paling sejuk yang telah diukur dalam Sistem Suria, dengan anggaran suhu 38 K (-235 \u00b0 C). <> Berapa banyak bulan yang ada di Neptune? || 14 <> Apakah bulan terbesar di Neptune? || Triton <> Siapa yang menemui Triton? || William Lassell <> Apa orbit apakah Triton mempunyai sekitar Neptune? || orbit retrograde <> Apakah orbit Triton mencadangkan tentang hubungannya dengan Neptunus? || bahawa ia telah ditangkap", {"context": "Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune,[e] and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System, Triton has a retrograde orbit, indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous rotation, and it is slowly spiralling inward because of tidal acceleration. It will eventually be torn apart, in about 3.6 billion years, when it reaches the Roche limit. In 1989, Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System, with estimated temperatures of 38 K (\u2212235 \u00b0C).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many moons does Neptune have?", "id": "572eae88dfa6aa1500f8d2ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Triton"}], "question": "What is Neptune's largest moon?", "id": "572eae88dfa6aa1500f8d2ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "William Lassell"}], "question": "Who discovered Triton? ", "id": "572eae88dfa6aa1500f8d2af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "retrograde orbit"}], "question": "What orbit does Triton have around Neptune? ", "id": "572eae88dfa6aa1500f8d2b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "that it was captured"}], "question": "What does Triton's orbit suggest about it's relation to Neptune?", "id": "572eae88dfa6aa1500f8d2b1"}]}], ["Dari Julai hingga September 1989, Voyager 2 menemui enam bulan Neptunus. Daripada jumlah ini, Proteus yang tidak teratur adalah ketara kerana sebesar tubuhnya yang ketumpatannya tidak dapat ditarik ke dalam bentuk sfera dengan graviti sendiri. Walaupun bulan Neptunus yang paling besar-besaran, ia hanya 0.25% jisim Triton. Empat bulan paling lama Neptune-Naiad, Thalassa, Despina dan Galatea-orbit cukup dekat untuk berada di dalam cincin Neptune. Lepas yang paling jauh, Larissa, pada mulanya ditemui pada tahun 1981 apabila ia telah menghairankan bintang. Ghaib ini telah dikaitkan dengan gelang cincin, tetapi apabila Voyager 2 memerhatikan Neptunus pada tahun 1989, Larissa didapati telah menyebabkannya. Lima bulan yang tidak teratur baru yang ditemui antara tahun 2002 dan 2003 diumumkan pada tahun 2004. Bulan baru dan terkecil lagi, S / 2004 N 1, ditemui pada tahun 2013. Kerana Neptunus adalah tuhan Rom dari laut, bulan Neptunus telah dinamakan selepas kurang dewa laut. <> Apa yang menemui enam bulan Neptune pada tahun 1989? || Voyager 2 <> Apakah bulan Neptunian yang paling besar kedua? || Proteus <> Apa yang penting tentang Proteus bulan? || berbentuk tidak teratur <> Yang mana empat bulan paling dalam Neptunus? || Naiad, Thalassa, Despina dan Galatea <> Bilakah bulan Neptunus Larissa ditemui? || 1981", {"context": "From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Triton. Neptune's innermost four moons\u2014Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea\u2014orbit close enough to be within Neptune's rings. The next-farthest out, Larissa, was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star. This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs, but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989, Larissa was found to have caused it. Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004. A new moon and the smallest yet, S/2004 N 1, was found in 2013. Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, Neptune's moons have been named after lesser sea gods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Voyager 2"}], "question": "What discovered six moons of Neptune in 1989?", "id": "572eaf62cb0c0d14000f147e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Proteus"}], "question": "What is the second most massive Neptunian moon? ", "id": "572eaf62cb0c0d14000f147f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "irregularly shaped"}], "question": "What is notable about the moon Proteus?", "id": "572eaf62cb0c0d14000f1480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea"}], "question": "Which are Neptune's four innermost moons?", "id": "572eaf62cb0c0d14000f1481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "1981"}], "question": "When was Neptune's moon Larissa discovered? ", "id": "572eaf62cb0c0d14000f1482"}]}], ["Kerana jarak Neptunus dari Bumi, diameter sudutnya hanya berkisar dari 2,2 hingga 2,4 arcseconds, yang terkecil dari planet Sistem Suria. Saiz kecil yang jelas menjadikannya mencabar untuk mengkaji secara visual. Kebanyakan data teleskopik adalah terhad sehingga kedatangan Teleskop Angkasa Hubble (HST) dan teleskop berasaskan tanah besar dengan optik adaptif (AO). Pemerhatian yang paling saintifik terhadap Neptunus dari teleskop berasaskan darat menggunakan optik adaptif, dimulakan pada tahun 1997 dari Hawaii. Neptunus kini memasuki musim bunga dan musim panas dan telah ditunjukkan menjadi pemanasan, dengan peningkatan aktiviti atmosfera dan kecerahan akibatnya. Digabungkan dengan kemajuan teknologi, teleskop berasaskan darat dengan optik adaptif merekodkan gambaran yang lebih terperinci dari Planet Luar ini. Kedua-dua teleskop HST dan AO di Bumi telah membuat banyak penemuan baru dalam Sistem Suria sejak pertengahan tahun 1990-an, dengan peningkatan jumlah satelit dan satelit yang diketahui di sekitar Planet Luar sebagai contohnya. Pada tahun 2004 dan 2005, lima satelit kecil baru Neptune dengan diameter antara 38 dan 61 kilometer ditemui. <> Apakah diameter diameter sudut Neptunus? || 2.2 hingga 2.4 arcseconds <> Kedatangan teleskop apa yang membuatnya lebih mudah untuk mempelajari Neptunus? || Teleskop Angkasa Hubble <> Bilakah pemerhatian berguna pertama Neptune dari tanah? || 1997 <> Apa musim yang Neptune sedang memasuki? || musim bunga dan musim panas <> Apa yang ditemui di sekitar Neptune pada tahun 2004 dan 2005? || lima satelit kecil baru", {"context": "Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics (AO). The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics, was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii. Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up, with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence. Combined with technological advancements, ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of this Outer Planet. Both the HST and AO telescopes on Earth has made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the Outer Planets for example. In 2004 and 2005, five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds"}], "question": "What is Neptune's angular diameter range?", "id": "572eaff6dfa6aa1500f8d2c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Hubble Space Telescope"}], "question": "The advent of what telescope made it easier to study Neptune?", "id": "572eaff6dfa6aa1500f8d2ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When was the first useful observation of Neptune from the ground?", "id": "572eaff6dfa6aa1500f8d2cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "spring and summer"}], "question": "What seasons are Neptune currently entering?", "id": "572eaff6dfa6aa1500f8d2cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1068, "text": "five new small satellites"}], "question": "What was discovered around Neptune in 2004 and 2005?", "id": "572eaff6dfa6aa1500f8d2cd"}]}]], [["Keretapi elektrik menggunakan lokomotif elektrik untuk mengangkut penumpang atau pengangkutan di kereta berasingan atau pelbagai unit elektrik, kereta penumpang dengan motor sendiri. Elektrik biasanya dihasilkan di stesen janakuasa yang besar dan relatif efisien, dihantar ke rangkaian keretapi dan diedarkan ke kereta api. Sesetengah kereta api elektrik mempunyai stesen janakuasa dan saluran penghantaran yang tersendiri tetapi kebanyakan kuasa beli dari utiliti elektrik. Keretapi biasanya menyediakan garis pengedaran sendiri, suis dan transformer. <> Apa yang digunakan untuk mengangkut kereta penumpang? || lokomotif elektrik <> Bagaimana elektrik dihasilkan untuk lokomotif elektrik? || stesen penjanaan <> entiti apa yang menyediakan garis pengedaran, suis dan transformer? || kereta api", {"context": "Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network and distributed to the trains. Some electric railways have their own dedicated generating stations and transmission lines but most purchase power from an electric utility. The railway usually provides its own distribution lines, switches and transformers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "electric locomotives"}], "question": "What is used to haul passengers cars?", "id": "572e86c1c246551400ce42ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "generating stations"}], "question": "How is electricity being generated for electric locomotives?", "id": "572e86c1c246551400ce42cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "railway"}], "question": "What entity provides distribution lines, switches and transformers?", "id": "572e86c1c246551400ce42cc"}]}], ["Keretapi mesti beroperasi pada kelajuan berubah-ubah. Hingga pertengahan tahun 1980-an ini hanya praktikal dengan motor berus jenis DC, walaupun DC tersebut boleh dibekalkan dari katenary AC melalui penukaran kuasa elektrik di atas kapal. Oleh kerana penukaran itu tidak dibangunkan pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, kebanyakan kereta api elektrik awal yang digunakan DC dan masih banyak yang dilakukan, terutamanya transit (subway) dan trem pesat. Kelajuan dikawal dengan menyambungkan motor daya tarikan dalam pelbagai kombinasi serentetan siri, dengan mengubah bidang motor daya tarikan, dan dengan memasukkan dan menghilangkan rintangan bermula untuk menghadkan arus motor. <> Apakah had kelajuan kereta api? || kelajuan berubah-ubah <> Mengapa motor DC digunakan lebih daripada jenis AC? || penukaran tidak dibangunkan dengan baik <> Apakah dua jenis pengangkutan kereta api masih menggunakan motor DC? || transit cepat (kereta bawah tanah) dan trem", {"context": "Railways must operate at variable speeds. Until the mid 1980s this was only practical with the brush-type DC motor, although such DC can be supplied from an AC catenary via on-board electric power conversion. Since such conversion was not well developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century, most early electrified railways used DC and many still do, particularly rapid transit (subways) and trams. Speed was controlled by connecting the traction motors in various series-parallel combinations, by varying the traction motors' fields, and by inserting and removing starting resistances to limit motor current.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "variable speeds"}], "question": "What is speed limit for railways?", "id": "572e8f7803f98919007567a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "conversion was not well developed"}], "question": "Why is DC motor being used more than AC type?", "id": "572e8f7803f98919007567a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "rapid transit (subways) and trams"}], "question": "What are two types of railway transportation still use DC motor?", "id": "572e8f7803f98919007567a3"}]}], ["Motor mempunyai ruang yang sangat kecil untuk penebat elektrik supaya mereka umumnya mempunyai penilaian voltan rendah. Oleh sebab transformer (sebelum pembangunan elektronik kuasa) tidak dapat melancarkan voltan DC, kereta api dibekalkan dengan voltan DC yang rendah yang boleh digunakan oleh motor secara langsung. Tegasan DC yang paling biasa disenaraikan di bahagian sebelumnya. Sistem rel ketiga (dan keempat) hampir selalu menggunakan voltan di bawah 1 kV untuk sebab keselamatan manakala wayar overhed biasanya menggunakan voltan yang lebih tinggi untuk kecekapan. (Voltan \"rendah\" adalah relatif, walaupun 600 V boleh mematikan dengan serta-merta apabila disentuh.) <> Mengapa motor mempunyai sedikit ruang untuk penebat? || penilaian voltan rendah <> Mengapa voltan 1kV hampir selalu digunakan oleh sistem rel? || sebab-sebab keselamatan <> Apakah volum yang paling biasa digunakan oleh sistem keretapi? || di bawah 1 kV <> Sistem manakah yang menggunakan voltan lebih tinggi? || wayar overhed <> Adakah voltan \"rendah\" yang digunakan oleh kereta api selamat untuk orang? || maut", {"context": "Motors have very little room for electrical insulation so they generally have low voltage ratings. Because transformers (prior to the development of power electronics) cannot step down DC voltages, trains were supplied with a relatively low DC voltage that the motors can use directly. The most common DC voltages are listed in the previous section. Third (and fourth) rail systems almost always use voltages below 1 kV for safety reasons while overhead wires usually use higher voltages for efficiency. (\"Low\" voltage is relative; even 600 V can be instantly lethal when touched.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "low voltage ratings"}], "question": "Why do motors have little space for insulation?", "id": "572f2607947a6a140053c7dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "safety reasons"}], "question": "Why 1kV voltage is almost always used by rail systems?", "id": "572f2607947a6a140053c7de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "below 1 kV"}], "question": "What is most common volatage range used by railway system?", "id": "572f2607947a6a140053c7dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "overhead wires"}], "question": "Which system uses higher voltages?", "id": "572f2607947a6a140053c7df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "lethal"}], "question": "Is \"low\" voltage used by trains safe for people?", "id": "572f2607947a6a140053c7e0"}]}], ["Sistem elektrifikasi kereta api membekalkan kuasa elektrik ke kereta api dan trem keretapi tanpa penggerak utama di atas kapal atau bekalan bahan api tempatan. Elektrik mempunyai banyak kelebihan tetapi memerlukan perbelanjaan modal yang ketara. Pemilihan sistem elektrifikasi adalah berdasarkan kepada ekonomi bekalan tenaga, penyelenggaraan, dan kos modal berbanding dengan hasil yang diperoleh untuk pengangkutan dan penumpang. Sistem yang berbeza digunakan untuk kawasan bandar dan kawasan; beberapa lokomotif elektrik boleh beralih kepada voltan bekalan yang berbeza untuk membolehkan kelenturan dalam operasi. <> Apakah faktor-faktor kos modal sistem elektrifikasi bergantung kepada? || penyelenggaraan <> Bagaimana sesetengah lokomotif berfungsi agar lebih fleksibel beroperasi? || boleh bertukar kepada voltan bekalan yang berbeza <> Apakah dua jenis pendapatan yang diperoleh melalui pengangkutan kereta api? || barang dan lalu lintas penumpang <> Apakah kelemahan utama kereta api elektrik? || perbelanjaan modal yang ketara", {"context": "A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas; some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "maintenance"}], "question": "What is of the factors the capital cost of electrification system depends on?", "id": "572e8592dfa6aa1500f8d097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "can switch to different supply voltages"}], "question": "How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation?", "id": "572e8592dfa6aa1500f8d098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "freight and passenger traffic"}], "question": "What are two types of revenue obtained through railway transportation?", "id": "572e8592dfa6aa1500f8d09a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "significant capital expenditure"}], "question": "What is the main disadvantage of railway electrification?", "id": "572e8592dfa6aa1500f8d099"}]}], ["Kelemahan daya tarikan elektrik termasuk kos modal yang tinggi yang mungkin tidak ekonomi pada laluan ringan yang diperdagangkan; kekurangan fleksibiliti relatif sejak kereta api elektrik memerlukan trek elektrik atau supercapacitors onboard dan mengenakan infrastruktur di stesen; dan kelemahan kepada gangguan kuasa. Kawasan yang berlainan mungkin menggunakan voltan bekalan dan frekuensi yang berbeza, merumitkan melalui perkhidmatan. Kelonggaran yang terhad yang terdapat di bawah pesisir boleh menghalang perkhidmatan kontena double-stack yang cekap. Tegasan mematikan pada wayar kenalan dan rel ketiga adalah bahaya keselamatan untuk mengesan pekerja, penumpang dan penceroboh. Kawat di atas lebih selamat daripada rel ketiga, tetapi ia sering dianggap tidak sedap dipandang. <> Apakah bahaya keselamatan untuk mengesan pekerja? || voltan pada wayar hubungan <> Masalah apa yang boleh merumitkan perkhidmatan keretapi elektrik? || voltan bekalan dan frekuensi yang berbeza, <> Apakah alternatif yang lebih selamat untuk landasan ketiga? || Kawat di atas <> Mengapa kabel overhed tidak banyak digunakan? || dianggap tidak sedap dipandang.", {"context": "Disadvantages of electric traction include high capital costs that may be uneconomic on lightly trafficked routes; a relative lack of flexibility since electric trains need electrified tracks or onboard supercapacitors and charging infrastructure at stations; and a vulnerability to power interruptions. Different regions may use different supply voltages and frequencies, complicating through service. The limited clearances available under catenaries may preclude efficient double-stack container service. The lethal voltages on contact wires and third rails are a safety hazard to track workers, passengers and trespassers. Overhead wires are safer than third rails, but they are often considered unsightly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "voltages on contact wires"}], "question": "What is a safety hazard to track workers?", "id": "572e8e0fcb0c0d14000f1291"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "different supply voltages and frequencies,"}], "question": "What issue can complicate electric railway service?", "id": "572e8e0fcb0c0d14000f1290"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "Overhead wires"}], "question": "What is a safer alternative to third rails?", "id": "572e8e0fcb0c0d14000f1292"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "considered unsightly."}], "question": "Why overhead wires are not being widely used?", "id": "572e8e0fcb0c0d14000f1293"}]}], ["1,500 V DC digunakan di Belanda, Jepun, Republik Indonesia, Hong Kong (bahagian), Republik Irlandia, Australia (bahagian), India (sekitar kawasan Mumbai sahaja, telah diubah menjadi 25 kV AC seperti seluruh India ), Perancis (juga menggunakan 25 kV 50 Hz AC), New Zealand (Wellington) dan Amerika Syarikat (kawasan Chicago di daerah Metra Electric dan talian garis tengah South Shore). Di Slovakia, terdapat dua garisan sempit di High Tatras (satu kereta api cog). Di Portugal, ia digunakan di Laluan Cascais dan di Denmark di sistem kereta api S-pinggir bandar. <> Apakah voltan yang paling biasa untuk bekalan DC? || 1,500 V <> Berapa banyak garis sempit di Slovakia? || dua <> Apa jalur kereta api yang digunakan DC di Portugal? || Talian Cascais <> Di mana garis India telah ditukar kepada AC? || Kawasan Mumbai", {"context": "1,500 V DC is used in the Netherlands, Japan, Republic Of Indonesia, Hong Kong (parts), Republic of Ireland, Australia (parts), India (around the Mumbai area alone, has been converted to 25 kV AC like the rest of India), France (also using 25 kV 50 Hz AC), New Zealand (Wellington) and the United States (Chicago area on the Metra Electric district and the South Shore Line interurban line). In Slovakia, there are two narrow-gauge lines in the High Tatras (one a cog railway). In Portugal, it is used in the Cascais Line and in Denmark on the suburban S-train system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "1,500 V"}], "question": "What is most common voltage for DC supply?", "id": "572f2b31947a6a140053c7e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many narrow-gauge lines in Slovakia?", "id": "572f2b31947a6a140053c7e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "the Cascais Line"}], "question": "What railway line is DC being used in Portugal?", "id": "572f2b31947a6a140053c7e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Mumbai area"}], "question": "Where in India line has been converted to AC?", "id": "572f2b31947a6a140053c7e9"}]}], ["Kebanyakan sistem elektrifikasi menggunakan wayar atas, tetapi rel ketiga adalah pilihan sehingga kira-kira 1,200 V. Sistem rel ketiga secara eksklusif menggunakan pengedaran DC. Penggunaan AC tidak boleh dilaksanakan kerana dimensi kereta api ketiga secara fizikalnya sangat besar berbanding dengan kedalaman kulit yang menyalurkan arus bergantian (0.3 milimeter atau 0,012 inci) dalam rel keluli). Kesan ini menjadikan rintangan per unit panjang tidak dapat diterima tinggi berbanding penggunaan DC. Kereta api ketiga lebih padat daripada wayar overhead dan boleh digunakan dalam terowong diameter kecil, satu faktor penting untuk sistem kereta bawah tanah. <> Jenis apa yang kebanyakannya digunakan dengan rel ketiga atau wayar overhead? || wayar overhed <> Adakah sistem rel trird digunakan secara eksklusif dengan AC atau DC? || Pengedaran DC <> Apakah kedalaman apakah arus bergantian menembusi dalam rel besi? || kedalaman kulit <> Apa yang lebih mudah untuk dijadikan garis bawah tanah? || Rail ketiga <> Apakah rel tird yang lebih padat atau wayar overhed secara fizikal? || Kereta api ketiga", {"context": "Most electrification systems use overhead wires, but third rail is an option up to about 1,200 V. Third rail systems exclusively use DC distribution. The use of AC is not feasible because the dimensions of a third rail are physically very large compared with the skin depth that the alternating current penetrates to (0.3 millimetres or 0.012 inches) in a steel rail). This effect makes the resistance per unit length unacceptably high compared with the use of DC. Third rail is more compact than overhead wires and can be used in smaller-diameter tunnels, an important factor for subway systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "overhead wires"}], "question": "What type is mostly used third rail or overhead wires?", "id": "572f2eff04bcaa1900d76775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "DC distribution"}], "question": "Is trird rail system being used exclusively with AC or DC ?", "id": "572f2eff04bcaa1900d76776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "skin depth"}], "question": "What depth does the alternating current penetrate in a steel rail?", "id": "572f2eff04bcaa1900d76777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Third rail"}], "question": "What is more prefferable for subway lines?", "id": "572f2eff04bcaa1900d76779"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Third rail"}], "question": "What is physically more compact tird rail or overhead wires?", "id": "572f2eff04bcaa1900d76778"}]}], ["3 kV DC digunakan di Belgium, Itali, Sepanyol, Poland, Republik Czech Utara, Slovakia, Slovenia, Afrika Selatan, Chile, dan negara-negara bekas Kesatuan Soviet (juga menggunakan 25 kV 50 Hz AC). Ia dahulunya digunakan oleh Milwaukee Road dari Harlowton, Montana ke Seattle-Tacoma, merentasi Continental Divide dan termasuk garis cawangan dan gelung yang meluas di Montana, dan oleh Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (kini New Jersey Transit, ditukar kepada 25 kV AC) di Amerika Syarikat, dan keretapi pinggir bandar Kolkata (Bardhaman Main Line) di India, sebelum ia ditukar kepada 25 kV 50 Hz AC. <> Apakah voltan yang digunakan dalam sistem keretapi Afrika Selatan dan Chile? || 3 kV DC <> Selain menggunakan 3kV DC apa jenis kuasa lain digunakan di negara-negara bekas Soviet Union? || 25 kV 50 Hz AC <> Apa yang dipanggil New Jersey Transit sebelum ini? || Railroad Barat <> Apakah sistem keretapi AS menggunakan DC atau AC? || AC", {"context": "3 kV DC is used in Belgium, Italy, Spain, Poland, the northern Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Chile, and former Soviet Union countries (also using 25 kV 50 Hz AC). It was formerly used by the Milwaukee Road from Harlowton, Montana to Seattle-Tacoma, across the Continental Divide and including extensive branch and loop lines in Montana, and by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (now New Jersey Transit, converted to 25 kV AC) in the United States, and the Kolkata suburban railway (Bardhaman Main Line) in India, before it was converted to 25 kV 50 Hz AC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "3 kV DC"}], "question": "What voltage is being used in railway system of South Africa and Chile?", "id": "572f2ce3a23a5019007fc4b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "25 kV 50 Hz AC"}], "question": "Besides using 3kV DC what other power type is used in the former Soviet Union countries?", "id": "572f2ce3a23a5019007fc4b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Western Railroad"}], "question": "What was New Jersey Transit called before?", "id": "572f2ce3a23a5019007fc4b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "AC"}], "question": "What does the railway system of US use DC or AC?", "id": "572f2ce3a23a5019007fc4b6"}]}], ["Sebagai perbandingan dengan alternatif utama, enjin diesel, kereta api elektrik menawarkan kecekapan tenaga yang lebih baik, mengurangkan emisi dan kos operasi yang lebih rendah. Lokomotif elektrik biasanya lebih tenang, lebih kuat, dan lebih responsif dan boleh dipercayai daripada diesel. Mereka tidak mempunyai pelepasan tempatan, kelebihan penting dalam terowong dan kawasan bandar. Sesetengah sistem daya tarikan elektrik memberikan brek regeneratif yang menjadikan tenaga kinetik kereta api kembali ke elektrik dan mengembalikannya ke sistem bekalan untuk digunakan oleh kereta api lain atau grid utiliti umum. Walaupun lokomotif diesel membakar petroleum, elektrik dihasilkan dari pelbagai sumber termasuk banyak yang tidak menghasilkan karbon dioksida seperti tenaga nuklear dan bentuk boleh diperbaharui termasuk hidroelektrik, panas bumi, angin dan solar. <> Apakah alternatif utama untuk kereta api elektrik? || enjin diesel <> Apa lokomotif biasanya lebih dipercayai? || Lokomotif elektrik <> Apa yang disediakan sistem daya tarikan elektrik? || brek regeneratif <> Apakah jenis bahan api yang digunakan oleh lokomotif diesel? || petroleum <> Apakah salah satu daripada sumber elektrik yang dihasilkan daripada? || geoterma", {"context": "In comparison to the principal alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions and lower operating costs. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and reliable than diesels. They have no local emissions, an important advantage in tunnels and urban areas. Some electric traction systems provide regenerative braking that turns the train's kinetic energy back into electricity and returns it to the supply system to be used by other trains or the general utility grid. While diesel locomotives burn petroleum, electricity is generated from diverse sources including many that do not produce carbon dioxide such as nuclear power and renewable forms including hydroelectric, geothermal, wind and solar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "diesel engine"}], "question": "What is the principal alternative to electric railways?", "id": "572e88f303f9891900756745"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Electric locomotives"}], "question": "What locomotives are usually more reliable?", "id": "572e88f303f9891900756746"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "regenerative braking"}], "question": "What do some electric traction systems provide?", "id": "572e88f303f9891900756747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "petroleum"}], "question": "What type of fuel do diesel locomotives use?", "id": "572e88f303f9891900756748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "geothermal"}], "question": "What is one of the sources electricity is being generated from?", "id": "572e88f303f9891900756749"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat minat di kalangan pengendali kereta api untuk kembali menggunakan DC pada voltan yang lebih tinggi daripada yang digunakan sebelum ini. Pada voltan yang sama, DC sering mempunyai kehilangan yang kurang daripada AC, dan untuk sebab ini arus langsung voltan tinggi telah digunakan pada beberapa talian penghantaran kuasa pukal. DC mengelakkan sinaran elektromagnet yang wujud dengan AC, dan di atas keretapi ini juga mengurangkan gangguan dengan isyarat dan komunikasi dan mengurangkan risiko EMF hypothetical. DC juga mengelakkan masalah faktor kuasa AC. Kepentingan tertentu untuk kereta api adalah bahawa DC boleh membekalkan kuasa yang tetap dengan dawai ungrounded tunggal. Kuasa berterusan dengan AC memerlukan tiga fasa penghantaran dengan sekurang-kurangnya dua wayar ungrounded. Satu lagi pertimbangan penting adalah bahawa AC-3 kekerapan frekuensi utama mesti dirancang dengan teliti untuk mengelakkan beban fasa tidak seimbang. Sebahagian daripada sistem dibekalkan dari fasa-fasa yang berlainan dengan andaian bahawa jumlah keseluruhan 3 fasa akan keluar. Pada titik pemisahan fasa di antara rantau yang dibekalkan dari fasa yang berbeza, rehat bekalan bertebat yang panjang diperlukan untuk mengelakkannya dipendekkan oleh rolling stock dengan menggunakan lebih dari satu pantograf pada satu masa. Beberapa keretapi telah mencuba 3 fasa tetapi kerumitannya yang ketara telah membuat amalan standard fasa tunggal walaupun terdapat gangguan aliran kuasa yang berlaku dua kali setiap kitaran. Kereta api 6 kV DC eksperimen dibina di Kesatuan Soviet. <> Jenis jenis kuasa elektrik yang menjamin kerugian yang lebih rendah? || DC <> Jenis bekalan mana untuk motor elektrik mencipta radiasi elektromagnet? || AC <> Jenis kuasa mana yang memerlukan penghantaran tiga fasa? || AC <> Apa yang boleh mengganggu radiasi elektromagnet? || isyarat dan komunikasi <> Di manakah dibina keretapi DC 6kV eksperimen? || Kesatuan Soviet", {"context": "There has, however, been interest among railroad operators in returning to DC use at higher voltages than previously used. At the same voltage, DC often has less loss than AC, and for this reason high-voltage direct current is already used on some bulk power transmission lines. DC avoids the electromagnetic radiation inherent with AC, and on a railway this also reduces interference with signalling and communications and mitigates hypothetical EMF risks. DC also avoids the power factor problems of AC. Of particular interest to railroading is that DC can supply constant power with a single ungrounded wire. Constant power with AC requires three-phase transmission with at least two ungrounded wires. Another important consideration is that mains-frequency 3-phase AC must be carefully planned to avoid unbalanced phase loads. Parts of the system are supplied from different phases on the assumption that the total loads of the 3 phases will even out. At the phase break points between regions supplied from different phases, long insulated supply breaks are required to avoid them being shorted by rolling stock using more than one pantograph at a time. A few railroads have tried 3-phase but its substantial complexity has made single-phase standard practice despite the interruption in power flow that occurs twice every cycle. An experimental 6 kV DC railway was built in the Soviet Union.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "DC"}], "question": "What type of electric power garantees lesser loss?", "id": "572f2836b2c2fd1400567f47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "AC"}], "question": "Which type of supply for electric motors creates electromagnetic radiation?", "id": "572f2836b2c2fd1400567f48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "AC"}], "question": "Which type of power does require three-phase transmission?", "id": "572f2836b2c2fd1400567f4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "signalling and communications"}], "question": "What can electromagnetic radiation interfere with?", "id": "572f2836b2c2fd1400567f49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1380, "text": "the Soviet Union"}], "question": "Where was an experimental 6kV DC railway built?", "id": "572f2836b2c2fd1400567f4b"}]}], ["DC bermotor motor elektrik, jika dipasang dengan kepingan tiang berlapis, menjadi motor universal kerana ia juga boleh beroperasi pada AC; membalik arus di kedua stator dan pemutar tidak membalikkan motor. Tetapi frekuensi edaran AC standard sekarang 50 dan 60 Hz menyebabkan kesukaran dengan reaktiviti induktif dan kerugian semasa eddy. Banyak kereta api memilih frekuensi AC yang rendah untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Mereka mesti ditukarkan dari kuasa utiliti oleh penjana motor atau penyongsang statik di pencawang pembesaran atau dijana pada powerstations daya tarikan khusus. <> Bagaimana motor DC boleh menjadi universal? || jika dipasang dengan kepingan tiang berlapis <> Apakah masalah yang menyebabkan penyebaran AC? || reaktiviti induktif dan kerugian semasa eddy <> Bagaimana kereta api cuba menyelesaikan masalah reaktiviti induktif sistem AC? || frekuensi AC yang rendah <> Bagaimana frekuensi rendah boleh diperolehi? || ditukar daripada kuasa utiliti", {"context": "DC commutating electric motors, if fitted with laminated pole pieces, become universal motors because they can also operate on AC; reversing the current in both stator and rotor does not reverse the motor. But the now-standard AC distribution frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz caused difficulties with inductive reactance and eddy current losses. Many railways chose low AC frequencies to overcome these problems. They must be converted from utility power by motor-generators or static inverters at the feeding substations or generated at dedicated traction powerstations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "if fitted with laminated pole pieces"}], "question": "How can DC motor turn universal?", "id": "572f4ab9b2c2fd1400567fef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "inductive reactance and eddy current losses"}], "question": "What problems did AC distribution cause?", "id": "572f4ab9b2c2fd1400567ff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "low AC frequencies"}], "question": "How do railways try to solve the problem of inductive reactance of AC system?", "id": "572f4ab9b2c2fd1400567ff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "converted from utility power"}], "question": "How can low frequencies be obtained?", "id": "572f4ab9b2c2fd1400567ff2"}]}], ["Sistem DC (terutamanya sistem kereta api ketiga) adalah terhad kepada voltan yang agak rendah dan ini boleh mengehadkan saiz dan kelajuan kereta api dan tidak boleh menggunakan platform peringkat rendah dan juga mengehadkan jumlah penghawa dingin yang boleh disediakan oleh kereta api. Ini mungkin faktor yang memihak kepada wayar overhed dan AC voltan tinggi, walaupun untuk kegunaan bandar. Dalam praktiknya, kelajuan tertinggi kereta api di sistem rel ketiga adalah terhad kepada 100 mph (160 km / j) kerana di atas bahawa kelajuan yang boleh dipercayai hubungan antara kasut dan rel tidak dapat dikekalkan. <> Mengapa sistem DC boleh mempengaruhi kelajuan kereta api? || voltan rendah <> Bolehkah sistem DC menggunakan platform tahap rendah? || tidak boleh <> Selain kelajuan dan saiz apa lagi voltan rendah sistem DC boleh mempengaruhi? || penghawa dingin <> Apakah had laju untuk keretapi kereta api ketiga? || 160 km / j <> Apa yang boleh menjadi tidak boleh dipercayai jika kelajuan melebihi had maksimum 100 mph untuk kereta api sistem DC? || hubungan antara kasut dan rel", {"context": "DC systems (especially third-rail systems) are limited to relatively low voltages and this can limit the size and speed of trains and cannot use low-level platform and also limit the amount of air-conditioning that the trains can provide. This may be a factor favouring overhead wires and high-voltage AC, even for urban usage. In practice, the top speed of trains on third-rail systems is limited to 100 mph (160 km/h) because above that speed reliable contact between the shoe and the rail cannot be maintained.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "low voltages"}], "question": "Why DC system can effect the speed of trains?", "id": "572f3099a23a5019007fc4c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "cannot"}], "question": "Can DC systems use low-level platform?", "id": "572f3099a23a5019007fc4c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "air-conditioning"}], "question": "Besides speed and size what else the low voltage of DC system can effect?", "id": "572f3099a23a5019007fc4c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "160 km/h"}], "question": "What is the speed limit for third rail system trains?", "id": "572f3099a23a5019007fc4c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "contact between the shoe and the rail"}], "question": "What can become unreliable if the speed exceeds the limit of 100 mph for DC system trains?", "id": "572f3099a23a5019007fc4c9"}]}], ["Sistem overhead AC voltan tinggi bukan sahaja untuk rangkaian kebangsaan standard mengukur. Pengukur meter Kereta Api Rhaetian (RhB) dan Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB) jiran beroperasi pada 11 kV pada frekuensi 16.7 Hz. Amalan telah membuktikan bahawa kedua-dua kereta Switzerland dan Jerman 15 kV boleh beroperasi di bawah voltan yang lebih rendah ini. RhB memulakan percubaan sistem 11 kV pada tahun 1913 pada baris Engadin (St. Moritz-Scuol / Tarasp). Konstituen MGB Furka-Oberalp-Bahn (FO) dan Brig-Visp-Zermatt Bahn (BVZ) memperkenalkan perkhidmatan elektrik masing-masing pada tahun 1941 dan 1929, mengadopsi sistem RhB yang sudah terbukti. <> Bagaimana kereta tolok non-standard mula beroperasi dengan AC voltan tinggi? || mengguna pakai sistem RhB yang telah terbukti. <> Bilakah jejak pertama sistem RhB diuji? || 1913", {"context": "High-voltage AC overhead systems are not only for standard gauge national networks. The meter gauge Rhaetian Railway (RhB) and the neighbouring Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB) operate on 11 kV at 16.7 Hz frequency. Practice has proven that both Swiss and German 15 kV trains can operate under these lower voltages. The RhB started trials of the 11 kV system in 1913 on the Engadin line (St. Moritz-Scuol/Tarasp). The MGB constituents Furka-Oberalp-Bahn (FO) and Brig-Visp-Zermatt Bahn (BVZ) introduced their electric services in 1941 and 1929 respectively, adopting the already proven RhB system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "adopting the already proven RhB system."}], "question": "How did non-standard gauge trains start to operate with high-voltage AC?", "id": "572f4cdaa23a5019007fc501"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "1913"}], "question": "When was the first trail of RhB system tested?", "id": "572f4cdaa23a5019007fc502"}]}], ["Kelebihan awal AC adalah bahawa resistor pembuang kuasa yang digunakan di lokomotif DC untuk kawalan laju tidak diperlukan di lokomotif AC: beberapa paip pada pengubah dapat membekalkan pelbagai tegangan. Mengasingkan pengalir pengubah voltan rendah yang membekalkan lampu dan motor memandu jentera bantu. Baru-baru ini, pembangunan semikonduktor kuasa yang sangat tinggi telah menyebabkan motor AC \"DC\" sejagat klasik digantikan dengan motor induksi tiga fasa yang diberi makan oleh pemacu frekuensi pembolehubah, penyongsang khas yang berbeza-beza frekuensi dan voltan untuk mengawal kelajuan motor. Pemacu ini boleh berjalan dengan sama rata pada DC atau AC dari mana-mana kekerapan, dan banyak lokomotif elektrik moden direka bentuk untuk mengendalikan voltan dan frekuensi bekalan yang berbeza untuk memudahkan operasi rentas sempadan. <> Bagaimanakah pelbagai voltan yang dibekalkan untuk lokomotif AC? || pelbagai paip pada pengubah <> Apakah kelemahan sistem DC? || resistor pembuang kuasa <> Apa paip boleh memberikan bekalan lampu? || voltan pengubah voltan rendah <> Apa yang akan diganti dengan AC / DC motor? || motor aruhan tiga fasa <> Apakah kelebihan utama motor induksi? || boleh berjalan sama rata pada DC atau AC dari frekuensi apa pun", {"context": "An early advantage of AC is that the power-wasting resistors used in DC locomotives for speed control were not needed in an AC locomotive: multiple taps on the transformer can supply a range of voltages. Separate low-voltage transformer windings supply lighting and the motors driving auxiliary machinery. More recently, the development of very high power semiconductors has caused the classic \"universal\" AC/DC motor to be largely replaced with the three-phase induction motor fed by a variable frequency drive, a special inverter that varies both frequency and voltage to control motor speed. These drives can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency, and many modern electric locomotives are designed to handle different supply voltages and frequencies to simplify cross-border operation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "multiple taps on the transformer"}], "question": "How can different range of voltages be supplied for AC locomotives?", "id": "572f498104bcaa1900d76818"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "power-wasting resistors"}], "question": "What was a disadvantage of DC system?", "id": "572f498104bcaa1900d76817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "low-voltage transformer windings"}], "question": "What taps can provide lighting supply?", "id": "572f498104bcaa1900d76819"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "three-phase induction motor"}], "question": "What will AC/DC motor be replaced with?", "id": "572f498104bcaa1900d7681a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency"}], "question": "What is the main advantage of an induction motor?", "id": "572f498104bcaa1900d7681b"}]}], ["London Underground di England adalah salah satu rangkaian yang menggunakan sistem empat kereta api. Kereta api tambahan membawa pulangan elektrik yang, pada rangkaian rel dan overhed ketiga, disediakan oleh landasan yang berjalan. Di London Underground, kereta api ketiga di puncak adalah di landasan trek, bertenaga pada + 420v DC, dan kereta api keempat teratas terletak di tengah-tengah antara rel yang berjalan di -210v DC, yang bergabung untuk memberikan voltan daya tarikan 630v DC. Underground London kini menaik taraf sistem kereta api keempatnya ke 750v DC dengan rel konduktor positif bertenaga ke + 500v DC dan rel konduktor negatif bertenaga hingga -250v DC. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak bahagian lama dalam terowong masih bertenaga hingga 630v DC. Sistem yang sama digunakan untuk garis bawah Milan yang terawal, jalur Milan Milan 1, yang lebih banyak menggunakan barisan overhead atau kereta api ketiga. <> Sistem jenis apa yang digunakan London Underground? || sistem kereta api empat <<Apa tujuan kereta api yang sebegitu? || membawa kembalian elektrik <> Apakah lonjakan volat dalam sistem kereta bawah tanah London Underground yang ketiga? || + 420v DC <> Apakah voltan kereta api pulangan? || -210v DC <> Dimana sistem yang sama dengan London Underground digunakan juga? || Milan", {"context": "The London Underground in England is one of the few networks that uses a four-rail system. The additional rail carries the electrical return that, on third rail and overhead networks, is provided by the running rails. On the London Underground, a top-contact third rail is beside the track, energized at +420v DC, and a top-contact fourth rail is located centrally between the running rails at \u2212210v DC, which combine to provide a traction voltage of 630v DC. London Underground is now upgrading its fourth rail system to 750v DC with a positive conductor rail energised to +500v DC and a negative conductor rail energised to -250v DC. However, many older sections in tunnels are still energised to 630v DC. The same system was used for Milan's earliest underground line, Milan Metro's line 1, whose more recent lines use an overhead catenary or a third rail.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "four-rail system"}], "question": "What type of system does London Underground use?", "id": "572f40f1b2c2fd1400567f9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "carries the electrical return"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the forth rail?", "id": "572f40f1b2c2fd1400567fa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "+420v DC"}], "question": "What is the volatage surge of the third rail of London Underground system?", "id": "572f40f1b2c2fd1400567fa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "\u2212210v DC"}], "question": "What is the voltage of the return rail?", "id": "572f40f1b2c2fd1400567fa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "Milan"}], "question": "Where was the system similar to London Underground used as well?", "id": "572f40f1b2c2fd1400567fa3"}]}], ["Pada landasan yang dikongsi London Underground dengan stesen kereta api ketiga kereta api National Rail (garis Bakerloo dan District mempunyai kedua-dua bahagian tersebut), rel pusat dihubungkan dengan landasan kereta api yang membolehkan kedua-dua jenis keretapi beroperasi dengan voltan kompromi 660 V Kereta bawah tanah lulus dari satu bahagian ke yang lain pada kelajuan; Sambungan elektrik talian dan rintangan talian berasingan memisahkan kedua-dua jenis bekalan. Laluan-laluan ini pada asalnya semata-mata berkuasa pada sistem kereta api empat oleh LNWR sebelum keretapi National Rail telah dipindahkan ke sistem tiga rel kereta api mereka untuk mempermudah penggunaan stok rolling. <> Mengapakah beberapa bahagian garis Bakerloo dan Daerah telah dipindahkan ke sistem tiga kereta api? || untuk memudahkan kegunaan stok rolling <> Apakah voltan itu berkongsi dua jenis kereta api kereta api UK? || 660 V <> Bagaimana mungkin untuk berkongsi voltan untuk pelbagai jenis kereta api? || rel pusat dihubungkan dengan landasan yang berlalu", {"context": "On tracks that London Underground share with National Rail third-rail stock (the Bakerloo and District lines both have such sections), the centre rail is connected to the running rails, allowing both types of train to operate, at a compromise voltage of 660 V. Underground trains pass from one section to the other at speed; lineside electrical connections and resistances separate the two types of supply. These routes were originally solely electrified on the four-rail system by the LNWR before National Rail trains were rewired to their standard three-rail system to simplify rolling stock use.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "to simplify rolling stock use"}], "question": "Why some sections of Bakerloo and District lines were rewired to three-rail system?", "id": "572f447f947a6a140053c845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "660 V"}], "question": "What is the voltage shared two types of trains UK railroad system?", "id": "572f447f947a6a140053c844"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "the centre rail is connected to the running rails"}], "question": "How did it become possible to share the voltage for different types of train?", "id": "572f447f947a6a140053c846"}]}], ["Beberapa laluan Paris M\u00e9tro di Perancis beroperasi pada skim kuasa empat keretapi kerana ia berjalan pada tayar getah yang berjalan di sepasang jalan sempit yang diperbuat daripada keluli dan, di beberapa tempat, konkrit. Oleh kerana tayar tidak menjalankan arus balik, kedua-dua rel panduan disediakan di luar jalan raya berjalan 'ganda sebagai rel konduktor, jadi sekurang-kurangnya secara elektrik ia adalah skim empat kereta api. Salah satu landasan panduan terikat kepada rel perjalanan konvensional yang terletak di dalam jalan raya supaya bekalan polaritas tunggal diperlukan. Kereta api direka untuk beroperasi dari kedua-dua kutub bekalan, kerana beberapa baris menggunakan gelung berbalik pada satu hujung, menyebabkan kereta api dibalikkan dalam setiap perjalanan lengkap. Gelung itu pada asalnya disediakan untuk menyelamatkan lokomotif stim asli yang perlu 'berlari' seluruh kereta api menjimatkan banyak masa. Hari ini, pemandu tidak perlu mengubah hujung pada termini yang disediakan dengan gelung seperti itu, tetapi penjimatan masa tidak begitu ketara kerana ia mengambil masa yang lama untuk memandu pusingan gelung kerana ia mengubah hujungnya. Banyak gelung asal telah hilang kerana garis telah dilanjutkan. <> Mengapa beberapa saluran Metro Metro terpaksa beroperasi pada sistem empat kereta api? || tayar getah <> Apakah penyelesaian untuk masalah semasa kembali di Paris Metro? || dua landasan panduan <> Apa yang diperlukan supaya landasan panduan berfungsi dengan baik? || bekalan polarity tunggal <> Bagaimana kereta api boleh berbalik selepas setiap perjalanan yang lengkap? || membalikkan gelung <> Mengapa gelung terbalik dibuat? || perlu 'lari' seluruh kereta api", {"context": "A few lines of the Paris M\u00e9tro in France operate on a four-rail power scheme because they run on rubber tyres which run on a pair of narrow roadways made of steel and, in some places, concrete. Since the tyres do not conduct the return current, the two guide rails provided outside the running 'roadways' double up as conductor rails, so at least electrically it is a four-rail scheme. One of the guide rails is bonded to the return conventional running rails situated inside the roadway so a single polarity supply is required. The trains are designed to operate from either polarity of supply, because some lines use reversing loops at one end, causing the train to be reversed during every complete journey. The loop was originally provided to save the original steam locomotives having to 'run around' the rest of the train saving much time. Today, the driver does not have to change ends at termini provided with such a loop, but the time saving is not so significant as it takes almost as long to drive round the loop as it does to change ends. Many of the original loops have been lost as lines were extended.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "rubber tyres"}], "question": "Why some lines of Paris Metro have to operate on a four-rail system?", "id": "572f4794b2c2fd1400567fc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "two guide rails"}], "question": "What was the solution for the return current problem in Paris Metro?", "id": "572f4794b2c2fd1400567fc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "a single polarity supply"}], "question": "What is required in order for the guide rails to operate properly?", "id": "572f4794b2c2fd1400567fc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "reversing loops"}], "question": "How train is able to turn around after each completed journey?", "id": "572f4794b2c2fd1400567fca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "having to 'run around' the rest of the train"}], "question": "Why was the reversing loop created?", "id": "572f4794b2c2fd1400567fcb"}]}], ["Pendekatan baru untuk mengelakkan wayar overhed diambil oleh sistem trem / trem \"generasi kedua\" di Bordeaux, Perancis (masuk ke perkhidmatan baris pertama pada bulan Disember 2003; sistem asal dihentikan pada tahun 1958) dengan APS (alimentation par sol - ground suapan semasa). Ini melibatkan kereta api ketiga yang mengalir dengan permukaan seperti puncak rel yang berjalan. Litar dibahagikan kepada segmen dengan segmen masing-masing bertenaga oleh sensor dari kereta ketika ia melewatiinya, bakinya dari rel ketiga yang tersisa \"mati\". Memandangkan setiap segmen bertenaga sepenuhnya dilindungi oleh kereta-kereta yang diartikulasikan panjang, dan mati sebelum \"ditemui\" oleh laluan kenderaan, tidak ada bahaya kepada pejalan kaki. Sistem ini juga telah digunakan di beberapa bahagian sistem tram baru di Reims, Perancis (dibuka 2011) dan Angers, Perancis (juga dibuka 2011). Cadangan disediakan untuk beberapa perkhidmatan baru termasuk Dubai, UAE; Barcelona, Sepanyol; Florence, Itali; Marseille, Perancis; Gold Coast, Australia; Washington, D.C., U.S.A .; Bras\u00edlia, Brazil dan Tours, Perancis. <> Tahun berapa \"sistem generasi kedua\" sistem trem mula beroperasi di Perancis? || 2003 <> Bilakah sistem asal dihentikan? || 1958 <> Bagaimana litar terbelah ketiga? || segmen bertenaga <> Adakah segmen kereta api ketiga bertenaga menimbulkan ancaman kepada pejalan kaki jika ditemui? || tiada bahaya", {"context": "A new approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by the \"second generation\" tram/streetcar system in Bordeaux, France (entry into service of the first line in December 2003; original system discontinued in 1958) with its APS (alimentation par sol \u2013 ground current feed). This involves a third rail which is flush with the surface like the tops of the running rails. The circuit is divided into segments with each segment energized in turn by sensors from the car as it passes over it, the remainder of the third rail remaining \"dead\". Since each energized segment is completely covered by the lengthy articulated cars, and goes dead before being \"uncovered\" by the passage of the vehicle, there is no danger to pedestrians. This system has also been adopted in some sections of the new tram systems in Reims, France (opened 2011) and Angers, France (also opened 2011). Proposals are in place for a number of other new services including Dubai, UAE; Barcelona, Spain; Florence, Italy; Marseille, France; Gold Coast, Australia; Washington, D.C., U.S.A.; Bras\u00edlia, Brazil and Tours, France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "2003"}], "question": "What year the \"second generation\" of tram system began to operate in France?", "id": "572f3f3404bcaa1900d767c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "1958"}], "question": "When was the original system discontinued?", "id": "572f3f3404bcaa1900d767c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "energized segment"}], "question": "How is the circuit of the third rail divided?", "id": "572f3f3404bcaa1900d767c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "no danger"}], "question": "Does energized segment of third rail pose the threat to pedestrians if uncovered?", "id": "572f3f3404bcaa1900d767c8"}]}], ["Kelebihan utama sistem kereta api empat adalah bahawa kereta api tidak menjalankan sebarang arus. Skim ini diperkenalkan kerana masalah arus balik, yang dimaksudkan untuk dibawa oleh landasan kereta api yang dibumikan (dibumi), mengalir melalui pelapis terowong besi. Ini boleh menyebabkan kerosakan elektrolitik dan bahkan menimbulkan sekiranya segmen terowong tidak terikat secara elektrik bersama-sama. Masalahnya diperburuk kerana arus balik juga mempunyai kecenderungan untuk mengalir melalui paip besi berdekatan yang membentuk saluran air dan gas. Sebahagian daripadanya, terutamanya kereta api Victoria yang mendahului kereta api bawah tanah London, tidak dibina untuk membawa arus dan tidak mempunyai ikatan elektrik yang memadai antara segmen paip. Sistem empat kereta api menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Walaupun bekalannya mempunyai titik bumi yang dicipta secara artifisial, sambungan ini diperoleh dengan menggunakan perintang yang memastikan arus bumi yang tersesat disimpan ke tahap yang dapat diurus. Keratan rentas kuasa boleh dipasang pada kerusi seramik yang kuat untuk meminimumkan kebocoran semasa, tetapi ini tidak mungkin untuk menjalankan keretapi yang perlu duduk di atas kerusi logam yang lebih kuat untuk membawa berat kereta api. Walau bagaimanapun, pad getah elastomer yang diletakkan di antara rel dan kerusi kini boleh menyelesaikan sebahagian daripada masalah dengan memisahkan rel berjalan dari pulangan semasa sekiranya terdapat kebocoran melalui landasan yang berjalan. <> Bahaya apa yang boleh mengembalikan arus menyebabkan? || kerosakan elektrolitik <> Bagaimana arus bumi liar disimpan ke tahap yang boleh diurus? || dengan menggunakan perintang <> Apa yang menjamin kebocoran semasa minimum semasa pemasangan rel kuasa? || kerusi seramik <> Bagaimana cara mengembalikan air dan gas kesan semasa dalam paip besi? || air dan gas utama <> Apakah kelebihan penting sistem empat kereta api? || kereta api berjalan membawa sebarang arus", {"context": "The key advantage of the four-rail system is that neither running rail carries any current. This scheme was introduced because of the problems of return currents, intended to be carried by the earthed (grounded) running rail, flowing through the iron tunnel linings instead. This can cause electrolytic damage and even arcing if the tunnel segments are not electrically bonded together. The problem was exacerbated because the return current also had a tendency to flow through nearby iron pipes forming the water and gas mains. Some of these, particularly Victorian mains that predated London's underground railways, were not constructed to carry currents and had no adequate electrical bonding between pipe segments. The four-rail system solves the problem. Although the supply has an artificially created earth point, this connection is derived by using resistors which ensures that stray earth currents are kept to manageable levels. Power-only rails can be mounted on strongly insulating ceramic chairs to minimise current leak, but this is not possible for running rails which have to be seated on stronger metal chairs to carry the weight of trains. However, elastomeric rubber pads placed between the rails and chairs can now solve part of the problem by insulating the running rails from the current return should there be a leakage through the running rails.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "electrolytic damage"}], "question": "What danger can return currents cause?", "id": "572f42c2947a6a140053c81f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "by using resistors"}], "question": "How are stray earth currents kept to a manageable levels? ", "id": "572f42c2947a6a140053c821"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 993, "text": "ceramic chairs"}], "question": "What insures minimal current leak during power rails instalation?", "id": "572f42c2947a6a140053c822"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "water and gas mains"}], "question": "How did return current effect water and gas in iron pipes?", "id": "572f42c2947a6a140053c820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "running rail carries any current"}], "question": "What is the crucial advantage of four-rail system?", "id": "572f42c2947a6a140053c81e"}]}], ["Sesetengah trem jalanan (jalanan) digunakan untuk mengalirkan treler pengangkut kereta api ketiga. Kereta api ketiga berada di bawah paras jalanan. Trem mengangkat arus melalui bajak (bajak \"A.S.\") yang diakses melalui slot sempit di jalan raya. Di Amerika Syarikat, banyak (walaupun tidak semua) sistem kereta urut bekas di Washington, D.C. (dihentikan pada tahun 1962) dikendalikan dengan cara ini untuk mengelakkan wayar-wayar dan tiang-tiang yang teruk yang berkaitan dengan daya tarikan elektrik. Begitu juga dengan sistem kereta urut Manhattan. Bukti cara berlari ini masih boleh dilihat di landasan bawah cerun di utara akses ke Kingsway Tramway Subway yang ditinggalkan di tengah London, United Kingdom, di mana slot antara landasan yang berjalan jelas terlihat, dan pada P dan Q Jalan-jalan di barat Wisconsin Avenue di kejiranan Georgetown di Washington DC, di mana trek terbengkalai belum diturap. Slot boleh dengan mudah dikelirukan dengan slot mencari yang serupa untuk tram / kereta kabel (dalam sesetengah kes, slot saluran asalnya adalah slot kabel). Kelemahan pengalihan saluran termasuk kos pemasangan awal yang lebih tinggi, kos penyelenggaraan yang lebih tinggi, dan masalah dengan daun dan salju masuk ke dalam slot. Atas sebab ini, di Washington, kereta-kereta DC di beberapa garisan ditukarkan ke kawat atas untuk meninggalkan pusat bandar, seorang pekerja di dalam \"lubang banjir\" yang melepaskan bajak sementara yang lain menaikkan tiang troli (sehingga kini tersambung ke bumbung) ke atas wayar. Di New York City untuk alasan yang sama kos dan kecekapan operasi di luar wayar overhead Manhattan digunakan. Sistem yang sama perubahan dari saluran ke kabel overhead juga digunakan di trem London, terutamanya di bahagian selatan; titik perubahan yang biasa adalah di Norwood, di mana saluran itu mengalir ke tepi dari antara rel yang berjalan, untuk menyediakan sebuah taman untuk kasut atau bajak terpisah. <> Apakah nama lain untuk trem jalanan? || kereta jalanan <> Di mana kereta api ketiga terletak di sistem trem jalanan? || di bawah peringkat jalan <> Kawasan apa di Amerika Syarikat yang dihentikan menggunakan kabel atas untuk jalanan pada tahun 1962? || Washington, D.C. <> Apa faktor luaran dan cuaca yang boleh menyebabkan slot saluran? || daun dan salji <> Apakah sebab-sebab utama talian saluran diubah menjadi sistem kabel overhead? || kos dan kecekapan operasi", {"context": "Some street trams (streetcars) used conduit third-rail current collection. The third rail was below street level. The tram picked up the current through a plough (U.S. \"plow\") accessed through a narrow slot in the road. In the United States, much (though not all) of the former streetcar system in Washington, D.C. (discontinued in 1962) was operated in this manner to avoid the unsightly wires and poles associated with electric traction. The same was true with Manhattan's former streetcar system. The evidence of this mode of running can still be seen on the track down the slope on the northern access to the abandoned Kingsway Tramway Subway in central London, United Kingdom, where the slot between the running rails is clearly visible, and on P and Q Streets west of Wisconsin Avenue in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington DC, where the abandoned tracks have not been paved over. The slot can easily be confused with the similar looking slot for cable trams/cars (in some cases, the conduit slot was originally a cable slot). The disadvantage of conduit collection included much higher initial installation costs, higher maintenance costs, and problems with leaves and snow getting in the slot. For this reason, in Washington, D.C. cars on some lines converted to overhead wire on leaving the city center, a worker in a \"plough pit\" disconnecting the plough while another raised the trolley pole (hitherto hooked down to the roof) to the overhead wire. In New York City for the same reasons of cost and operating efficiency outside of Manhattan overhead wire was used. A similar system of changeover from conduit to overhead wire was also used on the London tramways, notably on the southern side; a typical changeover point was at Norwood, where the conduit snaked sideways from between the running rails, to provide a park for detached shoes or ploughs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "streetcars"}], "question": "What is the other name for the street trams?", "id": "572f3315b2c2fd1400567f77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "below street level"}], "question": "Where is third rail situated in the street trams system?", "id": "572f3315b2c2fd1400567f78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Washington, D.C."}], "question": "What area in US discontinued using overhead wires for streetcars in 1962?", "id": "572f3315b2c2fd1400567f79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1171, "text": "leaves and snow"}], "question": "What external and weather factors can effect conduit slot?", "id": "572f3315b2c2fd1400567f7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1507, "text": "cost and operating efficiency"}], "question": "What are the main reasons the conduit lines were converted to overhead  wire system?", "id": "572f3315b2c2fd1400567f7b"}]}], ["Elektrifikasi keretapi AC tiga fasa digunakan di Itali, Switzerland dan Amerika Syarikat pada awal abad kedua puluh. Itali adalah pengguna utama, untuk garis di kawasan pergunungan Itali utara dari tahun 1901 hingga 1976. Baris pertama ialah garis Burgdorf-Thun di Switzerland (1899), dan garis Ferrovia Alta Valtellina dari Colico ke Chiavenna dan Tirano di Itali, yang berkuasa pada tahun 1901 dan 1902. Talian lain di mana sistem tiga fasa digunakan ialah Terowong Simplon di Switzerland dari tahun 1906 hingga 1930, dan Terowong Cascade Great Northern Railway di Amerika Syarikat dari tahun 1909 hingga 1927. < > Negara-negara apa yang menggunakan sistem AC tiga fasa pada awal abad ke-20? || Itali, Switzerland dan Amerika Syarikat <> Negara mana yang lebih besar berbanding dengan tiga di antara mereka? || Itali <> Dimana Itali mula menggunakan sistem AC? || di kawasan pergunungan utara Itali <> Berapa lama sistem AC terakhir di Itali utara? || 1901 hingga 1976 <> Berapa lama sistem tiga fasa beroperasi di Terowong Cascade? || 1909 hingga 1927", {"context": "Three-phase AC railway electrification was used in Italy, Switzerland and the United States in the early twentieth century. Italy was the major user, for lines in the mountainous regions of northern Italy from 1901 until 1976. The first lines were the Burgdorf-Thun line in Switzerland (1899), and the lines of the Ferrovia Alta Valtellina from Colico to Chiavenna and Tirano in Italy, which were electrified in 1901 and 1902. Other lines where the three-phase system were used were the Simplon Tunnel in Switzerland from 1906 to 1930, and the Cascade Tunnel of the Great Northern Railway in the United States from 1909 to 1927.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Italy, Switzerland and the United States"}], "question": "What countries  used three-phase AC system in the the beginning of 20th century?", "id": "572f52bc04bcaa1900d76849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "What country was a bigger user compare to the three of them?", "id": "572f52bc04bcaa1900d7684a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "in the mountainous regions of northern Italy"}], "question": "Where did Italy start using the AC system?", "id": "572f52bc04bcaa1900d7684b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "1901 until 1976"}], "question": "How long did the AC system last in northern Italy?", "id": "572f52bc04bcaa1900d7684c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "1909 to 1927"}], "question": "How long did three-phase system operate in Cascade Tunnel?", "id": "572f52bc04bcaa1900d7684d"}]}], ["Garis elektrik baru sering menunjukkan \"kesan percikan api\", di mana elektrifikasi dalam sistem kereta api penumpang membawa kepada lonjakan ketara dalam perlindungan / pendapatan. Alasannya termasuk tren elektrik dilihat sebagai lebih moden dan menarik untuk menunggang, lebih cepat dan lebih lancar, dan hakikat bahawa elektrifikasi sering berjalan seiring dengan infrastruktur umum dan overhaul / penggantian stok rolling, yang membawa kepada kualiti perkhidmatan yang lebih baik (dalam cara yang secara teoritis juga dapat dicapai dengan melakukan peningkatan yang sama dengan tanpa elektrik). Apapun punca punca kesan bunga api itu, ia telah ditubuhkan untuk pelbagai laluan yang telah berkuasa selama beberapa dekad. <> Apa yang dapat dilihat dalam garis-garis elektrik yang baru? || \"kesan percikan api\" <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan kesan elektrik kereta api? || patronage / revenue <> Bagaimana kualiti perkhidmatan yang lebih baik dapat dicapai? || rolling stock overhaul / penggantian", {"context": "Newly electrified lines often show a \"sparks effect\", whereby electrification in passenger rail systems leads to significant jumps in patronage / revenue. The reasons may include electric trains being seen as more modern and attractive to ride, faster and smoother service, and the fact that electrification often goes hand in hand with a general infrastructure and rolling stock overhaul / replacement, which leads to better service quality (in a way that theoretically could also be achieved by doing similar upgrades yet without electrification). Whatever the causes of the sparks effect, it is well established for numerous routes that have electrified over decades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "\"sparks effect\""}], "question": "What can be seen in the newly electrified lines?", "id": "572f5bb3b2c2fd140056807b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "patronage / revenue"}], "question": "What can electrification of modern trains effect? ", "id": "572f5bb3b2c2fd140056807c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "rolling stock overhaul / replacement"}], "question": "How can better service quality be achieved?", "id": "572f5bb3b2c2fd140056807d"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, 25 Hz, frekuensi kuasa perindustrian yang biasa digunakan pada sistem daya tarikan 25 Hz Amtrak pada 12 kV di Koridor Timur Laut antara Washington, DC dan New York City dan di Koridor Keystone antara Harrisburg, Pennsylvania dan Philadelphia . Sistem tenaga tarikan 25 Hz SEPTA menggunakan voltan 12 kV yang sama pada katenary di Northeast Philadelphia. Ini membolehkan kereta api beroperasi di kedua-dua sistem kuasa Amtrak dan SEPTA. Selain daripada mempunyai voltan katenari yang sama, sistem pengedaran kuasa Amtrak dan SEPTA sangat berbeza. Sistem pengagihan kuasa Amtrak mempunyai rangkaian transmisi 138 kV yang menyediakan kuasa kepada pencawang yang kemudian mengubah voltan kepada 12 kV untuk memberi makan kepada sistem catenary. Sistem pengedaran kuasa SEPTA menggunakan sistem autotransformer nisbah 2: 1, dengan catenary diberi makan pada 12 kV dan kawat pengumpan kembali diberi 24 kV. New York, New Haven dan Hartford Railroad menggunakan sistem 11 kV antara New York City dan New Haven, Connecticut yang telah ditukar kepada 12.5 kV 60 Hz pada tahun 1987. <> Kekerapan yang lazim digunakan pada US Amtrak? || 25 Hz <> Apakah voltan yang digunakan oleh sistem SEPTA? || Voltan 12 kV <> Apakah spesifikasi yang sama untuk sistem Amtrak dan Septa? || Voltan katenary <> Bilakah sistem 11kV NY, New Haven dan Hartford ditukar kepada 12.5 kV? || 1987", {"context": "In the United States, 25 Hz, a once-common industrial power frequency is used on Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system at 12 kV on the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C. and New York City and on the Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia. SEPTA's 25 Hz traction power system uses the same 12 kV voltage on the catenary in Northeast Philadelphia. This allows for the trains to operate on both the Amtrak and SEPTA power systems. Apart from having an identical catenary voltage, the power distribution systems of Amtrak and SEPTA are very different. The Amtrak power distribution system has a 138 kV transmission network that provides power to substations which then transform the voltage to 12 kV to feed the catenary system. The SEPTA power distribution system uses a 2:1 ratio autotransformer system, with the catenary fed at 12 kV and a return feeder wire fed at 24 kV. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad used an 11 kV system between New York City and New Haven, Connecticut which was converted to 12.5 kV 60 Hz in 1987.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "25 Hz"}], "question": "What frequency was typically used on US Amtrak?", "id": "572f4ec3a23a5019007fc505"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "12 kV voltage"}], "question": "What voltage does SEPTA system use?", "id": "572f4ec3a23a5019007fc506"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "catenary voltage"}], "question": "What specification is similar for both Amtrak and Septa systems?", "id": "572f4ec3a23a5019007fc507"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1065, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When was a 11kV system of NY, New Haven and Hartford was converted to 12.5 kV?", "id": "572f4ec3a23a5019007fc508"}]}], ["Di Kesatuan Soviet, pada 1970-an, perbandingan dibuat di antara sistem yang berkuasa pada 3 kV DC dan 25 kV AC (50 Hz). Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa peratusan kerugian dalam wayar overhead (wayar catenary dan contact) lebih tinggi 3 kali lebih tinggi untuk 3 kV DC daripada 25 kV AC. Tetapi apabila kerugian penukaran semuanya diambil kira dan ditambah kepada kerugian wayar atas (termasuk tenaga penyejuk penyejukan) 25 kV AC kehilangan tenaga yang agak tinggi daripada 3 kV DC. Oleh itu, walaupun terdapat kerugian yang lebih tinggi dalam catenary, DC 3 kV adalah tenaga lebih sedikit daripada AC dalam menyediakan tenaga daripada grid kuasa USSR ke terminal motor tarikan (semua DC pada waktu itu). Walaupun kedua-dua sistem menggunakan tenaga dalam menukar voltan AC yang lebih tinggi dari grid kuasa USSR ke voltan DC yang lebih rendah, penukaran untuk sistem DC semua berlaku (pada kecekapan yang lebih tinggi) di dalam keretapi keretapi, sementara kebanyakan penukaran untuk sistem AC berlaku di dalam lokomotif (dengan kecekapan yang lebih rendah). Pertimbangkan juga bahawa ia memerlukan tenaga untuk sentiasa menggerakkan perkakas penukaran mudah alih ini ke atas rel sementara perkakasan pegun di pencawang keretapi tidak menanggung kos tenaga ini. Untuk butiran lanjut lihat: Wiki: Kesatuan Soviet DC vs AC. <> Apa dua sistem berbanding di Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1970? || 3 kV DC dan 25 kV AC (50 Hz <> Sistem mana yang mempunyai kerugian yang lebih tinggi dalam wayar overhead? || 3 kV DC <> Sistem mana yang digunakan di Kesatuan Soviet selepas semua pengiraan? || 3 kV DC <> Apa yang datang dengan lebih rendah perkakas penukaran mudah alih kos rendah atau perkakasan pegun? || perkakasan pegun", {"context": "In the Soviet Union, in the 1970s, a comparison was made between systems electrified at 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz). The results showed that percentage losses in the overhead wires (catenary and contact wires) was over 3 times greater for 3 kV DC than for 25 kV AC. But when the conversion losses were all taken into account and added to overhead wire losses (including cooling blower energy) the 25 kV AC lost a somewhat higher percent of energy than for 3 kV DC. Thus in spite of the much higher losses in the catenary, the 3 kV DC was a little more energy efficient than AC in providing energy from the USSR power grid to the terminals of the traction motors (all DC at that time). While both systems use energy in converting higher voltage AC from the USSR's power grid to lower voltage DC, the conversions for the DC system all took place (at higher efficiency) in the railway substation, while most of the conversion for the AC system took place inside the locomotive (at lower efficiency). Consider also that it takes energy to constantly move this mobile conversion hardware over the rails while the stationary hardware in the railway substation doesn't incur this energy cost. For more details see: Wiki: Soviet Union DC vs. AC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz"}], "question": "What two systems were compare in the Soviet Union in 1970?", "id": "572f5a7c947a6a140053c8ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "3 kV DC"}], "question": "Which system had higher losses in overhead wires?", "id": "572f5a7c947a6a140053c8ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "3 kV DC"}], "question": "Which system was used in Soviet Union after all calculations?", "id": "572f5a7c947a6a140053c8ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1109, "text": "stationary hardware"}], "question": "What came with lesser lesser cost mobile conversion hardware or stationary hardware?", "id": "572f5a7c947a6a140053c8af"}]}], ["Percubaan pertama menggunakan AC fasa tunggal fasa standard dibuat di Hungary setakat 1923 oleh Hungarian K\u00e1lm\u00e1n Kand\u00f3 di baris antara Budapest-Nyugati dan Alag, menggunakan 16 kV pada 50 Hz. Lokomotif membawa empat penukar fasa berputar empat pemangkasan motor daya tarikan tunggal jenis induksi polyphase pada 600 hingga 1,100 V. Jumlah tiang pada motor 2,500 hp boleh diubah menggunakan cincin slip untuk dijalankan pada salah satu daripada empat kelajuan segerak. Ujian ini berjaya sehingga, dari 1932 hingga 1960-an, tren di Budapest-Hegyeshalom line (ke arah Vienna) kerap menggunakan sistem yang sama. Beberapa dekad selepas Perang Dunia Kedua, 16 kV telah diubah kepada sistem 25 kV Perancis dan kemudian Perancis. <> Negara mana yang pertama cuba menggunakan AC fasa tunggal? || Hungary <> Kekerapan apa sistem kereta api Hungary digunakan pada tahun 1923? || 16 kV pada 50 Hz <> Jenis penukar apa yang digunakan dalam lokomotif Hungary pada waktu itu? || empat pole rotating fasa converter <> Bagaimana boleh lokomotif berjalan pada empat tahap kelajuan? || motor boleh diubah menggunakan cincin slip <> Sistem apa yang digunakan di Hungary selepas WWII? || Rusia", {"context": "The first attempts to use standard-frequency single-phase AC were made in Hungary as far back as 1923, by the Hungarian K\u00e1lm\u00e1n Kand\u00f3 on the line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag, using 16 kV at 50 Hz. The locomotives carried a four-pole rotating phase converter feeding a single traction motor of the polyphase induction type at 600 to 1,100 V. The number of poles on the 2,500 hp motor could be changed using slip rings to run at one of four synchronous speeds. The tests were a success so, from 1932 until the 1960s, trains on the Budapest-Hegyeshalom line (towards Vienna) regularly used the same system. A few decades after the Second World War, the 16 kV was changed to the Russian and later French 25 kV system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Hungary"}], "question": "What country has first tried to use single-phase AC?", "id": "572f54f7b2c2fd140056802b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "16 kV at 50 Hz"}], "question": "What frequency did the line of Hungarian rail system used in 1923?", "id": "572f54f7b2c2fd140056802c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "four-pole rotating phase converter"}], "question": "What type of the converter was used in hungarian locomotives of that time?", "id": "572f54f7b2c2fd140056802d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "motor could be changed using slip rings"}], "question": "How could the locomotives run on four speed levels?", "id": "572f54f7b2c2fd140056802e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "Russian"}], "question": "What system was adopted in Hungary after WWII?", "id": "572f54f7b2c2fd140056802f"}]}], ["Di samping itu, terdapat isu-isu sambungan antara perkhidmatan elektrik yang berlainan, terutamanya menghubungkan garis intercity dengan bahagian-bahagian yang berkuasa untuk trafik komuter, tetapi juga antara garisan komuter yang dibina dengan standard yang berbeza. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan penginstalan sambungan tertentu menjadi sangat mahal hanya karena implikasi pada bagian yang menghubungkannya. Banyak garisan telah dilapisi dengan piawaian elektrifikasi berganda bagi kereta api yang berbeza untuk mengelakkan daripada menggantikan stok rolling sedia ada pada garisan tersebut. Jelas sekali, ini memerlukan bahawa ekonomi sambungan tertentu mestilah lebih menarik dan ini telah menghalang elektrifikasi lengkap banyak baris. Dalam beberapa kes, terdapat kereta diesel yang berjalan di sepanjang laluan yang sepenuhnya berkuasa dan ini mungkin disebabkan oleh ketidakcekalan piawaian elektrifikasi di sepanjang laluan. <> Apakah isu lain yang dapat dilihat ketika menggunakan sistem elektrifikasi? || sambungan antara perkhidmatan elektrik yang berlainan <> Mengapakah garis komuter yang dibina dengan piawaian yang berbeza boleh menyebabkan rumit? || implikasi pada bahagian-bahagian yang menghubungkan <> Apakah penyelesaian banyak baris datang dengan untuk mengelakkan menggantikan saham rolling sekarang? || untuk dilapisi dengan beberapa standard elektrifikasi <> Mengapa kereta api disel masih digunakan pada laluan elektrik? || disebabkan ketakserasian piawaian elektrifikasi", {"context": "Additionally, there are issues of connections between different electrical services, particularly connecting intercity lines with sections electrified for commuter traffic, but also between commuter lines built to different standards. This can cause electrification of certain connections to be very expensive simply because of the implications on the sections it is connecting. Many lines have come to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards for different trains to avoid having to replace the existing rolling stock on those lines. Obviously, this requires that the economics of a particular connection must be more compelling and this has prevented complete electrification of many lines. In a few cases, there are diesel trains running along completely electrified routes and this can be due to incompatibility of electrification standards along the route.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "connections between different electrical services"}], "question": "What is the other issue that comes to sight when using electrification system?", "id": "572f63e6b2c2fd14005680a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "the implications on the sections it is connecting"}], "question": "Why the commuter lines built to different standards can cause be complicated?", "id": "572f63e6b2c2fd14005680a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards"}], "question": "What is the solution many lines came up with in order to avoid replacing present rolling stock?", "id": "572f63e6b2c2fd14005680a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "due to incompatibility of electrification standards"}], "question": "Why are disel trains  still used on electrified routes?", "id": "572f63e6b2c2fd14005680aa"}]}], ["Sistem elektrifikasi moden mengambil tenaga AC dari grid kuasa yang dihantar ke lokomotif dan ditukar kepada voltan DC untuk digunakan oleh motor daya tarikan. Motor-motor ini boleh menjadi motor DC yang secara langsung menggunakan DC atau mereka mungkin motor AC 3 fasa yang memerlukan penukaran selanjutnya DC ke AC 3 fasa (menggunakan elektronik kuasa). Oleh itu kedua-dua sistem dihadapi dengan tugas yang sama: menukar dan mengangkut AC voltan tinggi dari grid kuasa kepada DC voltan rendah di lokomotif. Di manakah penukaran ini berlaku dan di mana voltan dan arus (AC atau DC) perlu aliran kuasa ke lokomotif? Dan bagaimana semua ini berkaitan dengan kecekapan tenaga? Kedua-dua penghantaran dan penukaran tenaga elektrik melibatkan kerugian: kerugian ohmik dalam wayar dan elektronik kuasa, kerugian medan magnet dalam transformer dan reaktor pelicinan (induktor). Penukaran kuasa untuk sistem DC berlaku terutamanya dalam pencawang keretapi di mana perkakasan besar, berat, dan lebih cekap boleh digunakan berbanding dengan sistem AC di mana penukaran berlaku di atas lokomotif di mana ruang terhad dan kerugian jauh lebih tinggi. Juga, tenaga yang digunakan untuk meniup udara untuk menyejukkan transformer, kuasa elektronik (termasuk penerus), dan perkakasan penukaran lain mesti diambil kira. <> Apa yang boleh digunakan hari ini sistem elektrifikasi? || Motor DC yang secara langsung menggunakan DC atau mereka mungkin motor AC 3 fasa <> Apakah tindakan utama sistem AC dan DC perlu berurusan? || menukarkan dan mengangkut <> Jenis kerugian yang berlaku semasa penukaran dan penghantaran dalam wayar dan elektronik? || kerugian ohmic <> Apa jenis kerugian yang berlaku dalam transformer dan induktor semasa proses penukaran / penghantaran? || kerugian medan magnet", {"context": "Modern electrification systems take AC energy from a power grid which is delivered to a locomotive and converted to a DC voltage to be used by traction motors. These motors may either be DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors which require further conversion of the DC to 3-phase AC (using power electronics). Thus both systems are faced with the same task: converting and transporting high-voltage AC from the power grid to low-voltage DC in the locomotive. Where should this conversion take place and at what voltage and current (AC or DC) should the power flow to the locomotive? And how does all this relate to energy-efficiency? Both the transmission and conversion of electric energy involve losses: ohmic losses in wires and power electronics, magnetic field losses in transformers and smoothing reactors (inductors). Power conversion for a DC system takes place mainly in a railway substation where large, heavy, and more efficient hardware can be used as compared to an AC system where conversion takes place aboard the locomotive where space is limited and losses are significantly higher. Also, the energy used to blow air to cool transformers, power electronics (including rectifiers), and other conversion hardware must be accounted for.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors"}], "question": "What nowdays electrification systems can use?", "id": "572f591404bcaa1900d76889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "converting and transporting"}], "question": "What is the main action AC and DC systems have to deal with?", "id": "572f591404bcaa1900d7688a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "ohmic losses"}], "question": "What type of losses happen during conversion and transmission in wires and electronics?", "id": "572f591404bcaa1900d7688b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "magnetic field losses"}], "question": "What kind of losses take place in transformers and inductors during conversion/transmission process?", "id": "572f591404bcaa1900d7688c"}]}], ["Di UK, London, Brighton dan South Coast Railway mempelopori overheds elektrik di pinggir bandarnya di London, Jambatan London ke Victoria yang dibuka kepada trafik pada 1 Disember 1909. Victoria ke Crystal Palace melalui Balham dan West Norwood dibuka pada Mei 1911. Peckham Rye ke West Norwood dibuka pada bulan Jun 1912. Sambungan tambahan tidak dibuat kerana Perang Dunia Pertama. Dua laluan dibuka pada tahun 1925 di bawah Keretapi Selatan yang mengendalikan stesen keretapi Coulsdon North dan Sutton. Garis-garis itu berkuasa pada 6.7 kV 25 Hz. Ia diumumkan pada tahun 1926 bahawa semua baris akan ditukarkan ke kereta api ketiga DC dan perkhidmatan elektrik overhead terakhir berlari pada bulan September 1929. <> Bilakah sistem kabel overhead digunakan buat kali pertama di UK? || 1 Disember 1909 <> Barisan apa yang menggunakan sistem kabel overhead pertama Victoria ke Crystal Palace atau Peckham Rye ke West Noorwood? || Victoria ke Crystal Palace <> Apakah punca garis tidak dilanjutkan? || Perang Dunia Pertama <> Apakah voltan yang digunakan dalam dua garisan itu dibuka pada tahun 1925 dari Keretapi Selatan? || 6.7 kV 25 Hz", {"context": "In the UK, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway pioneered overhead electrification of its suburban lines in London, London Bridge to Victoria being opened to traffic on 1 December 1909. Victoria to Crystal Palace via Balham and West Norwood opened in May 1911. Peckham Rye to West Norwood opened in June 1912. Further extensions were not made owing to the First World War. Two lines opened in 1925 under the Southern Railway serving Coulsdon North and Sutton railway station. The lines were electrified at 6.7 kV 25 Hz. It was announced in 1926 that all lines were to be converted to DC third rail and the last overhead electric service ran in September 1929.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "1 December 1909"}], "question": "When was overhead wires system being used for the first time in UK?", "id": "572f506a04bcaa1900d76841"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Victoria to Crystal Palace"}], "question": "What line used the overhead wire system first Victoria to Crystal Palace or Peckham Rye to West Noorwood?", "id": "572f506a04bcaa1900d76842"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "the First World War"}], "question": "What was the cause of lines not being extended?", "id": "572f506a04bcaa1900d76843"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "6.7 kV 25 Hz"}], "question": "What voltage was used in the two lines opened in 1925 of Southern Railway?", "id": "572f506a04bcaa1900d76844"}]}], ["Kesan rangkaian adalah faktor yang besar dengan elektrifikasi. Apabila menukar talian ke elektrik, sambungan dengan talian lain mesti dipertimbangkan. Sesetengah elektrifikasi kemudiannya telah dialih keluar kerana melalui lalu lintas ke talian tidak berkuasa. Jika melalui lalu lintas adalah untuk mendapat manfaat, suis enjin memakan masa mesti berlaku untuk membuat sambungan atau enjin mod dwi mahal mesti digunakan. Ini kebanyakannya merupakan masalah untuk perjalanan jarak jauh, tetapi banyak laluan didominasi oleh melalui lalu lintas dari kereta api jarak jauh (biasanya berjalan arang batu, bijih, atau bekas ke atau dari pelabuhan). Secara teorinya, tren ini dapat menikmati simpanan dramatik melalui elektrifikasi, tetapi ia boleh menjadi terlalu mahal untuk memperluas elektrifikasi ke kawasan terpencil, dan melainkan jika seluruh rangkaian elektrik, syarikat sering mendapati bahawa mereka perlu meneruskan penggunaan kereta diesel walaupun seksyen elektrik . Permintaan yang semakin meningkat untuk trafik kontena yang lebih cekap apabila menggunakan kereta double-stack juga mempunyai masalah kesan rangkaian dengan elektrikan yang sedia ada kerana pelepasan kelebihan talian elektrik overhed untuk kereta api ini, tetapi elektrifikasi boleh dibina atau diubahsuai untuk mempunyai kelulusan yang mencukupi, di kos tambahan. <> Apakah faktor utama yang berkaitan dengan elektrifikasi? || Kesan rangkaian <> Apakah sebabnya sesetengah elektrifikasi dikeluarkan selepas beberapa saat? || melalui lalu lintas ke talian tidak berkuasa <> Apa yang boleh menjadi kelemahan elektrifikasi kereta api jarak jauh? || elektrifikasi ke kawasan terpencil <> Di manakah isu melalui manfaat lalu lintas berlaku? || perjalanan jarak jauh <> Apakah peningkatan permintaan untuk lalu lintas kontena membuat syarikat menggunakan lebih kerap? || kereta diesel", {"context": "Network effects are a large factor with electrification. When converting lines to electric, the connections with other lines must be considered. Some electrifications have subsequently been removed because of the through traffic to non-electrified lines. If through traffic is to have any benefit, time consuming engine switches must occur to make such connections or expensive dual mode engines must be used. This is mostly an issue for long distance trips, but many lines come to be dominated by through traffic from long-haul freight trains (usually running coal, ore, or containers to or from ports). In theory, these trains could enjoy dramatic savings through electrification, but it can be too costly to extend electrification to isolated areas, and unless an entire network is electrified, companies often find that they need to continue use of diesel trains even if sections are electrified. The increasing demand for container traffic which is more efficient when utilizing the double-stack car also has network effect issues with existing electrifications due to insufficient clearance of overhead electrical lines for these trains, but electrification can be built or modified to have sufficient clearance, at additional cost.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Network effects"}], "question": "What is a major factor whn it comes to electrification?", "id": "572f618b04bcaa1900d768a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "through traffic to non-electrified lines"}], "question": "What was the reason some electrifications were removed after a while?", "id": "572f618b04bcaa1900d768a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "electrification to isolated areas"}], "question": "What can be a drawback of electrification of long distance freight trains?", "id": "572f618b04bcaa1900d768a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "long distance trips"}], "question": "Where can the issue of through traffic benefits occur?", "id": "572f618b04bcaa1900d768a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 853, "text": "diesel trains"}], "question": "What does the increasing demand for container traffic make companies use more often?", "id": "572f618b04bcaa1900d768a7"}]}], ["Untuk mengelakkan risiko bekalan pencampuran fasa keluar, bahagian-bahagian garis yang diberi makan dari stesen pengantara yang berlainan mesti disimpan dengan tegas. Ini dicapai oleh Bahagian Neutral (juga dikenali sebagai Phase Breaks), biasanya disediakan di stesen pengantara dan pertengahan di antara mereka walaupun, biasanya, separuh hanya digunakan pada bila-bila masa, yang lain disediakan untuk membolehkan stesen pengumpan dimatikan dan kuasa yang disediakan dari stesen pengantara bersebelahan. Seksyen Neutral biasanya terdiri daripada bahagian dawai yang dipisahkan dari wayar hidup di kedua belah pihak oleh bahan penebat, biasanya manik seramik, yang direka supaya pantograf itu lancar berjalan dari satu bahagian ke yang lain. Bahagian yang dibumikan menghalang arka diambil dari satu bahagian hidup kepada yang lain, kerana perbezaan voltan mungkin lebih tinggi daripada voltan sistem biasa jika bahagian hidup berada pada fasa yang berlainan dan pemutus litar pelindung mungkin tidak dapat mengganggu dengan selamat arus yang akan mengalir. Untuk mengelakkan risiko arka ditarik dari satu bahagian dawai ke bumi, ketika melewati bahagian neutral, kereta api itu harus berliku dan pemutus litar mesti terbuka. Dalam banyak kes, ini dilakukan secara manual oleh pemandu. Untuk membantu mereka, papan amaran disediakan sebelum kedua-dua bahagian neutral dan amaran awal beberapa jarak sebelum. Papan selanjutnya kemudian disediakan selepas seksyen neutral memberitahu pemandu untuk menutup semula pemutus litar, walaupun pemandu tidak boleh melakukan ini sehingga pantograph belakang telah melewati papan ini. Di UK, sistem yang dikenali sebagai Kawalan Kuasa Automatik (APC) secara automatik membuka dan menutup pemutus litar, ini dicapai dengan menggunakan set magnet tetap di sepanjang trek yang berkomunikasi dengan pengesan di kereta api. Satu-satunya tindakan yang diperlukan oleh pemandu adalah mematikan kuasa dan pantai dan oleh itu amaran papan masih disediakan pada dan pada pendekatan ke bahagian neutral. <> Apakah keperluan utama untuk stesen penghantar elektrik? || talian yang diberi makan dari stesen pengantara yang berbeza mesti disimpan dengan tegas terpencil <> Apa ciptaan yang dicegah menghalang garisan dari bercampur? || Tahap Fasa <> Apakah bahagian dawai dalam bahagian Pecahan Fasa arka yang diambil dari satu dawai ke yang lain? || Bahagian dibundarkan <> Bagaimana pemandu diberi amaran untuk memulakan kereta api? || papan amaran <> Apa yang perlu pemandu lakukan untuk membuka dan menutup pemutus litar? || untuk mematikan kuasa dan pantai", {"context": "To prevent the risk of out-of-phase supplies mixing, sections of line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated. This is achieved by Neutral Sections (also known as Phase Breaks), usually provided at feeder stations and midway between them although, typically, only half are in use at any time, the others being provided to allow a feeder station to be shut down and power provided from adjacent feeder stations. Neutral Sections usually consist of an earthed section of wire which is separated from the live wires on either side by insulating material, typically ceramic beads, designed so that the pantograph will smoothly run from one section to the other. The earthed section prevents an arc being drawn from one live section to the other, as the voltage difference may be higher than the normal system voltage if the live sections are on different phases and the protective circuit breakers may not be able to safely interrupt the considerable current that would flow. To prevent the risk of an arc being drawn across from one section of wire to earth, when passing through the neutral section, the train must be coasting and the circuit breakers must be open. In many cases, this is done manually by the drivers. To help them, a warning board is provided just before both the neutral section and an advance warning some distance before. A further board is then provided after the neutral section to tell drivers to re-close the circuit breaker, although drivers must not do this until the rear pantograph has passed this board. In the UK, a system known as Automatic Power Control (APC) automatically opens and closes the circuit breaker, this being achieved by using sets of permanent magnets alongside the track communicating with a detector on the train. The only action needed by the driver is to shut off power and coast and therefore warning boards are still provided at and on the approach to neutral sections.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated"}], "question": "What was the main requirement for electric feeder stations?", "id": "572f575504bcaa1900d76863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Phase Breaks"}], "question": "What invention prevented lines from getting mixed?", "id": "572f575504bcaa1900d76864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "The earthed section"}], "question": "What was the part of wire in Phase Break sections an arc being drawn from one wire to another?", "id": "572f575504bcaa1900d76865"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1259, "text": "warning board"}], "question": "How were the drivers warned to start coasting the train?", "id": "572f575504bcaa1900d76866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1828, "text": "to shut off power and coast"}], "question": "What should the driver do in order to open and close the circuit breaker?", "id": "572f575504bcaa1900d76867"}]}], ["Tenaga stesen pusat sering dijana dengan kecekapan yang lebih tinggi daripada enjin / penjana mudah alih. Walaupun kecekapan penjanaan loji janakuasa dan penjanaan lokomotif diesel hampir sama dalam rejim nominal, motor diesel menurunkan kecekapan dalam rejim bukan nominal pada kuasa rendah dan jika loji janakuasa elektrik memerlukan kuasa yang kurang, ia akan menutup sekurang-kurangnya penjana cekap, dengan itu meningkatkan kecekapan. Kereta api elektrik boleh menjimatkan tenaga (berbanding diesel) dengan brek regeneratif dan tidak perlu menggunakan tenaga dengan melahu sebagai lokomotif diesel apabila berhenti atau melancarkan. Walau bagaimanapun, stok rolling elektrik boleh menjalankan penyejuk penyejukan apabila berhenti atau mengusung, dengan itu memakan tenaga. <> Manakah dari dua yang boleh lebih efisien dikukuhkan? || Stesen Pusat <> Bagaimana kilang kuasa elektrik menjadi lebih cekap? || ia akan menutup penjana yang paling kurang efisien <> Bagaimana kereta elektrik boleh lebih cekap tenaga? || dengan brek regeneratif <> Jenis kereta api yang mana yang terus menggunakan tenaga semasa mencairkan atau dihentikan? || diesel <> Apa yang menyebabkan kereta api elektrik membazir tenaga? || penyejuk penyejukan", {"context": "Central station electricity can often be generated with higher efficiency than a mobile engine/generator. While the efficiency of power plant generation and diesel locomotive generation are roughly the same in the nominal regime, diesel motors decrease in efficiency in non-nominal regimes at low power  while if an electric power plant needs to generate less power it will shut down its least efficient generators, thereby increasing efficiency. The electric train can save energy (as compared to diesel) by regenerative braking and by not needing to consume energy by idling as diesel locomotives do when stopped or coasting. However, electric rolling stock may run cooling blowers when stopped or coasting, thus consuming energy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Central station"}], "question": "Which of two can be more efficiently electricified?", "id": "572f65c704bcaa1900d768d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "it will shut down its least efficient generators"}], "question": "How can electric power plant become more power efficient?", "id": "572f65c704bcaa1900d768d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "by regenerative braking"}], "question": "How can electric train be more energy efficient?", "id": "572f65c704bcaa1900d768d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "diesel"}], "question": "Which type of train continues to use energy while coasting or being stopped?", "id": "572f65c704bcaa1900d768d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "cooling blowers"}], "question": "What causes electric trains to waste energy?", "id": "572f65c704bcaa1900d768d7"}]}], ["Sumber tenaga yang tidak sesuai untuk loji kuasa mudah alih, seperti kuasa nuklear, hidroelektrik yang boleh diperbaharui, atau kuasa angin boleh digunakan. Menurut statistik rizab tenaga global yang diterima secara meluas, rizab bahan api cecair jauh lebih rendah daripada gas dan arang batu (masing-masing 42, 167 dan 416 tahun). Kebanyakan negara dengan rangkaian kereta api besar tidak mempunyai rizab minyak yang ketara dan yang dilakukan seperti Amerika Syarikat dan Britain, telah menghabiskan sebahagian besar rizab mereka dan telah mengalami keluaran minyak yang menurun selama beberapa dekad. Oleh itu, terdapat juga insentif ekonomi yang kuat untuk menggantikan bahan api lain untuk minyak. Elektrifikasi rel sering dianggap sebagai laluan penting ke arah pembaharuan corak penggunaan. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak ada kajian yang boleh dipercayai dan dikaji semula untuk membantu perdebatan awam rasional tentang isu kritikal ini, walaupun terdapat kajian Soviet yang tidak diterjemahkan dari tahun 1980-an. <> Bolehkah sumber tenaga boleh diperbaharui digunakan di loji kuasa mudah alih? || tidak sesuai <> Apakah insentif baru-baru ini untuk mengatasi kekurangan minyak? || untuk menggantikan bahan api lain <> Apa jenis sumber semula jadi yang lebih terhad? || bahan api cecair <> Apa penyelidikan boleh digunakan pada masa akan datang jika diterjemahkan? || Kajian Soviet dari tahun 1980-an", {"context": "Energy sources unsuitable for mobile power plants, such as nuclear power, renewable hydroelectricity, or wind power can be used. According to widely accepted global energy reserve statistics, the reserves of liquid fuel are much less than gas and coal (at 42, 167 and 416 years respectively). Most countries with large rail networks do not have significant oil reserves and those that did, like the United States and Britain, have exhausted much of their reserves and have suffered declining oil output for decades. Therefore, there is also a strong economic incentive to substitute other fuels for oil. Rail electrification is often considered an important route towards consumption pattern reform. However, there are no reliable, peer-reviewed studies available to assist in rational public debate on this critical issue, although there are untranslated Soviet studies from the 1980s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "unsuitable"}], "question": "Can renewable source of electricity be used in mobile power plants?", "id": "572f688cb2c2fd14005680e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "to substitute other fuels"}], "question": "What is the recent incentive in  order to overcome oil scarcity?", "id": "572f688cb2c2fd14005680e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "liquid fuel"}], "question": "What type of natural resources is more scarce?", "id": "572f688cb2c2fd14005680e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "Soviet studies from the 1980s"}], "question": "What research can be used in the future if translated?", "id": "572f688cb2c2fd14005680e8"}]}], ["Dalam bekas Kesatuan Soviet, daya tarikan elektrik akhirnya menjadi lebih cekap tenaga daripada diesel. Sebahagian besar disebabkan oleh penjanaan elektrik yang tidak cekap dalam USSR (hanya kecekapan haba 20.8% pada tahun 1950 berbanding 36.2% pada tahun 1975), pada tahun 1950 daya tarikan diesel adalah kira-kira dua kali ganda tenaga yang cekap sebagai daya tarikan elektrik (dari segi berat bersih km tan per kg bahan api). Tetapi sebagai kecekapan penjanaan elektrik (dan oleh itu daya tarikan elektrik) bertambah baik, oleh kira-kira 1965 kereta api elektrik menjadi lebih cekap daripada diesel. Selepas pertengahan tahun 1970-an elektrik digunakan kira-kira 25% kurang bahan api per tan-km. Walau bagaimanapun diesel digunakan terutamanya pada garisan tunggal dengan jumlah lalu lintas yang saksama supaya penggunaan bahan api elektrik yang lebih rendah mungkin sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh keadaan operasi yang lebih baik pada garisan elektrik (seperti pengesanan berganda) dan bukannya kecekapan tenaga yang wujud. Walau bagaimanapun, kos bahan api diesel adalah kira-kira 1.5 kali lebih tinggi (satu unit tenaga haba kandungan) daripada bahan bakar yang digunakan dalam loji kuasa elektrik (yang menjana elektrik), sehingga membuat kereta api elektrik lebih banyak kos tenaga yang efektif. <> Apa jenis kereta menjadi lebih cekap tenaga di bekas Kesatuan Soviet? || elektrik <> Tahun berapa boleh ditandakan sebagai tahun ketika kereta api elektrik lebih efisien daripada diesel? || 1965 <> Berapa banyak bahan bakar kereta api elektrik yang digunakan kurang daripada diesel pada pertengahan tahun 1970 di USSR? || 25% kurang bahan api per ton-km <> Apa yang boleh menjadi faktor penggunaan tenaga yang lebih rendah untuk kereta api elektrik? || keadaan operasi yang lebih baik pada talian elektrik <> Berapakah kos yang lebih mahal berbanding dengan elektrik per unit? || 1.5 kali lebih banyak (satu unit kandungan tenaga haba", {"context": "In the former Soviet Union, electric traction eventually became somewhat more energy-efficient than diesel. Partly due to inefficient generation of electricity in the USSR (only 20.8% thermal efficiency in 1950 vs. 36.2% in 1975), in 1950 diesel traction was about twice as energy efficient as electric traction (in terms of net tonne-km of freight per kg of fuel). But as efficiency of electricity generation (and thus of electric traction) improved, by about 1965 electric railways became more efficient than diesel. After the mid 1970s electrics used about 25% less fuel per ton-km. However diesels were mainly used on single track lines with a fair amount of traffic  so that the lower fuel consumption of electrics may be in part due to better operating conditions on electrified lines (such as double tracking) rather than inherent energy efficiency. Nevertheless, the cost of diesel fuel was about 1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content) than that of the fuel used in electric power plants (that generated electricity), thus making electric railways even more energy-cost effective.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "electric"}], "question": "What type of trains became more energy-efficient in the former Soviet Union?", "id": "572f6abab2c2fd14005680ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "1965"}], "question": "What year could be marked as year when electric railways more efficient than diesel ones?", "id": "572f6abab2c2fd14005680ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "25% less fuel per ton-km"}], "question": "How much fuel did electric train used less than diesel in the middle of 1970 in USSR?", "id": "572f6abab2c2fd14005680ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "better operating conditions on electrified lines"}], "question": "What could be a factor of lower energy consumption for electric trains?", "id": "572f6abab2c2fd14005680f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 905, "text": "1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content"}], "question": "How much more expensive was diesel compare to electricity per unit?", "id": "572f6abab2c2fd14005680f1"}]}], ["Selain daripada peningkatan kecekapan loji janakuasa, terdapat peningkatan kecekapan (antara 1950 dan 1973) penggunaan kereta api elektrik ini dengan intensiti tenaga menurun dari 218 hingga 124 kwh / 10,000 tan kasar (dari kedua-dua kereta api penumpang dan barang) atau kejatuhan 43%. Oleh kerana intensiti tenaga adalah kebalikan dari kecekapan tenaga ia jatuh apabila kecekapan naik. Tetapi kebanyakan penurunan sebanyak 43% dalam intensiti tenaga juga memberi manfaat kepada daya tarikan diesel. Penukaran galas roda dari biasa ke roller, peningkatan berat kereta api, menukarkan garisan trek tunggal untuk menggandakan trek (atau trek separa berganda), dan penghapusan kereta kebal usang 2-gandar meningkatkan kecekapan tenaga semua jenis daya tarikan: elektrik, diesel dan wap. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat penurunan intensiti tenaga sebanyak 12-15% yang hanya memberi manfaat kepada daya tarikan elektrik (dan bukan diesel). Ini disebabkan oleh penambahbaikan dalam lokomotif, penggunaan braking regeneratif yang lebih meluas (yang pada tahun 1989 dikitar semula 2.65% daripada tenaga elektrik yang digunakan untuk daya tarikan), kawalan jauh pencawang, pengendalian lokomotif yang lebih baik oleh kru lokomotif, dan penambahbaikan automasi. Oleh itu, kecekapan keseluruhan daya tarikan elektrik berbanding diesel lebih daripada dua kali ganda antara 1950 dan pertengahan 1970-an di Kesatuan Soviet. Tetapi selepas 1974 (tahun 1980) tidak ada peningkatan intensiti tenaga (wh / tonne-km) sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh peningkatan kelajuan kereta penumpang dan barang. <> Apa yang menyebabkan kecekapan tenaga meningkat? || keamatan tenaga menurun <> Apakah jenis lokomotif yang bertambah baik pada tahun 1950-1973 di Soviet Union? || elektrik <> Berapa banyak tenaga yang disimpan dan digunakan semula disebabkan oleh brek regeneratif pada tahun 1989? || 2.65% <> Adakah peningkatan kecekapan tenaga dalam tempoh 1974 hingga 1980? || tiada peningkatan <> Penghapusan apa yang membantu kecekapan daya tarikan diesel naik? || Kereta barang 2-gandar", {"context": "Besides increased efficiency of power plants, there was an increase in efficiency (between 1950 and 1973) of the railway utilization of this electricity with energy-intensity dropping from 218 to 124 kwh/10,000 gross tonne-km (of both passenger and freight trains) or a 43% drop. Since energy-intensity is the inverse of energy-efficiency it drops as efficiency goes up. But most of this 43% decrease in energy-intensity also benefited diesel traction. The conversion of wheel bearings from plain to roller, increase of train weight, converting single track lines to double track (or partially double track), and the elimination of obsolete 2-axle freight cars increased the energy-efficiency of all types of traction: electric, diesel, and steam. However, there remained a 12\u201315% reduction of energy-intensity that only benefited electric traction (and not diesel). This was due to improvements in locomotives, more widespread use of regenerative braking (which in 1989 recycled 2.65% of the electric energy used for traction,) remote control of substations, better handling of the locomotive by the locomotive crew, and improvements in automation. Thus the overall efficiency of electric traction as compared to diesel more than doubled between 1950 and the mid-1970s in the Soviet Union. But after 1974 (thru 1980) there was no improvement in energy-intensity (wh/tonne-km) in part due to increasing speeds of passenger and freight trains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "energy-intensity dropping"}], "question": "What caused the energy efficiency to go up?", "id": "572f6d47a23a5019007fc60d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "electric"}], "question": "What type of locomotives got improved during 1950-1973 in Soviet Union?", "id": "572f6d47a23a5019007fc60f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 980, "text": "2.65%"}], "question": "How much of energy was saved and re-used due to regenerative braking in 1989?", "id": "572f6d47a23a5019007fc610"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1328, "text": "no improvement"}], "question": "Was there an energy efficiency improvement in the period 1974 through 1980?", "id": "572f6d47a23a5019007fc611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "2-axle freight cars"}], "question": "Elimination of what helped the efficiency of diesel traction to go up?", "id": "572f6d47a23a5019007fc60e"}]}]], [["Begitu juga penghijrahan orang Nicaragua yang berbahasa Sepanyol juga bermula sebagai akibat ketidakstabilan politik pada penghujung tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an. Pemberontakan revolusi Sandinista yang menggulingkan kediktatoran Somoza pada tahun 1979 menyebabkan banyak orang Nicaragua berpindah terutama dari mereka yang menentang Sandinista. Sepanjang tahun 1980-an dengan Amerika Syarikat menyokong Perang Contra (atau perang kontra-revolusi) yang berterusan sehingga tahun 1988, dan keruntuhan ekonomi negara lebih ramai orang Nicaraguans berhijrah ke Amerika Syarikat di kalangan negara-negara lain. Negeri Amerika Syarikat di mana kebanyakan orang Nicaragua berhijrah untuk memasukkan Florida, California dan Texas. <> Apa lagi orang berbahasa Sepanyol yang datang ke Amerika? || Nicaraguans yang berbahasa Sepanyol <> Mengapa Nicaraguans datang ke Amerika? || ketidakstabilan politik pada penghujung tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an <> Bilakah orang Nicaragua tiba? || Sepanjang 1980-an dengan Amerika Syarikat menyokong Perang Contra (atau perang Contra-revolusioner) yang berterusan sehingga tahun 1988 <> Di mana Nicaraguans menetap di Amerika? || Negeri Amerika Syarikat di mana kebanyakan orang Nicaragua berhijrah untuk memasukkan Florida, California dan Texas. <> Adakah terdapat sebab tertentu yang banyak Nicaraguans melarikan diri ke A.S.? || kemerosotan ekonomi negara lebih ramai orang Nicaragua berhijrah ke Amerika Syarikat di kalangan negara-negara lain.", {"context": "Likewise the migration of Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans also began as a result of political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s. The uprising of the Sandinista revolution which toppled the Somoza dictatorship in 1979 caused many Nicaraguans to migrate particularly from those opposing the Sandinistas. Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988, and the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries. The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans"}], "question": "What other Spanish Speaking people come to America?", "id": "572eaddec246551400ce44e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s"}], "question": "Why did the Nicaraguans come to America?", "id": "572eaddec246551400ce44e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988"}], "question": "When did the Nicaraguans arrive?", "id": "572eaddec246551400ce44e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas."}], "question": "Where did Nicaraguans settle in America?", "id": "572eaddec246551400ce44e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries."}], "question": "Was there a specific reason many Nicaraguans fled to the U.S.?", "id": "572eaddec246551400ce44ea"}]}], ["Lebih dari 5 juta, Puerto Ricans adalah kumpulan Hispanik ke-2 terbesar. Daripada semua kumpulan Hispanik yang utama, Puerto Ricans adalah yang paling kurang mahir dalam bahasa Sepanyol, tetapi berjuta-juta orang Puerto Riko Amerika yang tinggal di tanah besar A.S. tetap fasih berbahasa Sepanyol. Puerto Ricans adalah warganegara Amerika yang lahir semula jadi, dan ramai penduduk Puerto Ricans telah berhijrah ke New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, dan kawasan lain di Amerika Syarikat Timur, meningkatkan penduduk berbahasa Sepanyol dan di beberapa kawasan menjadi majoriti penduduk Hispanophone , terutamanya di Florida Tengah. Di Hawaii, di mana buruh tani Puerto Rico dan tukang ranch Mexico telah menetap sejak abad ke-19, 7.0 peratus penduduk pulau itu adalah Hispanik atau Hispanophone atau kedua-duanya. <> Berapa ramai penduduk Puerto Ricans di sana? || Lebih dari 5 juta, Puerto Ricans adalah kumpulan Hispanik ke-2 terbesar. Daripada semua kumpulan Hispanik utama <> Adakah Florida mempunyai populasi Hispanik yang tinggi? || meningkatkan populasi berbahasa Sepanyol dan di beberapa kawasan menjadi majoriti penduduk Hispanophone, terutama di Florida Tengah. Di Hawaii <> Adakah mereka bercakap bahasa Sepanyol dengan lancar? || Puerto Ricans adalah yang paling kurang mahir dalam bahasa Sepanyol <> Adakah Hispanik di Hawaii? || 7.0 peratus penduduk pulau itu adalah Hispanik atau Hispanophone atau kedua-duanya. <> Di mana penduduk Puerto Ricans terbesar di tanah besar? || ramai penduduk Puerto Rico telah berhijrah ke New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, dan kawasan lain di Amerika Syarikat Timur", {"context": "At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the 2nd largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups, Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish, but millions of Puerto Rican Americans living in the U.S. mainland nonetheless are fluent in Spanish. Puerto Ricans are natural-born U.S. citizens, and many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, and other areas of the Eastern United States, increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population, especially in Central Florida. In Hawaii, where Puerto Rican farm laborers and Mexican ranchers have settled since the late 19th century, 7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the 2nd largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups"}], "question": "How many Puerto Ricans are there?", "id": "572eac16c246551400ce44ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population, especially in Central Florida. In Hawaii"}], "question": "Does Florida have a high Hispanic population?", "id": "572eac16c246551400ce44b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish"}], "question": "Do they speak Spanish fluently?", "id": "572eac16c246551400ce44af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both."}], "question": "Are Hispanics in Hawaii?", "id": "572eac16c246551400ce44b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, and other areas of the Eastern United States"}], "question": "Where are the biggest population of Puerto Ricans on the mainland?", "id": "572eac16c246551400ce44b0"}]}], ["Bahasa Sepanyol adalah bahasa kedua yang paling banyak dituturkan di Amerika Syarikat. Terdapat 45 juta Hispanophones yang berbahasa Sepanyol sebagai bahasa pertama atau kedua di Amerika Syarikat, serta enam juta pelajar bahasa Sepanyol. Bersama-sama, ini menjadikan Amerika Syarikat Amerika Latin yang kedua terbesar di dunia selepas Mexico, dan dengan Amerika Syarikat yang mempunyai lebih banyak bahasa Sepanyol berbanding Kolombia dan Sepanyol (tetapi kurang penutur bahasa pertama). Bahasa Sepanyol adalah bahasa Romance dan bahasa Indo-Eropah dengan jumlah penutur asli yang terbesar di dunia. Kira-kira separuh dari semua penutur bahasa Sepanyol juga berbahasa Inggeris \"sangat baik,\" berdasarkan penilaian diri mereka di Banci A.S.. <> Berapa ramai orang berbahasa Sepanyol sebagai bahasa pertama atau kedua di Amerika Syarikat? || Terdapat 45 juta Hispanophones yang bercakap bahasa Sepanyol sebagai bahasa pertama atau kedua di Amerika Syarikat, <> Berapa ramai Hispanik berbahasa Inggeris juga? || Kira-kira separuh dari semua penutur bahasa Sepanyol juga berbahasa Inggeris \"sangat baik,\" berdasarkan penilaian diri mereka di Banci A.S.. <> Jenis bahasa apa bahasa Sepanyol? || Bahasa Sepanyol adalah bahasa Romance dan bahasa Indo-Eropah dengan jumlah penutur asli yang terbesar di dunia. <> Apa bahasa lain yang sering digunakan di negara-negara Amerika? || Bahasa Sepanyol adalah bahasa kedua yang paling banyak dituturkan di Amerika Syarikat. <> Berapa ramai pelajar berbahasa Sepanyol ada di Amerika Syarikat? || enam juta pelajar bahasa Sepanyol.", {"context": "The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States. There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States, as well as six million Spanish language students. Together, this makes the United States of America the second largest Hispanophone country in the world after Mexico, and with the United States having more Spanish-speakers than Colombia and Spain (but fewer first language speakers). Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world. Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English \"very well,\" based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States,"}], "question": "How many people speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States?", "id": "572e867adfa6aa1500f8d09f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English \"very well,\" based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census."}], "question": "How many Hispanics speak English too?", "id": "572e867adfa6aa1500f8d0a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world."}], "question": "What type of language id Spanish?", "id": "572e867adfa6aa1500f8d0a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States."}], "question": "What other language is often spoken in the United states?", "id": "572e867adfa6aa1500f8d0a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "six million Spanish language students."}], "question": "How many Spanish speaking students are there in the United States?", "id": "572e867adfa6aa1500f8d0a3"}]}], ["Bahasa Sepanyol adalah bahasa yang digunakan oleh peneroka Eropah pertama yang pertama di Amerika Utara. Sepanyol tiba di wilayah Amerika Syarikat moden dengan Ponce de Le\u00f3n pada tahun 1513. Pada 1565, orang Sepanyol, melalui Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n, mengasaskan St. Augustine, Florida, dan pada awal tahun 1800-an, ia menjadi yang tertua secara berterusan menduduki penyelesaian Eropah di benua Amerika Syarikat. Kota tertua di seluruh wilayah A.S., pada tahun 1898, adalah San Juan, ibu kota Puerto Rico, di mana Juan Ponce De Le\u00f3n adalah gabenor pertamanya <> Bilakah orang Sepanyol tiba di Amerika? || Bahasa Sepanyol tiba di wilayah Amerika Syarikat moden dengan Ponce de Le\u00f3n pada 1513. <> Adakah orang-orang Eropah bercakap bahasa Sepanyol di Amerika? || Bahasa Sepanyol adalah bahasa yang digunakan oleh peneroka Eropah pertama yang pertama di Amerika Utara. <> Bagaimana St. Augustine didirikan? || orang Sepanyol, dengan cara Juan Ponce de Leon, mengasaskan St. Augustine, Florida <> Di mana penempatan tertua di Amerika? || St. Augustine, Florida <> Apa bandar tertua di wilayah Amerika Syarikat? || Bandar tertua di seluruh wilayah A.S., pada tahun 1898, adalah San Juan, ibukota Puerto Rico", {"context": "Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America. Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de Le\u00f3n in 1513. In 1565, the Spaniards, by way of Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n, founded St. Augustine, Florida, and as of the early 1800s, it became the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in the continental United States. The oldest city in all of the U.S. territory, as of 1898, is San Juan, capital of Puerto Rico, where Juan Ponce De Le\u00f3n was its first governor", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de Le\u00f3n in 1513."}], "question": "When did the Spanish arrive to America?", "id": "572e9c77c246551400ce43dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America."}], "question": "Did Europeans speak Spanish in America?", "id": "572e9c77c246551400ce43dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "the Spaniards, by way of Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n, founded St. Augustine, Florida"}], "question": "How was St. Augustine founded?", "id": "572e9c77c246551400ce43e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "St. Augustine, Florida"}], "question": "Where is the oldest settlement in America?", "id": "572e9c77c246551400ce43de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "The oldest city in all of the U.S. territory, as of 1898, is San Juan, capital of Puerto Rico"}], "question": "What is the oldest city of the United States territory?", "id": "572e9c77c246551400ce43df"}]}], ["Selama beberapa dekad, kerajaan persekutuan A.S. berusaha keras untuk memaksa Puerto Ricans untuk mengadopsi bahasa Inggeris, setakat menjadikan mereka menggunakan Bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa utama pengajaran di sekolah tinggi mereka. Ia benar-benar tidak berjaya, dan berundur dari dasar itu pada tahun 1948. Puerto Rico mampu mengekalkan bahasa, budaya, dan identiti bahasa Sepanyolnya kerana pulau kecil yang padat penduduknya telah menjadi rumah kepada hampir sejuta orang ketika pengambilalihan AS , semua orang bercakap bahasa Sepanyol, dan wilayahnya tidak pernah dipukul dengan kemasukan berjuta-juta penutur bahasa Inggeris seperti wilayah luas yang diperoleh dari Mexico 50 tahun yang lalu. <> Adakah Amerika cuba menjadikan Puerto Rico sebuah wilayah berbahasa Inggeris? || Kerajaan persekutuan A.S. dengan kuat cuba memaksa Puerto Ricans untuk mengamalkan bahasa Inggeris <> Bagaimana Amerika cuba membuat bahasa Puerto Rico bahasa Inggeris? || menjadikan mereka menggunakan Bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa utama pengajaran di sekolah tinggi mereka. <> Adakah Bahasa Inggeris di Puerto Rico berjaya? || Ia benar-benar tidak berjaya, <> Adakah Puerto Rico mempunyai ramai penduduk berbahasa Inggeris? || wilayah itu tidak pernah terkena dengan kemasukan berjuta-juta penutur bahasa Inggeris seperti wilayah luas yang diperoleh dari Mexico 50 tahun yang lalu. <> Bagaimana Puerto Rico tinggal di wilayah berbahasa Sepanyol? || Puerto Rico mampu mengekalkan bahasa, budaya, dan identiti bahasa Sepanyolnya kerana pulau kecil yang padat penduduknya", {"context": "For decades, the U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English, to the extent of making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools. It was completely unsuccessful, and retreated from that policy in 1948. Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island was already home to nearly a million people at the time of the U.S. takeover, all of those spoke Spanish, and the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English"}], "question": "Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory?", "id": "572ea6dc03f98919007568af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools."}], "question": "How did America try to make Puerto Rico's language English?", "id": "572ea6dc03f98919007568b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "It was completely unsuccessful,"}], "question": "Was English in Puerto Rico successful?", "id": "572ea6dc03f98919007568b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier."}], "question": "Does Puerto Rico have many English speaking residents?", "id": "572ea6dc03f98919007568b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island"}], "question": "How did Puerto Rico stay a Spanish speaking territory?", "id": "572ea6dc03f98919007568b2"}]}], ["Imigresen ke Amerika Syarikat Kuba berbahasa Sepanyol bermula kerana ketidakstabilan politik Cuba apabila mencapai kemerdekaan. Penumpukan pemerintahan diktator Fulgencio Batista dan peningkatan pemerintahan Fidel Castro pada tahun 1959 meningkatkan imigrasi Cuba ke Amerika Syarikat, maka terdapat kira-kira sejuta Kuba di Amerika Syarikat, yang paling menetap di selatan dan tengah Florida, sementara Kuba lain tinggal di Timur Laut Amerika Syarikat; kebanyakannya fasih berbahasa Sepanyol. Di bandar Miami hari ini bahasa Sepanyol adalah bahasa pertama yang kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh imigrasi Cuba. <> Kenapa orang Kuba datang ke Amerika Syarikat? || Imigresen ke Amerika Syarikat Cubans berbahasa Sepanyol bermula kerana ketidakstabilan politik Cuba <> Tahun berapa kebanyakan orang Kuba mula datang ke Amerika? || Penumpukan pemerintahan diktator Fulgencio Batista dan peningkatan pemerintahan Fidel Castro pada tahun 1959 meningkatkan imigrasi Cuba ke Amerika Syarikat <> Do Cubans berbahasa Sepanyol di Amerika? || paling fasih berbahasa Sepanyol <> Di manakah kebanyakan orang Amerika Cuba hidup? || , yang paling menetap di selatan dan tengah Florida, sementara Kuba lain tinggal di Amerika Utara Timur Laut <> Adakah terdapat tempat tertentu di mana orang Kuba tinggal dan bercakap Bahasa Sepanyol di A.S.? || Di bandar Miami hari ini bahasa Sepanyol adalah bahasa pertama yang kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh imigrasi Cuba.", {"context": "Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability upon achieving independence. The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States, hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability"}], "question": "Why did Cubans come to the United States?", "id": "572eacbb03f9891900756915"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States"}], "question": "What year did most Cubans start coming to America?", "id": "572eacbb03f9891900756916"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "most are fluent in Spanish"}], "question": "Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?", "id": "572eacbb03f9891900756918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": ", most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States"}], "question": "Where do most Cuban Americans live?", "id": "572eacbb03f9891900756917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration."}], "question": "Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S.?", "id": "572eacbb03f9891900756919"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1821, selepas Perang Kemerdekaan Mexico dari Sepanyol, Texas adalah sebahagian daripada Amerika Syarikat Amerika Serikat sebagai negara Coahuila y Tejas. Kemasukan besar Amerika tidak lama lagi diikuti, asalnya dengan kelulusan presiden Mexico. Pada tahun 1836, yang kini sebahagian besarnya \"Amerika\" Texans, berperang kemerdekaan dari kerajaan pusat Mexico dan menubuhkan Republik Texas. Pada tahun 1846, Republik dibubarkan apabila Texas memasuki Amerika Syarikat sebagai negara. Sepanjang tahun 1850, banci Amerika Syarikat, kurang daripada 16,000 orang Texans berasal dari keturunan Mexico, dan hampir semua orang berbahasa Sepanyol (kedua-dua orang Mexico dan peneroka Eropah yang bukan berbahasa Sepanyol termasuk Texan Jerman) yang jumlahnya lebih banyak (enam-ke-satu) bercakap penerjemah (kedua-dua orang Amerika dan warga Eropah yang lain). [rujukan?] <> Adakah Texas sebahagian daripada Mexico? || Pada tahun 1821, selepas Perang Kemerdekaan Mexico dari Sepanyol, Texas adalah sebahagian daripada Amerika Syarikat Mexico sebagai negara Coahuila y Tejas <> Bilakah Amerika datang ke Texas? || Kemasukan besar Amerika tidak lama lagi diikuti, asalnya dengan kelulusan presiden Mexico. Pada tahun 1836 <Adakah perang antara orang-orang Mexico dan orang-orang Texans? || Texans, berperang kemerdekaan dari kerajaan pusat Mexico <> Bilakah Texas menjadi negeri? || Pada tahun 1846, Republik dibubarkan apabila Texas memasuki Amerika Syarikat sebagai negara. <> Adakah Texas adalah negeri bercakap bahasa Sepanyol? || Mengikut banci A.S. tahun 1850, kurang daripada 16,000 orang Texans berasal dari keturunan Mexico, dan hampir semua orang berbahasa Sepanyol", {"context": "In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas. A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836, the now largely \"American\" Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico and established the Republic of Texas. In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state. Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people (both Mexicans and non-Spanish European settlers who include German Texan) who were outnumbered (six-to-one) by English-speaking settlers (both Americans and other immigrant Europeans).[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas"}], "question": "Was Texas a part of Mexico?", "id": "572e9c8bdfa6aa1500f8d1f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836"}], "question": "When did the Americans come to Texas?", "id": "572e9c8bdfa6aa1500f8d1fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico"}], "question": "Was there a war between the Mexicans and the Texans?", "id": "572e9c8bdfa6aa1500f8d1fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state."}], "question": "When did Texas become a state?", "id": "572e9c8bdfa6aa1500f8d1fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people"}], "question": "Was Texas a primarily a Spanish speaking state?", "id": "572e9c8bdfa6aa1500f8d1fd"}]}], ["Selepas Perang Kemerdekaan Mexico dari Sepanyol juga, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, barat Colorado dan barat daya Wyoming menjadi sebahagian dari wilayah Mexico Alta California dan kebanyakan New Mexico, barat Texas, Colorado selatan, barat daya Kansas, dan Oklahoma panhandle adalah sebahagian daripada wilayah Santa Fe de Nuevo M\u00e9xico. Pengasingan geografi dan sejarah politik yang unik di wilayah ini menyebabkan New Mexican Spanish berbeza dari kedua bahasa Sepanyol yang dituturkan di bahagian lain Amerika Syarikat dan Sepanyol yang dituturkan di Amerika Syarikat Amerika Syarikat sekarang ini. <> Apa negeri-negeri yang terdiri daripada Alta California || California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, barat Colorado dan barat daya Wyoming menjadi sebahagian daripada wilayah Mexico Alta California <> Bilakah negara-negara lain menjadi sebahagian dari Mexico? || Selepas Perang Kemerdekaan Mexico dari Sepanyol <> Negara apa yang menjadi sebahagian daripada Santa Fe de Nuevo || kebanyakan dari New Mexico, barat Texas, Colorado selatan, barat daya Kansas, dan Oklahoma panhandle adalah sebahagian dari wilayah Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico <> Mengapa masih terdapat Dwibahasa yang dituturkan di negeri-negeri ini? || Pengasingan geografi dan sejarah politik yang unik di wilayah ini", {"context": "After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain also, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California and most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo M\u00e9xico. The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States of America and Spanish spoken in the present-day United Mexican States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California"}], "question": "What states made up of Alta California", "id": "572e9c96cb0c0d14000f135d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain"}], "question": "When did other states become part of Mexico?", "id": "572e9c96cb0c0d14000f135c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo M\u00e9xico"}], "question": "What states were part of Santa Fe de Nuevo", "id": "572e9c96cb0c0d14000f135e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory"}], "question": "Why is  there still Bilingual  spoken in these states?", "id": "572e9c96cb0c0d14000f135f"}]}], ["Bahasa Sepanyol telah hadir dalam apa yang kini Amerika Syarikat sejak abad ke-16 dan ke-17, dengan kedatangan penjajahan Sepanyol di Amerika Utara yang kemudiannya menjadi negeri Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah , dan California. Penjelajah Sepanyol menjelajah kawasan 42 negeri A.S. yang akan datang meninggalkan pelbagai warisan Hispanik di benua Amerika Utara. Di samping itu, wilayah barat Wilayah Louisiana berada di bawah pemerintahan Sepanyol antara 1763 dan 1800, selepas Perang Perancis dan India, memanjangkan lagi pengaruh Sepanyol sepanjang zaman Amerika Syarikat. <> Berapa lamakah bahasa Sepanyol di Amerika Syarikat? || Bahasa Sepanyol telah hadir dalam apa yang kini Amerika Syarikat sejak abad ke-16 dan ke-17 <> Di mana di Amerika Syarikat apakah Sepanyol meneroka? || Penjelajah Sepanyol menjelajah kawasan 42 negeri A.S. masa depan <> Adakah terdapat negeri yang diperintah oleh Sepanyol? || wilayah barat Wilayah Louisiana berada di bawah pemerintahan Sepanyol antara 1763 hingga 1800, Adakah tanah Sepanyol menakluki tanah di Amerika Syarikat? || Penjajahan Sepanyol di Amerika Utara yang kemudian menjadi negeri Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, dan California. <> Adakah Sepanyol mempunyai warisan di Amerika dari nenek moyang mereka? || selepas Perang Perancis dan India, terus memperluaskan pengaruh Sepanyol sepanjang zaman Amerika Syarikat.", {"context": "The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries, with the arrival of Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California. The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states leaving behind a varying range of Hispanic legacy in the North American continent. Additionally, western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800, after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries"}], "question": "How old is the Spanish language in the United States?", "id": "572e8a7bc246551400ce430c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states"}], "question": "Where in the United States did the Spanish explore?", "id": "572e8a7bc246551400ce430e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800,"}], "question": "Were there states ruled by the Spanish?", "id": "572e8a7bc246551400ce430f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California."}], "question": "Did the Spanish conquer land in the United States?", "id": "572e8a7bc246551400ce430d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America."}], "question": "Do the Spanish have a legacy in America from their forefathers?", "id": "572e8a7bc246551400ce4310"}]}], ["Melalui kekuatan angka-angka, para peneroka Amerika yang berbahasa Inggeris memasuki Barat Daya menegaskan bahasa, budaya, dan undang-undang mereka sebagai dominan, sehingga ia sepenuhnya berpindah dari Sepanyol dalam bidang awam; inilah sebabnya Amerika Syarikat tidak pernah membangunkan bilingualisme seperti yang dilakukan Kanada. Sebagai contoh, konvensyen konstitusional California pada tahun 1849 mempunyai lapan peserta Californio; perlembagaan negara yang dihasilkan dihasilkan dalam bahasa Inggeris dan Sepanyol, dan mengandungi klausa yang mengharuskan semua undang-undang dan peraturan yang diterbitkan untuk diterbitkan dalam kedua bahasa. Konvensyen perlembagaan pada tahun 1872 tidak mempunyai peserta berbahasa Sepanyol; peserta konvensyen berbahasa Inggeris merasakan bahawa minoriti penutur bahasa Sepanyol masih perlu belajar Bahasa Inggeris; dan konvensyen itu akhirnya mengundi 46-39 untuk menyemak semula fasal terdahulu supaya semua prosiding rasmi akan dimuatkan hanya dalam bahasa Inggeris. <> Mengapa tidak berbahasa Sepanyol barat daya? || Melalui kekuatan angka-angka semata-mata, peneroka Amerika yang berbahasa Inggeris memasuki barat daya menubuhkan bahasa, budaya, dan undang-undang mereka <> Adakah Kanada dwibahasa? || Amerika Syarikat tidak pernah membangunkan bilingualisme seperti yang dilakukan Kanada. <> Adakah California sebuah negeri dwibahasa? || Konvensyen konstitusional California pada tahun 1849 mempunyai lapan peserta Californio; perlembagaan negara yang dihasilkan dihasilkan dalam bahasa Inggeris dan Sepanyol, <> Mengapa California tidak secara rasmi menjadi dwibahasa? || peserta konvensyen berbahasa Inggeris merasakan bahawa minoriti penutur Sepanyol yang masih kecil perlu belajar Bahasa Inggeris <> Adakah terdapat keputusan mahkamah? || konvensyen itu akhirnya mengundi 46-39 untuk menyemak semula fasal terdahulu supaya semua prosiding rasmi akan dimuatkan hanya dalam Bahasa Inggeris.", {"context": "Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law as dominant, to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere; this is why the United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did. For example, the California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish, and it contained a clause requiring all published laws and regulations to be published in both languages. The constitutional convention of 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants; the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English; and the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law"}], "question": "Why isn't the southwest Spanish speaking?", "id": "572ea6d5cb0c0d14000f13f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did."}], "question": "Is Canada bilingual?", "id": "572ea6d5cb0c0d14000f13f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish,"}], "question": "Was California a bilingual state?", "id": "572ea6d5cb0c0d14000f13f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English"}], "question": "Why didn't California officially become  bilingual?", "id": "572ea6d5cb0c0d14000f13f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English."}], "question": "Was there a court ruling?", "id": "572ea6d5cb0c0d14000f13f4"}]}], ["New Mexico biasanya dianggap mempunyai bahasa Sepanyol sebagai bahasa rasmi bersama bahasa Inggeris kerana penggunaannya yang luas dan promosi undang-undang Sepanyol di negeri ini; Walau bagaimanapun, negeri ini tidak mempunyai bahasa rasmi. Undang-undang New Mexico diisytiharkan bilingually dalam bahasa Sepanyol dan Inggeris. Walaupun Bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa kerja kertas kerajaan negeri, perniagaan kerajaan sering dijalankan di Sepanyol, terutama di peringkat tempatan. Bahasa Sepanyol telah dituturkan di sempadan New Mexico-Colorado dan sempadan A.S.-Mexico kontemporari sejak abad ke-16. [Rujukan?] <> Adakah New Mexico mempunyai bahasa rasmi? || negeri ini tidak mempunyai bahasa rasmi. <> Bahasa apa yang ditulis dalam bahasa New Mexico? || Undang-undang New Mexico diisytiharkan bilingually dalam bahasa Sepanyol dan Inggeris. <> Berapa lamakah New Mexico telah bercakap Bahasa Sepanyol? || Bahasa Sepanyol telah dituturkan di sempadan New Mexico-Colorado dan sempadan A.S.-Mexico kontemporari sejak abad ke-16 <> Adakah New Mexico dikenali untuk bahasa Sepanyol? || New Mexico biasanya dianggap memiliki bahasa Sepanyol sebagai bahasa rasmi bersama bahasa Inggeris kerana penggunaannya yang luas dan promosi undang-undang Sepanyol di negeri ini", {"context": "New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state; however, the state has no official language. New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English. Although English is the state government's paper working language, government business is often conducted in Spanish, particularly at the local level. Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.\u2013Mexico border since the 16th century.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "the state has no official language."}], "question": "Does New Mexico have an official language?", "id": "572eda9dcb0c0d14000f1600"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English."}], "question": "What language is New Mexico's language written in?", "id": "572eda9dcb0c0d14000f1601"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.\u2013Mexico border since the 16th century"}], "question": "How long has New Mexico been speaking Spanish?", "id": "572eda9dcb0c0d14000f1602"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state"}], "question": "Is New Mexico known for the Spanish language?", "id": "572eda9dcb0c0d14000f1603"}]}], ["Di Texas, bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa rasmi de facto (walaupun ia tidak mempunyai status de jure) dan digunakan dalam kerajaan. Walau bagaimanapun, kemasukan pendatang berbahasa Sepanyol meningkat import Sepanyol di Texas. Daerah Texas yang bersempadan dengan Mexico kebanyakannya Hispanik, dan akibatnya, bahasa Sepanyol biasanya dituturkan di rantau ini. Kerajaan Texas, melalui Seksyen 2054.116 Kanun Kerajaan, memberi mandat bahawa agensi negeri memberikan maklumat di laman web mereka dalam Bahasa Sepanyol untuk membantu penduduk yang mempunyai kemampuan Bahasa Inggeris yang terhad. <> Apakah bahasa rasmi Texas? || Di Texas, bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa rasmi de facto <> Adakah terdapat pengecualian untuk bahasa rasmi Texas? || , kemasukan pendatang berbahasa Sepanyol yang semakin meningkat meningkatkan import Sepanyol di Texas. <> Bagaimana Texas mengendalikan orang yang tidak berbahasa Inggeris, tetapi tinggal di Mexico? || . Kerajaan Texas, melalui Seksyen 2054.116 Kod Kerajaan, mandat bahawa agensi negeri menyediakan maklumat di laman web mereka dalam Bahasa Sepanyol <Bagaimana cara mandat ini membantu penduduk berbahasa Sepanyol? || laman web dalam Bahasa Sepanyol untuk membantu penduduk yang mempunyai kemampuan Bahasa Inggeris yang terhad.", {"context": "In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language (though it lacks de jure status) and is used in government. However, the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas. Texas's counties bordering Mexico are mostly Hispanic, and consequently, Spanish is commonly spoken in the region. The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language"}], "question": "What is Texas official language?", "id": "572edaa503f9891900756a83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": ", the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas."}], "question": "Are there exceptions to Texas official language?", "id": "572edaa503f9891900756a84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": ". The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish"}], "question": "How does Texas handle people who don't speak English, but live in Mexico?", "id": "572edaa503f9891900756a85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency."}], "question": "How does this mandate help Spanish speaking residents?", "id": "572edaa503f9891900756a86"}]}], ["Walaupun Amerika Syarikat tidak mempunyai bahasa rasmi de jure, bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa dominan perniagaan, pendidikan, pemerintah, agama, media, budaya, masyarakat madani, dan sfera awam. Hampir semua agensi kerajaan negeri dan persekutuan dan syarikat besar menggunakan Bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa kerja dalaman mereka, terutama di peringkat pengurusan. Sesetengah negeri, seperti New Mexico, menyediakan notis undang-undang yang dwibahasa dan dokumen rasmi, dalam Bahasa Sepanyol dan Inggeris, dan bahasa-bahasa lain yang biasa digunakan. Menjelang 2015, terdapat trend yang kebanyakan rakyat Amerika dan penduduk Amerika yang keturunan Hispanik hanya berbahasa Inggeris di rumah. <> Adakah terdapat perkara seperti keadaan dwibahasa? || Beberapa negeri, seperti New Mexico, memberikan notis undang-undang dwibahasa dan dokumen rasmi <> Adakah Hispanik Amerika berbahasa Inggeris di rumah? || terdapat trend yang kebanyakan orang Amerika dan penduduk Amerika yang keturunan Hispanik hanya berbahasa Inggeris di rumah. <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan dalam U.S.A? || Bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa dominan perniagaan, pendidikan, kerajaan, agama, media, budaya, masyarakat madani, dan sfera awam. <> Adakah bahasa rasmi Amerika Syarikat? || Amerika Syarikat tidak mempunyai bahasa rasmi de jure, Bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa yang dominan", {"context": "Although the United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere. Virtually all state and federal government agencies and large corporations use English as their internal working language, especially at the management level. Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents, in Spanish and English, and other commonly used languages. By 2015, there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents"}], "question": "Is there such a thing as bilingual state?", "id": "572eda92dfa6aa1500f8d45a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home."}], "question": "Do American Hispanics speak English in the home?", "id": "572eda92dfa6aa1500f8d45b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere."}], "question": "What language is spoken in the U.S.A?", "id": "572eda92dfa6aa1500f8d459"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language"}], "question": "Is there an official language of the United States?", "id": "572eda92dfa6aa1500f8d45c"}]}], ["Negeri (seperti negara tetangga barat daya) mempunyai hubungan bahasa dan budaya yang rapat dengan Mexico. Negeri di luar Pembelian Gadsden pada tahun 1853 adalah sebahagian dari Wilayah New Mexico hingga 1863, ketika separuh barat dibuat ke Wilayah Arizona. Kawasan bekas Pembelian Gadsden mengandungi majoriti penutur bahasa Sepanyol hingga tahun 1940-an, walaupun kawasan Tucson mempunyai nisbah anglophones yang lebih tinggi (termasuk orang Mexico Amerika yang fasih berbahasa Inggeris); ketibaan peneroka Mexico yang berterusan meningkatkan jumlah penutur bahasa Sepanyol. <> Adakah beberapa negeri seperti Arizona memeluk sejarah Mexico mereka? || Negeri (seperti negara jiran barat daya) mempunyai hubungan bahasa dan budaya yang rapat dengan Mexico <> Apakah sejarah negara? || Negeri di luar Pembelian Gadsden pada tahun 1853 adalah sebahagian dari Wilayah New Mexico hingga 1863, ketika separuh barat dibuat ke Wilayah Arizona. <> Adakah New Mexico mempunyai majoriti penduduk pribumi berbahasa Sepanyol. || Kawasan bekas Pembelian Gadsden mengandungi majoriti penceramah Sepanyol sehingga tahun 1940-an Adakah penduduk Arizona dan New Mexico bercakap Bahasa Sepanyol atau Bahasa Inggeris? || ketibaan peneroka Mexico yang berterusan meningkatkan jumlah penutur bahasa Sepanyol.", {"context": "The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico. The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory. The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s, although the Tucson area had a higher ratio of anglophones (including Mexican Americans who were fluent in English); the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico"}], "question": "Has some states like Arizona embraced their Mexican history?", "id": "572eda97c246551400ce472e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory."}], "question": "What is the states history?", "id": "572eda97c246551400ce472f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s"}], "question": "Has New Mexico had a majority of Spanish speaking natives.", "id": "572eda97c246551400ce4730"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers."}], "question": "Are Arizona and New Mexico residents speaking Spanish or English?", "id": "572eda97c246551400ce4731"}]}], ["Bahasa Sepanyol kini merupakan bahasa bukan bahasa yang paling banyak diajar di sekolah menengah Amerika dan pendidikan tinggi. Lebih daripada 1.4 juta pelajar universiti telah mendaftar dalam kursus bahasa pada musim gugur tahun 2002 dan bahasa Sepanyol adalah bahasa paling banyak diajar di kolej dan universiti Amerika dengan 53 peratus daripada jumlah orang yang mendaftar, diikuti oleh Perancis (14.4%), Jerman (7.1 %), Bahasa Itali (4.5%), Bahasa Isyarat Amerika (4.3%), Jepun (3.7%), dan Cina (2.4%) walaupun jumlahnya masih kecil berbanding dengan penduduk AS. <> Bahasa apa, selain Bahasa Inggeris, digunakan di A.S.? || Bahasa Sepanyol pada masa ini adalah bahasa bukan bahasa yang paling banyak diajar bahasa Inggeris <> Adakah pelajar mengajar Bahasa Sepanyol di sekolah amerika? || Lebih daripada 1.4 juta pelajar universiti telah mendaftar dalam kursus bahasa <> Bagaimana popularnya adalah kelas bahasa Sepanyol di U ,? || Bahasa Sepanyol adalah bahasa yang paling banyak diajar di kolej dan universiti Amerika dengan 53 peratus daripada jumlah orang yang terdaftar <> Apa bahasa lain yang popular di kalangan pelajar Amerika? || Bahasa Perancis (14.4%), Jerman (7.1%), Bahasa Itali (4.5%), Bahasa isyarat Amerika (4.3%), Jepun (3.7%), dan Cina (2.4%). sebagai bahasa Sepanyol? || jumlahnya masih kecil berbanding dengan jumlah penduduk U.S.", {"context": "Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language in American secondary schools and of higher education. More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses in autumn of 2002 and Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled, followed by French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%) although the totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language"}], "question": "What language, other than English, is spoken in the U.S.?", "id": "572edaa9c246551400ce4736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses"}], "question": "Are students taught Spanish in american schools?", "id": "572edaa9c246551400ce4737"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled"}], "question": "How popular are Spanish language classes in the U.S,?", "id": "572edaa9c246551400ce4738"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%)"}], "question": "What other languages are popular among American students?", "id": "572edaa9c246551400ce4739"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population."}], "question": "Are these other languages learned in the U.S. as popular as Spanish?", "id": "572edaa9c246551400ce473a"}]}], ["Sehingga abad ke-20, tidak ada catatan yang jelas tentang jumlah orang Venezuela yang berhijrah ke Amerika Syarikat. Antara abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19, terdapat banyak pendatang Eropah yang pergi ke Venezuela, hanya untuk kemudian berhijrah ke Amerika Syarikat bersama-sama dengan anak-anak dan cucu mereka yang lahir dan / atau dibesarkan di Venezuela bercakap Bahasa Sepanyol. Dari 1910 hingga 1930, dianggarkan lebih 4,000 orang Amerika Selatan setiap tahun berhijrah ke Amerika Syarikat; Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa angka tertentu yang menunjukkan statistik ini. Ramai orang Venezuelan menetap di Amerika Syarikat dengan harapan mendapat pendidikan yang lebih baik, hanya untuk tinggal di sana selepas tamat pengajian. Mereka sering disertai oleh saudara-mara. Walau bagaimanapun, sejak awal 1980-an, sebab-sebab untuk emigrasi Venezuela telah berubah termasuk harapan untuk mendapatkan gaji yang lebih tinggi dan disebabkan oleh turun naik ekonomi di Venezuela yang juga mempromosikan penghijrahan penting profesional Venezuela ke Amerika Syarikat. <> Bilakah rakyat Venezuela berhijrah ke negara-negara bersatu? || Sehingga abad ke-20, tidak ada catatan yang jelas tentang jumlah orang Venezuela yang berhijrah ke Amerika Syarikat. <> Adakah Venezuela telah berpindah dari negara lain? || Antara abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19, terdapat banyak imigran Eropah yang pergi ke Venezuela <> Mengapa Venezuela datang ke Amerika? || Ramai orang Venezuelan menetap di Amerika Syarikat dengan harapan mendapat pendidikan yang lebih baik, hanya untuk tinggal di sana selepas tamat pengajian. <> Adakah Venezuela masih datang ke Amerika atas sebab yang sama seperti yang mereka lakukan sebelum ini? || sejak awal 1980-an, sebab-sebab untuk emigrasi Venezuela telah berubah termasuk harapan untuk memperoleh gaji yang lebih tinggi", {"context": "Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States. Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela, only to later migrate to the United States along with their children and grandchildren who born and/or grew up in Venezuela speaking Spanish. From 1910 to 1930, it is estimated that over 4,000 South Americans each year emigrated to the United States; however, there are few specific figures indicating these statistics. Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation. They are frequently joined by relatives. However, since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary and due to the economic fluctuations in Venezuela which also promoted an important migration of Venezuelan professionals to the US.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States."}], "question": "When did the Venezuelans emigrate to the united states?", "id": "572eb7eddfa6aa1500f8d309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela"}], "question": "Does Venezuela have immigrates from other countries?", "id": "572eb7eddfa6aa1500f8d30a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation."}], "question": "Why did Venezuelans come to America?", "id": "572eb7eddfa6aa1500f8d30b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary"}], "question": " Do Venezuelans still come to America for the same reasons as they did before?", "id": "572eb7eddfa6aa1500f8d30c"}]}], ["Apabila peperangan sivil melanda beberapa negara Amerika Tengah pada tahun 1980-an, beratus-ratus ribu orang Salvador melarikan diri dari negara mereka dan datang ke Amerika Syarikat. Antara 1980 dan 1990, populasi pendatang Salvadoran di Amerika Syarikat meningkat hampir lima kali ganda daripada 94,000 kepada 465,000. Bilangan pendatang Salvadoran di Amerika Syarikat terus berkembang pada tahun 1990-an dan 2000-an akibat penyatuan semula keluarga dan ketibaan baru melarikan diri beberapa bencana alam yang melanda El Salvador, termasuk gempa bumi dan ribut taufan. Menjelang 2008, terdapat kira-kira 1.1 juta pendatang Salvadoran di Amerika Syarikat. <> Mengapa Amerika Tengah melarikan diri ke A.S.? || perang saudara melanda beberapa negara Amerika Tengah pada tahun 1980-an <> Ketika orang Salvador melarikan diri || Salvadorans melarikan diri dari negara mereka dan datang ke Amerika Syarikat. Antara 1980 dan 1990 <> Adakah penduduk Salvadorans adalah penduduk yang besar di A.S.? || Penduduk imigran Salvadoran di Amerika Syarikat meningkat hampir lima kali ganda daripada 94,000 kepada 465,000. <> Adakah populasi Salvadoran masih berkembang? || Amerika Syarikat terus berkembang pada tahun 1990-an dan 2000-an akibat penyatuan keluarga dan ketibaan baru yang melarikan diri serangkaian bencana alam <> Berapa banyak penduduk Salvador yang ada di Amerika sekarang? || Menjelang 2008, terdapat kira-kira 1.1 juta pendatang Salvadoran di Amerika Syarikat.", {"context": "As civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990, the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000. The number of Salvadoran immigrants in the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters that hit El Salvador, including earthquakes and hurricanes. By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s"}], "question": "Why did Central Americans flee to the U.S.?", "id": "572eb75ec246551400ce4554"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990"}], "question": "When did Salvadorans flee ", "id": "572eb75ec246551400ce4555"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000."}], "question": "Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.?", "id": "572eb75ec246551400ce4556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters"}], "question": "Is the  Salvadoran population still growing?", "id": "572eb75ec246551400ce4557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States."}], "question": "How many  Salvadorans  are in America now?", "id": "572eb75ec246551400ce4558"}]}], ["Pengeluaran Salvadorans adalah hasil daripada masalah ekonomi dan politik. Gelombang imigrasi terbesar terjadi akibat Perang Saudara Salvadoran pada 1980-an, di mana 20-30% penduduk El Salvador beremigrasi. Sekitar 50%, atau sehingga 500,000 orang yang melarikan diri menuju Amerika Syarikat, yang telah menjadi lebih dari 10,000 Salvadorans, menjadikan Salvadorans Amerika sebagai kumpulan Hispanik dan Latin Amerika yang keempat terbesar, selepas majoriti Mexico-Amerika, menyatakan Puerto Ricans , dan Kuba. <> Mengapa orang Salvador datang ke Amerika? || Pengeluaran Salvadorans adalah hasil daripada masalah ekonomi dan politik. <> Bilakah orang Salvador datang ke Amerika? || Gelombang imigresen terbesar berlaku akibat Perang Saudara Salvadoran pada tahun 1980-an <> Berapa banyak penduduk Salvador yang berhijrah? || 20-30% penduduk El Salvador beremigrasi. Sekitar 50%, atau sehingga 500,000 orang yang melarikan diri menuju Amerika Syarikat, <> Berapa populasi penduduk Salvador yang tinggal di Amerika? || Amerika Syarikat, yang telah menjadi rumah kepada lebih dari 10,000 orang Salvadorans, membuat Salvadorans Amerika menjadi kumpulan Hispanik dan Latin Amerika yang keempat terbesar <> Di manakah Salvadorans jatuh pada skala untuk tinggal Hispanik di Amerika? || Salvadorans Amerika adalah kumpulan Hispanik dan Latin Amerika yang keempat terbesar, selepas majoriti Mexico-Amerika, menyatakan Puerto Ricans, dan Kuba.", {"context": "The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems. The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s, in which 20\u201330% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems."}], "question": "Why did Salvadorans come to America?", "id": "572eaf07dfa6aa1500f8d2b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s"}], "question": "When did Salvadorans come to America?", "id": "572eaf07dfa6aa1500f8d2b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "20\u201330% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States,"}], "question": "How many Salvadorans immigrated?", "id": "572eaf07dfa6aa1500f8d2b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group"}], "question": "What is the population of Salvadorans living in America?", "id": "572eaf07dfa6aa1500f8d2ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans."}], "question": "Where do Salvadorans fall on the scale for Hispanic living in America?", "id": "572eaf07dfa6aa1500f8d2bb"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2000, lebih banyak orang Venezuela menentang dasar ekonomi dan politik Presiden Hugo Ch\u00e1vez berhijrah ke Amerika Syarikat (kebanyakannya ke Florida, tetapi New York City dan Houston adalah destinasi lain). Kepekatan terbesar Venezuela di Amerika Syarikat adalah di Florida Selatan, terutama di pinggir bandar Doral dan Weston. Negara-negara utama lain dengan penduduk Amerika Venezuela adalah, mengikut banci 1990, New York, California, Texas (menambah populasi Hispanik mereka yang ada), New Jersey, Massachusetts dan Maryland. Beberapa kawasan bandar dengan masyarakat Venezuela yang tinggi termasuk Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, dan Washington, D.C. <> Bagaimana Chavez mempengaruhi Venezuela? || Pada tahun 2000, lebih banyak orang Venezuela menentang dasar ekonomi dan politik presiden Hugo Ch\u00e1vez berhijrah ke Amerika Syarikat <> Kawasan-kawasan Amerika apa yang Venezuela menetap? || kebanyakannya ke Florida, tetapi New York City dan Houston adalah destinasi lain). Kepekatan terbesar Venezuela di Amerika Syarikat adalah di Florida Selatan <> Adakah terdapat kawasan lain di Amerika Syarikat yang menetap di Venezuela? || New York, California, Texas (menambah populasi Hispanik mereka yang sedia ada), New Jersey, Massachusetts dan Maryland. <> Di manakah penduduk Venezuela yang paling ramai penduduknya tinggal? || Sebahagian kawasan bandar dengan masyarakat Venezuela yang tinggi termasuk Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, dan Washington, D.C.", {"context": "In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Ch\u00e1vez migrated to the United States (mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida, especially the suburbs of Doral and Weston. Other main states with Venezuelan American populations are, according to the 1990 census, New York, California, Texas (adding their existing Hispanic populations), New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland. Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Ch\u00e1vez migrated to the United States"}], "question": "How did Chavez affect the Venezuelans?", "id": "572eb8ccc246551400ce4564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida"}], "question": "What areas of America did the Venezuelans settle in?", "id": "572eb8ccc246551400ce4565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "New York, California, Texas (adding their existing Hispanic populations), New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland."}], "question": "Are there any other areas of America Venezuelans settled in?", "id": "572eb8ccc246551400ce4566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C."}], "question": "Where are the most populated city's Venezuelan live in?", "id": "572eb8ccc246551400ce4567"}]}], ["Kerana pengasingannya relatif dari kawasan berbahasa Sepanyol yang lain selama hampir 400 tahun kewujudannya, New Mexico Spanish, dan khususnya Sepanyol utara New Mexico dan Colorado telah mengekalkan banyak unsur-unsur abad ke-16 dan abad ke-17 dan telah berkembang perbendaharaan kata sendiri. Di samping itu, ia mengandungi banyak kata dari Nahuatl, bahasa yang digunakan oleh Aztecs kuno Mexico. New Mexican Spanish juga mengandungi kata-kata pinjaman dari bahasa Pueblo di atas Rio Grande Valley, kata-kata Mexico-Sepanyol (mexicanismos), dan pinjaman dari bahasa Inggeris. Perubahan tatabahasa termasuk kehilangan kata kerja orang kedua, perubahan pada akhir kata kerja, khususnya dalam preterite, dan penggabungan sebahagian konjugasi kedua dan ketiga. <> Mengapa New Mexico selalu menjadi pemikiran dalam masyarakat berbahasa Sepanyol-Amerika? || Kerana pengasingannya relatif dari kawasan berbahasa Sepanyol yang lain sepanjang sebahagian besar kewujudannya selama 400 tahun <> Adalah bahasa New Mexico yang berbeza dari bahasa dialek lain || , Sepanyol New Mexico, dan khususnya Sepanyol utara New Mexico dan Colorado telah mengekalkan banyak unsur-unsur bahasa Sepanyol ke-16 dan abad ke-17 <Bagaimana bahasa dialek Spanyol New Mexico berbeza? || telah mengembangkan perbendaharaan kata mereka sendiri. Di samping itu, ia mengandungi banyak kata dari Nahuatl, bahasa yang digunakan oleh Aztecs kuno Mexico. <> Adakah bahasa New Mexico juga termasuk dialek lain? || New Mexican Spanish juga mengandungi kata-kata pinjaman dari bahasa Pueblo di atas Rio Grande Valley, kata-kata Mexico-Spanish (mexicanismos) <> Adakah New Mexico juga menggunakan bahasa dari bahasa Amerika apabila bercakap dalam bahasa Sepanyol? || pinjaman dari bahasa Inggeris. Perubahan tatabahasa termasuk kehilangan bentuk kata kerja orang kedua, perubahan pada akhir kata kerja", {"context": "Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence, New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico. New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos), and borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings, particularly in the preterite, and partial merging of the second and third conjugations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence"}], "question": "Why is New Mexico always an after thought in American -Spanish speaking society?", "id": "572edaa1dfa6aa1500f8d461"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": ", New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish"}], "question": "Is New Mexico's language different than from other Spanish dialect ", "id": "572edaa1dfa6aa1500f8d462"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico."}], "question": "How does New Mexico's Spanish dialect differ?", "id": "572edaa1dfa6aa1500f8d463"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos)"}], "question": "Does New Mexico's language also include other dialect?", "id": "572edaa1dfa6aa1500f8d464"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings"}], "question": "Does New Mexico also use language from the  American language when spoken in Spanish?", "id": "572edaa1dfa6aa1500f8d465"}]}], ["Negara Alamat Kesatuan dan ucapan presiden lain diterjemahkan ke Sepanyol, berikutan duluan yang ditetapkan oleh pentadbiran Bill Clinton. Terjemahan rasmi Rasmi boleh didapati di WhiteHouse.gov. Lebih-lebih lagi, ahli-ahli politik asal Amerika yang tidak fasih berbahasa Inggeris fasih berbahasa Sepanyol-bercakap di Sepanyol dengan majoriti majoriti kaum Hispanik. Terdapat 500 akhbar Sepanyol, 152 majalah, dan 205 penerbit di Amerika Syarikat; perbelanjaan pengiklanan majalah dan televisyen tempatan untuk pasaran Hispanik telah meningkat banyak dari tahun 1999 hingga 2003, dengan pertumbuhan sebanyak 58 peratus dan 43 peratus masing-masing. <> Apa speaches politik dihantar dalam bahasa Inggeris dan Sepanyol? || State of the Union Alamat dan ucapan presiden lain diterjemahkan ke Bahasa Sepanyol <> Apakah ini selalu berlaku dalam alamat politik Amerika? || berikutan duluan yang ditetapkan oleh pentadbiran Bill Clinton. Terjemahan rasmi Rasmi boleh didapati di WhiteHouse.gov. <> Adakah Washington (kerajaan) beroperasi dalam kedua bahasa (bilingual-Spanish?) || ahli politik lancar dalam bahasa Sepanyol - bercakap dalam bahasa Sepanyol ke majoriti majoriti Hispanik <> Jika seseorang tidak dwibahasa dan hanya bercakap bahasa Sepanyol, bagaimana mereka mengetahui tentang peristiwa semasa? || Terdapat 500 akhbar Sepanyol, 152 majalah, dan 205 penerbit di Amerika Syarikat; majalah dan televisyen tempatan <> Adakah penduduk Hispanik berkaitan dengan media Amerika? || Perbelanjaan pengiklanan televisyen tempatan untuk pasaran Hispanik telah meningkat banyak dari tahun 1999 hingga 2003, dengan pertumbuhan sebanyak 58 peratus dan 43 peratus, masing-masing.", {"context": "The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish, following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov. Moreover, non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies. There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the United States; magazine and local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish"}], "question": "What political speaches are delivered in English and Spanish?", "id": "572edab0cb0c0d14000f1608"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov."}], "question": "Was this always the case in American political addresses?", "id": "572edab0cb0c0d14000f1609"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies"}], "question": "Does Washington (government) operate in both languages (bilingual-Spanish?)", "id": "572edab0cb0c0d14000f160a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the United States; magazine and local television"}], "question": "If someone is not bilingual and only speaks Spanish, how do they learn about current events?", "id": "572edab0cb0c0d14000f160b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively."}], "question": "Is the Hispanic population relevant to the American media?", "id": "572edab0cb0c0d14000f160c"}]}], ["Calvin Veltman mengambil, untuk Pusat Statistik Statistik Pendidikan dan untuk Projek Pembangunan Dasar Hispanik, kajian yang paling lengkap mengenai penggunaan bahasa Inggeris oleh pendatang Hispanopia. Kajian bahasa Mr Veltman menerbitkan dokumen kadar bilingualisme yang tinggi dan penggunaan Bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa pilihan dari Hispanik, khususnya oleh orang muda dan orang kelahiran. Set lengkap demografi kajian ini memperlihatkan asimilasi hampir lengkap dari kohort imigran Hispanophone yang diberikan dalam masa dua generasi. Walaupun kajiannya berdasarkan dirinya sendiri pada sampel 1976 yang besar dari Biro Banci (yang belum diulangi), data dari Banci 1990 cenderung untuk mengesahkan Anglicization besar penduduk asal Amerika Hispanik Amerika. <> Adakah terdapat kajian mengenai bahasa Hispanik Amerika? || Calvin Veltman mengambil, untuk Statistik Pusat Pendidikan Kebangsaan dan untuk Projek Pembangunan Dasar Hispanik <> Apakah kajian Calvin Veltman? || kajian yang paling lengkap tentang penggunaan bahasa Inggeris oleh pendatang Hispanophone <> Adakah Calvin Veltman relevan dengan Amerika Hispanik hari ini? || kajiannya berdasarkan dirinya sendiri pada sampel 1976 yang besar dari Biro Banci (yang belum diulangi), <> Adakah terdapat penemuan serupa serupa dengan Calvin Veltman 'untuk zaman moden? || data dari Banci tahun 1990 cenderung untuk mengesahkan Anglicization besar penduduk asal AS Hispanik Amerika. <> Apakah penemuan Calvin Veltman? || kadar dwibahasa tinggi dan penggunaan Bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa pilihan Hispanik, terutamanya oleh orang muda dan orang asli.", {"context": "Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project, the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants. Mr Veltman's language shift studies document high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born. The complete set of these studies' demographic projections postulates the near-complete assimilation of a given Hispanophone immigrant cohort within two generations. Although his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated), data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project"}], "question": "Are there studies on Hispanic-American language?", "id": "572edab303f9891900756a8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants"}], "question": "What is Calvin Veltman' study about?", "id": "572edab303f9891900756a8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated),"}], "question": "Is Calvin Veltman' relevant to today's Hispanic Americans?", "id": "572edab303f9891900756a8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population."}], "question": "Are there other similar findings similar to Calvin Veltman' for the modern age?", "id": "572edab303f9891900756a8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born."}], "question": "What was Calvin Veltman' findings?", "id": "572edab303f9891900756a8d"}]}]], [["Selepas Charles II dari England (1630-1685) dikembalikan ke takhta Inggeris pada tahun 1660 berikutan Protektorat Oliver Cromwell, ia memberikan Wilayah Carolina yang disewa kepada lapan kawannya yang setia, yang dikenali sebagai Pemilik Tuan, pada 24 Mac 1663. Ia mengambil masa tujuh tahun sebelum kumpulan itu mengatur ekspedisi penempatan. Yang pertama ini diasaskan Charles Town, pada tahun 1670. Tadbir, penyelesaian, dan pembangunan adalah mengikut rancangan berwawasan yang dikenali sebagai Model Besar yang disediakan untuk Pemilik Tuan oleh John Locke. <> Tahun apa Charles Town diasaskan? || 1670 <> Berapa lamakah masa yang diperlukan untuk menubuhkan ekspedisi penempatan untuk Wilayah Carolina? || tujuh tahun <> Apa rancangan untuk menyelesaikan dan membangunkan Provinsi Carolina? || Model Besar <> Siapa yang menyediakan rancangan itu dikenali sebagai \"Model Besar\"? || John Locke <> Ketika Charles II dari England dipulihkan ke takhta? || 1660", {"context": "After Charles II of England (1630\u20131685) was restored to the English throne in 1660 following Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate, he granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. It took seven years before the group arranged for settlement expeditions. The first of these founded Charles Town, in 1670. Governance, settlement, and development were to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for the Lords Proprietors by John Locke.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "1670"}], "question": "What year was Charles Town founded?", "id": "57300d74a23a5019007fcccf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "seven years"}], "question": "How long did it take to establish settlement expeditions for the Province of Carolina?", "id": "57300d74a23a5019007fccd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "the Grand Model"}], "question": "What was the plan to settle and develop the Province of Carolina?", "id": "57300d74a23a5019007fccd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "John Locke"}], "question": "Who prepared the plan known as \"the Grand Model\"?", "id": "57300d74a23a5019007fccd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "1660"}], "question": "When was Charles II of England restored to the throne?", "id": "57300d74a23a5019007fccd3"}]}], ["Sistem paroki tradisional tetap berlaku hingga Era Rekonstruksi, ketika daerah-daerah diberlakukan. [Rujukan?] Namun demikian, gereja-gereja tradisional masih ada dalam berbagai kemampuan, terutama sebagai daerah pelayanan publik. Apabila kota Charleston dibentuk, ia ditakrifkan oleh batas Paroki St. Philip dan St. Michael, kini juga termasuk beberapa bahagian Paroki St James, Paroki St George, Paroki St Andrew, dan St. John's Parish, walaupun dua yang terakhir kebanyakannya masih menggabungkan paroki luar bandar. <> Era apa yang membawa daerah ke South Carolina? || Era Pembinaan semula <> Wilayah menggantikan sistem apa di South Carolina? || sistem paroki tradisional <> Apakah kegunaan utama sistem paroki sekarang? || daerah perkhidmatan awam <> Bandar Charleston ditakrifkan oleh batas Paroki St. Michael dan apa yang lain paroki? || Paroki St. Philip <> Apa paroki lain selain Parokya St. John kebanyakannya merupakan paroki luar bandar yang diperbadankan? || Paroki St. Andrew", {"context": "The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era, when counties were imposed.[citation needed] Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael, now also includes parts of St. James' Parish, St. George's Parish, St. Andrew's Parish, and St. John's Parish, although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Reconstruction Era"}], "question": "What era brought counties to South Carolina?", "id": "57300bc2947a6a140053cfe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "traditional parish system"}], "question": "Counties replaced what system in South Carolina?", "id": "57300bc2947a6a140053cfe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "public service districts"}], "question": "What is the main use of the parish system nowadays?", "id": "57300bc2947a6a140053cfe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Parish of St. Philip"}], "question": "The city of Charleston is defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Michael and what other parish?", "id": "57300bc2947a6a140053cfe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "St. Andrew's Parish"}], "question": "What other parish besides St. John's Parish is  mostly an incorporated rural parish? ", "id": "57300bc2947a6a140053cfea"}]}], ["Suhu tertinggi yang direkodkan dalam batas bandar adalah 104 \u00b0 F (40 \u00b0 C), pada 2 Jun 1985, dan 24 Jun 1944, dan terendah ialah 7 \u00b0 F (14 \u00b0 C) pada 14 Februari 1899, walaupun pada lapangan terbang, di mana rekod rasmi disimpan, julat sejarah adalah 105 \u00b0 F (41 \u00b0 C) pada 1 Ogos 1999 hingga 6 \u00b0 F (21 \u00b0 C) pada 21 Januari 1985. Topan adalah ancaman utama kepada kawasan semasa musim panas dan awal musim gugur, dengan beberapa taufan teruk yang memasuki kawasan itu - yang paling menonjol ialah Hurricane Hugo pada 21 September 1989 (badai kategori 4). Dewpoint pada musim panas berkisar antara 67.8 hingga 71.4 \u00b0 F (20 hingga 22 \u00b0 C). <> Apakah suhu paling panas yang dicatatkan dengan batas bandar Charleston? || 104 \u00b0 F <> Apa taufan menghantam Charleston pada tahun 1989? || Badai Hugo <> Apakah suhu terendah yang pernah mencatatkan batas bandar Charleston? || 7 \u00b0 F (-14 \u00b0 C) <> Apa jenis ribut adalah ancaman utama kepada Charleston pada musim panas dan awal musim gugur? || Kegiatan taufan <> Pada hari apakah lapangan terbang Charleston memukul hari yang paling sejuk? || 21 Januari 1985", {"context": "The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 \u00b0F (40 \u00b0C), on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944, and the lowest was 7 \u00b0F (\u221214 \u00b0C) on February 14, 1899, although at the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on August 1, 1999 down to 6 \u00b0F (\u221214 \u00b0C) on January 21, 1985. Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area \u2013 most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21, 1989 (a category 4 storm). Dewpoint in the summer ranges from 67.8 to 71.4 \u00b0F (20 to 22 \u00b0C).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "104 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What is hottest temperature recorded with Charleston's city limits?", "id": "573007ceb2c2fd1400568761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Hurricane Hugo"}], "question": "What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989?", "id": "573007ceb2c2fd1400568763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "7 \u00b0F (\u221214 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What was the lowest temperature ever recorded Charleston's city limit?", "id": "573007ceb2c2fd1400568764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Hurricanes"}], "question": "What type of storm is a major threat to Charleston in the summer and early fall?", "id": "573007ceb2c2fd1400568762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "January 21, 1985"}], "question": "What day did Charleston's airport hit the coldest day on record?", "id": "573007ceb2c2fd1400568765"}]}], ["Kawasan Statistik Metropolitan Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville terdiri daripada tiga daerah: Charleston, Berkeley, dan Dorchester. Sehingga 2013 Banci A.S., kawasan statistik metropolitan mempunyai jumlah penduduk seramai 712,239 orang. North Charleston adalah bandar kedua terbesar di Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area dan kedudukan sebagai bandar ketiga terbesar di negeri ini; Mount Pleasant dan Summerville adalah bandar terbesar di dunia. Bandar-bandar ini digabungkan dengan kawasan-kawasan lain yang diperbadankan dan tidak diperbadankan bersama-sama dengan bandar Charleston membentuk Kawasan Charleston-Utara Charleston Urban dengan populasi 548,404 pada tahun 2010. Kawasan statistik metropolitan juga termasuk kawasan bandar yang berasingan dan lebih kecil di Berkeley County, Moncks Sudut (dengan populasi 2000 yang 9,123). <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal di Charleston = Kawasan Utara Charleston Utara pada tahun 2010? || 548404 <> Apa bandar ketiga terbesar di South Carolina? || North Charleston <> Berapa ramai orang yang tinggal di Moncks Corner pada tahun 2000? || 9,123 <> Charleston dan Berkeley digabungkan dengan apa daerah lain untuk membentuk kawasan statistik metropolitan? || Dorchester <> Di mana daerah Moncks Corner terletak? || Berkeley County", {"context": "The Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of three counties: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester. As of the 2013 U.S. Census, the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of 712,239 people. North Charleston is the second-largest city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area and ranks as the third-largest city in the state; Mount Pleasant and Summerville are the next-largest cities. These cities combined with other incorporated and unincorporated areas along with the city of Charleston form the Charleston-North Charleston Urban Area with a population of 548,404 as of 2010. The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County, Moncks Corner (with a 2000 population of 9,123).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "548,404"}], "question": "How many people lived in the Charleston=North Charleston Urban Area in 2010?", "id": "57300a06b2c2fd1400568789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "North Charleston"}], "question": "What is the third largest city in South Carolina?", "id": "57300a06b2c2fd140056878a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "9,123"}], "question": "How many people lived in Moncks Corner in 2000?", "id": "57300a06b2c2fd140056878b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Dorchester"}], "question": "Charleston and Berkeley is combined with what other county to form a metropolitan statistical area?", "id": "57300a06b2c2fd140056878c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "Berkeley County"}], "question": "In which county is Moncks Corner located?", "id": "57300a06b2c2fd140056878d"}]}], ["Charleston adalah bandar tertua dan kedua terbesar di negeri Carolina Selatan, kerusi daerah Charleston County, dan bandar utama di Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. Bandar ini terletak di selatan titik tengah geografi garis pantai South Carolina dan terletak di Pelabuhan Charleston, sebuah masuk Lautan Atlantik yang dibentuk oleh pertemuan Ashley dan Cooper Rivers, atau, seperti yang dinyatakan di dalam negara, \"di mana Cooper dan Ashley Sungai berkumpul untuk membentuk Lautan Atlantik. \" <> Apa bandar tertua di South Carolina? || Charleston <> Apa daerah itu Charleston, South Carolina terletak? || Charleston County <> Charleston terletak di pelabuhan apa? || Pelabuhan Charleston <> Charleston Harbour adalah inlet apa lautan? || Lautan Atlantik <> Apa sungai yang bergabung dengan Sungai Cooper untuk membentuk Pelabuhan Charleston? || Ashley Rivers <> Apa daerah yang terletak di Charleston? || Charleston County <> Charleston Harbour dibentuk pada apa lautan? || Lautan Atlantik <> Sungai apa yang bergabung dengan Sungai Ashley dari Pelabuhan Charleston? || Cooper Rivers", {"context": "Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston\u2013North Charleston\u2013Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, or, as is locally expressed, \"where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Charleston"}], "question": "What is the oldest city in South Carolina?", "id": "572e8700cb0c0d14000f1252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Charleston County"}], "question": "What county is Charleston, South Carolina located in?", "id": "572e8700cb0c0d14000f1253"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Charleston Harbor"}], "question": "Charleston is located on what harbor?", "id": "572e8700cb0c0d14000f1254"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "Charleston Harbor is an inlet of what ocean?", "id": "572e8700cb0c0d14000f1255"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Ashley Rivers"}], "question": "What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Harbor?", "id": "572e8700cb0c0d14000f1256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Charleston County"}], "question": "What county is Charleston located in?", "id": "572ff8ff947a6a140053ceb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean?", "id": "572ff8ff947a6a140053ceb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Cooper Rivers"}], "question": "What river merges with the Ashley River to from the Charleston Harbor?", "id": "572ff8ff947a6a140053ceb8"}]}], ["Penduduk pertama datang dari England, koloni Barbados di Barbados, dan jajahan Atlantik di Bermuda. Di antara mereka adalah orang bebas warna, dilahirkan di Hindia Barat perkawinan dan perkawinan antara Afrika dan Inggris, ketika garis warna lebih longgar di antara kelas pekerja di zaman penjajahan awal, dan beberapa putih kaya mengambil penyanyi hitam atau gundik. Charles Town menarik campuran kumpulan etnik dan agama. Perancis, Scotland, Ireland, dan Jerman berpindah ke bandar pesisir yang sedang membangun, yang mewakili banyak denominasi Protestan. Kerana pertempuran antara bahasa Inggeris \"royalti\" dan Gereja Katolik Roma, pengamal Katolik tidak dibenarkan tinggal di South Carolina sehingga selepas Revolusi Amerika. Yahudi dibenarkan, dan Yahudi Sephardic berhijrah ke bandar dalam bilangan tersebut sehingga pada awal abad ke-19, bandar ini menjadi rumah kepada komuniti Yahudi terbesar dan terkaya di Amerika Utara-status yang diadakan sehingga tahun 1830. <> Apa agama kumpulan tidak dibenarkan menetap di South Carolina? || Katolik <> Berapa tahun apa Charleston berhenti memiliki komuniti Yahudi terkaya di Amerika? || 1830 <> Apa negara Eropah yang kebanyakan berasal dari peneroka Charleston yang pertama? || England <> Selepas perang apa yang mengharamkan negeri Katolik berakhir? || Revolusi Amerika <> Bersama dengan Bermuda, apa lagi peneroka koloni Inggeris yang mana? || Barbados", {"context": "The first settlers primarily came from England, its Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between Africans and Englanders, when color lines were looser among the working class in the early colonial years, and some wealthy whites took black consorts or concubines. Charles Town attracted a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. French, Scottish, Irish, and Germans migrated to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous Protestant denominations. Because of the battles between English \"royalty\" and the Roman Catholic Church, practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South Carolina until after the American Revolution. Jews were allowed, and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century, the city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America\u2014a status it held until about 1830.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "Catholics"}], "question": "What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina?", "id": "573012e9947a6a140053d048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 986, "text": "1830"}], "question": "About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?", "id": "573012e9947a6a140053d049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "England"}], "question": "What European country did many of the first Charleston settlers come from?", "id": "573012e9947a6a140053d04a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "American Revolution"}], "question": "After what war did the state ban on Catholics end?", "id": "573012e9947a6a140053d04b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Barbados"}], "question": "Along with Bermuda, what other English colony did many settlers come from?", "id": "573012e9947a6a140053d04c"}]}], ["Komuniti ini ditubuhkan oleh beberapa kapal peneroka dari Bermuda (yang terletak di timur Carolina Selatan, walaupun di 1,030 km atau 640 mi, paling dekat dengan Cape Hatteras, North Carolina), di bawah pimpinan gubernur William Sayle, di sebelah barat bank Ashley River, beberapa batu di barat laut pusat bandar hari ini. Ia tidak lama kemudian diramalkan oleh Earl of Shaftesbury, salah seorang Pemilik Tuan, untuk menjadi \"bandar pelabuhan yang hebat\", suatu nasib bandar dengan cepat dipenuhi. Pada tahun 1680, penempatan itu dipindahkan ke timur Sungai Ashley ke semenanjung antara Ashley dan Cooper Rivers. Bukan sahaja lokasi ini lebih dapat dipertahankan, tetapi ia juga menawarkan akses kepada pelabuhan semulajadi yang halus. <> Di mana asal peneroka Charleston berasal? || Bermuda <> Bermuda terletak di mana bandar North Carolina? || Cape Hatteras <> Siapa gubernur Charleston yang pertama? || William Sayle <> Siapa yang meramalkan Charleston akan menjadi 'bandar besar pelabuhan'? || Earl of Shaftesbury <> Pemukiman dipindahkan ke timur ke sungai apa? || Ashley River", {"context": "The community was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda (which lies due east of South Carolina, although at 1,030 km or 640 mi, it is closest to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina), under the leadership of governor William Sayle, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center. It was soon predicted by the Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the Lords Proprietors, to become a \"great port towne\", a destiny the city quickly fulfilled. In 1680, the settlement was moved east of the Ashley River to the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. Not only was this location more defensible, but it also offered access to a fine natural harbor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Bermuda"}], "question": "Where did Charleston's original settlers come from?", "id": "57300f27b2c2fd14005687bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Cape Hatteras"}], "question": "Bermuda is located near which North Carolina town?", "id": "57300f27b2c2fd14005687bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "William Sayle"}], "question": "Who was the first governor of Charleston?", "id": "57300f27b2c2fd14005687bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Earl of Shaftesbury"}], "question": "Who predicted Charleston would become a 'great port towne'?", "id": "57300f27b2c2fd14005687be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Ashley River"}], "question": "The settlement was relocated east to what river?", "id": "57300f27b2c2fd14005687bf"}]}], ["Charleston mempunyai iklim subtropika lembap (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen Cfa), dengan musim sejuk yang ringan, panas, musim panas lembap, dan hujan yang ketara sepanjang tahun. Musim panas adalah musim terbaharu; hampir separuh daripada hujan tahunan berlaku dari bulan Jun hingga September dalam bentuk kilat. Kejatuhan masih agak hangat menjelang bulan November. Musim sejuk adalah pendek dan ringan, dan dicirikan oleh hujan sekali-sekala. Salji terukur (\u22650.1 dalam atau 0.25 cm) hanya berlaku beberapa kali setiap dekad paling banyak, dengan peristiwa terakhir yang berlaku pada 26 Disember 2010. Bagaimanapun, 6.0 dalam (15 cm) jatuh di lapangan terbang pada 23 Disember 1989, kejatuhan satu hari terbesar dalam rekod, menyumbang kepada rekod salji dan rekod bermusim sebanyak 8.0 dalam (20 cm) salji. <> Musim apa yang paling lembab di Charleston? || Musim panas <> Dalam bentuk apakah separuh daripada hujan tahunan Charleston berlaku? || </ a> </ b> Apa musim yang dicirikan sebagai pendek di Charleston? || Musim sejuk <> Apakah rekod salji musim hujan di Charleston? || 8.0 dalam (20 cm) <> Musim apa yang dianggap pendek di Charleston? || Musim sejuk <> Apakah musim terbujur di Charleston? || Musim panas <> Setengah hujan tahunan Charleston berlaku dalam bentuk apa? || </ a> Berapa banyak salji yang diikuti oleh Charleston Airport pada bulan Disember, 23 1989? || 6.0 dalam (15 cm", {"context": "Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through November. Winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (\u22650.1 in or 0.25 cm) only occurs several times per decade at the most, with the last such event occurring December 26, 2010. However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Summer"}], "question": "What season is the wettest in Charleston?", "id": "573003bda23a5019007fcc47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "thundershowers"}], "question": "In what form does half of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?", "id": "573003bda23a5019007fcc48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Winter"}], "question": "What season is characterized as short in Charleston?", "id": "573003bda23a5019007fcc49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "8.0 in (20 cm)"}], "question": "What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall?", "id": "57300539b2c2fd1400568743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Winter"}], "question": "What season is considered short in Charleston?", "id": "57300539b2c2fd1400568744"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Summer"}], "question": "What is the wettest season in Charleston?", "id": "57300539b2c2fd1400568745"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "thundershowers"}], "question": "Half of Charleston's annual rainfall occurs in what form?", "id": "57300539b2c2fd1400568746"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "6.0 in (15 cm"}], "question": "How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1989?", "id": "57300539b2c2fd1400568747"}]}], ["Menurut Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, bandar ini mempunyai keluasan 127.5 batu persegi (330.2 km2), di mana 109.0 batu persegi (282.2 km2) adalah tanah dan 18.5 batu persegi (47.9 km2) dilindungi oleh air. Bandar lama terletak di semenanjung di mana, seperti kata Charlestonians, \"Ashley dan Sungai Cooper bersatu untuk membentuk Lautan Atlantik.\" Seluruh Semenanjung sangat rendah, sesetengahnya adalah bahan pelupusan sampah, dan oleh itu, kerap kali banjir semasa hujan lebat, lonjakan ribut, dan pasang surut yang luar biasa. Batasan bandar telah meluaskan Sungai Ashley dari semenanjung, merangkumi majoriti West Ashley serta James Island dan beberapa pulau Johns. Had bandar juga telah berkembang di Sungai Cooper, merangkumi kawasan Daniel Island dan kawasan Cainhoy. North Charleston menghalang sebarang perkembangan di Semenanjung, dan Mount Pleasant menduduki kawasan itu terus di sebelah timur Sungai Cooper. <> Seberapa besar adalah Charleston, Carolina Selatan? || 127.5 batu persegi (330.2 km2) <> Yang bandar blok Charleston untuk mengembangkan semenanjung? || Charleston Utara <> Berapa banyak Charleston dilindungi oleh air? || 18.5 batu persegi (47.9 km2) <> Bagaimana kawasan keseluruhan Charleston adalah tanah kering? || 109.0 batu persegi (282.2 km2) <> Apa bandar menduduki tanah di sebelah timur Sungai Cooper? || Mount Pleasant", {"context": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.5 square miles (330.2 km2), of which 109.0 square miles (282.2 km2) is land and 18.5 square miles (47.9 km2) is covered by water. The old city is located on a peninsula at the point where, as Charlestonians say, \"The Ashley and the Cooper Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean.\" The entire peninsula is very low, some is landfill material, and as such, frequently floods during heavy rains, storm surges, and unusually high tides. The city limits have expanded across the Ashley River from the peninsula, encompassing the majority of West Ashley as well as James Island and some of Johns Island. The city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River, encompassing Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area. North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "127.5 square miles (330.2 km2)"}], "question": "How large is Charleston, South Carolina?", "id": "572ffb39947a6a140053cedc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "North Charleston"}], "question": "Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula? ", "id": "572ffb39947a6a140053cedd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "18.5 square miles (47.9 km2)"}], "question": "How much of Charleston is covered by water?", "id": "572ffb39947a6a140053cede"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "109.0 square miles (282.2 km2)"}], "question": "How of Charleston's total area is dry land?", "id": "572ffb39947a6a140053cedf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 854, "text": "Mount Pleasant"}], "question": "What town occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River?", "id": "572ffb39947a6a140053cee0"}]}], ["Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1670 sebagai Charles Town sebagai penghormatan kepada Raja Charles II dari England, Charleston mengguna pakai nama sekarang pada 1783. Ia berpindah ke lokasinya sekarang di Oyster Point pada tahun 1680 dari lokasi di tebing barat Sungai Ashley yang dikenali sebagai Albemarle Point. Menjelang 1690, Charles Town adalah bandar kelima terbesar di Amerika Utara, dan ia kekal di antara 10 bandar terbesar di Amerika Syarikat melalui bancian tahun 1840. Dengan penduduk banci 2010 sebanyak 120,083 (dan anggaran tahun 130,113), trend semasa meletakkan Charleston sebagai perbandaran yang paling pesat berkembang di South Carolina. Penduduk kawasan metropolitan Charleston, yang terdiri daripada Berkeley, Charleston, dan Dorchester Counties, dihitung oleh perkiraan 2014 pada 727,689 - yang ketiga terbesar di negeri ini - dan kawasan statistik metropolitan terbesar ke-78 di Amerika Syarikat. <> Tahun apa yang diasaskan oleh Charleston? || 1670 <> Apa nama asal Charleston? || Charles Town <> Charles Town dinamakan selepas mana raja? || Raja Charles II dari England <> Di mana asalnya bandar itu? || Albemarle Point <> Apakah penduduk Charleston pada tahun 2010? || 120,083 <> Berapa tahun yang diasaskan oleh Charleston? || 1670 <> Siapakah nama bandar Charles Town? || Raja Charles II of England <> Apakah nama asal Charleston? || Charles Town <> Berapa ramai penduduk di Charleston pada tahun 2010? || 120,083 <> Di mana lokasi pertama Charleston? || Albemarle Point", {"context": "Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, and it remained among the 10 largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census. With a 2010 census population of 120,083  (and a 2014 estimate of 130,113), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, was counted by the 2014 estimate at 727,689 \u2013 the third-largest in the state \u2013 and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "1670"}], "question": "What year was Charleston founded?", "id": "572e898bc246551400ce42f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Charles Town"}], "question": "What was Charleston's original name?", "id": "572e898bc246551400ce42f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "King Charles II of England"}], "question": "Charles Town was named after which king?", "id": "572e898bc246551400ce42fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Albemarle Point"}], "question": "Where was the city originally located?", "id": "572e898bc246551400ce42fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "120,083"}], "question": "What was Charleston's population in 2010?", "id": "572e898bc246551400ce42fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "1670"}], "question": "What year was Charleston originally founded?", "id": "572ff90304bcaa1900d76f83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "King Charles II of England"}], "question": "Who was Charles Town named after?", "id": "572ff90304bcaa1900d76f85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Charles Town"}], "question": "What was the originally name of Charleston?", "id": "572ff90304bcaa1900d76f84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "120,083"}], "question": "How many people lived in Charleston in 2010?", "id": "572ff90304bcaa1900d76f86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Albemarle Point"}], "question": "Where was Charleston's first location?", "id": "572ff90304bcaa1900d76f87"}]}], ["Clinton kembali pada 1780 dengan 14,000 tentera. Jeneral Amerika Benjamin Lincoln telah terperangkap dan menyerahkan seluruh pasukannya sebanyak 5,400 orang selepas perjuangan yang panjang, dan Pengepungan Charles Towne adalah kekalahan besar Amerika pada perang. Beberapa rakyat Amerika yang melarikan diri dari serangan itu menyertai milisi lain, termasuk Francis Marion, \"Fox Rampage\"; dan Andrew Pickens. British mengekalkan kawalan bandar ini sehingga Disember 1782. Selepas meninggalkan British, nama bandar itu secara rasmi diubah menjadi Charleston pada tahun 1783. <> Apakah kekalahan besar Amerika Revolusi Amerika? || Pengepungan Charles Towne <> Berapa ramai askar yang kembali ke General Clinton? || 14,000 <> Pada tahun apakah Jeneral Clinton kembali ke Charles Towne? || 1780 <> Siapa pemimpin tentera Amerika yang mempertahankan Charles Towne? || Jeneral Benjamin Lincoln <> Berapa banyak askar yang memimpin umum Lincoln? || 5,400", {"context": "Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined other militias, including those of Francis Marion, the \"Swamp Fox\"; and Andrew Pickens. The British retained control of the city until December 1782. After the British left, the city's name was officially changed to Charleston in 1783.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Siege of Charles Towne"}], "question": "What was the greatest American defeat of the American Revolution?", "id": "5730261da23a5019007fce6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "14,000"}], "question": "How many soldiers did General Clinton return with?", "id": "5730261da23a5019007fce6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "1780"}], "question": "In what year did General Clinton return to Charles Towne?", "id": "5730261da23a5019007fce6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "General Benjamin Lincoln"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the American forces defending Charles Towne?", "id": "5730261da23a5019007fce70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "5,400"}], "question": "How many soldiers did General Lincoln lead?", "id": "5730261da23a5019007fce71"}]}], ["Pemilik tanah rendah kolonial bereksperimen dengan tanaman tunai mulai dari teh hingga ulat sutera. Hamba Afrika membawa pengetahuan tentang penanaman padi, yang pemilik ladang ditanam dan dibangunkan sebagai tanaman komoditi yang berjaya pada tahun 1700. Dengan bantuan pemaksa hamba Afrika dari Caribbean, Eliza Lucas, anak pemilik perladangan George Lucas, belajar bagaimana untuk meningkatkan dan menggunakan indigo di Lowcountry pada tahun 1747. Disokong dengan subsidi dari Britain, indigo adalah eksport utama pada tahun 1750. Mereka dan kedai-kedai tentera laut dieksport dalam industri perkapalan yang sangat menguntungkan. <> Hamba Afrika mempunyai pengetahuan tentang penanaman produk apa? || beras <> Berapa tahun indigo adalah eksport utama untuk Lowcountry? || 1750 <> Negara mana yang mensubsidi tanaman indigo dari Lowcountry? || Britain <> Pada tahun apakah padi merupakan tanaman komoditi yang berjaya untuk Lowcountry? || 1700 <> Apa produk yang dieksport bersama indigo dari Lowcountry? || kedai-kedai tentera laut", {"context": "Colonial Lowcountry landowners experimented with cash crops ranging from tea to silkworms. African slaves brought knowledge of rice cultivation, which plantation owners cultivated and developed as a successful commodity crop by 1700. With the coerced help of African slaves from the Caribbean, Eliza Lucas, daughter of plantation owner George Lucas, learned how to raise and use indigo in the Lowcountry in 1747. Supported with subsidies from Britain, indigo was a leading export by 1750. Those and naval stores were exported in an extremely profitable shipping industry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "rice"}], "question": "African slaves had great knowledge of the cultivation of what product?", "id": "57301dd3a23a5019007fcdb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "1750"}], "question": "By what year was indigo was a leading export for the Lowcountry?", "id": "57301dd3a23a5019007fcdb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "Which nation subsidized indigo crops from the Lowcountry?", "id": "57301dd3a23a5019007fcdb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "1700"}], "question": "By what year was rice a successful commodity crop for the Lowcountry?", "id": "57301dd3a23a5019007fcdb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "naval stores"}], "question": "What products were exported along with indigo from the Lowcountry?", "id": "57301dd3a23a5019007fcdb5"}]}], ["Pemukiman awal sering diserang dari laut dan darat, termasuk serangan berkala dari Spanyol dan Perancis (keduanya mempertanyakan tuntutan England ke rantau ini), dan lanun. Ini digabungkan dengan serbuan oleh Orang Asli Amerika, yang cuba melindungi diri mereka dari apa yang dipanggil \"peneroka\" di Eropa, yang pada gilirannya ingin memperluas penyelesaian. Jantung bandar diperkuat mengikut rancangan 1704 oleh Gabenor Johnson. Kecuali orang-orang yang mengetuai Cooper River, tembok-temboknya dikeluarkan pada tahun 1720-an. <> Negara manakah bersama Perancis menentang tuntutan England ke rantau Charleston? || Sepanyol <> Kumpulan mana yang menyerbu penyelesaian itu sebagai satu cara untuk melindungi diri mereka dari peneroka? || Orang Asli Amerika <> Majoriti dinding kubu dihapuskan dalam sedekad apa? || 1720s Yang rencana 1704 digunakan untuk menguatkan bandar? || Gabenor Johnson <> Selain negara-negara Eropah dan penduduk asli Amerika, siapakah yang menyerang penempatan Charleston? || lanun", {"context": "The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and France (both of whom contested England's claims to the region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European \"settlers,\" who in turn wanted to expand the settlement. The heart of the city was fortified according to a 1704 plan by Governor Johnson. Except those fronting Cooper River, the walls were largely removed during the 1720s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region?", "id": "5730141804bcaa1900d77131"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Native Americans"}], "question": "Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers?", "id": "5730141804bcaa1900d77132"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "1720s"}], "question": "The majority of the fort walls were removed in what decade?", "id": "5730141804bcaa1900d77134"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Governor Johnson"}], "question": "Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city?", "id": "5730141804bcaa1900d77133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "pirates"}], "question": "Beside European nations and Native Americans, who else attacked the Charleston settlement?", "id": "5730141804bcaa1900d77135"}]}], ["Menjelang pertengahan abad ke-18, Charles Town telah menjadi pusat perdagangan yang ramai, hab perdagangan Atlantik untuk koloni selatan. Charles Towne juga merupakan kota terkaya dan terbesar di selatan Philadelphia, sebahagiannya kerana perdagangan hamba yang menguntungkan. Menjelang 1770, ia adalah pelabuhan keempat terbesar di jajahan, selepas Boston, New York, dan Philadelphia, dengan populasi 11,000-lebih daripada separuh daripada mereka. Menjelang 1708, majoriti penduduk jajahan itu adalah hamba, dan negeri akan datang akan terus menjadi majoriti keturunan Afrika sehingga selepas Penghijrahan Besar pada awal abad ke-20. <> Apa perdagangan yang menguntungkan menyumbang besar kepada pertumbuhan Charles Town? || perdagangan hamba <> Kapan Charles Town menjadi pelabuhan kolonial keempat terbesar? || 1770 <> Siapakah yang membentuk majoriti penduduk Charles Town pada tahun 1708? || hamba <> Orang keturunan Afrika adalah majoriti di Charleston sehingga pergerakan massa? || Migrasi Besar <> Bilakah Migrasi Besar berlaku? || awal abad ke-20", {"context": "By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000\u2014slightly more than half of them slaves. By 1708, the majority of the colony's population was slaves, and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "slave trade"}], "question": "What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth?", "id": "57301f89a23a5019007fcdd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "1770"}], "question": "When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port?", "id": "57301f89a23a5019007fcdda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "slaves"}], "question": "Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1708?", "id": "57301f89a23a5019007fcddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "the Great Migration"}], "question": "People of African descent were the majority in Charleston until what mass movement?", "id": "57301f89a23a5019007fcddc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "the early 20th century"}], "question": "When did the Great Migration occur?", "id": "57301f89a23a5019007fcddd"}]}], ["Orang Afrika dibawa ke Charles Town di Middle Middle, pertama sebagai \"hamba\", kemudian sebagai hamba. Kumpulan etnik yang diangkut di sini termasuk Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, dan orang lain di Windward Coast. Dianggarkan 40% daripada jumlah 400,000 orang Afrika yang diangkut dan dijual sebagai budak ke Amerika Utara dianggarkan telah mendarat di Pulau Sullivan, hanya di pelabuhan Charles Town; ia digambarkan sebagai \"pulau Ellis yang jahat ... Tidak ada hari ini memperingati fakta yang hodoh tetapi bangku sederhana, yang ditubuhkan oleh penulis Toni Morrison menggunakan dana swasta.\" <> Pengarang apa yang dibayar untuk bangku sederhana di Pulau Sullivan? || Toni Morrison <> Sebanyak peratus daripada mereka yang dijual sebagai budak di Amerika Utara mendarat di Pulau Sullivan? || 40% <> Apakah peringkat perdagangan hamba yang menyediakan hamba ke Charles Town? || Middle Passage <> Apa orang-orang dibawa ke Charles Town untuk menjadi hamba? || Africans <> Pantai Afrika yang mana banyak budak yang dijual di Charles Town berasal? || Windward Coast", {"context": "Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage, first as \"servants\", then as slaves. Ethnic groups transported here included especially Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other people of the Windward Coast. An estimated 40% of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan's Island, just off the port of Charles Town; it is described as a \"hellish Ellis Island of sorts .... Today nothing commemorates that ugly fact but a simple bench, established by the author Toni Morrison using private funds.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Toni Morrison"}], "question": "What author paid for the simple bench at Sullivan's Island?", "id": "57301654a23a5019007fcd47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "40%"}], "question": "What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island?", "id": "57301654a23a5019007fcd48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Middle Passage"}], "question": "What stage of the slave trade provided slaves to Charles Town?", "id": "57301654a23a5019007fcd49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Africans"}], "question": "What peoples were brought to Charles Town to be slaves?", "id": "57301654a23a5019007fcd4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Windward Coast"}], "question": "Which African coast did many slaves that were sold in Charles Town come from?", "id": "57301654a23a5019007fcd4b"}]}], ["Charles Town adalah hab perdagangan deerskin, asas ekonomi awalnya. Perikatan perdagangan dengan negara-negara Cherokee dan Creek menginsuranskan bekalan rusa yang mantap. Antara 1699 dan 1715, kolonis mengeksport purata 54,000 kulit rusa setiap tahun ke Eropah melalui Charles Town. Antara 1739 dan 1761, ketinggian era perdagangan deerskin, kira-kira 500,000 hingga 1,250,000 rusa telah disembelih. Dalam tempoh yang sama, rekod Charles Town menunjukkan eksport sebanyak 5,239,350 paun kulit rusa. Kulit rusa digunakan dalam penghasilan pantalon kulit, kalung, dan binding buku yang bergaya dan praktikal lelaki. <> Apa lagi negara Amerika Asli yang membekalkan Charles Town dengan rusa menyembunyikan selain negara Cherokee? || Negara-negara Creek <> Apakah anggaran rusa yang disembelih di Charles Town dari 1739 hingga 1761? || 500,000 hingga 1,250,000 <> Rekod menunjukkan berapa banyak paun kulit rusa dieksport dari Charles Town semasa ketinggian perdagangan deerskinnya? || 5,239,350 <> Perdagangan apakah asas ekonomi asli Charles Town? || perdagangan deerskin <> Apa jumlah purata kulit rusa yang diimport Charles Town ke Eropah antara 1699 hingga 1715? || 54,000", {"context": "Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis of its early economy. Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the height of the deerskin trade era, an estimated 500,000 to 1,250,000 deer were slaughtered. During the same period, Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350 pounds of deer skins. Deer skins were used in the production of men's fashionable and practical buckskin pantaloons, gloves, and book bindings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Creek nations"}], "question": "What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?", "id": "573021c8a23a5019007fce01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "500,000 to 1,250,000"}], "question": "What is the  estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761?", "id": "573021c8a23a5019007fce02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "5,239,350"}], "question": "Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?", "id": "573021c8a23a5019007fce03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "the deerskin trade"}], "question": "What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy?", "id": "573021c8a23a5019007fce04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "54,000"}], "question": "What was the average amount of deer skins  that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715? ", "id": "573021c8a23a5019007fce05"}]}], ["Bandar ini juga mempunyai kelas besar warna orang bebas. Menjelang 1860, 3,785 orang warna percuma berada di Charleston, hampir 18% daripada penduduk hitam di bandar ini, dan 8% daripada jumlah penduduk. Orang yang bebas warna jauh lebih cenderung menjadi latar belakang kaum yang bercampur daripada budak. Banyak yang berpendidikan, mengusahakan kraf mahir, dan ada juga yang memiliki harta yang besar, termasuk budak. Pada tahun 1790, mereka menubuhkan Persatuan Fellowship Brown untuk bantuan bersama, pada mulanya sebagai masyarakat perkuburan. Ia berterusan sehingga tahun 1945. <> Berapa banyak orang warna hidup tinggal di Charleston pada tahun 1860? || 3,785 <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk Charleston yang berwarna warnanya? || 8% <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk hitam Charleston adalah orang yang bebas warna? || 18% <> Pada tahun apakah Persatuan Fellowship Brown dibuat? || 1790 <> Pada tahun apakah persatuan Brown Fellowship berakhir? || 1945", {"context": "The city also had a large class of free people of color. By 1860, 3,785 free people of color were in Charleston, nearly 18% of the city's black population, and 8% of the total population. Free people of color were far more likely to be of mixed racial background than slaves. Many were educated, practiced skilled crafts, and some even owned substantial property, including slaves. In 1790, they established the Brown Fellowship Society for mutual aid, initially as a burial society. It continued until 1945.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "3,785"}], "question": "How many free people of color lived in Charleston in 1860?", "id": "57302879947a6a140053d1c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "8%"}], "question": "What percentage of Charleston's population were free people of color?", "id": "57302879947a6a140053d1c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "18%"}], "question": "What percentage of Charleston's black population were free people of color?", "id": "57302879947a6a140053d1ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "1790"}], "question": "In what year was the Brown Fellowship Society created?", "id": "57302879947a6a140053d1cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "1945"}], "question": "In what year did the Brown Fellowship Society end?", "id": "57302879947a6a140053d1cc"}]}], ["Walaupun bandar ini kehilangan status ibu negeri ke Columbia pada 1786, Charleston menjadi lebih makmur dalam ekonomi yang didominasi perladangan pada tahun-tahun pasca Revolusi. Penciptaan gin kapas pada tahun 1793 merevolusikan pemprosesan tanaman ini, menjadikan kapas pendek ruji menguntungkan. Ia lebih mudah ditanam di kawasan dataran tinggi, dan kapas dengan cepat menjadi komoditi eksport utama di Carolina Selatan. Rantau Piedmont telah dibangunkan menjadi tanaman kapas, di mana pulau-pulau laut dan Lowcountry telah dikhaskan. Hamba juga merupakan tenaga buruh utama di dalam bandar, bekerja sebagai ahli perniagaan, pengrajin, pekerja pasaran, dan buruh. <> Apa bandar menjadi ibu negeri Carolina Selatan? || Columbia <> Charleston adalah ibu negeri Carolina Selatan sehingga tahun berapa? || 1786 <> Dalam tahun apakah itu kapas dicipta? || 1793 <> Apa yang menjadi komoditi eksport utama South Carolina selepas 1793? || kapas <> Yang terdiri daripada kebanyakan tenaga buruh utama tanaman kapas? || Hamba", {"context": "Although the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786, Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Carolina's major export commodity. The Piedmont region was developed into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers, and laborers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Columbia"}], "question": "What city became the state capital of South Carolina?", "id": "57302769947a6a140053d1ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "1786"}], "question": "Charleston was the state capital of South Carolina until what year?", "id": "57302769947a6a140053d1ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "1793"}], "question": "In what year was the cotton gin invented?", "id": "57302769947a6a140053d1ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "cotton"}], "question": "What became South Carolina's major export commodity after 1793?", "id": "57302769947a6a140053d1af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Slaves"}], "question": "Who made up most of the primary labor force of cotton plantations? ", "id": "57302769947a6a140053d1b0"}]}], ["Pada 28 Jun 1776, Jeneral Sir Henry Clinton bersama-sama dengan 2,000 orang dan skuadron tentera laut cuba merampas Charles Towne, dengan harapan untuk kebangkitan Loyalist serentak di South Carolina. Apabila armada menembak bola-bola, mereka gagal menembusi tembok-tembok palmetto yang belum selesai, namun tebal, tembok. Tiada Loyalis setempat menyerang bandar itu dari kawasan tanah besar, seperti yang diharapkan oleh pihak British. Orang-orang Kol Moultrie kembali memecat dan menimbulkan kerusakan berat di beberapa kapal British. Orang Inggeris terpaksa mengeluarkan tenaga mereka, dan orang Amerika telah menamakan semula pemasangan pertahanan sebagai Fort Moultrie sebagai penghormatan kepada komandernya. <> Yang mana umum cuba merampas Charles Town semasa Revolusi Amerika? || Jeneral Sir Henry Clinton <> Siapa komander tentera Amerika mempertahankan South Carolina? || Col. Moultrie <> Bilakah serangan General Clinton di South Carolina? || 28 Jun 1776 <> Apa yang British berharap dapat mengilhami serangan mereka di Charles Town? || pemberontakan Loyalist serentak <> Fort Sullivan diganti namanya selepas peperangan itu? || Fort Moultrie", {"context": "On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists attacked the town from the mainland side, as the British had hoped they would do. Col. Moultrie's men returned fire and inflicted heavy damage on several of the British ships. The British were forced to withdraw their forces, and the Americans renamed the defensive installation as Fort Moultrie in honor of its commander.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "General Sir Henry Clinton"}], "question": "Which general tried to seize Charles Town during the American Revolution?", "id": "57302508b2c2fd140056894f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Col. Moultrie"}], "question": "Who was the commander of the American forces defending South Carolina?", "id": "57302508b2c2fd1400568951"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "June 28, 1776"}], "question": "When did General Clinton attack South Carolina?", "id": "57302508b2c2fd1400568950"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "a simultaneous Loyalist uprising"}], "question": "What was the British hoping to inspire by their attack on Charles Town?", "id": "57302508b2c2fd1400568952"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Fort Moultrie"}], "question": "Fort Sullivan was renamed  what after the battle?", "id": "57302508b2c2fd1400568953"}]}], ["Ketika Charles Town berkembang, begitu juga peluang kebudayaan dan sosial masyarakat, terutama bagi para pedagang elit dan penanam. Bangunan teater pertama di Amerika telah dibina pada 1736 di tapak Teater Dock Street hari ini. Pertubuhan yang baik hati dibentuk oleh pelbagai kumpulan etnik, dari Perancis Huguenot untuk membebaskan orang yang berwarna ke Jerman kepada orang Yahudi. Persatuan Perpustakaan Charles Towne ditubuhkan pada tahun 1748 oleh lelaki muda yang baik yang ingin berkongsi kos kewangan untuk bersaing dengan isu-isu saintifik dan falsafah pada hari itu. Kumpulan ini juga membantu menubuhkan Kolej Charles Towne pada tahun 1770, kolej tertua di South Carolina. Sehingga peralihannya ke pemilikan negara pada tahun 1970, ini adalah kolej yang paling lama ditubuhkan di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah kolej tertua di South Carolina? || Kolej Charles Towne <> Charleston menyokong Kolej Charles Towne sehingga tahun apa? || 1970 <> Tahun apakah Charles Towne Library Society ditubuhkan? || 1748 <> Bilakah Kolej Charles Towe diasaskan? || 1770 <> Apa yang terletak di mana bangunan teater pertama di Charles Town pernah berdiri? || Dock Street Theatre", {"context": "As Charles Town grew, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theatre building in America was built in 1736 on the site of today's Dock Street Theatre. Benevolent societies were formed by different ethnic groups, from French Huguenots to free people of color to Germans to Jews. The Charles Towne Library Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This group also helped establish the College of Charles Towne in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina. Until its transition to state ownership in 1970, this was the oldest municipally supported college in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "College of Charles Towne"}], "question": "What is the oldest college in South Carolina?", "id": "5730235ba23a5019007fce23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "1970"}], "question": "Charleston supported the College of Charles Towne until what year?", "id": "5730235ba23a5019007fce24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "1748"}], "question": "What year was the Charles Towne Library Society established?", "id": "5730235ba23a5019007fce25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "1770"}], "question": "When was the College of Charles Towe founded?", "id": "5730235ba23a5019007fce26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Dock Street Theatre"}], "question": "What is located where the first theatre building in Charles Town once stood?", "id": "5730235ba23a5019007fce27"}]}], ["Charleston terkenal dengan kebudayaannya yang unik, yang menggabungkan unsur Selatan A.S. Selatan, Inggeris, Perancis, dan Barat Afrika tradisional. Semenanjung pusat bandar telah mendapat reputasi seni, muzik, masakan tempatan, dan fesyennya. Spoleto Festival USA, yang diadakan setiap tahun pada musim bunga lewat, telah menjadi salah satu festival seni pertunjukan utama di dunia. Ia diasaskan pada tahun 1977 oleh komposer pemenang Pulitzer Prize Gian Carlo Menotti, yang berusaha untuk membentuk rakan sejati Festival dei Due Mondi (Festival Dua Dunia) di Spoleto, Itali. <> Musim apa yang Spoleto Festival USA diadakan? || musim bunga <> Spoleto Festival USA adalah rakan sejawat apa perayaan Itali? || Festival dei Due Mondi <> Tahun apakah Spoleto Festival USA ditubuhkan? || 1977 <> Apa profesion Gian Carlo Menotti? || komposer <> Apakah anugerah utama yang dimenangi oleh Gian Carlo Menotti? || Hadiah Pulitzer", {"context": "Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has become one of the world's major performing arts festivals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "spring"}], "question": "What season is Spoleto Festival USA held?", "id": "57303b64a23a5019007fcfc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Festival dei Due Mondi"}], "question": "Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?", "id": "57303b64a23a5019007fcfca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "1977"}], "question": "What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded?", "id": "57303b64a23a5019007fcfc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "composer"}], "question": "What  the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?", "id": "57303b64a23a5019007fcfc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Pulitzer Prize"}], "question": "What major award did Gian Carlo Menotti win?", "id": "57303b64a23a5019007fcfcb"}]}], ["Pada 31 Ogos 1886, Charleston hampir hancur oleh gempa bumi. Kejutan dianggarkan mempunyai moment magnitud 7.0 dan intensiti Mercalli maksimum X (Extreme). Ia dirasai sejauh Boston ke utara, Chicago dan Milwaukee di barat laut, sejauh barat sebagai New Orleans, sejauh selatan Cuba, dan sejauh timur sebagai Bermuda. Ia merosakkan 2,000 bangunan di Charleston dan menyebabkan kerosakan bernilai $ 6 juta ($ 133 juta pada tahun 2006 dolar), pada masa semua gedung bandar bernilai sekitar $ 24 juta ($ 531 juta pada 2006 dolar). <> Apa yang hampir memusnahkan Charleston pada tahun 1886? || gempa <> Apa tarikh gempa bumi Charleston tahun 1886? || 31 Ogos 1886 <> Berapa banyak bangunan rosak akibat gempa bumi 1886 di Charleston? || 2,000 bangunan <> Apakah kos kerosakan gempa bumi 1886 ke bandar Charleston? || $ 6 juta <> Berapakah nilai keseluruhan semua bangunan bandar Charleston sebelum gempa bumi? || $ 24 juta", {"context": "On August 31, 1886, Charleston was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). It was felt as far away as Boston to the north, Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest, as far west as New Orleans, as far south as Cuba, and as far east as Bermuda. It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ($133 million in 2006 dollars), at a time when all the city's buildings were valued around $24 million ($531 million in 2006 dollars).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "an earthquake"}], "question": "What nearly destroyed Charleston in 1886?", "id": "573032f6b2c2fd1400568a51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "August 31, 1886"}], "question": "What date was the Charleston earthquake of 1886?", "id": "573032f6b2c2fd1400568a52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "2,000 buildings"}], "question": "How many buildings were damaged by the 1886 earthquake in Charleston?", "id": "573032f6b2c2fd1400568a53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "$6 million"}], "question": "What was the cost of the damage of the 1886 earthquake to the city of Charleston?", "id": "573032f6b2c2fd1400568a54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "$24 million"}], "question": "What was the total value of all of Charleston's city buildings before the earthquake?", "id": "573032f6b2c2fd1400568a55"}]}], ["Menjelang tahun 1820, populasi Charleston meningkat kepada 23,000, mengekalkan majoriti hitam (dan kebanyakannya hamba). Apabila pemberontakan hamba besar yang dirancangkan oleh Denmark Vesey, hitam percuma, diturunkan pada bulan Mei 1822, kulit putih bertindak dengan ketakutan yang ketara, kerana mereka menyedari pembalasan keras terhadap budak-budak putih semasa Revolusi Haiti. Tidak lama selepas itu, Vesey telah dibicarakan dan dibunuh, digantung pada awal bulan Julai dengan lima budak. Seorang lagi 28 budak kemudian digantung. Kemudian, badan perundangan negeri meluluskan undang-undang yang memerlukan kelulusan perundangan individu untuk pembubaran (pembebasan seorang hamba) dan mengawal selia aktiviti orang kulit hitam dan budak percuma. <> Apa yang telah dirancang oleh Denmark Vesey? || pemberontakan hamba <> Bila rancangan Vesey untuk pemberontakan hamba diturunkan? || Mei 1822 <> Bagaimana Vesey disempurnakan pada tahun 1822? || digantung <> Berapa banyak budak yang telah dibunuh dengan Vesey? || lima budak <> Apa revolusi yang membuat kulit putih takut kepada penghukuman budak? || Revolusi Haiti", {"context": "By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with intense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution. Soon after, Vesey was tried and executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for manumission (the freeing of a slave) and regulating activities of free blacks and slaves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "slave revolt"}], "question": "What was planned by Denmark Vesey?", "id": "5730299db2c2fd14005689a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "May 1822"}], "question": "When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?", "id": "5730299db2c2fd14005689a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "hanged"}], "question": "How was Vesey executed in 1822?", "id": "5730299db2c2fd14005689a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "five slaves"}], "question": "How many slaves were executed with Vesey? ", "id": "5730299db2c2fd14005689a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Haitian Revolution"}], "question": "What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves?", "id": "5730299db2c2fd14005689a9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1875, kulit hitam terdiri daripada 57% penduduk bandar, dan 73% daripada Charleston County. Dengan kepimpinan oleh ahli-ahli komuniti hitam hitam antebellum, sejarawan Melinda Meeks Hennessy menggambarkan masyarakat sebagai \"unik\" untuk dapat mempertahankan diri tanpa mencetuskan \"pembalasan besar-besaran putih\", seperti yang berlaku di banyak kawasan lain semasa Rekonstruksi. Dalam kitaran pilihan raya 1876, dua rusuhan utama antara Republikan hitam dan Demokrat putih berlaku di bandar itu, pada bulan September dan hari selepas pemilihan pada bulan November, serta kejadian ganas di Cainhoy pada mesyuarat perbincangan bersama Oktober. <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk Charleston yang hitam pada tahun 1875? || 57% <> Berapa peratus daripada Charleston County yang hitam pada tahun 1875? || 73% <> Pada tahun 1876, Parti Republik Black Charleston berperang melawan siapa? || putih Demokrat <> Rusuhan kedua tahun 1876 berlaku ketika? || hari selepas pemilihan pada bulan November <> Berapa rusuhan besar antara kulit hitam dan kulit putih terjadi di Charleston pada tahun 1876? || dua", {"context": "In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's population, and 73% of Charleston County. With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as \"unique\" in being able to defend themselves without provoking \"massive white retaliation\", as occurred in numerous other areas during Reconstruction. In the 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in September and the day after the election in November, as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "57%"}], "question": "What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875?", "id": "57303039b2c2fd1400568a2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "73%"}], "question": "What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1875?", "id": "57303039b2c2fd1400568a2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "white Democrats"}], "question": "In 1876, Charleston's Black Republicans fought against whom?", "id": "57303039b2c2fd1400568a2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "the day after the election in November"}], "question": "The second riot of 1876 happened when?", "id": "57303039b2c2fd1400568a30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1876?", "id": "57303039b2c2fd1400568a31"}]}], ["Kumpulan teater komuniti Charleston yang tertua, Pemain Bola Sepak, telah menyediakan produksi teater sejak tahun 1931. Pelbagai tempat persembahan seni termasuk Teater Dock Street yang bersejarah. Minggu Fesyen Charleston tahunan diadakan setiap musim bunga di Marion Square membawa pereka, wartawan, dan pelanggan dari seluruh negara. Charleston terkenal dengan makanan laut tempatannya, yang memainkan peranan penting dalam masakan terkenal di bandar ini, yang terdiri daripada hidangan ruji seperti gumbo, sup kepiting, tiram goreng, kambing Lowlandry, kek kepiting yang ditaburkan, beras merah, dan udang dan bubur jagung. Nasi adalah ruji dalam banyak hidangan, mencerminkan budaya beras Negara Rendah. Masakan di Charleston juga dipengaruhi oleh unsur-unsur British dan Perancis. <> Apakah kumpulan teater komuniti Charleston yang paling tua? || Pemain Bola Sepak <> Di mana minggu fesyen Charleston tahunan diadakan? || Marion Square <> The Footlight Players mula menghasilkan produksi teater dalam tahun berapa? || 1931 <> Charleston terkenal dengan apa jenis makanan? || makanan laut <> Masakan Charleston dipengaruhi oleh apa dua kebudayaan? || Inggeris dan Perancis", {"context": "Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "the Footlight Players"}], "question": "What is Charleston's oldest community theater group?", "id": "57303fb704bcaa1900d77403"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Marion Square"}], "question": "Where is the  annual Charleston Fashion week held?", "id": "57303fb704bcaa1900d77405"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "1931"}], "question": "The Footlight Players  started creating theatrical productions in what year?", "id": "57303fb704bcaa1900d77404"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "seafood"}], "question": "Charleston is known for what type of food?", "id": "57303fb704bcaa1900d77406"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "British and French"}], "question": "Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures?", "id": "57303fb704bcaa1900d77407"}]}], ["Di Charleston, penduduk Amerika Afrika meningkat sebagai orang bebas yang berpindah dari kawasan pedalaman ke bandar utama: dari 17,000 pada tahun 1860 hingga 27,000 pada tahun 1880. Ahli sejarah Eric Foner menyatakan bahawa orang kulit hitam senang dapat dibebaskan dari banyak peraturan perbudakan dan beroperasi di luar pengawasan putih. Antara perubahan yang lain, kebanyakan orang kulit hitam dengan cepat meninggalkan Gereja Baptis Selatan, menubuhkan jemaat Baptis mereka sendiri atau menyertai Gereja Kristian Methodist Episcopal baru dan gereja-gereja AME Zion, kedua-dua denominasi hitam bebas yang pertama kali ditubuhkan di Utara. Freedmen \"memperoleh anjing, senjata, dan minuman keras (semua dihalang kepada mereka di bawah perhambaan), dan enggan memberikan jalan kaki ke putih\". <> Hitam kiri yang denominasi agama adalah angka yang besar selepas perhambaan? || Gereja Baptis Selatan <> Berapa ramai rakyat Afrika Afrika yang tinggal di Charleston pada tahun 1860? || 17,000 <> Produk apa yang dilarang, bersama dengan anjing dan senjata api, apakah Freemen mahu setelah perhambaan berakhir? || minuman keras <> Berapa banyak warga Amerika Afrika tinggal di Charleston pada tahun 1880? || 27,000 <> Gereja-gereja AME Zion pertama kali ditubuhkan di bahagian Amerika? || Utara", {"context": "In Charleston, the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880. Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to operate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes, most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church, setting up their own black Baptist congregations or joining new African Methodist Episcopal Church and AME Zion churches, both independent black denominations first established in the North. Freedmen \"acquired dogs, guns, and liquor (all barred to them under slavery), and refused to yield the sidewalks to whites\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Southern Baptist Church"}], "question": "Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery?", "id": "57302bbf04bcaa1900d772c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "17,000"}], "question": "How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860?", "id": "57302bbf04bcaa1900d772c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "liquor"}], "question": "What  barred product ,along with dogs and guns ,  did the Freemen want after slavery ended?", "id": "57302bbf04bcaa1900d772c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "27,000"}], "question": "How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880?", "id": "57302bbf04bcaa1900d772c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "the North"}], "question": "AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America?", "id": "57302bbf04bcaa1900d772c6"}]}], ["Pelaburan di bandar terus. Rumah William Enston, sebuah komuniti yang dirancang untuk warga tua dan lemah, dibina pada tahun 1889. Bangunan awam yang rumit, Pejabat Pos dan Mahkamah Amerika Syarikat, telah siap oleh kerajaan persekutuan pada tahun 1896 di tengah-tengah bandaraya. Badan perundangan yang dikuasai oleh Parti Demokrat meluluskan perlembagaan baru pada tahun 1895 yang mengecilkan hitam, dengan berkesan tidak mengecualikannya sepenuhnya dari proses politik, status kelas kedua yang diselenggarakan selama lebih dari enam dekad dalam keadaan yang majoriti hitam hingga sekitar 1930. < > Parti mana yang menguasai perundangan negeri Carolina Selatan? || Demokrat <> Tahun apakah perlembagaan baru yang diluluskan yang diskriminasi terhadap orang kulit hitam telah diluluskan? || 1896 <> Rumah William Enston dibina pada tahun berapa? || 1889. <> Hitam adalah majoriti di South Carolina sehingga tahun berapa? || 1930 <> Sebuah pejabat pos dan mahkamah besar dibina pada tahun berapa? || 1896", {"context": "Investment in the city continued. The William Enston Home, a planned community for the city's aged and infirm, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city. The Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks, effectively excluding them entirely from the political process, a second-class status that was maintained for more than six decades in a state that was majority black until about 1930.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Democrat"}], "question": "Which party dominated South Carolina's state legislature?", "id": "5730345eb2c2fd1400568a69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "1896"}], "question": "What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against blacks were passed?", "id": "5730345eb2c2fd1400568a6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "1889."}], "question": "The William Enston Home was built in what year?", "id": "5730345eb2c2fd1400568a6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "1930"}], "question": "Blacks were the majority in South Carolina until what year?", "id": "5730345eb2c2fd1400568a6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "1896"}], "question": "A large post office and courthouse was built in what year?", "id": "5730345eb2c2fd1400568a6d"}]}], ["Industri perlahan-lahan membawa bandar dan penduduknya kembali kepada tenaga yang diperbaharui dan pekerjaan menarik penduduk baru. Apabila perdagangan bandar semakin baik, penduduk bekerja untuk memulihkan atau mewujudkan institusi kemasyarakatan. Pada tahun 1865, Avery Normal Institute telah ditubuhkan oleh Persatuan Mubaligh Amerika sebagai sekolah menengah percuma pertama untuk penduduk Amerika Afrika di Charleston. Jeneral William T. Sherman meminjamkan sokongannya kepada penukaran Arsenal Amerika Syarikat ke Akademi Militer Porter, sebuah kemudahan pendidikan untuk bekas tentera dan anak lelaki yang ditinggalkan yatim atau kekurangan perang. Akademi Ketenteraan Porter kemudian menyertai Sekolah Gaud dan kini menjadi sekolah persediaan universiti, Sekolah Porter-Gaud. <> Persatuan apa yang menubuhkan Institut Normal Avery? || Persatuan Mubaligh Amerika <> Jenis sekolah apakah Institusi Avery Normal? || sekolah menengah percuma <> Siapa yang menghadiri Institut Normal Avery? || Penduduk Amerika Afrika Selatan <> Apa yang umum menyokong penukaran seorang Arsenal AS ke Akademi Militer Porter? || William T. Sherman <> Askar dan anak lelaki yang dibantu oleh Akademi Ketenteraan Porter dipengaruhi oleh apa? || perang", {"context": "Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality and jobs attracted new residents. As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston's African American population. General William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a university-preparatory school, Porter-Gaud School.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "the American Missionary Association"}], "question": "What association founded the Avery Normal Institute?", "id": "57302e56947a6a140053d238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "free secondary school"}], "question": "What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute?", "id": "57302e56947a6a140053d239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Charleston's African American population"}], "question": "Who attended the Avery Normal Institute?", "id": "57302e56947a6a140053d23a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "William T. Sherman"}], "question": "What general supported the conversion of a US Arsenal into Porter Military Academy?", "id": "57302e56947a6a140053d23b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "war"}], "question": "Soldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy were affected by what?", "id": "57302e56947a6a140053d23c"}]}], ["Insiden keganasan berlaku di seluruh Piedmont negara sebagai pemberontak putih berjuang untuk mengekalkan ketuanan putih dalam menghadapi perubahan sosial setelah perang dan pemberian kewarganegaraan kepada pembebasan oleh pindaan perlembagaan persekutuan. Selepas bekas Konfederasi dibenarkan untuk mengundi lagi, kempen pilihan raya dari tahun 1872 ditandakan dengan ugutan ganas kulit hitam dan Republikan oleh kumpulan paramiliter Putih yang dikenali sebagai Baju Merah. Kejadian ganas berlaku di Charleston di King Street pada 6 September dan di Cainhoy pada 15 Oktober, kedua-duanya berkait rapat dengan pertemuan politik sebelum pemilihan 1876. Insiden Cainhoy adalah satu-satunya negara di mana lebih putih dibunuh daripada orang kulit hitam. Baju Merah memainkan peranan penting dalam menekan undi Parti Republik hitam di beberapa kawasan pada tahun 1876 dan secara sempit memilih Wade Hampton sebagai gabenor, dan mengambil alih kawalan badan perundangan negeri. Satu lagi rusuhan berlaku di Charleston sehari selepas pilihan raya, apabila seorang pemimpin Republik yang terkenal tersilap dilaporkan terbunuh. <> Apa kumpulan putih pasukan demokratik di Charleston yang dikenali sebagai? || Baju Merah <> Apa yang diberikan Freeman adalah kewarganegaraan Amerika? || pindaan perlembagaan persekutuan. <> Insiden Cainhoy berlaku pada hari apa? || 15 Oktober <> 1876 kejadian ganas yang berlaku di jalan Raja berlaku pada hari apa? || 6 September <> Siapa yang memenangi pilihan raya 1876 sebagai akibat daripada intimidasi pengundi? || Wade Hampton", {"context": "Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "the Red Shirts"}], "question": "What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?", "id": "573031ba947a6a140053d268"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "federal constitutional amendments."}], "question": "What granted Freeman were American citizenship?", "id": "573031ba947a6a140053d269"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "October 15"}], "question": "The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day?", "id": "573031ba947a6a140053d26a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "September 6"}], "question": "The violent 1876 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day?", "id": "573031ba947a6a140053d26b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "Wade Hampton"}], "question": "Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation?", "id": "573031ba947a6a140053d26c"}]}], ["Pada 17 Jun, 2015, Dylann Roof berusia 21 tahun memasuki Gereja Episcopal Methodist Emanuel African bersejarah semasa kajian Alkitab dan membunuh sembilan orang. Pastor senior Clementa Pinckney, yang juga berkhidmat sebagai senator negara, adalah antara yang terbunuh semasa serangan itu. Si mati juga termasuk anggota jemaah Susie Jackson, 87; Wahyu Daniel Simmons Sr., 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Pdt. Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Rev. Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; dan Tywanza Sanders, 26. Serangan itu mendapat perhatian nasional, dan mencetuskan perdebatan mengenai perkauman sejarah, simbolisme Konfederasi di negara-negara Selatan, dan keganasan senjata api. Pada 10 Julai 2015, bendera pertempuran Konfederasi dikeluarkan dari South Carolina State House. Perkhidmatan peringatan di kampus Kolej Charleston dihadiri oleh Presiden Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Naib Presiden Joe Biden, Jill Biden, dan Speaker Dewan John Boehner. <> Pada hari apakah sembilan orang terbunuh di Gereja Epistopal Methodist Emanuel African? || 17 Jun 2015 <> Apakah nama berusia 21 tahun yang membunuh sembilan anggota gereja di Charleston, Carolina Selatan? || Dylann Roof <> Clementa Pinckney berkhidmat dengan pejabat awam untuk negeri Carolina Selatan? || senator negara <> Satu perkhidmatan peringatan untuk sembilan mangsa telah diadakan di kampus kuliah? || College of Charleston <> Pada hari apa bendera Konfederasi dikeluarkan dari South Carolina State House? || 10 Julai 2015", {"context": "On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people. Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jackson, 87; Rev. Daniel Simmons Sr., 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Rev. Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Rev. Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; and Tywanza Sanders, 26. The attack garnered national attention, and sparked a debate on historical racism, Confederate symbolism in Southern states, and gun violence. On July 10, 2015, the Confederate battle flag was removed from the South Carolina State House. A memorial service on the campus of the College of Charleston was attended by President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Jill Biden, and Speaker of the House John Boehner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "June 17, 2015"}], "question": "On what day were nine people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church?", "id": "57303645947a6a140053d29e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Dylann Roof"}], "question": "What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?", "id": "57303645947a6a140053d29f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "state senator"}], "question": "Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of South Carolina?", "id": "57303645947a6a140053d2a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "College of Charleston"}], "question": "A memorial service for the nine victims was held on which college's campus?", "id": "57303645947a6a140053d2a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "July 10, 2015"}], "question": "On what day was the Confederate flag removed from South Carolina State House?", "id": "57303645947a6a140053d2a1"}]}], ["Jabatan Bomba Charleston Kota mempunyai lebih dari 300 ahli bomba sepenuh masa. Pejuang bomba ini beroperasi daripada 19 syarikat yang terletak di seluruh bandar: 16 syarikat enjin, dua syarikat menara, dan satu syarikat tangga. Latihan, Marshall Kebakaran, Operasi, dan Pentadbiran adalah bahagian jabatan. Jabatan ini beroperasi pada jadual 24/48 dan mempunyai penarafan ISO Kelas 1 sehingga akhir 2008, apabila ISO secara rasmi menurunkannya ke Kelas 3. Russell (Rusty) Thomas berkhidmat sebagai Ketua Bomba sehingga Jun 2008, dan telah digantikan oleh Ketua Thomas Carr dalam November 2008. <> Berapa banyak syarikat yang ada di Jabatan Bomba Charleston Kota? || 19 <> Berapa banyak ahli bomba sepenuh masa yang ada di Charleston? || 300 <> Siapa Ketua Bomba sehingga Jun 2008? || Russell (Rusty) Thomas <> Siapa yang menjadi Ketua Bomba pada November 2008? || Ketua Thomas Carr <> Berapa banyak syarikat menara yang mempunyai jabatan bomba? || dua", {"context": "The City of Charleston Fire Department consists over 300 full-time firefighters. These firefighters operate out of 19 companies located throughout the city: 16 engine companies, two tower companies, and one ladder company. Training, Fire Marshall, Operations, and Administration are the divisions of the department. The department operates on a 24/48 schedule and had a Class 1 ISO rating until late 2008, when ISO officially lowered it to Class 3. Russell (Rusty) Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008, and was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "19"}], "question": "How many companies are there in the City of Charleston Fire Department?", "id": "573046f904bcaa1900d7745b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "300"}], "question": "How many full time firefighters do Charleston have?", "id": "573046f904bcaa1900d7745c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Russell (Rusty) Thomas"}], "question": "Who was the Fire Chief until June 2008?", "id": "573046f904bcaa1900d7745d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "Chief Thomas Carr"}], "question": "Who became the Fire Chief in November 2008?", "id": "573046f904bcaa1900d7745e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many tower companies does the fire department have?", "id": "573046f904bcaa1900d7745f"}]}], ["Seperti yang terdapat pada setiap aspek budaya Charleston, komuniti Gullah mempunyai pengaruh yang luar biasa terhadap muzik di Charleston, terutamanya apabila perkembangan awal muzik jazz. Sebaliknya, muzik Charleston mempunyai pengaruh terhadap negara-negara lain. Tarian geekhee yang mengiringi muzik pekerja dok di Charleston mengikuti irama yang mengilhami \"Charleston Rag\" Eubie Blake dan kemudian \"The Charleston\" James P. Johnson, serta kegilaan tarian yang menentukan negara pada tahun 1920-an. \"Ballin 'Jack\", yang merupakan tarian yang popular pada tahun-tahun sebelum \"The Charleston\", ditulis oleh Charlestonian asli Chris Smith. <> Siapa yang menulis \"Charleston\"? || Chris Smith <> Apa dekad ialah tarian Charleston yang popular di peringkat nasional? || 1920s <Siapa yang mencipta lagu \"Charleston Rag\"? || Eubie Blake <> Komuniti Charleston mana yang mempunyai pengaruh besar pada musik jazz? || masyarakat Gullah <> Geechee tarian dikaitkan dengan muzik jenis pekerja apa? || pekerja dok", {"context": "As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music. In turn, the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country. The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake's \"Charleston Rag\" and later James P. Johnson's \"The Charleston\", as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s. \"Ballin' the Jack\", which was a popular dance in the years before \"The Charleston\", was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "Chris Smith"}], "question": "Who wrote the \"Charleston\"?", "id": "5730437cb2c2fd1400568b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "1920s"}], "question": "What decade was the Charleston dance popular nationally?", "id": "5730437cb2c2fd1400568b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Eubie Blake"}], "question": "Who created the song \"Charleston Rag\"?", "id": "5730437cb2c2fd1400568b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the Gullah community"}], "question": "Which Charleston community had a large influence on jazz music?", "id": "5730437cb2c2fd1400568b28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "dock workers"}], "question": "Geechee dances are associated with the music of what type of worker?", "id": "5730437cb2c2fd1400568b29"}]}], ["Charleston setiap tahun menjadi tuan rumah Spoleto Festival USA yang diasaskan oleh Gian Carlo Menotti, festival seni 17 hari yang menampilkan lebih 100 persembahan oleh artis individu dalam pelbagai disiplin. Pesta Spoleto diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa sebagai pesta seni pertunjukan utama Amerika. Pesta Piccolo Spoleto tahunan berlangsung pada masa yang sama dan mempunyai artis dan artis tempatan, dengan beratus-ratus persembahan di seluruh bandar. Perayaan dan perayaan lain termasuk Festival Rumah dan Taman Charleston Yayasan Bersejarah dan Charleston Antiques Show, Rasa Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, Runner Bridge Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Pameran Hidupan Liar Southeastern (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Festival , Minggu Fesyen Charleston, Festival Seni MOJA, dan Festival Pesta Percutian (di James Island County Park), dan Festival Filem Antarabangsa Charleston. <> Berapa harikah Spoleto Festival USA dijalankan setiap tahun? || 17 <> Festival apa jenis Spoleto Festival USA? || festival seni <> Festival Festival of Lights diadakan di mana? || James Island County Park <> Berapa banyak persembahan di Spoleto Festival USA? || lebih 100 persembahan <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Spoleto Festival USA? || Gian Carlo Menotti", {"context": "Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines. The Spoleto Festival is internationally recognized as America's premier performing arts festival. The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show, the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the Cooper River Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "17"}], "question": "How many days does the Spoleto Festival USA run each year?", "id": "57304279947a6a140053d372"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "art festival"}], "question": "What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA?", "id": "57304279947a6a140053d373"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "James Island County Park"}], "question": "The Holiday Festival of Lights are held where?", "id": "57304279947a6a140053d374"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "over 100 performances"}], "question": "About how many performances are there in the Spoleto Festival USA?", "id": "57304279947a6a140053d375"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Gian Carlo Menotti"}], "question": "Who founded the Spoleto Festival USA?", "id": "57304279947a6a140053d376"}]}], ["Bandar Charleston dihidangkan oleh Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Charleston. Ia terletak di City of North Charleston dan terletak kira-kira 12 km (20 km) barat laut dari pusat bandar Charleston. Ia adalah lapangan terbang penumpang yang paling sibuk di South Carolina (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS). Lapangan terbang saham lapangan terbang dengan Pangkalan Angkatan Udara Charleston bersebelahan. Lapangan Terbang Eksekutif Charleston adalah lapangan terbang yang lebih kecil yang terletak di bahagian John's Island di bandar Charleston dan digunakan oleh pesawat bukan komersial. Kedua-dua lapangan terbang itu dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh Pihak Berkuasa Penerbangan Charleston County. <> Lapangan terbang apa yang menyediakan perkhidmatan ke Bandar ke Charleston? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Charleston <> Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Charleston terletak di bandar apa? || North Charleston <> Berapa jauhnya lapangan terbang dari pusat bandar Charleston? || 12 batu (20 km) <> Charleston Executive Airport terletak di mana? || bahagian John's Island di bandar Charleston <> Pangkalan tentera apa yang terletak berhampiran lapangan terbang? || Pangkalan Tentera Udara Charleston", {"context": "The City of Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airport. It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 miles (20 km) northwest of downtown Charleston. It is the busiest passenger airport in South Carolina (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS). The airport shares runways with the adjacent Charleston Air Force Base. Charleston Executive Airport is a smaller airport located in the John's Island section of the city of Charleston and is used by noncommercial aircraft. Both airports are owned and operated by the Charleston County Aviation Authority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Charleston International Airport"}], "question": "What airport provides service to the City to Charleston?", "id": "57304a9c8ab72b1400f9c3ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "North Charleston"}], "question": "The Charleston International Airport is located in what city?", "id": "57304a9c8ab72b1400f9c3eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "12 miles (20 km)"}], "question": "How far is the airport from downtown Charleston?", "id": "57304a9c8ab72b1400f9c3ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "the John's Island section of the city of Charleston"}], "question": "Charleston Executive Airport is located where?", "id": "57304a9c8ab72b1400f9c3ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Charleston Air Force Base"}], "question": "What military base is located near the airport?", "id": "57304a9c8ab72b1400f9c3ee"}]}], ["Jabatan Polis Kota Charleston, dengan jumlah 452 pegawai yang bersumpah, 137 orang awam, dan 27 pegawai polis rizab, adalah jabatan polis terbesar di Carolina Selatan. Prosedur mereka mengenai penggunaan dadah dan keganasan geng di bandar digunakan sebagai model kepada bandar-bandar lain untuk melakukan perkara yang sama. [Rujukan?] Menurut Laporan jenayah FBI 2005 akhir, tahap jenayah Charleston lebih buruk daripada purata kebangsaan di hampir setiap kategori utama. Greg Mullen, bekas Timbalan Ketua Virginia Beach, Jabatan Polis Virginia, berkhidmat sebagai Ketua Jabatan Polis Charleston semasa. Ketua Polis Charleston bekas adalah Reuben Greenberg, yang mengundurkan diri pada 12 Ogos 2005. Greenberg dikreditkan dengan mencipta pasukan polis yang sopan yang menjaga kepatuhan polisi dengan baik, meskipun ia mengembangkan kehadiran terlihat dalam kepolisian masyarakat dan pengurangan yang signifikan dalam kadar jenayah . <> Apakah jabatan polis terbesar di South Carolina? || Jabatan Polis Kota Charleston <> Berapa ramai pegawai polis yang mengawasi Jabatan Polis Charleston? || 27 <> Berapa ramai penduduk awam yang berkhidmat di Jabatan Polis Charleston? || 137 <> Siapa Ketua Jabatan Polis Charleston semasa? || Greg Mullen <> Tahun apa Reuben Greenberg bersara sebagai Ketua Jabatan Polis Charleston? || 2005", {"context": "The City of Charleston Police Department, with a total of 452 sworn officers, 137 civilians, and 27 reserve police officers, is South Carolina's largest police department. Their procedures on cracking down on drug use and gang violence in the city are used as models to other cities to do the same.[citation needed] According to the final 2005 FBI Crime Reports, Charleston crime level is worse than the national average in almost every major category. Greg Mullen, the former Deputy Chief of the Virginia Beach, Virginia Police Department, serves as the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department. The former Charleston police chief was Reuben Greenberg, who resigned August 12, 2005. Greenberg was credited with creating a polite police force that kept police brutality well in check, even as it developed a visible presence in community policing and a significant reduction in crime rates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The City of Charleston Police Department"}], "question": "What is the largest police department of South Carolina?", "id": "5730483ea23a5019007fd067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "27"}], "question": "How many reserve police officers do the Charleston Police Department have?", "id": "5730483ea23a5019007fd068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "137"}], "question": "How many civilians serve on the Charleston Police Department?", "id": "5730483ea23a5019007fd069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Greg Mullen"}], "question": "Who is the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department?", "id": "5730483ea23a5019007fd06a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year did Reuben Greenberg retire as Chief of Charleston Police Department?", "id": "5730483ea23a5019007fd06b"}]}], ["Charleston adalah pusat perubatan utama untuk bahagian timur negara. Bandar ini mempunyai beberapa hospital besar yang terletak di kawasan pusat bandar: Pusat Perubatan Universiti South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson Pusat Perubatan VA, dan Hospital Roper. MUSC adalah sekolah perubatan pertama negeri, universiti perubatan terbesar di negeri ini, dan sekolah perubatan berterusan keenam yang tertua di Amerika Syarikat. Daerah perubatan di bandar sedang mengalami pertumbuhan bioteknologi dan industri penyelidikan perubatan yang pesat ditambah dengan peningkatan besar semua hospital utama. Di samping itu, lebih banyak ekspanssi dirancang atau sedang dijalankan di hospital utama lain yang terletak di bahagian barat Ashley di bandar: Hospital Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier. Pusat Perubatan Serantau Trident yang terletak di Bandar Charleston Utara dan Pusat Perubatan Serantau East Cooper yang terletak di Mount Pleasant juga memenuhi keperluan penduduk bandar Charleston. <> Apakah sekolah kedokteran pertama negeri itu? || Pusat Perubatan Universiti Pusat Perubatan Carolina Selatan <> Di mana Pusat Perubatan Serantau East Cooper? || Mount Pleasant <> Di mana Pusat Perubatan Serantau Trident terletak? || City of North Charleston <> Hospital Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier terletak di bahagian apa bandar? || Bahagian Ashley Barat <> Daerah perubatan apakah yang mengalami pertumbuhan bioteknologi dan bidang penyelidikan perubatan? || Daerah perubatan di pusat bandar", {"context": "Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, and Roper Hospital. MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth-oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States. The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals. Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital. The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center"}], "question": "What is the state's first school of medicine?", "id": "57304973947a6a140053d3ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 904, "text": "Mount Pleasant"}], "question": "Where is East Cooper Regional Medical Center?", "id": "57304973947a6a140053d3af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "City of North Charleston"}], "question": "Where is the Trident Regional Medical Center is located?", "id": "57304973947a6a140053d3b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "West Ashley portion"}], "question": "Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital is located at what portion of the city?", "id": "57304973947a6a140053d3b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "The downtown medical district"}], "question": "What medical district is experiencing growth in biotechnology and medical research field?", "id": "57304973947a6a140053d3b2"}]}], ["Sebanyak lima kumpulan sedang dalam lawatan pada tahun 1920-an. The Jenkins Orphanage Band dimainkan di parade perdana Presiden Theodore Roosevelt dan William Taft dan melawat Amerika Syarikat dan Eropah. Band ini juga bermain di Broadway untuk bermain \"Porgy\" oleh DuBose dan Dorothy Heyward, versi tahap novel mereka dengan tajuk yang sama. Kisah itu berpusat di Charleston dan menampilkan komuniti Gullah. The Heywards berkeras menyewa Jenkins Orphanage Band sebenar untuk menggambarkan diri mereka di atas pentas. Hanya beberapa tahun kemudian, DuBose Heyward bekerjasama dengan George dan Ira Gershwin untuk mengalihkan novelnya ke opera yang kini terkenal, Porgy dan Bess (dinamakan supaya membezakannya daripada permainan). George Gershwin dan Heyward menghabiskan musim panas tahun 1934 di Folly Beach di luar Charleston menulis \"opera rakyat\" ini, seperti yang dipanggil Gershwin. Porgy dan Bess dianggap Opera Amerika Besar [rujukan?] Dan dilakukan secara meluas. <> Apa presiden lain yang bermain di Jenkins Orphanage selain daripada Taft? || Theodore Roosevelt <> Apa permainan bermain band Jenkins Orphanage di Broadway? || Porgy <> Apakah nama \"opera rakyat\" berdasarkan 'Porgy'? || Porgy dan Bess <> Di manakah Gershwin dan Heyward menulis opera kaum mereka? || Folly Beach di luar Charleston <> Bilakah Gershwin dan Heyward menulis opera kaum mereka? || musim panas tahun 1934", {"context": "As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe. The band also played on Broadway for the play \"Porgy\" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this \"folk opera\", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Theodore Roosevelt"}], "question": "What other president did the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft?", "id": "5730462ba23a5019007fd043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Porgy"}], "question": "What play did the Jenkins Orphanage band play for on Broadway ?", "id": "5730462ba23a5019007fd044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 824, "text": "Porgy and Bess"}], "question": "What was the name of the \"folk opera\" based on 'Porgy'?", "id": "5730462ba23a5019007fd045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "Folly Beach outside of Charleston"}], "question": "Where did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?", "id": "5730462ba23a5019007fd046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "summer of 1934"}], "question": "When did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?", "id": "5730462ba23a5019007fd047"}]}], ["Interstate 26 bermula di pusat bandar Charleston, dengan keluar ke Expressway Septima Clark, Jambatan Arthur Ravenel, Jr. dan Mesyuarat Jalan. Tajuk barat laut, ia menghubungkan kota ke Charleston Utara, Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Charleston, Interstate 95, dan Columbia. Jambatan Arthur Ravenel, Jr. dan Lebuhraya Septima Clark adalah sebahagian daripada A.S. Highway 17, yang mengembara ke timur-barat melalui bandaraya Charleston dan Mount Pleasant. Lebuh Raya Mark Clark, atau Interstate 526, adalah jalan pintas di sekitar bandar raya dan bermula dan berakhir di Lebuhraya A.S. 17. Lebuhraya A.S. A 52 adalah Jalan Mesyuarat dan jalannya adalah East Bay Street, yang menjadi Morrison Drive selepas meninggalkan bahagian timur. Lebuh raya ini menggabungkan dengan King Street di kawasan Leher (daerah perindustrian) di bandar ini. Lebuhraya A.S. 78 adalah King Street di kawasan pusat bandar, akhirnya bergabung dengan Mesyuarat Jalan. <> Kawasan apa di Charleston dianggap 'kawasan perindustrian'? || kawasan Leher di bandar <> Jalan raya apa Jalan King di pusat bandar Charleston? || Lebuhraya A.S. 78 <> Lebuhraya A.S. 78 menggabungkan dengan jalan apa? || Mesyuarat Jalan <> Interstate 526 bermula dan berakhir di Lebuhraya apa? || Jalan Raya A.S. 17 <> Interstate 26 bermula pada bahagian Charleston? || pusat bandar Charleston", {"context": "Interstate 26 begins in downtown Charleston, with exits to the Septima Clark Expressway, the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Meeting Street. Heading northwest, it connects the city to North Charleston, the Charleston International Airport, Interstate 95, and Columbia. The Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Septima Clark Expressway are part of U.S. Highway 17, which travels east-west through the cities of Charleston and Mount Pleasant. The Mark Clark Expressway, or Interstate 526, is the bypass around the city and begins and ends at U.S. Highway 17. U.S. Highway 52 is Meeting Street and its spur is East Bay Street, which becomes Morrison Drive after leaving the east side. This highway merges with King Street in the city's Neck area (industrial district). U.S. Highway 78 is King Street in the downtown area, eventually merging with Meeting Street.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "the city's Neck area"}], "question": "What area in Charleston is considered the 'industrial area'?", "id": "57304b80069b531400832009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 759, "text": "U.S. Highway 78"}], "question": "What highways is King Street in downtown Charleston?", "id": "57304b80069b53140083200a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "Meeting Street"}], "question": "U.S. Highway 78 merges with what street?", "id": "57304b80069b53140083200b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "U.S. Highway 17"}], "question": "Interstate 526 begins and ends at what Highway?", "id": "57304b80069b53140083200c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "downtown Charleston"}], "question": "Interstate 26 begins on what part of Charleston?", "id": "57304b80069b53140083200d"}]}], ["The Jenkins Orphanage telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1891 oleh Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins di Charleston. Rumah anak yatim menerima sumbangan alat muzik dan Rev. Jenkins mengupah ahli muzik tempatan Charleston dan Avery Institute Graduates untuk mengajar anak lelaki dalam muzik. Akibatnya, pemuzik Charleston menjadi mahir dalam pelbagai instrumen dan mampu membaca muzik dengan penuh kepakaran. Ciri-ciri ini menetapkan pemuzik Jenkins dan membantu menduduki sebahagian daripada mereka dalam kumpulan besar dengan Duke Ellington dan Count Basie. William \"Cat\" Anderson, Jabbo Smith, dan Freddie Green adalah beberapa daripada alumni dari band Jenkins Orphanage yang menjadi ahli muzik profesional di beberapa kumpulan terbaik hari ini. Rumah-rumah anak-anak yatim di seluruh negara mula membangunkan jalur tembaga selepas kejayaan Jenkins Orphanage Band. Di Band Brass Home Colour Waif di New Orleans, sebagai contoh, seorang pembantunya muda bernama Louis Armstrong mula mula menarik perhatian. <> Tahun apakah Jenkins Orphanage dibuat? || 1891 <> Apa jenis sumbangan yang diterima oleh Jerkins Orphanage? || derma alat muzik <> Apa yang Charleston Reverend menubuhkan Jenkins Orphanage? || Daniel J. Jenkins <> Yang graduan mengajar banyak anak lelaki dari Jenkins Orphanage? || Avery Institute Graduates <> Apa bandar Louis Armstrong? || New Orleans", {"context": "The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety of instruments and were able to read music expertly. These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie. William \"Cat\" Anderson, Jabbo Smith, and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni from the Jenkins Orphanage band who became professional musicians in some of the best bands of the day. Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success. At the Colored Waif's Home Brass Band in New Orleans, for example, a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first began to draw attention.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1891"}], "question": "What year was the Jenkins Orphanage created?", "id": "573044a204bcaa1900d7743f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "donations of musical instruments"}], "question": "What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept?", "id": "573044a204bcaa1900d77441"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Daniel J. Jenkins"}], "question": "What Charleston Reverend established the Jenkins Orphanage?", "id": "573044a204bcaa1900d77440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Avery Institute Graduates"}], "question": "Whose graduates tutored many boys from the Jenkins Orphanage?", "id": "573044a204bcaa1900d77442"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "New Orleans"}], "question": "What city was Louis Armstrong from?", "id": "573044a204bcaa1900d77443"}]}], ["Aksen Charleston tradisional telah lama diperhatikan di negeri dan di seluruh Selatan. Ia biasanya didengar di keluarga putih kaya yang mengesan keluarga mereka kembali generasi di bandar. Ia mempunyai vowels pertengahan atau monophthongal yang panjang, menimbulkan ay dan aw dalam persekitaran tertentu, dan tidak berkuasa. Sylvester Primer dari College of Charleston menulis mengenai aspek-aspek dialek tempatan pada karya-karya akhir abad ke-19: \"Charleston Provincialisms\" (1887) dan \"The Huguenot Element di Charleston's Provincialisms\", diterbitkan dalam jurnal Jerman. Dia percaya loghat itu didasarkan pada bahasa Inggeris seperti yang dituturkan oleh peneroka awal, oleh itu berasal dari Elizabethan England dan dipelihara dengan pengubahsuaian oleh penceramah Charleston. Yang cepat menghilangkan \"aksen Charleston\" masih dinyatakan dalam sebutan tempatan nama bandar itu. Sesetengah orang tua (dan biasanya kelas atas) orang asli Charleston mengabaikan 'r' dan memanjangkan vokal pertama, sebutan nama itu sebagai \"Chah-l-ston\". Sesetengah pemerhati menyifatkan ciri-ciri unik ini dari ucapan Charleston ke penempatan awal oleh Perancis Huguenots dan Yahudi Sephardic (yang kebanyakannya penutur bahasa Inggeris dari London), yang kedua-duanya memainkan peranan yang berpengaruh dalam pembangunan dan sejarah awal Charleston. Provincialisms \"telah diterbitkan dalam tahun berapa? || 1887 <> Kepada mana dua budaya awal adalah ciri unik aksen Charleston yang dikaitkan? || Huguenot Perancis dan Yahudi Sephardic <> Untuk kuliah yang mana Sylvester Primer tergolong? || Kolej Charleston <> Siapakah pengarang karya yang bertajuk, \"Unsur Huguenot di Wilayah Provinsi Charleston\"? || Sylvester Primer <> Jurnal jenis apa yang kerja Primer mengenai aksen Charleston diterbitkan? || Jurnal Jerman", {"context": "The traditional Charleston accent has long been noted in the state and throughout the South. It is typically heard in wealthy white families who trace their families back generations in the city. It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels, raises ay and aw in certain environments, and is nonrhotic. Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: \"Charleston Provincialisms\" (1887)  and \"The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms\", published in a German journal. He believed the accent was based on the English as it was spoken by the earliest settlers, therefore derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers. The rapidly disappearing \"Charleston accent\" is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name. Some elderly (and usually upper-class) Charleston natives ignore the 'r' and elongate the first vowel, pronouncing the name as \"Chah-l-ston\". Some observers attribute these unique features of Charleston's speech to its early settlement by French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews (who were primarily English speakers from London), both of whom played influential roles in Charleston's early development and history.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "1887"}], "question": "\"Charleston's Provincialisms\" was published in what year?", "id": "57304155a23a5019007fd015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1089, "text": "French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews"}], "question": "To which two early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston's accent attributed to?", "id": "57304155a23a5019007fd018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "College of Charleston"}], "question": "To which college did Sylvester Primer belong?", "id": "57304155a23a5019007fd017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Sylvester Primer"}], "question": "Who was the author of the work entitled, \"The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms\"?", "id": "57304155a23a5019007fd016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "German journal"}], "question": "What type of journal were Primer's work on Charleston's accent published?", "id": "57304155a23a5019007fd019"}]}], ["Selepas kekalahan Konfederasi, pasukan persekutuan kekal di Charleston semasa pembinaan semula bandar itu. Perang telah menghancurkan kesejahteraan kota antebellum. Hamba yang dibebaskan dihadapkan dengan kemiskinan dan diskriminasi, tetapi komuniti besar warna rakyat bebas telah ditubuhkan dengan baik di bandar sebelum perang dan menjadi pemimpin Partai Republikan selepas itu dan para penggubal undang-undangnya. Lelaki yang telah menjadi orang yang bebas warna sebelum perang terdiri daripada 26% daripada mereka yang dipilih ke negeri dan pejabat persekutuan di South Carolina dari 1868 hingga 1876. <Peratusan apa yang dipilih dari 1868 hingga 1876 adalah Freemen? || 26% <> Freeman menjadi pemimpin parti apa di Charleston? || selepas Parti Republikan <> Apa lagi yang dibebaskan oleh hamba di Charleston selepas perang diskriminasi? || kemiskinan <> Untuk apa pasukan tentera kekal di Charleston? || pembinaan semula bandar <> Sisi mana yang dikalahkan dalam perang sebelum Pembinaan semula? || Konfederasi", {"context": "After the defeat of the Confederacy, federal forces remained in Charleston during the city's reconstruction. The war had shattered the prosperity of the antebellum city. Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination, but a large community of free people of color had been well-established in the city before the war and became the leaders of the postwar Republican Party and its legislators. Men who had been free people of color before the war comprised 26% of those elected to state and federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "26%"}], "question": "What percentage of those elected from 1868 to 1876 were Freemen?", "id": "5730564e396df91900096092"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "postwar Republican Party"}], "question": "Freeman became the leaders of what party in Charleston?", "id": "5730564e396df91900096093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "poverty"}], "question": "What else did freed slaves face in postwar Charleston besides discrimination?", "id": "5730564e396df91900096094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "city's reconstruction"}], "question": "For what did the Federal forces remain in Charleston?", "id": "5730564e396df91900096095"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Confederacy"}], "question": "Which side was defeated in the war before Reconstruction?", "id": "5730564e396df91900096096"}]}], ["Jambatan Arthur Ravenel Jr. di Cooper River dibuka pada 16 Julai 2005, dan merupakan jambatan kabel terpanjang kedua di Amerika pada masa pembinaannya. [Rujukan?] Jambatan menghubungkan Mount Pleasant dengan pusat bandar Charleston, dan mempunyai lapan lorong ditambah lorong 12 kaki yang dikongsi oleh pejalan kaki dan basikal. Ia menggantikan Grace Memorial Bridge (dibina pada tahun 1929) dan Silas N. Pearman Bridge (dibina pada tahun 1966). Mereka dianggap dua jambatan yang lebih berbahaya di Amerika dan dibongkar selepas Jambatan Ravenel dibuka. <> Tahun apakah Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge dibuka? || 2005 <> Apa yang dikaitkan dengan pusat bandar Charleston oleh jambatan? || Mount Pleasant <> Tahun apakah Jambatan Grace Memorial dibina? || 1929 <> Tahun apakah Jambatan Silas N. Pearman dibina? || 1966 <> Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge melintasi sungai apa? || Sungai Cooper", {"context": "The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge across the Cooper River opened on July 16, 2005, and was the second-longest cable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction.[citation needed] The bridge links Mount Pleasant with downtown Charleston, and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicycles. It replaced the Grace Memorial Bridge (built in 1929) and the Silas N. Pearman Bridge (built in 1966). They were considered two of the more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished after the Ravenel Bridge opened.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year did the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge open?", "id": "57304c812461fd1900a9ccfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Mount Pleasant"}], "question": "What is linked to downtown Charleston by the bridge?", "id": "57304c812461fd1900a9ccfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "1929"}], "question": "What year was the Grace Memorial Bridge built?", "id": "57304c812461fd1900a9ccfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "1966"}], "question": "What year was the Silas N. Pearman Bridge built?", "id": "57304c812461fd1900a9ccfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Cooper River"}], "question": "The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge crosses what river?", "id": "57304c812461fd1900a9ccff"}]}], ["Charleston mempunyai satu bandar perkuburan rasmi, Spoleto, Umbria, Itali. Hubungan antara kedua-dua bandar itu bermula ketika komposer Itali yang memenangi Hadiah Pulitzer Gian Carlo Menotti memilih Charleston sebagai bandar untuk menjadi tuan rumah versi Amerika dari Festival Dua Dunia Spoleto. \"Mencari bandar yang akan memberikan pesona Spoleto, serta kekayaan teater, gereja-gereja, dan ruang persembahan lain, mereka memilih Charleston, South Carolina, sebagai lokasi yang ideal. Bandar bersejarah ini memberikan kesesuaian yang sempurna: cukup intim bahawa Festival akan memikat seluruh bandar, namun kosmopolitan cukup untuk menyediakan penonton yang bersemangat dan infrastruktur yang mantap. \" <> Apakah nama bandar kakak Charleston itu? || Spoleto <> Di negara mana Spoleto terletak? || Itali <> Siapa yang memilih Charleston untuk menjadi tuan rumah versi Amerika perayaan? || Gian Carlo Menotti <> Apakah nama perayaan yang diadakan di Spoleto? || Festival Dua Dunia <> Apakah profesi Gian Carlo Menotti? || komposer", {"context": "Charleston has one official sister city, Spoleto, Umbria, Italy. The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds. \"Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto, as well as its wealth of theaters, churches, and other performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carolina, as the ideal location. The historic city provided a perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Spoleto"}], "question": "What is the name of Charleston's sister city?", "id": "573051b9069b53140083203f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "In what country is Spoleto located?", "id": "573051b9069b531400832040"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Gian Carlo Menotti"}], "question": "Who selected Charleston to host an American version of a festival?", "id": "573051b9069b531400832041"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Festival of Two Worlds"}], "question": "What is the name of festival held in Spoleto?", "id": "573051b9069b531400832042"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "composer"}], "question": "What is the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?", "id": "573051b9069b531400832043"}]}], ["Menjelang tahun 1840, Market Hall dan Sheds, di mana daging dan hasil segar dibawa setiap hari, menjadi hab aktiviti komersil. Perdagangan hamba juga bergantung pada pelabuhan Charleston, di mana kapal boleh dibongkar dan hamba-hamba dibeli dan dijual. Pengimportan undang-undang hamba Afrika telah berakhir pada 1808, walaupun penyeludupan adalah penting. Walau bagaimanapun, perdagangan domestik berkembang pesat. Lebih dari satu juta budak diangkut dari Upper South hingga Deep South pada tahun-tahun antebellum, kerana tanaman kapas berkembang secara meluas melalui apa yang dikenali sebagai Belt Hitam. Banyak hamba diangkut dalam perdagangan hamba di pantai, dengan kapal hamba berhenti di pelabuhan seperti Charleston. <> Industri apa yang bergantung kepada pelabuhan Charleston? || Perdagangan hamba <> Di mana makanan segar dijual setiap hari di Charleston pada tahun 1840? || Dewan Pasar dan Gudang <> Tahun apakah pengimport undang-undang hamba berakhir? || 1808 <> Kawasan di mana tumbuh-tumbuhan kapas telah dibangunkan dikenali sebagai apa? || Black Belt <> Dalam era apakah satu juta hamba mendapat perdagangan di seluruh Selatan? || dalam tahun-tahun antebellum", {"context": "By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "The slave trade"}], "question": "What industry depended on the port of Charleston?", "id": "573054fb396df91900096088"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "the Market Hall and Sheds"}], "question": "Where was  fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?", "id": "573054fb396df91900096089"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "1808"}], "question": "What year did the legal importation of slaves end?", "id": "573054fb396df9190009608a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "Black Belt"}], "question": "The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what?", "id": "573054fb396df9190009608b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "in the antebellum years"}], "question": "In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South?", "id": "573054fb396df9190009608c"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh ini, Stesen Senjata adalah pangkalan beban Atlantik Atlantik bagi semua kapal selam peluru berpandu balistik nuklear. Dua skuadron SSBN \"Boomer\" dan tender kapal selam ditugaskan di Stesen Senjata, manakala satu skuadron serangan SSN, Skuadron Submarine 4, dan tender kapal selam ditugaskan di Pangkalan Angkatan Laut. Pada penutupan 1996 Polaris Rudal Kemudahan Atlantik (POMFLANT), lebih daripada 2,500 kepala peledak nuklear dan Polaris UGM-27 mereka, UGM-73 Poseidon dan peluru berpandu UDM-96 Trident I (SLBM) disimpan dan dikekalkan, dijaga oleh Syarikat keselamatan pasukan Marin Amerika Syarikat. <> Tahun berapa ialah stesen Atlantik Kemudahan Polaris Atlantik ditutup? || 1996 <> Berapa banyak kepala peluru nuklear disimpan di stesen Atlantik Kemudahan Polaris Rudal? || 2,500 kepala peluru nuklear nuklear <> Berapa banyak skuadron SSBN \"Boomer\" di rumah di Stesen Senjata? || Dua <> Skuadron Submarine 4 diasingkan di mana jenis pangkalan tentera? || Pangkalan Tentera Laut <> Apakah jenis pasukan keselamatan yang melindungi 250 kepala peledak nuklear? || sebuah syarikat sekuriti Corp Marine Corps.", {"context": "During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic Fleet's loadout base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Two SSBN \"Boomer\" squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station, while one SSN attack squadron, Submarine Squadron 4, and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval Base. At the 1996 closure of the station's Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic (POMFLANT), over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their UGM-27 Polaris, UGM-73 Poseidon, and UGM-96 Trident I delivery missiles (SLBM) were stored and maintained, guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "1996"}], "question": "What year was the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station closed?", "id": "573051c18ab72b1400f9c45a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "2,500 nuclear warheads"}], "question": "How many nuclear warheads were stored at the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station?", "id": "573051c18ab72b1400f9c45b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many SSBN \"Boomer\" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station?", "id": "573051c18ab72b1400f9c45c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Naval Base"}], "question": "Submarine Squadron 4 is homeported at what type of military base?", "id": "573051c18ab72b1400f9c45d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "a U.S. Marine Corps security force company."}], "question": "What type of security force guards the 2500 nuclear warheads?", "id": "573051c18ab72b1400f9c45e"}]}], ["Diocese Roman Catholic of Charleston Office of Education juga beroperasi di luar kota dan mengawasi beberapa sekolah kekuasaan K-8, seperti Sekolah Sakramen Suci, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, School of Nativity, dan School of Redeemer, yang semuanya adalah sekolah \"pengumpan\" ke Bishop England High School, sekolah tinggi keuskupan di dalam bandar. Bishop England, Sekolah Porter-Gaud, dan Ashley Hall adalah sekolah swasta tertua dan paling terkenal di bandar ini, dan merupakan sebahagian besar daripada sejarah Charleston, sejak 150 tahun yang lalu. <> Beberapa sekolah swasta tertua di Charleston tarikh berapa lama? || 150 tahun <> Keuskupan Roman Katolik Charleston mengawasi jenis sekolah apa? || K-8 sekolah paroki <> Berapa lama beberapa sekolah swasta Charleston? || 150 tahun <> Sekolah manakah sekolah tinggi keuskupan Charleston? || Bishop England High School <> Organisasi mana yang mengawasi beberapa Sekolah Paroki K-8? || Keuskupan Roman Katolik Charleston Pejabat Pendidikan <> Uskup Sekolah Menengah England, Porter-Gaud School dan apa sekolah yang lain di antara sekolah swasta Charleston yang paling menonjol? || Ashley Hall", {"context": "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Nativity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are \"feeder\" schools into Bishop England High School, a diocesan high school within the city. Bishop England, Porter-Gaud School, and Ashley Hall are the city's oldest and most prominent private schools, and are a significant part of Charleston history, dating back some 150 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "150 years"}], "question": "Some of the oldest private schools in Charleston date back how long?", "id": "57304d34069b531400832023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "K-8 parochial schools"}], "question": "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston oversees what kind of schools?", "id": "57304d34069b531400832024"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "150 years"}], "question": "How old are some of Charleston's private school?", "id": "57304e4b069b531400832037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Bishop England High School"}], "question": "Which school is Charleston's diocesan high school?", "id": "57304e4b069b531400832038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education"}], "question": "Which organization oversees several K-8 Parochial Schools?", "id": "57304e4b069b531400832039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Ashley Hall"}], "question": "Bishop England High school , Porter-Gaud School and a what other school is among Charleston's most prominent private schools?", "id": "57304e4b069b53140083203a"}]}], ["Institusi pendidikan tinggi di Charleston termasuk Kolej Charleston (universiti tertua di dunia), The Citadel, Kolej Ketenteraan Carolina Selatan, dan Universiti Perubatan Carolina Selatan. Bandar ini juga menjadi rumah kepada universiti swasta, termasuk Sekolah Undang-undang Charleston. Charleston juga adalah rumah kepada Roper Hospital Sekolah Praktikal Kejururawatan, dan bandar ini mempunyai kampus satelit pusat bandar untuk sekolah teknikal di rantau ini, Trident Technical College. Charleston juga merupakan lokasi untuk satu-satunya kolej di negara ini yang menawarkan ijazah sarjana muda dalam seni bangunan, The American College of the Arts Building. Institut Seni Charleston, yang terletak di pusat bandar di North Market Street, dibuka pada tahun 2007. <> Apa universiti tertua di negara ini? || Kolej Charleston <> Di mana Art Institute of Charleston terletak? || di pusat bandar di North Market Street <> Tahun berapakah Institut Seni Charleston dibuka? || 2007 <> Apa Charleston College menawarkan ijazah dalam Bangunan Seni? || Kolej Amerika Seni Bangunan <> Kolej Teknikal apa yang mempunyai kampus di pusat bandar Charleston? || Trident Technical College", {"context": "Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston (the nation's 13th-oldest university), The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, and the Medical University of South Carolina. The city is also home to private universities, including the Charleston School of Law . Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing, and the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region's technical school, Trident Technical College. Charleston is also the location for the only college in the country that offers bachelor's degrees in the building arts, The American College of the Building Arts. The Art Institute of Charleston, located downtown on North Market Street, opened in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "College of Charleston"}], "question": "What is the nation's 13th-oldest university?", "id": "57304f4f8ab72b1400f9c424"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "downtown on North Market Street"}], "question": "Where is the Art Institute of Charleston located?", "id": "57304f4f8ab72b1400f9c425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "2007"}], "question": "What year did the Art institute of Charleston open?", "id": "57304f4f8ab72b1400f9c426"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "The American College of the Building Arts"}], "question": "What Charleston College offers a degree in Building Arts?", "id": "57304f4f8ab72b1400f9c427"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Trident Technical College"}], "question": "What Technical college have a campus at downtown Charleston?", "id": "57304f4f8ab72b1400f9c428"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1832, South Carolina meluluskan suatu peraturan pembatalan, suatu prosedur yang mana suatu negara boleh, secara efektif, memansuhkan undang-undang persekutuan; ia ditujukan terhadap tindakan tarif yang paling terkini. Tidak lama kemudian, tentera persekutuan telah dibebaskan ke kubu Charleston, dan lima pemotong Pengawal Pantai Amerika Syarikat terpencil ke Charleston Harbour \"untuk mengambil alih mana-mana kapal yang tiba dari pelabuhan asing, dan mempertahankannya terhadap apa-apa percubaan untuk melupuskan Pegawai Kastam jagaannya sehingga semua kehendak undang-undang telah dipatuhi. \" Tindakan persekutuan ini dikenali sebagai kejadian Charleston. Ahli-ahli politik negeri bekerja pada undang-undang kompromi di Washington untuk mengurangkan tarif secara beransur-ansur. <> Tahun berapakah South Carolina meluluskan undang-undang yang membenarkan mereka memansuhkan Undang-undang Persekutuan? || 1832 <> Selepas South Carolina meluluskan peraturan pembatalan, yang dihantar ke kubu Charleston? || tentera persekutuan <> Selepas South Carolina meluluskan peraturan pembatalan, yang dihantar ke Charleston Harbour? || lima pemotong Pengawal Pantai Amerika Syarikat <> Tindakan persekutuan menghantar tentera ke Charleston pada tahun 1832 dikenali sebagai apa? || insiden Charleston <> Undang-undang kompromi daripada ahli politik negeri mencapai apa? || di Washington untuk mengurangkan tarif secara beransur-ansur", {"context": "In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts. Soon, federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor \"to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with.\" This federal action became known as the Charleston incident. The state's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1832"}], "question": "What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?", "id": "573053c88ab72b1400f9c464"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "federal soldiers"}], "question": "After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?", "id": "573053c88ab72b1400f9c465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "five United States Coast Guard cutters"}], "question": "After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston Harbor?", "id": "573053c88ab72b1400f9c466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "the Charleston incident"}], "question": "The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1832 is known as what?", "id": "573053c88ab72b1400f9c467"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs"}], "question": "A compromise law from the state politicans achieved what?", "id": "573053c88ab72b1400f9c468"}]}]], [["Orang-orang Rom suka warna-warna cerah, dan banyak villa Roman dihiasi dengan mural berwarna merah terang. Pigmen yang digunakan untuk banyak mural itu dipanggil vermilion, dan ia berasal dari cinnabar mineral, bijih raksa biasa. Ia adalah salah satu warna merah zaman purba - lukisan telah mengekalkan kecerahan mereka selama lebih dari dua puluh abad. Sumber cinnabar untuk Rom adalah kumpulan lombong berhampiran Almad\u00e9n, barat daya Madrid, di Spanyol. Bekerja di lombong amat berbahaya, kerana merkuri sangat toksik; pelombong adalah budak atau tahanan, dan dihantar ke lombong cinnabar adalah hukuman mati maya. <> Apakah pigmen yang digunakan untuk mengecat villa di Rom purba? || vermilion <> Dari mana vermilion berasal? || cinnabar mineral <> Cinnabar adalah bijih logam apa? || merkuri <> Lombong apa yang digunakan oleh Romans untuk memperoleh cinnabar? || Almad\u00e9n, barat daya Madrid, di Sepanyol <> Bersama dengan hamba, yang dihantar untuk bekerja di lombong cinnabar di Rom? || tahanan", {"context": "The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times \u2013 the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almad\u00e9n, southwest of Madrid, in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "vermilion"}], "question": "What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome?", "id": "57312c6005b4da19006bce36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "the mineral cinnabar"}], "question": "From where did vermilion originate?", "id": "57312c6005b4da19006bce37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "mercury"}], "question": "Cinnabar is an ore of what metal?", "id": "57312c6005b4da19006bce38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Almad\u00e9n, southwest of Madrid, in Spain"}], "question": "What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar?", "id": "57312c6005b4da19006bce39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "prisoners"}], "question": "Along with slaves, who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome?", "id": "57312c6005b4da19006bce3a"}]}], ["Tetapi, seperti banyak warna, ia juga mempunyai persatuan negatif, dengan panas, kemusnahan dan kejahatan. Doa kepada tuhan Isis berkata: \"Oh Isis, lindungi saya dari semua perkara yang jahat dan merah.\" Orang Mesir kuno mula membuat pigmen perkilangan sekitar 4000 SM. Ocher merah digunakan secara meluas sebagai pigmen untuk lukisan dinding, terutamanya sebagai warna kulit lelaki. Palet pelukis gading yang terdapat di dalam makam Raja Tutankhamun mempunyai petak-petak kecil dengan warna-warna ocher merah dan lima warna lain. Orang Mesir menggunakan akar rubia, atau tumbuhan madder, untuk membuat pewarna, kemudian dikenali sebagai alizarin, dan juga menggunakannya untuk memancarkan warna putih untuk digunakan sebagai pigmen, yang dikenali sebagai tasik madder, alizarin atau alizarin merah. <> Bilakah orang Mesir mula membuat pigmen merah? || 4000 SM <> Apakah pigmen yang digunakan untuk nada kulit lelaki dalam seni dinding purba? || Ocher merah <> Apakah akar yang digunakan oleh orang Mesir untuk memancarkan alizarin pigmen merah mereka? || the rubia <> Apa warna yang digunakan oleh orang Mesir menggunakan tumbuhan madder? || alizarin <> Apa jenis palet yang terdapat dalam makam Tutankhamun? || palet pelukis gading", {"context": "But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: \"Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red.\" The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "4000 BC"}], "question": "When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?", "id": "57312a8e05b4da19006bce18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Red ochre"}], "question": "What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?", "id": "57312a8e05b4da19006bce19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "the rubia"}], "question": "What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?", "id": "57312a8e05b4da19006bce1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "alizarin"}], "question": "What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?", "id": "57312a8e05b4da19006bce1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "ivory painter's palette"}], "question": "What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?", "id": "57312a8e05b4da19006bce1b"}]}], ["Pewarna merah dipanggil Kermes dibuat bermula pada Tempoh Neolitik oleh pengeringan dan kemudian menghancurkan mayat betina dari serangga skala kecil dalam genus Kermes, terutamanya Kermes vermilio. Serangga hidup di sap pokok tertentu, terutamanya pokok oak Kermes berhampiran kawasan Mediterranean. Jar kermes telah ditemui dalam pengebumian gua Neolitik di Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rh\u00f4ne. Kermes dari pokok oak kemudiannya digunakan oleh orang Rom, yang mengimportnya dari Sepanyol. Pelbagai jenis pewarna dibuat dari serangga skala Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenia cochineal) yang hidup di akar dan batang tumbuhan tertentu. Ia telah disebutkan dalam teks seawal abad ke-8 SM, dan ia digunakan oleh Asyur dan Persia kuno. <> Dalam tempoh berapa orang menggunakan Kermes vermilio untuk membuat pewarna merah? || Tempoh Neolitik <> Apa yang dimakan Kermes vermilio untuk bertahan hidup? || sap pokok pokok, terutamanya pokok oak Kermes <> Dari manakah Roma memperoleh Kermes? || Sepanyol <> Apa jenis bural di Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rh\u00f4ne? || Pengebumian gua Neolitik <> Apakah tulisan awal yang diketahui tentang pewarna dari kokleus Aermenian? || Abad ke-8 SM", {"context": "A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rh\u00f4ne. Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Neolithic Period"}], "question": "During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?", "id": "5731260ea5e9cc1400cdbca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees"}], "question": "What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?", "id": "5731260ea5e9cc1400cdbca4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "From where did Romans acquire Kermes?", "id": "5731260ea5e9cc1400cdbca5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Neolithic cave-burial"}], "question": "What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rh\u00f4ne?", "id": "5731260ea5e9cc1400cdbca6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "8th century BC"}], "question": "What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?", "id": "5731260ea5e9cc1400cdbca7"}]}], ["Secara semula jadi, warna merah darah berasal dari hemoglobin, protein yang mengandungi besi yang terdapat di sel darah merah semua vertebrata. Warna merah Grand Canyon dan ciri-ciri geologi yang lain disebabkan oleh hematit atau ocher merah, kedua-dua bentuk besi oksida. Ia juga menyebabkan warna merah planet Marikh. Langit merah pada waktu matahari terbenam dan matahari terbit disebabkan oleh kesan optik yang dikenali sebagai penyebaran Rayleigh, yang, ketika matahari rendah atau di bawah ufuk, meningkatkan cahaya panjang gelombang merah yang mencapai mata. Warna daun musim gugur disebabkan oleh pigmen yang dipanggil anthocyanin, yang dihasilkan menjelang akhir musim panas, apabila klorofil hijau tidak lagi dihasilkan. Satu hingga dua peratus daripada populasi manusia mempunyai rambut merah; warna dihasilkan oleh paras pheomelanin pigmen yang berwarna merah (yang juga menyumbang warna merah bibir) dan tahap eumelanin pigmen gelap yang agak rendah. <> Dari manakah warna merah dalam darah berasal? || hemoglobin <> Apa kandungan hemoglobin? || besi <> Apa yang menyebabkan warna hematit dan ocher merah? || besi oksida <> Mengapa langit bertukar merah pada waktu malam? || Pewarnaan Rayleigh <> Pigmen apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk warna daun jatuh? || antosianin", {"context": "In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "hemoglobin"}], "question": "From where does the color red in blood come from?", "id": "57312435497a881900248ba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "iron"}], "question": "What does hemoglobin contain?", "id": "57312435497a881900248ba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "iron oxide"}], "question": "What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?", "id": "57312435497a881900248ba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Rayleigh scattering"}], "question": "Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?", "id": "57312435497a881900248ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "anthocyanins"}], "question": "What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?", "id": "57312435497a881900248ba5"}]}], ["Red adalah warna bendera empayar Byzantine. Di Eropah Barat, Maharaja Charlemagne melukis istana merahnya sebagai lambang kekuasaannya, dan memakai kasut merah pada penobatannya. Raja-raja, putera-putera dan, bermula pada 1295, kardinal Romawi Katolik mula memakai pakaian merah. Apabila Abbe Suger membina semula Saint Denis Basilica di luar Paris pada awal abad ke-12, ia menambah tingkap kaca berwarna berwarna berwarna kobalt dan kaca berwarna merah dengan tembaga. Bersama-sama mereka membanjiri Basilika dengan cahaya mistis. Tidak lama lagi tingkap kaca berwarna telah ditambahkan ke katedral di seluruh Perancis, England dan Jerman. Dalam lukisan merah zaman pertengahan digunakan untuk menarik perhatian kepada tokoh yang paling penting; kedua-dua Kristus dan Perawan Maria biasanya dicat memakai mantel merah. <> Maharaja Eropah mana yang dicat merah istana mereka? || Maharaja Charlemagne <> Pada tahun apakah kardinal di gereja Katolik Roman mula memakai merah? || 1295 <> Bilakah Benteng Saint Denis dibina semula? || Abad ke-12 <> Siapa yang membina semula basilica Saint Denis? || Abbe Suger <> Kristus dan yang mana tokoh Kristian lain sering dicat merah dalam lukisan abad pertengahan? || Virgin Mary", {"context": "Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Emperor Charlemagne"}], "question": "Which European emperor painted their palace red?", "id": "57312d2a05b4da19006bce4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "1295"}], "question": "In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?", "id": "57312d2a05b4da19006bce4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "12th century"}], "question": "When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?", "id": "57312d2a05b4da19006bce4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Abbe Suger"}], "question": "Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?", "id": "57312d2a05b4da19006bce4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "Virgin Mary"}], "question": "Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?", "id": "57312d2a05b4da19006bce4e"}]}], ["Red memainkan peranan penting dalam falsafah Cina. Diyakini bahawa dunia terdiri daripada lima unsur: logam, kayu, air, api dan bumi, dan masing-masing mempunyai warna. Merah dikaitkan dengan api. Setiap Maharaja memilih warna yang dipercayai oleh para peramalnya akan membawa kemakmuran dan kekayaan yang baik kepada pemerintahannya. Semasa Zhou, Han, Jin, Song dan Dinasti Ming, merah dianggap sebagai warna yang mulia, dan ia dipaparkan dalam semua upacara pengadilan, dari coronation to offering sacrifices, dan perkahwinan. <> Berapa banyak unsur yang difikirkan oleh ahli falsafah Cina yang dibuat oleh dunia? || lima <> Apa unsur merah yang berkaitan dengan falsafah Cina? || api <> di luar kebakaran dan bumi, apa tiga unsur lain yang dikatakan oleh ahli falsafah cina dunia terdiri daripada? || logam, kayu, air <> Pada zaman dinasti Han di mana satu akan halus warna Merah? || semua upacara pengadilan <> Pada zaman Dinasti Ming seseorang akan menemukan warna apa yang digunakan semasa persembahan korban? || Merah", {"context": "Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign. During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacrificial offerings, and weddings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?", "id": "5731314305b4da19006bce74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "fire"}], "question": "What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?", "id": "5731314305b4da19006bce75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "metal, wood, water"}], "question": "Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from?", "id": "5731314305b4da19006bce78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "all court ceremonies"}], "question": "At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?", "id": "5731314305b4da19006bce76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Red"}], "question": "In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings?", "id": "5731314305b4da19006bce77"}]}], ["Merah adalah warna pada akhir spektrum cahaya yang kelihatan di sebelah oren dan bertentangan dengan ungu. Warna merah mempunyai panjang gelombang cahaya yang berketumpatan kira-kira 620-740 nanometer. Merah adalah salah satu warna utama cahaya tambahan yang boleh dilihat, bersama-sama dengan hijau dan biru, di mana sistem warna Red Green Blue (RGB) digabungkan untuk mencipta semua warna pada monitor komputer atau skrin televisyen. Merah juga merupakan salah satu warna utama subtraktif, bersama dengan warna kuning dan biru, ruang warna RYB dan roda warna tradisional yang digunakan oleh pelukis dan artis. <> Merah bertentangan dengan warna spektrum? || ungu <> Yang dua warna selain merah membentuk sistem warna RGB? || Hijau Biru <> Warna mana yang berwarna merah bersebelahan dengan spektrum cahaya yang kelihatan? || oren <> Berapa banyak nanometer mempunyai warna merah? || kira-kira 620-740 <> Warna mana yang digabungkan untuk membuat semua warna lain? || Red Green Blue <> Apakah spektrum cahaya merah dalam? || cahaya yang kelihatan <> Warna mana yang bertentangan dengan warna merah pada spektrum yang kelihatan? || ungu <> Pada spektrum cahaya, di mana merah dijumpai? || 620-740 nanometers <> Apa warna di sebelah merah dalam spektrum cahaya yang boleh dilihat? || oren <> Merah Kuning dan Biru adalah jenis warna apa? || warna primer subtraktif", {"context": "Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620\u2013740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors, along with yellow and blue, of the RYB color space and traditional color wheel used by painters and artists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "violet"}], "question": "Red is opposite what color of the spectrum?", "id": "572e889acb0c0d14000f1262"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Green Blue"}], "question": "Which two colors besides red make up the RGB color system?", "id": "572e889acb0c0d14000f1263"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "orange"}], "question": "Which color is red next to on the spectrum of visible light?", "id": "572e889acb0c0d14000f1264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "roughly 620\u2013740"}], "question": "How many nanometres does red have?", "id": "572e889acb0c0d14000f1265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Red Green Blue"}], "question": "Which colors are combined to make all other colors? ", "id": "572e889acb0c0d14000f1266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "visible light"}], "question": "What spectrum of light is red within?", "id": "57312320a5e9cc1400cdbc85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "violet"}], "question": "Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum?", "id": "57312320a5e9cc1400cdbc86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "620\u2013740 nanometres"}], "question": "On the spectrum of light, where is red found?", "id": "57312320a5e9cc1400cdbc87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "orange"}], "question": "What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light?", "id": "57312320a5e9cc1400cdbc88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "subtractive primary colors"}], "question": "Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors?", "id": "57312320a5e9cc1400cdbc89"}]}], ["Kermes juga disebutkan dalam Alkitab. Dalam Kitab Keluaran, Tuhan memerintahkan Musa supaya orang Israel membawakannya sebagai persembahan termasuk kain \"biru, ungu, dan kirmizi.\" Istilah yang digunakan untuk kardus pada abad ke-4 versi Latin Vulgate dari petikan Alkitab adalah coccumque bis tinctum, yang bermaksud \"berwarna dua kali dengan coccus.\" Coccus, dari Kokkos Yunani kuno, bermaksud bijian kecil dan istilah yang digunakan pada zaman kuno untuk serangga Kermes vermilio yang digunakan untuk membuat pewarna Kermes. Ini juga berasal daripada ungkapan \"dicelup di dalam bijian.\" <> Di manakah buku Bible apakah Tuhan merujuk kepada hadiah Blue Purple and Scarlet? || Buku Keluaran <> Apa yang diterjemahkan coccumque bis tinctum dalam bahasa inggeris? || berwarna dua kali dengan coccus <> Dalam bahasa Yunani purba, apa yang disebut coccus? || Kokkos <> Apa maksud Kokkos dalam bahasa inggeris? || gandum kecil <> Dalam abad apa yang digunakan oleh latin vulgate bible menggunakan istilah coccumque bis tinctum? || Abad ke-4", {"context": "Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth \"of blue, and purple, and scarlet.\" The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning \"colored twice with coccus.\" Coccus, from the ancient Greek Kokkos, means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye. This was also the origin of the expression \"dyed in the grain.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "the Book of Exodus"}], "question": "In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet?", "id": "57312968a5e9cc1400cdbcb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "colored twice with coccus"}], "question": "What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?", "id": "57312968a5e9cc1400cdbcb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Kokkos"}], "question": "In ancient greek, what is coccus referred to as?", "id": "57312968a5e9cc1400cdbcb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "a tiny grain"}], "question": "What does Kokkos mean in english?", "id": "57312968a5e9cc1400cdbcba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "4th century"}], "question": "In what century did the latin vulgate bible use the term coccumque bis tinctum?", "id": "57312968a5e9cc1400cdbcbb"}]}], ["Di Rom Purba, ungu Tyrian adalah warna Kaisar, tetapi merah mempunyai simbolisme agama yang penting. Rom memakai togas dengan jalur merah pada hari cuti, dan pengantin perempuan pada majlis perkahwinan memakai selendang merah, yang dipanggil flammeum. Merah digunakan untuk mewarnai patung-patung dan kulit gladiator. Merah juga warna yang berkaitan dengan tentera; Tentera Rom memakai baju merah, dan para pegawai memakai jubah yang dipanggil paludamentum yang, bergantung pada kualiti pewarna, boleh menjadi merah, merah atau ungu. Dalam mitologi Roman merah dikaitkan dengan tuhan perang, Marikh. The vexilloid Empayar Rom mempunyai latar belakang merah dengan huruf SPQR dalam emas. Seorang jeneral Rom yang menerima kemenangan telah melukiskan seluruh tubuhnya untuk menghargai pencapaiannya. <> Warna mana yang dikatakan warna Kaisar di Rom kuno? || Tyrian ungu <> Pada masa itu, togas dengan merah dipakai oleh orang Rom? || cuti <> Apakah flammeum? || selendang merah <> Warna apa yang kaitan dengan Tentera di Rom kuno? || Merah <> Selepas peristiwa apakah seorang jeneral tentera Rom dilukis merah? || kemenangan", {"context": "In Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called a paludamentum which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, scarlet or purple. In Roman mythology red is associated with the god of war, Mars. The vexilloid of the Roman Empire had a red background with the letters SPQR in gold. A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Tyrian purple"}], "question": "Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome?", "id": "57312bcd05b4da19006bce2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "holidays"}], "question": "At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans?", "id": "57312bcd05b4da19006bce2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "a red shawl"}], "question": "What is a flammeum?", "id": "57312bcd05b4da19006bce2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Red"}], "question": "What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome?", "id": "57312bcd05b4da19006bce2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "triumph"}], "question": "After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?", "id": "57312bcd05b4da19006bce30"}]}], ["Pakaian merah adalah tanda status dan kekayaan. Ia dipakai bukan sahaja oleh kardinal dan putera, tetapi juga oleh peniaga, tukang dan penduduk bandar, terutama pada hari cuti atau majlis-majlis khas. Pewarna merah untuk pakaian orang biasa dibuat dari akar rubia tinctorum, tumbuhan madder. Warna ini bersandar kepada bata-merah, dan pudar dengan mudah di bawah sinar matahari atau semasa mencuci. Orang kaya dan bangsawan memakai pakaian merah yang dicelup dengan kermes, atau karmas, yang terbuat dari asid karminik pada serangga skala kecil wanita, yang hidup di atas daun pohon ek di Eropa Timur dan di sekitar Mediterranean. Serangga telah dikumpulkan, dikeringkan, dihancurkan, dan direbus dengan bahan-bahan yang berbeza dalam proses yang panjang dan rumit, yang menghasilkan kain merah yang cemerlang. <> Status apakah yang memakai merah pada zaman pertengahan? || kekayaan <> Pada kesempatan apakah penduduk bandar memakai merah? || cuti <> Apa akar yang digunakan untuk pakaian merah yang dimiliki oleh rakyat biasa? || rubia tinctorum <> Di luar paparan sinar matahari dalam keadaan apa yang dibuat pigmen yang dibuat daripada rubia tinctorum pudar? || semasa mencuci <> Apa yang dibuat oleh carmine? || asid karminik dalam serangga skala kecil wanita", {"context": "Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color leaned toward brick-red, and faded easily in the sun or during washing. The wealthy and aristocrats wore scarlet clothing dyed with kermes, or carmine, made from the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects, which lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean. The insects were gathered, dried, crushed, and boiled with different ingredients in a long and complicated process, which produced a brilliant scarlet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "wealth"}], "question": "What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent?", "id": "57312dde05b4da19006bce54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "holidays"}], "question": "On what occasion would townspeople wear red?", "id": "57312dde05b4da19006bce55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "rubia tinctorum"}], "question": "What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners?", "id": "57312dde05b4da19006bce56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "during washing"}], "question": "Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade?", "id": "57312dde05b4da19006bce57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects"}], "question": "What was carmine made from?", "id": "57312dde05b4da19006bce58"}]}], ["Red juga merupakan lencana pangkat. Semasa dinasti Song (906-1279), pegawai tiga pangkat teratas memakai pakaian ungu; orang-orang yang keempat dan kelima memakai merah cerah; orang-orang dari keenam dan ketujuh memakai hijau; dan kelapan dan kesembilan memakai biru. Merah adalah warna yang dipakai oleh penjaga diraja kehormatan, dan warna gerabak keluarga imperialis. Apabila keluarga imperialis mengembara, pegawai dan pegawai yang mengiringi membawa payung merah dan ungu. Daripada seorang pegawai yang mempunyai bakat dan cita-cita, dikatakan \"dia begitu merah dia menjadi ungu.\" <> Selama tahun berapa dinasti Song? || 906-1279 <> Bilangan pangkat yang memakai pakaian ungu di Dinasti Song? || tiga <> warna apa yang dilakukan keenam pangkat pegawai Dinasti Song memakai? || hijau <> Apa yang bertaraf dalam dinasti Song memakai biru? || kelapan dan kesembilan", {"context": "Red was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906\u20131279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the carriages of the imperial family. When the imperial family traveled, their servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas. Of an official who had talent and ambition, it was said \"he is so red he becomes purple.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "906\u20131279"}], "question": "During what years did the Song dynasty occur?", "id": "5731322905b4da19006bce8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "three"}], "question": "Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?", "id": "5731322905b4da19006bce8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "green"}], "question": "What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?", "id": "5731322905b4da19006bce90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "eighth and ninth"}], "question": "What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue?", "id": "5731322905b4da19006bce91"}]}], ["Merah juga dipaparkan dalam seni bina Imperial China. Dalam Dinasti Tang dan Song, pintu istana biasanya dicat merah, dan bangsawan sering melukis seluruh rumah besar merahnya. Salah satu karya kesusasteraan Cina yang paling terkenal, A Dream of Red Mansions oleh Cao Xueqin (1715-1763), adalah tentang kehidupan wanita-wanita mulia yang melepaskan hidup mereka dari pandangan umum dalam dinding rumah-rumah seperti itu. Dalam dinasti kemudian merah telah dirizabkan untuk dinding kuil dan kediaman imperialis. Apabila penguasa Manchu Dinasti Qing menaklukkan Ming dan mengambil alih Kota Terlarang dan Istana Imperial di Beijing, semua dinding, pintu, tiang dan tiang dicat dengan warna merah dan emas. <> Siapa yang dicat dengan rumah-rumah mereka merah semasa dinasti Song dan Tang? || bangsawan <> yang menulis mimpi tentang Mansions Merah? || Cao Xueqin <> Selama bertahun-tahun Cao Xueqin hidup? || 1715-1763 <> Pada akhir dinasti Cina merah hanya digunakan pada jenis seni bina apa? || kuil dan kediaman empayar <> Siapa yang melukis tembok kota Terlarang merah selepas kejatuhan dinasti Ming? || Dinasti Qing", {"context": "Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715\u20131763), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars were painted in red and gold.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "nobles"}], "question": "Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?", "id": "573132d505b4da19006bce96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Cao Xueqin"}], "question": "who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?", "id": "573132d505b4da19006bce97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "1715\u20131763"}], "question": "During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?", "id": "573132d505b4da19006bce98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "temples and imperial residences"}], "question": "In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?", "id": "573132d505b4da19006bce9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Qing Dynasty"}], "question": "Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?", "id": "573132d505b4da19006bce99"}]}], ["Semasa Revolusi Perancis, Red menjadi simbol kebebasan dan kebebasan peribadi yang digunakan oleh Jacobins dan pihak-pihak lain yang lebih radikal. Kebanyakan mereka memakai topi Phrygian merah, atau topi kebebasan, dimodelkan selepas topi yang dipakai oleh budak yang dibebaskan di Rom Purba. Semasa ketinggian Kerajaan Teror, Wanita memakai topi merah berkumpul di sekitar guillotine untuk meraikan setiap pelaksanaan. Mereka dipanggil \"Furies guillotine\". The guillotines yang digunakan semasa Pemerintahan Teror pada tahun 1792 dan 1793 dicat merah, atau terbuat dari kayu merah. Semasa Pemerintahan Teror patung seorang wanita berjudul kebebasan, dicat merah, diletakkan di alun-alun di hadapan guillotine. Selepas berakhirnya Pemerintahan Teror, Perancis kembali ke tricolor biru, putih dan merah, yang berwarna merah diambil dari warna tradisional Saint Denis, martir Kristian dan santo patron Paris. <> Semasa revolusi itu merah simbol kebebasan? || Revolusi Perancis <> Apa jenis topi yang dipakai oleh Jacobin? || topi Phrygian merah, atau topi kebebasan <> Wanita dengan topi merah yang penuh sesak pada guillotine semasa Pemerintahan Teror untuk melakukan apa? || meraikan <> Selama tahun apakah Kerajaan Terjara berlangsung? || 1792 dan 1793 <> Siapakah Saint Denis? || Martir Kristian dan santo penasihat Paris", {"context": "During the French Revolution, Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the Jacobins and other more radical parties. Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the Reign of Terror, Women wearing red caps gathered around the guillotine to celebrate each execution. They were called the \"Furies of the guillotine\". The guillotines used during the Reign of Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red, or made of red wood. During the Reign of Terror a statue of a woman titled liberty, painted red, was placed in the square in front of the guillotine. After the end of the Reign of Terror, France went back to the blue, white and red tricolor, whose red was taken from the traditional color of Saint Denis, the Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "French Revolution"}], "question": "During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty?", "id": "57313738497a881900248c67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap"}], "question": "What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear?", "id": "57313738497a881900248c68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "celebrate"}], "question": "Women with red caps crowded around guillotines during the Reign of Terror to do what?", "id": "57313738497a881900248c69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "1792 and 1793"}], "question": "During what years did the Reign of Terror take place?", "id": "57313738497a881900248c6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris"}], "question": "Who was Saint Denis?", "id": "57313738497a881900248c6b"}]}], ["Apabila Revolusi Perindustrian merebak ke seluruh Eropah, ahli kimia dan pengeluar mencari pewarna merah baru yang boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan tekstil besar-besaran. Satu warna popular yang diimport ke Eropah dari Turki dan India pada abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19 adalah merah Turki, yang dikenali di Perancis sebagai rouge d'Adrinople. Bermula pada tahun 1740-an, warna merah terang ini digunakan untuk mencelupkan atau mencetak tekstil kapas di England, Belanda dan Perancis. Turki merah digunakan madder sebagai pewarna, tetapi prosesnya lebih lama dan lebih rumit, yang melibatkan pelbagai merendam fabrik dalam serbuk, minyak zaitun, kotoran kambing, dan bahan-bahan lain. Kain itu lebih mahal tetapi menghasilkan merah cerah dan tahan lama yang sama, sama dengan karmin, sesuai dengan kapas. Kain itu dieksport secara meluas dari Eropah ke Afrika, Timur Tengah dan Amerika. Pada abad ke-19 Amerika, ia digunakan secara meluas dalam membuat selipar tradisional. <> Apakah merah Turki dipanggil di Perancis? || rouge d'Adrinople <> Dalam berapa tahun Turki merah mula digunakan untuk pewarna katun di England? || 1740s <> Apa pigmen lain yang Turki merah berbanding? || merah caramel <> Apa pula kalkun merah mendapatkan warna dari? || madder <> Dalam abad berapakah selimut di Amerika biasanya menggunakan merah Turki? || 19hb", {"context": "As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red, known in France as rouge d'Adrinople. Beginning in the 1740s, this bright red color was used to dye or print cotton textiles in England, the Netherlands and France. Turkey red used madder as the colorant, but the process was longer and more complicated, involving multiple soaking of the fabrics in lye, olive oil, sheep's dung, and other ingredients. The fabric was more expensive but resulted in a fine bright and lasting red, similar to carmine, perfectly suited to cotton. The fabric was widely exported from Europe to Africa, the Middle East and America. In 19th century America, it was widely used in making the traditional patchwork quilt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "rouge d'Adrinople"}], "question": "What was Turkey red called in France?", "id": "573137fba5e9cc1400cdbd15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "the 1740s"}], "question": "In what years did Turkey red begin to be used to dye cotton in England?", "id": "573137fba5e9cc1400cdbd16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "carmine"}], "question": "What other pigment was Turkey red compared to?", "id": "573137fba5e9cc1400cdbd18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "madder"}], "question": "What did turkey red get its color from?", "id": "573137fba5e9cc1400cdbd17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "19th"}], "question": "In what century did quilts in America commonly use Turkey red?", "id": "573137fba5e9cc1400cdbd19"}]}], ["Matisse juga merupakan salah satu daripada artis abad ke-20 yang pertama untuk menjadikan warna elemen utama lukisan itu, yang dipilih untuk membangkitkan emosi. \"Blue tertentu menembus jiwa anda,\" tulisnya. \"Red tertentu memberi kesan kepada tekanan darah anda.\" Dia juga biasa dengan cara yang warna pelengkap, seperti merah dan hijau, diperkuatkan satu sama lain apabila mereka ditempatkan di sebelah satu sama lain. Beliau menulis, \"Pilihan warna saya tidak berasaskan teori saintifik, ia berdasarkan pemerhatian, perasaan, berdasarkan sifat sebenar setiap pengalaman ... Saya hanya cuba mencari warna yang sesuai dengan perasaan saya.\" <> Selama abad apa Matisse bekerja? || Ke 20 <> Menempatkan merah dan hijau di sebelah satu sama lain menyebabkan warna mereka menjadi apa? || menguatkan <> Warna apa yang dikatakan Matisse akan memberi kesan kepada tekanan darah? || merah <> Warna apa yang dikatakan Matisse boleh menembus jiwa? || biru <> Apa bahagian dalam lukisan Matisse melakukan warna bermain? || elemen utama", {"context": "Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. \"A certain blue penetrates your soul\", he wrote. \"A certain red affects your blood pressure.\" He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, \"My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "20th"}], "question": "During which century did Matisse work?", "id": "57313ab1e6313a140071cd46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "strengthened"}], "question": "Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?", "id": "57313ab1e6313a140071cd47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "red"}], "question": "What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure?", "id": "57313ab1e6313a140071cd49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "blue"}], "question": "What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul?", "id": "57313ab1e6313a140071cd48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "the central element"}], "question": "What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play?", "id": "57313ab1e6313a140071cd4a"}]}], ["Pelukis Renaissance yang awal menggunakan dua pigmen tasik tradisional, yang diperbuat daripada pencelupan pewarna dengan kapur atau alum, tasik kermes, yang terbuat dari serangga kermes, dan tasik madder, yang terbuat dari tumbuhan rubia tinctorum. Dengan kedatangan cochineal, mereka mempunyai yang ketiga, carmine, yang dibuat sangat halus, walaupun ia mempunyai kecenderungan untuk menukar warna jika tidak digunakan dengan teliti. Ia digunakan oleh hampir semua pelukis hebat abad ke-15 dan ke-16, termasuk Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Vel\u00e1zquez dan Tintoretto. Kemudian ia digunakan oleh Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat dan J.M.W. Turner. <> Apakah pelukis Renaissance memanggil pigmen yang dibuat daripada kokleus? || carmine <> Apakah pigmen carmine jika tidak digunakan dengan tekun? || menukar warna <> Apakah tasik madder dibuat? || tumbuhan rubia tinctorum <> Sepanjang abad berapakah carmine mula melihat penggunaan? || 15th <> Apa itu tasik kermes? || serangga kermes", {"context": "The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Vel\u00e1zquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "carmine"}], "question": "What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?", "id": "5731366ea5e9cc1400cdbcf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "change color"}], "question": "What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?", "id": "5731366ea5e9cc1400cdbcf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "rubia tinctorum plant"}], "question": "What was madder lake made from?", "id": "5731366ea5e9cc1400cdbcf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "15th"}], "question": "During what century did carmine start to see use?", "id": "5731366ea5e9cc1400cdbcf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "kermes insects"}], "question": "What was kermes lake made from?", "id": "5731366ea5e9cc1400cdbcf1"}]}], ["Tetapi pada awal abad ke-16, merah baru yang cemerlang muncul di Eropah. Ketika Conquistador Sepanyol Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s dan tentaranya menaklukkan Empayar Aztec pada tahun 1519-1521, mereka secara perlahan mendapati bahawa Aztec mempunyai harta lain selain perak dan emas; mereka mempunyai cochineal kecil, serangga skala parasit yang hidup di kaktus tumbuhan, yang, apabila kering dan hancur, membuat merah megah. Cochineal di Mexico berkait rapat dengan jenis Kermes di Eropah, tetapi tidak seperti Kermes Eropah, ia boleh dituai beberapa kali setahun, dan ia sepuluh kali lebih kuat daripada Kermes dari Poland. Ia berfungsi dengan baik pada sutera, satin dan tekstil mewah yang lain. Pada 1523 Cortes menghantar penghantaran pertama ke Sepanyol. Tidak lama kemudian, cochineal mula tiba di pelabuhan Eropah di atas konvoi galleon Sepanyol. <> Yang conquistador dari Sepanyol menakluki Empayar Aztec? || Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s <> Dalam abad berapa jenis pigmen merah baru tiba di Eropah dari Empayar Aztec? || 16th <> Selama tahun berapa Empayar Aztek ditakluki? || 1519-1521 <> Dalam tahun apakah Cortes menghantar cochineal pertama ke Sepanyol? || 1523 <> Berapa kerapkah kokkal Mexico boleh dituai? || beberapa kali setahun", {"context": "But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, when dried and crushed, made a magnificent red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish galleons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s"}], "question": "Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire?", "id": "573135b605b4da19006bcecd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "16th"}], "question": "In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire?", "id": "573135b605b4da19006bcecc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "1519-1521"}], "question": "During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered?", "id": "573135b605b4da19006bcece"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "1523"}], "question": "In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain?", "id": "573135b605b4da19006bced0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "several times a year"}], "question": "How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested?", "id": "573135b605b4da19006bcecf"}]}], ["Abad ke-19 juga melihat penggunaan seni merah untuk mencipta emosi tertentu, bukan hanya untuk meniru alam semulajadi. Ia melihat kajian sistematik teori warna, dan khususnya kajian tentang bagaimana warna-warna pelengkap seperti merah dan hijau diperkukuh satu sama lain apabila mereka diletakkan di sebelah satu sama lain. Kajian-kajian ini diikuti oleh artis-artis seperti Vincent van Gogh. Menggambarkan lukisannya, The Night Cafe, kepada saudara lelakinya Theo pada tahun 1888, Van Gogh menulis: \"Saya berusaha untuk mengekspresikan dengan keghairahan manusia yang merah dan hijau. Hall adalah darah merah dan kuning pucat, dengan meja biliard hijau di tengah , dan empat lampu kuning lemon, dengan sinaran oren dan hijau. Di mana-mana pertempuran dan antitesis dari warna merah dan hijau yang paling berbeza. \" <> Pada abad apakah teori warna mula dikaji secara sistematik? || 19 <<Siapa yang melukis Cafe Malam? || Vincent van Gogh <> Pada tahun berapakah Cafe The Night dicat? || 1888 <> Apakah nama saudara vincent van Gogh? || Theo <> Apa yang berlaku ketika merah dan hijau diletakkan di sebelah satu sama lain? || merah dan hijau bertetulang satu sama lain", {"context": "The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: \"I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "19th"}], "question": "In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied?", "id": "5731388ea5e9cc1400cdbd29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Vincent van Gogh"}], "question": "Who painted the Night Cafe?", "id": "5731388ea5e9cc1400cdbd2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "1888"}], "question": "In what year was The Night Cafe painted?", "id": "5731388ea5e9cc1400cdbd2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Theo"}], "question": "What was the name of vincent van Gogh's brother?", "id": "5731388ea5e9cc1400cdbd2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "red and green reinforced each other"}], "question": "What occurred when red and green were put next to one another?", "id": "5731388ea5e9cc1400cdbd2d"}]}], ["Terdapat persatuan para penyelidik yang berkulit merah di Venice dan bandar-bandar besar Eropah yang lain. Tanaman Rubia digunakan untuk membuat pewarna yang paling biasa; ia menghasilkan warna merah jingga atau merah bata yang digunakan untuk memakai pakaian peniaga dan tukang. Bagi yang kaya, pewarna yang digunakan ialah Kermes, yang diperbuat daripada serangga skala kecil yang memberi makan kepada cabang dan daun pokok ek. Bagi mereka yang mempunyai lebih banyak wang terdapat Poland Cochineal; juga dikenali sebagai Kermes vermilio atau \"Darah Saint John\", yang dibuat dari serangga yang berkaitan, poligonus Margodes. Ia menjadikan merah lebih jelas daripada Kermes biasa. Antara jenis serangga terbaik dan paling mahal yang diperbuat daripada serangga ialah \"Kermes\" Armenia (cochineal Armenia, juga dikenali sebagai kirmiz Parsi), yang dibuat dengan mengumpul dan menghancurkan Porphyophora hamelii, serangga yang hidup di akar dan batang rumput tertentu. Pedagang pigmen dan pewarna Venice mengimport dan menjual semua produk ini dan juga menghasilkan warna mereka sendiri, dipanggil merah Venetian, yang dianggap paling mahal dan paling halus di Eropah. Bahan rahsianya adalah arsenik, yang mencerahkan warna. <> Tanaman apa yang digunakan untuk membuat pewarna merah yang paling banyak digunakan di Venice? || Rubia <> Kumpulan mana di Eropah menggunakan pewarna Kermes? || yang kaya <> Yang paling kaya di Eropah menggunakan pewarna merah? || Poland Cochineal <> Apa pewarna dikenali sebagai Darah Saint John? || Kermes vermilio <> Darah Saint John dibuat daripada serangga, yang mana? || Margodes polonicus", {"context": "There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or \"Blood of Saint John\", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the \"Kermes\" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Rubia"}], "question": "What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?", "id": "5731343b05b4da19006bceb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "the wealthy"}], "question": "Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?", "id": "5731343b05b4da19006bceb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Polish Cochineal"}], "question": "The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?", "id": "5731343b05b4da19006bceb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Kermes vermilio"}], "question": "What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?", "id": "5731343b05b4da19006bceb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "Margodes polonicus"}], "question": "The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?", "id": "5731343b05b4da19006bceb4"}]}], ["Rothko juga mula menggunakan pigmen sintetik baru, tetapi tidak selalu dengan hasil yang gembira. Pada tahun 1962, beliau menyumbangkan kepada Harvard University sebuah siri mural yang besar dari Passion of Christ yang warna dominannya berwarna merah jambu gelap dan berkilat. Dia bercampur-campur kebanyakan warna tradisional untuk membuat merah jambu dan merah; ultramarine sintetik, biru cerulean, dan titanium putih, tetapi dia juga menggunakan dua buah merah organik baru, Naphtol dan Lithol. Naftol berfungsi dengan baik, tetapi Lithol perlahan-lahan berubah warna apabila terdedah kepada cahaya. Dalam masa lima tahun, warna merah jambu dan merah telah mula berubah menjadi biru muda, dan pada tahun 1979 lukisan-lukisan telah hancur dan harus diturunkan. <> Kepada siapakah Rothko mendermakan Passion of mural Kristus? || Harvard University <> Pada tahun apakah Rothko mendermakan Gairah Kristus? || 1962 <> Apa warna merah organik yang digunakan Rothko dalam misteri Kristus? || Naphtol dan Lithol <> Pada tahun berapakah misteri Kristus Passion oleh Rothko berakhir hancur? || 1979 <> Apa akibat daripada perubahan warna dalam Gairah Rothko dari mural Kristus? || hancur dan terpaksa diturunkan", {"context": "Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramarine, cerulean blue, and titanium white, but he also used two new organic reds, Naphtol and Lithol. The Naphtol did well, but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light. Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue, and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Harvard University"}], "question": "To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?", "id": "57313b47e6313a140071cd59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1962"}], "question": "In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?", "id": "57313b47e6313a140071cd58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Naphtol and Lithol"}], "question": "What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals?", "id": "57313b47e6313a140071cd5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "1979"}], "question": "In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined?", "id": "57313b47e6313a140071cd5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "ruined and had to be taken down"}], "question": "What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals?", "id": "57313b47e6313a140071cd5c"}]}], ["Rambut merah berubah dari burgundy dalam melalui oren dibakar ke tembaga yang terang. Ia dicirikan oleh tahap tinggi pheomelanin pigmen kemerahan (yang juga menyumbang warna merah bibir) dan tahap yang relatif rendah dalam pigmen eumelanin gelap. Istilah redhead (asalnya redd hede) telah digunakan sejak sekurang-kurangnya 1510. Reaksi budaya telah bervariasi dari cemuhan kepada kekaguman; banyak stereotaip biasa wujud mengenai redheads dan mereka sering digambarkan sebagai berapi-api. (Lihat rambut merah). <> Apakah pigmen akaun untuk majoriti warna rambut merah? || pheomelanin <> Terdapat bahagian lain muka yang mendapat warna merah dari pheomelanin pigmen, apa itu? || bibir <> Selain dari pheomelanin apa warna pigmen menyumbang kepada rambut merah? || eumelanin <> Dalam tahun apakah yang paling boleh digunakan untuk rambut merah perang dikesan? || 1510 <> Apakah jenis kelam kabut orang yang mempunyai rambut merah dianggap? || berapi-api", {"context": "Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "pheomelanin"}], "question": "What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?", "id": "57314244a5e9cc1400cdbdd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "the lips"}], "question": "There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it?", "id": "57314244a5e9cc1400cdbdda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "eumelanin"}], "question": "Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair?", "id": "57314244a5e9cc1400cdbddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "1510"}], "question": "In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to?", "id": "57314244a5e9cc1400cdbddc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "fiery"}], "question": "What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have?", "id": "57314244a5e9cc1400cdbddd"}]}], ["Sehingga jumlah maksimum warna boleh diterbitkan dengan tepat pada skrin komputer anda, setiap warna telah diberi nombor kod atau sRGB, yang memberitahu komputer anda intensiti komponen merah, hijau dan biru warna itu. Keamatan setiap komponen diukur pada skala sifar hingga 255, yang bermaksud senarai lengkap termasuk 16,777,216 warna dan warna yang berbeza. Nombor sRGB merah murni, sebagai contoh, adalah 255, 00, 00, yang bermaksud komponen merah berada pada keamatan maksimumnya, dan tidak ada warna hijau atau biru. Nombor sRGB untuk crimson adalah 220, 20, 60, yang bermaksud bahawa merah sedikit kurang sengit dan oleh itu lebih gelap, terdapat beberapa hijau, yang menyandarkannya ke oren; dan terdapat sejumlah besar biru, yang menjadikannya biru-violet sedikit. <> Berapakah skala angka yang diukur warna pada skrin komputer? || sifar hingga 255, <> Berapa jumlah warna sRGB yang mungkin? || 16,777,216 <> Apa nombor yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan merah murni dalam sRGB? || 255, 00, 00 <> Crimson dikenali dengan nombor sRGB? || 220, 20, 60", {"context": "So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen, each color has been given a code number, or sRGB, which tells your computer the intensity of the red, green and blue components of that color. The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255, which means the complete list includes 16,777,216 distinct colors and shades. The sRGB number of pure red, for example, is 255, 00, 00, which means the red component is at its maximum intensity, and there is no green or blue. The sRGB number for crimson is 220, 20, 60, which means that the red is slightly less intense and therefore darker, there is some green, which leans it toward orange; and there is a larger amount of blue,which makes it slightly blue-violet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "zero to 255,"}], "question": "Over what numerical scale is color measured on a computer screen?", "id": "57313d5fa5e9cc1400cdbd89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "16,777,216"}], "question": "What is the total number of possible sRGB colors?", "id": "57313d5fa5e9cc1400cdbd8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "255, 00, 00"}], "question": "What is the number used to indicate pure red in sRGB?", "id": "57313d5fa5e9cc1400cdbd8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "220, 20, 60"}], "question": "Crimson is identified by what sRGB number?", "id": "57313d5fa5e9cc1400cdbd8c"}]}], ["Tidak seperti vermilion atau ocher merah, diperbuat daripada mineral, pigmen tasik merah dibuat dengan mencampurkan pewarna organik, yang terbuat dari serangga atau tumbuh-tumbuhan, dengan kapur putih atau alum. Lac merah dihasilkan daripada lac gum, bahan resin merah gelap yang disembelih oleh pelbagai serangga skala, terutamanya Laccifer lacca dari India. Tasik Carmine terbuat dari serangga cochineal dari Amerika Tengah dan Selatan, tasik Kermes berasal dari serangga skala yang berbeza, kermes vermilio, yang berkembang pesat di pokok-pokok oak di sekitar Mediterranean. Tasik merah lain diperbuat daripada tumbuhan madder mawar dan dari pokok brazilwood. <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan ocher merah? || mineral <> Bagaimana pigmen seperti tasik merah dicipta? || pencampuran pewarna organik <> Apakah tasik merah terdiri daripada? || serangga atau tumbuh-tumbuhan, dengan kapur putih atau tawas <> Apakah sumber warna dalam Red lac? || bahan resin merah gelap yang disiarkan oleh pelbagai serangga skala <> Lacifer lacifer adalah penting untuk membuat pigmen apa? || Lac merah", {"context": "Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. Carmine lake was made from the cochineal insect from Central and South America, Kermes lake came from a different scale insect, kermes vermilio, which thrived on oak trees around the Mediterranean. Other red lakes were made from the rose madder plant and from the brazilwood tree.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "minerals"}], "question": "What was red ochre composed of?", "id": "57313c0a497a881900248cad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "mixing organic dyes"}], "question": "How were pigments like red lake created?", "id": "57313c0a497a881900248cae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "insects or plants, with white chalk or alum"}], "question": "What was red lake composed of?", "id": "57313c0a497a881900248caf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects"}], "question": "What was the source of color in Red lac?", "id": "57313c0a497a881900248cb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Red lac"}], "question": "The Laccifer lacca was crucial to making what pigment?", "id": "57313c0a497a881900248cb1"}]}], ["Saint Valentine, Uskup Katolik Roma atau imam yang telah mati syahid pada sekitar 296 Masehi, nampaknya tidak mempunyai kaitan dengan cinta romantis, tetapi hari kesyahidannya pada kalendar Katolik Roma, Hari Saint Valentine (14 Februari), menjadi, pada abad ke-14, kesempatan para pecinta menghantar mesej kepada satu sama lain. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, sambutan hari Saint Valentine telah tersebar di luar negara-negara Kristian ke Jepun dan China dan bahagian lain di dunia. Sambutan Hari Saint Valentine dilarang atau dikecam kuat di banyak negara Islam, termasuk Arab Saudi, Pakistan dan Iran. Di Arab Saudi, pada tahun 2002 dan 2011, polis agama mengharamkan penjualan semua barang-barang Hari Valentine, memberitahu pekerja kedai untuk mengeluarkan barang-barang merah, kerana hari itu dianggap sebagai cuti Kristian. <> Bilakah Saint Valentine syahid? || 296 AD <> Siapa yang Saint Valentine? || seorang Uskup Katolik Roma atau imam <> Di abad mana hari Saint Valentine menjadi berkaitan dengan pencinta? || Ke-14 <> Di negara-negara apa jenis perayaan hari Valentine yang dilarang? || Islam <> Negara mana yang melarang penjualan produk Hari Valentine pada tahun 2002 dan 2011? || Arab Saudi", {"context": "Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "296 AD"}], "question": "When was Saint Valentine martyred?", "id": "57314a6f497a881900248d5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest"}], "question": "Who was Saint Valentine?", "id": "57314a6f497a881900248d60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "14th"}], "question": "In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers?", "id": "57314a6f497a881900248d61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Islamic"}], "question": "In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine's day forbidden?", "id": "57314a6f497a881900248d62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Saudi Arabia"}], "question": "Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine's Day products in 2002 and 2011?", "id": "57314a6f497a881900248d63"}]}], ["Sebagai sinar cahaya matahari bergerak melalui atmosfera ke mata, beberapa warna disebarkan keluar dari rasuk oleh molekul udara dan zarah bawaan udara akibat rintangan Rayleigh, mengubah warna akhir balok yang dilihat. Warna dengan panjang gelombang yang lebih pendek, seperti biru dan hijau, berselerak dengan lebih kuat, dan dikeluarkan dari cahaya yang akhirnya mencapai mata. Pada matahari terbit dan matahari terbenam, apabila laluan cahaya matahari melalui atmosfera ke mata paling lama, komponen biru dan hijau dikeluarkan hampir sepenuhnya, meninggalkan cahaya oren panjang dan panjang cahaya yang lebih panjang. Baki cahaya matahari yang masih redup juga boleh bertaburan oleh titisan awan dan lain-lain zarah yang agak besar, yang memberikan langit di atas cakrawala cahaya merahnya. <> Jenis penyebaran apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk pergeseran warna cahaya matahari? || Rayleigh <> Apa yang berlaku kepada warna-warna panjang gelombang pendek di scattering Rayleigh? || berselerak dengan lebih kuat <> Apakah kesan pada cahaya biru dan hijau yang mengalami rembasan Rayleigh semasa matahari terbit? || dibuang hampir sepenuhnya <> Berbanding dengan biru dan hijau, apa yang akan menggambarkan panjang gelombang cahaya oren atau merah? || lebih lama", {"context": "As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Rayleigh"}], "question": "What type of scattering is responsible for the shift in the color of sunlight?", "id": "57314067a5e9cc1400cdbdbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "scatter more strongly"}], "question": "What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering?", "id": "57314067a5e9cc1400cdbdc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "removed almost completely"}], "question": "What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise?", "id": "57314067a5e9cc1400cdbdc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "longer"}], "question": "In comparison to blue and green, what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light?", "id": "57314067a5e9cc1400cdbdc2"}]}], ["Semasa musim bunga musim panas, fosfat berada pada paras yang tinggi. Ia mempunyai peranan penting dalam pecahan gula yang dihasilkan oleh klorofil. Tetapi pada musim gugur, fosfat, bersama dengan bahan kimia dan nutrien lain, bergerak keluar dari daun ke batang tumbuhan. Apabila ini berlaku, proses pecahan gula berubah, menyebabkan pengeluaran anthocyanin pigmen. Cahaya yang lebih terang pada masa ini, semakin besar pengeluaran antosianin dan paparan warna yang lebih cemerlang. Apabila hari-hari musim luruh terang dan sejuk, dan malam-malamnya sejuk tetapi tidak beku, warna-warna cerah biasanya berkembang. <> Di mana tempoh tahun ini adalah tinggi fosfat? || musim panas musim panas <> Apa yang menyebabkan gula yang dicipta oleh klorofil menjadi pecahan? || fosfat <> Di manakah fosfat dalam daun bergerak pada musim gugur? || batang tumbuhan <> Apa yang tercipta pada musim gugur apabila fosfat berundur ke batang tumbuh-tumbuhan? || pigmen anthocyanin <> Apa yang berlaku dalam cahaya terang ke daun semasa jatuh? || lebih besar pengeluaran antosianin", {"context": "During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "the summer growing season"}], "question": "At which period of the year are phosphates high?", "id": "573141b2e6313a140071cd8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "phosphate"}], "question": "What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?", "id": "573141b2e6313a140071cd8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "the stem of the plant"}], "question": "Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?", "id": "573141b2e6313a140071cd90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "anthocyanin pigments"}], "question": "What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants?", "id": "573141b2e6313a140071cd91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "greater the production of anthocyanins"}], "question": "What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall?", "id": "573141b2e6313a140071cd92"}]}], ["Survei menunjukkan bahawa merah adalah warna yang paling dikaitkan dengan keberanian. Di negara-negara barat merah adalah lambang martir dan pengorbanan, terutamanya kerana hubungannya dengan darah. Bermula pada Abad Pertengahan, Paus dan Kardinal dari Gereja Katolik Roma memakai merah untuk melambangkan darah Kristus dan martir Kristian. Panji-panji tentera Kristian di Perang Salib Pertama adalah salib merah di ladang putih, St George's Cross. Menurut tradisi Kristian, Saint George adalah seorang tentera Rom yang merupakan ahli pengawal Kaisar Diocletian, yang menolak untuk meninggalkan iman Kristiannya dan mati syahid. Saint George Cross menjadi Bendera England pada abad ke-16, dan kini merupakan sebahagian daripada Bendera Kesatuan United Kingdom, serta Bendera Republik Georgia. <> Ciri-ciri apa yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan orang merah? || keberanian <> Kenapa Paus zaman pertengahan memakai merah? || untuk melambangkan darah Kristus dan martir Kristian <> Apa yang digambarkan pada spanduk orang Kristian dalam Perang Salib Pertama? || salib merah di atas padang putih <> Apa salib di sepanduk yang digunakan semasa Perang Salib Pertama yang dikenali sebagai? || St George's Cross <> Siapa yang dipercayai Saint George? || seorang askar Rom", {"context": "Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "courage"}], "question": "What trait do people most commonly link red with?", "id": "573143cd05b4da19006bcf8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs"}], "question": "Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?", "id": "573143cd05b4da19006bcf8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "a red cross on a white field"}], "question": "What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade?", "id": "573143cd05b4da19006bcf90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "St. George's Cross"}], "question": "What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as?", "id": "573143cd05b4da19006bcf91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "a Roman soldier"}], "question": "Who was Saint George believed to be?", "id": "573143cd05b4da19006bcf92"}]}], ["Laser yang dikeluarkan di kawasan merah spektrum telah tersedia sejak penciptaan laser ruby pada tahun 1960. Pada tahun 1962 laser helium-neon merah dicipta, dan kedua-dua jenis laser digunakan secara meluas dalam banyak aplikasi saintifik termasuk holografi, dan dalam pendidikan. Laser helium-neon merah digunakan secara komersil dalam pemain LaserDisc. Penggunaan dioda laser merah menjadi meluas dengan kejayaan komersil pemain DVD moden, yang menggunakan teknologi dioda laser 660 nm. Hari ini, diod laser merah dan oren boleh didapati secara meluas kepada orang ramai dalam bentuk laser pointers yang sangat murah. Versi mudah alih, berkuasa tinggi juga boleh didapati untuk pelbagai aplikasi. Baru-baru ini, laser pepejal 671 nm dipompa diod (DPSS) telah diperkenalkan ke pasaran untuk sistem paparan laser DPSS semua, velocimetry imej zarah, spektroskopi Raman, dan holografi. <> Bilakah laser ruby pertama dicipta? || 1960 <> Pada tahun berapa pula laser helium-neon merah datang? || 1962 <> Jenis laser apa yang digunakan dalam pemain LaserDisc? || Red helium-neon <> Apa jenis laser diode digunakan dalam pemain DVD? || laser 660 nm <> Jenis laser apa yang digunakan dalam spektroskopi Raman? || Laser pepejal 671 nm dipompa pepejal (DPSS)", {"context": "Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium\u2013neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium\u2013neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "1960"}], "question": "When was the first ruby laser invented?", "id": "573140efa5e9cc1400cdbdc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "1962"}], "question": "In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?", "id": "573140efa5e9cc1400cdbdc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Red helium\u2013neon"}], "question": "What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?", "id": "573140efa5e9cc1400cdbdc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "a 660 nm laser"}], "question": "What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player?", "id": "573140efa5e9cc1400cdbdca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers"}], "question": "What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?", "id": "573140efa5e9cc1400cdbdcb"}]}], ["Dalam teori warna moden, juga dikenali sebagai model warna RGB, merah, hijau dan biru adalah warna primer aditif. Lampu merah, hijau dan biru digabungkan bersama menjadikan cahaya putih, dan ketiga warna ini, digabungkan dalam campuran yang berlainan, boleh menghasilkan hampir apa-apa warna lain. Ini adalah prinsip yang digunakan untuk membuat semua warna pada skrin komputer anda dan televisyen anda. Sebagai contoh, ungu pada skrin komputer dibuat oleh formula yang serupa untuk digunakan oleh Cennino Cennini dalam Renaissance untuk membuat ungu, tetapi menggunakan warna dan cahaya tambahan dan bukan pigmen: ia dicipta dengan menggabungkan cahaya merah dan biru pada keamatan yang sama pada skrin hitam. Violet dibuat pada skrin komputer dengan cara yang sama, tetapi dengan jumlah cahaya biru yang lebih besar dan cahaya merah yang kurang. <> Warna-warna mana yang menjadi sebahagian daripada model RGB? || merah, hijau dan biru <> Apa warna cahaya dicipta apabila seseorang bercampur merah, hijau, dan biru? || putih <> Model warna RGB mempunyai tiga warna di dalamnya yang digambarkan sebagai jenis warna apa? || warna primer aditif <> Yang era Cennino Cennini aktif cat? || Renaissance <> Warna apa yang digunakan untuk membuat ungu pada skrin komputer? || merah dan biru", {"context": "In modern color theory, also known as the RGB color model, red, green and blue are additive primary colors. Red, green and blue light combined together makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This is the principle that is used to make all of the colors on your computer screen and your television. For example, purple on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using additive colors and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "red, green and blue"}], "question": "Which colors are part of the RGB model?", "id": "57313cc0a5e9cc1400cdbd7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "white"}], "question": "What color light is created when one mixes red, green, and blue?", "id": "57313cc0a5e9cc1400cdbd80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "additive primary colors"}], "question": "The RGB color model has three colors in it that are described as what kind of colors?", "id": "57313cc0a5e9cc1400cdbd81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "the Renaissance"}], "question": "Which era did Cennino Cennini actively paint in?", "id": "57313cc0a5e9cc1400cdbd82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "red and blue"}], "question": "What colors are used to create purple on a computer screen?", "id": "57313cc0a5e9cc1400cdbd83"}]}], ["Merah dikaitkan dengan dominasi dalam beberapa spesies haiwan. Contohnya, di mandrills, pewarna merah wajah paling besar dalam lelaki alfa, semakin kurang menonjol dalam bawahan peringkat rendah, dan secara langsung dikaitkan dengan tahap testosteron. Merah juga boleh mempengaruhi persepsi penguasaan oleh orang lain, membawa kepada perbezaan yang signifikan dalam kematian, kejayaan reproduktif dan pelaburan ibu bapa antara individu yang memperlihatkan warna merah dan yang tidak. Pada manusia, memakai merah dikaitkan dengan pertambahan prestasi dalam pertandingan, termasuk sukan profesional dan permainan video berbilang pemain. Ujian terkawal telah menunjukkan bahawa memakai merah tidak meningkatkan prestasi atau tahap testosteron semasa latihan, jadi kesannya mungkin dihasilkan oleh dilihat daripada prestasi sebenar. Hakim tae kwon telah ditunjukkan untuk memihak pesaing memakai gear pelindung merah ke atas biru, dan, apabila ditanya, majoriti orang mengatakan bahawa bentuk abstrak merah lebih \"dominan\", \"agresif\", dan \"mungkin memenangi fizikal persaingan \"daripada bentuk biru. Berbeza dengan kesan positifnya dalam persaingan fizikal dan tingkah laku dominasi, pendedahan kepada merah menurunkan prestasi dalam tugas kognitif dan menimbulkan kebencian dalam ujian psikologi di mana subjek ditempatkan dalam konteks \"pencapaian\" (misalnya mengambil ujian IQ). <> Dalam mandrills lelaki alfa apa parti badan paling merah mengikut pangkat mereka? || muka <> Memakai merah dihubungkan dengan apa yang menyebabkan manusia, dari segi olahraga? || Prestasi yang meningkat <> Dalam sukan apakah hakim telah ditunjukkan untuk memihak atlet memakai merah? || tae kwon do <> Apakah kesan mendedahkan manusia menjadi merah apabila ia berkaitan dengan kemahiran kognitif? || mengurangkan prestasi <> Jumlah merah dalam mandrill lelaki secara langsung berkaitan dengan tahap apa? || testosteron", {"context": "Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more \"dominant\", \"aggressive\", and \"likely to win a physical competition\" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an \"achievement\" context (e.g. taking an IQ test).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "the face"}], "question": "In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank?", "id": "5731434205b4da19006bcf84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "increased performance"}], "question": "Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?", "id": "5731434205b4da19006bcf85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "tae kwon do"}], "question": "In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red?", "id": "5731434205b4da19006bcf86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1183, "text": "decreases performance"}], "question": "What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills?", "id": "5731434205b4da19006bcf87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "testosterone"}], "question": "The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what?", "id": "5731434205b4da19006bcf88"}]}], ["Di Afrika Tengah, pahlawan-pahlawan Ndembu menggosok sendiri dengan cat merah semasa perayaan. Oleh kerana budaya mereka melihat warna sebagai simbol kehidupan dan kesihatan, orang sakit juga dicat dengannya. Seperti kebanyakan kebudayaan Afrika Tengah, Ndembu melihat merah sebagai ambivalen, lebih baik daripada hitam tetapi tidak sebati putih. Di bahagian lain di Afrika, bagaimanapun, merah adalah warna berkabung, yang mewakili kematian. Kerana beruang merah dikaitkan dengan kematian di banyak bahagian Afrika, Palang Merah telah mengubah warna menjadi hijau dan putih di bahagian-bahagian benua. <> Apa pahlawan-pahlawan Afrika tengah dikatakan melindungi diri mereka dalam warna merah untuk perayaan? || Warganegara Ndembu <> Apakah budaya Ndembu percaya simbol merah? || kehidupan dan kesihatan <> Warna apa yang dipercayai oleh Ndembu lebih baik daripada merah? || putih <> Warna alternatif apa yang digunakan oleh Palang Merah di bahagian-bahagian tertentu di Afrika? || hijau dan putih", {"context": "In Central Africa, Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better than black but not as good as white. In other parts of Africa, however, red is a color of mourning, representing death. Because red bears are associated with death in many parts of Africa, the Red Cross has changed its colors to green and white in parts of the continent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Ndembu warriors"}], "question": "What central African warriors are said to cover themselves in red for celebrations?", "id": "573155a6a5e9cc1400cdbea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "life and health"}], "question": "What does the Ndembu culture believe red symbolizes?", "id": "573155a6a5e9cc1400cdbea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "white"}], "question": "What color do the Ndembu believe is better than red?", "id": "573155a6a5e9cc1400cdbea7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "green and white"}], "question": "What alternative colors does the Red Cross use in certain parts of Africa?", "id": "573155a6a5e9cc1400cdbea8"}]}], ["Dalam persatuan bola sepak, pasukan seperti Manchester United, Bayern Munich, Liverpool, Arsenal, Toronto FC, dan S.L. Benfica terutamanya memakai jersi merah. Pasukan lain yang mempunyai ciri merah pada kit mereka termasuk A.C. Milan (dijuluki i rossoneri untuk baju merah dan hitam), AFC Ajax, Olympiacos, River Plate, Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, dan Flamengo. Kad penalti merah dikeluarkan kepada pemain yang melakukan pelanggaran yang serius: pemain akan segera hilang kelayakan daripada bermain selanjutnya dan pasukannya mesti terus dengan pemain yang kurang untuk tempoh permainan. <> Jersi warna apa yang dipakai oleh Bayern Munich? || merah <> Apakah nama panggilan diberikan kepada A.C. Milan? || i rossoneri <> Apa yang perlu berlaku untuk pemain dalam persatuan bola sepak untuk ditunjukkan kad penalti merah? || pelanggaran yang serius <> Apa yang berlaku apabila pemain dalam sepak bola persatuan ditunjukkan kartu penalti merah? || pemain segera hilang kelayakan daripada bermain selanjutnya <> Bagaimana pasukan persatuan bola sepak memberi kesan apabila pemain ditunjukkan kad penalti merah? || pasukannya mesti meneruskan dengan satu pemain kurang untuk tempoh permainan", {"context": "In association football, teams such as Manchester United, Bayern Munich, Liverpool, Arsenal, Toronto FC, and S.L. Benfica primarily wear red jerseys. Other teams that prominently feature red on their kits include A.C. Milan (nicknamed i rossoneri for their red and black shirts), AFC Ajax, Olympiacos, River Plate, Atl\u00e9tico Madrid, and Flamengo. A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "red"}], "question": "What color jersey does Bayern Munich wear?", "id": "573156d305b4da19006bd074"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "i rossoneri"}], "question": "What is the nickname given to A.C. Milan?", "id": "573156d305b4da19006bd075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "a serious infraction"}], "question": "What has to occur for a player in association football to be shown a red penalty card?", "id": "573156d305b4da19006bd076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "the player is immediately disqualified from further play"}], "question": "What occurs when a player in association football is shown a red penalty card?", "id": "573156d305b4da19006bd077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration"}], "question": "How is an association football team impacted when a player is shown a red penalty card?", "id": "573156d305b4da19006bd078"}]}], ["\"Jadi dia membawa saya pergi ke semangat ke padang gurun: dan saya melihat seorang wanita duduk di atas binatang berwarna merah tua, penuh dengan nama-nama penghujatan, mempunyai tujuh kepala dan sepuluh tanduk.\" Dan wanita itu berpakaian warna ungu dan merah, dan dihiasi dengan emas dan batu permata dan mutiara, mempunyai cangkir emas di tangannya penuh dengan kekejian dan kekejian dari percabulannya: \"Dan di atas dahinya ada sebuah nama yang ditulis misteri: Babil yang Agung, Ibu Harlot dan semua dan aku melihat perempuan itu mabuk dengan darah orang-orang kudus, dan dengan darah para martir Yesus. <> Berapa banyak kepala yang memakai kambing yang merah jantan yang perempuan duduk di atasnya? Binatang kambing yang tanduk yang seorang wanita duduk mempunyai berapa banyak tanduk? || ten <> Apa jenis cawan yang dilakukan oleh wanita pada binatang berbulu merah itu? || emas <> Apa yang ada di dahi perempuan di tanduk merah binatang? || nama <> Di luar darah orang-orang kudus, tentang apa yang wanita itu pada kuntum binatang buas menjadi mabuk? || darah para martir Yesus", {"context": "\"So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. \"And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: \"And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery: Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth: And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "seven heads"}], "question": "How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have?", "id": "57314ebde6313a140071ce00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "ten"}], "question": "The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns?", "id": "57314ebde6313a140071ce01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "golden"}], "question": "What kind of cup did the woman on the scarlet horned beast have?", "id": "57314ebde6313a140071ce02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "a name"}], "question": "What was on the forehead of the woman on the scarlet horned beast?", "id": "57314ebde6313a140071ce03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "the blood of the martyrs of Jesus"}], "question": "Outside of the blood of the saints, on what did the woman on the scarlet horned beast become drunken?", "id": "57314ebde6313a140071ce04"}]}], ["Merah adalah warna yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan kegembiraan dan kesejahteraan. Ia adalah warna perayaan dan upacara. Permaidani merah sering digunakan untuk mengalu-alukan tetamu terkenal. Merah juga warna kerusi tradisional di rumah-rumah dan teater opera. Gaun akademik Scarlet dipakai oleh Doktor Falsafah baru pada majlis ijazah di Oxford University dan sekolah-sekolah lain. Di China, ia dianggap warna kekayaan dan kemakmuran, dan ia adalah warna tradisional yang dipakai oleh pengantin perempuan. Di negara-negara Kristian, ia adalah warna tradisional yang dipakai pada Krismas oleh Santa Claus, kerana pada abad ke-4 Saint Nicholas bersejarah adalah Uskup Kristen Myra dari Yunani, di Turki moden, dan uskup kemudian berpakaian merah. <> Apa gaun warna yang biasanya dipakai oleh Doktor Falsafah terkini di Oxford? || Scarlet <> Apa ciri-ciri baik warna merah yang berkaitan dengan di China? || nasib baik dan kemakmuran <> Dalam abad berapa Saint Nicholas menjadi pengaruh untuk merah dipakai oleh Santa Claus? || Keempat <> Siapa Saint Nicholas? || Bishop Christian Myra Myra <> Di negara mana saya adalah Myra? || Turki", {"context": "Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Scarlet"}], "question": "What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?", "id": "57314b13497a881900248d69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "good fortune and prosperity"}], "question": "What good traits is the color red associated with in China?", "id": "57314b13497a881900248d6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "4th"}], "question": "In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus?", "id": "57314b13497a881900248d6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra"}], "question": "Who was Saint Nicholas?", "id": "57314b13497a881900248d6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "In what nation is Myra?", "id": "57314b13497a881900248d6d"}]}], ["Merah digunakan dalam fesyen moden seperti yang digunakan dalam lukisan Abad Pertengahan; untuk menarik mata penonton kepada orang yang sepatutnya menjadi pusat perhatian. Orang yang memakai warna merah kelihatan lebih dekat daripada orang yang memakai warna lain, walaupun mereka sebenarnya jarak yang sama. Raja-raja, isteri-isteri calon Presiden dan selebriti lain sering memakai merah supaya dapat dilihat dari jauh di tengah-tengah orang ramai. Ia juga biasanya dipakai oleh penyelamat dan orang lain yang tugasnya memerlukannya mudah dijumpai. <> Dengan cara yang red digunakan dalam fesyen kontemporari? || untuk menarik mata penonton kepada orang <> Apakah kesan utama orang yang memakai merah kerana ia berkaitan dengan persepsi jarak? || Orang yang memakai merah nampaknya lebih dekat <> Kenapa raja kadang-kadang memakai merah? || untuk dilihat dari jauh di kalangan orang ramai <> Sesetengah profesion memerlukan pekerja memakai merah kerana ia membolehkan mereka menjadi apa? || mudah dijumpai", {"context": "Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person"}], "question": "In what way is red used in contemporary fashion?", "id": "57314df805b4da19006bd014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "People wearing red seem to be closer"}], "question": "What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance?", "id": "57314df805b4da19006bd015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "to be visible from a distance in a crowd"}], "question": "Why do monarchs sometimes wear red?", "id": "57314df805b4da19006bd016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "easily found"}], "question": "Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what?", "id": "57314df805b4da19006bd017"}]}], ["Baseball Major League sangat terkenal dengan pasukan merah. Cincinnati Red Stockings adalah pasukan baseball profesional tertua, sejak tahun 1869. Francais tidak lama lagi berpindah ke Boston dan kini Atlanta Braves, tetapi nama itu bertahan sebagai asal untuk kedua-dua Cincinnati Reds dan Boston Red Sox. Semasa tahun 1950-an ketika merah sangat dikaitkan dengan komunisme, pasukan Cincinnati moden dikenali sebagai \"Redlegs\" dan istilah itu digunakan pada kad besbol. Setelah menakutkan merah pudar, pasukan itu dikenali sebagai \"Reds\" sekali lagi. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim juga terkenal dengan warna merah mereka, seperti juga St Louis Cardinals, Arizona Diamondbacks, dan Philadelphia Phillies. <> Pasukan apa yang menjadi Cincinnati Red Stockings menjadi? || Atlanta Braves <> Bilakah stoking Merah Cincinnati menjadi? || 1869 <> Apa pergerakan politik merah yang dikenal pasti pada tahun 1950-an? || komunisme <> Apa nama yang pernah diketahui oleh Cincinnati Red Stockings seperti pada tahun 1950-an? || Redlegs <> Di mana Cincinnati Red Stockings bergerak selepas meninggalkan Cincinnati? || Boston", {"context": "Major League Baseball is especially well known for red teams. The Cincinnati Red Stockings are the oldest professional baseball team, dating back to 1869. The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the Atlanta Braves, but its name survives as the origin for both the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox. During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with communism, the modern Cincinnati team was known as the \"Redlegs\" and the term was used on baseball cards. After the red scare faded, the team was known as the \"Reds\" again. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim are also known for their color red, as are the St. Louis Cardinals, Arizona Diamondbacks, and the Philadelphia Phillies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "the Atlanta Braves"}], "question": "What team did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become?", "id": "5731564c05b4da19006bd061"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "1869"}], "question": "When did the Cincinnati Red Stockings come to be?", "id": "5731564c05b4da19006bd060"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "communism"}], "question": "What political movment was red identified with in the 1950s?", "id": "5731564c05b4da19006bd062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Redlegs"}], "question": "What name did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become known as for a time in the 1950s?", "id": "5731564c05b4da19006bd063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "Where did the Cincinnati Red Stockings move after leaving Cincinnati?", "id": "5731564c05b4da19006bd064"}]}], ["Merah adalah tanda berhenti warna antarabangsa dan lampu berhenti di lebuh raya dan persimpangan. Ia dipermadankan sebagai warna antarabangsa pada Konvensyen Vienna pada Tanda Jalan dan Isyarat 1968. Ia dipilih sebahagiannya kerana warna merah adalah warna terang pada siang hari (di sebelah oren), walaupun ia kurang terlihat pada senja, ketika hijau adalah yang paling warna yang kelihatan. Merah juga lebih jelas menentang latar belakang semula jadi biru langit, pokok hijau atau bangunan kelabu. Tetapi kebanyakannya dipilih sebagai warna untuk stop stop dan tanda berhenti kerana persatuan universal dengan bahaya dan amaran. <> Di bandar apakah penyeragaman merah sebagai warna lampu berhenti? || Vienna <> Dalam tahun apakah negara menyeragamkan warna merah sebagai warna untuk lampu berhenti? || 1968 <> Pada apa pula warna merah menjadi warna lampu berhenti standard? || Konvensyen Vienna pada Tanda Jalan dan Isyarat 1968 <> Merah adalah warna lampu berhenti kerana hubungan universal dengan apa? || bahaya dan amaran <> Pada masa apakah warna merah paling cerah? || siang hari", {"context": "Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Vienna"}], "question": "In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur?", "id": "57314cbca5e9cc1400cdbe2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "1968"}], "question": "In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights?", "id": "57314cbca5e9cc1400cdbe2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968"}], "question": "At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights?", "id": "57314cbca5e9cc1400cdbe2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "danger and warning"}], "question": "Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what?", "id": "57314cbca5e9cc1400cdbe2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "daytime"}], "question": "At what time is red at its brightest?", "id": "57314cbca5e9cc1400cdbe2f"}]}], ["Di China, merah (bahasa Cina: \u7ea2; bahasa Cina tradisional: \u7d05; pinyin: h\u00f3ng) adalah simbol api dan selatan (kedua-dua selatan secara umum dan selatan China). Ia membawa konotasi yang sangat positif, yang dikaitkan dengan keberanian, kesetiaan, kehormatan, kejayaan, kekayaan, kesuburan, kebahagiaan, semangat, dan musim panas. Dalam tradisi budaya Cina, merah dikaitkan dengan majlis perkahwinan (di mana pengantin tradisional memakai pakaian merah) dan kertas merah sering digunakan untuk membungkus hadiah wang atau objek lain. Pakej merah khas (Cina mudah: \u7ea2\u5305; bahasa Cina tradisional: \u7d05\u5305; pinyin: hong bao dalam bahasa Mandarin atau lai lihat dalam bahasa Kanton) digunakan secara khusus semasa perayaan Tahun Baru Cina untuk memberikan hadiah wang. Pada sisi yang lebih negatif, obituari secara tradisional ditulis dengan dakwat merah, dan menulis nama seseorang dengan isyarat merah sama ada memotong mereka daripada kehidupan seseorang, atau bahawa mereka telah meninggal dunia. Merah juga dikaitkan dengan sama ada feminin atau maskulin (yin dan yang masing-masing), bergantung kepada sumbernya. The Little Red Book, koleksi kutipan dari Pengerusi Mao Tse-Tung, bapa pengasas Republik Rakyat China (PRC), diterbitkan pada tahun 1966 dan diedarkan secara meluas selepasnya. <> Arah kardinal mana yang ditandakan oleh merah di China? || selatan <> Apa musim merah yang dikenal pasti di China? || musim panas <> Kertas merah digunakan untuk membungkus hadiah wang semasa perayaan istimewa di China? || Tahun Baru Cina <> Siapa yang menulis Little Red Book? || Pengerusi Mao Tse-Tung <> Pada tahun apa buku Little Red diterbitkan? || 1966", {"context": "In China, red (simplified Chinese: \u7ea2; traditional Chinese: \u7d05; pinyin: h\u00f3ng) is the symbol of fire and the south (both south in general and Southern China specifically). It carries a largely positive connotation, being associated with courage, loyalty, honor, success, fortune, fertility, happiness, passion, and summer. In Chinese cultural traditions, red is associated with weddings (where brides traditionally wear red dresses) and red paper is frequently used to wrap gifts of money or other objects. Special red packets (simplified Chinese: \u7ea2\u5305; traditional Chinese: \u7d05\u5305; pinyin: h\u00f3ng b\u0101o in Mandarin or lai see in Cantonese) are specifically used during Chinese New Year celebrations for giving monetary gifts. On the more negative side, obituaries are traditionally written in red ink, and to write someone's name in red signals either cutting them out of one's life, or that they have died. Red is also associated with either the feminine or the masculine (yin and yang respectively), depending on the source. The Little Red Book, a collection of quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC), was published in 1966 and widely distributed thereafter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "south"}], "question": "Which cardinal direction is signified by red in China?", "id": "573153a7a5e9cc1400cdbe81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "summer"}], "question": "What season is red identified with in China?", "id": "573153a7a5e9cc1400cdbe82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "Chinese New Year"}], "question": "Red paper is used to wrap gifts of money during what special celebration in China?", "id": "573153a7a5e9cc1400cdbe83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1068, "text": "Chairman Mao Tse-Tung"}], "question": "Who wrote the Little Red Book?", "id": "573153a7a5e9cc1400cdbe84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1165, "text": "1966"}], "question": "In what year was the Little Red Book published?", "id": "573153a7a5e9cc1400cdbe85"}]}], ["Merah adalah warna amaran dan bahaya tradisional. Pada Zaman Pertengahan, bendera merah mengumumkan bahawa pembela kota atau istana akan bertempur untuk mempertahankannya, dan bendera merah yang digerakkan oleh kapal perang bermakna mereka tidak akan menunjukkan belas kasihan kepada musuh mereka. Di Britain, pada permulaan permulaan, kereta bermotor harus mengikut lelaki dengan bendera merah yang akan memberi amaran kepada kenderaan yang ditarik oleh kuda, sebelum Locomotives on the Highway Act 1896 memansuhkan undang-undang ini. Dalam perlumbaan kereta, bendera merah dinaikkan jika terdapat bahaya kepada pemandu. Dalam bola sepak antarabangsa, pemain yang telah melakukan pelanggaran serius terhadap peraturan itu ditunjukkan kad penalti merah dan dikeluarkan dari permainan. <> Apakah isyarat bendera merah pada Abad Pertengahan? || pembela sebuah bandar atau istana akan berjuang untuk mempertahankannya <> Apakah kepentingan bendera merah yang diterbangkan oleh kapal perang pada Zaman Pertengahan? || mereka tidak akan menunjukkan belas kasihan kepada musuh mereka <> Undang-undang Inggeris mana yang melarang kereta daripada mengikuti pembawa bendera merah sebagai amaran kepada kenderaan yang ditarik kuda? || Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 <> Di bawah apa yang mengingatkan bendera merah diterbangkan dalam lumba kereta? || jika ada bahaya kepada pemandu <> Apakah pemain bola sepak yang ditunjukkan sebelum dikeluarkan dari pertandingan? || kad penalti merah", {"context": "Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it"}], "question": "What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages?", "id": "57314bf3497a881900248d79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "they would show no mercy to their enemy"}], "question": "What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages?", "id": "57314bf3497a881900248d7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896"}], "question": "Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles?", "id": "57314bf3497a881900248d7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "if there is danger to the drivers"}], "question": "Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing?", "id": "57314bf3497a881900248d7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "a red penalty card"}], "question": "What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match?", "id": "57314bf3497a881900248d7d"}]}], ["Merah adalah salah satu warna yang paling biasa digunakan pada bendera negara. Penggunaan merah mempunyai konotasi yang sama dari negara ke negara: darah, pengorbanan, dan keberanian orang-orang yang mempertahankan negara mereka; matahari dan harapan dan kehangatannya; dan pengorbanan darah Kristus (di beberapa negara Kristian yang bersejarah) adalah beberapa contoh. Merah adalah warna bendera beberapa negara yang pernah dimiliki oleh bekas empayar Britain. Bendera Inggeris menanggung warna merah, putih, dan biru; ia termasuk salib Saint George, santo penaung dari England, dan garam Saint Patrick, santo pelindung Ireland, yang keduanya berwarna putih. Bendera Amerika Syarikat menanggung warna Britain, warna tricolore Perancis termasuk merah sebagai sebahagian daripada lengan Paris lama, dan bendera negara lain, seperti Australia, New Zealand, dan Fiji, membawa inset kecil bendera British dalam ingatan hubungan mereka ke negara itu. Banyak bekas jajahan Sepanyol, seperti Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, dan Venezuela, juga menampilkan warna merah bendera Sepanyol-pada spanduk mereka sendiri. Bendera merah juga digunakan untuk melambangkan ribut, keadaan air yang buruk, dan banyak bahaya lain. Bendera Tentera Laut sering merah dan kuning. Merah ditonjolkan dalam bendera Kor Marin Amerika Syarikat. <> Di negara-negara Kristian apakah warna merah sering dikaitkan dengannya? || Darah Kristus <> Apa salib di bendera British? || salib Saint George <> Seperti yang berkaitan dengan England, yang Saint George? || penaung saint England <> Angkatan bersenjata Amerika Syarikat mana yang menggunakan merah sebagai warna utama bendera? || Amerika Syarikat Marine Corps <> Dari segi pantai, kenapa seseorang dapat melihat bendera merah? || keadaan air yang buruk", {"context": "Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the former British Empire. The British flag bears the colors red, white, and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron saint of England, and the saltire of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white. The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain, the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country. Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, and Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Christ's blood"}], "question": "In Christian nations what does the color red often become associated with?", "id": "5731577d497a881900248e25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "the cross of Saint George"}], "question": "What cross is on the British flag?", "id": "5731577d497a881900248e26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "patron saint of England"}], "question": "As it relates to England, who is Saint George?", "id": "5731577d497a881900248e27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1307, "text": "the United States Marine Corps"}], "question": "Which US armed force uses red as the main color of its flag?", "id": "5731577d497a881900248e28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1181, "text": "bad water conditions"}], "question": "In terms of a beach, why might one see a red flag?", "id": "5731577d497a881900248e29"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, pengulas politik sering merujuk kepada \"negara-negara merah\", yang secara tradisional mengundi calon-calon Republikan dalam pilihan raya presiden, dan \"negeri biru\", yang mengundi calon Demokratik. Konvensyen ini agak baru-baru ini: sebelum pilihan raya presiden 2000, outlet media ditugaskan merah dan biru kepada kedua-dua pihak, kadang-kadang menukar peruntukan untuk setiap pemilihan. Penggunaan tetap telah ditubuhkan pada masa pengembalian 39 hari selepas pilihan raya 2000, ketika media mulai membincangkan pertandingan itu dari segi \"negara merah\" versus \"negara biru\". <> Berapa banyak hari yang diceritakan selepas pilihan raya AS tahun 2000? || 39 <> Di negeri-negeri merah Amerika yang diketahui melakukan apa, dari segi politik? || mengundi calon-calon Republikan dalam pilihan raya presiden <> Pada tahun apakah konsep negara merah dan biru menjadi agak tetap? || 2000 <> Di Amerika Syarikat menyatakan bahawa undi calon presiden Demokrat dikenali sebagai apa? || negeri biru", {"context": "In the United States, political commentators often refer to the \"red states\", which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections, and \"blue states\", which vote for the Democratic candidate. This convention is relatively recent: before the 2000 presidential election, media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties, sometimes alternating the allocation for each election. Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election, when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of \"red states\" versus \"blue states\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "39"}], "question": "How many days did the recount after the 2000 US election last for?", "id": "57316300497a881900248eab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections"}], "question": "In the USA red states are known to do what, in terms of politics?", "id": "57316300497a881900248ea9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "2000"}], "question": "In what year did the concept of red and blue states become relatively fixed?", "id": "57316300497a881900248eac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "blue states"}], "question": "In the United States states that vote for Democratic presidential candidates are known as what?", "id": "57316300497a881900248eaa"}]}], ["Karl Marx menerbitkan Manifesto Komunis pada bulan Februari 1848, dengan sedikit perhatian. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa hari kemudian, Revolusi Perancis pada 1848 berlaku, yang menggantikan kerajaan Louis Philippe dengan Republik Perancis Kedua. Pada bulan Jun 1848, pekerja Paris, disenchanted dengan kerajaan baru, membina barricades dan menaikkan bendera merah. Kerajaan baru memanggil Tentera Perancis untuk meletakkan pemberontakan, yang pertama dari banyak konfrontasi seperti itu antara tentera dan pergerakan pekerja baru di Eropah. <> Bilakah Manifesto Komunis mula dicipta? || Februari 1848 <> Siapa yang menulis Manifesto Komunis? || Karl Marx <> Revolusi Perancis mengakibatkan kejatuhan raja itu? || Louis Philippe <> Bilakah pekerja abad ke-19 Paris membina barikade dan mengangkat bendera merah untuk membantah pemerintahan baru mereka? || Jun 1848 <> Yang ditugaskan untuk menghentikan pemberontakan pekerja akhir abad ke-19 di Perancis? || Tentera Perancis", {"context": "Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848, with little attention. However, a few days later the French Revolution of 1848 broke out, which replaced the monarchy of Louis Philippe with the Second French Republic. In June 1848, Paris workers, disenchanted with the new government, built barricades and raised red flags. The new government called in the French Army to put down the uprising, the first of many such confrontations between the army and the new worker's movements in Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "February 1848"}], "question": "When was the Communist Manifesto first created?", "id": "57315cc8e6313a140071ce84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Karl Marx"}], "question": "Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?", "id": "57315cc8e6313a140071ce85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Louis Philippe"}], "question": "The French Revolution resulted in the fall of which monarch?", "id": "57315cc8e6313a140071ce86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "June 1848"}], "question": "When did the 19th century workers of Paris construct barricades and hoist red flags to protest their new government?", "id": "57315cc8e6313a140071ce87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "the French Army"}], "question": "Who was tasked with stopping the late 19th century worker uprisings in France?", "id": "57315cc8e6313a140071ce88"}]}], ["Selepas Parti Komunis China berkuasa pada tahun 1949, bendera China menjadi bendera merah dengan bintang besar yang melambangkan Parti Komunis, dan bintang yang lebih kecil melambangkan pekerja, petani, kelas menengah bandar dan kelas menengah luar bandar. Bendera Partai Komunis China menjadi bendera merah dengan tukul dan sabit, mirip dengan bendera Soviet. Pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an, rejim Komunis lain seperti Vietnam dan Laos juga menerima bendera merah. Sesetengah negara Komunis, seperti Cuba, memilih untuk mengekalkan bendera lama mereka; dan negara-negara lain menggunakan bendera merah yang tidak ada hubungannya dengan Komunisme atau sosialisme; bendera merah Nepal, misalnya, mewakili bunga nasional. <> Apakah bintang terbesar di bendera China pada tahun 1949? || Parti Komunis <> Apa warna merah dalam bendera Nepal mewakili? || bunga kebangsaan <> Pada pertengahan abad ke-20 bendera Laos terutama warna apa? || merah <> Kumpulan mana yang mendapat kuasa di China pada tahun 1949? || Parti Komunis China <> Pada tahun apakah abad ke-20 apakah bendera Cina menjadi merah? || 1949", {"context": "After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for instance, represents the national flower.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "the Communist Party"}], "question": "What did the biggest star on the flag of China in 1949 represent?", "id": "57316494e6313a140071ced0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "the national flower"}], "question": "What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent?", "id": "57316494e6313a140071ced2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "red"}], "question": "In the mid 20th century the flag of Laos was primarily what color?", "id": "57316494e6313a140071ced1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "the Communist Party of China"}], "question": "Which group gained power in China in 1949?", "id": "57316494e6313a140071ced4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "1949"}], "question": "In what year during the 20th century did the Chinese flag become red?", "id": "57316494e6313a140071ced3"}]}], ["Parti Komunis China yang diasaskan pada tahun 1920, mengadopsi bendera merah dan lambang tukul dan sabit Kesatuan Soviet, yang menjadi simbol kebangsaan apabila Parti berkuasa di China pada tahun 1949. Di bawah pimpinan Parti Mao Zedong, lagu Parti menjadi \" Timur Merah \", dan Mao Zedong sendiri kadang-kadang disebut sebagai\" matahari merah \". Semasa Revolusi Kebudayaan di China, ideologi Parti dikuatkuasakan oleh Pengawal Merah, dan kata-kata Mao Zedong diterbitkan sebagai buku merah kecil dalam ratusan juta salinan. Hari ini Parti Komunis China mendakwa sebagai parti politik terbesar di dunia, dengan lapan puluh juta ahli. <> Dalam tahun apakah Parti Komuniti China dicipta? || 1920 <> Parti Komunis China mendapat kuasa di China, tahun berapa ia berlaku? || 1949 <> Siapa pimpinan parti Parti Komunis China ketika mengambil kuasa? || Mao Zedong <> Dari segi Parti Komunis China, apakah \"Timur adalah Merah?\" || lagu Parti <> Berapa ramai anggota Parti Komunis China kontemporari? || lapan puluh juta ahli", {"context": "The Communist Party of China, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader Mao Zedong, the Party anthem became \"The East Is Red\", and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a \"red sun\". During the Cultural Revolution in China, Party ideology was enforced by the Red Guards, and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a small red book in hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty million members.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1920"}], "question": "In what year was the Community Party of China created?", "id": "5731639ce6313a140071cec0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "1949"}], "question": "The Community Party of China gained power in China, what year did it happen?", "id": "5731639ce6313a140071cec1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Mao Zedong"}], "question": "Who was the Party leader of the Communist Party of China when it took power?", "id": "5731639ce6313a140071cec2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "the Party anthem"}], "question": "In terms of the Communist Party of China, what is \"The East is Red?\"", "id": "5731639ce6313a140071cec3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "eighty million members"}], "question": "How many members does the contemporary Communist Part of China have?", "id": "5731639ce6313a140071cec4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1870, selepas kekalahan Tentera Perancis oleh orang-orang Jerman dalam Perang Franco-Prusia, kaum pekerja Perancis dan kaum revolusioner sosialis merampas Paris dan mewujudkan Paris Commune. Komune berlangsung selama dua bulan sebelum dihancurkan oleh Tentara Perancis, dengan banyak pertumpahan darah. Spanduk merah asli Komune menjadi ikon revolusi sosialis; pada 1921 ahli Parti Komunis Perancis datang ke Moscow dan membentangkan kerajaan Soviet yang baru dengan salah satu spanduk Komune asal; ia diletakkan (dan masih di tempat) di makam Vladimir Lenin, di sebelah keranda terbuka beliau. <> Siapa yang kalah dalam perang Franco-Prusia? || Tentara Perancis <> Setelah Paris dirampas akibat perang Franco-Prussia, apa yang dilakukan oleh para revolusioner dan pekerja? || Paris Commune <> Berapa lama ada Komune Paris? || dua bulan <> Seterusnya kepada siapa adalah sepanduk Komun Paris? || Vladimir Lenin <> Pada tahun apakah orang-orang parti Komunis Perancis pergi ke Moscow untuk memberi kerajaan Soviet sebuah sepanduk Komun Paris? || 1921", {"context": "In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War, French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners; it was placed (and is still in place) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open coffin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "the French Army"}], "question": "Who was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?", "id": "57315e0705b4da19006bd0fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "the Paris Commune"}], "question": "After Paris was seized as a result of the Franco-Prussian war, what did revolutionaries and workers create?", "id": "57315e0705b4da19006bd0ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "two months"}], "question": "For how long did the Paris Commune exist?", "id": "57315e0705b4da19006bd100"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Vladimir Lenin"}], "question": "Next to whom was a a Paris Commune banner placed?", "id": "57315e0705b4da19006bd101"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "1921"}], "question": "In what year did people of the French Communist party go to Moscow to give the Soviet government a Paris Commune banner?", "id": "57315e0705b4da19006bd102"}]}], ["Merah, biru, dan putih juga merupakan warna Pan-Slavik yang diguna pakai oleh pergerakan perpaduan Slavik pada abad ke-19. Pada mulanya ini adalah warna bendera Rusia; sebagai gerakan Slavik berkembang, mereka telah diterima pakai oleh orang Slavia lain termasuk Slovaks, Slovenia, dan Serbia. Bendera Republik Czech dan Poland menggunakan merah untuk sebab-sebab heraldik bersejarah (lihat Coat lengan Poland dan Coat lengan Republik Czech) & bukan kerana konotasi Pan-Slavia. Pada tahun 2004 Georgia mengadopsi bendera putih baru, yang terdiri daripada empat kecil dan satu besar salib merah di tengah menyentuh semua empat pihak. <> Bilakah pergerakan perpaduan Slavik memilih warna biru dan putih merah sebagai warna mereka? || akhir abad kesembilan belas <> Dalam tahun apakah bangsa George mendapat bendera kebangsaan baru? || 2004 <> Apa yang ada di tengah-tengah bendera Georgia? || satu salib merah besar <> Berapa banyak salib kecil di bendera Georgia? || empat <> Apa warna Pan-Slavic asalnya? || warna bendera Rusia", {"context": "Red, blue, and white are also the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag; as the Slavic movement grew, they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including Slovaks, Slovenes, and Serbs. The flags of the Czech Republic and Poland use red for historic heraldic reasons (see Coat of arms of Poland and Coat of arms of the Czech Republic) & not due to Pan-Slavic connotations. In 2004 Georgia adopted a new white flag, which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "the late nineteenth century"}], "question": "When did the Slavic solidarity movement choose red blue and white as their colors?", "id": "5731584905b4da19006bd07e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year did the nation of George get a new national flag?", "id": "5731584905b4da19006bd07f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "one big red cross"}], "question": "What is in the middle of the Georgian flag?", "id": "5731584905b4da19006bd080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many small crosses are on the Georgian flag?", "id": "5731584905b4da19006bd081"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "the colors of the Russian flag"}], "question": "What were the Pan-Slavic colors originally?", "id": "5731584905b4da19006bd082"}]}], ["Merah, putih, dan hitam adalah warna Empayar Jerman dari tahun 1870 hingga 1918, dan oleh kerana itu mereka dikaitkan dengan nasionalisme Jerman. Pada tahun 1920-an mereka diterima pakai sebagai warna bendera Nazi. Di Mein Kampf, Hitler menjelaskan bahawa mereka adalah \"warna yang diyakini sebagai ungkapan penghormatan kami kepada masa lalu yang mulia.\" Bahagian merah bendera itu juga dipilih untuk menarik perhatian - Hitler menulis: \"bendera baru ... harus membuktikan berkesan sebagai poster besar\" kerana \"dalam beratus-ratus ribu kasus lambang yang sangat menarik mungkin menjadi penyebab pertama kebangkitan minat dalam gerakan. \" Merah juga melambangkan program sosial Nazi, yang bertujuan untuk pekerja Jerman. Beberapa reka bentuk oleh beberapa penulis yang berbeza dipertimbangkan, tetapi yang diterima pakai pada akhirnya ialah reka bentuk peribadi Hitler. <> Dalam apa tempoh masa apakah Empayar Jerman menggunakan warna merah putih dan hitam? || 1870 hingga 1918 <> Apakah warna merah putih dan hitam dikaitkan dengan di Jerman? || Nasionalisme Jerman <> Rekaan siapa bendera Nazi? || Reka bentuk peribadi Hitler <> Dalam era apakah warna merah putih dan hitam menjadi sebahagian daripada bendera Nazi? || 1920-an <> Red dipilih sebagai sebahagian daripada bendera Nazi untuk melakukan apa? || menarik perhatian", {"context": "Red, white, and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were \"revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past.\" The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention - Hitler wrote: \"the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster\" because \"in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement.\" The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers. Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "1870 to 1918"}], "question": "During what time period did the German Empire use the colors red white and black?", "id": "5731599ee6313a140071ce68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "German nationalism"}], "question": "What did red white and black become associated with in Germany?", "id": "5731599ee6313a140071ce69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "Hitler's personal design"}], "question": "Whose design was the Nazi flag?", "id": "5731599ee6313a140071ce6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "1920s"}], "question": "In what era did red white and black become part of the Nazi flag?", "id": "5731599ee6313a140071ce6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "attract attention"}], "question": "Red was chosen as part of the Nazi flag to do what?", "id": "5731599ee6313a140071ce6b"}]}], ["Bendera merah muncul sebagai simbol politik semasa Revolusi Perancis, setelah kejatuhan Bastille. Undang-undang yang diterima pakai oleh kerajaan baru pada 20 Oktober 1789 membenarkan Garde Nationale untuk menaikkan bendera merah dalam keadaan rusuhan, untuk menandakan bahawa Garde akan segera campur tangan. Semasa demonstrasi di Champs de Mars pada 17 Julai 1791, Garde Nationale menembak orang ramai, membunuh sehingga lima puluh orang. Kerajaan telah dikecam oleh revolusi yang lebih radikal. Dalam kata-kata nyanyian terkenalnya, Marseillaise, Rouget de Lisle menulis: \"Terhadap kami, mereka telah menaikkan bendera berdarah kezaliman!\" (Kami harap ulasan ini dapat dilihat dalam domain ini. Bermula pada tahun 1790, revolusioner paling radikal mengguna pakai bendera merah itu sendiri, untuk melambangkan darah mereka yang terbunuh dalam demonstrasi, dan memanggil penindasan mereka yang dianggap balas revolusioner. <> Selepas kematian apakah bendera merah dikaitkan dengan Revolusi Perancis? || Bastille <> Pada tarikh apa Garde Nationale diberi kuasa untuk mengangkat bendera merah untuk memberi isyarat campur tangan mereka dalam rusuhan? || 20 Oktober 1789 <> Pada tarikh berapa Garde Nationale membunuh sebanyak lima puluh orang di Champs de Mars? || 17 Julai 1791 <> Siapa yang menulis perkataan \"Terhadap kita, mereka telah menaikkan bendera berdarah tirani?\" || Rouget de Lisle <> Pada tahun berapakah revolusioner paling bersemangat di Perancis menggunakan bendera merah untuk melambangkan darah rakan-rakan mereka yang jatuh? || 1790", {"context": "The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the French Revolution, after the fall of Bastille. A law adopted by the new government on October 20, 1789 authorized the Garde Nationale to raise the red flag in the event of a riot, to signal that the Garde would imminently intervene. During a demonstration on the Champs de Mars on July 17, 1791, the Garde Nationale fired on the crowd, killed up to fifty people. The government was denounced by the more radical revolutionaries. In the words of his famous hymn, the Marseillaise, Rouget de Lisle wrote: \"Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny!\" (Contre nous de la tyrannie, l'entendard sanglant est leve). Beginning in 1790, the most radical revolutionaries adopted the red flag themselves, to symbolize the blood of those killed in the demonstrations, and to call for the repression of those they considered counter-revolutionary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Bastille"}], "question": "After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution?", "id": "57315bfaa5e9cc1400cdbf01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "October 20, 1789"}], "question": "On what date was the Garde Nationale empowered to hoist a red flag to signal their intervention in a riot?", "id": "57315bfaa5e9cc1400cdbf02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "July 17, 1791"}], "question": "On what date did the Garde Nationale kill as many as fifty people on Champs de Mars?", "id": "57315bfaa5e9cc1400cdbf03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Rouget de Lisle"}], "question": "Who wrote the words \"Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny?\"", "id": "57315bfaa5e9cc1400cdbf04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "1790"}], "question": "In what year did the most ardent revolutionaries in France adopt a red flag to symbolize the blood of their fallen comrades?", "id": "57315bfaa5e9cc1400cdbf05"}]}]], [["Pengeboman itu gagal memusnahkan orang Inggeris menyerah diri atau merosakkan ekonomi perang dengan ketara. Lapan bulan pengeboman tidak pernah serius menghalang pengeluaran British dan industri perang terus beroperasi dan berkembang. Blitz hanya diberi kuasa apabila Luftwaffe gagal memenuhi prasyarat untuk pelancaran Operasi Sea Lion tahun 1940, serangan Jerman yang sedang dirancangkan ke Britain. Menjelang Mei 1941 ancaman pencerobohan Britain telah berlalu, dan perhatian Hitler telah beralih ke Operasi Barbarossa di Timur. Berbanding dengan kempen pengeboman Allied yang kemudian melawan Jerman, Blitz mengakibatkan sedikit kecederaan; pengeboman di Hamburg pada bulan Julai 1943 menimbulkan kira-kira 42,000 kematian awam, kira-kira sama dengan keseluruhan Blitz. <> Apakah nama rancangan Luftwaffe untuk menyerang Britain? || Operasi Sea Lion <> Berapa ramai orang mati dalam pengeboman Hamburg? || 42,000 <> Apa tarikh pengeboman Hamburg? || Julai 1943 <> Siapa pemimpin Luftwaffe? || Hitler", {"context": "The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy. The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The Blitz was only authorised when the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions for a 1940 launch of Operation Sea Lion, the provisionally planned German invasion of Britain. By May 1941 the threat of an invasion of Britain had passed, and Hitler's attention had turned to Operation Barbarossa in the East. In comparison to the later Allied bombing campaign against Germany, the Blitz resulted in relatively few casualties; the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 inflicted some 42,000 civilian deaths, about the same as the entire Blitz.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Operation Sea Lion"}], "question": "What was the name of the Luftwaffe plan to invade Britain?", "id": "572edc20c246551400ce474a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "42,000"}], "question": "How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?", "id": "572edc20c246551400ce474b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "July 1943"}], "question": "What was the date of the bombing of Hamburg?", "id": "572edc20c246551400ce474c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Hitler"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Luftwaffe? ", "id": "572edc20c246551400ce474d"}]}], ["Adolf Hitler gagal memberikan perhatian yang banyak kepada pengeboman musuh seperti yang dilakukannya terhadap perlindungan dari pengeboman musuh, walaupun dia telah mempromosikan perkembangan pasukan pengebom pada tahun 1930-an dan memahami bahawa ia mungkin menggunakan pengebom untuk tujuan strategik utama. Beliau memberitahu OKL pada tahun 1939 bahawa pekerjaan kejam Luftwaffe terhadap hati British akan dapat menahan dapat dan akan mengikuti ketika masanya adalah betul; Walau bagaimanapun, dia dengan cepat membangunkan keraguan yang meriah terhadap pengeboman strategik, disahkan oleh hasil Blitz. Beliau sering mengadu tentang ketidakmampuan Luftwaffe untuk merosakkan industri dengan cukup, mengatakan, \"Industri bahaya tidak dapat diganggu dengan berkesan oleh serangan udara ... biasanya sasaran yang ditetapkan tidak terkena\". <> Tahun apakah permulaan pengeboman musuh yang pertama kali dipromosikan oleh Hitler? || 1930-an <> Mengapa Hitler merasakan Luftwaffe tidak berjaya dalam serbuan pengeboman? || sasaran yang ditetapkan tidak dipukul <> Mengapa Hitler berasa pengeboman tidak berfungsi? || ketidakupayaan untuk merosakkan industri <> Pada tahun 1939 Hitler mengatakan pengeboman Britain akan bermula bila? || masanya betul <> Siapa yang mempunyai keraguan terhadap pengeboman strategik? || Adolf Hitler", {"context": "Adolf Hitler failed to pay as much attention to bombing the enemy as he did to protection from enemy bombing, although he had promoted the development of a bomber force in the 1930s and understood that it was possible to use bombers for major strategic purposes. He told the OKL in 1939 that ruthless employment of the Luftwaffe against the heart of the British will to resist could and would follow when the moment was right; however, he quickly developed a lively scepticism toward strategic bombing, confirmed by the results of the Blitz. He frequently complained of the Luftwaffe's inability to damage industries sufficiently, saying, \"The munitions industry cannot be interfered with effectively by air raids ... usually the prescribed targets are not hit\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "What year was the beginning of enemy bombing first promoted by Hitler?", "id": "572f5d5eb2c2fd1400568081"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "prescribed targets are not hit"}], "question": "Why did Hitler feel the Luftwaffe was unsuccessful in bombing raids?", "id": "572f5d5eb2c2fd1400568085"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "inability to damage industries"}], "question": "Why did Hitler feel bombing wasn't working?", "id": "572f5d5eb2c2fd1400568083"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "the moment was right"}], "question": "In 1939 Hitler said bombing of Britain would begin when?", "id": "572f5d5eb2c2fd1400568084"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Adolf Hitler"}], "question": "Who had skepticism towards strategic bombing? ", "id": "572f5d5eb2c2fd1400568082"}]}], ["Antara 7 September 1940 dan 21 Mei 1941, 16 bandar raya British mengalami serbuan udara dengan sekurang-kurangnya 100 tan bahan letupan tinggi. Dalam tempoh 267 hari, London telah diserang 71 kali, Birmingham, Liverpool dan Plymouth lapan kali, Bristol enam, Glasgow lima, empat Southampton, Portsmouth dan Hull tiga dan sekurang-kurangnya satu serangan besar di lapan bandar lain. Ini adalah hasil daripada peningkatan pesat yang bermula pada 24 Ogos 1940, ketika pengebom malam yang bertujuan untuk lapangan terbang RAF melarikan diri dan secara tidak sengaja memusnahkan beberapa rumah London, membunuh orang awam, digabungkan dengan pemboman Perdana Menteri United Kingdom Winston Churchill di Berlin pada malam berikutnya . [klarifikasi diperlukan] <> Apakah tarikh awal serangan udara di Great Britain? || 7 September 1940 <> Berapa hari penggeraan udara di Great Britain lepas? || 267 hari <> Berapa kali diserang London? || 71 kali <> Siapa Perdana Menteri UK pada masa serangan udara? || Winston Churchill <> Apa bandar Bom Winston Churchill membantah pembunuhan orang awam? || Berlin", {"context": "Between 7 September 1940 and 21 May 1941, 16 British cities suffered aerial raids with at least 100 long tons of high explosives. Over a period of 267 days, London was attacked 71 times, Birmingham, Liverpool and Plymouth eight times, Bristol six, Glasgow five, Southampton four, Portsmouth and Hull three and a minimum of one large raid on eight other cities. This was a result of a rapid escalation starting on 24 August 1940, when night bombers aiming for RAF airfields drifted off course and accidentally destroyed several London homes, killing civilians, combined with the UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill's retaliatory bombing of Berlin on the following night.[clarification needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "7 September 1940"}], "question": "What was the beginning date of the aerial raids on Great Britain?", "id": "572e8b8fc246551400ce4320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "267 days"}], "question": "How many days did the aerial raids on Great Britain last?", "id": "572e8b8fc246551400ce4321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "71 times"}], "question": "How many times was London attacked?", "id": "572e8b8fc246551400ce4322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "Winston Churchill"}], "question": "Who was the UK Prime Minster at the time of the aerial raids?", "id": "572e8b8fc246551400ce4323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "Berlin"}], "question": "What city did Winston Churchill bomb in retaliation for the killing of civilians? ", "id": "572e8b8fc246551400ce4324"}]}], ["Wever berhujah bahawa Luftwaffe General Staff tidak boleh dididik semata-mata dalam urusan taktikal dan operasi. Dia berpendapat mereka harus dididik dalam strategi besar, ekonomi perang, pengeluaran persenjataan, dan mentaliti lawan yang berpotensi (juga dikenali sebagai pencitraan cermin). Wawasan wawasan tidak dapat direalisasikan; Kajian Staf Umum dalam subjek tersebut jatuh di tepi jalan, dan Akademi Udara memberi tumpuan kepada taktik, teknologi, dan perancangan operasi, dan bukannya pada serangan udara strategik yang bebas. <> Siapa kata Staf Umum Luftwaffe harus diajar strategi besar? || Wever <> Apakah mentaliti lawan yang berpotensi juga dikenali sebagai? || cermin pencitraan <> Apa akademi Air tidak memberi tumpuan? || serangan udara strategik yang bebas <> Tentera apa yang dimiliki kakitangan umum? || Luftwaffe", {"context": "Wever argued that the Luftwaffe General Staff should not be solely educated in tactical and operational matters. He argued they should be educated in grand strategy, war economics, armament production, and the mentality of potential opponents (also known as mirror imaging). Wever's vision was not realised; the General Staff studies in those subjects fell by the wayside, and the Air Academies focused on tactics, technology, and operational planning, rather than on independent strategic air offensives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Wever"}], "question": "Who said the Luftwaffe General Staff should be taught grand strategy?", "id": "572f58c5b2c2fd1400568053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "mirror imaging"}], "question": "What is the mentality of potential opponents also known as?", "id": "572f58c5b2c2fd1400568054"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "independent strategic air offensives"}], "question": "What did the Air Academies not focus on?", "id": "572f58c5b2c2fd1400568055"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "the Luftwaffe"}], "question": "What army does the general staff belong to?", "id": "572f58c5b2c2fd1400568056"}]}], ["Dalam Luftwaffe, terdapat pandangan yang lebih jelas tentang pengeboman strategik. OKL tidak menentang pengeboman strategik industri musuh dan atau bandar-bandar, dan percaya ia akan memberi kesan besar kepada keseimbangan kuasa di medan perang yang memihak kepada Jerman dengan mengganggu pengeluaran dan merosakkan semangat awam, tetapi mereka tidak percaya bahawa kuasa udara sahaja boleh tegas. Berbeza dengan kepercayaan popular, Luftwaffe tidak mempunyai dasar sistematik tentang apa yang dikenali sebagai \"pengeboman teror\". Bukti menunjukkan bahawa Luftwaffe tidak mengamalkan dasar pengeboman rasmi di mana orang awam menjadi sasaran utama sehingga 1942. <Siapa yang percaya kuasa udara sahaja tidak akan menentukan? || Luftwaffe <> Apa nama pengeboman pengeboman Luftwaffe? || pengeboman keganasan <> Tahun berapa dasar pengeboman pengganas menjadi rasmi? || 1942", {"context": "Within the Luftwaffe, there was a more muted view of strategic bombing. The OKL did not oppose the strategic bombardment of enemy industries and or cities, and believed it could greatly affect the balance of power on the battlefield in Germany's favour by disrupting production and damaging civilian morale, but they did not believe that air power alone could be decisive. Contrary to popular belief, the Luftwaffe did not have a systematic policy of what became known as \"terror bombing\". Evidence suggests that the Luftwaffe did not adopt an official bombing policy in which civilians became the primary target until 1942.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Luftwaffe"}], "question": "Who believe air power alone would not be decisive?", "id": "572edf54dfa6aa1500f8d489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "terror bombing"}], "question": "What was the name of the Luftwaffe's bombing raids?", "id": "572edf54dfa6aa1500f8d48a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "1942"}], "question": "What year did the terror bombing policy become official?", "id": "572edf54dfa6aa1500f8d48b"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1936, Wever terbunuh dalam nahas udara. Kegagalan untuk melaksanakan wawasannya untuk Luftwaffe baru adalah sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh penggantinya. Personel Tentera Darat Albert Kesselring dan Hans-J\u00fcrgen Stumpff biasanya dipersalahkan kerana berpaling dari perancangan strategik dan memberi tumpuan kepada sokongan udara dekat. Walau bagaimanapun, nampaknya dua peminat yang paling menonjol untuk fokus pada operasi sokongan tanah (langsung atau tidak langsung) sebenarnya adalah Hugo Sperrle dan Hans Jeschonnek. Lelaki-lelaki ini adalah pelapis profesional yang lama yang terlibat dalam perkhidmatan udara Jerman sejak awal karier mereka. Luftwaffe tidak ditekan operasi sokongan tanah kerana tekanan dari tentera, atau kerana ia dipimpin oleh bekas tentera. Ia bukan misi yang sesuai dengan pendekatan Luftwaffe yang sedia ada untuk berperang; budaya operasi antara perkhidmatan bersama, bukan kempen udara strategik yang bebas. <> Bagaimana Wever meninggal? || nahas udara <> Apa tahun kematian Wever? || 1936 <> Siapa yang mengambil alih untuk Wever selepas kematiannya? || Albert Kesselring dan Hans-J\u00fcrgen Stumpff <> Apa dua lelaki yang paling penting dalam sokongan tanah? || Hugo Sperrle dan Hans Jeschonnek <> Apa kerjaya yang lama adalah Sperrle dan Jeschonnek terlibat? || Perkhidmatan udara Jerman", {"context": "In 1936, Wever was killed in an air crash. The failure to implement his vision for the new Luftwaffe was largely attributable to his immediate successors. Ex-Army personnel Albert Kesselring and Hans-J\u00fcrgen Stumpff are usually blamed for the turning away from strategic planning and focusing on close air support. However, it would seem the two most prominent enthusiasts for the focus on ground-support operations (direct or indirect) were actually Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek. These men were long-time professional airmen involved in German air services since early in their careers. The Luftwaffe was not pressured into ground support operations because of pressure from the army, or because it was led by ex-army personnel. It was instead a mission that suited the Luftwaffe's existing approach to warfare; a culture of joint inter-service operations, rather than independent strategic air campaigns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "air crash"}], "question": "How did Wever die?", "id": "572f5af4947a6a140053c8b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1936"}], "question": "What year did Wever die?", "id": "572f5af4947a6a140053c8b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Albert Kesselring and Hans-J\u00fcrgen Stumpff"}], "question": "Who took over for Wever after his death?", "id": "572f5af4947a6a140053c8b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek"}], "question": "What two men were the most important in ground support?", "id": "572f5af4947a6a140053c8b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "German air services"}], "question": "What long time careers were Sperrle and Jeschonnek involved in?", "id": "572f5af4947a6a140053c8b8"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an, ahli teori kuasa udara Giulio Douhet dan Billy Mitchell menyokong gagasan bahawa tentera udara boleh memenangi peperangan dengan sendirinya, tanpa memerlukan tanah dan pertempuran laut. Ia dianggap tidak ada pertahanan terhadap serangan udara, terutama pada waktu malam. Industri musuh, kerusi kerajaan, kilang-kilang dan komunikasi mereka boleh dimusnahkan, dengan berkesan mengambil langkah untuk menahan diri. Ia juga difikirkan pengeboman pusat-pusat kediaman akan menyebabkan keruntuhan kehendak orang awam, yang mungkin membawa kepada kejatuhan pengeluaran dan kehidupan sivil. Democracies, di mana penduduk dibenarkan menunjukkan kekecewaan kerajaan pemerintah, dianggap lemah. Pemikiran ini lazim di kedua-dua RAF dan apa yang kemudian dikenali sebagai Angkatan Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat (USAAC) antara dua perang dunia. Dasar Komando RAF Bomber khususnya akan berusaha mencapai kemenangan melalui kemusnahan kehendak, komunikasi dan industri orang awam. <> Pada tahun 1920-an dan 30-an kepada teori pemikiran ahli teori boleh dimenangi oleh angkatan udara apa nama mereka? || Giulio Douhet dan Billy Mitchell <> Pengeboman orang awam dipercayai menyebabkan apa? || keruntuhan rakyat awam <> Apa yang boleh dikatakan USAAC? || Angkatan Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah jenis penduduk yang dipercayai paling terdedah? || Demokrasi <> Apa jenis serangan pengeboman yang paling disukai? || malam", {"context": "In the 1920s and 1930s, air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars by themselves, without a need for land and sea fighting. It was thought there was no defence against air attack, particularly at night. Enemy industry, their seats of government, factories and communications could be destroyed, effectively taking away their means to resist. It was also thought the bombing of residential centres would cause a collapse of civilian will, which might have led to the collapse of production and civil life. Democracies, where the populace was allowed to show overt disapproval of the ruling government, were thought particularly vulnerable. This thinking was prevalent in both the RAF and what was then known as the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) between the two world wars. RAF Bomber Command's policy in particular would attempt to achieve victory through the destruction of civilian will, communications and industry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell"}], "question": "In the 1920's and 30's to theorist thought wars could be won by air forces what were their names?", "id": "572eddf0cb0c0d14000f1640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "collapse of civilian will"}], "question": "Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what?", "id": "572eddf0cb0c0d14000f1641"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "United States Army Air Corps"}], "question": "What does USAAC stand for?", "id": "572eddf0cb0c0d14000f1643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "Democracies"}], "question": "What kind of populace was believed to be most vulnerable?", "id": "572eddf0cb0c0d14000f1642"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "night"}], "question": "What kind of bombing raids were most favored?", "id": "572eddf0cb0c0d14000f1644"}]}], ["Dari 7 September 1940, satu tahun ke dalam perang, London dibom oleh Luftwaffe selama 57 malam berturut-turut. Lebih dari satu juta rumah London telah musnah atau rosak dan lebih daripada 40,000 orang awam terbunuh, hampir separuh daripadanya di London. Pelabuhan dan pusat industri di luar London turut diserang. Pelabuhan laut Atlantik utama Liverpool dibom, menyebabkan hampir 4,000 kematian di kawasan Merseyside semasa perang. Pelabuhan Laut Utara di Hull, sasaran yang mudah dan mudah dijumpai atau sasaran sekunder bagi para pengebom yang tidak dapat mencari sasaran utama mereka, tertunduk kepada 86 serangan di Hull Blitz semasa perang, dengan perkiraan konservatif dari 1,200 orang awam terbunuh dan 95 persen stok perumahannya rosak atau rosak. Pelabuhan lain termasuk Bristol, Cardiff, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Southampton dan Swansea juga dibom, sama seperti bandar-bandar perindustrian Birmingham, Belfast, Coventry, Glasgow, Manchester dan Sheffield. Birmingham dan Coventry dipilih kerana kilang Spitfire dan tangki di Birmingham dan banyak kilang munitions di Coventry. Pusat bandar Coventry hampir hancur, seperti Katedral Coventry. <> Berapa malamkah bom Luftwaffe London? || 57 malam berturut-turut <> Apa pelabuhan laut utara adalah sasaran sekunder untuk pengebom yang tidak dapat menemui sasaran utamanya? || Pelabuhan laut Hull <> Berapa banyak rumah di London dimusnahkan di London? || Lebih dari satu juta <> Berapa banyak orang terbunuh di Liverpool? || hampir 4,000 kematian <> Pusat bandar mana yang musnah? || Coventry", {"context": "From 7 September 1940, one year into the war, London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 57 consecutive nights. More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, almost half of them in London. Ports and industrial centres outside London were also attacked. The main Atlantic sea port of Liverpool was bombed, causing nearly 4,000 deaths within the Merseyside area during the war. The North Sea port of Hull, a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets, was subjected to 86 raids in the Hull Blitz during the war, with a conservative estimate of 1,200 civilians killed and 95 percent of its housing stock destroyed or damaged. Other ports including Bristol, Cardiff, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Southampton and Swansea were also bombed, as were the industrial cities of Birmingham, Belfast, Coventry, Glasgow, Manchester and Sheffield. Birmingham and Coventry were chosen because of the Spitfire and tank factories in Birmingham and the many munitions factories in Coventry. The city centre of Coventry was almost destroyed, as was Coventry Cathedral.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "57 consecutive nights"}], "question": "How many nights did the Luftwaffe bomb London?", "id": "572e8d9adfa6aa1500f8d115"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Sea port of Hull"}], "question": "What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target?", "id": "572e8d9adfa6aa1500f8d116"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "More than one million"}], "question": "How many homes in London were destroyed in London?", "id": "572e8d9adfa6aa1500f8d117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "nearly 4,000 deaths"}], "question": "How many people were killed in Liverpool?", "id": "572e8d9adfa6aa1500f8d118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1103, "text": "Coventry"}], "question": "Which city centre was destroyed?", "id": "572e8d9adfa6aa1500f8d119"}]}], ["Akhirnya, Hitler terperangkap dalam visi sendiri pengeboman sebagai senjata pengganas, yang dibentuk pada tahun 1930-an ketika ia mengancam negara-negara kecil untuk menerima pemerintahan Jerman dan bukannya menyerahkan kepada pengeboman udara. Fakta ini mempunyai implikasi yang penting. Ia memperlihatkan sejauh mana Hitler secara peribadi mengira strategi Allied untuk memecahkan semangat bukannya satu peperangan ekonomi, dengan kejatuhan semangat sebagai bonus tambahan. Hitler lebih tertarik kepada aspek-aspek politik pengeboman. Oleh kerana ancaman itu telah menghasilkan hasil diplomatik pada tahun 1930-an, beliau menjangkakan bahawa ancaman pembalasan Jerman akan memujuk pihak Sekutu untuk mengamalkan dasar kesederhanaan dan tidak memulakan dasar pengeboman yang tidak terbatas. Harapannya - kerana alasan prestij politik di Jerman sendiri - bahawa penduduk Jerman akan dilindungi dari pengeboman Sekutu. Apabila ini tidak dapat dibuktikan, dia mula takut bahawa perasaan popular akan beralih kepada rejimnya, dan dia menggandakan usaha untuk melancarkan serangan \"serangan ganas\" yang sama terhadap Britain untuk menghasilkan kebuntuan di mana kedua-dua pihak akan teragak-agak untuk menggunakan pengeboman sama sekali. <> Bagaimana Hitler mengancam negara-negara kecil untuk menerima pemerintahan Jerman? || pengeboman udara <> Dasar apakah yang dilakukan oleh Hitler untuk menghancurkan serangan sekutu di Allies? || dasar penyederhanaan <> Apa jenis prestij yang Hitler berharap? || politik <> Mengapa Hitler menggunakan pengeboman teror terhadap Britain? || untuk menghasilkan jalan buntu", {"context": "Ultimately, Hitler was trapped within his own vision of bombing as a terror weapon, formed in the 1930s when he threatened smaller nations into accepting German rule rather than submit to air bombardment. This fact had important implications. It showed the extent to which Hitler personally mistook Allied strategy for one of morale breaking instead of one of economic warfare, with the collapse of morale as an additional bonus. Hitler was much more attracted to the political aspects of bombing. As the mere threat of it had produced diplomatic results in the 1930s, he expected that the threat of German retaliation would persuade the Allies to adopt a policy of moderation and not to begin a policy of unrestricted bombing. His hope was \u2014 for reasons of political prestige within Germany itself \u2014 that the German population would be protected from the Allied bombings. When this proved impossible, he began to fear that popular feeling would turn against his regime, and he redoubled efforts to mount a similar \"terror offensive\" against Britain in order to produce a stalemate in which both sides would hesitate to use bombing at all.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "air bombardment"}], "question": "How did Hitler threaten small nations into accepting German rule?", "id": "572f6689b2c2fd14005680d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "policy of moderation"}], "question": "What policy did Hitler hope the bombing of Allies would cause? ", "id": "572f6689b2c2fd14005680d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 758, "text": "political"}], "question": "What kind of prestige was Hitler hoping for?", "id": "572f6689b2c2fd14005680d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1059, "text": "to produce a stalemate"}], "question": "Why did Hitler use terror bombing against Britain? ", "id": "572f6689b2c2fd14005680d8"}]}], ["Masalah utama dalam pengurusan Luftwaffe ialah Hermann G\u00f6ring. Hitler percaya Luftwaffe adalah \"senjata strategik yang paling berkesan\", dan sebagai balasan kepada permintaan yang berulang dari Kriegsmarine untuk mengawal pesawat, berkeras, \"Kami tidak sepatutnya mampu memegang senjata kita sendiri jika kita tidak mempunyai Luftwaffe yang tidak berbelah bahagi \". Prinsip-prinsip sedemikian menjadikannya lebih sukar untuk mengintegrasikan angkatan udara ke dalam strategi keseluruhan dan dihasilkan di G\u00f6ring sebuah pertahanan yang cemburu dan merosakkan \"empayar \"nya sambil menghilangkan Hitler secara sukarela dari arah sistematis Luftwaffe sama ada di peringkat strategik atau operasi. Apabila Hitler cuba untuk campur tangan lebih banyak dalam menjalankan angkatan udara kemudiannya dalam perang, dia berhadapan dengan konflik politik yang dibuat sendiri antara dirinya dan G\u00f6ring, yang tidak sepenuhnya diselesaikan sehingga perang hampir berakhir. Pada tahun 1940 dan 1941, keengganan G\u00f6ring untuk bekerjasama dengan Kriegsmarine menafikan seluruh pasukan tentera Wehrmacht Reich peluang untuk menyerang komunikasi laut British, yang mungkin mempunyai kesan strategik atau tegas dalam perang melawan Kerajaan British. <> Siapa yang Hitler mempunyai konflik semasa mengendalikan pasukan udara? || Hermann G\u00f6ring <> Strategi apa yang boleh dilakukan terhadap Empayar Britania? || bertiup komunikasi laut Inggeris <> Apa yang Kriegsmarine cuba untuk mendapatkan kawalan? || pesawat <> Siapa yang Goring enggan bekerja pada tahun 1940 dan 1941? || Kriegsmarine", {"context": "A major problem in the managing of the Luftwaffe was Hermann G\u00f6ring. Hitler believed the Luftwaffe was \"the most effective strategic weapon\", and in reply to repeated requests from the Kriegsmarine for control over aircraft insisted, \"We should never have been able to hold our own in this war if we had not had an undivided Luftwaffe\". Such principles made it much harder to integrate the air force into the overall strategy and produced in G\u00f6ring a jealous and damaging defence of his \"empire\" while removing Hitler voluntarily from the systematic direction of the Luftwaffe at either the strategic or operational level. When Hitler tried to intervene more in the running of the air force later in the war, he was faced with a political conflict of his own making between himself and G\u00f6ring, which was not fully resolved until the war was almost over. In 1940 and 1941, G\u00f6ring's refusal to cooperate with the Kriegsmarine denied the entire Wehrmacht military forces of the Reich the chance to strangle British sea communications, which might have had strategic or decisive effect in the war against the British Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Hermann G\u00f6ring"}], "question": "Who did Hitler have a conflict over running the air force?", "id": "572f6c2ba23a5019007fc5fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 995, "text": "strangle British sea communications"}], "question": "What strategy could have worked against the British Empire?", "id": "572f6c2ba23a5019007fc5fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "aircraft"}], "question": "What did the Kriegsmarine try to gain control over?", "id": "572f6c2ba23a5019007fc5fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 907, "text": "the Kriegsmarine"}], "question": "Who did Goring refuse to work with in 1940 and 1941?", "id": "572f6c2ba23a5019007fc5fd"}]}], ["Dalam beberapa jam dari Inggeris dan Perancis mengisytiharkan perang ke Jerman pada 3 September 1939, RAF mengebom kapal perang Jerman di sepanjang pantai Jerman di Wilhelmshaven. Selepas itu operasi pengeboman menentang pelabuhan-pelabuhan dan pelepasan dan pelepasan leaflet propaganda. Operasi dirancang untuk mengurangkan kecederaan awam. Dari 15 Mei 1940 - sehari selepas Luftwaffe memusnahkan pusat Rotterdam - RAF juga menjalankan operasi di timur Rhine, menyerang sasaran perindustrian dan pengangkutan. Operasi dijalankan setiap malam selepas itu. <> Yang mana dua negara mengisytiharkan perang ke Jerman pada 3 September 1939? || UK dan Perancis <> RAF mengebom pantai Jerman? || Wilhelmshaven <> Sebilangan risalah apa yang telah dijatuhkan? || propaganda <> Apakah operasi RAF cuba mengurangkan? || korban awam <> Tahun berapa Luftwaffe memusnahkan pusat Rotterdam? || 1940", {"context": "Within hours of the UK and France declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, the RAF bombed German warships along the German coast at Wilhelmshaven. Thereafter bombing operations were against ports and shipping and propaganda leaflet drops. Operations were planned to minimize civilian casualties. From 15 May 1940 \u2013 the day after the Luftwaffe destroyed the centre of Rotterdam \u2013 the RAF also carried out operations east of the Rhine, attacking industrial and transportation targets. Operations were carried out every night thereafter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "UK and France"}], "question": "Which two countries declared war on Germany on September 3 1939?", "id": "572f709d947a6a140053c966"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Wilhelmshaven"}], "question": "The RAF bombed what Germany coast?", "id": "572f709d947a6a140053c967"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "propaganda"}], "question": "What kind of leaflets were dropped?", "id": "572f709d947a6a140053c968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "civilian casualties"}], "question": "What were the RAF operations trying to lessen?", "id": "572f709d947a6a140053c969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "1940"}], "question": "What year did the Luftwaffe destroy Rotterdam center?", "id": "572f709d947a6a140053c96a"}]}], ["Pemisahan Luftwaffe yang disengaja dari seluruh struktur ketenteraan menggalakkan kemunculan \"jurang komunikasi\" utama antara Hitler dan Luftwaffe, yang faktor lain membantu memperburuk. Untuk satu perkara, ketakutan G\u00f6ring terhadap Hitler menyebabkannya memalsukan atau menyalahkan apa maklumat yang ada dalam arah penafsiran kekuatan udara yang tidak menentu dan terlalu optimis. Apabila G\u00f6ring memutuskan untuk meneruskan program pengebom berat asal Wever yang berterusan pada tahun 1937, penjelasan Reichsmarschall sendiri adalah bahawa Hitler ingin tahu berapa banyak pengebom di sana, tidak berapa banyak enjin yang masing-masing mempunyai. Pada bulan Julai 1939, G\u00f6ring menyusun paparan peralatan Luftwaffe yang paling canggih di Rechlin, untuk memberi gambaran bahawa tentera udara lebih bersedia untuk perang udara strategik daripada sebenarnya kes itu. <> Apakah punca utama pemisahan antara Luftwaffe dan struktur ketenteraan yang lain? || jurang perhubungan <> Apa yang dilakukan Goring kerana takut kepada Hitler? || misrepresent maklumat apa <> Tahun apa Goring memaparkan peralatan canggih Luftwaffe? || 1939 <> Siapa program pengeboman yang dilakukan Goring ditinggalkan pada tahun 1939? || Wever <> Di kota apakah Goring memaparkan peralatan pendahuluan? || Rechlin", {"context": "The deliberate separation of the Luftwaffe from the rest of the military structure encouraged the emergence of a major \"communications gap\" between Hitler and the Luftwaffe, which other factors helped to exacerbate. For one thing, G\u00f6ring's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available in the direction of an uncritical and over-optimistic interpretation of air strength. When G\u00f6ring decided against continuing Wever's original heavy bomber programme in 1937, the Reichsmarschall's own explanation was that Hitler wanted to know only how many bombers there were, not how many engines each had. In July 1939, G\u00f6ring arranged a display of the Luftwaffe's most advanced equipment at Rechlin, to give the impression the air force was more prepared for a strategic air war than was actually the case.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "communications gap"}], "question": "What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure?", "id": "572f6e82947a6a140053c94a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "misrepresent what information"}], "question": "What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler?", "id": "572f6e82947a6a140053c94b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "1939"}], "question": "What year did Goring display the Luftwaffe's advanced equipment?", "id": "572f6e82947a6a140053c94c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Wever"}], "question": "Who's bombing program did Goring abandon in 1939? ", "id": "572f6e82947a6a140053c94e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "Rechlin"}], "question": "In what city did Goring display the advance equipment?", "id": "572f6e82947a6a140053c94d"}]}], ["Keputusan untuk menukar strategi kadangkala dituntut sebagai kesalahan besar oleh Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL). Adalah dikatakan bahawa berterusan dengan serangan di lapangan udara RAF mungkin telah memenangi keunggulan udara untuk Luftwaffe. Yang lain berpendapat bahawa Luftwaffe memberi sedikit gambaran mengenai Perintah Pejuang pada minggu terakhir bulan Ogos dan minggu pertama bulan September dan peralihan strategi tidak tegas. Ia juga mengatakan bahawa ragu-ragu Luftwaffe dapat memenangi keunggulan udara sebelum \"jendela cuaca\" mula merosot pada bulan Oktober. Ia juga mungkin, sekiranya kerugian RAF menjadi teruk, mereka boleh keluar ke utara, menunggu pencerobohan Jerman, kemudian memasang semula ke arah selatan. Ahli sejarah lain berpendapat bahawa hasil pertempuran udara tidak relevan; keunggulan numerik pasukan tentera laut British dan kelemahan yang wujud dari Kriegsmarine akan menjadikan pencerobohan Jerman, Unternehmen Seel\u00f6we (Operasi Sea Lion), bencana dengan atau tanpa kehebatan udara Jerman. <> Apa yang OKL tahan? || Oberkommando der Luftwaffe <> Berapa bulan akan muncul tetingkap cuaca? || Oktober <> Jika kerugian serius telah berlaku kepada RAF di mana mungkin mereka telah keluar? || utara <> Apakah nama Jerman Operasi Sea Lion? || Unternehmen Seel\u00f6we <> Siapa yang mempunyai eksponen tentera laut yang lebih besar? || Pasukan tentera laut British", {"context": "The decision to change strategy is sometimes claimed as a major mistake by the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL). It is argued that persisting with attacks on RAF airfields might have won air superiority for the Luftwaffe. Others argue that the Luftwaffe made little impression on Fighter Command in the last week of August and first week of September and that the shift in strategy was not decisive. It has also been argued that it was doubtful the Luftwaffe could have won air superiority before the \"weather window\" began to deteriorate in October. It was also possible, if RAF losses became severe, that they could pull out to the north, wait for the German invasion, then redeploy southward again. Other historians argue that the outcome of the air battle was irrelevant; the massive numerical superiority of British naval forces and the inherent weakness of the Kriegsmarine would have made the projected German invasion, Unternehmen Seel\u00f6we (Operation Sea Lion), a disaster with or without German air superiority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Oberkommando der Luftwaffe"}], "question": "What does OKL stand for?", "id": "572f8332b2c2fd140056819b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "October"}], "question": "What month would the weather window begin to decline?", "id": "572f8332b2c2fd140056819c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "the north"}], "question": "If serious loss had happened to the RAF where might they have pulled out of?", "id": "572f8332b2c2fd140056819d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 927, "text": "Unternehmen Seel\u00f6we"}], "question": "What is the German name of Operation Sea Lion?", "id": "572f8332b2c2fd140056819e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 813, "text": "British naval forces"}], "question": "Who had exponential larger naval forces?", "id": "572f8332b2c2fd140056819f"}]}], ["Dalam kapasiti operasi, batasan dalam teknologi senjata dan reaksi British yang cepat menjadikannya lebih sukar untuk mencapai kesan strategik. Menyerang pelabuhan, perkapalan dan import serta mengganggu trafik kereta api di kawasan sekitar, terutama pengedaran arang batu, bahan api penting dalam semua ekonomi perindustrian Perang Dunia Kedua, akan menjaringkan hasil positif. Walau bagaimanapun, penggunaan bom tindakan yang tertangguh, pada mulanya sangat berkesan, secara beransur-ansur kurang memberi impak, sebahagiannya kerana mereka gagal meletup. [C] Tambahan pula, pihak British telah menjangkakan perubahan strategi dan menyebarkan kemudahan pengeluarannya menjadikan mereka kurang terdedah kepada serangan pekat. Pesuruhjaya serantau telah diberi kuasa penuh untuk memulihkan komunikasi dan menganjurkan pengedaran bekalan untuk mengekalkan ekonomi perang. <> Ditambah dengan reaksi pantas British yang menyebabkan kapasiti operasi sukar dicapai? || batasan teknologi senjata <> Apakah bahan api penting dalam Perang Dunia Kedua? || arang <> Siapa yang telah diberikan kebenaran untuk memulihkan kuasa dan memindahkan bekalan untuk menjaga perang bergerak? || Pesuruhjaya serantau <> Bom apa jenis yang berkesan pada mulanya tetapi menjadi kurang begitu dengan masa? || bom tindakan lambat <> Apa yang dilakukan Britain yang membantu menjadikan strategi baru kurang efektif? || menyebarkan kemudahan pengeluarannya", {"context": "In an operational capacity, limitations in weapons technology and quick British reactions were making it more difficult to achieve strategic effect. Attacking ports, shipping and imports as well as disrupting rail traffic in the surrounding areas, especially the distribution of coal, an important fuel in all industrial economies of the Second World War, would net a positive result. However, the use of delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate.[c] Moreover, the British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack. Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "limitations in weapons technology"}], "question": "Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?", "id": "572f9082a23a5019007fc75d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "coal"}], "question": "What was an important fuel in the Second World War?", "id": "572f9082a23a5019007fc75e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "Regional commissioners"}], "question": "Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving?", "id": "572f9082a23a5019007fc761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "delayed-action bombs"}], "question": "What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time?", "id": "572f9082a23a5019007fc75f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "dispersed its production facilities"}], "question": "What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective? ", "id": "572f9082a23a5019007fc760"}]}], ["Walaupun tidak secara khusus bersedia untuk menjalankan operasi udara strategik bebas terhadap lawan, Luftwaffe dijangka akan melakukannya lebih dari Britain. Dari bulan Julai hingga September 1940, Luftwaffe menyerang Perintah RAF Fighter untuk mendapatkan keunggulan udara sebagai pendahuluan untuk pencerobohan. Ini melibatkan pengeboman konvoi Bahasa Inggeris, pelabuhan, dan lapangan terbang RAF dan industri sokongan. Memusnahkan Perintah Pejuang RAF akan membolehkan orang Jerman dapat mengawal langit di atas kawasan pencerobohan. Ia sepatutnya bahawa Komando Pengebom, RAF Pesisir Pantai dan Tentera Laut Diraja tidak dapat beroperasi di bawah keadaan kehebatan udara Jerman. <> Taktik mana yang Luftwaffe dikecualikan untuk digunakan terhadap Britain? || Operasi udara <> Mengapa Luftwaffe bom Perintah Pejuang RAF? || untuk mendapatkan keunggulan udara <> Apa nama saluran bom Luftwaffe untuk mendapatkan keunggulan udara? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Tentera Laut mana yang dianggap tidak boleh beroperasi di bawah kekuasaan udara Jerman? || Royal", {"context": "Although not specifically prepared to conduct independent strategic air operations against an opponent, the Luftwaffe was expected to do so over Britain. From July until September 1940 the Luftwaffe attacked RAF Fighter Command to gain air superiority as a prelude to invasion. This involved the bombing of English Channel convoys, ports, and RAF airfields and supporting industries. Destroying RAF Fighter Command would allow the Germans to gain control of the skies over the invasion area. It was supposed that Bomber Command, RAF Coastal Command and the Royal Navy could not operate under conditions of German air superiority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "air operations"}], "question": "Which tactics were the Luftwaffe excepted to use against Britain? ", "id": "572f785e04bcaa1900d769bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "to gain air superiority"}], "question": "Why did the Luftwaffe bomb the RAF Fighter Command?", "id": "572f785e04bcaa1900d769c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "English"}], "question": "What was the name of the Channel the Luftwaffe bomb to try to gain air superiority?", "id": "572f785e04bcaa1900d769c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Royal"}], "question": "Which Navy was assumed not to be able to operate under German air superiority?", "id": "572f785e04bcaa1900d769c2"}]}], ["Perisikan miskin Luftwaffe bermaksud bahawa pesawat mereka tidak selalu dapat mencari sasaran mereka, dan oleh itu serangan terhadap kilang-kilang dan lapangan terbang gagal mencapai hasil yang diinginkan. Pengeluaran pesawat tempur British berterusan pada kadar yang melepasi Jerman dengan 2 hingga 1. British menghasilkan 10.000 pesawat pada tahun 1940, berbanding dengan 8.000 orang Jerman. Penggantian juruterbang dan krew udara lebih sukar. Kedua-dua RAF dan Luftwaffe bergelut untuk menggantikan kerugian tenaga kerja, walaupun Jerman mempunyai rizab yang lebih besar bagi kapal terbang terlatih. Keadaan ini menjejaskan Jerman lebih daripada British. Beroperasi di kawasan rumah, risalah British boleh terbang lagi jika mereka terselamat ditembak jatuh. Krew Jerman, walaupun mereka selamat, menghadapi penangkapan. Lebih-lebih lagi, pengebom mempunyai empat hingga lima orang anak kapal, yang mewakili kehilangan tenaga kerja yang lebih besar. Pada 7 September, orang Jerman beralih dari pemusnahan struktur sokongan RAF. Perisikan Jerman mencadangkan Perintah Pejuang semakin lemah, dan serangan ke atas London akan memaksa ia menjadi pertempuran terakhir penghapusan sementara memaksa Kerajaan British menyerahkan diri. <> Mengapa Luftwaffe gagal untuk mencari sasaran mereka? || kecerdasan rendah <> Apa yang dihadapi oleh anggota kru Jerman jika mereka ditembak jatuh ke atas Britain? || menangkap <> pesawat tempur Britain yang memperjuangkan Jerman dengan margin apa? || 2 hingga 1 <> Seberapa besar krew pengebom? || empat hingga lima kru <> Berapa banyak pesawat yang dihasilkan oleh Britain pada tahun 1940? || 10,000", {"context": "The Luftwaffe's poor intelligence meant that their aircraft were not always able to locate their targets, and thus attacks on factories and airfields failed to achieve the desired results. British fighter aircraft production continued at a rate surpassing Germany's by 2 to 1. The British produced 10,000 aircraft in 1940, in comparison to Germany's 8,000. The replacement of pilots and aircrew was more difficult. Both the RAF and Luftwaffe struggled to replace manpower losses, though the Germans had larger reserves of trained aircrew. The circumstances affected the Germans more than the British. Operating over home territory, British flyers could fly again if they survived being shot down. German crews, even if they survived, faced capture. Moreover, bombers had four to five crewmen on board, representing a greater loss of manpower. On 7 September, the Germans shifted away from the destruction of the RAF's supporting structures. German intelligence suggested Fighter Command was weakening, and an attack on London would force it into a final battle of annihilation while compelling the British Government to surrender.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "poor intelligence"}], "question": "Why did the Luftwaffe fail to locate their targets?", "id": "572f7ac2b2c2fd1400568169"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "capture"}], "question": "What did German crew members face if they were shot down over Britain?", "id": "572f7ac2b2c2fd140056816c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "2 to 1"}], "question": "Britain's  fabrication  of fighter planes out paced Germany by what margin?", "id": "572f7ac2b2c2fd140056816a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "four to five crewmen"}], "question": "How big was the crew of a bomber?", "id": "572f7ac2b2c2fd140056816d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "How many aircraft did Britain produce in 1940?", "id": "572f7ac2b2c2fd140056816b"}]}], ["Berdasarkan pengalaman dengan pengeboman strategik Jerman semasa Perang Dunia I melawan United Kingdom, kerajaan British menganggarkan selepas perang 50 kecederaan - dengan kira-kira satu pertiga terbunuh - akan menyebabkan setiap ton bom jatuh ke London. Anggaran ton bom musuh boleh jatuh setiap hari sebagai teknologi pesawat maju, dari 75 pada tahun 1922, kepada 150 pada tahun 1934, kepada 644 pada tahun 1937. Pada tahun itu, Jawatankuasa Pertahanan Imperial menganggarkan bahawa serangan 60 hari akan mengakibatkan 600,000 mayat dan 1,200,000 cedera. Laporan berita Perang Saudara Sepanyol, seperti pengeboman Barcelona, menyokong anggaran 50-korban-per-tonne. Menjelang tahun 1938 pakar-pakar secara umumnya menjangkakan bahawa Jerman akan cuba menurunkan sebanyak 3,500 tan dalam tempoh 24 jam perang pertama dan purata 700 tan metrik sehari selama beberapa minggu. Sebagai tambahan kepada bom yang meletup dan membakar yang tinggi musuh mungkin akan menggunakan gas racun dan bahkan peperangan bakiologi, semuanya dengan ketepatan yang tinggi. Pada tahun 1939, ahli teori ketenteraan Basil Liddell-Hart meramalkan bahawa 250,000 kematian dan kecederaan di Britain boleh berlaku pada minggu pertama perang. <> Berapa banyak mangsa yang membuat anggaran kerajaan British untuk setiap tan bom jatuh? || 50 <> Sebagai teknologi meningkat apa jumlah bom yang boleh dijatuhkan pada tahun 1937 per hari? || 644 <> Berapa banyak tan pakar yang mengharapkan Jerman jatuh dalam 24 jam pertama perang? || 3,500 <> Jawatankuasa apa yang menganggarkan bahawa 60 hari serangan akan mengakibatkan 600,000 kematian? || Pertahanan Imperial <> Siapa ahli teori tentera pada tahun 1939 yang mengatakan 250,000 kematian dan kecederaan boleh berlaku pada minggu pertama perang di Britain? || Basil Liddell-Hart", {"context": "Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United Kingdom, the British government estimated after the war that 50 casualties\u2014 with about one third killed\u2014 would result for every tonne of bombs dropped on London. The estimate of tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day grew as aircraft technology advanced, from 75 in 1922, to 150 in 1934, to 644 in 1937. That year the Committee on Imperial Defence estimated that an attack of 60 days would result in 600,000 dead and 1,200,000 wounded. News reports of the Spanish Civil War, such as the bombing of Barcelona, supported the 50-casualties-per-tonne estimate. By 1938 experts generally expected that Germany would attempt to drop as much as 3,500 tonnes in the first 24 hours of war and average 700 tonnes a day for several weeks. In addition to high explosive and incendiary bombs the enemy would possibly use poison gas and even bacteriological warfare, all with a high degree of accuracy. In 1939 military theorist Basil Liddell-Hart predicted that 250,000 deaths and injuries in Britain could occur in the first week of war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "50"}], "question": "How many casualties did the British government estimate for every ton of bombs dropped?", "id": "572fa09004bcaa1900d76b13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "644"}], "question": "As technology increased what was the amount of bombs that could be dropped in 1937 per day? ", "id": "572fa09004bcaa1900d76b14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "3,500"}], "question": "How many tons did experts expect Germany to drop in the first 24 hours of the war?", "id": "572fa09004bcaa1900d76b16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Imperial Defence"}], "question": "What committee estimated that 60 days of attacks would result in 600,000 deaths?", "id": "572fa09004bcaa1900d76b15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1008, "text": "Basil Liddell-Hart"}], "question": "Who was the military theorist in 1939 who said 250,000 deaths and injury could occur in the first week of war in Britian?", "id": "572fa09004bcaa1900d76b17"}]}], ["Terlepas dari keupayaan Luftwaffe untuk memenangi keunggulan udara, Adolf Hitler kecewa kerana ia tidak berlaku dengan cepat. Tanpa tanda-tanda pelemahan RAF, dan Luftwaffe armada udara (Luftflotten) mengambil tindakan menghukum, OKL berminat untuk mengubah strategi. Untuk mengurangkan kerugian lebih lanjut, perubahan dalam strategi juga disukai untuk berlaku pada waktu malam, untuk memberi perlindungan pengebom yang lebih besar di bawah penutup kegelapan. [B] Pada 4 September 1940, dalam sebuah alamat panjang di Sportspalast, Hitler menyatakan: \"Dan sekiranya Tentera Udara Diraja jatuh dua ribu atau tiga ribu kilogram ... maka sekarang kita akan turun [...] 300,000, 400,000, ya satu juta kilogram dalam satu malam. Dan jika mereka menyatakan mereka akan sangat meningkatkan serangan ke kota-kota kita, maka kita akan menghapuskan kota-kota mereka. \" <> Armada udara Luftwaffe telah mengambil apa jenis kerugian? || menghukum <> Apa yang menyebabkan kerugian kepada armada udara menyebabkan Luftwaffe lakukan? || perubahan dalam strategi <> Apakah strategi yang digunakan oleh Luftwaffe untuk memberikan pelindung mereka dengan lebih baik? || penutup kegelapan <> Apa bandar Hitler memberi ucapan di mana dia berkata dia akan memadamkan bandar-bandar di Britain? || Sportspalast <> Pada tahun apakah Hitler memberikan ucapan di Sportspalast? || 1940", {"context": "Regardless of the ability of the Luftwaffe to win air superiority, Adolf Hitler was frustrated that it was not happening quickly enough. With no sign of the RAF weakening, and Luftwaffe air fleets (Luftflotten) taking punishing losses, the OKL was keen for a change in strategy. To reduce losses further, a change in strategy was also favoured to take place at night, to give the bombers greater protection under cover of darkness.[b] On 4 September 1940, in a long address at the Sportspalast, Hitler declared: \"And should the Royal Air Force drop two thousand, or three thousand [kilograms ...] then we will now drop [...] 300,000, 400,000, yes one million kilograms in a single night. And should they declare they will greatly increase their attacks on our cities, then we will erase their cities.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "punishing"}], "question": "The Luftwaffe air fleets were taking what kind of losses?", "id": "572f867ba23a5019007fc6e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "change in strategy"}], "question": "What did the punishing losses to the air fleet cause the Luftwaffe to do?", "id": "572f867ba23a5019007fc6e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "cover of darkness"}], "question": "What kind of strategy did the Luftwaffe use to give their bombers better protection?", "id": "572f867ba23a5019007fc6e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Sportspalast"}], "question": "What city did Hitler give a speech where he said he would erase British cities?", "id": "572f867ba23a5019007fc6e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "1940"}], "question": "In what year did Hitler give the speech at Sportspalast? ", "id": "572f867ba23a5019007fc6e9"}]}], ["Walaupun ia mempunyai peralatan yang mampu melakukan kerosakan yang serius, masalah untuk Luftwaffe adalah strategi yang tidak jelas dan kecerdasan yang lemah. OKL tidak dimaklumkan bahawa Britain dianggap lawan yang berpotensi sehingga awal 1938. Ia tidak mempunyai masa untuk mengumpulkan kepintaran yang dipercayai di industri Britain. Selain itu, OKL tidak dapat menyelesaikan strategi yang sesuai. Perancang Jerman terpaksa memutuskan sama ada Luftwaffe harus menyebarkan berat serangannya terhadap segmen tertentu industri British seperti kilang pesawat, atau terhadap sistem industri yang saling berkaitan seperti rangkaian import dan pengedaran Britain, atau bahkan dalam usaha untuk memecahkan semangat rakyat British. Strategi Luftwaffe menjadi semakin tidak bermulanya musim sejuk 1940-1941. Pertikaian di kalangan kakitangan OKL membincangkan lebih banyak taktik daripada strategi. Kaedah ini mengutuk serangan ke atas Britain untuk kegagalan sebelum ia bermula. <> Berapa tahunkah OKL sedar bahawa Britain akan menjadi sasaran yang mungkin? || awal 1938 <> Apa perbezaan pendapat yang berlaku di pusat kakitangan Luftwaffe? || taktik <> Kecerdasan yang lemah dan apa masalah lain yang membuat sukar bagi Luftwaffe melakukan kerosakan yang melampau? || strategi yang tidak jelas <> Apakah pertikaian antara kakitangan menyebabkan berlaku strategi terhadap Britain? || kegagalan sebelum ia bermula", {"context": "Although it had equipment capable of doing serious damage, the problem for the Luftwaffe was its unclear strategy and poor intelligence. OKL had not been informed that Britain was to be considered a potential opponent until early 1938. It had no time to gather reliable intelligence on Britain's industries. Moreover, OKL could not settle on an appropriate strategy. German planners had to decide whether the Luftwaffe should deliver the weight of its attacks against a specific segment of British industry such as aircraft factories, or against a system of interrelated industries such as Britain's import and distribution network, or even in a blow aimed at breaking the morale of the British population. The Luftwaffe's strategy became increasingly aimless over the winter of 1940\u20131941. Disputes among the OKL staff revolved more around tactics than strategy. This method condemned the offensive over Britain to failure before it began.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "early 1938"}], "question": "What year did the OKL become aware that Britain would be a possible target?", "id": "572f8b28b2c2fd14005681ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "tactics"}], "question": "What disagreements did the  Luftwaffe staff center around?", "id": "572f8b28b2c2fd14005681cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "unclear strategy"}], "question": "Poor intelligence and what other problem made it difficult for the Luftwaffe to do extreme damage?", "id": "572f8b28b2c2fd14005681cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 915, "text": "failure before it began"}], "question": "What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain?", "id": "572f8b28b2c2fd14005681d0"}]}], ["Ia telah memutuskan untuk memberi tumpuan kepada pengeboman bandar-bandar perindustrian Britain di siang hari untuk bermula dengan. Tumpuan utama operasi pengeboman adalah terhadap bandar London. Serangan utama pertama dalam hal ini berlaku pada 7 September. Pada 15 September, pada tarikh yang dikenali sebagai Pertempuran Hari Britain, serbuan besar-besaran telah dilancarkan pada siang hari, tetapi mengalami kerugian yang besar tanpa keuntungan yang berkekalan. Walaupun terdapat beberapa pertempuran udara besar yang dilancarkan pada siang hari pada bulan itu dan pada bulan Oktober, Luftwaffe menukar usaha utamanya untuk serangan malam untuk mengurangkan kerugian. Ini menjadi dasar rasmi pada 7 Oktober. Kempen udara tidak lama lagi berlaku di London dan di bandar-bandar lain di Britain. Walau bagaimanapun, Luftwaffe menghadapi batasan. Pesawatnya-Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, dan Heinkel He 111s-mampu melaksanakan misi strategik, tetapi tidak mampu melakukan kerosakan yang lebih besar kerana batasan beban bom. Keputusan Luftwaffe dalam tempoh intervensi untuk menumpukan perhatian kepada pengebom sederhana boleh dikaitkan dengan beberapa sebab: Hitler tidak berniat atau meramalkan perang dengan Britain pada tahun 1939; OKL percaya seorang pengebom sederhana boleh menjalankan misi strategik dan juga sebagai pengebom berat; dan Jerman tidak memiliki sumber atau keupayaan teknikal untuk menghasilkan pengebom empat-engin sebelum perang. <> Di manakah bandar British yang memberi tumpuan kepada pengeboman Luftwaffe? || London <> Apa nama serangan udara besar yang berlaku di waktu siang di Britain? || Pertempuran Hari Britain <> Apakah sebab utama Luftwaffe tidak dapat menyebabkan kerosakan yang besar dengan misi mereka? || batasan beban bom <> Apa jenis pengebom Jerman tidak dapat membina? || pengebom berani empat", {"context": "It was decided to focus on bombing Britain's industrial cities in daylight to begin with. The main focus of the bombing operations was against the city of London. The first major raid in this regard took place on 7 September. On 15 September, on a date known as the Battle of Britain Day, a large-scale raid was launched in daylight, but suffered significant loss for no lasting gain. Although there were a few large air battles fought in daylight later in the month and into October, the Luftwaffe switched its main effort to night attacks in order to reduce losses. This became official policy on 7 October. The air campaign soon got underway against London and other British cities. However, the Luftwaffe faced limitations. Its aircraft\u2014Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, and Heinkel He 111s\u2014were capable of carrying out strategic missions, but were incapable of doing greater damage because of bomb-load limitations. The Luftwaffe's decision in the interwar period to concentrate on medium bombers can be attributed to several reasons: Hitler did not intend or foresee a war with Britain in 1939; the OKL believed a medium bomber could carry out strategic missions just as well as a heavy bomber force; and Germany did not possess the resources or technical ability to produce four-engined bombers before the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "London"}], "question": "Which British city did the Luftwaffe focus its bombing on?", "id": "572f8892b2c2fd14005681c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Battle of Britain Day"}], "question": "What was the name of the large air raid that took place in daylight hours in Britain?", "id": "572f8892b2c2fd14005681c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 894, "text": "bomb-load limitations"}], "question": "What was the main reason the Luftwaffe was not able to cause extensive damage with their missions?", "id": "572f8892b2c2fd14005681c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1277, "text": "four-engined bombers"}], "question": "What kind of bombers was Germany not able to build?", "id": "572f8892b2c2fd14005681c8"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, perlindungan komunal tidak pernah menempatkan lebih dari satu ketujuh penduduk Greater London. Penggunaan puncak Bawah Tanah sebagai perlindungan adalah 177,000 pada 27 September 1940, dan banci London pada 1940 mendapati bahawa sekitar 4% penduduk menggunakan Tabung dan tempat perlindungan besar lainnya; 9% di tempat perlindungan awam; dan 27% di tempat perlindungan rumah persendirian, menyiratkan bahawa baki 60% bandar mungkin tinggal di rumah. Kerajaan telah mengagihkan tempat perlindungan Anderson hingga tahun 1941 dan tahun itu mula mengedarkan perlindungan Morrison, yang dapat digunakan di dalam rumah. </ Span> <> Apa jumlah terbesar yang menggunakan tempat perlindungan Bawah Tanah pada 27 September 1940? || 177,000 <> Pada tahun 1940 apakah peratusan yang digunakan Tube untuk tempat tidur yang terlindung? || 4% <> Di manakah 60% populasi tinggal? || di rumah <> Tahun berapa kerajaan mula memberi tempat perlindungan Morrison? || 1941 <> Di manakah tempat perlindungan Morrison boleh digunakan? || di dalam rumah", {"context": "Communal shelters never housed more than one seventh of Greater London residents, however. Peak use of the Underground as shelter was 177,000 on 27 September 1940, and a November 1940 census of London found that about 4% of residents used the Tube and other large shelters; 9% in public surface shelters; and 27% in private home shelters, implying that the remaining 60% of the city likely stayed at home. The government distributed Anderson shelters until 1941 and that year began distributing the Morrison shelter, which could be used inside homes.:190", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "177,000"}], "question": "What was the largest number to use Underground shelters in September  27, 1940?", "id": "572fabd004bcaa1900d76ba9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "4%"}], "question": "In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter?", "id": "572fabd004bcaa1900d76baa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "at home"}], "question": "Where did 60% of populations stay?", "id": "572fabd004bcaa1900d76bab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "1941"}], "question": "What year did the government start giving out Morrison shelters?", "id": "572fabd004bcaa1900d76bac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "inside homes"}], "question": "Where could the Morrison shelters be used?", "id": "572fabd004bcaa1900d76bad"}]}], ["Walaupun intensiti pengeboman itu tidak sama dengan jangkaan pra-bayangan jadi perbandingan yang sama tidak mustahil, tidak ada krisis psikiatrik yang berlaku kerana Blitz walaupun semasa pengeboman terbesar September 1940. Seorang saksi Amerika menulis \"Dengan setiap ujian dan ukuran saya Saya dapat memohon, orang-orang ini kuat untuk tulang dan tidak akan berhenti ... British lebih kuat dan berada dalam kedudukan yang lebih baik daripada mereka pada permulaannya \". Orang-orang yang dirujuk sebagai serbuan seolah-olah cuaca, menyatakan bahawa hari adalah \"sangat blitzy\": 75,261 Walau bagaimanapun, seorang lagi Amerika yang melawat Britain, penerbit Ralph Ingersoll, menulis tidak lama selepas Blitz mereda pada 15 September bahawa: <> Saksi apa menulis bahawa orang-orang ini setia kepada tulang dan tidak akan berhenti? || Amerika <> Dengan bom yang sengit apa yang tidak berlaku dan ramalan sebelum perang? || krisis psikiatri <> Orang-orang menyeru serbuan yang sangat berbahaya seperti mereka bercakap tentang apa? || cuaca", {"context": "Although the intensity of the bombing was not as great as prewar expectations so an equal comparison is impossible, no psychiatric crisis occurred because of the Blitz even during the period of greatest bombing of September 1940. An American witness wrote \"By every test and measure I am able to apply, these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit ... the British are stronger and in a better position than they were at its beginning\". People referred to raids as if they were weather, stating that a day was \"very blitzy\".:75,261 However, another American who visited Britain, the publisher Ralph Ingersoll, wrote soon after the Blitz eased on 15 September that:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "American"}], "question": "What witness wrote that these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit?", "id": "572faedf947a6a140053cb73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "psychiatric crisis"}], "question": "With the intense bomb what did not happen as great as prewar predictions expected?", "id": "572faedf947a6a140053cb72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "weather"}], "question": "People called the raids very blitzy like they were talking about what?", "id": "572faedf947a6a140053cb74"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada yang mati dan yang cedera, pemimpin kerajaan takut trauma psikologi massa dari serangan udara dan keruntuhan masyarakat madani yang terhasil. Sebuah jawatankuasa psikiatri dilaporkan kepada kerajaan pada tahun 1938 bahawa akan ada tiga kali lebih banyak daripada mental sebagai korban fizikal dari pengeboman udara, menyiratkan tiga hingga empat juta pesakit psikiatri. Winston Churchill memberitahu Parlimen pada tahun 1934, \"Kita mesti mengharapkan bahawa, di bawah tekanan serangan berterusan ke London, sekurang-kurangnya tiga atau empat juta orang akan diusir ke negara terbuka di sekitar metropolis itu.\" Reaksi panik semasa krisis Munich, seperti penghijrahan sebanyak 150,000 ke Wales, menyumbang kepada ketakutan terhadap huru hara masyarakat. <> Apakah serangan udara ketakutan yang paling besar akan menyebabkan kematian dan luka? || trauma psikologi <> Psikiatri percaya pada tahun 1938 bahawa trauma mental dapat mencapai berapa juta? || tiga hingga empat <> Di mana 150,000 berhijrah semasa krisis Munich? || Wales <> Siapa memberitahu Parlimen bahawa selepas tempoh serangan yang panjang orang akan meninggalkan bandar-bandar untuk negara ini? || Winston churchill", {"context": "In addition to the dead and wounded, government leaders feared mass psychological trauma from aerial attack and a resulting collapse of civil society. A committee of psychiatrists reported to the government in 1938 that there would be three times as many mental as physical casualties from aerial bombing, implying three to four million psychiatric patients. Winston Churchill told Parliament in 1934, \"We must expect that, under the pressure of continuous attack upon London, at least three or four million people would be driven out into the open country around the metropolis.\" Panicked reactions during the Munich crisis, such as the migration by 150,000 to Wales, contributed to fear of societal chaos.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "psychological trauma"}], "question": "What was the biggest fear aerial attacks would cause besides death and wounded?", "id": "572fa2e1a23a5019007fc7fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "three to four"}], "question": "Psychiatrists believe in 1938  that mental trauma could reach how many millions?", "id": "572fa2e1a23a5019007fc7fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "Wales"}], "question": "Where did 150,000 migrate during the Munich crisis?", "id": "572fa2e1a23a5019007fc7fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Winston Churchill"}], "question": "Who told Parliament that after long periods of attacks people would leave the cities for the country? ", "id": "572fa2e1a23a5019007fc7fe"}]}], ["Kerajaan bercadang untuk secara sukarela mengosongkan empat juta orang-kebanyakan wanita dan kanak-kanak-dari kawasan bandar, termasuk 1.4 juta dari London. Ia menjangkakan kira-kira 90% daripada mangsa tinggal di rumah persendirian, dan menjalankan tinjauan menyeluruh untuk menentukan ruang yang ada. Persiapan terperinci untuk pengangkutan mereka telah dibangunkan. Pemadaman percubaan telah diadakan pada 10 Ogos 1939, dan apabila Jerman menyerang Poland pada 1 September, sebuah pemadaman bermula pada waktu matahari terbenam. Lampu tidak akan dibenarkan selepas gelap selama hampir enam tahun, dan pemadaman itu menjadi aspek yang paling tidak popular dalam perang untuk orang awam, lebih daripada mencatat. 51,106 Penempatan semula kerajaan dan perkhidmatan awam juga dirancang, tetapi hanya akan telah berlaku jika perlu supaya tidak merosakkan semangat awam. 33 <> Kerajaan merancang untuk mengosongkan 1.4 juta dari bandar mana? || London <> Percubaan apa yang berlaku pada 10 Ogos 1939? || pemadaman <> Apa yang paling tidak memberi kesan terhadap perang dengan orang awam? || pemadaman <> Berapa lamakah lampu tidak diizinkan selepas kegelapan? || hampir enam tahun <> Mengapa kerajaan dan perkhidmatan awam tidak mahu berpindah semasa perang? || merosakkan semangat awam", {"context": "The government planned to voluntarily evacuate four million people\u2014mostly women and children\u2014from urban areas, including 1.4 million from London. It expected about 90% of evacuees to stay in private homes, and conducted an extensive survey to determine available space. Detailed preparations for transporting them were developed. A trial blackout was held on 10 August 1939, and when Germany invaded Poland on 1 September a blackout began at sunset. Lights would not be allowed after dark for almost six years, and the blackout became by far the most unpopular aspect of the war for civilians, more than rationing.:51,106 The relocation of the government and the civil service was also planned, but would only have occurred if necessary so as not to damage civilian morale.:33", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "London"}], "question": "The government planned to evacuate 1.4 million from which city?", "id": "572fa4b4a23a5019007fc817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "a blackout"}], "question": "What trial took place on August 10 1939?", "id": "572fa4b4a23a5019007fc818"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "the blackout"}], "question": "What was most unpopular affect of the war with civilians ?", "id": "572fa4b4a23a5019007fc81a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "almost six years"}], "question": "How long were lights not allowed on after dark?", "id": "572fa4b4a23a5019007fc819"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "damage civilian morale"}], "question": "Why did the government  and civil service not want to relocate during the war?", "id": "572fa4b4a23a5019007fc81b"}]}], ["Tempat perlindungan yang sangat terkubur memberikan perlindungan paling terhadap pencapaian langsung. Kerajaan tidak membina mereka untuk penduduk yang besar sebelum perang kerana kos, masa untuk membina, dan ketakutan bahawa keselamatan mereka akan menyebabkan penghuni menolak untuk pergi kembali bekerja, atau sentimen anti-perang akan berkembang dalam kumpulan besar. Kerajaan melihat peranan utama Parti Komunis dalam menganjurkan untuk membina tempat perlindungan yang mendalam sebagai percubaan untuk merosakkan semangat warga sipil, terutamanya selepas Perjanjian Molotov-Ribbentrop pada bulan Ogos 1939.:34 <Sentimen apa jenis ketakutan kerajaan akan berkembang dalam kumpulan besar tempat perlindungan? || anti-perang <> Siapa yang dilihat oleh kerajaan sebagai pendukung utama untuk membina tempat perlindungan yang mendalam? || <p> Apakah nama Pact pada bulan Ogos 1939? || Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop", {"context": "Very deeply buried shelters provided the most protection against a direct hit. The government did not build them for large populations before the war because of cost, time to build, and fears that their very safety would cause occupants to refuse to leave to return to work, or that anti-war sentiment would develop in large groups. The government saw the Communist Party's leading role in advocating for building deep shelters as an attempt to damage civilian morale, especially after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939.:34", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "anti-war"}], "question": "What kind of sentiment did the government fear would developed in large group shelters? ", "id": "572fa82fa23a5019007fc843"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "the Communist Party's"}], "question": "Who did the government see as a leading advocate for building deep shelters?", "id": "572fa82fa23a5019007fc844"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact"}], "question": "What was the name of the Pact of August 1939?", "id": "572fa82fa23a5019007fc845"}]}], ["Penyediaan pertahanan awam dalam bentuk perlindungan ditempatkan di tangan pihak berkuasa tempatan, dan banyak bidang seperti Birmingham, Coventry, Belfast dan East End of London tidak mempunyai tempat perlindungan yang cukup. Perang Telanjang, bagaimanapun, dan kelewatan pengeboman awam yang tidak dijangka membenarkan program perlindungan untuk diselesaikan pada bulan Jun 1940. 35 Program ini menyukai tempat perlindungan Anderson dan rumah perlindungan permukaan kecil; ramai yang telah lama ditinggalkan pada tahun 1940 sebagai tidak selamat. Di samping itu, pihak berkuasa menjangkakan bahawa serbuan itu akan ringkas dan pada siang hari. Beberapa meramalkan bahawa serangan pada waktu malam akan memaksa orang London tidur di tempat perlindungan. <> Apa usaha pertahanan sivil yang ditinggalkan oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan untuk ditangani? || tempat perlindungan <> Berapa tahun program penangguhan selesai? || 1940 <> Mengapa tempat penampungan tidak lama lagi ditinggalkan pada tahun 1940? || tidak selamat <> Mengapa orang London terpaksa tidur di tempat perlindungan? || serangan pada waktu malam", {"context": "Much civil-defence preparation in the form of shelters was left in the hands of local authorities, and many areas such as Birmingham, Coventry, Belfast and the East End of London did not have enough shelters. The Phoney War, however, and the unexpected delay of civilian bombing permitted the shelter programme to finish in June 1940.:35 The programme favoured backyard Anderson shelters and small brick surface shelters; many of the latter were soon abandoned in 1940 as unsafe. In addition, authorities expected that the raids would be brief and during the day. Few predicted that attacks by night would force Londoners to sleep in shelters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "shelters"}], "question": "What civil-defense efforts were left to local authorities to handle?", "id": "572fa66704bcaa1900d76b39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "1940"}], "question": "What year did the shelter program finish?", "id": "572fa66704bcaa1900d76b3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "unsafe"}], "question": "Why were the shelters soon abandoned in 1940? ", "id": "572fa66704bcaa1900d76b3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "attacks by night"}], "question": "Why were Londoners forced to sleep in shelters?", "id": "572fa66704bcaa1900d76b3c"}]}], ["Ingersoll menambah bahawa, menurut Anna Freud dan Edward Glover, orang awam London mengejutkan tidak terkena kejutan shell yang meluas, tidak seperti para tentera di pengungsian Dunkirk.:114,117-118 Para psikoanalis adalah betul, dan rangkaian khusus klinik psikiatri dibuka untuk menerima Kecelakaan mental serangan ditutup kerana kekurangan keperluan. Walaupun tekanan perang mengakibatkan banyak serangan kebimbangan, gangguan makan, keletihan, menangis, keguguran, dan penyakit fizikal dan mental yang lain, masyarakat tidak runtuh. Bilangan bunuh diri dan mabuk menurun, dan London mencatatkan hanya kira-kira dua kes \"neurosis bom\" setiap minggu dalam tiga bulan pertama pengeboman. Banyak orang awam mendapati bahawa cara terbaik untuk mengekalkan kestabilan mental adalah dengan keluarga, dan selepas beberapa minggu pertama pengeboman menghindari program pemindahan meningkat .:80-81 Glover berspekulasi bahawa pengetahuan bahawa seluruh negara sedang diserang, bahawa tidak ada cara untuk melarikan diri dari bom itu, orang-orang terpaksa menerima dan menangani keadaan itu. <18> Anne Freud dan Edward Glover berkata orang awam London tidak mengalami apa-apa? || kejutan shell yang meluas <> Mengapa klinik psikiatri ditutup? || kekurangan keperluan <> Apa dua perkara yang merosot semasa serangan di Britain? || bunuh diri dan mabuk <> Seluruh negara sedang menyerang dan Glover percaya ia membantu orang ramai untuk melakukan apa? || menerima dan berurusan", {"context": "Ingersoll added that, according to Anna Freud and Edward Glover, London civilians surprisingly did not suffer from widespread shell shock, unlike the soldiers in the Dunkirk evacuation.:114,117\u2013118 The psychoanalysts were correct, and the special network of psychiatric clinics opened to receive mental casualties of the attacks closed due to lack of need. Although the stress of the war resulted in many anxiety attacks, eating disorders, fatigue, weeping, miscarriages, and other physical and mental ailments, society did not collapse. The number of suicides and drunkenness declined, and London recorded only about two cases of \"bomb neuroses\" per week in the first three months of bombing. Many civilians found that the best way to retain mental stability was to be with family, and after the first few weeks of bombing avoidance of the evacuation programs grew.:80\u201381 Glover speculated that the knowledge that the entire country was being attacked, that there was no way to escape the bombs, forced people to accept and deal with the situation.:118", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "widespread shell shock"}], "question": "Anne Freud and Edward Glover said London civilians did not suffer from what?", "id": "572fb0a5b2c2fd140056835b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "lack of need"}], "question": "Why did the psychiatric clinics close?", "id": "572fb0a5b2c2fd140056835c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "suicides and drunkenness"}], "question": "What two things declined during the attacks in Britain?", "id": "572fb0a5b2c2fd140056835d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1014, "text": "accept and deal"}], "question": "The entire country was being attack and Glover believe it help people to do what?", "id": "572fb0a5b2c2fd140056835e"}]}], ["Tempat perlindungan komunal yang paling penting ialah stesen Bawah Tanah London. Walaupun banyak orang awam telah menggunakannya sedemikian semasa Perang Dunia Pertama, kerajaan pada 1939 enggan membenarkan stesen itu digunakan sebagai tempat perlindungan supaya tidak mengganggu perjalanan komuter dan tentera, dan ketakutan yang penghuni mungkin menolak untuk meninggalkannya. Pegawai bawah tanah diperintahkan untuk mengunci pintu masuk stesen ketika serbuan; tetapi pada minggu kedua pengeboman berat, kerajaan menyesal dan memerintahkan supaya stesen dibuka. Setiap hari orang-orang beratur sehingga 4 petang, apabila mereka dibenarkan memasuki stesen. Pada pertengahan bulan September 1940 kira-kira 150,000 malam tidur di bawah Bawah Tanah, walaupun pada musim sejuk dan bulan-bulan musim bunga jumlahnya telah menurun hingga 100,000 atau kurang. Bunyi-bunyian peperangan yang ternganga dan tidur lebih mudah di stesen-stesen paling dalam, tetapi ramai yang terbunuh daripada hits langsung di beberapa stesen. <> Mengapa kerajaan enggan membenarkan stesen Bawah Tanah London digunakan sebagai tempat perlindungan? || mengganggu perjalanan komuter dan tentera <> Pejabat bawah tanah diperintahkan untuk mengunci stesen semasa serbuan tetapi membuka berapa lama setelah pesanan? || menjelang minggu kedua <> Pada tahun 1940 berapa ramai orang yang tidur di stesen Bawah Tanah? || 150,000 malam <> Muffling bunyi adunan membuat apa yang lebih mudah di Stesen Bawah Tanah? || tidur <> Mengapa ramai yang terbunuh di Stesen Bawah Tanah? || hits terus", {"context": "The most important existing communal shelters were the London Underground stations. Although many civilians had used them as such during the First World War, the government in 1939 refused to allow the stations to be used as shelters so as not to interfere with commuter and troop travel, and the fears that occupants might refuse to leave. Underground officials were ordered to lock station entrances during raids; but by the second week of heavy bombing the government relented and ordered the stations to be opened. Each day orderly lines of people queued until 4 pm, when they were allowed to enter the stations. In mid-September 1940 about 150,000 a night slept in the Underground, although by the winter and spring months the numbers had declined to 100,000 or less. Noises of battle were muffled and sleep was easier in the deepest stations, but many were killed from direct hits on several stations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "interfere with commuter and troop travel"}], "question": "Why did the government refuse to allow the London Underground stations to be used as shelters?", "id": "572faa6fb2c2fd14005682dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "by the second week"}], "question": "Underground officials were ordered to lock the stations during raids but opened how long after the orders?", "id": "572faa6fb2c2fd14005682de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "150,000 a night"}], "question": "In 1940 how many people were sleeping in the Underground stations?", "id": "572faa6fb2c2fd14005682df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 807, "text": "sleep"}], "question": "Muffling the sound of batter made what easier in the Underground Stations?", "id": "572faa6fb2c2fd14005682e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 875, "text": "direct hits"}], "question": "Why were many killed in Underground Stations?", "id": "572faa6fb2c2fd14005682e1"}]}], ["Permintaan awam menyebabkan kerajaan pada bulan Oktober 1940 membina tempat perlindungan yang baru: 189-190 dalam Bawah Tanah untuk memegang 80,000 orang tetapi tidak siap sehingga tempoh pengeboman paling berat telah berlalu. Menjelang akhir tahun 1940 penambahbaikan yang ketara telah dibuat di Bawah Tanah dan di banyak tempat perlindungan besar lainnya. Pihak berkuasa menyediakan dapur dan bilik mandi serta kereta api kantin menyediakan makanan. Tiket-tiket dikeluarkan untuk rok di tempat perlindungan besar untuk mengurangkan jumlah masa yang dihabiskan beratur. Jawatankuasa-jawatankuasa itu dibentuk dengan cepat di dalam perlindungan sebagai kerajaan tidak formal, dan organisasi-organisasi seperti Palang Merah British dan Tentera Salvation bekerja untuk memperbaiki keadaan. Hiburan termasuk konsert, filem, drama dan buku dari perpustakaan tempatan. <> Tahun berapa kerajaan mula membina tempat perlindungan yang baru? || 1940 <> Berapa ramai orang yang menjadi tempat penampungan baru? || 80,000 <> Apa yang membantu mengurangkan kedudukan masa dalam barisan untuk perlindungan? || Tiket <> Dua kumpulan mana yang membantu meningkatkan kehidupan di tempat perlindungan? || Palang Merah British dan Salvation Army <> Apa jenis kereta api yang menyediakan makanan di tempat perlindungan? || kantin", {"context": "Public demand caused the government in October 1940 to build new deep shelters:189\u2013190 within the Underground to hold 80,000 people but were not completed until the period of heaviest bombing had passed. By the end of 1940 significant improvements had been made in the Underground and in many other large shelters. Authorities provided stoves and bathrooms and canteen trains provided food. Tickets were issued for bunks in large shelters to reduce the amount of time spent queuing. Committees quickly formed within shelters as informal governments, and organisations such as the British Red Cross and the Salvation Army worked to improve conditions. Entertainment included concerts, films, plays and books from local libraries. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "1940"}], "question": "What year did the government start to build new deep shelters?", "id": "572fad10b2c2fd140056830d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "80,000"}], "question": "How many people were the new shelters going to hold?", "id": "572fad10b2c2fd140056830e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Tickets"}], "question": "What helped cut down time standing in the queue for shelters?", "id": "572fad10b2c2fd140056830f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "British Red Cross and the Salvation Army"}], "question": "Which two groups help improve life in the shelters?", "id": "572fad10b2c2fd1400568310"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "canteen"}], "question": "What kind of trains provided food in the shelters?", "id": "572fad10b2c2fd1400568311"}]}], ["Ramai orang yang ceria melawat tapak bom begitu besar mereka mengganggu kerja penyelamatan, kunjungan pub meningkat dalam jumlah (bir tidak pernah dicatatkan), dan 13,000 menghadiri kriket di Lord's. Orang ramai meninggalkan tempat perlindungan apabila diberitahu daripada menolak untuk meninggalkan, walaupun ramai suri rumah dilaporkan menikmati istirahat dari kerja rumah. Sesetengah orang juga memberitahu juruukur kerajaan bahawa mereka menikmati serangan udara jika berlaku sesekali, mungkin sekali seminggu. Walaupun serangan, kekalahan di Norway dan Perancis, dan ancaman pencerobohan, semangat keseluruhan kekal tinggi; satu tinjauan Gallup mendapati hanya 3% daripada rakyat Britain yang dijangka kehilangan perang pada Mei 1940, yang lain mendapat penilaian kelulusan 88% untuk Churchill pada bulan Julai, dan satu pertiga mendapat sokongan 89% untuk kepimpinannya pada bulan Oktober. Sokongan untuk rundingan damai merosot daripada 29% pada bulan Februari. Setiap kemelesetan menyebabkan lebih ramai orang awam menjadi sukarelawan untuk menjadi sukarelawan Pertahanan Pertahanan yang tidak dibayar, pekerja bekerja bertukar lebih lama dan pada akhir hujung minggu, sumbangan meningkat kepada \u00a3 5,000 \"Spitfire Funds\" untuk membina pejuang, dan bilangan hari kerja yang hilang akibat mogok pada tahun 1940 adalah terendah dalam sejarah.:60-63,67-68,75,78-79,215-216 <> Apa minuman tidak pernah dicatatkan? || bir <> Berapa ramai orang yang menghadiri kriket di Lord's? || 13,000 <> Sebanyak peratus rakyat Britain dijangka kehilangan perang? || 3% <> Apakah penilaian tertinggi Churchill? || 89% <> Apa itu Spitfire Funds yang digunakan? || untuk membina pejuang", {"context": "The cheerful crowds visiting bomb sites were so large they interfered with rescue work, pub visits increased in number (beer was never rationed), and 13,000 attended cricket at Lord's. People left shelters when told instead of refusing to leave, although many housewives reportedly enjoyed the break from housework. Some people even told government surveyors that they enjoyed air raids if they occurred occasionally, perhaps once a week. Despite the attacks, defeat in Norway and France, and the threat of invasion, overall morale remained high; a Gallup poll found only 3% of Britons expected to lose the war in May 1940, another found an 88% approval rating for Churchill in July, and a third found 89% support for his leadership in October. Support for peace negotiations declined from 29% in February. Each setback caused more civilians to volunteer to become unpaid Local Defence Volunteers, workers worked longer shifts and over weekends, contributions rose to the \u00a35,000 \"Spitfire Funds\" to build fighters, and the number of work days lost to strikes in 1940 was the lowest in history.:60\u201363,67\u201368,75,78\u201379,215\u2013216", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "beer"}], "question": "What drink was never rationed?", "id": "572fba92a23a5019007fc8e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "13,000"}], "question": "How many people attended cricket at Lord's?", "id": "572fba92a23a5019007fc8e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "3%"}], "question": "What percent of Briton's expected to lose the war?", "id": "572fba92a23a5019007fc8e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "89%"}], "question": "What was Churchill's highest rating? ", "id": "572fba92a23a5019007fc8e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 996, "text": "to build fighters"}], "question": "What were Spitfire Funds used for?", "id": "572fba92a23a5019007fc8e7"}]}], ["Sikap Kementerian Udara adalah berbeza dengan pengalaman Perang Dunia Pertama ketika beberapa pengebom Jerman menyebabkan kerusakan fisik dan psikologis dari semua proporsi dengan angka mereka. Sekitar 280 tan pendek (250 t) (9,000 bom) telah jatuh, membunuh 1,413 orang dan mencederakan 3,500 lebih. Kebanyakan orang yang berumur 35 tahun ke atas teringat ancaman itu dan menyambut pengeboman dengan gentar. Dari tahun 1916 hingga 1918, serbuan Jerman telah berkurangan terhadap tindakan balas yang menunjukkan pertahanan terhadap serangan udara malam itu mungkin. <> Orang yang berumur 35 tahun bereaksi terhadap pengeboman dengan apa? || Rasa besar <> Mengapa penggerebekan Jerman menurun antara tahun 1916-1918? || penangkapan <> Berapa banyak orang yang dibunuh oleh kejatuhan bom semasa Perang Dunia pertama? || 1,413 <> Berapa banyak bom telah jatuh? || 9,000", {"context": "The attitude of the Air Ministry was in contrast to the experiences of the First World War when a few German bombers caused physical and psychological damage out of all proportion to their numbers. Around 280 short tons (250 t) (9,000 bombs) had been dropped, killing 1,413 people and injuring 3,500 more. Most people aged 35 or over remembered the threat and greeted the bombings with great trepidation. From 1916\u20131918, German raids had diminished against countermeasures which demonstrated defence against night air raids was possible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "great trepidation"}], "question": "People over the age of 35 reacted to the bombings with what?", "id": "572fc58bb2c2fd1400568435"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "countermeasures"}], "question": "Why had German raids decreased between 1916-1918?", "id": "572fc58bb2c2fd1400568436"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "1,413"}], "question": "How many people were killed by bomb drops during the first World War?", "id": "572fc58bb2c2fd1400568437"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "9,000"}], "question": "How many bombs had been dropped?", "id": "572fc58bb2c2fd1400568438"}]}], ["WVS (Perkhidmatan Sukarela Wanita untuk Pertahanan Awam) ditubuhkan di bawah arahan Samuel Hoare, Setiausaha Rumah pada tahun 1938 khususnya dalam kejadian serbuan udara. Hoare menganggapnya sebagai cabang wanita ARP. Mereka menganjurkan pemindahan kanak-kanak, pusat-pusat yang ditubuhkan untuk orang-orang yang tersesat dengan pengeboman, dan mengendalikan kantin, penyelamatan dan skim kitar semula. Menjelang akhir tahun 1941, WVS mempunyai satu juta ahli. Sebelum meletusnya peperangan, orang awam telah dikeluarkan dengan 50 juta pernafasan (topeng gas). Ini dikeluarkan sekiranya berlaku pengeboman dengan gas sebelum pemindahan. <> Kumpulan apa yang Samuel Hoare ditubuhkan pada tahun 1938? || Perkhidmatan Sukarela Wanita untuk Pertahanan Awam <> Siapa Setiausaha Dalam Negeri pada tahun 1938? || Samuel Hoare <> Berapa ramai ahli yang telah WVS pada akhir tahun 1941? || satu juta <> Berapa banyak topeng gas dikeluarkan sebelum perang? || 50 juta", {"context": "The WVS (Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence) was set up under the direction of Samuel Hoare, Home Secretary in 1938 specifically in the event of air raids. Hoare considered it the female branch of the ARP. They organised the evacuation of children, established centres for those displaced by bombing, and operated canteens, salvage and recycling schemes. By the end of 1941, the WVS had one million members. Prior to the outbreak of war, civilians were issued with 50 million respirators (gas masks). These were issued in the event of bombing taking place with gas before evacuation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence"}], "question": "What group did Samuel Hoare set up in 1938?", "id": "572fbceaa23a5019007fc927"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Samuel Hoare"}], "question": "Who was Home Secretary in 1938?", "id": "572fbceaa23a5019007fc928"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "one million"}], "question": "How many members did the WVS have at the end of 1941?", "id": "572fbceaa23a5019007fc929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "50 million"}], "question": "How many gas mask were issued before the war?", "id": "572fbceaa23a5019007fc92a"}]}], ["Dowding menerima bahawa sebagai AOC, dia bertanggungjawab untuk pertahanan hari dan malam Britain, dan menyalahkan, jika dia gagal, akan diletakkan di pintu. Apabila perubahan segera dan penambahbaikan perlu dibuat, Dowding kelihatan enggan bertindak cepat. Staf Air merasakan bahawa ini adalah kerana sifatnya yang degil dan keengganan untuk bekerjasama. Lawan Dowding di Kementerian Udara, sudah kritikal terhadap penanganan pertempuran hari itu (lihat Pertempuran Hari Britain dan kontroversi Big Wing), bersedia untuk menggunakan kegagalan ini sebagai pelukis yang menyerangnya dan kebolehannya. <> Siapa yang enggan bertindak cepat apabila perubahan mendesak perlu dibuat? || Dowding <> Siapa sangka Dowding adalah degil dan tidak suka bekerjasama? || Staf Udara <> Apa rancangan Kementerian Air lakukan dengan kegagalannya? || menyerangnya dan kemampuannya <> Kementerian Udara sangat kritikal terhadap Dowding selepas pertempuran mana? || Pertempuran Hari Britain", {"context": "Dowding accepted that as AOC, he was responsible for the day and night defence of Britain, and the blame, should he fail, would be laid at his door. When urgent changes and improvements needed to be made, Dowding seemed reluctant to act quickly. The Air Staff felt that this was due to his stubborn nature and reluctance to cooperate. Dowding's opponents in the Air Ministry, already critical of his handling of the day battle (see Battle of Britain Day and the Big Wing controversy), were ready to use these failings as a cudgel with which to attack him and his abilities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Dowding"}], "question": "Who was reluctant to act quickly when urgent changes need to be made?", "id": "572fc229b2c2fd1400568403"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Air Staff"}], "question": "Who thought Dowding was stubborn and didn't like to cooperate?", "id": "572fc229b2c2fd1400568404"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "attack him and his abilities"}], "question": "What did the Air Ministry plan to do with his failures?", "id": "572fc229b2c2fd1400568406"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Battle of Britain Day"}], "question": "The Air Ministry was critical of Dowding after which battle?", "id": "572fc229b2c2fd1400568405"}]}], ["Para kru pengebom sudah mempunyai pengalaman dengan jenis sistem ini disebabkan oleh penempatan balok Lorenz, bantuan pendaratan buta komersial yang membolehkan pesawat mendarat di waktu malam atau cuaca buruk. Orang Jerman mengembangkan sistem Lorenz jarak pendek ke dalam bantuan Knickebein, sebuah sistem yang menggunakan dua rentas Lorenz dengan transmisi isyarat yang jauh lebih kuat. Konsepnya sama dengan sistem Lorenz. Dua udara dihidupkan untuk kedua-dua rasuk menumpu yang ditunjuk untuk menyeberang terus ke sasaran. Pengebom Jerman akan melampirkan diri ke kedua-dua rasuk dan terbang di sepanjang sana sehingga mereka mula mengambil isyarat dari balok yang lain. Apabila bunyi berterusan didengar dari rasuk kedua, awak tahu bahawa mereka berada di atas sasaran dan mula menjatuhkan bom mereka. <> Apakah yang dilakukan oleh lori Lorenz untuk membolehkan pesawat dilakukan? || tanah pada waktu malam atau cuaca buruk <> Jerman mengembangkan Lorenz ke dalam sistem apa? || Knickebein <> Knickebein adalah sama dengan Lorenz tetapi menggunakan berapa banyak balok? || dua rasuk Lorenz <> Orang Jerman terbang di sepanjang satu rasuk sehingga mereka mengambil rasuk kedua bunyi yang memberitahu mereka bila hendak melakukan apa? || menjatuhkan bom mereka", {"context": "Bomber crews already had some experience with these types of systems due to the deployment of the Lorenz beam, a commercial blind-landing aid which allowed aircraft to land at night or in bad weather. The Germans developed the short-range Lorenz system into the Knickebein aid, a system which used two Lorenz beams with much stronger signal transmissions. The concept was the same as the Lorenz system. Two aerials were rotated for the two converging beams which were pointed to cross directly over the target. The German bombers would attach themselves to either beam and fly along it until they started to pick up the signal from the other beam. When a continuous sound was heard from the second beam the crew knew they were above the target and began dropping their bombs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "land at night or in bad weather"}], "question": "What did the Lorenz beam allow aircraft to do?", "id": "572fd474947a6a140053cd20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Knickebein"}], "question": "The Germans developed the Lorenz into what system?", "id": "572fd474947a6a140053cd21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "two Lorenz beams"}], "question": "The Knickebein was the same as the Lorenz but used how many beams?", "id": "572fd474947a6a140053cd22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "dropping their bombs"}], "question": "The Germans flew along one beam until they picked up the second beam the sound telling them when to start doing what?", "id": "572fd474947a6a140053cd23"}]}], ["Doktrin udara British, sejak masa Ketua Staf Udara Hugh Trenchard pada awal 1920-an, telah menegaskan kesalahan adalah cara terbaik untuk pertahanan. Strategi pertahanan British berputar di sekitar tindakan serangan, yang dikenali sebagai kultus serangan. Untuk menghalang formasi Jerman dari memukul sasaran di Britain, Komando Bomber RAF akan memusnahkan pesawat Luftwaffe di pangkalan mereka sendiri, pesawat udara di kilang-kilang mereka dan rizab bahan api dengan menyerang tumbuhan minyak. Falsafah ini tidak praktikal kerana Komando Bomber tidak mempunyai teknologi dan peralatan dan memerlukan beberapa tahun untuk membangunkannya. Strategi ini menghalang perkembangan pertahanan pejuang pada tahun 1930-an. Dowding pertahanan udara yang dipersetujui akan memerlukan tindakan serangan, dan pejuang tidak dapat mempertahankan Britain sahaja. Sehingga September 1940, RAF tidak mempunyai pesawat pejuang malam khusus dan bergantung kepada unit anti-pesawat yang kurang dilengkapi dan kurang bilangan. <> Apakah kesalahan Inggeris yang diketahui? || kultus serangan <> Mengapa taktik pengeboman asas pesawat Jerman, kilang dan simpanan bahan api tidak praktikal? || kekurangan teknologi dan peralatan <> Sehingga tahun 1940 apa jenis pesawat yang tidak dimiliki oleh RAF? || pakar pertempuran malam <> Apa yang salah dengan unit pesawat anti? || kurang dilengkapi dan kurang dalam jumlah", {"context": "British air doctrine, since the time of Chief of the Air Staff Hugh Trenchard in the early 1920s, had stressed offence was the best means of defence. British defensive strategy revolved around offensive action, what became known as the cult of the offensive. To prevent German formations from hitting targets in Britain, RAF's Bomber Command would destroy Luftwaffe aircraft on their own bases, aircraft in their factories and fuel reserves by attacking oil plants. This philosophy was impractical as Bomber Command lacked the technology and equipment and needed several years to develop it. This strategy retarded the development of fighter defences in the 1930s. Dowding agreed air defence would require some offensive action, and fighters could not defend Britain alone. Until September 1940, the RAF lacked specialist night-fighting aircraft and relied on anti-aircraft units which were poorly equipped and lacking in numbers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "cult of the offensive"}], "question": "What did the British offence become know as?", "id": "572fd16804bcaa1900d76d85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "lacked the technology and equipment"}], "question": "Why was the tactic of bombing German aircraft bases, factories and fuel reserves impractical?", "id": "572fd16804bcaa1900d76d86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "specialist night-fighting"}], "question": "Until 1940 what type of aircraft did the RAF lacked?", "id": "572fd16804bcaa1900d76d87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 891, "text": "poorly equipped and lacking in numbers"}], "question": "What was wrong with the anti aircraft units?", "id": "572fd16804bcaa1900d76d88"}]}], ["Walaupun pertahanan udara malam menyebabkan kebimbangan yang lebih besar sebelum perang, ia tidak berada di barisan hadapan perancangan RAF. Kebanyakan sumber masuk ke dalam perancangan untuk pertahanan pejuang siang hari. Kesukaran para pengebom RAF telah menelusuri kegelapan, mengetuai pihak British untuk mempercayai pengebom Jerman akan mengalami masalah yang sama dan tidak dapat mencapai dan mengenal pasti sasaran mereka. Terdapat juga mentaliti di semua angkatan udara yang, jika mereka dapat menjalankan operasi yang berkesan pada hari, misi malam dan kelemahan mereka dapat dielakkan. <> Apa yang RAF meletakkan kebanyakan sumber mereka? || pertahanan pejuang siang hari <> Pengebom RAF mempunyai kesulitan terbang pada waktu malam, jadi orang Inggeris percaya orang Jerman akan melakukan apa? || menderita masalah yang sama <> Apa yang Tentera Udara percaya bahawa mereka boleh mengelakkan jika mereka menjalankan misi hari yang berkesan? || misi malam dan kelemahan mereka <> Britain percaya pengebom Jerman tidak dapat mencapai dan mengenal pasti apa? || sasaran", {"context": "Although night air defence was causing greater concern before the war, it was not at the forefront of RAF planning. Most of the resources went into planning for daylight fighter defences. The difficulty RAF bombers had navigating in darkness, led the British to believe German bombers would suffer the same problems and would be unable to reach and identify their targets. There was also a mentality in all air forces that, if they could carry out effective operations by day, night missions and their disadvantages could be avoided.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "daylight fighter defences"}], "question": "What did the RAF put most of their resources into?", "id": "572fc711947a6a140053cc9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "suffer the same problems"}], "question": "RAF bombers had trouble flying at night, so the British believe the Germans would do what?", "id": "572fc711947a6a140053cc9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "night missions and their disadvantages"}], "question": "What did the Air Force believe they could avoid if they carried out effective day missions?", "id": "572fc711947a6a140053cca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "targets"}], "question": "Britain believe German bombers would be unable to reach and identify what?", "id": "572fc711947a6a140053cca0"}]}], ["Dalam tahun-tahun antara perang dan selepas tahun 1940, Hugh Dowding, Pegawai Komando Perintah Pegawai Udara telah menerima kredit untuk mempertahankan ruang udara British dan kegagalan Luftwaffe untuk mencapai keunggulan udara. Walau bagaimanapun, Dowding telah menghabiskan banyak usaha untuk menyediakan pertahanan tempur hari, ada sedikit untuk menghalang orang Jerman menjalankan strategi alternatif dengan mengebom pada waktu malam. Apabila Luftwaffe melanda bandar-bandar di Britain untuk pertama kalinya pada 7 September 1940, beberapa pemimpin sivik dan politik bimbang dengan kekurangan reaksi Dowding terhadap krisis baru itu. <> Siapa Pegawai Perintah Pegawai Perintah Udara selepas 1940? || Hugh Dowding <> Kredit apa yang Dowding terima? || pertahanan ruang udara British <> Strategi apa yang boleh digunakan oleh Jerman dan bukannya serbuan hari? || pengeboman pada malam <> Mengapa pemimpin-pemimpin sivik dan politik bimbang tentang Dowdings? || kekurangan reaksi terhadap krisis baru", {"context": "In the inter-war years and after 1940, Hugh Dowding, Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command has received credit for the defence of British air space and the failure of the Luftwaffe to achieve air superiority. However, Dowding had spent so much effort preparing day fighter defences, there was little to prevent the Germans carrying out an alternative strategy by bombing at night. When the Luftwaffe struck at British cities for the first time on 7 September 1940, a number of civic and political leaders were worried by Dowding's apparent lack of reaction to the new crisis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Hugh Dowding"}], "question": "Who was the Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command after 1940?", "id": "572fbec404bcaa1900d76c65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "defence of British air space"}], "question": "What credit did Dowding receive?", "id": "572fbec404bcaa1900d76c66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "bombing at night"}], "question": "What strategy could the German's have used instead of day raids?", "id": "572fbec404bcaa1900d76c67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "lack of reaction to the new crisis"}], "question": "Why were civic and political leaders worried about Dowdings?", "id": "572fbec404bcaa1900d76c68"}]}], ["Orang awam di London mempunyai peranan yang sangat besar untuk memainkan perlindungan di bandar mereka. Ramai orang awam yang tidak berminat atau tidak dapat menyertai tentera menjadi anggota Pengawal Rumah, perkhidmatan Pencegahan Serangan Udara (ARP), Perkhidmatan Bantu Auxiliary, dan banyak organisasi lain. AFS mempunyai 138,000 kakitangan menjelang Julai 1939. Hanya satu tahun lebih awal, hanya ada 6,600 sepenuh masa dan 13,800 anggota bomba paruh waktu di seluruh negara. Semasa Blitz, Persatuan Pengakap membimbing enjin kebakaran ke tempat yang paling diperlukan, dan dikenali sebagai \"Blitz Scouts\". Ramai yang menganggur telah dirangka ke Royal Corps Pay Army. Personel ini, bersama dengan yang lain dari Kor Perintis, ditugaskan untuk menyelamatkan dan membersihkannya. <> Apakah ARP? || Langkah berjaga-jaga serangan udara <> Perkhidmatan Bomba Auxiliary mempunyai berapa ahli pada bulan Julai 1939? || 138,000 <> Siapa yang diberi nama Pengakap Blitz? || Persatuan Pengakap <> The Royal Corps Pay Corps dan apa kumpulan lain yang bertanggungjawab menyelamatkan dan membersihkan? || Kor Perintis", {"context": "The civilians of London had an enormous role to play in the protection of their city. Many civilians who were unwilling or unable to join the military became members of the Home Guard, the Air Raid Precautions service (ARP), the Auxiliary Fire Service, and many other organisations. The AFS had 138,000 personnel by July 1939. Only one year earlier, there had only been 6,600 full-time and 13,800 part-time firemen in the entire country. During the Blitz, The Scout Association guided fire engines to where they were most needed, and became known as the \"Blitz Scouts\". Many unemployed were drafted into the Royal Army Pay Corps. These personnel, along with others from the Pioneer Corps, were charged with the task of salvage and clean-up.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Air Raid Precautions"}], "question": "What is ARP?", "id": "572fbbdfb2c2fd14005683c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "138,000"}], "question": "The Auxiliary Fire Service had how many members in July of 1939?", "id": "572fbbdfb2c2fd14005683c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Scout Association"}], "question": "Who was given the name Blitz Scouts?", "id": "572fbbdfb2c2fd14005683c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "Pioneer Corps"}], "question": "The Royal Army Pay Corps and what other group were in charge of salvage and clean-up?", "id": "572fbbdfb2c2fd14005683c4"}]}], ["Walaupun Knickebein digunakan oleh kru Jerman secara beramai-ramai, penggunaan X-Ger\u00e4t adalah terhad kepada kru penapis yang terlatih khas. Penerima khas telah dipasang di He 111s, dengan tiang radio pada badan pesawat pengebom itu. Sistem ini bekerja pada frekuensi yang lebih tinggi (66-77 MHz, berbanding Knickebein 30-33 MHz). Pemancar di tanah menghantar pulsa pada kadar 180 seminit. X-Ger\u00e4t menerima dan menganalisis denyutan, memberikan juruterbang kedua-dua visual dan aural \"pada kursus\" isyarat. Tiga rasuk memotong rasuk sepanjang laluan penerbangan He 111. Rasuk silang pertama bertindak sebagai amaran untuk bom-bertujuan untuk memulakan jam pengeboman yang mana ia akan diaktifkan hanya apabila balok salib kedua dicapai. Apabila balok salib ketiga telah mencapai bom yang bertujuan mengaktifkan pencetus ketiga, yang menghalang tangan pertama dari jam peralatan, dengan tangan kedua berterusan. Apabila tangan kedua diselaraskan dengan yang pertama, bom dibebaskan. Mekanisme pemasaan jam itu diselaraskan dengan jarak rasuk berpotongan dari sasaran supaya sasarannya berada di bawah apabila pembebasan bom berlaku. <> Ketika Knickebein digunakan kru paling Jerman saya yang menggunakan sistem X-Gerat? || klinik penjelajah yang terlatih khas <> Kekerapan apa yang digunakan oleh sistem X-Gerat? || 66-77 MHz <> Berapakah kadar seminit untuk menghantar pemancar tanah? || 180 <> Apabila pengebom melintasi balok pertama, pengebom itu bertujuan apa? || mulakan jam pengeboman <> Mekanisme apa yang menyebabkan bom dikeluarkan? || pemasaan jam", {"context": "While Knickebein was used by German crews en masse, X-Ger\u00e4t use was limited to specially trained pathfinder crews. Special receivers were mounted in He 111s, with a radio mast on the bomber's fuselage. The system worked on a higher frequency (66\u201377 MHz, compared to Knickebein's 30\u201333 MHz). Transmitters on the ground sent pulses at a rate of 180 per minute. X-Ger\u00e4t received and analysed the pulses, giving the pilot both visual and aural \"on course\" signals. Three beams intersected the beam along the He 111's flight path. The first cross-beam acted as a warning for the bomb-aimer to start the bombing-clock which he would activate only when the second cross-beam was reached. When the third cross-beam was reached the bomb aimer activated a third trigger, which stopped the first hand of the equipment's clock, with the second hand continuing. When the second hand re-aligned with the first, the bombs were released. The clock's timing mechanism was co-ordinated with the distances of the intersecting beams from the target so the target was directly below when the bomb release occurred.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "specially trained pathfinder crews"}], "question": "While Knickebein was used my most German crews who used the X-Gerat system?", "id": "572fdbf3947a6a140053cd68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "66\u201377 MHz"}], "question": "What frequency did the X-Gerat system use?", "id": "572fdbf3947a6a140053cd69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "180"}], "question": "What rate per minute did ground transmitters send?", "id": "572fdbf3947a6a140053cd6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "start the bombing-clock"}], "question": "When the bomber crossed the first beam the bomber-aimer did what?", "id": "572fdbf3947a6a140053cd6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 926, "text": "clock's timing"}], "question": "What mechanism cause the bombs to be released?", "id": "572fdbf3947a6a140053cd6c"}]}], ["Dowding telah dipanggil ke persidangan Kementerian Udara pada 17 Oktober 1940 untuk menerangkan keadaan miskin pertahanan malam dan kegagalan (tetapi akhirnya berjaya) kegagalan strategi masa siangnya. Kritikan terhadap kepimpinannya dilanjutkan jauh di luar Majlis Udara, dan Menteri Pengeluaran Pesawat Udara, Lord Beaverbrook, dan Churchill sendiri mengakui sokongan mereka semakin berkurang. Walaupun kegagalan penyediaan pertahanan malam tidak boleh dinafikan, bukan tanggungjawab AOC untuk mengumpul sumber. Pengabaian umum RAF sehingga serangan akhir pada tahun 1938 telah meninggalkan sumber yang jarang untuk membina pertahanan. Walaupun dibenarkan untuk tidak menggunakan pasukan operasi dan taktik Dowding, kegagalan Kerajaan dan Kementerian Udara untuk memperuntukkan sumber akhirnya menjadi tanggungjawab institusi awam dan tentera pada umumnya. Dalam tempoh pra-perang, Kerajaan Chamberlain menyatakan bahawa pertahanan malam dari serangan udara tidak sepatutnya mengambil banyak usaha kebangsaan dan, bersama-sama dengan Kementerian Udara, tidak menjadikannya sebagai keutamaan. <> Siapa yang dipanggil ke persidangan Kementerian Udara pada 17 Oktober 1940? || Dowding <> Lord Beaverbrook dan sokongan Churchill dari Dowding adalah apa? || Mengurangkan RAF hingga 1938 menyebabkan apa yang berlaku? || sumber yang jarang untuk membina pertahanan <> Kementerian Udara dan yang mana kumpulan lain memutuskan untuk tidak membuat pertahanan malam menjadi keutamaan? || Kerajaan Chamberlain", {"context": "Dowding was summoned to an Air Ministry conference on 17 October 1940 to explain the poor state of night defences and the supposed (but ultimately successful) \"failure\" of his daytime strategy. The criticism of his leadership extended far beyond the Air Council, and the Minister of Aircraft Production, Lord Beaverbrook, and Churchill themselves intimated their support was waning. While the failure of night defence preparation was undeniable, it was not the AOC's responsibility to accrue resources. The general neglect of the RAF until the late spurt in 1938 had left sparse resources to build defences. While it was permissible to disagree with Dowding's operational and tactical deployment of forces, the failure of the Government and Air Ministry to allot resources was ultimately the responsibility of the civil and military institutions at large. In the pre-war period, the Chamberlain Government stated that night defence from air attack should not take up much of the national effort and, along with the Air Ministry, did not make it a priority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dowding"}], "question": "Who was summoned to the Air Ministry conference on October 17, 1940?", "id": "572fc43604bcaa1900d76cc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "waning"}], "question": "Lord Beaverbrook and Churchill's support of Dowding was what?", "id": "572fc43604bcaa1900d76cc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "sparse resources to build defences"}], "question": "Neglect of the RAF until 1938 caused what to happen?", "id": "572fc43604bcaa1900d76cc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "Chamberlain Government"}], "question": "The Air Ministry and which other group decided to not make night defense a top priority?", "id": "572fc43604bcaa1900d76cc6"}]}], ["Pada umumnya, pengebom Jerman mungkin akan mencapai sasaran mereka tanpa terlalu banyak kesukaran. Ia adalah beberapa bulan sebelum pasukan pejuang malam yang berkesan akan siap, dan pertahanan anti-pesawat hanya menjadi mencukupi selepas Blitz berakhir, begitu rusuhan dibuat untuk menarik pengebom Jerman jauh dari sasaran mereka. Sepanjang tahun 1940, lapangan terbang dummy telah disediakan, cukup baik untuk mengawasi pemerhatian mahir. Sebilangan [klarifikasi yang diperlukan] bom jatuh pada sasaran pelencongan (\"Starfish\") ini. <> Perlindungan anti-pesawat menjadi lebih baik selepas apa? || Blitz sudah berakhir <> Apa yang mereka gunakan untuk menarik pengebom Jerman dari sasaran mereka? || rusuhan <> Apa jenis lapangan terbang yang disediakan untuk mengawasi pengamat yang mahir? || dummy <> Apa nama yang diberikan kepada lapangan udara dummy ini? || Starfish", {"context": "In general, German bombers were likely to get through to their targets without too much difficulty. It was to be some months before an effective night fighter force would be ready, and anti-aircraft defences only became adequate after the Blitz was over, so ruses were created to lure German bombers away from their targets. Throughout 1940, dummy airfields were prepared, good enough to stand up to skilled observation. A number[clarification needed] of bombs fell on these diversionary (\"Starfish\") targets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Blitz was over"}], "question": "Anti-aircraft defenses became better after what?", "id": "572fea58947a6a140053cdea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "ruses"}], "question": "What did they use to lure German bombers away from their targets?", "id": "572fea58947a6a140053cdeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "dummy"}], "question": "What kind of airfields were prepared to stand up to skilled observers? ", "id": "572fea58947a6a140053cdec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Starfish"}], "question": "What was the name given to these dummy airfields?", "id": "572fea58947a6a140053cded"}]}], ["Pada 14 Oktober, serangan malam paling berat sehingga kini menyaksikan 380 pengebom Jerman dari Luftflotte 3 melanda London. Sekitar 200 orang terbunuh dan 2,000 lagi cedera. Pertahanan anti-pesawat British (Ketua Frederick Alfred Pile) melancarkan 8,326 pusingan dan menembak hanya dua pengebom. Pada 15 Oktober, pengebom itu kembali dan kira-kira 900 kebakaran bermula dengan campuran 415 tan pendek (376 t) bahan letupan tinggi dan 11 tan pendek (10.0 t) pembakar api jatuh. Lima garisan kereta api utama dipotong di London dan rolling stock rosak. <> Pada 14 Oktober berapa ramai pengebom Jerman menyerang? || 380 <> Berapa banyak orang terbunuh? || Sekitar 200 <> Siapa yang melancarkan pusingan anti-pertahanan? || Umum Frederick Alfred Pile <> Berapa banyak pusingan anti-pertahanan telah dipecat? || 8326 pusingan <> Berapa ramai pengebom Jerman ditembak jatuh? || dua", {"context": "On 14 October, the heaviest night attack to date saw 380 German bombers from Luftflotte 3 hit London. Around 200 people were killed and another 2,000 injured. British anti-aircraft defences (General Frederick Alfred Pile) fired 8,326 rounds and shot down only two bombers. On 15 October, the bombers returned and about 900 fires were started by the mix of 415 short tons (376 t) of high explosive and 11 short tons (10.0 t) of incendiaries dropped. Five main rail lines were cut in London and rolling stock damaged.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "380"}], "question": "On October 14 how many German bombers attacked?", "id": "572ffb1904bcaa1900d76fa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Around 200"}], "question": "How many people were killed?", "id": "572ffb1904bcaa1900d76faa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "General Frederick Alfred Pile"}], "question": "Who fired anti-defense rounds?", "id": "572ffb1904bcaa1900d76fab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "8,326 rounds"}], "question": "How many rounds of anti-defense were fired?", "id": "572ffb1904bcaa1900d76fac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many German bombers were shot down?", "id": "572ffb1904bcaa1900d76fad"}]}], ["Pada 9 September OKL kelihatan menyokong dua strategi. Pengeboman sepanjang hari di London adalah percubaan segera untuk memaksa kerajaan British untuk menyerah, tetapi ia juga menyentuh komunikasi laut penting Britain untuk mencapai kemenangan melalui pengepungan. Walaupun cuaca buruk, serangan berat berlaku petang itu di pinggir bandar London dan lapangan terbang di Farnborough. Kos pertempuran hari ini Kesselring dan Luftflotte 2 (Air Fleet 2) 24 pesawat, termasuk 13 Bf 109s. Perintah tempur hilang 17 pejuang dan enam juruterbang. Dalam beberapa hari akan datang, keadaan cuaca buruk dan usaha utama seterusnya tidak akan dibuat sehingga 15 September 1940. <> Apa nama lapangan terbang di mana serbuan berat berlaku? || Farnborough <> Berapa banyak Bf 109s hilang? || 13 <> FighterCommand kehilangan berapa pejuang? || 17 <> Berapa banyak juruterbang yang kalah Perintah Fighter? || enam <> Apa yang menyebabkan kelewatan dalam usaha ini? || cuaca buruk", {"context": "On 9 September the OKL appeared to be backing two strategies. Its round-the-clock bombing of London was an immediate attempt to force the British government to capitulate, but it was also striking at Britain's vital sea communications to achieve a victory through siege. Although the weather was poor, heavy raids took place that afternoon on the London suburbs and the airfield at Farnborough. The day's fighting cost Kesselring and Luftflotte 2 (Air Fleet 2) 24 aircraft, including 13 Bf 109s. Fighter Command lost 17 fighters and six pilots. Over the next few days weather was poor and the next main effort would not be made until 15 September 1940.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Farnborough"}], "question": "What was the name of the airfield where heavy raids took place?", "id": "572ff6fb947a6a140053ce98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many Bf 109s were lost?", "id": "572ff6fb947a6a140053ce99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "17"}], "question": "FighterCommand lost how many fighters?", "id": "572ff6fb947a6a140053ce9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many pilots did Fighter Command lose?", "id": "572ff6fb947a6a140053ce9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "weather was poor"}], "question": "What caused the delay in the effort?", "id": "572ff6fb947a6a140053ce9c"}]}], ["Walaupun G\u00f6ring optimis Luftwaffe dapat menang, Hitler tidak. Pada 17 September dia menangguhkan Operation Sea Lion (seperti yang ternyata, tanpa batas) daripada berjudi Jerman yang baru diperoleh prestij ketenteraan pada operasi lintas-berisiko berisiko, terutama dalam menghadapi Joseph Stalin yang ragu-ragu di Kesatuan Soviet. Pada hari-hari akhir pertempuran, pengebom menjadi gewang dalam usaha untuk menarik RAF ke pertempuran dengan pejuang Jerman. Tetapi operasi mereka tidak sia-sia; cuaca semakin teruk dan gangguan yang tidak dapat dikawal pada siang hari memberikan OKL alasan untuk beralih ke serangan malam pada 7 Oktober. <> Siapa sangka bahawa Luftwaffe boleh menang? || G\u00f6ring <> Hari apa Hitler ditangguhkan Operasi Sea Lion? || 17 September <> Apakah nama lelaki dari Kesatuan Soviet yang meragukan Operasi Sea Lion? || Joseph Stalin <> Siapa yang Luftwaffe cuba memancing ke pertempuran menggunakan pengebomnya? || RAF <> Bilakah OKL beralih ke serbuan malam? || 7 Oktober", {"context": "While G\u00f6ring was optimistic the Luftwaffe could prevail, Hitler was not. On 17 September he postponed Operation Sea Lion (as it turned out, indefinitely) rather than gamble Germany's newly gained military prestige on a risky cross-Channel operation, particularly in the face of a sceptical Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. In the last days of the battle, the bombers became lures in an attempt to draw the RAF into combat with German fighters. But their operations were to no avail; the worsening weather and unsustainable attrition in daylight gave the OKL an excuse to switch to night attacks on 7 October.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "G\u00f6ring"}], "question": "Who thought the Luftwaffe could win?", "id": "572ffa51947a6a140053ced2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "17 September"}], "question": "What day did Hitler postponed Operation Sea Lion?", "id": "572ffa51947a6a140053ced3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Joseph Stalin"}], "question": "What was the name of the man from the Soviet Union who was doubtful of Operation Sea Lion?", "id": "572ffa51947a6a140053ced4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "RAF"}], "question": "Who did the Luftwaffe try to lure into battle using its bombers?", "id": "572ffa51947a6a140053ced5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "7 October"}], "question": "When did the OKL switch to night raids?", "id": "572ffa51947a6a140053ced6"}]}], ["Penggunaan teknik pengalihan seperti kebakaran perlu dibuat dengan teliti. Kebakaran palsu hanya dapat dimulakan apabila pengeboman bermula dari sasaran bersebelahan dan kesannya terkawal. Terlalu awal dan peluang kejayaan merosot; terlambat dan kebakaran sebenar pada sasaran akan melampaui kebakaran yang berlainan. Satu lagi inovasi adalah kebakaran dandang. Unit-unit ini diberi makan dua tangki bersebelahan minyak dan air. Kebakaran minyak yang disuntik kemudian disuntik dengan air dari semasa ke semasa; kilauan yang dihasilkan serupa dengan orang-orang dari Jerman C-250 dan Flammbomben C-500. Harapannya ialah, jika ia dapat menipu pengebom Jerman, ia akan menarik lebih ramai pengebom dari sasaran sebenar. <> Kebakaran palsu digunakan sebagai jenis teknik? || pengalihan <> Apa yang disuntik ke dalam api dari semasa ke semasa untuk menghasilkan kilat? || air <> Dua kereta api satu minyak, salah satu air yang diberi makan apa jenis api? || dandang <> Apa yang disifatkan ini? || Jerman C-250 dan C-500 Flammbomben <> Apakah maksud kebakaran ini? || menipu pengebom Jerman", {"context": "The use of diversionary techniques such as fires had to be made carefully. The fake fires could only begin when the bombing started over an adjacent target and its effects were brought under control. Too early and the chances of success receded; too late and the real conflagration at the target would exceed the diversionary fires. Another innovation was the boiler fire. These units were fed from two adjacent tanks containing oil and water. The oil-fed fires were then injected with water from time to time; the flashes produced were similar to those of the German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben. The hope was that, if it could deceive German bombardiers, it would draw more bombers away from the real target.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "diversionary"}], "question": "Fake fires were used as what kind of technique?", "id": "572fec6f947a6a140053ce06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "water"}], "question": "What was injected into the fires from time to time to produce a flash?", "id": "572fec6f947a6a140053ce08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "boiler"}], "question": "Two tanks one of oil, one of water fed what kind of fire?", "id": "572fec6f947a6a140053ce07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben"}], "question": "What did these flashes simulate?", "id": "572fec6f947a6a140053ce09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "deceive German bombardiers"}], "question": "What was the purpose of these fires?", "id": "572fec6f947a6a140053ce0a"}]}], ["Pada mulanya perubahan dalam strategi menangkap pengawal RAF, dan menyebabkan kerosakan yang luas dan kecederaan awam. Sejumlah 107,400 ton panjang (109,100 t) penghantaran telah rosak di Muara Thames dan 1,600 orang awam adalah mangsa. Daripada jumlah ini sekitar 400 terbunuh. Pertempuran di udara lebih sengit di siang hari. Keseluruhan Loge telah menanggung pesawat Luftwaffe 41; 14 pengebom, 16 Messerschmitt Bf 109s, tujuh Messerschmitt Bf 110 dan empat pesawat peninjauan. Perintah Pejuang kehilangan 23 pejuang, dengan enam juruterbang terbunuh dan tujuh lagi cedera. Satu lagi 247 pengebom dari Sperrle's Luftflotte 3 (Air Fleet 3) menyerang malam itu. Pada 8 September, Luftwaffe kembali. Kali ini 412 orang terbunuh dan 747 cedera parah. <> Pengeboman Thames Estuary menyebabkan berapa banyak mangsa awam? || 1,600 <> Berapa banyak yang terbunuh dalam pengeboman Thames Muara? || sekitar 400 <> Berapa banyak pesawat yang hilang di Luftwaffe? || 41 <> Berapa banyak juruterbang Jerman terbunuh? || enam <> Berapa banyak Air Fleet 3 menyerang malam itu? || 247", {"context": "Initially the change in strategy caught the RAF off-guard, and caused extensive damage and civilian casualties. Some 107,400 long tons (109,100 t) of shipping was damaged in the Thames Estuary and 1,600 civilians were casualties. Of this total around 400 were killed. The fighting in the air was more intense in daylight. Overall Loge had cost the Luftwaffe 41 aircraft; 14 bombers, 16 Messerschmitt Bf 109s, seven Messerschmitt Bf 110s and four reconnaissance aircraft. Fighter Command lost 23 fighters, with six pilots killed and another seven wounded. Another 247 bombers from Sperrle's Luftflotte 3 (Air Fleet 3) attacked that night. On 8 September, the Luftwaffe returned. This time 412 people were killed and 747 severely wounded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "1,600"}], "question": "The bombing of the Thames Estuary cause how many civilian casualties?", "id": "572fed9fa23a5019007fcb51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "around 400"}], "question": "How many were killed in the bombing of the Thames Estuary?", "id": "572fed9fa23a5019007fcb52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "41"}], "question": "How many aircraft did the Luftwaffe lose?", "id": "572fed9fa23a5019007fcb53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many German pilots were killed?", "id": "572fed9fa23a5019007fcb54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "247"}], "question": "How many Air Fleet 3 attacked that night?", "id": "572fed9fa23a5019007fcb55"}]}], ["Beacons Jerman yang beroperasi pada band frekuensi sederhana dan isyarat yang terlibat pengenal Morse dua huruf diikuti oleh masa berlalu panjang yang membolehkan krew Luftwaffe menentukan galas isyarat. Sistem Meacon melibatkan lokasi berasingan bagi penerima dengan udara arah dan pemancar. Penerimaan isyarat Jerman oleh penerima telah diserahkan kepada pemancar, isyarat yang akan diulang. Tindakan itu tidak menjamin kejayaan automatik. Jika pengebom Jerman terbang lebih dekat ke rasuknya sendiri daripada Meacon maka isyarat terdahulu akan melalui lebih kuat pada pencari arah. Sebaliknya akan dikenakan hanya jika meon itu lebih dekat. <> Beacon Jerman menggunakan band frekuensi apa? || medium <> Apakah pengenal huruf dua apa yang telah ada? || Morse <> Sistem apa yang digunakan lokasi berasingan untuk penerima dan udara arah? || Meacon <> Apabila seorang pengebom Jerman terbang untuk menutup rasuknya sendiri apa yang terjadi dengan isyarat? || lebih kuat pada pencari arah", {"context": "German beacons operated on the medium-frequency band and the signals involved a two-letter Morse identifier followed by a lengthy time-lapse which enabled the Luftwaffe crews to determine the signal's bearing. The Meacon system involved separate locations for a receiver with a directional aerial and a transmitter. The receipt of the German signal by the receiver was duly passed to the transmitter, the signal to be repeated. The action did not guarantee automatic success. If the German bomber flew closer to its own beam than the Meacon then the former signal would come through the stronger on the direction finder. The reverse would apply only if the meacon were closer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "medium"}], "question": "The German beacons used what frequency band?", "id": "572fe88104bcaa1900d76e83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Morse"}], "question": "What two letter identifier did the signal have?", "id": "572fe88104bcaa1900d76e84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Meacon"}], "question": "What system used a separate locations for a receiver and a directional aerial?", "id": "572fe88104bcaa1900d76e85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "stronger on the direction finder"}], "question": "When a German bomber flew to close to its own beam what happened to the signal?", "id": "572fe88104bcaa1900d76e86"}]}], ["Pada 15 September Luftwaffe membuat dua serangan siang besar di London di sepanjang Muara Thames, yang mensasarkan dok dan komunikasi kereta api di bandar. Harapannya adalah untuk memusnahkan sasarannya dan menarik RAF ke dalam mempertahankan mereka, membolehkan Luftwaffe memusnahkan pejuang mereka dalam jumlah besar, dengan itu mencapai keunggulan udara. Pertempuran udara besar berlaku, berlangsung selama hampir sepanjang hari. Serangan pertama merosakkan rangkaian rel selama tiga hari, dan serangan kedua gagal sama sekali. Pertempuran udara kemudian diperingati oleh Pertempuran Hari Britain. Luftwaffe kehilangan 18 peratus daripada pengebom yang dihantar pada operasi hari itu, dan gagal untuk mendapatkan keunggulan udara. <> Pada 15 September Luftwaffe membuat serbuan siang hari mengenai sasaran apa di London? || Thames Muara <> Apa dua sasaran yang Luftwaffe cuba memusnahkan? || dok dan komunikasi rel <> Apakah sebabnya untuk mencuba dan menarik RAF ke dalam peperangan? || memusnahkan pejuang mereka dalam jumlah besar <> Apa pertempuran udara ini dipanggil? || Pertempuran Hari Britain <> The Luftwaffe kehilangan apa peratusan pengebomnya yang dihantar hari itu? || 18", {"context": "On 15 September the Luftwaffe made two large daylight attacks on London along the Thames Estuary, targeting the docks and rail communications in the city. Its hope was to destroy its targets and draw the RAF into defending them, allowing the Luftwaffe to destroy their fighters in large numbers, thereby achieving an air superiority. Large air battles broke out, lasting for most of the day. The first attack merely damaged the rail network for three days, and the second attack failed altogether. The air battle was later commemorated by Battle of Britain Day. The Luftwaffe lost 18 percent of the bombers sent on the operations that day, and failed to gain air superiority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Thames Estuary"}], "question": "On September 15 the Luftwaffe made daylight raids on what target in London?", "id": "572ff89f04bcaa1900d76f6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "docks and rail communications"}], "question": "What two targets were the Luftwaffe trying to destroy?", "id": "572ff89f04bcaa1900d76f70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "destroy their fighters in large numbers"}], "question": "What was the reason to try and draw the RAF into a battle?", "id": "572ff89f04bcaa1900d76f71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Battle of Britain Day"}], "question": "What was this air battle called?", "id": "572ff89f04bcaa1900d76f72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "18"}], "question": "The Luftwaffe lost what percentage of its bombers sent that day?", "id": "572ff89f04bcaa1900d76f73"}]}], ["Y-Ger\u00e4t adalah sistem yang paling kompleks bagi ketiga-tiga mereka. Ia adalah, pada dasarnya, sistem pengesan rasuk automatik, yang dikendalikan melalui autopilot pengebom. Rasuk pendekatan tunggal di mana pengebom dikesan dipantau oleh pengawal tanah. Isyarat dari stesen itu dihantar semula oleh peralatan pengebom itu. Dengan cara ini, jarak pengebom mengembara di sepanjang rasuk itu boleh disahkan dengan tepat. Pemeriksaan arah arahan juga membolehkan pengawal untuk menjaga krew pada kursus yang tepat. Krew akan diperintahkan untuk menggugurkan bom mereka sama ada dengan mengeluarkan perkataan kod oleh pengawal tanah, atau pada akhir penghantaran isyarat yang akan berhenti. Walaupun rentang yang boleh digunakan maksimum sama dengan sistem sebelumnya, ia tidak diketahui bangunan-bangunan tertentu yang akan dilanda. <> Sistem manakah yang paling kompleks dari ketiga-tiga itu? || Y-Ger\u00e4t <> Siapa yang mengendalikan sistem pancaran automatik? || autopilot pengebom <<> Apakah jenis pemeriksaan yang membantu untuk memastikan pesawat itu berjalan? || Penemuan arah <> Krew boleh menjadi perintah untuk menjatuhkan bom oleh apa? || kata kod <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan perkataan kod kepada pengebom? || pengawal tanah", {"context": "Y-Ger\u00e4t was the most complex system of the three. It was, in effect, an automatic beam-tracking system, operated through the bomber's autopilot. The single approach beam along which the bomber tracked was monitored by a ground controller. The signals from the station were retransmitted by the bomber's equipment. This way the distance the bomber travelled along the beam could be precisely verified. Direction-finding checks also enabled the controller to keep the crew on an exact course. The crew would be ordered to drop their bombs either by issue of a code word by the ground controller, or at the conclusion of the signal transmissions which would stop. Although its maximum usable range was similar to the previous systems, it was not unknown for specific buildings to be hit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Y-Ger\u00e4t"}], "question": "Which system was the most complex of the three?", "id": "572fddffb2c2fd1400568531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "the bomber's autopilot"}], "question": "Who operated the automatic beam system?", "id": "572fddffb2c2fd1400568532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Direction-finding"}], "question": "What kind of checks help to keep the plane on course?", "id": "572fddffb2c2fd1400568533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "a code word"}], "question": "The crew could be order to drop the bomb by what?", "id": "572fddffb2c2fd1400568534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "ground controller"}], "question": "Who issued the code word to the bombers?", "id": "572fddffb2c2fd1400568535"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun 1940, seorang tawanan perang Jerman telah mendengar bahawa British tidak akan dapat menemukan Knickebein, walaupun ia berada di bawah hidung mereka. Butiran perbualan itu diteruskan kepada Penasihat Teknikal Kakitangan Udara RAF, Dr. R. V. Jones, yang memulakan penyelidikan mendalam yang mendapati bahawa penerima Lorenz Luftwaffe lebih banyak daripada alat pendaratan buta. Oleh itu, Jones mula mencari rasuk Jerman. Avro Ansons dari Unit Pembangunan Latihan Pendekatan Beam (BATDU) diterbangkan dan turun Britain dilengkapi dengan penerima 30 MHz untuk mengesan mereka. Tidak lama kemudian sebuah balok telah dikesan ke Derby (yang telah disebutkan dalam transmisi Luftwaffe). Operasi jamming yang pertama dilakukan menggunakan mesin elektrokaut hospital yang diminta. Satu bentuk penyimpangan halus diperkenalkan. Sehingga sembilan pemancar khas mengarahkan isyarat mereka di rasuk dengan cara yang meluaskan laluannya, menidakkan keupayaannya untuk mencari sasaran yang tepat. Keyakinan dalam peranti itu berkurang apabila Luftwaffe memutuskan untuk melancarkan serbuan besar-besaran. Operasi kaunter dijalankan oleh unit-unit Elektronik Kaunter Kaunter Elektronik (ECM) di bawah Komander Wing Edward Addison, No. 80 Wing RAF. Pengeluaran isyarat navigasi radio palsu dengan memancarkan asal semula adalah teknik yang dikenali sebagai masker masker (meacon). <> Rasuk ditelusuri ke bandar mana? || Derby <> Unit Pembangunan Latihan Pendekatan Bean dilengkapi dengan jenis pemancar untuk mencari Knickebein? || Penerima 30 MHz <> Pada tahun 1940, seorang tahanan Jerman mendengus bahawa British tidak akan dapat mencari sistem apa? || Knickebein <> Yang penasihat teknikal RAF yang mana perbualan diteruskan? || Dr R. V. Jones <> Operasi jamming yang pertama dijalankan menggunakan mesin apa? || mesin elektrokaut", {"context": "In June 1940, a German prisoner of war was overheard boasting that the British would never find the Knickebein, even though it was under their noses. The details of the conversation were passed to an RAF Air Staff technical advisor, Dr. R. V. Jones, who started an in-depth investigation which discovered that the Luftwaffe's Lorenz receivers were more than blind-landing devices. Jones therefore began a search for the German beams. Avro Ansons of the Beam Approach Training Development Unit (BATDU) were flown up and down Britain fitted with a 30 MHz receiver to detect them. Soon a beam was traced to Derby (which had been mentioned in Luftwaffe transmissions). The first jamming operations were carried out using requisitioned hospital electrocautery machines. A subtle form of distortion was introduced. Up to nine special transmitters directed their signals at the beams in a manner that widened its path, negating its ability to accurately locate targets. Confidence in the device was diminished by the time the Luftwaffe decided to launch large-scale raids. The counter operations were carried out by British Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) units under Wing Commander Edward Addison, No. 80 Wing RAF. The production of false radio navigation signals by re-transmitting the originals was a technique known as masking beacons (meacons).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "Derby"}], "question": "The beam was traced to what town?", "id": "572fe5e8b2c2fd1400568584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "30 MHz receiver"}], "question": "The Bean Approach Training Development Unit were fitted with what kind of transmitter to search for the Knickebein? ", "id": "572fe5e8b2c2fd1400568583"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Knickebein"}], "question": "In 1940 a German prisoner overheard boasting that the British would never find what system?", "id": "572fe5e8b2c2fd1400568581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Dr. R. V. Jones"}], "question": "Which RAF technical advisor was the conversation passed onto?", "id": "572fe5e8b2c2fd1400568582"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "electrocautery machines"}], "question": "The first jamming operation was carried out using what machines?", "id": "572fe5e8b2c2fd1400568585"}]}], ["Radar Pemintasan Udara (AI) tidak boleh dipercayai. Pertempuran berat di Pertempuran Britania telah memakan sebagian besar sumber daya Komando Pahlawan, jadi sedikit investasi dalam pertempuran malam. Pengebom diterbangkan dengan lampu carian udara keluar dari keadaan terdesak [rujukan?] Tetapi tidak berhasil. Potensi yang lebih besar ialah radar GL (Gunlaying) dan lampu sorot dengan arah pejuang dari bilik kawalan pejuang RAF untuk memulakan sistem GCI (Kawalan Pimpinan Kawalan Darat) di bawah kawalan peringkat Kumpulan (No. 10 Kumpulan RAF, No. 11 Kumpulan RAF dan No. 12 Kumpulan RAF). <> Pengebom menggunakan apa yang terdesak? || lampu carian udara <> Apa yang dianggap tidak boleh dipercayai? || Radar pemintasan udara Airborne radar dan kawalan RAF digabungkan untuk mewujudkan sistem apa? || Pengintipan Kawalan Darat Ground <> Apa yang digunakan kebanyakan sumber daya Pejuang Komando? || Pertempuran Britain", {"context": "Airborne Interception radar (AI) was unreliable. The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources, so there was little investment in night fighting. Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation[citation needed], but to little avail. Of greater potential was the GL (Gunlaying) radar and searchlights with fighter direction from RAF fighter control rooms to begin a GCI system (Ground Control-led Interception) under Group-level control (No. 10 Group RAF, No. 11 Group RAF and No. 12 Group RAF).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "airborne search lights"}], "question": "The bombers used what out of desperation?", "id": "57302f95b2c2fd1400568a1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Airborne Interception radar"}], "question": "What was considered unreliable?", "id": "57302f95b2c2fd1400568a1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Ground Control-led Interception"}], "question": "Gunlaying radar and RAF controls combined to create what system?", "id": "57302f95b2c2fd1400568a1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "the Battle of Britain"}], "question": "What used most of Fighter Command's resources?", "id": "57302f95b2c2fd1400568a1c"}]}], ["Pertahanan London dengan pantas disusun semula oleh General Pile, Panglima Tertinggi Komando Anti Pesawat. Perbezaan ini dibuat untuk keberkesanan pertahanan udara adalah dipersoalkan. Pihak British masih sepertiga di bawah penubuhan pesawat artileri anti-pesawat berat AAA (atau ack-ack) pada bulan Mei 1941, dengan hanya 2,631 senjata yang ada. Dowding terpaksa bergantung pada pejuang malam. Dari tahun 1940 hingga 1941, pejuang malam yang paling berjaya ialah Boulton Paul Defiant; empat skuadronnya menembak lebih banyak pesawat musuh daripada jenis lain. Pertahanan AA ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan radar dan lampu sorot yang lebih baik. Selama beberapa bulan, 20,000 peluru yang dibelanjakan untuk setiap penceroboh ditembak jatuh pada bulan September 1940, dikurangkan kepada 4,087 pada Januari 1941 dan kepada 2,963 peluru pada Februari 1941. <> Siapa yang menyusun semula pertahanan London? || Pile Umum <> British adalah berapa jauh di bawah penubuhan artileri anti-pesawat berat? || satu pertiga <> Siapa yang bergantung pada pejuang malam? || Dowding <> Siapa empat skuadron menembak lebih banyak pesawat musuh daripada jenis lain? || Boulton Paul Defiant <> Bagaimana mempertahankan pertahanan AA? || dengan menggunakan radar dan lampu sorot yang lebih baik", {"context": "London's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command. The difference this made to the effectiveness of air defences is questionable. The British were still one-third below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery AAA (or ack-ack) in May 1941, with only 2,631 weapons available. Dowding had to rely on night fighters. From 1940 to 1941, the most successful night-fighter was the Boulton Paul Defiant; its four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type. AA defences improved by better use of radar and searchlights. Over several months, the 20,000 shells spent per raider shot down in September 1940, was reduced to 4,087 in January 1941 and to 2,963 shells in February 1941.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "General Pile"}], "question": "Who reorganised London's defences?", "id": "57302e8d04bcaa1900d772e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "one-third"}], "question": "The British were how far below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery?", "id": "57302e8d04bcaa1900d772e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Dowding"}], "question": "Who relied on night fighters?", "id": "57302e8d04bcaa1900d772e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Boulton Paul Defiant"}], "question": "Who's four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type?", "id": "57302e8d04bcaa1900d772e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "by better use of radar and searchlights"}], "question": "How were AA defenses improved?", "id": "57302e8d04bcaa1900d772e5"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, ia adalah radar yang terbukti menjadi senjata kritikal dalam pertempuran malam ke atas Britain dari saat ini dan seterusnya. Dowding telah memperkenalkan konsep radar udara dan menggalakkan penggunaannya. Akhirnya ia akan berjaya. Pada malam 22/23 Julai 1940, Pegawai Terbang Cyril Ashfield (juruterbang), Pegawai Pegawai Geoffrey Morris (Observer) dan Sarjan Penerbangan Reginald Leyland (pengendali radar Air Intercept) Unit Pemintasan Fighter menjadi perintis pertama dan anak kapal untuk memintas dan memusnahkan pesawat musuh dengan menggunakan radar di atas kapal untuk memandu mereka ke pemintasan visual, apabila pejuang malam AI mereka menurunkan Do 17 dari Sussex. Pada 19 November 1940 seorang pejuang malam RAF terkenal John Cunningham menembak seorang pengebom Ju 88 menggunakan radar udara, seperti yang diramalkan Dowding. <> Apa yang penting dalam pertempuran malam di Britain? || radar <> Konsep apa akhirnya berjaya? || radar udara <> Pada hari apa radar udara membantu memintas dan memusnahkan pesawat musuh buat kali pertama? || malam 22/23 Julai 1940 <> Siapa ahli pejuang malam RAF yang menggunakan radar udara untuk menghancurkan pengebom Ju 88? || John Cunningham", {"context": "Nevertheless, it was radar that proved to be critical weapon in the night battles over Britain from this point onward. Dowding had introduced the concept of airborne radar and encouraged its usage. Eventually it would become a success. On the night of 22/23 July 1940, Flying Officer Cyril Ashfield (pilot), Pilot Officer Geoffrey Morris (Observer) and Flight Sergeant Reginald Leyland (Air Intercept radar operator) of the Fighter Interception Unit became the first pilot and crew to intercept and destroy an enemy aircraft using onboard radar to guide them to a visual interception, when their AI night fighter brought down a Do 17 off Sussex. On 19 November 1940 the famous RAF night fighter ace John Cunningham shot down a Ju 88 bomber using airborne radar, just as Dowding had predicted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "radar"}], "question": "What was critical in the night battles over Britain?", "id": "5730359db2c2fd1400568a73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "airborne radar"}], "question": "What concept eventually became successful?", "id": "5730359db2c2fd1400568a74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "the night of 22/23 July 1940"}], "question": "On what day did airborne radar help intercept and destroy enemy aircraft for the first time?", "id": "5730359db2c2fd1400568a75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "John Cunningham"}], "question": "Who was the RAF night fighter ace that used airborne radar to destroy a Ju 88 bomber?", "id": "5730359db2c2fd1400568a76"}]}], ["Pecahnya Whitehall terhadap kegagalan RAF membawa kepada penggantian Dowding (yang sudah bersara untuk bersara) dengan Sholto Douglas pada 25 November. Douglas menetapkan tentang memperkenalkan lebih banyak skuadron dan menyebarkan beberapa set GL untuk mewujudkan kesan permaidani di daerah selatan. Namun, pada Februari 1941, hanya terdapat tujuh skuadron dengan 87 juruterbang, di bawah separuh kekuatan yang diperlukan. Permaidani GL disokong oleh enam set GCI yang mengawal pejuang malam yang dilengkapi radar. Dengan kemuncak Blitz, mereka menjadi lebih berjaya. Bilangan hubungan dan pertempuran meningkat pada tahun 1941, dari 44 dan dua dalam 48 jenis pada bulan Januari 1941, kepada 204 dan 74 pada bulan Mei (643 pemisahan). Tetapi walaupun pada bulan Mei, 67% daripada sorties itu adalah misi cat mata visual. Yang mengasyikkan, manakala 43% daripada kenalan pada bulan Mei 1941 adalah oleh visual penglihatan, mereka menyumbang 61% daripada pertempuran. Tetapi apabila dibandingkan dengan operasi siang hari Luftwaffe, terdapat penurunan yang ketara dalam kerugian Jerman hingga 1%. Sekiranya awak pengebom berwaspada dapat melihat pejuang yang pertama, mereka mempunyai peluang yang baik untuk menghindarinya. <> Siapa yang menggantikan Dowding pada 25 November? || Sholto Douglas <> Apa yang menyokong karpet GL? || enam GCI menetapkan pengawalan pejuang malam yang dilengkapi radar <> Berapa banyak juruterbang yang tinggal pada bulan Februari 1941? || 87 juruterbang <> Berapa banyak bilangan kenalan dan pertempuran di sana pada bulan Mei? || 204 dan 74 <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh kru pengebom untuk peluang yang baik untuk mengelak? || tempatkan pejuang pertama", {"context": "Whitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February 1941, there remained only seven squadrons with 87 pilots, under half the required strength. The GL carpet was supported by six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters. By the height of the Blitz, they were becoming more successful. The number of contacts and combats rose in 1941, from 44 and two in 48 sorties in January 1941, to 204 and 74 in May (643 sorties). But even in May, 67% of the sorties were visual cat's-eye missions. Curiously, while 43% of the contacts in May 1941 were by visual sightings, they accounted for 61% of the combats. Yet when compared with Luftwaffe daylight operations, there was a sharp decline in German losses to 1%. If a vigilant bomber crew could spot the fighter first, they had a decent chance at evading it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Sholto Douglas"}], "question": "Who replaced Dowding on November 25?", "id": "573030fda23a5019007fcf3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters"}], "question": "What supported the GL carpet?", "id": "573030fda23a5019007fcf3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "87 pilots"}], "question": "How many pilots remained in February 1941?", "id": "573030fda23a5019007fcf3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "204 and 74"}], "question": "How many number of contacts and combats were there in May?", "id": "573030fda23a5019007fcf40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 995, "text": "spot the fighter first"}], "question": "What did a bomber crew need to do for a good chance at evasion?", "id": "573030fda23a5019007fcf41"}]}], ["Dasar Luftwaffe pada ketika ini adalah terutamanya untuk meneruskan serangan progresif ke London, terutamanya oleh serangan malam; kedua, mengganggu pengeluaran di kilang-kilang senjata industri yang luas di West Midlands, sekali lagi terutama dengan serangan malam; dan ketiga mengganggu tumbuh-tumbuhan dan kilang-kilang di siang hari dengan cara pengebom tempur. Kesselring, memerintah Luftflotte 2, telah diperintahkan menghantar 50 jenis untuk setiap malam melawan London dan menyerang pelabuhan timur pada siang hari. Sperrle, yang mengetuai Luftflotte 3, telah diarahkan untuk menghantar 250 kritikan setiap malam termasuk 100 terhadap West Midlands. Seeschlange akan dijalankan oleh Fliegerkorps X (Kor Air Ke-10) yang tertumpu pada operasi perlombongan terhadap penghantaran. Ia turut mengambil bahagian dalam pengeboman ke atas Britain. Menjelang 19/20 April 1941, ia telah menurunkan 3,984 lombong, \u2153 daripada jumlah jatuh. Keupayaan lombong untuk memusnahkan jalan-jalan seluruhnya menghormati mereka di Britain, tetapi beberapa jatuh tanpa ekspedisi ke tangan Inggeris yang membolehkan langkah-langkah kaunter untuk dibangunkan yang merosakkan kempen anti-penghantaran Jerman. <> Apakah dasar utama kedua Luftwaffe? || untuk mengganggu pengeluaran di kilang-kilang senjata industri yang luas di West Midlands <> Siapa yang berkuasa di Luftflotte 2? || Kesselring <> Berapa banyak pemisahan malam adalah Luftflotte 3 lakukan? || 250 <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Fliegerkorps X? || operasi perlombongan terhadap penghantaran <> Pada April 1941 tentang berapa banyak ranjau telah jatuh? || 3,984 lombong", {"context": "Luftwaffe policy at this point was primarily to continue progressive attacks on London, chiefly by night attack; second, to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands, again chiefly by night attack; and third to disrupt plants and factories during the day by means of fighter-bombers. Kesselring, commanding Luftflotte 2, was ordered to send 50 sorties per night against London and attack eastern harbours in daylight. Sperrle, commanding Luftflotte 3, was ordered to dispatch 250 sorties per night including 100 against the West Midlands. Seeschlange would be carried out by Fliegerkorps X (10th Air Corps) which concentrated on mining operations against shipping. It also took part in the bombing over Britain. By 19/20 April 1941, it had dropped 3,984 mines, \u2153 of the total dropped. The mines' ability to destroy entire streets earned them respect in Britain, but several fell unexploded into British hands allowing counter-measures to be developed which damaged the German anti-shipping campaign.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands"}], "question": "What was the Luftwaffe's second primary policy?", "id": "5730271b04bcaa1900d77255"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Kesselring"}], "question": "Who was in command of the Luftflotte 2?", "id": "5730271b04bcaa1900d77256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "250"}], "question": "How many sorties a night was Luftflotte 3 doing?", "id": "5730271b04bcaa1900d77257"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "mining operations against shipping"}], "question": "What did the Fliegerkorps X concentrate on?", "id": "5730271b04bcaa1900d77258"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 791, "text": "3,984 mines"}], "question": "By April of 1941 about how many mines had been dropped?", "id": "5730271b04bcaa1900d77259"}]}], ["Loge diteruskan pada bulan Oktober. Menurut sumber Jerman, 9,000 bom pendek (8,200 t) bom dijatuhkan pada bulan itu, di mana kira-kira 10 peratus daripadanya jatuh pada siang hari. Lebih 6,000 tan pendek (5,400 kaki) ditujukan ke London pada waktu malam. Serangan ke atas Birmingham dan Coventry tertakluk kepada 500 tan pendek (450 t) bom di antara mereka dalam 10 hari terakhir bulan Oktober. Liverpool mengalami 200 tan pendek (180 t) bom yang dijatuhkan. Hull dan Glasgow diserang, tetapi 800 tan (730 t) bom tersebar di seluruh Britain. Metropolitan-Vickers yang bekerja di Manchester telah disasarkan dan 12 tan pendek (11 t) bom jatuh terhadapnya. Tumbuh-tumbuhan kecil digugurkan di medan tempur Fighter Command; Lapangan terbang Komando Pengebom terkena sebaliknya. <> Berapa banyak bom pendek yang dijatuhkan pada waktu siang? || 10 peratus <> Apa dua bandar raya mempunyai 500 bom pendek bom yang jatuh pada mereka pada akhir Oktober? || Birmingham dan Coventry <> Apa yang disasarkan dengan 12 bom pendek bom? || Metropolitan-Vickers bekerja di Manchester <> Yang mana yang disasarkan lebih banyak, pengebom atau pejuang komando pejuang? || Lapangan terbang Komando Pengebom <> Liverpool mempunyai berapa tan pendek yang jatuh di atasnya? || 200", {"context": "Loge continued during October. According to German sources, 9,000 short tons (8,200 t) of bombs were dropped in that month, of which about 10 percent of which was dropped in daylight. Over 6,000 short tons (5,400 t) was aimed at London during the night. Attacks on Birmingham and Coventry were subject to 500 short tons (450 t) of bombs between them in the last 10 days of October. Liverpool suffered 200 short tons (180 t) of bombs dropped. Hull and Glasgow were attacked, but 800 short tons (730 t) of bombs were spread out all over Britain. The Metropolitan-Vickers works in Manchester was targeted and 12 short tons (11 t) of bombs dropped against it. Little tonnage was dropped on Fighter Command airfields; Bomber Command airfields were hit instead.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "10 percent"}], "question": "How much of the short tons of bombs were dropped during the day?", "id": "573024b4a23a5019007fce49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Birmingham and Coventry"}], "question": "What two cities had 500 short tons of bombs dropped on them during the end of October?", "id": "573024b4a23a5019007fce4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "The Metropolitan-Vickers works in Manchester"}], "question": "What was targeted with 12 short tons of bombs?", "id": "573024b4a23a5019007fce4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "Bomber Command airfields"}], "question": "Which was targeted more heavily, bomber or fighter command airfields?", "id": "573024b4a23a5019007fce4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "200"}], "question": "Liverpool had how many short tons dropped on it?", "id": "573024b4a23a5019007fce4b"}]}], ["Pertahanan udara malam Inggeris berada dalam keadaan miskin. Beberapa senjata anti-pesawat mempunyai sistem kawalan kebakaran, dan pencahayaan yang kurang berkuasa biasanya tidak berkesan terhadap pesawat pada ketinggian melebihi 12,000 kaki (3,700 m). Pada bulan Julai 1940, hanya 1,200 berat dan 549 senjata ringan digunakan di seluruh Britain. Daripada \"berat\", kira-kira 200 adalah jenis 3 (76 mm) bermasalah; bakinya adalah senjata api 4.5 inci (110 mm) dan 3.7 dalam (94 mm) yang berkesan, dengan \"siling\" teori lebih daripada 30,000 kaki (9,100 m) tetapi had praktikal 25,000 kaki (7,600 m) kerana peramal dalam penggunaan tidak dapat menerima ketinggian yang lebih tinggi. Senapang ringan, kira-kira separuh daripadanya adalah Bofors 40 mm yang sangat baik, mengendalikan pesawat hanya hingga 6,000 kaki (1,800 m). Walaupun penggunaan senjata itu meningkatkan semangat awam, dengan pengetahuan para kru pengebom Jerman sedang menghadapi serangan, kini dipercayai bahawa senjata anti-pesawat mencapai sedikit dan sebenarnya serpihan-serpihan shell jatuh menyebabkan lebih banyak lagi korban British di tanah. <> Pertahanan udara malam Inggeris berkesan untuk ketinggian apa? || 12,000 kaki (3,700 m) <> Menjelang bulan Julai 1940 berapa banyak senjata yang digunakan di Britain? || hanya 1,200 berat dan 549 senjata ringan <> Apakah siling praktikal senjata berat berkesan? || 25,000 kaki (7,600 m) <> Jenis jenis pistol cahaya yang ditangani dengan pesawat sehingga 6000 kaki.? || Bofors 40 mm <> Apa yang dipercayai menyebabkan banyak mangsa awam dari senjata anti pesawat? || serpihan kulit jatuh", {"context": "British night air defences were in a poor state. Few anti-aircraft guns had fire-control systems, and the underpowered searchlights were usually ineffective against aircraft at altitudes above 12,000 ft (3,700 m). In July 1940, only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns were deployed in the whole of Britain. Of the \"heavies\", some 200 were of the obsolescent 3 in (76 mm) type; the remainder were the effective 4.5 in (110 mm) and 3.7 in (94 mm) guns, with a theoretical \"ceiling\"' of over 30,000 ft (9,100 m) but a practical limit of 25,000 ft (7,600 m) because the predictor in use could not accept greater heights. The light guns, about half of which were of the excellent Bofors 40 mm, dealt with aircraft only up to 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Although the use of the guns improved civilian morale, with the knowledge the German bomber crews were facing the barrage, it is now believed that the anti-aircraft guns achieved little and in fact the falling shell fragments caused more British casualties on the ground.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "12,000 ft (3,700 m)"}], "question": "British night air defenses were effective to what height?", "id": "57302cf4b2c2fd14005689ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns"}], "question": "By July of 1940 how many guns were deployed in Britain?", "id": "57302cf4b2c2fd14005689ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "25,000 ft (7,600 m)"}], "question": "What was the practical ceiling of the effective heavy guns?", "id": "57302cf4b2c2fd14005689ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "Bofors 40 mm"}], "question": "What type of light gun dealt with aircraft up to 6000 ft.?", "id": "57302cf4b2c2fd14005689f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 938, "text": "falling shell fragments"}], "question": "What is believed to have caused many civilian casualties from anti-aircraft guns?", "id": "57302cf4b2c2fd14005689f1"}]}], ["Dari November 1940 - Februari 1941, Luftwaffe mengubah strateginya dan menyerang bandar perindustrian lain. Khususnya, West Midlands telah disasarkan. Pada malam 13/14 November, 77 Dia 111s Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, atau KG 26) mengebom London manakala 63 dari KG 55 melanda Birmingham. Malam berikutnya, satu pasukan besar memukul Coventry. \"Pathfinders\" dari 12 Kampfgruppe 100 (Bomb Group 100 atau KGr 100) mengetuai 437 pengebom dari KG 1, KG 3, KG 26, KG 27, KG 55 dan Lehrgeschwader 1 (1st Training Wing atau LG 1) (357 t) bahan letupan tinggi, 56 tan pendek (51 t) pembakar api, dan 127 lombong payung terjun. Sumber lain mengatakan 449 pengebom dan sejumlah 530 tan pendek (480 t) bom telah dijatuhkan. Serangan melawan Coventry amat dahsyat, dan membawa kepada penggunaan frasa \"untuk konvensional\". Lebih 10,000 pembantah jatuh. Sekitar 21 kilang rosak teruk di Coventry, dan kehilangan kemudahan awam berhenti kerja di sembilan orang lain, mengganggu pengeluaran perindustrian selama beberapa bulan. Hanya satu pengebom yang hilang, untuk kebakaran anti-pesawat, walaupun RAF terbang 125 malam. Tiada tindak balas susulan dibuat, kerana OKL memandang rendah kuasa pemulihan Britain (sebagai Komando Bomber akan dilakukan ke atas Jerman dari 1943-1945). Orang Jerman terkejut dengan kejayaan serangan itu. Kepekatan telah dicapai secara tidak sengaja. Kesan strategik serbuan itu adalah 20 peratus penurunan dalam pengeluaran pesawat. <> Perubahan strategi dalam Luftwaffe mensasarkan apa yang utama? || West Midlands <> Berapa banyak lombong payung terjatuh? || 127 <> Serangan Coventry membawa kepada frasa apa yang digunakan secara meluas? || \"untuk menyesuaikan\" <> Apa yang berhenti bekerja di 9 kilang di Coventry? || kehilangan kemudahan awam <> Apa kesannya serbuan itu secara strategik? || pengeluaran 20 peratus dalam pengeluaran pesawat", {"context": "From November 1940 \u2013 February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. The next night, a large force hit Coventry. \"Pathfinders\" from 12 Kampfgruppe 100 (Bomb Group 100 or KGr 100) led 437 bombers from KG 1, KG 3, KG 26, KG 27, KG 55 and Lehrgeschwader 1 (1st Training Wing, or LG 1) which dropped 394 short tons (357 t) of high explosive, 56 short tons (51 t) of incendiaries, and 127 parachute mines. Other sources say 449 bombers and a total of 530 short tons (480 t) of bombs were dropped. The raid against Coventry was particularly devastating, and led to widespread use of the phrase \"to conventrate\". Over 10,000 incendiaries were dropped. Around 21 factories were seriously damaged in Coventry, and loss of public utilities stopped work at nine others, disrupting industrial output for several months. Only one bomber was lost, to anti-aircraft fire, despite the RAF flying 125 night sorties. No follow up raids were made, as OKL underestimated the British power of recovery (as Bomber Command would do over Germany from 1943\u20131945). The Germans were surprised by the success of the attack. The concentration had been achieved by accident. The strategic effect of the raid was a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "the West Midlands"}], "question": "The Luftwaffe's change in strategy targeted what primarily?", "id": "5730386ca23a5019007fcfb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "127"}], "question": "How many parachute mines were dropped?", "id": "5730386ca23a5019007fcfb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "\"to conventrate\""}], "question": "The Coventry raid led to what phrase being in widespread use?", "id": "5730386ca23a5019007fcfb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 937, "text": "loss of public utilities"}], "question": "What stopped work in 9 factories in Coventry?", "id": "5730386ca23a5019007fcfb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1414, "text": "a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production"}], "question": "What effect did the raid have strategically? ", "id": "5730386ca23a5019007fcfb7"}]}], ["Menjelang pertengahan November 1940, apabila orang Jerman menggunakan rancangan berubah, lebih daripada 13,000 tan pendek (12,000 t) bahan letupan tinggi dan hampir 1,000,000 pendatang telah jatuh ke London. Di luar ibukota, terdapat kegiatan melecehkan yang meluas oleh pesawat tunggal, serta serangan pengalihan yang agak kuat terhadap Birmingham, Coventry dan Liverpool, tetapi tidak ada serbuan utama. Dok London dan perhubungan kereta api telah menjadi lambungan berat, dan banyak kerosakan telah dilakukan ke sistem kereta api di luar. Pada bulan September, terdapat tidak kurang daripada 667 hits di kereta api di Great Britain, dan pada satu tempoh, antara 5,000 dan 6,000 gerabak berdiri terbiar dari kesan bom tindakan yang ditangguhkan. Tetapi sebahagian besar lalu lintas berlaku; dan London-walaupun mereka memandang secara tidak sengaja pada setiap pagi pada senarai jalur tertutup yang dipamerkan di stesen setempat mereka, atau membuat jalan memutar aneh di jalan-jalan di bas-masih berfungsi. Untuk semua kemusnahan hidup dan harta benda, pemerhati yang dihantar oleh Kementerian Keselamatan Dalam Negeri gagal menemui tanda sedikit semangat dalam semangat. Lebih 13,000 orang awam terbunuh, dan hampir 20,000 cedera, pada bulan September dan Oktober sahaja, tetapi jumlah kematian jauh lebih rendah daripada jangkaan. Pada akhir 1940, Churchill dikreditkan tempat perlindungan: <> Pada bulan September berapa banyak rentetan keretapi yang terdapat di Great Britain? || tidak kurang dari 667 <> Pada pertengahan November tahun 1940 berapa banyak pembantah jatuh ke London? || 1,000,000 <> Apakah Kementerian Keselamatan Dalam Negeri gagal untuk menemui? || tanda sedikit penembusan semangat <> Lokasi apa yang mengalami taktik pengalihan yang kuat? || Birmingham, Coventry dan Liverpool <> Berapa banyak orang awam yang cedera pada bulan September dan Oktober? || 20,000", {"context": "By mid-November 1940, when the Germans adopted a changed plan, more than 13,000 short tons (12,000 t) of high explosive and nearly 1,000,000 incendiaries had fallen on London. Outside the capital, there had been widespread harassing activity by single aircraft, as well as fairly strong diversionary attacks on Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool, but no major raids. The London docks and railways communications had taken a heavy pounding, and much damage had been done to the railway system outside. In September, there had been no less than 667 hits on railways in Great Britain, and at one period, between 5,000 and 6,000 wagons were standing idle from the effect of delayed action bombs. But the great bulk of the traffic went on; and Londoners\u2014though they glanced apprehensively each morning at the list of closed stretches of line displayed at their local station, or made strange detours round back streets in the buses\u2014still got to work. For all the destruction of life and property, the observers sent out by the Ministry of Home Security failed to discover the slightest sign of a break in morale. More than 13,000 civilians had been killed, and almost 20,000 injured, in September and October alone, but the death toll was much less than expected. In late 1940, Churchill credited the shelters:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "no less than 667"}], "question": "In September how many railway hits were there in Great Britain?", "id": "573028f2947a6a140053d1d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "1,000,000"}], "question": "By mid November of 1940 how many incendiaries were dropped on London?", "id": "573028f2947a6a140053d1d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1067, "text": "the slightest sign of a break in morale"}], "question": "What did the Ministry of Home Security fail to discover?", "id": "573028f2947a6a140053d1d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool"}], "question": "What locations suffered strong diversionary tactics?", "id": "573028f2947a6a140053d1d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1163, "text": "20,000"}], "question": "About how many civilians were injured in September and October?", "id": "573028f2947a6a140053d1d6"}]}], ["Pengamat Amerika Ingersoll melaporkan pada masa ini bahawa \"mengenai ketepatan pengeboman tujuan ketenteraan, di sini saya tidak membuat kelayakan. Tujuannya mengejutkan, mengagumkan, luar biasa tidak tepat ... Kerosakan fizikal kepada penduduk awam London, untuk menyimpulkan, adalah lebih umum dan lebih luas daripada yang saya bayangkan. Kerosakan kepada sasaran ketenteraan lebih kurang \", dan menyatakan bahawa dia telah melihat banyak contoh sasaran yang tidak disentuh yang dikelilingi oleh bangunan-bangunan yang dimusnahkan oleh bom yang tidak disengaja. Sebagai contoh, dalam dua bulan pengeboman, Stesen Power Battersea, mungkin satu-satunya sasaran tunggal di London, hanya mendapat satu hit kecil (\"nick\"). Tiada jambatan di atas Thames telah dilanda, dan dok masih berfungsi walaupun kerosakan besar. Satu lapangan terbang telah melanda 56 kali tetapi landasan tidak pernah rosak dan lapangan itu tidak pernah beroperasi, walaupun kebiasaan juruterbang Jerman dengannya dari penerbangan komersil sebelum ini. Ingersoll menulis bahawa perbezaan di antara kegagalan kempen Jerman terhadap sasaran ketenteraan berbanding kejayaannya di benua Eropah adalah kawalan RAF terhadap udara .:79-80,174 <> Apakah nama pemerhati Amerika? || Ingersoll <> Pengamat Amerika berkata bagaimana dengan kerosakan ke London? || untuk menyimpulkan, lebih umum dan lebih luas daripada yang saya bayangkan. <> Berapa banyak jambatan di atas Thames yang diserang? || Tiada jambatan di atas Thames telah dipukul <> Stesen Power Battersea mengambil berapa banyak hits dalam dua bulan? || satu hit kecil (\"a nick\") <> Apa yang digunakan oleh juruterbang Jerman untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan tentang lapangan terbang? || sebelum penerbangan komersial.", {"context": "The American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that \"as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives, here I make no qualifications. The aim is surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London, to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined. The damage to military targets much less\", and stated that he had seen numerous examples of untouched targets surrounded by buildings destroyed by errant bombs. For example, in two months of bombing, Battersea Power Station, perhaps the largest single target in London, had only received one minor hit (\"a nick\"). No bridge over the Thames had been hit, and the docks were still functioning despite great damage. An airfield was hit 56 times but the runways were never damaged and the field was never out of operation, despite German pilots' familiarity with it from prewar commercial flights. Ingersoll wrote that the difference between the failure of the German campaign against military targets versus its success in continental Europe was the RAF retaining control of the air.:79\u201380,174", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Ingersoll"}], "question": "What was the name of the American observer?", "id": "57302ae2a23a5019007fced9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined."}], "question": "The American observer said what about the damage to London?", "id": "57302ae2a23a5019007fceda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "No bridge over the Thames had been hit"}], "question": "How many bridges over the Thames were struck?", "id": "57302ae2a23a5019007fcedc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "one minor hit (\"a nick\")"}], "question": "The Battersea Power Station took how many hits in two months?", "id": "57302ae2a23a5019007fcedb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 889, "text": "prewar commercial flights."}], "question": "What did German pilots use to gain knowledge of an airfield?", "id": "57302ae2a23a5019007fcedd"}]}], ["Kemungkinan serangan yang paling dahsyat berlaku pada malam 29 Disember, ketika pesawat Jerman menyerang City of London sendiri dengan bom peledak dan peledak yang tinggi, menyebabkan kebakaran yang dipanggil Kebakaran Besar Kedua London. Kumpulan pertama yang menggunakan pembakar ini adalah Kampfgruppe 100 yang menghantar 10 \"pelaut\" Dia 111an. Pada pukul 18:17, ia mengeluarkan bom 10,000 api pertama, yang akhirnya berjumlah 300 jatuh setiap minit. Secara keseluruhan, 130 pengebom Jerman memusnahkan pusat bersejarah London. Korban awam di London sepanjang Blitz berjumlah 28.556 terbunuh, dan 25,578 cedera. The Luftwaffe telah menurunkan 18,291 tan pendek (16,593 t) bom. <> Pada hari apakah London menyerang? || petang 29 Disember <> Kumpulan apa yang pertama menggunakan pembakaran? || Kampfgruppe 100 <> Berapa banyak bom api yang dijatuhkan seminit? || 300 <> Berapa ramai orang awam terbunuh dalam pengeboman itu? || 28,556 terbunuh <> The Luftwaffe menjatuhkan berapa banyak bom pendek bom? || 18,291 tan pendek", {"context": "Probably the most devastating strike occurred on the evening of 29 December, when German aircraft attacked the City of London itself with incendiary and high explosive bombs, causing a firestorm that has been called the Second Great Fire of London. The first group to use these incendiaries was Kampfgruppe 100 which despatched 10 \"pathfinder\" He 111s. At 18:17, it released the first of 10,000 fire bombs, eventually amounting to 300 dropped per minute. Altogether, 130 German bombers destroyed the historical centre of London. Civilian casualties on London throughout the Blitz amounted to 28,556 killed, and 25,578 wounded. The Luftwaffe had dropped 18,291 short tons (16,593 t) of bombs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the evening of 29 December"}], "question": "On what day was London itself attacked?", "id": "57303a86a23a5019007fcfbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Kampfgruppe 100"}], "question": "What group was the first to use incendiaries?", "id": "57303a86a23a5019007fcfbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "300"}], "question": "How many fire bombs were dropped per minute?", "id": "57303a86a23a5019007fcfbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "28,556 killed"}], "question": "How many civilians were killed in the bombing?", "id": "57303a86a23a5019007fcfc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "18,291 short tons"}], "question": "The Luftwaffe dropped how many short tons of bombs?", "id": "57303a86a23a5019007fcfc1"}]}], ["Kepentingan Hitler dalam strategi ini memaksa G\u00f6ring dan Jeschonnek mengkaji semula perang udara terhadap Britain pada Januari 1941. Ini membawa kepada G\u00f6ring dan Jeschonnek bersetuju dengan Arahan Hitler 23, Arah untuk operasi melawan Ekonomi Perang British, yang diterbitkan pada 6 Februari 1941 dan memberi penahanan udara import British oleh keutamaan laut. Strategi ini telah diiktiraf sebelum perang, tetapi Operasi Eagle Attack dan Battle of Britain berikut telah mendapat jalan untuk menyerang komunikasi laut Britain dan mengalihkan kekuatan udara Jerman untuk kempen menentang RAF dan struktur sokongannya. OKL sentiasa menganggap penyimpangan komunikasi laut kurang penting daripada pengeboman industri pesawat berasaskan darat. <> Apakah arahan Hitler 23? || Arahan untuk operasi terhadap Ekonomi Perang British <> Apakah keutamaan Arahan 23? || interdiction udara import British oleh laut <> Apa yang menghalang penyasaran komunikasi laut sebelum ini? || Operasi Eagle Attack dan Battle of Britain berikut <> Apa yang dianggap lebih penting daripada penahanan komunikasi laut? || pengeboman industri pesawat berasaskan darat", {"context": "Hitler's interest in this strategy forced G\u00f6ring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to G\u00f6ring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial interdiction of British imports by sea top priority. This strategy had been recognised before the war, but Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain had got in the way of striking at Britain's sea communications and diverted German air strength to the campaign against the RAF and its supporting structures. The OKL had always regarded the interdiction of sea communications of less importance than bombing land-based aircraft industries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Directions for operations against the British War Economy"}], "question": "What was Hitler's Directive 23?", "id": "5730425604bcaa1900d77425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "aerial interdiction of British imports by sea"}], "question": "What was a top priority of Directive 23?", "id": "5730425604bcaa1900d77426"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain"}], "question": "What prevented the targeting of sea communications before?", "id": "5730425604bcaa1900d77427"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "bombing land-based aircraft industries"}], "question": "What was considered more important than the interdiction of sea communications?", "id": "5730425604bcaa1900d77428"}]}], ["Walaupun doktrin udara rasmi Jerman telah mensasarkan semangat awam, ia tidak menyokong serangan orang awam secara langsung. Ia berharap untuk memusnahkan semangat dengan memusnahkan kilang-kilang musuh dan kemudahan awam serta stok makanannya (dengan menyerang penghantaran). Walau bagaimanapun, penentangan rasmi terhadap serangan ke atas orang awam menjadi semakin kuat apabila serbuan besar-besaran dijalankan pada bulan November dan Disember 1940. Meskipun tidak digalakkan oleh dasar rasmi, penggunaan lombong dan pembakar, untuk kesesuaian taktikal, hampir mendekati pengeboman sembarangan . Menargetkan sasaran di langit yang dikaburkan oleh jerebu industri bermakna mereka perlu diterangi \"tanpa menghiraukan penduduk awam\". <> Apakah matlamat utama doktrin udara Jerman? || mensasarkan semangat awam <> Pada bulan November dan Disember 1940 apa yang berubah untuk membuat serangan ke atas orang awam menjadi titik permusuhan? || serangan besar-besaran <> Apa yang hampir dianggap sebagai pengeboman sembarangan? || penggunaan lombong dan pembakar, untuk tujuan taktikal <> Target pencahayaan yang tersembunyi oleh jerebu perlu dilakukan tanpa apa-apa? || menganggap penduduk awam", {"context": "Although official German air doctrine did target civilian morale, it did not espouse the attacking of civilians directly. It hoped to destroy morale by destroying the enemy's factories and public utilities as well as its food stocks (by attacking shipping). Nevertheless, its official opposition to attacks on civilians became an increasingly moot point when large-scale raids were conducted in November and December 1940. Although not encouraged by official policy, the use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency, came close to indiscriminate bombing. Locating targets in skies obscured by industrial haze meant they needed to be illuminated \"without regard for the civilian population\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "target civilian morale"}], "question": "What was the primary goal of the German air doctrine?", "id": "57303ce9a23a5019007fcfdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "large-scale raids"}], "question": "In November and December of 1940 what changed to make attacks on civilians a moot point?", "id": "57303ce9a23a5019007fcfdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency"}], "question": "What had nearly been considered indiscriminate bombing?", "id": "57303ce9a23a5019007fcfdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "regard for the civilian population"}], "question": "Lighting targets hidden by haze had to be done without what?", "id": "57303ce9a23a5019007fcfde"}]}], ["Lima malam kemudian, Birmingham dilanggar oleh 369 pengebom dari KG 54, KG 26, dan KG 55. Menjelang akhir bulan November, 1,100 pengebom boleh didapati untuk serbuan malam. Rata-rata 200 berjaya mogok setiap malam. Serangan berat ini berlangsung selama dua bulan, dengan Luftwaffe menjatuhkan bom 13.900 tan pendek (12.600 t). Pada November 1940, 6,000 jenis dan 23 serangan besar (lebih daripada 100 tan bom jatuh) telah diterbangkan. Dua serangan berat (50 tan pendek (45 t)) juga diterbangkan. Pada bulan Disember, hanya 11 serangan besar dan lima besar telah dibuat. <> Berapa banyak pengebom melanda Birmingham? || 369 <> Berapa lama bulan berlakunya serbuan malam? || dua bulan <> Berapa banyak bom yang perlu dijatuhkan untuk dianggap sebagai serangan besar? || lebih daripada 100 tan bom jatuh <> Disember melihat berapa banyak serangan? || hanya 11 serangan besar dan lima besar", {"context": "Five nights later, Birmingham was hit by 369 bombers from KG 54, KG 26, and KG 55. By the end of November, 1,100 bombers were available for night raids. An average of 200 were able to strike per night. This weight of attack went on for two months, with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons (12,600 t) of bombs. In November 1940, 6,000 sorties and 23 major attacks (more than 100 tons of bombs dropped) were flown. Two heavy (50 short tons (45 t) of bombs) attacks were also flown. In December, only 11 major and five heavy attacks were made.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "369"}], "question": "How many bombers hit Birmingham?", "id": "57303995947a6a140053d2d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "two months"}], "question": "For how many months did the night raids continue for?", "id": "57303995947a6a140053d2d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "more than 100 tons of bombs dropped"}], "question": "How many tons of bombs had to be dropped to be considered a major attack?", "id": "57303995947a6a140053d2d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "only 11 major and five heavy attacks"}], "question": "December saw how many attacks?", "id": "57303995947a6a140053d2d3"}]}], ["Unit khas, seperti KGr 100, menjadi Beleuchtergruppe (Firelighter Group), yang menggunakan pembakar api dan letupan tinggi untuk menandakan kawasan sasaran. Taktik itu diperluas ke Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) dengan penciptaan Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) untuk menandakan sasaran. Ini ditandai dengan suar payung terjun. Kemudian pengebom membawa SC 1000 (1,000 kg (2,205 lb)), SC 1400 (1,400 kg (3,086 lb)), dan SC 1800 (1,800 kg (3,968 lb)) bom \"Syaitan\" digunakan untuk tingkat jalan dan kawasan kediaman. Menjelang Disember, bom \"Max\" SC 2500 (2,500 kg (5,512 lb)) digunakan. <> Apakah kumpulan yang menggunakan pembakar api dan bahan peledak tinggi untuk menandakan sasaran? || Beleuchtergruppe <> Taktik Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) membawa kepada penciptaan untuk menanda sasaran? || Brandbombenfelder (Bidang Pembakaran) <> Apakah nama panggilan bom yang digunakan di jalan-jalan dan kawasan perumahan? || \"Syaitan\" <> Berapakah berat bom \"Max\"? || 2,500 kg (5,512 lb)", {"context": "Special units, such as KGr 100, became the Beleuchtergruppe (Firelighter Group), which used incendiaries and high explosive to mark the target area. The tactic was expanded into Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) with the creation of Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) to mark targets. These were marked out by parachute flares. Then bombers carrying SC 1000 (1,000 kg (2,205 lb)), SC 1400 (1,400 kg (3,086 lb)), and SC 1800 (1,800 kg (3,968 lb)) \"Satan\" bombs were used to level streets and residential areas. By December, the SC 2500 (2,500 kg (5,512 lb)) \"Max\" bomb was used.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Beleuchtergruppe"}], "question": "What was the group that used incendiaries and high explosives to mark targets?", "id": "57303e00a23a5019007fcfeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields)"}], "question": "The Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) tactic led to what creation for marking targets?", "id": "57303e00a23a5019007fcfec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "\"Satan\""}], "question": "What was the nickname of bombs used in streets and residential areas?", "id": "57303e00a23a5019007fcfed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "2,500 kg (5,512 lb)"}], "question": "What was the weight of the \"Max\" bomb?", "id": "57303e00a23a5019007fcfee"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1941, Luftwaffe beralih strategi lagi. Erich Raeder-komander ketua Kriegsmarine-telah lama mendakwa Luftwaffe harus menyokong pasukan kapal selam Jerman (U-Bootwaffe) di Pertempuran Atlantik dengan menyerang perkapalan di Lautan Atlantik dan menyerang pelabuhan British. Akhirnya, dia meyakinkan Hitler tentang keperluan untuk menyerang kemudahan pelabuhan British. Hitler telah diyakinkan oleh Raeder bahawa ini adalah tindakan yang betul kerana kadar kejayaan tinggi U-Boat dalam tempoh perang ini. Hitler dengan benar menyatakan bahawa kerosakan terbesar kepada ekonomi perang British telah dilakukan melalui kapal selam dan serangan udara oleh sejumlah kecil pesawat Focke-Wulf Fw 200. Dia mengarahkan serangan dilakukan terhadap sasaran yang juga menjadi sasaran Kriegsmarine. Ini bermakna pusat-pusat pantai British dan perkapalan di barat laut Ireland adalah sasaran utama. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Erich Raeder yang perlu dilakukan oleh Luftwaffe? || menyokong pasukan kapal selam Jerman <> Raeder meyakinkan Hitler untuk melakukan apa? || menyerang kemudahan pelabuhan British. <> Apa yang akhirnya meyakinkan Hitler bahawa Raeder betul? || kadar kejayaan tinggi kapal U-Boat <> Kapal selam dan kapal angkatan laut rosak apa yang utama? || Ekonomi perang British <> Apa yang menjadi sasaran baru untuk Kriegsmarine? || Pusat-pusat pantai British dan perkapalan di barat laut Ireland", {"context": "In 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted strategy again. Erich Raeder\u2014commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine\u2014had long argued the Luftwaffe should support the German submarine force (U-Bootwaffe) in the Battle of the Atlantic by attacking shipping in the Atlantic Ocean and attacking British ports. Eventually, he convinced Hitler of the need to attack British port facilities. Hitler had been convinced by Raeder that this was the right course of action due to the high success rates of the U-Boat force during this period of the war. Hitler correctly noted that the greatest damage to the British war economy had been done through submarines and air attacks by small numbers of Focke-Wulf Fw 200 naval aircraft. He ordered attacks to be carried out on those targets which were also the target of the Kriegsmarine. This meant that British coastal centres and shipping at sea west of Ireland were the prime targets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "support the German submarine force"}], "question": "What did Erich Raeder believe the Luftwaffe needed to do?", "id": "573040dd947a6a140053d33a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "attack British port facilities."}], "question": "Raeder convinced Hitler to do what?", "id": "573040dd947a6a140053d33b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "the high success rates of the U-Boat force"}], "question": "What ultimately convinced Hitler that Raeder was right?", "id": "573040dd947a6a140053d33c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "British war economy"}], "question": "Submarines and naval aircraft damaged what primarily?", "id": "573040dd947a6a140053d33d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "British coastal centres and shipping at sea west of Ireland"}], "question": "What became the new targets for the Kriegsmarine?", "id": "573040dd947a6a140053d33e"}]}], ["Arahan 23 adalah satu-satunya konsesi yang dibuat oleh G\u00f6ring kepada Kriegsmarine atas strategi pengeboman strategik Luftwaffe terhadap Britain. Selepas itu, beliau enggan menyediakan sebarang unit udara untuk memusnahkan kapal-kapal British, pelabuhan, kemudahan pelabuhan, atau perkapalan di dok atau di laut, supaya Kriegsmarine dapat mengawal lebih banyak unit Luftwaffe. Pengganti Raeder-Karl D\u00f6nitz-akan campur tangan dalam kawalan Hitler-satu unit (KG 40), tetapi G\u00f6ring tidak lama lagi dapat mengembalikannya. Kekurangan kerjasama G\u00f6ring merugikan strategi udara yang berpotensi menentukan strategi strategis di Britain. Sebaliknya, dia menyia-nyiakan pesawat Fliegerf\u00fchrer Atlantik (Flying Command Atlantic) terhadap pengeboman di tanah besar Britain dan bukan serangan terhadap konvoi. Untuk G\u00f6ring, prestijnya telah rosak oleh kekalahan dalam Pertempuran Britain, dan dia mahu mendapatkan semula dengan menundukkan Britain dengan kuasa udara sahaja. Dia sentiasa enggan bekerjasama dengan Raeder. <> Apa konsesi Goring dibuat dengan pengeboman strategik terhadap Britain? || Arahan 23 <> Apa yang Goring percaya bahawa Kriegsmarine akan mendapat sokongan lebih lanjut? || kawalan lebih unit Luftwaffe <> Siapa pengganti Raeder? || Karl D\u00f6nitz <> Apa yang merugikan kejayaan kesan strategik terhadap Britain? || Kekurangan kerjasama G\u00f6ring <> Bagaimana Goring mengharapkan untuk mendapatkan semula prestij? || dengan menundukkan Britain dengan kuasa udara sahaja", {"context": "Directive 23 was the only concession made by G\u00f6ring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. Thereafter, he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards, ports, port facilities, or shipping in dock or at sea, lest Kriegsmarine gain control of more Luftwaffe units. Raeder's successor\u2014Karl D\u00f6nitz\u2014would\u2014on the intervention of Hitler\u2014gain control of one unit (KG 40), but G\u00f6ring would soon regain it. G\u00f6ring's lack of cooperation was detrimental to the one air strategy with potentially decisive strategic effect on Britain. Instead, he wasted aircraft of Fliegerf\u00fchrer Atlantik (Flying Command Atlantic) on bombing mainland Britain instead of attacks against convoys. For G\u00f6ring, his prestige had been damaged by the defeat in the Battle of Britain, and he wanted to regain it by subduing Britain by air power alone. He was always reluctant to cooperate with Raeder.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Directive 23"}], "question": "What was the concession Goring made with the strategic bombing against Britain?", "id": "573043c6a23a5019007fd027"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "control of more Luftwaffe units"}], "question": "What did Goring believe the Kriegsmarine would gain with further support?", "id": "573043c6a23a5019007fd028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Karl D\u00f6nitz"}], "question": "Who was Raeder's successor? ", "id": "573043c6a23a5019007fd029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "G\u00f6ring's lack of cooperation"}], "question": "What was detrimental to the success of a strategic effect against Britain?", "id": "573043c6a23a5019007fd02a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 854, "text": "by subduing Britain by air power alone"}], "question": "How did Goring expect to regain prestige?", "id": "573043c6a23a5019007fd02b"}]}], ["Tidak semua usaha Luftwaffe dibuat terhadap bandar-bandar pedalaman. Bandar pelabuhan juga diserang untuk cuba mengganggu komunikasi perdagangan dan laut. Pada Januari Swansea dibom empat kali, sangat berat. Pada 17 Januari kira-kira 100 pengebom menjatuhkan kepulan yang tinggi, seramai 32,000 orang. Kerosakan utama berlaku di kawasan komersial dan domestik. Empat hari kemudian 230 tan jatuh termasuk 60,000 pembantah. Di Portsmouth, Southsea dan Gosport, seramai 150 pengebom merosakkan kawasan bandar dengan 40,000 pembangkang. Gudang, garisan dan rumah kereta api telah musnah dan rosak, tetapi stesen-stesen itu tidak disentuh. <> Mengapa bandar-bandar pelabuhan yang disasarkan oleh Luftwaffe? || untuk cuba mengganggu komunikasi perdagangan dan laut <> Berapa kali Swansea dibom berat? || empat kali <> Apa yang telah rosak dalam serangan? || kawasan komersial dan domestik <> Apa bandar-bandar mempunyai sebahagian besar daripada mereka yang musnah? || Portsmouth Southsea dan Gosport <> Apa yang ditinggalkan kebanyakannya tidak disengajakan? || dok itu", {"context": "Not all of the Luftwaffe's effort was made against inland cities. Port cities were also attacked to try to disrupt trade and sea communications. In January Swansea was bombed four times, very heavily. On 17 January around 100 bombers dropped a high concentration of incendiaries, some 32,000 in all. The main damage was inflicted on the commercial and domestic areas. Four days later 230 tons was dropped including 60,000 incendiaries. In Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport waves of 150 bombers destroyed vast swaths of the city with 40,000 incendiaries. Warehouses, rail lines and houses were destroyed and damaged, but the docks were largely untouched.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "to try to disrupt trade and sea communications"}], "question": "Why were port cities targeted by the Luftwaffe?", "id": "57303ba1947a6a140053d2ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "four times"}], "question": "How many times was Swansea bombed heavily?", "id": "57303ba1947a6a140053d2eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "commercial and domestic areas"}], "question": "What was primarily damaged in the attacks?", "id": "57303ba1947a6a140053d2ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport"}], "question": "What cities had large sections of them destroyed?", "id": "57303ba1947a6a140053d2ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "the docks"}], "question": "What was left mostly unharmed?", "id": "57303ba1947a6a140053d2ee"}]}], ["Keputusan-keputusan ini, yang dijangkakan di peringkat Luftflotte atau Fliegerkorps (lihat Pertubuhan Luftwaffe (1933-1945)), bermakna serangan ke atas sasaran individu secara beransur-ansur digantikan dengan apa yang berlaku, untuk semua maksud dan maksud, serangan kawasan tidak terhad atau Terrorangriff (Teror Serang). Sebahagian daripada sebab ini adalah ketidaktepatan navigasi. Keberkesanan penangkapan British terhadap Knickebein, yang direka untuk mengelakkan serangan kawasan, memaksa Luftwaffe menggunakan kaedah ini. Peralihan dari pengeboman ketepatan ke serangan kawasan ditunjukkan dalam kaedah taktikal dan senjata jatuh. KGr 100 meningkatkan penggunaan pembakar dari 13-28 peratus. Menjelang Disember, ini telah meningkat kepada 92 peratus. Penggunaan incendiaries, yang secara tidak wajarnya tidak jelas, menunjukkan penjagaan yang lebih kurang diambil untuk mengelakkan harta awam berdekatan dengan tapak perindustrian. Unit lain berhenti menggunakan suar payung terjun dan memilih penanda sasaran letupan. Krew udara Jerman yang ditangkap juga menunjukkan rumah pekerja perindustrian sengaja disasarkan. <> Perubahan keputusan di peringkat organisasi membawa kepada jenis serangan apa? || serangan kawasan tidak terhad atau Terrorangriff (Serangan Teror) <> Apakah salah satu sebab serangan kawasan tidak terhad? || ketidaktepatan navigasi <> Bagaimana diketahui bahawa pengeboman ketepatan diubah kepada serangan kawasan? || kaedah taktikal dan senjata jatuh <> Berapa peratus daripada pembakar yang digunakan pada bulan Disember? || 92 peratus <> Bagaimana ia ditentukan bahawa rumah-rumah pekerja industri disasarkan? || Krew udara Jerman yang ditangkap", {"context": "These decisions, apparently taken at the Luftflotte or Fliegerkorps level (see Organisation of the Luftwaffe (1933\u20131945)), meant attacks on individual targets were gradually replaced by what was, for all intents and purposes, an unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack). Part of the reason for this was inaccuracy of navigation. The effectiveness of British countermeasures against Knickebein, which was designed to avoid area attacks, forced the Luftwaffe to resort to these methods. The shift from precision bombing to area attack is indicated in the tactical methods and weapons dropped. KGr 100 increased its use of incendiaries from 13\u201328 percent. By December, this had increased to 92 percent. Use of incendiaries, which were inherently inaccurate, indicated much less care was taken to avoid civilian property close to industrial sites. Other units ceased using parachute flares and opted for explosive target markers. Captured German air crews also indicated the homes of industrial workers were deliberately targeted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack)"}], "question": "Decision changes at organizational levels led to what type of attacks?", "id": "57303f8d947a6a140053d320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "inaccuracy of navigation"}], "question": "What was one of the reasons for unrestricted area attacks?", "id": "57303f8d947a6a140053d321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "tactical methods and weapons dropped"}], "question": "How was it known that precision bombing was changed to area attacks?", "id": "57303f8d947a6a140053d322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "92 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of incendiaries were used in December?", "id": "57303f8d947a6a140053d323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 943, "text": "Captured German air crews"}], "question": "How was it determined that homes of industrial workers were targeted?", "id": "57303f8d947a6a140053d324"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, keputusan OKL untuk menyokong strategi dalam Arahan 23 ditimbulkan oleh dua pertimbangan, yang kedua-duanya tidak berkaitan dengan mahu memusnahkan komunikasi laut Britain bersempena dengan Kriegsmarine. Pertama, kesukaran untuk menganggarkan kesan pengeboman ke atas pengeluaran perang telah menjadi jelas, dan kedua, kesimpulan semangat Inggeris tidak mungkin memecah membawa OKL untuk mengadopsi pilihan angkatan laut. Sikap acuh tak acuh yang ditunjukkan oleh OKL kepada Arahan 23 mungkin paling baik ditunjukkan dalam arahan operasi yang dicairkan kesannya. Mereka menekankan kepentingan strategik teras menyerang pelabuhan tetapi mereka menegaskan untuk mengekalkan tekanan, atau mengalihkan kekuatan, ke industri pembinaan pesawat, senjata anti-pesawat, dan bahan peledak. Sasaran lain akan dipertimbangkan jika yang utama tidak dapat diserang kerana keadaan cuaca. <> Apakah pertimbangan pertama bagi OKL untuk menyokong Arahan 23? || kesukaran menganggarkan kesan pengeboman ke atas pengeluaran perang <> Apakah pertimbangan kedua? || kesimpulan semangat Inggeris tidak mungkin melanggar <> Apa yang OKL bersikeras untuk mengekalkan? || tekanan, atau mengalihkan kekuatan, ke industri <> Bilakah target lain dianggap tersedia? || jika yang utama tidak dapat diserang kerana keadaan cuaca", {"context": "Even so, the decision by OKL to support the strategy in Directive 23 was instigated by two considerations, both of which had little to do with wanting to destroy Britain's sea communications in conjunction with the Kriegsmarine. First, the difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production was becoming apparent, and second, the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break led OKL to adopt the naval option. The indifference displayed by OKL to Directive 23 was perhaps best demonstrated in operational directives which diluted its effect. They emphasised the core strategic interest was attacking ports but they insisted in maintaining pressure, or diverting strength, onto industries building aircraft, anti-aircraft guns, and explosives. Other targets would be considered if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production"}], "question": "What was the first consideration for the OKL to support Directive 23?", "id": "57304589b2c2fd1400568b43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break"}], "question": "What was the second consideration?", "id": "57304589b2c2fd1400568b44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "pressure, or diverting strength, onto industries"}], "question": "What did the OKL insist on maintaining?", "id": "57304589b2c2fd1400568b45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 796, "text": "if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions"}], "question": "When would other targets be considered available?", "id": "57304589b2c2fd1400568b46"}]}], ["Satu baris selanjutnya dalam arahan itu menegaskan keperluan untuk menimbulkan kerugian yang paling mungkin, tetapi juga untuk meningkatkan perang udara untuk mewujudkan kesan serangan amfibi ke atas Britain yang dirancang pada tahun 1941. Walau bagaimanapun, keadaan meteorologi ke atas Britain tidak menguntungkan untuk terbang dan menghalang peningkatan dalam operasi udara. Lapangan terbang menjadi air masuk dan 18 Kampfgruppen (kumpulan pengebom) dari Luftwaffe's Kampfgeschwadern (sayap pengebom) telah dipindahkan ke Jerman untuk berehat dan peralatan semula. <> Apa yang menyebabkan kerugian berat dan meningkatkan perang udara yang dirancang? || membuat kesan serangan amfibia ke Britain telah dirancang untuk 1941 <> Apa yang menghalang peningkatan operasi udara? || keadaan meteorologi ke atas Britain <> Apa yang berlaku di lapangan terbang? || Airfield menjadi air masuk <> Berapa banyak kumpulan pengebom yang dipindahkan ke Jerman? || 18", {"context": "A further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and prevented an escalation in air operations. Airfields became water-logged and the 18 Kampfgruppen (bomber groups) of the Luftwaffe's Kampfgeschwadern (bomber wings) were relocated to Germany for rest and re-equipment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941"}], "question": "What was inflicting heavy losses and increasing the air war designed to do?", "id": "5730467a04bcaa1900d77453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "meteorological conditions over Britain"}], "question": "What was preventing escalation of air operations?", "id": "5730467a04bcaa1900d77454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Airfields became water-logged"}], "question": "What happened to airfields?", "id": "5730467a04bcaa1900d77455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many bomber groups were relocated to Germany?", "id": "5730467a04bcaa1900d77456"}]}], ["Ketuanan udara Jerman pada waktu malam juga kini berada dalam ancaman. Operasi pejuang malam Inggeris di atas saluran terbukti sangat berjaya. Ini tidak begitu jelas. Bristol Blenheim F.1 ditembak dengan hanya empat senapan mesin senapang 303 dalam (7.7 mm) yang berjuang untuk menurunkan Do 17, Ju 88, atau Heinkel He 111. Selain itu, Blenheim berjuang untuk mencapai kelajuan pengebom Jerman . Ditambah kepada hakikat bahawa pemintasan bergantung pada penglihatan, pembunuhan adalah paling sukar difahami walaupun dalam keadaan langit yang dilahap bulan. <> Bagaimana operasi pejuang malam di Britain? || telah terbukti berjaya. <> Bagaimana Bristol Blenheim F.1 menentang pesawat Jerman? || telah dibawah naungan, dengan hanya empat .303 dalam (7.7 mm) senapang mesin <> Apa gunaan intersepsi? || visual penglihatan <> Bagaimana Bristol Blenheim F.1 berbanding dengan kelajuan pesawat Jerman? || berjuang untuk mencapai kelajuan pengebom Jerman", {"context": "German air supremacy at night was also now under threat. British night-fighter operations out over the Channel were proving highly successful. This was not immediately apparent. The Bristol Blenheim F.1 was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns which struggled to down the Do 17, Ju 88, or Heinkel He 111. Moreover, the Blenheim struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers. Added to the fact an interception relied on visual sighting, a kill was most elusive even in the conditions of a moonlit sky.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "were proving highly successful."}], "question": "How was the British night fighter operations faring?", "id": "57304f5e2461fd1900a9cd0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns"}], "question": "How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 perform against German aircraft?", "id": "57304f5e2461fd1900a9cd10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "visual sighting"}], "question": "What did interception rely upon?", "id": "57304f5e2461fd1900a9cd12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers"}], "question": "How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 compare to German aircraft speed?", "id": "57304f5e2461fd1900a9cd11"}]}], ["Pengalihan pengebom lebih berat ke Balkan bermakna krew dan unit yang tertinggal diminta untuk terbang dua atau tiga jenis setiap malam. Pengebom berisik, sejuk, dan bergetar teruk. Ditambah kepada ketegangan misi yang ditenggelami dan ditenggelami kru, keletihan terperangkap dan dibunuh ramai. Dalam satu kejadian pada 28/29 April, Peter Stahl dari KG 30 terbang pada misi ke-50. Dia tertidur di kawalan Ju 88 dan bangun untuk mengetahui seluruh krew tidur. Dia membangkitkan mereka, memastikan mereka mengambil oksigen dan tablet Dextro-Energen, kemudian menyelesaikan misi itu. <> Berapa banyak jenis malam yang awak diminta untuk terbang? || dua atau tiga jenis <> Apa yang menyumbang kepada keletihan kru yang berenang? || Pengebom berisik, sejuk, dan bergetar teruk <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Peter Stahl ketika dia tertidur? || bangun untuk mengetahui seluruh krew tidur. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh krew Peter untuk menyelesaikan misi mereka? || oksigen dan tablet Dextro-Energen", {"context": "The diversion of heavier bombers to the Balkans meant that the crews and units left behind were asked to fly two or three sorties per night. Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly. Added to the tension of the mission which exhausted and drained crews, tiredness caught up with and killed many. In one incident on 28/29 April, Peter Stahl of KG 30 was flying on his 50th mission. He fell asleep at the controls of his Ju 88 and woke up to discover the entire crew asleep. He roused them, ensured they took oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets, then completed the mission.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "two or three sorties"}], "question": "How many sorties a night were crews asked to fly?", "id": "57304a082461fd1900a9cceb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly"}], "question": "What contributed to the exhaustion of crews flying extra sorties?", "id": "57304a082461fd1900a9ccec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "woke up to discover the entire crew asleep."}], "question": "What happened to Peter Stahl when he fell asleep flying?", "id": "57304a082461fd1900a9cced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets"}], "question": "What did Peter's crew take to complete their mission?", "id": "57304a082461fd1900a9ccee"}]}], ["Dari pandangan Jerman, Mac 1941 menyaksikan peningkatan. Luftwaffe mengangkut 4,000 jenis bulan itu, termasuk 12 serangan besar dan tiga besar. Perang elektronik semakin giat tetapi Luftwaffe terbang misi pedalaman utama hanya pada malam bulan. Pelabuhan lebih mudah untuk mencari dan membuat sasaran yang lebih baik. Untuk mengelirukan British, senyap radio diamati sehingga bom jatuh. Rasuk X- dan Y-Ger\u00e4t diletakkan di atas sasaran palsu dan beralih hanya pada minit terakhir. Perubahan kekerapan yang cepat diperkenalkan untuk X-Ger\u00e4t, yang mempunyai frekuensi yang lebih luas dan fleksibilitas taktikal yang lebih besar memastikan ia kekal berkesan pada ketika pengungsian selektif British merendahkan keberkesanan Y-Ger\u00e4t. <> Berapa banyak jenis yang diterbangkan pada Mac 1941? || 4,000 <> Bilakah Luftwaffe terbang misi pedalaman? || hanya pada malam bulan malam <> Mengapa pelabuhan lebih baik sasaran? || Pelabuhan lebih mudah dicari <> Bagaimana orang Jerman mengelirukan orang Inggeris? || senyap radio diamati sehingga bom jatuh <> Mengapa frekuensi X-Gerat lebih banyak digunakan? || Pengendalian selektif Britain merendahkan keberkesanan Y-Ger\u00e4t", {"context": "From the German point of view, March 1941 saw an improvement. The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month, including 12 major and three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. To confuse the British, radio silence was observed until the bombs fell. X- and Y-Ger\u00e4t beams were placed over false targets and switched only at the last minute. Rapid frequency changes were introduced for X-Ger\u00e4t, whose wider band of frequencies and greater tactical flexibility ensured it remained effective at a time when British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Ger\u00e4t.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "4,000"}], "question": "How many sorties were flown in March 1941?", "id": "57304755b2c2fd1400568b65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "only on moonlit nights"}], "question": "When did the Luftwaffe fly inland missions?", "id": "57304755b2c2fd1400568b66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Ports were easier to find"}], "question": "Why were ports better targets?", "id": "57304755b2c2fd1400568b67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "radio silence was observed until the bombs fell"}], "question": "How did the Germans confuse the British?", "id": "57304755b2c2fd1400568b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Ger\u00e4t"}], "question": "Why was the X-Gerat frequencies used more?", "id": "57304755b2c2fd1400568b69"}]}], ["Serangan itu difokuskan kepada pelabuhan barat pada bulan Mac. Serangan ini menghasilkan beberapa rehat dalam semangat, dengan para pemimpin sivil melarikan diri dari bandar-bandar sebelum serangan mencapai puncaknya. Tetapi usaha Luftwaffe itu telah merosot dalam 10 serangan terakhir ketika tujuh Kampfgruppen berpindah ke Austria sebagai persiapan untuk Kempen Balkan di Yugoslavia dan Greece. Kekurangan pengebom menyebabkan OKL berimprovisasi. Sebanyak 50 Junkers Ju 87 penyerang-penyerang Stuka dan Jabos (pejuang-pejuang) digunakan secara rasmi sebagai Leichte Kampfflugzeuge (\"pengebom cahaya\") dan kadang-kadang dipanggil Leichte Kesselringe (\"Light Kesselrings\"). Pertahanan gagal mengelakkan kerosakan yang meluas tetapi pada beberapa kesempatan telah menghalang pengebom Jerman menumpukan pada sasaran mereka. Sekali-sekala, hanya satu pertiga daripada bom Jerman memukul sasaran mereka. <> Apa yang difokuskan pada bulan Mac? || pelabuhan barat <> Apa serangan ini dicapai? || pecah semangat <> Mengapa OKL dipaksa untuk membuat penambahbaikan? || kekurangan pengebom <> Berapa banyak pengebom menyelam Ju 87 dan Jabos yang digunakan? || 50 <> Berapa banyak bom Jerman memukul sasaran mereka? || hanya satu pertiga", {"context": "The attacks were focused against western ports in March. These attacks produced some breaks in morale, with civil leaders fleeing the cities before the offensive reached its height. But the Luftwaffe's effort eased in the last 10 attacks as seven Kampfgruppen moved to Austria in preparation for the Balkans Campaign in Yugoslavia and Greece. The shortage of bombers caused the OKL to improvise. Some 50 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos (fighter-bombers) were used, officially classed as Leichte Kampfflugzeuge (\"light bombers\") and sometimes called Leichte Kesselringe (\"Light Kesselrings\"). The defences failed to prevent widespread damage but on some occasions did prevent German bombers concentrating on their targets. On occasion, only one-third of German bombs hit their targets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "western ports"}], "question": "What was focused in March?", "id": "5730490704bcaa1900d7747d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "breaks in morale"}], "question": "What did these attacks accomplish?", "id": "5730490704bcaa1900d7747e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "shortage of bombers"}], "question": "Why was the OKL forced to improvise?", "id": "5730490704bcaa1900d7747f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "50"}], "question": "How many Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos were used?", "id": "5730490704bcaa1900d77480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "only one-third"}], "question": "How many German bombs hit their target?", "id": "5730490704bcaa1900d77481"}]}], ["The Boulton Paul Defiant, walaupun prestasi yang buruk semasa penglibatan siang hari, adalah pejuang malam yang lebih baik. Ia lebih cepat, mampu menangkap pengebom dan konfigurasi empat senjata mesin di dalam turet dapat (seperti pejuang malam Jerman pada 1943-1945 dengan Schr\u00e4ge Musik) melibatkan pengebom Jerman yang tidak curiga dari bawah. Serangan dari bawah menawarkan sasaran yang lebih besar, berbanding dengan menyerang ekor, serta peluang yang lebih baik untuk tidak dilihat oleh pengebom (begitu kurang peluang untuk mengelak), serta kemungkinan besar meletupkan bomba. Pada bulan-bulan berikutnya, jumlah pengebom Jerman akan jatuh ke pejuang malam. <> Apa yang dilakukan lebih baik semasa pertempuran malam? || Boulton Paul Defiant <> Bagaimana pesawat boleh mengebom pengebom apabila dilengkapi dengan turet? || melibatkan pengebom Jerman yang tidak curiga dari bawah <> Keuntungan apa yang menyerang dari tawaran di bawah ini? || sasaran yang lebih besar, berbanding menyerang ekor, serta peluang yang lebih baik tidak dilihat oleh pengebom", {"context": "The Boulton Paul Defiant, despite its poor performance during daylight engagements, was a much better night fighter. It was faster, able to catch the bombers and its configuration of four machine guns in a turret could (much like German night fighters in 1943\u20131945 with Schr\u00e4ge Musik) engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath. Attacks from below offered a larger target, compared to attacking tail-on, as well as a better chance of not being seen by the bomber (so less chance of evasion), as well as greater likelihood of detonating its bombload. In subsequent months a steady number of German bombers would fall to night fighters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Boulton Paul Defiant"}], "question": "What performed better during night fighting?", "id": "5730501a396df91900096052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath"}], "question": "How could aircraft engage bombers when fitted with a turret?", "id": "5730501a396df91900096053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "larger target, compared to attacking tail-on, as well as a better chance of not being seen by the bomber"}], "question": "What benefits did attacking from below offer?", "id": "5730501a396df91900096054"}]}], ["Di utara, usaha besar dilakukan terhadap Newcastle-upon-Tyne dan Sunderland, yang merupakan pelabuhan besar di pantai timur Inggeris. Pada 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 menurunkan 150 tan bahan letupan tinggi dan 50,000 pembakar dari 120 pengebom dalam serangan selama lima jam. Pembetung, rel, docklands, dan pemasangan elektrik rosak. Di Sunderland pada 25 April, Luftflotte 2 menghantar 60 pengebom yang menjatuhkan 80 tan bahan letupan tinggi dan 9,000 pembantah. Banyak kerosakan telah dilakukan. Serangan selanjutnya terhadap Clyde, kali ini di Greenock, berlangsung pada 6 dan 7 Mei. Bagaimanapun, seperti serangan di selatan, Jerman gagal menghalang pergerakan maritim atau melumpuhkan industri di rantau ini. <> Apa dua pelabuhan besar di pantai timur Inggeris di Utara? || Newcastle-upon-Tyne dan Sunderland <> Sunderland melihat berapa banyak pembakar yang digunakan terhadapnya pada 25 April? || 9,000 pemboman <> Berapa banyak pengebom yang digunakan dalam serangan selama lima jam? || 120 <> Apa akibat daripada serangan Jerman? || orang Jerman gagal menghalang pergerakan maritim atau melumpuhkan industri di rantau ini", {"context": "In the north, substantial efforts were made against Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland, which were large ports on the English east coast. On 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 dropped 150 tons of high explosives and 50,000 incendiaries from 120 bombers in a five-hour attack. Sewer, rail, docklands, and electric installations were damaged. In Sunderland on 25 April, Luftflotte 2 sent 60 bombers which dropped 80 tons of high explosive and 9,000 incendiaries. Much damage was done. A further attack on the Clyde, this time at Greenock, took place on 6 and 7 May. However, as with the attacks in the south, the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland"}], "question": "What were two large ports on the English east coast in the North?", "id": "57304d95069b53140083202f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "9,000 incendiaries"}], "question": "Sunderland saw how many incendiaries used against it on 25 April?", "id": "57304d95069b531400832031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "120"}], "question": "How many bombers were used in a five-hour attack?", "id": "57304d95069b531400832030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions"}], "question": "What was the result of the German attacks?", "id": "57304d95069b531400832032"}]}], ["Serangan utama terakhir di London pada 10/11 Mei 1941, di mana Luftwaffe terbang 571 jenis dan menurunkan 800 tan bom. Ini menyebabkan lebih daripada 2,000 kebakaran. 1,436 orang terbunuh dan 1,792 cedera parah, yang menjejaskan semangat buruk. Satu lagi serbuan dijalankan pada 11/12 Mei 1941. Westminster Abbey dan Mahkamah Undang-undang telah rosak, manakala Dewan House of Commons dimusnahkan. Satu pertiga jalan di London tidak dapat dilalui. Semua tetapi satu stesen keretapi telah disekat selama beberapa minggu. Serangan ini adalah penting, kerana 63 pejuang Jerman dihantar dengan pengebom, menunjukkan keberkesanan yang semakin meningkat pertahanan pejuang malam RAF. <> Bilakah serangan utama terakhir yang berlaku di London? || 10/11 Mei 1941 <> Berapa banyak tan bom yang digunakan oleh Luftwaffe di London? || 800 tan <> Berapa banyak korban yang ditimpa? || 1,436 orang terbunuh dan 1,792 cedera parah <> Apakah kerosakan yang dilakukan ke jalan-jalan London? || Satu pertiga jalan London tidak boleh dilalui <> Apa yang menunjukkan keberkesanan pejuang malam RAF semakin meningkat? || 63 pejuang Jerman dihantar dengan pengebom", {"context": "The last major attack on London was on 10/11 May 1941, on which the Luftwaffe flew 571 sorties and dropped 800 tonnes of bombs. This caused more than 2,000 fires. 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured, which affected morale badly. Another raid was carried out on 11/12 May 1941. Westminster Abbey and the Law Courts were damaged, while the Chamber of the House of Commons was destroyed. One-third of London's streets were impassable. All but one railway station line was blocked for several weeks. This raid was significant, as 63 German fighters were sent with the bombers, indicating the growing effectiveness of RAF night fighter defences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "10/11 May 1941"}], "question": "When was the last major attack London saw?", "id": "57304e592461fd1900a9cd05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "800 tonnes"}], "question": "How many tonnes of bombs did the Luftwaffe use on London?", "id": "57304e592461fd1900a9cd06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured"}], "question": "How many casualties were inflicted?", "id": "57304e592461fd1900a9cd07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "One-third of London's streets were impassable"}], "question": "What was the damage done to London's streets?", "id": "57304e592461fd1900a9cd08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "63 German fighters were sent with the bombers"}], "question": "What showed RAF night fighter effectiveness was increasing?", "id": "57304e592461fd1900a9cd09"}]}], ["Walau apa pun, Luftwaffe masih boleh menimbulkan kerosakan yang besar. Dengan pendudukan Jerman di Eropah Barat, intensifikasi serangan kapal selam dan udara ke atas komunikasi laut Britain ditakuti oleh British. Kejadian sedemikian akan membawa kesan yang serius ke arah masa depan perang, sekiranya Jerman berjaya. Liverpool dan pelabuhannya menjadi destinasi penting bagi konvoi menuju ke arah Barat dari Amerika Utara, membawa bekalan dan bahan. Rangkaian rel yang banyak diagihkan ke seluruh negara. Operasi menentang Liverpool di Liverpool Blitz berjaya. Serangan udara tenggelam 39,126 tan panjang (39,754 t) dari perkapalan, dengan 111,601 ton lagi (113,392 t) rosak. Menteri Keselamatan Dalam Negeri, Herbert Morrison juga bimbang bahawa moral telah pecah, mencatatkan kekalahan yang dinyatakan oleh orang awam. Sumber-sumber lain menunjuk kepada separuh daripada 144 dermaga pelabuhan yang tidak dapat digunakan, manakala kemampuan muatan muatan dikurangkan sebanyak 75%. Jalan raya dan kereta api telah disekat dan kapal tidak dapat meninggalkan pelabuhan. Pada 8 Mei 1941, 57 kapal telah musnah, tenggelam atau rosak berjumlah 80,000 tan panjang (81,000 t). Sekitar 66,000 buah rumah telah musnah, 77,000 orang kehilangan tempat tinggal, dan 1,900 orang terbunuh dan 1,450 sangat cedera pada satu malam. Operasi terhadap London sehingga Mei 1941 juga boleh memberi impak yang teruk terhadap moral. Penduduk pelabuhan Hull menjadi 'pengembara', orang yang mengalami penghijrahan besar-besaran dari bandar sebelum, semasa, dan selepas serangan. Walau bagaimanapun, serangan gagal untuk mengetuk atau merosakkan keretapi, atau kemudahan pelabuhan untuk jangka masa panjang, walaupun di Pelabuhan London, sasaran serangan yang banyak. Pelabuhan London khususnya merupakan sasaran penting, membawa satu pertiga daripada perdagangan luar negara. <> Apa yang paling ketakutan British? || pengukuhan serangan kapal selam dan udara <> Apa tujuan penting untuk konvoi pembekalan dari Amerika Utara? || Liverpool <> Liverpool Blitz tenggelam berapa banyak penghantaran? || 39,126 tan panjang (39,754 t) perkapalan <> Berapa banyak kapal telah musnah pada 8 Mei 1941? || 57 kapal <> Berapa banyak perdagangan luar negara yang dilakukan oleh Port of London? || satu pertiga daripada perdagangan luar negara", {"context": "Regardless, the Luftwaffe could still inflict huge damage. With the German occupation of Western Europe, the intensification of submarine and air attack on Britain's sea communications was feared by the British. Such an event would have serious consequences on the future course of the war, should the Germans succeed. Liverpool and its port became an important destination for convoys heading through the Western Approaches from North America, bringing supplies and materials. The considerable rail network distributed to the rest of the country. Operations against Liverpool in the Liverpool Blitz were successful. Air attacks sank 39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping, with another 111,601 long tons (113,392 t) damaged. Minister of Home Security Herbert Morrison was also worried morale was breaking, noting the defeatism expressed by civilians. Other sources point to half of the port's 144 berths rendered unusable, while cargo unloading capability was reduced by 75%. Roads and railways were blocked and ships could not leave harbour. On 8 May 1941, 57 ships were destroyed, sunk or damaged amounting to 80,000 long tons (81,000 t). Around 66,000 houses were destroyed, 77,000 people made homeless, and 1,900 people killed and 1,450 seriously hurt on one night. Operations against London up until May 1941 could also have a severe impact on morale. The populace of the port of Hull became 'trekkers', people who underwent a mass exodus from cities before, during, and after attacks. However, the attacks failed to knock out or damage railways, or port facilities for long, even in the Port of London, a target of many attacks. The Port of London in particular was an important target, bringing in one-third of overseas trade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "intensification of submarine and air attack"}], "question": "What did the British fear most?", "id": "57304b48396df91900096048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Liverpool"}], "question": "What was an important destination for supply convoys from North America?", "id": "57304b48396df91900096049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping"}], "question": "The Liverpool Blitz sank how much shipping?", "id": "57304b48396df9190009604a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1060, "text": "57 ships"}], "question": "How many ships were destroyed on May 8, 1941?", "id": "57304b48396df9190009604b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1707, "text": "one-third of overseas trade"}], "question": "How much of the overseas trade did the Port of London take on?", "id": "57304b48396df9190009604c"}]}], ["Pada 13 Mac, bahagian atas Clyde pelabuhan Clydebank berhampiran Glasgow dibom. Hanya tujuh daripada 12,000 rumahnya rosak. Banyak lagi pelabuhan telah diserang. Plymouth diserang lima kali sebelum akhir bulan manakala Belfast, Hull, dan Cardiff terkena. Cardiff dibom pada tiga malam, pusat Portsmouth dihancurkan oleh lima serbuan. Kadar perumahan awam yang hilang adalah seramai 40,000 orang setiap minggu dipenggal pada bulan September 1940. Pada bulan Mac 1941, dua serbuan di Plymouth dan London merosakkan 148.000 orang. Walau bagaimanapun, semasa rosak teruk, pelabuhan British terus menyokong industri perang dan bekalan dari Amerika Utara meneruskannya sementara Angkatan Laut Diraja terus beroperasi di Plymouth, Southampton, dan Portsmouth. Plymouth khususnya, kerana kedudukan terdedah di pantai selatan dan berdekatan dengan pangkalan udara Jerman, telah mengalami serangan paling berat. Pada 10/11 Mac, 240 pengebom menjatuhkan 193 tan bahan letupan tinggi dan 46,000 pembantah. Banyak rumah dan pusat komersil rosak teruk, bekalan elektrik tersingkir, dan lima tangki minyak dan dua majalah meletup. Sembilan hari kemudian, dua gelombang 125 dan 170 pengebom jatuh bom berat, termasuk 160 tan bahan letupan tinggi dan 32,000 pembakar. Kebanyakan pusat bandar telah musnah. Kerosakan telah dikenakan ke atas pemasangan pelabuhan, tetapi banyak bom jatuh di bandar itu sendiri. Pada 17 April 346 tan bahan letupan dan 46,000 pembantah jatuh dari 250 pengebom yang diketuai oleh KG 26. Kerosakan itu banyak, dan orang-orang Jerman juga menggunakan lombong-lombong udara. Lebih 2,000 peluru AAA dipecat, memusnahkan dua Ju 88an. Menjelang akhir kempen udara ke atas Britain, hanya lapan peratus usaha Jerman terhadap pelabuhan British dibuat menggunakan lombong. <> Berapa banyak rumah dirobohkan di Glasgow? || tujuh <> Berapa ramai orang setiap minggu kehilangan perumahan? || 40,000 orang <> Mengapa Plymouth paling disasarkan? || kerana kedudukannya yang terdedah di pantai selatan <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Jerman bersama pembakar dan bom? || lombong udara <> Berapa banyak peluru AAA dipecat? || Lebih 2,000", {"context": "On 13 March, the upper Clyde port of Clydebank near Glasgow was bombed. All but seven of its 12,000 houses were damaged. Many more ports were attacked. Plymouth was attacked five times before the end of the month while Belfast, Hull, and Cardiff were hit. Cardiff was bombed on three nights, Portsmouth centre was devastated by five raids. The rate of civilian housing lost was averaging 40,000 people per week dehoused in September 1940. In March 1941, two raids on Plymouth and London dehoused 148,000 people. Still, while heavily damaged, British ports continued to support war industry and supplies from North America continued to pass through them while the Royal Navy continued to operate in Plymouth, Southampton, and Portsmouth. Plymouth in particular, because of its vulnerable position on the south coast and close proximity to German air bases, was subjected to the heaviest attacks. On 10/11 March, 240 bombers dropped 193 tons of high explosives and 46,000 incendiaries. Many houses and commercial centres were heavily damaged, the electrical supply was knocked out, and five oil tanks and two magazines exploded. Nine days later, two waves of 125 and 170 bombers dropped heavy bombs, including 160 tons of high explosive and 32,000 incendiaries. Much of the city centre was destroyed. Damage was inflicted on the port installations, but many bombs fell on the city itself. On 17 April 346 tons of explosives and 46,000 incendiaries were dropped from 250 bombers led by KG 26. The damage was considerable, and the Germans also used aerial mines. Over 2,000 AAA shells were fired, destroying two Ju 88s. By the end of the air campaign over Britain, only eight percent of the German effort against British ports was made using mines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many houses were spared damage in Glasgow?", "id": "57304c5e8ab72b1400f9c3fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "40,000 people"}], "question": "How many people per week were losing housing?", "id": "57304c5e8ab72b1400f9c3ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": "because of its vulnerable position on the south coast"}], "question": "Why was Plymouth targeted the most?", "id": "57304c5e8ab72b1400f9c400"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1545, "text": "aerial mines"}], "question": "What did the Germans use along with incendiaries and bombs?", "id": "57304c5e8ab72b1400f9c401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1559, "text": "Over 2,000"}], "question": "How many AAA shells were fired?", "id": "57304c5e8ab72b1400f9c402"}]}], ["Reka bentuk pesawat yang dipertingkatkan sedang dalam perjalanan dengan Bristol Beaufighter, kemudian dalam pembangunan. Ia akan membuktikan yang hebat, tetapi perkembangannya perlahan. Beaufighter mempunyai kelajuan maksimum 320 mph (510 km / h), siling operasi 26,000 kaki (7,900 m) dan kadar pendakian 2,500 kaki (760 m) seminit. Senjata empat senjatanya 20 mm (0.79 in) Hispano dan enam .303 di senapan mesin Browning menawarkan ancaman serius kepada pengebom Jerman. Pada 19 November, John Cunningham dari No. 604 Skuadron RAF menembak seorang pengebom yang terbang dengan Beaufighter yang dilengkapi AI. Ia adalah kemenangan pertama udara untuk radar udara. <> Apakah kelajuan maksimum Beaufighter? || 320 mph (510 km / j) <> Apakah siling operasi Beaufighter? || 26,000 kaki (7,900 m) <> berapa banyak senjata mesin yang dilakukan oleh Beaufighter? || enam .303 dalam senjata mesin Browning <> hari apa kemenangan pertama RAF dengan radar udara? || 19 November", {"context": "Improved aircraft designs were in the offing with the Bristol Beaufighter, then under development. It would prove formidable, but its development was slow. The Beaufighter had a maximum speed of 320 mph (510 km/h), an operational ceiling of 26,000 ft (7,900 m) and a climb rate of 2,500 ft (760 m) per minute. Its armament of four 20 mm (0.79 in) Hispano cannon and six .303 in Browning machine guns offered a serious threat to German bombers. On 19 November, John Cunningham of No. 604 Squadron RAF shot down a bomber flying an AI-equipped Beaufighter. It was the first air victory for the airborne radar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "320 mph (510 km/h)"}], "question": "What was the max speed of a Beaufighter?", "id": "573050f28ab72b1400f9c448"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "26,000 ft (7,900 m)"}], "question": "What is the operational ceiling of the Beaufighter?", "id": "573050f28ab72b1400f9c449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "six .303 in Browning machine guns"}], "question": "how many machine guns did the Beaufighter include?", "id": "573050f28ab72b1400f9c44a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "19 November"}], "question": "What day was the first victory the RAF had with airborne radar?", "id": "573050f28ab72b1400f9c44b"}]}], ["British yang lega mula menilai impak Blitz pada bulan Ogos 1941, dan Kakitangan Udara RAF menggunakan pengalaman Jerman untuk memperbaiki serangan-serangan Bomber Command. Mereka menyimpulkan bahawa pengebom harus menyerang satu sasaran setiap malam dan menggunakan lebih banyak pembakar kerana mereka mempunyai kesan yang lebih besar terhadap pengeluaran daripada bahan peledak yang tinggi. Mereka juga menyedari pengeluaran serantau teruk terjejas apabila pusat bandar dihancurkan melalui kehilangan pejabat pentadbiran, utiliti dan pengangkutan. Mereka percaya Luftwaffe telah gagal dalam serangan ketepatan, dan menyimpulkan contoh Jerman serangan kawasan menggunakan pembakaran adalah jalan ke hadapan untuk operasi ke atas Jerman. <> Apa yang membantu meningkatkan serangan Pasukan Bomber? || pengalaman Jerman <> Apa yang disimpulkan oleh RAF? || pengebom harus menyerang satu sasaran setiap malam dan menggunakan lebih banyak pembakar kerana mereka mempunyai kesan yang lebih besar terhadap pengeluaran daripada bahan letupan tinggi <> Apa yang menyebabkan gangguan pengeluaran yang paling? || apabila pusat bandar dihancurkan melalui kehilangan pejabat pentadbiran, utiliti dan pengangkutan. <> Apa yang Luftwaffe gagal? || gagal dalam serangan ketepatan <> Apa arti pengalaman Jerman yang menggunakan incendiaries? || menggunakan pembakaran adalah cara untuk operasi di Jerman.", {"context": "The relieved British began to assess the impact of the Blitz in August 1941, and the RAF Air Staff used the German experience to improve Bomber Command's offensives. They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives. They also noted regional production was severely disrupted when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices, utilities and transport. They believed the Luftwaffe had failed in precision attack, and concluded the German example of area attack using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "the German experience"}], "question": "What helped increase the Bomber Command's offensives?", "id": "573055502461fd1900a9cd49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives"}], "question": "What did the RAF conclude?", "id": "573055502461fd1900a9cd4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices, utilities and transport."}], "question": "What caused the most production disruption?", "id": "573055502461fd1900a9cd4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "failed in precision attack"}], "question": "What did the Luftwaffe fail?", "id": "573055502461fd1900a9cd4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany."}], "question": "What did the experience of German's using incendiaries mean?", "id": "573055502461fd1900a9cd4d"}]}], ["Sesetengah penulis mendakwa Kakitangan Udara mengabaikan pengajaran kritikal, bagaimanapun: semangat Inggeris tidak pecah. Menargetkan semangat Jerman, sebagai Komando Bomber akan dilakukan, tidak lebih berjaya. Strategi penerbangan membantah semangat itu pernah menjadi pertimbangan utama untuk Komando Bomber. Sepanjang tahun 1933-39 tidak ada 16 rancangan udara Barat yang dirumuskan sebagai moral sebagai sasaran. Tiga arahan pertama pada tahun 1940 tidak menyebut penduduk awam atau semangat dalam apa jua cara. Moral tidak disebutkan sehingga arahan perang kesembilan pada 21 September 1940. Arahan ke-10 pada bulan Oktober 1940 disebutkan semangat dengan nama. Walau bagaimanapun, bandar-bandar perindustrian hanya akan disasarkan jika cuaca menafikan mogok ke atas kebimbangan utama Bomber Command, minyak. <> Apakah aras kritikan Air Staff tidak diendahkan? || Menargetkan semangat Jerman, sebagai Komando Bomber akan dilakukan, tidak lebih berjaya. <> Strategi Penerbangan disengketakan mengenai apa? || semangat itu pernah menjadi pertimbangan utama bagi Komando Bomber. <> Apa yang tidak disebut 16 Pelan Udara Barat? || semangat sebagai sasaran. <> Bilakah moral akhirnya disebut? || arahan masa kesembilan pada 21 September 1940 <> Bilakah bandar-bandar perindustrian hendak disasarkan? || jika cuaca menafikan mogok pada kebimbangan utama Komando Bomber, minyak.", {"context": "Some writers claim the Air Staff ignored a critical lesson, however: British morale did not break. Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful. Aviation strategists dispute that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command. Throughout 1933\u201339 none of the 16 Western Air Plans drafted mentioned morale as a target. The first three directives in 1940 did not mention civilian populations or morale in any way. Morale was not mentioned until the ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940. The 10th directive in October 1940 mentioned morale by name. However, industrial cities were only to be targeted if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful."}], "question": "What was the critical lesson Air Staff ignored?", "id": "573056242461fd1900a9cd5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command."}], "question": "Aviation strategists disputed over what? ", "id": "573056242461fd1900a9cd5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "morale as a target."}], "question": "What did 16 of the Western Air Plans not mention?", "id": "573056242461fd1900a9cd5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940"}], "question": "When was morale finally mentioned?", "id": "573056242461fd1900a9cd60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil."}], "question": "When were industrial cities to be targeted?", "id": "573056242461fd1900a9cd61"}]}], ["Serangan udara terhadap industri RAF dan British gagal mendapat kesan yang dikehendaki. Lebih mungkin telah dicapai jika OKL mengeksploitasi kelemahan musuh mereka, kelemahan komunikasi laut British. Pihak Berikat melakukannya kemudian ketika Komando Bomber menyerang komunikasi kereta api dan Angkatan Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat menyasar minyak, tetapi itu memerlukan analisis ekonomi industri yang Luftwaffe tidak mampu. OKL bukan mencari kluster sasaran yang sesuai dengan dasar terbaru (yang sering berubah), dan perselisihan dalam kepemimpinan adalah tentang taktik dan bukannya strategi. Walaupun secara ketenteraan tidak berkesan, Blitz menyebabkan kerosakan besar terhadap infrastruktur dan stok perumahan Britain. Ia menelan belanja sekitar 41,000 nyawa, dan mungkin mencederakan 139,000 lagi. <> Bagaimana mungkin lebih dicapai dalam serangan udara? || telah OKL mengeksploitasi kelemahan musuh mereka <> Apakah pertikaian di OKL cenderung untuk berlaku? || mengenai taktik dan bukan strategi <> Apa yang Luftwaffe tidak mampu lakukan? || analisis ekonomi-perindustrian <> Berapa banyak mangsa yang menyebabkan Blitz akhirnya menyebabkan? || kos kira-kira 41,000 nyawa, dan mungkin mencederakan 139,000 lagi", {"context": "The air offensive against the RAF and British industry failed to have the desired effect. More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot, the vulnerability of British sea communications. The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the United States Army Air Forces targeted oil, but that would have required an economic-industrial analysis of which the Luftwaffe was incapable. The OKL instead sought clusters of targets that suited the latest policy (which changed frequently), and disputes within the leadership were about tactics rather than strategy. Though militarily ineffective, the Blitz caused enormous damage to Britain's infrastructure and housing stock. It cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot"}], "question": "How could have more been achieved in the air offensive?", "id": "5730544b2461fd1900a9cd39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "about tactics rather than strategy"}], "question": "What did the disputes in the OKL tend to be about?", "id": "5730544b2461fd1900a9cd3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "an economic-industrial analysis"}], "question": "What was the Luftwaffe incapable of doing?", "id": "5730544b2461fd1900a9cd3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000"}], "question": "How many casualties did the Blitz ultimately cause?", "id": "5730544b2461fd1900a9cd3c"}]}], ["Perintah Pengebom AOC Arthur Harris melihat semangat Jerman sebagai tujuan utama. Walau bagaimanapun, beliau tidak percaya bahawa kejatuhan moral boleh berlaku tanpa kemusnahan ekonomi Jerman. Tujuan utama serangan Offensives Command Bomber adalah untuk memusnahkan pangkalan perindustrian Jerman (peperangan ekonomi), dan dengan demikian mengurangkan semangat. Pada akhir 1943, sebelum Pertempuran Berlin, beliau mengisytiharkan kuasa Komando Pengebom akan membolehkannya mencapai \"keadaan kehancuran di mana penyerahan tidak dapat dielakkan.\" Ringkasan niat strategik Harris jelas: <> Tanpa apa yang boleh runtuh semangat berlaku menurut Arthur Harris? || tanpa kemusnahan ekonomi Jerman. <> Apakah strategi utama untuk serangan Offensives Bomber? || untuk memusnahkan pangkalan perindustrian Jerman (peperangan ekonomi), dan dalam melakukan itu mengurangkan semangat <> Arthur Harris mengumumkan bahawa Komando Pengebom akan membolehkan perang ekonomi untuk mencapai apa? || \"keadaan kehancuran di mana penyerahan tidak dapat dielakkan.\"", {"context": "AOC Bomber Command Arthur Harris did see German morale as a major objective. However, he did not believe that the morale-collapse could occur without the destruction of the German economy. The primary goal of Bomber Command's offensives was to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and in doing so reduce morale. In late 1943, just before the Battle of Berlin, he declared the power of Bomber Command would enable it to achieve \"a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable.\" A summary of Harris' strategic intentions was clear:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "without the destruction of the German economy."}], "question": "Without what could morale collapse occur according to Arthur Harris?", "id": "573057112461fd1900a9cd71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and in doing so reduce morale"}], "question": "What was the primary strategy for Bomber Command offensives?", "id": "573057112461fd1900a9cd72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "\"a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable.\""}], "question": "Arthur Harris announced that Bomber Command would enable economic warfare to achieve what?", "id": "573057112461fd1900a9cd73"}]}], ["Menjelang April dan Mei 1941, Luftwaffe masih menembusi sasaran mereka, tanpa mengambil kira satu hingga dua peratus kerugian dalam mana-mana misi yang diberikan. Pada 19/20 April 1941, sebagai penghormatan pada hari jadi ke-52 Hitler, 712 pengebom melanda Plymouth dengan rekod 1,000 tan bom. Kerugian adalah minimum. Pada bulan berikutnya, 22 pengebom Jerman telah hilang dengan 13 disahkan telah ditembak oleh pejuang malam. Pada 3/4 Mei, sembilan ditembak jatuh dalam satu malam. Pada 10/11 Mei, London mengalami kerosakan teruk, tetapi 10 pengebom Jerman diturunkan. Pada bulan Mei 1941, pejuang malam RAF menembak jatuh 38 pengebom Jerman. <> Apa yang paling banyak kerugian Luftwaffe dalam mana-mana misi? || satu hingga dua peratus kerugian <> Berapa banyak pengebom memukul Plymouth pada hari lahir Hitler? || 712 <> Berapa banyak bom melanda Plymouth pada hari lahir Hitler? || 1,000 tan bom <> Pada Mei 3/4 berapa ramai pengebom Jerman yang hilang? || sembilan <> Berapa ramai pengebom Jerman ditembak oleh RAF pada bulan Mei? || 38 pengebom Jerman", {"context": "By April and May 1941, the Luftwaffe was still getting through to their targets, taking no more than one- to two-percent losses on any given mission. On 19/20 April 1941, in honour of Hitler's 52nd birthday, 712 bombers hit Plymouth with a record 1,000 tons of bombs. Losses were minimal. In the following month, 22 German bombers were lost with 13 confirmed to have been shot down by night fighters. On 3/4 May, nine were shot down in one night. On 10/11 May, London suffered severe damage, but 10 German bombers were downed. In May 1941, RAF night fighters shot down 38 German bombers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "one- to two-percent losses"}], "question": "What was the most losses the Luftwaffe suffered on any mission?", "id": "5730528c396df91900096062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "712"}], "question": "How many bombers hit Plymouth on Hitler's birthday?", "id": "5730528c396df91900096063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "1,000 tons of bombs"}], "question": "How many bombs hit Plymouth on Hitler's birthday?", "id": "5730528c396df91900096064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "nine"}], "question": "On May 3/4 how many German bombers were lost?", "id": "5730528c396df91900096065"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "38 German bombers"}], "question": "How many German bombers were shot down by the RAF in May?", "id": "5730528c396df91900096066"}]}], ["Kejayaan ringkas Komunis juga dimasukkan ke tangan British Union of Fascists (BUF). Sikap anti-Semitik menjadi meluas, terutama di London. Khabar angin bahawa sokongan orang Yahudi adalah pendorong gelombang Komunis yang kerap. Khabar angin bahawa orang Yahudi menaikkan harga, bertanggungjawab terhadap Pasar Hitam, yang pertama yang panik di bawah serangan (walaupun punca panik), dan mendapatkan tempat perlindungan yang terbaik melalui kaedah yang kurang jelas, juga meluas. Selain itu, terdapat juga pertentangan kaum antara masyarakat Hitam, India dan Yahudi kecil. Walau bagaimanapun, rusuhan bangsa yang ditakuti tidak berlaku walaupun pencampuran orang-orang yang berlainan ke kawasan terkurung. <> Kejayaan komunis membantu kumpulan politik apa? || British Union of Fascists (BUF) <> Di mana sikap anti-semitik menyebar terutama? || terutamanya di London <> Apa khabar khabar yang dilakukan oleh orang Yahudi berkenaan dengan tempat perlindungan? || mengamankan tempat perlindungan yang terbaik melalui kaedah yang terperosok <> Apa yang dikhuatiri akan berlaku apabila berlainan kaum berlainan di tempat perlindungan? || rusuhan kaum", {"context": "The brief success of the Communists also fed into the hands of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Anti-Semitic attitudes became widespread, particularly in London. Rumours that Jewish support was underpinning the Communist surge were frequent. Rumours that Jews were inflating prices, were responsible for the Black Market, were the first to panic under attack (even the cause of the panic), and secured the best shelters via underhanded methods, were also widespread. Moreover, there was also racial antagonism between the small Black, Indian and Jewish communities. However, the feared race riots did not transpire despite the mixing of different peoples into confined areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "British Union of Fascists (BUF)"}], "question": "The success of the Communists helped what political group?", "id": "57305a8e396df9190009609c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "particularly in London"}], "question": "Where did anti-semitic attitude spread primarily?", "id": "57305a8e396df9190009609d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "secured the best shelters via underhanded methods"}], "question": "What was one the rumors that Jews were doing in regard to shelters?", "id": "57305a8e396df9190009609e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "race riots"}], "question": "What was feared would happen when different races were mixed in shelters?", "id": "57305a8e396df9190009609f"}]}], ["Imej popular yang timbul dari orang-orang Inggeris dalam Perang Dunia Kedua: kumpulan orang yang terkunci dalam perpaduan negara. Imej ini memasuki historiografi Perang Dunia Kedua pada tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an, terutama selepas penerbitan buku Angus Calder The Myth of the Blitz (1991). Ia dibangkitkan oleh kedua-dua puak politik kanan dan kiri di Britain semasa Perang Falklands apabila ia tertanam dalam narasi nostalgia di mana Perang Dunia Kedua mewakili patriotisme British yang agresif berjaya mempertahankan demokrasi. Imejan orang di Blitz itu dan digambarkan dengan kuat dalam filem, radio, akhbar dan majalah. Pada masa itu ia adalah alat propaganda yang berguna untuk rumah dan penggunaan asing. Tindak balas penting para ahli sejarah terhadap pembinaan ini memberi tumpuan kepada apa yang dilihat sebagai dakwaan nasionalisme yang benar dan perpaduan nasional yang ditekankan. Dalam Mitos Blitz, Calder mendedahkan beberapa bukti balas terhadap tingkah laku anti-sosial dan pemisahan. Apa yang dilihatnya sebagai perpaduan nasional yang tenang-menjadi \"kebenaran sejarah\". Khususnya, bahagian kelas paling jelas. <> Pandangan apa yang menjadi popular kepada orang-orang Inggeris pada Perang Dunia II? || orang terkunci dalam perpaduan negara. <> Bilakah pandangan popular ini datang? || pada tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an, terutamanya selepas penerbitan buku Angus Calder The Myth of the Blitz (1991). <> Politik politik di Britain menyokong pandangan Britains pada Perang Dunia II? || patriotisme Inggeris yang agresif berjaya mempertahankan demokrasi. <> Apakah respon kritikal dari ahli sejarah terhadap pandangan ini? || dakwaan nasionalisme yang benar dan perpaduan nasional yang ditekankan. <> Apa yang Calder cuba untuk mendedahkan dalam bukunya? || beberapa bukti balas terhadap tingkah laku anti-sosial dan pemisahan", {"context": "A converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War: a collection of people locked in national solidarity. This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). It was evoked by both the right and left political factions in Britain during the Falklands War when it was embedded in a nostalgic narrative in which the Second World War represented aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy. This imagery of people in the Blitz was and is powerfully portrayed in film, radio, newspapers and magazines. At the time it was a useful propaganda tool for home and foreign consumption. Historians' critical response to this construction focused on what were seen as over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity. In the Myth of the Blitz, Calder exposed some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours. What he saw as the myth\u2014serene national unity\u2014became \"historical truth\". In particular, class division was most evident.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "people locked in national solidarity."}], "question": "What view became popular of the British people in WWII?", "id": "57305861069b53140083208d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991)."}], "question": "When did this popular view come to be?", "id": "57305861069b53140083208e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy."}], "question": "Political factions in Britain supported what view of Britains in WWII?", "id": "57305861069b53140083208f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity."}], "question": "What was the Historians' critical response to this view?", "id": "57305861069b531400832090"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours"}], "question": "What did Calder try to expose in his book?", "id": "57305861069b531400832091"}]}], ["Keberkesanan militer pengeboman bervariasi. Luftwaffe menjatuhkan sekitar 45,000 tan pendek (41,000 t) bom semasa Blitz mengganggu pengeluaran dan pengangkutan, mengurangkan bekalan makanan dan menggoncang semangat Inggeris. Ia juga membantu menyokong sekatan U-Boat dengan menenggelamkan kira-kira 58,000 tan panjang (59,000 t) perkapalan yang musnah dan 450,000 tan panjang (460,000 t) rosak. Walau bagaimanapun, keseluruhan pengeluaran British meningkat secara berterusan sepanjang tempoh ini walaupun terdapat penurunan yang ketara pada bulan April 1941, mungkin dipengaruhi oleh pemergian pekerja Cuti Paskah menurut sejarah rasmi British. Sejarah rasmi British mengenai pengeluaran perang mencatat kesan yang besar adalah apabila bekalan komponen dan peralatan lengkap. Dalam pengeluaran pesawat, pihak British telah ditolak peluang untuk mencapai sasaran yang dirancang sebanyak 2,500 pesawat dalam sebulan, boleh dikatakan pencapaian terbesar pengeboman itu, memaksa penyebaran industri. Pada bulan April 1941, apabila sasarannya adalah pelabuhan British, pengeluaran senapang turun sebanyak 25%, produksi shell penuh sebanyak 4.6%, dan produksi kecil sebanyak 4.5%. Kesan strategik di bandar perindustrian berbeza-beza; kebanyakannya mengambil masa 10-15 hari untuk pulih dari serbuan berat, walaupun Belfast dan Liverpool mengambil masa lebih lama. Serangan terhadap Birmingham mengambil industri perang selama tiga bulan untuk pulih sepenuhnya. Penduduk yang letih mengambil masa tiga minggu untuk mengatasi kesan serangan. <> The Luftwaffe menggunakan berapa banyak bom pendek selama Blitz? || 45,000 tan pendek <> The Luftwaffe membantu bot-bot U dengan tenggelam berapa banyak penghantaran? || 58,000 ton panjang <> Bagaimanakah tambang produksi British sebagai hasil dari semua pengeboman? || secara keseluruhan pengeluaran British meningkat terus sepanjang tempoh ini <> Apakah pencapaian terbesar pengeboman? || British ditolak peluang untuk mencapai sasaran 2,500 pesawat dalam tempoh satu bulan <> Berapa lama pemulihan bandar perindustrian dari serbuan? || kebanyakannya mengambil masa 10-15 hari", {"context": "The military effectiveness of bombing varied. The Luftwaffe dropped around 45,000 short tons (41,000 t) of bombs during the Blitz disrupting production and transport, reducing food supplies and shaking the British morale. It also helped to support the U-Boat blockade by sinking some 58,000 long tons (59,000 t) of shipping destroyed and 450,000 long tons (460,000 t) damaged. Yet, overall the British production rose steadily throughout this period although there were significant falls during April 1941, probably influenced by the departure of workers of Easter Holidays according to the British official history. The British official history on war production noted the great impact was upon the supply of components rather than complete equipment. In aircraft production, the British were denied the opportunity to reach the planned target of 2,500 aircraft in a month, arguably the greatest achievement of the bombing, as it forced the dispersal of industry. In April 1941, when the targets were British ports, rifle production fell by 25%, filled-shell production by 4.6%, and in smallarms production 4.5% overall. The strategic impact on industrial cities was varied; most took from 10\u201315 days to recover from heavy raids, although Belfast and Liverpool took longer. The attacks against Birmingham took war industries some three months to recover fully from. The exhausted population took three weeks to overcome the effects of an attack.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "45,000 short tons"}], "question": "The Luftwaffe used how many short tons of bombs during the Blitz?", "id": "57305376069b53140083205d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "58,000 long tons"}], "question": "The Luftwaffe helped the U-boats by sinking how much shipping?", "id": "57305376069b53140083205e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "overall the British production rose steadily throughout this period"}], "question": "How did the British production fare as a result of all the bombing?", "id": "57305376069b53140083205f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "British were denied the opportunity to reach the planned target of 2,500 aircraft in a month"}], "question": "What was the greatest achievement of the bombings?", "id": "57305376069b531400832060"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1176, "text": "most took from 10\u201315 days"}], "question": "How long was the recovery of industrial cities from raids?", "id": "57305376069b531400832061"}]}], ["Berikutan dengan Coventry Blitz, terdapat pengadukan yang meluas dari Parti Komunis atas keperluan untuk perlindungan tahan bom. Ramai orang London, khususnya, mengambil sistem kereta api Bawah Tanah, tanpa kuasa, untuk perlindungan dan tidur sepanjang malam di sana sehingga keesokan harinya. Jadi bimbang adalah Kerajaan atas kempen risalah secara tiba-tiba dan poster yang diedarkan oleh Parti Komunis di Coventry dan London, bahawa Polis telah dihantar untuk merebut kemudahan produksi mereka. Kerajaan, sehingga November 1940, menentang pertubuhan perlindungan terpusat. Setiausaha Rumah Sir John Anderson telah digantikan oleh Morrison tidak lama kemudian, berikutan perombakan kabinet ketika Neville Chamberlain meninggal dunia. Morrison memberi amaran bahawa dia tidak dapat mengatasi pergolakan Komunis melainkan penyediaan tempat perlindungan dibuat. Dia mengakui hak orang ramai untuk merampas stesen tiub dan rancangan yang dibenarkan untuk memperbaiki keadaan mereka dan memperluasnya dengan terowong. Masih banyak warganegara Inggeris, yang telah menjadi ahli Parti Buruh, sendiri tidak berminat mengenai isu itu, berpaling kepada Parti Komunis. Komunis cuba menyalahkan kerosakan dan kecederaan serangan Coventry terhadap pemilik kilang kaya, perniagaan besar dan kepentingan tanah dan meminta keamanan damai. Walaupun mereka gagal untuk membuat keuntungan besar dalam pengaruh, keanggotaan Parti telah meningkat dua kali ganda pada bulan Jun 1941. \"Ancaman Komunis\" dianggap cukup penting untuk Herbert Morrison untuk memerintahkan, dengan sokongan Kabinet, penghentian Pekerja Harian dan The Week; akhbar dan jurnal Komunis. <> Apa parti komunis yang diganggu? || keperluan untuk perlindungan bom-bukti. <> Apa yang digunakan oleh London untuk tempat perlindungan bom? || Sistem keretapi bawah tanah <> Apa yang Morrison amaran dia tidak boleh lakukan? || bahawa dia tidak dapat mengatasi pergolakan Komunis melainkan penyediaan tempat perlindungan dibuat. <> Siapa yang Komunis menyalahkan kerosakan dalam serbuan Conventry? || pemilik kilang yang kaya, perniagaan besar dan minat pemilik tanah <> Apa yang dipaksa Morrison lakukan sebagai tindak balas kepada Parti Komunis? || penghentian Pekerja Harian dan Minggu Ini; akhbar dan jurnal Komunis.", {"context": "In the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning. So worried were the Government over the sudden campaign of leaflets and posters distributed by the Communist Party in Coventry and London, that the Police were sent in to seize their production facilities. The Government, up until November 1940, was opposed to the centralised organisation of shelter. Home Secretary Sir John Anderson was replaced by Morrison soon afterwards, in the wake of a Cabinet reshuffle as the dying Neville Chamberlain resigned. Morrison warned that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made. He recognised the right of the public to seize tube stations and authorised plans to improve their condition and expand them by tunnelling. Still, many British citizens, who had been members of the Labour Party, itself inert over the issue, turned to the Communist Party. The Communists attempted to blame the damage and casualties of the Coventry raid on the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests and called for a negotiated peace. Though they failed to make a large gain in influence, the membership of the Party had doubled by June 1941. The \"Communist threat\" was deemed important enough for Herbert Morrison to order, with the support of the Cabinet, the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "the need for bomb-proof shelters."}], "question": "What was the communist party agitated over?", "id": "573059852461fd1900a9cdb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Underground railway system"}], "question": "What did Londoners use for bomb-shelters?", "id": "573059852461fd1900a9cdb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made."}], "question": "What did Morrison warn he couldn't do?", "id": "573059852461fd1900a9cdb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1218, "text": "the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests"}], "question": "Who did the Communists blame for the damage in the Conventry raids?", "id": "573059852461fd1900a9cdb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1539, "text": "the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal."}], "question": "What was Morrison forced to do in response to the Communist Party?", "id": "573059852461fd1900a9cdb7"}]}], ["Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, sejumlah besar rakaman perang yang berkaitan dengan Blitz telah disediakan di buku audio seperti The Blitz, Front Home dan Penyiaran Perang British. Koleksi ini termasuk wawancara dengan orang awam, anggota kerahan, kapal terbang, ahli politik dan kakitangan Pertahanan Awam, serta rekod aktual Blitz, buletin berita dan siaran maklumat awam. Wawancara yang luar biasa termasuk Thomas Alderson, penerima pertama George Cross, John Cormack, yang bertahan lapan hari terperangkap di bawah reruntuhan di Clydeside, dan Herbert Morrison terkenal \"Britain tidak akan membakar\" rayuan untuk lebih banyak pemberontak pada Disember 1940. <> Apakah buku audio dengan rakaman perang? || The Blitz, Front Home dan Penyiaran Perang British <> Apakah beberapa perkara yang termasuk dalam rakaman ini? || wawancara jangka masa dengan orang awam, anggota kerahan, peniaga udara, ahli politik dan kakitangan Pertahanan Awam, serta rekod sebenar Blitz <> Apa salah satu rakaman penting yang disertakan? || Thomas Alderson, penerima pertama George Cross, John Cormack, yang terselamat lapan hari terperangkap di bawah runtuhan di Clydeside <> Apa rakaman kedua yang dicatat? || Herbert Morrison terkenal \"Britain tidak akan membakar\" rayuan untuk lebih banyak pemberontak pada Disember 1940.", {"context": "In recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. These collections include period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings, news bulletins and public information broadcasts. Notable interviews include Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside, and Herbert Morrison's famous \"Britain shall not burn\" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting"}], "question": "What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings?", "id": "57305bf72461fd1900a9cdd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings"}], "question": "What are some of the things included in these recordings?", "id": "57305bf72461fd1900a9cdd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside"}], "question": "What is one of the notable recordings included?", "id": "57305bf72461fd1900a9cdd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "Herbert Morrison's famous \"Britain shall not burn\" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940."}], "question": "What is a second recording that is of note?", "id": "57305bf72461fd1900a9cdd4"}]}], ["Di bandar-bandar lain, konflik kelas lebih jelas. Lebih dari seperempat penduduk London telah meninggalkan bandar itu pada November 1940. Orang awam pergi ke kawasan yang lebih jauh di negara ini. Upsurges dalam populasi selatan Wales dan Gloucester intimasi di mana orang-orang pengungsi ini pergi. Sebab lain, termasuk penyebaran industri mungkin menjadi faktor. Walau bagaimanapun, kebencian pelarian diri yang kaya atau rawatan yang bermusuhan terhadap orang-orang miskin adalah tanda-tanda kegigihan kebencian kelas walaupun faktor-faktor ini tidak muncul untuk mengancam tatanan sosial. Jumlah mangsa yang berjumlah 1.4 juta, termasuk kadar yang tinggi dari keluarga-keluarga bandaraya termiskin. Jawatankuasa-jawatankuasa penerimaan tidak bersedia sepenuhnya untuk keadaan beberapa kanak-kanak. Jauh dari memperlihatkan perpaduan bangsa semasa peperangan, skim itu kembali teruk, sering memburukkan lagi antagonisme kelas dan memperkuat prasangka terhadap golongan miskin di bandar. Dalam tempoh empat bulan, 88% ibu berpindah, 86% kanak-kanak kecil, dan 43% kanak-kanak sekolah telah pulang ke rumah. Kekurangan pengeboman di Perang Telanjang menyumbang dengan ketara kepada kembalinya orang ke bandar-bandar, tetapi konflik kelas tidak berkurang setahun kemudian apabila operasi pengungsian terpaksa dikuatkuasakan semula. <> Apa sebab lain untuk penduduk bergerak? || penyebaran industri mungkin menjadi faktor <> Berapa banyak penduduk London yang tinggal? || Lebih satu perempat <> Lokasi apa yang melihat peningkatan populasi? || selatan Wales dan Gloucester <> Berapa banyak penduduk yang kembali dalam empat bulan? || 88% daripada ibu yang dipindahkan, 86% kanak-kanak kecil, dan 43% kanak-kanak sekolah <> Berapa ramai orang di sana? || 1.4 juta", {"context": "In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may have been a factor. However, resentment of rich self-evacuees or hostile treatment of poor ones were signs of persistence of class resentments although these factors did not appear to threaten social order. The total number of evacuees numbered 1.4 million, including a high proportion from the poorest inner-city families. Reception committees were completely unprepared for the condition of some of the children. Far from displaying the nation's unity in time of war, the scheme backfired, often aggravating class antagonism and bolstering prejudice about the urban poor. Within four months, 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children had been returned home. The lack of bombing in the Phoney War contributed significantly to the return of people to the cities, but class conflict was not eased a year later when evacuation operations had to be put into effect again.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "industry dispersal may have been a factor"}], "question": "What was another reason for populations moving?", "id": "57305b4f2461fd1900a9cdc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Over a quarter"}], "question": "How much of London's population left?", "id": "57305b4f2461fd1900a9cdc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "south Wales and Gloucester"}], "question": "What locations saw an increase in populations?", "id": "57305b4f2461fd1900a9cdc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children"}], "question": "How much of the population returned in four months?", "id": "57305b4f2461fd1900a9cdcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "1.4 million"}], "question": "How many evacuees were there?", "id": "57305b4f2461fd1900a9cdca"}]}]], [["Notis awam diberikan melalui notis undang-undang di akhbar, dan disampaikan kepada agensi negeri dan daerah di dalam kawasan spesies. Negara-negara asing juga boleh menerima notis penyenaraian. Pendengaran awam adalah wajib jika ada orang yang meminta satu dalam masa 45 hari dari notis yang diterbitkan. \"Tujuan notis dan keperluan komen adalah untuk menyediakan penyertaan awam yang bermakna dalam proses pembuatan keputusan.\" merumuskan gelanggang Circuit Kesembilan dalam kes Persekutuan Biro Pertanian Idaho v Babbitt. <> Bagaimana pemberitahuan awam diberikan mengenai penyenaraian? || melalui notis undang-undang di akhbar, dan disampaikan kepada agensi negeri dan daerah di dalam kawasan spesies <> Berapa lama selepas notis yang disiarkan mengenai penyenaraian itu boleh menjadi pendengaran umum mengenai penyenaraian yang diminta? || 45 hari <> Adakah notis penyenaraian melintasi tanah antarabangsa? || Negara-negara asing juga boleh menerima notis penyenaraian", {"context": "Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. \"The purpose of the notice and comment requirement is to provide for meaningful public participation in the rulemaking process.\" summarized the Ninth Circuit court in the case of Idaho Farm Bureau Federation v. Babbitt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area"}], "question": "How is public notice given regarding a listing?", "id": "572ea3ab03f9891900756893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "45 days"}], "question": "How long after a published notice of the listing may a public hearing regarding the listing be requested?", "id": "572ea3ab03f9891900756894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing"}], "question": "Do listing notices cross international soil?", "id": "572ea3ab03f9891900756895"}]}], ["Spesies boleh disenaraikan dalam dua cara. Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar Amerika Syarikat (FWS) atau NOAA Fisheries (juga dikenali sebagai Perkhidmatan Perikanan Laut Nasional) secara langsung boleh menyenaraikan spesies melalui program penilaian kandidatnya, atau petisyen individu atau organisasi boleh meminta senarai FWS atau NMFS spesies. \"Spesies\" di bawah akta itu boleh menjadi spesies taksonomi benar, subspesies, atau dalam kes vertebrata, \"segmen populasi yang berbeza.\" Prosedur yang sama untuk kedua-dua jenis kecuali dengan petisyen orang / organisasi, terdapat tempoh pemeriksaan 90 hari. <> Berapa banyak cara yang berbeza boleh ditambah kepada senarai terancam? || dua cara <> Apa program persekutuan digunakan untuk menyenaraikan spesies? || program penilaian calon <> Berapa lama tempoh pemeriksaan petisyen individu atau organisasi untuk menambah spesies ke senarai || Tempoh pemeriksaan 90 hari <> Dalam kes vertebrata, apakah tafsiran yang paling lembut mengenai \"spesies\"? || sebuah \"segmen populasi yang berbeza.\"", {"context": "A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. A \"species\" under the act can be a true taxonomic species, a subspecies, or in the case of vertebrates, a \"distinct population segment.\" The procedures are the same for both types except with the person/organization petition, there is a 90-day screening period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "two ways"}], "question": "How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list?", "id": "572ea0a603f989190075685b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "candidate assessment program"}], "question": "What federal program is used to list a species?", "id": "572ea0a603f989190075685c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "90-day screening period"}], "question": "How long is the screening period of an individual's or organization's petition to add a species to the list", "id": "572ea0a603f989190075685d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "a \"distinct population segment.\""}], "question": "In the case of vertebrates, what is the most lenient interpretation of \"species\"?", "id": "572ea0a603f989190075685e"}]}], ["Senarai pertama ini disebut sebagai \"Kelas '67\" dalam Akta Spesies Terancam di Thirty, Volume 1, yang menyimpulkan bahawa pemusnahan habitat, ancaman terbesar kepada 78 spesies, masih menjadi ancaman yang sama terhadap spesies yang disenaraikan sekarang. Ia termasuk hanya vertebrata kerana definisi Jabatan \"Interior dan Kehidupan\" terhad kepada vertebrata. Bagaimanapun, pada masa yang sama, para penyelidik mendapati bahawa haiwan dalam senarai spesies yang terancam masih tidak mendapat perlindungan yang secukupnya, dan seterusnya mengancam kepupusan mereka. Program spesies yang terancam punah telah diperluas oleh Akta Spesies Terancam 1969. <> Apa nama panggilan yang diberikan kepada penyenaraian pertama spesis terancam? || \"Kelas '67\" <> Bagaimana penyenaraian pertama terhad kepada spesies apa yang disenaraikan? || Ia termasuk hanya vertebrata <> Apa yang telah disimpulkan menjadi ancaman terbesar kepada spesies yang disenaraikan? || kemusnahan habitat <> Bagaimana penyenaraian spesis pada mulanya terdaftar? || binatang-binatang dalam senarai spesies yang terancam masih tidak mendapat perlindungan yang mencukupi, sehingga mengancam kepupusan mereka", {"context": "This first list is referred to as the \"Class of '67\" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition of \"fish and wildlife\" was limited to vertebrates. However, with time, researchers noticed that the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction. The endangered species program was expanded by the Endangered Species Act of 1969.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "\"Class of '67\""}], "question": "What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species?", "id": "572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "It included only vertebrates"}], "question": "How was the first listing limited in what species were listed?", "id": "572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "habitat destruction"}], "question": "What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species?", "id": "572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction"}], "question": "How did being listed initially impact species?", "id": "572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12dd"}]}], ["Akta Lacey 1900 adalah undang-undang persekutuan pertama yang mengawal selia pasaran haiwan komersil. Ia melarang perdagangan antara negeri binatang terbunuh yang melanggar undang-undang permainan negara, dan meliputi semua ikan dan hidupan liar serta bahagian atau produk mereka, serta tanaman. Undang-undang lain diikuti, termasuk Akta Pemuliharaan Burung Migrasi 1929, satu perjanjian 1937 yang melarang pemburuan ikan paus yang betul dan kelabu, dan Akta Perlindungan Eagle Bald 1940. Undang-undang ini kemudiannya mempunyai kos yang rendah kepada masyarakat - dan sedikit pembangkang telah dibangkitkan. <> Apakah undang-undang persekutuan pertama yang mengawal perdagangan hidupan liar? || Akta Lacey 1900 <> Apa yang dilarang oleh undang-undang komersial hidupan liar persekutuan pertama? || perdagangan antara haiwan yang terbunuh yang melanggar undang-undang permainan negara <> Apakah hidupan liar yang dilindungi oleh peraturan perdagangan hidupan liar persekutuan yang pertama? || semua ikan dan hidupan liar serta bahagian atau produk mereka, serta tanaman <> Apa undang-undang yang diluluskan pada tahun 1940 mengenai populasi burung kebangsaan A.S.? || Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940", {"context": "The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929, a 1937 treaty prohibiting the hunting of right and gray whales, and the Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940. These later laws had a low cost to society\u2013the species were relatively rare\u2013and little opposition was raised.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Lacey Act of 1900"}], "question": "What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce?", "id": "572e9100c246551400ce434e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws"}], "question": "What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit?", "id": "572e9100c246551400ce434f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants"}], "question": "What wildlife was covered by the first federal wildlife commerce regulation?", "id": "572e9100c246551400ce4350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940"}], "question": "What law passed in 1940 regarding the population of the U.S. national bird?", "id": "572e9100c246551400ce4351"}]}], ["Ia memberi kuasa kepada Setiausaha Dalam Negeri untuk menyenaraikan ikan dan hidupan liar yang terancam dan membenarkan Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar Amerika Syarikat membelanjakan sehingga $ 15 juta setahun untuk membeli habitat untuk spesies tersenarai. Ia juga mengarahkan agensi tanah persekutuan untuk memelihara habitat di tanah mereka. Akta ini juga menyatukan dan memperluaskan kuasa untuk Setiausaha Dalam Negeri untuk mengurus dan mentadbir Sistem Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Kebangsaan. Agensi-agensi awam lain digalakkan, tetapi tidak diperlukan, untuk melindungi spesies. Perbuatan itu tidak menangani perdagangan dalam spesies dan bahagian yang terancam. <> Apakah Akta Spesies Terancam yang memberi kuasa kepada Setiausaha Dalam Negeri untuk melakukan? || senarai ikan dan hidupan liar yang terancam <> Undang-undang Spesies Terancam yang dibenarkan berapa perbelanjaan tahunan oleh Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar AS untuk pembelian habitat? || $ 15 juta setahun <> Akta Spesies Terancam memberi Setiausaha kuasa pentadbiran dalaman organisasi apa? || Sistem Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Kebangsaan <> Bagaimana Akta Haiwan Spesies Terancam mempengaruhi perdagangan hidupan liar? || Perbuatan ini tidak menangani perdagangan dalam spesies dan bahagian terancam <> Bagaimana Akta Spesies Terancam yang memudaratkan agensi lain yang tidak disebutkan secara khusus dalam Akta? || Agensi-agensi awam lain digalakkan, tetapi tidak diperlukan, untuk melindungi spesies", {"context": "It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated and even expanded authority for the Secretary of the Interior to manage and administer the National Wildlife Refuge System. Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species. The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "list endangered domestic fish and wildlife"}], "question": "What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do?", "id": "572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "$15 million per year"}], "question": "The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for habitat purchase?", "id": "572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "the National Wildlife Refuge System"}], "question": "The Endangered Species Act gave the Secretary of the Interior administrative power of what organization?", "id": "572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts"}], "question": "How did the Endangered Species Act impact wildlife commerce?", "id": "572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species"}], "question": "How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act?", "id": "572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d4"}]}], ["Semasa proses penyenaraian, faktor ekonomi tidak boleh dipertimbangkan, tetapi mesti \"berdasarkan semata-mata pada data saintifik dan komersial terbaik yang tersedia.\" Pindaan 1982 kepada ESA menambah perkataan \"semata-mata\" untuk mencegah apa-apa pertimbangan selain status biologi spesies. Kongres menolak Perintah Eksekutif Presiden Ronald Reagan 12291 yang memerlukan analisis ekonomi semua tindakan agensi kerajaan. Kenyataan jawatankuasa Dewan adalah \"bahawa pertimbangan ekonomi tidak mempunyai kaitan dengan penentuan mengenai status spesies.\" <> Kata apa yang telah ditambahkan ke Akta Spesies Terancam pada tahun 1982? || \"semata-mata\" <> Oleh sebab perubahan kepada Akta Spesies Terancam pada tahun 1982, apakah satu-satunya pertimbangan untuk disenaraikan sebagai terancam? || status biologi spesies <> Yang mana presiden mengeluarkan Perintah Eksekutif yang memerlukan pertimbangan kewangan semua tindakan kerajaan? || Ronald Reagan <> Apa yang dilakukan Kongres untuk Perintah Eksekutif yang akan termasuk pertimbangan kewangan sebagai faktor untuk spesies disenaraikan? || Kongres ditolak", {"context": "During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be \" based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available.\" The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word \"solely\" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reagan's Executive Order 12291 which required economic analysis of all government agency actions. The House committee's statement was \"that economic considerations have no relevance to determinations regarding the status of species.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "\"solely\""}], "question": "What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982?", "id": "572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "the biological status of the species"}], "question": "Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982, what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered?", "id": "572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Ronald Reagan"}], "question": "Which president issued an Executive Order that required financial consideration of all government actions?", "id": "572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Congress rejected"}], "question": "What did Congress do to the Executive Order that would have included financial considerations as a factor for a species to be listed?", "id": "572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d23a"}]}], ["Akta Pemuliharaan Spesies Terancam (P. L. 91-135), yang diluluskan pada bulan Disember, 1969, telah meminda undang-undang asal untuk memberikan perlindungan tambahan kepada spesies dalam bahaya \"kepupusan seluruh dunia\" dengan melarang pengimportan mereka dan penjualan berikutnya di Amerika Syarikat. Ia memperluaskan pengharaman Lacey Act pada perdagangan antara negeri untuk memasukkan mamalia, reptilia, amfibia, moluska dan krustasea. Reptilia ditambah terutamanya untuk mengurangkan pemburuan buaya yang berleluasa dan buaya. Undang-undang ini adalah kali pertama bahawa invertebrata dimasukkan untuk perlindungan. <> Bilakah Akta Pemuliharaan Spesies Terancam disahkan? || Disember, 1969 <> Bagaimana Akta Konservasi Spesies Terancam memberi manfaat kepada spesies yang terancam? || dengan melarang pengimportan mereka dan penjualan berikutnya di Amerika Syarikat <> Apa Akta Pemuliharaan Spesies Terancam yang menambah definisi hidupan liar Akta Lacey? || mamalia, reptilia, amfibia, moluska dan crustacea <> Apakah dua reptilia yang sangat menarik untuk memasukkan \"reptilia\" dalam Akta Pemuliharaan Spesies Terancam? || buaya dan buaya <> Apa duluan penting yang ditetapkan untuk invertebrata? || Undang-undang ini adalah kali pertama bahawa invertebrata dimasukkan untuk perlindungan", {"context": "The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of \"worldwide extinction\" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to include mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans. Reptiles were added mainly to reduce the rampant poaching of alligators and crocodiles. This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "December, 1969"}], "question": "When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed?", "id": "572e937adfa6aa1500f8d179"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States"}], "question": "How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species?", "id": "572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans"}], "question": "What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act?", "id": "572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "alligators and crocodiles"}], "question": "What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of \"reptiles\" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act?", "id": "572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection"}], "question": "What important precedent did this set for invertebrates?", "id": "572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17d"}]}], ["Satu spesies khususnya mendapat perhatian yang meluas-kren whooping. Rentang sejarah spesies ini dilanjutkan dari pusat Kanada Selatan ke Mexico, dan dari Utah ke pantai Atlantik. Pemburuan yang tidak dikawal dan kehilangan habitat menyumbang kepada penurunan berterusan dalam populasi kren whooping sehingga, pada tahun 1890, ia telah hilang dari rantau pembiakan utama di utara Amerika Utara. Ia akan lapan tahun lagi sebelum undang-undang negara pertama yang mengawal selia perdagangan hidupan liar telah ditandatangani, dan dua tahun lagi sebelum versi pertama spesies spesies yang terancam pun diluluskan. Penduduk kren whooping pada tahun 1941 diperkirakan hanya sekitar 16 burung yang masih di alam liar. <> Apakah kisah bersejarah kren whooping itu? || tengah Kanada Selatan ke Mexico, dan dari Utah ke pantai Atlantik <> Apa dua isu yang menyebabkan penurunan yang stabil dalam populasi kren whooping? || Pemburuan dan kehilangan habitat yang tidak dikawal selia <> Apakah anggaran penduduk kren whooping pada tahun 1941? || 16 burung <> Berapa tahun selepas ketiadaan kren yang dicatatkan dari pelbagai pembiakannya, undang-undang pertama mengawal selia perdagangan hidupan liar || lapan tahun", {"context": "One species in particular received widespread attention\u2014the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States. It would be another eight years before the first national law regulating wildlife commerce was signed, and another two years before the first version of the endangered species act was passed. The whooping crane population by 1941 was estimated at about only 16 birds still in the wild.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast"}], "question": "What was the historical range of the whooping crane?", "id": "572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Unregulated hunting and habitat loss"}], "question": "What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population?", "id": "572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "16 birds"}], "question": "What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941?", "id": "572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "eight years"}], "question": "How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass", "id": "572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a5"}]}], ["Akta Spesies Terancam 1973 (ESA; 16 USC \u00a7 1531 et seq.) Adalah salah satu dari beberapa puluhan undang-undang persekitaran Amerika Syarikat yang diluluskan pada tahun 1970-an, dan berfungsi sebagai undang-undang yang menggubal untuk melaksanakan peruntukan yang digariskan dalam Konvensyen mengenai Antarabangsa Perdagangan Spesies Fauna dan Fauna Liar Terancam (CITES). ESA telah ditandatangani undang-undang oleh Presiden Richard Nixon pada 28 Disember 1973, yang direka untuk melindungi spesies yang terancam kritis daripada kepupusan sebagai \"akibat pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pembangunan yang tidak dapat dilalui oleh kebimbangan dan pemuliharaan yang mencukupi.\" Mahkamah Agung A.S. mendapati bahawa \"tujuan biasa Kongres dalam menguatkan\" ESA \"adalah menghentikan dan membalikkan trend terhadap kepupusan spesies, apa pun kosnya.\" Akta ini ditadbir oleh dua agensi persekutuan, Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Amerika Syarikat dan Pentadbiran Oseanik dan Atmosfera Negara (NOAA). <> Yang presiden menandatangani Undang-Undang itu menjadi undang-undang? || Richard Nixon <> Pada hari apakah Akta Spesies Terancam? || 28 Disember <> Apa yang Mahkamah Agung memetik sebagai niat Kongres dalam menggubal Akta Spesies Terancam? || untuk menghentikan dan membalikkan trend terhadap kepupusan spesies, apa pun kos <> Yang mana dua agensi persekutuan mentadbir Akta? || Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar Amerika Syarikat (FWS) dan Pentadbiran Oseanik dan Atmosfera Negara (NOAA) <> Pada tahun berapakah Akta Spesies Terancam menjadi undang-undang? || 1973", {"context": "The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. \u00a7 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973, it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a \"consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation.\" The U.S. Supreme Court found that \"the plain intent of Congress in enacting\" the ESA \"was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost.\" The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Richard Nixon"}], "question": "Which president signed the Act into law?", "id": "572e8f7003f9891900756798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "December 28"}], "question": "On what day was the Endangered Species Act signed?", "id": "572e8f7003f989190075679a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost"}], "question": "What did the Supreme Court cite as the intent of Congress in enacting the Endangered Species Act?", "id": "572e8f7003f989190075679b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"}], "question": "Which two federal agencies administer the Act?", "id": "572e8f7003f9891900756799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "1973"}], "question": "In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law?", "id": "572e8f7003f9891900756797"}]}], ["Presiden Richard Nixon mengisytiharkan usaha pemuliharaan spesies semasa tidak mencukupi dan meminta Kongres Amerika Syarikat ke-93 untuk meluluskan undang-undang spesies terancam komprehensif. Kongres bertindak balas dengan undang-undang yang ditulis semula, Akta Spesies Terancam 1973 yang ditandatangani oleh Nixon pada 28 Disember 1973 (Publ. 93-205). Ia ditulis oleh pasukan peguam dan ahli sains, termasuk ketua Majlis Tertinggi Alam Sekitar yang dilantik (CEQ), hasil daripada NEPA (\"Akta Dasar Alam Sekitar Kebangsaan 1969\") Dr. Russell E. Train. Dr Train dibantu oleh kumpulan utama kakitangan, termasuk Dr. Earl Baysinger di EPA (semasa Penolong Ketua, Pejabat Spesies Terancam dan Aktiviti Antarabangsa), Dick Gutting (peguam US Commerce Dept, kini menyertai NOAA tahun sebelumnya ( 1972), dan Dr. Gerard A. \"Jerry\" Bertrand, seorang ahli biologi marin (Ph.D, Oregon State University) dengan latihan, yang telah berpindah dari jawatannya sebagai Penasihat saintifik kepada Kor Jurutera AS Jurutera, Komandan Corp untuk bergabung dengan pejabat Gedung Putih yang baru dibentuk. Staf di bawah kepimpinan Dr Train, telah memasukkan beberapa prinsip dan idea baru ke dalam undang-undang mercu tanda, menyusun dokumen yang mengubah sepenuhnya arah pemuliharaan alam sekitar di Amerika Syarikat Dr. Bertrand dikreditkan dengan menulis seksyen yang paling dicabar Akta, klausa \"takings\" - Bahagian 2. <> Yang mengetuai pasukan peguam dan saintis yang membuat Akta Spesies Terancam 1973? || Dr. Russell E . Melatih <> Pemimpin pasukan adalah ketua pertama yang dilantik organisasi? || Majlis Mengenai Kualiti Alam Sekitar <> Siapa yang menulis seksyen Akta yang paling mencabar? || Dr Gerard A. \"Jerry\" Bertrand <> Siapa yang menjadi teras kepada undang-undang yang bekerja untuk EPA dan terus bekerja di Pejabat Spesies Terancam? || Dr Earl Baysinger <> Apa yang Kongres memanggil untuk merangka Akta Spesies Terancam 1973? || Kongres Amerika Syarikat ke-93", {"context": "President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973 (Pub.L. 93\u2013205). It was written by a team of lawyers and scientists, including the first appointed head of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ),an outgrowth of NEPA (The \"National Environmental Policy Act of 1969\") Dr. Russell E. Train. Dr. Train was assisted by a core group of staffers, including Dr. Earl Baysinger at EPA (currently Assistant Chief, Office of Endangered Species and International. Activities), Dick Gutting (U.S. Commerce Dept. lawyer, currently joined NOAA the previous year (1972), and Dr. Gerard A. \"Jerry\" Bertrand, a marine biologist (Ph.D, Oregon State University) by training, who had transferred from his post as the Scientific Adviser to the U.S Army Corps of Engineers, office of the Commandant of the Corp. to join the newly formed White House office. The staff, under Dr. Train's leadership, incorporated dozens of new principles and ideas into the landmark legislation; crafting a document that completely changed the direction of environmental conservation in the United States. Dr. Bertrand is credited with writing the most challenged section of the Act, the \"takings\" clause - Section 2.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Dr. Russell E. Train"}], "question": "Who led the team of lawyers and scientists who crafted the Endangered Species Act of 1973?", "id": "572e94b2c246551400ce437c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "the Council on Environmental Quality"}], "question": "The team leader was the first appointed head of what organization?", "id": "572e94b2c246551400ce437d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 835, "text": "Dr. Gerard A. \"Jerry\" Bertrand"}], "question": "Who wrote the most challenged section of the Act?", "id": "572e94b2c246551400ce437e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "Dr. Earl Baysinger"}], "question": "Who was the core staffer to the legislation that worked for the EPA and continued to work in the Office of Endangered Species?", "id": "572e94b2c246551400ce437f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "the 93rd United States Congress"}], "question": "What Congress called for the drafting of the Endangered Species Act of 1973?", "id": "572e94b2c246551400ce4380"}]}], ["Kongres Amerika Syarikat didesak untuk mencipta pengecualian oleh penyokong pelan pemuliharaan di San Bruno Mountain, California yang digubal pada awal 1980-an dan merupakan HCP pertama di negara ini. Dalam laporan persidangan mengenai pindaan 1982, Kongres menyatakan bahawa ia bermaksud rancangan San Bruno untuk bertindak sebagai \"model\" untuk pelan pemuliharaan masa depan yang dibangunkan di bawah peruntukan pengecualian mengambil insiden dan bahawa \"kecukupan pelan pemuliharaan yang sama harus diukur terhadap Rancangan San Bruno \". Kongres selanjutnya menyatakan bahawa rancangan San Bruno didasarkan pada \"kajian biologi bebas yang menyeluruh\" dan melindungi sekurang-kurangnya 87% habitat rama-rama tersenarai yang membawa kepada pembangunan HCP. <> Lokasi apa yang diadakan HCP pertama? || San Bruno Mountain, California <> Berapa peratus daripada habitat kritikal yang dilindungi untuk kawasan yang menerima HCP pertama? || 87% <> Apakah jenis haiwan yang dilindungi di kawasan yang menerima HCP pertama? || rama-rama", {"context": "The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bruno plan to act \"as a model\" for future conservation plans developed under the incidental take exemption provision and that \"the adequacy of similar conservation plans should be measured against the San Bruno plan\". Congress further noted that the San Bruno plan was based on \"an independent exhaustive biological study\" and protected at least 87% of the habitat of the listed butterflies that led to the development of the HCP.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "San Bruno Mountain, California"}], "question": "What location held the first HCP?", "id": "572eb7ab03f989190075698d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "87%"}], "question": "What percentage of the critical habitat was protected for the area that received the first HCP?", "id": "572eb7ab03f989190075698e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "butterflies"}], "question": "What type of animal was being protected in the area that received the first HCP?", "id": "572eb7ab03f989190075698f"}]}], ["Lama sebelum pengecualian itu dipertimbangkan oleh Jawatankuasa Spesies Terancam, Perkhidmatan Hutan, dan sama ada FWS atau NMFS akan berunding mengenai implikasi biologi hasil panen kayu. Rundingan itu boleh menjadi tidak rasmi, untuk menentukan sama ada kemudaratan mungkin berlaku; dan kemudian secara rasmi jika kemudaratan itu kemungkinan besar. Persoalan yang harus dijawab dalam konsultasi ini adalah sama ada spesies itu akan dirugikan, sama ada habitat akan dicederakan dan jika tindakan itu akan membantu atau menghalang pemulihan spesies yang disenaraikan. <> Siapa yang mengkaji pertimbangan pengecualian sebelum Jawatankuasa Spesies Terancam? || Perkhidmatan Hutan, dan sama ada FWS atau NMFS <> Semasa perundingan tidak formal, apakah matlamatnya? || untuk menentukan sama ada kemudaratan boleh berlaku <> Apa yang menimbulkan keperluan untuk perundingan formal? || jika kemudaratan itu mungkin berkemungkinan <> Apakah pertimbangan yang ditimbang semasa perundingan? || sama ada spesies itu akan dirugikan, sama ada habitat akan dirugikan dan jika tindakan itu akan membantu atau menghalang pemulihan", {"context": "Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely. The questions to be answered in these consultations are whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery of the listed species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS"}], "question": "Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee?", "id": "572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "to determine if harm may occur"}], "question": "During informal consultation, what is the goal?", "id": "572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "if the harm is believed to be likely"}], "question": "What prompts the need for formal consultation?", "id": "572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery"}], "question": "What considerations are weighed during the consultations?", "id": "572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2ea"}]}], ["Lebih separuh daripada habitat untuk spesies tersenarai adalah harta bukan persekutuan, dimiliki oleh warganegara, negara, kerajaan tempatan, kerajaan puak dan organisasi swasta. Sebelum undang-undang dipinda pada tahun 1982, spesies yang tersenarai hanya boleh diambil untuk tujuan saintifik atau penyelidikan. Pindaan itu mewujudkan proses perizinan untuk mengelakkan larangan yang dipanggil Pelan Pemuliharaan Habitat atau HCP untuk memberikan insentif kepada pengurus tanah bukan persekutuan dan pemilik tanah persendirian untuk membantu melindungi spesies tersenarai dan tidak tersenarai, sambil membenarkan pembangunan ekonomi yang boleh merosakkan (\"mengambil\") spesies. <> Siapa yang memiliki sebahagian besar habitat kritikal? || harta bukan persekutuan, dimiliki oleh warganegara, negara, kerajaan tempatan, kerajaan puak dan organisasi swasta <> Program apa yang memberi insentif kepada pemilik tanah swasta untuk melindungi spesies di tanah mereka? || Pelan Pemuliharaan Habitat <> Sebelum pindaan pada tahun 1982, di bawah keadaan apakah spesies yang tersenarai boleh dipindahkan? || hanya untuk tujuan saintifik atau penyelidikan", {"context": "More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations. Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes. The amendment created a permit process to circumvent the take prohibition called a Habitat Conservation Plan or HCP to give incentives to non-federal land managers and private landowners to help protect listed and unlisted species, while allowing economic development that may harm (\"take\") the species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations"}], "question": "Who owns the majority of critical habitat?", "id": "572eb6c0c246551400ce4546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Habitat Conservation Plan"}], "question": "What program gives incentives to private landowners to protect species on their land?", "id": "572eb6c0c246551400ce4547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "only for scientific or research purposes"}], "question": "Before the amendment in 1982, under what situations could a listed species be displaced?", "id": "572eb6c0c246551400ce4548"}]}], ["Orang atau organisasi menyerahkan HCP dan jika diluluskan oleh agensi (FWS atau NMFS), akan dikeluarkan Permit Ambil Insiden (ITP) yang membolehkan sejumlah \"mengambil\" spesies yang disenaraikan. Permit itu boleh dibatalkan pada bila-bila masa dan boleh membenarkan insiden mengambil masa bervariasi. Sebagai contoh, Pelan Pemuliharaan Habitat Sanctuary / Permit Insert Bersertifikat adalah baik selama 30 tahun dan permit Wal-Mart (di Florida) akan tamat tempoh selepas satu tahun. Oleh kerana permit dikeluarkan oleh agensi persekutuan kepada pihak swasta, ia adalah tindakan persekutuan - yang bermaksud undang-undang persekutuan lain boleh digunakan, seperti Akta Dasar Alam Sekitar Negara atau NEPA. Pemberitahuan tindakan permohonan permit diterbitkan dalam Daftar Persekutuan dan tempoh komen awam 30 hingga 90 hari bermula. <> Hasil HCP yang diluluskan dalam apa yang dikeluarkan untuk spesies ini? || Permit Ambil Insiden (ITP) <> Berapa lamakah ITP yang terakhir? || membenarkan penggunaan sampingan untuk pelbagai masa <> Bagaimana orang ramai menyedari aplikasi ITP? || Notis tindakan permohonan permit diterbitkan di Daftar Persekutuan <> Berapa lamakah orang ramai harus memberi komen mengenai aplikasi ITP? || 30 hingga 90 hari", {"context": "The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of \"takes\" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bruno Habitat Conservation Plan/ Incidental Take Permit is good for 30 years and the Wal-Mart store (in Florida) permit expires after one year. Because the permit is issued by a federal agency to a private party, it is a federal action-which means other federal laws can apply, such as the National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA. A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register and a public comment period of 30 to 90 days begins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "an Incidental Take Permit (ITP)"}], "question": "An approved HCP results in what being issued for the species?", "id": "572eb73cc246551400ce454c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time"}], "question": "How long do ITPs last?", "id": "572eb73cc246551400ce454d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register"}], "question": "How is the public made aware of ITP applications?", "id": "572eb73cc246551400ce454e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "30 to 90 days"}], "question": "How long does the public have to comment on ITP applications?", "id": "572eb73cc246551400ce454f"}]}], ["Semua agensi persekutuan adalah dilarang daripada memberi kuasa, membiayai atau menjalankan tindakan yang \"memusnahkan atau merosakkan\" habitat kritikal (Seksyen 7 (a) (2)). Walaupun aspek pengawalseliaan habitat kritikal tidak terpakai langsung kepada pemilik tanah bukan persendirian swasta dan lain-lain, projek berskala besar, pembalakan dan perlombongan di tanah persendirian dan negeri biasanya memerlukan permit persekutuan dan dengan itu menjadi tertakluk kepada peraturan habitat kritikal. Di luar atau selari dengan proses pengawalseliaan, habitat kritikal juga memberi tumpuan dan menggalakkan tindakan sukarela seperti pembelian tanah, membuat geran, pemulihan, dan penubuhan rizab. <> Bagaimana aktiviti kerajaan bukan persekutuan yang mungkin memberi kesan terhadap habitat kritikal yang sering tertakluk kepada Akta Spesies Terancam? || memerlukan izin persekutuan <> Apakah beberapa tindakan bukan peraturan yang mendorong habitat kritikal? || pembelian tanah, membuat geran, pemulihan, dan penubuhan rizab <> Apakah Akta Spesies Terancam yang terperinci tentang tindakan kerajaan mengenai habitat kritikal? || agensi-agensi persekutuan adalah dilarang daripada memberi kuasa, membiayai atau menjalankan tindakan yang \"memusnahkan atau memusnahkan\" habitat kritikal", {"context": "All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that \"destroy or adversely modify\" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale development, logging and mining projects on private and state land typically require a federal permit and thus become subject to critical habitat regulations. Outside or in parallel with regulatory processes, critical habitats also focus and encourage voluntary actions such as land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "require a federal permit"}], "question": "How are non-federal government activities that might impact critical habitat often subject to the Endangered Species Act?", "id": "572eb28c03f9891900756978"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves"}], "question": "What are some non-regulation actions that critical habitats encourage?", "id": "572eb28c03f9891900756979"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that \"destroy or adversely modify\" critical habitats"}], "question": "What does the Endangered Species Act detail about government action regarding critical habitats?", "id": "572eb28c03f9891900756977"}]}], ["Persoalan yang harus dijawab ialah sama ada spesies tersenarai akan dicederakan oleh tindakan dan, jika ya, bagaimana bahaya itu dapat diminimumkan. Jika bahaya tidak boleh dielakkan, agensi projek boleh mendapatkan pengecualian daripada Jawatankuasa Spesies Terancam, sebuah panel ad hoc yang terdiri daripada ahli-ahli dari cawangan eksekutif dan sekurang-kurangnya seorang dilantik dari negeri di mana projek itu akan berlaku. Lima daripada tujuh anggota jawatankuasa mesti mengundi untuk pengecualian untuk membenarkan mengambil (mengganggu, membahayakan, mengejar, memburu, menembak, luka, membunuh, memerangkap, menangkap, atau mengumpul, atau pengubahsuaian habitat yang penting, atau cuba untuk melibatkan diri dalam apa-apa tingkah laku) spesies tersenarai. <> Apakah pertimbangan utama untuk menentukan sama ada projek boleh dijalankan di kawasan yang mempunyai spesies terancam? || sama ada spesies tersenarai akan dicederakan oleh tindakan dan jika ya, bagaimanakah kemudaratan dapat dikurangkan <> Jika spesies boleh dicederakan, siapa yang memegang akhir menyatakan sama ada projek itu boleh diteruskan? || Jawatankuasa Spesies Terancam <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam panel ad hoc yang membenarkan pengecualian projek untuk kes di mana spesies boleh dibahayakan? || tujuh <> Berapa banyak undi yang mesti memihak kepada pengecualian itu untuk memberi pengecualian? || Lima <> Apakah satu keperluan khusus mengenai pembuatan panel exmeption? || sekurang-kurangnya seorang yang dilantik dari negeri di mana projek itu akan berlaku", {"context": "The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur. Five of the seven committee members must vote for the exemption to allow taking (to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or significant habitat modification, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct) of listed species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized"}], "question": "What is the primary consideration for determining if projects may be carried out in areas with endangered species?", "id": "572eb52fc246551400ce453c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "the Endangered Species Committee"}], "question": "If a species may be harmed, who holds final say on whether the project may proceed?", "id": "572eb52fc246551400ce453d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many members are on the ad hoc panel that allows project exemptions for cases where a species may harmed?", "id": "572eb52fc246551400ce453e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Five"}], "question": "How many votes must be in favor of the exemption in order to award the exemption?", "id": "572eb52fc246551400ce453f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur"}], "question": "What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel?", "id": "572eb52fc246551400ce4540"}]}], ["Terdapat enam kes pada tahun 2009 di mana proses pengecualian dimulakan. Dari enam ini, seseorang itu diberikan, satu telah diberikan sebahagian, satu telah dinafikan dan tiga telah ditarik balik. Donald Baur, dalam Undang-undang Spesies Terancam: undang-undang, dasar dan perspektif, menyimpulkan, \"... peruntukan pengecualian pada dasarnya adalah nonfactor dalam pentadbiran ESA. Sebab utama, tentu saja, pendapat yang menjijikkan, dan yang hampir selalu menghasilkan pengenalan alternatif yang munasabah dan berhemat untuk mengelakkan berlakunya bahaya. \" <> Berapa kali proses pengecualian telah digunakan, pada tahun 2009? || enam <> Apa hasil petisyen pembebasan itu? || satu telah diberikan, satu telah diberikan sebahagian, satu telah dinafikan dan tiga telah ditarik balik <> Mengapa peruntukan pengecualian ini sering dianggap sebagai nonfactor? || beberapa perundingan mengakibatkan pendapat bahaya <> Bagaimana pendapat yang boleh membahayakan? || dalam mengenal pasti alternatif yang munasabah dan berhemat untuk mengelakkan risiko.", {"context": "There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded,\" ... the exemption provision is basically a nonfactor in the administration of the ESA. A major reason, of course, is that so few consultations result in jeopardy opinions, and those that do almost always result in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many times has the exemption process been used, as of 2009?", "id": "572eb63603f989190075697d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn"}], "question": "What were the results of those exemption petitions?", "id": "572eb63603f989190075697e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "few consultations result in jeopardy opinions"}], "question": "Why is this exemption provision often considered a nonfactor?", "id": "572eb63603f989190075697f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy."}], "question": "How can jeopardy opinions be dissuaded?", "id": "572eb63603f9891900756980"}]}], ["Penyediaan undang-undang dalam Seksyen 4 yang menetapkan habitat kritikal adalah hubungan pengawalseliaan antara perlindungan habitat dan matlamat pemulihan, yang memerlukan pengenalpastian dan perlindungan semua tanah, air dan udara yang diperlukan untuk memulihkan spesies terancam. Untuk menentukan apa sebenarnya habitat kritikal, keperluan ruang terbuka untuk pertumbuhan individu dan populasi, makanan, air, cahaya atau keperluan nutrisi lain, tapak pembiakan, percambahan benih dan keperluan penyebaran, dan kekurangan gangguan dipertimbangkan. <> Apakah seksyen Akta Spesies Terancam menetapkan peraturan habitat kritikal? || Seksi 4 <> Peraturan habitat kritikal menghubungkan dua topik? || perlindungan habitat dan tujuan pemulihan <> Apa yang diperlukan oleh peraturan habitat kritikal? || pengenalpastian dan perlindungan semua tanah, air dan udara yang diperlukan untuk memulihkan spesies terancam <> Apakah contoh pertimbangan habitat kritikal yang akan berlaku untuk hidupan liar tumbuhan? || percambahan benih dan keperluan penyebaran", {"context": "The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open space for individual and population growth, food, water, light or other nutritional requirements, breeding sites, seed germination and dispersal needs, and lack of disturbances are considered.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Section 4"}], "question": "What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations?", "id": "572eb0fecb0c0d14000f1488"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "habitat protection and recovery goals"}], "question": "Critical habitat regulation links what two topics?", "id": "572eb0fecb0c0d14000f1489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species"}], "question": "What does critical habitat regulation require?", "id": "572eb0fecb0c0d14000f148a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "seed germination and dispersal needs"}], "question": "What is an example of a critical habitat consideration that would apply to plant wildlife?", "id": "572eb0fecb0c0d14000f148b"}]}], ["Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar (FWS) dan Perkhidmatan Perikanan Laut Nasional (NMFS) diwajibkan untuk mewujudkan Pelan Pemulihan Spesies Terancam yang menggariskan matlamat, tugas yang diperlukan, kemungkinan kos, dan garis masa yang dianggarkan untuk memulihkan spesies yang terancam (iaitu, meningkatkan bilangan mereka dan meningkatkan mereka pengurusan ke titik di mana mereka boleh dikeluarkan dari senarai terancam). ESA tidak menyatakan apabila pelan pemulihan mesti selesai. FWS mempunyai dasar yang menyatakan siap dalam masa tiga tahun dari spesies yang disenaraikan, tetapi masa purata untuk penyelesaian adalah lebih kurang enam tahun. Penyelesaian pelan pemulihan tahunan meningkat dengan pesat dari pentadbiran Ford (4) melalui Carter (9), Reagan (30), Bush I (44), dan Clinton (72), tetapi menurun di bawah Bush II (16 setahun 9/1/06). <> Apakah empat topik yang diperlukan dalam Pelan Pemulihan Spesies Terancam? || matlamat, tugas yang diperlukan, kemungkinan kos, dan garis masa yang dianggarkan untuk memulihkan spesies terancam <> Berapakah had masa untuk melengkapkan Pelan Pemulihan Spesies Terancam? || ESA tidak menyatakan apabila pelan pemulihan mesti selesai. <> Tempoh Rancangan Pemulihan Apa pelan Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar dalam dasar mereka? || siap dalam tempoh tiga tahun <> Apakah masa purata penyiapan Pelan Pemulihan Spesies Terancam? || kira-kira enam tahun <> Presiden mana yang mempunyai Rancangan Pemulihan yang paling lengkap semasa pentadbiran mereka? || Clinton (72)", {"context": "Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where they can be removed from the endangered list). The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed. The FWS has a policy specifying completion within three years of the species being listed, but the average time to completion is approximately six years. The annual rate of recovery plan completion increased steadily from the Ford administration (4) through Carter (9), Reagan (30), Bush I (44), and Clinton (72), but declined under Bush II (16 per year as of 9/1/06).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species"}], "question": "What four topics are required in an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?", "id": "572eb435cb0c0d14000f1490"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed."}], "question": "What is the time limit for completing an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?", "id": "572eb435cb0c0d14000f1491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "completion within three years"}], "question": "What Recovery Plan duration the does Fish and Wildlife Service plan for in their policies?", "id": "572eb435cb0c0d14000f1492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "approximately six years"}], "question": "What is the average time of completion of an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?", "id": "572eb435cb0c0d14000f1493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "Clinton (72)"}], "question": "Which president had the most completed Recovery Plans during their administration?", "id": "572eb435cb0c0d14000f1494"}]}], ["ESA menghendaki habitat kritikal ditetapkan pada masa atau dalam tempoh satu tahun spesies yang diletakkan di atas senarai terancam. Dalam praktiknya, kebanyakan penamaan berlaku beberapa tahun selepas penyenaraian. Antara tahun 1978 dan 1986 FWS kerap menetapkan habitat kritikal. Pada tahun 1986, Pentadbiran Reagan mengeluarkan peraturan yang mengehadkan status perlindungan habitat kritikal. Akibatnya, beberapa habitat kritikal telah ditetapkan antara 1986 dan akhir 1990-an. Pada akhir 1990-an dan awal 2000-an, satu siri perintah mahkamah telah membatalkan peraturan Reagan dan memaksa FWS dan NMFS untuk menetapkan beberapa ratus habitat kritikal, terutama di Hawaii, California dan negara-negara barat lain. Negeri Midwest dan Timur menerima habitat kurang kritikal, terutamanya di sungai dan pantai. Sehingga Disember, 2006, peraturan Reagan belum diganti walaupun penggunaannya telah digantung. Walau bagaimanapun, agensi-agensi secara amnya mengubah kursus dan sejak tahun 2005 telah cuba menetapkan habitat kritikal pada atau berhampiran masa penyenaraian. <> Apakah batasan masa untuk menamakan habitat kritikal spesies selepas spesies telah ditambah ke dalam senarai terancam? || dalam tempoh satu tahun <> Yang pentadbiran presiden mana yang membatasi status perlindungan habitat kritikal pada tahun 1986? || Pentadbiran Reagan <> Selepas keterbatasan yang diletakkan di atas habitat kritikal telah diangkat oleh mahkamah, di manakah habitat kritikal yang ditubuhkan terutamanya? || Hawaii, California dan negara-negara barat lain <> Di manakah kebanyakan habitat kritikal di negara Midwest dan Timur terletak secara geografi? || terutamanya di sungai dan pantai", {"context": "The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regulation limiting the protective status of critical habitat. As a result, few critical habitats were designated between 1986 and the late 1990s. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a series of court orders invalidated the Reagan regulations and forced the FWS and NMFS to designate several hundred critical habitats, especially in Hawaii, California and other western states. Midwest and Eastern states received less critical habitat, primarily on rivers and coastlines. As of December, 2006, the Reagan regulation has not yet been replaced though its use has been suspended. Nonetheless, the agencies have generally changed course and since about 2005 have tried to designate critical habitat at or near the time of listing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "within one year"}], "question": "What is the time limit for designating a species critical habitat after the species has been added to the endangered list?", "id": "572eb350c246551400ce452a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "the Reagan Administration"}], "question": "Which presidential adminstration limited the protective status of critical habitat in 1986?", "id": "572eb350c246551400ce452b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "Hawaii, California and other western states"}], "question": "After the limitations placed on critical habitat were lifted by the courts, where were critical habitats established primarily?", "id": "572eb350c246551400ce452c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "primarily on rivers and coastlines"}], "question": "Where have the majority of critical habitats in the Midwest and Eastern states been located geographically?", "id": "572eb350c246551400ce452d"}]}], ["Sehingga September 2012, lima puluh enam spesies telah dihapuskan; dua puluh lapan akibat pemulihan, sepuluh kerana kepupusan (tujuh di antaranya dipercayai telah pupus sebelum disenaraikan), sepuluh disebabkan oleh perubahan dalam taksiran klasifikasi taksonomi, enam disebabkan penemuan populasi baru, satu disebabkan oleh kesilapan dalam peraturan penyenaraian, dan satu disebabkan oleh pindaan kepada Akta Spesies Terancam yang khususnya menghendaki penolakan spesies. Dua puluh lima lagi telah disenaraikan dari \"terancam\" ke status \"terancam\". <> Sehingga September 2012, berapa spesies telah disahkan kerana pemulihan? || dua puluh lapan <> Daripada sepuluh spesies yang dihapuskan kerana kepupusan, berapa orang percaya telah punah apabila disenaraikan? || tujuh <> Berapa banyak spesies telah diturunkan dari status terancam kepada status terancam? || Dua puluh lima <> Berapa banyak spesies yang disingkirkan kerana penemuan populasi baru? || enam", {"context": "As of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one due to an error in the listing rule, and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting. Twenty-five others have been down listed from \"endangered\" to \"threatened\" status.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "twenty-eight"}], "question": "As of September 2012, how many species had been delisted due to recovery?", "id": "572ec623dfa6aa1500f8d383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "seven"}], "question": "Of the ten species removed due to extinction, how many are believe to have already been extinct when listed?", "id": "572ec623dfa6aa1500f8d384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Twenty-five"}], "question": "How many species have been downgraded from endangered to threatened status?", "id": "572ec623dfa6aa1500f8d385"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many species were delisted due to discoveries of new populations?", "id": "572ec623dfa6aa1500f8d386"}]}], ["Seksyen 6 Akta Spesies Terancam menyediakan pembiayaan untuk pembangunan program untuk pengurusan spesies terancam dan terancam oleh agensi hidupan liar negara. Selepas itu, senarai spesies terancam dan terancam dalam batasan mereka telah disediakan oleh setiap negeri. Senarai negara ini sering termasuk spesies yang dianggap terancam atau terancam dalam keadaan tertentu tetapi tidak di dalam semua negeri, dan oleh karenanya tidak termasuk dalam senarai kebangsaan spesies yang terancam dan terancam. Contohnya termasuk Florida, Minnesota, Maine, dan California. <> Seksyen 6 Akta Spesies Terancam membekalkan dana untuk tujuan apa? || pembangunan program untuk pengurusan spesies terancam dan terancam oleh agensi hidupan liar negara <> Apa salah satu kelemahan yang ketara dengan agensi hidupan liar negara yang mencipta senarai mereka sendiri? || Senarai negeri ini sering merangkumi spesies yang dianggap terancam atau terancam dalam keadaan tertentu tetapi tidak di dalam semua negeri <> Negara apa yang menyenaraikan spesies yang terancam dalam keadaan mereka sendiri, tetapi yang tidak terancam di semua negeri lain? || Florida, Minnesota, Maine, dan California", {"context": "Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states, and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species. Examples include Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies"}], "question": "Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose?", "id": "572ec920cb0c0d14000f155c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states"}], "question": "What is one notable drawback with state wildlife agencies creating their own lists?", "id": "572ec920cb0c0d14000f155d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California"}], "question": "What states are listing species that are endangered in their own state, but that are not endangered in all other states?", "id": "572ec920cb0c0d14000f155e"}]}], ["Pengiktirafan saintifik yang semakin meningkat terhadap peranan tanah persendirian untuk pemuliharaan spesies terancam dan keputusan mahkamah 1981 di Palila v. Jabatan Tanah dan Sumber Asli Hawaii telah menyumbang untuk membuat Pelan Pemuliharaan Habitat / Permit Insiden \"merupakan daya utama untuk pemuliharaan hidupan liar dan sakit kepala utama kepada komuniti pembangunan, \"tulis Robert D.Thornton dalam artikel Undang-undang Alam Sekitar 1991, Mencari Konsensus dan Ketidakpastian: Perancangan Konservasi Habitat di bawah Akta Spesies Terancam 1973. <> Apa keputusan mahkamah 1981 yang ditambah kepada kuasa HCP dan ITP untuk pemuliharaan? || Palila v. Jabatan Tanah dan Sumber Alam Hawaii <> Siapa yang menulis artikel \"Mencari Konsensus dan Keterangan: Perancangan Konservasi Habitat di bawah Akta Spesies Terancam 1973.\" || Robert D. Thornton <> Apa yang Thornton membandingkan kemajuan saintifik dan undang-undang untuk, dari sudut pandang komuniti pembangunan? || sakit kepala utama", {"context": "Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans/ Incidental Take Permits \"a major force for wildlife conservation and a major headache to the development community\", wrote Robert D.Thornton in the 1991 Environmental Law article, Searching for Consensus and Predictability: Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources"}], "question": "What 1981 court decision added to the power of HCPs and ITPs for conservation?", "id": "572eb844dfa6aa1500f8d311"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Robert D.Thornton"}], "question": "Who wrote the article \"Searching for Consensus and Predictability: Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.\"", "id": "572eb844dfa6aa1500f8d312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "a major headache"}], "question": "What did Thornton compare the scientific and legal advances to, from the viewpoint of the development community?", "id": "572eb844dfa6aa1500f8d313"}]}], ["Perjanjian \"Safe Harbor\" adalah perjanjian sukarela antara pemilik tanah persendirian dan FWS. Pemilik tanah bersetuju untuk mengubah harta untuk memberi manfaat atau bahkan menarik spesies tersenarai atau yang dicadangkan sebagai pertukaran untuk jaminan bahawa FWS akan membenarkan masa depan \"mengambil\" di atas tahap yang telah ditetapkan. Dasar ini bergantung kepada \"penambahbaikan survival\" peruntukan Seksyen \u00a71539 (a) (1) (A). Seorang pemilik tanah boleh mempunyai sama ada perjanjian \"Safe Harbor\" atau Permit Ambil Insiden, atau kedua-duanya. Dasar ini dibangunkan oleh Pentadbiran Clinton pada tahun 1999. <> Apa dua kumpulan terikat dengan perjanjian \"Safe Harbor\"? || pemilik tanah persendirian dan FWS <> Sebagai pertukaran untuk menukar harta itu kepada keadaan yang lebih berfaedah, apakah pemilik tanah yang mendapat keuntungan daripada perjanjian Safe Harbor? || jaminan bahawa FWS akan membenarkan masa depan \"mengambil\" di atas tahap yang telah ditetapkan <? Yang pentadbiran presiden mana yang dibangunkan dasar Safe Harbor? || Pentadbiran Clinton <> Adakah perjanjian Safe Harbor dan ITP saling eksklusif? || Seorang pemilik tanah boleh mempunyai sama ada perjanjian \"Safe Harbor\" atau Permit Ambil Insiden, atau kedua-duanya.", {"context": "The \"Safe Harbor\" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future \"takes\" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the \"enhancement of survival\" provision of Section \u00a71539(a)(1)(A). A landowner can have either a \"Safe Harbor\" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both. The policy was developed by the Clinton Administration in 1999.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the private landowner and FWS"}], "question": "What two groups are bound by a \"Safe Harbor\" agreement?", "id": "572ec434c246551400ce463a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "assurances that the FWS will permit future \"takes\" above a pre-determined level"}], "question": "In exchange for altering the property to a more beneficial state, what does the landowner gain from the Safe Harbor agreement?", "id": "572ec434c246551400ce463b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "the Clinton Administration"}], "question": "Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy?", "id": "572ec434c246551400ce463c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "A landowner can have either a \"Safe Harbor\" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both."}], "question": "Are Safe Harbor agreements and ITPs mutually exclusive?", "id": "572ec434c246551400ce463d"}]}], ["Perjanjian Pemeliharaan Calon berhubungan erat dengan perjanjian \"Safe Harbor\", perbedaan utama adalah bahwa Perjanjian Pemeliharaan Calon Dengan Jaminan (CCA) dimaksudkan untuk melindungi spesies yang tidak tercantum dengan memberikan insentif kepada pemilik tanah dan badan pengelola tanah untuk memulihkan, meningkatkan atau mengekalkan habitat spesies tidak tersenarai yang merosot dan mempunyai potensi untuk menjadi terancam atau terancam jika habitat kritikal tidak dilindungi. FWS kemudiannya akan memastikan bahawa jika, pada masa akan datang spesies tidak tersenarai akan disenaraikan, pemilik tanah tidak akan dikehendaki melakukan lebih daripada yang telah dipersetujui di CCA. <> Bagaimana Perjanjian Pemuliharaan Calon berbeza daripada perjanjian Safe Harbor? || Perjanjian Pemuliharaan Calon Dengan Jaminan (CCA) dimaksudkan untuk melindungi spesies yang tidak tersenarai <> Bagaimana CCA membantu melindungi pemilik tanah pribadi? || jika, pada masa akan datang spesies tidak tersenarai menjadi tersenarai, pemilik tanah tidak akan dikehendaki melakukan lebih daripada yang telah dipersetujui di CCA. <> Bagaimana kesan CCA tidak tersenarai spesies? || meningkatkan atau mengekalkan habitat spesies tidak tersenarai yang merosot dan mempunyai potensi untuk menjadi terancam atau terancam", {"context": "The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the \"Safe Harbor\" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore, enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered if critical habitat is not protected. The FWS will then assure that if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species"}], "question": "How do Candidate Conservation Agreements differ from Safe Harbor agreements?", "id": "572ec4a3dfa6aa1500f8d36d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA."}], "question": "How does a CCA help protect a private landowner?", "id": "572ec4a3dfa6aa1500f8d36e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered"}], "question": "How does a CCA impact unlisted species?", "id": "572ec4a3dfa6aa1500f8d36f"}]}], ["Hijau dan IHP selanjutnya menyatakan satu lagi eksploitasi ESA dalam perbincangan mereka tentang tamarin kapas-atas yang terancam (Saguinus oedipus). Bukan sahaja mereka mendapati dokumentasi bahawa 151 daripada primat ini telah secara tidak sengaja membuat jalan dari Pusat Penyelidikan Primer Wilayah New York yang bergabung dengan perdagangan haiwan peliharaan eksotik melalui lorong yang disebutkan di atas, tetapi pada bulan Oktober 1976, lebih daripada 800 tanam kapas atas telah diimport ke Amerika Syarikat untuk mengalahkan penyenaraian rasmi spesies di bawah ESA. <> Pusat Integriti Awam mendapati bahawa 151 daripada primata apa yang dipindahkan dari Pusat Penyelidikan Primate New England ke perdagangan haiwan eksotik? || kapas-atas tamarin <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1976 yang memberi kesan kepada klasifikasi primata ini sebagai Endanger? || lebih daripada 800 tamarin kapas atas telah diimport ke Amerika Syarikat <> Sekolah apa yang bersekutu dengan Pusat Penyelidikan Primate New England? || Harvard", {"context": "Green and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard-affiliated New England Regional Primate Research Center into the exotic pet trade through the aforementioned loophole, but in October 1976, over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States in order to beat the official listing of the species under the ESA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "cotton-top tamarin"}], "question": "The Center for Public Integrity found that 151 of what primate were moved from the New England Primate Research Center into exotic pet trade?", "id": "572ec878dfa6aa1500f8d3af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States"}], "question": "What happened in 1976 that impacted this primate's classification as Endanger?", "id": "572ec878dfa6aa1500f8d3b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Harvard"}], "question": "What school is affiliated with the New England Primate Research Center?", "id": "572ec878dfa6aa1500f8d3b1"}]}], ["Dua contoh spesies haiwan baru-baru ini telah dihapuskan ialah: tupai terbang utara Virginia (subspesies) pada bulan Ogos, 2008, yang telah disenaraikan sejak tahun 1985, dan serigala kelabu (Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). Pada 15 April 2011, Presiden Obama menandatangani Akta Peruntukan Jabatan dan Pertahanan Tahun Penuh 2011. Suatu bahagian Akta Peruntukan itu mengarahkan Setiausaha Dalam Negeri untuk mengeluarkan semula dalam masa 60 hari dari enakmen peraturan akhir yang diterbitkan pada 2 April 2009 , yang mengenal pasti populasi serigala kelabu kelabu Utara (Canis lupus) sebagai segmen penduduk yang berbeza (DPS) dan menyemak semula Senarai Hidupan Liar Terancam dan Terancam dengan mengeluarkan sebahagian besar serigala kelabu dalam DPS. <> Spesies haiwan apa yang telah dimansuhkan pada bulan Ogos 2008? || tupai utara Virginia yang terbang <> Berapa lama tupai telah disenaraikan sebagai terancam? || disenaraikan sejak tahun 1985 <> Yang presiden menandatangani Undang-undang mengarahkan penghapusan populasi Rocky Mountain Utara serigala kelabu? || Presiden Obama", {"context": "Two examples of animal species recently delisted are: the Virginia northern flying squirrel (subspecies) on August, 2008, which had been listed since 1985, and the gray wolf (Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). On April 15, 2011, President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Appropriations Act of 2011. A section of that Appropriations Act directed the Secretary of the Interior to reissue within 60 days of enactment the final rule published on April 2, 2009, that identified the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf (Canis lupus) as a distinct population segment (DPS) and to revise the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife by removing most of the gray wolves in the DPS.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the Virginia northern flying squirrel"}], "question": "What animal species was delisted in August 2008?", "id": "572ec5aedfa6aa1500f8d37d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "listed since 1985"}], "question": "How long had the squirrel been listed as endangered?", "id": "572ec5aedfa6aa1500f8d37e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "President Obama"}], "question": "Which president signed an Act directing the delisting of the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf?", "id": "572ec5aedfa6aa1500f8d37f"}]}], ["Menurut penyelidikan yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1999 oleh Alan Green dan Pusat Integriti Awam (CPI), kelemahan di ESA biasanya dieksploitasi dalam perdagangan haiwan eksotik. Walaupun undang-undang melarang transaksi antara negeri dan asing untuk spesies senarai, tiada peruntukan dibuat untuk perdagangan dalam negeri, yang membolehkan haiwan ini dijual ke zoo tepi jalan dan pengumpul swasta. Di samping itu, ESA membenarkan spesies tersenarai dihantar ke garisan negeri selagi mereka tidak dijual. Mengikut Green dan IHP, ini membolehkan peniaga untuk \"menderma\" spesies tersenarai melalui \"pinjaman pembiakan\" yang sepatutnya kepada sesiapa sahaja, dan sebagai balasannya, mereka boleh secara sah menerima \"sumbangan\" kewangan dari pihak penerima. Selain itu, satu temu bual dengan pakar spesies terancam di Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar AS mendedahkan bahawa agensi itu tidak mempunyai kakitangan yang mencukupi untuk melakukan penyiasatan yang menyamar, yang akan menangkap \"sumbangan\" palsu dan urus niaga yang tidak dapat dilabelkan. <> Apakah satu industri tertentu yang mengeksploitasi celah-celah Akta Spesies Terancam? || perdagangan haiwan eksotik <> Apa salah satu celah yang membantu zoo tepi jalan dan pengumpul peribadi? || tiada peruntukan dibuat untuk perdagangan dalam negara <> Apa yang membolehkan eksploitasi peraturan perdagangan antara negeri? || ESA membenarkan spesies tersenarai dihantar ke garisan negeri selagi mereka tidak dijual <> Bagaimana pinjaman pembiakan palsu boleh digunakan untuk menjual hidupan liar? || sebagai balasan mereka secara sah boleh menerima \"sumbangan\" kewangan dari pihak penerima. <> Mengapa tidak ada penangkapan lebih lanjut daripada penyiasatan menyamar tentang perdagangan hidupan liar antara negeri? || Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar AS mendedahkan bahawa agensi itu tidak mempunyai kakitangan yang cukup untuk melakukan penyiasatan yang menyamar", {"context": "According to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-state commerce, allowing these animals to be sold to roadside zoos and private collectors. Additionally, the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold. According to Green and the CPI, this allows dealers to \"donate\" listed species through supposed \"breeding loans\" to anyone, and in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary \"donation\" from the receiving party. Furthermore, an interview with an endangered species specialist at the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations, which would catch these false \"donations\" and other mislabeled transactions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "exotic pet trade"}], "question": "What is one particular industry that exploits Endangered Species Act loopholes?", "id": "572ec78cc246551400ce464c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "no provisions are made for in-state commerce"}], "question": "What is one particular loophole that aids roadside zoos and private collectors?", "id": "572ec78cc246551400ce464d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold"}], "question": "What allows exploitation of interstate commerce regulations?", "id": "572ec78cc246551400ce464e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary \"donation\" from the receiving party."}], "question": "How can fake breeding loans be used to sell wildlife?", "id": "572ec78cc246551400ce464f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations"}], "question": "Why are there not more arrests from undercover investigations of interstate wildlife commerce?", "id": "572ec78cc246551400ce4650"}]}], ["Peraturan \"No Surprises\" bertujuan untuk melindungi pemilik tanah jika \"keadaan yang tidak terduga\" berlaku yang membuat usaha pemilik tanah untuk mencegah atau mengurangkan bahaya kepada spesies yang jatuh pendek. Dasar \"Tiada Kejutan\" mungkin merupakan yang paling kontroversi pembaharuan undang-undang baru-baru ini, kerana sebaik sahaja Permit Ambil Insiden diberikan, Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar (FWS) kehilangan banyak kemampuan untuk melindungi spesies lagi jika langkah-langkah pengurangan oleh pemilik tanah membuktikan tidak mencukupi. Pemilik tanah atau jawatankuasa tidak akan dikehendaki untuk mengetepikan tanah tambahan atau membayar lebih dalam wang pemuliharaan. Kerajaan persekutuan perlu membayar langkah perlindungan tambahan. <> Apakah nama peraturan yang melindungi pemilik tanah jika usaha pemuliharaan mereka gagal? || Peraturan \"Tiada Kejutan\" <> Mengapa peraturan tertentu ini begitu kontroversial? || Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar (FWS) kehilangan banyak keupayaan untuk melindungi spesies lagi jika langkah-langkah pengurangan oleh pemilik tanah membuktikan tidak mencukupi. <> Sekiranya pemilik tanah gagal melindungi spesies secukupnya, adakah penalti apa yang mereka hadapi dengan peraturan \"No Surprises\"? || Pemilik tanah atau jawatankuasa tidak akan dikehendaki untuk mengetepikan tanah tambahan atau membayar lebih dalam wang pemuliharaan <> Siapa yang merangkumi kos usaha tambahan jika usaha pemegang ITP jatuh pendek? || Kerajaan persekutuan perlu membayar langkah perlindungan tambahan", {"context": "The \"No Surprises\" rule is meant to protect the landowner if \"unforeseen circumstances\" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The \"No Surprises\" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because once an Incidental Take Permit is granted, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient. The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money. The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The \"No Surprises\" rule"}], "question": "What is the name of the rule that protects the landowner if their conservation efforts fall short?", "id": "572ebaa1c246551400ce45a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient."}], "question": "Why is this particular rule so controversial?", "id": "572ebaa1c246551400ce45a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money"}], "question": "If the landowner fails to adequately protect the species, what penalties do they face with the \"No Surprises\" rule?", "id": "572ebaa1c246551400ce45a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures"}], "question": "Who covers the cost of additional efforts if the ITP holder's efforts fall short?", "id": "572ebaa1c246551400ce45a9"}]}], ["Penentang Akta Spesies Terancam berhujah bahawa dengan lebih daripada 2,000 spesies terancam tersenarai, dan hanya 28 disahkan kerana pemulihan, kadar kejayaan 1% selama hampir tiga dekad membuktikan bahawa perlu ada pembaharuan serius dalam kaedah mereka untuk benar-benar membantu haiwan terancam dan tumbuhan. Lain-lain berhujah bahawa ESA boleh menggalakkan pemusnahan habitat pemulihan oleh pemilik tanah yang takut kehilangan penggunaan tanah mereka kerana kehadiran spesies yang terancam; yang dikenali sebagai \"Shoot, Shovel and Shut-Up.\" Salah satu contoh insentif sebegini adalah kes seorang pemilik hutan yang, sebagai tindak balas kepada penyenaraian ESA dari burung belatuk merah, meningkat penuaian dan memendekkan umur di mana dia menanam pokoknya untuk memastikan bahawa mereka tidak menjadi cukup tua untuk menjadi habitat yang sesuai. Walaupun tiada kajian telah menunjukkan bahawa kesan negatif Akta, secara keseluruhannya, melebihi kesan positif, banyak ahli ekonomi percaya bahawa mencari cara untuk mengurangkan insentif sebegini akan membawa kepada perlindungan yang lebih berkesan terhadap spesis terancam. <> Bagaimanakah pemilik tanah memberi kesan kepada spesies burung belang merah yang dilindungi? || penuaian meningkat dan dipendekkan umur di mana dia menanam pokoknya untuk memastikan bahawa mereka tidak menjadi cukup tua untuk menjadi habitat yang sesuai <> Apakah kadar kejayaan senarai dan inisiatif Akta Spesies Terancam? || 1% <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada tindakan pemusnahan habitat sebelum pemilikan oleh pemilik tanah yang takut dengan spesies yang dilindungi? || \"Tembak, Sekop dan Tutup.\" <> Berapa banyak spesies yang kini disenaraikan? || lebih daripada 2,000", {"context": "Opponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed, and only 28 delisted due to recovery, the success rate of 1% over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and plants. Others argue that the ESA may encourage preemptive habitat destruction by landowners who fear losing the use of their land because of the presence of an endangered species; known colloquially as \"Shoot, Shovel and Shut-Up.\" One example of such perverse incentives is the case of a forest owner who, in response to ESA listing of the red-cockaded woodpecker, increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat. While no studies have shown that the Act's negative effects, in total, exceed the positive effects, many economists believe that finding a way to reduce such perverse incentives would lead to more effective protection of endangered species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat"}], "question": "How did a land owner impact the protected red-cockaded woodpecker species?", "id": "572ec6bccb0c0d14000f154b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "1%"}], "question": "What is the success rate of the list and the Endangered Species Act initiatives?", "id": "572ec6bccb0c0d14000f1549"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "\"Shoot, Shovel and Shut-Up.\""}], "question": "What is the name given to the act of pre-emptive habitat destruction by landowners fearing a protected species?", "id": "572ec6bccb0c0d14000f154a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "over 2,000"}], "question": "How many species are currently listed?", "id": "572ec6bccb0c0d14000f1548"}]}], ["Ganjaran akan dibayar kepada mana-mana orang yang memberikan maklumat yang membawa kepada penangkapan, sabitan, atau pembatalan lesen, selagi mereka bukan pekerja tempatan, negeri atau persekutuan dalam melaksanakan tugas rasmi. Setiausaha juga boleh menyediakan kos yang munasabah dan perlu untuk penjagaan ikan, hidupan liar, dan perkhidmatan hutan atau loji yang menunggu pelanggaran yang disebabkan oleh jenayah itu. Sekiranya baki pernah melebihi $ 500,000, Setiausaha Perbendaharaan dikehendaki menyimpan jumlah yang sama dengan lebihannya ke dalam dana pemuliharaan spesies terancam koperasi. <> Adakah insentif diberikan kepada orang awam untuk melaporkan pelanggaran Akta Spesies Terancam? || Ganjaran akan dibayar kepada mana-mana orang yang memberi maklumat yang membawa kepada penangkapan, sabitan, atau pembatalan lesen. Memandangkan pelanggar menyebabkan kerosakan hidupan liar, yang boleh memberikan bantuan kewangan untuk penjagaan hidupan liar yang disalahgunakan? || Setiausaha <> Kos ke atas baki apa yang membawa kepada Setiausaha Perbendaharaan mendepositkan wang ke dalam dana konservasi spesies yang terancam koperasi? || $ 500,000", {"context": "A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish, wildlife, and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal. If the balance ever exceeds $500,000 the Secretary of the Treasury is required to deposit an amount equal to the excess into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license"}], "question": "Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations?", "id": "572ec9bf03f9891900756a25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "The Secretary"}], "question": "Given that a violator caused wildlife harm, who may provide financial assistance for the care of the harmed wildlife?", "id": "572ec9bf03f9891900756a26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "$500,000"}], "question": "Costs over what balance lead to the Secretary of the Treasury depositing money into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund?", "id": "572ec9bf03f9891900756a27"}]}]], [["Relativiti umum, tensor tenaga tekanan yang melemahkan menyiratkan, melalui persamaan medan Einstein, menghilangkan semua komponen Ricci tensor. Vakum tidak bermakna kelengkungan ruang masa semestinya rata: medan graviti masih dapat menghasilkan kelengkungan dalam vakum dalam bentuk tidal wave dan gelombang graviti (secara teknikal, fenomena ini adalah komponen-komponen dari tensor Weyl). Lubang hitam (dengan caj sifar elektrik) adalah contoh yang elegan di rantau yang sepenuhnya \"diisi\" dengan vakum, tetapi masih menunjukkan kelengkungan yang kuat. <> apakah contoh sempurna dari vakum yang dipenuhi yang menunjukkan kelengkungan? || Lubang hitam <> Siapa persamaan yang membantu menyingkirkan tensor Ricci? || Einstein <> apa yang menghasilkan kelengkungan dalam vakum? || kuasa pasang surut dan gelombang graviti <> Apa yang tiada caj elektrik? || lubang hitam", {"context": "In general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the form of tidal forces and gravitational waves (technically, these phenomena are the components of the Weyl tensor). The black hole (with zero electric charge) is an elegant example of a region completely \"filled\" with vacuum, but still showing a strong curvature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "The black hole"}], "question": "what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature?", "id": "572ead9cc246551400ce44de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Einstein"}], "question": "Who's equations  helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor?", "id": "572ead9cc246551400ce44df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "tidal forces and gravitational waves"}], "question": "what produces curvature in a vacuum?", "id": "572ead9cc246551400ce44e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "black hole"}], "question": "What has no electric charge?", "id": "572ead9cc246551400ce44e1"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1930, Paul Dirac mencadangkan model vakum sebagai zarah laut tak terhingga yang mempunyai tenaga negatif, yang dipanggil laut Dirac. Teori ini membantu memperbaiki ramalan persamaan Dirac yang telah dirumus sebelum ini, dan berjaya meramalkan kewujudan positron, disahkan dua tahun kemudian. Prinsip ketidakpastian Werner Heisenberg yang dirumuskan pada tahun 1927, meramalkan had asas di mana kedudukan dan momentum serta-merta, atau tenaga dan masa dapat diukur. Ini telah menjejaskan akibat \"kekosongan\" ruang antara zarah. Pada akhir abad ke-20, zarah-zarah maya yang ditimbulkan secara spontan dari ruang kosong disahkan. <> Laut zarah yang tidak terhingga dengan tenaga negatif adalah model yang diajukan oleh siapa? || Paul Dirac <> Tahun apakah model Dirac laut? || 1930 <> Apabila zarah maya telah disahkan? || akhir abad ke 20 <> Tahun berapa adalah prinsip ketidakpastian terbentuk? || 1927, <> Apa yang diperkatakan bahawa masa dan tenaga boleh diukur? || Prinsip ketidakpastian Werner Heisenberg", {"context": "In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the \"emptiness\" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Paul Dirac"}], "question": "An infinite sea of particles with negative energy  was a model propesed by whom?", "id": "572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d295"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1930"}], "question": "What year was the Dirac sea modeled?", "id": "572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d296"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "late 20th century"}], "question": "When werer virtual particles confirmed?", "id": "572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "1927,"}], "question": "What year was the uncertainty principle formed?", "id": "572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d298"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle"}], "question": "What theorized that time and energy can be measured?", "id": "572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d299"}]}], ["Vacuum adalah kosong ruang. Perkataan itu berasal dari kata sifat Latin vacuus untuk \"kosong\" atau \"tidak sah\". Penghampiran kepada vakum tersebut adalah rantau dengan tekanan gas yang kurang daripada tekanan atmosfera. Fizik sering membincangkan hasil ujian yang ideal yang akan berlaku dalam vakum yang sempurna, yang kadang-kadang hanya memanggil \"vakum\" atau ruang kosong, dan menggunakan vakum separa istilah untuk merujuk kepada vakum tidak sempurna yang sebenarnya seperti yang ada dalam makmal atau ruang angkasa. Dalam bidang kejuruteraan dan fizik yang digunakan, vakum merujuk kepada sebarang ruang di mana tekanan lebih rendah daripada tekanan atmosfera. Istilah Latin di vacuo digunakan untuk menggambarkan objek sebagai dalam apa yang sebaliknya akan menjadi vakum. <> Perkataan Vacuum berasal dari apa kata sifat Latin? || vacuus <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan oleh Fizik, vakum separa, merujuk kepada? || vakum yang tidak sempurna <> Apakah vakum? || ruang kosong bahan <> Apakah jenis tekanan yang kurang daripada tekanan atmosfera dalam vakum? || gas <> Apakah istilah Latin digunakan untuk menggambarkan objek dalam vakum? || dalam kekosongan", {"context": "Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for \"vacant\" or \"void\". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call \"vacuum\" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. In engineering and applied physics on the other hand, vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "vacuus"}], "question": "The word Vacuum stems from what Latin adjective?", "id": "572e9317cb0c0d14000f12e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "imperfect vacuum"}], "question": "What does the term used by Physicists, partial vacuum, refer to?", "id": "572e9317cb0c0d14000f12e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "space void of matter"}], "question": "What is a vacuum?", "id": "572e9317cb0c0d14000f12e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "gaseous"}], "question": "What type of pressure is less than atmospheric pressure in a vacuum?", "id": "572e9317cb0c0d14000f12e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "in vacuo"}], "question": "What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum?", "id": "572e9317cb0c0d14000f12e6"}]}], ["Dalam fisikanya, buku IV, Aristotle menawarkan pelbagai hujah terhadap kekosongan: contohnya, pergerakan melalui medium yang tidak menawarkan halangan dapat meneruskan ad infinitum, tidak ada alasan sesuatu yang akan datang untuk berehat di mana-mana khususnya. Walaupun Lucretius berhujah bahawa kewujudan vakum pada abad pertama SM dan Hero of Alexandria cuba gagal menghasilkan vakum buatan pada abad pertama AD, ia adalah sarjana Eropah seperti Roger Bacon, Blasius dari Parma dan Walter Burley pada ke-13 dan ke-14 abad yang memberi tumpuan besar kepada isu-isu ini. Akhirnya mengikuti fizik Stoik dalam hal ini, para ulama dari abad ke-14 dan seterusnya semakin beralih dari perspektif Aristotelia memihak kepada kekuasaan luar biasa di luar batas-batas alam semesta itu sendiri, kesimpulan yang banyak diakui oleh abad ke-17, yang membantu untuk memisahkan alam semula jadi dan teologi kebimbangan. <> Dalam abad apa yang dipercayai percaya mula berpindah dari idea Aristotle tentang kekosongan? || Abad ke-14 <> Apa proses pemikiran yang digunakan pada awal kepercayaan kewujudan vakum? || Fizik Stoik <> Roger Bacon, Walter Burley dan Blasius dari Parma adalah dari abad berapa? || 13 dan 14 <> Apa kepercayaan mengenai kekosongan kosmik diterima oleh kebanyakan pada abad ke-17? || sebuah kekosongan luar biasa di luar batasan kosmos itu sendiri", {"context": "In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "14th century"}], "question": "In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?", "id": "572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Stoic physics"}], "question": "What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?", "id": "572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "13th and 14th"}], "question": "Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?", "id": "572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 758, "text": "a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself"}], "question": "What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century?", "id": "572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1d1"}]}], ["Di dunia Timur Tengah abad pertengahan, ahli fizik dan ulama Islam, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872-950), melakukan eksperimen kecil mengenai kewujudan vakum, di mana dia menyelidiki plunger tangan di dalam air. [Sumber tidak dapat dipercayai?] Kuantiti udara dapat berkembang untuk mengisi ruang yang tersedia, dan dia menyarankan agar konsep vakum yang sempurna tidak masuk akal. Walau bagaimanapun, menurut Nader El-Bizri, ahli fizik Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965-1039) dan ahli-ahli teologi Mu'tazili tidak bersetuju dengan Aristotle dan Al-Farabi, dan mereka menyokong kewujudan kekosongan. Menggunakan geometri, Ibn al-Haytham secara matematik menunjukkan bahawa tempat (al-makan) adalah bungkusan tiga dimensi yang dibayangkan antara permukaan dalam badan yang mengandungi. Menurut Ahmad Dallal, Ab\u016b Rayh\u0101n al-B\u012br\u016bn\u012b juga menyatakan bahawa \"tidak ada bukti yang dapat diperhatikan yang memerintah kemungkinan vakum\". Pam sedutan kemudiannya muncul di Eropah dari abad ke-15. <> Al-Farabi menyimpulkan bahawa vakum yang sempurna tidak sesuai menggunakan apa? || plung tangan di dalam air. <> Ibn al-Haytham menggunakan geometri untuk menunjukkan apa? || tempat (al-makan) adalah bungkusan tiga dimensi yang dibayangkan di antara permukaan dalam badan yang mengandung <> yang menyatakan bahawa tidak ada bukti untuk menolak suatu vakum? || Ab\u016b Rayh\u0101n al-B\u012br\u016bn\u012b <> apa yang dikatakan Al-Farabi diperluas untuk mengisi ruang yang tersedia || jumlah udara <> Jenis pam apa yang muncul pada abad ke-15? || pam sedutan", {"context": "In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872\u2013950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965\u20131039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Ab\u016b Rayh\u0101n al-B\u012br\u016bn\u012b also states that \"there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum\". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "handheld plungers in water."}], "question": "Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?", "id": "572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body"}], "question": "Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate  what?", "id": "572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "Ab\u016b Rayh\u0101n al-B\u012br\u016bn\u012b"}], "question": "who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?", "id": "572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "air's volume"}], "question": "what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space", "id": "572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "suction pump"}], "question": "What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?", "id": "572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f3"}]}], ["Penyahmampatan cepat boleh menjadi lebih berbahaya daripada pendedahan vakum itu sendiri. Sekalipun mangsa tidak menahan nafasnya, pembuangan melalui tenggorokan mungkin terlalu lambat untuk mencegah pecahnya paru-paru alveoli halus paru-paru. Erenrums dan sinus boleh pecah oleh penyahmampatan cepat, tisu lembut boleh lebam dan meresap darah, dan tekanan kejutan akan mempercepatkan penggunaan oksigen yang membawa kepada hipoksia. Kecederaan yang disebabkan oleh penyahmampatan pantas dipanggil barotrauma. Penurunan tekanan sebanyak 13 kPa (100 Torr), yang tidak menghasilkan gejala jika ia beransur-ansur, mungkin membawa maut jika tiba-tiba berlaku. <> Apakah penyahmampatan Rapid terhadap paru-paru? || pecah alveoli halus <> Apa yang menyebabkan barotrauma? || penyahmampatan pantas <> Apa jumlah penurunan tekanan yang boleh membunuh anda jika tiba-tiba terjadi? || 13 kPa (100 Torr), <> Apakah percepatan penggunaan oksigen? || hipoksia <> pesat penyahmampatan lebih berbahaya daripada apa? || pendedahan vakum", {"context": "Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia. Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "rupture of the delicate alveoli"}], "question": "What does Rapid decompression do to the lungs?", "id": "572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "rapid decompression"}], "question": "What causes barotrauma?", "id": "572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "13 kPa (100 Torr),"}], "question": "What amount of pressure drop can kill you if it occurs suddenly?", "id": "572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "hypoxia"}], "question": "What does acceleration of oxygen consumption do?", "id": "572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "vacuum exposure"}], "question": "rapid decompression is more dangerous than what?", "id": "572e9d48cb0c0d14000f1370"}]}], ["Tetapi walaupun ia memenuhi definisi angkasa luar, ketumpatan atmosfera dalam beberapa ratus kilometer pertama di atas garis K\u00e1rm\u00e1n masih mencukupi untuk menghasilkan daya seret yang ketara pada satelit. Sebilangan besar satelit buatan beroperasi di rantau ini yang dipanggil orbit Bumi rendah dan mesti memadamkan enjin mereka setiap beberapa hari untuk mengekalkan orbit. [Rujukan?] Seretan di sini adalah cukup rendah yang secara teorinya dapat diatasi dengan tekanan radiasi pada layar solar, sistem pendorong yang dicadangkan untuk perjalanan antarplanet. [rujukan?] Planet terlalu besar untuk trajektori mereka akan terjejas dengan ketara oleh kuasa-kuasa ini, walaupun atmosfer mereka terhakis oleh angin matahari. <> Di mana kebanyakan satelit beroperasi? || orbit Bumi yang rendah <> Sistem apa yang mungkin boleh digunakan untuk perjalanan antarplanet? || layar sail <> mengapa satelit perlu memadamkan enjin setiap hari untuk menjaga orbit? || kepadatan atmosfera <> di atas apa lokasi garisan di luar angkasa ke orbit satelit? || Garis K\u00e1rm\u00e1n", {"context": "But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "low Earth orbit"}], "question": "Where do most satellites operate?", "id": "572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "solar sails"}], "question": "What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel?", "id": "572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "atmospheric density"}], "question": "why do satellites need to fire engines every few day to keep orbit?", "id": "572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line"}], "question": "above what line location in outer space to satellites orbit?", "id": "572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c4"}]}], ["Dari segi sejarah, terdapat banyak perselisihan sama ada perkara seperti itu sebagai vakum boleh wujud. Ahli falsafah Yunani purba membahaskan kewujudan vakum, atau tidak sah, dalam konteks atomisme, yang menimbulkan kekosongan dan atom sebagai unsur penjelasan asas fizik. Mengikuti Plato, walaupun konsep abstrak tentang kebosanan yang tidak bersesuaian menghadapi keraguan yang besar: ia tidak dapat ditangkap oleh pancaindera, ia sendiri tidak dapat memberikan kuasa penerangan tambahan melebihi jumlah fizikal yang mana ia sepadan dan, secara definisi, ia adalah betul-betul tidak ada apa-apa, yang tidak boleh dikatakan wujud. Aristotle percaya bahawa tiada ruang kosong boleh berlaku secara semulajadi, kerana kontinum bahan sekitar yang padat akan segera mengisi kekosongan yang timbul yang mungkin menimbulkan kekosongan. <> Apa yang Aristotle percaya tentang tidak sah? || tidak boleh berlaku secara semulajadi, <> Apa yang dikatakan secara bersejarah mengenai kekosongan? || sama ada benda seperti vakum boleh wujud. <> Apa sesuatu yang tidak betul-betul sama sekali, Menurut Plato, maksudnya? || tidak boleh dikatakan wujud <> Aristotle berfikir apa yang akan mengisi kekosongan yang mungkin menimbulkan kekosongan? || kontinum bahan sekitar yang padat", {"context": "Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "no void could occur naturally,"}], "question": "What did Aristotle believe about a void?", "id": "572e97a3dfa6aa1500f8d19f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist."}], "question": "What was historically disputed about vacuums?", "id": "572e97a3dfa6aa1500f8d1a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "cannot rightly be said to exist"}], "question": "What did something that was literally nothing at all,According to Plato, mean?", "id": "572e97a3dfa6aa1500f8d1a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "denser surrounding material continuum"}], "question": "Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void?", "id": "572e97a3dfa6aa1500f8d1a2"}]}], ["Kualiti vakum separa merujuk kepada bagaimana ia mendekati vakum yang sempurna. Perkara-perkara lain sama, tekanan gas yang lebih rendah bermakna vakum berkualiti tinggi. Sebagai contoh, pembersih vakum yang biasa menghasilkan sedutan yang mencukupi untuk mengurangkan tekanan udara sebanyak 20%. Kebanyakan vakum berkualiti tinggi adalah mungkin. Kebuk vakum ultra tinggi, biasa dalam bidang kimia, fizik, dan kejuruteraan, beroperasi di bawah tekanan pernafasan (100 nPa) (10-12), dan dapat mencapai sekitar 100 zarah / cm3. Ruang luar adalah vakum yang lebih tinggi, dengan hanya beberapa atom hidrogen setiap meter padu secara purata. Menurut pemahaman moden, walaupun semua perkara boleh dikeluarkan dari jumlah, ia masih tidak akan \"kosong\" disebabkan oleh turun naik vakum, tenaga gelap, sinar gamma yang bergerak, sinar kosmik, neutrino, dan fenomena lain dalam fizik kuantum. Dalam elektromagnetisme pada abad ke-19, vakum dianggap dipenuhi dengan medium yang dipanggil aether. Dalam fizik zarah moden, keadaan vakum dianggap sebagai keadaan dasar bahan. <> Keadaan Vacuum dianggap apa? || keadaan tanah perkara. <> Pembersih vakum biasa menghasilkan sedutan yang mencukupi untuk melakukan tekanan udara? || mengurangkan tekanan udara sekitar 20% <> Kualiti vakum separa merujuk kepada apa? || bagaimana rapatnya mendekati vakum yang sempurna <> Ruang luar mempunyai vakum berkualiti tinggi dengan apa yang setara? || beberapa atom hidrogen setiap meter padu <> Jika semua perkara dikeluarkan dari vakum, adakah ia ruang kosong? || ia masih tidak akan \"kosong\"", {"context": "The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10\u221212) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm3. Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average. According to modern understanding, even if all matter could be removed from a volume, it would still not be \"empty\" due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, transiting gamma rays, cosmic rays, neutrinos, and other phenomena in quantum physics. In the electromagnetism in the 19th century, vacuum was thought to be filled with a medium called aether. In modern particle physics, the vacuum state is considered the ground state of matter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1015, "text": "the ground state of matter."}], "question": "The Vacuum state is considered what?", "id": "572e95ba03f98919007567d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "reduce air pressure by around 20%"}], "question": "A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure?", "id": "572e95ba03f98919007567da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum"}], "question": "The quality of a partial vacuum refers to what?", "id": "572e95ba03f98919007567db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter"}], "question": "Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent?", "id": "572e95ba03f98919007567dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "it would still not be \"empty\""}], "question": "If all matter is removed from a vacuum, would it be empty space?", "id": "572e95ba03f98919007567dd"}]}], ["Hampir dua ribu tahun selepas Plato, Ren\u00e9 Descartes juga mencadangkan teori alternatif atom yang berasaskan geometri, tanpa masalah yang tidak ada masalah-dikotomi semua kekosongan dan atom. Walaupun Descartes bersetuju dengan kedudukan kontemporari, bahawa vakum tidak berlaku, kejayaan sistem koordinatnya yang tersurat dan lebih tersirat, komponen spasial-jasmani dari metafiziknya akan datang untuk mendefinisikan pengertian moden yang berfilsafat ruang kosong sebagai kuantisasi lanjutan volume. Berdasarkan definisi kuno, maklumat dan magnitud berarah secara konseptual berbeza. Dengan persetujuan dari falsafah mekanikal Cartesian kepada \"fakta brutal\" tindakan pada jarak jauh, dan pada masa yang panjang, penggabungannya yang berjaya dengan medan kekuatan dan struktur geometrik yang lebih canggih, maka anachronisme ruang kosong melebar hingga \"pengambilan serpihan\" kuantum Aktiviti pada abad ke-20 memenuhi vakum dengan pleroma maya. <> Apa yang Descartes percaya tentang kekosongan alam? || bahawa sesebuah vakum tidak berlaku di alam <> Yang kerja dengan metafizik akan datang untuk menentukan tanggapan ruang kosong? || Descartes <> Apa falsafah yang digabungkan dengan Descartes untuk mendorong aktiviti kuantum pada abad ke-20? || Falsafah mekanikal Cartesian", {"context": "Almost two thousand years after Plato, Ren\u00e9 Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing\u2013everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial\u2013corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the \"brute fact\" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until \"a seething ferment\" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "that a vacuum does not occur in nature"}], "question": "What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature?", "id": "572eaab5cb0c0d14000f1428"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Descartes"}], "question": "Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space?", "id": "572eaab5cb0c0d14000f1429"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "Cartesian mechanical philosophy"}], "question": "What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century?", "id": "572eaab5cb0c0d14000f142a"}]}], ["Unit SI tekanan adalah pascal (simbol Pa), tetapi vakum sering diukur dalam torrs, dinamakan untuk Torricelli, ahli fisika Itali awal (1608-1647). Torr adalah sama dengan anjakan milimeter merkuri (mmHg) dalam manometer dengan 1 torr bersamaan 133.3223684 pascala di atas tekanan sifar mutlak. Vakum sering juga diukur pada skala barometer atau sebagai peratusan tekanan atmosfera di bar atau atmosfera. Vakum rendah sering diukur dalam milimeter merkuri (mmHg) atau pascals (Pa) di bawah tekanan atmosfera yang standard. \"Di bawah atmosfera\" bermakna tekanan mutlak adalah sama dengan tekanan atmosfera semasa. <> Tekanan mutlak yang sama dengan tekanan atmosfera sekarang bermakna apa? || \"Di bawah atmosfera\" <> Apakah torrid yang sama? || anjakan milimeter merkuri <> Apa lagi pilihan yang sering digunakan untuk mengukur vakum? || skala barometrik", {"context": "The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608\u20131647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is often also measured on the barometric scale or as a percentage of atmospheric pressure in bars or atmospheres. Low vacuum is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or pascals (Pa) below standard atmospheric pressure. \"Below atmospheric\" means that the absolute pressure is equal to the current atmospheric pressure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "\"Below atmospheric\""}], "question": "Absolute pressure  being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what?", "id": "572ec078c246551400ce460a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "displacement of a millimeter of mercury"}], "question": "What is a torr equal to?", "id": "572ec078c246551400ce460b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "barometric scale"}], "question": "What is another often used options to measure vacuum?", "id": "572ec078c246551400ce460c"}]}], ["Tolok konduktiviti terma bergantung pada hakikat bahawa keupayaan gas untuk menjalankan haba berkurangan dengan tekanan. Dalam tolok jenis ini, filamen kawat dipanaskan dengan menjalankan arus melaluinya. Sebuah termokopel atau Pengesan Suhu Rintangan (RTD) kemudiannya boleh digunakan untuk mengukur suhu filamen. Suhu ini bergantung pada kadar di mana filamen itu kehilangan haba kepada gas di sekitarnya, dan oleh itu pada kekonduksian terma. Variasi biasa ialah tolok Pirani yang menggunakan filamen platinum tunggal sebagai elemen panas dan RTD. Tolok ini tepat dari 10 torr ke 10-3 torr, tetapi mereka peka terhadap komposisi kimia gas yang diukur. <> Hakikat bahawa keupayaan gas untuk melakukan penurunan haba dengan tekanan digunakan oleh bentuk pengukuran apa? || Pengukur kekonduksian terma <> Bagaimanakah filamen kawat dalam alat pengukur kekonduksian Thermal dipanaskan? || dengan menjalankan semasa melalui itu <> Apakah sensasi ukuran Pirani? || komposisi kimia gas yang diukur <> Apakah RTD yang digunakan untuk mengukur haba konduktiviti? || untuk mengukur suhu filamen <> pengukur Pirani adalah tepat dalam apa julatnya? || 10 torr ke 10-3 torr", {"context": "Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the filament loses heat to the surrounding gas, and therefore on the thermal conductivity. A common variant is the Pirani gauge which uses a single platinum filament as both the heated element and RTD. These gauges are accurate from 10 torr to 10\u22123 torr, but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being measured.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Thermal conductivity gauges"}], "question": "The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement?", "id": "572ec300c246551400ce4624"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "by running current through it"}], "question": "How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated?", "id": "572ec300c246551400ce4625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "chemical composition of the gases being measured"}], "question": "What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to?", "id": "572ec300c246551400ce4626"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "to measure the temperature of the filament"}], "question": "What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge?", "id": "572ec300c246551400ce4627"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "10 torr to 10\u22123 torr"}], "question": "A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges?", "id": "572ec300c246551400ce4628"}]}], ["Atmosfera yang sejuk atau oksigen boleh mengekalkan kehidupan pada tekanan yang jauh lebih rendah daripada atmosfera, selagi ketumpatan oksigen adalah sama dengan atmosfera paras laut standard. Suhu udara sejuk yang didapati pada ketinggian sehingga 3 km secara amnya mengimbangi tekanan yang lebih rendah di sana. Di atas ketinggian ini, pengayaan oksigen diperlukan untuk mencegah penyakit ketinggian pada manusia yang tidak mengalami penyesuaian terlebih dahulu, dan spasiu diperlukan untuk menghalang ebullism melebihi 19 km. Kebanyakan spacesuits menggunakan hanya 20 kPa (150 Torr) oksigen tulen. Tekanan ini cukup tinggi untuk menghalang ebullism, tetapi penyakit dekompresi dan embolisme gas masih boleh berlaku jika kadar penyahmampatan tidak diurus. <> ketumpatan oksigen seperti suasana di laut diperlukan untuk melakukan apa? || mengekalkan kehidupan pada tekanan lebih rendah daripada atmosfera, <> Apakah ketinggian terendah di mana penyesuaian atau saman tidak diperlukan untuk mencegah penyakit pada manusia? || sehingga 3 km", {"context": "Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen enrichment is necessary to prevent altitude sickness in humans that did not undergo prior acclimatization, and spacesuits are necessary to prevent ebullism above 19 km. Most spacesuits use only 20 kPa (150 Torr) of pure oxygen. This pressure is high enough to prevent ebullism, but decompression sickness and gas embolisms can still occur if decompression rates are not managed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric,"}], "question": "density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what?", "id": "572ec82acb0c0d14000f1558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "of up to 3 km"}], "question": "What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness in humans?", "id": "572ec82acb0c0d14000f1559"}]}], ["Percubaan pemikiran zaman pertengahan ke dalam gagasan vakum dipertimbangkan sama ada vakum hadir, jika hanya untuk seketika, di antara dua plat rata apabila mereka dipisahkan dengan cepat. Terdapat banyak perbincangan mengenai sama ada udara berpindah dengan cepat kerana plat telah dipisahkan, atau, seperti yang diumum Walter Burley, sama ada 'ejen celestial' menghalang vakum yang timbul. Pandangan yang sering dipertikaikan bahawa sifat abhorred vakum dipanggil vacu seram. Spekulasi bahawa walaupun Tuhan tidak dapat membuat vakum jika dia mahu ditutup [penjelasan yang diperlukan] oleh 1277 Paris mengutuk Bishop Etienne Tempier, yang mengharuskan tidak ada larangan ke atas kuasa Tuhan, yang membawa kepada kesimpulan bahawa Tuhan boleh membuat vakum jika dia mahu. Jean Buridan melaporkan pada abad ke-14 bahawa pasukan sepuluh ekor kuda tidak dapat menarik belos terbuka apabila pelabuhan dimeteraikan. <> Siapa yang tidak memerlukan sekatan tentang kuasa Allah? || Bishop Etienne Tempier <> Bilakah Buridan menyatakan bahawa pasukan sepuluh kuda tidak dapat membuka di bawah dengan pelabuhan yang dimeteraikan? || Abad ke-14 <> 1277 Paris Condemnations menyebabkan kesimpulan apa? || Tuhan boleh membuat vakum jika dia mahu. <> Apakah kepercayaan umum mengenai kekosongan dan alam semula jadi? || sifat abhorred vakum <> apa kepercayaan bahawa sifat abhorred vaccuum dipanggil? || kekejaman seram", {"context": "Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Bishop Etienne Tempier"}], "question": "Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?", "id": "572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "14th century"}], "question": "When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?", "id": "572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "God could create a vacuum if he so wished."}], "question": "the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?", "id": "572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "nature abhorred a vacuum"}], "question": "What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?", "id": "572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "horror vacui"}], "question": "what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?", "id": "572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d8"}]}], ["Tolok Ion digunakan dalam vakum ultrahigh. Mereka datang dalam dua jenis: katod panas dan katod sejuk. Dalam versi katod panas, filamen yang dipanaskan secara elektrik menghasilkan rasuk elektron. Elektron bergerak melalui tolok dan mengionkan molekul gas di sekelilingnya. Ion-ion terhasil dikumpulkan pada elektrod negatif. Arus bergantung kepada bilangan ion, yang bergantung kepada tekanan dalam tolok. Pengukur katod panas tepat dari 10-3 torr ke 10-10 torr. Prinsip di sebalik versi katod sejuk adalah sama, kecuali bahawa elektron dihasilkan dalam pelepasan yang dibuat oleh pelepasan elektrik voltan tinggi. Pengukur katod sejuk adalah tepat dari 10-2 torr hingga 10-9 torr. Penentukuran tolok ukur ionisasi sangat sensitif kepada geometri pembinaan, komposisi kimia gas yang diukur, kakisan dan deposit permukaan. Penentukuran mereka boleh dibatalkan oleh pengaktifan pada tekanan atmosfera atau vakum rendah. Komposisi gas pada vakum tinggi biasanya tidak dapat diramalkan, jadi spektrometer jisim mesti digunakan bersamaan dengan tolok pengionan untuk pengukuran yang tepat. <> Apa yang mempengaruhi bilangan ion dalam tolok? || tekanan dalam tolok <> Apa yang harus digunakan untuk pengukuran yang tepat pada komposisi gas pada vakum yang tinggi? || spektrometer jisim mesti digunakan bersamaan dengan tolok pengionan <> Berapakah pengukur tepat dari 10-2 torr ke 10-9 torr? || Pengukur katod sejuk <> Mengapa spektrometer jisim perlu digunakan dengan mengukur tepat pada pengukuran gas vakum yang tinggi? || komposisi gas pada vakum yang tinggi biasanya tidak dapat diramalkan <> Apakah kedua-dua jenis tolok Ion? || katod panas dan katod sejuk.", {"context": "Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The current depends on the number of ions, which depends on the pressure in the gauge. Hot cathode gauges are accurate from 10\u22123 torr to 10\u221210 torr. The principle behind cold cathode version is the same, except that electrons are produced in a discharge created by a high voltage electrical discharge. Cold cathode gauges are accurate from 10\u22122 torr to 10\u22129 torr. Ionization gauge calibration is very sensitive to construction geometry, chemical composition of gases being measured, corrosion and surface deposits. Their calibration can be invalidated by activation at atmospheric pressure or low vacuum. The composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable, so a mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge for accurate measurement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "the pressure in the gauge"}], "question": "What affects the number of ions in a gauge?", "id": "572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 998, "text": "mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge"}], "question": "What must be used for accurate measurement on the composition of gases at a high vacuums?", "id": "572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "Cold cathode gauges"}], "question": "What gauge is accurate from 10-2 torr to 10-9 torr?", "id": "572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable"}], "question": "Why does a mass spectrometer need to be used with gauge to be accurate at high vacuum gas measurement?", "id": "572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "hot cathode and cold cathode."}], "question": "What are the two types of Ion gauges?", "id": "572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1654, Otto von Guericke mencipta pam vakum pertama dan menjalankan percubaan hemisfera Magdeburg yang terkenal, menunjukkan bahawa pasukan kuda tidak dapat memisahkan dua hemisfera yang mana udara telah dipindahkan sebahagiannya. Robert Boyle meningkatkan reka bentuk Guericke dan dengan bantuan Robert Hooke mengembangkan teknologi pam vakum. Selepas itu, penyelidikan ke dalam vakum separa selesai sehingga tahun 1850 apabila August Toepler mencipta Pump Toepler dan Heinrich Geissler mencipta pam anjakan merkuri pada tahun 1855, mencapai vakum separa kira-kira 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). Sejumlah ciri-ciri elektrik menjadi dapat dilihat pada tahap vakum ini, yang menarik perhatian dalam penyelidikan selanjutnya. <> Apakah vakum yang dihasilkan oleh pam anjakan merkuri? || vakum separa kira-kira 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). <> Tahun apakah Pump Toepler dicipta? || 1850 <> Apa yang pertama kali dicipta oleh Otto von Guericke? || pam vakum <> Siapa yang menjalankan eksperimen Magdeburg? || Otto von Guericke <> Apa yang dibuat pada vakum separa 10 Pa? || Sejumlah ciri elektrik", {"context": "In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr)."}], "question": "What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump?", "id": "572ebcb4c246551400ce45b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "1850"}], "question": "What year was the Toepler Pump invented?", "id": "572ebcb4c246551400ce45b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "vacuum pump"}], "question": "What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ?", "id": "572ebcb4c246551400ce45ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Otto von Guericke"}], "question": "Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment?", "id": "572ebcb4c246551400ce45bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "A number of electrical properties"}], "question": "What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa?", "id": "572ebcb4c246551400ce45bc"}]}], ["Tolok hidrostatik (seperti manometer lajur merkuri) terdiri daripada lajur cecair tegak dalam tiub yang ujungnya terdedah kepada tekanan yang berbeza. Lajur akan naik atau turun sehingga beratnya berada dalam keseimbangan dengan perbezaan tekanan antara dua hujung tiub. Reka bentuk yang paling sederhana adalah tabung berbentuk U tertutup, satu sisi yang disambungkan ke kawasan yang menarik. Mana-mana bendalir boleh digunakan, tetapi merkuri lebih disukai untuk ketumpatan tinggi dan tekanan wap rendah. Alat pengukur hidrostatik mudah dapat mengukur tekanan antara 1 torr (100 Pa) ke atas atmosfera. Variasi penting ialah tolok McLeod yang mengasingkan jumlah vakum yang diketahui dan memampatkannya untuk mengalikan variasi ketinggian lajur cecair. Tolok McLeod dapat mengukur vakum setinggi 10-6 torr (0.1 mPa), yang merupakan pengukuran tekanan langsung terendah yang mungkin dilakukan dengan teknologi semasa. Pengukur vakum lain boleh mengukur tekanan yang lebih rendah, tetapi hanya secara tidak langsung dengan pengukuran sifat terkawal tekanan lain. Pengukuran tidak langsung ini perlu ditentukur melalui pengukuran langsung, paling biasa pengukur McLeod. <> Kenapa merkuri adalah pilihan yang lebih baik untuk cecair yang digunakan dalam tolok hidrostatik? || ketumpatan tinggi dan tekanan wap rendah <> Apakah lajur cecair vertikal dalam tiub yang mempunyai tekanan yang berbeza di setiap hujung dipanggil? || Tolok hidrostatik <> Apakah tolok ukur hidrostatik yang digunakan? || mengukur tekanan antara 1 torr (100 Pa) ke atas atmosfera <> Mengapa pengukur McLeod istimewa? || boleh mengukur vakum setinggi 10-6 torr <> Pengukuran tekanan tak langsung adalah yang paling sering dikalibrasi oleh apa? || Pengukur McLeod", {"context": "Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U-shaped tube, one side of which is connected to the region of interest. Any fluid can be used, but mercury is preferred for its high density and low vapour pressure. Simple hydrostatic gauges can measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric. An important variation is the McLeod gauge which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column. The McLeod gauge can measure vacuums as high as 10\u22126 torr (0.1 mPa), which is the lowest direct measurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by measurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect measurements must be calibrated via a direct measurement, most commonly a McLeod gauge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "its high density and low vapour pressure"}], "question": "Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge?", "id": "572ec1b6c246551400ce461a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydrostatic gauges"}], "question": "What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called?", "id": "572ec1b6c246551400ce461b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric"}], "question": "What is a hydrostatic gauge used for?", "id": "572ec1b6c246551400ce461c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 758, "text": "can measure vacuums as high as 10\u22126 torr"}], "question": "Why is the McLeod gauge special?", "id": "572ec1b6c246551400ce461d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1117, "text": "McLeod gauge"}], "question": "An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what?", "id": "572ec1b6c246551400ce461e"}]}], ["Kualiti vakum ditunjukkan oleh jumlah bahan yang tinggal dalam sistem, supaya vakum berkualiti tinggi adalah satu dengan perkara yang sangat sedikit yang tersisa di dalamnya. Vacuum terutamanya diukur dengan tekanan mutlaknya, tetapi pencirian lengkap memerlukan parameter lanjut, seperti suhu dan komposisi kimia. Salah satu parameter yang paling penting ialah laluan bebas min (MFP) daripada gas sisa, yang menunjukkan jarak purata yang molekul akan bergerak antara perlanggaran antara satu sama lain. Apabila kepadatan gas berkurangan, MFP meningkat, dan apabila MFP lebih panjang daripada ruang, pam, kapal angkasa, atau objek lain yang hadir, andaian kontinum mekanik bendalir tidak terpakai. Negeri vakum ini dipanggil vakum tinggi, dan kajian aliran bendalir dalam rejim ini dinamika gas zarah. MFP udara pada tekanan atmosfera adalah sangat pendek, 70 nm, tetapi pada 100 mPa (~ 6997100000000000000 \u2660 1 \u00d7 10-3 Torr) MFP udara suhu bilik adalah kira-kira 100 mm, yang pada susunan objek harian seperti tiub vakum. Radiometer Crookes bertukar apabila MFP lebih besar daripada saiz bilah. <> Apa yang menunjukkan kualiti sesuatu vakum? || jumlah bahan yang tinggal dalam sistem <> Bagaimana vakum diukur? || tekanan mutlak <> Apakah MFP gas sisa menunjukkan? || jarak purata yang molekul akan bergerak antara perlanggaran antara satu sama lain. <> Apakah dinamik gas zarah? || kajian aliran bendalir", {"context": "The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition. One of the most important parameters is the mean free path (MFP) of residual gases, which indicates the average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other. As the gas density decreases, the MFP increases, and when the MFP is longer than the chamber, pump, spacecraft, or other objects present, the continuum assumptions of fluid mechanics do not apply. This vacuum state is called high vacuum, and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called particle gas dynamics. The MFP of air at atmospheric pressure is very short, 70 nm, but at 100 mPa (~6997100000000000000\u26601\u00d710\u22123 Torr) the MFP of room temperature air is roughly 100 mm, which is on the order of everyday objects such as vacuum tubes. The Crookes radiometer turns when the MFP is larger than the size of the vanes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "amount of matter remaining in the system"}], "question": "What indicated the quality of a vacuum?", "id": "572ebf10c246551400ce45e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "its absolute pressure"}], "question": "How is vacuum generally measured?", "id": "572ebf10c246551400ce45e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other."}], "question": "What does the MFP of residual gases show?", "id": "572ebf10c246551400ce45e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "study of fluid flows"}], "question": "What is particle gas dynamics?", "id": "572ebf10c246551400ce45e9"}]}], ["Walaupun angkasa lepas memberikan contoh yang paling jarang dari vakum separa yang semulajadi, langit pada asalnya dianggap dipenuhi oleh bahan yang tidak dapat dipastikan yang disebut dengan aether. Meminjam agak dari pneuma fizik Stoic, aether telah dianggap sebagai udara jarang dari mana ia mengambil namanya, (lihat Aether (mitologi)). Teori-teori awal cahaya menampakkan rupa bumi dan alam semesta di mana-mana cahaya yang dibiakkan. Selain itu, konsep tersebut memaklumkan penjelasan Isaac Newton mengenai pembiasan dan haba berseri. Eksperimen abad ke-19 ke dalam ini luminiferous aether cuba untuk mengesan satu minit seret di orbit bumi. Sedangkan bumi, pada hakikatnya, bergerak melalui media yang relatif padat berbanding dengan ruang antarbintang, seret itu sangat kecil sehingga tidak dapat dikesan. Pada tahun 1912, ahli astronomi Henry Pickering berkomentar: \"Walaupun medium penyerapan interstellar mungkin hanya eter, [ia] adalah ciri gas, dan molekul gas bebas pasti ada\". <> Apa yang pada asalnya dipercayai langit dipenuhi? || aether <> Mengapa eksperimen dilakukan pada luminiferous aether dalam Abad 19? || \"Walaupun medium penyerap interstellar mungkin hanya eter, [ia] adalah ciri <> Siapa menyatakan bahawa watak gas dan molekul bebas berada dalam eter? || Henry Pickering <> Di manakah jumlah yang paling tinggi daripada vakum separa yang berlaku secara semulajadi ? | ruang angkasa <> Apa yang diperkatakan oleh ether pada asalnya?", {"context": "While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: \"While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "aether"}], "question": "What was originally believed the heavens were filled with?", "id": "572ebe0a03f98919007569d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "\"While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteris"}], "question": "Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century?", "id": "572ebe0a03f98919007569d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "Henry Pickering"}], "question": "Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether?", "id": "572ebe0a03f98919007569d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "outer space"}], "question": "Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums?", "id": "572ebe0a03f98919007569d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "rigid indestructible material"}], "question": "What was ether originally thought to be made of?", "id": "572ebe0a03f98919007569d5"}]}], ["Manusia dan haiwan yang terdedah kepada vakum akan kehilangan kesedaran selepas beberapa saat dan mati akibat hipoksia dalam beberapa minit, tetapi gejala tidak hampir seperti grafik seperti biasa digambarkan dalam media dan budaya popular. Pengurangan tekanan merendahkan suhu di mana darah dan cecair badan lain mendidih, tetapi tekanan elastik salur darah memastikan bahawa titik didih ini kekal di atas suhu badan dalaman 37 \u00b0 C. Walaupun darah tidak akan mendidih, pembentukan gelembung gas dalam cecair badan pada tekanan yang dikurangkan, dikenali sebagai ebullism, masih menjadi kebimbangan. Gas boleh mengalir badan kepada dua kali saiznya yang normal dan peredaran yang perlahan, tetapi tisu yang elastik dan berliang cukup untuk mencegah pecah. Bengkak dan ebullism boleh ditahan dengan membendung dalam saman penerbangan. Angkasawan angkasawan memakai pakaian elastik yang dipakai yang dikenali sebagai Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) yang menghalang ebullism pada tekanan serendah 2 kPa (15 Torr). Pendidihan yang cepat akan menyejukkan kulit dan membuat fros, terutamanya di dalam mulut, tetapi ini bukan bahaya yang ketara. <> Bilakah seseorang atau haiwan akan kehilangan kesedaran apabila terdedah kepada vakum? || selepas beberapa detik <> Angkasawan angkasawan menghalang ebullism pada 2 kPa dengan item apa? || Saman Perlindungan Ketinggian Krew (CAPS) <> Apakah pembentukan gelembung gas dalam cecair badan pada tekanan yang dipanggil? || ebullism <> Apa yang menghalang pecah badan pada ketinggian yang rendah apabila badan manusia kembung oleh gelembung gas? || Tisu adalah elastik dan berliang", {"context": "Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pressure of blood vessels ensures that this boiling point remains above the internal body temperature of 37 \u00b0C. Although the blood will not boil, the formation of gas bubbles in bodily fluids at reduced pressures, known as ebullism, is still a concern. The gas may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Swelling and ebullism can be restrained by containment in a flight suit. Shuttle astronauts wore a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa (15 Torr). Rapid boiling will cool the skin and create frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "after a few seconds"}], "question": "When will a person or animal lose consciousness  when exposed to a vacuum?", "id": "572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS)"}], "question": "A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item?", "id": "572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "ebullism"}], "question": "What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called?", "id": "572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "tissues are elastic and porous"}], "question": "What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles?", "id": "572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3c0"}]}], ["Penyejatan dan pemejalwapan ke dalam vakum dipanggil outgassing. Semua bahan, pepejal atau cecair, mempunyai tekanan wap kecil, dan penyingkiran mereka menjadi penting apabila tekanan vakum turun di bawah tekanan wap ini. Dalam sistem buatan manusia, penyingkiran mempunyai kesan yang sama seperti kebocoran dan boleh mengehadkan vakum yang boleh dicapai. Produk-produk outgassing boleh melembapkan pada permukaan sejuk yang berdekatan, yang boleh menyusahkan jika mereka mengaburkan instrumen optikal atau bertindak balas dengan bahan-bahan lain. Ini sangat membimbangkan misi angkasa, di mana teleskop atau sel suria yang kabur boleh merosakkan misi mahal. <> apakah penyejatan dan pemejalwapan dalam vakum? || mengalahkan <> Mengapa boleh mengatasi masalah merosakkan misi ruang? || instrumen optik yang tidak jelas <> Bilakah pemalsu menjadi penting dalam semua bahan pepejal atau cecair? || tekanan vakum jatuh di bawah tekanan wap ini", {"context": "Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "outgassing"}], "question": "what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum?", "id": "572ed3f1cb0c0d14000f15f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "obscure optical instruments"}], "question": "Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission?", "id": "572ed3f1cb0c0d14000f15f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure"}], "question": "When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials?", "id": "572ed3f1cb0c0d14000f15f1"}]}], ["Tekanan terendah yang dapat dicapai dalam sistem juga bergantung kepada banyak perkara selain sifat pam. Pam berbilang boleh dihubungkan secara siri, dipanggil peringkat, untuk mencapai vakum yang lebih tinggi. Pemilihan meterai, geometri ruang, bahan, dan prosedur pam-pump semua akan memberi impak. Secara kolektif, ini dipanggil teknik vakum. Dan kadang-kadang, tekanan akhir bukan satu-satunya ciri yang relevan. Sistem pengeputan berbeza dalam kontaminasi minyak, getaran, pemilihan keutamaan gas tertentu, kelajuan pam-down, kitaran tugas sekejap, kebolehpercayaan, atau toleransi kepada kadar kebocoran yang tinggi. <> Apabila beberapa pam disambung secara siri untuk menghasilkan vakum yang lebih tinggi ia dipanggil apa? || peringkat <> Pilihan meterai, atau geometri ruang, contohnya kesan pam. Bersama-sama ini pilihan dipanggil apa? || teknik vakum <> Apakah dua ciri lain yang berkaitan dengan sistem pam bersama dengan tekanan akhir? || pencemaran minyak, getaran", {"context": "The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "stages"}], "question": "When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what?", "id": "572ed90fdfa6aa1500f8d44b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "vacuum technique"}], "question": "The choice of seals, or chamber geometry ,for example impact a pump. Together these are options are called what?", "id": "572ed90fdfa6aa1500f8d44c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "oil contamination, vibration"}], "question": "What are two other relevant characteristics of a pumping system along with final pressure?", "id": "572ed90fdfa6aa1500f8d44d"}]}], ["Vakum QED mempunyai ciri-ciri yang menarik dan kompleks. Dalam vakum QED, medan elektrik dan magnet mempunyai nilai purata sifar, tetapi variasi mereka tidak sifar. Akibatnya, vakum QED mengandungi fluktuasi vakum (zarah maya yang melompat ke dalam dan keluar dari kewujudan), dan tenaga terhingga yang dipanggil tenaga vakum. Perubahan turunnya vakum adalah bahagian medan kuantum yang penting dan sentiasa ada. Beberapa kesan eksperimen yang diuji secara eksperimen mengenai turun naik vakum termasuk pelepasan spontan dan peralihan Anak Domba. Undang-undang Coulomb dan potensi elektrik dalam vakum berhampiran caj elektrik diubahsuai. <> Kapan bidang elektrik dan magnet dengan nilai purata sifar, tetapi variasi mereka tidak sifar? || Dalam vakum QED <> Apakah kesan pengesahan vakum turun naik? || pelepasan spontan <> apa vakum turun naik? || zarah maya yang melompat ke dalam dan keluar dari kewujudan <> Tenaga terhingga dalam QED dipanggil apa? || tenaga vakum <> Apa yang boleh diubahsuai boleh Undang-undang Coulomb dalam vakum? || vakum berhampiran dengan cas elektrik", {"context": "QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum fluctuations are an essential and ubiquitous part of quantum field theory. Some experimentally verified effects of vacuum fluctuations include spontaneous emission and the Lamb shift. Coulomb's law and the electric potential in vacuum near an electric charge are modified.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "In QED vacuum"}], "question": "When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero?", "id": "572ecd51c246551400ce46ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "spontaneous emission"}], "question": "What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation?", "id": "572ecd51c246551400ce46af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "virtual particles that hop into and out of existence"}], "question": "what is  vacuum fluctuation?", "id": "572ecd51c246551400ce46b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "vacuum energy"}], "question": "Finite energy in a QED is called what?", "id": "572ecd51c246551400ce46b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "vacuum near an electric charge"}], "question": "What modifies can Coulomb's Law in a vacuum?", "id": "572ecd51c246551400ce46b2"}]}], ["Untuk terus memindahkan ruang tanpa batas tanpa memerlukan pertumbuhan tak terhingga, ruang vakum boleh berulang kali ditutup, letih, dan berkembang lagi. Inilah prinsip di sebalik pam anjakan positif, seperti pam air manual contohnya. Di dalam pam, satu mekanisme mengembangkan rongga yang dimeterikan kecil untuk membuat vakum. Kerana perbezaan tekanan, sesetengah bendalir dari ruang (atau telaga, dalam contoh kita) ditolak ke rongga kecil pam. Rongga pam itu dimeteraikan dari ruang, dibuka ke atmosfera, dan diperas kembali ke satu minit. <> Berulang-ulang menutup petak vakum membolehkan apa? || terus memindahkan bilik tanpa henti tanpa memerlukan pertumbuhan tak terhingga <> Bagaimana vakum dibuat di dalam pam air manual? || satu mekanisme memperluas rongga yang dimeteraikan kecil <> Mengapa bendalir dalam pam manual ditolak ke rongga pam apabila rongga dimeteraikan kecil dikembangkan? || Kerana perbezaan tekanan <> Apakah pam yang berasaskan prinsip petak tertutup yang menarik, menolak dan memperluaskan dipanggil? || pam anjakan", {"context": "To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth"}], "question": "Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what?", "id": "572ed67403f9891900756a71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity"}], "question": "How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump?", "id": "572ed67403f9891900756a72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "Because of the pressure differential"}], "question": "Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded?", "id": "572ed67403f9891900756a73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "displacement pumps"}], "question": "What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called?", "id": "572ed67403f9891900756a74"}]}], ["Dalam mekanik kuantum dan teori bidang kuantum, vakum ditakrifkan sebagai negeri (iaitu, penyelesaian kepada persamaan teori) dengan tenaga yang paling rendah (keadaan tanah ruang Hilbert). Dalam elektrodinamika kuantum vakum ini dirujuk sebagai 'vakum QED' untuk membezakannya daripada vakum chromodynamics kuantum, yang ditandakan sebagai vakum QCD. Vakum QED adalah keadaan tanpa zarah (jadi nama), dan juga tiada foton. Seperti yang diterangkan di atas, keadaan ini tidak mustahil untuk dicapai secara eksperimen. (Walaupun setiap zarah perkara boleh dibuang dari isipadu, tidak mustahil untuk menghilangkan semua foton hitam.) Walau bagaimanapun, ia menyediakan model yang baik untuk vakum yang dapat direalisasikan, dan bersetuju dengan beberapa pemerhatian percubaan seperti yang diterangkan seterusnya. <> Keadaan dengan tenaga terendah dalam mekanik kuantum menentukan apa? || vakum <> Sebuah keadaan vakum tanpa sebarang zarah atau foton dipanggil apa? || QED <> mengapa vakum QED mustahil untuk dicapai? || tidak mungkin untuk menghilangkan semua photon hitam <> Apakah QCD? || vakum kromodinamik kuantum,", {"context": "In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics, denoted as QCD vacuum. QED vacuum is a state with no matter particles (hence the name), and also no photons. As described above, this state is impossible to achieve experimentally. (Even if every matter particle could somehow be removed from a volume, it would be impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons.) Nonetheless, it provides a good model for realizable vacuum, and agrees with a number of experimental observations as described next.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "vacuum"}], "question": "The state with the lowest possible energy in quantum mechanics defines what ?", "id": "572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "QED"}], "question": "A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what?", "id": "572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons"}], "question": "why is a QED vacuum impossible to achieve ?", "id": "572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "vacuum of quantum chromodynamics,"}], "question": "What is a QCD?", "id": "572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3ce"}]}], ["Dalam sistem vakum yang tinggi, sesetengah laluan kebocoran yang sangat \"ganjil\" dan sumber yang keluar perlu dipertimbangkan. Penyerapan air aluminium dan palladium menjadi sumber luar yang tidak dapat diterima, dan walaupun adsorptivity dari logam keras seperti keluli tahan karat atau titanium mesti dipertimbangkan. Sesetengah minyak dan gris akan dimakan dalam vakum yang melampau. Kebolehtelapan dinding ruang logam mungkin perlu dipertimbangkan, dan arah butiran bebibir logam harus selari dengan muka bebibir. <> Apa yang boleh meredakan pendedahan vaksin yang melampau? || Sesetengah minyak dan gris <> Bagaimana seharusnya bijirin mengarahkan bebibir metalik untuk mengalir muka? || selari <> Apakah 2 logam yang dapat diserap dalam sistem vakum yang sangat tinggi? || keluli tahan karat atau titanium <> Apa yang menjadi kebimbangan dalam sistem vakum ultra tinggi mengenai aluminium atau paladium? || penyerapan air", {"context": "In ultra high vacuum systems, some very \"odd\" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will boil off in extreme vacuums. The permeability of the metallic chamber walls may have to be considered, and the grain direction of the metallic flanges should be parallel to the flange face.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Some oils and greases"}], "question": "What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure?", "id": "572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1576"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "parallel"}], "question": "How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces?", "id": "572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "stainless steel or titanium"}], "question": "What are 2 metals that can be absorbed in an ultra high vacuum system?", "id": "572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "water absorption"}], "question": "What becomes a concern in an ultra high vacuum system regarding aluminum or palladium?", "id": "572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1579"}]}], ["Bintang, planet dan bulan mengekalkan atmosfera mereka dengan tarikan graviti, dan oleh itu, atmosfera tidak mempunyai sempadan yang jelas digambarkan: ketumpatan gas atmosfera hanya berkurang dengan jarak dari objek. Tekanan atmosfera bumi jatuh ke sekitar 6998320000000000000 \u2660 3.2 \u00d7 10-2 Pa pada ketinggian 100 kilometer (62 batu), garis K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, yang merupakan takrifan yang sama dengan sempadan dengan angkasa lepas. Di luar garis ini, tekanan gas isotropik dengan cepat menjadi tidak penting jika dibandingkan dengan tekanan radiasi dari Matahari dan tekanan dinamik angin matahari, maka definisi tekanan menjadi sukar untuk difahami. Termosfera dalam julat ini mempunyai kecerunan besar tekanan, suhu dan komposisi, dan sangat berbeza disebabkan oleh cuaca ruang. Astropisika lebih suka menggunakan ketumpatan nombor untuk menerangkan persekitaran ini, dalam unit zarah setiap sentimeter padu. <> `Mengapa termosfera melepasi garis Karman sangat berbeza? || kerana ruang angkasa <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai sempadan luar angkasa? || garis K\u00e1rm\u00e1n <> Apa yang digunakan Astrophysicists untuk menerangkan ruang luar di luar garis karman? || ketumpatan nombor <> Apa yang lebih penting daripada tekanan gas isotropik melepasi garis Karman? || tekanan radiasi dari Matahari dan tekanan dinamik angin matahari", {"context": "Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000\u26603.2\u00d710\u22122 Pa at 100 kilometres (62 mi) of altitude, the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line, which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "due to space weather"}], "question": "`Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly?", "id": "572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line"}], "question": "What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space?", "id": "572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 809, "text": "number density"}], "question": "What do Astrophysicists use to describe outer space beyond the karman line?", "id": "572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds"}], "question": "What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line?", "id": "572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15af"}]}], ["Penjelasan di atas hanyalah pengantar ringkas untuk mengepam vakum, dan tidak mewakili seluruh julat pam yang digunakan. Banyak variasi pam anjakan positif telah dibangunkan, dan banyak reka bentuk pam lain bergantung pada prinsip-prinsip asas yang berbeza. Pam pemindahan momentum, yang menanggung beberapa persamaan dengan pam dinamik yang digunakan pada tekanan yang lebih tinggi, boleh mencapai vakum berkualiti lebih tinggi daripada pam anjakan yang positif. Pam penangkapan boleh menangkap gas dalam keadaan pepejal atau diserap, selalunya tanpa bahagian yang bergerak, tiada segel dan tiada getaran. Tiada pam ini adalah sejagat; setiap jenis mempunyai batasan prestasi penting. Mereka semua berkongsi kesukaran untuk mengepam gas berat molekul yang rendah, terutamanya hidrogen, helium, dan neon. <> Apa pam boleh menangkap gas dalam keadaan pepejal atau diserap? || Pam pengambilan <> pam paman sering kerap bekerja tanpa meterai, bahagian bergerak dan apa lagi? || tiada getaran. <> Apa pam mempunyai vakum kualiti yang lebih tinggi daripada pam anjakan yang positif? || Pam pemindahan momentum", {"context": "The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Entrapment pumps"}], "question": "What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state?", "id": "572ed7a0c246551400ce4716"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "no vibration."}], "question": "Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else?", "id": "572ed7a0c246551400ce4717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Momentum transfer pumps"}], "question": "What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump?", "id": "572ed7a0c246551400ce4718"}]}], ["Vacuum manifold boleh digunakan untuk memacu aksesori pada kereta. Aplikasi yang paling terkenal adalah servo vakum, yang digunakan untuk memberikan bantuan kuasa untuk brek. Aplikasi usang termasuk wiper kaca corong yang dikendalikan oleh vakum dan pam bahan api Autovac. Sesetengah instrumen pesawat (Petunjuk Sikap (AI) dan Petunjuk Tajam (HI)) biasanya dikuasakan oleh vakum, sebagai perlindungan terhadap kehilangan semua (elektrik) instrumen, sejak pesawat awal sering tidak mempunyai sistem elektrik, dan kerana terdapat dua sumber vakum yang sedia ada pada pesawat yang bergerak-enjin dan venturi luaran. Lebur induksi vakum menggunakan induksi elektromagnet dalam vakum. <> Apa yang menyediakan bantuan kuasa untuk brek auto? || servo vakum <> Apa dua sumber vakum yang tersedia di pesawat terbang? || enjin dan venturi luaran <> Mengapa indikator Sikap dan indikator tajuk pemacu vakum? || perlindungan terhadap kehilangan semua (elektrik berkuasa) instrumen, <> Apa vakum manifold dilakukan di dalam kereta? || aksesori pemacu <> Apa aksesori yang tidak lagi digunakan dikuasakan oleh vakum? || wipers cermin mata yang didorong oleh vakum dan pam bahan api Autovac", {"context": "Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indicator (HI)) are typically vacuum-powered, as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems, and since there are two readily available sources of vacuum on a moving aircraft\u2014the engine and an external venturi. Vacuum induction melting uses electromagnetic induction within a vacuum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "vacuum servo"}], "question": "What provides power assistance for auto brakes?", "id": "572ed2ee03f9891900756a5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "engine and an external venturi"}], "question": "What are two available sources of vacuum on a moving airplane?", "id": "572ed2ee03f9891900756a5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments,"}], "question": "Why are the Attitude indicator and heading indicator vacuum-powered?", "id": "572ed2ee03f9891900756a5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "drive accessories"}], "question": "What does a manifold vacuum do on a car?", "id": "572ed2ee03f9891900756a60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps"}], "question": "What no longer used accessories were powered by vacuum?", "id": "572ed2ee03f9891900756a61"}]}], ["Vakum berguna dalam pelbagai proses dan peranti. Penggunaan meluasnya yang pertama adalah di dalam mentol lampu pijar untuk melindungi filamen dari degradasi kimia. Ketidakseimbangan kimia yang dihasilkan oleh vakum juga berguna untuk kimpalan rasuk elektron, kimpalan sejuk, pembungkusan vakum dan penggorengan vakum. Vakum ultra tinggi digunakan dalam kajian substrat bersih atom, kerana hanya vakum yang sangat baik memelihara permukaan bersih berskala atomik untuk masa yang agak lama (mengikut urutan minit hingga hari). Tinggi ke vakum ultra tinggi menghalang halangan udara, yang membolehkan rasuk zarah untuk mendeposit atau membuang bahan tanpa pencemaran. Inilah prinsip di sebalik pemendapan wap kimia, pemendapan wap fizikal, dan etsa kering yang penting untuk fabrikasi semikonduktor dan lapisan optik, dan ke sains permukaan. Pengurangan perolakan menyediakan penebat termos botol termos. Vakum dalam menurunkan titik mendidih cecair dan menggalakkan penyingkiran suhu rendah yang digunakan dalam pembekuan beku, penyediaan pelekat, penyulingan, metalurgi, dan pembersihan proses. Sifat-sifat elektrik vakum membuat mikroskop elektron dan tiub vakum mungkin, termasuk tiub sinar katod. Penghapusan geseran udara berguna untuk penyimpanan tenaga roda dan ultracentrifuges. <> Apakah objek yang digunakan terlebih dahulu dalam proses proses vakum yang meluas? || mentol pijar cahaya <> Apa yang dihasilkan oleh vakum dan digunakan dalam kimpalan rasuk elektron dan penggorengan vakum? || ketakserasian kimia <> Hight ke khalayak ultra-tinggi menghilangkan halangan apa? || halangan udara, <> Bagaimana pembekuan beku, penyulingan dan metalurgi mendapat manfaat daripada vakum yang mendalam? || Vakum dalam menurunkan titik mendidih cecair dan mempromosikan suhu rendah yang mengalir <> Apakah dua perkara yang mungkin dilakukan oleh sifat elektrik vakum? || mikroskop elektron dan tiub vakum", {"context": "Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "incandescent light bulb"}], "question": "What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?", "id": "572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d411"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "chemical inertness"}], "question": "What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?", "id": "572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d412"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "obstruction of air,"}], "question": "Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction?", "id": "572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d413"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 917, "text": "Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing"}], "question": "How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum?", "id": "572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1147, "text": "electron microscopes and vacuum tubes"}], "question": "What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum?", "id": "572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d415"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 121 SM, pasukan Han mengusir Xiongnu dari wilayah luas yang meliputi Koridor Hexi kepada Lop Nur. Mereka menangkis serangan bersama Xiongnu-Qiang ke wilayah barat laut ini pada 111 SM. Pada tahun itu, mahkamah Han menubuhkan empat komander sempadan baru di rantau ini: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, dan Wuwei. Majoriti orang di perbatasan adalah askar. Sekali-sekala, mahkamah secara paksa memindahkan petani petani ke penempatan sempadan baru, bersama-sama dengan budak kerajaan dan banduan yang melakukan kerja keras. Mahkamah juga menggalakkan rakyat biasa, seperti petani, peniaga, pemilik tanah, dan pekerja buruh, secara sukarela berpindah ke sempadan. <> Siapa yang membentuk majoriti rakyat di perbatasan? || askar <> Yang memaksa petani petani untuk pindah ke penempatan baru? || mahkamah <> Dalam tahun berapa tentera Han menghentikan serangan Xiongnu-Qiang bersama? || 111 SM <> Di manakah pemilik tanah digalakkan berhijrah? || perbatasan <Berapa banyak komandan di perbatasan baru dicipta oleh mahkamah Han pada tahun 111 SM? || empat", {"context": "In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers. On occasion, the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements, along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor. The court also encouraged commoners, such as farmers, merchants, landowners, and hired laborers, to voluntarily migrate to the frontier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "soldiers"}], "question": "Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier?", "id": "572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d373"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "the court"}], "question": "Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements?", "id": "572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d374"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "111 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion?", "id": "572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d375"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "the frontier"}], "question": "Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to?", "id": "572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d376"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC?", "id": "572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d377"}]}], ["Maharaja berada di puncak masyarakat Han. Beliau memimpin kerajaan Han tetapi berkongsi kuasa dengan kedua-dua bangsawan dan menteri yang dilantik yang datang sebahagian besarnya dari kelas tamadun ilmiah. Empayar Han dibahagikan kepada kawasan yang dikawal secara langsung oleh kerajaan pusat menggunakan inovasi yang diwarisi dari Qin yang dikenal sebagai komandan, dan beberapa kerajaan semi-otonom. Kerajaan-kerajaan ini secara beransur-ansur kehilangan semua kemerdekaan mereka, terutama setelah Pemberontakan Tujuh Negara. Dari pemerintahan Maharaja Wu ke hadapan, mahkamah Cina secara rasmi menaja Konfusianisme dalam politik pendidikan dan mahkamah, yang disintesis dengan kosmologi ulama masa lalu seperti Dong Zhongshu. Dasar ini berlaku sehingga kejatuhan dinasti Qing pada tahun 1911. <> Bilakah kejatuhan dinasti Qing? || AD 1911 <> Apa inovasi yang diperoleh daripada Qin? || komandan <> Apa falsafah pendidikan yang disetujui oleh mahkamah China? || Konfusianisme <> Apa faktor penyebab yang menyebabkan kerajaan kehilangan Kemerdekaan mereka semasa dinasti Han? || Pemberontakan Tujuh Negara <> Kelas apa yang kebanyakan menteri yang dilantik berasal dari zaman Dinasti Han? || mahir ulama", {"context": "The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies, and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms. These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States. From the reign of Emperor Wu onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu. This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in AD 1911.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "AD 1911"}], "question": "When did the Qing dynasty fall?", "id": "572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "commanderies"}], "question": "What innovation was acquired from the Qin?", "id": "572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Confucianism"}], "question": "What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court?", "id": "572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "the Rebellion of the Seven States"}], "question": "What was an attributing factor that caused kingdoms to lose their Independence during the Han dynasty?", "id": "572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "scholarly gentry"}], "question": "What class did a majority of appointed ministers come from during the Han dynasty?", "id": "572ea634cb0c0d14000f13ea"}]}], ["Dinasti kekaisaran China yang pertama adalah dinasti Qin (221-206 SM). Qin menyatukan Negara-Negara Berperang Cina dengan penaklukan, tetapi empayar mereka menjadi tidak stabil selepas kematian kaisar pertama Qin Shi Huangdi. Dalam tempoh empat tahun, pihak berkuasa dinasti telah runtuh dalam menghadapi pemberontakan. Dua bekas ketua pemberontak, Xiang Yu (d. 202 SM) dari Chu dan Liu Bang (195 SM) dari Han, terlibat dalam peperangan untuk menentukan siapa yang akan menjadi hegemon China, yang telah menjadi fissured ke 18 kerajaan, masing-masing menuntut kesetiaan sama ada Xiang Yu atau Liu Bang. Walaupun Xiang Yu terbukti menjadi komander yang mampu, Liu Bang mengalahkannya di Pertempuran Gaixia (202 SM), di Anhui moden. Liu Bang mengambil tajuk \"maharaja\" (huangdi) dengan mendesak pengikutnya dan dikenali sebagai Maharaja Gaozu (tahun 202-195 SM). Chang'an dipilih sebagai modal baru dari kerajaan yang bersatu semula di bawah Han. <> Dengan tindakan apakah Qin membawa bersama-sama Negara-Negara Berperang Cina? || penaklukan <> Yang komander yang melakukan kekalahan Liu Bang dalam Pertempuran Gaixia? || Xiang Yu <> Siapa maharaja pertama semasa dinasti Qin? || Qin Shi Huangdi <> Apa yang akhirnya menyebabkan kuasa dinasti Qin dibubarkan? || pemberontakan <> Yang menggesa Liu Bang menjadi maharaja? || pengikutnya", {"context": "China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221\u2013206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xiang Yu (d. 202 BC) of Chu and Liu Bang (d. 195 BC) of Han, engaged in a war to decide who would become hegemon of China, which had fissured into 18 kingdoms, each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang. Although Xiang Yu proved to be a capable commander, Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia (202 BC), in modern-day Anhui. Liu Bang assumed the title \"emperor\" (huangdi) at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu (r. 202\u2013195 BC). Chang'an was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "conquest"}], "question": "With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States?", "id": "572eba61c246551400ce459c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Xiang Yu"}], "question": "Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia?", "id": "572eba61c246551400ce459d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Qin Shi Huangdi"}], "question": "Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty?", "id": "572eba61c246551400ce459e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "rebellion"}], "question": "What ultimately caused the Qin dynasty's authority to be dissolved?", "id": "572eba61c246551400ce459f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "his followers"}], "question": "Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor?", "id": "572eba61c246551400ce45a0"}]}], ["The Xiongnu, sebuah persatuan padang rumput nomad, mengalahkan Han pada 200 SM dan memaksa Han untuk mengemukakan sebagai rakan de facto yang rendah, tetapi meneruskan serangan mereka di sempadan Han. Maharaja Wu Han (141-87 SM) melancarkan beberapa kempen ketenteraan menentang mereka. Kemenangan Han yang muktamad dalam peperangan ini akhirnya memaksa Xiongnu untuk menerima status sahih sebagai anak sungai Han. Kempen ini memperluaskan kedaulatan Han ke Basin Tarim di Asia Tengah, membahagi Xiongnu menjadi dua konfederasi yang berasingan, dan membantu menubuhkan rangkaian perdagangan yang luas yang dikenali sebagai Jalan Sutera, yang mencapai sejauh dunia Mediterania. Wilayah utara sempadan Han dengan cepat diserang oleh persekutuan Xianbei nomad. Maharaja Wu juga melancarkan ekspedisi ketenteraan yang berjaya di selatan, melampirkan Nanyue pada 111 SM dan Dian pada 109 SM, dan di Semenanjung Korea di mana Komander Xuantu dan Lelang ditubuhkan pada 108 SM. <> Konfederasi mana yang mengalahkan Han pada tahun 200 SM? || The Xiongnu <> Apa jenis kempen membantu menubuhkan Jalan Silk? || tentera <> Dalam tahun apakah Nanyue dilampirkan? || 111 SM <> Konfederasi mana yang menakluki wilayah utara sempadan Han? || Xianbei <> Pada tahun berapakah Maharaja Wu mengenai pemerintahan Han berakhir? || 87 BC", {"context": "The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141\u201387 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world. The territories north of Han's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Xiongnu"}], "question": "Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC?", "id": "572eb08203f989190075694b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "military"}], "question": "What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road?", "id": "572eb08203f989190075694c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 813, "text": "111 BC"}], "question": "In what year was Nanyue annexed?", "id": "572eb08203f989190075694d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "Xianbei"}], "question": "Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han's border?", "id": "572eb08203f989190075694e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "87 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Emperor Wu of Han's reign end?", "id": "572eb08203f989190075694f"}]}], ["Dinasti Han (Bahasa Cina: \u6f22\u671d; pinyin: H\u00e0n ch\u00e1o) adalah dinasti dinasti kedua China, didahului oleh dinasti Qin (221-207 SM) dan digantikan oleh tempoh Tiga Kerajaan (220-280 M). Menguasai lebih empat abad, zaman Han dianggap zaman keemasan dalam sejarah China. Sehingga hari ini, kumpulan etnik majoriti China merujuk dirinya sebagai \"orang Han\" dan skrip Cina dirujuk sebagai \"watak Han\". Ia diasaskan oleh pemimpin pemberontak Liu Bang, yang dikenali sebagai Maharaja Gaozu dari Han, dan secara ringkas diganggu oleh dinasti Xin (9-23 AD) bekas bupati Wang Mang. Interregnum ini memisahkan dinasti Han menjadi dua tempoh: Han Barat atau Bekas Han (206 SM - 9 AD) dan Han Timur atau Han Kemudian (25-220 AD). <> Tempoh apa yang diikuti oleh dinasti Han? || Tiga kerajaan <> Apa dinasti datang sebelum dinasti Han? || Qin <> Yang mendirikan dinasti Han? || Liu Bang <> Bilakah zaman dahulu? || 206 SM <> Bilakah berakhirnya zaman Han? || 220 AD", {"context": "The Han dynasty (Chinese: \u6f22\u671d; pinyin: H\u00e0n ch\u00e1o) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221\u2013207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the \"Han people\" and the Chinese script is referred to as \"Han characters\". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9\u201323 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC \u2013 9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25\u2013220 AD).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Three Kingdoms"}], "question": "What period followed the Han dynasty?", "id": "572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Qin"}], "question": "What dynasty came before the Han dynasty?", "id": "572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Liu Bang"}], "question": "Who founded the Han dynasty?", "id": "572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "206 BC"}], "question": "When did the Former Han period begin?", "id": "572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "220 AD"}], "question": "When did the Later Han period end?", "id": "572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b5"}]}], ["Selepas 92 AD, kasim istana semakin terlibat dalam politik mahkamah, terlibat dalam perebutan kuasa kekerasan antara pelbagai kaum konsortor permaisuri dan permaisuri permaidani, yang menyebabkan kejatuhan terakhir Han. Pihak berkuasa Imperial juga dicabar dengan serius oleh masyarakat keagamaan Daoist yang menimbulkan Pemberontakan Turban Kuning dan Lima Pemberontakan Beras. Berikutan kematian Kaisar Ling (r 168-189 AD), kesatria istana mengalami pembunuhan beramai-ramai oleh pegawai-pegawai tentera, yang membolehkan ahli-ahli bangsawan dan gabenor tentera untuk menjadi panglima perang dan membahagikan empayar. Apabila Cao Pi, Raja Wei, merampas takhta dari Kaisar Xian, dinasti Han tidak lagi wujud. <> Persatuan agama mana yang menghasut Pemberontakan Turban Kuning? || Daoist <> Siapa yang membunuh eunichs istana selepas kematian Kaisar Ling? || pegawai tentera <> Siapa Kaisar terakhir dinasti Han? || Xian <> Yang mana raja mengambil kerusi kuasa dari Kaisar Xian? || Cao Pi <> Pada tahun apakah Kaisar Ling mati? || 189 AD", {"context": "After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (r. 168\u2013189 AD), the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty ceased to exist.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Daoist"}], "question": "Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion?", "id": "572eb82403f9891900756993"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "military officers"}], "question": "Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling?", "id": "572eb82403f9891900756994"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "Xian"}], "question": "Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty?", "id": "572eb82403f9891900756996"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "Cao Pi"}], "question": "Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian?", "id": "572eb82403f9891900756995"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "189 AD"}], "question": "In what year did Emperor Ling die?", "id": "572eb82403f9891900756997"}]}], ["Walaupun penghormatan dan rundingan antara Laoshang Chanyu (174-160 SM) dan Maharaja Wen (180-157 SM) untuk membuka semula pasaran sempadan, ramai orang bawahan Xiongnu Chanyu memilih untuk tidak mematuhi perjanjian itu dan secara berkala menyerang wilayah-wilayah Han selatan Tembok Besar untuk barangan tambahan. Dalam persidangan mahkamah yang dikumpulkan oleh Maharaja Wu (tahun 141-87 SM) pada 135 SM, kesepakatan majoriti para menteri adalah untuk mengekalkan perjanjian heqin. Maharaja Wu menerima ini, walaupun serangan Xiongnu berterusan. Walau bagaimanapun, persidangan mahkamah pada tahun berikutnya meyakinkan majoriti bahawa penglibatan terhad di Mayi yang melibatkan pembunuhan Chanyu akan membuang alam Xiongnu menjadi huru-hara dan memberi manfaat kepada Han. Apabila plot ini gagal pada tahun 133 SM, Maharaja Wu melancarkan beberapa serangan besar-besaran ketenteraan ke wilayah Xiongnu. Tentara China menawan satu kubu kuat dan menubuhkan koloni pertanian untuk menguatkan pegangan mereka. Serangan ini memuncak pada tahun 119 SM di Pertempuran Mobei, di mana komander Han Huo Qubing (117 BC) dan Wei Qing (sekitar 106 SM) memaksa mahkamah Xiongnu melarikan diri ke utara Gurun Gobi. <> Perjanjian heqin ditegaskan oleh persidangan mahkamah pada tahun berapa? || 135 SM <> Pada tahun apakah Maharaja Wu memulakan beberapa serangan di wilayah Xiongnu? || 133 SM <> Apa jenis tanah jajahan yang digunakan oleh tentera-tentera Cina untuk membantu menegakkan kekukuhan mereka di kubu-kubu yang mereka ambil? || pertanian <> Pada tahun apakah Pertempuran Mobei berlaku? || 119 SM <> Yang komander Han meninggal dunia pada tahun 106 SM? || Wei Qing", {"context": "Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174\u2013160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180\u2013157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a court conference assembled by Emperor Wu (r. 141\u201387 BC) in 135 BC, the majority consensus of the ministers was to retain the heqin agreement. Emperor Wu accepted this, despite continuing Xiongnu raids. However, a court conference the following year convinced the majority that a limited engagement at Mayi involving the assassination of the Chanyu would throw the Xiongnu realm into chaos and benefit the Han. When this plot failed in 133 BC, Emperor Wu launched a series of massive military invasions into Xiongnu territory. Chinese armies captured one stronghold after another and established agricultural colonies to strengthen their hold. The assault culminated in 119 BC at the Battle of Mobei, where the Han commanders Huo Qubing (d. 117 BC) and Wei Qing (d. 106 BC) forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the Gobi Desert.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "135 BC"}], "question": "The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year?", "id": "572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "133 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories?", "id": "572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 893, "text": "agricultural"}], "question": "What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over?", "id": "572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 967, "text": "119 BC"}], "question": "In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place?", "id": "572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1050, "text": "Wei Qing"}], "question": "Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC?", "id": "572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14fa"}]}], ["Dinasti Han adalah zaman kemakmuran ekonomi dan menyaksikan pertumbuhan ekonomi wang yang besar yang pertama kali ditubuhkan pada dinasti Zhou (tahun 1050-256 SM). Koin yang dikeluarkan oleh pewarna kerajaan pusat pada tahun 119 SM kekal sebagai wang logam standard China hingga dinasti Tang (618-907 AD). Tempoh ini menyaksikan beberapa inovasi institusi terhad. Untuk membayar kempen ketenteraannya dan penempatan wilayah perbatasan yang baru ditaklukkan, kerajaan menasionalisasi industri garam dan besi swasta pada tahun 117 SM, tetapi monopoli kerajaan ini telah dimansuhkan semasa zaman Han Timur. Sains dan teknologi semasa zaman Han menyaksikan kemajuan yang signifikan, termasuk papermaking, kemudi stereng nautika, penggunaan nombor negatif dalam matematik, peta yang dibesarkan, sfera armilari berkuasa hidraulik untuk astronomi, dan seismometer yang menggunakan pendulum yang terbalik. <> Dalam tahun apakah kerajaan mengeluarkan duit syiling? || 119 SM <> Industri apa yang digunakan oleh kerajaan untuk membantu membayar kempen ketenteraannya? || besi <> Dalam apa tempoh beberapa monopoli kerajaan dimansuhkan? || Han Timur <> Ekonomi berasaskan wang pertama kali bertapak dalam apa dinasti? || Zhou <> Seismometer semasa dinasti Han menggunakan apa jenis pendulum? || terbalik", {"context": "The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050\u2013256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618\u2013907 AD). The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations. To pay for its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories, the government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC, but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han period. Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances, including papermaking, the nautical steering rudder, the use of negative numbers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy, and a seismometer employing an inverted pendulum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "119 BC"}], "question": "In what year did the central government issue coins?", "id": "572eae75c246551400ce44fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "iron"}], "question": "What industry did the government use to help pay for its military campaigns?", "id": "572eae75c246551400ce44fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Eastern Han"}], "question": "In what period did several government monopolies become repealed?", "id": "572eae75c246551400ce44fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Zhou"}], "question": "A money based economy was first entrenched in what dynasty?", "id": "572eae75c246551400ce44fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 881, "text": "inverted"}], "question": "A seismometer during the Han dynasty used what type of pendulum?", "id": "572eae75c246551400ce44fe"}]}], ["Di utara China betul-betul, penguasa Xiongnu nomad Modu Chanyu (r. 209-174 SM) menaklukkan pelbagai suku yang mendiami bahagian timur dari Eurasia Steppe. Menjelang akhir pemerintahannya, beliau menguasai Manchuria, Mongolia, dan Basin Tarim, menakluki lebih dari dua puluh negeri di timur Samarkand. Maharaja Gaozu terkejut mengenai senjata besi yang dihasilkan oleh Han yang didagangkan di Xiongnu di sepanjang sempadan utara, dan beliau menubuhkan sekatan perdagangan terhadap kumpulan itu. Walaupun embargo sudah ada, Xiongnu mendapati peniaga bersedia membekalkan keperluan mereka. Tentera China juga melancarkan serangan kejutan terhadap Xiongnu yang didagangkan di pasaran sempadan. Sebagai membalas dendam, Xiongnu menyerang wilayah Shanxi sekarang, di mana mereka mengalahkan pasukan Han di Baideng pada tahun 200 SM. Selepas rundingan, perjanjian heqin pada tahun 198 SM secara nominal memegang pemimpin-pemimpin Xiongnu dan Han sebagai rakan sejawat dalam perkawinan pernikahan kerajaan, tetapi Han dipaksa mengirim sejumlah besar barang-barang penghormatan seperti pakaian sutra, makanan, dan wain Xiongnu. <> Siapa pemimpin Xiongnu? || Modu Chanyu <> Apakah kumpulan yang mempunyai embargo perdagangan yang dibuat terhadap mereka? || Xiongnu <> Pada tahun berapa tentera Han dikalahkan di Baideng? || 200 SM <> Persetujuan apa yang membuktikan kesamaan antara Xiongnu dan Han? || heqin <> Apa jenis pakaian yang dihantar sebagai penghormatan kepada Xiongnu? || pakaian sutera", {"context": "To the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209\u2013174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. Emperor Gaozu was troubled about the abundant Han-manufactured iron weapons traded to the Xiongnu along the northern borders, and he established a trade embargo against the group. Although the embargo was in place, the Xiongnu found traders willing to supply their needs. Chinese forces also mounted surprise attacks against Xiongnu who traded at the border markets. In retaliation, the Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province, where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC. After negotiations, the heqin agreement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders of the Xiongnu and the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance, but the Han were forced to send large amounts of tribute items such as silk clothes, food, and wine to the Xiongnu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Modu Chanyu"}], "question": "Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu?", "id": "572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "the Xiongnu"}], "question": "What group had a trade embargo created against them?", "id": "572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 780, "text": "200 BC"}], "question": "In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng?", "id": "572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 812, "text": "heqin"}], "question": "What agreement established equality between the Xiongnu and the Han?", "id": "572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1011, "text": "silk clothes"}], "question": "What type of clothing were sent as a tribute to the Xiongnu?", "id": "572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33f"}]}], ["Pada permulaan dinasti Han Barat, tiga belas kuasa penguasa yang dikuasai-termasuk rantau modal-wujud di bahagian barat empayar, manakala dua pertigaan timur terbahagi kepada sepuluh kerajaan semi-otonom. Untuk menenangkan para komandannya yang terkenal dari perang dengan Chu, Kaisar Gaozu telah mencadangkan beberapa dari mereka sebagai raja. Menjelang 157 SM, mahkamah Han telah menggantikan semua raja-raja ini dengan anggota keluarga diraja Liu, kerana kesetiaan saudara-mara ke takhta itu dipersoalkan. Selepas beberapa pemberontakan oleh raja Han-yang terbesar adalah Pemberontakan Tujuh Negara pada tahun 154 SM-mahkamah empayar telah membuat beberapa siri pembaharuan bermula pada 145 SM yang membataskan saiz dan kuasa kerajaan-kerajaan ini dan membahagikan bekas wilayah mereka ke dalam komander baru yang dikawal oleh pusat . Raja-raja tidak dapat lagi melantik kakitangan mereka sendiri; tugas ini diasumsikan oleh mahkamah kekaisaran. Raja-raja menjadi kepala nominal dari kepulauan mereka dan mengumpul sebahagian daripada pendapatan cukai sebagai pendapatan peribadi mereka. Kerajaan-kerajaan tidak pernah sepenuhnya dihapuskan dan wujud sepanjang sisa Han Barat dan Timur. <> Berapa banyak komando di bahagian barat empayar? || tiga belas <> yang boleh menunjuk staf kepada raja? || istana kekaisaran <> Bilakah Pemberontakan Tujuh Negara? || 154 SM <> Daripada apa sumbernya raja-raja memperoleh pendapatan peribadi mereka? || pendapatan cukai <> Mahkamah Han menggantikan beberapa raja dengan ahli keluarga diraja apa? || Liu", {"context": "At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies\u2014including the capital region\u2014existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings. By 157 BC, the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal Liu family members, since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned. After several insurrections by Han kings\u2014the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC\u2014the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies. Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff; this duty was assumed by the imperial court. Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes. The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire?", "id": "572ebc9303f98919007569bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 878, "text": "imperial court"}], "question": "Who could appoint staff to the kings?", "id": "572ebc9303f98919007569c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "154 BC"}], "question": "When was the Rebellion of the Seven States?", "id": "572ebc9303f98919007569c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 963, "text": "tax revenues"}], "question": "From what source did kings derive their personal income from?", "id": "572ebc9303f98919007569c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Liu"}], "question": "The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family?", "id": "572ebc9303f98919007569c3"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada hubungan anak-anak dengan Kushans, Empayar Han menerima hadiah dari Empayar Parthia, dari seorang raja di Burma moden, dari seorang pemerintah di Jepun, dan memulakan misi yang tidak berjaya untuk Daqin (Rom) pada AD 97 dengan Gan Ying sebagai utusan . Kedutaan Besar Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r 161-180 M) direkodkan di Hou Hanshu telah sampai ke mahkamah Maharaja Huan dari Han (AD 146-168) pada 166 AD, namun Rafe de Crespigny menegaskan bahawa ini adalah kemungkinan besar sekumpulan pedagang Rom. Pengunjung lain ke Eastern-Han China termasuk sami-sami Buddha yang menerjemahkan kerja-kerja ke dalam bahasa Cina, seperti Shigao dari Parthia, dan Lokaksema dari Kushan-era Gandhara, India. <> Siapa yang menukarkan kerja-kerja bertulis ke dalam bahasa Cina? || Para sami Buddha <> Yang mana ahli Empayar Han dihantar ke Daqin pada tahun 97? || Gan Ying <> Bilakah pemerintahan Maharaja Huan bermula? || AD 146 <> Siapa yang sampai ke istana Maharaja Huan di AD 166? || Kedutaan Rom <> Yang empayar menghantar hadiah Han? || Parthian", {"context": "In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161\u2013180 AD) is recorded in the Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han (r. AD 146\u2013168) in AD 166, yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants. Other travelers to Eastern-Han China included Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese, such as An Shigao of Parthia, and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara, India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Buddhist monks"}], "question": "Who translated written works into Chinese?", "id": "572edc38cb0c0d14000f1623"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Gan Ying"}], "question": "Which member of the Han Empire was sent to Daqin in AD 97?", "id": "572edc38cb0c0d14000f1622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "AD 146"}], "question": "When did Emperor Huan's reign begin?", "id": "572edc38cb0c0d14000f1625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "A Roman embassy"}], "question": "Who reached the court of Emperor Huan in AD 166?", "id": "572edc38cb0c0d14000f1624"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Parthian"}], "question": "Which empire sent the Han gifts?", "id": "572edc38cb0c0d14000f1626"}]}], ["Malah sebelum perkembangan Han ke Asia Tengah, perjalanan diplomat Zhang Qian dari 139 hingga 125 SM telah menubuhkan hubungan Cina dengan banyak tamadun sekitarnya. Zhang menemui Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), dan Daxia (Bactria, dahulunya Kerajaan Greco-Bactrian); beliau juga mengumpulkan maklumat mengenai Shendu (Lembah Sungai Indus India Utara) dan Anxi (Empayar Parthia). Kesemua negara ini akhirnya menerima kedutaan Han. Hubungan ini menandakan permulaan rangkaian perdagangan Silk Road yang diperluaskan kepada Empayar Rom, membawa barang-barang Han seperti sutera ke Rom dan barangan Rom seperti kaca ke China. <> Jenis barang Roman apa yang didagangkan di rangkaian Jalan Sutera? || barang kaca <> Diplomat mana yang membantu mengumpulkan maklumat mengenai negara Anxi? || Zhang Qian <> Ketika Zhang Qian mengakhiri perjalanannya? || 125 SM <> Jaringan mana yang digunakan untuk menukar barangan dengan Rom? || Silk Road <> Apakah empayar telah menubuhkan sebuah kedutaan di Anxi? || Han", {"context": "Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (Indus River valley of North India) and Anxi (the Parthian Empire). All of these countries eventually received Han embassies. These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire, bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "glasswares"}], "question": "What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network?", "id": "572ec73cc246551400ce4642"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Zhang Qian"}], "question": "Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi?", "id": "572ec73cc246551400ce4643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "125 BC"}], "question": "When did Zhang Qian end his travels?", "id": "572ec73cc246551400ce4644"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Silk Road"}], "question": "Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome?", "id": "572ec73cc246551400ce4645"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Han"}], "question": "What empire had established an embassy in Anxi?", "id": "572ec73cc246551400ce4646"}]}], ["Wang Mang memulakan siri pembaharuan utama yang akhirnya tidak berjaya. Pembaharuan ini termasuk mengharamkan perbudakan, negarakan tanah untuk sama-sama mengedarkan antara isi rumah, dan memperkenalkan mata wang baru, perubahan yang menurunkan nilai wang logam. Walaupun pembaharuan ini menimbulkan pembangkang yang besar, rejim Wang bertemu kejatuhan muktamadnya dengan banjir besar c. 3 AD dan 11 AD. Penumpuan lumpur secara beransur-ansur di Sungai Kuning telah menaikkan paras airnya dan mengatasi kerja-kerja kawalan banjir. Sungai Kuning berpecah kepada dua cawangan baru: satu mengosongkan ke utara dan yang satu lagi ke selatan Semenanjung Shandong, walaupun jurutera Han berjaya memecahkan cawangan selatan pada 70 AD. <> Siapa yang cuba menghalang perbudakan? || Wang Mang <> Apa yang menyebabkan paras air di Sungai Kuning meningkat? || Penambakan silinder secara beransur-ansur <> Siapa yang membuat empangan di cawangan selatan Sungai Kuning? || Jurutera Han <> Apa yang dikosongkan ke selatan Semenanjung Shandong? || Sungai Kuning <> Apa yang menyebabkan berakhirnya rejim Wang Mang? || banjir besar", {"context": "Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition, Wang's regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of c. 3 AD and 11 AD. Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works. The Yellow River split into two new branches: one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula, though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Wang Mang"}], "question": "Who tried to outlaw slavery?", "id": "572ecec0cb0c0d14000f15b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Gradual silt buildup"}], "question": "What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase?", "id": "572ecec0cb0c0d14000f15b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Han engineers"}], "question": "Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow River?", "id": "572ecec0cb0c0d14000f15b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "The Yellow River"}], "question": "What emptied out to the south of the Shandong Peninsula?", "id": "572ecec0cb0c0d14000f15b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "massive floods"}], "question": "What caused the end of Wang Mang's regime?", "id": "572ecec0cb0c0d14000f15b8"}]}], ["Dari kira-kira 115 hingga 60 SM, angkatan Han berperang melawan Xiongnu atas kawalan oasis bandar-negeri di Basin Tarim. Han akhirnya berjaya dan menubuhkan Protektorat Wilayah Barat pada tahun 60 SM, yang membabitkan pertahanan dan hal ehwal luar negeri. Han juga berkembang ke arah selatan. Penaklukan tentera laut Nanyue pada 111 SM memperluas wilayah Han menjadi apa yang kini modern Guangdong, Guangxi, dan Vietnam utara. Yunnan dibawa ke alam Han dengan penaklukan Kerajaan Dian pada 109 SM, diikuti oleh sebahagian Semenanjung Korea dengan pertubuhan penjajah Xuantu Commandery dan Lelang Commandery pada 108 SM. Dalam banci China yang pertama kali dikenali di 2 AD, penduduk telah didaftarkan sebagai mempunyai 57,671,400 individu dalam 12,366,470 isi rumah. <> Kumpulan mana yang berperang di perbatasan Tarm di Tarm Basin? || Xiongnu <> Bilakah banci kebangsaan pertama yang diambil di China? || 2 AD <> Apakah populasi China pada 2 AD? || 57,671,400 <> Tahun apakah Protektorat Kawasan Barat dibuat? || 60 SM <> Kerajaan manakah yang menakluki Han pada 109 SM? || Dian", {"context": "From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam. Yunnan was brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC, followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC. In China's first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD, the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "the Xiongnu"}], "question": "Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin?", "id": "572ec86dc246551400ce466a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "2 AD"}], "question": "When was the first national census taken in China?", "id": "572ec86dc246551400ce466b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "57,671,400"}], "question": "What was the population of China in 2 AD?", "id": "572ec86dc246551400ce466c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "60 BC"}], "question": "What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in?", "id": "572ec86dc246551400ce466d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Dian"}], "question": "Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC?", "id": "572ec86dc246551400ce466e"}]}], ["Ban Chao (ds. 102) mendaftarkan bantuan Kushan Empire, menduduki kawasan India moden, Pakistan, Afghanistan, dan Tajikistan, untuk menundukkan Kashgar dan sekutunya Sogdiana. Apabila permintaan oleh penguasa Kushan Vima Kadphises (90 tahun) untuk perikatan perkahwinan dengan Han ditolak pada 90 AD, dia menghantar pasukannya ke Wakhan (Afghanistan) untuk menyerang Ban Chao. Konflik itu berakhir dengan Kushans menarik diri kerana kekurangan bekalan. Pada AD 91, pejabat Pelindung Jeneral Kawasan Barat telah dikembalikan semula apabila ia diberikan kepada Ban Chao. <> Raja mana yang meminta perkahwinan pernikahan dengan Han di AD 90? || Vima Kadphises <> Siapa Ketua Pelindung Kawasan Barat di AD 91? || Ban Chao <> Empayar mana yang menghantar pasukan untuk menyerang Ban Chao? || Kushan <> Kerajaan mana yang diminta untuk menundukkan Kashgar? || Kushan <> Yang bersekutu dengan Kashgar? || Sogdiana", {"context": "Ban Chao (d. AD 102) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, occupying the area of modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises (r. c. 90\u2013c. 100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to Wakhan (Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao. The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies. In AD 91, the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Vima Kadphises"}], "question": "Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90?", "id": "572ed6c8c246551400ce4702"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "Ban Chao"}], "question": "Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91?", "id": "572ed6c8c246551400ce4703"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Kushan"}], "question": "Which empire sent armies to attack Ban Chao?", "id": "572ed6c8c246551400ce4705"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Kushan"}], "question": "Which empire was asked to help subdue Kashgar?", "id": "572ed6c8c246551400ce4704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Sogdiana"}], "question": "Who was allied with Kashgar?", "id": "572ed6c8c246551400ce4706"}]}], ["Semasa pemerintahan Wang Mang yang bergolak, Han hilang kawalan ke Basin Tarim, yang ditakluki oleh Xiongnu Utara pada 63 AD dan digunakan sebagai pangkalan untuk menyerang Koridor Hexi Han di Gansu. Dou Gu (88 AD) mengalahkan Xiongnu Utara di Pertempuran Yiwulu pada AD 73, mengusir mereka dari Turpan dan mengejar mereka sejauh Lake Barkol sebelum menubuhkan sebuah pasukan pengawal di Hami. Selepas Ketua Pelindung Baru Kawasan Barat Chen Mu (sekitar 75 AD) dibunuh oleh sekutu Xiongnu di Karasahr dan Kucha, pasukan pengawal di Hami ditarik balik. Pada Pertempuran Ikh Bayan pada tahun 89 AD, Dou Xian (tahun 92 AD) mengalahkan utara Xiongnu chanyu yang kemudiannya berundur ke Pergunungan Altai. Selepas Xiongnu Utara melarikan diri ke lembah Sungai Ili pada AD 91, Xianbei nomaden menduduki kawasan itu dari sempadan Kerajaan Buyeo di Manchuria ke Sungai Ili dari orang Wusun. Xianbei mencapai apogee mereka di bawah Tanshihuai (\u6a80 \u77f3 \u69d0) (d. 180 AD), yang secara konsisten mengalahkan tentera Cina. Walau bagaimanapun, persekutuan Tanshihuai telah hancur selepas kematiannya. <> Yang Basin mana Han kehilangan kuasa? || Tarim <> Bilakah Chen Mu mati? || AD 75 <> Dimana utara Xiongnu melarikan diri ke dalam AD 91? || Lembah Sungai Ili <> Siapa Ketua Pelindung Kawasan Barat? || Chen Mu <> Siapa yang menakluki Basin Tarim di AD 63? || Xiongnu Utara", {"context": "During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang, Han lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade Han's Hexi Corridor in Gansu. Dou Gu (d. 88 AD) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73, evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami. After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu (d. AD 75) was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha, the garrison at Hami was withdrawn. At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89, Dou Xian (d. AD 92) defeated the Northern Xiongnu chanyu who then retreated into the Altai Mountains. After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91, the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people. The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai (\u6a80\u77f3\u69d0) (d. AD 180), who consistently defeated Chinese armies. However, Tanshihuai's confederation disintegrated after his death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Tarim"}], "question": "Which Basin did the Han lose authority of?", "id": "572ed370c246551400ce46f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "AD 75"}], "question": "When did Chen Mu die?", "id": "572ed370c246551400ce46f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 728, "text": "Ili River valley"}], "question": "Where did the Northern Xiongnu flee to in AD 91?", "id": "572ed370c246551400ce46f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Chen Mu"}], "question": "Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions?", "id": "572ed370c246551400ce46f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "the Northern Xiongnu"}], "question": "Who conquered the Tarim Basin in AD 63?", "id": "572ed370c246551400ce46f6"}]}], ["Han Timur, yang juga dikenali sebagai Han Kemudian, secara rasmi bermula pada 5 Ogos 25, ketika Liu Xiu menjadi Maharaja Guangwu dari Han. Semasa pemberontakan meluas terhadap Wang Mang, keadaan Goguryeo bebas untuk menyerang pasukan Korea Han; Han tidak mengesahkan kawalannya ke rantau ini sehingga AD 30. Suster-suster Trung Vietnam telah memberontak melawan Han pada AD 40. Pemberontakan mereka telah dihancurkan oleh Han general Ma Yuan (AD 49) dalam kempen dari AD 42-43. Wang Mang memperbaharui permusuhan terhadap Xiongnu, yang berpisah dari Han sehingga pemimpin mereka Bi (\u6bd4), penuntut saingan terhadap takhta terhadap sepupunya Punu (\u84b2 \u5974), diserahkan kepada Han sebagai pengikut anak sungai pada AD 50. Ini mencipta dua saingan Xiongnu menyatakan: Selatan Xiongnu yang dipimpin oleh Bi, sekutu Han, dan Xiongnu Utara yang dipimpin oleh Punu, musuh Han. <> Pada tarikh apakah dinasti Han Timur bermula? || 5 25 Ogos <> Siapa yang memulakan pemberontakan terhadap Han pada tahun AD 40? || The Sisters Tr\u01b0ng of Vietnam <> Negara mana yang menyerbu komando Korea Han? || Goguryeo <> Dalam tahun apakah Ma Yuan mati? || AD 49 <> Siapa pemimpin Xiongnu? || Bi", {"context": "The Eastern Han, also known as the Later Han, formally began on 5 August 25, when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han. During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang, the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han's Korean commanderies; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30. The Tr\u01b0ng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40. Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan (d. AD 49) in a campaign from AD 42\u201343. Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu, who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi (\u6bd4), a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu (\u84b2\u5974), submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50. This created two rival Xiongnu states: the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi, an ally of Han, and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu, an enemy of Han.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "5 August 25"}], "question": "On what date did the Eastern Han dynasty begin?", "id": "572ed16f03f9891900756a49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "The Tr\u01b0ng Sisters of Vietnam"}], "question": "Who started a rebellion against Han in the year AD 40?", "id": "572ed16f03f9891900756a4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Goguryeo"}], "question": "Which state raided Han's Korean commanderies?", "id": "572ed16f03f9891900756a4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "AD 49"}], "question": "In what year did Ma Yuan die?", "id": "572ed16f03f9891900756a4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Bi"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Xiongnu?", "id": "572ed16f03f9891900756a4d"}]}], ["Pemerintahan Maharaja Zhang (rm 75-88 AD) dilihat oleh ulama Han Timur yang kemudian sebagai titik tertinggi rumah dinasti. Pemerintahan berikutnya semakin ditandai oleh intervensi kaset dalam politik mahkamah dan penglibatan mereka dalam perjuangan kekerasan kekuasaan klan permaisuri imperial. Dengan bantuan Zheng Zhong kesetaraan (sekitar 107 AD), Maharaja He (88-105 AD) mempunyai Empress Dowager Dou (97 M.) ditahan di bawah penahanan rumah dan klannya dilucutkan kuasa. Ini adalah membalas dendam untuk pembersihan Dou dari kelahiran ibunya semula jadi-Konsort Liang-dan kemudian menyembunyikan identitinya dari dia. Setelah Maharaja Dia mati, isterinya, Empress Deng Sui (d.112 AD) mengurus urusan negara sebagai permaisuri raja bupati semasa krisis kewangan yang genting dan pemberontakan Qiang yang meluas yang bertahan dari 107 hingga 118 AD. <> Siapa yang dihalang daripada meninggalkan rumah mereka? || Empress Dowager Dou <> Siapa yang menguruskan negara selepas kematian Kaisar Dia? || Empress Deng Sui <> Ketika Kaisar Dia berakhir? || 105 AD <> Siapa yang menyembunyikan identiti Maharaja Dia ibu? || Empress Dowager Dou <> Bilakah pemberontakan Qiang berakhir? || 118 AD", {"context": "Emperor Zhang's (r. 75\u201388 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans. With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong (d. 107 AD), Emperor He (r. 88\u2013105 AD) had Empress Dowager Dou (d. 97 AD) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power. This was in revenge for Dou's purging of the clan of his natural mother\u2014Consort Liang\u2014and then concealing her identity from him. After Emperor He's death, his wife Empress Deng Sui (d. 121 AD) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Empress Dowager Dou"}], "question": "Who was prevented from leaving their house?", "id": "572ede7cc246551400ce4758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "Empress Deng Sui"}], "question": "Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?", "id": "572ede7cc246551400ce475a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "105 AD"}], "question": "When did Emperor He's reign end?", "id": "572ede7cc246551400ce4759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Empress Dowager Dou"}], "question": "Who concealed the identity of Emperor He's mother?", "id": "572ede7cc246551400ce475c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "118 AD"}], "question": "When did the Qiang rebellion end?", "id": "572ede7cc246551400ce475b"}]}], ["Tempoh antara asas dinasti Han dan pemerintahan Wang Mang dikenali sebagai dinasti Han Barat (bahasa Cina: \u897f\u6c49; bahasa Cina tradisional: \u897f\u6f22; pinyin: X\u012b H\u00e0n) atau Bekas dinasti Han (bahasa Cina:\u524d \u6f22; pinyin: Qi\u00e1nh\u00e0n) (206 SM - 9 AD). Dalam tempoh ini ibu negara itu berada di Chang'an (Xi'an moden). Dari pemerintahan Guangwu, ibukota dipindahkan ke timur ke Luoyang. Era dari pemerintahannya sehingga kejatuhan Han dikenali sebagai dinasti Han Timur (bahasa Cina: \u4e1c\u6c49; bahasa Cina tradisional: \u6771\u6f22; pinyin: D\u014dng H\u00e0n) atau Dinasti Han yang kemudian (bahasa Cina: \u540e \u6c49; bahasa Cina tradisional: \u5f8c \u6f22; pinyin : H\u00f2u H\u00e0n) (25-220 AD). <> Di manakah modal beralih kepada selepas pemerintahan Guangwu? || Luoyang <> Era zaman apakah pemerintahan Guangwu jatuh di bawah? || Dinasti Han Timur <> Apa yang dapat dinamakan Dinasti Han Timur? || Kemudian dinasti Han <> Dimana ibukota yang terletak semasa Dinasti Han Barat? || Chang'an <> Apa yang boleh dinamakan dinasti Han Barat? || Bekas dinasti Han", {"context": "The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang's reign is known as the Western Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: \u897f\u6c49; traditional Chinese: \u897f\u6f22; pinyin: X\u012b H\u00e0n) or Former Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: \u524d\u6c49; traditional Chinese: \u524d\u6f22; pinyin: Qi\u00e1nh\u00e0n) (206 BC \u2013 9 AD). During this period the capital was at Chang'an (modern Xi'an). From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang. The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: \u4e1c\u6c49; traditional Chinese: \u6771\u6f22; pinyin: D\u014dng H\u00e0n) or the Later Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: \u540e\u6c49; traditional Chinese: \u5f8c\u6f22; pinyin: H\u00f2u H\u00e0n) (25\u2013220 AD).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Luoyang"}], "question": "Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu?", "id": "572ed03ccb0c0d14000f15d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Eastern Han dynasty"}], "question": "What era does the reign of Guangwu fall under?", "id": "572ed03ccb0c0d14000f15d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Later Han dynasty"}], "question": "What can the Eastern Han dynasty also be called?", "id": "572ed03ccb0c0d14000f15d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Chang'an"}], "question": "Where was the capital located during the Western Han dynasty?", "id": "572ed03ccb0c0d14000f15d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Former Han dynasty"}], "question": "What can the Western Han dynasty also be called?", "id": "572ed03ccb0c0d14000f15d6"}]}], ["Untuk membayar kempen ketenteraan dan pengembangan kolonialnya, Maharaja Wu menasionalisasi beberapa industri swasta. Beliau telah mewujudkan monopoli kerajaan pusat yang ditadbir sebahagian besarnya oleh bekas peniaga. Monopoli ini termasuk pengeluaran garam, besi, dan minuman keras, serta mata wang syiling gangsa. Monopoli minuman keras berlangsung hanya dari 98 hingga 81 SM, dan monopoli garam dan besi akhirnya dimansuhkan di awal Han Timur. Pengeluaran duit syiling tetap monopoli kerajaan pusat sepanjang sisa dinasti Han. Monopoli kerajaan akhirnya dimansuhkan apabila puak politik yang dikenali sebagai Reformis mendapat pengaruh yang lebih besar di mahkamah. Reformis menentang puak Modernis yang menguasai politik mahkamah pada pemerintahan Maharaja Wu dan semasa kabupaten Huo Guang (68 SM). Modernists berhujah untuk dasar luar negara yang agresif dan berkembang yang disokong oleh hasil daripada campur tangan kerajaan yang berat dalam ekonomi swasta. Walau bagaimanapun, Reformis telah membatalkan dasar-dasar ini, memihak pendekatan berhati-hati, tidak berkembang ke dasar luar negeri, reformasi bajet yang berjimat, dan kadar cukai yang lebih rendah yang dikenakan ke atas usahawan swasta. <> Siapa yang membentuk sebahagian besar pentadbir monopoli kerajaan baru? || bekas peniaga <> Bilakah monopoli minuman keras dihapuskan? || 81 BC <> Fraksi mana yang ditentang oleh Reformis? || Modernist <> Fraksi politik mana yang menyokong pembaharuan belanjawan? || Para Pembaharuan <> Pada tahun apakah Huo Guang mati? || 68 SM", {"context": "To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC, and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han. The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty. The government monopolies were eventually repealed when a political faction known as the Reformists gained greater influence in the court. The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wu's reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang (d. 68 BC). The Modernists argued for an aggressive and expansionary foreign policy supported by revenues from heavy government intervention in the private economy. The Reformists, however, overturned these policies, favoring a cautious, non-expansionary approach to foreign policy, frugal budget reform, and lower tax-rates imposed on private entrepreneurs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "former merchants"}], "question": "Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies?", "id": "572ecdaac246551400ce46b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "81 BC"}], "question": "When was the liquor monopoly abolished?", "id": "572ecdaac246551400ce46b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "Modernist"}], "question": "Which faction did the Reformists oppose?", "id": "572ecdaac246551400ce46ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 972, "text": "The Reformists"}], "question": "Which political faction favored budgetary reform?", "id": "572ecdaac246551400ce46bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "68 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Huo Guang die?", "id": "572ecdaac246551400ce46bc"}]}], ["Selepas kekalahan Cao di Battle of Red Cliffs pada 208 AD, China dibahagikan kepada tiga bidang pengaruh, dengan Cao Cao mendominasi utara, Sun Quan (182-252 AD) mendominasi selatan, dan Liu Bei (161-223 AD ) mendominasi barat. Cao Cao meninggal dunia pada bulan Mac 220 AD. Menjelang Disember anaknya Cao Pi (187-226 AD) telah memulangkan Maharaja Xian kepada takhta baginya dan dikenali sebagai Maharaja Wen dari Wei. Ini secara rasmi mengakhiri dinasti Han dan memulakan umur konflik antara tiga negeri: Cao Wei, Timur Wu, dan Shu Han. <> Siapa yang dikalahkan di Battle of Red Cliffs pada 208 AD? || Cao <> Siapakah Kaisar Xian memberikan takhta kepada? || Cao Pi <> Apakah keadaan dalam konflik dengan Timur Wu, dan Shu Han? || Cao Wei <> Siapa yang mengawal selatan China? || Sun Quan <> Pada bulan apa Cao Cao mati? || Mac", {"context": "After Cao's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, China was divided into three spheres of influence, with Cao Cao dominating the north, Sun Quan (182\u2013252 AD) dominating the south, and Liu Bei (161\u2013223 AD) dominating the west. Cao Cao died in March 220 AD. By December his son Cao Pi (187\u2013226 AD) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei. This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "Cao"}], "question": "Who was defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD?", "id": "572ee9b1dfa6aa1500f8d4cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Cao Pi"}], "question": "Who did Emperor Xian give his throne to?", "id": "572ee9b1dfa6aa1500f8d4cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Cao Wei"}], "question": "What state was in a conflict with Eastern Wu, and Shu Han?", "id": "572ee9b1dfa6aa1500f8d4cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Sun Quan"}], "question": "Who was in control of the south of China?", "id": "572ee9b1dfa6aa1500f8d4ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "March"}], "question": "In what month did Cao Cao die?", "id": "572ee9b1dfa6aa1500f8d4cf"}]}], ["Jeneral Dong Zhuo (tahun 192 AD) mendapati maharaja muda dan abangnya berkeliaran di kawasan luar bandar. Dia mengantar mereka dengan selamat kembali ke ibu negara dan dijadikan Menteri Kerja Raya, mengawal Luoyang dan memaksa Yuan Shao melarikan diri. Selepas Dong Zhuo menafikan Maharaja Shao dan mempromosikan saudaranya Liu Xie sebagai Maharaja Xian, Yuan Shao mengetuai gabungan bekas pegawai dan pegawai menentang Dong, yang membakar Luoyang ke tanah dan menempatkan semula pengadilan di Chang'an pada Mei 191 M. Dong Zhuo kemudian meracun Maharaja Shao. <> Bagaimana Luoyang dimusnahkan? || dibakar <> Siapa yang merendahkan Kaisar Shao? || Dong Zhuo <> Kedudukan apa yang akan dilancarkan oleh Liu Xie muda? || Kaisar Xian <> Yang telah mengambil alih Luoyang? || Ketua Dong Zhuo <> Ketika Dong Zhuo mati? || 192 AD", {"context": "General Dong Zhuo (d. 192 AD) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside. He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works, taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee. After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian, Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong, who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang'an in May 191 AD. Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "burned"}], "question": "How was Luoyang destroyed?", "id": "572ee81bdfa6aa1500f8d4b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Dong Zhuo"}], "question": "Who demoted Emperor Shao?", "id": "572ee81bdfa6aa1500f8d4b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Emperor Xian"}], "question": "What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to?", "id": "572ee81bdfa6aa1500f8d4b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "General Dong Zhuo"}], "question": "Who had taken control of Luoyang?", "id": "572ee81bdfa6aa1500f8d4ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "192 AD"}], "question": "When did Dong Zhuo die?", "id": "572ee81bdfa6aa1500f8d4bb"}]}], ["Pelajar dari Universiti Imperial menganjurkan protes pelajar yang meluas terhadap para kasim Maharaja Huan. Huan mengalihkan lagi birokrasi apabila beliau memulakan projek pembinaan yang hebat dan menjadi tuan rumah beribu-ribu gundik di haremnya semasa krisis ekonomi. Istana kesayangan dipenjarakan oleh Li Ying (\u674e\u81ba) dan rakan-rakannya dari Universiti Imperial atas tuduhan pengkhianatan. Pada 167 AD, Komandan Besar Dou Wu (d. 168 AD) meyakinkan menantunya, Maharaja Huan, untuk melepaskan mereka. Walau bagaimanapun maharaja secara kekal menghalang Li Ying dan rakan-rakannya daripada berkhidmat di pejabat, menandakan permulaan Larangan Partisan. <> Apa yang dikenakan oleh Li Ying untuk dipenjara? || pengkhianatan <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk memenjarakan Li Ying? || Istana sida-sida <> Semasa apa jenis krisis, Maharaja Huan meminggirkan birokrasi? || ekonomi <> Pelajar dari universiti apa yang mengetuai protes terhadap ahli mahkamah Huan? || Imperial <> Kapan Dou Wu mati? || 168 AD", {"context": "Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan's court. Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis. Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying (\u674e\u81ba) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason. In 167 AD, the Grand Commandant Dou Wu (d. 168 AD) convinced his son-in-law, Emperor Huan, to release them. However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office, marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "treason"}], "question": "On what charge was Li Ying jailed for?", "id": "572ee20bdfa6aa1500f8d48f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Palace eunuchs"}], "question": "Who was responsible for imprisoning Li Ying?", "id": "572ee20bdfa6aa1500f8d490"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "economic"}], "question": "During what type of crisis did Emperor Huan alienate the bureaucracy?", "id": "572ee20bdfa6aa1500f8d491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Imperial"}], "question": "Students from what university led a protest against members of Huan's court?", "id": "572ee20bdfa6aa1500f8d492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "168 AD"}], "question": "When did Dou Wu die?", "id": "572ee20bdfa6aa1500f8d493"}]}], ["Berikutan kematian Huan, Dou Wu dan Tutor Besar Chen Fan (\u9673\u8543) (d. 168 AD) mencuba rampasan kuasa terhadap kesayangan Hou Lan (172 AD), Cao Jie (181 AD), dan Wang Fu (\u738b\u752b). Apabila plot itu ditemui, para kasim menangkap Empress Dowager Dou (172 AD) dan Chen Fan. Jeneral Zhang Huan (\u5f35 \u5950) menyukai orang kasim. Dia dan pasukannya berhadapan dengan Dou Wu dan penahannya di pintu istana di mana setiap pihak menjerit tuduhan pengkhianatan terhadap yang lain. Apabila penahan secara beransur-ansur meninggalkan Dou Wu, dia terpaksa melakukan bunuh diri. <> Siapa yang menahan Chen Fan dalam plot yang gagal? || sida-sida <> Bagaimana Dou Wu lenyap? || dia dipaksa membunuh diri <> Siapa yang membuat tuduhan pengkhianatan terhadap Dou Wu? || Ketua Zhang Huan <> Kumpulan mana yang menguntungkan Zhang Huan? || sida-sida <> jenis tindakan apa yang cuba dilakukan kepada orang kasim? || kudeta", {"context": "Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (\u9673\u8543) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d'\u00e9tat against the eunuchs Hou Lan (d. 172 AD), Cao Jie (d. 181 AD), and Wang Fu (\u738b\u752b). When the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou (d. 172 AD) and Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan (\u5f35\u5950) favored the eunuchs. He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other. When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu, he was forced to commit suicide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "the eunuchs"}], "question": "Who arrested Chen Fan in a failed plot?", "id": "572ee3a8c246551400ce477e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "he was forced to commit suicide"}], "question": "How did Dou Wu pass away?", "id": "572ee3a8c246551400ce4780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "General Zhang Huan"}], "question": "Who made accusations of treason against Dou Wu?", "id": "572ee3a8c246551400ce477f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "the eunuchs"}], "question": "Which group was favorable to Zhang Huan?", "id": "572ee3a8c246551400ce4781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "coup d'\u00e9tat"}], "question": "What type of action was attempted on the eunuchs?", "id": "572ee3a8c246551400ce4782"}]}], ["Setiap pangkat berturut-turut memberi pemegang pencen dan hak istimewa yang lebih besar. Pangkat tertinggi, penuh marquess, datang dengan pencen negeri dan wilayah teritorial. Pemegang jawatan itu di bawah, bahawa biasa marquess, menerima pencen, tetapi tidak mempunyai peraturan wilayah. Pegawai-pegawai yang berkhidmat di dalam kerajaan tergolong dalam kelas sosial yang lebih luas dan berada di bawah golongan bangsawan dalam prestij sosial. Pegawai kerajaan tertinggi boleh dibersihkan sebagai marquesses. Oleh zaman Han Timur, elit tempatan para ulama, guru, pelajar, dan pegawai kerajaan yang tidak berhati-hati mula mengenali diri mereka sebagai ahli kelas yang lebih besar, di seluruh dunia dengan nilai-nilai bersama dan komitmen untuk arus perdana. Ketika pemerintah menjadi korup di Han Timur pertengahan hingga akhir, banyak orang Yahudi bahkan menganggap penanaman hubungan pribadi yang didasarkan pada moral lebih penting daripada melayani di pejabat publik. <> Dalam apa tempohnya jelas bahawa rasuah meluas di dalam kerajaan? || Han Timur pertengahan ke-hujung <> Apakah pangkat yang diberikan peraturan pemiliknya? || penuh marquess <> kelas apa ada individu yang berkhidmat sebagai pegawai di kerajaan milik? || sosial yang biasa <> Apa yang dianggap lebih penting kepada sebahagian daripada melayani pemerintah tempatan? || penanaman hubungan peribadi yang didasarkan secara moral <> Apa pangkatnya adalah di bawah kekejian penuh? || marak biasa", {"context": "Each successive rank gave its holder greater pensions and legal privileges. The highest rank, of full marquess, came with a state pension and a territorial fiefdom. Holders of the rank immediately below, that of ordinary marquess, received a pension, but had no territorial rule. Officials who served in government belonged to the wider commoner social class and were ranked just below nobles in social prestige. The highest government officials could be enfeoffed as marquesses. By the Eastern Han period, local elites of unattached scholars, teachers, students, and government officials began to identify themselves as members of a larger, nationwide gentry class with shared values and a commitment to mainstream scholarship. When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han, many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "mid-to-late Eastern Han"}], "question": "During what period was it obvious that corruption was widespread in the government?", "id": "572eeba7cb0c0d14000f1678"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "full marquess"}], "question": "What rank provided its holder territorial rule?", "id": "572eeba7cb0c0d14000f1679"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "commoner social"}], "question": "What class did individuals who served as officials in the government belong to?", "id": "572eeba7cb0c0d14000f167a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 838, "text": "cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships"}], "question": "What was considered to be more important to some than serving the local government?", "id": "572eeba7cb0c0d14000f167b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "ordinary marquess"}], "question": "What rank is below that of full marquess?", "id": "572eeba7cb0c0d14000f167c"}]}], ["Ketua Umum He Jin (d. 189 AD), abang kepada Empress He (189 AD), merancang dengan Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) untuk menggulingkan sida-sida itu dengan mengadakan beberapa jeneral berarak ke pinggiran Ibu negara. Di sana, dalam petisyen bertulis kepada Empress He, mereka menuntut pelaksanaan kasim. Selepas tempoh teragak-agak, Maharani Beliau bersetuju. Apabila para kasim menemui ini, namun mereka mempunyai saudara lelakinya He Miao (\u4f55 \u82d7) membatalkan perintah itu. Kaum kasim membunuh He Jin pada 22 September 189 AD. Yuan Shao kemudian mengepung Istana Utara Luoyang sementara adiknya Yuan Shu (199 AD) mengepung Istana Selatan. Pada 25 September kedua istana telah dilanggar dan kira-kira dua ribu orang kasual terbunuh. Zhang Rang sebelum ini telah melarikan diri dengan Maharaja Shao (tahun 189 M) dan saudaranya Liu Xie-masa depan Maharaja Xian Han (tahun 189-220 AD). Semasa diikuti oleh saudara-saudara Yuan, Zhang bunuh diri dengan melompat ke Sungai Kuning. <> Siapa yang dibunuh pada 22 September 189 AD? || Dia Jin <> Siapa yang setuju untuk melaksanakan sida-sida itu? || Empress He <> Yang menafikan perintah pelaksanaan pada orang kasim? || He Miao <> Siapa ahli keluarga yang Maharaja Shao melarikan diri? || Liu Xie <> Apa Yang Dipertua Ketua Petisyen Dia? || pelaksanaan tsunami", {"context": "General-in-Chief He Jin (d. 189 AD), half-brother to Empress He (d. 189 AD), plotted with Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital. There, in a written petition to Empress He, they demanded the eunuchs' execution. After a period of hesitation, Empress He consented. When the eunuchs discovered this, however, they had her brother He Miao (\u4f55\u82d7) rescind the order. The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22, 189 AD. Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu (d. 199 AD) besieged the Southern Palace. On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed. Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao (r. 189 AD) and his brother Liu Xie\u2014the future Emperor Xian of Han (r. 189\u2013220 AD). While being pursued by the Yuan brothers, Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "He Jin"}], "question": "Who was assassinated on September 22, 189 AD?", "id": "572ee6f1dfa6aa1500f8d4ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Empress He"}], "question": "Who agreed to the execuation of the eunuchs?", "id": "572ee6f1dfa6aa1500f8d4ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "He Miao"}], "question": "Who negated the execution order on the eunuchs?", "id": "572ee6f1dfa6aa1500f8d4af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "Liu Xie"}], "question": "Who was the family member that Emperor Shao escaped with?", "id": "572ee6f1dfa6aa1500f8d4b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "the eunuchs' execution"}], "question": "What did General-in-Chief He petition Empress He for?", "id": "572ee6f1dfa6aa1500f8d4b1"}]}], ["Larangan Partisan telah dimansuhkan semasa pemberontakan Turban Kuning dan Lima Peksa Pemberontakan Beras pada tahun 184 AD, sebahagian besarnya kerana mahkamah tidak mahu terus mengasingkan sebahagian besar kelas bangsawan yang mungkin menyertai pemberontakan. Para Turbir Kuning dan penganut Lima Pecks-of-Rice tergolong dalam dua pertubuhan keagamaan hierarki yang dipimpin oleh penyembuh iman Zhang Jue (184 AD) dan Zhang Lu (216 AD). Pemberontakan Zhang Lu, di utara Sichuan moden dan selatan Shaanxi, tidak dibatalkan sehingga 215 AD. Pemberontakan besar-besaran Zhang Jue merentasi lapan wilayah telah dimusnahkan oleh tentera Han dalam tempoh satu tahun, namun dekad berikut menyaksikan kebangkitan berulang yang lebih kecil. Walaupun Turban Kuning dikalahkan, banyak jeneral yang dilantik semasa krisis tidak pernah membubarkan pasukan militia yang dipasang dan menggunakan tentera ini untuk mengumpulkan kekuatan di luar kekuasaan empayar yang runtuh. <> Dalam tahun apakah Perlaksanaan Partisan berakhir? || 184 AD <> Pada tahun apakah pemberontakan Zhang Lu berakhir? || 215 AD <> Berapa banyak wilayah pemberontakan Zhang Jue berlaku? || lapan <> Apa jenis penyembuhnya adalah Zhang Jue? || agama <> Apa agama yang dilakukan oleh Zhang Jue? || Daoist", {"context": "The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD, largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions. The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents belonged to two different hierarchical Daoist religious societies led by faith healers Zhang Jue (d. 184 AD) and Zhang Lu (d. 216 AD), respectively. Zhang Lu's rebellion, in modern northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi, was not quelled until 215 AD. Zhang Jue's massive rebellion across eight provinces was annihilated by Han forces within a year, however the following decades saw much smaller recurrent uprisings. Although the Yellow Turbans were defeated, many generals appointed during the crisis never disbanded their assembled militia forces and used these troops to amass power outside of the collapsing imperial authority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "184 AD"}], "question": "In what year did the Partisan Prohibitions end?", "id": "572ee4c203f9891900756abd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "215 AD"}], "question": "In what year did Zhang Lu's rebellion end?", "id": "572ee4c203f9891900756abe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many provinces did Zhang Jue's rebellion take place in?", "id": "572ee4c203f9891900756abf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "faith"}], "question": "What type of healer was Zhang Jue?", "id": "572ee4c203f9891900756ac0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Daoist"}], "question": "What religion did Zhang Jue practice?", "id": "572ee4c203f9891900756ac1"}]}], ["Keluarga era Han adalah patrilineal dan biasanya mempunyai empat hingga lima anggota keluarga nuklear yang tinggal dalam satu rumah tangga. Beberapa generasi ahli keluarga tidak menduduki rumah yang sama, tidak seperti keluarga dinasti yang kemudian. Menurut norma keluarga Confucian, pelbagai ahli keluarga diperlakukan dengan pelbagai rasa hormat dan keintiman. Sebagai contoh, terdapat bingkai masa yang berbeza untuk meratapi kematian seorang bapa berbanding saudara bapa saudara. Perkahwinan yang disusun adalah normal, dengan input bapa terhadap pasangan anaknya dianggap lebih penting daripada ibu. Perkahwinan monogami juga biasa, walaupun para bangsawan dan pegawai tinggi cukup kaya untuk membayar dan menyokong selir-selir sebagai pencinta tambahan. Di bawah syarat-syarat tertentu yang ditentukan oleh adat, bukan undang-undang, lelaki dan wanita mampu menceraikan pasangan mereka dan menikah lagi. <> Berapa ramai ahli keluarga biasanya tinggal dalam satu rumah tangga semasa zaman Han? || empat hingga lima <> Yang pendapat mengenai pasangan perkahwinan yang diatur dianggap lebih penting? || bapa <> Siapakah yang cukup kaya untuk membeli kekasih berganda? || golongan bangsawan dan pegawai tinggi <> Apa jenis keluarga yang anda anggap keluarga zaman Han biasa dianggap? || patrilineal <> Apa jenis perkahwinan yang dianggap sebagai kejadian biasa dalam era ini? || Perkahwinan yang diaturkan", {"context": "The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "four to five"}], "question": "How many family members would commonly live in a single household during the Han era?", "id": "572ef06703f9891900756af5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "the father's"}], "question": "Whose opinion on the spouse of an arranged marriage was considered to be more important?", "id": "572ef06703f9891900756af6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "nobles and high officials"}], "question": "Who were rich enough to afford multiple lovers?", "id": "572ef06703f9891900756af7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "patrilineal"}], "question": "What type of family was your typical Han era family considered to be?", "id": "572ef06703f9891900756af8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Arranged marriages"}], "question": "What type of marriage was thought of as a normal occurrence in this era?", "id": "572ef06703f9891900756af9"}]}], ["Petani, atau khususnya penanam tanah kecil, berada di bawah para sarjana dan pegawai di hierarki sosial. Penggembur pertanian lain mempunyai status yang lebih rendah, seperti penyewa, buruh upah, dan dalam kes-kes jarang berlaku hamba. Artis dan pengrajin mempunyai status undang-undang dan sosioekonomi antara petani pemupuk dan peniaga yang sama. Pedagang yang didaftarkan negeri, yang dipaksa oleh undang-undang untuk memakai pakaian berwarna putih dan membayar cukai komersil yang tinggi, dianggap oleh orang tuanya sebagai parasit sosial dengan status yang hina. Ini sering menjadi pekebun kecil di pasaran bandar; peniaga-peniaga seperti pedagang industri dan peniaga-peniaga yang bergerak di antara rangkaian bandar-bandar boleh mengelakkan pendaftaran sebagai peniaga dan sering kaya dan lebih berkuasa daripada majoriti pegawai kerajaan. Pemilik tanah kaya, seperti para bangsawan dan pegawai, sering memberikan penginapan untuk penahan yang menyediakan pekerjaan atau tugas yang berharga, kadang-kadang termasuk memerangi penyamun atau menunggang ke dalam pertempuran. Tidak seperti hamba, penahan boleh datang dan pergi dari rumah induk mereka seperti yang mereka sukai. Pakar perubatan, penternak babi, dan penjual daging mempunyai status sosial yang tinggi, manakala para penyelam, pelari, dan utusan ahli falsafah mempunyai status yang rendah. <> Siapa yang dianggap berada di bawah pangkat sosial yang dipegang para sarjana? || Petani <> Apa warna pakaian yang pedagang yang berdaftar dengan negara terpaksa memakai? || berwarna putih <> Yang biasanya dianggap oleh beberapa orang sebagai parasit sosial? || Pedagang yang berdaftar Negeri <> Siapa yang akan menjadi pengawal dalam pekerjaan bangsawan kadang-kadang perlu berjuang? || bandit <> Bagaimana pencegahan saudagar perlu mendaftar sebagai satu? || bekerja di antara rangkaian bandar", {"context": "The farmer, or specifically the small landowner-cultivator, was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy. Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status, such as tenants, wage laborers, and in rare cases slaves. Artisans and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of owner-cultivator farmers and common merchants. State-registered merchants, who were forced by law to wear white-colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes, were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status. These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials. Wealthy landowners, such as nobles and officials, often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties, sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle. Unlike slaves, retainers could come and go from their master's home as they pleased. Medical physicians, pig breeders, and butchers had a fairly high social status, while occultist diviners, runners, and messengers had low status.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The farmer"}], "question": "Who were considered to be below the social rank that scholars held?", "id": "572eee7903f9891900756aeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "white-colored"}], "question": "What color of clothing were merchants that had registered with the state forced to wear?", "id": "572eee7903f9891900756aec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "State-registered merchants"}], "question": "Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites?", "id": "572eee7903f9891900756aee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 987, "text": "bandits"}], "question": "Who would retainers in the employ of nobles occasionally have to fight?", "id": "572eee7903f9891900756aed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "working between a network of cities"}], "question": "How could a merchant prevent having to register as one?", "id": "572eee7903f9891900756aef"}]}], ["Ketika Empress Dowager Deng mati, Kaisar An (106-125 AD) yakin dengan tuduhan pelarian Li Run (\u674e \u958f) dan Jiang Jing (\u6c5f \u4eac) yang Deng dan keluarganya merancang untuk mengusir dia. Anggota puak Deng yang diberhentikan dari pejabat, mengasingkan mereka dan memaksa ramai untuk membunuh diri. Selepas kematian An, isterinya, Empress Dowager Yan (tahun 126 AD) meletakkan kanak-kanak Marquess of Beixiang di atas takhta sebagai usaha untuk mengekalkan kekuasaan dalam keluarganya. Bagaimanapun, kesetiaan istana Sun Cheng (angka 132 AD) mendominasi kejayaan rejimnya untuk memuliakan Maharaja Shun Han (125-144 M). Yan diletakkan di bawah tahanan rumah, saudara-saudaranya sama ada dibunuh atau diasingkan, dan sekutu-sekutunya disembelih. Bupati Liang Ji (159 AD), adik kakak Empress Liang Na (150 AD), mempunyai saudara ipar Consort Deng Mengn\u00fc (permaisuri kemudian) (sekitar 165 M) yang mati selepas Deng Mengn\u00fc melawan Liang Percubaan Ji untuk mengawalnya. Selepas itu, Maharaja Huan menggunakan kasim untuk mengusir Liang Ji, yang kemudiannya dipaksa membunuh diri. <> Siapa yang telah memaksa sejumlah anggota puak Deng Deng Deng untuk membunuh diri? || Maharaja An <> Manakah yang merancang untuk menggulingkan rejim Empress Dowager Yan? || Sun Cheng <> Siapa yang Maharaja Huan menyewa untuk melepaskan Liang Ji? || sida-sida <> Saudara-mara keluarga apa yang dibuang selepas Sun Cheng telah menggulingkan rejim itu? || Yan <> Bagaimana Liang Ji mati? || dipaksa membunuh diri", {"context": "When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An (r. 106\u2013125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (\u674e\u958f) and Jiang Jing (\u6c5f\u4eac) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife, Empress Dowager Yan (d. 126 AD) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family. However, palace eunuch Sun Cheng (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125\u2013144 AD). Yan was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered. The regent Liang Ji (d. 159 AD), brother of Empress Liang Na (d. 150 AD), had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengn\u00fc (later empress) (d. 165 AD) killed after Deng Mengn\u00fc resisted Liang Ji's attempts to control her. Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Emperor An"}], "question": "Who had forced a large number of Empress Dowager Deng's clan members to kill themselves?", "id": "572ee029cb0c0d14000f1652"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Sun Cheng"}], "question": "Which person plotted to overthrew the regime of Empress Dowager Yan?", "id": "572ee029cb0c0d14000f1653"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 959, "text": "eunuchs"}], "question": "Who did Emperor Huan hire to depose Liang Ji?", "id": "572ee029cb0c0d14000f1654"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "Yan"}], "question": "Relatives of what family were exiled after Sun Cheng had overthrown the regime?", "id": "572ee029cb0c0d14000f1655"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1000, "text": "forced to commit suicide"}], "question": "How did Liang Ji die?", "id": "572ee029cb0c0d14000f1656"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada peranannya yang lain, maharaja bertindak sebagai imam tertinggi di tanah yang melakukan pengorbanan ke Syurga, dewa-dewa utama yang dikenali sebagai Lima Powers, dan roh-roh (shen \u795e) gunung dan sungai. Adalah dipercayai bahawa tiga alam Syurga, Bumi, dan Umat Manusia dikaitkan dengan kitaran semula jadi yin dan yang dan lima fasa. Sekiranya maharaja tidak berkelakuan sesuai dengan ritual, etika dan moral yang betul, dia boleh mengganggu keseimbangan halus kitaran kosmologi ini dan menyebabkan kemusnahan seperti gempa bumi, banjir, kemarau, wabak, dan kawanan belalang. <> Siapa yang membuat pengorbanan kepada dewa utama dalam tempoh ini? || kaisar <> Apa jenis peristiwa geologi yang dikhuatiri boleh disebabkan oleh moral maharaja? || gempa bumi <> Apakah istilah lain yang boleh digunakan untuk melabelkan dewa-dewa utama? || Lima Kuasa <> Berapa banyak alam yang biasa dipikirkan sebagai dihubungkan oleh kitaran semula jadi? || tiga alam <> Apa jenis kawanan adalah kebimbangan kerana etika maharaja? || belalang", {"context": "In addition to his many other roles, the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven, the main deities known as the Five Powers, and the spirits (shen \u795e) of mountains and rivers. It was believed that the three realms of Heaven, Earth, and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual, ethics, and morals, he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, epidemics, and swarms of locusts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "the emperor"}], "question": "Who made sacrifices to the main deities in this period?", "id": "572f7c53947a6a140053c9aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "earthquakes"}], "question": "What type of geological event was feared could be caused by the morals of the emperor?", "id": "572f7c53947a6a140053c9ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "the Five Powers"}], "question": "What is another term that could be used to label the main deities?", "id": "572f7c53947a6a140053c9ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "three realms"}], "question": "How many realms were commonly thought of as being linked by a natural cycle?", "id": "572f7c53947a6a140053c9ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "locusts"}], "question": "What type of swarm was a concern because of the emperor's ethics?", "id": "572f7c53947a6a140053c9ae"}]}], ["Selain daripada gelaran atau pangkat yang mulia, amalan warisan tidak melibatkan primogeniture; setiap anak lelaki mendapat bahagian yang sama dari harta keluarga. Tidak seperti amalan dalam dinasti yang kemudian, bapa biasanya menghantar anaknya yang sudah berumahtangga meninggal dunia dengan bahagian kekayaan keluarga mereka. Anak-anak perempuan menerima sebahagian daripada kekayaan keluarga melalui mas kawin mereka, walaupun ini biasanya kurang daripada saham anak lelaki. Pengagihan yang berlainan yang selebihnya dapat dinyatakan dalam wasiat, tetapi tidak jelas bagaimana umum ini. <> Bagaimana anak-anak perempuan mendapatkan sebahagian daripada kekayaan keluarga mereka? || perkahwinan mahkota <> Apa jenis gelaran yang boleh diturunkan? || mulia <> Apa jenis dokumen yang dapat dihasilkan untuk mengedarkan beberapa warisan? || a will <> Telah dijamin bahawa anak yang dilahirkan pertama akan menerima semua kekayaan keluarga? || amalan warisan tidak melibatkan primogeniture <> Yang ahli keluarga mana yang biasanya menghantar seorang lelaki yang sudah berkahwin dewasa dengan sebahagian daripada kekayaan keluarga mereka? || ayah", {"context": "Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks, inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture; each son received an equal share of the family property. Unlike the practice in later dynasties, the father usually sent his adult married sons away with their portions of the family fortune. Daughters received a portion of the family fortune through their marriage dowries, though this was usually much less than the shares of sons. A different distribution of the remainder could be specified in a will, but it is unclear how common this was.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "marriage dowries"}], "question": "How did daughters get their portion of the family fortune?", "id": "572f69a8947a6a140053c928"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "noble"}], "question": "What type of title could be passed down?", "id": "572f69a8947a6a140053c92a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "a will"}], "question": "What type of document could be produced to distribute some of an inheritance?", "id": "572f69a8947a6a140053c927"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture"}], "question": "Was is guaranteed that a first born son would receive all of the family's fortune?", "id": "572f69a8947a6a140053c929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "the father"}], "question": "Which family member commonly sent an adult married offspring away with their portion of the families fortune?", "id": "572f69a8947a6a140053c926"}]}], ["Tanaman ruji yang paling biasa yang digunakan semasa Han adalah gandum, barli, millet foxtail, proso millet, beras, dan kacang. Buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran yang biasa dimakan termasuk buah berangan, pear, plum, pic, tembikai, aprikot, strawberi, bayberry merah, jujubes, calabash, tunas buluh, tumbuhan sawi dan taro. Haiwan ternakan yang juga dimakan termasuk ayam, itik Mandarin, angsa, lembu, biri-biri, babi, unta dan anjing (pelbagai jenis dibiakkan secara khusus untuk makanan, sementara kebanyakannya digunakan sebagai haiwan peliharaan). Penyu dan ikan diambil dari sungai dan tasik. Permainan yang biasa diburu, seperti burung hantu, ayam, ayam, rusa sika, dan perah buluh Cina digunakan. Bumbu termasuk gula, madu, garam dan kicap. Bir dan wain sentiasa digunakan. <> Apa jenis tanaman yang dianggap beras dalam tempoh ini? || tanaman ruji <> Apa anjing di era ini yang paling mungkin dipertimbangkan? || haiwan peliharaan <> jenis perosak biasa yang biasa digunakan? || Buluh Cina <> Di manakah penyu yang diperoleh? || sungai dan tasik <> Apakah warna bayberry? || merah", {"context": "The most common staple crops consumed during Han were wheat, barley, foxtail millet, proso millet, rice, and beans. Commonly eaten fruits and vegetables included chestnuts, pears, plums, peaches, melons, apricots, strawberries, red bayberries, jujubes, calabash, bamboo shoots, mustard plant and taro. Domesticated animals that were also eaten included chickens, Mandarin ducks, geese, cows, sheep, pigs, camels and dogs (various types were bred specifically for food, while most were used as pets). Turtles and fish were taken from streams and lakes. Commonly hunted game, such as owl, pheasant, magpie, sika deer, and Chinese bamboo partridge were consumed. Seasonings included sugar, honey, salt and soy sauce. Beer and wine were regularly consumed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "staple crops"}], "question": "What type of crop was rice considered to be during this period?", "id": "572f79b4a23a5019007fc669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "pets"}], "question": "What were dogs in this era most likely to be considered?", "id": "572f79b4a23a5019007fc66a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Chinese bamboo"}], "question": "What type of partridge was commonly consumed?", "id": "572f79b4a23a5019007fc66b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "streams and lakes"}], "question": "Where were turtles acquired from?", "id": "572f79b4a23a5019007fc66c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "red"}], "question": "What was the color of the bayberries?", "id": "572f79b4a23a5019007fc66d"}]}], ["Buddhisme mula-mula memasuki China semasa Han Timur dan mula-mula disebutkan pada 65 AD. Liu Ying (pada tahun 71 AD), seorang abang kepada Kaisar Ming dari Han (r. 57-75 AD), adalah salah seorang penganut Cina yang paling awal, walaupun Buddhisme China pada masa ini sangat dikaitkan dengan Taoisme Huang-Lao. Kuil Buddha pertama yang terkenal di China, White Horse Temple, didirikan semasa pemerintahan Ming. Jambatan Buddha penting diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Cina pada abad ke-2 Masehi, termasuk Sutra Empat Puluh Dua Bab, Kesempurnaan Kebijaksanaan, Sutra Shurangama, dan Sutra Pratyutpanna. <> Semasa adalah era Buddha pertama muncul di rantau ini? || Han Timur <> Ketika Kaisar Ming dari zaman pemerintahan Han berakhir? || 75 AD <> Apa amalan falsafah yang dilakukan oleh Liu Ying? || Buddhisme <> Apa yang dipercayai menjadi kuil Buddha pertama di kawasan ini? || Kuil Kuda Putih <> Sepanjang abad mana pentingnya tanggapan Buddha diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Cina? || Abad ke-2 AD", {"context": "Buddhism first entered China during the Eastern Han and was first mentioned in 65 AD. Liu Ying (d. 71 AD), a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han (r. 57\u201375 AD), was one of its earliest Chinese adherents, although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism. China's first known Buddhist temple, the White Horse Temple, was erected during Ming's reign. Important Buddhist canons were translated into Chinese during the 2nd century AD, including the Sutra of Forty-two Chapters, Perfection of Wisdom, Shurangama Sutra, and Pratyutpanna Sutra.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Eastern Han"}], "question": "During was era did Buddhism first appear in the region?", "id": "572f809da23a5019007fc6a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "75 AD"}], "question": "When did Emperor Ming of Han's reign end?", "id": "572f809da23a5019007fc6a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "What philosophical practice did Liu Ying believe in?", "id": "572f809da23a5019007fc6a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "the White Horse Temple"}], "question": "What is believed to be the first Buddhist temple in this area?", "id": "572f809da23a5019007fc6a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "2nd century AD"}], "question": "During which century were important Buddhist notions translated to Chinese?", "id": "572f809da23a5019007fc6a7"}]}], ["Keluarga-keluarga di seluruh Han China membuat pengorbanan haiwan dan makanan kepada dewa, roh, dan nenek moyang di kuil-kuil dan kuil-kuil, dengan kepercayaan bahawa barang-barang ini dapat digunakan oleh orang-orang di alam rohani. Adalah difikirkan bahawa setiap orang mempunyai jiwa dua bahagian: roh jiwa (hun \u9b42) yang mengembara ke syurga akhirat abadi (xian), dan jiwa jiwa (po \u9b44) yang kekal di kubur atau makamnya bumi dan hanya bersatu kembali dengan roh roh melalui upacara ritual. Makam-makam ini biasanya dihiasi dengan jubin tanah liat yang dihias unik yang berfungsi juga sebagai pintu masuk ke kubur. Jika tidak dikenali sebagai ubin makam, artifak ini mempunyai lubang di bahagian atas dan bawah jubin yang membolehkannya berputar. Jubin serupa telah dijumpai di daerah Chengdu di wilayah Sichuan di selatan-tengah China. <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk mengelakkan pintu daripada ditutup di tempat pengebumian? || jubin tanah liat <> Apa jenis hiasan yang sering dilihat di makam? || jubin tanah liat <> Apakah kehidupan abadi yang dipanggil selama ini? || xian <> Apakah tanggapan yang sering dipertimbangkan mengenai sifat dua jiwa yang dipanggil? || dua bahagian <> Fungsi apa lubang di bahagian atas dan bawah jubin makam membolehkan mereka lakukan? || membenarkan ia berputar", {"context": "Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities, spirits, and ancestors at temples and shrines, in the belief that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm. It was thought that each person had a two-part soul: the spirit-soul (hun \u9b42) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals (xian), and the body-soul (po \u9b44) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony. These tombs were commonly adorned with uniquely decorated hollow clay tiles that function also as a doorjamb to the tomb. Otherwise known as tomb tiles, these artifacts feature holes in the top and bottom of the tile allowing it to pivot. Similar tiles have been found in the Chengdu area of Sichuan province in south-central China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "hollow clay tiles"}], "question": "What could be used to prevent a door from closing in a place of burial?", "id": "572f7b06b2c2fd1400568174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "hollow clay tiles"}], "question": "What type of decoration was often seen in tombs?", "id": "572f7b06b2c2fd1400568173"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "xian"}], "question": "What was the afterlife of the immortals called during this period?", "id": "572f7b06b2c2fd1400568175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "two-part soul"}], "question": "What is the commonly held notion regarding the dual nature of the soul called?", "id": "572f7b06b2c2fd1400568176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "allowing it to pivot"}], "question": "What function did the holes in the top and bottom of the tomb tiles enable them to do?", "id": "572f7b06b2c2fd1400568177"}]}], ["Wanita dijangka mematuhi kehendak bapanya, kemudian suami mereka, dan kemudian anak lelaki dewasa mereka pada usia tua. Walau bagaimanapun, ia diketahui dari sumber-sumber kontemporari bahawa terdapat banyak penyimpangan kepada peraturan ini, terutamanya berkenaan dengan ibu-ibu kepada anak-anak mereka, dan permaisuri yang memerintahkan dan secara terbuka memalukan ayah dan saudara mereka. Wanita dikecualikan daripada tugas tahunan corv\u00e9e, tetapi sering terlibat dalam pelbagai pekerjaan yang berpendapatan pendapatan selain dari pekerjaan rumah tangga mereka dalam memasak dan pembersihan. <> Manakah jantina yang dikecualikan daripada menjalankan tugas tahunan yang dikenakan? || Wanita <> Apa keadaan emosi yang akan menjadi permaisuri biasa menempatkan anggota keluarga terdekat mereka? || secara terbuka dihina <> Apa jenis pekerjaan yang biasanya dilakukan oleh wanita? || Pendapatan yang berpendapatan <> Siapakah perempuan yang wajib taat pada usia tua? || anak dewasa mereka <> Angka ibu mana yang sering mengelakkan peraturan keluarga umum? || ibu-ibu", {"context": "Women were expected to obey the will of their father, then their husband, and then their adult son in old age. However, it is known from contemporary sources that there were many deviations to this rule, especially in regard to mothers over their sons, and empresses who ordered around and openly humiliated their fathers and brothers. Women were exempt from the annual corv\u00e9e labor duties, but often engaged in a range of income-earning occupations aside from their domestic chores of cooking and cleaning.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Women"}], "question": "Which gender was exempt from performing the yearly corvee labor duties?", "id": "572f6c2304bcaa1900d76917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "openly humiliated"}], "question": "What emotional state would empresses commonly place their immediate family members in?", "id": "572f6c2304bcaa1900d76918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "income-earning"}], "question": "What type of occupation did women commonly take part in?", "id": "572f6c2304bcaa1900d76919"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "their adult son"}], "question": "Who were women obligated to obey in their old age?", "id": "572f6c2304bcaa1900d7691a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "mothers"}], "question": "Which parental figures often avoided the common familial rules?", "id": "572f6c2304bcaa1900d7691b"}]}], ["Beberapa teks penting dicipta dan dipelajari oleh para ulama. Karya-karya falsafah yang ditulis oleh Yang Xiong (53 SM - 18 AD), Huan Tan (43 SM - 28 AD), Wang Chong (27-100 AD), dan Wang Fu (78-163 AD) jahat dan menimbulkan cabaran kepada perintah universal Dong. Rekod-rekod Sejarah Besar oleh Sima Tan (tahun 110 SM) dan anaknya Sima Qian (145-86 SM) membentuk model standard untuk semua Sejarah Piawai China, seperti Kitab Han yang ditulis oleh Ban Biao (3 -54 AD), anaknya Ban Gu (32-92 AD), dan anak perempuannya Ban Zhao (45-116 AD). Terdapat kamus seperti Shuowen Jiezi oleh Xu Shen (c. 58 - 147 AD) dan Fangyan oleh Yang Xiong. Biografi mengenai tokoh-tokoh penting ditulis oleh pelbagai orang Yahudi. Puisi dinasti Han didominasi oleh genre fu, yang mencapai kemunculannya yang paling besar semasa pemerintahan Maharaja Wu. <> Siapa yang telah menghasilkan biografi individu yang penting? || pelbagai jenis puisi <> Apa jenis puisi yang mempunyai banyak pengaruh dalam dinasti Han? || fu <> Siapa yang menulis kamus Fangyan? || Yang Xiong <> Manakah yang telah menulis Kitab Han? || Ban Biao <> Apakah nama anak perempuan Ban Biao? || Ban Zhao", {"context": "Some important texts were created and studied by scholars. Philosophical works written by Yang Xiong (53 BC \u2013 18 AD), Huan Tan (43 BC \u2013 28 AD), Wang Chong (27\u2013100 AD), and Wang Fu (78\u2013163 AD) questioned whether human nature was innately good or evil and posed challenges to Dong's universal order. The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Tan (d. 110 BC) and his son Sima Qian (145\u201386 BC) established the standard model for all of imperial China's Standard Histories, such as the Book of Han written by Ban Biao (3\u201354 AD), his son Ban Gu (32\u201392 AD), and his daughter Ban Zhao (45\u2013116 AD). There were dictionaries such as the Shuowen Jiezi by Xu Shen (c. 58 \u2013 c. 147 AD) and the Fangyan by Yang Xiong. Biographies on important figures were written by various gentrymen. Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the fu genre, which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "various gentrymen"}], "question": "Who had produced biographies of individuals of significant importance?", "id": "572f6f7004bcaa1900d76951"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "fu"}], "question": "What type of poetry had much influence in the Han dynasty?", "id": "572f6f7004bcaa1900d76952"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "Yang Xiong"}], "question": "Who had written the dictionary Fangyan?", "id": "572f6f7004bcaa1900d76953"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Ban Biao"}], "question": "Which person had authored the Book of Han?", "id": "572f6f7004bcaa1900d76954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "Ban Zhao"}], "question": "What was the name of Ban Biao's female offspring?", "id": "572f6f7004bcaa1900d76955"}]}], ["Adalah dipercayai bahawa keabadian dapat dicapai jika seseorang mencapai tanah Ibu Ratu Barat atau Gunung Penglai. Daoist zaman Han berkumpul menjadi sekelompok kecil pertapa yang cuba mencapai keabadian melalui latihan pernafasan, teknik seksual dan penggunaan elixir perubatan. Menjelang abad ke-2 Masehi, para Daois membentuk masyarakat keagamaan hierarki yang besar seperti Jalan Lima Pecu Beras. Para pengikutnya percaya bahawa ahli sains-ahli falsafah Laozi (abad ke-6 SM) adalah seorang nabi suci yang akan menawarkan keselamatan dan kesihatan yang baik jika pengikut tauhidnya akan mengaku dosa mereka, mengharamkan penyembahan tuhan-tuhan dewa yang menerima pengorbanan daging dan menyanyikan bahagian Daodejing. <> Apakah tujuan latihan pernafasan kepada Taois? || mencapai keabadian <> Apa yang boleh ditawarkan oleh nabi Laozi sebagai balasan atas pengakuan dosa? || keselamatan dan kesihatan yang baik <> Apakah jenis agama yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Jalan Latihan Beras Lima Beras? || Daoists <> Apa yang boleh diperoleh jika seseorang telah mencapai tanah Ibu Ratu di Barat? || keabadian <> Apa karya literal yang pengikut Laozi dijangka bersorak? || Daodejing", {"context": "It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai. Han-era Daoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises, sexual techniques and use of medical elixirs. By the 2nd century AD, Daoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice. Its followers believed that the sage-philosopher Laozi (fl. 6th century BC) was a holy prophet who would offer salvation and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins, ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices and chant sections of the Daodejing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "achieve immortality"}], "question": "What was the purpose of breathing exercises to a Daoist?", "id": "572f7de2947a6a140053c9c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "salvation and good health"}], "question": "What could the prophet Laozi offer in return for the confession of sins?", "id": "572f7de2947a6a140053c9ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Daoists"}], "question": "What type of religion did the society of the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice practice?", "id": "572f7de2947a6a140053c9c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "immortality"}], "question": "What could be earned if an individual had reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West?", "id": "572f7de2947a6a140053c9cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "Daodejing"}], "question": "What literal work were followers of Laozi expected to chant?", "id": "572f7de2947a6a140053c9cb"}]}], ["Pelbagai kes rogol, penderaan fizikal dan pembunuhan telah diadili di mahkamah. Wanita, walaupun biasanya mempunyai hak yang lebih sedikit oleh kebiasaan, dibenarkan untuk mengenakan tuduhan sivil dan jenayah terhadap lelaki. Semasa suspek dipenjara, penjenayah yang disabitkan tidak pernah dipenjarakan. Sebaliknya, hukuman adalah denda kewangan yang biasa, tempoh buruh keras paksa untuk banduan, dan hukuman mati dengan memenggal kepala. Awal Han hukuman penghancuran penyiksaan telah dipinjam dari undang-undang Qin. Satu siri pembaharuan menghapuskan hukuman mutilasi dengan pemukulan yang semakin teruk oleh bastinado. <> Apakah jenis penyeksaan yang diperoleh daripada undang-undang Qin? || Mutilasi <> Apa yang akhirnya menggantikan mutilasi penyiksaan sebagai sejenis hukuman? || <p> Apa yang boleh seorang penjenayah di era ini mengharapkan tidak akan berlaku jika dia disabitkan dengan suatu jenayah? || penjenayah tidak pernah dipenjarakan <> Apa jenis hukuman yang melampau kemungkinan akan dibebankan kepada mereka yang melakukan kejahatan yang paling keras? || kematian oleh pemenggal kepala <> Apa yang kaum wanita biasanya kurang? || hak", {"context": "Various cases for rape, physical abuse and murder were prosecuted in court. Women, although usually having fewer rights by custom, were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men. While suspects were jailed, convicted criminals were never imprisoned. Instead, punishments were commonly monetary fines, periods of forced hard labor for convicts, and the penalty of death by beheading. Early Han punishments of torturous mutilation were borrowed from Qin law. A series of reforms abolished mutilation punishments with progressively less-severe beatings by the bastinado.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "mutilation"}], "question": "What type of torture was acquired from Qin law?", "id": "572f7858a23a5019007fc655"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "progressively less-severe beatings"}], "question": "What eventually replaced torturous mutilation as a type of punishment?", "id": "572f7858a23a5019007fc656"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "criminals were never imprisoned"}], "question": "What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime?", "id": "572f7858a23a5019007fc658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "death by beheading"}], "question": "What type of extreme punishment was likely to be laid upon those who committed the harshest of crimes?", "id": "572f7858a23a5019007fc657"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "rights"}], "question": "What did women commonly have less of?", "id": "572f7858a23a5019007fc659"}]}], ["Mahkamah Han Barat awal pada masa yang sama menerima ajaran falsafah Legalisme, Huang-Lao Daoism, dan Konfusianisme dalam membuat keputusan negeri dan membentuk dasar kerajaan. Walau bagaimanapun, mahkamah Han di bawah Maharaja Wu memberikan naungan eksklusif Konfusianisme. Beliau memansuhkan semua kerusi akademik atau guru (b\u00f3sh\u00ec \u535a\u58eb) yang tidak berurusan dengan Lima Klasik Konfusius pada tahun 136 SM dan menggalakkan calon-calon untuk menerima pendidikan berasaskan Confucian di Imperial University yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 124 SM. Tidak seperti ideologi asal yang disokong oleh Konfusius, atau Kongzi (551-479 SM), Han Confucianisme dalam pemerintahan Maharaja Wu adalah penciptaan Dong Zhongshu (179-104 SM). Dong adalah seorang pegawai ulama dan kecil yang mengagregasikan gagasan-gagasan Confucian etika mengenai ritual, ketakwaan keluarga, dan hubungan harmoni dengan lima fasa dan kosmologi yin-yang. Banyak demi kepentingan penguasa, sintesis Dong membenarkan sistem kerajaan kerajaan di dalam alam semesta alam semesta. Universiti Imperial semakin penting kerana badan pelajar meningkat kepada lebih dari 30,000 pada abad ke-2 AD. Pendidikan berasaskan Konfusian juga disediakan di sekolah-sekolah tingkat komando dan sekolah swasta yang dibuka di bandar-bandar kecil, di mana guru-guru memperoleh penghasilan yang terhormat dari pembayaran tuisyen. <> Apa falsafah diberikan eksklusif di mahkamah semasa pemerintahan Maharaja Wu? || Konfusianisme <> Siapa yang mengakhiri semua kaum? || Maharaja Wu <> Berapa banyak pelajar di Universiti Imperial pada abad kedua? || lebih 30,000 <> Apa jenis falsafah yang ada untuk individu di komando? || Confucian <> Di manakah guru membuat wang mereka dari di sekolah swasta? || bayaran tuisyen", {"context": "The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism, Huang-Lao Daoism, and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy. However, the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage. He abolished all academic chairs or erudites (b\u00f3sh\u00ec \u535a\u58eb) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BC and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BC. Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius, or Kongzi (551\u2013479 BC), Han Confucianism in Emperor Wu's reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu (179\u2013104 BC). Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual, filial piety, and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin-yang cosmologies. Much to the interest of the ruler, Dong's synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe. The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD. A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns, where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Confucianism"}], "question": "What philosophy was given exclusivity in the court during the rule of Emperor Wu?", "id": "572f6dde04bcaa1900d7693f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Emperor Wu"}], "question": "Who put an end to all erudites?", "id": "572f6dde04bcaa1900d76940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1057, "text": "over 30,000"}], "question": "How many students were in the Imperial University by the second century?", "id": "572f6dde04bcaa1900d76941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1094, "text": "Confucian"}], "question": "What type of philosophy was available for individuals at the commanderies?", "id": "572f6dde04bcaa1900d76942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1262, "text": "tuition payments"}], "question": "Where did teachers make their money from at private schools?", "id": "572f6dde04bcaa1900d76943"}]}], ["Pada tahun 144 SM Maharaja Jing menghapuskan penipuan swasta yang memihak kepada pemerintahan peringkat pusat dan pemerintuan peringkat komandan; dia juga memperkenalkan syiling baru. Maharaja Wu memperkenalkan satu lagi pada tahun 120 SM, tetapi setahun kemudian dia menanggalkan larangan liang sepenuhnya memihak kepada duit syiling wuzhu (\u4e94 \u9296), dengan berat 3,2 g (0,11 oz). Wuzhu menjadi syiling standard China hingga dinasti Tang (618-907 AD). Kegunaannya terganggu secara ringkas oleh beberapa mata wang baru yang diperkenalkan semasa rejim Wang Mang sehingga ia dibina semula pada 40 AD oleh Maharaja Guangwu. <> Koin apa yang menggantikan tuduhan larangan selepas hanya setahun pengedaran? || wuzhu <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan duit syiling baru pada tahun 120 SM? || Maharaja Wu <> Semasa dinasti apa yang wuzhu berhenti menjadi duit syiling standard? || Dinasti Tang <> Apakah jisim duit syiling wuzhu? || 3.2 g <> Apa yang mengganggu penggunaan koin wuzhu semasa pemerintahan Wang Mang? || beberapa mata wang baru", {"context": "In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central-government and commandery-level minting; he also introduced a new coin. Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC, but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu (\u4e94\u9296) coin, weighing 3.2 g (0.11 oz). The wuzhu became China's standard coin until the Tang dynasty (618\u2013907 AD). Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mang's regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "wuzhu"}], "question": "What coin replaced the ban liangs after only a year of distribution?", "id": "572f91f3a23a5019007fc77c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Emperor Wu"}], "question": "Who introduced new coinage in the year of 120 BC?", "id": "572f91f3a23a5019007fc77b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Tang dynasty"}], "question": "During what dynasty did the wuzhu stop being the standard coin?", "id": "572f91f3a23a5019007fc77d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "3.2 g"}], "question": "What was the mass of the wuzhu coin?", "id": "572f91f3a23a5019007fc77e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "several new currencies"}], "question": "What interrupted the use of the wuzhu coin during the reign of Wang Mang?", "id": "572f91f3a23a5019007fc77f"}]}], ["Minuman keras merupakan industri swasta yang menguntungkan oleh kerajaan pusat pada tahun 98 SM. Walau bagaimanapun, ini dimansuhkan pada tahun 81 SM dan kadar cukai harta dua syiling untuk setiap 0.2 L (0.05 gelen) telah dilevi bagi mereka yang mengurusnya secara peribadi. Menjelang 110 SM, Maharaja Wu turut campur tangan dengan perdagangan bijirin yang menguntungkan apabila beliau menghapuskan spekulasi dengan menjual bijirin yang disimpan kerajaan dengan harga yang lebih rendah daripada permintaan para peniaga. Selain dari Penciptaan dan Penstabilan Harga yang berpanjangan oleh Kaisar Ming, yang telah dimansuhkan pada tahun 68 AD, peraturan kawalan harga kerajaan pusat sebahagian besarnya tidak hadir semasa Han Timur. <> Industri apa yang dimonopoli oleh kerajaan pada tahun 98 SM? || Liquor <> Dalam tahun apakah industri minuman keras sekali lagi telah diswastakan? || 81 SM <> Apa yang kebanyakannya hilang semasa Han Timur? || peraturan kawalan harga <> Apa yang Maharaja Wu menjual yang menyinggung para pedagang? || gandum <> Pejabat apa yang dibuat oleh Kaisar Ming? || Pejabat Penyesuaian Harga dan Penstabilan", {"context": "Liquor was another profitable private industry nationalized by the central government in 98 BC. However, this was repealed in 81 BC and a property tax rate of two coins for every 0.2 L (0.05 gallons) was levied for those who traded it privately. By 110 BC Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government-stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants. Apart from Emperor Ming's creation of a short-lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization, which was abolished in 68 AD, central-government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Liquor"}], "question": "What industry was monopolized by the government in 98 BC?", "id": "572f96f0947a6a140053ca98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "81 BC"}], "question": "In what year did the liquor industry once again become privatized?", "id": "572f96f0947a6a140053ca99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "price control regulations"}], "question": "What was mostly missing during the Eastern Han?", "id": "572f96f0947a6a140053ca9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "grain"}], "question": "What did Emperor Wu sell that offended the merchants?", "id": "572f96f0947a6a140053ca9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization"}], "question": "What office did Emperor Ming create?", "id": "572f96f0947a6a140053ca9c"}]}], ["Semasa Han Timur, penjenayahan boleh dielakkan jika seseorang membayar cukai yang boleh dikenakan cukai. Mahkamah Han Timur menyukai pengambilan tentera sukarelawan. Tentera sukarelawan terdiri daripada Tentera Darat Selatan (Nanjun \u5357 \u8ecd), sementara tentera berdiri ditempatkan di dan dekat ibukota Tentera Utara (Beijun \u5317 \u8ecd). Diketuai oleh Kolonel (Xiaowei \u6821\u5c09), Tentera Utara terdiri daripada lima rejimen, masing-masing terdiri dari beberapa ribu tentara. Apabila pihak berkuasa pusat runtuh selepas 189 AD, pemilik tanah kaya, ahli bangsawan / bangsawan, dan gubernur-tentera darat bergantung kepada penahan mereka untuk bertindak sebagai tentera mereka sendiri (buqu \u90e8\u66f2). <> Bagaimana boleh penyerahan ke perkhidmatan ketenteraan dielakkan? || seseorang membayar cukai boleh ganti <> Apa tentera yang didasarkan berhampiran ibu negara? || Tentera Utara <> Tentera apa yang dianggap sebagai tentera sukarela? || Tentera Selatan <> Berapa banyak rejimen di Tentera Utara? || lima <> Sekitar berapa banyak askar berada dalam setiap rejimen Tentara Utara? || beberapa ribu tentera", {"context": "During the Eastern Han, conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax. The Eastern Han court favored the recruitment of a volunteer army. The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army (Nanjun \u5357\u8ecd), while the standing army stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army (Beijun \u5317\u8ecd). Led by Colonels (Xiaowei \u6821\u5c09), the Northern Army consisted of five regiments, each composed of several thousand soldiers. When central authority collapsed after 189 AD, wealthy landowners, members of the aristocracy/nobility, and regional military-governors relied upon their retainers to act as their own personal troops (buqu \u90e8\u66f2).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "one paid a commutable tax"}], "question": "How could conscription into military service be avoided?", "id": "572f8f36a23a5019007fc753"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Northern Army"}], "question": "What army was based near the capital?", "id": "572f8f36a23a5019007fc754"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Southern Army"}], "question": "What army was considered to be the volunteer army?", "id": "572f8f36a23a5019007fc755"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many regiments were in the Northern Army?", "id": "572f8f36a23a5019007fc756"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "several thousand soldiers"}], "question": "Around how many soldiers were in each regiment of the Northern Army?", "id": "572f8f36a23a5019007fc757"}]}], ["Dinasti Han mewarisi jenis koin liang larangan dari Qin. Pada permulaan Han, Maharaja Gaozu menutup pewarna kerajaan memihak kepada penipuan peribadi syiling. Keputusan ini dibalikkan pada tahun 186 SM oleh janda jandanya, Maharaja Agung L\u00fc Zhi (tahun 180 SM), yang menghapuskan penyaringan pribadi. Pada tahun 182 SM, L\u00fc Zhi mengeluarkan duit syiling gangsa yang jauh lebih ringan daripada syiling sebelumnya. Ini menyebabkan inflasi yang meluas yang tidak dikurangkan sehingga 175 SM apabila Maharaja Wen membenarkan pengusaha swasta mengeluarkan syiling yang tepat 2.6 g (0.09 oz) dalam berat badan. <> Di manakah dinasti Han menerima jenis duit syiling mereka dari? || Qin <> Siapa yang menutup cermin kerajaan? || Maharaja Gaozu <> Pada tahun apakah keputusan itu membalikkan penutupan pewarna kerajaan? || 186 SM <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan duit syiling yang lebih ringan yang menyebabkan jumlah inflasi yang besar kerana beratnya? || L\u00fc Zhi <> Pada tahun berapa manufaktur swasta dibenarkan membuat syiling yang sama dengan 2.6g secara massal? || 175 SM", {"context": "The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin. In the beginning of the Han, Emperor Gaozu closed the government mint in favor of private minting of coins. This decision was reversed in 186 BC by his widow Grand Empress Dowager L\u00fc Zhi (d. 180 BC), who abolished private minting. In 182 BC, L\u00fc Zhi issued a bronze coin that was much lighter in weight than previous coins. This caused widespread inflation that was not reduced until 175 BC when Emperor Wen allowed private minters to manufacture coins that were precisely 2.6 g (0.09 oz) in weight.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "the Qin"}], "question": "Where did the Han dynasty receive their coin type from?", "id": "572f90a604bcaa1900d76a83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Emperor Gaozu"}], "question": "Who closed the government mint?", "id": "572f90a604bcaa1900d76a84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "186 BC"}], "question": "In what year was the decision reversing the closure of the government mint implemented?", "id": "572f90a604bcaa1900d76a85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "L\u00fc Zhi"}], "question": "Who released new lighter coinage that caused significant amounts of inflation because of it's weight?", "id": "572f90a604bcaa1900d76a86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "175 BC"}], "question": "In what year were private manufactures allowed to create coins that were exactly 2.6g in mass?", "id": "572f90a604bcaa1900d76a87"}]}], ["Komander terdiri daripada sekumpulan daerah, dan diketuai oleh seorang Pentadbir. Beliau adalah pemimpin sivil dan tentera tertinggi komander dan mengendalikan pertahanan, tindakan undang-undang, arahan bermusim kepada para petani dan cadangan calon untuk pejabat dihantar setiap tahun ke ibu kota dalam sistem kuota yang pertama kali ditubuhkan oleh Maharaja Wu. Kepala daerah yang luas sekitar 10.000 rumah dipanggil Penguasa, sedangkan kepala daerah kecil dipanggil Kepala, dan keduanya dapat disebut sebagai Majistret. Seorang Majistret mengekalkan undang-undang dan perintah di daerahnya, mendaftarkan penduduk untuk cukai, menggerakkan orang awam untuk tugas tahunan, sekolah yang diperbaiki dan kerja-kerja awam yang diawasi. <> Apa individu yang biasanya bertanggungjawab terhadap komander? || seorang Pentadbir <> Berapa banyak isi rumah adalah seorang Pengawas yang bertanggungjawab? || 10,000 <> Apa individu yang bertanggungjawab untuk undang-undang dan mengekalkan perintah di daerah itu? || Majistret <> Apa Kaisar pada mulanya mencipta sistem kuota? || Kaisar Wu <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab ke atas daerah-daerah yang mempunyai kurang daripada 10,000 orang di dalamnya? || Ketua", {"context": "A commandery consisted of a group of counties, and was headed by an Administrator. He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense, lawsuits, seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emperor Wu. The head of a large county of about 10,000 households was called a Prefect, while the heads of smaller counties were called Chiefs, and both could be referred to as Magistrates. A Magistrate maintained law and order in his county, registered the populace for taxation, mobilized commoners for annual corv\u00e9e duties, repaired schools and supervised public works.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "an Administrator"}], "question": "What individual was typically in charge of a commandery?", "id": "572f87eba23a5019007fc6f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "Around how many households was a Prefect responsible for?", "id": "572f87eba23a5019007fc6fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "A Magistrate"}], "question": "What individual was responsible for law and maintaining order in the county?", "id": "572f87eba23a5019007fc6fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Emperor Wu"}], "question": "What Emperor initially created the quota system?", "id": "572f87eba23a5019007fc6fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Chiefs"}], "question": "Who was in charge of counties that had fewer than 10,000 people in them?", "id": "572f87eba23a5019007fc6fd"}]}], ["Di Han Barat awal, seorang industrialis garam atau besi yang kaya, sama ada seorang raja separa autonomi atau saudagar kaya, boleh berbangga dengan dana yang bersaing dengan perbendaharaan kerajaan dan mengumpulkan tenaga kerja petani lebih dari seribu. Ini memberi banyak petani jauh dari ladang mereka dan menafikan kerajaan sebahagian besar daripada hasil cukai tanahnya. Untuk menghapuskan pengaruh usahawan swasta sedemikian, Maharaja Wu menasionalisasi industri garam dan besi pada tahun 117 SM dan membenarkan banyak bekas industrialis menjadi pegawai yang mentadbir monopoli tersebut. Dengan zaman Han Timur, monopoli kerajaan pusat telah dimansuhkan memihak kepada pengeluaran oleh komander dan pentadbiran daerah, serta ahli perniagaan swasta. <> Di mana tahun Maharaja Wu memonopoli beberapa industri? || 117 BC <> Siapa yang membenarkan para perindustrian menjadi pegawai di industri baru yang diberi kuasa? || Maharaja Wu <> Dalam tempoh berapa monopoli kerajaan telah diswastakan sekali lagi? || Han Timur <> Apa yang Kaisar Wu lakukan untuk menafikan pengaruh usahawan swasta? || negarakan industri garam dan besi <> Dalam era apa yang boleh seorang industrialis besi kaya dapat menyaingi perbendaharaan dalam dana? || Han Barat", {"context": "In the early Western Han, a wealthy salt or iron industrialist, whether a semi-autonomous king or wealthy merchant, could boast funds that rivaled the imperial treasury and amass a peasant workforce of over a thousand. This kept many peasants away from their farms and denied the government a significant portion of its land tax revenue. To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs, Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the monopolies. By Eastern Han times, the central government monopolies were repealed in favor of production by commandery and county administrations, as well as private businessmen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "117 BC"}], "question": "In which year did Emperor Wu monopolize several industries?", "id": "572f95d004bcaa1900d76aab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Emperor Wu"}], "question": "Who allowed industrialists to become officials in the newly state sanctioned industries?", "id": "572f95d004bcaa1900d76aac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Eastern Han"}], "question": "During what period did the governmental monopolies become privatized once again?", "id": "572f95d004bcaa1900d76aad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "nationalized the salt and iron industries"}], "question": "What did Emperor Wu do to negate the influence of private entrepreneurs?", "id": "572f95d004bcaa1900d76aae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Western Han"}], "question": "During what era could a wealthy iron industrialist be able to rival the treasury in funds?", "id": "572f95d004bcaa1900d76aaf"}]}], ["Penanam tanah kecil yang membentuk majoriti asas cukai Han; pendapatan ini terancam pada separuh akhir Han Timur apabila banyak petani jatuh ke hutang dan terpaksa bekerja sebagai penyewa ladang bagi tuan-tuan tanah yang kaya. Pemerintahan Han menggubal pembaharuan untuk memelihara penanam tanah kecil daripada hutang dan ladang mereka sendiri. Pembaharuan ini termasuk mengurangkan cukai, remisi cukai sementara, pemberian pinjaman dan menyediakan penginapan sementara dan bekerja di tanah pertanian petani tanpa tanah sehingga mereka dapat pulih dari hutang mereka. <> Kumpulan mana yang membentuk sebahagian besar daripada asas cukai Han? || pembiakan pemilik tanah <> Siapa yang membuat pengurangan cukai yang dikenakan oleh penanam tanah-tanah itu? || Kerajaan Han <> Dalam tempoh berapa banyak petani menanggung hutang? || Han Timur <> Apa jenis perumahan yang kerajaan Han memberi kepada petani berhutang tanpa tanah? || sementara <> Apa yang kerajaan Han lakukan untuk membantu pemilik tanah yang lebih kecil? || pembaharuan yang digubal", {"context": "The small landowner-cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords. The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small landowner-cultivators out of debt and on their own farms. These reforms included reducing taxes, temporary remissions of taxes, granting loans and providing landless peasants temporary lodging and work in agricultural colonies until they could recover from their debts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "landowner-cultivators"}], "question": "Which group made up the bulk of the Han tax base?", "id": "572f9394a23a5019007fc78f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "The Han government"}], "question": "Who made reductions in the taxes that landowner-cultivators were forced to pay?", "id": "572f9394a23a5019007fc790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Eastern Han"}], "question": "During what period did a large number of peasants incur debt?", "id": "572f9394a23a5019007fc791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "temporary"}], "question": "What type of housing did the Han government provide to landless indebted peasants?", "id": "572f9394a23a5019007fc792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "enacted reforms"}], "question": "What did the Han government do to help out smaller landowners?", "id": "572f9394a23a5019007fc793"}]}], ["Pada permulaan dinasti Han, setiap lelaki lelaki biasa yang berumur dua puluh tiga bertanggungjawab untuk menyertainya ke dalam tentera. Umur minimum untuk draf tentera dikurangkan kepada dua puluh selepas pemerintahan Maharaja Zhao (rr 87-74 SM). Tentera yang dituduh menjalani satu tahun latihan dan satu tahun perkhidmatan sebagai askar bukan profesional. Tahun latihan disampaikan di salah satu daripada tiga cawangan angkatan bersenjata: infanteri, berkuda atau angkatan laut. Tahun perkhidmatan aktif dihidupkan sama ada di perbatasan, di mahkamah raja atau di bawah Menteri Penjaga di ibukota. Tentera berdiri profesional (dibayar) ditempatkan berhampiran ibu negara. <> Apa jenis jantina yang dijangkakan akan diserapkan ke dalam tentera? || lelaki <> Pada usia berapa lelaki boleh mengharapkan untuk diserapkan ke dalam tentera? || dua puluh tiga <> Berapa lamakah prajurit yang ditugaskan mengharapkan latihan? || satu tahun <> Berapa umur terendah seorang askar dapat ditugaskan selepas berakhirnya masa pemerintahan Maharaja Zhao? || dua puluh <> Menteri yang mana seorang askar yang ditugaskan mengharapkan untuk berkhidmat di bawah selama tahun perkhidmatannya? || Menteri Pengawal", {"context": "At the beginning of the Han dynasty, every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military. The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhao's (r. 87\u201374 BC) reign. Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers. The year of training was served in one of three branches of the armed forces: infantry, cavalry or navy. The year of active service was served either on the frontier, in a king's court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital. A small professional (paid) standing army was stationed near the capital.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "male"}], "question": "What gender was expected to be conscripted into the military?", "id": "572f8918947a6a140053ca3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "twenty-three"}], "question": "At what age could a male common expect to be conscripted into the military?", "id": "572f8918947a6a140053ca3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "one year"}], "question": "How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for?", "id": "572f8918947a6a140053ca3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "twenty"}], "question": "What was the lowest age a soldier could be conscripted after the end of Emperor Zhao's tenure?", "id": "572f8918947a6a140053ca3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Minister of the Guards"}], "question": "Which Minister could a conscripted soldier expect to serve under during his year of service?", "id": "572f8918947a6a140053ca3e"}]}], ["Di pemerintahan Han, maharaja adalah hakim tertinggi dan pemberi hukum, ketua komandan angkatan bersenjata dan penunjuk tunggal penunjuk resmi yang dilantik ke jawatan teratas dalam administrasi pusat dan daerah; mereka yang mendapat gaji 600-gaji atau lebih tinggi. Secara teorinya, tidak ada batasan untuk kekuasaannya. Walau bagaimanapun, organ-organ negeri yang mempunyai kepentingan dan institusi yang bersaing seperti persidangan mahkamah (tingyi \u5ef7\u8b70) di mana para menteri telah berkumpul untuk mencapai kesepakatan majoriti mengenai isu yang dihadapi oleh maharaja untuk menerima nasihat menteri-menterinya mengenai keputusan dasar. Jika maharaja menolak keputusan persidangan mahkamah, dia mengambil risiko mengasingkan menteri-menteri yang tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, maharaja kadang-kadang menolak pendapat majoriti yang dicapai di persidangan mahkamah. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk pencalonan pentadbir tempatan dalam kerajaan? || kaisar <> Adakah maharaja dapat menolak pendapat yang dibuat oleh persidangan mahkamah? || kadang-kadang menolak opini majoriti <> Apa yang kaupertang kaisar jika dia tidak menerima keputusan persidangan mahkamah? || mengasingkan menterinya yang tinggi <> Siapa yang sering memberi tekanan kepada maharaja berkenaan dengan dasar tempatan? || persidangan mahkamah <> Siapa yang dianggap hakim tertinggi dalam pemerintahan Han? || Maharaja", {"context": "In Han government, the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations; those who earned a 600-dan salary-rank or higher. Theoretically, there were no limits to his power. However, state organs with competing interests and institutions such as the court conference (tingyi \u5ef7\u8b70)\u2014where ministers were convened to reach majority consensus on an issue\u2014pressured the emperor to accept the advice of his ministers on policy decisions. If the emperor rejected a court conference decision, he risked alienating his high ministers. Nevertheless, emperors sometimes did reject the majority opinion reached at court conferences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "the emperor"}], "question": "Who was responsible for nominations of local administrators in the government?", "id": "572f827604bcaa1900d76a41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "sometimes did reject the majority opinion"}], "question": "Was the emperor able to reject an opinion that was made by the court conference?", "id": "572f827604bcaa1900d76a42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "alienating his high ministers"}], "question": "What did the emperor risk if he did not accept the decisions of the court conference?", "id": "572f827604bcaa1900d76a44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "court conference"}], "question": "Who often placed pressure on the emperor in regards to local policies?", "id": "572f827604bcaa1900d76a43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "the emperor"}], "question": "Who was considered to be the supreme judge in Han government?", "id": "572f827604bcaa1900d76a45"}]}], ["Peringkat di bawah Tiga Ahli Majlis adalah Sembilan Menteri, yang masing-masing mengetuai sebuah kementerian khusus. Menteri Upacara adalah pegawai utama yang bertanggungjawab atas upacara agama, ritual, doa dan penyelenggaraan kuil-kuil nenek moyang dan altar-altar. Menteri Rumah Tangga bertanggungjawab terhadap keselamatan kaisar di dalam istana, taman-taman kerajaan luar dan di mana sahaja kaisar membuat tamasya oleh kereta. Menteri Pengawal bertanggungjawab untuk mendapatkan dan mengawasi dinding, menara, dan pintu istana kerajaan. Menteri Coachman bertanggungjawab untuk menjaga kastil imperial, kuda, kereta api dan rumah jurulatih untuk maharaja dan istananya, serta pembekalan kuda untuk angkatan bersenjata. Menteri Kehakiman adalah pegawai utama yang bertanggungjawab menegakkan, mentadbir, dan menafsirkan undang-undang. Menteri Herald adalah pegawai utama yang bertanggungjawab menerima tetamu yang dihormati di mahkamah kekaisaran, seperti para bangsawan dan duta asing. Menteri Klan Imperial menyelia interaksi istana imperial dengan bangsawan kekaisaran dan keluarga imperial yang diperluas, seperti pemberian fiefs dan gelar. Menteri Kewangan adalah bendahari bagi birokrasi rasmi dan angkatan bersenjata yang mengendalikan pendapatan cukai dan menetapkan piawaian untuk unit pengukuran. Menteri Steward berkhidmat kepada maharaja semata-mata, memberikannya hiburan dan hiburan, makanan dan pakaian yang betul, perubatan dan penjagaan fizikal, barang berharga dan kelengkapan. <> Orang manakah yang mempunyai kewajipan untuk mengekalkan kandang kekaisaran? || Menteri Pelatih <> Yang mana Menteri mempunyai tanggungjawab untuk menafsirkan undang-undang dalam tempoh ini? || Menteri Keadilan <> Yang Menteri boleh dijadikan tetamu kehormat mahkamah? || Menteri Herald <> Siapa yang memberikan kaisar dengan rezeki dan bantuan perubatan? || Menteri Steward <> Yang manakah yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengawasi interaksi para bangsawan kerajaan dengan mahkamah? || Menteri Klan Imperial", {"context": "Ranked below the Three Councillors of State were the Nine Ministers, who each headed a specialized ministry. The Minister of Ceremonies was the chief official in charge of religious rites, rituals, prayers and the maintenance of ancestral temples and altars. The Minister of the Household was in charge of the emperor's security within the palace grounds, external imperial parks and wherever the emperor made an outing by chariot. The Minister of the Guards was responsible for securing and patrolling the walls, towers, and gates of the imperial palaces. The Minister Coachman was responsible for the maintenance of imperial stables, horses, carriages and coach-houses for the emperor and his palace attendants, as well as the supply of horses for the armed forces. The Minister of Justice was the chief official in charge of upholding, administering, and interpreting the law. The Minister Herald was the chief official in charge of receiving honored guests at the imperial court, such as nobles and foreign ambassadors. The Minister of the Imperial Clan oversaw the imperial court's interactions with the empire's nobility and extended imperial family, such as granting fiefs and titles. The Minister of Finance was the treasurer for the official bureaucracy and the armed forces who handled tax revenues and set standards for units of measurement. The Minister Steward served the emperor exclusively, providing him with entertainment and amusements, proper food and clothing, medicine and physical care, valuables and equipment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "The Minister Coachman"}], "question": "Which individual had a duty to maintain the imperial stables?", "id": "572f8446947a6a140053ca04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "The Minister of Justice"}], "question": "Which Minister had the responsibility to interpret laws in this period?", "id": "572f8446947a6a140053ca05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "The Minister Herald"}], "question": "Which Minister could an honored guest of the court be expected to see?", "id": "572f8446947a6a140053ca06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1353, "text": "The Minister Steward"}], "question": "Who provided  the emperor with sustenance and medical aid?", "id": "572f8446947a6a140053ca07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1024, "text": "The Minister of the Imperial Clan"}], "question": "Which individual held the responsibility to oversee the interactions of the empire's nobles with the court?", "id": "572f8446947a6a140053ca08"}]}], ["Bukti menunjukkan bahawa relau letupan, yang menukar bijih besi mentah ke dalam besi babi, yang boleh disalurkan semula dalam relau kola untuk menghasilkan besi tuang dengan letupan sejuk dan letupan panas, beroperasi di China pada akhir musim bunga dan musim gugur (722 -481 SM). Kembang itu tidak wujud di China purba; Walau bagaimanapun, era Han Cina menghasilkan besi tempa dengan menyuntik oksigen yang berlebihan ke dalam relau dan menyebabkan pembusukan. Tuang besi dan besi babi boleh ditukar kepada besi tempa dan keluli menggunakan proses fining. <> Apa jenis relau berfungsi di China pada tahun 722 SM? || letupan <> Unsur apa yang digunakan dalam pengeluaran besi tempa? || oksigen <> Apakah jenis besi yang dapat dipotong besi menjadi ditukar? || tempa <> Apa jenis proses yang digunakan untuk menukar pelbagai logam ke dalam keluli? || > Apa bolehkah bijih besi ditukarkan dalam relau letupan? || besi babi", {"context": "Evidence suggests that blast furnaces, that convert raw iron ore into pig iron, which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast, were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period (722\u2013481 BC). The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China; however, the Han-era Chinese produced wrought iron by injecting excess oxygen into a furnace and causing decarburization. Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a fining process.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "blast"}], "question": "What type of furnace was functional in China in 722 BC?", "id": "572f9a2ba23a5019007fc7c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "oxygen"}], "question": "What element was used in the production of wrought iron?", "id": "572f9a2ba23a5019007fc7ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "wrought"}], "question": "What type of iron could pig iron be converted into?", "id": "572f9a2ba23a5019007fc7cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "fining"}], "question": "What type of process was used to convert various metals into steel?", "id": "572f9a2ba23a5019007fc7cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "pig iron"}], "question": "What can iron ore be converted into in a blast furnace?", "id": "572f9a2ba23a5019007fc7cd"}]}], ["Kayu adalah bahan utama bangunan semasa dinasti Han; ia digunakan untuk membina dewan istana, menara kediaman bertingkat dan dewan dan rumah-rumah bersejarah. Kerana kayu merosot dengan cepat, satu-satunya bukti senibina kayu Han adalah koleksi jubin bumbung seramik yang bertaburan. Dewan kayu tertua di China pada zaman Dinasti Tang (618-907 AD). Ahli sejarah arkitek, Robert L. Thorp, menunjukkan kekurangan arkeologi zaman purba Han, dan mendakwa bahawa sering kali sumber-sumber sastera dan seni Han yang tidak boleh dipercayai digunakan oleh para sejarawan untuk mendapatkan petunjuk mengenai seni bina Han yang hilang. <> Apa bahan binaan yang digunakan terutamanya semasa dinasti Han? || Kayu <> Apa dinasti bolehkah bangunan kayu tertua di China bertarikh? || Tang <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai tahun terakhir dinasti Tang? || 907 AD <> Apa jenis objek yang satu-satunya bukti bangunan kayu Han? || jubin bumbung seramik <> Apakah komponen utama dewan istana semasa dinasti Han? || Kayu", {"context": "Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (618\u2013907 AD). Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Timber"}], "question": "What building material was used primarily during the Han dynasty?", "id": "572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Tang"}], "question": "What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to?", "id": "572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "907 AD"}], "question": "What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty?", "id": "572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "ceramic roof tiles"}], "question": "What type of object is the only evidence of Han's wooden constructions?", "id": "572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Timber"}], "question": "What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty?", "id": "572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af9"}]}], ["Han-era Cina menggunakan gangsa dan besi untuk membuat pelbagai senjata, alat masakan, alat tukang kayu dan barang-barang domestik. Satu produk penting dalam teknik-teknik peleburan besi yang lebih baik ini ialah pembuatan alat pertanian baru. Biji benih besi berkaki tiga, yang dicipta oleh abad ke-2 SM, membolehkan petani untuk menanam tanaman dengan berhati-hati dalam barisan dan bukannya membuang benih dengan tangan. Buah besi papan tebal yang berat, juga dicipta semasa dinasti Han, hanya diperlukan seorang lelaki untuk mengawalnya, dua lembu untuk menariknya. Ia mempunyai tiga pukulan, kotak biji untuk latihan, alat yang menolak tanah dan boleh menanam kira-kira 45,730 m2 (11.3 ekar) tanah dalam satu hari. <> Apakah ciptaan yang membolehkan petani menempatkan tanaman mereka ke dalam barisan? || Biji benih besi berkaki tiga <<Berapa banyak haiwan yang diperlukan untuk menarik bajak besi? || dua ekor <> Berapa banyak ekar tanah boleh disemai dengan kotak biji dalam satu hari? || 11.3 ekar <> Berapakah bilangan orang yang diperlukan untuk mengendalikan bajak besi? || seorang lelaki <> Metodologi apa yang membolehkan pengeluaran alat pertanian baru? || teknik besi peleburan yang lebih baik", {"context": "The Han-era Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons, culinary tools, carpenters' tools and domestic wares. A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools. The three-legged iron seed drill, invented by the 2nd century BC, enabled farmers to carefully plant crops in rows instead of casting seeds out by hand. The heavy moldboard iron plow, also invented during the Han dynasty, required only one man to control it, two oxen to pull it. It had three plowshares, a seed box for the drills, a tool which turned down the soil and could sow roughly 45,730 m2 (11.3 acres) of land in a single day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "The three-legged iron seed drill"}], "question": "What was an invention that allowed farmers to place their crops into rows?", "id": "572f9b7a04bcaa1900d76ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "two oxen"}], "question": "How many animals were neccessary to pull an iron plow?", "id": "572f9b7a04bcaa1900d76ad8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "11.3 acres"}], "question": "How many acres of land could succesfully be sowed with a seed box in a day?", "id": "572f9b7a04bcaa1900d76ad9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "one man"}], "question": "How many persons were necessary to operate an iron plow?", "id": "572f9b7a04bcaa1900d76adb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "improved iron-smelting techniques"}], "question": "What methodology allowed the production of new agricultural tools?", "id": "572f9b7a04bcaa1900d76ada"}]}], ["Sfera perisai, perwakilan tiga dimensi pergerakan di ruang angkasa, dicipta di Han China pada abad ke-1 SM. Menggunakan jam air, kincir angin dan satu siri gear, Astronom Mahkamah Zhang Heng (78-139 AD) dapat memutar secara mekanikal dengan medan armillary yang dikelilingi logam. Untuk menangani masalah masa yang perlahan di kepala tekanan jam air masuk, Zhang adalah yang pertama di China untuk memasang tangki tambahan di antara takungan dan aliran masuk. Zhang juga mencipta seismometer (Houfeng didong yi \u5019 \u98ce \u5730\u52a8 \u4eea) pada 132 AD untuk mengesan arah kardinal atau ordinal sebenar gempa dari beratus-ratus kilometer jauhnya. Ini menggunakan bandul terbalik yang, apabila terganggu oleh gegaran tanah, akan mencetuskan satu set gear yang menjatuhkan bola logam dari salah satu daripada lapan mulut naga (mewakili semua lapan arah) ke dalam mulut katak logam. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk penemuan seismometer itu? || Zhang Heng <> Pada tahun apakah seismometer pertama kali dicipta? || 132 AD <> Berapa banyak naga yang diwakili dalam penciptaan seismometer Zhang Heng? || lapan <> Apa penemuan termasuk bandul terbalik? || seismometer <> Apa yang ditukar dari mulut ke mulut dalam penggunaan seismometer? || bola logam", {"context": "The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78\u2013139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi \u5019\u98ce\u5730\u52a8\u4eea) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Zhang Heng"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer?", "id": "572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "132 AD"}], "question": "In what year was the seismometer first invented?", "id": "572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer?", "id": "572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "seismometer"}], "question": "What invention included an inverted pendulum?", "id": "572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "metal ball"}], "question": "What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer?", "id": "572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682cd"}]}], ["Arkeologi moden telah membawa kepada penemuan karya seni Han menggambarkan ciptaan yang sebaliknya tidak terdapat dalam sumber-sumber kesusasteraan Han. Seperti yang diamati dalam model makam kecil Han, tetapi tidak dalam sumber sastera, pemegang engkol digunakan untuk mengendalikan peminat mesin penenang yang memisahkan bijirin dari sekam. Keretai odometer, yang dicipta semasa Han, panjang perjalanan yang diukur, menggunakan angka mekanikal membanting gendang dan gong untuk menunjukkan setiap jarak perjalanan. Ciptaan ini digambarkan dalam karya seni Han pada abad ke-2 Masihi, namun penerangan terperinci yang terperinci tidak ditawarkan sehingga abad ke-3 AD. Ahli arkeologi moden juga telah menemui spesimen alat yang digunakan semasa dinasti Han, contohnya sepasang kaliper logam geser yang digunakan oleh tukang untuk membuat pengukuran minit. Kaliper ini mengandungi inskripsi pada hari dan tahun yang tepat. Alat-alat ini tidak disebut dalam mana-mana pun sumber-sumber kesusasteraan Han. <> Dalam tempoh mana kereta keranjang odometer pertama kali dicipta? || Han <> Item apa yang digunakan untuk membuat pengukuran yang sangat kecil semasa era ini? || gelongsor logam geser <> Apa yang membolehkan kita menemui ciptaan lama yang hilang di zaman Han? || karya seni <> Apa yang digunakan untuk memisahkan bahagian bijirin? || mesin penulian <> Apa gunanya menyediakan kereta odometer? || panjang perjalanan diukur", {"context": "Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer cart, invented during Han, measured journey lengths, using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century AD, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century AD. Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty, for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements. These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured. These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Han"}], "question": "During which period was the odometer cart first created?", "id": "572fa4aeb2c2fd1400568287"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "sliding metal calipers"}], "question": "What item was used to make very small measurements during this era?", "id": "572fa4aeb2c2fd1400568288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "artwork"}], "question": "What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era?", "id": "572fa4aeb2c2fd1400568289"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "winnowing machines"}], "question": "What was used to separate parts of grain?", "id": "572fa4aeb2c2fd140056828a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "measured journey lengths"}], "question": "What use did the odometer cart provide?", "id": "572fa4aeb2c2fd140056828b"}]}], ["Tiga karya matematik Han Han masih wujud. Ini adalah Buku Nombor dan Pengiraan, Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon dan Laluan Pekeliling Syurga dan Bab Sembilan dalam Seni Matematik. Pencapaian matematik Han-era termasuk menyelesaikan masalah dengan segitiga sudut kanan, akar persegi, akar kubus, dan kaedah matriks, mencari anggaran lebih tepat untuk pi, menyediakan bukti matematik teorem Pythagorean, penggunaan pecahan perpuluhan, penghapusan Gaussian untuk menyelesaikan linear persamaan, dan pecahan berterusan untuk mencari akar persamaan. <> Apa jenis risalah itu ialah Buku Nombor dan Penghitungan dianggap? || matematik <> Berapa banyak risalah matematik yang masih dapat bertahan hingga ke hari ini? || Tiga <> Apakah pencapaian zaman Han dapat digunakan untuk membantu menyelesaikan persamaan linear? || Penghapusan Gaussian <> Semasa era apa Sembilan Bab pada Seni Matematik dari? || Han <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk membantu mencari akar persamaan? || pecahan berterusan", {"context": "Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube roots, and matrix methods, finding more accurate approximations for pi, providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem, use of the decimal fraction, Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations, and continued fractions to find the roots of equations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "mathematical"}], "question": "What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be?", "id": "572fa95c947a6a140053cb30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Three"}], "question": "How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day?", "id": "572fa95c947a6a140053cb31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Gaussian elimination"}], "question": "What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations?", "id": "572fa95c947a6a140053cb32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "Han"}], "question": "During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from?", "id": "572fa95c947a6a140053cb33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "continued fractions"}], "question": "What can be used to help find the roots of equations?", "id": "572fa95c947a6a140053cb34"}]}], ["Bukti kejuruteraan mekanikal zaman Han kebanyakannya berasal dari tulisan-tulisan pemerhatian pilihan yang kadang-kadang tidak tertarik kepada ulama Confucian. Jurutera-jurutera profesional (jiang \u5320) tidak meninggalkan catatan terperinci mengenai kerja mereka. Para cendekiawan Han, yang sering tidak mempunyai keahlian dalam kejuruteraan mekanikal, kadang-kadang memberikan maklumat yang tidak mencukupi mengenai pelbagai teknologi yang mereka gambarkan. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa sumber sastera Han memberikan maklumat penting. Contohnya, pada tahun 15 SM ahli falsafah Yang Xiong menyifatkan penemuan tali pinggang untuk mesin quilling, yang sangat penting untuk pembuatan tekstil awal. Ciptaan jurutera artisan Ding Huan (\u4e01 \u7de9) disebutkan dalam Nota Miscellaneous di Capital Western. Sekitar 180 AD, Ding mencipta pemutar berputar secara manual yang digunakan untuk penyaman udara dalam bangunan istana. Ding juga menggunakan gimbal sebagai sokongan penting untuk salah satu pembakar kemenyannya dan mencipta lampu zoetrope yang pertama dikenali di dunia. <> Apa jenis sarjana yang telah membuktikan bahawa kejuruteraan mekanikal telah menonjol semasa zaman Han? || Confucian <> Filsuf mana yang menggambarkan penemuan pemikat tali pinggang? || Yang Xiong <> Jurutera mana yang bertanggungjawab untuk mencipta lampu zoetrope yang pertama? || Ding Huan <> Apa yang boleh digunakan sebagai struktur sokongan dalam pembakar kemenyan? || gimbals <> Apakah jenis penemuan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan penghawa dingin untuk bangunan istana? || peminat berputar", {"context": "Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang \u5320) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described. Nevertheless, some Han literary sources provide crucial information. For example, in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine, which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing. The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan (\u4e01\u7de9) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital. Around 180 AD, Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings. Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world's first known zoetrope lamp.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Confucian"}], "question": "What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period?", "id": "572fa326b2c2fd1400568269"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Yang Xiong"}], "question": "Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive?", "id": "572fa326b2c2fd140056826a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "Ding Huan"}], "question": "Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp?", "id": "572fa326b2c2fd140056826b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 893, "text": "gimbals"}], "question": "What can be used as a support structure in incense burners?", "id": "572fa326b2c2fd140056826c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "rotary fan"}], "question": "What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings?", "id": "572fa326b2c2fd140056826d"}]}], ["Kincir air muncul dalam rekod Cina semasa Han. Seperti yang disebut oleh Huan Tan pada kira-kira 20 AD, mereka digunakan untuk menukar gear yang mengangkat hammers perjalanan besi, dan digunakan untuk menumbuk, mengorek dan menggilap bijirin. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak ada keterangan yang cukup untuk kincir air di China sehingga kira-kira abad ke-5. Pentadbir Nanyang Commandery Du Shi (38 AD) mencipta reciprocator bertenaga kincir angin yang bekerja belos untuk peleburan besi. Kincir air juga digunakan untuk pam rantai kuasa yang mengangkat air untuk menaikkan parit pengairan. Pam rantai pertama kali disebutkan di China oleh ahli falsafah Wang Chong dalam Wacana Seimbang-AD-1-nya. <> Apa yang digunakan untuk pam rantai kuasa untuk menaikkan air ke parit pengairan? || Waterwheels <> Apa komander adalah pencipta reciprocator bertenaga waterwheel? || Nanyang <> Siapakah pengarang esei yang bertajuk Wacana Keseimbangan? || Wang Chong <> Sepanjang abad berapa mungkin kincir air itu muncul di China? || kira-kira abad ke-5 <> Semasa era apa kincir angin muncul pertama dalam rakaman? || Han", {"context": "The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi (d. 38 AD) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron. Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches. The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century-AD Balanced Discourse.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "Waterwheels"}], "question": "What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches?", "id": "572fa64db2c2fd14005682ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Nanyang"}], "question": "What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from?", "id": "572fa64db2c2fd14005682ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "Wang Chong"}], "question": "Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse?", "id": "572fa64db2c2fd14005682ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "about the 5th century"}], "question": "During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China?", "id": "572fa64db2c2fd14005682ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Han"}], "question": "During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings?", "id": "572fa64db2c2fd14005682af"}]}], ["Untuk melindungi tanaman daripada angin dan kemarau, Inti Gandum Zhao Guo (\u8d99 \u904e) mencipta sistem medan ganti (daitianfa \u4ee3 \u7530 \u6cd5) semasa pemerintahan Maharaja Wu. Sistem ini menukar posisi alur-alur dan gergasi antara musim-musim yang semakin meningkat. Setelah percubaan dengan sistem ini menghasilkan hasil yang berjaya, kerajaan secara rasmi menaja dan mendorong petani untuk menggunakannya. Para petani Han juga menggunakan sistem lubang pit (aotian \u51f9 \u7530) untuk menanam tanaman, yang melibatkan lubang-lubang yang disenyawakan yang tidak memerlukan pembajak atau lembu dan dapat diletakkan di atas tanah yang miring. Di bahagian selatan dan kecil China tengah zaman Han, sawah padi digunakan terutamanya untuk menanam padi, sementara petani di sepanjang Sungai Huai menggunakan kaedah pemindahan tanaman padi. <> Apa yang membantu memastikan keselamatan tanaman daripada angin? || sistem medan bergantian <> Apa nama sistem yang untuk menanam tanaman yang tidak memerlukan pembajak? || sistem medan pit <> Apakah sawah padi yang digunakan terutamanya untuk berkembang di kawasan yang lebih kecil? || nasi <> Sistem apakah kerajaan mencadangkan penggunaan? || sistem medan bergantian <> Apa nama Intan Gandum? || Zhao Guo", {"context": "To protect crops from wind and drought, the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo (\u8d99\u904e) created the alternating fields system (daitianfa \u4ee3\u7530\u6cd5) during Emperor Wu's reign. This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons. Once experiments with this system yielded successful results, the government officially sponsored it and encouraged peasants to use it. Han farmers also used the pit field system (aotian \u51f9\u7530) for growing crops, which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require plows or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain. In southern and small parts of central Han-era China, paddy fields were chiefly used to grow rice, while farmers along the Huai River used transplantation methods of rice production.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "the alternating fields system"}], "question": "What helped insure the safety of crops from wind?", "id": "572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "pit field system"}], "question": "What was the name of the system that for growing crops that did not require plows?", "id": "572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "rice"}], "question": "What were paddy fields used for primarily to grow in smaller areas?", "id": "572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "alternating fields system"}], "question": "What system did the government recommend the usage of?", "id": "572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Zhao Guo"}], "question": "What was the name of the Grain Intendant?", "id": "572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae5"}]}], ["Walaupun struktur kayu Han merosot, beberapa puak Han-dinasti yang diperbuat daripada bata, batu, dan merempuh bumi tetap utuh. Ini termasuk batu-tiang gerbang, batu bata kubur, tembok-tembok kota-kota, menara-menara bumi dan menara suar bata, bahagian-bahagian tembok di Tembok Besar, di Gansu. Runtuhan tembok-tembok bumi yang pernah dikelilingi ibu kota Chang'an dan Luoyang masih berdiri, bersama dengan sistem saliran mereka lengkungan batu bata, parit, dan paip air seramik. Batu-batu tiang monumental, dua puluh sembilan daripadanya masih hidup dari zaman Han, membentuk pintu masuk kandang dinding di tempat suci dan makam. Tiang-tiang ini menampilkan tiruan artistik komponen bangunan kayu dan seramik seperti jubin bumbung, atap, dan balustrades. <> Berapa batu tiang gerbang bertahan dari zaman Han? || dua puluh sembilan <> Apa ciri seni bina yang mengandungi tiruan balustrade? || batu tiang-tiang <> Apa bahan bangunan yang dibina dengan bilik-bilik makam? || batu bata <> Apa tembok yang merangkumi bandar Luoyang terdiri daripada? || rammed-earth <> Sistem jenis apa yang menggunakan paip air seramik? || sistem saliran", {"context": "Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood, and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu. The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Chang'an and Luoyang still stand, along with their drainage systems of brick arches, ditches, and ceramic water pipes. Monumental stone pillar-gates, twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period, formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites. These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles, eaves, and balustrades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "twenty-nine"}], "question": "How many stone pillar-gates survive from the Han era?", "id": "572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "stone pillar-gates"}], "question": "What architectural feature contained an imitation of a balustrade?", "id": "572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "brick"}], "question": "What building material were tomb chambers constructed with?", "id": "572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "rammed-earth"}], "question": "What were the walls that encompassed the city of Luoyang comprised of?", "id": "572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "drainage systems"}], "question": "What type of system used ceramic water pipes?", "id": "572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7e1"}]}], ["Bukti yang terdapat dalam kesusasteraan Cina, dan bukti arkeologi, menunjukkan bahawa kartografi ada di China sebelum Han. Sebahagian daripada peta Han yang paling awal ditemui adalah peta sutera yang ditemukakan di antara Sutera Mawangdui Texts di makam abad ke-2 SM. Jeneral Ma Yuan mencipta peta penyebaran pertama yang diketahui di dunia dari beras pada abad ke-1 Masehi. Tarikh ini boleh disemak semula jika kubur Qin Shi Huang digali dan rekod dalam Rekod Sejarah Besar mengenai peta model empayar terbukti benar. <> Tekstil apa yang sebahagian daripada peta Han awal dibuat? || sutera <> Dalam apa jenis bangunan yang terdapat silken peta? || makam <> Orang manakah yang membuat peta pelepasan yang pertama? || Ma Yuan <> Apakah makanan yang stabil adalah peta bantuan pertama yang dibangkitkan? || beras", {"context": "Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century AD. This date could be revised if the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "silk"}], "question": "What textile were some of the early Han maps made from?", "id": "572fad40b2c2fd1400568321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "tomb"}], "question": "In what type of building were silken maps found?", "id": "572fad40b2c2fd1400568322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Ma Yuan"}], "question": "Which individual created the very first raised relief map?", "id": "572fad40b2c2fd1400568323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "rice"}], "question": "What food stable was the first raised relief map created from?", "id": "572fad40b2c2fd1400568324"}]}], ["Cina era Han berlayar dalam pelbagai kapal yang berbeza dari zaman dahulu, seperti kapal menara. Rekaan sampah telah dibangunkan dan direalisasikan semasa Han. Junks memaparkan tunduk dan buritan persegi panjang, lumbung berbentuk rata dengan rata atau bawahnya tanpa lekukan atau sternpost, dan palang tebal yang melintang di tempat rusuk struktur yang terdapat di dalam kapal Barat. Selain itu, kapal-kapal Han adalah yang pertama di dunia yang diketuai menggunakan kemudi di buritan, berbeza dengan oar stereng yang lebih mudah digunakan untuk pengangkutan sungai, membolehkan mereka berlayar di lautan yang tinggi. <> Jenis reka bentuk bot yang pertama kali dicipta semasa zaman Han? || Reka bentuk sampah <> Dalam apa bidang kapal Han boleh berlayar sebahagiannya kerana kemudi keras? || laut yang tinggi <> Reka bentuk kapal apa yang terkandung dalam badan rata rata? || Junks <> Jenis pengangkutan apakah yang paling mahal digunakan pada musim kemudi? || pengangkutan sungai", {"context": "The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels. Moreover, Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern, in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport, allowing them to sail on the high seas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "The junk design"}], "question": "What type of boat design was first invented during the Han era?", "id": "572fb04d947a6a140053cb78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "high seas"}], "question": "In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder?", "id": "572fb04d947a6a140053cb79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Junks"}], "question": "What ship design contained a flat-bottomed hull?", "id": "572fb04d947a6a140053cb7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "riverine transport"}], "question": "What type of transport was the steering oar most likely to be used during?", "id": "572fb04d947a6a140053cb7b"}]}], ["Para ahli astronomi zaman Han mengamalkan model geosentris alam semesta, menegaskan bahawa ia berbentuk seperti sfera di sekeliling bumi di tengah. Mereka mengandaikan bahawa Matahari, Bulan, dan planet-planet adalah sfera dan tidak berbentuk cakera. Mereka juga berfikir bahawa pencahayaan Bulan dan planet disebabkan oleh cahaya matahari, gerhana bulan terjadi ketika Bumi menghalang cahaya matahari jatuh ke Bulan, dan gerhana matahari terjadi ketika Bulan menghalang sinar matahari dari mencapai Bumi. Walaupun yang lain tidak bersetuju dengan modelnya, Wang Chong dengan tepat menggambarkan kitaran air penyejatan air ke dalam awan. <> Dalam era apakah pandangan geosentris terhadap alam semesta? || Han <> Siapa yang dapat menerangkan proses penyejatan? || Wang Chong <> Apa objek yang diandaikan untuk menghalang cahaya matahari semasa gerhana bulan? || Bumi <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh para astronomis bentuk Matahari pada zaman ini? || sfera <> Apakah ahli astronomi di kawasan ini percaya bahawa pusat alam semesta? || Bumi", {"context": "Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Han"}], "question": "In what era was a geocentric view of the universe adopted?", "id": "572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Wang Chong"}], "question": "Who was able to describe the process of evaporation?", "id": "572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "the Earth"}], "question": "What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse?", "id": "572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "spherical"}], "question": "What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era?", "id": "572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "the earth"}], "question": "What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe?", "id": "572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bc1"}]}], ["Salah satu kemajuan matematik terbesar Han adalah penggunaan pertama nombor negatif di dunia. Nombor negatif pertama kali muncul dalam Sembilan Bab pada Seni Matematik sebagai rod kiraan hitam, di mana bilangan positif diwakili oleh rod pengiraan merah. Nombor negatif digunakan dalam manuskrip Bakhshali India purba, tetapi tarikh yang tepat untuk penyusunannya tidak diketahui. Bilangan negatif juga digunakan oleh ahli matematik Yunani Diophantus pada kira-kira 275 AD, tetapi tidak diterima secara meluas di Eropah sehingga abad ke-16 AD. <> Dalam apa risalah apakah nombor negatif muncul dahulu? || Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art <> Bagaimana nombor-nombor negatif yang pertama dijelaskan semasa zaman Han? || sebagai kayu menghitung hitam <> Dalam abad apakah bilangan negatif yang lebih umum diterima di Eropah? || Abad ke-16 AD <> Manuskrip manuskrip India juga mengandungi penggunaan nombor negatif? || Bakhshali <> Apa nombor positif yang dipakai seperti dalam risalah Sembilan Bab pada Seni Matematik? || rod pengiraan merah", {"context": "One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India, but its exact date of compilation is unknown. Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD, but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"}], "question": "In what treatise did negative numbers first appear?", "id": "572faa5304bcaa1900d76b95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "as black counting rods"}], "question": "How were negative numbers first described during the Han period?", "id": "572faa5304bcaa1900d76b96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "16th century AD"}], "question": "In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe?", "id": "572faa5304bcaa1900d76b97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Bakhshali"}], "question": "What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers?", "id": "572faa5304bcaa1900d76b98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "red counting rods"}], "question": "What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art?", "id": "572faa5304bcaa1900d76b99"}]}], ["Doktor perubatan zaman Han percaya bahawa tubuh manusia adalah tertakluk kepada daya alam yang sama yang menguasai alam semesta yang lebih besar, iaitu kitaran kosmologi yin dan yang dan lima fasa. Setiap organ tubuh dikaitkan dengan fasa tertentu. Penyakit dianggap sebagai tanda bahawa saluran qi atau \"tenaga vital\" yang membawa kepada organ tertentu telah terganggu. Oleh itu, doktor zaman Han menamakan ubat-ubatan yang dipercayai mengatasi ketidakseimbangan ini. Sebagai contoh, kerana fasa kayu dipercayai mempromosikan fasa api, bahan-bahan perubatan yang berkaitan dengan fasa kayu boleh digunakan untuk menyembuhkan organ yang berkaitan dengan fasa kebakaran. Untuk tujuan ini, doktor Zhang Zhongjing (c. 150-c. 219 AD) menetapkan diet yang dikawal selia kaya dengan makanan tertentu yang dianggap menyembuhkan penyakit tertentu. Ini kini dikenali sebagai gangguan nutrisi yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan vitamin tertentu yang digunakan dalam diet seseorang. Selain berdiet, doktor Han juga menetapkan moxibustion, akupunktur, dan calisthenik sebagai kaedah mengekalkan kesihatan seseorang. Apabila pembedahan dijalankan oleh doktor Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), dia menggunakan anestesia untuk meredakan kesakitan pesakitnya dan menetapkan salap menggosok yang didakwa melancarkan proses penyembuhan luka pembedahan. <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa kuasa yang sama yang menguasai alam semesta juga mengendalikan tubuh manusia? || Pakar perubatan perubatan zaman Han <> Apa yang digunakan semasa pembedahan untuk melegakan kesakitan mereka? || anestesia <> Profesion apakah yang terlibat dalam Zhang Zhongjing? || doktor <> Bagaimana Zhang Zhongjing cuba menyembuhkan pelbagai penyakit? || diet yang ditetapkan yang ditetapkan <> Bilakah Hua Tuo mati? || 208 AD", {"context": "Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or \"vital energy\" channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted. Thus, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance. For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase. To this end, the physician Zhang Zhongjing (c. 150\u2013c. 219 AD) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses. These are now known to be nutrition disorders caused by the lack of certain vitamins consumed in one's diet. Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion, acupuncture, and calisthenics as methods of maintaining one's health. When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), he used anesthesia to numb his patients' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Han-era medical physicians"}], "question": "Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body?", "id": "572fb186a23a5019007fc8b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1128, "text": "anesthesia"}], "question": "What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain?", "id": "572fb186a23a5019007fc8b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "physician"}], "question": "What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in?", "id": "572fb186a23a5019007fc8b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "prescribed regulated diets"}], "question": "How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses?", "id": "572fb186a23a5019007fc8b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1111, "text": "208 AD"}], "question": "When did Hua Tuo die?", "id": "572fb186a23a5019007fc8b9"}]}]], [["Orang-orang Yunani kuno zaman klasik mengamalkan nenek moyang mereka Mycenaean dan Mycenaean sebagai era wira pahlawan, kedekatan para dewa dan kekayaan material. Epik Homerik (iaitu Iliad dan Odyssey) amat diterima dan diterima secara umum sebagai sebahagian daripada masa lalu Yunani dan tidak sampai abad ke-19 yang para ulama mula mempersoalkan sejarah bersejarah Homer. Sebagai sebahagian daripada warisan Mycenaean yang terselamat, nama-nama para dewa dan dewi Mycenaean Greece (contohnya Zeus, Poseidon dan Hades) menjadi tokoh utama Pantheon Olympian zaman dahulu. <> Bagaimana orang-orang Yunani melihat kehadiran mereka? || Orang-orang Yunani kuno yang klasik mengamalkan nenek moyang mereka Mycenaean <> Bagaimana mereka mempercayai hidup mereka? || Tempoh Mycenaean sebagai era wira pahlawan, kedekatan para dewa dan kekayaan material <> Apa peristiwa kesusastraan yang dipercayai fakta kebenaran? || The Epic Homeric (iaitu Iliad dan Odyssey) terutama dan diterima secara umum sebagai sebahagian daripada masa lalu Yunani <> Siapakah pengarang kisah-kisah ini? || Homer <> Apakah nama-nama beberapa tokoh untuk agama yang didirikan berdasarkan hubungan leluhur? || Zeus, Poseidon dan Hades", {"context": "The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer's historicity. As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece (e.g. Zeus, Poseidon and Hades) became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors"}], "question": "How did the Greeks look upon their forebears ?", "id": "572faeefa23a5019007fc891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth"}], "question": "How did they believe their forebears lived ?", "id": "572faeefa23a5019007fc892"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past"}], "question": "What literary events were believed to be a fact of truth ?", "id": "572faeefa23a5019007fc893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Homer"}], "question": "Who was the author of these tales ?", "id": "572faeefa23a5019007fc894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Zeus, Poseidon and Hades"}], "question": "What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that are based on ancestral ties ? ", "id": "572faeefa23a5019007fc895"}]}], ["Dalam bidang keagamaan, ini adalah tempoh perubahan mendalam. Revolusi kerohanian yang berlaku, menyaksikan kemerosotan agama Yunani lama, yang penurunannya bermula pada abad ke-3 SM terus dengan pengenalan pergerakan keagamaan baru dari Timur. Penganut agama seperti Isis dan Mithra diperkenalkan ke dunia Yunani. Komuniti berbahasa Yunani dari Hellenized East berperanan dalam penyebaran agama Kristian awal pada abad ke-2 dan ke-3, dan pemimpin awal dan penulis Kristian (terutamanya St Paul) umumnya berbahasa Yunani, walaupun tidak ada yang berasal dari Yunani. Walau bagaimanapun, Greece sendiri mempunyai kecenderungan untuk berpaut kepada paganisme dan bukannya salah satu pusat berpengaruh dari agama Kristian awal: sebenarnya, beberapa amalan keagamaan Yunani kuno kekal menjadi tren hingga akhir abad ke-4, dengan beberapa kawasan seperti Peloponnese tenggara baki pagan hingga ke abad ke-10 AD. <> Bilakah agama-agama masa lalu mula menghilang? || penurunan bermula pada abad ke-3 SM <> Apa yang menggalakkan perubahan iman? || dengan pengenalan pergerakan agama baru dari Timur. <> Apakah bentuk ibadat agama yang datang dari mazhab Timur? || Penganut agama seperti Isis dan Mithra diperkenalkan ke dunia Yunani. <> Kumpulan apa yang penting dalam pengembangan iman Kristian? || Hellenized East sangat berperanan dalam penyebaran agama Kristian awal <> Bahasa apa yang Rasulnya dipercayai? || Pemimpin dan penulis awal Kristian (terutamanya St Paul) umumnya berbahasa Yunani", {"context": "In the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world. Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking, though none were from Greece. However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century, with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "decline beginning in the 3rd century BC"}], "question": "When did the religions of the past begin to dissipate ?", "id": "572fb85804bcaa1900d76c31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "with the introduction of new religious movements from the East."}], "question": "What encouraged the change of faith ?", "id": "572fb85804bcaa1900d76c32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world."}], "question": "What religions form of worship came from the Eastern sects ?", "id": "572fb85804bcaa1900d76c33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity"}], "question": "What group was significant in the expansion of the Christian faith ?", "id": "572fb85804bcaa1900d76c34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking"}], "question": "What language are the Apostle's namely believed to have spoken ?", "id": "572fb85804bcaa1900d76c35"}]}], ["Dari agama-agama timur yang baru diperkenalkan ke dunia Yunani, yang paling berjaya adalah agama Kristian. Dari abad-abad awal Era Bersama, orang Yunani dikenali sebagai Romaioi (\"Rom\"), pada masa itu nama 'Hellenes' melambangkan pagan. Walaupun perbezaan etnik masih wujud di Empayar Rom, mereka menjadi sekunder terhadap pertimbangan keagamaan dan kerajaan yang diperbaharui menggunakan Kekristianan sebagai alat untuk menyokong perpaduannya dan mempromosikan identiti bangsa Rom yang teguh. Pada masa yang sama, tamadun zaman silam zaman kuno yang tersisa di Timur Tengah bersama dengan sistem pendidikan Greco-Rom, walaupun berasal dari agama Kristian bahawa nilai-nilai penting budaya telah ditarik. <> Apa nama alternatif yang diketahui oleh orang Yunani? || orang Yunani yang dikenal pasti sebagai Romaioi (\"Rom\") <> Apa label Hellenes datang untuk berdiri semasa Era Common Greece? || nama 'Hellenes' melambangkan pagan <> Adakah dunia Rom menganggap satu garis keturunan etnosentris menjadi kebimbangan besar? || menengah ke pertimbangan agama <> Apa nilai penting yang dipuji dari masyarakat Kristian ke dunia Rom? || Sistem pendidikan Greco-Rom, walaupun dari agama Kristian bahawa nilai-nilai penting budaya telah ditarik.", {"context": "Of the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi (\"Romans\"), by that time the name \u2018Hellenes\u2019 denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they became secondary to religious considerations and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promoted a robust Roman national identity. Concurrently the secular, urban civilization of late antiquity survived in the Eastern Mediterranean along with Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "the Greeks identified as Romaioi (\"Romans\")"}], "question": "What alternative name were the Greeks known by ?", "id": "572fba31947a6a140053cbee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "the name \u2018Hellenes\u2019 denoted pagans"}], "question": "What did the label of  Hellenes come to stand for during the Common Era of Greece ?", "id": "572fba31947a6a140053cbef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "secondary to religious considerations"}], "question": "Did the Roman world consider one ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern ?", "id": "572fba31947a6a140053cbf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn."}], "question": "What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community to the Roman world ?", "id": "572fba31947a6a140053cbf1"}]}], ["Usianya ini menyaksikan orang-orang Yunani bergerak ke arah bandar-bandar besar dan pengurangan kepentingan negara bandar. Kota-kota besar ini adalah sebahagian daripada Kerajaan Diadochi yang masih lebih besar. Walau bagaimanapun, orang Yunani tetap menyedari masa lalu mereka, terutamanya melalui kajian karya Homer dan penulis klasik. Faktor penting dalam mengekalkan identiti Yunani adalah hubungan dengan orang-orang gasar (non-Yunani), yang semakin mendalam dalam persekitaran kosmopolitan baru kerajaan-kerajaan Hellenistik berbilang etnik. Ini membawa kepada keinginan yang kuat di kalangan orang Yunani untuk mengatur penghantaran Hellenic paideia kepada generasi akan datang. Sains sains, teknologi dan matematik Yunani pada umumnya dianggap mencapai kemuncaknya semasa zaman Helenistik. <> Dengan pemisahan yang jauh dari komuniti kecil di dunia Grecian, keadaan hidup apa yang menjadi sangat penting? || orang-orang Yunani bergerak ke arah bandar-bandar besar dan pengurangan kepentingan negara bandar. <> Kerajaan Diadochi terdiri daripada apa? || bandar-bandar yang lebih besar adalah bahagian-bahagian kerajaan yang lebih besar Diadochi. <> Bagaimana cite mengingatkan diri mereka tentang permulaannya? || Walau bagaimanapun, orang Yunani tetap menyedari masa lalu mereka, terutamanya melalui kajian karya Homer dan penulis klasik. <> Apa yang orang-orang Yunani ingin diberikan kepada keturunan mereka? || penghantaran Hellenic paideia kepada generasi akan datang. <> Apa akademik yang semakin meningkat pada masa Hellenisme ini? || Sains sains, teknologi dan matematik Yunani pada umumnya dianggap mencapai kemuncaknya semasa zaman Helenistik.", {"context": "This age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An important factor in maintaining Greek identity was contact with barbarian (non-Greek) peoples, which was deepened in the new cosmopolitan environment of the multi-ethnic Hellenistic kingdoms. This led to a strong desire among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation. Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state."}], "question": "With the secession away from the smaller communities in the Grecian world, what living situation became of great importance ?", "id": "572fb70e947a6a140053cbd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi."}], "question": "The kingdoms of Diadochi was comprised of what ?", "id": "572fb70e947a6a140053cbd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors."}], "question": "How did the cites remind themselves of their beginnings ?", "id": "572fb70e947a6a140053cbd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation."}], "question": "What did the Greeks wants to be imparted to their descendants ?", "id": "572fb70e947a6a140053cbd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period."}], "question": "What academia was heightened during this time of Hellenism ?", "id": "572fb70e947a6a140053cbd8"}]}], ["Etnogenesis negara Yunani dikaitkan dengan pembangunan Pan-Hellenisme pada abad ke-8 SM. Menurut beberapa cendekiawan, peristiwa asas adalah Sukan Olimpik pada tahun 776 SM, ketika gagasan tentang Hellenisme yang lazim di kalangan suku Yunani mula-mula diterjemahkan ke dalam pengalaman budaya bersama dan Hellenisme terutama merupakan budaya umum. Kerja-kerja Homer (iaitu Iliad dan Odyssey) dan Hesiod (iaitu Theogony) ditulis pada abad ke-8 SM, menjadi asas agama, etos, sejarah dan mitologi negara. Oracle Apollo di Delphi ditubuhkan pada tempoh ini. <> Apa peristiwa yang dipercayai menjadi asas etnik masyarakat Yunani? || Etnogenesis bangsa Yunani dikaitkan dengan perkembangan Pan-Hellenism <> Bilakah peristiwa ini berlaku? || pembangunan Pan-Hellenisme pada abad ke-8 SM. <> Apakah acara sukan kebangsaan yang diadakan pada masa ini masih dalam sambutan hari ini? || acara asas adalah Sukan Olimpik pada tahun 776 SM, <> Apakah asas untuk kerohanian dan gereja? || Kerja-kerja Homer (iaitu Iliad dan Odyssey) dan Hesiod (iaitu Theogony) <> Apa panduan rohani yang terkenal dan Tuhan adalah kuil devotional yang dibuat pada abad ke-8? || Oracle of Apollo di Delphi", {"context": "The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture. The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony) were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology. The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi was established in this period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism"}], "question": "What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society?", "id": "572fb178a23a5019007fc8ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC."}], "question": "When did this event occur ?", "id": "572fb178a23a5019007fc8ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,"}], "question": "What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?", "id": "572fb178a23a5019007fc8ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony)"}], "question": "What was the foundation for spirituality and church ? ", "id": "572fb178a23a5019007fc8ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Oracle of Apollo at Delphi"}], "question": "What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ?", "id": "572fb178a23a5019007fc8af"}]}], ["Sekitar 1200 SM, Dorians, orang lain yang berbahasa Yunani, diikuti oleh Epirus. Secara tradisinya, ahli sejarah percaya bahawa pencerobohan Dorian menyebabkan kejatuhan tamadun Mycenaean, tetapi kemungkinan serangan utama dibuat oleh perompak pelaut (laut laut) yang berlayar ke Mediterranean timur sekitar 1180 SM. Pencerobohan Dorian diikuti oleh tempoh perpindahan yang tidak dibuktikan dengan baik, sesuai dengan nama Yunani Zaman Gelap, namun pada 800 SM landskap Yunani Kuno dan Klasik dilihat. <> Apa kumpulan orang yang datang dengan orang lain yang meninggalkan wilayah geografi dan bersejarah di tenggara Eropah, sekarang rantau bersama antara Yunani dan Albania? || Dorians <> Bilakah kumpulan-kumpulan ini membuat migrasi? || Sekitar 1200 SM <> Apa tamadun adalah kumpulan yang dikreditkan dengan menamatkan? || tamadun Mycenaean, <> Adakah ia percaya bahawa mereka benar-benar bertanggungjawab sepenuhnya untuk runtuh? || kemungkinan besar serangan utama dibuat oleh perompak pelaut (orang laut) <> Kawasan apa yang sedang dieksplorasi oleh orang lain di dalam kapal faring laut dan kapan mereka percaya telah tiba? || perompak pelaut (orang laut) yang berlayar ke Mediterranean timur sekitar 1180 SM", {"context": "Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC. The Dorian invasion was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the Greek Dark Ages, but by 800 BC the landscape of Archaic and Classical Greece was discernible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "the Dorians"}], "question": "What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual  region between Greece and Albania ?", "id": "572fab80947a6a140053cb44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Around 1200 BC"}], "question": "When did these groups make the migration ?", "id": "572fab80947a6a140053cb45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "the Mycenaean civilization,"}], "question": "What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ?", "id": "572fab80947a6a140053cb46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples)"}], "question": "Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ? ", "id": "572fab80947a6a140053cb47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC"}], "question": "What areas were being explored by others in  by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived  ?", "id": "572fab80947a6a140053cb48"}]}], ["Dalam apa jua keadaan, Alexander menggulingkan Empayar Achaemenid, setelah kemenangannya di pertempuran Granicus, Issus dan Gaugamela, dan kemajuannya hingga ke zaman Pakistan dan Tajikistan yang moden, menyediakan saluran penting bagi budaya Yunani, melalui penciptaan koloni dan laluan perdagangan di sepanjang jalan. Walaupun kekaisaran Alexandria tidak dapat bertahan hidup dengan penciptanya, implikasi kebudayaan penyebaran Hellenisme di sebilangan besar Timur Tengah dan Asia adalah untuk membuktikan hidup yang panjang sebagai bahasa Yunani menjadi lingua franca, kedudukan yang dikekalkan walaupun di zaman Rom. Banyak orang Yunani menetap di bandar Hellenistik seperti Alexandria, Antioch dan Seleucia. Dua ribu tahun kemudian, masih terdapat komuniti di Pakistan dan Afghanistan, seperti Kalash, yang mendakwa berasal dari peneroka Yunani. <> Apa pemerintah Makedonia membantu untuk memajukan kepercayaan Yunani dan cara hidup? || Alexander <> Bagaimana pencapaian budaya maju ini? || menyediakan saluran yang penting untuk budaya Yunani, melalui penciptaan koloni dan laluan perdagangan di sepanjang jalan <> Apa jenis bandar-bandar yang mengembangkan pengembangan pemerintah yang hebat? || Kota-kota Hellenistik <> Adakah saudara-saudara dari orang-orang pertama di dunia Grecian masih ada? || masih ada komuniti di Pakistan dan Afghanistan, seperti Kalash, yang mendakwa berasal dari peneroka Yunani. <> Namakan bandar yang orang Yunani bersarang? || bandar seperti Alexandria, Antioch dan Seleucia.", {"context": "In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Alexander"}], "question": "What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?", "id": "572fb550a23a5019007fc8d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way"}], "question": "How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?", "id": "572fb550a23a5019007fc8d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Hellenistic cities"}], "question": "What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?", "id": "572fb550a23a5019007fc8d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers."}], "question": "Are any relatives of the first people of  the Grecian world still around ?", "id": "572fb550a23a5019007fc8d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia."}], "question": "Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?", "id": "572fb550a23a5019007fc8d5"}]}], ["Tempoh klasik tamadun Yunani merangkumi masa yang berlanjutan dari awal abad ke-5 SM hingga kematian Alexander yang Agung, pada tahun 323 SM (beberapa penulis lebih suka memecah tempoh ini menjadi 'Klasik', dari akhir perang Parsi hingga akhir Perang Peloponnesian, dan 'Abad Keempat', sehingga kematian Alexander). Ia dinamakan begitu kerana ia menetapkan piawaian di mana tamadun Yunani akan diadili dalam zaman kemudian. Tempoh Klasik juga digambarkan sebagai \"Zaman Emas\" tamadun Yunani, dan seni, falsafah, seni bina dan kesusasteraannya akan menjadi instrumental dalam pembentukan dan pembangunan budaya Barat. <> Rentang masa yang dikira sebagai klasik untuk orang-orang Yunani dari zaman dahulu? || tempoh klasik tamadun Yunani merangkumi masa yang merangkumi sejak awal abad ke-5 SM hingga kematian Alexander yang Agung, pada tahun 323 SM <> Apa yang begitu terkenal tentang masa ini? || Ia dinamakan begitu kerana ia menetapkan piawai di mana tamadun Yunani akan dihakimi di zaman akhir. <> Adakah terdapat beberapa perbezaan antara ulama untuk perbezaan masa? || tempoh ini menjadi 'Klasik', dari akhir peperangan Parsi hingga akhir Perang Peloponnesian, dan 'Abad Keempat', sehingga kematian Alexander <> Apa nama lain yang berkilat kali ini juga dipanggil? || Tempoh Klasik juga digambarkan sebagai \"Zaman Emas\" tamadun Yunani <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh orang Yunani yang memungkinkan perkembangan dan pertumbuhan bertentangan dengan Peradaban Timur? || tamadun, dan seni, falsafah, seni bina dan kesusasteraan akan menjadi instrumental dalam pembentukan dan pembangunan budaya Barat.", {"context": "The classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander). It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras. The Classical period is also described as the \"Golden Age\" of Greek civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC"}], "question": "The time span that is counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras ?", "id": "572fb308b2c2fd1400568377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras"}], "question": "What is so well known about this period ?", "id": "572fb308b2c2fd1400568379"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander"}], "question": "Are there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period ?", "id": "572fb308b2c2fd1400568378"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "The Classical period is also described as the \"Golden Age\" of Greek civilization"}], "question": "What shiny other name is this time also called ?", "id": "572fb308b2c2fd140056837a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture."}], "question": "What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ?", "id": "572fb308b2c2fd140056837b"}]}], ["Evolusi Proto-Yunani harus dipertimbangkan dalam konteks awal Paleo-Balkan sprachbund yang membuat sulit untuk menggambarkan sempadan yang tepat antara bahasa individu. Perwakilan Yunani yang beracun dari laring kata-kata awal oleh vokal protektif dikongsi, untuk satu, oleh bahasa Armenia, yang juga sepertinya berkongsi beberapa keunikan fonologi dan morfologi lain bahasa Yunani; ini telah membawa beberapa ahli bahasa untuk mencadangkan hubungan rapat hipotesis antara Yunani dan Armenia, walaupun bukti masih kurang. <> Apa kemajuan yang bertepatan dengan negara-negara Yunani awal yang menjadikannya sukar untuk memberikan kredit untuk bahasa dan perbezaan? || Paleo-Balkan sprachbund yang menjadikan sukar untuk menggambarkan sempadan yang tepat di antara bahasa individu. <> Apa yang biasa dilihat dalam bahasa Yunani yang tidak tetap? || Perwakilan Greek ciri-ciri laryngeals awal perkataan oleh vokal yang sembunyi <> Apa bahasa lain yang mempunyai sifat yang sama? || laryngeals awal perkataan oleh vokal protektif dikongsi, untuk satu, oleh bahasa Armenia <> Apa perkara lain yang kedua-dua bahasa sepertinya mempunyai persamaan? || keghairahan fonologi dan morfologi bahasa Yunani; ini telah membawa beberapa ahli bahasa untuk mencadangkan hubungan rapat hipotesis antara Yunani dan Armenia <> Berapa banyak bukti hubungan antara bahasa yang ada sekarang? || ahli bahasa untuk mencadangkan hubungan rapat hipotesis antara Yunani dan Armenia, walaupun bukti masih kurang.", {"context": "The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages."}], "question": "What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ? ", "id": "572fa95304bcaa1900d76b6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels"}], "question": "What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?", "id": "572fa95304bcaa1900d76b70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language"}], "question": "What other language has this same trait ?", "id": "572fa95304bcaa1900d76b71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian"}], "question": "What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?", "id": "572fa95304bcaa1900d76b72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant."}], "question": "How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?", "id": "572fa95304bcaa1900d76b73"}]}], ["Tanah jajahan dan komuniti Yunani telah didirikan secara sejarah di tepi Laut Mediterranean dan Laut Hitam, tetapi orang-orang Yunani selalu berpusat di sekeliling Laut Aegean dan Ionia, di mana bahasa Yunani telah dituturkan sejak Zaman Gangsa. Sehingga awal abad ke-20, orang Yunani telah diedarkan di antara semenanjung Yunani, pantai barat Asia Kecil, pantai Laut Hitam, Cappadocia di pusat Anatolia, Mesir, Balkan, Cyprus, dan Constantinople. Kebanyakan kawasan ini bertepatan dengan sebahagian besarnya dengan sempadan Empayar Byzantine pada akhir abad ke-11 dan kawasan Mediterranean Timur penjajah Yunani kuno. Pusat budaya Yunani telah memasukkan Athens, Tesalonika, Alexandria, Smyrna, dan Constantinople pada pelbagai masa. <> Yang dua laut yang paling penting dalam sejarah Yunani? || Laut Aegea dan Ionia <> Selama mana zaman prasejarah adalah bahasa Yunani dicipta? || Gangsa <> Kota manakah di Turki moden pernah menjadi pusat utama budaya Yunani? || Constantinople <> Kawasan Afrika Utara yang pernah menjadi tuan rumah masyarakat Yunani pada masa lalu? || Mesir <> Apa abad empayar abad ke-kira mempunyai kira-kira sama seperti Greece purba? || Byzantine Empire <> Dimana negara-negara Yunani dipercayai telah diselesaikan? || Tanah jajahan dan komuniti Yunani telah didirikan secara sejarah di tepi Laut Mediterranean dan Laut Hitam <> Yang dua badan air dipercayai menjadi pusat kepada penubuhan masyarakat Yunani? || Orang-orang Yunani sentiasa berpusat di sekeliling lautan Aegean dan Ionia. <> Bilakah kemunculan dialek berbahasa Yunani dipercayai telah bermula? || bahasa Yunani telah dituturkan semenjak Zaman Gangsa. <> Apa kebudayaan lain yang negara-negara Yunani berkongsi para pemula? || kawasan-kawasan ini bertepatan dengan sebahagian besar dengan sempadan Empayar Byzantine pada akhir abad ke-11 <> Di manakah pusat-pusat kebudayaan terletak di dunia Yunani? || Pusat budaya Yunani telah memasukkan Athens, Tesalonika, Alexandria, Smyrna, dan Constantinople pada pelbagai masa.", {"context": "Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Aegean and Ionian seas"}], "question": "Which two seas have been most central to Greek history?", "id": "572e995fdfa6aa1500f8d1c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Bronze"}], "question": "During which prehistoric age was the Greek language invented?", "id": "572e995fdfa6aa1500f8d1c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "Constantinople"}], "question": "Which city in modern Turkey was once a major center of Greek culture?", "id": "572e995fdfa6aa1500f8d1c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Egypt"}], "question": "Which area of North Africa has hosted Greek communities in the past? ", "id": "572e995fdfa6aa1500f8d1c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Byzantine Empire"}], "question": "What eleventh century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece's?", "id": "572e995fdfa6aa1500f8d1c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea"}], "question": "Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ?", "id": "572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas"}], "question": "Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ?", "id": "572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age."}], "question": "When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ?", "id": "572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century"}], "question": "What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ?", "id": "572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods."}], "question": "Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ?", "id": "572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b56"}]}], ["Akar keberhasilan Yunani di Empayar Uthmaniyyah dapat dikesan dengan tradisi pendidikan dan perdagangan Yunani. Ia adalah kekayaan kelas saudagar yang luas yang menyediakan asas material untuk kebangkitan intelektual yang menjadi ciri penting dalam kehidupan Yunani pada abad ke-setengah dan lebih mengarah kepada pencerobohan Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani pada tahun 1821. Tidak secara kebetulan, pada Pada 1821, tiga pusat pembelajaran bahasa Yunani yang paling penting terletak di Chios, Smyrna dan Aivali, ketiga-tiga pusat utama perdagangan Yunani. Kejayaan Yunani juga disukai oleh penguasaan Yunani gereja Ortodoks Kristian. <> Apa yang ditawarkan oleh orang-orang Yunani kepada Empayar Uthmaniyyah yang mendapat faedah yang luar biasa? || tradisi pendidikan dan perdagangan Greek <> Yang memegang banyak kekayaan dalam masyarakat Yunani? || kekayaan kelas saudagar yang luas <> Apa tiga bandar yang penting untuk pertukaran ilmiah dan ekonomi? || tiga pusat pembelajaran bahasa Yunani yang paling penting terletak di Chios, Smyrna dan Aivali, ketiga-tiga pusat utama perdagangan Yunani <> Apakah bidang-bidang lain yang dibayangi oleh pengaruh Yunani? || Penguasaan Yunani gereja Ortodoks Kristian.", {"context": "The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce. Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the Greek tradition of education and commerce"}], "question": "What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ? ", "id": "572fc3b7a23a5019007fc9b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "the wealth of the extensive merchant class"}], "question": "Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ?", "id": "572fc3b7a23a5019007fc9ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce"}], "question": "What three cities were imperative for the scholarly and economic exchanges ?", "id": "572fc3b7a23a5019007fc9bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church."}], "question": "What other area fields were overshadowed by Greek influence ?", "id": "572fc3b7a23a5019007fc9bc"}]}], ["Istilah yang digunakan untuk mentakrifkan bahasa Yunani telah berubah sepanjang sejarah tetapi tidak pernah terhad atau sepenuhnya dikenal pasti dengan keanggotaan kepada negara Yunani. Dengan piawaian Barat, istilah Yunani secara tradisinya merujuk kepada penutur asli bahasa Yunani, sama ada Mycenaean, Byzantine atau Greek moden. Orang Yunani Byzantine menamakan diri mereka sebagai Romioi dan menganggap diri mereka ahli waris politik Rom, tetapi sekurang-kurangnya pada abad ke-12 semakin banyak orang yang berpendidikan, yang dianggap sebagai ahli waris Yunani purba, walaupun bagi kebanyakan penutur bahasa Yunani, \"Hellene\" masih bermakna pagan. Pada malam Kejatuhan Constantinople Kaisar Terakhir mendesak para tenteranya untuk mengingati bahawa mereka adalah keturunan orang Yunani dan Rom. <> Apa yang orang Barat percaya ia bermakna untuk menjadi warisan Yunani? || Taraf Barat, istilah Yunani secara tradisinya merujuk kepada penutur asli bahasa Yunani, sama ada Mycenaean, Byzantine atau Greek moden. <> Apa yang keturunan Grecian Romioi keturunan Constantine percaya benar tentang status sebagai penerima? || menganggap diri mereka ahli waris politik Rom <> Apa budaya lain yang menjadikan Romioi kerak sebagai hak kelahiran mereka? || menganggap diri mereka ahli waris Yunani purba juga <> Apakah perkataan alternatif yang digunakan oleh orang Yunani untuk bermaksud orang-orang yang menyembah dan agama alternatif untuk mainstreams? || Hellene \"masih bermaksud pagan", {"context": "The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state. By Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek. Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome, but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, \"Hellene\" still meant pagan. On the eve of the Fall of Constantinople the Last Emperor urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek."}], "question": "What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ? ", "id": "572fc73c947a6a140053cca6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "considered themselves the political heirs of Rome"}], "question": "What do the Grecian Romioi  descendants of the Constantine rule  believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?", "id": "572fc73c947a6a140053cca7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well"}], "question": "What other cultures do the Romioi  clam to be their birthright ?", "id": "572fc73c947a6a140053cca8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "Hellene\" still meant pagan"}], "question": "What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?", "id": "572fc73c947a6a140053cca9"}]}], ["Hubungan antara identiti Yunani etnik dan agama Ortodoks Yunani berterusan selepas penciptaan negara Yunani Moden pada tahun 1830. Menurut artikel kedua Perlembagaan Yunani pertama tahun 1822, seorang Yunani ditakrifkan sebagai pemastautin Kristian Kerajaan Yunani, klausa dikeluarkan pada tahun 1840. Satu abad kemudian, apabila Perjanjian Lausanne ditandatangani antara Yunani dan Turki pada tahun 1923, kedua-dua negara sepakat untuk menggunakan agama sebagai penentu untuk identiti etnik untuk tujuan pertukaran penduduk, walaupun kebanyakan orang Yunani berpindah ( lebih daripada satu juta daripada jumlah keseluruhan 1.5 juta) telah diusir pada masa perjanjian itu ditandatangani. [Nota 1] Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Yunani, terutamanya penghapusan Pontian Greeks dari kawasan pantai selatan Laut Hitam, dan mengikuti Kempen Minor Asia Kecil yang gagal, adalah sebahagian daripada proses pengkulturan Empayar Uthmaniyyah ini dan penempatan ekonomi dan perdagangannya, kemudian sebahagian besarnya di tangan Yunani s di bawah kawalan etnik Turki. <> Bilakah Greece yang kita tahu hari ini secara rasmi terbentuk? || penciptaan negara Greek Moden pada tahun 1830 <> Adakah ini faktor mengenal pasti untuk warga negara Greece yang masih berlaku pada hari ini? || klausa yang dikeluarkan oleh 1840 <> Bagaimana Perlembagaan asal mengenal pasti ahli masyarakatnya? || Yunani ditakrifkan sebagai mana-mana penduduk Kristian Kerajaan Yunani <> Bilakah perlembagaan asal Yunani telah dibentuk? || Perlembagaan pertama Yunani 1822 <> Apakah faktor yang digunakan untuk mengusir atau memasukkan rakyat dalam Perjanjian Lausanne? || bersetuju untuk menggunakan agama sebagai penentu untuk identiti etnik untuk tujuan pertukaran penduduk", {"context": "The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and Greek Orthodox religion continued after the creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830. According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822, a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece, a clause removed by 1840. A century later, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange, although most of the Greeks displaced (over a million of the total 1.5 million) had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed.[note 1] The Greek genocide, in particular the harsh removal of Pontian Greeks from the southern shore area of the Black Sea, contemporaneous with and following the failed Greek Asia Minor Campaign, was part of this process of Turkification of the Ottoman Empire and the placement of its economy and trade, then largely in Greek hands under ethnic Turkish control.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830"}], "question": "When was the Greece that we know today officially formed ?", "id": "572fc5aba23a5019007fc9c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "clause removed by 1840"}], "question": "Is this identifying factor for official citizens of Greece still in effect today ?", "id": "572fc5aba23a5019007fc9c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece"}], "question": "How did the original  Constitution identify its society members ?", "id": "572fc5aba23a5019007fc9c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "first Greek constitution of 1822"}], "question": "When was the original Grecian constitution formed ?", "id": "572fc5aba23a5019007fc9c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange"}], "question": "What factor was used to expel or include citizens in the  Lausanne Treaty ?", "id": "572fc5aba23a5019007fc9c5"}]}], ["Sebelum penubuhan negara Yunani Moden, hubungan antara Yunani kuno dan moden ditekankan oleh para ulama Pencerahan Yunani terutama oleh Rigas Feraios. Dalam \"Perlembagaan Politik\", dia membincangkannya kepada bangsa sebagai \"keturunan orang-orang Yunani\". Negara Yunani moden dicipta pada tahun 1829, ketika orang Yunani membebaskan sebahagian dari negara asal mereka, Peloponnese, dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Diaspora dan kelas saudagar Yunani yang besar memainkan peranan penting dalam menyampaikan idea-idea kebangsaan romantik barat dan philhellenism, yang bersama-sama dengan konsepsi Hellenisme, yang dirumuskan pada abad-abad terakhir Empayar Byzantine, membentuk asas Diafotismos dan konsepsi semasa tentang Hellenisme . <> Dari era apa yang dikatakan Rigas Feraios menjadi sebahagian daripada? || Pencerahan Yunani <> Kapan zaman Yunani zaman moden berkembang menjadi ekssistensi? || Negara Yunani moden dicipta pada tahun 1829, <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh orang Yunani yang menyebabkan pembentukan negara baru ini? || orang Yunani membebaskan sebahagian daripada negara asal mereka, Peloponnese, dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Apa dasar yang dibentangkan ialah demografi Era Pencerahan Yunani moden? || penting dalam menyampaikan idea-idea kebangsaanisme romantik barat dan filogenisme, yang bersama-sama dengan konsepsi Hellenisme,", {"context": "Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his \"Political Constitution\", he addresses to the nation as \"the people descendant of the Greeks\". The modern Greek state was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire. The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Greek Enlightenment"}], "question": "From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?", "id": "572fc855b2c2fd140056846b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "The modern Greek state was created in 1829,"}], "question": "When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ? ", "id": "572fc855b2c2fd140056846c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "What did Greeks do that caused  the formation of the new state ?", "id": "572fc855b2c2fd140056846d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,"}], "question": "What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?", "id": "572fc855b2c2fd140056846e"}]}], ["Empayar Rom Timur - hari ini secara konvensif menamakan Empayar Byzantine, nama yang tidak digunakan semasa zamannya - menjadi semakin dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan Yunani setelah abad ke-7, ketika Kaisar Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) memutuskan untuk membuat bahasa rasmi Yunani . Sudah tentu sejak itu, tetapi mungkin lebih awal, kebudayaan Rom dan Yunani hampir menjadi satu-satunya dunia Greco-Rom. Walaupun Barat Latin mengiktiraf tuntutan Empayar Timur kepada warisan Rom selama beberapa abad, selepas Paus Leo III memenangkan Charlemagne, raja Franks, sebagai \"Kaisar Romawi\" pada 25 Disember 800, sebuah perbuatan yang akhirnya membawa kepada pembentukan Empayar Rom Suci, Latin Barat mula memihak kepada Franks dan mula merujuk kepada Empayar Rom Timur sebahagian besarnya sebagai Empayar Yunani (Imperium Graecorum). <> Bilakah Kerajaan Byzantine berada di bawah kesan orang-orang Yunani. || dipengaruhi oleh budaya Yunani selepas abad ke-7, <> Siapa yang memerintah Rom pada masa ini? || Maharaja Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) <> Apa keputusan yang dia buat yang mempengaruhi budaya dalam usaha untuk menjadikan sesuatu lebih homogen? || membuat keputusan untuk menjadikan bahasa rasmi kekaisaran Yunani. <> Apa yang menyebabkan Empayar Timur dikenali sebagai Imperium Graecorum? || Paus Leo III memahkotai Charlemagne, raja Franks, sebagai \"Kaisar Rom\" <> Yang disukai oleh orang-orang yang tinggal di barat dan terutamanya menggunakan satu lagi bentuk bahasa lisan yang baik? || Barat Latin mula memihak kepada orang Frank", {"context": "The Eastern Roman Empire \u2013 today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time \u2013 became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlier, the Roman and Greek cultures were virtually fused into a single Greco-Roman world. Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the \"Roman Emperor\" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks (Imperium Graecorum).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,"}], "question": "When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks. ", "id": "572fbc0804bcaa1900d76c41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641)"}], "question": "Who ruled Rome during this time period ?", "id": "572fbc0804bcaa1900d76c42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "decided to make Greek the empire's official language."}], "question": "What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?", "id": "572fbc0804bcaa1900d76c43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the \"Roman Emperor\""}], "question": "What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ?", "id": "572fbc0804bcaa1900d76c44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "the Latin West started to favour the Franks"}], "question": "Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?", "id": "572fbc0804bcaa1900d76c45"}]}], ["Identiti politik Yunani yang berbeza muncul semula pada abad ke-11 dalam kalangan yang berpendidikan dan menjadi lebih kuat selepas kejatuhan Constantinople ke Tentara Salib Keempat Keempat pada tahun 1204, sehingga ketika kerajaan itu dihidupkan kembali pada tahun 1261, Negara kebangsaan Yunani. Bahawa tanggapan baru tentang kebangsaan itu menimbulkan minat yang mendalam dalam sejarah klasik yang memuncak dalam idea-idea ahli falsafah Neoplatonist Gemistus Pletho, yang meninggalkan Kristian. Bagaimanapun, ia adalah gabungan dari Kekristianan Ortodoks dengan identiti khas Yunani yang membentuk tanggapan orang-orang Yunani dalam diri mereka pada tahun-tahun senja. Kepentingan dalam warisan Yunani Klasik dilengkapkan dengan penekanan baru terhadap identiti Yunani Ortodoks, yang diperkuat dalam hubungan Abad Pertengahan dan Ottoman dengan orang-orang Kristian Ortodoks lain di Empayar Rusia. Ini diperkuat lagi berikutan kejatuhan Empayar Trebizond pada tahun 1461, dan selepas Perang Rusia-Turki kedua tahun 1828-29 beratus-ratus ribu Pontic Greeks melarikan diri atau berpindah dari Pontic Alps dan Tanah Tinggi Armenia ke selatan Rusia dan Caucasus Selatan Rusia (lihat juga Yunani di Rusia, Yunani di Armenia, Yunani di Georgia, dan Yunani Kaukasia). <> Apa yang menyebabkan kemunculan semula monotoni Grecian dalam politik? || kejatuhan Constantinople ke Tentara Salib Keempat Keempat pada 1204 <> Kapan bangsa itu menetap semula? || empayar dihidupkan semula pada tahun 1261 <> Apakah ciri khas Pietho yang hebat dan apa yang terkenal? || ahli falsafah Gemistus Pletho, yang meninggalkan Kristian. <> Apa yang diperkuat oleh lingkaran terakhir Empire of Trebizond? || minat dalam warisan Yunani Klasik dilengkapkan dengan penekanan baru terhadap identiti Ortodoks Yunani <> Yang mana-mana perang pemfaktifkan adalah pada gong pada tahun 1828 dan berkongsi perangkap sebelumnya? ? || Perang Russo-Turki kedua", {"context": "A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the Neoplatonist philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity. However, it was the combination of Orthodox Christianity with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years. The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire. These were further strengthened following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, after which and until the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 hundreds of thousands of Pontic Greeks fled or migrated from the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands to southern Russia and the Russian South Caucasus (see also Greeks in Russia, Greeks in Armenia, Greeks in Georgia, and Caucasian Greeks).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204"}], "question": "What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ?", "id": "572fbf48a23a5019007fc941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "empire was revived in 1261"}], "question": "When did the nation reestablish itself ?", "id": "572fbf48a23a5019007fc942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity."}], "question": "What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ?", "id": "572fbf48a23a5019007fc943"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity"}], "question": "What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ?", "id": "572fbf48a23a5019007fc944"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 989, "text": "second Russo-Turkish War"}], "question": "Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ?", "id": "572fbf48a23a5019007fc945"}]}], ["Homer merujuk kepada \"Hellenes\" (/ h\u025bli\u02d0nz /) sebagai puak yang agak kecil yang menetap di Thessalic Phthia, dengan pahlawan-pahlawannya di bawah komando Achilleus. The Parian Chronicle mengatakan bahawa Phthia adalah tanah air Hellenes dan bahawa nama ini diberikan kepada orang-orang yang sebelum ini dipanggil orang Yunani (\u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af). Dalam mitologi Yunani, Hellen, bapa leluhur Hellenes, adalah anak Pyrrha dan Deucalion, yang memerintah di sekitar Phthia, satu-satunya yang selamat selepas banjir besar. Nampaknya mitos dicipta ketika suku Yunani mula memisahkan satu sama lain di kawasan-kawasan tertentu di Greece dan menunjukkan asal usulnya. Aristotle menamakan Hellas kuno sebagai kawasan di Epirus antara Dodona dan Sungai Achelous, lokasi banjir besar Deucalion, tanah yang diduduki oleh Selloi dan \"orang Yunani\" yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai \"Hellenes\". Selloi adalah imam Dodonian Zeus dan perkataan itu mungkin bermaksud \"pengorbanan\" (bandingkan salji Gothic, \"sekarang, pengorbanan\"). Pada masa ini tiada etimologi yang memuaskan nama Hellenes. Sesetengah ulama menyatakan bahawa nama Selloi berubah menjadi Sellanes dan kemudian ke Hellanes-Hellenes. Namun etimologi ini menghubungkan nama Hellenes dengan Dorians yang menduduki Epirus dan hubungannya dengan nama Yunani yang diberikan oleh orang Rom menjadi tidak menentu. Nama Hellenes nampaknya lebih tua dan mungkin digunakan oleh orang Yunani dengan penubuhan Liga Besar Amphictyonic. Ini adalah persatuan purba puak-puak Yunani dengan dua belas pengasas yang dianjurkan untuk melindungi kuil besar Apollo di Delphi (Phocis) dan Demeter berhampiran Thermopylae (Locris). Mengikut legenda itu diasaskan selepas Perang Trojan oleh Amphictyon eponymous, abang Hellen. <> Kawasan apa yang diberikan sebagai titik sarang bagi sekumpulan kecil pagan oleh seorang ahli falsafah terkenal dari bahasa Yunani? || Hellenes \"(/ h\u025bli\u02d0nz /) sebagai puak yang relatif kecil yang menetap di Thessalic Phthia, <> Dari mana silsilah mistik yang namanya dermawan nama ini naik? || adalah anak Pyrrha dan Deucalion, yang memerintah Phthia, </ li> </ li> <li> Siapa kumpulan kecil ini yang bernama? || Hellen, bapa leluhur Hellenes <> Apakah namanya lebih kuno daripada nama kumpulan lain di kawasan itu? || Nama Hellenes nampaknya lebih tua dan mungkin orang Yunani dengan penubuhan Liga Besar Amphictyonic. <> Berapa ramai peniaga yang berdiri sendiri di sana adalah Liga Besar Amphictyonic? || dengan dua belas pengasas", {"context": "Homer refers to the \"Hellenes\" (/\u02c8h\u025bli\u02d0nz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia, with its warriors under the command of Achilleus. The Parian Chronicle says that Phthia was the homeland of the Hellenes and that this name was given to those previously called Greeks (\u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af). In Greek mythology, Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes, was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge. It seems that the myth was invented when the Greek tribes started to separate from each other in certain areas of Greece and it indicates their common origin. Aristotle names ancient Hellas as an area in Epirus between Dodona and the Achelous river, the location of the great deluge of Deucalion, a land occupied by the Selloi and the \"Greeks\" who later came to be known as \"Hellenes\". Selloi were the priests of Dodonian Zeus and the word probably means \"sacrificers\" (compare Gothic saljan, \"present, sacrifice\"). There is currently no satisfactory etymology of the name Hellenes. Some scholars assert that the name Selloi changed to Sellanes and then to Hellanes-Hellenes. However this etymology connects the name Hellenes with the Dorians who occupied Epirus and the relation with the name Greeks given by the Romans becomes uncertain. The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League. This was an ancient association of Greek tribes with twelve founders which was organized to protect the great temples of Apollo in Delphi (Phocis) and of Demeter near Thermopylae (Locris). According to the legend it was founded after the Trojan War by the eponymous Amphictyon, brother of Hellen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Hellenes\" (/\u02c8h\u025bli\u02d0nz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia,"}], "question": "What area is given to be the nesting point of a small group of pagans by a infamous philosopher from Greek ?", "id": "572fca32a23a5019007fc9df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge."}], "question": "From what mystical lineage does this name benefactor ascend from ?", "id": "572fca32a23a5019007fc9e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes"}], "question": "Who is this small group named for ?", "id": "572fca32a23a5019007fc9e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1292, "text": "The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League."}], "question": "Is the name more ancient than other group names in the area ?", "id": "572fca32a23a5019007fc9e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1472, "text": "with twelve founders"}], "question": "How many orginal founding patrons are there of the Great Amphictyonic League ?", "id": "572fca32a23a5019007fc9e3"}]}], ["Berikutan Kejatuhan Constantinople pada 29 Mei 1453, ramai orang Yunani mencari peluang pekerjaan dan pendidikan yang lebih baik dengan meninggalkan Barat, khususnya Itali, Eropah Tengah, Jerman dan Rusia. Orang Yunani banyak dikreditkan untuk revolusi budaya Eropah, kemudian dipanggil, Renaissance. Di wilayah yang didiami penduduk Yunani itu sendiri, orang-orang Yunani telah memainkan peranan utama dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, disebabkan sebahagian besar fakta bahawa pusat pusat empayar, politik, budaya, dan sosial, didasarkan pada Thrace Barat dan Macedonia, kedua-duanya di utara Greece, dan sudah tentu berpusat pada bekas ibu kota Byzantium, penduduk Constantinople, terutamanya penduduk Yunani. Sebagai akibat langsung dari keadaan ini, penceramah-penceramah Yunani memainkan peranan penting dalam perdagangan Uthmaniyyah dan penubuhan diplomatik, serta di dalam gereja. Ditambah kepada ini, pada separuh pertama zaman orang Uthmanah dari asal-usul Yunani membentuk sebahagian besar tentera Uthmaniyah, angkatan laut, dan birokrasi negara, yang telah dilevi sebagai remaja (bersama dengan orang-orang Albania dan Serbia) ke dalam perkhidmatan Uthmaniyah melalui devshirme. Oleh itu, banyak orang Uthmaniyah dari bahasa Yunani (atau Albania atau Serbia) dijumpai di dalam pasukan Uthmaniyyah yang memerintah provinsi-provinsi, dari Mesir Uthmaniyyah, ke Ottoman yang menduduki Yemen dan Algeria, sering menjadi gabenor daerah. <> Bilakah maharaja Constantine kehilangan pemerintahan pada tahun 1453? || Kejatuhan Konstantinopel pada 29 Mei 1453 <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat dalam menanggapi kerugian? || ramai orang Yunani mencari peluang pekerjaan dan pendidikan yang lebih baik dengan pergi ke Barat <> Jenis kedudukan apakah orang Yunani datang ke Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || sebahagiannya kepada fakta bahawa pusat pusat empayar, politik, kultur, dan sosial, didasarkan pada Thrace Barat dan Makedonia Yunani <> Yang membentuk sebagian besar tentera di Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || lelaki dari asal-usul Yunani membentuk sebahagian besar tentera Uthmaniyyah, angkatan laut <> Jenis kerja apa yang harus dilakukan anak-anak lelaki yang kuno di Empayar Uthmaniyah? || dikenakan sebagai remaja (bersama dengan orang Albania dan Serbia) ke dalam perkhidmatan Ottoman melalui devshirme.", {"context": "Following the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-inhabited territory itself, Greeks came to play a leading role in the Ottoman Empire, due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia, both in Northern Greece, and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated, former Byzantine capital, Constantinople. As a direct consequence of this situation, Greek-speakers came to play a hugely important role in the Ottoman trading and diplomatic establishment, as well as in the church. Added to this, in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy, and state bureaucracy, having been levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to be found within the Ottoman forces which governed the provinces, from Ottoman Egypt, to Ottomans occupied Yemen and Algeria, frequently as provincial governors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453"}], "question": "When did the emperor Constantine  lose rule over in 1453 ?", "id": "572fc0c9b2c2fd14005683e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West"}], "question": "What did the populace do in response to the loss ?", "id": "572fc0c9b2c2fd14005683e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia"}], "question": "What type of position did Greeks come to hold in the Ottoman Empire ?", "id": "572fc0c9b2c2fd14005683e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 892, "text": "men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy"}], "question": "Who made up the majority of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire ?", "id": "572fc0c9b2c2fd14005683e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1007, "text": "levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme."}], "question": "What type of work were must young boys antiquated with in the Ottoman Empire ?", "id": "572fc0c9b2c2fd14005683e9"}]}], ["Dalam Katalog Hesiodic Wanita, Graecus dibentangkan sebagai anak Zeus dan Pandora II, saudara perempuan Hellen, bapa leluhur Hellenes. Hellen adalah anak Deucalion yang memerintah sekitar Phthia di tengah Greece. The Parian Chronicle menyebut bahawa apabila Deucalion menjadi raja Phthia, yang sebelum ini dipanggil Graikoi dinamakan Hellenes. Aristotle mencatatkan bahawa Hellenes berkaitan dengan Grai / Greek (Meteorologica I.xiv) nama asli suku Dorian di Epirus yang digunakan oleh Illyrians. Dia juga mendakwa bahawa banjir besar itu pasti telah berlaku di rantau ini di sekitar Dodona, di mana Selloi tinggal. Walau bagaimanapun, menurut tradisi Yunani, lebih banyak kemungkinan tanah air Yunani pada awalnya berada di tengah Yunani. Teori moden berasal dari bahasa Yunani (Latin Graeci) dari Graikos, \"penduduk Graia / Graea,\" sebuah bandar di pantai Boeotia. Penjajah Yunani dari Graia membantu menemui Cumae (900 SM) di Itali, di mana mereka dipanggil Graes. Apabila orang Roma menemui mereka, mereka menggunakan nama ini untuk penjajah dan kemudian untuk semua orang Yunani (Graeci.) Kata \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1 graia \"wanita tua\" berasal dari akar PIE * \u01f5erh2 - / * \u01f5reh2-, \"menjadi tua\" Greek * gera- / grau-iu; akar yang sama kemudiannya memberikan \u03b3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 geras (/ keras /), \"pemberian kehormatan\" dalam Greek Mycenean. Bahasa Jerman meminjam perkataan Yunani dengan bunyi \"k\" awal yang mungkin merupakan bunyi awal mereka yang paling hampir dengan bahasa Latin \"g\" pada masa itu (Goth. Kreks). Daerah dari Attica kuno termasuk Boeotia dipanggil Gra\u00efke dan dihubungkan dengan banjir yang lebih lama dari Ogyges, penguasa mitos Boeotia. Rantau ini pada awalnya diduduki oleh orang-orang Minahasa yang orang-orang berbahasa Inggeris atau Proto-Yunani. Dalam bahasa Yunani kuno, nama Ogygios bermaksud \"dari hari-hari terawal\". <> apa pengarang perempuan fana menumpukan contoh awal puisi hexameter katakan pelindung Hellenic? || Hellen adalah anak Deucalion yang memerintah sekitar Phthia di tengah Greece. <> Apa yang menyebabkan nama berubah menurut Chronicles of Parian? || yang sebelum ini dipanggil Graikoi dinamakan Hellenes. <> Apakah asal-usul istilah \"wanita tua\"? || kata \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1 graia \"wanita tua\" berasal dari akar PIE * \u01f5erh2 - / * \u01f5reh2-, \"menjadi tua\" melalui Proto-Greek * gera- / grau-iu <> Di mana ahli teori moden percaya nama Yunani berasal? || Teori moden berasal dari bahasa Yunani (Latin Graeci) dari Graikos, \"penduduk Graia / Graea,\" sebuah bandar di pantai Boeotia.", {"context": "In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Graecus is presented as the son of Zeus and Pandora II, sister of Hellen the patriarch of Hellenes. Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece. The Parian Chronicle mentions that when Deucalion became king of Phthia, the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes. Aristotle notes that the Hellenes were related with Grai/Greeks (Meteorologica I.xiv) a native name of a Dorian tribe in Epirus which was used by the Illyrians. He also claims that the great deluge must have occurred in the region around Dodona, where the Selloi dwelt. However, according to the Greek tradition it is more possible that the homeland of the Greeks was originally in central Greece. A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, \"inhabitant of Graia/Graea,\" a town on the coast of Boeotia. Greek colonists from Graia helped to found Cumae (900 BC) in Italy, where they were called Graeces. When the Romans encountered them they used this name for the colonists and then for all Greeks (Graeci.) The word \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1 graia \"old woman\" comes from the PIE root *\u01f5erh2-/*\u01f5reh2-, \"to grow old\" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu; the same root later gave \u03b3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 geras (/keras/), \"gift of honour\" in Mycenean Greek. The Germanic languages borrowed the word Greeks with an initial \"k\" sound which probably was their initial sound closest to the Latin \"g\" at the time (Goth. Kreks). The area out of ancient Attica including Boeotia was called Gra\u00efke and is connected with the older deluge of Ogyges, the mythological ruler of Boeotia. The region was originally occupied by the Minyans who were autochthonous or Proto-Greek speaking people. In ancient Greek the name Ogygios came to mean \"from earliest days\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece."}], "question": "what does the author of the mortal female focused early example hexameter poetry say of the Hellenic protector ?", "id": "572fccbda23a5019007fca09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes."}], "question": "What caused a name change according to the Chronicles of Parian ?", "id": "572fccbda23a5019007fca0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1071, "text": "word \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1 graia \"old woman\" comes from the PIE root *\u01f5erh2-/*\u01f5reh2-, \"to grow old\" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu"}], "question": "What  is the origins of the term \"old woman \" ?", "id": "572fccbda23a5019007fca0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, \"inhabitant of Graia/Graea,\" a town on the coast of Boeotia."}], "question": "Where do modern theorist believe the name of Greek originated from ?", "id": "572fccbda23a5019007fca0b"}]}], ["Bagi mereka yang masih berada di bawah sistem bijih Empayar Uthmaniyyah, agama adalah ciri khas kumpulan nasional (milletler), jadi kata-kata \"Yunani\" (Rumlar dari nama Rhomaioi) diterapkan oleh Uthmaniyyah kepada semua anggota Gereja Ortodoks, tanpa mengira dari bahasa atau asal etnik mereka. Pembesar suara Yunani adalah satu-satunya kumpulan etnik yang sebenarnya memanggil diri mereka Romioi, (yang sebaliknya disebut oleh orang lain) dan, sekurang-kurangnya mereka yang berpendidikan, menganggap etnis mereka (genos) menjadi Hellenic. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat banyak orang Yunani yang melarikan diri dari status kelas dua orang Kristian yang wujud dalam sistem duniawi Uthmaniyyah, mengikut mana umat Islam secara eksplisit dianugerahkan status kanan dan rawatan istimewa. Orang-orang Yunani sama ada berhijrah, terutamanya kepada pelindung Ortodoks Yunani mereka, Empayar Rusia, atau hanya memeluk agama Islam, seringkali hanya sangat dangkal dan sementara baki crypto-Christian. Contoh-contoh besar penukaran besar-besaran kepada Islam Turki di kalangan mereka hari ini ditakrifkan sebagai Muslim Yunani - tidak termasuk orang-orang yang terpaksa menukar sebagai perkara yang direkrut melalui devshirme - boleh didapati di Crete (Cretan Turki), Yunani Macedonia (contohnya antara Vallahades barat Macedonia), dan di kalangan Pontic Greeks di Pontic Alps dan Tanah Tinggi Armenia. Beberapa orang sultan Uthmaniyyah dan putera-putera juga sebahagian dari asal-usul Yunani, dengan ibu-ibu yang sama ada gundik Yunani atau puteri dari keluarga bangsawan Byzantine, satu contoh yang terkenal adalah sultan Selim the Grim, yang ibunya G\u00fclbahar Hatun adalah seorang Pontic Greek. <> Bagaimana puak penduduk Empayar Uthmaniyyah dikelaskan? || agama adalah sifat yang menentukan kumpulan kebangsaan <> Apa maksudnya diklasifikasikan sebagai bahasa Yunani oleh perintah millet? || telah digunakan oleh Uthmaniyyah kepada semua ahli Gereja Ortodoks, tanpa mengira bahasa atau asal etnik mereka. <> Apa moniker yang orang Yunani memberikan diri mereka untuk membezakan? || Pembesar suara Yunani adalah satu-satunya kumpulan etnik yang sebenarnya memanggil diri mereka Romioi <> Apa segmen literatur Yunani yang dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada garis etika mereka? || mereka yang berpendidikan, menganggap etnis mereka (genos) menjadi Hellenic <> Adakah orang Kristian berharga di kalangan Uthmaniyyah? || status kelas kedua orang Kristian yang wujud dalam sistem duniawi Uthmaniyyah", {"context": "For those that remained under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (milletler), so the exonym \"Greeks\" (Rumlar from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin. The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi, (as opposed to being so named by others) and, at least those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic. There were, however, many Greeks who escaped the second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system, according to which Muslims were explicitly awarded senior status and preferential treatment. These Greeks either emigrated, particularly to their fellow Greek Orthodox protector, the Russian Empire, or simply converted to Islam, often only very superficially and whilst remaining crypto-Christian. The most notable examples of large-scale conversion to Turkish Islam among those today defined as Greek Muslims - excluding those who had to convert as a matter of course on being recruited through the devshirme - were to be found in Crete (Cretan Turks), Greek Macedonia (for example among the Vallahades of western Macedonia), and among Pontic Greeks in the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands. Several Ottoman sultans and princes were also of part Greek origin, with mothers who were either Greek concubines or princesses from Byzantine noble families, one famous example being sultan Selim the Grim, whose mother G\u00fclbahar Hatun was a Pontic Greek.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "religion was the defining characteristic of national groups"}], "question": "How were the population factions of the Ottoman Empire classified ?", "id": "572fc26a04bcaa1900d76c8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin."}], "question": "What did it mean to be classified as a Greek by the millet command ?", "id": "572fc26a04bcaa1900d76c8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi"}], "question": "What moniker did the Greeks grant themselves for distinction ?", "id": "572fc26a04bcaa1900d76c8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic"}], "question": "What did the literate segment of Greeks consider to be a part of their ethic lines ?", "id": "572fc26a04bcaa1900d76c90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system"}], "question": "Were Christian prized among the Ottomans ?", "id": "572fc26a04bcaa1900d76c91"}]}], ["Kebudayaan Yunani telah berkembang beribu-ribu tahun, dengan permulaannya dalam tamadun Mycenaean, meneruskan tempoh Klasik, zaman Rom dan Rom Timur dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh agama Kristian, yang kemudiannya dipengaruhi dan dibentuk. Orang-orang Yunani Uthmaniyyah terpaksa bertahan dalam beberapa abad kesukaran yang menimpa genosida pada abad ke-20 tetapi tetap termasuk pertukaran budaya dan memperkayakan kedua-dua kebudayaan. Diafotismos dikreditkan dengan menghidupkan semula budaya Yunani dan melahirkan sintesis unsur kuno dan zaman pertengahan yang mencirikannya hari ini. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai permulaan dunia kebudayaan Grecian? || bermula di tamadun Mycenaean <> Yang pengabdian waktu sangat dipengaruhi oleh pengikut agama Anak Allah? || zaman Rom dan Rom Timur dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh Kristian <> Dalam beratus-ratus tahun yang pembunuhan beramai-ramai orang Yunani keturunan Uthmaniyyah? || pembunuhan beramai-ramai di abad ke-20 <> Adakah ada sesuatu yang baik yang dapat dijumpai dari penyelewengan menjadi pertukaran? || termasuk pertukaran budaya dan memperkayakan kedua-dua kebudayaan. <> Siapakah yang diberikan kebaikan untuk kemunculan semula cara hidup Yunani? || Diafotismos dikreditkan dengan menghidupkan semula budaya Yunani", {"context": "Greek culture has evolved over thousands of years, with its beginning in the Mycenaean civilization, continuing through the Classical period, the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity, which it in turn influenced and shaped. Ottoman Greeks had to endure through several centuries of adversity that culminated in genocide in the 20th century but nevertheless included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures. The Diafotismos is credited with revitalizing Greek culture and giving birth to the synthesis of ancient and medieval elements that characterize it today.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "beginning in the Mycenaean civilization"}], "question": "What is considered the start of the Grecian cultural world ?", "id": "57307d192461fd1900a9ce59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity"}], "question": "Which devotion of time was heavily influenced by the religious followers of the  Son of God ?", "id": "57307d192461fd1900a9ce5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "genocide in the 20th century"}], "question": "In what centennial was the massacre of the Greeks of Ottoman descent ?", "id": "57307d192461fd1900a9ce5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures."}], "question": "Was there anything good that could be found from the divergence into exchange ?", "id": "57307d192461fd1900a9ce5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Diafotismos is credited with revitalizing Greek culture"}], "question": "Who was given the merit for the reemergence of the Greek way of life ?", "id": "57307d192461fd1900a9ce5d"}]}], ["Terdapat minoriti Yunani yang besar kira-kira 105,000 orang (yang dipertikaikan, sumber menuntut lebih tinggi), di Albania. Minor Yunani Turki, yang berjumlah lebih daripada 200,000 orang selepas pertukaran 1923, kini telah berkurang beberapa ribu orang, selepas 1955 Constantinople Pogrom dan negara lain yang menentang keganasan dan diskriminasi. Ini secara berkesan berakhir, walaupun tidak sepenuhnya, kehadiran Hellenisme tiga ribu tahun di Asia Kecil. Terdapat minoriti Yunani kecil di seluruh negara-negara Balkan, negara Levant dan Laut Hitam, sisa-sisa Greek Diaspora Lama (sebelum abad ke-19). <> Apa negara lain membanggakan penduduk Yunani? || 105,000 (di antara pihak yang menuntut lebih tinggi), di Albania. Minor Yunani Turki <> Tindakan apa yang menyebabkan penduduk Yunani dipetik begitu sedikit di negara yang namanya mengingatkan hari libur besar Amerika? || 1955 Constantinople Pogrom dan keganasan dan diskriminasi yang ditaja oleh negara lain. <> Berapa lama ada pengaruh Yunani yang diwakili dalam \"Asia\" kecil? || Kehadiran Hellenisme yang berusia tiga ribu tahun di Asia Minor <> Adakah ada orang Yunani yang masih hidup di kawasan sekitar laut gelap di mana-mana majoriti nombor? || minoriti Yunani yang lebih kecil di seluruh negara Balkan, negeri Levant dan Laut Hitam,", {"context": "There is a sizeable Greek minority of about 105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey, which numbered upwards of 200,000 people after the 1923 exchange, has now dwindled to a few thousand, after the 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination. This effectively ended, though not entirely, the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor. There are smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states, remnants of the Old Greek Diaspora (pre-19th century).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey"}], "question": "What other countries boast of a Greek populace ?", "id": "573071f02461fd1900a9ce15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination."}], "question": "What acts have caused the population of Greeks to be numbered so few in the country who name is reminiscent of a big American holiday?", "id": "573071f02461fd1900a9ce16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor"}], "question": "How long was there a Greek influence represented in \"little\" Asia ? ", "id": "573071f02461fd1900a9ce17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states,"}], "question": "Are there any Greek who still live in the area around the dark sea in any majority of numbers?", "id": "573071f02461fd1900a9ce18"}]}], ["Orang Yunani dari Siprus mempunyai sejarah emigrasi yang sama, biasanya kepada dunia berbahasa Inggeris kerana penjajahan pulau oleh Empayar Britania. Gelombang emigrasi mengikuti pencerobohan Turki di Cyprus pada tahun 1974, sementara penduduk berkurangan antara pertengahan 1974 dan 1977 akibat dari emigrasi, kerugian perang, dan penurunan sementara dalam kesuburan. Selepas pembersihan etnik sepertiga penduduk Greek pulau itu pada tahun 1974, terdapat juga peningkatan bilangan orang Cyprus di Cyprus, terutamanya untuk Timur Tengah, yang menyumbang kepada penurunan penduduk yang merosot pada tahun 1990-an. Hari ini lebih daripada dua pertiga daripada penduduk Yunani di Cyprus adalah bandar. <> Perusahaan kolonial untuk tanah adalah Kepulauan Yunani sebahagian dari || British Empire <> Siapa yang hidup dengan orang Yunani di Cyprus s 1974? || Turki <> Gila penduduk baru ini disambut? || Pencerobohan Turki terhadap Cyprus <> Pada awal tahun tujuh puluhan di mana kebanyakan orang Yunani telah memutuskan untuk pergi? || Timur Tengah", {"context": "Greeks from Cyprus have a similar history of emigration, usually to the English-speaking world because of the island's colonization by the British Empire. Waves of emigration followed the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, while the population decreased between mid-1974 and 1977 as a result of emigration, war losses, and a temporary decline in fertility. After the ethnic cleansing of a third of the Greek population of the island in 1974, there was also an increase in the number of Greek Cypriots leaving, especially for the Middle East, which contributed to a decrease in population that tapered off in the 1990s. Today more than two-thirds of the Greek population in Cyprus is urban.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "British Empire"}], "question": "Which colonial enterprise for land was the Greek Isles a part of ", "id": "5730704c396df919000960f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Turkish"}], "question": "Who was living on with the Greeks in Cyprus s 1974 ?", "id": "5730704c396df919000960f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus"}], "question": "Whee these new inhabitants welcomed ?", "id": "5730704c396df919000960fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "the Middle East"}], "question": "During the early seventies where did most Cyprus Greeks decide to go ?", "id": "5730704c396df919000960fb"}]}], ["Semasa dan selepas Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani, orang Yunani diaspora adalah penting dalam mewujudkan negara yang baru, meningkatkan dana dan kesedaran di luar negara. Keluarga saudagar Yunani sudah mempunyai hubungan dengan negara-negara lain dan pada masa yang sama banyak gangguan yang ditimbulkan di sekitar Mediterranean (terutamanya Marseilles di Perancis, Livorno di Itali, Alexandria di Mesir), Rusia (Odessa dan Saint Petersburg), dan Britain (London dan Liverpool) dari mana mereka berdagang, biasanya dalam tekstil dan bijirin. Perniagaan kerap terdiri daripada keluarga lanjutan, dan dengan mereka mereka membawa sekolah-sekolah yang mengajar Greek dan Gereja Ortodoks Yunani. <> Selepas kebebasan dimenangkan oleh orang-orang Yunani yang mengimport untuk membentuk peraturan? || Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani, orang Yunani diaspora adalah penting dalam mewujudkan keadaan baru <> Apa yang mereka lakukan yang menyumbang kepada kejayaan penubuhan Yunani? || penting dalam mewujudkan negara baru, meningkatkan dana dan kesedaran di luar negara <> Siapa yang telah menghubungi rangkaian negara yang bersedia menawarkan bantuan kepada orang Yunani? || Keluarga saudagar Yunani sudah mempunyai hubungan di negara lain <> Negara apa yang mereka tinggalkan? || Marseilles di Perancis, Livorno di Itali, Alexandria di Mesir), Rusia (Odessa dan Saint Petersburg), dan Britain (London dan Liverpool) <> Bagaimana perhubungan ini dengan negara-negara lain yang paling mungkin ditubuhkan? || dari mana mereka berdagang, biasanya dalam tekstil dan bijirin.", {"context": "During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad. Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain. Businesses frequently comprised the extended family, and with them they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox Church.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state"}], "question": "After freedom was won by the Greeks who was of import to forming the rules  ?", "id": "57307b79069b531400832115"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad"}], "question": "What did they do that contributed to the Greek's success of establishment?", "id": "57307b79069b531400832116"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries"}], "question": "Who already had contact over a network of countries ready to offer assistance to the Greeks ?", "id": "57307b79069b531400832117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool)"}], "question": "What countries did they settle in ?", "id": "57307b79069b531400832118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain."}], "question": "How were these relationships with the other countries most likely established ?", "id": "57307b79069b531400832119"}]}], ["Jumlah orang Yunani yang tinggal di luar Greece dan Cyprus hari ini adalah isu perbalahan. Di mana angka Banci tersedia, mereka menunjukkan kira-kira 3 juta orang Yunani di luar Greece dan Cyprus. Anggaran yang disediakan oleh SAE - World Council of Hellenes Abroad meletakkan angka sekitar 7 juta di seluruh dunia. Menurut George Prevelakis dari Sorbonne University, jumlahnya lebih hampir kepada kurang dari 5 juta. Integrasi, perkawinan, dan kehilangan bahasa Yunani mempengaruhi identifikasi diri Omogeneia. Pusat penting di Diaspora Greek Baru hari ini ialah London, New York, Melbourne dan Toronto. Pada tahun 2010, Parlimen Hellenic memperkenalkan undang-undang yang membolehkan Diaspora Yunani di Greece untuk mengundi dalam pemilihan negara Yunani. Undang-undang ini kemudian dimansuhkan pada awal 2014. <> Berapa banyak orang yang berasal dari Yunani tinggal di tempat lain daripada Greece? || jumlah orang Yunani yang tinggal di luar Greece dan Cyprus hari ini adalah isu perbalahan <> Siapa yang memberikan nombor penduduk yang bercanggah untuk orang Yunani di luar negara? || World Council of Hellenes Abroad <> Berapa banyak orang Yunani yang mereka percaya akan menjadi nombor yang tepat untuk nombor banci? || Majlis Dunia Hellenes Abroad meletakkan angka di sekitar 7 juta di seluruh dunia <> Di universiti apa isu persetujuan yang tepat untuk orang Yunani yang tinggal di tempat lain yang dibahaskan || Sorbonne University <> Siapa yang telah membentangkan nombor bercanggah kepada kumpulan banci? || George Prevelakis dari Sorbonne University, jumlahnya lebih dekat kepada kurang daripada 5 juta", {"context": "The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where Census figures are available, they show around 3 million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus. Estimates provided by the SAE - World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide. According to George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million. Integration, intermarriage, and loss of the Greek language influence the self-identification of the Omogeneia. Important centres of the New Greek Diaspora today are London, New York, Melbourne and Toronto. In 2010, the Hellenic Parliament introduced a law that enables Diaspora Greeks in Greece to vote in the elections of the Greek state. This law was later repealed in early 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue"}], "question": "How many people that are of Greek ascendancy live elsewhere than Greece ?", "id": "57307352069b5314008320eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "World Council of Hellenes Abroad"}], "question": "Who provided the contradictory  population numbers for Greeks abroad ?", "id": "57307352069b5314008320ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide"}], "question": "How many Greeks do they believe would be an accurate number for census numbers ?", "id": "57307352069b5314008320ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Sorbonne University"}], "question": "At what university is this issue of accurate consensus for Greeks living elsewhere being debated an ", "id": "57307352069b5314008320ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million"}], "question": "Who has presented the contradictory number to the census groups ?", "id": "57307352069b5314008320ef"}]}], ["Hari ini, orang Yunani adalah kumpulan etnik majoriti di Republik Hellenic, di mana mereka membentuk 93% penduduk negara ini, dan Republik Cyprus di mana mereka membentuk 78% penduduk pulau (tidak termasuk peneroka Turki di wilayah yang diduduki) . Penduduk Yunani tidak secara tradisinya mempamerkan kadar pertumbuhan yang tinggi; Walau bagaimanapun, penduduk Greece telah menunjukkan peningkatan secara berterusan sejak banci pertama negara pada tahun 1828. Peratusan besar pertumbuhan penduduk sejak yayasan negeri telah mengakibatkan pengapungan wilayah-wilayah baru dan kemasukan 1.5 juta pelarian Yunani selepas pertukaran penduduk 1923 antara Greece dan Turki. Kira-kira 80% daripada penduduk Greece adalah bandar, dengan 28% tertumpu di bandar Athens <> Dalam Rupali Hellenic yang merupakan majoriti etnik dan berapa peratus penduduknya yang diwakili? || Yunani adalah kumpulan etnik majoriti di Republik Hellenic, di mana mereka membentuk 93% daripada penduduk negara <> Apa yang dianggarkan penduduk Yunani di pulau Cyprus? || Republik Cyprus di mana mereka membentuk 78% daripada penduduk pulau <> Adakah orang Yunani dalam bahaya menyumbang jauh kepada masalah kawalan populasi? || Populasi Yunani tidak secara tradisinya mempamerkan kadar pertumbuhan yang tinggi <> Adakah populasi Yunani secara keseluruhan meningkat atau menurun dalam angka? || Greece telah menunjukkan peningkatan tetap sejak banci pertama negara pada tahun 1828. <> Di mana terdapat sebarang makna yang menyumbang kepada peningkatan atau penurunan bilangan penduduk? || kemasukan 1.5 juta pelarian Yunani selepas pertukaran penduduk 1923 antara Greece dan Turki.", {"context": "Today, Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the Hellenic Republic, where they constitute 93% of the country's population, and the Republic of Cyprus where they make up 78% of the island's population (excluding Turkish settlers in the occupied part of the country). Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth; nonetheless, the population of Greece has shown regular increase since the country's first census in 1828. A large percentage of the population growth since the state's foundation has resulted from annexation of new territories and the influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. About 80% of the population of Greece is urban, with 28% concentrated in the city of Athens", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the Hellenic Republic, where they constitute 93% of the country's population"}], "question": "In the Rupublic of Hellenic who is the ethnic majority and what percentage of the populace do they represent ?", "id": "572fe045a23a5019007fcac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Republic of Cyprus where they make up 78% of the island's population"}], "question": "What's the estimated populace of Greeks on the isle of Cyprus ?", "id": "572fe045a23a5019007fcac4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth"}], "question": "Are Greeks in danger of contributing vastly to the problem of population control ?", "id": "572fe045a23a5019007fcac5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Greece has shown regular increase since the country's first census in 1828."}], "question": "Is the Greek populace on a whole increasing or decreasing in numbers ?", "id": "572fe045a23a5019007fcac6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey."}], "question": "Where there any significances that contributed to the increase or decrease in population numbers ?", "id": "572fe045a23a5019007fcac7"}]}], ["Homer menggunakan istilah Achaeans dan Danaans (\u0394\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bf\u03af) sebagai istilah umum untuk Yunani di Iliad, dan mereka mungkin sebahagian daripada tamadun Mycenean. Nama-nama Achaioi dan Danaoi nampaknya pra-Dorian milik orang-orang yang digulingkan. Mereka dipaksa ke rantau ini yang kemudian menanggung nama Achaea selepas pencerobohan Dorian. Pada abad ke-5 SM, mereka telah ditakrifkan semula sebagai pembicara kontemporari Aeolic Greek yang dituturkan terutamanya di Thessaly, Boeotia dan Lesbos. Terdapat banyak teori kontroversi mengenai asal usul Achaeans. Menurut satu pandangan, orang Achaea adalah salah satu dari suku-suku yang berpengaruh di atas Eropah, yang ditekan di atas Alpen semasa zaman Besi awal (1300 SM) ke Eropah selatan. Teori lain menunjukkan bahawa Dorian Peloponnesian adalah orang Achaeans. Teori-teori ini ditolak oleh cendekiawan yang lain, berdasarkan kriteria linguistik, mencadangkan bahawa Achaean adalah tanah pra-Dorian Yunani daratan. Ada juga teori bahawa terdapat etnos Achaean yang berpindah dari Asia kecil ke bawah Thessaly sebelum tahun 2000 SM. Sesetengah teks Hittite menyebutkan sebuah negara yang berbaring di barat dipanggil Ahhiyava atau Ahhiya. Dokumen Mesir merujuk kepada Ekwesh, salah satu kumpulan orang-orang laut yang melekat Mesir semasa pemerintahan Merneptah (1213-1203 BCE), yang mungkin orang Achaeans. <> Apa istilah yang boleh ditukar ganti menggunakan Homer dalam puisinya untuk orang Yunani? || Achaeans dan Danaans <> Apa yang dipercayai sebagai derivatif nama-nama ini? || pra-Dorian <> Apa yang telah ditakrifkan semula pada abad ke-5 tentang orang-orang nama-nama ini? || didefinisikan semula sebagai penceramah kontemporari Aeolic Greek <> Di mana asalnya ini definisi semula? || bercakap terutamanya di Thessaly, Boeotia dan Lesbos <> Berapa umur di 1300 BC bernama? || umur besi awal", {"context": "Homer uses the terms Achaeans and Danaans (\u0394\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bf\u03af) as a generic term for Greeks in Iliad, and they were probably a part of the Mycenean civilization. The names Achaioi and Danaoi seem to be pre-Dorian belonging to the people who were overthrown. They were forced to the region that later bore the name Achaea after the Dorian invasion. In the 5th century BC, they were redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek which was spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos. There are many controversial theories on the origin of the Achaeans. According to one view, the Achaeans were one of the fair-headed tribes of upper Europe, who pressed down over the Alps during the early Iron age (1300 BC) to southern Europe. Another theory suggests that the Peloponnesian Dorians were the Achaeans. These theories are rejected by other scholars who, based on linguistic criteria, suggest that the Achaeans were mainland pre-Dorian Greeks. There is also the theory that there was an Achaean ethnos that migrated from Asia minor to lower Thessaly prior to 2000 BC. Some Hittite texts mention a nation lying to the west called Ahhiyava or Ahhiya. Egyptian documents refer to Ekwesh, one of the groups of sea peoples who attached Egypt during the reign of Merneptah (1213-1203 BCE), who may have been Achaeans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Achaeans and Danaans"}], "question": "What interchangeable terms did Homer use in his poems for Greeks ?", "id": "572fda3004bcaa1900d76dcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "pre-Dorian"}], "question": "What is believed to be the derivative of these names ?", "id": "572fda3004bcaa1900d76dd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek"}], "question": "What was redefined in the 5th century about the people of these names?", "id": "572fda3004bcaa1900d76dd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos"}], "question": "Where was this origin of this redefinition ?", "id": "572fda3004bcaa1900d76dd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "early Iron age"}], "question": "What was the age in 1300 BC named ?", "id": "572fda3004bcaa1900d76dd3"}]}], ["Pada zaman purba, aktiviti perdagangan dan penjajahan suku-suku Yunani dan negara-negara di bandar menyebarkan budaya, agama dan bahasa Yunani di sekeliling lembah Mediterranean dan Laut Hitam, terutama di Sisilia dan Itali selatan (juga dikenali sebagai Magna Grecia), Sepanyol, selatan Perancis dan pantai laut Hitam. Di bawah kerajaan empayar dan pengganti Alexander Great, kelas pemerintah Yunani dan Hellenizing telah ditubuhkan di Timur Tengah, India dan Mesir. Tempoh Helenistik dicirikan oleh gelombang baru penjajahan Yunani yang menubuhkan bandar-bandar dan kerajaan-kerajaan Yunani di Asia dan Afrika. Di bawah Empayar Rom, pergerakan lebih mudah orang menyebarkan orang Yunani melintasi Empayar dan di wilayah timur, bahasa Yunani menjadi lingua franca daripada Latin. Komuniti Griko moden di selatan Itali, berjumlah kira-kira 60,000, boleh mewakili sisa hidup penduduk Yunani purba Itali. <> Apa yang membantu memajukan cara kehidupan orang Yunani di luar papan peminjamnya? || aktiviti perdagangan dan penjajahan suku-suku Yunani dan negara-negara kota menyebarkan budaya, agama dan bahasa Yunani. Apa yang dekat dengan negara-negara telah sangat dipengaruhi oleh cara hidup Yunani? || Sicily dan selatan Itali (juga dikenali sebagai Magna Grecia), Sepanyol, selatan Perancis dan pantai laut Hitam. <> Bagaimanakah penguasa-penguasa kelas sosial dipilih sebagai wakil-wakil dalam bahagian berbahasa Arab sekarang di Arab dan Afrika Utara? || Di bawah kerajaan empayar dan pengganti Alexander Great, kelas pemerintah Yunani dan Hellenizing telah ditubuhkan di Timur Tengah, India dan Mesir. <> Tempoh apa yang menandakan perkembangan pemikiran dan ekspresi Yunani? || Tempoh Hellenistik", {"context": "In ancient times, the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, especially in Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts. Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt. The Hellenistic period is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization that established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Under the Roman Empire, easier movement of people spread Greeks across the Empire and in the eastern territories, Greek became the lingua franca rather than Latin. The modern-day Griko community of southern Italy, numbering about 60,000, may represent a living remnant of the ancient Greek populations of Italy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language"}], "question": "What helped to advance the Greek way of life beyond its boarders ?", "id": "573076bd396df91900096132"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts."}], "question": "What other close by countries have been greatly influenced by the Greek way of life ?", "id": "573076bd396df91900096133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt."}], "question": "How were the rulers of social class picked to be representatives in the now traditionally Arabic speaking part of the world and in Northern Africa ?", "id": "573076bd396df91900096134"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "The Hellenistic period"}], "question": "What period marked the expansion of Greek thinking and expression ?", "id": "573076bd396df91900096135"}]}], ["Pautan yang paling jelas antara orang-orang Yunani moden dan kuno adalah bahasa mereka, yang mempunyai tradisi yang didokumentasikan dari sekurang-kurangnya abad ke-14 SM hingga ke hari ini, walaupun dengan rehat semasa Zaman Gelap Yunani (yang berlangsung dari abad ke-11 hingga abad ke-8 SM) . Para ulama membandingkan kesinambungan tradisi kepada orang Cina sahaja. Sejak penubuhannya, Hellenisme terutama merupakan budaya yang lazim dan kesinambungan kebangsaan dunia Yunani jauh lebih pasti daripada demografinya. Namun, Hellenisme juga merangkumi dimensi nenek moyang melalui aspek-aspek kesusasteraan Athenian yang mengembangkan dan mempengaruhi idea keturunan berdasarkan autochthony. Semasa tahun-tahun Empayar Rom Timur, bidang seperti Ionia dan Constantinople mengalami kebangkitan semula Hellenic dalam bahasa, falsafah, dan kesusasteraan serta model pemikiran dan biasiswa klasik. Kebangunan rohani ini memberikan dorongan kuat kepada rasa kebudayaan dengan Yunani kuno dan warisan klasiknya. Perubahan kebudayaan yang dialami oleh orang Yunani adalah, walaupun terdapat rasa etnik yang masih hidup, tidak dapat dinafikan. Pada masa yang sama, orang-orang Yunani mengekalkan bahasa dan abjad mereka, nilai-nilai tertentu dan tradisi kebudayaan, adat istiadat, perbezaan agama dan kebudayaan dan pengecualian, (kata barbarian digunakan oleh ahli sejarah abad ke-12 Anna Komnene untuk menggambarkan bukan Yunani penceramah), pengertian identiti Yunani dan akal etnik walaupun perubahan politik dan sosial global sejak dua millennia yang lalu. <> Apakah sambungan yang paling mudah antara orang Yunani dan orang-orang zaman sekarang? || hubungan yang paling jelas antara orang-orang Yunani moden dan kuno adalah bahasa mereka <> Bagaimanakah log kegagalan zaman kegelapan yang terakhir untuk orang-orang Yunani? || Zaman Gelap Yunani (berpanjangan dari abad ke-11 hingga abad ke-8 SM) <> Siapa lagi yang mempunyai sejarah yang lama seperti orang-orang Yunani? || kesinambungan tradisi kepada orang Cina sahaja <> Bilakah sebahagian besar sektor timur dari kawasan Rom memilih memilih kelahiran semula tradisi Yunani dan penghargaan? || Pada tahun-tahun kemudian Empayar Rom Timur <> Apa aspek budaya Yunani yang terus teguh sepanjang tahun? || mengekalkan bahasa dan abjad mereka, nilai-nilai tertentu dan tradisi budaya, adat istiadat, rasa perbezaan agama dan budaya dan pengecualian", {"context": "The most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language, which has a documented tradition from at least the 14th century BC to the present day, albeit with a break during the Greek Dark Ages (lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC). Scholars compare its continuity of tradition to Chinese alone. Since its inception, Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture and the national continuity of the Greek world is a lot more certain than its demographic. Yet, Hellenism also embodied an ancestral dimension through aspects of Athenian literature that developed and influenced ideas of descent based on autochthony. During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire, areas such as Ionia and Constantinople experienced a Hellenic revival in language, philosophy, and literature and on classical models of thought and scholarship. This revival provided a powerful impetus to the sense of cultural affinity with ancient Greece and its classical heritage. The cultural changes undergone by the Greeks are, despite a surviving common sense of ethnicity, undeniable. At the same time, the Greeks have retained their language and alphabet, certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion, (the word barbarian was used by 12th-century historian Anna Komnene to describe non-Greek speakers), a sense of Greek identity and common sense of ethnicity despite the global political and social changes of the past two millennia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language"}], "question": "What is the easiest connection between the Greeks of old and those of today ?", "id": "572fdf30a23a5019007fcaa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Greek Dark Ages (lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC)"}], "question": "How log did the age of darkness last for the Greeks ?", "id": "572fdf30a23a5019007fcaa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "continuity of tradition to Chinese alone"}], "question": "Who else has a history as long standing as those of the Greeks ?", "id": "572fdf30a23a5019007fcaa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire"}], "question": "When did most of the Eastward sector of the Roman expanse choose to have a rebirth of Greek traditions and appreciations ?", "id": "572fdf30a23a5019007fcaaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1122, "text": "retained their language and alphabet, certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion"}], "question": "What aspects of the Greek culture have remained steadfast throughout the years ?", "id": "572fdf30a23a5019007fcaab"}]}], ["Dalam Iliad Homer, nama-nama Danaans (atau Danaoi: \u0394\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bf\u03af) dan Argives (Argives: \u0391\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03b9) digunakan untuk menunjuk pasukan Yunani menentang Trojans. Mitos Danaus, yang berasal dari Mesir, adalah legenda asas Argos. Anak-anaknya Danaides, dipaksa di Tartarus untuk membawa jag untuk mengisi tab mandi tanpa bawah. Mitos ini berkaitan dengan tugas yang tidak dapat dipenuhi (Sisyphos) dan nama itu boleh diperoleh dari akar PIE * danu: \"sungai\". Tidak ada teori memuaskan tentang asal usulnya. Sesetengah ulama menghubungkan Danaans dengan Denyen, salah satu kumpulan orang-orang laut yang menyerang Mesir semasa pemerintahan Ramesses III (1187-1156 BCE). Prasasti yang sama menyebutkan Weshesh yang mungkin orang Achaeans. Denyen nampaknya telah menjadi penduduk kota Adana di Cilicia. Tembikar yang mirip dengan Mycenae sendiri telah ditemui di Tarsus dari Cilicia dan nampaknya beberapa pelarian dari Aegean pergi ke sana selepas kejatuhan tamadun Mycenean. Orang-orang Cilicia ini nampaknya dipanggil Dananiyim, kata yang sama dengan Danaoi yang menyerang Mesir pada tahun 1191 SM bersama dengan Quaouash (atau Weshesh) yang mungkin orang Achaeans. Mereka juga dipanggil Danuna menurut prasasti Hittite dan nama yang sama disebutkan dalam huruf Amarna. Julius Pokorny merekonstruksi nama dari akar PIE da: -: \"aliran, sungai\", da: -nu: \"mana-mana cecair yang bergerak, jatuh\", da: navo \"orang yang hidup di tepi sungai, orang-orang nomadic Skyth (dalam air Rigveda -demons, fem.Da: dewi primordial), dalam Danaoi, Mesir, Danuna \". Ia juga mungkin bahawa nama Danaans adalah pra-Greek. Sebuah negara Danaja dengan Mukana bandar (propaply: Mycenea) disebut dalam inskripsi dari Mesir dari Amenophis III (1390-1352 SM), Thutmosis III (1437 SM). <> Dalam puisi Homer yang orang Yunani bertentangan dengannya? || Trojans <> Dari manakah asas cerita Argos berasal? || Mesir <> Apa yang harus dicapai oleh keturunan wanita Argos? || Anak-anaknya, Danaides, dipaksa di Tartarus untuk membawa sebatang jag untuk mengisi tab mandi tanpa bahagian bawah <> Komuniti apa yang Denyen tinggal? || Denyen <> Negara apa yang dikatakan dalam inskripsi sebuah negara di Afrika Utara dari 1390-1352 SM? || Sebuah negara Danaja dengan kota Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) disebut dalam inskripsi dari Mesir", {"context": "In Homer's Iliad, the names Danaans (or Danaoi: \u0394\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bf\u03af) and Argives (Argives: \u0391\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03b9) are used to designate the Greek forces opposed to the Trojans. The myth of Danaus, whose origin is Egypt, is a foundation legend of Argos. His daughters Danaides, were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom. This myth is connected with a task that can never be fulfilled (Sisyphos) and the name can be derived from the PIE root *danu: \"river\". There is not any satisfactory theory on their origin. Some scholars connect Danaans with the Denyen, one of the groups of the sea peoples who attacked Egypt during the reign of Ramesses III (1187-1156 BCE). The same inscription mentions the Weshesh who might have been the Achaeans. The Denyen seem to have been inhabitants of the city Adana in Cilicia. Pottery similar to that of Mycenae itself has been found in Tarsus of Cilicia and it seems that some refugees from the Aegean went there after the collapse of the Mycenean civilization. These Cilicians seem to have been called Dananiyim, the same word as Danaoi who attacked Egypt in 1191 BC along with the Quaouash (or Weshesh) who may be Achaeans. They were also called Danuna according to a Hittite inscription and the same name is mentioned in the Amarna letters. Julius Pokorny reconstructs the name from the PIE root da:-: \"flow, river\", da:-nu: \"any moving liquid, drops\", da: navo \"people living by the river, Skyth. nomadic people (in Rigveda water-demons, fem.Da:nu primordial goddess), in Greek Danaoi, Egypt. Danuna\". It is also possible that the name Danaans is pre-Greek. A country Danaja with a city Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt from Amenophis III (1390-1352 BC), Thutmosis III (1437 BC).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Trojans"}], "question": "In Homer's poems who were the Greeks at odds with ?", "id": "572fdc43947a6a140053cd72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Egypt"}], "question": "From where did the basis of the Argos tales originate ?", "id": "572fdc43947a6a140053cd73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "His daughters Danaides, were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom"}], "question": "What did the female descendants of Argos have to accomplish ?", "id": "572fdc43947a6a140053cd74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "Denyen"}], "question": "What community did the Denyen live in ?", "id": "572fdc43947a6a140053cd75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1601, "text": "A country Danaja with a city Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt"}], "question": "What country is spoken of in the inscriptions of a country in Northern Africa from 1390-1352 BC ?", "id": "572fdc43947a6a140053cd76"}]}], ["Simbol yang paling banyak digunakan ialah bendera Greece, yang mempunyai sembilan jalur yang sama rata biru berselang dengan putih mewakili sembilan suku kata motif kebangsaan Yunani Eleftheria i thanatos (kebebasan atau kematian), yang merupakan moto Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani . Alun-alun biru di sudut sebelah atas mengangkat salib putih, yang mewakili Orthodoksi Yunani. Bendera Yunani digunakan secara meluas oleh Cypriots Yunani, walaupun Cyprus secara rasminya telah menggunakan bendera netral untuk mengurangkan ketegangan etnik dengan minoriti Siprus Turki - lihat bendera Cyprus). <> Apakah representasi kebebasan rujukan atau kematian rujukan Yunani yang diadakan di simbol kain negara? || bendera Greece, yang mempunyai sembilan jalur lebar mendatar yang biru bergantian dengan putih <> Rujukan ini juga memegang teguh apa yang orang-orang Grecian itu? || moto Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani <> Adakah agama juga mewakili lambang kain ini dalam bahasa Yunani? || memakai salib putih, yang mewakili Yunani Ortodoks <> Memiliki orang-orang Turki memegang apa-apa perasaan terhadap simbol kain orang-orang Yunani? || ketegangan etnik dengan minoriti Cyprus Cyprus <> Adakah rakyat Greece telah melakukan sesuatu untuk menjadikan perkara ini lebih sesuai untuk rakyat Turki? || Cyprus secara rasminya telah menggunakan bendera neutral", {"context": "The most widely used symbol is the flag of Greece, which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white representing the nine syllables of the Greek national motto Eleftheria i thanatos (freedom or death), which was the motto of the Greek War of Independence. The blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bears a white cross, which represents Greek Orthodoxy. The Greek flag is widely used by the Greek Cypriots, although Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag to ease ethnic tensions with the Turkish Cypriot minority \u2013 see flag of Cyprus).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "flag of Greece, which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white"}], "question": "What are the representations of the Greek reference freedom or death that are held on a cloth symbol of the nation ?", "id": "57309e2e8ab72b1400f9c5f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "motto of the Greek War of Independence"}], "question": "This reference also holds significance as what the the Grecian people ?", "id": "57309e2e8ab72b1400f9c5f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "bears a white cross, which represents Greek Orthodoxy"}], "question": "Is religion also represented on this cloth symbol of the Greek?", "id": "57309e2e8ab72b1400f9c5f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "ethnic tensions with the Turkish Cypriot minority"}], "question": "Have the people of Turkey held any feeling towards the cloth symbol of the Greeks ?", "id": "57309e2e8ab72b1400f9c5f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag"}], "question": "Have the people of Greece done anything to make the matter more palatable for the people of Turkey ?", "id": "57309e2e8ab72b1400f9c5fa"}]}], ["Seni Yunani mempunyai sejarah yang panjang dan pelbagai. Orang Yunani telah menyumbang kepada seni visual, sastera dan persembahan. Di Barat, seni kuno Yunani berpengaruh dalam membentuk Rom dan kemudian warisan seni modern barat. Berikutan Renaisans di Eropah, estetik humanis dan piawaian teknikal yang tinggi dalam seni Yunani yang diilhamkan generasi artis Eropah. Nah ke abad ke-19, tradisi klasik yang berasal dari Yunani memainkan peranan penting dalam seni dunia barat. Di Timur, penaklukan Alexander the Great telah memulakan beberapa abad pertukaran antara budaya Yunani, Asia Tengah dan India, mengakibatkan seni Greco-Buddha, yang pengaruhnya mencapai sejauh Jepun. <> Input apa yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang Yunani terhadap kesenian dunia? || seni visual, sastera dan persembahan. <> Apa tempoh di Eropah penuh dengan penghargaan terhadap budaya terdahulu? || Renaissance di Eropah <> Apa arti warisan penting dari Greece disambut pada masa ini? || estetik humanis dan piawaian teknikal yang tinggi dalam seni Yunani yang diilhamkan oleh para seniman Eropah. <> Apa yang membuat transaksi kastam dan cara hidup untuk rakyat benua Asia dan rakyat Greece? || Di Timur, penaklukan Alexander the Great memulakan beberapa abad pertukaran antara budaya Yunani, Asia Tengah dan India <> Di Tanah Matahari Terbit, apakah pengaruh keturunan Yunani? || Seni Greco-Buddha, yang pengaruhnya mencapai sejauh Jepun.", {"context": "Greek art has a long and varied history. Greeks have contributed to the visual, literary and performing arts. In the West, ancient Greek art was influential in shaping the Roman and later the modern western artistic heritage. Following the Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece played an important role in the art of the western world. In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures, resulting in Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "visual, literary and performing arts."}], "question": "What input did the Greeks have on artistry of the world ?", "id": "5730953e8ab72b1400f9c5c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "the Renaissance in Europe"}], "question": "What period in Europe was full of an appreciation for earlier cultures ?", "id": "5730953e8ab72b1400f9c5c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists."}], "question": "What important heritage of art  from Greece was celebrated during this time ?", "id": "5730953e8ab72b1400f9c5ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures"}], "question": "What enacted the transactions of customs and ways of life for the people of the Asian continent and the Grecian people ?", "id": "5730953e8ab72b1400f9c5cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan."}], "question": "In the Land of the Rising Sun, what influence was of Greek descent ?", "id": "5730953e8ab72b1400f9c5cc"}]}], ["Greek moden mempunyai, sebagai tambahan kepada Standard Modern Greek atau Dimotiki, pelbagai dialek yang berbeza-beza antara tingkat kecerdasan bersama, termasuk Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko dan Tsakonian (satu-satunya wakil Doric Yunani yang masih hidup). Yevanic adalah bahasa Romaniotes, dan bertahan dalam komuniti kecil di Greece, New York dan Israel. Di samping Yunani, banyak orang Yunani di Greece dan Diaspora dwibahasa dalam bahasa atau dialek lain seperti Bahasa Inggeris, Arvanitika / Albanian, Aromanian, Slavik Macedonia, Rusia dan Turki. <> Apa yang berbeza mengenai penggunaan bahasa Yunani hari ini berbanding dengan bahasa masa lampau? || Greek moden mempunyai, sebagai tambahan kepada Standard Modern Greek atau Dimotiki, pelbagai dialek <> Apakah beberapa jargon setempat yang digunakan dalam bahasa Yunani? || pelbagai dialek yang berbeza-beza dari tingkat kecerdasan bersama, termasuk Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko dan Tsakonian <> Bahasa apa yang masih bertahan sebagai perwakilan salah satu daripada tiga perintah keagamaan Yunani bersejarah? || Tsakonian (satu-satunya wakil yang hidup Greek Doric purba) <> Apa bahasa kuno masih digunakan hari ini dalam beberapa masyarakat kecil di dunia Grecian? || Yevanic adalah bahasa Romaniotes, dan bertahan dalam komuniti kecil di Greece, New York dan Israel. <> Adakah orang-orang keturunan Yunani hanya berbahasa bahasa Yunani? || dwibahasa dalam bahasa atau dialek lain seperti Bahasa Inggeris, Arvanitika / Albanian, Aromanian, Slavik Macedonia, Rusia dan Turki.", {"context": "Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek). Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel. In addition to Greek, many Greeks in Greece and the Diaspora are bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects"}], "question": "What is different about the use of Greek language today as opposed to the language of the past ?", "id": "573091522461fd1900a9cea1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian"}], "question": "What are some of the local jargon used in Greek speaking?", "id": "573091522461fd1900a9cea2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek)"}], "question": "What language still survives as the representation of the one of the three religious orders of historic Greece ?", "id": "573091522461fd1900a9cea3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel."}], "question": "What ancient language is still in use today in some of the minuscule societies in the Grecian world ?", "id": "573091522461fd1900a9cea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish."}], "question": "Do the people of Greek ascendancy only speak Grecian languages ?", "id": "573091522461fd1900a9cea5"}]}], ["Kebanyakan orang Yunani adalah orang Kristian, yang dipunyai oleh Gereja Ortodoks Yunani. Pada abad pertama selepas Yesus Kristus, Perjanjian Baru pada asalnya ditulis dalam Koine Greek, yang kekal sebagai bahasa liturgis Gereja Ortodoks Yunani, dan kebanyakan orang Kristian awal dan Bapa Gereja adalah berbahasa Yunani. Terdapat kumpulan kecil etnik Yunani yang mengikuti denominasi Kristian lain seperti Katolik Yunani, Evangelical Yunani, Pentecostal, dan kumpulan yang mengikuti agama lain termasuk Romaniot dan Yahudi Sephardic dan Muslim Yunani. Kira-kira 2,000 orang Yunani adalah ahli-ahli Ikatan Rekonstruksi Hellenic Polytheistic. <> Apakah agama majoriti Yunani? || Kristian <> Apa variasi denominasi yang mereka patuhi untuk sebahagian besar? || kepunyaan Gereja Ortodoks Yunani <> Bahasa apa yang separuh kedua Alkitab ditulis pada awalnya? || Perjanjian Baru pada asalnya ditulis dalam Bahasa Yunani Koine <> Bahasa ini adalah dialek rasmi penyembahan untuk sekte tradisional bagi penyembah gereja di Yunani? || Koine Greek, yang kekal sebagai bahasa liturgis dari Gereja Ortodoks Yunani <> Apa jenis Kristian lain yang boleh ditemui di kalangan orang-orang Yunani? || Katolik, Evangelical Yunani, Pentecostal, dan kumpulan yang mengikuti agama lain termasuk Romaniot dan Yahudi Sephardic dan Muslim Yunani.", {"context": "Most Greeks are Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church. During the first centuries after Jesus Christ, the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking. There are small groups of ethnic Greeks adhering to other Christian denominations like Greek Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims. About 2,000 Greeks are members of Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism congregations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Christians"}], "question": "What is the religion of the Greek majority ?", "id": "573092c08ab72b1400f9c5a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church"}], "question": "What denominational variance do they adhere to for the most part ?", "id": "573092c08ab72b1400f9c5a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek"}], "question": "What language was the second half of the Bible originally written in ?", "id": "573092c08ab72b1400f9c5a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church"}], "question": "This language is the official dialect of worship for the traditional sect for church worshipers of Greece ?", "id": "573092c08ab72b1400f9c5a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims."}], "question": "What other varieties of Christianity can be found among the Grecian people ?", "id": "573092c08ab72b1400f9c5a8"}]}], ["Greek menunjukkan beberapa ciri linguistik yang dikongsi dengan bahasa Balkan lain, seperti bahasa Albania, Bulgaria dan Romawi Timur (lihat Balkan sprachbund), dan telah menyerap banyak kata asing, terutama dari asal-usul Barat dan Turki Barat. Kerana pergerakan Philhellenism dan Diafotismos pada abad ke-19, yang menekankan warisan kuno Yunani moden, pengaruh luar negeri ini tidak termasuk dalam penggunaan rasmi melalui penciptaan Katharevousa, bentuk Yunani yang dibentuk dari semua pengaruh asing dan kata-kata , sebagai bahasa rasmi negara Yunani. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1976, Parlimen Hellenic mengundi untuk menjadikan bahasa rasmi Dimotiki bercakap, menjadikan Katharevousa usang. <> Apa dialek lain berkongsi thread dengan bahasa Yunani. || bahasa Balkan lain, seperti bahasa Albania, Bulgaria dan Romantik Timur (lihat Balkan sprachbund), <> Apa perubahan politik radikal berlaku pada abad ke-19? || pergerakan Philhellenism dan Diafotismos pada abad ke-19 <> Apa perubahan ini diserlahkan? || menegaskan warisan kuno Yunani moden <> Apa yang menjadi dialek rasmi orang Yunani dan apa yang hilang? || Katharevousa, bentuk Yunani yang dibentuk dengan tiruan dari semua pengaruh dan kata-kata asing, sebagai bahasa rasmi negara Yunani. <> Apa pilihan pada tahun 1976 membuat perubahan kepada keputusan mengenai dialek rasmi? || Walau bagaimanapun, pada 1976, Parlimen Hellenic mengundi untuk menjadikan bahasa rasmi Dimotiki sebagai bahasa rasmi", {"context": "Greek demonstrates several linguistic features that are shared with other Balkan languages, such as Albanian, Bulgarian and Eastern Romance languages (see Balkan sprachbund), and has absorbed many foreign words, primarily of Western European and Turkish origin. Because of the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century, which emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage, these foreign influences were excluded from official use via the creation of Katharevousa, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state. In 1976, however, the Hellenic Parliament voted to make the spoken Dimotiki the official language, making Katharevousa obsolete.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "other Balkan languages, such as Albanian, Bulgarian and Eastern Romance languages (see Balkan sprachbund),"}], "question": "What other dialects share a thread with the Greek language. ", "id": "57308f8e2461fd1900a9ce97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century"}], "question": "What radical political changes occurred during the 19th century ?", "id": "57308f8e2461fd1900a9ce98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage"}], "question": "What did these changes highlight ?", "id": "57308f8e2461fd1900a9ce99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Katharevousa, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state."}], "question": "What became the official dialect of Greeks and what was it missing ?", "id": "57308f8e2461fd1900a9ce9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "In 1976, however, the Hellenic Parliament voted to make the spoken Dimotiki the official language"}], "question": "What choices in 1976 made a change to the decisions concerning the official dialect ? ", "id": "57308f8e2461fd1900a9ce9b"}]}], ["Nama keluarga Yunani digunakan secara meluas pada abad ke-9 yang menggantikan tradisi kuno menggunakan nama bapa, namun nama keluarga Yunani adalah patronimik yang paling umum. Lazimnya, nama keluarga lelaki Yunani berakhir di -s, yang merupakan persamaan lazim bagi kata nama maskulin lelaki Yunani dalam kes nominatif. Secara kebetulan, ada beberapa akhir di -ou, yang menunjukkan kes genitive kata nama yang sesuai untuk alasan patronymic. Walaupun nama keluarga di tanah besar Greece bersifat statik hari ini, kegunaan patronimik yang dinamik dan berubah bertahan dalam nama tengah di mana genitive nama pertama ayahnya biasanya nama pertengahan (penggunaan ini telah diteruskan ke Rusia). Di Cyprus, sebaliknya, nama keluarga mengikuti tradisi kuno yang diberikan mengikut nama bapa. Akhirnya, sebagai tambahan kepada nama keluarga berasal dari Yunani banyak berasal dari bahasa Latin, Turki dan Itali. <> Nama apa yang digunakan biasanya dari bapa dan biasanya menambahkan sufiks atau awalan? || Nama keluarga Yunani paling biasa patronymics <> Apa huruf abjad yang paling banyak nama terakhir orang lelaki Greecs berakhir dengan? || Nama keluarga lelaki Yunani berakhir di -s, yang merupakan akhir yang sama <> Apa permulaan awal lain yang membuat sebahagian nama terakhir orang-orang Yunani? || ramai yang mempunyai asal bahasa Latin, Turki dan Itali. <> Apa maksudnya untuk mempunyai huruf OU ditambah pada nama lelaki yang terakhir? || beberapa akhir di -ou, menunjukkan kes genitive kata nama yang sesuai untuk alasan patronymic.", {"context": "Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father\u2019s name, however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics. Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons. Although surnames in mainland Greece are static today, dynamic and changing patronymic usage survives in middle names where the genitive of father's first name is commonly the middle name (this usage having been passed on to the Russians). In Cyprus, by contrast, surnames follow the ancient tradition of being given according to the father\u2019s name. Finally, in addition to Greek-derived surnames many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics"}], "question": "What names are used that are typically from  a father and have usually added a suffix or prefix ?", "id": "5730a045069b5314008321cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending"}], "question": "What letter of the alphabet do most of the last names the men of Greecs end with ?", "id": "5730a045069b5314008321d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin."}], "question": "What other beginnings of origination do some of the last names of the Greeks share ?", "id": "5730a045069b5314008321d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons."}], "question": "What does it mean to have the letters OU added to the ending of a males last name ?", "id": "5730a045069b5314008321d2"}]}], ["Negara-negara Yunani tradisional adalah semenanjung Yunani dan Laut Aegean, Selatan Itali (Magna Graecia), Laut Hitam, pantai Ionia Asia Minor dan pulau-pulau Cyprus dan Sicily. Dalam Phaidon Plato, kata Socrates, \"kita (orang Yunani) hidup di sekitar laut seperti katak di sekitar kolam\" ketika menggambarkan kawan-kawannya di kota-kota Yunani di Aegean. Imej ini dibuktikan oleh peta Diaspora Yunani Lama, yang sesuai dengan dunia Yunani hingga penciptaan negara Yunani pada tahun 1832. Laut dan perdagangan adalah kedai alami bagi orang-orang Yunani sejak semenanjung Yunani berbatu dan tidak menawarkan prospek yang baik untuk pertanian. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai tanah air orang Yunani? || Semenanjung Yunani dan Laut Aegean, Itali Selatan (Magna Graecia), Laut Hitam, pantai Ionian di Asia Minor dan pulau-pulau Cyprus dan Sicily <> Pernyataan nota yang diberikan oleh seorang ahli falsafah yang hebat dari Yunani yang ditulis oleh yang lain hebat ahli falsafah? || Phaidon Plato, Socrates berkata, \"kita (orang Yunani) hidup di sekitar laut seperti katak di sekitar kolam <> Apa nama peta purba dunia Yunani yang bernama? || peta Diaspora Yunani Lama <> Bilakah perubahan Peta kuno ini menjadi terkenal? || berkorespondensi dengan dunia Yunani hingga penciptaan negara Yunani pada 183 <> Adakah terdapat banyak produk yang tersedia dari penanaman ladang di tanah Yunani? || Semenanjung Yunani berbatu dan tidak menawarkan prospek yang baik untuk pertanian", {"context": "The traditional Greek homelands have been the Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily. In Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, \"we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond\" when describing to his friends the Greek cities of the Aegean. This image is attested by the map of the Old Greek Diaspora, which corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 1832. The sea and trade were natural outlets for Greeks since the Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily"}], "question": "What are considered to be the motherland of the Greeks ?", "id": "5730a1eb396df9190009622a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, \"we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond"}], "question": "What statement of note was given by a great philosopher from Greece written by another great philosopher ?", "id": "5730a1eb396df9190009622b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "map of the Old Greek Diaspora"}], "question": "What is the name of the ancient map of the Greek world  named  ?", "id": "5730a1eb396df9190009622c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 183"}], "question": "When did changes of this ancient map become notable ?", "id": "5730a1eb396df9190009622d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture"}], "question": "Are there many product available from farm cultivation on the Greek lands ?", "id": "5730a1eb396df9190009622e"}]}], ["Orang-orang Yunani pada era klasik membuat beberapa sumbangan yang ketara kepada sains dan membantu meletakkan asas beberapa tradisi sains barat, seperti falsafah, historiografi dan matematik. Tradisi ilmiah akademi Yunani dikekalkan semasa zaman Rom dengan beberapa institusi akademik di Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria dan pusat-pusat pembelajaran bahasa Yunani lainnya manakala sains Romawi Timur adalah dasar penerusan sains klasik. Orang-orang Yunani mempunyai tradisi lama untuk menilai dan melabur dalam paideia (pendidikan). Paideia adalah salah satu nilai masyarakat tertinggi di dunia Yunani dan Hellenistik sementara institusi Eropah yang pertama digambarkan sebagai sebuah universiti ditubuhkan pada abad ke-5 Constantinople dan beroperasi dalam pelbagai inkarnasi sehinggalah kejatuhan bandar ke Uthmaniyah pada tahun 1453. Universiti Constantinople adalah Kristian Institusi pengajian tinggi sekular pertama di Eropah kerana tidak ada mata pelajaran teologi yang diajar, dan mengingat makna asal universiti dunia sebagai perbadanan pelajar, universiti pertama di dunia. <> Apa sumbangan kepada komuniti saintifik yang telah meninggalkan orang-orang Yunani? || sains dan membantu meletakkan asas beberapa tradisi sains barat, seperti falsafah, historiografi dan matematik <> Apakah amalan sekolah yang disimpan oleh dunia Rom selepas kejatuhan Greece? || tradisi ilmiah akademi Yunani dikekalkan semasa zaman Rom dengan beberapa institusi akademik <> Apa yang telah dikekalkan oleh orang Yunani sepanjang sejarah lanjutan mereka? || Orang Yunani mempunyai tradisi lama untuk menilai dan melabur dalam paideia (pendidikan <> Apa salah satu nilai yang paling tinggi di kalangan masyarakat Grecian? || Paideia adalah salah satu nilai masyarakat tertinggi di dunia Yunani dan Hellenistik <> Di mana lokasi pendidikan bermula untuk orang pertama yang layak mendapat ijazah lanjutan dalam mata pelajaran tertentu? || Institusi pertama Eropah yang digambarkan sebagai sebuah universiti ditubuhkan pada abad ke-5 Constantinople dan beroperasi dalam pelbagai inkarnasi", {"context": "The Greeks of the Classical era made several notable contributions to science and helped lay the foundations of several western scientific traditions, like philosophy, historiography and mathematics. The scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions in Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria and other centres of Greek learning while Eastern Roman science was essentially a continuation of classical science. Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education). Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the city's fall to the Ottomans in 1453. The University of Constantinople was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning since no theological subjects were taught, and considering the original meaning of the world university as a corporation of students, the world\u2019s first university as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "science and helped lay the foundations of several western scientific traditions, like philosophy, historiography and mathematics"}], "question": "What contribution to the scientific community have the Greeks left the world ?", "id": "5730985d396df919000961ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions"}], "question": "What school practices were kept by the Roman world after the fall of Greece ?", "id": "5730985d396df919000961ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education"}], "question": "What has been maintained by the Greeks throughout their extended history ?", "id": "5730985d396df919000961ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world"}], "question": "What is one the most elevated values among the Grecian society ?", "id": "5730985d396df919000961ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations"}], "question": "At what location did education begin for the first set of people to be eligible to earn and advanced degree in a particular subject ?", "id": "5730985d396df919000961f0"}]}], ["Seniman-seniman Yunani moden yang terkenal termasuk pelukis Renaissance Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Doxaras, Nikolaos Gyzis, Nikiphoros Lytras, Yannis Tsarouchis, Nikos Engonopoulos, Constantine Andreou, Jannis Kounellis, pemahat seperti Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas dan Joannis Avramidis, konduktor Dimitri Mitropoulos, soprano Maria Callas, komposer seperti Mikis Theodorakis, Nikos Skalkottas, Iannis Xenakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Yanni dan Vangelis, salah seorang penyanyi terlaris di seluruh dunia Nana Mouskouri dan penyair seperti Kostis Palamas, Dionysios Solomos, Angelos Sikelianos dan Yannis Ritsos. Alexandria Constantine P. Cavafy dan pemenang Hadiah Nobel Giorgos Seferis dan Odysseas Elytis adalah antara penyair paling penting abad ke-20. Novel juga diwakili oleh Alexandros Papadiamantis dan Nikos Kazantzakis. <> Siapakah salah seorang tuan lama dari orang Yunani? || Artis Yunani termasuk pelukis Renaissance Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Do <> Siapa yang menyanyi dalam suara yang berada dalam pelbagai oktaf tinggi dari Era Yunani Moden? || soprano Maria Callas <> Siapa yang merupakan pereka hiasan moden yang paling terkenal dari orang Yunani? || pengukir seperti Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas dan Joannis Avramidis <> Nama salah seorang penulis puisi yang juga dinamakan untuk Anugerah Damai Nobel dari orang Yunani? || Penerima Nobel Giorgos Seferis dan Odysseas Elytis adalah antara penyair paling penting abad ke-20.", {"context": "Notable modern Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Doxaras, Nikolaos Gyzis, Nikiphoros Lytras, Yannis Tsarouchis, Nikos Engonopoulos, Constantine Andreou, Jannis Kounellis, sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis, conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos, soprano Maria Callas, composers such as Mikis Theodorakis, Nikos Skalkottas, Iannis Xenakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Yanni and Vangelis, one of the best-selling singers worldwide Nana Mouskouri and poets such as Kostis Palamas, Dionysios Solomos, Angelos Sikelianos and Yannis Ritsos. Alexandrian Constantine P. Cavafy and Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century. Novel is also represented by Alexandros Papadiamantis and Nikos Kazantzakis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Do"}], "question": "Who was one of the old masters from the Greeks ?", "id": "5730969b396df919000961cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "soprano Maria Callas"}], "question": "Who sang in a voice that is in the high octave range from the Modern Greek Era ?", "id": "5730969b396df919000961ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis"}], "question": "Who was one the most well known modern decorative modelers of the Greeks ?", "id": "5730969b396df919000961cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century."}], "question": "Name one of the poetic authors who was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Award from the Greeks ?", "id": "5730969b396df919000961cf"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2007, Greece mempunyai peratusan tertinggi kelulusan pendaftaran tertier di dunia (dengan peratusan bagi pelajar wanita yang lebih tinggi daripada lelaki) manakala orang Yunani Diaspora sama-sama aktif dalam bidang pendidikan. Beratus-ratus ribu pelajar Yunani menghadiri universiti-universiti barat setiap tahun sementara senarai fakulti universiti terkemuka di Barat mengandungi sejumlah nama Yunani yang menarik. Ahli-ahli sains Yunani zaman moden yang terkenal termasuk Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (pencipta ujian Pap), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carath\u00e9odory, Manolis Andronikos, Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize untuk sumbangannya pada fizik quark pesona, sumbangan besar kepada kelahiran Model Standard, teori moden Zarah Elementari), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, \"Hadiah Nobel\" Sains Komputer), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 G\u00f6del Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize) dan Dimitri Nanopoulos. <> Menurut kajian baru-baru ini yang mendaftar di Universiti di Greece dalam bilangan lelaki atau wanita yang lebih tinggi? || persentase pelajar wanita lebih tinggi daripada laki-laki <> Adakah mereka yang berasal dari Yunani ingin pendidikan dari bahagian lain di dunia? || Beratus-ratus ribu pelajar Yunani menghadiri universiti barat setiap tahun <> Adakah pendidik universiti dari dunia Yunani dia bekerja sebagai profesor dan guru di negara lain? || senarai fakulti universiti-universiti terkemuka di Barat mengandungi sejumlah nama Yunani yang mencolok. Siapakah yang membuat penambahan yang signifikan terhadap penyimpangan saintifik yang sedikit menawan yang membawa kepada pemenang anugerah pengiktirafan berprestij dan melahirkan model? || John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize atas sumbangannya terhadap fizik quark pesona, sumbangan besar kepada kelahiran Model Standard,", {"context": "As of 2007, Greece had the eighth highest percentage of tertiary enrollment in the world (with the percentages for female students being higher than for male) while Greeks of the Diaspora are equally active in the field of education. Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names. Notable modern Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carath\u00e9odory, Manolis Andronikos, Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the \"Nobel Prize\" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 G\u00f6del Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize) and Dimitri Nanopoulos.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "the percentages for female students being higher than for male"}], "question": "According to recent research who is enrolled in the Universities in Greece in higher number men or women ?", "id": "57309c8e2461fd1900a9cf09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year"}], "question": "Do those who from Greek descent desire an education from other parts of the world ?", "id": "57309c8e2461fd1900a9cf0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names"}], "question": "Are university  educators from he Greek world working as professors and teachers  in other countries ?", "id": "57309c8e2461fd1900a9cf0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model,"}], "question": "Who made significant addition to a charming little quirky  scientific deviant that lead to the winning of a prestigious award of recognition and gave birth to a model ?", "id": "57309c8e2461fd1900a9cf0c"}]}], ["Satu lagi kajian dari tahun 2012 termasuk 150 pelajar sekolah pergigian dari University of Athens, hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa warna rambut ringan (berambut perang / coklat abu-abu) adalah dominan dalam 10.7% pelajar. 36% mempunyai warna rambut sederhana (coklat gelap / coklat paling gelap). 32% mempunyai coklat gelap dan 21% hitam (15.3 dari hitam, 6% hitam tengah malam). Kesimpulannya, warna rambut kaum muda Yunani kebanyakannya berwarna coklat, mulai dari cahaya hingga coklat gelap. dengan minoriti yang besar mempunyai rambut hitam dan berambut pirang. Kajian yang sama juga menunjukkan bahawa warna mata pelajar adalah 14.6% biru / hijau, 28% sederhana (coklat muda) dan 57.4% coklat gelap. <> Apa warna rambut dominan yang dipercayai berleluasa di kalangan orang Yunani || kesimpulan warna rambut orang muda Yunani kebanyakannya berwarna coklat, mulai dari cahaya hingga coklat gelap <> Warna-warna mana yang terletak di luar atau bagi keturunan Yunani? || minoriti yang penting mempunyai rambut hitam dan berambut <> Apa warna mata menunjukkan kehadiran paling sedikit di kalangan warisan Yunani? || 14.6% biru / hijau <> Apa warna mata yang dipercayai menjadi norma di kalangan orang Yunani? || 57.4% coklat gelap", {"context": "Another study from 2012 included 150 dental school students from University of Athens, the result showed that light hair colour (blonde/light ash brown) was predominant in 10.7% of the students. 36% had medium hair colour (Light brown/Medium darkest brown). 32% had darkest brown and 21% black (15.3 off black, 6% midnight black). In conclusion the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown, ranging from light to dark brown. with significant minorities having black and blonde hair. The same study also showed that the eye colour of the students was 14.6% blue/green, 28% medium (light brown) and 57.4% dark brown.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "conclusion the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown, ranging from light to dark brown"}], "question": "What dominant hair color is to believed to be prevalent among Greeks ", "id": "5730a5962461fd1900a9cf33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "significant minorities having black and blonde hair"}], "question": "Which colors lay outside of the nor for those of Greek descent ?", "id": "5730a5962461fd1900a9cf34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "14.6% blue/green"}], "question": "What eye color shows the least presence among those of Greek heritage ?", "id": "5730a5962461fd1900a9cf36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "57.4% dark brown"}], "question": "What eye color is believed to be the norm among Greeks ?", "id": "5730a5962461fd1900a9cf35"}]}], ["Tradisi perkapalan Yunani pulih semasa pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah ketika kelas menengah pedagang besar berkembang, yang memainkan peranan penting dalam Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani. Hari ini, perkapalan Yunani terus makmur sejauh mana Greece mempunyai armada peniaga terbesar di dunia, sementara banyak lagi kapal di bawah kepemilikan Yunani menerbangkan bendera kemudahan. Maharaja perkapalan yang paling terkenal pada abad ke-20 adalah Aristotle Onassis, yang lain ialah Yiannis Latsis, George Livanos, dan Stavros Niarchos. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Uthmaniyyah yang menyebabkan dan menaikkan semangat dalam kelas masyarakat Yunani? || Tradisi perkapalan Yunani pulih semasa pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah apabila kelas menengah saudagar besar berkembang <> Adakah perniagaan pelayaran masih relevan dengan ekonomi Yunani? || Perkapalan Yunani terus makmur sejauh mana Greece mempunyai armada peniaga terbesar di dunia <> Apa perkembangan perubahan ini membawa kepada orang-orang Yunani di bawah penguasa Uthmaniyyah? || Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani <> Apakah suami terakhir Jacquelyn Kennedy dikenali? || Mahkota perkapalan yang paling terkenal pada abad ke-20 ialah Aristotle Onassis", {"context": "The Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed, which played an important part in the Greek War of Independence. Today, Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world, while many more ships under Greek ownership fly flags of convenience. The most notable shipping magnate of the 20th century was Aristotle Onassis, others being Yiannis Latsis, George Livanos, and Stavros Niarchos.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed"}], "question": "What was brought about by the Ottomans that caused and uplift in the classes of Greek society ?", "id": "5730a4bc396df9190009623e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world"}], "question": "Is the seafaring business still of any relevancy to the Greek economy ?", "id": "5730a4bc396df91900096240"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Greek War of Independence"}], "question": "What did the development of these changes lead to for the Greeks under Ottoman rulers ?", "id": "5730a4bc396df9190009623f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "most notable shipping magnate of the 20th century was Aristotle Onassis"}], "question": "What was the last husband of Jacquelyn Kennedy known for ? ", "id": "5730a4bc396df91900096241"}]}], ["Pelaut-pelaut Yunani terkenal termasuk orang-orang seperti Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda yang berlayar ke Iberia dan seterusnya, Nearchus, saudagar abad ke-6 dan kemudian Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas yang berlayar ke India) dan penjelajah laluan Northwestern Juan de Fuca. Di kemudian hari, Romioi menyiapkan lorong-lorong laut dari perdagangan Mediterranean dan terkawal sehingga embargo yang dikenakan oleh Kaisar Rom pada perdagangan dengan Khalifah membuka pintu untuk pra-keunggulan Itali dalam perdagangan. <> Apa lagi yang dikenali oleh kapten ini? || penjelajah laluan Northwestern Juan de Fuca <> Siapa kapten kapal laut yang terkenal di kalangan orang Yunani yang belayar ke Asia? || Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas yang berlayar ke India) <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh orang Yunani yang menyebabkan kesepakatan kemudian dibuat dengan orang Itali? || menyiapkan lorong-lorong laut perdagangan Mediterranean dan terkawal <> Siapa yang mencadangkan perubahan itu diperlukan dalam cara perniagaan dengan orang-orang Yunani harus dijalankan? || perdagangan sehingga embargo yang dikenakan oleh Kaisar Rom pada perdagangan dengan Khalifah", {"context": "Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca"}], "question": "What else is this particular captain known for doing ? ", "id": "5730a36a2461fd1900a9cf18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India)"}], "question": "Who was the well known sea vessel captain of the Greeks who sailed to Asia  ?", "id": "5730a36a2461fd1900a9cf17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade"}], "question": "What did Greeks do that caused a later deal to be made with the Italians ?", "id": "5730a36a2461fd1900a9cf19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate"}], "question": "Who proposed that change was needed in the way business with the Greeks was to be conducted  ? ", "id": "5730a36a2461fd1900a9cf1a"}]}], ["Sejarah orang Yunani dikaitkan rapat dengan sejarah Yunani, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor dan Laut Hitam. Semasa pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah di Greece, beberapa kumpulan orang Yunani di sekitar Mediterranean telah terputus dari inti, terutamanya di Itali Selatan, Caucasus, Syria dan Mesir. Pada awal abad ke-20, lebih separuh daripada penduduk berbahasa Yunani keseluruhannya telah diselesaikan di Asia Minor (sekarang Turki), manakala kemudian abad itu gelombang besar penghijrahan ke Amerika Syarikat, Australia, Kanada dan di tempat lain membuat diaspora Yunani moden. <> Lokasi manakah yang banyak orang Yunani memutuskan untuk hidup di luar Yunani selepas abad ke-19? || Asia Minor (sekarang Turki) <> Selama masa penguasaan banyak orang Yunani tidak dapat berinteraksi dengan lokasi pusatnya? || Pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah dari Yunani <> Antologi dari dunia Yunani sangat rapat dengan bidang-bidang mana di dunia? || Sejarah orang Yunani dikaitkan rapat dengan sejarah Yunani, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor dan Laut Hitam. <> Apa yang membawa kepada keadaan semasa penyebaran luas rakyat Yunani? || gelombang besar penghijrahan ke Amerika Syarikat, Australia, Kanada dan di tempat lain membuat diaspora Yunani moden. <> Selepas abad ke-19 tentang berapa banyak penduduk Yunani tinggal di Asia kecil? || Pada awal abad ke-20, lebih separuh daripada penduduk berbahasa Yunani keseluruhan telah diselesaikan di Asia Minor (sekarang Turki)", {"context": "The history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea. During the Ottoman rule of Greece, a number of Greek enclaves around the Mediterranean were cut off from the core, notably in Southern Italy, the Caucasus, Syria and Egypt. By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey), while later that century a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Asia Minor (now Turkey)"}], "question": "What location did many of the Greek people decide to live in other than Greece after the 19th century ?", "id": "5730a767396df91900096247"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Ottoman rule of Greece"}], "question": "During what period of domination were many Greeks unable to interact with it's central location ?", "id": "5730a767396df91900096246"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea."}], "question": "The anthology of the Greek world is intimately joined with what areas of the world ?", "id": "5730a767396df9190009624a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora."}], "question": "What has lead to the current situation of vast dispersion of the Greek people ?", "id": "5730a767396df91900096248"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey)"}], "question": "After the 19th century about how much of the Greek population resided in little Asia ?", "id": "5730a767396df91900096249"}]}]], [["Umat Islam percaya bahawa Al-Quran secara lisan didedahkan oleh Allah kepada Muhammad melalui malaikat Jibril (Jibril), secara beransur-ansur dalam tempoh kira-kira 23 tahun, bermula pada 22 Disember 609 M, ketika Muhammad berusia 40 tahun, dan berakhir pada tahun 632, tahun kematiannya . Orang Islam menganggap Quran sebagai mukjizat yang paling penting dari Muhammad, bukti kenabiannya, dan kemunculan beberapa mesej ilahi yang bermula dengan mesej-mesej yang diturunkan kepada Adam dan berakhir dengan Muhammad. Perkataan \"Quran\" berlaku kira-kira 70 kali dalam teks Al-Quran, walaupun nama dan kata-kata yang berbeza juga dikatakan sebagai rujukan kepada Al-Quran. <> Mana malaikat yang dipercayai telah menyampaikan Al-Quran kepada Muhammad? || Gabriel <> Pada tarikh mana Muhammad mula menerima Quran? || 22 Disember 609 CE <> Di mana tahun CE Muhammad mati? || 632 <> Apakah varian Arab Gabriel? || Jibril <> Berapa kali perkataan \"Quran\" yang digunakan dalam Quran? || 70", {"context": "Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril), gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 CE, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, a proof of his prophethood, and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam and ended with Muhammad. The word \"Quran\" occurs some 70 times in the text of the Quran, although different names and words are also said to be references to the Quran.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Gabriel"}], "question": "Which angel is believed to have communicated the Quran to Muhammad?", "id": "572e9b93cb0c0d14000f134a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "22 December 609 CE"}], "question": "On which date did Muhammad begin receiving the Quran?", "id": "572e9b93cb0c0d14000f134b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "632"}], "question": "In which year CE did Muhammad die?", "id": "572e9b93cb0c0d14000f134c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Jibril"}], "question": "What is the Arabic variant of Gabriel?", "id": "572e9b93cb0c0d14000f134d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "70"}], "question": "How many times is the word \"Quran\" used in the Quran?", "id": "572e9b93cb0c0d14000f134e"}]}], ["Perkataan qur'\u0101n muncul kira-kira 70 kali dalam Al-Quran itu sendiri, dengan mengandaikan pelbagai makna. Ia adalah kata nama verbal (ma\u1e63dar) dari kata kerja Arab qara'a (\u0642\u0631\u0623), yang bermaksud \"dia membaca\" atau \"dia membacakan\". Setaraf Syriac adalah (\u0729\u072a\u071d\u0722\u0710) qery\u0101n\u0101, yang merujuk kepada \"pembacaan tulisan suci\" atau \"pelajaran\". Sedangkan beberapa cendekiawan Barat menganggap perkataan yang berasal dari Syriac, kebanyakan pihak berkuasa Islam memegang asal-usul perkataan itu adalah qara'a itu sendiri. Walau apa pun, ia telah menjadi istilah Arab oleh seumur hidup Muhammad. Makna yang penting dari perkataan itu adalah \"perbuatan membaca\", seperti yang digambarkan dalam ayat al-Quran yang awal: \"Ia adalah untuk Kami mengumpulkan dan membaca (qur'\u0101nahu).\" <> Dari mana kata kerja Arab mungkin \"Quran\" diterbitkan? || qara'a <> Apa perkataan Syriac mungkin berkaitan dengan \"Al-Quran\"? || qery\u0101n\u0101 <> Kata-kata yang boleh digambarkan oleh nama \"Quran\" berkaitan dengan yang bertindak? || bacaan <> Perkataan mana yang paling ditakrifkan oleh para ulama Islam sebagai asal nama Al-Quran? || qara'a", {"context": "The word qur\u02bc\u0101n appears about 70 times in the Quran itself, assuming various meanings. It is a verbal noun (ma\u1e63dar) of the Arabic verb qara\u02bca (\u0642\u0631\u0623), meaning \"he read\" or \"he recited\". The Syriac equivalent is (\u0729\u072a\u071d\u0722\u0710) qery\u0101n\u0101, which refers to \"scripture reading\" or \"lesson\". While some Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac, the majority of Muslim authorities hold the origin of the word is qara\u02bca itself. Regardless, it had become an Arabic term by Muhammad's lifetime. An important meaning of the word is the \"act of reciting\", as reflected in an early Quranic passage: \"It is for Us to collect it and to recite it (qur\u02bc\u0101nahu).\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "qara\u02bca"}], "question": "From which Arabic verb might \"Quran\" be derived?", "id": "572e9f6ddfa6aa1500f8d20d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "qery\u0101n\u0101"}], "question": "What Syriac word might be related to \"Quran\"?", "id": "572e9f6ddfa6aa1500f8d20e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "reciting"}], "question": "The words from which the name \"Quran\" might be described are related to which act?", "id": "572e9f6ddfa6aa1500f8d20f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "qara\u02bca"}], "question": "Which word do most Muslim scholars point to as the origin of the Quran's name?", "id": "572e9f6ddfa6aa1500f8d210"}]}], ["Istilah ini juga mempunyai sinonim yang berkait rapat yang digunakan sepanjang Quran. Setiap sinonim mempunyai erti yang tersendiri, tetapi penggunaannya mungkin berkisar dengan qur'\u0101n dalam konteks tertentu. Terma tersebut termasuk kit\u0101b (buku); \u0101yah (tanda); dan s\u016brah (kitab). Dua istilah terakhir juga menunjukkan unit wahyu. Dalam kebanyakan konteks, biasanya dengan artikel yang pasti (al-), perkataan tersebut disebut sebagai \"wahyu\" (wa\u1e25y), yang telah \"diturunkan\" (tanz\u012bl) pada selang waktu. Kata-kata lain yang berkaitan adalah: dhikr (peringatan), digunakan untuk merujuk kepada Al-Quran dalam pengertian peringatan dan peringatan, dan kearifan, yang kadang-kadang merujuk kepada wahyu atau sebahagian daripadanya. <> Istilah yang digunakan dalam Al-Quran untuk menunjukkan dirinya bermaksud \"buku\"? || kit\u0101b <> Istilah mana yang digunakan oleh Al-Quran untuk dirujuk sebagai \"tulisan suci\"? || s\u016brah <> Apa arti Quran apabila ia menyebut dirinya hikmah? || kebijaksanaan <> Nama apa yang digunakan Al-Quran untuk itu sendiri yang bermaksud \"wahyu\"? || wa\u1e25y", {"context": "The term also has closely related synonyms that are employed throughout the Quran. Each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning, but its use may converge with that of qur\u02bc\u0101n in certain contexts. Such terms include kit\u0101b (book); \u0101yah (sign); and s\u016brah (scripture). The latter two terms also denote units of revelation. In the large majority of contexts, usually with a definite article (al-), the word is referred to as the \"revelation\" (wa\u1e25y), that which has been \"sent down\" (tanz\u012bl) at intervals. Other related words are: dhikr (remembrance), used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning, and \u1e25ikmah (wisdom), sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "kit\u0101b"}], "question": "Which term used in the Quran to indicate itself means \"book\"?", "id": "572ea0bdc246551400ce442c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "s\u016brah"}], "question": "Which term does the Quran use to refer to itself as \"scripture\"?", "id": "572ea0bdc246551400ce442d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "wisdom"}], "question": "What meaning does the Quran take when it calls itself hikmah?", "id": "572ea0bdc246551400ce442e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "wa\u1e25y"}], "question": "What name does the Quran use for itself that means \"revelation\"?", "id": "572ea0bdc246551400ce442f"}]}], ["Al-Quran menggambarkan Muhammad sebagai \"ummi\", yang secara tradisinya ditafsirkan sebagai \"buta huruf,\" tetapi makna agak kompleks. Pengulas zaman pertengahan seperti Al-Tabari mengekalkan bahawa istilah itu membawa dua makna: pertama, ketidakmampuan membaca atau menulis secara umum; kedua, ketidakpastian atau kejahilan buku atau kitab suci yang terdahulu (tetapi mereka memberi keutamaan kepada makna yang pertama). Buta huruf Muhammad telah diambil sebagai tanda kesucian kenabiannya. Sebagai contoh, menurut Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, jika Muhammad telah menguasai penulisan dan membaca, ia mungkin telah disyaki telah mempelajari buku-buku para leluhur. Sesetengah sarjana seperti Watt lebih suka makna kedua \"ummi\" - mereka membawanya untuk menunjukkan ketidakpastian dengan teks suci terdahulu. <> Apakah tafsiran yang paling umum dari perkataan \"ummi\" yang diterapkan Quran kepada Muhammad? || Tidak beretika <> Kerana Mohammed adalah \"ummi,\" apa yang dia tidak tahu tentang kepercayaan itu kepada kenabiannya? || teks-teks suci terdahulu <> Apa istilah yang digunakan oleh Al-Quran untuk menggambarkan kurangnya pendedahan kepada kitab suci Muhammad? || ummi <> Kemahiran apa yang akan membuat orang lain lebih mencurigakan bahawa Mohammad tidak mendapat wahyu-Nya dalam cara dia berkata? || menulis dan membaca", {"context": "The Quran describes Muhammad as \"ummi\", which is traditionally interpreted as \"illiterate,\" but the meaning is rather more complex. Medieval commentators such as Al-Tabari maintained that the term induced two meanings: first, the inability to read or write in general; second, the inexperience or ignorance of the previous books or scriptures (but they gave priority to the first meaning). Muhammad's illiteracy was taken as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood. For example, according to Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors. Some scholars such as Watt prefer the second meaning of \"ummi\" - they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "illiterate"}], "question": "What is the most common interpretation of the word \"ummi\" that the Quran applies to Muhammad?", "id": "572ea5f5dfa6aa1500f8d249"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "earlier sacred texts"}], "question": "Because Mohammed was \"ummi,\" what would he not have known about that lent credence to his prophethood?", "id": "572ea5f5dfa6aa1500f8d24a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "ummi"}], "question": "What term does the Quran use to describe Mohammad's lack of exposure to scripture?", "id": "572ea5f5dfa6aa1500f8d24b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "writing and reading"}], "question": "What skills would have made others more suspicious that Mohammad was not getting his revelations in the way he said?", "id": "572ea5f5dfa6aa1500f8d24c"}]}], ["Mengikut naratif tradisional, beberapa sahabat Muhammad berkhidmat sebagai ahli tulis dan bertanggungjawab menulis ayat-ayat. Tidak lama selepas kematian Muhammad, Al-Quran dikumpulkan oleh para sahabatnya yang menulis dan menghafal sebahagian daripadanya. Kod-kodi ini mempunyai perbezaan yang mendorong Khalifah Uthman untuk menubuhkan versi standard yang kini dikenali sebagai codex Uthman, yang pada umumnya dianggap sebagai asas al-Quran yang diketahui hari ini. Walau bagaimanapun, ada pembacaan variasi, dengan kebanyakan perbezaan kecil dalam makna. <> Siapa yang pertama mencatat wahyu Muhammad? || sahabat Muhammad <> Siapa yang pertama menyeragamkan versi awal Quran? || Khalifah Uthman <> Dengan nama apa yang dimaksudkan dengan versi al-Quran yang pertama? || Codex Uthman", {"context": "According to the traditional narrative, several companions of Muhammad served as scribes and were responsible for writing down the revelations. Shortly after Muhammad's death, the Quran was compiled by his companions who wrote down and memorized parts of it. These codices had differences that motivated the Caliph Uthman to establish a standard version now known as Uthman's codex, which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today. There are, however, variant readings, with mostly minor differences in meaning.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "companions of Muhammad"}], "question": "Who first recorded Muhammad revelations?", "id": "572e9c8cc246551400ce43e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Caliph Uthman"}], "question": "Who first standardized the earliest versions of the Quran?", "id": "572e9c8cc246551400ce43e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Uthman's codex"}], "question": "By what name is the first standardized version of the Quran known?", "id": "572e9c8cc246551400ce43e8"}]}], ["Al-Quran mengasaskan kebiasaan dengan kisah-kisah besar yang diceritakan dalam kitab-kitab Alkitab. Ia meringkaskan sebahagian, panjang lebar pada orang lain dan, dalam beberapa kes, membentangkan akaun alternatif dan tafsiran peristiwa. Al-Quran menggambarkan dirinya sebagai buku panduan. Ia kadang-kadang menawarkan akaun terperinci mengenai peristiwa sejarah tertentu, dan ia sering menekankan kepentingan moral suatu peristiwa di atas urutan naratifnya. Al-Quran digunakan bersama dengan hadith untuk menafsirkan hukum syariah. Semasa solat, al-Quran dibacakan hanya dalam bahasa Arab. <> Di mana bahasa adalah Al-Quran yang dituturkan semasa solat? || Bahasa Arab <> Al-Quran digunakan dalam tafsiran bentuk undang-undang? || syariah <> Akaun apa yang menjadi asas kepada banyak akaun dalam Quran? || Kitab Suci Alkitab <> Teks agama mana yang menyebut dirinya sebagai panduan? || Quran", {"context": "The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Biblical scriptures. It summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence. The Quran is used along with the hadith to interpret sharia law. During prayers, the Quran is recited only in Arabic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "In which language is the Quran spoken during prayer?", "id": "572e9e07cb0c0d14000f1380"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "sharia"}], "question": "The Quran is used in the interpretation of which form of law?", "id": "572e9e07cb0c0d14000f1381"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Biblical scriptures"}], "question": "What accounts are form the basis of much of the accounts in the Quran?", "id": "572e9e07cb0c0d14000f1382"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Quran"}], "question": "Which religious text calls itself a book of guidance?", "id": "572e9e07cb0c0d14000f1383"}]}], ["Al-Quran menggambarkan dirinya sebagai \"kecerdikan itu\" (al-Furqan), \"buku ibu\" (umm al-kit\u0101b), \"panduan\" (huda), \"kebijaksanaan\" (hikmah), \"berzikir\" (zikir) dan \"wahyu\" (tanz\u012bl; sesuatu yang diturunkan, menandakan turunnya objek dari tempat yang lebih tinggi ke tempat yang lebih rendah). Istilah lain ialah al-kit\u0101b (The Book), walaupun ia juga digunakan dalam bahasa Arab untuk kitab-kitab lain, seperti Taurat dan Injil. Kata sifat dari \"Quran\" mempunyai pelbagai transliterasi termasuk \"Al-Quran\", \"al-Quran\", dan \"al-Quran\", atau dipermodalkan sebagai \"al-Quran\", \"al-Quran\", dan \"Al-Quran\". Istilah mus'haf ('kerja tertulis') sering digunakan untuk merujuk kepada manuskrip Quran yang tertentu tetapi juga digunakan dalam Quran untuk mengenal pasti buku terdahulu terdahulu. Terjemahan lain \"Quran\" termasuk \"al-Coran\", \"Coran\", \"Kuran\", dan \"al-Qur'an\". <> Istilah yang bermaksud \"buku ibu\" yang diterapkan oleh Al-Quran itu sendiri? || umm al-kit\u0101b <> Istilah apa yang digunakan dalam al-Quran untuk menunjukkan wahyu terdahulu? || mus'haf <> Apakah istilah Arab yang biasa digunakan untuk merujuk kepada karya seperti Taurat atau Injil? || al-kit\u0101b <> Apakah terjemahan bahasa Inggeris huda? || panduan", {"context": "The Quran describes itself as \"the discernment\" (al-furq\u0101n), \"the mother book\" (umm al-kit\u0101b), \"the guide\" (huda), \"the wisdom\" (hikmah), \"the remembrance\" (dhikr) and \"the revelation\" (tanz\u012bl; something sent down, signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place). Another term is al-kit\u0101b (The Book), though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospels. The adjective of \"Quran\" has multiple transliterations including \"quranic\", \"koranic\", and \"qur'anic\", or capitalised as \"Qur'anic\", \"Koranic\", and \"Quranic\". The term mus'haf ('written work') is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books. Other transliterations of \"Quran\" include \"al-Coran\", \"Coran\", \"Kuran\", and \"al-Qur\u02bcan\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "umm al-kit\u0101b"}], "question": "Which term meaning \"the mother book\" does the Quran apply to itself?", "id": "572ea250c246551400ce443e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "mus'haf"}], "question": "What term is used in the Quran to indicate previous revelations?", "id": "572ea250c246551400ce443f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "al-kit\u0101b"}], "question": "What is the Arabic term commonly used to refer to works like the Torah or the Gospels?", "id": "572ea250c246551400ce4440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "the guide"}], "question": "What is an English translation of huda?", "id": "572ea250c246551400ce4441"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1972, di sebuah masjid di bandar Sana'a, Yaman, manuskrip ditemui yang kemudiannya terbukti menjadi teks Quran yang paling kuno yang diketahui wujud pada masa itu. Manuskrip Sana'a mengandungi palimpsests, halaman manuskrip dari mana teks telah dibersihkan untuk membuat kertas itu dapat digunakan semula-amalan yang biasa di zaman kuno disebabkan oleh kekurangan bahan penulisan. Walau bagaimanapun, teks asas yang dibuang-buang (scriptio inferior) masih tidak kelihatan dan dipercayai sebagai \"pra-Uthmanik\" kandungan Al-Quran, manakala teks yang ditulis di atas (scriptio superior) dipercayai milik masa Uthmanik. Pengajian yang menggunakan temu janji radiokarbon menunjukkan bahawa perkamen itu bertarikh pada tempoh sebelum 671 AD dengan kebarangkalian 99 peratus. <> Apakah istilah untuk kulit kertas yang dikitar semula digunakan dalam manuskrip purba? || palimpsests <> Sebelum tahun mana manuskrip Sana'a dihasilkan? || 671 AD <> Versi Al-Quran apa yang lebih hebat daripada naskah Sana'a? || Uthmanic <> Di mana bandar itu terdapat bukti penulisan Al-Quran sebelum diturunkan pada tahun 1972? || Sana'a, Yemen", {"context": "In 1972, in a mosque in the city of Sana'a, Yemen, manuscripts were discovered that were later proved to be the most ancient Quranic text known to exist at the time. The Sana'a manuscripts contain palimpsests, a manuscript page from which the text has been washed off to make the parchment reusable again\u2014a practice which was common in ancient times due to scarcity of writing material. However, the faint washed-off underlying text (scriptio inferior) is still barely visible and believed to be \"pre-Uthmanic\" Quranic content, while the text written on top (scriptio superior) is believed to belong to Uthmanic time. Studies using radiocarbon dating indicate that the parchments are dated to the period before 671 AD with a 99 percent probability.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "palimpsests"}], "question": "What is the term for recycled parchments used in ancient manuscripts?", "id": "572ea993cb0c0d14000f1416"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "671 AD"}], "question": "Before which year were the Sana'a manuscripts produced?", "id": "572ea993cb0c0d14000f1417"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "Uthmanic"}], "question": "What version of the Quran was the scriptio superior of the Sana'a manuscripts?", "id": "572ea993cb0c0d14000f1419"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Sana'a, Yemen"}], "question": "In which city was evidence of pre-Uthmanic Quranic writing discovered in 1972?", "id": "572ea993cb0c0d14000f1418"}]}], ["Tradisi Islam mengaitkan bahawa Muhammad menerima wahyu pertamanya di Gua Hira semasa salah satu retretnya yang terpencil ke pergunungan. Selepas itu, dia menerima wahyu selama 23 tahun. Menurut hadis dan riwayat Muslim, setelah Muhammad berhijrah ke Madinah dan membentuk masyarakat Islam yang bebas, beliau mengarahkan banyak sahabatnya untuk membaca Al-Quran dan mempelajari dan mengajarkan undang-undang yang diturunkan setiap hari. Adalah berkaitan bahawa beberapa orang Quraisy yang dibawa tahanan pada peperangan Badar mendapatkan kebebasan mereka setelah mereka mengajar beberapa orang Islam menulis secara ringkas masa itu. Oleh itu sekumpulan umat Islam secara beransur-ansur menjadi celik huruf. Seperti yang diucapkan pada mulanya, Al-Quran direkodkan pada tablet, tulang, dan hujung rata-rata kelapa sawit tarikh. Kebanyakan surah digunakan di kalangan orang Islam awal kerana disebutkan dalam pelbagai ucapan oleh kedua sumber Sunni dan Syiah, yang mengaitkan penggunaan Muhammad sebagai panggilan kepada Islam, pembuatan doa dan cara bacaan. Walau bagaimanapun, Quran tidak wujud dalam bentuk buku pada masa kematian Muhammad pada tahun 632. Terdapat persetujuan di kalangan para ulama bahawa Muhammad sendiri tidak menulis wahyu itu. <> Di manakah gua gunung Mohammad mengalami wahyu pertamanya? || Gua Hira <> Di manakah Mohammad bergerak untuk mencari masyarakat Islam yang berasingan? || Medina <> Tahanan yang mana pertempuran diperkirakan telah membantu umat Islam belajar menulis? || Badr <> Vegetasi dari mana pokok itu berfungsi sebagai media rakaman awal untuk Quran? || date palm <> Apabila Muhammad mati, apa yang belum dikumpulkan sebagai buku? || Quran", {"context": "Islamic tradition relates that Muhammad received his first revelation in the Cave of Hira during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. Thereafter, he received revelations over a period of 23 years. According to hadith and Muslim history, after Muhammad immigrated to Medina and formed an independent Muslim community, he ordered many of his companions to recite the Quran and to learn and teach the laws, which were revealed daily. It is related that some of the Quraysh who were taken prisoners at the battle of Badr regained their freedom after they had taught some of the Muslims the simple writing of the time. Thus a group of Muslims gradually became literate. As it was initially spoken, the Quran was recorded on tablets, bones, and the wide, flat ends of date palm fronds. Most suras were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both Sunni and Shia sources, relating Muhammad's use of the Quran as a call to Islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation. However, the Quran did not exist in book form at the time of Muhammad's death in 632. There is agreement among scholars that Muhammad himself did not write down the revelation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Cave of Hira"}], "question": "In which mountain cave did Mohammad experience his first revelation?", "id": "572ea39dcb0c0d14000f13be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Medina"}], "question": "Where did Mohammad move to found a separate Muslim community?", "id": "572ea39dcb0c0d14000f13bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Badr"}], "question": "Prisoners from which battle are thought to have helped Muslims learn to write?", "id": "572ea39dcb0c0d14000f13c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "date palm"}], "question": "Vegetation from which tree served as an early recording medium for the Quran?", "id": "572ea39dcb0c0d14000f13c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1033, "text": "Quran"}], "question": "When Muhammad dies, what had not yet been compiled as a book?", "id": "572ea39dcb0c0d14000f13c2"}]}], ["Berdasarkan laporan yang disampaikan sebelum ini, pada tahun 632, setelah kematian Muhammad, sejumlah sahabatnya yang mengetahui Al-Quran oleh hati terbunuh dalam pertempuran oleh Musaylimah, khalifah pertama Abu Bakr (634) memutuskan untuk mengumpulkan buku dalam satu jilid supaya ia dapat dipelihara. Zayd ibn Thabit (d. 655) adalah orang yang mengumpul Quran sejak \"dia digunakan untuk menulis Inspirasi Ilahi untuk Rasul Allah\". Oleh itu, sekumpulan ahli tafsir, yang paling penting Zayd, mengumpul ayat-ayat dan menghasilkan manuskrip tulisan tangan buku lengkap. Manuskrip menurut Zayd kekal dengan Abu Bakr sehingga dia meninggal dunia. Tindak balas Zayd terhadap tugas dan kesulitan dalam mengumpulkan bahan al-Quran dari perkamen, batang palem, batu nipis dan dari lelaki yang mengenalnya dengan hati dicatat dalam narasi terdahulu. Selepas Abu Bakr, Hafsa binti Umar, janda Muhammad, telah diamanahkan dengan manuskripnya. Pada kira-kira 650, khalifah ketiga Uthman ibn Affan (656) mula memperhatikan sedikit perbezaan dalam sebutan Al-Quran sebagai Islam berkembang melangkaui Semenanjung Arab ke Persia, Levant, dan Afrika Utara. Untuk memelihara kesucian teks, dia mengarahkan jawatankuasa yang diketuai oleh Zayd untuk menggunakan salinan Abu Bakr dan menyediakan salinan standard Al-Quran. Jadi, dalam masa 20 tahun kematian Muhammad, Quran telah berkomitmen untuk menulis bentuk. Teks itu menjadi model dari mana salinan dibuat dan diisytiharkan di seluruh pusat bandar di dunia Islam, dan versi lain dipercayai telah musnah. Bentuk teks Quran sekarang ini diterima oleh ulama Muslim sebagai versi asal yang disusun oleh Abu Bakr. <> Yang khalifah memutuskan untuk memelihara Al-Quran sebagai satu buku selepas beberapa sahabat Muhammad terbunuh dalam peperangan? || Abu Bakr <> Penulis mana yang mengetuai pengeluaran al-Quran bertulis pertama? || Zayd ibn Thabit <> Di mana tahun Abu Bakr mati? || 634 <> Siapa yang menguasai manuskrip Quran pertama selepas Abu Bakr? || Hafsa binti Umar <> Yang khalifah mengarahkan manuskrip Quran disalin dan diselaraskan? || Uthman ibn Affan", {"context": "Based on earlier transmitted reports, in the year 632, after the demise of Muhammad a number of his companions who knew the Quran by heart were killed in a battle by Musaylimah, the first caliph Abu Bakr (d. 634) decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved. Zayd ibn Thabit (d. 655) was the person to collect the Quran since \"he used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Apostle\". Thus, a group of scribes, most importantly Zayd, collected the verses and produced a hand-written manuscript of the complete book. The manuscript according to Zayd remained with Abu Bakr until he died. Zayd's reaction to the task and the difficulties in collecting the Quranic material from parchments, palm-leaf stalks, thin stones and from men who knew it by heart is recorded in earlier narratives. After Abu Bakr, Hafsa bint Umar, Muhammad's widow, was entrusted with the manuscript. In about 650, the third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (d. 656) began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia, the Levant, and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd to use Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Quran. Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed. The present form of the Quran text is accepted by Muslim scholars to be the original version compiled by Abu Bakr.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Abu Bakr"}], "question": "Which caliph decided to preserve the Quran as a single book after some of Muhammad's companions were killed in battle?", "id": "572ea78ec246551400ce4476"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Zayd ibn Thabit"}], "question": "Which scribe led the production of the first written Quran?", "id": "572ea78ec246551400ce4477"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "634"}], "question": "In which year did Abu Bakr die?", "id": "572ea78ec246551400ce4478"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "Hafsa bint Umar"}], "question": "Who took possession of the first Quran manuscript after Abu Bakr?", "id": "572ea78ec246551400ce4479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 935, "text": "Uthman ibn Affan"}], "question": "Which caliph ordered the Quran manuscript copied and standardized?", "id": "572ea78ec246551400ce447a"}]}], ["Kandungan Al-Quran bersangkutan dengan kepercayaan dasar Islam termasuk kewujudan Tuhan dan kebangkitan. Naratif para nabi awal, subjek etika dan undang-undang, peristiwa sejarah masa Muhammad, amal dan doa juga muncul dalam al-Quran. Ayat-ayat Al-Quran mengandungi nasihat-nasihat umum mengenai peristiwa-peristiwa yang benar dan salah dan berkaitan dengan peristiwa-peristiwa yang berkaitan dengan pelajaran moral umum. Ayat-ayat yang berkaitan dengan fenomena semulajadi telah ditafsirkan oleh umat Islam sebagai petunjuk keaslian mesej Al-Quran. <> Alquran ayat mengenai fenomena yang difikirkan oleh umat Islam untuk mengesahkan kandungannya? || semula jadi <> Apakah jenis peristiwa yang berkaitan dengan Quran dalam menyokong ajaran moralnya? || sejarah <> Naratif sejarah dari zaman mana yang unik kepada Quran di antara kitab suci? || Muhammad", {"context": "The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of God and the resurrection. Narratives of the early prophets, ethical and legal subjects, historical events of Muhammad's time, charity and prayer also appear in the Quran. The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons. Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "natural"}], "question": "Quranic verses concerning which phenomena are thought by Muslims to authenticate its contents?", "id": "572eb10103f9891900756969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "historical"}], "question": "What types of events are related in the Quran in support of its moral teachings?", "id": "572eb10103f989190075696a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Muhammad's"}], "question": "Historical narratives from whose time period are unique to the Quran among holy books?", "id": "572eb10103f989190075696b"}]}], ["Di samping dan bebas dari pembahagian ke suras, terdapat pelbagai cara membahagikan Al-Quran menjadi sebahagian daripada panjang yang hampir sama untuk kemudahan membaca. 30 juz '(ajz\u0101 jamak) boleh digunakan untuk membaca seluruh Quran dalam sebulan. Sebahagian daripada bahagian ini dikenali dengan nama-yang merupakan beberapa perkataan pertama yang bermula dengan juz. Juz 'kadang-kadang dibahagikan kepada dua \u1e25izb (jamak jamak), dan setiap hizb dibahagikan kepada empat rub'-ahzab. Al-Quran juga dibahagikan kepada tujuh bahagian yang hampir sama, manzil (jamak jamak), untuk dibaca dalam seminggu. <> Apakah pembahagian Al-Quran digunakan untuk bacaan selama sebulan? || juz '<> Berapa banyak ajz\u0101 merangkumi seluruh Quran? || 30 <> Berapa banyak ahzab dalam juz '? || dua <> Apakah istilah bagi subbahagian hizb? || rub' al-ahzab <> Pembahagian apa yang digunakan untuk bacaan Quran selama seminggu? || manzil", {"context": "In addition to and independent of the division into suras, there are various ways of dividing the Quran into parts of approximately equal length for convenience in reading. The 30 juz' (plural ajz\u0101\u02bc) can be used to read through the entire Quran in a month. Some of these parts are known by names\u2014which are the first few words by which the juz\u02bc starts. A juz' is sometimes further divided into two \u1e25izb (plural a\u1e25z\u0101b), and each hizb subdivided into four rub\u02bb al-ahzab. The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts, manzil (plural man\u0101zil), for it to be recited in a week.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "juz'"}], "question": "What division of the Quran is used for a month-long reading?", "id": "572eafd1c246551400ce4504"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many ajz\u0101 cover the entire Quran?", "id": "572eafd1c246551400ce4505"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many ahzab are in a juz'?", "id": "572eafd1c246551400ce4506"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "rub\u02bb al-ahzab"}], "question": "What is the term for a subdivision of a hizb?", "id": "572eafd1c246551400ce4507"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "manzil"}], "question": "What division is used for a week-long recital of the Quran?", "id": "572eafd1c246551400ce4508"}]}], ["Menghormati teks bertulis Quran adalah elemen penting dalam agama keagamaan oleh banyak umat Islam, dan Quran diperlakukan dengan penuh hormat. Berdasarkan tradisi dan tafsiran harfiah Al-Quran 56:79 (\"tidak ada yang akan menyentuh tetapi orang-orang yang bersih\"), sesetengah orang Muslim percaya bahawa mereka harus melakukan pembersihan ritual dengan air sebelum menyentuh salinan Al-Quran, walaupun pandangan ini tidak universal. Salinan al-Quran yang haus dibalut dengan kain dan disimpan selama-lamanya di tempat yang selamat, dikebumikan di masjid atau pemakaman Muslim, atau dibakar dan abu dikebumikan atau tersebar di atas air. <> Bahagian Al-Quran yang memberi inspirasi kepada sesetengah umat Islam untuk mencuci diri sebelum menyentuh salinan mereka? || 56:79 <> Apa yang dilakukan dengan abu salinan terbakar Al-Quran? || dikebumikan atau bertaburan di atas air <> Dalam keadaan apakah salinan Al-Quran yang dibalut kain dan dikebumikan? || Worn-out <> Yang mana tempat paling selamat untuk menyalin salinan Al-Quran yang lebih lama? || sebuah masjid atau perkuburan Islam", {"context": "Respect for the written text of the Quran is an important element of religious faith by many Muslims, and the Quran is treated with reverence. Based on tradition and a literal interpretation of Quran 56:79 (\"none shall touch but those who are clean\"), some Muslims believe that they must perform a ritual cleansing with water before touching a copy of the Quran, although this view is not universal. Worn-out copies of the Quran are wrapped in a cloth and stored indefinitely in a safe place, buried in a mosque or a Muslim cemetery, or burned and the ashes buried or scattered over water.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "56:79"}], "question": "Which section of the Quran inspires some Muslims to ritually wash themselves before touching their copy?", "id": "572eabfd03f9891900756903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "buried or scattered over water"}], "question": "What is done with the ashes of burned copies of the Quran?", "id": "572eabfd03f9891900756904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Worn-out"}], "question": "In what state are copies of the Quran sometime wrapped in cloth and buried?", "id": "572eabfd03f9891900756905"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "a mosque or a Muslim cemetery"}], "question": "Which are the safest places to inter an older copy of the Quran?", "id": "572eabfd03f9891900756906"}]}], ["Menurut Al-Quran, Allah berkomunikasi dengan manusia dan menjadikan kehendaknya melalui tanda-tanda dan wahyu. Para nabi, atau 'Rasul Allah', menerima wahyu dan menyampaikannya kepada manusia. Mesej itu adalah sama dan untuk semua manusia. \"Tidak ada yang dikatakan kepada kamu yang tidak diucapkan kepada rasul-rasul sebelum kamu, bahawa tuhanmu ada di dalam ampunan perintahnya dan juga azab yang paling berat.\" Wahyu tidak datang langsung dari Tuhan kepada para nabi. Malaikat yang bertindak sebagai utusan Allah memberikan wahyu ilahi kepada mereka. Ini keluar dari Al-Quran 42:51, di mana dinyatakan: \"Bukan untuk manusia yang Allah hendak bicara dengan mereka, kecuali dengan wahyu, atau dari belakang tabir, atau dengan menghantar seorang Rasul untuk menyatakan dengan izinnya sekalipun Dia akan.\" <> Dalam bentuk apa Quran mengatakan Allah menghantar mesej kepada orang? || tanda-tanda dan ayat-ayat <> Siapa yang berpura-pura antara Tuhan dan para nabi? || Angels <> Yang mana bahagian Al-Quran menggambarkan penggunaan perantara Tuhan antara dirinya dan para nabi? || 42:51 <> Manakah yang menjadi utusan Tuhan? || Para nabi <> Bagaimana Quran menggambarkan kesamaan mesej yang telah disampaikan Allah sepanjang sejarah manusia? || sama", {"context": "According to the Quran, God communicated with man and made his will known through signs and revelations. Prophets, or 'Messengers of God', received revelations and delivered them to humanity. The message has been identical and for all humankind. \"Nothing is said to you that was not said to the messengers before you, that your lord has at his Command forgiveness as well as a most Grievous Penalty.\" The revelation does not come directly from God to the prophets. Angels acting as God's messengers deliver the divine revelation to them. This comes out in Quran 42:51, in which it is stated: \"It is not for any mortal that God should speak to them, except by revelation, or from behind a veil, or by sending a messenger to reveal by his permission whatsoever He will.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "signs and revelations"}], "question": "In what form does the Quran say God sends his messages to people?", "id": "572eb39bc246551400ce4532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Angels"}], "question": "Who intermediates between God and prophets?", "id": "572eb39bc246551400ce4533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "42:51"}], "question": "Which part of the Quran describes God's use of intermediaries between himself and his prophets?", "id": "572eb39bc246551400ce4534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Prophets"}], "question": "Which humans are the messengers of God?", "id": "572eb39bc246551400ce4536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "identical"}], "question": "How does the Quran describe the similarity of messages God has delivered throughout human history?", "id": "572eb39bc246551400ce4535"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2015, serpihan al-Quran yang awal, sejak 1370 tahun yang lalu, ditemui di perpustakaan Universiti Birmingham, England. Menurut ujian yang dijalankan oleh Unit Universiti Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator, \"dengan kebarangkalian lebih daripada 95%, kertas kulitnya adalah dari antara 568 dan 645\". Manuskrip itu ditulis dalam skrip Hijazi, bentuk awal tulisan Arab. Ini mungkin merupakan contoh yang paling awal dari Quran, tetapi sebagai ujian membenarkan pelbagai tarikh yang mungkin, ia tidak boleh dikatakan dengan pasti mana versi yang ada adalah yang tertua. Saud al-Sarhan, ulama Saudi telah meragukan mengenai umur serpihan itu kerana ia mengandungi titik-titik dan pemisah bab yang dipercayai berasal dari kemudian. <> Apa skrip yang ditulis oleh fragmen Quran di Birmingham? || Hijazi <> Skrip moden mana yang turun dari skrip pada fragmen Birmingham Quran? || Bahasa Arab <> Apa ciri teks serpihan Al-Quran di Birmingham membuat beberapa keraguan bahawa ia lebih tua daripada versi Al-Quran yang lain? || titik dan pemisah bab <> Berapa tahun lamanya pecahan Quran yang ditemui di Birmingham pada tahun 2015? || 1370", {"context": "In 2015, fragments of a very early Quran, dating back to 1370 years ago, were discovered in the library of the University of Birmingham, England. According to the tests carried out by Oxford University Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, \"with a probability of more than 95%, the parchment was from between 568 and 645\". The manuscript is written in Hijazi script, an early form of written Arabic. This is possibly the earliest extant exemplar of the Quran, but as the tests allow a range of possible dates, it cannot be said with certainty which of the existing versions is the oldest. Saudi scholar Saud al-Sarhan has expressed doubt over the age of the fragments as they contain dots and chapter separators that are believed to have originated later.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Hijazi"}], "question": "What script were the Birmingham Quran fragments written in?", "id": "572eaae1dfa6aa1500f8d288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "Which modern script descends from the script on the Birmingham Quran fragments?", "id": "572eaae1dfa6aa1500f8d289"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "dots and chapter separators"}], "question": "What feature of the Birmingham Quran fragments' text make some doubt that it is older than other known versions of the Quran?", "id": "572eaae1dfa6aa1500f8d28a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "1370"}], "question": "How many years old were the Quran fragments discovered in Birmingham in 2015?", "id": "572eaae1dfa6aa1500f8d287"}]}], ["Al-Quran mengandungi 114 bab yang bervariasi panjang, masing-masing dikenali sebagai surah. Suras diklasifikasikan sebagai Meccan atau Medinan, bergantung kepada sama ada ayat-ayat tersebut didedahkan sebelum atau selepas penghijrahan Muhammad ke bandar Madinah. Walau bagaimanapun, surah yang diklasifikasikan sebagai Medinan mungkin mengandungi ayat Meccan di dalamnya dan sebaliknya. Tajuk-tajuk Sura berasal dari nama atau kualiti yang dibincangkan dalam teks, atau dari huruf pertama atau kata-kata surah. Suras disusun secara kasar dalam usaha mengurangkan saiz. Oleh itu, susunan surah tidak dihubungkan dengan urutan wahyu. Setiap surah kecuali kesembilan bermula dengan Bismillah (\u0628\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645), sebuah frasa bahasa Arab yang bermaksud \"Atas nama Tuhan\". Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat 114 kejadian Bismillah dalam Quran, kerana kehadirannya dalam Quran 27:30 sebagai pembukaan surat Salomo kepada Ratu Syeba. <> Apakah satu bab Al-Quran yang dipanggil? || surah <> Berapa banyak surah yang ada dalam Al-Quran? || 114 <> Apakah dua kategori berkaitan bandar membahagikan surah Al-Quran? || Meccan atau Medinan <> Yang frasa Arab mana yang membuka hampir semua surah? || Bismillah <> Apa yang menentukan urutan di mana surah diletakkan di dalam Al-Quran? || saiz", {"context": "The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths, each known as a sura. Suras are classified as Meccan or Medinan, depending on whether the verses were revealed before or after the migration of Muhammad to the city of Medina. However, a sura classified as Medinan may contain Meccan verses in it and vice versa. Sura titles are derived from a name or quality discussed in the text, or from the first letters or words of the sura. Suras are arranged roughly in order of decreasing size. The sura arrangement is thus not connected to the sequence of revelation. Each sura except the ninth starts with the Bismillah (\u0628\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645), an Arabic phrase meaning \"In the name of God\". There are, however, still 114 occurrences of the Bismillah in the Quran, due to its presence in Quran 27:30 as the opening of Solomon's letter to the Queen of Sheba.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "sura"}], "question": "What is a chapter of the Quran called?", "id": "572eae8bcb0c0d14000f1462"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "114"}], "question": "How many suras are in the Quran?", "id": "572eae8bcb0c0d14000f1463"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Meccan or Medinan"}], "question": "What two city-related categories divide the Quran's suras?", "id": "572eae8bcb0c0d14000f1464"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "Bismillah"}], "question": "Which Arabic phrase opens almost all suras?", "id": "572eae8bcb0c0d14000f1466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "size"}], "question": "What determines the order in which suras are placed in the Quran?", "id": "572eae8bcb0c0d14000f1465"}]}], ["Doktrin hari terakhir dan eskatologi (nasib akhir alam semesta) boleh dianggap sebagai doktrin al-Quran yang kedua. Dianggarkan kira-kira satu pertiga daripada Quran adalah eskatologis, berurusan dengan kehidupan akhirat di dunia yang akan datang dan dengan hari penghakiman pada akhir zaman. Terdapat rujukan kepada kehidupan akhirat di kebanyakan halaman Al-Quran dan kepercayaan di akhirat sering dirujuk bersamaan dengan kepercayaan kepada Tuhan seperti ungkapan biasa: \"Percayalah kepada Tuhan dan hari terakhir\". Beberapa surah seperti 44, 56, 75, 78, 81 dan 101 secara langsung berkaitan dengan kehidupan akhir dan persiapannya. Beberapa surah menunjukkan keakraban peristiwa itu dan memberi amaran kepada orang untuk bersiap sedia untuk hari yang akan datang. Sebagai contoh, ayat-ayat pertama Sura 22, yang menangani gempa bumi yang hebat dan situasi orang pada hari itu, mewakili gaya alamat ilahi ini: \"Wahai manusia! Hormatilah Tuhanmu. Gempa Bumi adalah perkasa benda. \" <> Seberapa frasa Quran berkaitan dengan eskatologi? || satu pertiga <> Apa topik umum tentang eskatologi? || nasib akhir alam semesta <> Ciri-ciri bencana alam yang mana di Sura 22? || gempa bumi <> Topik topik apa surah 44, 56, 75, dan 101 mempunyai persamaan? || akhirat", {"context": "The doctrine of the last day and eschatology (the final fate of the universe) may be reckoned as the second great doctrine of the Quran. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the Quran is eschatological, dealing with the afterlife in the next world and with the day of judgment at the end of time. There is a reference to the afterlife on most pages of the Quran and belief in the afterlife is often referred to in conjunction with belief in God as in the common expression: \"Believe in God and the last day\". A number of suras such as 44, 56, 75, 78, 81 and 101 are directly related to the afterlife and its preparations. Some suras indicate the closeness of the event and warn people to be prepared for the imminent day. For instance, the first verses of Sura 22, which deal with the mighty earthquake and the situations of people on that day, represent this style of divine address: \"O People! Be respectful to your Lord. The earthquake of the Hour is a mighty thing.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "one-third"}], "question": "What fraction of the Quran deals with eschatology?", "id": "572eb23f03f989190075696f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "the final fate of the universe"}], "question": "What general topic is eschatology about?", "id": "572eb23f03f9891900756970"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "earthquake"}], "question": "Which natural disaster features in Sura 22?", "id": "572eb23f03f9891900756971"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "afterlife"}], "question": "What topic do suras 44, 56, 75, and 101 have in common?", "id": "572eb23f03f9891900756972"}]}], ["Kepercayaan adalah aspek asas akhlak dalam Al-Quran, dan para ulama telah berusaha untuk menentukan kandungan semantik \"kepercayaan\" dan \"orang percaya\" dalam Al-Quran. Konsep etika-perundangan dan perundangan yang berkaitan dengan tingkah laku yang benar dikaitkan dengan kesadaran mendalam tentang Tuhan, dengan itu menekankan pentingnya iman, akuntabilitas, dan keyakinan dalam setiap perjumpaan akhir manusia dengan Tuhan. Orang ramai dijemput untuk melakukan amal, terutamanya untuk golongan yang memerlukan. Orang-orang yang beriman yang \"menghabiskan kekayaan mereka pada malam dan siang hari, secara rahsia dan di muka umum\" dijanjikan bahawa mereka \"akan mendapat ganjaran mereka dengan Tuhan mereka, mereka tidak akan takut dan tidak akan berdukacita\". Ia juga menegaskan kehidupan keluarga dengan membuat perundangan mengenai perkara perkahwinan, perceraian, dan pusaka. Beberapa amalan, seperti riba dan perjudian, dilarang. Al-Quran adalah salah satu sumber asas hukum syariah (syariah). Sesetengah amalan keagamaan formal mendapat perhatian penting dalam al-Quran termasuk solat formal (salat) dan berpuasa pada bulan Ramadhan. Adapun cara doa dilakukan, Al-Quran merujuk kepada sujud. Istilah untuk kebajikan, zakat, secara harfiah bermaksud pembersihan. Amal, menurut Al-Quran, adalah cara pemurnian diri. <> Apakah keadaan mental adalah asas moral seperti yang diterangkan oleh Al-Quran? || Kepercayaan <> Apakah perbuatan berkaitan kewangan yang dilarang oleh Al-Quran? || riba dan perjudian <> Apakah nama doa rasmi yang dilarang oleh Al-Quran? || salat <> Bulan mana yang ditetapkan untuk berpuasa di dalam Al-Quran? || Ramadan <> Al-Quran menggunakan istilah yang juga bermaksud pembersihan untuk tindakan sosial apa? || amal", {"context": "Belief is a fundamental aspect of morality in the Quran, and scholars have tried to determine the semantic contents of \"belief\" and \"believer\" in the Quran. The ethico-legal concepts and exhortations dealing with righteous conduct are linked to a profound awareness of God, thereby emphasizing the importance of faith, accountability, and the belief in each human's ultimate encounter with God. People are invited to perform acts of charity, especially for the needy. Believers who \"spend of their wealth by night and by day, in secret and in public\" are promised that they \"shall have their reward with their Lord; on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve\". It also affirms family life by legislating on matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance. A number of practices, such as usury and gambling, are prohibited. The Quran is one of the fundamental sources of Islamic law (sharia). Some formal religious practices receive significant attention in the Quran including the formal prayers (salat) and fasting in the month of Ramadan. As for the manner in which the prayer is to be conducted, the Quran refers to prostration. The term for charity, zakat, literally means purification. Charity, according to the Quran, is a means of self-purification.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Belief"}], "question": "What mental state is the foundation of morality as described by the Quran?", "id": "572eb523dfa6aa1500f8d2dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "usury and gambling"}], "question": "What finance-related acts are forbidden by the Quran?", "id": "572eb523dfa6aa1500f8d2de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1000, "text": "salat"}], "question": "What is the name of the formal prayer proscribed by the Quran?", "id": "572eb523dfa6aa1500f8d2df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1035, "text": "Ramadan"}], "question": "Which month is designated for fasting in the Quran?", "id": "572eb523dfa6aa1500f8d2e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1148, "text": "charity"}], "question": "The Quran uses a term that also means purification for what social act?", "id": "572eb523dfa6aa1500f8d2e1"}]}], ["Ahli astrofizik Nidhal Guessoum ketika menjadi sangat kritikal terhadap tuntutan pseudo-saintifik yang dibuat tentang Al-Quran, telah menyerlahkan galakan untuk sains yang diberikan oleh Al-Quran dengan membangunkan \"konsep pengetahuan\". Beliau menulis: \"Al-Quran menarik perhatian kepada bahaya menafsirkan tanpa bukti (Dan janganlah kamu mengikuti apa yang tidak mempunyai pengetahuan tentang ... 17:36) dan dalam beberapa ayat yang berbeza meminta orang Islam untuk meminta bukti (Katakanlah: Bawa bukti kamu jika kamu jujur 2: 111), dalam hal kepercayaan teologi dan sains semula jadi. \" Guessoum memetik Ghaleb Hasan mengenai definisi \"bukti\" menurut Al-Quran yang \"jelas dan kuat ... bukti atau hujah yang meyakinkan.\" Juga, bukti semacam itu tidak boleh bergantung kepada hujah daripada kuasa, dengan menyebut ayat 5: 104. Terakhir, kedua-dua dakwaan dan penolakan memerlukan bukti, mengikut ayat 4: 174. Ismail al-Faruqi dan Taha Jabir Alalwani berpendapat bahawa apa-apa kebangkitan tamadun Islam mesti bermula dengan Quran; Walau bagaimanapun, halangan terbesar dalam laluan ini adalah \"warisan lama tafseer (exegesis) dan disiplin klasik lain\" yang menghalang \"konsepsi universal, epidemiologi dan sistematik\" dari mesej Al-Quran. Ahli falsafah Muhammad Iqbal, menganggap metodologi dan epistemologi Al-Quran sebagai empirikal dan rasional. <> Astrofizik mana yang telah menulis mengenai cara Al-Quran menggalakkan pemikiran saintifik? || Nidhal Guessoum <> Ayat 2: 111 Al-Quran menyokong aspek pemikiran sains dan amalan? || bukti <> Yang beasiswa mengenai konsep bukti dalam Al-Quran tidak menyebutkan Guessoum? || Ghaleb Hasan <> Ahli falsafah mana yang percaya bahawa Quran mempunyai asas yang rasional dan empirikal seperti sains? || Muhammad Iqbal", {"context": "The astrophysicist Nidhal Guessoum while being highly critical of pseudo-scientific claims made about the Quran, has highlighted the encouragement for sciences that the Quran provides by developing \"the concept of knowledge.\". He writes: \"The Qur'an draws attention to the danger of conjecturing without evidence (And follow not that of which you have not the (certain) knowledge of... 17:36) and in several different verses asks Muslims to require proofs (Say: Bring your proof if you are truthful 2:111), both in matters of theological belief and in natural science.\" Guessoum cites Ghaleb Hasan on the definition of \"proof\" according the Quran being \"clear and strong... convincing evidence or argument.\" Also, such a proof cannot rely on an argument from authority, citing verse 5:104. Lastly, both assertions and rejections require a proof, according to verse 4:174. Ismail al-Faruqi and Taha Jabir Alalwani are of the view that any reawakening of the Muslim civilization must start with the Quran; however, the biggest obstacle on this route is the \"centuries old heritage of tafseer (exegesis) and other classical disciplines\" which inhibit a \"universal, epidemiological and systematic conception\" of the Quran's message. The philosopher Muhammad Iqbal, considered the Quran's methodology and epistemology to be empirical and rational.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Nidhal Guessoum"}], "question": "Which astrophysicist has written about the ways the Quran encourages scientific thinking?", "id": "572eb6a103f9891900756985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "proof"}], "question": "Verse 2:111 of the Quran supports which aspect of scientific thought and practice?", "id": "572eb6a103f9891900756986"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Ghaleb Hasan"}], "question": "Whose scholarship on the concept of proof in the Quran does Guessoum cite?", "id": "572eb6a103f9891900756987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1245, "text": "Muhammad Iqbal"}], "question": "Which philosopher believed the Quran had a rational and empirical basis like science?", "id": "572eb6a103f9891900756988"}]}], ["Ketidakpatuhan Al-Quran (atau \"I'jaz\") adalah kepercayaan bahawa tidak ada ucapan manusia yang dapat memadankan Al-Quran dalam kandungan dan bentuknya. Al-Quran dianggap sebagai mukjizat yang tidak dapat dipertahankan oleh umat Islam, berkuatkuasa sehingga Hari Kebangkitan-dan dengan demikian, bukti pusat yang diberikan kepada Muhammad dalam pengesahan status kenabiannya. Konsep inimitabiliti berasal dari Al-Quran di mana dalam lima ayat yang berbeza lawan dicabar untuk menghasilkan sesuatu seperti Al-Quran: \"Jika lelaki dan sprite berkumpul bersama untuk menghasilkan seperti Quran ini mereka tidak akan menghasilkan seperti tidak walaupun mereka menyokong satu sama lain. \" Oleh itu, cadangan adalah bahawa jika terdapat keraguan mengenai pengaruhnya ilahi Al-Quran, tampil ke hadapan dan buat sesuatu seperti itu. Dari abad kesembilan, pelbagai karya muncul yang mempelajari al-Quran dan meneliti gaya dan kandungannya. Para ulama Muslim abad pertengahan termasuk al-Jurjani (d. 1078) dan al-Baqillani (d. 1013) telah menulis risalah mengenai perkara ini, membahas pelbagai aspeknya, dan menggunakan pendekatan linguistik untuk mengkaji Al-Quran. Lain-lain berhujah bahawa Al-Quran mengandungi idea-idea mulia, mempunyai makna dalaman, mengekalkan kesegarannya selama berabad-abad dan telah menyebabkan perubahan besar dalam tahap individu dan dalam sejarah. Sesetengah ulama menyatakan bahawa Al-Quran mengandungi maklumat saintifik yang sesuai dengan sains moden. Doktrin keajaiban Al-Quran lebih ditekankan oleh buta huruf Muhammad sejak nabi yang tidak dilahirkan itu tidak mungkin disyaki menyusun Al-Quran. <> Istilah apa yang menunjukkan bahawa kandungan Al-Quran tidak dapat diterbitkan semula dalam ucapan? || I'jaz <> Sehingga hari apakah Al-Quran itu dipercayai berlaku? || Hari Kebangkitan <> Di mana tahun itu, ulama Muslim Medieval al-Baqillani mati? || 1013 <> Mana ilmuwan muslim yang mempelajari ketidakmampuan Quran sehingga kematiannya pada tahun 1078? || al-Jurjani", {"context": "Inimitability of the Quran (or \"I'jaz\") is the belief that no human speech can match the Quran in its content and form. The Quran is considered an inimitable miracle by Muslims, effective until the Day of Resurrection\u2014and, thereby, the central proof granted to Muhammad in authentication of his prophetic status. The concept of inimitability originates in the Quran where in five different verses opponents are challenged to produce something like the Quran: \"If men and sprites banded together to produce the like of this Quran they would never produce its like not though they backed one another.\" So the suggestion is that if there are doubts concerning the divine authorship of the Quran, come forward and create something like it. From the ninth century, numerous works appeared which studied the Quran and examined its style and content. Medieval Muslim scholars including al-Jurjani (d. 1078) and al-Baqillani (d. 1013) have written treatises on the subject, discussed its various aspects, and used linguistic approaches to study the Quran. Others argue that the Quran contains noble ideas, has inner meanings, maintained its freshness through the ages and has caused great transformations in individual level and in the history. Some scholars state that the Quran contains scientific information that agrees with modern science. The doctrine of miraculousness of the Quran is further emphasized by Muhammad's illiteracy since the unlettered prophet could not have been suspected of composing the Quran.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "I'jaz"}], "question": "What term indicates that the contents of the Quran cannot be reproduced in speech?", "id": "572ead72cb0c0d14000f144a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Day of Resurrection"}], "question": "Until what day is the Quran believed to be in effect?", "id": "572ead72cb0c0d14000f144b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 921, "text": "1013"}], "question": "In which year did the Medieval Muslim scholar al-Baqillani die?", "id": "572ead72cb0c0d14000f144c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "al-Jurjani"}], "question": "Which Muslim scholar studied the Quran's inimitability until his death in 1078?", "id": "572ead72cb0c0d14000f144d"}]}], ["Penafsiran Esoterik atau Sufi cuba untuk membuktikan makna dalaman Al-Quran. Sufisme bergerak melampaui titik yang jelas (zahir) dari ayat-ayat dan sebaliknya mengaitkan ayat-ayat Al-Quran kepada batin atau dalaman dan esoterik (dimensi metafizik) dan kesedaran dan kewujudan. Menurut Sands, tafsiran esoterik lebih bersifat menonjol daripada deklaratif, mereka adalah kiasan (isharat) dan bukan penjelasan (tafsir). Mereka menunjukkan kemungkinan seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh setiap penulis. <> Apakah istilah lain untuk tafsiran Sufi Quran? || Esoterik <> Apa perkataan Arab yang menerangkan aspek ayat-ayat Al-Quran yang Sufisme cuba meneruskannya? || zahir <> Apakah istilah Arab untuk tafsiran? || isharat <> Sands mengatakan tafsiran sufi cenderung menggunakan alat sastera mana daripada penjelasan langsung? || kiasan", {"context": "Esoteric or Sufi interpretation attempts to unveil the inner meanings of the Quran. Sufism moves beyond the apparent (zahir) point of the verses and instead relates Quranic verses to the inner or esoteric (batin) and metaphysical dimensions of consciousness and existence. According to Sands, esoteric interpretations are more suggestive than declarative, they are allusions (isharat) rather than explanations (tafsir). They indicate possibilities as much as they demonstrate the insights of each writer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Esoteric"}], "question": "What is another term for Sufi Quranic interpretation?", "id": "572ec29403f98919007569ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "zahir"}], "question": "What Arabic word describes the aspects of Quranic verses that Sufism tries to push beyond?", "id": "572ec29403f9891900756a00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "isharat"}], "question": "What is an Arabic term for allusions?", "id": "572ec29403f9891900756a02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "allusions"}], "question": "Sands says Sufi interpretations tend to use which literary device rather than direct explanation?", "id": "572ec29403f9891900756a01"}]}], ["Musa, dalam 7: 143, datang jalan kepada orang-orang yang jatuh cinta, dia meminta penglihatan tetapi keinginannya ditolak, dia dibiarkan menderita oleh diperintahkan untuk melihat selain dari Kekasih ketika gunung itu dapat melihat Tuhan. Gunung itu runtuh dan Musa pingsan di hadapan manifestasi Tuhan di atas gunung. Dalam kata-kata Qushayri, Musa datang seperti beribu-ribu lelaki yang mengembara jauh, dan tidak ada yang tersisa untuk Musa Musa. Dalam keadaan pemusnahan dari dirinya sendiri, Musa telah diberikan pembukaan realiti. Dari sudut pandang sufi, Tuhan adalah sentiasa kerinduan dan kerendahan hati yang mengembara dan menderita membawa kepada realisasi kebenaran. <> Kekasih adalah istilah untuk Tuhan yang digunakan dengan tafsiran al-Quran? || Sufi <> Ayat al-Quran yang mana yang menerangkan pertemuan Musa dengan Allah di gunung? || 7: 143 <> Dalam pemikiran Sufi, apakah pengalaman yang membawa seseorang lebih dekat kepada kebenaran? || Rindu dan penderitaan <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa Musa telah kehilangan Musa dalam dirinya sepanjang perjalanan ke pertemuannya dengan Tuhan? || Qushayri", {"context": "Moses, in 7:143, comes the way of those who are in love, he asks for a vision but his desire is denied, he is made to suffer by being commanded to look at other than the Beloved while the mountain is able to see God. The mountain crumbles and Moses faints at the sight of God's manifestation upon the mountain. In Qushayri's words, Moses came like thousands of men who traveled great distances, and there was nothing left to Moses of Moses. In that state of annihilation from himself, Moses was granted the unveiling of the realities. From the Sufi point of view, God is the always the beloved and the wayfarer's longing and suffering lead to realization of the truths.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Sufi"}], "question": "Beloved is a term for God used by which style of Quranic interpretation?", "id": "572ec43bdfa6aa1500f8d365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "7:143"}], "question": "Which Quranic verse describes Moses' encounter with God at the mountain?", "id": "572ec43bdfa6aa1500f8d366"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "longing and suffering"}], "question": "In Sufi thought, what experiences bring one closer to truth?", "id": "572ec43bdfa6aa1500f8d367"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Qushayri"}], "question": "Who wrote that Moses had lost the Moses in himself along the way to his encounter with God?", "id": "572ec43bdfa6aa1500f8d368"}]}], ["Bahasa Quran telah digambarkan sebagai \"prosa rhymed\" kerana ia mengambil bahagian dalam kedua-dua puisi dan prosa; Walau bagaimanapun, keterangan ini berisiko gagal untuk menyampaikan kualiti berirama bahasa al-Quran, yang lebih puitis di beberapa bahagian dan lebih prosa-seperti pada orang lain. Rhyme, ketika ditemui di seluruh Al-Quran, sangat jelas di banyak surah Meccan yang terdahulu, di mana ayat-ayat yang ringkas melemparkan kata-kata berirama menjadi terkenal. Keberkesanan bentuk sedemikian adalah jelas misalnya dalam Sura 81, dan tidak dapat dipungkiri bahawa ayat-ayat ini mengagumkan hati nurani para pendengar. Selalunya perubahan sajak dari satu set ayat kepada yang lain menandakan perubahan subjek perbincangan. Bahagian kemudian juga memelihara borang ini tetapi gaya lebih jelas. <> Apa perihalan penulisan dalam al-Quran menonjolkan aspek puitisnya? || Ramalan Alquran <> Yang surah dalam al-Quran amat berirama? || surah Meccan sebelumnya <> Apa yang sering berubah bersama dengan berirama ayat-ayat Al-Quran? || subjek perbincangan <> Di manakah bahagian-bahagian Al-Quran adalah puisi paling tidak? || Kemudian", {"context": "The language of the Quran has been described as \"rhymed prose\" as it partakes of both poetry and prose; however, this description runs the risk of failing to convey the rhythmic quality of Quranic language, which is more poetic in some parts and more prose-like in others. Rhyme, while found throughout the Quran, is conspicuous in many of the earlier Meccan suras, in which relatively short verses throw the rhyming words into prominence. The effectiveness of such a form is evident for instance in Sura 81, and there can be no doubt that these passages impressed the conscience of the hearers. Frequently a change of rhyme from one set of verses to another signals a change in the subject of discussion. Later sections also preserve this form but the style is more expository.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "rhymed prose"}], "question": "What description of the writing in the Quran highlights its poetic aspect?", "id": "572ebb02cb0c0d14000f14de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "earlier Meccan suras"}], "question": "Which suras in the Quran are particularly rhythmic?", "id": "572ebb02cb0c0d14000f14df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "subject of discussion"}], "question": "What often changes along with the rhyming of Quranic verses?", "id": "572ebb02cb0c0d14000f14e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "Later"}], "question": "Which parts of the Quran are the least poetic?", "id": "572ebb02cb0c0d14000f14e1"}]}], ["Teks Al-Quran seolah-olah tidak mempunyai permulaan, pertengahan atau akhir, struktur tak linearnya sama dengan web atau net. Susunan teks kadang-kadang dianggap memperlihatkan kekurangan kesinambungan, ketiadaan susunan kronologi atau tematik dan repetitiousness. Michael Sells, mengutip karya pengkritik Norman O. Brown, mengakui pemerhatian Brown bahawa seolah-olah tidak teratur ungkapan kesusasteraan Al-Quran - kompos tersebar atau komposisi dalam komposisi dalam frasa Menjual - sebenarnya adalah alat sastera yang mampu menyampaikan kesan yang mendalam seolah-olah keamatan mesej nubuatan telah menghancurkan kenderaan bahasa manusia di mana ia disampaikan. Menjual juga membincangkan repetitiviti Quran yang banyak dibincangkan, melihat ini juga sebagai alat sastera. <> Apa yang kurang dalam susunan ayat Al-Quran? || kesinambungan <> Kepada pengkritik apakah Michael Sells merujuk pada perkara ketidaksesuaian Al-Quran? || Norman O. Brown <> Bagaimana Penjelasan menggambarkan repetitiveness Al-Quran? || alat sastera <> Para ilmuwan percaya bahawa gaya penulisan fragmen Al-Quran adalah alat sastera yang berkesan untuk mesej nubuatan? || Michael Menjual", {"context": "The Quranic text seems to have no beginning, middle, or end, its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net. The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to exhibit lack of continuity, absence of any chronological or thematic order and repetitiousness. Michael Sells, citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown, acknowledges Brown's observation that the seeming disorganization of Quranic literary expression \u2013 its scattered or fragmented mode of composition in Sells's phrase \u2013 is in fact a literary device capable of delivering profound effects as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated. Sells also addresses the much-discussed repetitiveness of the Quran, seeing this, too, as a literary device.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "continuity"}], "question": "What is lacking in the arrangement of the Quranic text?", "id": "572ebc97dfa6aa1500f8d333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Norman O. Brown"}], "question": "To which critic does Michael Sells refer on the subject of the Quran's disorganization?", "id": "572ebc97dfa6aa1500f8d334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "a literary device"}], "question": "How does Sells describe the Quran's repetitiveness?", "id": "572ebc97dfa6aa1500f8d335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Michael Sells"}], "question": "Which scholar believes the Quran's fragmentary writing style is an effective literary device for a prophetic message?", "id": "572ebc97dfa6aa1500f8d336"}]}], ["Secara amnya diterima bahawa terdapat kira-kira 750 ayat dalam Quran yang berurusan dengan fenomena semula jadi. Dalam banyak ayat-ayat ini kajian alam semula jadi adalah \"digalakkan dan sangat disyorkan,\" dan ahli sains Islam bersejarah seperti Al-Biruni dan Al-Battani memperoleh inspirasi mereka dari ayat-ayat al-Quran. Mohammad Hashim Kamali telah menyatakan bahawa \"pemerhatian saintifik, ilmu eksperimen dan rasionalitas\" adalah alat utama yang mana manusia dapat mencapai matlamat yang ditetapkan untuknya dalam Al-Quran. Ziauddin Sardar membina sebuah kes bagi umat Islam yang telah membangunkan asas-asas sains moden, dengan menyerlahkan panggilan Quran yang berulang-ulang untuk memerhatikan dan memikirkan fenomena semula jadi. \"Kaedah saintifik, seperti yang difahami hari ini, mula-mula dibangun oleh saintis Muslim\" seperti Ibn al-Haytham dan Al-Biruni, bersama-sama dengan ramai saintis Muslim lain. <> Alam dan fenomenanya disebutkan dalam kira-kira berapa banyak ayat Al-Quran? || 750 <> Al-Battani adalah contoh seorang saintis Muslim yang menarik inspirasi dari teks mana? || Quran <> Yang mengesyorkan sains sebagai cara untuk mencapai matlamat Al-Quran? || Mohammad Hashim Kamali <> Siapa yang berpendapat bahawa Quran mengilhami pengamal pertama kaedah saintifik yang kita gunakan hari ini? || Ziauddin Sardar <> Al-Biruni adalah contoh saintis yang mana agama? || Muslim", {"context": "It's generally accepted that there are around 750 verses in the Quran dealing with natural phenomenon. In many of these verses the study of nature is \"encouraged and highly recommended,\" and historical Islamic scientists like Al-Biruni and Al-Battani derived their inspiration from verses of the Quran. Mohammad Hashim Kamali has the stated that \"scientific observation, experimental knowledge and rationality\" are the primary tools with which humanity can achieve the goals laid out for it in the Quran. Ziauddin Sardar built a case for Muslims having developed the foundations of modern science, by highlighting the repeated calls of the Quran to observe and reflect upon natural phenomenon. \"The 'scientific method,' as it is understood today, was first developed by Muslim scientists\" like Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni, along with numerous other Muslim scientists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "750"}], "question": "Nature and its phenomena are mentioned in approximately how many of the Quran's verses?", "id": "572eb83fcb0c0d14000f14b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Quran"}], "question": "Al-Battani is an example of a Muslim scientist who drew inspiration from which text?", "id": "572eb83fcb0c0d14000f14b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Mohammad Hashim Kamali"}], "question": "Who recommended science as a way to achieve the goals of the Quran?", "id": "572eb83fcb0c0d14000f14ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Ziauddin Sardar"}], "question": "Who argued that the Quran inspired the first practitioners of the scientific method we use today?", "id": "572eb83fcb0c0d14000f14bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "Muslim"}], "question": "Al-Biruni is a example of a scientists of which religion?", "id": "572eb83fcb0c0d14000f14bc"}]}], ["Tafsir adalah salah satu aktiviti akademik awal umat Islam. Menurut Al-Quran, Muhammad adalah orang pertama yang menggambarkan makna ayat-ayat untuk umat Islam awal. Lain-lain penafsir awal termasuk beberapa Sahabat Muhammad, seperti'Ali ibn Abi Talib,'Abdullah ibn Abbas,'Abdullah ibn Umar dan Ubayy ibn Ka'b. Pengekspresian pada zaman itu hanya terbatas pada penjelasan aspek-aspek sastera ayat, latar belakang wahyu dan, sesekali, tafsiran satu ayat dengan bantuan yang lain. Jika ayat itu adalah tentang peristiwa sejarah, maka kadang-kadang beberapa tradisi (hadith) Muhammad diriwayatkan untuk menjelaskan maksudnya. <> Apakah nama aktiviti menjelaskan ayat-ayat Al-Quran? || Tafsir <> Siapa pengamal pertama Tafsir? || Muhammad <> Apakah istilah Arab untuk exegesis Quran? || Tafsir <> Yang mana 'Ali ibn Abi Talib dan' Abdullah ibn 'Abbas? || Sahabat Muhammad", {"context": "Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims. According to the Quran, Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims. Other early exegetes included a few Companions of Muhammad, like \u02bbAli ibn Abi Talib, \u02bbAbdullah ibn Abbas, \u02bbAbdullah ibn Umar and Ubayy ibn Ka\u02bbb. Exegesis in those days was confined to the explanation of literary aspects of the verse, the background of its revelation and, occasionally, interpretation of one verse with the help of the other. If the verse was about a historical event, then sometimes a few traditions (hadith) of Muhammad were narrated to make its meaning clear.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tafsir"}], "question": "What is the name of the activity of explaining what Quranic verses mean?", "id": "572ebf63c246551400ce45ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Muhammad"}], "question": "Who was the first practitioner of Tafsir?", "id": "572ebf63c246551400ce45ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tafsir"}], "question": "What is the Arabic term for Quranic exegesis?", "id": "572ebf63c246551400ce45f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Companions of Muhammad"}], "question": "Who were 'Ali ibn Abi Talib and 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas?", "id": "572ebf63c246551400ce45f1"}]}], ["Ahli fizik Abdus Salam, dalam alamat perjamuan Hadiah Nobelnya, mengutip ayat yang terkenal dari Al-Quran (67: 3-4) dan kemudian menyatakan: \"Ini berlaku adalah iman semua ahli fizik: semakin kita cari, semakin banyak keajaiban kita teruja, lebih banyak adalah pandangan yang menakjubkan. \" Salah satu kepercayaan utama Salam adalah bahawa tidak ada percanggahan antara Islam dan penemuan-penemuan yang membolehkan sains mewujudkan manusia tentang alam dan alam semesta. Salam juga berpendapat bahawa al-Quran dan semangat pengajian Islam dan pemikiran rasional adalah sumber pembangunan tamadun yang luar biasa. Terutama Salam, terutamanya karya Ibn al-Haytham dan Al-Biruni sebagai perintis empirisisme yang memperkenalkan pendekatan eksperimen, memecahkan pengaruh Aristotle, dan dengan demikian melahirkan sains moden. Salam juga berhati-hati untuk membezakan antara metafizik dan fizik, dan menasihatkan menentang secara empiris tentang perkara-perkara tertentu yang \"fizik senyap dan akan tetap demikian,\" seperti doktrin \"penciptaan dari apa-apa\" yang dalam pandangan Salam adalah di luar had sains dan dengan itu \"memberi jalan\" kepada pertimbangan agama. <> Yang fizik memetik Quran dalam alamatnya setelah menerima Hadiah Nobel? || Abdus Salam <> Ayat yang mana dari al-Quran yang diutip Abdus Salam di jamuan Nobelnya? || 67: 3-4 <> Yang mana dua saintis Muslim melakukan Salam merayakan sebagai pencipta kaedah empirikal? || Ibn al-Haytham dan Al-Biruni <> Salam mencadangkan fizik dan sains dipisahkan dari mana topik yang lebih sesuai dengan agama? || metafizik", {"context": "The physicist Abdus Salam, in his Nobel Prize banquet address, quoted a well known verse from the Quran (67:3-4) and then stated: \"This in effect is the faith of all physicists: the deeper we seek, the more is our wonder excited, the more is the dazzlement of our gaze\". One of Salam's core beliefs was that there is no contradiction between Islam and the discoveries that science allows humanity to make about nature and the universe. Salam also held the opinion that the Quran and the Islamic spirit of study and rational reflection was the source of extraordinary civilizational development. Salam highlights, in particular, the work of Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni as the pioneers of empiricism who introduced the experimental approach, breaking way from Aristotle's influence, and thus giving birth to modern science. Salam was also careful to differentiate between metaphysics and physics, and advised against empirically probing certain matters on which \"physics is silent and will remain so,\" such as the doctrine of \"creation from nothing\" which in Salam's view is outside the limits of science and thus \"gives way\" to religious considerations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Abdus Salam"}], "question": "Which physicist quoted the Quran in his address after receiving the Nobel Prize?", "id": "572eb9a703f98919007569a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "67:3-4"}], "question": "Which verse from the Quran did Abdus Salam quote at his Nobel banquet?", "id": "572eb9a703f98919007569a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni"}], "question": "Which two Muslim scientists did Salam celebrate as inventors of empirical methods?", "id": "572eb9a703f98919007569a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "metaphysics"}], "question": "Salam suggests physics and science be kept separate from which topics which are more suited to religion?", "id": "572eb9a703f98919007569a8"}]}], ["Teks adalah rujukan diri apabila ia bercakap tentang dirinya sendiri dan membuat rujukan kepada dirinya sendiri. Menurut Stefan Wild, Al-Quran memperlihatkan metatextuality ini dengan menerangkan, mengklasifikasikan, menafsirkan dan mewajarkan kata-kata yang akan dihantar. Kefahilan diri ditunjukkan dalam ayat-ayat di mana Al-Quran merujuk kepada dirinya sebagai wahyu (tanzil), peringatan (dhikr), berita (naba '), kriteria (furqan) dengan cara yang tersendiri (secara tegas menegaskan Ketuhanannya, \"Dan ini adalah rahmat yang Kami turunkan, maka sekarang kamu menafikannya? \"), atau dalam penampilan yang sering disebut\" Say \", apabila Muhammad diperintahkan untuk bercakap (contohnya,\" Katakanlah: \"Pedoman Tuhan adalah benar bimbingan '\",\" Katakanlah:' Adakah anda akan membantah dengan kami mengenai Tuhan? '\"). Mengikut Wild Quran adalah rujukan diri sendiri. Ciri ini lebih jelas pada awal surah Meccan. <> Apakah watak metatextual yang difokuskan oleh Stefan Wild dalam perbincangannya tentang Al-Quran? || Keterkaitan diri <> Kualiti apa yang dikatakan oleh Al-Quran dalam cara yang berbeza di mana ia merujuk kepada dirinya sendiri? || Ketuhanan <> Yang istilah yang digunakan Al-Quran untuk dirinya sendiri adalah \"berita\"? || naba '<> Al-Quran lebih banyak merujuk diri sendiri di mana surahnya? || surah Meccan awal", {"context": "A text is self-referential when it speaks about itself and makes reference to itself. According to Stefan Wild, the Quran demonstrates this metatextuality by explaining, classifying, interpreting and justifying the words to be transmitted. Self-referentiality is evident in those passages where the Quran refers to itself as revelation (tanzil), remembrance (dhikr), news (naba'), criterion (furqan) in a self-designating manner (explicitly asserting its Divinity, \"And this is a blessed Remembrance that We have sent down; so are you now denying it?\"), or in the frequent appearance of the \"Say\" tags, when Muhammad is commanded to speak (e.g., \"Say: 'God's guidance is the true guidance' \", \"Say: 'Would you then dispute with us concerning God?' \"). According to Wild the Quran is highly self-referential. The feature is more evident in early Meccan suras.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Self-referentiality"}], "question": "What metatextual character does Stefan Wild focus on in his discussion of the Quran?", "id": "572ebe14cb0c0d14000f14ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Divinity"}], "question": "What quality does the Quran claim in the different ways in which it refers to itself?", "id": "572ebe14cb0c0d14000f14ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "naba'"}], "question": "Which term that the Quran uses for itself means \"news\"?", "id": "572ebe14cb0c0d14000f14f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 839, "text": "early Meccan suras"}], "question": "The Quran is more self-referential in which of its suras?", "id": "572ebe14cb0c0d14000f14f1"}]}], ["Oleh kerana Al-Quran dituturkan dalam bahasa Arab klasik, kebanyakan orang yang masuk agama Islam (kebanyakannya bukan Arab) tidak selalu memahami bahasa Arab Al-Quran, mereka tidak menangkap semua yang jelas kepada orang Islam awal yang fasih berbahasa Arab dan mereka bimbang dengan perdamaian konflik tema yang jelas dalam Al-Quran. Para penasihat yang berpengetahuan dalam bahasa Arab menjelaskan penjelasan, dan yang paling penting, menjelaskan ayat-ayat Al-Quran yang diturunkan awal dalam kerjaya Nabi Muhammad, sesuai dengan komuniti Islam yang paling awal, dan yang telah diturunkan kemudian, membatalkan atau \"membatalkan\" n\u0101sikh) teks sebelumnya (mans\u016bkh). Walau bagaimanapun, ulama-ulama lain berpendapat bahawa tidak ada peruntokan dalam Quran. Komuniti Muslim Ahmadiyah telah menerbitkan komentar urdu sepuluh volume mengenai Quran, dengan nama Tafseer e Kabir. <> Di mana bahasa dibaca Quran? || Bahasa Arab klasik <> Apakah istilah Arab untuk pembatalan satu bahagian Al-Quran oleh yang lain? || n\u0101sikh <> Apakah nama komuniti Ahmadiyah Muslim yang diterbitkan oleh Quran? || Tafseer e Kabir <> Apakah istilah untuk bahagian awal Al-Quran yang mungkin telah digantikan oleh bahagian-bahagian akhir? || mans\u016bkh <> Dalam bahasa mana yang ditulis oleh Tafseer e Kabir? || Urdu", {"context": "Because the Quran is spoken in classical Arabic, many of the later converts to Islam (mostly non-Arabs) did not always understand the Quranic Arabic, they did not catch allusions that were clear to early Muslims fluent in Arabic and they were concerned with reconciling apparent conflict of themes in the Quran. Commentators erudite in Arabic explained the allusions, and perhaps most importantly, explained which Quranic verses had been revealed early in Muhammad's prophetic career, as being appropriate to the very earliest Muslim community, and which had been revealed later, canceling out or \"abrogating\" (n\u0101sikh) the earlier text (mans\u016bkh). Other scholars, however, maintain that no abrogation has taken place in the Quran. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published a ten-volume Urdu commentary on the Quran, with the name Tafseer e Kabir.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "classical Arabic"}], "question": "In which language is the Quran recited?", "id": "572ec0e903f98919007569f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "n\u0101sikh"}], "question": "What is the Arabic term for the cancellation of one part of the Quran by another?", "id": "572ec0e903f98919007569f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 832, "text": "Tafseer e Kabir"}], "question": "What is the name of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community's published Quran commentary?", "id": "572ec0e903f98919007569f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "mans\u016bkh"}], "question": "What is the term for earlier portions of the Quran that may have been superseded by later parts?", "id": "572ec0e903f98919007569f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 788, "text": "Urdu"}], "question": "In which language is the Tafseer e Kabir written?", "id": "572ec0e903f98919007569f8"}]}], ["Salah seorang pengarang tafsiran esoterik yang terkenal sebelum kurun ke-12 ialah Sulami (1021) tanpa kerja yang majoriti tafsiran Sufi yang sangat awal tidak akan dipelihara. Komentar utama Sulami adalah sebuah buku bernama haqaiq al-tafsir (\"Kebenaran Pengujaan\") yang merupakan penyusun ulasan-pendapat Sufis sebelumnya. Dari abad ke-11 dan seterusnya beberapa karya lain muncul, termasuk ulasan oleh Qushayri (1074), Daylami (1193), Shirazi (1209) dan Suhrawardi (1234). Karya-karya ini termasuk bahan dari buku Sulami serta sumbangan penulis. Banyak karya ditulis dalam bahasa Parsi seperti karya-karya Maybudi (1135) kash al-asrar (\"pembukaan rahsia\"). Rumi (pada tahun 1273) menulis sejumlah besar puisi mistik dalam bukunya Mathnawi. Rumi menggunakan penggunaan Al-Quran dalam puisinya, ciri yang kadang-kadang ditinggalkan dalam terjemahan karya Rumi. Sebilangan besar ayat-ayat Al-Quran dapat ditemui di Mathnawi, yang mana beberapa menganggap semacam tafsir Sufi dari Al-Quran. Buku Rumi tidak luar biasa kerana mengandungi petikan dan penghuraian Al-Quran, namun Rumi sering menyebut Quran. Simnani (ms 1336) menulis dua karya yang berpengaruh dalam penafsiran esoterik mengenai Quran. Beliau mendamaikan tanggapan-tanggapan Tuhan melalui dan dalam dunia fizikal dengan sentimen Islam Sunni. Komen Sufi yang komprehensif muncul pada abad ke-18 seperti karya Ismail Hakki Bursevi (1725). Kerja-Nya ruh al-Bayan (Roh Penjelasan) adalah penafsiran besar-besaran. Ditulis dalam bahasa Arab, ia menggabungkan idea-idea pengarang sendiri dengan orang-orang yang terdahulu (terutamanya Ibn Arabi dan Ghazali), semua ditenun bersama dalam Hafiz, bentuk puisi Persia. <> Siapa yang merupakan jurubahasa esoterik yang penting dalam Quran pada abad ke-11? || Sulami <> Apakah nama utama Sulami dalam bahasa Inggeris? || Kebenaran Eksegesis <> Dalam bahasa mana yang ditulis oleh Maybudi? || Persia <> Yang komentator Sufi menulis Roh Penjelasan? || Ismail Hakki Bursevi <> Di mana tahun penyair Rumi mati? || 1273", {"context": "One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir (\"Truths of Exegesis\") which is a compilation of commentaries of earlier Sufis. From the 11th century onwards several other works appear, including commentaries by Qushayri (d. 1074), Daylami (d. 1193), Shirazi (d. 1209) and Suhrawardi (d. 1234). These works include material from Sulami's books plus the author's contributions. Many works are written in Persian such as the works of Maybudi (d. 1135) kash al-asrar (\"the unveiling of the secrets\"). Rumi (d. 1273) wrote a vast amount of mystical poetry in his book Mathnawi. Rumi makes heavy use of the Quran in his poetry, a feature that is sometimes omitted in translations of Rumi's work. A large number of Quranic passages can be found in Mathnawi, which some consider a kind of Sufi interpretation of the Quran. Rumi's book is not exceptional for containing citations from and elaboration on the Quran, however, Rumi does mention Quran more frequently. Simnani (d. 1336) wrote two influential works of esoteric exegesis on the Quran. He reconciled notions of God's manifestation through and in the physical world with the sentiments of Sunni Islam. Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi (d. 1725). His work ruh al-Bayan (the Spirit of Elucidation) is a voluminous exegesis. Written in Arabic, it combines the author's own ideas with those of his predecessors (notably Ibn Arabi and Ghazali), all woven together in Hafiz, a Persian poetry form.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Sulami"}], "question": "Who was an important esoteric interpreter of the Quran in the 11th century?", "id": "572ec65ccb0c0d14000f153e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Truths of Exegesis"}], "question": "What is the English name of Sulami's major work?", "id": "572ec65ccb0c0d14000f153f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "Persian"}], "question": "In which language did Maybudi write?", "id": "572ec65ccb0c0d14000f1540"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1438, "text": "Ismail Hakki Bursevi"}], "question": "Which Sufi commentator wrote the Spirit of Elucidation?", "id": "572ec65ccb0c0d14000f1542"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "1273"}], "question": "In which year did the poet Rumi die?", "id": "572ec65ccb0c0d14000f1541"}]}], ["Pandangan yang berkaitan dengan zahir (aspek luar) teks dipanggil tafsir, dan komentar hermeneutik dan esoterik yang berurusan dengan batin dipanggil ta'wil (\"tafsiran\" atau \"penjelasan\"), yang melibatkan mengambil kembali teks itu semula. Commentators dengan slant esoterik percaya bahawa makna utama Al-Quran hanya diketahui oleh Tuhan. Sebaliknya, literalisme Quran, diikuti oleh Salafis dan Zahiris, adalah kepercayaan bahawa al-Quran hanya boleh diambil dengan arti jelasnya. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah istilah Arab untuk aspek permukaan permukaan teks? || zahir <> Apa istilah Arab berlaku untuk tafsiran yang ditujukan kepada makna esoterik yang lebih mendalam dari teks? || ta'wil <> Siapa satu-satunya yang pernah mengetahui makna ayat-ayat Al-Quran dalam pandangan esoterik? || Allah <> Yang mana dua golongan yang menjadi contoh umat Islam yang menganjurkan bacaan al-Quran yang sangat harfiah? || Salafis dan Zahiris", {"context": "Commentaries dealing with the zahir (outward aspects) of the text are called tafsir, and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil (\"interpretation\" or \"explanation\"), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God. In contrast, Quranic literalism, followed by Salafis and Zahiris, is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "zahir"}], "question": "What is the Arabic term for the surface-level aspects of a text?", "id": "572ec7e8dfa6aa1500f8d3a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "ta'wil"}], "question": "What Arabic term applies to interpretations aimed at the deeper, esoteric meanings of a text?", "id": "572ec7e8dfa6aa1500f8d3a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "God"}], "question": "Who is the only one who ever knows the full meaning of Quranic verses in the esoteric view?", "id": "572ec7e8dfa6aa1500f8d3a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Salafis and Zahiris"}], "question": "Which two groups are examples of Muslims who advocate a very literal reading of the Quran?", "id": "572ec7e8dfa6aa1500f8d3aa"}]}], ["Pembacaan Al-Quran yang betul adalah subjek disiplin yang berasingan yang dinamakan tajwid yang menentukan secara terperinci bagaimana Quran dibacakan, bagaimana setiap suku kata akan diucapkan, keperluan untuk memberi perhatian kepada tempat di mana harus ada jeda, ke elisi, di mana sebutan itu harus panjang atau pendek, di mana huruf hendak dibunyikan bersama dan di mana ia harus dipisahkan, dan lain-lain. Boleh dikatakan bahawa disiplin ini mengkaji undang-undang dan kaedah pembacaan Quran yang sesuai dan meliputi tiga sebutan utama: sebutan yang betul bagi konsonan dan vokal (artikulasi fonem al-Quran), peraturan jeda dalam pembacaan dan bacaan semula bacaan, dan ciri-ciri bacaan muzik dan riang. <> Apakah disiplin berkenaan dengan cara membaca Al-Quran dengan betul? || tajwid <> Tajwid berurusan dengan apa aspek fonem dalam Quran? || sebutan <> Tajwid menerangkan peraturan untuk aspek apa yang tidak dapat disampaikan dari ayat-ayat Al-Quran? || jeda dalam bacaan <> Rhythm adalah contoh ciri-ciri pembacaan al-Quran yang dilindungi oleh tajwid? || muzik dan merdu", {"context": "The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions, where the pronunciation should be long or short, where letters should be sounded together and where they should be kept separate, etc. It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas: the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels (the articulation of the Quranic phonemes), the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation, and the musical and melodious features of recitation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "tajwid"}], "question": "What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly recited?", "id": "572eccf7cb0c0d14000f1590"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "pronunciation"}], "question": "Tajwid deals with what aspect of the phonemes in the Quran?", "id": "572eccf7cb0c0d14000f1591"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "pause in recitation"}], "question": "Tajwid describes rules for what noiseless aspect of articulating Quranic verses?", "id": "572eccf7cb0c0d14000f1592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "musical and melodious"}], "question": "Rhythm is an example of which features of Quranic recitation covered by tajwid?", "id": "572eccf7cb0c0d14000f1593"}]}], ["Robert dari terjemahan 1143 Al-Quran Ketton untuk Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, yang pertama menjadi bahasa Barat (Latin). Alexander Ross menawarkan versi bahasa Inggeris pertama pada 1649, dari terjemahan bahasa Perancis L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) oleh Andre du Ryer. Pada tahun 1734, George Sale menghasilkan terjemahan ilmiah pertama dari Quran ke bahasa Inggeris; yang lain dihasilkan oleh Richard Bell pada tahun 1937, dan satu lagi oleh Arthur John Arberry pada tahun 1955. Semua penerjemah ini adalah bukan Islam. Terdapat banyak terjemahan oleh umat Islam. Komuniti Islam Ahmadiyah telah menerbitkan penterjemahan al-Quran dalam 50 bahasa yang berbeza selain komentar lima jilid bahasa Inggeris dan terjemahan bahasa Inggeris Al-Quran. <> Di mana tahun Al Quran itu diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Barat? || 1143 <> Organisasi mana yang menawarkan versi Al-Quran dalam 50 bahasa? || Ahmadiyya Muslim Community <> Yang penterjemahan bahasa Perancis dari Quran adalah model untuk versi Bahasa Inggeris yang pertama? || Andre du Ryer <> Siapa yang melengkapkan versi Al-Quran yang pertama? || Robert Ketton <> Di mana bahasa adalah versi Alexander Al Quran yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1649? || Bahasa Inggeris", {"context": "Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937, and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955. All these translators were non-Muslims. There have been numerous translations by Muslims. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published translations of the Quran in 50 different languages besides a five-volume English commentary and an English translation of the Quran.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "1143"}], "question": "In which year was the Quran first translated into a Western language?", "id": "572ecaddc246551400ce4692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Ahmadiyya Muslim Community"}], "question": "Which organization offers versions of the Quran in 50 languages?", "id": "572ecaddc246551400ce4695"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Andre du Ryer"}], "question": "Whose French translation of the Quran was the model for the first English version?", "id": "572ecaddc246551400ce4694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Robert of Ketton"}], "question": "Who completed the first Latin version of the Quran?", "id": "572ecaddc246551400ce4693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "English"}], "question": "In which language was Alexander Ross' version of the Quran published in 1649?", "id": "572ecaddc246551400ce4696"}]}], ["Menurut Tabatabaei, ada interpretasi esoterik yang dapat diterima dan tidak dapat diterima. Ta'wil yang boleh diterima merujuk kepada makna ayat di luar makna literalnya; sebaliknya makna tersirat, yang akhirnya hanya diketahui oleh Tuhan dan tidak dapat difahami langsung melalui pemikiran manusia sahaja. Ayat-ayat yang dimaksudkan di sini merujuk kepada sifat-sifat manusia yang akan datang, pergi, duduk, berpuas hati, marah dan sedih, yang nampaknya dikaitkan dengan Tuhan. Ta'wil tidak boleh diterima adalah di mana seseorang \"memindahkan\" makna jelas suatu ayat kepada makna yang berbeza dengan bukti; kaedah ini tidak tanpa ketidakkonsistenan yang jelas. Walaupun ta'wil ini tidak dapat diterima, ia tidak betul dan tidak boleh digunakan untuk ayat-ayat Al-Quran. Tafsiran yang betul adalah kenyataan yang merujuk kepada ayat. Ia didapati dalam semua ayat, yang tegas dan samar-samar; ia bukan semacam makna perkataan; ia adalah fakta yang terlalu luhur untuk kata-kata. Tuhan telah memakai mereka dengan kata-kata untuk membawa mereka sedikit lebih dekat kepada minda kita; dalam hal ini mereka seperti peribahasa yang digunakan untuk membuat gambar dalam minda, dan dengan itu membantu pendengar memahami dengan jelas idea yang dimaksudkan. <> Apakah dua jenis ta'wil? || boleh diterima dan tidak boleh diterima <> Jenis tafsiran esoterik yang mana melibatkan perpindahan dengan bukti makna ayat? || Tidak dapat diterima <> Maksud tersirat dari ayat al-Quran yang hanya diketahui oleh Allah adalah jenis ta'wil? || Boleh diterima", {"context": "According to Tabatabaei, there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to God and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in question here refer to the human qualities of coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger and sorrow, which are apparently attributed to God. Unacceptable ta'wil is where one \"transfers\" the apparent meaning of a verse to a different meaning by means of a proof; this method is not without obvious inconsistencies. Although this unacceptable ta'wil has gained considerable acceptance, it is incorrect and cannot be applied to the Quranic verses. The correct interpretation is that reality a verse refers to. It is found in all verses, the decisive and the ambiguous alike; it is not a sort of a meaning of the word; it is a fact that is too sublime for words. God has dressed them with words to bring them a bit nearer to our minds; in this respect they are like proverbs that are used to create a picture in the mind, and thus help the hearer to clearly grasp the intended idea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "acceptable and unacceptable"}], "question": "What are the two type of ta'wil?", "id": "572ed583c246551400ce46fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Unacceptable"}], "question": "Which type of esoteric interpretation involves a transfer by proof of a verse's meaning?", "id": "572ed583c246551400ce46fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Acceptable"}], "question": "The implicit meaning of a Quranic verse that is known fully only by God is which type of ta'wil?", "id": "572ed583c246551400ce46fe"}]}], ["Pada mulanya, Al-Quran tidak mempunyai tanda-tanda vokal. Sistem penyuaran, seperti yang kita ketahui hari ini, nampaknya telah diperkenalkan menjelang akhir abad kesembilan. Memandangkan ia terlalu mahal bagi kebanyakan umat Islam untuk membeli manuskrip, salinan Al-Quran telah diadakan di masjid untuk menjadikannya mudah diakses oleh orang ramai. Salinan-salinan ini kerap mengambil bentuk siri 30 bahagian atau juz'. Dari segi produktiviti, penyusun Uthmaniyyah memberikan contoh terbaik. Ini adalah tindak balas terhadap permintaan yang meluas, tidak popular dengan kaedah percetakan dan sebab-sebab estetik. <> Di mana abad penanda vokal ditambah kepada Quran? || abad kesembilan <> Di mana salinan Quran disimpan bagi mereka yang tidak mampu sendiri? || masjid <> Apakah bahagian-bahagian yang dipanggil Al-Qur'an yang berjumlah 30? || juz' <> Kumpulan kumpulan penyalin Al Quran yang menghasilkan manuskrip yang paling dalam permintaan? || Uthmaniyyah", {"context": "In the beginning, the Quran did not have vocalization markings. The system of vocalization, as we know it today, seems to have been introduced towards the end of the ninth century. Since it would have been too costly for most Muslims to purchase a manuscript, copies of the Quran were held in mosques in order to make them accessible to people. These copies frequently took the form of a series of 30 parts or juz\u02bc. In terms of productivity, the Ottoman copyists provide the best example. This was in response to widespread demand, unpopularity of printing methods and for aesthetic reasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "ninth century"}], "question": "In which century were vocalization marking added to the Quran?", "id": "572ed1eec246551400ce46ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "mosques"}], "question": "Where were Quran copies kept for those who could not afford their own?", "id": "572ed1eec246551400ce46eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "juz\u02bc"}], "question": "What are the parts of the Quran called that are 30 in total?", "id": "572ed1eec246551400ce46ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Ottoman"}], "question": "Which group of Quran copyists produced the most in-demand manuscripts?", "id": "572ed1eec246551400ce46ed"}]}], ["Terjemahan lengkap penuh Quran yang pertama diterbitkan antara abad ke-10 dan ke-12 di Parsi. Raja Samanid, Mansur I (961-976), memerintahkan sekumpulan ulama dari Khorasan untuk menerjemahkan Tafsir al-Tabari, yang asalnya dalam bahasa Arab, ke dalam bahasa Parsi. Kemudian pada abad ke-11, salah seorang pelajar Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari menulis tafsir lengkap Quran dalam bahasa Parsi. Pada abad ke-12, Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi menerjemahkan Al-Quran ke dalam bahasa Parsi. Manuskrip dari ketiga-tiga kitab ini telah terselamat dan telah diterbitkan beberapa kali. [Rujukan?] <> Di mana bahasa Al-Quran diterjemahkan dahulu? || Persia <> Kerja manakah yang dibuat oleh juru tulis dari Khorasan pada abad ke-10? || Tafsir al-Tabari <> Yang pelajar menulis tafsir Persia dalam Quran pada abad ke-11? || Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari <> Siapa yang menulis terjemahan Al-Quran pada abad ke-12? || Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi <> Kepada dinasti mana yang dilakukan raja yang menugaskan terjemahan pertama teks-teks Al-Quran? || Samanid", {"context": "The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari wrote a complete tafsir of the Quran in Persian. In the 12th century, Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi translated the Quran into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Persian"}], "question": "In which language was the Quran first translated?", "id": "572ec9a7cb0c0d14000f156c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Tafsir al-Tabari"}], "question": "Which work did scribes from Khorasan translate in the 10th century?", "id": "572ec9a7cb0c0d14000f156d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari"}], "question": "Whose student wrote a Persian tafsir of the Quran in the 11th century?", "id": "572ec9a7cb0c0d14000f156e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi"}], "question": "Who wrote a Persian translation of the Quran in the 12th century?", "id": "572ec9a7cb0c0d14000f156f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Samanid"}], "question": "To which dynasty did the king who commissioned the first translation of Quranic texts belong?", "id": "572ec9a7cb0c0d14000f1570"}]}], ["Al-Qur'an mungkin wujud dalam bentuk bertulis yang tersebar semasa zaman Muhammad. Beberapa sumber menunjukkan bahawa sepanjang hayat Muhammad, sejumlah besar sahabatnya telah menghafal wahyu. Pengulas awal dan sumber sejarah Islam menyokong pemahaman yang disebutkan di atas tentang perkembangan awal Al-Quran. Quran dalam bentuknya sekarang dianggap oleh sarjana akademik untuk merekodkan kata-kata yang dituturkan oleh Muhammad kerana pencarian untuk varian tidak menghasilkan sebarang perbezaan yang sangat penting. [Halaman yang diperlukan] Profesor University of Chicago Fred Donner menyatakan bahawa \"... di sana adalah percubaan yang sangat awal untuk menubuhkan teks konsonan yang bersifat seragam Al-Quran dari apa yang mungkin kumpulan teks yang lebih luas dan lebih bervariasi dalam penghantaran awal. [...] Selepas penciptaan teks kanonik yang diseragam ini, teks-teks yang berwibawa sebelum ini ditindas , dan semua manuskrip yang masih ada - meskipun banyak variannya - nampak pada suatu masa selepas teks konsonan yang telah ditetapkan. \" Walaupun kebanyakan pembacaan teks teks Al-Quran tidak lagi dihantar, ada juga yang masih ada. Tidak ada teks kritikal yang dihasilkan di mana sebuah kesusasteraan semula teks al-Quran dapat didasarkan. Dari segi sejarah, kontroversi mengenai kandungan Quran jarang sekali menjadi isu, walaupun perdebatan terus menerus. <> Siapa yang mula menghafal ayat-ayat Muhammad dalam hidupnya? || sahabat-sahabatnya <> Apa yang telah dilakukan pada teks Al-Quran pada awal sejarahnya meninggalkan sedikit variasi yang sangat berbeza? || piawaian <> Yang universiti mana yang bersekutu Fred Donner? || University of Chicago <> Quran yang diterima secara meluas oleh ahli sejarah untuk mengandungi rekod yang agak tepat tentang kata-katanya? || Muhammad", {"context": "The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early development. The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants has not yielded any differences of great significance.[page needed] University of Chicago professor Fred Donner states that \"...there was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qur\u02be\u0101n from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission. [...] After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts\u2014despite their numerous variants\u2014seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established.\" Although most variant readings of the text of the Quran have ceased to be transmitted, some still are. There has been no critical text produced on which a scholarly reconstruction of the Quranic text could be based. Historically, controversy over the Quran's content has rarely become an issue, although debates continue on the subject.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "his companions"}], "question": "Who had begun memorizing Muhammad's revelations in his lifetime?", "id": "572ed854dfa6aa1500f8d443"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "standardized"}], "question": "What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly different variants?", "id": "572ed854dfa6aa1500f8d444"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "University of Chicago"}], "question": "Which which university is Fred Donner affiliated?", "id": "572ed854dfa6aa1500f8d445"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Muhammad"}], "question": "The Quran is widely accepted by historians to contain a relatively accurate record of whose words?", "id": "572ed854dfa6aa1500f8d446"}]}], ["Penanda vokalis yang menunjukkan bunyi vokal tertentu dimasukkan ke dalam bahasa Arab menjelang akhir abad ke-9. Manuskrip Quran yang pertama tidak mempunyai tanda ini, oleh itu beberapa bacaan masih boleh diterima. Variasi pembacaan teks yang dibenarkan oleh sifat penyuaran yang rosak menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah bacaan pada abad ke-10. Para ilmuwan Muslim abad ke-10 dari Baghdad, Ibnu Muj\u0101hid, terkenal dengan pembentukan tujuh bacaan teks Al-Quran yang boleh diterima. Beliau mempelajari pelbagai pembacaan dan kepercayaan mereka dan memilih tujuh pembaca abad ke-8 dari kota Mekah, Madinah, Kufa, Basra dan Damsyik. Ibnu Mujahid tidak menjelaskan mengapa dia memilih tujuh pembaca, daripada enam atau sepuluh, tetapi ini mungkin berkaitan dengan tradisi nubuatan (Muhammad berkata) melaporkan bahawa Al-Quran telah diturunkan dalam tujuh \"ahruf\" (bermaksud tujuh huruf atau mod). Hari ini, bacaan-bacaan yang paling popular adalah orang-orang yang diturunkan oleh \u1e24af\u1e63 (d.796) dan Warsh (d 812) yang menurut dua pembacanya Ibn Mujahid, Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud (Kufa, -Madani (Madinah, 785), masing-masing. Al-Quran Kairo yang berpengaruh (1924) menggunakan sistem tanda-tanda vokal yang diubah suai dan satu set simbol tambahan untuk butiran minit dan berdasarkan bacaan'Asim, pembacaan Kufa abad ke-8. Edisi ini menjadi standard bagi cetakan Al-Quran moden. <> Ketiadaan ciri bahasa yang menjadikan pembacaan al-Quran awal lebih beragam? || Penanda vokalisasi <> Yang cendekiawan Baghdad yang dikenal pasti membenarkan tujuh bacaan al-Quran yang berbeza? || Ibnu Muj\u0101hid <> Yang abad yang menghasilkan tujuh bacaan yang dipilih oleh Ibnu Muj\u0101hid? || 8th <> Bacaan yang manakah asas asal Al-Quran dari Kaherah? || 'Asim's <> Bandar manakah yang sesuai dengan bacaan Al-Quran Asim? || Kufa", {"context": "Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led to an increase in the number of readings during the 10th century. The 10th-century Muslim scholar from Baghdad, Ibn Muj\u0101hid, is famous for establishing seven acceptable textual readings of the Quran. He studied various readings and their trustworthiness and chose seven 8th-century readers from the cities of Mecca, Medina, Kufa, Basra and Damascus. Ibn Mujahid did not explain why he chose seven readers, rather than six or ten, but this may be related to a prophetic tradition (Muhammad's saying) reporting that the Quran had been revealed in seven \"ahruf\" (meaning seven letters or modes). Today, the most popular readings are those transmitted by \u1e24af\u1e63 (d.796) and Warsh (d. 812) which are according to two of Ibn Mujahid's reciters, Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud (Kufa, d. 745) and Nafi\u2018 al-Madani (Medina, d. 785), respectively. The influential standard Quran of Cairo (1924) uses an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on \u02bbAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Vocalization markers"}], "question": "The absence of which language feature made early Quranic recitation more diverse?", "id": "572ecf2503f9891900756a3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Ibn Muj\u0101hid"}], "question": "Which Baghdad scholar identified justified seven different Quranic readings?", "id": "572ecf2503f9891900756a40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "8th"}], "question": "Which century produced the seven readings selected by Ibn Muj\u0101hid?", "id": "572ecf2503f9891900756a42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1311, "text": "\u02bbAsim's"}], "question": "Which recitation is the original basis of the Quran of Cairo?", "id": "572ecf2503f9891900756a41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1361, "text": "Kufa"}], "question": "Which city corresponds to Asim's recitation of the Quran?", "id": "572ecf2503f9891900756a43"}]}], ["Sebelum percetakan digunakan secara meluas pada abad ke-19, Al-Quran ditransmisikan dalam manuskrip yang dibuat oleh kaligrafi dan penyalin. Manuskrip terawal ditulis dalam skrip jenis Hij\u0101z\u012b. Walau bagaimanapun, manuskrip gaya Hijazi mengesahkan bahawa penghantaran Al-Quran secara bertulis bermula pada peringkat awal. Mungkin pada abad kesembilan, skrip mula menampilkan strok tebal, yang secara tradisinya dikenali sebagai skrip Kufic. Menjelang akhir abad kesembilan, skrip baru mula muncul dalam salinan Quran dan menggantikan skrip terdahulu. Sebab penghentian penggunaan gaya terdahulu adalah terlalu lama untuk menghasilkan dan permintaan terhadap salinan semakin meningkat. Oleh sebab itu, para fotokopi memilih gaya penulisan yang lebih mudah. Bermula pada abad ke-11, gaya penulisan yang digunakan adalah naskh, muhaqqaq, ray\u1e25\u0101n\u012b dan, pada masa-masa yang lebih jarang, naskah thuluth. Naskh digunakan secara meluas. Di Afrika Utara dan Sepanyol, gaya Maghribi sangat popular. Lebih jelas ialah skrip Bihari yang digunakan semata-mata di utara India. Gaya Nasta'l\u012bq juga jarang digunakan di dunia Persia. <> Siapa yang mencipta manuskrip Quran sebelum abad ke-19? || ahli kaligrafi dan penyalin <> Apa nama tulisan tebal yang digunakan untuk Quran bermula pada abad ke-9? || Skrip Kufic <> Yang merupakan skrip yang paling banyak digunakan oleh penyalin pada abad ke-11? || naskh <> Di manakah skrip Maghribi yang paling banyak digunakan oleh penyalin Quran? || Afrika Utara dan Sepanyol <> Skrip manakah yang digunakan untuk menyalin Al-Quran oleh orang-orang di utara India? || Bihari", {"context": "Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in \u1e24ij\u0101z\u012b-type script. The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably in the ninth century, scripts began to feature thicker strokes, which are traditionally known as Kufic scripts. Toward the end of the ninth century, new scripts began to appear in copies of the Quran and replace earlier scripts. The reason for discontinuation in the use of the earlier style was that it took too long to produce and the demand for copies was increasing. Copyists would therefore chose simpler writing styles. Beginning in the 11th century, the styles of writing employed were primarily the naskh, muhaqqaq, ray\u1e25\u0101n\u012b and, on rarer occasions, the thuluth script. Naskh was in very widespread use. In North Africa and Spain, the Maghrib\u012b style was popular. More distinct is the Bihari script which was used solely in the north of India. Nasta\u02bbl\u012bq style was also rarely used in Persian world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "calligraphers and copyists"}], "question": "Who created Quranic manuscripts before the 19th century?", "id": "572ed0afc246551400ce46e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Kufic scripts"}], "question": "What is the name of the thicker-stroked writing used for the Quran beginning in the 9th century?", "id": "572ed0afc246551400ce46e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "naskh"}], "question": "Which was the most widely used script by copyists in the 11th century?", "id": "572ed0afc246551400ce46e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 934, "text": "North Africa and Spain"}], "question": "Where was the Maghribi script most commonly used by Quran copyists?", "id": "572ed0afc246551400ce46e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1011, "text": "Bihari"}], "question": "Which script was only used to copy the Quran by people in northern India?", "id": "572ed0afc246551400ce46e4"}]}], ["Menurut Sahih al-Bukhari, Al-Quran dibacakan di kalangan Levantines dan Iraq, dan dibincangkan oleh orang Kristian dan Yahudi, sebelum ia diseragamkan. Kisahnya adalah serupa dengan bahasa Syriac. Al-Quran menceritakan kisah-kisah banyak orang dan peristiwa-peristiwa yang diceritakan dalam buku-buku suci Yahudi dan Kristian (Tanakh, Bible) dan kesusasteraan kebaktian (Apocrypha, Midrash), walaupun ia berbeza di banyak butiran. Adam, Enoch, Nuh, Eber, Shelah, Abraham, Lot, Ismael, Ishak, Yakub, Yusuf, Ayub, Yitro, Daud, Salomo, Elia, Elisa, Yunus, Harun, Musa, Zakharia, Yohanes Pembaptis dan Yesus disebut dalam Quran sebagai nabi-nabi Allah (lihat nabi-nabi Islam). Malah, Musa disebutkan lebih banyak dalam Al-Quran daripada individu lain. Yesus disebutkan lebih kerap dalam Al-Quran daripada Muhammad, sedangkan Mary disebutkan dalam Al-Quran lebih daripada Perjanjian Baru. Umat Islam percaya unsur-unsur atau persamaan antara Alkitab dan tulisan-tulisan Yahudi dan Kristian yang lain dan dispensasi Islam adalah disebabkan oleh sumber ilahi mereka yang biasa, dan teks-teks Kristian atau Yahudi yang asli adalah wahyu-wahyu ilahi yang diberikan kepada para nabi. <> Karakter yang manakah Alkitab yang paling sering disebut dalam Quran? || Musa <> Siapa yang mendakwa bahawa orang Kristian dan orang Yahudi telah mendengar dan membincangkan Al-Quran sebelum ia mengambil bentuk bahasa Arab yang berstandar? || Sahih al-Bukhari <> Yang mana bahasa yang lebih tua dianggap sangat mirip dengan Al-Quran? || Syriac <> Yang relatif dari Yesus muncul lebih kerap dalam Al-Quran daripada Perjanjian Baru? || Mary <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh umat Islam yang beragama adalah alasan untuk pertindihan peristiwa dan watak dalam Alkitab dan Quran? || sumber ilahi yang sama", {"context": "According to Sahih al-Bukhari, the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis, and discussed by Christians and Jews, before it was standardized. Its language was similar to the Syriac language.[citation needed] The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books (Tanakh, Bible) and devotional literature (Apocrypha, Midrash), although it differs in many details. Adam, Enoch, Noah, Eber, Shelah, Abraham, Lot, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Job, Jethro, David, Solomon, Elijah, Elisha, Jonah, Aaron, Moses, Zechariah, John the Baptist and Jesus are mentioned in the Quran as prophets of God (see Prophets of Islam). In fact, Moses is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual. Jesus is mentioned more often in the Quran than Muhammad, while Mary is mentioned in the Quran more than the New Testament. Muslims believe the common elements or resemblances between the Bible and other Jewish and Christian writings and Islamic dispensations is due to their common divine source,[citation needed] and that the original Christian or Jewish texts were authentic divine revelations given to prophets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "Moses"}], "question": "Which Biblical character is the most often mentioned person in the Quran?", "id": "572ed3f503f9891900756a67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Sahih al-Bukhari"}], "question": "Who has claimed that Christians and Jews had heard and discussed the Quran before it took on its standardized Arabic form?", "id": "572ed3f503f9891900756a68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Syriac"}], "question": "Which older language is thought to strongly resemble that of the Quran?", "id": "572ed3f503f9891900756a69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 812, "text": "Mary"}], "question": "Which relative of Jesus appears more often in the Quran than the New Testament?", "id": "572ed3f503f9891900756a6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1024, "text": "common divine source"}], "question": "What do devout Muslims believe is the reason for the overlap of events and characters in the Bible and Quran?", "id": "572ed3f503f9891900756a6b"}]}], ["Mengikut kepercayaan Shia, mereka yang berakar umbi dalam pengetahuan seperti Muhammad dan para imam mengetahui rahasia Al-Quran. Menurut Tabatabaei, pernyataan \"tiada yang tahu tafsirannya kecuali Tuhan\" tetap sah, tanpa klausa yang menentang atau kualifikasi. Oleh itu, setakat ayat ini berkenaan, pengetahuan tentang tafsiran Al-Quran adalah dikhaskan untuk Tuhan. Tetapi Tabatabaei menggunakan ayat-ayat lain dan menyimpulkan bahawa mereka yang dimurnikan oleh Tuhan tahu tafsiran Al-Quran pada tahap tertentu. <> Siapa yang percaya umat Islam Syiah boleh mendekati kebenaran Quran selain Allah dan Muhammad? || imam <> Menurut orang Islam Syiah, siapakah satu-satunya yang dapat mengetahui sepenuhnya tafsiran al-Quran? || Allah <> Bagaimanakah Tuhan telah merawat orang-orang yang layak mengetahui sekeliling Al-Quran? || dimurnikan", {"context": "According to Shia beliefs, those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like Muhammad and the imams know the secrets of the Quran. According to Tabatabaei, the statement \"none knows its interpretation except God\" remains valid, without any opposing or qualifying clause. Therefore, so far as this verse is concerned, the knowledge of the Quran's interpretation is reserved for God. But Tabatabaei uses other verses and concludes that those who are purified by God know the interpretation of the Quran to a certain extent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "imams"}], "question": "Who do Shia Muslims believe can approach Quranic truths besides God and Muhammad?", "id": "572edcb1c246551400ce4752"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "God"}], "question": "According to Shia Muslims, who is the only one who can fully know the a Quranic interpretation?", "id": "572edcb1c246551400ce4753"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "purified"}], "question": "How must God have treated those who are qualified to know Quranic sectets?", "id": "572edcb1c246551400ce4754"}]}], ["Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei mengatakan bahawa menurut penjelasan yang popular di kalangan penafsir yang kemudian, ta'wil menunjukkan makna tertentu ayat ditujukan ke arah. Makna wahyu (tanzil), yang bertentangan dengan ta'wil, jelas sesuai dengan makna yang jelas dari kata-kata yang dinyatakan. Tetapi penjelasan ini telah menjadi begitu meluas bahawa, pada masa ini, ia telah menjadi makna utama ta'wil, yang pada mulanya bermaksud \"untuk kembali\" atau \"tempat kembali\". Di dalam pandangan Tabatabaei, apa yang telah dipanggil ta'wil, atau tafsir hermeneutik Al-Quran, tidaklah semata-mata dengan penafsiran kata-kata. Sebaliknya, ia berkaitan dengan kebenaran dan realiti tertentu yang melangkau pemahaman orang biasa; namun ia adalah dari kebenaran dan realiti bahawa prinsip-prinsip doktrin dan injunksi praktikal isu Quran dikeluarkan. Tafsiran bukanlah makna ayat-melainkan ia menerangkan maksud itu, dalam bentuk transpirasi yang khusus. Terdapat realitas rohani-yang merupakan tujuan utamanya untuk mewajibkan undang-undang, atau tujuan dasar dalam menggambarkan atribut ilahi-dan kemudian ada arti sebenarnya yang membahas cerita al-Quran. <> Apakah arti asal ta'wil? || \"untuk kembali\" atau \"tempat kembali\" <> Apa yang dapat ditegaskan oleh interpretasi yang terletak di belakang peristiwa-peristiwa yang jelas yang disebut dalam kisah Quran? || realiti rohani <> Apakah istilah falsafah sepadan dengan jenis tafsiran dalam ta'wil? || hermeneutik", {"context": "Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes, ta'wil indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards. The meaning of revelation (tanzil), as opposed to ta'wil, is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed. But this explanation has become so widespread that, at present, it has become the primary meaning of ta'wil, which originally meant \"to return\" or \"the returning place\". In Tabatabaei's view, what has been rightly called ta'wil, or hermeneutic interpretation of the Quran, is not concerned simply with the denotation of words. Rather, it is concerned with certain truths and realities that transcend the comprehension of the common run of men; yet it is from these truths and realities that the principles of doctrine and the practical injunctions of the Quran issue forth. Interpretation is not the meaning of the verse\u2014rather it transpires through that meaning, in a special sort of transpiration. There is a spiritual reality\u2014which is the main objective of ordaining a law, or the basic aim in describing a divine attribute\u2014and then there is an actual significance that a Quranic story refers to.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "\"to return\" or \"the returning place\""}], "question": "What was the original meaning of ta'wil?", "id": "572edbdacb0c0d14000f161d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1022, "text": "a spiritual reality"}], "question": "What can interpretation find that lies the behind the apparent events referred to in a Quranic story?", "id": "572edbdacb0c0d14000f161c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "hermeneutic"}], "question": "What philosophical term corresponds to the type of interpretation in ta'wil?", "id": "572edbdacb0c0d14000f161e"}]}], ["Sahih al-Bukhari menceritakan Muhammad menggambarkan wahyu-wahyu sebagai, \"Kadang-kadang ia (seperti yang diungkapkan) seperti bunyi loceng\" dan Aisha melaporkan, \"Saya melihat Rasulullah diilhamkan pada hari yang sangat dingin dan melihat keringat yang turun dari dahinya (sebagai Inspirasi selesai). \" Wahyu pertama Muhammad, menurut al-Quran, disertai dengan penglihatan. Ejen wahyu disebut sebagai \"orang yang berkuasa dalam kekuasaan\", yang \"semakin jelas untuk melihat ketika dia berada di cakrawala yang paling mendalam.\" Kemudian ia hampir dan turun hingga dia (jauh) dua busur panjang atau bahkan lebih dekat. \" Sarjana kajian Islam Welch menyatakan dalam Encyclopaedia of Islam bahawa ia percaya gambaran grafis keadaan Muhammad pada saat-saat ini mungkin dianggap sebagai tulus, karena ia sangat terganggu setelah wahyu-wahyu ini. Menurut Welch, kejang ini akan dilihat oleh orang-orang di sekelilingnya sebagai bukti yang meyakinkan untuk asal-usul manusia dari inspirasi Muhammad. Bagaimanapun, pengkritik Muhammad menuduhnya sebagai seorang lelaki, seorang tukang periuk atau ahli silap mata kerana pengalamannya serupa dengan yang diklaim oleh tokoh-tokoh seperti yang diketahui di Arab kuno. Welch juga menyatakan bahawa ia tetap tidak pasti sama ada pengalaman ini berlaku sebelum atau selepas dakwaan awal Nabi Muhammad. <> Apakah gejala fizikal yang disertai dengan wahyu Muhammad? || sawan <> Apakah ukuran jarak yang mendeskripsikan kedekatan pendekatan Malaikat kepada Mohammad? || Dua pukulan panjang <> Dalam kerja yang dilakukan Welch menyatakan kepercayaannya bahawa reaksi fizikal Mohammad terhadap wahyu itu secara tepatnya tepat? || Encyclopaedia of Islam <> Orang-orang yang mana pengkritik Mohammad telah membandingkannya dengannya pada masa itu? || seorang lelaki yang berpengalaman, seorang tukang periuk atau ahli silap mata", {"context": "Sahih al-Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, \"Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell\" and Aisha reported, \"I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over).\" Muhammad's first revelation, according to the Quran, was accompanied with a vision. The agent of revelation is mentioned as the \"one mighty in power\", the one who \"grew clear to view when he was on the uppermost horizon. Then he drew nigh and came down till he was (distant) two bows' length or even nearer.\" The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine, because he was severely disturbed after these revelations. According to Welch, these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad's inspirations. However, Muhammad's critics accused him of being a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia. Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 861, "text": "seizures"}], "question": "What physical symptom accompanied Muhammad's revelations?", "id": "572eda2cdfa6aa1500f8d451"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "two bows' length"}], "question": "What measure of distance described the nearness of the Angel's approach to Mohammad?", "id": "572eda2cdfa6aa1500f8d452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "Encyclopaedia of Islam"}], "question": "In which work did Welch express his belief that Mohammad's physical reaction to the revelation was historically accurate? ", "id": "572eda2cdfa6aa1500f8d453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1037, "text": "a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician"}], "question": "Which people would Mohammad's critics have compared him to at the time?", "id": "572eda2cdfa6aa1500f8d454"}]}]], [["Lord Castlereagh, Setiausaha Luar British, mula-mula menggunakan istilah itu dalam konteks diplomatiknya, dalam surat yang dikirim pada 13 Februari 1814: \"Ini memberikan saya kepuasan yang besar untuk memperlihatkan kepada anda bahwa setiap prospek Kongres telah berakhir dengan kesepakatan umum dan Jaminan antara kuasa-kuasa Besar Eropah, dengan tekad untuk menyokong pengaturan yang dipersetujui, dan untuk mengubah pengaruh umum dan jika perlu, senjata umum terhadap Kuasa yang pertama kali akan cuba mengganggu kedamaian di Benua. \" <> Kapan Tuhan Castlereagh mula menggunakan istilah kuasa besar? || dalam surat yang dihantar pada 13 Februari 1814 <> Apakah posisi Tuhan Lord Castlereagh? || Setiausaha Luar Inggeris British <> Apa yang Castlereagh menentukan sebagai pengaruh terakhir kuasa besar? || jika perlu senjata umum menentang Kuasa yang pertama kali akan cuba mengganggu kedamaian di benua", {"context": "Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context, in a letter sent on February 13, 1814: \"It affords me great satisfaction to acquaint you that there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon, and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "in a letter sent on February 13, 1814"}], "question": "When did Lord Castlereagh first use the term Great Powers?", "id": "573104ea497a881900248b01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "British Foreign Secretary"}], "question": "What position did Lord Castlereagh hold?", "id": "573104ea497a881900248b02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace"}], "question": "What did Castlereagh determine as the last resort of great power's influence?", "id": "573104ea497a881900248b03"}]}], ["Kuasa besar yang menang juga mendapat pengiktirafan status mereka melalui kerusi kekal di Majlis Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, di mana mereka bertindak sebagai jenis badan eksekutif yang mengarahkan Dewan Liga. Walau bagaimanapun, Majlis bermula dengan hanya empat ahli tetap - United Kingdom, Perancis, Itali, dan Jepun-kerana Amerika Syarikat, bermaksud menjadi anggota kekal kelima, meninggalkan kerana Senat AS mengundi pada 19 Mac 1920 menentang pengesahan Perjanjian Versailles, dengan itu menghalang penyertaan Amerika dalam Liga. <> Siapakah empat anggota tetap Majlis Liga Bangsa? || United Kingdom, Perancis, Itali, dan Jepun <> Apa organisasi bertindak sebagai pengiktirafan status kuasa besar? || Majlis Liga Bangsa <> Mengapa United menyatakan tidak termasuk dalam Majlis Liga Bangsa? || terhadap ratifikasi Perjanjian Versailles, dengan itu menghalang penyertaan Amerika dalam Liga <> Bilakah undi Senat AS terhadap perjanjian ratifikasi versailles? || 19 Mac 1920", {"context": "The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members\u2014the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan\u2014because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan"}], "question": "Who were the four permanent members of the League of Nations Council?", "id": "57310f4ae6313a140071cbca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "League of Nations Council"}], "question": "What organiztion acted as acknowledgement of status of great powers?", "id": "57310f4ae6313a140071cbcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League"}], "question": "Why was United Stated excluded from League of Nations Council?", "id": "57310f4ae6313a140071cbcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "19 March 1920"}], "question": "When did US Senate vote against treaty of versailles ratification?", "id": "57310f4ae6313a140071cbcc"}]}], ["Kriteria penting lain sepanjang sejarah ialah kuasa besar harus memiliki pengaruh yang cukup untuk dimasukkan dalam perbincangan mengenai pertanyaan politik dan diplomatik hari ini, dan mempunyai pengaruh terhadap hasil dan penyelesaian akhir. Dari segi sejarah, apabila soalan politik utama ditangani, beberapa kuasa besar bertemu untuk membincangkannya. Sebelum era kumpulan seperti Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, para peserta mesyuarat tersebut tidak dinamakan secara rasmi, tetapi diputuskan berdasarkan status kuasa besar mereka. Ini adalah persidangan yang menyelesaikan soalan penting berdasarkan peristiwa sejarah utama. Ini bermakna akan menentukan resolusi politik pelbagai tuntutan geografi dan nasionalis berikutan konflik utama, atau konteks lain. <> Perbincangan apa yang perlu disertakan? || soalan politik dan diplomatik pada hari ini <> Secara sejarah, ketika kuasa besar akan bertemu? || apabila soalan politik utama ditangani <> Apakah jenis keputusan yang akan dicapai kuasa besar? || resolusi politik pelbagai tuntutan geografi dan nasionalis berikutan konflik utama, atau konteks lain", {"context": "Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of political and diplomatic questions of the day, and have influence on the final outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to discuss them. Before the era of groups like the United Nations, participants of such meetings were not officially named, but were decided based on their great power status. These were conferences which settled important questions based on major historical events. This might mean deciding the political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict, or other contexts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "political and diplomatic questions of the day"}], "question": "What discussion should great powers be included on?", "id": "5731011b05b4da19006bccca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "when major political questions were addressed"}], "question": "Historically, when would great powers meet?", "id": "5731011b05b4da19006bcccb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict, or other contexts"}], "question": "What types of decisions would great powers reach?", "id": "5731011b05b4da19006bcccc"}]}], ["Lama kelamaan, kuasa relatif dari lima negara ini berfluktuasi, yang menjelang subuh abad ke-20 telah mewujudkan keseimbangan kuasa yang sama sekali berbeza. Ada, seperti United Kingdom dan Prusia (sebagai pengasas negara Jerman yang baru ditubuhkan), mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berterusan dan kuasa politik. Lain-lain, seperti Rusia dan Austria-Hungary, stagnan. Pada masa yang sama, negeri-negeri lain muncul dan berkembang dalam kuasa, sebahagian besarnya melalui proses perindustrian. Negara-negara ini yang ingin mencapai status kuasa besar adalah: Itali selepas Risorgimento, Jepun selepas Pemulihan Meiji, dan Amerika Syarikat selepas perang saudara. Menjelang awal kurun ke-20, keseimbangan kuasa dunia telah berubah dengan ketara sejak Kongres Vienna. Perikatan Lapan Negara adalah perikatan lawan dari lapan negara terhadap pemberontakan Boxer di China. Ia dibentuk pada tahun 1900 dan terdiri daripada lima kuasa Kongres ditambah Itali, Jepun, dan Amerika Syarikat, mewakili kuasa hebat pada awal abad ke-20. <> Adakah kuasa dari 5 negara tetap? || kuasa relatif dari lima negara ini berfluktuasi <> Negara apa yang menemui pertumbuhan ekonomi mereka pada awal abad ke-20? || United Kingdom dan Prussia <> Yang mana dari 5 kuasa mula bertentangan pada awal abad ke-20? || Rusia dan Austria-Hungary <> Perjanjian apa yang menggantikan Kongres Vienna? || Perikatan Lapan Bangsa <> Apa percanggahan perjanjian ini dalam pembangkang? || Pemberontakan Boxer di China.", {"context": "Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Some, such as the United Kingdom and Prussia (as the founder of the newly formed German state), experienced continued economic growth and political power. Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated. At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento, Japan after the Meiji Restoration, and the United States after its civil war. By the dawn of the 20th century, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was a belligerent alliance of eight nations against the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "relative power of these five nations fluctuated"}], "question": "Was the power of the 5 countries constant?", "id": "57310a8305b4da19006bcd12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "United Kingdom and Prussia"}], "question": "What countries found their economic growth in early 20th century?", "id": "57310a8305b4da19006bcd13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Russia and Austria-Hungary"}], "question": "Which of the 5 powers were beginning to stagnate in early 20th century?", "id": "57310a8305b4da19006bcd14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "Eight-Nation Alliance"}], "question": "What agreement replaced the Congress of Vienna?", "id": "57310a8305b4da19006bcd15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 857, "text": "Boxer Rebellion in China."}], "question": "What conflict was this agreement in opposition of?", "id": "57310a8305b4da19006bcd16"}]}], ["Peralihan kuasa antarabangsa paling banyak berlaku melalui konflik utama. Kesimpulan Perang Besar dan perjanjian-perjanjian Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon dan S\u00e8vres menyaksikan United Kingdom, Perancis, Itali, Jepun dan Amerika Serikat sebagai ketua arbitres dari tatanan dunia yang baru. Selepas Perang Dunia I Empayar Jerman dikalahkan, empayar Austria-Hungary dibahagikan kepada negara yang baru, kurang berkuasa dan Empayar Rusia jatuh ke dalam revolusi. Semasa Persidangan Keamanan Paris, \"Empat Besar\" -France, Itali, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat-memegang kuasa yang lebih besar dan pengaruh terhadap prosiding dan hasil perjanjian daripada Jepun. The Big Four merupakan arkitek utama Perjanjian Versailles yang ditandatangani oleh Jerman; Perjanjian St. Germain, dengan Austria; Perjanjian Neuilly, dengan Bulgaria; Perjanjian Trianon, dengan Hungary; dan Perjanjian S\u00e8vres, dengan Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Semasa membuat keputusan Perjanjian Versailles, Itali keluar dari persidangan itu kerana sebahagian daripada tuntutannya tidak dipenuhi dan buat sementara waktu meninggalkan tiga negara lain sebagai satu-satunya arkitek utama perjanjian itu, yang disebut sebagai \"Tiga Besar\" . <> Apa yang menandakan kesimpulan Perang Besar? || perjanjian-perjanjian Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon dan S\u00e8vres <> Siapa ketua arbitres tatanan dunia yang baru? || United Kingdom, Perancis, Itali, Jepun dan Amerika Syarikat <> Siapa yang membuat Perjanjian Versailles? || Tiga Besar <> Siapa yang empat besar? || Perancis, Itali, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of the Great War and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and S\u00e8vres witnessed the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States as the chief arbiters of the new world order. In the aftermath of World War I the German Empire was defeated, the Austria-Hungarian empire was divided into new, less powerful states and the Russian Empire fell to a revolution. During the Paris Peace Conference, the \"Big Four\"\u2014France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States\u2014held noticeably more power and influence on the proceedings and outcome of the treaties than Japan. The Big Four were leading architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of S\u00e8vres, with the Ottoman Empire. During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the \"Big Three\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and S\u00e8vres"}], "question": "What marked the conclusion of The Great War?", "id": "57310e2b05b4da19006bcd32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States"}], "question": "Who were  the chief arbiters of the new world order?", "id": "57310e2b05b4da19006bcd33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1205, "text": "Big Three"}], "question": "Who created the Treaty of Versailles?", "id": "57310e2b05b4da19006bcd34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States"}], "question": "Who were the big four?", "id": "57310e2b05b4da19006bcd35"}]}], ["Tulisan-tulisan awal tentang subjek ini cenderung untuk menilai negara-negara dengan kriteria realis, seperti yang diungkapkan oleh ahli sejarah A. J. P. Taylor ketika dia menyatakan bahwa \"Ujian kekuatan yang besar adalah ujian kekuatan untuk peperangan.\" Kemudian penulis telah memperluas ujian ini, cuba untuk menentukan kuasa dari segi kemampuan ketenteraan, ekonomi, dan politik secara keseluruhan. Kenneth Waltz, pengasas teori neorealis mengenai hubungan antarabangsa, menggunakan satu set lima kriteria untuk menentukan kuasa besar: populasi dan wilayah; sumber sumbangan; keupayaan ekonomi; kestabilan politik dan kecekapan; dan ketenteraan. Kriteria yang diperluas ini boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga ketua: keupayaan kuasa, aspek spatial, dan status. <> Apa satu kriteria digunakan pada masa-masa awal untuk menilai status kuasa besar? || kekuatan untuk perang <> Selain ketenteraan, apakah dua kapasiti lain yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan kuasa-kuasa hebat pada zaman kemudian? || ekonomi, dan politik <> Siapakah pengasas teori neorealis mengenai hubungan antarabangsa? || Kenneth Waltz <> Berapa banyak kriteria yang digunakan untuk menilai kuasa besar dalam teori neoreal? || lima <> yang menulis, \"Ujian kekuatan yang besar adalah ujian kekuatan untuk peperangan.\" || A. J. P. Taylor <> Apakah 5 kriteria yang digunakan oleh neorealis untuk menentukan kuasa besar? || penduduk dan wilayah; sumber sumbangan; keupayaan ekonomi; kestabilan politik dan kecekapan; dan kekuatan ketenteraan <> Whos adalah pengasas teori neorealis mengenai hubungan antarabangsa? || Kenneth Waltz <> Apa 3 bidang yang dapat meringkaskan penentuan kuasa yang besar? || keupayaan kuasa, aspek spatial, dan status", {"context": "Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that \"The test of a great power is the test of strength for war.\" Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and political capacity. Kenneth Waltz, the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations, uses a set of five criteria to determine great power: population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength. These expanded criteria can be divided into three heads: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "strength for war"}], "question": "What one criteria was used in early times to judge a great power's status?", "id": "572eac98c246551400ce44be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "economic, and political"}], "question": "Besides military, what two other capacities were used to describe great powers in later times?", "id": "572eac98c246551400ce44bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Kenneth Waltz"}], "question": "Who is the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?", "id": "572eac98c246551400ce44c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many criteria are used to judge a great power in the neorealist theory?", "id": "572eac98c246551400ce44c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "A. J. P. Taylor"}], "question": "Who wrote, \"The test of a great power is the test of strength for war.\"?", "id": "5730ddeab7151e1900c01590"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength"}], "question": "What 5 criteria did neorealist use to determine great powers?", "id": "5730ddeab7151e1900c01592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Kenneth Waltz"}], "question": "Whos was the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?", "id": "5730ddeab7151e1900c01591"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status"}], "question": "What 3 areas can summarize the great power determination?", "id": "5730ddeab7151e1900c01593"}]}], ["Daripada lima kuasa hebat asal yang diiktiraf di Kongres Vienna, hanya Perancis dan United Kingdom mengekalkan status itu secara berterusan hingga hari ini, walaupun Perancis kalah dalam Perang Franco-Prusia dan diduduki semasa Perang Dunia II. Selepas Kongres Vienna, Empayar British muncul sebagai kuasa pra-terkemuka, kerana angkatan lautnya dan sejauh mana wilayahnya, yang menandakan permulaan Pax Britannica dan Permainan Besar antara Inggeris dan Rusia. Keseimbangan kuasa antara Kekuatan Besar menjadi pengaruh utama dalam politik Eropah, yang mendorong Otto von Bismarck mengatakan \"Semua politik mengurangkan dirinya untuk formula ini: cuba menjadi salah satu dari tiga, selagi dunia ditadbir oleh keseimbangan tidak stabil lima kuasa besar. \" <> Apa 2 kuasa yang dinamakan dalam 5 kuasa besar dari kongres vienna telah mengekalkan status itu? || hanya Perancis dan United Kingdom <> Negara mana yang muncul sebagai kuasa unggul, kerana angkatan lautnya dan sejauh mana wilayahnya? || British Empire <> Apa negara kehilangan perang Franco-Prusia? || Perancis <> Imbangan kekuasaan kuasa besar adalah pengaruh besar terhadap apa benua politik? || European <> Yang menyatakan bahawa \"Semua politik mengurangkan dirinya kepada formula ini: cuba menjadi salah satu daripada tiga, selagi dunia ditadbir oleh keseimbangan tidak stabil dari lima kuasa besar.\" || Otto von Bismarck", {"context": "Of the five original great powers recognised at the Congress of Vienna, only France and the United Kingdom have maintained that status continuously to the present day, although France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and occupied during World War II. After the Congress of Vienna, the British Empire emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories, which signalled the beginning of the Pax Britannica and of the Great Game between the UK and Russia. The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting Otto von Bismarck to say \"All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "only France and the United Kingdom"}], "question": "What 2 powers named in the 5 orignal great powers of the congress of vienna have maintained that status?", "id": "573106b7497a881900248b07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "British Empire"}], "question": "What country emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories?", "id": "573106b7497a881900248b09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country lost Franco-Prussian war?", "id": "573106b7497a881900248b08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "European"}], "question": "Balance of power of great powers was a major influence on what continents politics?", "id": "573106b7497a881900248b0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "Otto von Bismarck"}], "question": "Who stated that \"All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.?\"", "id": "573106b7497a881900248b0b"}]}], ["Semua negeri mempunyai ruang lingkup geografi kepentingan, tindakan, atau kuasa yang diunjurkan. Ini adalah faktor penting dalam membezakan kuasa yang hebat dari kuasa serantau; dengan definisi skop kuasa serantau adalah terhad kepada wilayahnya. Telah dicadangkan bahawa kuasa besar harus memiliki pengaruh yang sebenarnya di seluruh skop sistem antarabangsa yang berlaku. Contohnya, Arnold J. Toynbee berpendapat bahawa \"Kuasa besar dapat ditakrifkan sebagai kuasa politik yang memberikan kesan yang luas dengan masyarakat luas di mana ia beroperasi. Kekuatan besar tahun 1914 adalah 'kuasa dunia' kerana Masyarakat Barat baru-baru ini menjadi 'seluruh dunia'. \" <> Apa tiga perkara yang ada di semua negara dalam skop geografi mereka? || kepentingan, tindakan, atau kuasa yang diunjurkan <> Yang nilai-nilai sosial telah menjadi seluruh dunia pada tahun 1914? || Western <> Apakah skop kuasa serantau terhad? || rantaunya <> Apa yang harus ada kuasa besar? || pengaruh sebenar <> Apa kuasa besar 1914 dipanggil? || kuasa-kuasa dunia <> Yang menyatakan bahawa \"Kuasa besar dapat didefinisikan sebagai kekuatan politik yang memberikan pengaruh yang luas dengan masyarakat luas di mana ia beroperasi. Kekuatan besar tahun 1914 adalah\" kuasa dunia \"? || Arnold J. Toynbee <> Apa yang ada di semua negeri? || skop geografi kepentingan, tindakan, atau kuasa yang diunjurkan <> Apa jenis kuasa yang sepatutnya mempunyai pengaruh sebenar di seluruh skop sistem antarabangsa yang berlaku? || kuasa besar <> Jenis kuasa apa yang terhad kepada wilayahnya? || kuasa serantau", {"context": "All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system. Arnold J. Toynbee, for example, observes that \"Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers' because Western society had recently become 'world-wide'.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "interests, actions, or projected power"}], "question": "What three things do all states have in their geographic scope?", "id": "572edbbfcb0c0d14000f1612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "Western"}], "question": "Which societal values had become world-wide by 1914?", "id": "572edbbfcb0c0d14000f1616"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "its region"}], "question": "What is the scope of a regional power restricted to?", "id": "572edbbfcb0c0d14000f1613"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "actual influence"}], "question": "What should a great power possess?", "id": "572edbbfcb0c0d14000f1614"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "world-powers"}], "question": "What were the great powers of 1914 called?", "id": "572edbbfcb0c0d14000f1615"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Arnold J. Toynbee"}], "question": "Who stated that \"Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers\"?", "id": "5730e8d2aca1c71400fe5b50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power"}], "question": "What do all states have?", "id": "5730e8d2aca1c71400fe5b4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "great power"}], "question": "What type of powers should have actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system?", "id": "5730e8d2aca1c71400fe5b51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "regional power"}], "question": "What type of power is restricted to its region?", "id": "5730e8d2aca1c71400fe5b52"}]}], ["Istilah \"kuasa besar\" mula-mula digunakan untuk mewakili kuasa terpenting di Eropa pada era pasca Napoleon. \"Kuasa Besar\" merupakan \"Konsert Eropah\" dan mendakwa hak untuk menguatkuasakan perjanjian pasca perang. Pengesahan pembahagian antara kuasa kecil dan kuasa besar berlaku dengan menandatangani Perjanjian Chaumont pada tahun 1814. Sejak itu, keseimbangan kuasa antarabangsa telah berubah banyak kali, paling dramatik semasa Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II. Walaupun sesetengah negara secara luas dianggap sebagai kuasa besar, tidak ada senarai definitif mereka. Dalam kesusasteraan, istilah alternatif untuk kuasa besar seringkali kuasa dunia atau kuasa besar, tetapi istilah ini juga boleh dipertukarkan dengan kuasa besar. <> Istilah \"kuasa besar\" mula-mula digunakan di mana benua? || Eropah <> Perjanjian mana yang membuat perbezaan kuasa-kuasa kecil dan kuasa-kuasa hebat dalam urusan rasmi? || Perjanjian Chaumont <> Berapa tahun perjanjian ini ditandatangani? || 1814 <> Di mana dua peperangan mempunyai keseimbangan kuasa beralih paling dramatik? || Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II <> Apakah istilah lain yang lebih moden digunakan sebagai ganti \"kuasa besar\"? || superpower <> Apa formalisasi pembahagian kuasa kecil dan kuasa besar? || Perjanjian Chaumont <> Semasa jawatan era Napoleonik di mana pungut-pungut besar yang pertama ditumpukan? || Eropah <> Apa istilah lain untuk Great Power? || superpower <> Semasa apa 2 peperangan adalah keseimbangan pergeseran kuasa yang paling dramatik? || Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II", {"context": "The term \"great power\" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The \"Great Powers\" constituted the \"Concert of Europe\" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is no definitive list of them. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power, but these terms can also be interchangeable with superpower.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "The term \"great power\" was first used on which continent?", "id": "572eaa1cdfa6aa1500f8d279"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Treaty of Chaumont"}], "question": "Which treaty made the distinction of small powers and great powers a formal affair?", "id": "572eaa1cdfa6aa1500f8d27a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "1814"}], "question": "What year was this treaty signed?", "id": "572eaa1cdfa6aa1500f8d27b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "World War I and World War II"}], "question": "During which two wars has the balance of power shifted the most dramatically?", "id": "572eaa1cdfa6aa1500f8d27c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "superpower"}], "question": "What is another more modern term used in place of \"great power\"?", "id": "572eaa1cdfa6aa1500f8d27d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Treaty of Chaumont"}], "question": "What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?", "id": "5730d9eaf6cb411900e244ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated?", "id": "5730d9eaf6cb411900e244ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "superpower"}], "question": "What is another term for Great Power?", "id": "5730d9eaf6cb411900e244ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "World War I and World War II"}], "question": "During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic?", "id": "5730d9eaf6cb411900e244ee"}]}], ["Kuasa yang hebat adalah sebuah negara berdaulat yang diiktiraf sebagai mempunyai keupayaan dan kepakaran untuk mengerahkan pengaruhnya pada skala global. Kuasa besar secara tradisi mempunyai kekuatan ketenteraan dan ekonomi, serta pengaruh kuasa diplomatik dan kuasa lembut, yang boleh menyebabkan kuasa tengah atau kecil untuk mempertimbangkan pendapat kuasa besar sebelum mengambil tindakan mereka sendiri. Ahli teori hubungan antarabangsa telah mengemukakan bahawa status kuasa yang besar boleh dicirikan keupayaan kuasa, aspek spatial, dan dimensi status. Kadang-kadang status kuasa besar secara rasmi diiktiraf dalam persidangan seperti Kongres Vienna atau struktur antarabangsa seperti Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (China, Perancis, Rusia, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat berkhidmat sebagai lima anggota tetap badan) . Pada masa yang sama status kuasa besar boleh diakui secara tidak rasmi dalam forum seperti G7 yang terdiri daripada Kanada, Perancis, Jerman, Itali, Jepun, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah negara yang boleh mempengaruhi pengaruhnya pada skala global? || Kuasa yang hebat <> Apa dua sifat dominan yang mempunyai kekuatan besar yang biasanya dimilikinya? || kekuatan tentera dan ekonomi <> China, Perancis, Rusia, United Kingdom, dan Amerika Syarikat berkhidmat sebagai lima anggota tetap badan? || Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu <> Apakah dua sifat yang lebih rendah yang mempunyai kuasa besar yang biasanya dimiliki? || pengaruh kuasa diplomatik dan lembut <> Kanada, Perancis, Jerman, Itali, Jepun, United Kingdom, dan Amerika Syarikat adalah sebahagian daripada forum antarabangsa apa? || G7 <> Apa kuasa besar yang biasanya ada? || kekuatan ketenteraan dan ekonomi, serta pengaruh kuasa diplomatik dan lembut <> Apakah ahli tetap Majlis Keselamatan PBB? || China, Perancis, Rusia, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat <> Apa negara-negara di G7? || Kanada, Perancis, Jerman, Itali, Jepun, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat <> Apa 3 faktor yang mempunyai teori hubungan antarabangsa dianggap faktor untuk status kuasa besar? || keupayaan kuasa, aspek spatial, dan dimensi status", {"context": "A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions. Sometimes the status of great powers is formally recognized in conferences such as the Congress of Vienna or an international structure such as the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States serve as the body's five permanent members). At the same time the status of great powers can be informally recognized in a forum such as the G7 which consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "A great power"}], "question": "What is a nation which can exert its influence on a global scale called?", "id": "572ea7e9dfa6aa1500f8d265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "military and economic strength"}], "question": "What two dominant traits do great powers usually possess?", "id": "572ea7e9dfa6aa1500f8d266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "United Nations Security Council"}], "question": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States serve as what body's five permanent members?", "id": "572ea7e9dfa6aa1500f8d268"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "diplomatic and soft power influence"}], "question": "What two lesser traits do great powers usually possess?", "id": "572ea7e9dfa6aa1500f8d267"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 905, "text": "the G7"}], "question": "Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States are part of what international forum?", "id": "572ea7e9dfa6aa1500f8d269"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence"}], "question": "What do great powers usually have?", "id": "5730d9efb54a4f140068ccac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States"}], "question": "What are the permanent members of UN Security Council?", "id": "5730d9efb54a4f140068ccad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 930, "text": "Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America"}], "question": "What are the countries in the G7?", "id": "5730d9efb54a4f140068ccae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions"}], "question": "What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status?", "id": "5730d9efb54a4f140068ccaf"}]}], ["Milena Sterio, ahli undang-undang antarabangsa Amerika, termasuk bekas paksi kuasa (Jerman, Itali dan Jepun) dan India di antara kuasa besar bersama dengan anggota tetap UNSC. Dia menganggap Jerman, Jepun dan Itali menjadi kuasa hebat kerana keanggotaan G7 mereka dan kerana pengaruh mereka dalam organisasi serantau dan antarabangsa. Pelbagai penulis menggambarkan Itali sebagai kuasa utama yang sama, sementara yang lain melihat Itali sebagai \"kuasa hebat yang berselang-seling\" atau sebagai \"sekurang-kurangnya kuasa besar\". <> Milena Sterio termasuk apa kuasa bekas paksi di kalangan kuasa besar? || Jerman, Itali dan Jepun <> Apa kuasa yang muncul dianggap sebagai kuasa besar? || India <> Apa ahli G7 adalah antara kuasa besar? || Jerman, Jepun dan Itali <> Negara mana yang dibahaskan sebagai sekejap dan / atau sekurang-kurangnya kuasa besar? || Itali", {"context": "Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional and international organizations.  Various authors describe Italy as an equal major power, while others view Italy as an \"intermittent great power\" or as \"the least of the great powers\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Germany, Italy and Japan"}], "question": "Milena Sterio includes what former axis powers among great powers?", "id": "57312538e6313a140071cc7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "India"}], "question": "What emerging power is considered a great power?", "id": "57312538e6313a140071cc7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Germany, Japan and Italy"}], "question": "What G7 members are among great powers?", "id": "57312538e6313a140071cc80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "Which country is debated as intermittent and/or least of great powers?", "id": "57312538e6313a140071cc81"}]}], ["Satu lagi faktor penting ialah konsensus yang jelas di kalangan kuasa besar Barat bahawa tentera tidak lagi merupakan alat yang berkesan untuk menyelesaikan pertikaian di kalangan rakan sebaya mereka. Ini \"subset\" kuasa-kuasa besar - Perancis, Jerman, Jepun, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat - menganggap mengekalkan \"keadaan damai\" seperti yang dikehendaki. Sebagai bukti, Baron menggariskan bahawa sejak krisis peluru berpandu Kuba (1962) semasa Perang Dingin, negara-negara Barat yang berpengaruh ini telah menyelesaikan semua pertikaian di antara kuasa-kuasa besar secara aman di Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu dan forum perbincangan antarabangsa yang lain. <> Alat bekas yang berkesan untuk pertikaian antarabangsa tidak lagi berkesan di kalangan rakan seperjuangan? || kuasa tentera <> Apakah kuasa-kuasa besar yang mempertahankan keamanan? || Perancis, Jerman, Jepun, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat <> Di manakah kuasa mempertahankan keamanan dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan? || Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu dan forum lain <> Apakah krisis terakhir semasa perang dingin untuk meningkatkan kuasa dunia? || Krisis peluru berpandu Cuba (1962", {"context": "Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This \"subset\" of great powers \u2013 France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States \u2013 consider maintaining a \"state of peace\" as desirable. As evidence, Baron outlines that since the Cuban missile crisis (1962) during the Cold War, these influential Western nations have resolved all disputes among the great powers peacefully at the United Nations and other forums of international discussion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "military force"}], "question": "What formerly effective tool for international disputes is no longer effective among peer powers?", "id": "5731200be6313a140071cc5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States"}], "question": "What great powers have maintained peace?", "id": "5731200be6313a140071cc5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "United Nations and other forums"}], "question": "Where have the powers maintained peace in recent years?", "id": "5731200be6313a140071cc5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Cuban missile crisis (1962"}], "question": "What was the last crisis during cold war to escalate world powers?", "id": "5731200be6313a140071cc5d"}]}], ["China, Perancis, Rusia, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat sering dirujuk sebagai kuasa hebat oleh ahli akademik kerana \"dominasi politik dan ekonomi arena global\" mereka. Lima negara ini adalah satu-satunya negeri yang mempunyai kerusi tetap dengan kuasa veto pada Majlis Keselamatan PBB. Mereka juga merupakan satu-satunya \"Negara Senjata Nuklear\" diiktiraf di bawah Perjanjian Nuklir Nuklir, dan mengekalkan perbelanjaan ketenteraan yang merupakan antara yang terbesar di dunia. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak ada perjanjian sebulat suara di kalangan pihak berkuasa tentang status semasa kuasa-kuasa ini atau apa yang mentakrifkan kuasa yang besar. Sebagai contoh, sumber-sumber yang ada pada masa itu merujuk kepada China, Perancis, Rusia dan United Kingdom sebagai kuasa pertengahan. <> Negara apa yang diiktiraf sebagai Negara Senjata Nuklear? || China, Perancis, Rusia, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat <> Berapa banyak negara adalah kerusi tetap di Majlis Keselamatan PBB? || lima <> Apa negara lain disebut sebagai kuasa tengah? || China, Perancis, Rusia dan United Kingdom <> Perjanjian apa alamat senjata nuklear? || Perjanjian Nuklir Nuklear", {"context": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to \"their political and economic dominance of the global arena\". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recognized \"Nuclear Weapons States\" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States"}], "question": "What countries are recognized as Nuclear Weapons States?", "id": "573121fca5e9cc1400cdbc63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many countries are permanent seats on the UN Security Council?", "id": "573121fca5e9cc1400cdbc64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom"}], "question": "What other countries are referred to as middle powers?", "id": "573121fca5e9cc1400cdbc65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty"}], "question": "What treaty addresses nuclear weapons?", "id": "573121fca5e9cc1400cdbc66"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Dingin, kuasa Jepun di Asia dan kuasa Eropah di United Kingdom, Perancis, dan Jerman Barat membina semula ekonomi mereka. Perancis dan United Kingdom mengekalkan tentera berskala maju teknologi dengan keupayaan unjuran kuasa dan mengekalkan belanjawan pertahanan yang besar hingga ke hari ini. Namun, ketika Perang Dingin berlanjutan, pihak berkuasa mula mempertanyakan apakah Perancis dan United Kingdom dapat mempertahankan kedudukan mereka yang lama sebagai kuasa besar. China, dengan populasi terbesar dunia, perlahan-lahan meningkat ke status kuasa yang besar, dengan pertumbuhan besar dalam kuasa ekonomi dan tentera dalam tempoh selepas perang. Selepas tahun 1949, Republik China mula kehilangan pengiktirafannya sebagai satu-satunya kerajaan China yang sah oleh kuasa hebat yang lain, memihak kepada Republik Rakyat China. Seterusnya, pada tahun 1971, ia hilang kerusi tetap di Majlis Keselamatan PBB ke Republik Rakyat China. <> Semasa perang dingin, apa kuasa Eropah membina semula ekomoni mereka? || United Kingdom, Perancis, dan Jerman Barat <> Pada tahun apakah China mula kehilangan pegangannya sebagai satu-satunya kerajaan yang sah? || 1949 <> Bilakah China kehilangan kerusi tetapnya di majlis keselamatan PBB? || 1971", {"context": "During the Cold War, the Asian power of Japan and the European powers of the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defence budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "United Kingdom, France, and West Germany"}], "question": "During the cold war, what European powers rebuilt their ecomonies?", "id": "57311bd5e6313a140071cc3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "1949"}], "question": "By what year was China beginning to lose its hold as sole legitimate government?", "id": "57311bd5e6313a140071cc3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 808, "text": "1971"}], "question": "When did China lose its permanent seat at UN security council?", "id": "57311bd5e6313a140071cc40"}]}], ["Di samping kuasa-kuasa besar kontemporari yang disebutkan di atas, Zbigniew Brzezinski dan Malik Mohan menganggap India sebagai kuasa besar juga. Walaupun tidak seperti kuasa hebat kontemporari yang telah lama dianggap demikian, pengiktirafan India di kalangan pihak berkuasa sebagai kuasa besar adalah agak baru-baru ini. Bagaimanapun, tidak ada perjanjian kolektif di kalangan pemerhati mengenai status India, contohnya, beberapa ahli akademik percaya bahawa India muncul sebagai kuasa yang hebat, sementara ada yang percaya bahawa India tetap menjadi kuasa tengah. <> Zbigniew Brzezinski dan Malik Mohan menganggap negara apa yang menjadi kuasa besar juga? || India <> Adakah terdapat persetujuan mengenai status semua kuasa? || tiada perjanjian kolektif <> Banyak ahli akademik berdebat status negara ini sebagai kuasa? || India", {"context": "In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India, for example, a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power, while some believe that India remains a middle power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "India"}], "question": "Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider what country to be a great power too?", "id": "5731239605b4da19006bcde6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "no collective agreement"}], "question": "Is there agreement on the status of all powers?", "id": "5731239605b4da19006bcde8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "India"}], "question": "Many academics debate the status of this country as a power?", "id": "5731239605b4da19006bcde7"}]}], ["Menurut Joshua Baron - seorang \"penyelidik, pensyarah, dan perunding mengenai konflik antarabangsa\" - sejak awal 1960-an konflik tentera langsung dan konfrontasi utama telah \"meresap ke latar belakang\" berkaitan dengan hubungan antara kuasa besar. Baron berhujah beberapa sebab mengapa ini berlaku, memetik kemunculan Amerika Syarikat dan kedudukan utamanya sebagai sebab utama. Baron menekankan bahawa sejak Perang Dunia Kedua, tiada kuasa besar lain yang dapat mencapai pariti atau pariti dekat dengan Amerika Syarikat, dengan pengecualian Kesatuan Soviet untuk masa yang singkat. Kedudukan ini unik di kalangan kuasa besar sejak permulaan era moden (abad ke-16), di mana secara tradisinya selalu \"pariti yang luar biasa di antara kuasa besar\". Tempoh unik Amerika ini adalah faktor penting dalam mengekalkan keadaan perdamaian di antara kuasa besar. <> Sejak masa mana konflik ketenteraan telah berulang? || 1960-an <> Negara mana yang telah meningkat di atas kuasa-kuasa besar yang lain? || Amerika Syarikat <> Sejak abad apa yang selalu ada paritas dalam kuasa? || era moden (abad ke-16) <> Siapa yang paling utama telah memelihara kedamaian di kalangan kuasa? || Amerika", {"context": "According to Joshua Baron \u2013 a \"researcher, lecturer, and consultant on international conflict\" \u2013 since the early 1960s direct military conflicts and major confrontations have \"receded into the background\" with regards to relations among the great powers. Baron argues several reasons why this is the case, citing the unprecedented rise of the United States and its predominant position as the key reason. Baron highlights that since World War Two no other great power has been able to achieve parity or near parity with the United States, with the exception of the Soviet Union for a brief time. This position is unique among the great powers since the start of the modern era (the 16th century), where there has traditionally always been \"tremendous parity among the great powers\". This unique period of American primacy has been an important factor in maintaining a condition of peace between the great powers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "Since what time has military conflicts receded?", "id": "57311dbaa5e9cc1400cdbc2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "United States"}], "question": "What country has risen above other superpowers?", "id": "57311dbaa5e9cc1400cdbc30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "modern era (the 16th century)"}], "question": "Since what century has there always been parity in powers?", "id": "57311dbaa5e9cc1400cdbc31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "American"}], "question": "Who's primacy has factored into maintaining peace among powers?", "id": "57311dbaa5e9cc1400cdbc32"}]}], ["Jepun dan Jerman juga adalah kuasa besar, walaupun disebabkan oleh ekonomi maju yang besar (masing-masing mempunyai ekonomi ketiga dan keempat terbesar) daripada kemampuan strategik dan kekuatan mereka yang kuat (iaitu kekurangan kerusi tetap dan kuasa veto pada Majlis Keselamatan PBB atau jangkauan tentera strategik). Jerman telah menjadi ahli bersama lima anggota Majlis Keselamatan tetap dalam kumpulan P5 + 1 kumpulan kuasa dunia. Seperti China, Perancis, Rusia dan United Kingdom; Jerman dan Jepun juga telah dirujuk sebagai kuasa tengah. <> Negara-negara apa kuasa besar yang kebanyakannya berdasarkan alasan ekonomi? || Jepun dan Jerman <> Oleh kerana kekurangan tenaga strategik dan keras, negara-negara dikecualikan daripada apa? || Majlis Keselamatan PBB <> Apakah nama untuk pengelompokan negara-negara China, Perancis, Rusia dan United Kingdom; Jerman dan Jepun? || kuasa tengah", {"context": "Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Japan and Germany"}], "question": "What countries are great powers mostly based on economic reasons?", "id": "573122cea5e9cc1400cdbc7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "UN Security Council"}], "question": "Due to lack of strategic and hard power, countries are excluded from what?", "id": "573122cea5e9cc1400cdbc80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "middle powers"}], "question": "What is the name for the grouping of countries of China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan?", "id": "573122cea5e9cc1400cdbc81"}]}], ["Sejak akhir Perang Dunia, istilah \"kuasa besar\" telah disertai oleh beberapa klasifikasi kuasa lain. Yang paling penting ialah konsep adikuasa, yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan negara-negara tersebut dengan kuasa dan pengaruh besar di seluruh dunia. Ia pertama kali dicipta pada tahun 1944 oleh William T.R. Fox dan menurutnya, terdapat tiga kuasa besar: Empayar Britania, Amerika Syarikat, dan Kesatuan Soviet. Tetapi pada pertengahan tahun 1950-an Empayar Britania kehilangan kedudukannya yang hebat, meninggalkan Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet sebagai kuasa besar dunia. [Nb 2] Istilah kuasa tengah telah muncul untuk negara-negara yang menjalankan pengaruh global, tetapi tidak cukup untuk menentukan hal ehwal antarabangsa. Kuasa serantau adalah orang-orang yang pengaruhnya biasanya terhad kepada rantau mereka di dunia. <> Apa kuasa besar? || negara-negara yang mempunyai kuasa dan pengaruh besar di seluruh dunia <> Siapa yang mula-mula menggunakan istilah kuasa besar? || William T.R. Fox <> Siapa tiga kuasa besar asal? || Kerajaan British, Amerika Syarikat, dan Kesatuan Soviet <> Siapa yang kehilangan status adikuasa mereka pada tahun 1950-an? || British Empire <> Apakah kuasa tengah? || negara-negara yang mempunyai pengaruh global, tetapi tidak cukup untuk menentukan urusan antarabangsa", {"context": "Since the end of the World Wars, the term \"great power\" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by William T.R. Fox and according to him, there were three superpowers: the British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union. But by the mid-1950s the British Empire lost its superpower status, leaving the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's superpowers.[nb 2] The term middle power has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs. Regional powers are those whose influence is generally confined to their region of the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world"}], "question": "What is a superpower?", "id": "5731173ce6313a140071cc2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "William T.R. Fox"}], "question": "Who first used the term superpower?", "id": "5731173ce6313a140071cc2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union"}], "question": "Who were the three original superpowers?", "id": "5731173ce6313a140071cc2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "British Empire"}], "question": "Who lost their superpower status in 1950s?", "id": "5731173ce6313a140071cc2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs"}], "question": "What are middle powers?", "id": "5731173ce6313a140071cc2e"}]}], ["Dengan integrasi Eropah yang berterusan, Kesatuan Eropah semakin dilihat sebagai kuasa besar dalam haknya sendiri, dengan perwakilan di WTO dan di G8 dan G-20. Ini paling ketara di kawasan di mana Kesatuan Eropah mempunyai kecekapan eksklusif (iaitu hal ehwal ekonomi). Ia juga mencerminkan konsepsi bukan tradisional mengenai peranan dunia Eropah sebagai \"kuasa awam\" global, melaksanakan pengaruh kolektif dalam bidang fungsional perdagangan dan diplomasi, sebagai alternatif kepada dominasi ketenteraan. Kesatuan Eropah adalah kesatuan supranasional dan bukan negara berdaulat, dan mempunyai ruang lingkup yang terhad dalam bidang urusan luar negeri dan dasar pertahanan. Ini tetap sebahagian besarnya dengan negara-negara anggota Kesatuan Eropah, yang termasuk tiga kuasa besar Perancis, Jerman dan United Kingdom (disebut sebagai \"EU tiga\"). <> Organisasi apa yang sering dilihat sebagai kuasa besar sebagai tambahan kepada daerah ahli? || Kesatuan Eropah <> Apa alat lain yang digunakan sebagai alternatif kepada pasukan tentera? || perdagangan dan diplomasi <> Berapa banyak kuasa hebat yang menjadi ahli Kesatuan Eropah? || tiga <> Kemuncak apakah EU mempunyai keahlian? || WTO dan pada G8 dan G-20", {"context": "With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional conception of Europe's world role as a global \"civilian power\", exercising collective influence in the functional spheres of trade and diplomacy, as an alternative to military dominance. The European Union is a supranational union and not a sovereign state, and has limited scope in the areas of foreign affairs and defence policy. These remain largely with the member states of the European Union, which include the three great powers of France, Germany and the United Kingdom (referred to as the \"EU three\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "European Union"}], "question": "What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties?", "id": "573126ae05b4da19006bcdf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "trade and diplomacy"}], "question": "What other tools are used as alternative to military force?", "id": "573126ae05b4da19006bcdf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many great powers are members of Europian Union?", "id": "573126ae05b4da19006bcdf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "WTO and at G8 and G-20"}], "question": "What summits does EU have membership?", "id": "573126ae05b4da19006bcdf7"}]}], ["Apabila Perang Dunia II bermula pada tahun 1939, ia membahagikan dunia menjadi dua pakatan-Sekutu (United Kingdom dan Perancis pada mulanya di Eropah, China di Asia sejak tahun 1937, diikuti pada 1941 oleh Uni Soviet, Amerika Syarikat); [1] Semasa Perang Dunia II, Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom, dan Kesatuan Soviet mengawal dasar Allied dan muncul sebagai \"Tiga Besar\". Republik China dan Tiga Besar disebut sebagai \"kepercayaan dari yang berkuasa\" dan diiktiraf sebagai Sekutu \"Empat Besar\" dalam Deklarasi oleh PBB pada tahun 1942. Keempat negara tersebut disebut sebagai \"Empat Polis\" dari Sekutu dan dianggap sebagai pemenang utama Perang Dunia II. Kepentingan Perancis diakui oleh kemasukan mereka, bersama dengan empat yang lain, dalam kumpulan negara yang mengagihkan tempat duduk tetap di Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. <> Bilakah Perang Dunia II bermula? || 1939 <> Berapa banyak kumpulan yang terlibat dalam konflik Perang Dunia II? || dua aliansi <> Siapa pemenang Perang Dunia II? || Sekutu <> Siapa yang membentuk kuasa Axis? || Jerman, Itali dan Jepun <> Pemenang Perang Dunia II bersama-sama dengan Perancis telah diperuntukkan kerusi tetap untuk organisasi apa? || Majlis Keselamatan PBB", {"context": "When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances\u2014the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the \"Big Three\". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\"  and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the \"Four Policemen\" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "1939"}], "question": "When did World War II start?", "id": "573113f5e6313a140071cbfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "two alliances"}], "question": "How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II?", "id": "573113f5e6313a140071cbff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "Allies"}], "question": "Who were the winners of World War II?", "id": "573113f5e6313a140071cc01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Germany, Italy and Japan"}], "question": "Who made up the Axis powers?", "id": "573113f5e6313a140071cc00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 869, "text": "United Nations Security Council"}], "question": "The winners of World War II along with France were allotted permanent seats for what organization?", "id": "573113f5e6313a140071cc02"}]}], ["Merujuk kepada hubungan kuasa yang hebat pada tahun 1960, Joshua Baron menekankan bahawa bermula dari sekitar abad ke-16 dan kebangkitan beberapa kuasa besar Eropah, konflik tentera dan konfrontasi adalah ciri yang mendeskripsikan diplomasi dan hubungan antara kuasa tersebut. \"Antara 1500 dan 1953, terdapat 64 peperangan di mana sekurang-kurangnya satu kuasa besar bertentangan dengan yang lain, dan mereka rata-rata kurang daripada lima tahun panjang. Dalam kira-kira 450 tahun masa, purata sekurang-kurangnya dua kuasa besar adalah berjuang satu sama lain setiap tahun. \" Walaupun pada masa Pax Britannica (atau \"Peace of Britain\") antara 1815 dan 1914, konfrontasi perang dan ketenteraan di kalangan kuasa besar masih berlaku. Malah, Joshua Baron menyatakan bahawa, dari segi konflik atau konfrontasi militarized, UK mengetuai jalan dalam tempoh ini dengan sembilan belas contoh sedemikian; Rusia (8), Perancis (5), Jerman / Prusia (5) dan Itali (1). <> Berapa banyak peperangan yang berlaku antara 1500-an dan 1953? || 64 <> Untuk berapa tahun berturut-turut satu kuasa besar yang memerangi orang lain setiap tahun? || 450 <> Apa negara yang mempunyai konflik yang paling besar dari 1500an hingga pertengahan abad ke-20? || UK <> Apa span Pax Britannica? || antara tahun 1815 dan 1914", {"context": "Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. \"Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars in which at least one great power was opposed to another, and they averaged little more than five years in length. In approximately a 450-year time frame, on average at least two great powers were fighting one another in each and every year.\" Even during the period of Pax Britannica (or \"the British Peace\") between 1815 and 1914, war and military confrontations among the great powers was still a frequent occurrence. In fact, Joshua Baron points out that, in terms of militarized conflicts or confrontations, the UK led the way in this period with nineteen such instances against; Russia (8), France (5), Germany/Prussia (5) and Italy (1).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "64"}], "question": "How many wars occured between 1500s and 1953?", "id": "573127a7497a881900248bdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "450"}], "question": "For bout how many years was an average of one great power fighting another each year?", "id": "573127a7497a881900248bde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "UK"}], "question": "What country had the most conflicts from 1500s through mid 20th century?", "id": "573127a7497a881900248bdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "between 1815 and 1914"}], "question": "What span was the Pax Britannica?", "id": "573127a7497a881900248be0"}]}]], [["Ibu kota, Washington, District of Columbia, adalah sebuah daerah persekutuan yang terletak di atas tanah yang disumbangkan oleh negeri Maryland. (Virginia juga telah menderma tanah, tetapi ia telah dikembalikan pada tahun 1849.) Amerika Syarikat juga mempunyai wilayah luar negeri dengan pelbagai peringkat kemerdekaan dan organisasi: di Caribbean wilayah Puerto Rico dan Kepulauan Virgin Amerika Syarikat, dan di Pasifik yang dihuni wilayah Guam, Samoa Amerika, dan Kepulauan Mariana Utara, bersama beberapa wilayah pulau yang tidak berpenghuni. <> Apa ibu kota Amerika Syarikat? || Washington, District of Columbia <> Negara mana yang menderma Washington, D.C.? || Maryland <> Apakah wilayah AS di luar negara yang terletak di Pasifik? || Guam, Samoa Amerika, dan Kepulauan Mariana Utara <> Negara mana yang AS juga mendermakan wilayah ke Washington, D.C., tetapi adakah ia telah kembali? || Virginia", {"context": "The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia, is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland. (Virginia had also donated land, but it was returned in 1849.) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization: in the Caribbean the territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and in the Pacific the inhabited territories of Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands, along with a number of uninhabited island territories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Washington, District of Columbia"}], "question": "What is the capital city of the US?", "id": "572eb90fc246551400ce456c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Maryland"}], "question": "Which US state donated Washington, D.C.?", "id": "572eb90fc246551400ce456d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands"}], "question": "What are the US territories overseas located in the Pacific?", "id": "572eb90fc246551400ce456e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Virginia"}], "question": "Which US state also donated territory to Washington, D.C., but had it returned?", "id": "572eb90fc246551400ce456f"}]}], ["Kawasan ini mengandungi beberapa pemandangan yang menakjubkan, seperti yang dibuktikan oleh taman negara seperti Yosemite dan Mount Rainier. Barat Cascades dan Sierra Nevada adalah siri lembah, seperti Central Valley di California dan Lembah Willamette di Oregon. Di sepanjang pantai adalah satu siri rentang gunung rendah yang dikenali sebagai Banjaran Pantai Pasifik. Kebanyakan pantai barat laut Pasifik didiami oleh beberapa tumbuh-tumbuhan paling padat di luar Tropika, dan juga pokok-pokok tertinggi di dunia (Redwoods). <> Apakah dua taman negara yang terletak di kawasan pergunungan? || Yosemite dan Mount Rainier <> Apakah nama lembah yang terkenal di California? || Central Valley <> Apakah nama lembah yang terkenal di Oregon? || Willamette Valley <> Apakah gunung-gunung rendah yang terletak di sepanjang pantai pacific yang dipanggil? || Kawasan Pantai Pasifik <> Apakah pokok-pokok tertinggi di dunia? || Redwoods", {"context": "These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well, as evidenced by such national parks as Yosemite and Mount Rainier. West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys, such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon. Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known as the Pacific Coast Ranges. Much of the Pacific Northwest coast is inhabited by some of the densest vegetation outside of the Tropics, and also the tallest trees in the world (the Redwoods).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Yosemite and Mount Rainier"}], "question": "What are two national parks located in the mountainous regions?", "id": "572ec95603f9891900756a1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Central Valley"}], "question": "What is the name of the famous valley located in California?", "id": "572ec95603f9891900756a1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Willamette Valley"}], "question": "What is the name of the famous valley located in Oregon?", "id": "572ec95603f9891900756a1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Pacific Coast Ranges"}], "question": "What are the low mountain ranges that are located along the pacific coast called?", "id": "572ec95603f9891900756a1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Redwoods"}], "question": "What are the tallest trees in the world?", "id": "572ec95603f9891900756a1f"}]}], ["Plateaus Intermontane berakhir di Range Cascade dan Sierra Nevada. The Cascades terdiri daripada sebahagian besarnya, gunung berapi gunung, banyak meningkat dengan jelas dari landskap sekitarnya. Sierra Nevada, lebih jauh selatan, adalah gunung yang tinggi, lasak, dan padat. Ia mengandungi titik tertinggi di 48 negara bersebelahan, Mount Whitney (14,505 kaki atau 4,421 m) Ia terletak di sempadan antara daerah Inyo dan Tulare California, hanya 84.6 mi atau 136.2 km barat laut barat titik terendah di Amerika Utara di Lembangan Badwater di Taman Negara Death Valley di 279 kaki atau 85 m di bawah paras laut. <> Berapakah nama julat di mana dataran tinggi Intermontane berakhir? || Julat Cascade <> Pegunungan yang mengandungi Gunung Whitney? || Sierra Nevada <> Apa jenis gunung menyusun Cascades? || gunung berapi <> Apakah titik terbesar di Sierra Nevadas? || Mount Whitney <> Berapa tinggi adalah Mount Whitney? || 14,505 ft", {"context": "The Intermontane Plateaus come to an end at the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada. The Cascades consist of largely intermittent, volcanic mountains, many rising prominently from the surrounding landscape. The Sierra Nevada, further south, is a high, rugged, and dense mountain range. It contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 states, Mount Whitney (14,505 ft or 4,421 m) It is located at the boundary between California's Inyo and Tulare counties, just 84.6 mi or 136.2 km west-northwest of the lowest point in North America at the Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 279 ft or 85 m below sea level.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Cascade Range"}], "question": "What is the name of the range where the Intermontane plateaus end?", "id": "572ec835c246551400ce4660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Sierra Nevada"}], "question": "Which mountain range contains Mount Whitney?", "id": "572ec835c246551400ce4662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "volcanic mountains"}], "question": "What type of mountains compose the Cascades?", "id": "572ec835c246551400ce4661"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Mount Whitney"}], "question": "What is the largest point in the Sierra Nevadas?", "id": "572ec835c246551400ce4663"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "14,505 ft"}], "question": "How tall is Mount Whitney?", "id": "572ec835c246551400ce4664"}]}], ["The Great Plains terletak di sebelah barat Sungai Mississippi dan di sebelah timur Pergunungan Rocky. Sebilangan besar produk pertanian negara berkembang di Great Plains. Sebelum penukaran amnya ke ladang, Great Plains telah diperhatikan kerana padang rumput yang luasnya, dari dataran tinggi tallgrass di dataran timur hingga padang rumput pendek di Dataran Tinggi barat. Kenaikan naik secara beransur-ansur dari kurang daripada beberapa ratus kaki di dekat Sungai Mississippi hingga lebih tinggi satu batu di High Plains. Keluasan tanah rendah di dataran rendah rosak di beberapa tempat, terutamanya di Pergunungan Ozark dan Ouachita, yang membentuk Dataran Tinggi Dalam Negeri A.S., satu-satunya kawasan pergunungan utama di antara Pegunungan Rocky dan Pegunungan Appalachian. <> Kawasan apa yang terletak di antara Sungai Mississippi dan Pegunungan Rocky? || The Great Plains <> Di mana kawasan adalah sebilangan besar produk pertanian negara berkembang? || Great Plains <> Berapa tinggi kenaikan ketinggian di Great Plains? || satu batu tinggi <> Apakah satu-satunya gunung utama yang terletak di antara Pergunungan Appalachian dan Pegunungan Rocky? || Highlands dalaman", {"context": "The Great Plains lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. A large portion of the country's agricultural products are grown in the Great Plains. Before their general conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands, from tallgrass prairie in the eastern plains to shortgrass steppe in the western High Plains. Elevation rises gradually from less than a few hundred feet near the Mississippi River to more than a mile high in the High Plains. The generally low relief of the plains is broken in several places, most notably in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which form the U.S. Interior Highlands, the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Great Plains"}], "question": "What area is located in between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains?", "id": "572eba5fdfa6aa1500f8d32b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "the Great Plains"}], "question": "In which area are a large number of the country's agricultural products grown?", "id": "572eba5fdfa6aa1500f8d32c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "a mile high"}], "question": "How high does elevation rise in the Great Plains?", "id": "572eba5fdfa6aa1500f8d32d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "Interior Highlands"}], "question": "What is the only major mountain ranged located between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains?", "id": "572eba5fdfa6aa1500f8d32e"}]}], ["West of the Rocky Mountains terletak Plateaus Intermontane (juga dikenali sebagai Intermountain West), sebuah padang pasir gurun yang besar di antara Rockies dan Cascades dan Sierra Nevada. Bahagian selatan yang besar, yang dikenali sebagai Lembangan Besar, terdiri daripada flat garam, lembangan saliran, dan banyak gunung kecil di selatan-selatan. Barat Daya kebanyakannya adalah kawasan padang pasir rendah. Sebahagian yang dikenali sebagai Dataran Tinggi Colorado, berpusat di sekitar kawasan Four Corners, dianggap memiliki pemandangan yang paling menakjubkan di dunia. Ia ditonjolkan di taman negara seperti Grand Canyon, Arches, Taman Negara Mesa Verde dan Bryce Canyon, antara lain. Kawasan Intermontane yang lain termasuk Columbia Plateau yang meliputi timur Washington, Idaho barat dan timur laut Oregon dan Plain River Snake di Southern Idaho. <> Apakah nama dataran tinggi yang terletak di sebelah barat Pergunungan Rocky? || Plato Intermontane <> Apa nama bahagian selatan besar Plato Intermontane? || Basin Besar <> Jenis flat apa yang membentuk Basin Besar? || pangsapuri garam <> Kawasan apa yang berpusat di sekitar Empat Sudut? || Colorado Plateau", {"context": "West of the Rocky Mountains lies the Intermontane Plateaus (also known as the Intermountain West), a large, arid desert lying between the Rockies and the Cascades and Sierra Nevada ranges. The large southern portion, known as the Great Basin, consists of salt flats, drainage basins, and many small north-south mountain ranges. The Southwest is predominantly a low-lying desert region. A portion known as the Colorado Plateau, centered around the Four Corners region, is considered to have some of the most spectacular scenery in the world. It is accentuated in such national parks as Grand Canyon, Arches, Mesa Verde National Park and Bryce Canyon, among others. Other smaller Intermontane areas include the Columbia Plateau covering eastern Washington, western Idaho and northeast Oregon and the Snake River Plain in Southern Idaho.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Intermontane Plateaus"}], "question": "What is the name of the plateau that lies west of the Rocky Mountains?", "id": "572ec7a5dfa6aa1500f8d39f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "the Great Basin"}], "question": "What is the name of the large southern portion of the Intermontane Plateaus?", "id": "572ec7a5dfa6aa1500f8d3a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "salt flats"}], "question": "What type of flats compose the Great Basin?", "id": "572ec7a5dfa6aa1500f8d3a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Colorado Plateau"}], "question": "What region is centered around the Four Corners?", "id": "572ec7a5dfa6aa1500f8d3a2"}]}], ["The Great Plains datang ke akhir yang mendadak di Rocky Mountains. Pergunungan Rocky membentuk sebahagian besar dari A.S. Barat, memasuki dari Kanada dan meregangkan hampir ke Mexico. Wilayah Rocky Mountain adalah kawasan tertinggi di Amerika Syarikat dengan ketinggian purata. Pergunungan Rocky umumnya mengandungi lereng-lereng yang agak sederhana dan puncak yang lebih luas berbanding beberapa gunung lain yang hebat, dengan beberapa pengecualian (seperti Pergunungan Teton di Wyoming dan Sawatch Range di Colorado). Puncak tertinggi di Rockies terdapat di Colorado, puncak tertinggi ialah Mount Elbert pada 14,440 kaki (4,400 m). Pergunungan Rocky mengandungi beberapa pemandangan yang paling hebat dan terkenal di dunia. Di samping itu, bukannya satu julat gunung secara berterusan dan padat, ia dipecah menjadi beberapa julat gunung yang lebih kecil, berselang-seli, membentuk satu siri besar lembah dan lembah. <> Negara utara mana yang bermula di Rocky Mountains? || Kanada <> Negara utara yang mana Gunung Rocky ditamatkan? || Mexico <> Di Amerika Syarikat, rantau mana yang tertinggi dengan ketinggian? || The Rocky Mountain <> Di mana keadaan puncak gunung Rocky ditemukan? || Colorado", {"context": "The Great Plains come to an abrupt end at the Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountains form a large portion of the Western U.S., entering from Canada and stretching nearly to Mexico. The Rocky Mountain region is the highest region of the United States by average elevation. The Rocky Mountains generally contain fairly mild slopes and wider peaks compared to some of the other great mountain ranges, with a few exceptions (such as the Teton Mountains in Wyoming and the Sawatch Range in Colorado). The highest peaks of the Rockies are found in Colorado, the tallest peak being Mount Elbert at 14,440 ft (4,400 m). The Rocky Mountains contain some of the most spectacular, and well known scenery in the world. In addition, instead of being one generally continuous and solid mountain range, it is broken up into a number of smaller, intermittent mountain ranges, forming a large series of basins and valleys.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains begin at?", "id": "572ebac003f98919007569ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Mexico"}], "question": "Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains terminate at?", "id": "572ebac003f98919007569ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "The Rocky Mountain"}], "question": "In the US, which region is the highest by elevation?", "id": "572ebac003f98919007569af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Colorado"}], "question": "In which state are the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains found?", "id": "572ebac003f98919007569b0"}]}], ["Amerika Syarikat bersempadan dengan Kanada (di sebelah utara) dan Mexico (di selatan), dan sempadan air dengan sempadan Rusia di barat laut, dan dua sempadan air wilayah di tenggara antara Florida dan Cuba, dan Florida dan Bahama . Empat puluh lapan negara yang bersebelahan itu sebaliknya dibatasi oleh Lautan Pasifik di barat, Lautan Atlantik di timur, dan Teluk Mexico di tenggara. Alaska bersempadan dengan Lautan Pasifik di selatan, Selat Bering di barat, dan Lautan Artik di utara, sementara Hawaii terletak jauh ke barat daya daratan di Lautan Pasifik. <> Siapa yang bersempadan dengan AS? || Kanada (ke utara) dan Mexico (ke selatan), <> Siapa yang sempadan air AS berkongsi di barat laut? || Rusia <> Berapa banyak negara bersebelahan di sana? || empat puluh lapan <> lautan mana yang sempadan Alaska di selatan? || lautan Pasifik", {"context": "The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas. The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south),"}], "question": "Who does the US share land borders with?", "id": "572eb8af03f989190075699d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Who does the US share water borders with in the northwest?", "id": "572eb8af03f989190075699e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "forty-eight"}], "question": "How many contiguous states are there?", "id": "572eb8af03f989190075699f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Pacific Ocean"}], "question": "Which ocean does Alaska border to the south?", "id": "572eb8af03f98919007569a0"}]}], ["Lima Great Lakes terletak di bahagian utara-tengah negara, empat daripadanya membentuk sebahagian dari sempadan dengan Kanada, hanya Lake Michigan yang terletak di seluruh Amerika Syarikat. Tenggara Amerika Syarikat mengandungi hutan subtropika dan, di dekat pantai teluk, tanah lembap bakau, terutama di Florida. West of the Appalachians terletak di lembah Sungai Mississippi dan dua anak sungai timur yang besar, Sungai Ohio dan Sungai Tennessee. Lembah Ohio dan Tennessee dan Midwest sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada bukit-bukit dan tanah ladang yang produktif, di selatan ke Teluk Gulf. <> Berapa banyak Great Lakes membentuk sempadan dengan Kanada? || empat <> Yang mana di Tasik Besar terletak sepenuhnya di wilayah AS? || Lake Michigan <> Sungai utama mana terletak di barat gunung Appalachian? || Sungai Mississippi <> Jenis tanah apa yang membentuk lembah Ohio dan Tennessee? || bukit bergulir dan tanah ladang yang produktif <> Bahagian manakah AS mengandungi hutan subtropika dan tanah lembap bakau? || tenggara Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part of the border with Canada, only Lake Michigan situated entirely within United States. The southeast United States contain subtropical forests and, near the gulf coast, mangrove wetlands, especially in Florida. West of the Appalachians lies the Mississippi River basin and two large eastern tributaries, the Ohio River and the Tennessee River. The Ohio and Tennessee Valleys and the Midwest consist largely of rolling hills and productive farmland, stretching south to the Gulf Coast.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many Great Lakes form a border with Canada?", "id": "572eb9dbc246551400ce4588"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Lake Michigan"}], "question": "Which of the Great Lakes is entirely located in US territory?", "id": "572eb9dbc246551400ce4589"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Mississippi River"}], "question": "Which major river is located west of the Appalachian mountains?", "id": "572eb9dbc246551400ce458a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "rolling hills and productive farmland"}], "question": "What type of land makes up the Ohio and Tennessee valleys?", "id": "572eb9dbc246551400ce458b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "southeast United States"}], "question": "Which section of the US contains subtropical forests and mangrove wetlands?", "id": "572eb9dbc246551400ce458c"}]}], ["Dengan jumlah kawasan (air dan tanah), Amerika Syarikat sama ada sedikit lebih besar atau lebih kecil daripada Republik Rakyat China, menjadikannya negara ketiga atau keempat terbesar di dunia. China dan Amerika Syarikat adalah lebih kecil daripada Rusia dan Kanada dalam jumlah luas, tetapi lebih besar daripada Brazil. Dengan kawasan tanah sahaja (tidak termasuk perairan), Amerika Syarikat adalah negara ketiga terbesar di dunia, selepas Rusia dan China, dengan Kanada pada keempat. Sama ada AS atau China adalah negara ketiga terbesar dengan jumlah kawasan bergantung kepada dua faktor: (1) Kesahihan tuntutan China terhadap Aksai Chin dan Trans-Karakoram Tract. Kedua-dua wilayah ini juga dituntut oleh India, sehingga tidak dihitung; dan (2) Bagaimana AS mengira kawasan permukaannya sendiri. Sejak penerbitan awal World Factbook, CIA telah memperbaharui jumlah kawasan Amerika Syarikat beberapa kali. <> Berbanding dengan negara lain, berapa besarnya AS? || negara terbesar ketiga atau keempat <> Negara manakah yang terbesar di dunia keempat? || Kanada <> Siapa yang mungkin juga negara ketiga terbesar? || China", {"context": "By total area (water as well as land), the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People's Republic of China, making it the world's third or fourth largest country. China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area, but are larger than Brazil. By land area only (exclusive of waters), the United States is the world's third largest country, after Russia and China, with Canada in fourth. Whether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors: (1) The validity of China's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. Both these territories are also claimed by India, so are not counted; and (2) How US calculates its own surface area. Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook, the CIA has updated the total area of United States a number of times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "third or fourth largest country"}], "question": "Compared to other countries, how large is the US?", "id": "572eb84fc246551400ce455e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "Which country is the worlds fourth largest?", "id": "572eb84fc246551400ce455f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "China"}], "question": "Who may also be the third largest country?", "id": "572eb84fc246551400ce4560"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1989 hingga 1996, jumlah kawasan AS disenaraikan sebagai 9,372,610 km2 (3,618,780 batu persegi) (tanah + air pedalaman sahaja). Jumlah kawasan yang disenaraikan berubah menjadi 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 km persegi) pada tahun 1997 (kawasan Great Lakes dan perairan pantai ditambah), kepada 9,631,418 km2 (3,718,711 km persegi) pada tahun 2004, kepada 9,631,420 km2 (3,718,710 batu persegi) pada tahun 2006, dan kepada 9,826,630 km2 (3,794,080 batu persegi) pada tahun 2007 (perairan wilayah ditambah). Pada masa ini, CIA World Factbook memberikan 9,826,675 km2 (3,794,100 m\u00b2), Bahagian Perangkaan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu memberikan 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 mil persegi), dan Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica memberikan 9,522,055 km2 (3,676,486 mil persegi) (kawasan Great Lakes termasuk tetapi tidak perairan pantai ). Sumber ini hanya mempertimbangkan 50 negeri dan Daerah Persekutuan, dan tidak termasuk wilayah luar negeri. <> Semasa tempoh 1989 - 1996, jumlah keseluruhan AS dalam batu? || 3,618,780 batu persegi <> Menurut CIA World Factbook, apakah jumlah kawasan AS dalam batu? || 3,794,100 mt persegi <> Menurut Encyclopedia Britannica, apakah jumlah kawasan AS dalam batu? || 3,676,486 batu persegi", {"context": "From 1989 through 1996, the total area of the US was listed as 9,372,610 km2 (3,618,780 sq mi) (land + inland water only). The listed total area changed to 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi) in 1997 (Great Lakes area and coastal waters added), to 9,631,418 km2 (3,718,711 sq mi) in 2004, to 9,631,420 km2 (3,718,710 sq mi) in 2006, and to 9,826,630 km2 (3,794,080 sq mi) in 2007 (territorial waters added). Currently, the CIA World Factbook gives 9,826,675 km2 (3,794,100 sq mi), the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi), and the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica gives 9,522,055 km2 (3,676,486 sq mi)(Great Lakes area included but not coastal waters). These source consider only the 50 states and the Federal District, and exclude overseas territories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "3,618,780 sq mi"}], "question": "During the period from 1989 - 1996, what was the total are of the US in miles?", "id": "572eb7d5dfa6aa1500f8d303"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "3,794,100 sq mi"}], "question": "According to the CIA World Factbook, what is the total area of the US in miles?", "id": "572eb7d5dfa6aa1500f8d304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "3,676,486 sq mi"}], "question": "According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, what is the total area of the US in miles?", "id": "572eb7d5dfa6aa1500f8d305"}]}], ["Kebanyakan California terdiri daripada iklim Mediterranean, dengan kadang-kadang hujan berlebihan dari Oktober hingga April dan hampir tidak ada hujan sepanjang tahun. Di barat laut Pasifik hujan turun sepanjang tahun, tetapi lebih berat semasa musim sejuk dan musim bunga. Gunung-gunung di barat menerima hujan yang banyak dan salji yang sangat berat. Cascades adalah salah satu tempat paling bersalji di dunia, dengan beberapa tempat rata-rata lebih 600 inci (1,524 cm) salji setiap tahun, tetapi ketinggian yang lebih rendah lebih dekat ke pantai menerima sedikit salji. <> Apakah jenis cuaca nCalifornia yang paling lazim? || Mediterranean <> Semasa tahun apakah California menerima hujan yang paling banyak? || Oktober-April <> Wilayah mana yang mengalami musim hujan? || Pacific Northwest <> Wilayah mana di Amerika Syarikat juga merupakan salah satu tempat paling bersalji di dunia? || The Cascades <> Berapa banyak salji yang diterima kawasan Cascades? || 600 inci", {"context": "Much of California consists of a Mediterranean climate, with sometimes excessive rainfall from October\u2013April and nearly no rain the rest of the year. In the Pacific Northwest rain falls year-round, but is much heavier during winter and spring. The mountains of the west receive abundant precipitation and very heavy snowfall. The Cascades are one of the snowiest places in the world, with some places averaging over 600 inches (1,524 cm) of snow annually, but the lower elevations closer to the coast receive very little snow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Mediterranean"}], "question": "What is the most prevalent type of climate nCalifornia?", "id": "572ecda5cb0c0d14000f1598"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "October\u2013April"}], "question": "During what time of the year does California receive the most rainfall?", "id": "572ecda5cb0c0d14000f1599"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Pacific Northwest"}], "question": "Which region of the US experiences rain year round?", "id": "572ecda5cb0c0d14000f159a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "The Cascades"}], "question": "Which region in the US is also one of the most snowiest places in the world?", "id": "572ecda5cb0c0d14000f159b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "600 inches"}], "question": "How many inches of snow do regions of the Cascades receive?", "id": "572ecda5cb0c0d14000f159c"}]}], ["Banjir yang teruk sekali-sekala berpengalaman. Terdapat Banjir Besar Mississippi pada tahun 1927, Banjir Besar pada tahun 1993, dan banjir dan tanah runtuh yang meluas disebabkan oleh peristiwa El Ni\u00f1o 1982-1983 di barat Amerika Syarikat. Bagaimanapun, banjir tempatan boleh berlaku di mana-mana sahaja, dan hujan lebat dari hujan lebat boleh menyebabkan masalah di mana-mana kawasan pergunungan, terutamanya di Barat Daya. Peregangan belukar padang pasir yang besar di barat dapat menimbulkan penyebaran kebakaran hutan. Gurun yang sempit banyak kawasan gunung di barat dan aktiviti ribut petir yang teruk semasa musim panas membawa kepada banjir kilat yang kadang-kadang dahsyat juga, sementara hujan lebat Nor'Easter boleh membawa aktiviti terhenti di seluruh Timur Laut (walaupun ribut salji lebat boleh berlaku hampir di mana sahaja). <> The Great Mississippi berlaku sepanjang tahun apa? || 1927 <> Apa bahan api berbahan api dan menyebabkan mereka tersebar di barat? || belukar padang pasir <> Apa jenis ribut yang boleh menyebabkan kebanyakan aktiviti berhenti? || Badai salji Nor'Easter <> Apakah nama peristiwa yang menyebabkan banjir besar di AS barat? || El Ni\u00f1o", {"context": "Occasional severe flooding is experienced. There was the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the Great Flood of 1993, and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982-1983 El Ni\u00f1o event in the western United States. Localized flooding can, however, occur anywhere, and mudslides from heavy rain can cause problems in any mountainous area, particularly the Southwest. Large stretches of desert shrub in the west can fuel the spread of wildfires. The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the summer lead to sometimes devastating flash floods as well, while Nor'Easter snowstorms can bring activity to a halt throughout the Northeast (although heavy snowstorms can occur almost anywhere).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "1927"}], "question": "The Great Mississippi occurred during what year?", "id": "572ed0fadfa6aa1500f8d3f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "desert shrub"}], "question": "What fuels wildfires and causes them to spread in the west?", "id": "572ed0fadfa6aa1500f8d3fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "Nor'Easter snowstorms"}], "question": "What type of storms can cause most activity to stop?", "id": "572ed0fadfa6aa1500f8d3fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "El Ni\u00f1o"}], "question": "What is the name of the event that caused major flooding in the western US?", "id": "572ed0fadfa6aa1500f8d3fc"}]}], ["Rata-rata, gunung-gunung di negeri-negeri barat menerima tahap tertinggi salji di Bumi. Tahap salji tahunan terbesar adalah di Mount Rainier di Washington, pada 692 inci (1,758 cm); rekod terdapat 1,122 inci (2,850 cm) pada musim sejuk tahun 1971-72. Rekod ini dipecahkan oleh Mt. Kawasan Ski Baker di barat laut Washington yang melaporkan 1,140 inci (2,896 cm) salji untuk musim salji tahun 1998-99. Tempat lain dengan salji yang besar di luar Range Cascade ialah Pergunungan Wasatch, berhampiran Great Salt Lake, Pergunungan San Juan di Colorado, dan Sierra Nevada, berhampiran Lake Tahoe. <> Kawasan pergunungan mana yang menerima salji tertinggi di Bumi? || gunung-gunung di negeri-negeri barat <> Yang gunung di Washington menerima jumlah salji yang paling banyak? || Mount Rainier <> Berapa jumlah rekod salji di Mount Rainer? || 1,122 inci <> Pada tahun apa gunung Rainer menerima jumlah rekod salji? || 1998-99 <> Sierra Nevadas terletak berhampiran tasik mana? || Lake Tahoe", {"context": "On average, the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth. The greatest annual snowfall level is at Mount Rainier in Washington, at 692 inches (1,758 cm); the record there was 1,122 inches (2,850 cm) in the winter of 1971\u201372. This record was broken by the Mt. Baker Ski Area in northwestern Washington which reported 1,140 inches (2,896 cm) of snowfall for the 1998-99 snowfall season. Other places with significant snowfall outside the Cascade Range are the Wasatch Mountains, near the Great Salt Lake, the San Juan Mountains in Colorado, and the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "mountains of the western states"}], "question": "Which mountainous region receives the highest snowfall on Earth?", "id": "572ece1adfa6aa1500f8d3ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Mount Rainier"}], "question": "Which mountain in Washington receives the most amount of snowfall?", "id": "572ece1adfa6aa1500f8d3f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "1,122 inches"}], "question": "What is the record amount of snowfall at Mount Rainer?", "id": "572ece1adfa6aa1500f8d3f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "1998-99"}], "question": "In what year did Mount Rainer receive a record amount of snowfall?", "id": "572ece1adfa6aa1500f8d3f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Lake Tahoe"}], "question": "The Sierra Nevadas are located near which lake?", "id": "572ece1adfa6aa1500f8d3f3"}]}], ["Di timur, manakala salji tidak mendekati paras barat, rantau ini berhampiran Great Lakes dan gunung-gunung di Timur Laut menerima yang paling banyak. Di sepanjang pantai Pasifik barat laut, hujan lebih tinggi daripada di tempat lain di benua A.S., dengan Hutan Hujan Quinault di Washington mempunyai purata 137 inci (348 cm). Hawaii menerima lebih banyak lagi, dengan 460 inci (1,168 cm) diukur setiap tahun di Gunung Waialeale, di Kauai. Gurun Mojave, di barat daya, adalah rumah kepada tempat paling kering di Yuma A.S., Arizona, mempunyai purata 2.63 inci (6.7 cm) hujan setiap tahun. <> Kawasan di mana AS menerima jumlah hujan yang paling banyak? || pantai barat laut Pasifik <> Berapakah hujan purata yang diperoleh oleh hutan hujan Quinault di Washington? || 137 inci <> Kawasan mana di Timur yang menerima paling banyak salji? || Great Lakes dan pergunungan Timur Laut <> Negara manakah yang menerima purata 460 inci hujan setiap tahun? || Hawaii <> Apa nama padang pasir yang terletak di rantau yang paling kering di Amerika Syarikat? || Gurun Mojave", {"context": "In the east, while snowfall does not approach western levels, the region near the Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast receive the most. Along the northwestern Pacific coast, rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental U.S., with Quinault Rainforest in Washington having an average of 137 inches (348 cm). Hawaii receives even more, with 460 inches (1,168 cm) measured annually on Mount Waialeale, in Kauai. The Mojave Desert, in the southwest, is home to the driest locale in the U.S. Yuma, Arizona, has an average of 2.63 inches (6.7 cm) of precipitation each year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "northwestern Pacific coast"}], "question": "Which region of the US receives the most amount of rainfall?", "id": "572ecf3bcb0c0d14000f15bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "137 inches"}], "question": "What is the average amount of rainfall that the Quinault rainforest in Washington receives?", "id": "572ecf3bcb0c0d14000f15c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast"}], "question": "Which regions in the East receives the most amount of snowfall?", "id": "572ecf3bcb0c0d14000f15be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Hawaii"}], "question": "Which state receives an average of 460 inches of rainfall per year?", "id": "572ecf3bcb0c0d14000f15c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Mojave Desert"}], "question": "What is the name of the desert that is located in the driest region in the US?", "id": "572ecf3bcb0c0d14000f15c2"}]}], ["Sistem pantai Appalachian pantai timur, yang pada awalnya dilindungi oleh hutan, agak rendah dan sempit dan bersempadan di tenggara dan selatan dengan dataran pantai yang penting. Sistem Cordilleran di sebelah barat benua adalah tinggi, luas dan rumit yang mempunyai dua cabang, Sistem Rocky Mountain dan Sistem Gunung Pasifik. Di antara sistem gunung ini terletak Plateaus Intermontaine. Kedua-dua Sungai Columbia dan Sungai Colorado naik jauh di pedalaman berhampiran ahli-ahli paling timur sistem Cordilleran, dan mengalir melalui dataran tinggi dan baskom intermontaine ke lautan. Hutan yang tebal meliputi pantai barat laut, tetapi pokok-pokok di tempat lain hanya terdapat pada julat yang lebih tinggi di bawah rantau Alpine. Lembah intermontane, dataran tinggi dan lembangan berkisar dari gurun ke padang pasir dengan rantau yang paling gersang di barat daya. <> Apa yang asalnya meliputi pantai timur Appalachians? || hutan <> Apakah dua cawangan sistem Cordilleran? || Sistem Rocky Mountain dan Sistem Gunung Pasifik <> Yang mana dua sungai utama terletak dalam sistem Cordilleran? || Sungai Columbia dan Sungai Colorado <> Wilayah mana yang Appalachians paling gersang? || barat daya", {"context": "The east coast Appalachian system, originally forest covered, is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain. The Cordilleran system on the western side of the continent is lofty, broad and complicated having two branches, the Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System. In between these mountain systems lie the Intermontaine Plateaus. Both the Columbia River and Colorado River rise far inland near the easternmost members of the Cordilleran system, and flow through plateaus and intermontaine basins to the ocean. Heavy forests cover the northwest coast, but elsewhere trees are found only on the higher ranges below the Alpine region. The intermontane valleys, plateaus and basins range from treeless to desert with the most arid region being in the southwest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "forest"}], "question": "What originally covered the east coast of the Appalachians?", "id": "572ecb56c246551400ce469c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System"}], "question": "What are the two branches of the Cordilleran system?", "id": "572ecb56c246551400ce469d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Columbia River and Colorado River"}], "question": "Which two major rivers are located in the Cordilleran system?", "id": "572ecb56c246551400ce469e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "southwest"}], "question": "Which region of the Appalachians is the most arid?", "id": "572ecb56c246551400ce469f"}]}], ["Pantai Atlantik di Amerika Syarikat adalah rendah, dengan pengecualian kecil. The Appalachian Highland berhutang kecenderungan timur laut-barat daya ke ubah bentuk kerak bumi yang pada masa awal geologi memberi permulaan kepada apa yang kemudian menjadi sistem gunung Appalachian. Sistem ini mempunyai klimaks kecacatan yang lama dahulu (mungkin dalam masa Permian) bahawa sejak itu ia telah secara umum dikurangkan kepada pelepasan sederhana atau rendah. Ia berhutang ketinggian semasa sama ada untuk kenaikan yang diperbaharui di sepanjang garis terdahulu atau untuk survival batu paling tahan sebagai gunung sisa. Trend yang miring dari pantai ini akan lebih ketara tetapi untuk pergerakan kerak yang agak moden, menyebabkan kemurungan di timur laut mengakibatkan pencerobohan laut di atas tanah. Di samping itu, bahagian tenggara telah mengalami ketinggian yang mengakibatkan kemajuan tanah di atas laut. <> Mengapa Highland Appalachian mempunyai medan yang ia lakukan? || ubah bentuk kerak <> Semasa tempoh geologi apa gunung Appalachian mencapai titik pembentukan tertinggi? || Masa Permian <> Apakah nama rantau gunung di sepanjang kos Atlantik? || The Highland Appalachian", {"context": "The Atlantic coast of the United States is low, with minor exceptions. The Appalachian Highland owes its oblique northeast-southwest trend to crustal deformations which in very early geological time gave a beginning to what later came to be the Appalachian mountain system. This system had its climax of deformation so long ago (probably in Permian time) that it has since then been very generally reduced to moderate or low relief. It owes its present-day altitude either to renewed elevations along the earlier lines or to the survival of the most resistant rocks as residual mountains. The oblique trend of this coast would be even more pronounced but for a comparatively modern crustal movement, causing a depression in the northeast resulting in an encroachment of the sea upon the land. Additionally, the southeastern section has undergone an elevation resulting in the advance of the land upon the sea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "crustal deformations"}], "question": "Why does the Appalachian Highland have the terrain it does?", "id": "572ecac2dfa6aa1500f8d3c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Permian time"}], "question": "During what geological period did the Appalachian mountains reach their highest formation point?", "id": "572ecac2dfa6aa1500f8d3c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "The Appalachian Highland"}], "question": "What is the name of the mountaneous region along the Atlantic cost. ", "id": "572ecac2dfa6aa1500f8d3c7"}]}], ["Di tengah-tengah bahagian A.S., tornado lebih biasa daripada mana-mana tempat di Bumi dan sentuhan yang paling biasa pada musim bunga dan musim panas. Badai yang merosakkan dan merosakkan berlaku hampir setiap tahun di sepanjang pantai Atlantik dan Teluk Mexico. Rantau Appalachian dan Midwest mengalami banjir yang paling teruk, walaupun hampir tidak terdapat kawasan di A.S. yang kebal terhadap banjir. Southwest mempunyai kemarau yang paling teruk; seseorang itu dikatakan telah bertahan lebih dari 500 tahun dan telah menyakiti masyarakat puak Puak. Barat terjejas oleh api liar yang besar setiap tahun. <> Di manakah tornado yang paling biasa di Bumi? || bahagian tengah A.S. <> Sepanjang musim mana yang paling biasa? || musim bunga dan musim panas <> Kawasan mana yang mengalami banjir terburuk di Amerika Syarikat? || Rantau Appalachian dan Midwest <> Rantau mana yang mengalami kemarau yang paling teruk di Amerika Syarikat? || Southwest <> Apakah jenis bencana yang mempengaruhi AS barat setiap tahun? || kebakaran hutan", {"context": "In central portions of the U.S., tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer. Deadly and destructive hurricanes occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico. The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods, though virtually no area in the U.S. is immune to flooding. The Southwest has the worst droughts; one is thought to have lasted over 500 years and to have hurt Ancestral Pueblo peoples. The West is affected by large wildfires each year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "central portions of the U.S."}], "question": "Where are tornadoes most common on Earth?", "id": "572ed039c246551400ce46d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "spring and summer"}], "question": "During which seasons are tornados most common?", "id": "572ed039c246551400ce46d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Appalachian region and the Midwest"}], "question": "Which regions experience the worst flooding in the US?", "id": "572ed039c246551400ce46d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Southwest"}], "question": "Which region experiences the worst droughts in the US?", "id": "572ed039c246551400ce46d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "wildfires"}], "question": "What type of disasters affects the western US every year?", "id": "572ed039c246551400ce46da"}]}], ["The Great Basin dan Plateau Columbia (Plateaus Intermontane) adalah kawasan gersang atau semiarid yang terletak di bayang-bayang hujan Cascades dan Sierra Nevada. Purata pemendakan kurang daripada 15 inci (38 cm). Barat Daya adalah padang pasir panas, dengan suhu melebihi 100 \u00b0 F (37.8 \u00b0 C) selama beberapa minggu pada satu masa pada musim panas. Barat Daya dan Lembangan Besar juga terjejas oleh monsun dari Teluk California dari bulan Julai hingga September, yang membawa ribut ribut petir tempatan ke kawasan itu. <> Kawasan manakah yang mempunyai kawasan yang gersang? || The Basin Besar dan Plateau Columbia <> Apakah purata pemendakan di dataran tinggi Intermontane? || 15 inci <> Di barat daya, berapa suhu yang tinggi? || 100 \u00b0 F (37.8 \u00b0 C) <> Selama bulan-bulan mana bahagian Amerika yang terjejas oleh monsun dari Teluk California? || Julai hingga September <> Apa jenis cuaca yang membawa musim monsun? || ribut petir yang teruk", {"context": "The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau (the Intermontane Plateaus) are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada. Precipitation averages less than 15 inches (38 cm). The Southwest is a hot desert, with temperatures exceeding 100 \u00b0F (37.8 \u00b0C) for several weeks at a time in summer. The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September, which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau"}], "question": "Which areas have arid regions?", "id": "572ecd39dfa6aa1500f8d3db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "15 inches"}], "question": "What is the precipitation average in the Intermontane plateaus?", "id": "572ecd39dfa6aa1500f8d3dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "100 \u00b0F (37.8 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "In the southwest, how high do temperatures get?", "id": "572ecd39dfa6aa1500f8d3dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "July to September"}], "question": "During which months are portions of the US affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California?", "id": "572ecd39dfa6aa1500f8d3de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "severe thunderstorms"}], "question": "What type of weather do monsoons bring?", "id": "572ecd39dfa6aa1500f8d3df"}]}], ["Oleh kerana saiznya yang besar dan pelbagai ciri geografi, Amerika Syarikat mengandungi contoh hampir setiap iklim global. Iklim adalah sederhana di kebanyakan kawasan, subtropika di Amerika Syarikat Selatan, tropika di Hawaii dan selatan Florida, kutub di Alaska, separa di Great Plains barat meridian ke-100, Mediterranean di California pantai dan kering di Great Basin. Iklim pertaniannya yang menguntungkan memberi sumbangan (sebahagiannya) kepada peningkatan negara sebagai kuasa dunia, dengan kekeringan yang teruk yang jarang berlaku di kawasan pertanian utama, kekurangan banjir yang meluas, dan iklim yang sangat sederhana yang menerima hujan yang mencukupi. <> Apakah iklim seperti di Amerika Selatan Selatan? || subtropika <> Hawaii mempunyai apa jenis iklim? || tropika <> Negara mana yang dikenali dengan iklim Mediterranean? || California <> Apa yang menyumbang kepada kebangkitan AS sebagai kuasa dunia? || iklim pertanian <> Apakah iklim seperti di kebanyakan kawasan AS? || sederhana", {"context": "Due to its large size and wide range of geographic features, the United States contains examples of nearly every global climate. The climate is temperate in most areas, subtropical in the Southern United States, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin. Its comparatively favorable agricultural climate contributed (in part) to the country's rise as a world power, with infrequent severe drought in the major agricultural regions, a general lack of widespread flooding, and a mainly temperate climate that receives adequate precipitation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "subtropical"}], "question": "What is the climate like in the Southern United States?", "id": "572ecc85cb0c0d14000f1586"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "tropical"}], "question": "Hawaii has what type of climate?", "id": "572ecc85cb0c0d14000f1587"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "California"}], "question": "Which state is known for its Mediterranean climate?", "id": "572ecc85cb0c0d14000f1588"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "agricultural climate"}], "question": "What contributed to the rise of the US as a world power?", "id": "572ecc85cb0c0d14000f1589"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "temperate"}], "question": "What is the climate like in most areas of the US?", "id": "572ecc85cb0c0d14000f158a"}]}], ["Highlands Laurentian, Plains Interior dan Highlands Interior berada di antara dua pantai, yang merentang dari Teluk Mexico ke utara, jauh di luar sempadan negara, ke Lautan Artik. Dataran pusat dibahagikan dengan ketinggian tanah yang tidak dapat dilihat ke bahagian Kanada dan Amerika Syarikat. Ia dari sisi Amerika Syarikat, bahawa sistem Mississippi yang hebat dilepas ke arah selatan ke Teluk Mexico. Atas Mississippi dan beberapa lembangan Ohio adalah rantau prairie semi-gersang, dengan pokok-pokok pada asalnya hanya di sepanjang aliran air. Tanah tinggi ke arah Appalachians dimasukkan ke dalam kawasan hutan timur yang besar, sementara bahagian barat dataran telah kering sehingga iklim tumbuhan asalnya kecil, dan di selatan ia agak mandul. <> Apakah salah satu daripada dua dataran tinggi utama yang terbentang dari teluk mexico ke lautan Artik? || Laurentian Highlands <> Berapa jauh utara mencapai Highlands Interior? || Lautan Artik <> Yang dua negara adalah dataran utama dibahagikan? || Kanada dan Amerika Syarikat <> Di manakah Mississippi melepaskan? || Teluk Mexico", {"context": "The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion. It is from the United States side, that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The upper Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin is the semi-arid prairie region, with trees originally only along the watercourses. The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area, while the western part of the plains has so dry a climate that its native plant life is scanty, and in the south it is practically barren.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Laurentian Highlands"}], "question": "What is one of the two major highlands that stretch from the gulf of mexico to the Arctic ocean?", "id": "572ecc0fcb0c0d14000f157e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Arctic Ocean"}], "question": "How far north do the Interior Highlands reach?", "id": "572ecc0fcb0c0d14000f157f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Canadian and a United States"}], "question": "Which two nations are the central plains divided in?", "id": "572ecc0fcb0c0d14000f1580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Gulf of Mexico"}], "question": "Where does the Mississippi discharge?", "id": "572ecc0fcb0c0d14000f1581"}]}], ["Pantai Barat benua Amerika Syarikat dan kawasan Alaska (termasuk Kepulauan Aleutian, Semenanjung Alaskan dan pantai Alaskan selatan) membentuk sebahagian daripada Ring of Fire Pasifik, kawasan kawasan tektonik dan gunung berapi berat yang merupakan sumber 90 % gempa bumi di dunia. [Northwest America Northwest melihat kepekatan tertinggi gunung berapi aktif di Amerika Syarikat, di Washington, Oregon dan utara California di sepanjang Pegunungan Cascade. Terdapat beberapa gunung berapi aktif yang terletak di pulau-pulau Hawaii, termasuk Kilauea dalam letusan yang berterusan sejak tahun 1983, tetapi mereka tidak biasanya menjejaskan penduduk pulau-pulau itu. Tidak ada letusan besar mengancam nyawa di pulau-pulau Hawaii sejak abad ke-17. Letusan gunung berapi kadang-kadang boleh memusnahkan, seperti pada letusan Gunung St. Helens pada tahun 1980 di Washington. <> Apakah kawasan di Pasifik yang dikenali untuk aktiviti gunung berapi berat? || Pasifik Api Api <> Yang gunung berapi Hawaii telah meletus sejak tahun 1983? || Kilauea <> The Ring of Fire Pasifik mengandungi apa peratusan gempa bumi di Bumi? || 90% <> Bilakah kali terakhir pulau-pulau Hawaii mengalami kehidupan yang mengancam letusan gunung berapi? || Abad ke-17 <> tahun berapa Gunung St. Helens meletus menyebabkan kerosakan yang dahsyat? || 1980", {"context": "The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska (including the Aleutian Islands, the Alaskan Peninsula and southern Alaskan coast) make up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90% of the world's earthquakes.[citation needed] The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, in Washington, Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains. There are several active volcanoes located in the islands of Hawaii, including Kilauea in ongoing eruption since 1983, but they do not typically adversely affect the inhabitants of the islands. There has not been a major life-threatening eruption on the Hawaiian islands since the 17th century. Volcanic eruptions can occasionally be devastating, such as in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Pacific Ring of Fire"}], "question": "What is the area in the pacific known for heavy volcanic activity?", "id": "572ed29703f9891900756a53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Kilauea"}], "question": "Which Hawaiin volcano has been erupting since 1983?", "id": "572ed29703f9891900756a55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "90%"}], "question": "The Pacific Ring of Fire contains what percentage of the earthquakes on Earth?", "id": "572ed29703f9891900756a54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 764, "text": "17th century"}], "question": "When was the last time that the Hawaiin islands experienced a life threatening volcanic eruption?", "id": "572ed29703f9891900756a56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "1980"}], "question": "What year did Mt St. Helens erupt causing devastating damage?", "id": "572ed29703f9891900756a57"}]}]], [["CD berulang kali dihasilkan secara massal menggunakan akhbar hidraulik. Butiran kecil plastik polikarbonat mentah dipanaskan dimasukkan ke dalam media. Skru menggerakkan plastik cecair ke rongga acuan. Acuan ditutup dengan setem logam bersentuhan dengan permukaan cakera. Plastik dibenarkan untuk menyejukkan dan mengeras. Sebaik sahaja dibuka, substrat cakera dikeluarkan dari acuan oleh lengan robot, dan lubang pusat diameter 15 mm (dipanggil cincin disusun) dicipta. Masa yang diperlukan untuk \"setem\" satu CD biasanya dua hingga tiga saat. <> Bagaimana CD dihasilkan secara massal? || akhbar hidrolik <> Jenis bahan apa yang digunakan untuk membuat CD? || plastik polikarbonat mentah <> Berapa saiz diameter lubang tengah dalam CD? || 15 mm <> Berapa lamakah masa yang diperlukan untuk mencungkil satu CD? || dua hingga tiga saat <> Apakah istilah untuk lubang tengah dalam CD? || menyusun cincin", {"context": "Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to \"stamp\" one CD is usually two to three seconds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "hydraulic press"}], "question": "How are CDs mass produced?", "id": "572f6665a23a5019007fc5d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "raw polycarbonate plastic"}], "question": "What type of material is used to make CDs?", "id": "572f6665a23a5019007fc5d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "15 mm"}], "question": "What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?", "id": "572f6665a23a5019007fc5d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "two to three seconds"}], "question": "How long does it take to stamp out one CD?", "id": "572f6665a23a5019007fc5da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "stacking ring"}], "question": "What is the term for the center hole in a CD?", "id": "572f6665a23a5019007fc5db"}]}], ["Akibatnya, pada tahun 1979, Sony dan Philips telah menubuhkan pasukan petugas bersama untuk merekabentuk cakera audio digital baru. Diketuai oleh jurutera Kees Schouhamer Immink dan Toshitada Doi, penyelidikan itu mendorong teknologi laser dan optik cakera ke depan. Selepas setahun percubaan dan perbincangan, pasukan petugas menghasilkan standard CD-DA Red Book. Pertama yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1980, piawaian ini telah diterima secara rasmi oleh IEC sebagai piawaian antarabangsa pada tahun 1987, dengan pelbagai pindaan menjadi sebahagian daripada piawaian pada tahun 1996. <> Pada tahun apakah Sony dan Philips bersama-sama merangka sebuah cakera audio digital baru? || 1979 <> Tahun apakah standard CD-DA Red Book dikeluarkan? || 1980 <> Bilakah IEC membatalkan CD-DA Merah sebagai piawaian antarabangsa? || 1987 <> Siapa yang mengetuai pasukan petugas cakera cakera digital Sony dan Philips 1979? || Kees Schouhamer Immink dan Toshitada Doi", {"context": "As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "1979"}], "question": "In what year did Sony and Philips band together to design a new digital audio disc?", "id": "572ed1a3dfa6aa1500f8d401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "1980"}], "question": "What year was the Red Book CD-DA standard released?", "id": "572ed1a3dfa6aa1500f8d402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When did the IEC isntigate the Red Book CD-DA as an international standard?", "id": "572ed1a3dfa6aa1500f8d403"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi"}], "question": "Who headed the 1979 Sony and Philips digital audio disc task force?", "id": "572ed1a3dfa6aa1500f8d404"}]}], ["Cakera Padat (CD) adalah format simpanan data cakera optik digital. Formatnya pada asalnya dibangunkan untuk menyimpan dan memainkan rakaman bunyi sahaja tetapi kemudian disesuaikan untuk penyimpanan data (CD-ROM). Beberapa lagi format lain diperolehi daripada ini, termasuk penyimpanan audio dan data (CD-R) tulis, media tulis semula (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Disc Video Super (SVCD), CD Photo, PictureCD , CD-i, dan CD Muzik Dipertingkatkan. CD audio dan pemain CD audio telah tersedia secara komersial sejak Oktober 1982. <> Bilakah CD Audio tersedia untuk dibeli? || 1982 <> Apakah CD berdiri? || Cakera Padat <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh SVCD? || Cakera Super Video Compact <> Apa yang asalnya dicipta oleh CD untuk disimpan? || rakaman bunyi <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh SVCD? || Cakera Super Video Compact <> Dalam tahun berapa cakera padat ditemui untuk pembelian? || 1982 <> Apakah format asal untuk CD? || simpanan data", {"context": "Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When did Audio CDs become available for purchase?", "id": "572ec5f7cb0c0d14000f1536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Compact Disc"}], "question": "What does CD stand for?", "id": "572ec5f7cb0c0d14000f1537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Super Video Compact Disc"}], "question": "What does SVCD stand for?", "id": "572ec5f7cb0c0d14000f1538"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "sound recordings"}], "question": "What were CD's originally created to store?", "id": "572ec5f7cb0c0d14000f1539"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Super Video Compact Disc"}], "question": "What does SVCD stand for?", "id": "572f5fe6947a6a140053c8db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "1982"}], "question": "In what year were compact discs realesed for purchase?", "id": "572f5fe6947a6a140053c8dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "data storage"}], "question": "What was the original intended format for CDs?", "id": "572f5fe6947a6a140053c8de"}]}], ["CD dirancang untuk menjadi pengganti rekod gramophone untuk memainkan muzik, dan bukannya sebagai medium penyimpanan data. Dari asal-usulnya sebagai format muzik, CD telah berkembang untuk merangkumi aplikasi lain. Pada tahun 1983, selepas pengenalan CD, Immink dan Braat membentangkan eksperimen pertama dengan cakera padat yang boleh dipakai semasa Konvensyen AES ke-73. Pada bulan Jun 1985, CD-ROM boleh dibaca komputer (memori baca sahaja) dan, pada tahun 1990, CD-Recordable diperkenalkan, yang juga dibangunkan oleh Sony dan Philips. CD yang boleh dirakam adalah alternatif baru untuk pita untuk merakam muzik dan menyalin album muzik tanpa cacat yang diperkenalkan dalam pemampatan yang digunakan dalam kaedah rakaman digital yang lain. Format video lain yang lebih baru seperti DVD dan Blu-ray menggunakan geometri fizikal yang sama seperti CD, dan kebanyakan pemain DVD dan Blu-ray adalah serasi ke belakang dengan CD audio. <> Apakah ROM berdiri? || ingatan baca sahaja <> Tahun apakah Sony dan Philips melancarkan rakaman CD? || 1990 <> Apakah format asal untuk CD? || format muzik <> Tahun apakah Konvensyen AES ke-73? || 1983 <> Apakah CD terdahulu? || rekod gramophone <> Apakah CD terdahulu? || rekod gramophone", {"context": "The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "read-only memory"}], "question": "What does ROM stand for?", "id": "572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d439"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "1990"}], "question": "What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?", "id": "572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d43a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "musical format"}], "question": "What was the original intended format for CDs?", "id": "572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d43b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "1983"}], "question": "What year was the 73rd AES Convention?", "id": "572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d43c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "the gramophone record"}], "question": "What was the CDs predecessor?", "id": "572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d43d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "gramophone record"}], "question": "What was the CDs predecessor?", "id": "572f6486b2c2fd14005680af"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1974, L. Ottens, pengarah bahagian audio Philips, memulakan kumpulan kecil dengan tujuan untuk membangunkan cakera audio optikal analog dengan diameter 20 cm dan kualiti bunyi lebih tinggi daripada rekod vinil. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan prestasi yang tidak memuaskan dalam format analog, dua jurutera penyelidikan Philips mencadangkan format digital pada bulan Mac 1974. Pada tahun 1977, Philips kemudiannya menubuhkan sebuah makmal dengan misi mewujudkan cakera audio digital. Diameter cakera padat prototaip Philips ditetapkan pada 11.5 cm, pepenjuru kaset audio. <> Dalam tahun apakah Philips melancarkan makmal untuk mencipta cakera audio digital? || 1977 <> Apakah diameter yang dicadangkan untuk cakera padat asal? || 11.5 cm <> Berapa tahun Philips memaparkan idea tentang format audio digital? || 1974 <> Siapa pengarah bahagian audio Philips pada tahun 1974? || L. Ottens", {"context": "In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "1977"}], "question": "In what year did Philips institute a laboratory to create a digital audio disc?", "id": "572ecc7bdfa6aa1500f8d3d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "11.5 cm"}], "question": "What was the proposed diameter for the original compact disc?", "id": "572ecc7bdfa6aa1500f8d3d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "1974"}], "question": "What year did Philips propse the idea of a digital audio format?", "id": "572ecc7bdfa6aa1500f8d3d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "L. Ottens"}], "question": "Who was the director of the Philips audio division in 1974?", "id": "572ecc7bdfa6aa1500f8d3d6"}]}], ["Sementara itu, dengan kemunculan dan populariti pengedaran berasaskan Internet fail dalam format audio lossily-compressed seperti MP3, jualan CD mula menurun pada tahun 2000-an. Sebagai contoh, antara tahun 2000 hingga 2008, walaupun pertumbuhan jualan muzik dan satu tahun peningkatan yang ketara, jualan CD-label utama merosot secara keseluruhan sebanyak 20%, walaupun jualan muzik bebas dan DIY mungkin lebih baik mengikut angka yang dikeluarkan pada 30 Mac 2009, dan CD masih terus menjual banyak. Setakat 2012, CD dan DVD hanya menghasilkan 34 peratus jualan muzik di Amerika Syarikat. Walau bagaimanapun, di Jepun, lebih daripada 80 peratus muzik telah dibeli di CD dan format fizikal lain pada 2015. <> Bilakah jualan CD mengalami penurunan asalnya? || 2000-an <> Apa bahagian jualan muzik yang dilakukan oleh CD dan DVD di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2012? || 34 peratus <> Negara mana yang mempunyai lebih daripada 80 peratus jualan muzik untuk format fizikal? || Jepun <> Bagaimana MP3 dimampatkan? || lossily-compressed <> Bilakah jualan CD mengalami penurunan asalnya? || 2000s <> Apa yang menyebabkan penurunan jualan CD? || Pembahagian fail berasaskan Internet", {"context": "Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "the 2000s"}], "question": "When did CD sales experience their original decline?", "id": "572eda3ec246551400ce4726"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "34 percent"}], "question": "What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?", "id": "572eda3ec246551400ce4727"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?", "id": "572eda3ec246551400ce4728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "lossily-compressed"}], "question": "How are MP3s compressed?", "id": "572eda3ec246551400ce4729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "2000s"}], "question": "When did CD sales experience their original decline?", "id": "572f657cb2c2fd14005680c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Internet-based distribution of files"}], "question": "What has caused a decrease in CD sales?", "id": "572f657cb2c2fd14005680c5"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2004, jualan CD audio, CD-ROM dan CD-R di seluruh dunia mencapai kira-kira 30 bilion cakera. Menjelang 2007, 200 bilion CD telah dijual di seluruh dunia. CD semakin digantikan oleh bentuk penyimpanan dan pengedaran digital yang lain, dengan keputusan bahawa kadar jualan CD audio di A.S. telah menurun kira-kira 50% dari puncak mereka; Walau bagaimanapun, mereka kekal sebagai salah satu kaedah pengedaran utama untuk industri muzik. Pada tahun 2014, pendapatan daripada perkhidmatan muzik digital sepadan dengan jualan format fizikal untuk kali pertama. <> Pada tahun apakah jualan muzik digital dan fizikal sama? || 2014 <> Berapa banyak CD telah distrubuted di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2007? || 200 bilion <> Pada tahun 2004 berapa banyak CD telah dijual di seluruh dunia? || 2004 <> Pengurangan peratus apa pengalaman jualan audio CD? || 50% <> Apa yang menyebabkan penurunan jualan CD? || bentuk lain penyimpanan dan pengedaran digital <> Pada tahun 2004 berapa banyak CD yang telah dijual di seluruh dunia? || 30 bilion <> Berapa banyak CD telah dialihkan di seluruh dunia menjelang tahun 2007? || 200 bilion <> Apa yang menyebabkan penurunan jualan CD? || bentuk lain penyimpanan digital", {"context": "In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "2014"}], "question": "In what year were digital and physical music sales the same?", "id": "572ec816c246551400ce4656"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "200 billion"}], "question": "How many CDs had been distrubuted worldwide by 2007?", "id": "572ec816c246551400ce4657"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?", "id": "572ec816c246551400ce4659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "50%"}], "question": "What percent decrease did audio CD sales experience?", "id": "572ec816c246551400ce4658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "other forms of digital storage and distribution"}], "question": "What has caused a decrease in CD sales?", "id": "572ec816c246551400ce465a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "30 billion"}], "question": "In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?", "id": "572f6096b2c2fd140056808d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "200 billion"}], "question": "How many CDs had been distrubuted around the world by 2007?", "id": "572f6096b2c2fd140056808c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "other forms of digital storage"}], "question": "What has caused a decrease in CD sales?", "id": "572f6096b2c2fd140056808e"}]}], ["Cakera Padat adalah evolusi teknologi LaserDisc, di mana sinar laser fokus digunakan yang membolehkan ketumpatan maklumat yang tinggi diperlukan untuk isyarat audio digital berkualiti tinggi. Prototaip telah dibangunkan oleh Philips dan Sony secara bebas pada akhir 1970-an. Pada tahun 1979, Sony dan Philips menubuhkan pasukan petugas gabungan bersama untuk merekabentuk cakera audio digital baru. Selepas satu tahun percubaan dan perbincangan, standard CD-DA Red Book telah diterbitkan pada tahun 1980. Selepas pelepasan komersial mereka pada tahun 1982, cakera padat dan pemain mereka sangat popular. Walaupun kos sehingga $ 1,000, lebih daripada 400,000 pemain CD dijual di Amerika Syarikat antara 1983 dan 1984. Kejayaan cakera padat telah dikreditkan ke kerjasama antara Philips dan Sony, yang datang bersama-sama untuk bersetuju dan membangunkan perkakasan yang serasi. Reka bentuk bersepadu cakera padat membenarkan pengguna membeli cakera atau pemain dari mana-mana syarikat, dan membenarkan CD menguasai pasaran muzik di rumah yang tidak dicabar. <> Siapa yang membuat prototaip Padat Kompak pada tahun 1970-an? || Philips dan Sony <> Bagaimana cara membuat piawaian CD-DA Red Book? || setahun <> Untuk apa cakera padat berhutang kemakmurannya? || kerjasama antara Philips dan Sony <> Berapa banyak pemain CD yang dijual di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun pertama mereka? || 400,000 <> Apa CD berkembang daripada? || LaserDisc <> Apa yang memungkinkan CD dimainkan pada mana-mana syarikat CD player? || Reka bentuk bersatu <> Tahun apakah pemain CD boleh didapati untuk pembelian? || 1982 <> Kepada apa cakera kompak berhutang kemakmurannya? || kerjasama antara Philips dan Sony", {"context": "The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Philips and Sony"}], "question": "Who created Compact Disc prototypes in the 1970s?", "id": "572ec92bdfa6aa1500f8d3b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "a year"}], "question": "How lond did the creation of Red Book CD-DA standard take?", "id": "572ec92bdfa6aa1500f8d3b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "the cooperation between Philips and Sony"}], "question": "To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?", "id": "572ec92bdfa6aa1500f8d3b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "400,000"}], "question": "How many CD players were sold in the United States in their first year?", "id": "572ec92bdfa6aa1500f8d3b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "LaserDisc"}], "question": "What did the CD evolve from?", "id": "572f6c84b2c2fd1400568101"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "unified design"}], "question": "What made it possible for CDs to be played on any companies CD player?", "id": "572f6c84b2c2fd1400568102"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "1982"}], "question": "What year did CD players become available for purchase?", "id": "572f6c84b2c2fd1400568104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "cooperation between Philips and Sony"}], "question": "To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?", "id": "572f6c84b2c2fd1400568103"}]}], ["Pelancaran Jepun diikuti pada bulan Mac 1983 dengan pengenalan pemain CD dan cakera ke Eropah dan Amerika Utara (di mana CBS Records mengeluarkan enam gelaran). Acara ini sering dilihat sebagai \"Big Bang\" revolusi audio digital. Cakera audio baru diterima dengan penuh semangat, terutamanya dalam muzik klasik dan komunitas audiophile yang mengadopsi awal, dan kualiti pengendaliannya menerima pujian tertentu. Oleh kerana harga pemain secara beransur-ansur turun, dan dengan pengenalan Walkman mudah alih, CD mula mendapat populariti di pasaran muzik popular dan rock yang lebih besar. Artis pertama yang menjual satu juta salinan pada CD adalah Dire Straits, dengan album 1985 mereka Brothers in Arms. Artis utama pertama yang mempunyai keseluruhan katalognya ditukar ke CD adalah David Bowie, yang 15 album studio telah disediakan oleh RCA Records pada bulan Februari 1985, bersama dengan empat album hits terbesar. Pada tahun 1988, 400 juta CD dihasilkan oleh 50 tumbuhan mendesak di seluruh dunia. <> Siapa yang pertama menjual satu juta salinan pada CD? || Dire Straits <> Artis mana yang pertama yang mempunyai katalog penuh mereka ditukar ke CD? || David Bowie <> Tahun berapa lagu Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms dibebaskan? || 1985 <> Berapa banyak album studio yang dibebaskan David Bowie pada Februari 1985? || 15 <> Berapa banyak CD dihasilkan secara besar-besaran pada tahun 1988? || 400 juta <> Berapa banyak album studio yang dibebaskan oleh David Bowie pada bulan Februari 1985? || 15", {"context": "The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the \"Big Bang\" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "Dire Straits"}], "question": "Who first sold a million copies on CD?", "id": "572ed426dfa6aa1500f8d41b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "David Bowie"}], "question": "Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?", "id": "572ed426dfa6aa1500f8d41c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "1985"}], "question": "What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?", "id": "572ed426dfa6aa1500f8d41d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?", "id": "572ed426dfa6aa1500f8d41e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 907, "text": "400 million"}], "question": "How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?", "id": "572ed426dfa6aa1500f8d41f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?", "id": "572f63fc04bcaa1900d768cb"}]}], ["Heitaro Nakajima, yang membangunkan perakam audio digital awal dalam organisasi penyiaran awam nasional NHK pada tahun 1970, menjadi pengurus umum jabatan audio Sony pada tahun 1971. Timnya telah membangunkan perakam pita audio PCM penyesuai digital menggunakan perakam video Betamax pada tahun 1973. Selepas ini , pada tahun 1974, lompatan untuk menyimpan audio digital pada cakera optik mudah dibuat. Sony pertama kali mempamerkan cakera audio digital optik pada September 1976. Setahun kemudian, pada September 1977, Sony menunjukkan akhbar cakera 30 cm yang boleh memainkan 60 minit audio digital (44,100 Hz dan resolusi 16-bit) dengan menggunakan MFM modulasi. Pada bulan September 1978, syarikat itu telah membuktikan cakera audio digital optik dengan masa bermain 150 minit, kadar pensampelan 44,056 Hz, resolusi linear 16-bit, dan spesifikasi kod pembetulan kesilapan silang-silang sama seperti yang kemudian diselesaikan untuk Standard Compact Format cakera pada tahun 1980. Butiran teknikal cakera audio digital Sony telah dibentangkan semasa Konvensyen AES ke-62, yang diadakan pada 13-16 Mac 1979, di Brussels. Kertas teknikal AES Sony diterbitkan pada 1 Mac 1979. Seminggu kemudian, pada 8 Mac, Philips secara terbuka menunjukkan prototaip cakera audio digital optik pada sidang akhbar yang dipanggil \"Philips Introduce Compact Disc\" di Eindhoven, Belanda. <> Di mana Konvensyen AES ke-62 diadakan? || Brussels <> Siapa jabatan umum jabatan audio Sony pada tahun 1971? || Heitaro Nakajima <> Tahun apa pertama Sony mempamerkan penggunaan cakera audio digital optik? || 1976 <> Apa yang digunakan oleh pasukan Nakajima untuk mencipta perakam pita audio PCM penyesuai digital? || sebuah perakam video Betamax <> Di manakah diadakan persidangan cakera Philips Introduce Compact? || Eindhoven, Belanda <> Apa yang digunakan oleh pasukan Nakajima untuk mencipta perakam pita audio penyesuai PCM digital? || Perakam video Betamax <> Bilakah Sony melepaskan kertas teknikal AES? || 1 Mac 1979", {"context": "Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code\u2014specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13\u201316 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called \"Philips Introduce Compact Disc\" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1069, "text": "Brussels"}], "question": "Where was the 62nd AES Convention held?", "id": "572ecf7acb0c0d14000f15c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Heitaro Nakajima"}], "question": "Who was the general manger of Sony's audio department in 1971?", "id": "572ecf7bcb0c0d14000f15c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "1976"}], "question": "What year did Sony first exhibit the use of an optical digital audio disc?", "id": "572ecf7bcb0c0d14000f15ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "a Betamax video recorder"}], "question": "What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?", "id": "572ecf7bcb0c0d14000f15cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1303, "text": "Eindhoven, Netherlands"}], "question": "Where was the Philips Introduce Compact disc conference held?", "id": "572ecf7bcb0c0d14000f15cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Betamax video recorder"}], "question": "What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?", "id": "572f62b404bcaa1900d768b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1123, "text": "1 March 1979"}], "question": "When did Sony release it's AES technical paper?", "id": "572f62b404bcaa1900d768b9"}]}], ["Rakaman CD-R direka untuk kekal. Dari masa ke masa, ciri fizikal pewarna boleh berubah menyebabkan kesilapan membaca dan kehilangan data sehingga peranti bacaan tidak dapat pulih dengan kaedah pembetulan ralat. Kehidupan reka bentuk adalah dari 20 hingga 100 tahun, bergantung pada kualiti cakera, kualiti penulisan tulis, dan keadaan penyimpanan. Walau bagaimanapun, ujian telah menunjukkan kemerosotan beberapa cakera dalam sekurang-kurangnya 18 bulan di bawah keadaan penyimpanan biasa. Kegagalan ini dikenali sebagai reput cakera, yang mana terdapat beberapa, kebanyakannya alam sekitar, alasan. <> Berapa lama CD dijangka akan bertahan? || 20 hingga 100 tahun <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan kemusnahan cakera mendadak? || cakera cakera <> Adakah CD dimaksudkan untuk penggunaan tetap atau sementara? || kekal", {"context": "CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive, and storage conditions. However, testing has demonstrated such degradation of some discs in as little as 18 months under normal storage conditions. This failure is known as disc rot, for which there are several, mostly environmental, reasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "20 to 100 years"}], "question": "How long are CDs expected to last?", "id": "572f696704bcaa1900d768fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "disc rot"}], "question": "What can cause sudden disc degradation?", "id": "572f696704bcaa1900d768fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "permanent"}], "question": "Are CDs meant for permanent or temporary use?", "id": "572f696704bcaa1900d768ff"}]}], ["Oleh kerana batasan teknikal, CD RRR yang asli boleh ditulis tidak lebih cepat daripada kelajuan 4x. CD Berkelajuan Tinggi Berkelajuan Tinggi mempunyai reka bentuk yang berbeza, yang membenarkan penulisan pada kelajuan antara 4x hingga 12x. Pemacu CD-RW asal hanya boleh menulis kepada CD Rujukan yang asal. Pemacu CD-RW Berkelajuan Tinggi biasanya boleh menulis ke CD-ROM Terpasang asal dan CD Berkelajuan Tinggi. Kedua-dua jenis cakera CD-RW boleh dibaca dalam kebanyakan pemacu CD. Cakera CD-RW yang lebih tinggi, kelajuan Ultra (kelajuan menulis 16x hingga 24x) dan Ultra Speed + (kelajuan menulis 32x) kini boleh didapati. <> Seberapa pantas CD pertama boleh ditulis? || Kelajuan 4x <> CD mana yang mempunyai kelajuan penulisan betwen 4x dan 12x? || CD Berkelajuan Tinggi Berkelajuan tinggi <> Seberapa cepat boleh menulis Ultra Speed + CD? || 32x <> Seberapa cepat boleh menulis CD Ultra Speed? || 16x hingga 24x", {"context": "Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both original ReWritable CDs and High Speed ReWritable CDs. Both types of CD-RW discs can be read in most CD drives. Higher speed CD-RW discs, Ultra Speed (16x to 24x write speed) and Ultra Speed+ (32x write speed) are now available.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "4x speed"}], "question": "How fast could the first ReWritable CD be written?", "id": "572f6b14a23a5019007fc5f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "High Speed ReWritable CD"}], "question": "Which CD has writing speeds betwen 4x and 12x?", "id": "572f6b14a23a5019007fc5f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "32x"}], "question": "How fast can Ultra Speed+ CDs write?", "id": "572f6b14a23a5019007fc5f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "16x to 24x"}], "question": "How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write?", "id": "572f6b14a23a5019007fc5f6"}]}], ["Kaedah ini menghasilkan bahagian kosong cakera kosong yang jelas. Selepas lapisan mencerminkan logam (biasanya aluminium, tetapi kadang-kadang emas atau logam lain) digunakan untuk substrat kosong yang jelas, cakera itu berada di bawah cahaya UV untuk menyembuhkan dan ia bersedia untuk pergi ke tekan. Untuk mempersiapkan untuk mencetak CD, tuan kaca dibuat, menggunakan laser berkuasa tinggi pada peranti yang serupa dengan penulis CD. Tuan kaca adalah imej positif permukaan CD yang dikehendaki (dengan lubang-lubang mikroskopik yang dikehendaki dan tanah). Selepas ujian, ia digunakan untuk membuat mati dengan menekannya pada cakera logam. <> Bahan apa yang boleh digunakan untuk membuat lapisan reflektif pada CD? || biasanya aluminium, tetapi kadangkala emas atau logam lain <> Jenis cahaya apa yang digunakan untuk menyembuhkan CD? || UV <> Apakah tuan kaca? || imej positif permukaan CD yang dikehendaki <> Bagaimana pembuat kaca dibuat? || laser berkuasa tinggi", {"context": "This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal"}], "question": "What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD?", "id": "572f671cb2c2fd14005680dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "UV"}], "question": "What type of light is used to cure CDs?", "id": "572f671cb2c2fd14005680de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "positive image of the desired CD surface"}], "question": "What is a glass master?", "id": "572f671cb2c2fd14005680df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "high-powered laser"}], "question": "How are glass masters created?", "id": "572f671cb2c2fd14005680e0"}]}], ["CD mudah terdedah kepada kerosakan semasa pengendalian dan dari pendedahan alam sekitar. Lubang adalah lebih dekat pada sebelah label cakera, membolehkan kecacatan dan bahan cemar di sebelah jelas menjadi fokus semasa main balik. Akibatnya, CD lebih cenderung mengalami kerosakan di sebelah label cakera. Gores pada bahagian yang jelas boleh dibaiki dengan mengisi semula mereka dengan plastik refraktif yang sama atau dengan penggiliran yang berhati-hati. Tepi CD kadang-kadang tidak lengkap dimeterai, membolehkan gas dan cecair untuk mengakis logam lapisan reflektif dan mengganggu tumpuan laser pada lubang-lubang. The candidum kulat Geotrichum, yang ditemui di Belize, telah didapati mengambil plastik polikarbonat dan aluminium dijumpai di dalam CD. <> Di mana seseorang boleh menjangkakan kerosakan pada cakera? || sebelah label cakera <> Bagaimana calar pada CD tetap? || mengisi semula mereka dengan plastik refraktif yang sama atau dengan penggiliran yang berhati-hati <> Apa yang makan pada plastik dan aluminium yang terdapat dalam CD? || jamur Geotrichum candidum <> Di manakah calon jamur Geotrichum berasal? || Belize", {"context": "CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits. The fungus Geotrichum candidum, found in Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "label side of the disc"}], "question": "Where can one expect to find damage on a disc?", "id": "572f7039947a6a140053c95e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing"}], "question": "How are scratches on a CD fixed?", "id": "572f7039947a6a140053c95f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "fungus Geotrichum candidum"}], "question": "What eats at the plastic and aluminum found in CDs?", "id": "572f7039947a6a140053c960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Belize"}], "question": "Where does the fungus Geotrichum candidum originate from?", "id": "572f7039947a6a140053c961"}]}], ["Lubang-lubang dan tanah sendiri tidak secara langsung mewakili angka sifar dan data biner. Sebaliknya, pengekodan terbalik-ke-sifar, pengekodan terbalik digunakan: perubahan dari lubang ke tanah atau tanah ke lubang menunjukkan satu, sementara tiada perubahan menunjukkan siri sifar. Sekurang-kurangnya ada dua dan tidak lebih dari sepuluh sifar antara satu sama lain, yang ditentukan oleh panjang lubang. Ini seterusnya dinyahkodkan dengan membalikkan modulasi lapan hingga empat belas yang digunakan untuk menguasai cakera itu, dan kemudian membalikkan pengekodan Reed-Solomon silang salib, akhirnya mendedahkan data mentah yang disimpan pada cakera. Teknik pengekodan (ditakrifkan dalam Buku Merah) pada asalnya direka untuk CD Digital Audio, tetapi kemudiannya menjadi standard untuk hampir semua format CD (seperti CD-ROM). <> Apa jenis hasil dari CD yang akan mengembalikannya? || Tukar dari lubang ke tanah atau tanah ke lubang <> Di mana seseorang dapat mencari teknik pengekodan untuk CD? || Red Book <> Apa jenis pengekodan yang dilakukan oleh CD? || non-return-to-zero <> Apakah jenis modulasi yang dilaksanakan apabila cakera dikuasai? || lapan hingga empat belas", {"context": "The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one, which is defined by the length of the pit. This in turn is decoded by reversing the eight-to-fourteen modulation used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the cross-interleaved Reed\u2013Solomon coding, finally revealing the raw data stored on the disc. These encoding techniques (defined in the Red Book) were originally designed for CD Digital Audio, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as CD-ROM).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "change from pit to land or land to pit"}], "question": "What type of result from a CD will return a one?", "id": "572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568115"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "Red Book"}], "question": "Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs?", "id": "572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568114"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "non-return-to-zero"}], "question": "What type of encoding do CDs implement?", "id": "572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568113"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "eight-to-fourteen"}], "question": "What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered?", "id": "572f6f8fb2c2fd1400568116"}]}], ["The die adalah gambar negatif dari master kaca: biasanya, beberapa dibuat, bergantung pada jumlah kilang menekan yang membuat CD. Si mati kemudian masuk ke dalam akhbar, dan imej fizikal dipindahkan ke CD kosong, meninggalkan imej positif terakhir pada cakera. Sebilangan kecil lakuer digunakan sebagai cincin di sekitar pusat cakera, dan berputar cepat merebak secara merata ke permukaan. Lakuer perlindungan tepi digunakan sebelum cakera selesai. Cakera kemudian boleh dicetak dan dibungkus. <> Apakah istilah untuk imej negatif tuan kaca? || mati <> Bagaimana imej positif pada CD dilindungi? || lacquer <> Bagaimana peramal distrubted pada CD? || berputar cepat", {"context": "The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "die"}], "question": "What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?", "id": "572f67c704bcaa1900d768e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "lacquer"}], "question": "How is the positive image on a CD protected? ", "id": "572f67c704bcaa1900d768e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "rapid spinning"}], "question": "How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?", "id": "572f67c704bcaa1900d768e7"}]}], ["Bahagian CD yang paling mahal adalah kes permata. Pada tahun 1995, kos bahan adalah 30 sen untuk kes permata dan 10 hingga 15 sen untuk CD. Kos borong CD ialah $ 0.75 hingga $ 1.15, yang dijual pada harga $ 16,98. Secara purata, kedai itu menerima 35 peratus daripada harga runcit, syarikat rekod 27 peratus, artis 16 peratus, pengeluar 13 peratus, dan pengedar 9 peratus. Apabila pita 8 trek, pita kaset dan CD diperkenalkan, masing-masing dipasarkan pada harga yang lebih tinggi daripada format yang mereka berjaya, walaupun kos untuk menghasilkan media dikurangkan. Ini dilakukan kerana nilai yang jelas meningkat. Ini terus dari vinil ke CD tetapi telah rosak apabila Apple memasarkan MP3 untuk $ 0.99, dan album untuk $ 9,99. Kos tambahan, walaupun, untuk menghasilkan MP3 sangat kecil. <> Apakah komponen priciest CD? || Permata permata <> Mengapa kos muzik audio meningkat apabila kos pengeluaran menurun? || nilai tambah <> Apakah CD runcit pada tahun 1995? || $ 16.98 <> Siapa yang mendapat keuntungan paling banyak daripada penjualan CD? || kedai <> Berapakah kos kes permata pada tahun 1995? || 30 sen", {"context": "The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case. In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 percent, the manufacturer 13 percent, and the distributor 9 percent. When 8-track tapes, cassette tapes, and CDs were introduced, each was marketed at a higher price than the format they succeeded, even though the cost to produce the media was reduced. This was done because the apparent value increased. This continued from vinyl to CDs but was broken when Apple marketed MP3s for $0.99, and albums for $9.99. The incremental cost, though, to produce an MP3 is very small.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "jewel case"}], "question": "What is the priciest component of a CD?", "id": "572f68b3a23a5019007fc5e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "value increased"}], "question": "Why did the cost of audio music increase when the production costs decreased?", "id": "572f68b3a23a5019007fc5e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "$16.98"}], "question": "What did CDs retail for in 1995?", "id": "572f68b3a23a5019007fc5e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "the store"}], "question": "Who received the most profit from the sale of CDs?", "id": "572f68b3a23a5019007fc5e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "30 cents"}], "question": "How much did a jewel case cost in 1995?", "id": "572f68b3a23a5019007fc5e5"}]}], ["CD Audio ReWritable direka untuk digunakan dalam perakam CD audio pengguna, yang tidak akan (tanpa pengubahsuaian) menerima cakera CD-RW standard. Perakam CD audio pengguna menggunakan Sistem Pengurusan Salinan Siri (SCMS), bentuk awal pengurusan hak digital (DRM), untuk mematuhi Akta Rakaman Rumah Audio Amerika Syarikat (AHRA). CD Audio RRRritable biasanya agak lebih mahal daripada CD-RW kerana (a) jumlah yang lebih rendah dan (b) royalti 3% AHRA digunakan untuk mengimbangi industri muzik untuk membuat salinan. <> Apakah SCMS berdiri? || Sistem Pengurusan Salinan Siri <> Apakah DRM tahan? || pengurusan hak digital <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh AHRA? || Akta Rakaman Rumah Audio <> Apakah jenis CD yang dimaksudkan untuk digunakan dalam Perekam CD audio Pengguna? || CD Audio Boleh Diperbaharui <> Yang mana yang lebih murah, CD Audio RWRitable atau CD-RW? || CD-RW", {"context": "The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-RW due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Serial Copy Management System"}], "question": "What does SCMS stand for?", "id": "572f6a6504bcaa1900d76903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "digital rights management"}], "question": "What does DRM stand for?", "id": "572f6a6504bcaa1900d76904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Audio Home Recording Act"}], "question": "What does AHRA stand for?", "id": "572f6a6504bcaa1900d76905"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "ReWritable Audio CD"}], "question": "What type of CD is intended to be used in a Consumer audio CD Recorder?", "id": "572f6a6504bcaa1900d76906"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "CD-RW"}], "question": "Which is less expensive, the ReWritable Audio CD or a CD-RW?", "id": "572f6a6504bcaa1900d76907"}]}], ["CD A dibaca dengan memberi tumpuan panjang gelombang 780 nm (berhampiran inframerah) laser semikonduktor ditempatkan dalam pemain CD, melalui bahagian bawah lapisan polikarbonat. Perubahan ketinggian antara lubang-lubang dan tanah menghasilkan perbezaan dalam cara cahaya tercermin. Dengan mengukur perubahan keamatan dengan fotodiod, data boleh dibaca dari cakera. Untuk menampung corak lingkaran data, laser semikonduktor diletakkan di atas lengan swing dalam dulang cakera mana-mana pemain CD. lengan swing ini membolehkan laser untuk membaca maklumat dari tengah ke tepi cakera, tanpa perlu mengganggu berputar cakera itu sendiri. <> Di manakah laser semikonduktor yang terdapat pada pemain CD? || pada swing swing <> Apa wavelenght digunakan untuk menarik data dari CD? || 780 nm <> Apa yang digunakan untuk membezakan perubahan intensiti dalam cahaya pada CD? || photodiode <> Dalam corak apa data disimpan pada CD? || lingkaran <> Apa yang mencipta perubahan dalam cahaya yang dicerminkan dari CD? || perubahan ketinggian antara lubang dan tanah", {"context": "A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the data can be read from the disc. In order to accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the semiconductor laser is placed on a swing arm within the disc tray of any CD player. This swing arm allows the laser to read information from the centre to the edge of a disc, without having to interrupt the spinning of the disc itself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "on a swing arm"}], "question": "Where is the semiconductor laser found in a CD player?", "id": "572f6eacb2c2fd1400568109"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "780 nm"}], "question": "What wavelenght is used to pull data from a CD?", "id": "572f6eacb2c2fd140056810a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "photodiode"}], "question": "What is used to discern the change of intensity in light on a CD?", "id": "572f6eacb2c2fd140056810c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "spiral"}], "question": "In what pattern is data stored on a CD?", "id": "572f6eacb2c2fd140056810b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "change in height between pits and lands"}], "question": "What createds the change in light reflected off of a CD?", "id": "572f6eacb2c2fd140056810d"}]}], ["Data digital pada CD bermula di pusat cakera dan meneruskan ke arah tepi, yang membolehkan penyesuaian kepada format saiz yang berbeza tersedia. CD standard tersedia dalam dua saiz. Setakat ini, yang paling umum ialah 120 milimeter (4.7 inci), dengan kapasiti audio 74- atau 80 minit dan kapasiti data 650 atau 700 MiB (737,280,000-bait). Kapasiti ini dilaporkan telah ditetapkan oleh eksekutif Sony Norio Ohga pada bulan Mei 1980 untuk dapat memuatkan keseluruhan rekaman Orkestra Philharmonic Orchestra dari Symphony Kesembilan Beethoven pada satu cakera. Ini adalah mitos menurut Kees Immink, kerana format kod belum diputuskan pada bulan Mei 1980. Penggunaan EFM sebulan kemudian akan membolehkan masa bermain 97 minit untuk diameter 120 mm atau 74 minit untuk cakera kecil sebagai 100 mm. Diameter 120 mm telah digunakan oleh format seterusnya, termasuk CD Super Audio, DVD, HD DVD, dan Disc Blu-ray. Cakera 80 milimeter (\"CD Mini\") pada asalnya direka untuk CD tunggal dan boleh memuat sehingga 24 minit muzik atau 210 MiB data tetapi tidak pernah menjadi popular. [Rujukan?] Hari ini, hampir setiap satu dilepaskan pada 120 mm CD, yang dinamakan single Maxi. [Rujukan?] <> Di mana permulaan data pada CD? || pusat <> Saiz CD yang paling kerap digunakan? || 120 milimeter (4.7 in) <> Apakah saiz CD Mini? || Lapan belas milimeter <> Berapa saiz Maxi Single? || 120 mm <> Siapa Eksekutif Sony pada tahun 1980? || Norio Ohga", {"context": "The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. This capacity was reportedly specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga in May 1980 so as to be able to contain the entirety of the London Philharmonic Orchestra's recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one disc. This is a myth according to Kees Immink, as the code format had not yet been decided in May 1980. The adoption of EFM one month later would have allowed a playing time of 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 mm. The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including Super Audio CD, DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. Eighty-millimeter discs (\"Mini CDs\") were originally designed for CD singles and can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB of data but never became popular.[citation needed] Today, nearly every single is released on a 120 mm CD, called a Maxi single.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "the center"}], "question": "Where is the start of data on a CD?", "id": "572f7102a23a5019007fc631"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "120 millimetres (4.7 in)"}], "question": "What size CD is most frequently used?", "id": "572f7102a23a5019007fc632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 930, "text": "Eighty-millimeter"}], "question": "What is the size of a Mini CD?", "id": "572f7102a23a5019007fc633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1152, "text": "120 mm"}], "question": "What is the size of a Maxi Single?", "id": "572f7102a23a5019007fc634"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Norio Ohga"}], "question": "Who was the Sony Executive in 1980?", "id": "572f7102a23a5019007fc635"}]}], ["SVCD mempunyai dua pertiga resolusi DVD, dan lebih daripada 2.7 kali resolusi VCD. Satu cakera CD-R boleh memuatkan sehingga 60 minit kualiti standard video SVCD format. Walaupun tiada had spesifik pada panjang video SVCD diberi mandat oleh spesifikasi, seseorang mesti menurunkan kadar bit video, dan oleh itu berkualiti, untuk menampung video yang sangat panjang. Selalunya sukar untuk memuatkan lebih daripada 100 minit video ke satu SVCD tanpa mengalami kehilangan kualiti yang signifikan, dan ramai pemain perkakasan tidak dapat memainkan video dengan kadar bit seketika lebih rendah daripada 300 hingga 600 kilobit sesaat. <> Berapa banyak video yang boleh mengandungi CD-R? || 60 minit <> Mana yang mempunyai resolusi yang lebih baik, VCD atau SVCD? || SVCD <> Bagaimana video panjang sesuai dengan SVCD? || menurunkan kadar bit video <> Berapakah jumlah maksimum video SVCD yang boleh dipegang dengan betul? || 100 minit", {"context": "SVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very long videos. It is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one SVCD without incurring significant quality loss, and many hardware players are unable to play video with an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600 kilobits per second.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "60 minutes"}], "question": "How much video can a CD-R contain?", "id": "572f73b704bcaa1900d7696d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "SVCD"}], "question": "Which has better resolution, a VCD or SVCD?", "id": "572f73b704bcaa1900d7696e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "lower the video bit rate"}], "question": "How are lengthy videos fit onto SVCDs?", "id": "572f73b704bcaa1900d7696f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "100 minutes"}], "question": "What is the maximum amount of video a SVCD can properly hold?", "id": "572f73b704bcaa1900d76970"}]}], ["Grafik Padat + Grafik adalah cakera padat audio khas yang mengandungi data grafik selain daripada data audio pada cakera. Cakera boleh dimainkan pada pemain CD audio biasa, tetapi apabila dimainkan pada pemain CD + G khusus, ia boleh mengeluarkan isyarat grafik (biasanya, pemain CD + G disambungkan ke set televisyen atau monitor komputer); grafik ini hampir digunakan secara eksklusif untuk memaparkan lirik di set televisyen untuk pemain karaoke untuk menyanyi bersama-sama. Format CD + G mengambil kesempatan daripada saluran R melalui W. Enam bit ini menyimpan maklumat grafik. <> Bagaimana maklumat grafik dibaca daripada CD + Grafik? || set televisyen atau monitor komputer <> Apakah kegunaan utama Compact Disc + Graphics? || untuk memaparkan lirik di set televisyen untuk karaoke <> Saluran mana yang digunakan CD + G untuk memegang data grafik? || saluran R melalui W", {"context": "Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "television set or a computer monitor"}], "question": "How is graphics information read from a CD+ Graphics?", "id": "572f72d8a23a5019007fc63c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke"}], "question": "What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics?", "id": "572f72d8a23a5019007fc63b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "channels R through W"}], "question": "Which channels does the CD+G use to hold graphics data?", "id": "572f72d8a23a5019007fc63d"}]}], ["Photo CD adalah sistem yang direka oleh Kodak untuk mendigital dan menyimpan foto pada CD. Dilancarkan pada tahun 1992, cakera itu direka untuk memegang hampir 100 imej berkualiti tinggi, cetakan dan slaid yang diimbas menggunakan pengekodan proprietari khas. CD foto ditakrifkan dalam Buku Beige dan mematuhi spesifikasi CD-ROM XA dan CD-i Bridge juga. Mereka bertujuan untuk bermain pada pemain CD-i, pemain CD Foto dan mana-mana komputer dengan perisian yang sesuai tanpa mengira sistem operasi. Imej-imej itu juga boleh dicetak di atas kertas fotografi dengan mesin Kodak khas. Format ini tidak akan dikelirukan dengan CD Picture Kodak, yang merupakan produk pengguna dalam format CD-ROM. <> Berapa banyak imej yang boleh mengandungi CD Photo pada mulanya? || 100 <> Bilakah CD Foto pada mulanya dibebaskan? || 1992 <> Siapa yang membuat CD Foto? || Kodak <> Jenis kertas apa yang boleh dihasilkan foto CD Foto? || kertas fotografi <> Dalam buku apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan standard CD Foto? || Buku Beige", {"context": "Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players and any computer with the suitable software irrespective of the operating system. The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak Picture CD, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "100"}], "question": "How many images could Photo CDs initially contain?", "id": "572f748904bcaa1900d76981"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "1992"}], "question": "When were Photo CDs initially released?", "id": "572f748904bcaa1900d76980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Kodak"}], "question": "Who created Photo CDs?", "id": "572f748904bcaa1900d7697f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "photographic paper"}], "question": "What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on?", "id": "572f748904bcaa1900d76982"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Beige Book"}], "question": "In what book are Photo CD standards defined?", "id": "572f748904bcaa1900d76983"}]}], ["Spesifikasi audio Red Book, kecuali pernyataan \"anti-salinan\" mudah dalam subkod, tidak termasuk sebarang mekanisme perlindungan salinan. Dikenali sekurang-kurangnya seawal tahun 2001, percubaan dibuat oleh syarikat rekod untuk memasarkan cakera padat yang tidak dilindungi oleh standard \"yang dilindungi-dilindungi\", yang tidak boleh diterkam, atau disalin, ke cakera keras atau mudah ditukar ke MP3. Satu kelemahan utama kepada cakera yang dilindungi ini ialah kebanyakannya tidak akan memainkan sama ada pemacu CD-ROM komputer atau beberapa pemain CD mandiri yang menggunakan mekanisme CD-ROM. Philips telah menyatakan bahawa cakera tersebut tidak dibenarkan menanggung logo Digital Compact Disc Digital Audio kerana mereka melanggar spesifikasi Red Book. Banyak sistem perlindungan salin telah ditangguhkan dengan mudah, perisian percuma. <> Bilakah syarikat rekod percubaan pertama untuk melindungi CD mereka daripada menyalin? || 2001 <> Siapa kata bahawa CD yang dilindungi tidak dibenarkan membawa logo CDDA? || Philips <> Di mana Red Book menyebut perlindungan perlindungan? || dalam subkod", {"context": "The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple \"anti-copy\" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market \"copy-protected\" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to MP3s. One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked Compact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying?", "id": "572f757a04bcaa1900d76993"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Philips"}], "question": "Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo?", "id": "572f757a04bcaa1900d76994"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "in the subcode"}], "question": "Where does the Red Book mention copy protection?", "id": "572f757a04bcaa1900d76995"}]}], ["Format logik CD audio (secara rasmi Digital Audio Disc atau CD-DA) digambarkan dalam dokumen yang dihasilkan pada tahun 1980 oleh pencipta bersama format, Sony dan Philips. Dokumen itu diketahui secara colloquial sebagai CD-DA Red Book selepas warna penutupnya. Format ini ialah pengekodan PCM 16-bit dua saluran pada kadar pengambilan 44.1 kHz bagi setiap saluran. Suara empat saluran adalah pilihan yang dibenarkan dalam format Buku Merah, tetapi tidak pernah dilaksanakan. Audio Monaural tidak mempunyai standard sedia ada di CD Red Book; Oleh itu, bahan sumber mono biasanya disajikan sebagai dua saluran identik dalam jalur stereo Red Book standard (yaitu, cermin mono); CD MP3, bagaimanapun, boleh mempunyai format fail audio dengan bunyi mono. <> Di mana Buku Merah mendapat namanya? || warna penutupnya <> Apakah nama rasmi untuk CD? || CD Digital Digital Compact <> Adakah CD mempunyai dua atau empat format saluran? || dua saluran <> Format apakah yang tidak pernah dilaksanakan pada CD? || Suara empat saluran", {"context": "The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red Book CD; thus, mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard Red Book stereo track (i.e., mirrored mono); an MP3 CD, however, can have audio file formats with mono sound.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "the colour of its cover"}], "question": "Where does the Red Book get it's name from?", "id": "572f71df04bcaa1900d76965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Compact Disc Digital Audio"}], "question": "What is the formal name for a CD? ", "id": "572f71df04bcaa1900d76966"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "two-channel"}], "question": "Do CDs have a two or four channel format?", "id": "572f71df04bcaa1900d76967"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Four-channel sound"}], "question": "What format has never been implemented on CDs?", "id": "572f71df04bcaa1900d76968"}]}]], [["Kegunaan penting transistor datang dari keupayaannya untuk menggunakan isyarat kecil yang digunakan antara sepasang terminalnya untuk mengawal isyarat yang lebih besar di sepasang terminal lain. Harta ini dipanggil keuntungan. Ia boleh menghasilkan isyarat keluaran yang lebih kuat, voltan atau arus, yang berkadar dengan isyarat masukan yang lemah; iaitu, ia boleh berfungsi sebagai penguat. Sebagai alternatif, transistor boleh digunakan untuk menghidupkan atau mematikan semasa dalam litar sebagai suis elektrik yang terkawal, di mana jumlah arus ditentukan oleh elemen litar yang lain. <> Mengapa transistor sangat berguna? || dapatkan <> Apa keuntungannya? || ia boleh berfungsi sebagai penguat <> Apakah penggunaan tambahan transistor? || menghidupkan atau mematikan semasa dalam litar <> Apa yang menentukan jumlah semasa dalam suis elektrik yang terkawal? || elemen litar lain", {"context": "The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker input signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "gain"}], "question": "Why is a transistor so useful?", "id": "572ee21dc246551400ce476c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "it can act as an amplifier"}], "question": "What is gain?", "id": "572ee21dc246551400ce476d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "turn current on or off in a circuit"}], "question": "What is an additional use of the transistor?", "id": "572ee21dc246551400ce476e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "other circuit elements"}], "question": "What determines the amount of current in an electrically controlled switch?", "id": "572ee21dc246551400ce476f"}]}], ["Menyediakan pangkalan pemacu pangkalan yang mencukupi adalah masalah utama dalam penggunaan transistor bipolar sebagai suis. Transistor menyediakan keuntungan semasa, yang membolehkan arus yang agak besar dalam pemungut untuk dihidupkan oleh arus yang jauh lebih kecil ke dalam terminal pangkalan. Nisbah arus ini berbeza-beza bergantung kepada jenis transistor, dan juga untuk jenis tertentu, bergantung kepada arus pengumpul. Dalam contoh litar suis lampu yang ditunjukkan, perintang dipilih untuk menyediakan arus asas yang cukup untuk memastikan transistor akan tepu. <> Apakah masalah utama dengan menggunakan transistor bipolar sebagai suis? || Menyediakan pangkalan pemacu pangkalan yang mencukupi <> Apa transistor menyediakan? || keuntungan semasa <> Apa yang menentukan nisbah semasa dalam transistor? || jenis transistor <> Jika jenis transistor adalah sama dengan apa yang menentukan nisbah semasa? || pengumpul semasa", {"context": "Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of transistor, and even for a particular type, varies depending on the collector current. In the example light-switch circuit shown, the resistor is chosen to provide enough base current to ensure the transistor will be saturated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Providing sufficient base drive current"}], "question": "What is a major problem with using bipolar transistors as switches?", "id": "572ee71203f9891900756adb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "current gain"}], "question": "What does the transistor provide?", "id": "572ee71203f9891900756adc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "the type of transistor"}], "question": "What determines the current ratio in transistors?", "id": "572ee71203f9891900756add"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "collector current"}], "question": "If the type of transistor is the same what determines the current ratio?", "id": "572ee71203f9891900756ade"}]}], ["Transistor adalah blok bangunan asas alat elektronik moden, dan ada di mana-mana sistem elektronik moden. Pertama yang diilhami oleh Julius Lilienfeld pada tahun 1926 dan praktikal dilaksanakan pada tahun 1947 oleh ahli fizik Amerika John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, dan William Shockley, transistor merevolusi bidang elektronik, dan membuka jalan bagi radio, kalkulator dan komputer yang lebih kecil dan lebih murah, antara lain perkara-perkara. Transistor adalah dalam senarai pencapaian IEEE dalam elektronik, dan Bardeen, Brattain, dan Shockley berkongsi 1956 Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik untuk pencapaian mereka. <> Bilakah transistor pertama dibuat? || 1926 <> Siapa yang mencipta transistor pertama? || Julius Lilienfeld <> Kapan transistor pertama dilaksanakan untuk penggunaan praktikal? || 1947 <> Bilakah pelaksana menerima Hadiah Nobel untuk membuat transistor? || 1956 <> Senarai apakah transistor? || senarai pencapaian IEEE dalam bidang elektronik", {"context": "The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "1926"}], "question": "When was the first transistor created?", "id": "572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Julius Lilienfeld"}], "question": "Who invented the first transistor?", "id": "572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "1947"}], "question": "When was the first transistor implemented for practical use?", "id": "572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "1956"}], "question": "When did the implementers receive a Nobel Prize for making the transistor?", "id": "572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "list of IEEE milestones in electronics"}], "question": "What list is the transistor on?", "id": "572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46f"}]}], ["Walaupun beberapa syarikat masing-masing menghasilkan lebih daripada satu bilion pembungkus yang dibungkus secara individu (dikenali sebagai diskrit) setiap tahun, kebanyakan transistor kini dihasilkan dalam litar bersepadu (sering dipendekkan kepada IC, microchip atau hanya cip), bersama-sama dengan dioda, perintang, kapasitor dan komponen elektronik lain, untuk menghasilkan litar elektronik lengkap. Pintu logik terdiri daripada sehingga dua puluh transistor manakala sebuah mikropemproses yang maju, pada tahun 2009, boleh menggunakan sebanyak 3 bilion transistor (MOSFET). \"Sekitar 60 juta transistor dibina pada tahun 2002 ... untuk [setiap lelaki, wanita, dan kanak-kanak di Bumi.\" <> Berapa banyak transistor membentuk pintu masuk logik? || sehingga kira-kira dua puluh transistor <> Berapa banyak transistor membentuk mikropemproses? || sebanyak 3 bilion transistor <> Berapa banyak transistor dibuat pada tahun 2002? || 60 juta transistor dibina pada tahun 2002 ... untuk [setiap lelaki, wanita dan kanak-kanak <> Berapa banyak transistor dibungkus secara individu dihasilkan setiap tahun? || lebih satu bilion <> Apa sajakah singkatan bagi litar bersepadu? || IC, microchip atau hanya cip", {"context": "Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components, to produce complete electronic circuits. A logic gate consists of up to about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2009, can use as many as 3 billion transistors (MOSFETs). \"About 60 million transistors were built in 2002\u2026 for [each] man, woman, and child on Earth.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "up to about twenty transistors"}], "question": "How many transistors make up a logic gate?", "id": "572ee0cc03f9891900756ab3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "as many as 3 billion transistors"}], "question": "How many transistors make up a microprocessor?", "id": "572ee0cc03f9891900756ab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "60 million transistors were built in 2002\u2026 for [each] man, woman, and child"}], "question": "How many transistors were made in 2002?", "id": "572ee0cc03f9891900756ab5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "over a billion"}], "question": "How many individually packaged transistors are produced each year?", "id": "572ee0cc03f9891900756ab6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "IC, microchips or simply chips"}], "question": "What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits?", "id": "572ee0cc03f9891900756ab7"}]}], ["Dalam litar transistor berasaskan-pemancar, seperti litar suis cahaya yang ditunjukkan, apabila voltan asas meningkat, arus pemancar dan pemungut naik dengan pesat. Voltan pemungut jatuh kerana rintangan berkurang daripada pemungut kepada pemancar. Sekiranya perbezaan voltan antara pemungut dan pemancar adalah sifar (atau hampir sifar), arus pemungut akan dihadkan hanya oleh rintangan beban (mentol cahaya) dan voltan bekalan. Ini dipanggil tepu kerana arus mengalir dari pengumpul ke pemancar dengan bebas. Apabila tepu, suis dikatakan dihidupkan. <> Mengapa voltan pemungut turun dalam litar transistor berasaskan-pemancar? || rintangan yang dikurangkan daripada pemungut kepada pemancar <> Apa yang akan berlaku jika perbezaan voltan daripada pemungut dan pemancar adalah sifar? || semasa pengumpul akan dibatasi hanya oleh rintangan beban (mentol cahaya) dan voltan bekalan <> Apakah istilah untuk perbezaan sifar antara pemungut dan pemancar? || tepu <> Mengapa istilah tepu dinamakan seperti? || semasa mengalir dari pengumpul ke pemancar dengan bebas <> Posisi apa yang beralih semasa tepu? || pada", {"context": "In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter were zero (or near zero), the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage. This is called saturation because current is flowing from collector to emitter freely. When saturated, the switch is said to be on.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "reduced resistance from collector to emitter"}], "question": "Why does the collector voltage drop in grounded-emitter transistor circuits?", "id": "572ee52903f9891900756ac7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage"}], "question": "What would happen if the voltage difference from collector and emitter were zero?", "id": "572ee52903f9891900756ac8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "saturation"}], "question": "What is the term for a zero difference between collector and emitter?", "id": "572ee52903f9891900756ac9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "current is flowing from collector to emitter freely"}], "question": "Why is the term saturation named as such?", "id": "572ee52903f9891900756aca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "on"}], "question": "What position is the switch in when saturated?", "id": "572ee52903f9891900756acb"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1948, transistor point-contact secara bebas dicipta oleh ahli fizik Jerman, Herbert Matar\u00e9 dan Heinrich Welker semasa bekerja di Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, sebuah anak syarikat Westinghouse yang terletak di Paris. Matar\u00e9 mempunyai pengalaman sebelumnya dalam membangunkan penerus kristal dari silikon dan germanium dalam usaha radar Jerman semasa Perang Dunia II. Dengan menggunakan pengetahuan ini, beliau mula meneliti fenomena \"gangguan\" pada tahun 1947. Menjelang bulan Jun 1948, menyaksikan arus mengalir melalui hubungan titik, Matar\u00e9 menghasilkan hasil yang konsisten dengan menggunakan sampel germanium yang dihasilkan oleh Welker, sama seperti yang dilakukan Bardeen dan Brattain sebelum ini Disember 1947. Menyedari bahawa ahli sains Bell Labs telah mencipta transistor di hadapan mereka, syarikat itu bergegas untuk mendapatkan \"transistron\" mereka untuk pengeluaran untuk kegunaan diperkuatkan di rangkaian telefon Perancis. <> Pada tahun apakah transistor titik-kenalan dicipta? || 1948 <> Dimana Matare dan Welker bekerja ketika mencipta transistor titik-kontak? || Compagnie des Freins et Signaux <> Siapa yang mencipta transistor titik-kenalan? || Herbert Matar\u00e9 dan Heinrich Welker <> Apakah nama transistor Matare dan Welker? || transistron <> Apakah transistron digunakan? || Penggunaan diperkuat di rangkaian telefon Perancis", {"context": "In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Matar\u00e9 and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Matar\u00e9 had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II. Using this knowledge, he began researching the phenomenon of \"interference\" in 1947. By June 1948, witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, Matar\u00e9 produced consistent results using samples of germanium produced by Welker, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947. Realizing that Bell Labs' scientists had already invented the transistor before them, the company rushed to get its \"transistron\" into production for amplified use in France's telephone network.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1948"}], "question": "In what year was the point-contact transistor invented?", "id": "572edf1e03f9891900756a9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Compagnie des Freins et Signaux"}], "question": "Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?", "id": "572edf1e03f9891900756aa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Herbert Matar\u00e9 and Heinrich Welker"}], "question": "Who invented the point-contact transistor?", "id": "572edf1e03f9891900756aa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 788, "text": "transistron"}], "question": "What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor?", "id": "572edf1e03f9891900756aa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "amplified use in France's telephone network"}], "question": "What was the transistron used for?", "id": "572edf1e03f9891900756aa3"}]}], ["Terdapat dua jenis transistor, yang mempunyai sedikit perbezaan bagaimana ia digunakan dalam litar. Transistor bipolar mempunyai terminal berlabel pangkalan, pemungut, dan pemancar. Arus kecil di terminal asas (iaitu, mengalir di antara pangkalan dan pemancar) boleh mengawal atau menukar arus yang jauh lebih besar antara terminal pemungut dan pemancar. Untuk transistor kesan medan, terminal dilabelkan pintu, sumber, dan longkang, dan voltan di pintu masuk dapat mengawal arus antara sumber dan longkang. <> Berapa banyak jenis transistor di sana? || dua <> Apa yang mengawal arus besar antara pengumpul dan pemancar? || Arus kecil di terminal asas <> Apakah komponen transistor kesan medan? || pintu, sumber, dan longkang <> Dalam transistor kesan medan, apa yang mengawal arus antara sumber dan longkang? || voltan di pintu pagar <> Apakah komponen transistor bipolar? || asas, pemungut, dan pemancar", {"context": "There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many types of transistors are there?", "id": "572ee3c7c246551400ce4788"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "A small current at the base terminal"}], "question": "What controls the large current between the collector and emitter?", "id": "572ee3c7c246551400ce478a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "gate, source, and drain"}], "question": "What are the components of a field-effect transistor?", "id": "572ee3c7c246551400ce478b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "a voltage at the gate"}], "question": "In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain?", "id": "572ee3c7c246551400ce478c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "base, collector, and emitter"}], "question": "What are the components of a bipolar transistor?", "id": "572ee3c7c246551400ce4789"}]}], ["Transistor adalah peranti semikonduktor yang digunakan untuk menguatkan atau menukar isyarat elektronik dan kuasa elektrik. Ia terdiri daripada bahan semikonduktor dengan sekurang-kurangnya tiga terminal untuk sambungan ke litar luaran. Voltan atau arus yang digunakan untuk sepasang terminal transistor mengubah arus melalui pasangan terminal lain. Oleh kerana kuasa terkawal (output) boleh lebih tinggi daripada kuasa mengawal (input), transistor dapat menguatkan isyarat. Hari ini, beberapa transistor dikemas secara individu, tetapi banyak lagi yang terdapat dalam litar bersepadu. <> Apakah penggunaan transistor? || untuk menguatkan atau menukar isyarat elektronik dan kuasa elektrik <> Apakah transistor dibuat? || bahan semikonduktor <> Mengapa transistor meningkatkan isyarat? || kuasa yang dikawal (output) boleh lebih tinggi dari kuasa mengawal (input) <> Apakah jumlah minimum terminal sambungan luaran untuk memanggil item transistor? || tiga <> Di manakah terdapat kebanyakan transistor? || tertanam dalam litar bersepadu", {"context": "A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power"}], "question": "What is the use of a transistor?", "id": "572ed956c246551400ce471c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "semiconductor material"}], "question": "What is a transistor made of?", "id": "572ed956c246551400ce471d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power"}], "question": "Why does a transistor increase a signal?", "id": "572ed956c246551400ce471f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "three"}], "question": "What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor?", "id": "572ed956c246551400ce471e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "embedded in integrated circuits"}], "question": "Where are most transistors found?", "id": "572ed956c246551400ce4720"}]}], ["Triode termionik, tiub vakum dicipta pada 1907, membolehkan teknologi radio diperkuatkan dan teleponi jarak jauh. Walau bagaimanapun, triode adalah peranti rapuh yang menggunakan banyak kuasa. Ahli fizikal Julius Edgar Lilienfeld memfailkan paten untuk transistor kesan medan (FET) di Kanada pada tahun 1925, yang bertujuan untuk menjadi pengganti keadaan pepejal untuk triod tersebut. Lilienfeld juga memfailkan paten serupa di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1926 dan 1928. Walau bagaimanapun, Lilienfeld tidak menerbitkan sebarang artikel penyelidikan tentang perantinya dan tidak menyebut patennya contoh contoh prototip kerja. Kerana pengeluaran bahan semikonduktor berkualiti tinggi masih berabad-abad lamanya, idea-idea penguat keadaan pepejal Lilienfeld tidak akan menemui kegunaan praktikal pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an, walaupun peranti itu telah dibina. Pada tahun 1934, pencipta Jerman, Oskar Heil mengamalkan alat yang serupa. <> Bilakah triode termionik dicipta? || 1907 <> Apakah maksud triode termionik? || menguatkan teknologi radio dan telephony jarak jauh <> Siapa yang memfailkan paten untuk transistor kesan medan? || Fizik Julius Edgar Lilienfeld <> Di manakah Lilienfeld memfailkan patennya? || Kanada <> Tahun apa Lilienfeld memfailkan patennya? || 1925", {"context": "The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode. Lilienfeld also filed identical patents in the United States in 1926 and 1928. However, Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices nor did his patents cite any specific examples of a working prototype. Because the production of high-quality semiconductor materials was still decades away, Lilienfeld's solid-state amplifier ideas would not have found practical use in the 1920s and 1930s, even if such a device had been built. In 1934, German inventor Oskar Heil patented a similar device.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "1907"}], "question": "When was the thermionic triode invented?", "id": "572edbc103f9891900756a95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the thermionic triode?", "id": "572edbc103f9891900756a96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld"}], "question": "Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor?", "id": "572edbc103f9891900756a97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "Where did Lilienfeld file his patent?", "id": "572edbc103f9891900756a98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "1925"}], "question": "What year did Lilienfeld file his patent?", "id": "572edbc103f9891900756a99"}]}], ["Dari 17 November 1947 hingga 23 Disember 1947, John Bardeen dan Walter Brattain di AT & T's Bell Labs di Amerika Syarikat melakukan eksperimen dan mendapati bahawa apabila dua kenalan titik emas digunakan pada kristal germanium, isyarat dihasilkan dengan kuasa keluaran lebih besar daripada input. Pemimpin Kumpulan Fizik Negeri Pepejal William Shockley menyaksikan potensi dalam hal ini, dan selama beberapa bulan akan bekerja untuk mengembangkan pengetahuan semikonduktor. Istilah transistor dicipta oleh John R. Pierce sebagai penguncupan istilah transresistance. Menurut Lillian Hoddeson dan Vicki Daitch, penulis biografi John Bardeen, Shockley telah mencadangkan paten pertama Lab Labs untuk transistor harus berdasarkan kesan bidang dan dia dinamakan sebagai pencipta. Setelah memperoleh paten-paten Lilienfeld yang tidak dapat dikalahkan sebelum ini, peguam di Bell Labs menasihatkan cadangan Shockley kerana idea transistor kesan lapangan yang menggunakan medan elektrik sebagai \"grid\" bukanlah sesuatu yang baru. Sebaliknya, apa yang Bardeen, Brattain, dan Shockley dicipta pada tahun 1947 adalah transistor titik hubungan pertama. Sebagai pengiktirafan pencapaian ini, Shockley, Bardeen, dan Brattain bersama-sama dianugerahkan Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik 1956 \"untuk penyelidikan mereka mengenai semikonduktor dan penemuan kesan transistor mereka.\" <> Pada masa apakah Bardeen dan Brattain bereksperimen untuk meningkatkan output isyarat? || 17 November 1947 hingga 23 Disember 1947 <> Apakah hubungan emas yang dilampirkan untuk meningkatkan output isyarat? || germanium <> Siapa Pemimpin Kumpulan Fizik Pepejal Negeri? || William Shockley <> Siapa yang datang dengan transistor istilah? || John R. Pierce <> Mengapa istilah transistor digunakan? || penguncupan istilah transistansi", {"context": "From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance. According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, authors of a biography of John Bardeen, Shockley had proposed that Bell Labs' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Having unearthed Lilienfeld\u2019s patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a \"grid\" was not new. Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. In acknowledgement of this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947"}], "question": "At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output?", "id": "572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "germanium"}], "question": "What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output?", "id": "572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "William Shockley"}], "question": "Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader?", "id": "572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "John R. Pierce"}], "question": "Who came up with the term transistor?", "id": "572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1639"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "a contraction of the term transresistance"}], "question": "Why was the term transistor used?", "id": "572edd9ecb0c0d14000f163a"}]}], ["Pengilang peranti mungkin memiliki sistem penomboran proprietari mereka sendiri, contohnya CK722. Oleh kerana peranti adalah sumber kedua, awalan pengilang (seperti \"MPF\" dalam MPF102, yang pada asalnya akan menandakan Motorola FET) kini merupakan penunjuk yang tidak dapat dipercayai tentang siapa yang membuat peranti itu. Sesetengah skim penamaan proprietari mengguna pakai sebahagian skim penamaan lain, contohnya PN2222A adalah (mungkin Fairchild Semiconductor) 2N2222A dalam kes plastik (tetapi PN108 adalah versi plastik BC108, bukan 2N108, manakala PN100 tidak berkaitan dengan yang lain xx100 peranti). <> Apa yang pernah menjadi penunjuk pencipta peranti? || awalan pengeluar <> Apa yang membuatkan awalan pengilang kurang dipercayai? || peranti adalah sumber kedua <> Apakah tanda untuk 2N2222A dalam kes plastik? || PN2222A <> Apakah versi plastik BC108? || PN108", {"context": "Manufacturers of devices may have their own proprietary numbering system, for example CK722. Since devices are second-sourced, a manufacturer's prefix (like \"MPF\" in MPF102, which originally would denote a Motorola FET) now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device. Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts of other naming schemes, for example a PN2222A is a (possibly Fairchild Semiconductor) 2N2222A in a plastic case (but a PN108 is a plastic version of a BC108, not a 2N108, while the PN100 is unrelated to other xx100 devices).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "a manufacturer's prefix"}], "question": "What was once an indicator of the devices creator?", "id": "572fab9fb2c2fd14005682fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "devices are second-sourced"}], "question": "What makes a manufacturer's prefix less reliable?", "id": "572fab9fb2c2fd14005682fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "PN2222A"}], "question": "What is the marking for a 2N2222A in a plastic case?", "id": "572fab9fb2c2fd14005682fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "PN108"}], "question": "What is a plastic version of a BC108?", "id": "572fab9fb2c2fd14005682fe"}]}], ["Dalam litar suis, idea itu adalah untuk mensimulasikan, selagi mungkin, suis ideal mempunyai sifat litar terbuka apabila di luar, litar pintas semasa, dan peralihan segera antara kedua-dua negeri. Parameter dipilih supaya output \"off\" adalah terhad kepada arus kebocoran yang terlalu kecil untuk menjejaskan litar yang berkaitan; rintangan transistor dalam \"on\" keadaan terlalu kecil untuk mempengaruhi litar; dan peralihan antara kedua-dua negeri itu cukup pantas untuk tidak mempunyai kesan yang merugikan. <> Bagaimana parameter yang dipilih dalam litar suis? || output \"luar\" adalah terhad kepada arus kebocoran yang terlalu kecil untuk menjejaskan litar tersambung <> Apakah litar pensuisan yang cuba disimulasikan ketika? || litar pintas <> Apakah litar pensuisan yang cuba disimulasikan apabila dimatikan? || litar terbuka <> Seberapa cepat perubahan dari litar terbuka ke litar pintas berlaku? || seketika", {"context": "In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the \"off\" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry; the resistance of the transistor in the \"on\" state is too small to affect circuitry; and the transition between the two states is fast enough not to have a detrimental effect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "the \"off\" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry"}], "question": "How are parameters chosen in a switching circuit?", "id": "572f4fb704bcaa1900d76839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "short circuit"}], "question": "What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on?", "id": "572f4fb704bcaa1900d7683a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "open circuit"}], "question": "What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when off?", "id": "572f4fb704bcaa1900d7683b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "instantaneous"}], "question": "How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen?", "id": "572f4fb704bcaa1900d7683c"}]}], ["FET dibahagikan lagi kepada mod mod-penipisan dan mod peningkatan, bergantung kepada sama ada saluran dihidupkan atau dimatikan dengan voltan gate-to-source sifar. Untuk mod peningkatan, saluran dimatikan pada sifar sifar, dan potensi pintu boleh \"meningkatkan\" pengaliran. Untuk mod penipisan, saluran dihidupkan pada sifar sifar, dan potensi pintu (dari polariti yang bertentangan) boleh \"menguras\" saluran, mengurangkan pengaliran. Untuk mod sama ada, voltan pintu yang lebih positif sepadan dengan arus yang lebih tinggi untuk peranti n-saluran dan arus yang lebih rendah untuk peranti p-channel. Hampir kesemua JFETs adalah kekurangan-mod kerana persimpangan diod akan memunculkan kecenderungan dan kelakuan jika mereka adalah peranti mod peningkatan; kebanyakan IGFET adalah jenis mod peningkatan. <> Bagaimana FET dipisahkan? || mod penipisan dan jenis mod peningkatan <> Pada titik apa saluran keluar dalam mod penambahbaikan? || pada kecenderungan sifar <> Pada titik apa saluran di dalam kekurangan-mod? || pada kecenderungan sifar <> Saluran apa sepadan dengan arus tinggi? || peranti n-saluran <> Saluran apa sepadan dengan semasa yang rendah? || peranti p-channel", {"context": "FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can \"enhance\" the conduction. For the depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias, and a gate potential (of the opposite polarity) can \"deplete\" the channel, reducing conduction. For either mode, a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for n-channel devices and a lower current for p-channel devices. Nearly all JFETs are depletion-mode because the diode junctions would forward bias and conduct if they were enhancement-mode devices; most IGFETs are enhancement-mode types.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types"}], "question": "How are FET's separated?", "id": "572f9165a23a5019007fc771"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "at zero bias"}], "question": "At what point is a channel off in enhancement-mode?", "id": "572f9165a23a5019007fc772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "at zero bias"}], "question": "At what point is a channel on in depletion-mode?", "id": "572f9165a23a5019007fc773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "n-channel devices"}], "question": "What channel corresponds with high current?", "id": "572f9165a23a5019007fc774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "p-channel devices"}], "question": "What channel corresponds with low current?", "id": "572f9165a23a5019007fc775"}]}], ["FETs dibahagikan kepada dua keluarga: persimpangan FET (JFET) dan FET (IGFET). IGFET lebih dikenali sebagai FET logam-oksida-semikonduktor (MOSFET), mencerminkan pembinaan asalnya dari lapisan logam (pintu), oksida (penebat), dan semikonduktor. Tidak seperti IGFET, pintu JFET membentuk sebuah p-n diod dengan saluran yang terletak di antara sumber dan longkang. Secara fungsional, ini menjadikan JFET n-channel bersamaan-keadaan bersamaan dengan trioda tiub vakum yang, sama, membentuk suatu dioda antara grid dan katod. Kedua-dua peranti beroperasi dalam mod kekurangan, kedua-duanya mempunyai impedans input yang tinggi, dan kedua-duanya mengendalikan arus di bawah kawalan voltan masukan. <> Berapa banyak kumpulan FET berpecah? || dua <> Bagaimana JFET berbeza daripada IGFET? || pintu JFET membentuk sebuah diod p-n dengan saluran <> Apakah nama-nama kumpulan FETs || persimpangan FET (JFET) dan gerbang bertebat FET (IGFET) <> Apakah mod yang digunakan oleh JFET dan IGFET? || mod kekurangan <> Apakah istilah umum bagi IFGET? || FET logam-oksida-semikonduktor (MOSFET)", {"context": "FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor FET (MOSFET), reflecting its original construction from layers of metal (the gate), oxide (the insulation), and semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a p\u2013n diode with the channel which lies between the source and drain. Functionally, this makes the n-channel JFET the solid-state equivalent of the vacuum tube triode which, similarly, forms a diode between its grid and cathode. Also, both devices operate in the depletion mode, they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many groups are FETs split into?", "id": "572f8c1fa23a5019007fc721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "the JFET gate forms a p\u2013n diode with the channel"}], "question": "How is a JFET different from an IGFET?", "id": "572f8c1fa23a5019007fc724"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET)"}], "question": "What are the names of the groups of FETs", "id": "572f8c1fa23a5019007fc722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "depletion mode"}], "question": "What mode do both JFET and IGFET operate in?", "id": "572f8c1fa23a5019007fc725"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "a metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor FET (MOSFET)"}], "question": "What is the common term for an IFGET?", "id": "572f8c1fa23a5019007fc723"}]}], ["Transistor bipolar dinamakan begitu kerana mereka menjalankan dengan menggunakan kedua-dua pembawa majoriti dan minoriti. Transistor junction bipolar, jenis pertama transistor yang dihasilkan secara massal, adalah gabungan dua dioda simpang, dan dibentuk sama ada lapisan nipis semikonduktor p-jenis yang diapit antara dua semikonduktor n-jenis (n-p- n transistor), atau lapisan nipis semikonduktor n-jenis yang diapit antara dua semikonduktor p-jenis (transistor ap-n-p). Pembinaan ini menghasilkan dua persimpangan p-n: persimpangan pemancar asas dan simpang pengumpul asas, dipisahkan oleh kawasan tipis semikonduktor yang dikenali sebagai rantau asas (dua diodes simpang yang dipasang bersama-sama tanpa berkongsi rantau semikonduktor yang campur tidak akan membuat transistor ). <> Apa yang memberi nama transistor bipolar mereka? || mereka menjalankan dengan menggunakan kedua-dua pembawa majoriti dan minoriti <> Apakah transistor massa yang pertama dihasilkan? || transistor junction bipolar <> Apakah transistor junction bipolar gabungan? || dua diode simpang <> Berapakah nama bagi lapisan semikonduktor p-jenis antara dua semikonduktor n-jenis? || n-p-n transistor <> Apakah nama bagi lapisan n-jenis semikonduktor yang ditetapkan antara dua semikonduktor p-jenis? || p-n-p transistor", {"context": "Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors (an n\u2013p\u2013n transistor), or a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors (a p\u2013n\u2013p transistor). This construction produces two p\u2013n junctions: a base\u2013emitter junction and a base\u2013collector junction, separated by a thin region of semiconductor known as the base region (two junction diodes wired together without sharing an intervening semiconducting region will not make a transistor).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers"}], "question": "What gives bipolar transistors their name?", "id": "572f50cbb2c2fd1400568001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "bipolar junction transistor"}], "question": "What was the first mass-produced transistor?", "id": "572f50cbb2c2fd1400568002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "two junction diodes"}], "question": "What is the bipolar junction transistor a combination of?", "id": "572f50cbb2c2fd1400568003"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "n\u2013p\u2013n transistor"}], "question": "What is the name for a layer of p-type semiconductor set between two n-type semiconductors?", "id": "572f50cbb2c2fd1400568004"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "p\u2013n\u2013p transistor"}], "question": "What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors?", "id": "572f50cbb2c2fd1400568005"}]}], ["Nombor peranti transistor JEDEC EIA370 biasanya bermula dengan \"2N\", yang menunjukkan peranti tiga terminal (transistor kesan keupayaan dua-dwi adalah peranti empat terminal, jadi bermula dengan 3N), maka nombor urut 2, 3 atau 4 angka tanpa sebarang kepentingan terhadap sifat peranti (walaupun peranti awal dengan bilangan yang rendah cenderung germanium). Sebagai contoh, 2N3055 adalah transistor kuasa n-p-n silikon, 2N1301 adalah transistor p-n-p switching. Akhiran huruf (seperti \"A\") kadang-kadang digunakan untuk menunjukkan varian yang lebih baru, tetapi jarang mendapat kumpulan. <> Apakah nombor transistor JEDEC EIA370 bermula dengan? || 2N <> apakah 2N itu bermaksud JEDEC EIA370? || peranti tiga terminal <> Apa yang mengikuti 2N dalam JEDEC EIA370? || nombor berjujukan 2, 3 atau 4-digit tanpa sebarang kefahaman tentang sifat peranti <> Apa arti huruf di hujung nombor peranti? || varian yang lebih baru <> Apa maksud nombor 2N1301? || p-n-p germanium yang menukar transistor", {"context": "The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with \"2N\", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to be germanium). For example, 2N3055 is a silicon n\u2013p\u2013n power transistor, 2N1301 is a p\u2013n\u2013p germanium switching transistor. A letter suffix (such as \"A\") is sometimes used to indicate a newer variant, but rarely gain groupings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "2N"}], "question": "What does the JEDEC EIA370 transistor number start with?", "id": "572f9c99a23a5019007fc7d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "a three-terminal device"}], "question": "what does the 2N is the JEDEC EIA370 mean?", "id": "572f9c99a23a5019007fc7d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties"}], "question": "What follows the 2N in a JEDEC EIA370?", "id": "572f9c99a23a5019007fc7d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "a newer variant"}], "question": "What does a letter at the end of a device number mean?", "id": "572f9c99a23a5019007fc7d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "a p\u2013n\u2013p germanium switching transistor"}], "question": "What does the number 2N1301 indicate?", "id": "572f9c99a23a5019007fc7d7"}]}], ["Transistor junction bipolar (BJT) adalah transistor yang paling biasa digunakan pada 1960-an dan 70-an. Walaupun selepas MOSFET menjadi tersedia secara meluas, BJT tetap menjadi pilihan transistor bagi banyak litar analog seperti penguat kerana garis lurus yang lebih besar dan kemudahan pengeluaran. Dalam litar bersepadu, ciri-ciri MOSFET yang diingini membolehkan mereka menangkap hampir semua bahagian pasaran bagi litar digital. MOSFET diskret boleh digunakan dalam aplikasi transistor, termasuk litar analog, pengawal selia voltan, penguat, pemancar kuasa dan pemandu motor. <> Apakah transistor yang paling sering digunakan pada tahun 1960-an dan 70-an? || bipolar junction transistor <> Mengapa BJTs begitu popular? || linieriti yang lebih besar dan kemudahan pembuatan <> Apakah beberapa aplikasi MOSFET diskret? || aplikasi transistor, termasuk litar analog, pengawal selia voltan, penguat, pemancar kuasa dan pemandu motor <> Apakah litar digital yang paling popular pada masa itu? || MOSFETs", {"context": "The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. In integrated circuits, the desirable properties of MOSFETs allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits. Discrete MOSFETs can be applied in transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "bipolar junction transistor"}], "question": "What was the most frequently used transistor in the 1960s and 70s?", "id": "572f958ca23a5019007fc7b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "their greater linearity and ease of manufacture"}], "question": "Why were BJTs so popular?", "id": "572f958ca23a5019007fc7b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers"}], "question": "What are some applications of discrete MOSFETs?", "id": "572f958ca23a5019007fc7b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "MOSFETs"}], "question": "What were the most popular digital circuits of the time?", "id": "572f958ca23a5019007fc7ba"}]}], ["Standard Pro Electron, skema penomboran komponen Persatuan Elektronik Elektronik Eropah, bermula dengan dua huruf: yang pertama memberikan jenis semikonduktor (A untuk germanium, B untuk silikon, dan C untuk bahan seperti GaAs); huruf kedua menandakan penggunaan yang dimaksudkan (A untuk diod, C untuk transistor tujuan umum, dan lain-lain). Nombor urutan 3 digit (atau satu huruf kemudian 2 digit, untuk jenis perindustrian) berikut. Dengan peranti awal, ini menunjukkan jenis kes. Akhiran boleh digunakan, dengan huruf (contohnya \"C\" sering bermaksud hFE tinggi, seperti dalam: BC549C) atau kod lain mungkin ikut untuk menunjukkan keuntungan (mis. BC327-25) atau penarafan voltan (mis. BUK854-800A). Awalan yang lebih umum ialah: <> Apakah standard Pro Electron? || Persatuan Pengilang Komponen Elektronik Elektronik sebahagian skim penomboran <> Berapa banyak huruf yang bermula dengan skema penomboran bahagian? || dua huruf <> Apakah huruf pertama dalam skema penomboran bahagian? || jenis semikonduktor <> Apakah huruf kedua dalam skema penomboran bahagian? || kegunaan yang dimaksudkan <> Apa yang berikut 2 huruf dalam skema penomboran bahagian? || Nombor urutan 3 digit", {"context": "The Pro Electron standard, the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme, begins with two letters: the first gives the semiconductor type (A for germanium, B for silicon, and C for materials like GaAs); the second letter denotes the intended use (A for diode, C for general-purpose transistor, etc.). A 3-digit sequence number (or one letter then 2 digits, for industrial types) follows. With early devices this indicated the case type. Suffixes may be used, with a letter (e.g. \"C\" often means high hFE, such as in: BC549C) or other codes may follow to show gain (e.g. BC327-25) or voltage rating (e.g. BUK854-800A). The more common prefixes are:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme"}], "question": "What is the Pro Electron standard?", "id": "572f97a804bcaa1900d76abf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "two letters"}], "question": "How many letters does the part numbering scheme begin with?", "id": "572f97a804bcaa1900d76ac0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "the semiconductor type"}], "question": "What is the first letter in the part numbering scheme?", "id": "572f97a804bcaa1900d76ac1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "the intended use"}], "question": "What is the second letter in the part numbering scheme?", "id": "572f97a804bcaa1900d76ac2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "A 3-digit sequence number"}], "question": "What follows the 2 letters in the part numbering scheme?", "id": "572f97a804bcaa1900d76ac3"}]}], ["BJT mempunyai tiga terminal, sepadan dengan tiga lapisan semikonduktor-pemancar, pangkalan, dan pengumpul. Mereka berguna dalam penguat kerana arus di pemancar dan pemungut dikawal oleh arus asas yang agak kecil. Dalam sebuah transistor n-p-n yang beroperasi di rantau aktif, persimpangan asas pemancar adalah bias ke hadapan (elektron dan lubang-lubang yang dikombinasikan di persimpangan), dan elektron disuntik ke rantau asas. Oleh kerana pangkalannya sempit, kebanyakan elektron ini akan meresap ke dalam bias terbalik (elektron dan lubang terbentuk di, dan bergerak dari persimpangan) simpang pengumpul asas dan disapu pengumpul; mungkin seratus elektron akan dikombinasikan di pangkalan, yang merupakan mekanisme dominan di arus pangkalan. Dengan mengawal bilangan elektron yang boleh meninggalkan pangkalan, bilangan elektron yang memasuki pengumpul boleh dikawal. Pengumpul semasa adalah kira-kira \u03b2 (biasa-pemancar semasa keuntungan) kali arus asas. Biasanya lebih besar daripada 100 untuk transistor isyarat kecil tetapi boleh menjadi lebih kecil dalam transistor yang direka untuk aplikasi berkuasa tinggi. <> Berapa banyak terminal yang ada BJTs? || tiga <> Berapa banyak lapisan semikonduktor yang ada BJTs? || tiga <> Apakah lapisan semikonduktor dalam BJT? || emitter, pangkalan, dan pengumpul <> Bagaimana seseorang dapat mencari jumlah pengumpul arus? || \u03b2 (keuntungan semasa pemancar biasa) kali arus pangkalan <> Apakah arus pemungut biasa untuk transistor isyarat kecil? || lebih besar daripada 100", {"context": "BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor\u2014an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n\u2013p\u2013n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter\u2013base junction is forward biased (electrons and holes recombine at the junction), and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased (electrons and holes are formed at, and move away from the junction) base\u2013collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled. Collector current is approximately \u03b2 (common-emitter current gain) times the base current. It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed for high-power applications.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many terminals do BJTs have?", "id": "572f53ca04bcaa1900d76853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have?", "id": "572f53ca04bcaa1900d76854"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "an emitter, a base, and a collector"}], "question": "What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT?", "id": "572f53ca04bcaa1900d76855"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 945, "text": "\u03b2 (common-emitter current gain) times the base current"}], "question": "How can one find the amount of collector current?", "id": "572f53ca04bcaa1900d76856"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1017, "text": "greater than 100"}], "question": "What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors?", "id": "572f53ca04bcaa1900d76857"}]}], ["Dalam FET, aliran arus ke sumber mengalir menerusi saluran yang menyambungkan rantau sumber ke kawasan longkang. Kekonduksian ini diubah oleh medan elektrik yang dihasilkan apabila voltan dikenakan antara terminal pintu dan sumber; Oleh itu arus yang mengalir antara longkang dan sumber dikawal oleh voltan yang digunakan antara pintu dan sumber. Oleh kerana voltan sumber pintu (VGS) meningkat, aliran arus-sumber (IDS) meningkat secara eksponen untuk VGS di bawah ambang, dan kemudian pada kadar kuadratik yang hampir (IGS \u03b1 (VGS - VT) 2) (di mana VT adalah ambang voltan di mana arus saliran bermula) di rantau \"ruang-caj-terhad\" di atas ambang. Tingkah laku kuadratik tidak diperhatikan dalam peranti moden, contohnya, pada nod teknologi 65 nm. <> Apa yang menentukan kekonduksian dalam FET? || medan elektrik yang dihasilkan apabila voltan dikenakan antara terminal pintu dan sumber <> Apa yang mengawal arus antara longkang dan sumber? || voltan yang digunakan di antara pintu dan sumber <> Pada kadar apa arus saliran-sumber meningkat apabila aras sumber pintu meningkat? || kadar kuadratik kira-kira <> Di mana tingkah laku kuadrat tidak dipatuhi? || dalam peranti moden", {"context": "In a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source. As the gate\u2013source voltage (VGS) is increased, the drain\u2013source current (IDS) increases exponentially for VGS below threshold, and then at a roughly quadratic rate (IGS \u221d (VGS \u2212 VT)2) (where VT is the threshold voltage at which drain current begins) in the \"space-charge-limited\" region above threshold. A quadratic behavior is not observed in modern devices, for example, at the 65 nm technology node.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals"}], "question": "What determines the conductivity in a FET?", "id": "572f5b1004bcaa1900d7689b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "the voltage applied between the gate and source"}], "question": "What controls the current between the drain and source?", "id": "572f5b1004bcaa1900d7689c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "a roughly quadratic rate"}], "question": "At what rate is the drain-source current increased when the gate-source current is increased?", "id": "572f5b1004bcaa1900d7689d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "in modern devices"}], "question": "Where is a quadratic behavior not observed?", "id": "572f5b1004bcaa1900d7689e"}]}], ["Transistor diskret adalah transistor yang dibungkus secara individu. Transistor datang dalam pelbagai pakej semikonduktor (lihat imej). Kedua-dua kategori utama adalah melalui lubang (atau dipimpin), dan permukaan-gunung, juga dikenali sebagai alat pemasangan permukaan (SMD). Arahan grid bola (BGA) adalah pakej permukaan-gunung terkini (kini hanya untuk litar bersepadu yang besar). Ia mempunyai \"bola\" pateri di bawah sebagai petunjuk. Kerana mereka lebih kecil dan mempunyai sambungan yang lebih pendek, SMD mempunyai ciri frekuensi tinggi yang lebih baik tetapi penarafan kuasa yang lebih rendah. <> Apakah transistor diskret? || transistor dibungkus secara individu <> Apakah dua jenis transistor yang paling biasa? || melalui lubang (atau dipimpin), dan permukaan-mount <> Apakah transistor permukaan-gunung terbaru? || array grid bola (BGA) <> Apakah nama lain untuk transistor permukaan-gunung? || peranti mount-mount (SMD) <> Apakah aras bola yang terdiri daripada? || pateri \"bola\" di bahagian bawah sebagai petunjuk", {"context": "Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface-mount package (currently only for large integrated circuits). It has solder \"balls\" on the underside in place of leads. Because they are smaller and have shorter interconnections, SMDs have better high-frequency characteristics but lower power rating.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "individually packaged transistors"}], "question": "What is a discrete transistor?", "id": "572fb569947a6a140053cbca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount"}], "question": "What are the two most common types of transistor?", "id": "572fb569947a6a140053cbcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "ball grid array (BGA)"}], "question": "What is the newest surface-mount transistor?", "id": "572fb569947a6a140053cbcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "surface-mount device (SMD)"}], "question": "What is another name for the surface-mount transistor?", "id": "572fb569947a6a140053cbcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "solder \"balls\" on the underside in place of leads"}], "question": "What is a ball grid array composed of?", "id": "572fb569947a6a140053cbce"}]}], ["Persimpangan voltan ke hadapan adalah voltan yang digunakan untuk persimpangan asas pemancar BJT untuk menjadikan aras menjalankan arus yang ditentukan. Peningkatan semasa secara eksponensial apabila voltan hadapan persimpangan meningkat. Nilai-nilai yang diberikan dalam jadual adalah tipikal bagi arus 1 mA (nilai yang sama digunakan untuk diod semikonduktor). Yang lebih rendah persimpangan voltan ke hadapan lebih baik, kerana ini bermakna bahawa kekurangan kuasa diperlukan untuk \"memacu\" transistor. Persimpangan voltan ke hadapan untuk arus yang dikurangkan dengan peningkatan suhu. Untuk persimpangan silikon biasa perubahan ialah -2.1 mV / \u00b0 C. Dalam sesetengah litar unsur pampasan khas (sensor) mesti digunakan untuk mengimbangi perubahan tersebut. <> Apakah persimpangan voltan ke hadapan? || voltan yang digunakan untuk persimpangan asas pemancar BJT <> Apakah tujuan persimpangan voltan ke hadapan? || untuk membuat aras menjalankan arus yang ditentukan <> Apakah voltan hadapan persimpangan yang ideal? || rendah <> Mengapa perhimpunan ideal ke hadapan voltan lebih rendah? || kurang kuasa diperlukan untuk \"memandu\" transistor <> Apabila berlaku pada persimpangan voltan ke hadapan apabila suhu dinaikkan? || berkurangan", {"context": "The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter\u2013base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to semiconductor diodes). The lower the junction forward voltage the better, as this means that less power is required to \"drive\" the transistor. The junction forward voltage for a given current decreases with increase in temperature. For a typical silicon junction the change is \u22122.1 mV/\u00b0C. In some circuits special compensating elements (sensistors) must be used to compensate for such changes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "the voltage applied to the emitter\u2013base junction of a BJT"}], "question": "What is the junction forward voltage?", "id": "572faff7b2c2fd1400568351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "to make the base conduct a specified current"}], "question": "What is the purpose of a junction forward voltage?", "id": "572faff7b2c2fd1400568352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "lower"}], "question": "What is the ideal junction forward voltage?", "id": "572faff7b2c2fd1400568353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "less power is required to \"drive\" the transistor"}], "question": "Why is the ideal junction forward voltage lower?", "id": "572faff7b2c2fd1400568354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "decreases"}], "question": "When happens to the junction forward voltage when temperature is raised?", "id": "572faff7b2c2fd1400568355"}]}], ["Kerana mobiliti elektron lebih tinggi daripada mobiliti lubang untuk semua bahan semikonduktor, transistor bipolar n-p-n yang diberikan cenderung lebih cepat daripada transistor p-n-p yang setara. GaAs mempunyai pergerakan elektron tertinggi ketiga-tiga semikonduktor. Atas sebab ini GaAs digunakan dalam aplikasi frekuensi tinggi. Pengembangan FET yang agak baru-baru ini, transistor mobiliti tinggi elektron (HEMT), mempunyai heterostructure (persimpangan antara bahan semikonduktor yang berlainan) daripada aluminium galium arsenide (AlGaAs) -gallium arsenide (GaA) yang mempunyai dua kali ganda mobiliti elektron dari GaAs- simpang penghalang logam. Kerana kebisingannya yang tinggi dan rendah, HEMTs digunakan dalam penerima satelit yang bekerja pada frekuensi sekitar 12 GHz. HEMTs berdasarkan gallium nitride dan aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN / GaN HEMTs) menyediakan mobiliti elektron yang masih tinggi dan sedang dibangunkan untuk pelbagai aplikasi. <> Apakah semikonduktor mempunyai pergerakan elektron tertinggi? || GaAs <> Apa yang lebih cepat, transistor bipolar n-p-n atau p-n-p transistor? || transistor bipolar n-p-n yang diberikan <> Apakah aplikasi biasa GaAs? || aplikasi frekuensi tinggi <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh HEMT? || transistor mobiliti tinggi elektron <> Apa aplikasi biasa HEMT? || penerima satelit", {"context": "Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar n\u2013p\u2013n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p\u2013n\u2013p transistor. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high-frequency applications. A relatively recent FET development, the high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT), has a heterostructure (junction between different semiconductor materials) of aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-gallium arsenide (GaAs) which has twice the electron mobility of a GaAs-metal barrier junction. Because of their high speed and low noise, HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12 GHz. HEMTs based on gallium nitride and aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN/GaN HEMTs) provide a still higher electron mobility and are being developed for various applications.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "GaAs"}], "question": "What semiconductor has the highest electron mobility?", "id": "572fb38ea23a5019007fc8c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "a given bipolar n\u2013p\u2013n transistor"}], "question": "What is quicker, a bipolar n-p-n transistor or a p-n-p transistor?", "id": "572fb38ea23a5019007fc8c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "high-frequency applications"}], "question": "What is the common application of GaAs?", "id": "572fb38ea23a5019007fc8c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "high-electron-mobility transistor"}], "question": "What does HEMT stand for?", "id": "572fb38ea23a5019007fc8ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "satellite receivers"}], "question": "What are common applications of HEMT?", "id": "572fb38ea23a5019007fc8cb"}]}]], [["Perkembangan Imperialisme Baru menyaksikan penaklukan hampir seluruh wilayah hemisfera timur oleh kuasa penjajah. Penjajahan komersil India bermula pada tahun 1757, selepas Pertempuran Plassey, ketika Nawab of Bengal menyerahkan kekuasaannya kepada British East India Company, pada tahun 1765, ketika Perusahaan diberikan diwani, atau hak untuk mengumpulkan pendapatan, di Bengal dan Bihar, atau pada tahun 1772, apabila Syarikat menubuhkan modal di Calcutta, melantik Gabenor Jeneral yang pertama, Warren Hastings, dan terlibat secara langsung dalam tadbir urus. <> Apa yang menyebabkan perkembangan imperialisme baru? || penaklukan hampir seluruh wilayah hemisfera timur oleh kuasa penjajah. <> Kapan penjajahan komersil India bermula? || 1757 <> Apa yang terjadi dengan pertempuran Plassey? || Nawab dari Bengal menyerahkan dominasinya kepada Syarikat Hindia Timur Britain <> Bilakah Syarikat British Timur diberi hak untuk mengutip pendapatan? || 1765 <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan \"Hak untuk mengutip pendapatan\"? || diwani", {"context": "The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar, or in 1772, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers."}], "question": "What did the development of new imperialism cause?", "id": "572f0002cb0c0d14000f16f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "1757"}], "question": "When did the commercial colonization of India begin?", "id": "572f0002cb0c0d14000f16f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company"}], "question": "What happened n the battle of Plassey?", "id": "572f0002cb0c0d14000f16f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "1765"}], "question": "When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue?", "id": "572f0002cb0c0d14000f16f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "diwani"}], "question": "What is the term used to describe the \"Right to collect revenue\"?", "id": "572f0002cb0c0d14000f16fa"}]}], ["Di China, urbanisasi bertambah apabila penduduk semakin meningkat dan pembahagian buruh semakin kompleks. Pusat-pusat bandar yang besar, seperti Nanjing dan Beijing, turut menyumbang kepada pertumbuhan industri swasta. Khususnya, industri berskala kecil membesar, selalunya mengkhususkan diri dalam kertas, sutera, kapas, dan barangan porselin. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan pusat bandar dengan pasaran berkembang di seluruh negara. Pasaran bandar terutamanya menjual makanan, dengan beberapa perkilangan yang diperlukan seperti pin atau minyak. Walaupun ciri-ciri introspeksi xenofobia dan intelektual sekolah neo-Confucianisme baru yang semakin popular, China di bawah dinasti Ming awal tidak terpencil. Dagangan asing dan hubungan lain dengan dunia luar, terutamanya Jepun, meningkat dengan ketara. Pedagang Cina menjelajah seluruh Lautan Hindi, menjangkau Afrika Timur dengan pelayaran harta karun Zheng He. <> Nama salah satu sebab urbanisasi berkembang di China. || penduduk meningkat <> Apa yang telah menyumbang kepada Nanjing dan Beijing? || pertumbuhan industri swasta <> Apa itu Nanjing dan Beijing? || Pusat-pusat bandar yang besar <> Di bawah peraturan apakah China tidak terpencil? || Dinasti Ming awal <> Semasa Dinasti MIng Awal Cina peniaga menjelajah semua apa? || Lautan Hindi <> Apa yang menyebabkan peningkatan urbanisasi di China? || penduduk meningkat <> Di manakah pedagang Cina meneroka? || semua Lautan Hindi", {"context": "In China, urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil. Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism, China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated. Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world, particularly Japan, increased considerably. Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean, reaching East Africa with the treasure voyages of Zheng He.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "population grew"}], "question": "Name one of the reasons urbanization grew in China.", "id": "572ee58003f9891900756ad1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "growth of private industry"}], "question": "What did Nanjing and Beijing contribute to?", "id": "572ee58003f9891900756ad2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Large urban centers"}], "question": "What are Nanjing and Beijing?", "id": "572ee58003f9891900756ad3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "the early Ming dynasty"}], "question": "Under what rule was China not isolated?", "id": "572ee58003f9891900756ad4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "Indian Ocean"}], "question": "During The Early MIng Dynasty Chinese merchants explored all of what?", "id": "572ee58003f9891900756ad5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "the population grew"}], "question": "What caused urbanization to increase in China?", "id": "572ef91ac246551400ce47fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "all of the Indian Ocean"}], "question": "Where did Chinese merchants explore? ", "id": "572ef91ac246551400ce47fe"}]}], ["Dalam era Pra-Modern, rasa diri dan tujuan banyak orang sering diungkapkan melalui iman dalam bentuk dewa, sama ada dalam satu Tuhan atau dalam banyak dewa. Budaya pra-moden tidak pernah difikirkan mencipta keperibadian yang berbeza. Pegawai agama, yang sering memegang jawatan kuasa, adalah pengantara rohani kepada orang biasa. Ia hanya melalui perantara ini bahawa orang ramai mempunyai akses kepada ilahi. Tradisi adalah suci untuk budaya kuno dan tidak berubah dan upacara sosial dan moral dalam budaya boleh dikuatkuasakan dengan ketat. <> Apakah banyak orang dalam era Pra-Modern menyatakan iman mereka melalui? || melalui iman dalam bentuk dewa <> Apa pejabat-pejabat Agama yang dilihat seperti dalam era Pra-Modern? || pengantara rohani <> Melalui siapa orang ramai mempunyai akses kepada ilahi? || Para pegawai agama <> Kepercayaan apa yang dikatakan oleh budaya kuno? || Tradisi <> Bagaimana piawaian moral budaya purba dikuatkuasakan? || tegas <> Siapa perantara rohani? || Pegawai-pegawai agama <> Orang-orang rasa bernilai telah dinyatakan melalui apa yang berlaku di era Pra-moden? || melalui kepercayaan dalam bentuk dewa <> Melalui siapa yang orang ramai mempunyai akses kepada ilahi? || pengantara rohani <> Apa perintah mandat sosial dikuatkuasakan dengan ketat? || upacara dan akhlak <> Kepercayaan apa yang dianggap suci oleh tamadun kuno? || Tradisi", {"context": "In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person. It was only through these intermediaries that the general masses had access to the divine. Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "via a faith in some form of deity"}], "question": "What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through?", "id": "572eda4a03f9891900756a79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "spiritual intermediaries"}], "question": "What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?", "id": "572eda4a03f9891900756a7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Religious officials"}], "question": "Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine?", "id": "572eda4a03f9891900756a7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Tradition"}], "question": "What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred?", "id": "572eda4a03f9891900756a7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "strictly"}], "question": "How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced?", "id": "572eda4a03f9891900756a7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Religious officials"}], "question": "Who were spiritual intermediates? ", "id": "572ef2fcdfa6aa1500f8d4e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "via a faith in some form of deity"}], "question": "Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era?", "id": "572ef2fcdfa6aa1500f8d4e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "spiritual intermediaries"}], "question": "Through who did the masses have access to the divine?", "id": "572ef2fcdfa6aa1500f8d4e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "ceremony and morals"}], "question": "What did social order mandate be strictly enforced?", "id": "572ef2fcdfa6aa1500f8d4eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Tradition"}], "question": "What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations?", "id": "572ef2fcdfa6aa1500f8d4ea"}]}], ["Di Asia, pelbagai dinasti Cina dan shogun Jepun menguasai bidang Asia. Di Jepun, tempoh Edo dari 1600 hingga 1868 juga dirujuk sebagai zaman moden awal. Dan di Korea, dari peninggalan Dinasti Joseon kepada peninggalan Raja Gojong disebut sebagai zaman moden awal. Di Amerika, penduduk asli Amerika telah membina tamadun besar dan pelbagai, termasuk Empayar Aztec dan perikatan, tamadun Inca, Empayar Maya dan bandar-bandar, dan Gabungan Chibcha. Di barat, kerajaan-kerajaan dan gerakan-gerakan Eropah berada dalam pergerakan reformasi dan pengembangan. Rusia mencapai pantai Pasifik pada tahun 1647 dan menyatukan kawalannya ke Timur Jauh Rusia pada abad ke-19. <> Siapa yang mengawal Asia Sphere sepanjang tempoh antara 1600-1868? || Dinasti Cina dan Jepun shogunates <> Apa tempoh antara 1600-1868 dirujuk sebagai? || tempoh Edo <> Apakah tempoh Edo juga dikenali sebagai? || masa moden awal <> Apakah masa dianggap \"Tempoh Moden\" di Korea? || dari peninggalan Dinasti Joseon kepada peninggalan Raja Gojong <> Nama salah satu puak Native Americans yang ditubuhkan di Amerika. || Aztec Empire <> Apa dua kumpulan mengawal Asia Sphere? || Dinasti Cina dan Jepun shogunates <> Masa apa yang disebut sebagai tempoh Edo? || 1600 hingga 1868 <> Apakah 'Masa Moden Awal' yang dikenali di Jepun? || Peningkatan Dinasti Joseon kepada peninggalan Raja Gojong <> Nama salah satu daripada suku kaum asli Amerika yang dibentuk di Amerika? || Empayar Aztec", {"context": "In Asia, various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere. In Japan, the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period. And in Korea, from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is referred to as the early modern period. In the Americas, Native Americans had built a large and varied civilization, including the Aztec Empire and alliance, the Inca civilization, the Mayan Empire and cities, and the Chibcha Confederation. In the west, the European kingdoms and movements were in a movement of reformation and expansion. Russia reached the Pacific coast in 1647 and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates"}], "question": "Who controlled the Asian Sphere during the period between 1600-1868?", "id": "572ee375dfa6aa1500f8d499"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "the Edo period"}], "question": "What is the period between 1600-1868 referred to as?", "id": "572ee375dfa6aa1500f8d49a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "the early modern period"}], "question": "What is the Edo period also known as?", "id": "572ee375dfa6aa1500f8d49b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong"}], "question": "What is time is considered the \"Modern Period\" in Korea?", "id": "572ee375dfa6aa1500f8d49c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Aztec Empire"}], "question": "Name one of the tribes Native Americans established in the Americas.", "id": "572ee375dfa6aa1500f8d49d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates"}], "question": "What two groups controlled the Asian Sphere?", "id": "572ef802dfa6aa1500f8d4fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1600 to 1868"}], "question": "What time is referred to as the Edo period?", "id": "572ef802dfa6aa1500f8d4fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong"}], "question": "What is the 'Early Modern period\" known as in Japan?", "id": "572ef802dfa6aa1500f8d4fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Aztec Empire"}], "question": "Name one of the tribes Native Americans formed in the Americas?", "id": "572ef802dfa6aa1500f8d4ff"}]}], ["Dinasti Qing (1644-1911) diasaskan selepas kejatuhan Dinasti Ming, Dinasti Han yang terakhir, oleh Manchus. Manchus dahulunya dikenali sebagai Jurchens. Apabila Beijing ditawan oleh pemberontak petani Li Zicheng pada 1644, Maharaja Chongzhen, Maharaja Ming yang terakhir, membunuh diri. Manchus kemudian bersekutu dengan bekas ketua Ming Wu Wu Sangui dan menguasai Beijing, yang menjadi ibukota baru dinasti Qing. Mancus mengamalkan norma-norma Confucian kerajaan Cina tradisional dalam pemerintahan China yang sesuai. Schoppa, editor The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History berpendapat, \"Tarikh sekitar 1780 sebagai permulaan China moden adalah lebih dekat dengan apa yang kita tahu hari ini sebagai 'realiti' sejarah. Ia juga membolehkan kita mempunyai dasar yang lebih baik untuk memahami kemerosotan pengunduran Cina di abad kesembilan belas dan dua puluh. \" <> Apa yang ditubuhkan selepas kejatuhan Ming? || Dinasti Qing <> Dinasti Qing berlangsung sepanjang tempoh masa apa? || 1644-1911 <> Apa Manchus yang asalnya dikenali sebagai? || Jurchens <> Mengapa Kaisar Ming yang terakhir membunuh diri? || Beijing ditawan oleh pemberontak petani Li Zicheng <> Yang menjadi sekutu dengan Manchu untuk merampas kawalan ke atas Beijing? || bekas ketua Ming Wu Sangui <> Dinasti Qing terbentuk selepas peristiwa apa? || selepas kejatuhan Ming <> Dalam tempoh masa apakah dinasti Qing? || 1644-1911 <> Apa nama Manchus pada asalnya dinamakan? || Jurchens <> Siapa yang Beijing ditangkap pada tahun 1644? || Pemberontak petani Li Zicheng <> Siapa Manchus membuat Ally untuk merampas kawalan Beijing? || bekas ketua Ming Wu Sangui", {"context": "The Qing dynasty (1644\u20131911) was founded after the fall of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus. The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens. When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the Chongzhen Emperor, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. The Mancus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of China proper. Schoppa, the editor of The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History argues, \"A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical 'reality'. It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Qing dynasty"}], "question": "What was founded after the fall of the Ming?", "id": "572ee763cb0c0d14000f1664"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "1644\u20131911"}], "question": "The Qing dynasty lasted through what time period?", "id": "572ee763cb0c0d14000f1665"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "the Jurchens"}], "question": "What were the Manchus originally known as?", "id": "572ee763cb0c0d14000f1666"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels"}], "question": "Why did the last Ming Emperor commit suicide?", "id": "572ee763cb0c0d14000f1667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "former Ming general Wu Sangui"}], "question": "Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing?", "id": "572ee763cb0c0d14000f1668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "after the fall of the Ming"}], "question": "The Qing dynasty formed after what event?", "id": "572efb66c246551400ce4816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "1644\u20131911"}], "question": "During what time period did the Qing dynasty rule?", "id": "572efb66c246551400ce4817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Jurchens"}], "question": "What were the Manchus originally named?", "id": "572efb66c246551400ce4818"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Li Zicheng's peasant rebels"}], "question": "Who was Beijing captured by in 1644?", "id": "572efb66c246551400ce4819"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "former Ming general Wu Sangui"}], "question": "Who did the Manchus make an Ally with to seize control of Beijing?", "id": "572efb66c246551400ce481a"}]}], ["Dalam era Kontemporari, terdapat pelbagai trend sosio-teknologi. Mengenai abad ke-21 dan akhir dunia moden, zaman dan komputer Maklumat terdepan dalam penggunaan, tidak sepenuhnya di mana-mana tetapi sering hadir dalam kehidupan seharian. Perkembangan kuasa-kuasa Timur tidak diketahui, dengan China dan India menjadi lebih kuat. Di teater Eurasia, Kesatuan Eropah dan Persekutuan Rusia adalah dua pasukan yang baru-baru ini dibangunkan. Kebimbangan terhadap dunia Barat, jika bukan seluruh dunia, adalah bentuk keganasan moden dan peperangan yang telah berlaku akibat tindakan pengganas kontemporari. <> Di era apakah terdapat banyak trend sosio-teknologi? || Masa kontemporari <> Abad 21 diturunkan sebagai apa? || umur Maklumat <> Alat apa yang paling banyak digunakan semasa umur Maklumat? || komputer <> Apakah kebimbangan utama bagi tamadun Barat semasa abad ke-21? || perbuatan pengganas <> Pada masa itu ada banyak trend sosio-teknologi? || Masa kontemporari <> Apakah abad ke-21 yang dikenali sebagai? || umur Maklumat <> Alat apa yang paling banyak digunakan pada abad ke-21? || komputer <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai ancaman kepada tamadun Barat? || perbuatan pengganas", {"context": "In the Contemporary era, there were various socio-technological trends. Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world, the Information age and computers were forefront in use, not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life. The development of Eastern powers was of note, with China and India becoming more powerful. In the Eurasian theater, the European Union and Russian Federation were two forces recently developed. A concern for Western world, if not the whole world, was the late modern form of terrorism and the warfare that has resulted from the contemporary terrorist acts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Contemporary era"}], "question": "In what era were there many socio-technological trends?", "id": "572ee12fcb0c0d14000f165c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "the Information age"}], "question": "The 21st century is refereed to as what?", "id": "572ee12fcb0c0d14000f165d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "computers"}], "question": "What device was used most during the The Information age?", "id": "572ee12fcb0c0d14000f165e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "terrorist acts"}], "question": "What was a major concern for Western civilization during the 21 century?", "id": "572ee12fcb0c0d14000f165f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Contemporary era"}], "question": "In what time were there many socio-technological trends?", "id": "572ef68ec246551400ce47e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "the Information age"}], "question": "What is the 21st century also known as?", "id": "572ef68ec246551400ce47e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "computers"}], "question": "What device was used most during 21st century?", "id": "572ef68ec246551400ce47ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "terrorist acts"}], "question": "What was considered a threat to Western civilization?", "id": "572ef68ec246551400ce47eb"}]}], ["Di benua kecil India, Empayar Mughal memerintah kebanyakan India pada awal abad ke-18. \"Masa klasik\" berakhir dengan kematian dan kekalahan Kaisar Aurangzeb pada tahun 1707 oleh Empayar Maratha Hindu yang semakin meningkat, walaupun dinasti itu berterusan selama 150 tahun lagi. Dalam tempoh ini, Empayar itu ditandai oleh pentadbiran yang sangat berpusat yang menghubungkan kawasan yang berbeza. Semua monumen penting Mughals, warisan yang paling nyata, tarikh untuk tempoh ini yang dicirikan oleh pengembangan pengaruh budaya Parsi di benua India, dengan hasil seni sastera, artistik, dan seni bina cemerlang. Empayar Maratha terletak di barat daya India saat ini dan berkembang sangat di bawah pemerintahan Peshwas, para menteri perdana menteri Maratha. Pada 1761, tentera Maratha kehilangan Pertempuran Ketiga Panipat yang menghentikan perkembangan empayar dan kerajaan kemudian dibahagikan kepada persekutuan Maratha. <> Yang memerintah kebanyakan India pada awal abad ke-18? || Mughal Empire <> Bagaimana \"Masa Klasik\" berakhir? || kematian dan kekalahan Kaisar Aurangzeb pada tahun 1707 <> Siapa yang berada di belakang maut Kaisar Aurangzeb? || Hindu Maratha Empire <> Dimana Kerajaan Maratha berpusat? || selatan barat hari ini India <> Apa yang terjadi ketika Tentera Maratha kehilangan pertempuran ketiga Panipat? || empayar itu kemudian dibahagikan kepada persekutuan negara Maratha. <> Yang memerintah kebanyakan India pada abad ke-18? || Mughal Empire <> Apakah acara berakhir \"tempoh klasik\"? || kematian dan kekalahan Kaisar Aurangzeb <> Apa yang menyebabkan kematian Kaisar Auranzeb? || Kenaikan Hindu Maratha Empire, <> Dimana Empayar Maratha terpusat? || selatan barat hari ini India <> Apa yang menyebabkan Empayar Maratha berpecah pada tahun 1761? || tentera Maratha kehilangan Pertempuran Ketiga Panipat", {"context": "On the Indian subcontinent, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century. The \"classic period\" ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions. All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results. The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present-day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas, the prime ministers of the Maratha empire. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Mughal Empire"}], "question": "Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century?", "id": "572eeae6cb0c0d14000f166e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707"}], "question": "How did the \"Classic Period\" end?", "id": "572eeae6cb0c0d14000f166f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Hindu Maratha Empire"}], "question": "Who was behind the death off Emperor Aurangzeb?", "id": "572eeae6cb0c0d14000f1670"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "south west of present-day India"}], "question": "Where was the The Maratha Empire centralized?", "id": "572eeae6cb0c0d14000f1671"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 894, "text": "the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states."}], "question": "What happened when the  Maratha Army lost the third battle of Panipat?", "id": "572eeae6cb0c0d14000f1672"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Mughal Empire"}], "question": "Who ruled most of India in the 18 century?", "id": "572efe68dfa6aa1500f8d535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb"}], "question": "What event ended the \"classic period\"?", "id": "572efe68dfa6aa1500f8d536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "the rising Hindu Maratha Empire,"}], "question": "What caused the death of Emperor Auranzeb? ", "id": "572efe68dfa6aa1500f8d537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "south west of present-day India"}], "question": "Where was the Maratha Empire centralized?", "id": "572efe68dfa6aa1500f8d538"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 808, "text": "the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat"}], "question": "What caused the Maratha Empire to split in 1761?", "id": "572efe68dfa6aa1500f8d539"}]}], ["Istilah \"moden\" dicipta pada abad ke-16 untuk menunjukkan masa sekarang atau baru-baru ini (akhirnya berasal dari modo adverb Latin, yang bermaksud \"sekarang sahaja). Renaissance Eropah (kira-kira 1420-1630), yang menandakan peralihan antara Tengah Tengah Masa zaman dan zaman awal, bermula di Itali dan didorong oleh penemuan semula seni dan kesusasteraan klasik, serta perspektif baru yang diperoleh dari Age of Discovery dan penemuan teleskop dan mikroskop, memperluas sempadan pemikiran dan \"istilah\" yang dicipta pada abad ke-16 untuk menunjukkan masa sekarang? || moden <> Istilah \"moden\" berasal dari apa kata peribahasa Latin? || modo <> Apa yang menyebabkan peralihan antara zaman pertengahan dan awal zaman moden masa? || Renaissance Eropah <> Dalam negara apa yang dimulakan Renaissance Eropah? || Italy <> Apa dua instrumen yang dicipta semasa Renaissance Eropah? || teleskop dan mikroskop <> Frasa bentuk asal yang berasal? dalam kata ado modo <> Apakah tanda kebanggaan Eropah? || peralihan antara Abad Pertengahan dan Masa Permulaan Awal <> Frasa apa yang dicipta pada abad ke-16 untuk rujukan masa-masa lalu? || moden <> Melalui tempoh masa apakah renaissance Eropah yang terakhir? || 1420-1630) <> Di negara manakah yang bermula dengan renaissance Eropah? || Itali", {"context": "The term \"modern\" was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times (ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo, meaning \"just now). The European Renaissance (about 1420\u20131630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature, as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope, expanding the borders of thought and knowledge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "modern"}], "question": "What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time?", "id": "572edcc8cb0c0d14000f162c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "modo"}], "question": "The term \"modern\" was derived from what Latin adverb?", "id": "572edcc8cb0c0d14000f162d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "The European Renaissance"}], "question": "What caused the transition between the middle ages and early modern times?", "id": "572edcc8cb0c0d14000f162e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "In what country did The European Renaissance start?", "id": "572edcc8cb0c0d14000f162f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "telescope and microscope"}], "question": "What two instruments were invented during The European Renaissance?", "id": "572edcc8cb0c0d14000f1630"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Latin adverb modo"}], "question": "The phrase modern originated form what?", "id": "572ef423dfa6aa1500f8d4f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times"}], "question": "What did The European renaissance mark?", "id": "572ef423dfa6aa1500f8d4f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "modern"}], "question": "What phrase was coined in the 16th century to reference recent times?", "id": "572ef423dfa6aa1500f8d4f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "1420\u20131630)"}], "question": "Through what time period did The European renaissance last?", "id": "572ef423dfa6aa1500f8d4f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "In what country did The European renaissance begin?", "id": "572ef423dfa6aa1500f8d4f5"}]}], ["Istilah \"Awal Moden\" diperkenalkan dalam bahasa Inggeris pada tahun 1930-an. untuk membezakan masa antara apa yang kita panggil Zaman Pertengahan dan masa Pencerahan lewat (1800) (ketika makna istilah Zaman Modern sedang membangunkan bentuk kontemporari). Adalah penting untuk diperhatikan bahawa istilah ini berpunca dari sejarah Eropah. Dalam penggunaan di bahagian lain di dunia, seperti di Asia, dan di negara-negara Islam, istilah-istilah itu diterapkan dengan cara yang sangat berbeza, tetapi selalunya dalam hubungannya dengan budaya Eropah di Age of Discovery. <> Istilah apa yang dicipta pada tahun 1930-an untuk memisahkan usia pertengahan membentuk tahun 1800? || Awal Moden <> 1800-an disebut sebagai? || masa Pencerahan lewat <> Apa istilah \"Awal Moden\" dan 'Zaman Moden \"berasal dari? || Sejarah Eropah <> Apakah istilah \"Awal Moden\" dan \"Zaman Moden\" yang digunakan untuk negara lain? || dalam konteksnya dengan hubungan mereka dengan budaya Eropah di Age of Discovery. <> Apa maksud \"Moden Awal\"? || untuk membezakan masa antara apa yang kita panggil Zaman Pertengahan dan masa Pencerahan lewat <> Bilakah istilah \"Awal Moden\" dilaksanakan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris? || 1930-an <> Berapa tempoh masa yang disebut sebagai Pencerahan Lewat? || 1800 <> Di manakah istilah \"Abad Pertengahan\" dan \"Abad Moden\" berasal? || Sejarah Eropah <> Apakah istilah \"Zaman Pertengahan\" dan \"Zaman Moden\" yang digunakan di negara lain? || dalam konteksnya dengan hubungan mereka dengan budaya Eropah di Age of Discovery.", {"context": "The term \"Early Modern\" was introduced in the English language in the 1930s. to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800) (when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form). It is important to note that these terms stem from European history. In usage in other parts of the world, such as in Asia, and in Muslim countries, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Early Modern"}], "question": "What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?", "id": "572edf43cb0c0d14000f164a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "time of the late Enlightenment"}], "question": "The 1800\"s are referred to as?", "id": "572edf43cb0c0d14000f164b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "European history"}], "question": "What do the terms \"Early Modern\" and  'Modern Ages\" originate from?", "id": "572edf43cb0c0d14000f164c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery."}], "question": "What are the terms \"Early Modern\" and \"Modern Ages\" used for i other countries?", "id": "572edf43cb0c0d14000f164d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment"}], "question": "What does the term \"Early Modern\" mean?", "id": "572ef585cb0c0d14000f169d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "When was the term \"Early Modern\" implemented into the English language?", "id": "572ef585cb0c0d14000f169c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "1800"}], "question": "What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment?", "id": "572ef585cb0c0d14000f169e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "European history"}], "question": "Where do the terms \"Middle Ages\" and \"Modern Ages\" originate from?", "id": "572ef585cb0c0d14000f169f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery."}], "question": "What are the terms \"Middle Ages\" and \"Modern Ages\" used for in other countries?", "id": "572ef585cb0c0d14000f16a0"}]}], ["Persatuan dalam bahasa Jepun \"zaman Tokugawa\" (masyarakat Edo), tidak seperti shogunat sebelum ini, didasarkan pada hierarki kelas yang ketat yang ditubuhkan oleh Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Daimyo, atau tuan-tuan, berada di puncak, diikuti oleh prajurit-kasta samurai, dengan petani, tukang, dan pedagang di bawah. Di beberapa bahagian negara, terutamanya wilayah yang lebih kecil, daimyo dan samurai lebih kurang sama, kerana daimyo mungkin dilatih sebagai samurai, dan samurai mungkin bertindak sebagai tuan rumah setempat. Jika tidak, sistem stratifikasi sosial yang paling tidak fleksibel melepaskan kuasa mengganggu dari masa ke masa. Cukai ke atas petani ditetapkan pada jumlah tetap yang tidak menyumbang inflasi atau perubahan nilai kewangan yang lain. Hasilnya, hasil cukai yang dikutip oleh pemilik tanah samurai bernilai kurang dan kurang dari masa ke masa. Ini sering menyebabkan banyak konfrontasi antara samurai yang mulia tetapi miskin dan petani yang baik, dari gangguan tempatan yang sederhana hingga pemberontakan yang lebih besar. Walau bagaimanapun, tiada yang terbukti mencukupi untuk mencabar secara serius perintah yang telah ditetapkan sehingga kedatangan kuasa asing. <> Apakah masyarakat didasarkan pada tempoh Tukugawa? || hierarki kelas yang ketat <> Hierarki kelas ketat ditubuhkan oleh siapa? || Toyotomi Hideyoshi <> Apa kumpulan yang dianggap berada di bahagian atas Hierarki Kelas Ketat? || Daimyo, atau tuan <> Bagaimana cukai dikenakan dalam tempoh Tukugawa? || ditetapkan pada jumlah tetap <> Apa kesannya jika cukai dikenakan pada jumlah yang tetap ada pada pendapatan itu? || Hasil cukai yang dikutip oleh pemilik tanah samurai adalah kurang dan kurang dari masa ke masa. <> Apakah tempoh Tokugawa juga dikenali sebagai? || Masyarakat Edo <> Apakah masyarakat di zaman Tokugawa yang berpusat di? || hierarki kelas yang ketat <> Kumpulan apa yang dipertimbangkan di bahagian atas Persatuan Kelas Ketat? || Daimyo, atau tuan-tuan, <> Apa kesannya bagaimana cukai dikenakan ke atas pendapatan itu. || Pendapatan yang diperolehi oleh pemilik tanah samurai adalah kurang dari masa ke masa. <> Bagaimana cukai dikenakan dalam tempoh Tokugawa? || ditetapkan pada jumlah tetap", {"context": "Society in the Japanese \"Tokugawa period\" (Edo society), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "strict class hierarchy"}], "question": "What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?", "id": "572ee920dfa6aa1500f8d4c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi"}], "question": "Strict class hierarchy was established by who?", "id": "572ee920dfa6aa1500f8d4c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "The daimyo, or lords"}], "question": "What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?", "id": "572ee920dfa6aa1500f8d4c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "set at fixed amounts"}], "question": "How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?", "id": "572ee920dfa6aa1500f8d4c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time."}], "question": "What effect did  having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?", "id": "572ee920dfa6aa1500f8d4c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Edo society"}], "question": "What is the Tokugawa period also known as?", "id": "572efd2003f9891900756b23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "strict class hierarchy"}], "question": "What was society in  the Tokugawa period based in?", "id": "572efd2003f9891900756b24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "The daimyo, or lords,"}], "question": "What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?", "id": "572efd2003f9891900756b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 759, "text": "revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time."}], "question": "What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.", "id": "572efd2003f9891900756b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "set at fixed amounts"}], "question": "How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?", "id": "572efd2003f9891900756b26"}]}], ["Perubahan itu disertai oleh kegawatan yang ganas yang termasuk percubaan dan pelaksanaan raja, penumpahan darah dan penindasan yang besar semasa Pemerintahan Teror, dan peperangan yang melibatkan setiap kuasa Eropah utama yang lain. Peristiwa berikutnya yang boleh dikesan ke Revolusi termasuk Perang Napoleon, dua pemulihan berasingan monarki, dan dua revolusi tambahan sebagai Perancis moden. Pada abad yang berikutnya, Perancis akan ditadbir pada satu titik atau yang lain sebagai republik, monarki konstitusional, dan dua kerajaan yang berbeza. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada raja selepas perbicaraan? || pelaksanaan raja <> Siapa lagi yang terlibat dalam perang? || setiap kuasa Eropah utama yang lain. <> nama satu peristiwa yang boleh disumbangkan kepada revolusi. || Perang Napoleon", {"context": "The changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of the king, vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European power. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape. In the following century, France would be governed at one point or another as a republic, constitutional monarchy, and two different empires.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "execution of the king"}], "question": "What happened to the king after the trial?", "id": "572f0ef8cb0c0d14000f1758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "every other major European power."}], "question": "Who else was involved in the warfare?", "id": "572f0ef8cb0c0d14000f1759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "the Napoleonic Wars"}], "question": "name an event that can be contributed to the revolution.", "id": "572f0ef8cb0c0d14000f175a"}]}], ["Banyak peristiwa besar yang menyebabkan Eropah berubah sekitar permulaan abad ke-16, bermula dengan Kejatuhan Constantinople pada tahun 1453, kejatuhan Sepanyol Muslim dan penemuan Amerika pada tahun 1492, dan Reformasi Protestan Martin Luther pada 1517. Di England moden tempoh sering bertarikh pada permulaan tempoh Tudor dengan kemenangan Henry VII ke atas Richard III di Pertempuran Bosworth pada tahun 1485. Awal sejarah Eropah moden biasanya dilihat sejak dari abad ke-15, melalui Zaman Alasan dan Zaman Pencerahan pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18, sehingga permulaan Revolusi Perindustrian pada akhir abad ke-18. <> Pada tahun apakah kejatuhan Constantinople berlaku? || 1453 <> Bilakah zaman moden bertarikh di England? || Pertempuran Bosworth pada tahun 1485 <<Siapa yang dikalahkan oleh Henry Vll pada pertempuran Bosworth? || Richard III", {"context": "Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517. In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "1453"}], "question": "In what year did the fall of Constantinople happen? ", "id": "572f043f03f9891900756b47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Battle of Bosworth in 1485"}], "question": "When is the modern period dated in England?", "id": "572f043f03f9891900756b48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Richard III"}], "question": "Who was defeated by Henry Vll at the battle of Bosworth?", "id": "572f043f03f9891900756b49"}]}], ["Pertengkaran orang Ancien dan Modern adalah pertengkaran sastera dan artistik yang dipanaskan pada awal 1690-an dan menggoncang francaisi Acad\u00e9mie. Kedua-dua pihak yang bertentangan ialah, Ancien (Anciens) yang mengetatkan pilihan subjek kepada mereka yang ditarik dari kesusasteraan Antiquity dan Modern (Modernes), yang menyokong kebaikan penulis-penulis abad Louis XIV. Fontenelle dengan cepat mengikuti dengan Digression sur les anciens et les modernes (1688), di mana dia mengambil sisi Modern, menekan argumen bahawa beasiswa moden membenarkan manusia moden melampaui orang dahulu dalam pengetahuan. <> Apakah asas pertengkaran antara Orang Lama dan zaman moden? || sastera dan seni <> Dalam apa tempoh masa apakah pergaduhan antara Ancen dan Kemuncak Modern? || awal 1690-an <> Moderns menyokong merit siapa? || penulis abad Louis XIV. Fontenelle <> Apa yang Louis XIV percaya tentang lelaki moden? || biasiswa moden membolehkan manusia moden melepasi orang dahulu dalam pengetahuan.", {"context": "The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise. The opposing two sides were, the Ancients (Anciens) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns (Modernes), who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes (1688), in which he took the Modern side, pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "literary and artistic"}], "question": "What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns?", "id": "572f0ab9cb0c0d14000f173e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "early 1690s"}], "question": "In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak?", "id": "572f0ab9cb0c0d14000f173f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle"}], "question": "Moderns support the merits of whom?", "id": "572f0ab9cb0c0d14000f1740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge."}], "question": "What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man?", "id": "572f0ab9cb0c0d14000f1741"}]}], ["Humanisme Renaisans mengambil kajian mendatar teks-teks klasik Latin dan Yunani, dan bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai skolastik dengan penekanannya pada ulasan yang terkumpul; dan humanis terlibat dalam sains, falsafah, seni dan puisi zaman klasik. Mereka sendiri secara sedar ditiru Latin klasik dan tidak lagi menggunakan bahasa Latin zaman pertengahan. Dengan analogi dengan kemerosotan bahasa Latin, mereka menggunakan prinsip fon iklan, atau kembali kepada sumber, merentasi bidang pembelajaran yang luas. <> Apa yang dirujuk oleh humanisme kebangkitan semula? || Teks klasik Latin dan Yunani <> kemanusiaan kebangkitan semula jadi bertentangan dengan apa? || scholasticism <> Apa kebangkitan humanisme meletakkan penekanan pada? || ulasan terkumpul", {"context": "Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts, and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries; and humanists were involved in the sciences, philosophies, arts and poetry of classical antiquity. They self-consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin. By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Latin and Greek classical texts"}], "question": "What did renaissance humanism reference?", "id": "572f0964c246551400ce4866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "scholasticism"}], "question": "renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?", "id": "572f0964c246551400ce4867"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "accumulated commentaries"}], "question": "What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?", "id": "572f0964c246551400ce4868"}]}], ["Zaman Pencerahan adalah masa dalam falsafah Barat dan kehidupan kebudayaan yang berpusat pada abad ke-18 yang diasaskan oleh sebab itu sebagai sumber utama dan legitimasi untuk otoritas. Pencerahan mendapat momentum lebih kurang serentak di banyak bahagian Eropah dan Amerika. Membangunkan semasa era Pencerahan, humanisme Renaissance sebagai pergerakan intelektual yang tersebar di seluruh Eropah. Latihan asas humanis adalah untuk berbicara dengan baik dan menulis (biasanya, dalam bentuk surat). Istilah umanista berasal dari bahagian akhir abad ke-15. Orang ramai dikaitkan dengan studia humanitatis, sebuah kurikulum novel yang bersaing dengan logik kuadratium dan akademik. <> Dari mana manakah frasa humanis berasal? || abad ke-15 <> Apakah latihan dasar seorang humanis? || bercakap dengan baik dan tulis <> Di mana Pencerahan mendapat momentum? || Eropah dan Amerika <> Apakah umur Pencerahan berpusatkan? || abad ke-18 di mana alasannya dianjurkan sebagai sumber utama dan legitimasi bagi pihak berkuasa. <> Apakah studia humanitatis bersaing? || quadrivium dan logik skolastik.", {"context": "The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America. Developing during the Enlightenment era, Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). The term umanista comes from the latter part of the 15th century. The people were associated with the studia humanitatis, a novel curriculum that was competing with the quadrivium and scholastic logic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "the 15th century"}], "question": "From where does the phrase humanist originate? ", "id": "572f0842cb0c0d14000f1723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "speak well and write"}], "question": "What is the basic training of a humanist?", "id": "572f0842cb0c0d14000f1722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Europe and America"}], "question": "Where did Enlightenment gain momentum?", "id": "572f0842cb0c0d14000f1721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority."}], "question": "What was the age of Enlightenment centered on?", "id": "572f0842cb0c0d14000f1720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "quadrivium and scholastic logic."}], "question": "What were the studia humanitatis competing against?", "id": "572f0842cb0c0d14000f1724"}]}], ["Revolusi Saintifik adalah zaman ketika idea-idea Eropah dalam fizik klasik, astronomi, biologi, anatomi manusia, kimia, dan sains klasik lain ditolak dan membawa kepada doktrin yang menggantikan mereka yang telah berjaya dari Yunani Kuno hingga Zaman Pertengahan yang akan membawa kepada peralihan kepada sains moden. Tempoh ini menyaksikan perubahan asas dalam idea saintifik merentasi fizik, astronomi, dan biologi, di institusi yang menyokong siasatan saintifik, dan dalam gambaran yang lebih luas dari alam semesta. Individu mula mempersoalkan semua adab-adab perkara dan itu adalah persoalan yang membawa kepada Revolusi Saintifik, yang pada gilirannya membentuk asas sains kontemporari dan penubuhan beberapa bidang sains moden. <> Apa sebabnya sebab Revolusi Saintifik? || peralihan kepada sains moden <> Apa itu Revolusi Saintifik? || satu masa apabila idea-idea Eropah dalam fizik klasik, astronomi, biologi, anatomi manusia, kimia, dan sains klasik lain ditolak <> Apa bentuk Revolusi Saintifik? || beberapa bidang ilmiah moden. <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh orang-orang Revolusi Saintifik? || tanya semua adab perkara", {"context": "The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science. This period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across physics, astronomy, and biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe. Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution, which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "a transition to modern science"}], "question": "What did the Scientific Revolution cause?", "id": "572f0de5c246551400ce4877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected"}], "question": "What s the Scientific Revolution?", "id": "572f0de5c246551400ce4876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "several modern scientific fields."}], "question": "What did Scientific Revolution form?", "id": "572f0de5c246551400ce4879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "question all manners of things"}], "question": "What did the Scientific Revolution force people to do?", "id": "572f0de5c246551400ce4878"}]}], ["Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda (1800) dan British East India Company (1858) dibubarkan oleh kerajaan masing-masing, yang mengambil alih pentadbiran koloni langsung. Hanya Thailand yang terselamat daripada pengalaman pemerintahan asing, walaupun, Thailand sendiri juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh politik kuasa kuasa Barat. Peraturan penjajah mempunyai kesan yang besar terhadap Asia Tenggara. Walaupun kuasa penjajah mendapat banyak manfaat daripada sumber-sumber yang luas di rantau ini dan pasaran yang besar, pemerintahan kolonial telah membangunkan rantau ini secara serentak. <> Apa yang dihantar oleh Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda dan British East India Company? || kerajaan masing-masing <> Negara mana yang tidak perlu tunduk kepada peraturan? || Thailand <> Yang juga mendapat keuntungan dari sumber-sumber Asia Tenggara? || kuasa penjajah", {"context": "The Dutch East India Company (1800) and British East India Company (1858) were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over the direct administration of the colonies. Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule, although, Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers. Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. While the colonial powers profited much from the region's vast resources and large market, colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "their respective governments"}], "question": "What dispatched of The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company?", "id": "572f02fbcb0c0d14000f1708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Thailand"}], "question": "What country did not have to succumb to forign rule?", "id": "572f02fbcb0c0d14000f1709"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "colonial powers"}], "question": "Who also profited from Southeast Asia resources?", "id": "572f02fbcb0c0d14000f170a"}]}], ["Secara tradisinya, transformasi intelektual Eropah dan selepas Renaissance merapatkan Zaman Pertengahan dan era Modern. Zaman Alasan di dunia Barat umumnya dianggap sebagai permulaan falsafah moden, dan pemergian dari pendekatan zaman pertengahan, terutama Scholasticism. Falsafah awal abad ke-17 sering dipanggil Zaman Rasionalisme dan dianggap berjaya falsafah Renaissance dan mendahului Zaman Pencerahan, tetapi ada yang menganggapnya sebagai bahagian paling awal dalam era Pencerahan dalam falsafah, memanjangkan era itu hingga dua abad. Abad ke-18 menyaksikan permulaan sekularisasi di Eropah, meningkat menjadi ketara selepas Revolusi Perancis. <> Apa yang menjembatani zaman pertengahan ke era moden? || Transformasi intelektual Eropah <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai permulaan falsafah moden? || Zaman Alasan <> Apa Zaman Rasionalisme berjaya? || Falsafah Renaissance <> Apakah falsafah abad ke-17 juga disebut? || Zaman Rasionalisme <> Apa permulaan abad ke-18 menandakan permulaan di Eropah? || sekularisasi", {"context": "Traditionally, the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "European intellectual transformation"}], "question": "What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?", "id": "572f0682c246551400ce4852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "The Age of Reason"}], "question": "What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy? ", "id": "572f0682c246551400ce4853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Renaissance philosophy"}], "question": "What does the Age of Rationalism succeed? ", "id": "572f0682c246551400ce4855"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "the Age of Rationalism"}], "question": "What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?", "id": "572f0682c246551400ce4854"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "secularization"}], "question": "What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe? ", "id": "572f0682c246551400ce4856"}]}], ["Maratha menyatakan, selepas peperangan Anglo-Maratha, akhirnya kalah kepada Syarikat Hindia Timur Inggeris pada tahun 1818 dengan Perang Anglo-Maratha Ketiga. Peraturan itu berlangsung sehingga 1858, ketika, setelah pemberontakan India pada tahun 1857 dan akibat dari Akta Kerajaan India 1858, pemerintah British mengambil alih tugas untuk mentadbir India secara langsung di Raj British baru. Pada 1819 Stamford Raffles menubuhkan Singapura sebagai jawatan utama bagi Britain dalam persaingan mereka dengan Belanda. Walau bagaimanapun, persaingan mereka disejukkan pada tahun 1824 apabila perjanjian Anglo-Belanda menindas kepentingan masing-masing di Asia Tenggara. Dari tahun 1850-an dan seterusnya, kadar penjajahan beralih ke gear yang jauh lebih tinggi. <> Dalam tahun berapakah Maratha menyatakan kalah kepada Syarikat Timur Inggeris? || 1818 <> Apakah nama perang yang hilang oleh Maratha menyatakan pada tahun 1818? || Perang Ketiga Anglo-Maratha <> Berapa lama British British syarikat India terakhir selepas peperangan? || 1858 <> Apa yang menyebabkan peraturan British India India berakhir? || pemberontakan India tahun 1857 dan akibat dari Akta Kerajaan India 1858 <> Apa yang ditubuhkan Britain pada tahun 1824? || Singapura sebagai jawatan perdagangan utama", {"context": "The Maratha states, following the Anglo-Maratha wars, eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj. In 1819 Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo-Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. From the 1850s onwards, the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "1818"}], "question": "In what year did the Maratha states lose to the British East Company?", "id": "572f01f3c246551400ce4834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "the Third Anglo-Maratha War"}], "question": "What was the name of the war lost by the Maratha states in 1818?", "id": "572f01f3c246551400ce4835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "1858"}], "question": "How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war?", "id": "572f01f3c246551400ce4836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858"}], "question": "What caused the British east Indian Company rule to end?", "id": "572f01f3c246551400ce4837"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Singapore as a key trading post"}], "question": "What did Britain establish in 1824?", "id": "572f01f3c246551400ce4838"}]}], ["Rusia mengalami pertumbuhan wilayah melalui abad ke-17, yang merupakan zaman Cossacks. Cossack adalah pahlawan yang dianjurkan ke dalam komuniti tentera, menyerupai lanun dan perintis Dunia Baru. Pada tahun 1648, petani Ukraine menyertai Cossacks Zaporozhian dalam pemberontakan melawan Poland-Lithuania semasa Upmis Khmelnytsky, kerana penindasan sosial dan agama mereka menderita di bawah pemerintahan Poland. Pada 1654 pemimpin Ukraine, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, menawarkan untuk meletakkan Ukraine di bawah perlindungan Tsar Rusia, Aleksey I. Penerimaan Aleksey terhadap tawaran ini membawa kepada satu lagi Perang Russo-Polandia (1654-1667). Akhirnya, Ukraine berpecah sepanjang Dnieper sungai, meninggalkan bahagian barat (atau kanan bank Ukraine) di bawah pemerintahan Poland dan bahagian timur (Bank kiri Ukraine dan Kiev) di bawah Rusia. Kemudian, pada 1670-71 Don Cossacks yang diketuai oleh Stenka Razin memulakan pemberontakan besar di rantau Volga, tetapi tentera Tsar berjaya mengalahkan pemberontak. Di timur, penerokaan Rusia yang pesat dan penjajahan wilayah-wilayah besar Siberia dipimpin kebanyakannya oleh perburuan Cossacks untuk bulu dan gading yang berharga. Penjelajah Rusia ditolak ke arah timur terutamanya di sepanjang laluan Sungai Siberia, dan pada pertengahan abad ke-17 terdapat penempatan-penempatan Rusia di Siberia Timur, di Semenanjung Chukchi, di sepanjang Sungai Amur, dan di pantai Pasifik. Pada tahun 1648 Selat Bering antara Asia dan Amerika Utara diluluskan buat kali pertama oleh Fedot Popov dan Semyon Dezhnyov. <> Bilakah Rusia mengalami pertumbuhan wilayah? || abad ke-17 <> Abad ke-17 juga dikenali sebagai? || umur Cossack. <> Siapa yang menyertai Cossack pada tahun 1648? || petani Ukraine <> Siapa Cossack? || pahlawan-pahlawan yang dianjurkan ke dalam komuniti tentera <> Mengapa dd Petani Ukraine menyertai Cossack? || dalam pemberontakan terhadap Poland-Lithuania", {"context": "Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. In 1654 the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War (1654\u20131667). Finally, Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper, leaving the western part (or Right-bank Ukraine) under Polish rule and eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian. Later, in 1670\u201371 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes, and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "the 17th century"}], "question": "When did Russia experience territorial growth?", "id": "572f054fc246551400ce4848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "age of Cossacks."}], "question": "The 17th century is also known as?", "id": "572f054fc246551400ce4849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "peasants of Ukraine"}], "question": "Who joined the Cossacks in 1648?", "id": "572f054fc246551400ce484b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "warriors organized into military communities"}], "question": "Who are Cossacks?", "id": "572f054fc246551400ce484a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania"}], "question": "Why dd the Peasants of Ukraine join the Cossacks?", "id": "572f054fc246551400ce484c"}]}], ["Pencapaian kejuruteraan revolusi adalah dari elektrifikasi ke perkembangan sains bahan. Kemajuan itu memberi sumbangan besar kepada kualiti hidup. Dalam revolusi pertama, Lewis Paul adalah pencipta asal pemutar roller, asas bingkai air untuk kapas berputar dalam kilang kapas. Peningkatan Matthew Boulton dan James Watt terhadap enjin stim adalah asas kepada perubahan yang dibawa oleh Revolusi Perindustrian di kedua-dua Kerajaan Inggeris dan dunia. <> Dalam bidang apakah pencapaian berlaku semasa revolusi? || elektrifikasi kepada perkembangan sains bahan. <> Apakah kemajuan semasa revolusi bertambah baik kepada orang? || kualiti hidup <> Apa yang Lewis Paul cipta? || roller berputar, asas bingkai air untuk kapas berputar dalam kilang kapas. <> Dalam tempoh berapa James Lewis mencipta 'Roller Spinning'? || revolusi pertama <> Siapa yang meningkatkan enjin stim? || Matthew Boulton dan James Watt", {"context": "Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science. The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life. In the first revolution, Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill. Matthew Boulton and James Watt's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "electrification to developments in materials science."}], "question": "In what fields did achievements occur during the revolution?", "id": "572f1f9004bcaa1900d76759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "quality of life"}], "question": "What did the advancements during the revolution improve for people?", "id": "572f1f9004bcaa1900d7675a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill."}], "question": "What did Lewis Paul invent?", "id": "572f1f9004bcaa1900d7675b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "the first revolution"}], "question": "In what period did James Lewis invent the 'Roller Spinning\"?", "id": "572f1f9004bcaa1900d7675c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Matthew Boulton and James Watt"}], "question": "Who improved the steam engine?", "id": "572f1f9004bcaa1900d7675d"}]}], ["Industri petroleum moden bermula pada tahun 1846 dengan penemuan proses penapisan minyak tanah dari arang batu oleh Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner. Ignacy \u0141ukasiewicz memperbaiki kaedah Gesner untuk membangunkan cara penapisan minyak tanah dari \"minyak batu\" yang lebih mudah didapati (\"petr-oleum\") pada tahun 1852 dan lombong minyak batu pertama dibina di B\u00f3brka, dekat Krosno di Galicia pada tahun berikutnya . Pada tahun 1854, Benjamin Silliman, seorang profesor sains di Universiti Yale di New Haven, adalah yang pertama mengecilkan petroleum dengan penyulingan. Penemuan ini berkembang pesat di seluruh dunia. <> Bilakah industri petroleum moden bermula? || 1846 <> Apa yang memulakan industri petroleum moden? || penemuan proses penapisan minyak tanah dari batu arang <> Siapa yang menemui proses penapisan minyak tanah dari arang batu? || Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner <> Siapa yang membaik pulih minyak tanah dari arang batu Gesner? || Ignacy \u0141ukasiewicz <> Di manakah lombong Rock Oil pertama dibina? || B\u00f3brka", {"context": "The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner. Ignacy \u0141ukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available \"rock oil\" (\"petr-oleum\") seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in B\u00f3brka, near Krosno in Galicia in the following year. In 1854, Benjamin Silliman, a science professor at Yale University in New Haven, was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1846"}], "question": "When did the modern petroleum industry start? ", "id": "572f1de804bcaa1900d7674f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal"}], "question": "What started the modern petroleum industry ?", "id": "572f1de804bcaa1900d76750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner"}], "question": "Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?", "id": "572f1de804bcaa1900d76751"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Ignacy \u0141ukasiewicz"}], "question": "Who improved Gesner's  of refining kerosene from coal?", "id": "572f1de804bcaa1900d76752"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "B\u00f3brka"}], "question": "Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?", "id": "572f1de804bcaa1900d76753"}]}], ["Revolusi Amerika bermula dengan pertempuran di Lexington dan Concord. Pada 4 Julai 1776, mereka mengeluarkan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan, yang mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan mereka dari Great Britain dan pembentukan kesatuan koperasi mereka. Pada bulan Jun 1776, Benjamin Franklin dilantik menjadi ahli Jawatankuasa Lima yang merangka Deklarasi Kemerdekaan. Walaupun dia telah disable sementara oleh gout dan tidak dapat menghadiri kebanyakan mesyuarat Jawatankuasa, Franklin membuat beberapa perubahan kecil kepada draf yang dihantar kepadanya oleh Thomas Jefferson. <> Di manakah Revolusi Amerika bermula? || Lexington dan Concord <> Apa yang dikeluarkan pada 4 Julai 1776? || Pengisytiharan Kemerdekaan <> Apa yang dinyatakan oleh Deklarasi Kemerdekaan? || kemerdekaan dari Great Britain dan pembentukan kesatuan koperasi mereka. <> Apakah kedudukan Ben Franklin yang dilantik pada tahun 1776? || ahli Jawatankuasa Lima yang merangka Deklarasi Kemerdekaan. <> Apakah Ben Franklin dimatikan? || gout", {"context": "The American Revolution begun with fighting at Lexington and Concord. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union. In June 1776, Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Lexington and Concord"}], "question": "Where did the American Revolution start?", "id": "572f1534c246551400ce4892"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Declaration of Independence"}], "question": "What was issued on July 4, 1776?", "id": "572f1534c246551400ce4893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union."}], "question": "What did the Declaration Of Independence proclaim?", "id": "572f1534c246551400ce4894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence."}], "question": "What position was Ben Franklin appointed in 1776?", "id": "572f1534c246551400ce4895"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "gout"}], "question": "What was Ben Franklin disabled by? ", "id": "572f1534c246551400ce4896"}]}], ["Kempen Kaisar Perancis dan Jeneral Napoleon Bonaparte menandakan era Napoleon. Dilahirkan di Corsica apabila orang Perancis menyerang, dan meninggal dunia dengan curiga di pulau British St. Helena yang kecil, komander cemerlang ini, menguasai Empayar Perancis yang, pada ketinggiannya, memerintah sebahagian besar Eropah terus dari Paris, sementara banyak kawannya dan negara-negara yang dikuasai keluarga seperti Sepanyol, Poland, beberapa bahagian Itali dan banyak lagi Republik Kerajaan dan kebergantungan. Era Napoleon mengubah wajah Eropah selama-lamanya, dan Empayar dan Kerajaan lama runtuh sebagai akibat daripada lonjakan Republikanisme yang hebat dan \"Mulia\". <> Apa ciri era Napoleon? || Kempen Kaisar Perancis dan Jeneral Napoleon Bonaparte <> Dimana Napoleon Bonaparte dilahirkan? || Corsica <> Di manakah Napoleon Bonaparte mati? || St Helena <> Mengapa Empayar dan Kerajaan Eropah dihantar? || lonjakan Republikanisme <Dari mana kerajaan Perancis memerintah sebahagian besar Eropah? || Paris", {"context": "The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era. Born on Corsica as the French invaded, and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena, this brilliant commander, controlled a French Empire that, at its height, ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris, while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain, Poland, several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies. The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever, and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and \"Glorious\" surge of Republicanism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte"}], "question": "What characterized the Napoleonic Era?", "id": "572f104d03f9891900756b69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Corsica"}], "question": "Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?", "id": "572f104d03f9891900756b6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "St. Helena"}], "question": "Where was Napoleon Bonaparte die? ", "id": "572f104d03f9891900756b6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "surge of Republicanism"}], "question": "Why were Europe's Empires and Kingdoms dispatched?", "id": "572f104d03f9891900756b6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe?", "id": "572f104d03f9891900756b6c"}]}], ["Penggabungan Italia adalah gerakan politik dan sosial yang mencaplok negara-negara yang berbeda dari semenanjung Italia ke negara tunggal Italia pada abad ke-19. Terdapat kekurangan konsensus pada tarikh yang tepat untuk permulaan dan akhir tempoh ini, tetapi banyak sarjana setuju bahawa proses itu bermula dengan berakhirnya pemerintahan Napoleon dan Kongres Vienna pada 1815, dan kira-kira berakhir dengan Franco-Prusia Perang pada tahun 1871, walaupun citta terakhir tidak menyertai Kerajaan Itali sehingga selepas Perang Dunia I. <> Apa penyatuan Itali? || pergerakan sosial yang merangkumi negeri-negeri yang berbeza dari semenanjung Itali ke dalam negeri tunggal Itali <> Kapan penyatuan Itali terjadi? || pada abad ke-19 <> Pada tahun apakah kebanyakan ahli bersetuju bahawa Penggabungan Itali berakhir? || 1871 <> Pada tahun berapakah kebanyakan Ulama bersetuju bahawa Penggabungan Itali bermula? || 1815 <> Selepas apa acara yang terakhir citta irredente menyertai Itali? || Perang Dunia I.", {"context": "Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last citt\u00e0 irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy"}], "question": "What is Italian Unification?", "id": "572f11a2dfa6aa1500f8d5b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "in the 19th century"}], "question": "When did the Italian Unification occur?", "id": "572f11a2dfa6aa1500f8d5b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "1871"}], "question": "In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?", "id": "572f11a2dfa6aa1500f8d5ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "1815"}], "question": "In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?", "id": "572f11a2dfa6aa1500f8d5b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "World War I."}], "question": "After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?", "id": "572f11a2dfa6aa1500f8d5bb"}]}], ["Dekolonisasi Amerika adalah proses di mana negara-negara di Amerika memperoleh kemerdekaan dari pemerintahan Eropah. Decolonisasi bermula dengan satu siri revolusi pada abad ke-18 dan awal ke-pertengahan ke-19. Peperangan kemerdekaan Amerika di Sepanyol adalah peperangan banyak terhadap pemerintahan Spanyol di Amerika Amerika yang berlaku pada awal abad ke-19, dari tahun 1808 hingga 1829, secara langsung berkaitan dengan pencerobohan Perancis Napoleon di Spanyol. Konflik itu bermula dengan juntas pentadbiran jangka pendek yang ditubuhkan di Chuquisaca dan Quito menentang komposisi Junta Tengah Tertinggi Seville. <> Apakah dekolonisasi Amerika? || proses di mana negara-negara di Amerika mendapat kemerdekaan daripada pemerintahan Eropah. <> Bilakah dekolonisasi di Amerika bermula? || Abad ke-18 dan awal-ke-pertengahan-ke-19. <> Apakah peperangan Sepanyol berkaitan secara langsung? || Pencerobohan Napoleon Perancis terhadap Sepanyol. <> Bilakah perang berlaku terhadap peraturan Sepanyol? || 1808 hingga 1829 <> Bagaimana konflik Sepanyol bermula? || juntas pentadbiran jangka pendek yang ditubuhkan di Chuquisaca dan Quito menentang komposisi Junta Tengah Tertinggi Seville.", {"context": "The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule."}], "question": "What is the decolonization of the Americas? ", "id": "572f1678cb0c0d14000f1768"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries."}], "question": "When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?", "id": "572f1678cb0c0d14000f1769"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Napoleonic French invasion of Spain."}], "question": "What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?", "id": "572f1678cb0c0d14000f176b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "1808 until 1829"}], "question": "When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?", "id": "572f1678cb0c0d14000f176a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville."}], "question": "How did the Spanish conflict begin?", "id": "572f1678cb0c0d14000f176c"}]}], ["Perindustrian adalah proses perubahan sosial dan ekonomi di mana kumpulan manusia berubah dari masyarakat sebelum perindustrian menjadi industri. Ia adalah satu pembahagian proses pemodenan yang lebih umum, di mana perubahan sosial dan pembangunan ekonomi berkait rapat dengan inovasi teknologi, terutamanya dengan pembangunan tenaga berskala besar dan pengeluaran metalurgi. Ia adalah organisasi ekonomi yang luas untuk tujuan pembuatan. Perindustrian juga memperkenalkan satu bentuk perubahan falsafah, di mana orang mendapat sikap yang berbeza terhadap persepsi mereka terhadap alam semula jadi. <> Apakah perindustrian? || perindustrian sosial dan ekonomi <> perindustrian adalah subdivisi proses am apa? || inovasi teknologi <> Semasa perindustrian sebuah kumpulan manusia berubah menjadi apa? || dari masyarakat sebelum perindustrian menjadi industri.", {"context": "Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "social and economic change"}], "question": "What is industrialization? ", "id": "572f1cbca23a5019007fc49b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "technological innovation"}], "question": "industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?", "id": "572f1cbca23a5019007fc49d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one."}], "question": "During industrialization a human group is turned into what?", "id": "572f1cbca23a5019007fc49c"}]}], ["Ketika Junta Tengah jatuh ke Perancis, banyak Juntas baru muncul di seluruh Amerika, akhirnya menyebabkan rantai negara-negara baru yang merentang dari Argentina dan Chile di selatan, ke Meksiko di utara. Selepas kematian raja Ferdinand VII, pada 1833, hanya Cuba dan Puerto Rico yang masih berada di bawah pemerintahan Sepanyol, sehingga Perang Sepanyol-Amerika pada tahun 1898. Tidak seperti Sepanyol, Portugis tidak membahagikan wilayah penjajah mereka di Amerika. Kapten-kapten yang mereka buat telah ditundukkan kepada pentadbiran berpusat di Salvador (kemudian dipindahkan ke Rio de Janeiro) yang dilaporkan langsung kepada Mahkota Portugis hingga kemerdekaannya pada tahun 1822, menjadi Empayar Brazil. <> Siapa junta tengah jatuh ke? || Perancis <> Apa yang raja meninggal pada tahun 1833? || raja Ferdinand VII <> Selepas Raja Ferdinand meninggal, yang tetap di bawah pemerintahan Spanyol? || Cuba dan Puerto Rico <> Bilakah perang Sepanyol-Amerika berlaku? || pada tahun 1898 <> Di mana kapasiti Portugis terpusat? || Salvador", {"context": "When the Central Junta fell to the French, numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas, eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south, to Mexico in the north. After the death of the king Ferdinand VII, in 1833, only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule, until the Spanish\u2013American War in 1898. Unlike the Spanish, the Portuguese did not divide their colonial territory in America. The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador (later relocated to Rio de Janeiro) which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822, becoming the Empire of Brazil.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "the French"}], "question": "Who did the central Junta fall to?", "id": "572f19dc03f9891900756b8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "king Ferdinand VII"}], "question": "What king died in 1833?", "id": "572f19dc03f9891900756b90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Cuba and Puerto Rico"}], "question": "After King Ferdinand died, who remained under Spanish rule?", "id": "572f19dc03f9891900756b91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "in 1898"}], "question": "When did the Spanish-American war occur?", "id": "572f19dc03f9891900756b92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Salvador"}], "question": "Where were the Portuguese capacities centralized? ", "id": "572f19dc03f9891900756b93"}]}], ["Revolusi Perindustrian pertama merangkum Revolusi Perindustrian Kedua sekitar 1850, apabila kemajuan teknologi dan ekonomi mendapat momentum dengan pembangunan kapal berkuasa stim dan kereta api, dan kemudiannya pada abad ke-19 dengan enjin pembakaran dalaman dan penjanaan kuasa elektrik. Revolusi Perindustrian Kedua adalah fasa Revolusi Perindustrian; dilabelkan sebagai Revolusi Teknikal yang berasingan. Dari sudut pandangan teknologi dan sosial tidak ada rehat yang bersih antara kedua-duanya. Inovasi utama sepanjang tempoh itu berlaku dalam industri kimia, elektrik, petroleum, dan keluli. Kemajuan spesifik termasuk pengenalan turbin wap yang dipancarkan minyak dan pembakaran dalaman yang didorong oleh kapal keluli, pembangunan kapal terbang, pengkomersilan praktikal kereta, pengeluaran besar-besaran barangan pengguna, kesempurnaan pengetinan, penyejukan mekanikal dan teknik pemeliharaan makanan lain, dan penemuan telefon. <> Bilakah revolusi perindustrian pertama bergabung ke kedua? || sekitar 1850 <> Abad ke-19 juga dikenali sebagai? || enjin pembakaran dalaman dan penjanaan kuasa elektrik. <> Apakah revolusi perindustrian kedua dilabelkan? || Revolusi Teknikal yang berasingan <> Apa yang menyebabkan kemajuan teknologi dan ekonomi? || pembangunan kapal berkuasa stim dan kereta api", {"context": "The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "around 1850"}], "question": "When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second? ", "id": "572f1b26cb0c0d14000f177c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "the internal combustion engine and electric power generation."}], "question": "The 19th century was also known as? ", "id": "572f1b26cb0c0d14000f177e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "separate Technical Revolution"}], "question": "What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?", "id": "572f1b26cb0c0d14000f177f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "development of steam-powered ships and railways"}], "question": "What caused technological and economical progress?", "id": "572f1b26cb0c0d14000f177d"}]}], ["Bermula dari Zaman Revolusi, Revolusi Amerika dan pergolakan politik yang berlaku pada separuh akhir abad ke 18 menyaksikan Tiga belas Colonies Amerika Utara menggulingkan pemerintahan Parlimen Great Britain, dan kemudian menolak monarki British itu sendiri untuk menjadi yang berdaulat Amerika Syarikat. Dalam tempoh ini, jajahan-jajahan pertama kali menolak kuasa Parlimen untuk mentadbir mereka tanpa perwakilan, dan menubuhkan negara mandiri sendiri. Kongres Kontinental Kedua kemudian bergabung bersama British untuk mempertahankan urus tadbir sendiri dalam konflik bersenjata dari 1775 hingga 1783 yang dikenali sebagai Perang Revolusi Amerika (juga dikenali sebagai Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika). <> Apa peristiwa yang menyebabkan revolusi Amerika? || Kerajaan British sendiri menjadi negara Amerika Syarikat yang berdaulat. <> Bagaimana tiga belas koloni menjadi Amerika Syarikat? || menggulingkan pentadbiran Parlimen Great Britain, dan kemudian menolak monarki British <> Mengapa Amerika Syarikat membentuk negara merdeka? || koloni pertama menolak kuasa Parlimen untuk mentadbir mereka tanpa perwakilan <> Siapa yang Kongres Kedua Continental bergabung bersama? || the British <> Apa bentuk konflik bersenjata 1775 hingga 1783 dikenali sebagai? || Perang Revolusi Amerika", {"context": "Beginning the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America. In this period the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation, and formed self-governing independent states. The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self-governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War (also called American War of Independence).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America."}], "question": "What event did the American revolution cause?", "id": "572f140403f9891900756b7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy"}], "question": "How did the Thirteen Colonies become The United States Of America?", "id": "572f140403f9891900756b7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation"}], "question": "Why did the United States form independent states?", "id": "572f140403f9891900756b7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "the British"}], "question": "Who did the Second Continental Congress join together against?", "id": "572f140403f9891900756b80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "American Revolutionary War"}], "question": "What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as?", "id": "572f140403f9891900756b81"}]}], ["Berikutan idea-idea Pencerahan, para reformis melihat kepada Revolusi Saintifik dan kemajuan industri untuk menyelesaikan masalah sosial yang timbul dengan Revolusi Perindustrian. Falsafah semulajadi Newton menggabungkan matematik bukti axiomatik dengan mekanik pemerhatian fizikal, menghasilkan sistem ramalan yang boleh dipercayai dan menggantikan pergantungan sebelumnya pada wahyu dan kebenaran yang diilhamkan. Digunakan untuk kehidupan awam, pendekatan ini menghasilkan beberapa kempen yang berjaya untuk perubahan dalam dasar sosial. <> Apa yang dilihat oleh para reformis untuk menyelesaikan masalah sosial? || Revolusi saintifik dan kemajuan industri <> Apa itu Newton Natural Philosophy? || sistem yang tepat untuk ramalan yang dapat disahkan <> Apa yang diganti oleh falsafah Nataural Newton? || bergantung pada wahyu dan kebenaran yang diilhamkan. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh falsafah Newton apabila diterapkan pada kehidupan, || menghasilkan beberapa kempen yang berjaya untuk perubahan dalam dasar sosial.", {"context": "Following the Enlightenment's ideas, the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution. Newton's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation, yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth. Applied to public life, this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Scientific Revolution and industrial progress"}], "question": "What did the reformers look to to solve social problems?", "id": "572f2a9bb2c2fd1400567f51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "a coherent system of verifiable predictions"}], "question": "What is Newton Natural philosophy?", "id": "572f2a9bb2c2fd1400567f52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "reliance on revelation and inspired truth."}], "question": "What did Newton's Nataural philosophy replace?", "id": "572f2a9bb2c2fd1400567f53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy."}], "question": "What did Newton's philosophy do when applied to life, ", "id": "572f2a9bb2c2fd1400567f54"}]}], ["Kekuatan kekaisaran British disokong oleh kapal pengangkut dan telegraf, teknologi baru dicipta pada separuh kedua abad ke-19, yang membolehkannya mengawal dan mempertahankan Empayar. Menjelang 1902, Empayar British dihubungkan bersama oleh rangkaian kabel telegraf, yang dikenali sebagai All Red Line. Berkembang sehingga 1922, sekitar 13,000,000 kilometer persegi (34,000,000 km2) wilayah dan kira-kira 458 juta orang ditambah kepada Empayar British. Tanah jajahan British ditubuhkan di Australia pada tahun 1788, New Zealand pada tahun 1840 dan Fiji pada tahun 1872, dengan kebanyakan Oceania menjadi sebahagian daripada Kerajaan British. <> Apakah kekuatan imperial British menggantikan? || steamship dan telegraf <> Apakah Kerajaan British dikaitkan pada tahun 1982? || rangkaian kabel telegraf <> Bilakah kapal pengangkut dan telegraf dicipta? || separuh kedua abad ke 19 <> Berapa banyak orang telah ditambah ke Empayar British menjelang tahun 1922? || 458 juta <> Bilakah British menubuhkan koloni di Australia? || 1788", {"context": "British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the Empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the so-called All Red Line. Growing until 1922, around 13,000,000 square miles (34,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire. The British established colonies in Australia in 1788, New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872, with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "steamship and the telegraph"}], "question": "What was British imperial strength replace by?", "id": "572f30b604bcaa1900d7677f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "a network of telegraph cables"}], "question": "What was the British Empire linked by in 1982?", "id": "572f30b604bcaa1900d76781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "the second half of the 19th century"}], "question": "When were the steamship and the telegraph invented?", "id": "572f30b604bcaa1900d76780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "458 million"}], "question": "How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922?", "id": "572f30b604bcaa1900d76782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "1788"}], "question": "When did the British establish colonies in Australia?", "id": "572f30b604bcaa1900d76783"}]}], ["Revolusi Eropah tahun 1848, yang diketahui di beberapa negara sebagai Spring of Nations atau Tahun Revolusi, adalah satu siri pergolakan politik di seluruh benua Eropah. Diterangkan sebagai gelombang revolusioner, tempoh pergolakan bermula di Perancis dan kemudian, digerakkan oleh Revolusi Perancis pada 1848, tidak lama kemudian merebak ke seluruh Eropah. Walaupun sebahagian besar revolusi diturunkan dengan cepat, terdapat banyak keganasan di banyak kawasan, dengan puluhan ribu orang disiksa dan dibunuh. Walaupun kesan-kesan politik segera dari revolusi telah dibalikkan, perarakan jangka panjang peristiwa-peristiwa itu jauh meluas. <> Bilakah revolusi Eropah berlaku? || 1848 <> Berapa banyak orang yang dianggarkan terbunuh dalam revolusi? || puluhan ribu <> Apakah revolusi Eropah yang dikenali di negara lain? || Musim Semi Bangsa atau Tahun Revolusi <> Di negara mana yang revolusi bermula? || Perancis", {"context": "The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "1848"}], "question": "When did the European revolutions occur?", "id": "572f21aea23a5019007fc4ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "tens of thousands"}], "question": "How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions? ", "id": "572f21aea23a5019007fc4ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution"}], "question": "What are European revolutions known as in other countries?", "id": "572f21aea23a5019007fc4ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "France"}], "question": "In what country did the revolutions begin?", "id": "572f21aea23a5019007fc4ad"}]}], ["Perang Franco-Prusia adalah konflik antara Perancis dan Prusia, sementara Prusia disokong oleh Konfederasi Jerman Utara, yang mana ia adalah ahli, dan negara Jerman Selatan, Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg dan Bavaria. Kemenangan Prusia dan Jerman yang lengkap membawa penyatuan terakhir Jerman di bawah Raja Wilhelm I dari Prusia. Ia juga menandakan kejatuhan Napoleon III dan berakhirnya Empayar Perancis Kedua, yang digantikan oleh Republik Ketiga. Sebagai sebahagian daripada penyelesaian, hampir semua wilayah Alsace-Lorraine telah diambil oleh Prusia untuk menjadi sebahagian dari Jerman, yang akan dikekalkan sehingga akhir Perang Dunia I. <> Negara apa yang terlibat dalam perang Franco-Rusia ? || Perancis dan Prusia <> Apakah tanda kemenangan Prusia dan Jerman? || penyatuan akhir Jerman di bawah Raja Wilhelm I dari Prusia. <> Nama salah satu kumpulan yang menyokong Prussia dalam perang Franco-Rusia? || Konfederasi Jerman Utara <> Prusia mendakwa hampir semua wilayah apa? || Alsace-Lorraine <> Prussia mengekalkan kebanyakan Alsace-Lorraine sehingga peristiwa apa? || Perang Dunia I.", {"context": "The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "France and Prussia"}], "question": "What countries were involved in the Franco-Russian war?", "id": "572f3522a23a5019007fc4e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia."}], "question": "What did the Prussian and German victory mark?", "id": "572f3522a23a5019007fc4e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "North German Confederation"}], "question": "Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war?", "id": "572f3522a23a5019007fc4e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "Alsace-Lorraine"}], "question": "Prussia claimed almost all of what territory?", "id": "572f3522a23a5019007fc4e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "World War I."}], "question": "Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?", "id": "572f3522a23a5019007fc4e7"}]}], ["Dalam \"abad kekaisaran\" Britain, kemenangan atas Napoleon meninggalkan Britain tanpa saingan antarabangsa yang serius, selain Rusia di Asia tengah. Tanpa dipertikaikan di laut, Britain mengamalkan peranan anggota polis global, keadaan yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Pax Britannica, dan dasar luar \"pengasingan yang indah\". Di samping kawalan rasmi yang diberikan ke atas jajahannya sendiri, kedudukan dominan Britain dalam perdagangan dunia bermakna ia secara berkesan menguasai ekonomi negara-negara nominal yang banyak, seperti China, Argentina dan Siam, yang secara umum dicirikan sebagai \"empayar tidak rasmi\". Nota pada masa ini adalah Perang Anglo-Zulu, yang diperjuangkan pada 1879 antara Empayar British dan Empayar Zulu. <> Apa yang mengalahkan Napoleon meninggalkan Britain tanpa? || mana-mana saingan antarabangsa yang serius <> Mengapa Britain mengamalkan peranan Polis Global? || Tidak dicabar di laut <> Britain mengamalkan peranan sebagai anggota polis global dikenali sebagai | | Pax Britannica <> Apa yang dipanggil dasar luar Britain? || pengasingan indah <> Kedudukan dominan Britain dalam perdagangan dunia membolehkan mereka melakukan apa? || berkesan mengawal ekonomi banyak negara mandiri, seperti China, Argentina dan Siam", {"context": "In Britain's \"imperial century\", victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in central Asia. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of \"splendid isolation\". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been generally characterized as \"informal empire\". Of note during this time was the Anglo-Zulu War, which was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "any serious international rival"}], "question": "What did defeating Napoleon leave Britain without?", "id": "572f2fa3a23a5019007fc4bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Unchallenged at sea"}], "question": "Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen?", "id": "572f2fa3a23a5019007fc4bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Pax Britannica"}], "question": "Britain adopting the role as global policeman is known as", "id": "572f2fa3a23a5019007fc4bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "splendid isolation"}], "question": "What was Britain's foreign policy called?", "id": "572f2fa3a23a5019007fc4be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam"}], "question": "Britain's dominant position in the world trade allowed them to do what?", "id": "572f2fa3a23a5019007fc4bf"}]}], ["Era zaman Victoria zaman Kerajaan adalah zaman pemerintahan Queen Victoria dari bulan Jun 1837 hingga Januari 1901. Ini merupakan masa yang panjang untuk kemakmuran bagi orang-orang Inggris, seperti keuntungan yang diperoleh dari Empayar Britania di luar negeri, serta dari peningkatan perindustrian di rumah , membenarkan kelas pertengahan yang berpendidikan tinggi. Sesetengah ulama akan memperluas permulaan tempoh-seperti yang ditakrifkan oleh pelbagai sensasi dan permainan politik yang telah dikaitkan dengan orang-orang Victorian-kembali lima tahun ke laluan Akta Pembaharuan 1832. <> Apa era Victoria United Kingdom? || tempoh pemerintahan Ratu Victoria <> Melalui apa Tempoh memerintah Ratu Victoria? || 1837 hingga Januari 1901 <> Apa yang diperkatakan oleh orang ramai untuk memerintah Queen Victoria? || masa yang panjang untuk kemakmuran bagi orang-orang Britania <> Seberapa jauh akan ada beberapa ulama memanjangkan pemerintahan Victoria? || lima tahun kepada peruntukan Akta Pembaharuan 1832.", {"context": "The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from June 1837 to January 1901. This was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop. Some scholars would extend the beginning of the period\u2014as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians\u2014back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the period of Queen Victoria's reign"}], "question": "What was the Victorian era of the United Kingdom? ", "id": "572f2d7e04bcaa1900d7676d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "1837 to January 1901"}], "question": "Through what Period did Queen Victoria reign? ", "id": "572f2d7e04bcaa1900d7676e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "a long period of prosperity for the British people"}], "question": "What did the people consider Queen Victoria reign to be?", "id": "572f2d7e04bcaa1900d7676f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832."}], "question": "How far back would some scholars extend Victoria's reign?", "id": "572f2d7e04bcaa1900d76770"}]}], ["Di bawah Peter I (the Great), Rusia telah diisytiharkan sebagai Empayar pada tahun 1721 dan diiktiraf sebagai kuasa dunia. Putusan dari 1682 hingga 1725, Peter mengalahkan Sweden dalam Perang Utara Besar, memaksanya untuk menyerahkan Karelia Barat dan Ingria (dua wilayah yang hilang oleh Rusia pada Masa Masalah), serta Estland dan Livland, memperoleh akses ke laut Rusia dan perdagangan laut. Di Laut Baltik, Peter mengasaskan sebuah modal baru bernama Saint Petersburg, yang kemudian dikenali sebagai Tetingkap Rusia ke Eropah. Pembaharuan Peter the Great membawa banyak pengaruh budaya Eropah Barat ke Rusia. Catherine II (yang hebat), yang memerintah pada 1762-96, meluaskan kawalan politik Rusia ke Komanwel Poland-Lithuania dan memasukkan sebahagian besar wilayahnya ke Rusia semasa Partition Poland, menolak perbatasan Rusia ke arah barat ke Eropah Tengah. Di selatan, selepas Perang Russo-Turki yang berjaya melawan Empayar Uthmaniyyah, Catherine maju ke sempadan Rusia ke Laut Hitam, mengalahkan kekuasaan Crimean. <> Di bawah siapa Rusia mengisytiharkan empayar? || Peter I <> Dalam tahun apakah Rusia mengisytiharkan sebuah kerajaan? || 1721 <> Melalui apa tempoh Peter saya memerintah? || 1682 hingga 1725 <> Siapa yang saya tewaskan Peter dalam Perang Utara Besar? || Sweden <> Apa yang saya jumpa di Laut Baltik? || sebuah modal baru bernama Saint Petersburg", {"context": "Under Peter I (the Great), Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), as well as Estland and Livland, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg, later known as Russia's Window to Europe. Peter the Great's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia. Catherine II (the Great), who ruled in 1762\u201396, extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In the south, after successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean khanate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "Peter I"}], "question": "Under whom was Russia declared an empire?", "id": "572f2be3b2c2fd1400567f59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "1721"}], "question": "In what year was Russia declared an empire?", "id": "572f2be3b2c2fd1400567f5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "1682 to 1725"}], "question": "Through what period did Peter I rule?", "id": "572f2be3b2c2fd1400567f5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Sweden"}], "question": "Who did Peter I defeat in the Great Northern War?", "id": "572f2be3b2c2fd1400567f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "a new capital called Saint Petersburg"}], "question": "What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea?", "id": "572f2be3b2c2fd1400567f5d"}]}], ["Di bahagian akhir revolusi kedua, Thomas Alva Edison mengembangkan banyak peranti yang sangat mempengaruhi kehidupan di seluruh dunia dan sering dikreditkan dengan penciptaan makmal penyelidikan industri pertama. Pada tahun 1882, Edison beralih kepada rangkaian pembekalan elektrik berskala besar pertama di dunia yang menyediakan 110 volt arus terus kepada lima puluh sembilan pelanggan di Manhattan yang lebih rendah. Juga pada penghujung revolusi perindustrian kedua, Nikola Tesla membuat banyak sumbangan dalam bidang elektrik dan magnetisme pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20. <> Thomas Edison dikreditkan dengan? || penciptaan makmal penyelidikan perindustrian pertama <> Berapa banyak volt yang menyediakan bekalan elektrik Thomas Edison? || 110 volt <> Apakah Thomas Edison beralih ke tahun 1882? || rangkaian bekalan elektrik berskala besar pertama di dunia <> Berapa banyak pelanggan yang dibekalkan oleh rangkaian bekalan elektrik Thomas Edison? || fifty-nine <> Di mana rangkaian bekalan elektrik Thomas Edison terletak? || Manhattan yang lebih rendah", {"context": "In the latter part of the second revolution, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. In 1882, Edison switched on the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution, Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "the creation of the first industrial research laboratory"}], "question": "Thomas Edison is credited with?", "id": "572f20af04bcaa1900d76763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "110 volts"}], "question": "How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?", "id": "572f20af04bcaa1900d76765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "the world's first large-scale electrical supply network"}], "question": "What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?", "id": "572f20af04bcaa1900d76764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "fifty-nine"}], "question": "How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?", "id": "572f20af04bcaa1900d76766"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "lower Manhattan"}], "question": "Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?", "id": "572f20af04bcaa1900d76767"}]}], ["Pemulihan Bourbon mengikuti pengusiran Napoleon I dari Perancis pada 1814. Sekutu itu memulihkan Dinasti Bourbon ke takhta Perancis. Tempoh berikutnya dipanggil Pemulihan, berikutan penggunaan bahasa Perancis, dan dicirikan oleh reaksi konservatif yang tajam dan penubuhan semula Gereja Katolik Roman sebagai kuasa dalam politik Perancis. Monarki Julai adalah zaman monarki perlembagaan liberal di Perancis di bawah Raja Louis-Philippe bermula dengan Revolusi Julai (atau Tiga Hari Kemuliaan) pada 1830 dan berakhir dengan Revolusi 1848. Empayar Kedua adalah rejim Bonapartist Imperial Napoleon III dari 1852 hingga 1870, antara Republik Kedua dan Republik Ketiga, di Perancis. <> Pemulihan Bourbon mengikuti apa acara? || Napoleon I of France <> Apakah Pemulihan Bourbon? || Sekutu mengembalikan Dinasti Bourbon ke takhta Perancis. <> Apakah Monarki Julai? || satu tempoh monarki perlembagaan liberal di Perancis di bawah Raja Louis-Philippe <> Apa kerajaan kedua? || Rejim Bonapartri Imperial Napoleon III <> Melalui apa tempoh kerajaan kedua terakhir? || 1852 hingga 1870", {"context": "The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814. The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Napoleon I of France"}], "question": "The Bourbon Restoration followed what event?", "id": "572f3211b2c2fd1400567f6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne."}], "question": "What is the Bourbon Restoration? ", "id": "572f3211b2c2fd1400567f6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe"}], "question": "What is the July Monarchy? ", "id": "572f3211b2c2fd1400567f6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III"}], "question": "What is the second empires?", "id": "572f3211b2c2fd1400567f70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "1852 to 1870"}], "question": "Through what period did the second empire last?", "id": "572f3211b2c2fd1400567f71"}]}], ["Kuasa-kuasa utama Eropah menuntut ke kawasan-kawasan Afrika di mana mereka dapat menunjukkan pengaruh yang luas ke atas kawasan tersebut. Tuntutan ini tidak perlu mempunyai pemilikan tanah atau perjanjian yang sah untuk menjadi sah. Kuasa Eropah yang menunjukkan kawalannya ke wilayah menerima mandat untuk memerintah rantau itu sebagai koloni nasional. Negara Eropah yang memegang tuntutan itu dibangunkan dan mendapat manfaat daripada kepentingan komersil koloni mereka tanpa perlu takut persaingan saingan Eropah. Dengan tuntutan penjajah itu, andaian yang mendasari bahawa kuasa Eropah yang menggunakan kawalan akan menggunakan mandatnya untuk menawarkan perlindungan dan menyediakan kebajikan untuk rakyat penjajahnya, tetapi prinsip ini tetap lebih banyak teori daripada amalan. Terdapat banyak contoh yang didokumentasikan tentang keadaan material dan moral yang merosot untuk orang asli Afrika pada akhir abad kesembilan belas dan awal abad kedua puluh di bawah pemerintahan kolonial Eropah, sehingga pengalaman kolonial bagi mereka telah digambarkan sebagai \"neraka di bumi.\" <> Kenapa kuasa Eropah menuntut tuntutan ke kawasan Afrika? || mempamerkan sfera pengaruh di kawasan tersebut <> Apakah kuasa Eropah perlu membuat tuntutan ke atas kawasan-kawasan ini yang sah? || Tuntutan ini tidak perlu mempunyai pemilikan tanah atau perjanjian yang sah untuk menjadi sah. <> Apakah kuasa-kuasa Eropah yang mengawal kawalan mereka? || mandat untuk memerintah kawasan itu sebagai koloni nasional. <> Apa pengalaman kolonial untuk orang Afrika yang digambarkan sebagai? || neraka di bumi. <> Bagaimana tuntutan di kawasan di Afrika memberi manfaat kepada kuasa-kuasa Eropah? || kepentingan komersil jajahan tanpa perlu takut persaingan saingan Eropah.", {"context": "The major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area. These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate. The European power that demonstrated its control over a territory accepted the mandate to rule that region as a national colony. The European nation that held the claim developed and benefited from their colony\u2019s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition. With the colonial claim came the underlying assumption that the European power that exerted control would use its mandate to offer protection and provide welfare for its colonial peoples, however, this principle remained more theory than practice. There were many documented instances of material and moral conditions deteriorating for native Africans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under European colonial rule, to the point where the colonial experience for them has been described as \"hell on earth.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "exhibit a sphere of influence over the area"}], "question": "Why did European powers lay claim to areas Africa?", "id": "572f3766b2c2fd1400567f8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate."}], "question": "What did the European powers need to make their claim over these areas legitimate?", "id": "572f3766b2c2fd1400567f8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "mandate to rule that region as a national colony."}], "question": "What do European powers that exibit their control ovet an area accept?", "id": "572f3766b2c2fd1400567f8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1011, "text": "hell on earth."}], "question": "What was the colonial experience for Africans described as?", "id": "572f3766b2c2fd1400567f8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "colony\u2019s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition."}], "question": "How did the claims on the areas in Africa benefit the European powers?", "id": "572f3766b2c2fd1400567f8e"}]}], ["Pernyataan falsafah Cina mula mengintegrasikan konsep falsafah Barat, sebagai langkah ke arah pemodenan. Pada masa Revolusi Xinhai pada tahun 1911, terdapat banyak panggilan, seperti Gerakan Keempat, untuk menghapuskan sepenuhnya institusi dan amalan kekaisaran lama China. Terdapat percubaan untuk menggabungkan demokrasi, republikanisme, dan industrialisasi ke dalam filsafat Cina, terutamanya oleh Sun Yat-Sen (S\u016bn y\u00ec xi\u0101n, dalam satu bentuk Mandarin nama) pada awal abad ke-20. Mao Zedong (M\u00e1o z\u00e9 d\u014dng) menambah pemikiran Marxist-Leninist. Apabila Parti Komunis China mengambil alih kuasa, sekolah pemikiran yang terdahulu, kecuali prinsip Legalism, telah dikecam sebagai mundur, dan kemudiannya dibersihkan semasa Revolusi Kebudayaan. <> Mengapa falsafah Cina mula bercampur dengan konsep barat? || sebagai langkah ke arah pemodenan <> Bilakah bermula Revolusi Xinhai? || 1911 <> Apakah Gerakan May Forth? || untuk menghapuskan sepenuhnya institusi dan amalan kekaisaran lama China <> Apa yang Marxist-Leninst menambah kepada falsafah Cina? || Pemikiran Marxist-Leninist <> Dalam apa acara yang dipansuhkan Legalism? || Revolusi Kebudayaan", {"context": "The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization. By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls, such as the May Fourth Movement, to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China. There were attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (S\u016bn y\u00ec xi\u0101n, in one Mandarin form of the name) at the beginning of the 20th century. Mao Zedong (M\u00e1o z\u00e9 d\u014dng) added Marxist-Leninist thought. When the Communist Party of China took over power, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "as steps toward modernization"}], "question": "Why did Chinese philosophy begin to mix with western concepts?", "id": "572f494104bcaa1900d7680d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "1911"}], "question": "When did the Xinhai Revolution begin?", "id": "572f494104bcaa1900d7680e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China"}], "question": "What is the May Forth Movement?", "id": "572f494104bcaa1900d7680f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "Marxist-Leninist thought"}], "question": "What did Marxist-Leninst add to Chinese philosophy? ", "id": "572f494104bcaa1900d76810"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "the Cultural Revolution"}], "question": "During what event was Legalism abolished?", "id": "572f494104bcaa1900d76811"}]}], ["Zaman Antebellum adalah tempoh peningkatan bahagian di negara ini berdasarkan pertumbuhan perhambaan di Amerika Selatan dan di wilayah barat Kansas dan Nebraska yang akhirnya membawa kepada Perang Saudara pada tahun 1861. Masa Antebellum sering dianggap telah bermula dengan Akta Kansas-Nebraska 1854, [rujukan?] walaupun ia mungkin bermula seawal 1812. Tempoh ini juga penting kerana ia menandakan peralihan pembuatan Amerika kepada revolusi perindustrian. umur antebellum? || tempoh peningkatan bahagian di negara ini berdasarkan pertumbuhan perhambaan <> Bilakah sivil sudah bermula? || 1861 <> Bilakah zaman Antebellum dianggap telah bermula? || dengan Akta Kansas-Nebraska 1854 <> Apa tanda zaman Antebellum? || peralihan pembuatan Amerika kepada revolusi perindustrian.", {"context": "The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861. The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act of 1854,[citation needed] although it may have begun as early as 1812. This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery"}], "question": "What is the antebellum age?", "id": "572f403e04bcaa1900d767d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "1861"}], "question": "When did the civil was begin?", "id": "572f403e04bcaa1900d767d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "with the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act of 1854"}], "question": "When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun?", "id": "572f403e04bcaa1900d767d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution."}], "question": "What did The Antebellum age mark?", "id": "572f403e04bcaa1900d767da"}]}], ["Undang-undang telah dimulakan yang mewajibkan setiap warganegara Jepun lelaki bertubuh, tanpa mengira kelas, untuk berkhidmat dengan tiga tahun mandatori dengan rizab pertama dan dua tahun tambahan dengan rizab kedua. Tindakan ini, kubur kematian bagi pahlawan samurai dan tuan-tuan feodal daimyo mereka, mula-mula bertemu dengan tentara dari petani dan pahlawan. Kelas petani menafsirkan istilah untuk perkhidmatan ketenteraan, ketsu-eki (cukai darah) secara harfiah, dan cuba menghindari perkhidmatan dengan apa-apa cara yang diperlukan. Kerajaan Jepun mula memodelkan pasukan tanah mereka selepas tentera Perancis. Kerajaan Perancis menyumbang banyak kepada latihan pegawai Jepun. Ramai yang bekerja di akademi ketenteraan di Kyoto, dan banyak lagi masih lagi menterjemahkan manual medan Perancis untuk digunakan di jajaran Jepun. <> Undang-undang mandat bahawa setiap mayat badan warga Jepun melakukan apa? || memberikan tempoh mandatori selama tiga tahun dengan rizab pertama dan dua tahun tambahan dengan rizab kedua. <> Siapa yang pada mulanya menolak undang-undang Jepun yang memerintahkan perkhidmatan ketenteraan? || petani dan pahlawan sama. <> Siapa yang Jepun membentuk pasukan tentera mereka selepas itu? || Tentera Perancis <> Apakah nama kelas tani itu undang-undang perkhidmatan ketenteraan wajib? || ketsu-eki <> Di mana akademi tentera terletak? || Kyoto", {"context": "Laws were instituted that required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen, regardless of class, to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves. This action, the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyo feudal lords, initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike. The peasant class interpreted the term for military service, ketsu-eki (blood tax) literally, and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary. The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military. The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers. Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto, and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves."}], "question": "Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what?", "id": "572f3f15947a6a140053c80c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "peasant and warrior alike."}], "question": "Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service?", "id": "572f3f15947a6a140053c80d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "French military"}], "question": "Who did the Japanese form their military  forces after?", "id": "572f3f15947a6a140053c80f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "ketsu-eki"}], "question": "What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law?", "id": "572f3f15947a6a140053c80e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "Kyoto"}], "question": "Where was the military academy located?", "id": "572f3f15947a6a140053c810"}]}], ["Penciptaan ekonomi perindustrian moden berlaku. Dengan mewujudkan infrastruktur pengangkutan dan komunikasi, perbadanan menjadi bentuk organisasi perniagaan yang dominan dan operasi perniagaan revolusi pengurusan berubah. Pada tahun 1890, Kongres meluluskan Akta Antitrust Sherman-sumber semua undang-undang anti-monopoli Amerika. Undang-undang melarang setiap kontrak, skim, perjanjian, atau konspirasi untuk menahan perdagangan, walaupun frasa \"pengekangan perdagangan\" tetap subjektif. Menjelang awal abad ke-20, pendapatan per kapita dan pengeluaran perindustrian di Amerika Syarikat melampaui mana-mana negara lain kecuali Britain. Masa-masa yang panjang dan keadaan kerja yang berbahaya menyebabkan ramai pekerja berusaha membentuk kesatuan sekerja walaupun terdapat penentangan kuat dari para pengusaha dan mahkamah. Tetapi mahkamah telah melindungi pasaran, mengisytiharkan kumpulan Standard Oil sebagai monopoli \"tidak munasabah\" di bawah Akta Sherman Antitrust pada tahun 1911. Ia mengarahkan Standard untuk memecahkan kepada 34 syarikat bebas dengan lembaga pengarah yang berbeza. <> Apa ciptaan yang dibawa dalam ekonomi perindustrian moden? || infrastruktur pengangkutan dan komunikasi <> Apa yang menjadi bentuk organisasi perniagaan yang dominan? || perbadanan <> Apa yang berubah organisasi perniagaan pada tahun 1890? || revolusi pengurusan <> The Sherman Antitrust Act adalah sumber apa? || semua undang-undang anti-monopoli Amerika. <> Apakah dia Standard Oil Group yang ditentukan oleh mahkamah? || monopoli \"tidak munasabah\"", {"context": "The creation of a modern industrial economy took place. With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act\u2014the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbade every contract, scheme, deal, or conspiracy to restrain trade, though the phrase \"restraint of trade\" remained subjective. By the beginning of the 20th century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts. But the courts did protect the marketplace, declaring the Standard Oil group to be an \"unreasonable\" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911. It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "transportation and communication infrastructure"}], "question": "What creations brought in the modern industrial economy?", "id": "572f466bb2c2fd1400567fbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "the corporation"}], "question": "What became the dominant form of business organization? ", "id": "572f466bb2c2fd1400567fbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "managerial revolution"}], "question": "What transformed business organization in 1890?", "id": "572f466bb2c2fd1400567fbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "all American anti-monopoly laws."}], "question": "The Sherman Antitrust Act is the source of what?", "id": "572f466bb2c2fd1400567fc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 884, "text": "an \"unreasonable\" monopoly"}], "question": "What was he Standard Oil Group determined to be by the courts?", "id": "572f466bb2c2fd1400567fc1"}]}], ["Menggantikan fizik klasik yang digunakan sejak akhir revolusi saintifik, fizik moden muncul pada awal abad ke-20 dengan kedatangan fizik kuantum, menggantikan kajian matematik untuk kajian eksperimen dan memeriksa persamaan untuk membina struktur teoritis. [Rujukan?] teori kuantum adalah koleksi keputusan yang mendahului mekanik kuantum moden, tetapi tidak pernah lengkap atau konsisten. Koleksi preskripsi heuristik untuk mekanik kuantum adalah pembetulan pertama kepada mekanik klasik. Di luar alam fizik kuantum, teori-teori pelbagai anether dalam fizik klasik, yang dianggap sebagai \"elemen kelima\" seperti Luminiferous aether, telah dibatalkan oleh percubaan Michelson-Morley-percubaan untuk mengesan gerakan bumi melalui aether. Dalam biologi, Darwinisme mendapat penerimaan, mempromosikan konsep penyesuaian dalam teori pemilihan semula jadi. Bidang geologi, astronomi dan psikologi juga membuat kemajuan dan mendapat pandangan baru. Dalam bidang perubatan, terdapat kemajuan dalam teori perubatan dan rawatan. <> Bilakah fizik moden timbul? || awal abad ke-20 <> Apakah teori kuantum lama? || koleksi keputusan yang mendahului mekanik kuantum moden, tetapi tidak pernah lengkap atau konsisten. <> \"Unsur kelima\" telah dibuktikan oleh apa? || Percubaan Michelson-Morley <> Apakah eksperimen Michelson-Morley? || percubaan untuk mengesan gerak bumi melalui aether <> Apa yang Darwinisme dipromosikan? || teori pemilihan semulajadi.", {"context": "Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics. Outside the realm of quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a \"fifth element\" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment\u2014an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether. In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. The fields of geology, astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights. In medicine, there were advances in medical theory and treatments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "early 20th century"}], "question": "When did modern physics arise?", "id": "572f47a7a23a5019007fc4f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent."}], "question": "What is the old Quantum  theory?", "id": "572f47a7a23a5019007fc4f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "Michelson-Morley experiment"}], "question": "The \"fifth element\" was disproved by what?", "id": "572f47a7a23a5019007fc4f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether"}], "question": "What is the Michelson-Morley experiment?", "id": "572f47a7a23a5019007fc4fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "the theory of natural selection."}], "question": "What does Darwinism promote?", "id": "572f47a7a23a5019007fc4fb"}]}], ["Pemimpin Utara bersetuju bahawa kemenangan memerlukan lebih daripada akhir pertempuran. Nasionalisme sekutu dan Konfederasi harus ditolak sepenuhnya dan semua bentuk perhambaan atau perhambaan semata-mata perlu dihapuskan. Lincoln terbukti berkesan dalam menggerakkan sokongan untuk tujuan perang, menaikkan tentera yang besar dan membekalkannya, mengelakkan gangguan asing, dan mengakhiri perhambaan sebagai matlamat perang. Konfederasi mempunyai kawasan yang lebih besar daripada yang dapat mempertahankannya, dan ia gagal mengekalkan pelabuhannya terbuka dan sungai-sungainya jelas. Utara terus menaikkan tekanan kerana Selatan hampir tidak boleh memberi makan dan memakai tenteranya. Tentera-tenteranya, terutamanya yang di Timur di bawah komando Jeneral Robert E. Lee terbukti sangat akal sehingga akhirnya mereka terharu oleh Jenderal Ulysses S. Grant dan William T. Sherman pada tahun 1864-65, The Reconstruction Era (1863-77) dengan pengisytiharan Emansipasi pada tahun 1863, dan termasuk kebebasan, kewarganegaraan penuh dan undi untuk orang kulit hitam Selatan. Ia diikuti oleh tindak balas yang meninggalkan kulit hitam dalam status kelas kedua secara sah, politik, sosial dan ekonomi sehingga tahun 1960-an. <> Apa yang dipersetujui para pemimpin utara mengenai perhambaan? || semua bentuk perbudakan atau quasi-perbudakan perlu dihapuskan. <> Apa yang Lincoln lakukan dalam perang? || menggerakkan sokongan untuk matlamat perang <> Mengapa tidak konflik mempertahankan pelabuhan mereka? || Konfederasi mempunyai kawasan yang lebih luas daripada yang dapat mempertahankan <> Jenderal Robert E. Lee menguasai apa yang menjadi mazhab konfederasi? || Timur <> Selatan hampir tidak dapat melakukan apa-apa untuk jiwa mereka? || suapan dan pakaian", {"context": "Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated. Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals, raising large armies and supplying them, avoiding foreign interference, and making the end of slavery a war goal. The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend, and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear. The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers. Its soldiers, especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864\u201365, The Reconstruction Era (1863\u201377) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863, and included freedom, full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks. It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally, politically, socially and economically until the 1960s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated."}], "question": "What did northern leaders agree on about slavery?", "id": "572f427604bcaa1900d767f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "mobilizing support for the war goals"}], "question": "What did Lincoln do well in the war?", "id": "572f427604bcaa1900d767f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend"}], "question": "Why couldn't the confederacy defend their ports?", "id": "572f427604bcaa1900d767f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "the East"}], "question": "General Robert E. Lee controlled what sect of the confederacy? ", "id": "572f427604bcaa1900d767f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "feed and clothe"}], "question": "The south could barely do what for their souldiers?", "id": "572f427604bcaa1900d767f4"}]}], ["Sekitar akhir abad ke-19 dan ke abad ke-20, era Meiji ditandai oleh pemerintahan Maharaja Meiji. Pada masa ini, Jepun memulakan pemodenannya dan meningkat ke status kuasa dunia. Nama era ini bermaksud \"Peraturan yang Diterangi\". Di Jepun, Pemulihan Meiji bermula pada tahun 1860-an, menandakan pemodenan pesat oleh orang Jepun sendiri di sepanjang garis Eropah. Banyak penyelidikan telah menumpukan kepada isu-isu ketidakupayaan berbanding kesinambungan dengan Tempoh Tokugawa sebelumnya. Pada tahun 1960-an cendekiawan Jepun yang lebih muda yang diketuai oleh Irokawa Daikichi, bertindak balas terhadap tegas birokrasi, dan mula mencari peranan bersejarah orang-orang biasa. Mereka menghindari golongan elit, dan tidak memfokuskan pada peristiwa politik tetapi pada kekuatan dan sikap sosial. Mereka menolak kedua-dua teori Marxisme dan moden sebagai asing dan mengurung. Mereka menegaskan kepentingan tenaga popular dalam pembangunan Jepun moden. Mereka membesarkan sejarah dengan menggunakan kaedah-kaedah sejarah sosial. Tidak sampai permulaan era Meiji yang kerajaan Jepun mula mengambil serius pemodenan. Jepun mengembangkan pangkalan pengeluaran ketenteraannya dengan membuka arsenal di pelbagai lokasi. Hyobusho (pejabat perang) digantikan dengan Jabatan Perang dan Jabatan Laut. Kelas samurai mengalami kekecewaan besar pada tahun-tahun berikutnya. <> Apakah era Meija ditandai oleh? || pemerintahan Kaisar Meiji <> Bagaimana Jepun bangkit menjadi kuasa dunia semasa zaman Meja? || pemodenan <> Kapan pemulihan Meija bermula? || 1860s <> Apa itu \"era Meija\" || Peraturan yang Tercang <> Apa yang dilakukan Irokawa Daikichi bertindak terhadap? || superstar birokrasi", {"context": "Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status. This era name means \"Enlightened Rule\". In Japan, the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s, marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines. Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period. In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi, reacted against the bureaucratic superstate, and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite, and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes. They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining. They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan. They enlarged history by using the methods of social history. It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously. Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations. The hyobusho (war office) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department. The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "the reign of the Meiji Emperor"}], "question": "What was the Meija era marked by?", "id": "572f3d1f04bcaa1900d767b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "modernization"}], "question": "How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era?", "id": "572f3d1f04bcaa1900d767b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "1860s"}], "question": "When did the Meija restoration begin?", "id": "572f3d1f04bcaa1900d767b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Enlightened Rule"}], "question": "What does \"Meija era\"", "id": "572f3d1f04bcaa1900d767b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "bureaucratic superstate"}], "question": "What did Irokawa Daikichi act out against?", "id": "572f3d1f04bcaa1900d767b5"}]}], ["Pada masa Persidangan Berlin, Afrika mengandungi seperlima penduduk dunia yang tinggal di satu perempat daripada kawasan tanah di dunia. Walau bagaimanapun, dari perspektif Eropah, mereka membahagikan benua yang tidak diketahui. Negara-negara Eropah menubuhkan beberapa koloni pantai di Afrika pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas, termasuk Cape Colony (Inggeris), Angola (Portugal), dan Algeria (Perancis), tetapi sehingga akhir abad ke-19 Eropah sebahagian besarnya didagangkan dengan negara-negara Afrika bebas tanpa merasakan keperluan untuk pemilikan wilayah. Sehingga tahun 1880-an, sebahagian besar Afrika kekal tidak berlesen, dengan peta barat dari zaman ini secara umumnya menunjukkan ruang kosong untuk pedalaman benua. <> Sebanyak peratus penduduk dunia melakukan Afrika pada Persidangan Berlin? || seperlima <> Apa perspektif Eropa o Afrika yang mengandung seperlima penduduk dunia? || mereka membahagikan benua yang tidak diketahui. <> Bilakah negara-negara Eropah menubuhkan koloni di Afrika? || pertengahan abad kesembilan belas, <> Eropah tidak merasakan keperluan untuk memilik wilayah di Afrika sehingga? || 1880-an <> Bagaimana peta menunjukkan Afrika Sebelum tahun 1880? || secara amnya menunjukkan ruang kosong untuk pedalaman benua.", {"context": "At the time of the Berlin Conference, Africa contained one-fifth of the world\u2019s population living in one-quarter of the world\u2019s land area. However, from Europe's perspective, they were dividing an unknown continent. European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century, which included Cape Colony (Great Britain), Angola (Portugal), and Algeria (France), but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession. Until the 1880s most of Africa remained unchartered, with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent\u2019s interior.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "one-fifth"}], "question": "What percent of the worlds population did Africa posses at the Berlin Conference?", "id": "572f394ba23a5019007fc4ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "they were dividing an unknown continent."}], "question": "What was Europe's perspective o Africa containing one-fifth of the worlds population?", "id": "572f394ba23a5019007fc4ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "the mid-nineteenth century,"}], "question": "When did European countries establish colonies in Africa?", "id": "572f394ba23a5019007fc4ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "1880s"}], "question": "Europe did not feel the need to posses territory in Africa until?", "id": "572f394ba23a5019007fc4f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "generally showing blank spaces for the continent\u2019s interior."}], "question": "How did maps show Africa Before 1880?", "id": "572f394ba23a5019007fc4f1"}]}], ["Semasa Zaman Gilded, terdapat pertumbuhan besar penduduk di Amerika Syarikat dan memaparkan kekayaan yang melampau dan lebih tinggi dari kelas atas Amerika semasa era Perang Saudara dan era selepas Rekonstruksi, pada akhir abad ke-19. Polarisasi kekayaan yang diperoleh terutamanya dari pengembangan industri dan penduduk. Pengusaha-pengusaha Revolusi Perindustrian Kedua telah mewujudkan bandar-bandar dan bandar-bandar perindustrian di Timur Laut dengan kilang-kilang baru, dan menyumbang kepada penciptaan kelas pekerja industri etnik yang menghasilkan kekayaan yang dimiliki oleh para perindustrian dan pembiaya yang kaya raya yang dikenali sebagai \"baron perompak\" . Contohnya adalah syarikat John D. Rockefeller, yang merupakan tokoh penting dalam membentuk industri minyak baru. Menggunakan taktik yang sangat berkesan dan amalan agresif, kemudian dikritik secara meluas, Oil Standard menyerap atau memusnahkan kebanyakan persaingannya. <> Apa yang berlaku dalam Zaman Gila / || paparan kekayaan yang berlebihan dan lebihan kelas atas Amerika <> Dalam apa tempoh masa yang berlaku pada Zaman Gila? || akhir abad ke-19 <> Di manakah kekayaan Zaman Gila datang? || pengembangan industri dan penduduk. <> Apa pembiaya merujuk kepada industrialis kaya? || baron perompak <> Apakah jenis amalan yang dilakukan John D. Rockefeller dalam industri minyak? || taktik yang berkesan dan amalan agresif", {"context": "During the Gilded Age, there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century. The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion. The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories, and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the \"robber barons\". An example is the company of John D. Rockefeller, who was an important figure in shaping the new oil industry. Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices, later widely criticized, Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class"}], "question": "What happened in the Glided Age/", "id": "572f4433b2c2fd1400567fa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "late 19th century"}], "question": "In what time period did the Glided Age occur?", "id": "572f4433b2c2fd1400567faa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "industrial and population expansion."}], "question": "Where did the wealth of the Glided Age come form?", "id": "572f4433b2c2fd1400567fab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "robber barons"}], "question": "What did Financiers refer to rich industrialist as?", "id": "572f4433b2c2fd1400567fac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "effective tactics and aggressive practices"}], "question": "What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry?", "id": "572f4433b2c2fd1400567fad"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1880-an hingga 1914, kuasa-kuasa Eropah mengembangkan kawalan mereka di benua Afrika, bersaing antara satu sama lain untuk tanah dan sumber Afrika. Great Britain mengendalikan pelbagai pegangan kolonial di Afrika Timur yang merangkumi panjang benua Afrika dari Mesir di utara ke Afrika Selatan. Perancis mendapat tanah besar di Afrika Barat, dan koloni Portugis yang diadakan di selatan Afrika. Jerman, Itali, dan Sepanyol menubuhkan sebilangan kecil koloni di pelbagai tempat di seluruh benua, termasuk Afrika Timur Jerman (Tanganyika) dan Jerman Barat Daya Barat Laut untuk Jerman, Eritrea dan Libya untuk Itali, dan Kepulauan Canary dan Rio de Oro di barat laut Afrika untuk Sepanyol. Akhirnya, untuk Raja Leopold (memerintah dari tahun 1865-1909), terdapat \"sebilangan besar kue Afrika yang besar\" yang dikenali sebagai Kongo, yang, malangnya untuk orang asli Kongo, menjadi warisan pribadinya yang dilakukannya sebagaimana yang dia sukai di Tengah Afrika. Menjelang 1914, hampir seluruh benua berada di bawah kawalan Eropah. Liberia, yang diselesaikan oleh budak-budak Amerika yang dibebaskan pada tahun 1820-an, dan Abyssinia (Ethiopia) di Afrika timur adalah negara-negara Afrika yang masih bebas. (John Merriman, A History of Europe Modern, Volume Two: Dari Revolusi Perancis hingga ke Hadapan, Edisi Ketiga (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), ms 819-859). <> Melalui apa tempoh kuasa Eropah mengembangkan kawalan di Afrika? || 1880-an hingga 1914 <> Apa yang Eropah bersaing untuk? || Tanah dan sumber Afrika. <> Apakah kawalan Inggeris? || pelbagai kepelbagaian penjajah di Afrika Timur <> Di mana di Afrika adakah Perancis mempunyai kawalan? || Afrika Barat <> Di manakah Afrika mempunyai kawalan Portugis? || selatan Afrika", {"context": "From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa\u2019s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865\u20131909), there was the large \u201cpiece of that great African cake\u201d known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819\u2013859).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1880s to 1914"}], "question": "Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?", "id": "572f3b98b2c2fd1400567f95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Africa\u2019s land and resources."}], "question": "What was Europe competing for? ", "id": "572f3b98b2c2fd1400567f96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "various colonial holdings in East Africa"}], "question": "What did Great Britain control?", "id": "572f3b98b2c2fd1400567f97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "West Africa"}], "question": "Where in Africa did the French have control? ", "id": "572f3b98b2c2fd1400567f98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "southern Africa"}], "question": "Where in Africa did Portuguese have control? ", "id": "572f3b98b2c2fd1400567f99"}]}], ["Albert Einstein dikenali dengan teori relativiti khas dan relativiti umum. Beliau juga membuat sumbangan penting kepada mekanik statistik, terutamanya rawatan matematiknya terhadap gerakan Brownian, resolusi paradoks pemanasan spesifik, dan hubungannya dengan turun naik dan pelesapan. Walaupun keberatan tentang tafsirannya, Einstein juga memberi sumbangan kepada mekanik kuantum dan teori bidang kuantum secara tidak langsung, terutamanya melalui kajian teoretis fotonnya. <> Apakah Albert Einstein dikenali? || teorinya tentang kerelatifan khas dan kerelatifan umum <> Apa yang Einstein menambah kepada Gerakan Brownman? || rawatan matematik <> Apa yang Einstein menemui resolusi? || paradoks ketuhar spesifik <> Teori apa yang Einstein mempunyai keberatan? || teori medan kuantum", {"context": "Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "his theories of special relativity and general relativity"}], "question": "What is Albert Einstein known for? ", "id": "572f4f3304bcaa1900d76831"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "mathematical treatment"}], "question": "What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion?", "id": "572f4f3304bcaa1900d76832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "the paradox of specific heats"}], "question": "What did Einstein discover a resolution to?", "id": "572f4f3304bcaa1900d76833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "quantum field theory"}], "question": "What theory  did Einstein have reservations about?", "id": "572f4f3304bcaa1900d76834"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1912, Republik China ditubuhkan dan Sun Yat-sen dirasmikan di Nanjing sebagai Presiden sementara. Tetapi kuasa di Beijing telah diluluskan kepada Yuan Shikai, yang mempunyai kawalan yang berkesan terhadap Tentera Beiyang, pasukan tentera yang paling berkuasa di China pada masa itu. Untuk mencegah peperangan sivil dan kemungkinan intervensi asing untuk meruntuhkan republik bayi, para pemimpin bersetuju dengan tuntutan Tentera bahawa China akan bersatu di bawah kerajaan Beijing. Pada 10 Mac, di Beijing, Shikai bersumpah sebagai Presiden Sementara Sementara yang kedua di Republik China. <> Bilakah Republik China ditubuhkan? || 1912 <> Apa yang China bersetuju untuk menghindari meruntuhkan Republik? || bersetuju dengan tuntutan Tentera bahawa China akan bersatu di bawah kerajaan Beijing. <> Siapa yang mengawal tentera Beiyang? || Yuan Shikai <> Yang telah dirasmikan di Nanjing sebagai presiden sementara pertama? || Sun Yat-sen <> Siapa yang menjadi sumpah sebagai presiden sementara kedua republik China? || Beijing, Shikai", {"context": "In 1912, the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, leaders agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government. On March 10, in Beijing, Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1912"}], "question": "When was the Republic of China established?", "id": "572f54dba23a5019007fc551"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government."}], "question": "What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic?", "id": "572f54dba23a5019007fc554"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Yuan Shikai"}], "question": "Who had control of the Beiyang army?", "id": "572f54dba23a5019007fc553"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Sun Yat-sen"}], "question": "Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president? ", "id": "572f54dba23a5019007fc552"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Beijing, Shikai"}], "question": "Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China?", "id": "572f54dba23a5019007fc555"}]}], ["Era zaman Edward di United Kingdom adalah zaman yang merangkumi pemerintahan Raja Edward VII hingga akhir Perang Dunia Pertama, termasuk tahun-tahun sekitar tenggelamnya Titanic RMS. Pada tahun-tahun awal masa itu, Perang Boer Kedua di Afrika Selatan membelah negara menjadi puak anti-perang dan pro-perang. Dasar-dasar imperialis Konservatif akhirnya terbukti tidak popular dan pada pilihan raya umum 1906 Liberal memenangi tanah runtuh yang besar. Kerajaan Liberal tidak dapat meneruskan semua program radikal tanpa sokongan Dewan Pertuanan, yang sebahagian besarnya Konservatif. Konflik antara kedua-dua Dewan Parlimen mengenai Belanjawan Rakyat menyebabkan pengurangan kuasa rakan-rakan pada tahun 1910. Pilihan raya umum pada bulan Januari tahun itu memulangkan parlimen yang digantung dengan keseimbangan kuasa yang dipegang oleh anggota-anggota Nationalist Buruh dan Irelandis. <> Apa era Edward? || tempoh yang merangkumi pemerintahan Raja Edward VII hingga akhir Perang Dunia Pertama, <> Apakah peristiwa membelah United Kingdom menjadi dua kumpulan? || Perang Boer Kedua <> Dalam tahun berapakah Liberal menang besar dalam pilihan raya umum? || 1906 <> Apa yang menyebabkan pengurangan kekuatan rakan-rakan? || Konflik antara kedua-dua Dewan Parlimen atas Anggaran Rakyat <> Siapa yang memegang baki kuasa pada pilihan raya 1910? || Ahli buruh dan ahli kebangsaan Ireland.", {"context": "The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War, including the years surrounding the sinking of the RMS Titanic. In the early years of the period, the Second Boer War in South Africa split the country into anti- and pro-war factions. The imperial policies of the Conservatives eventually proved unpopular and in the general election of 1906 the Liberals won a huge landslide. The Liberal government was unable to proceed with all of its radical programme without the support of the House of Lords, which was largely Conservative. Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget led to a reduction in the power of the peers in 1910. The general election in January that year returned a hung parliament with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War,"}], "question": "What is the Edwardian era?", "id": "572f59f204bcaa1900d76891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Second Boer War"}], "question": "What event split the United Kingdom into two groups?", "id": "572f59f204bcaa1900d76892"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "1906"}], "question": "In what year did the Liberals win huge in the general election?", "id": "572f59f204bcaa1900d76893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget"}], "question": "What led to a reduction in the power of the peers?", "id": "572f59f204bcaa1900d76894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 839, "text": "Labour and Irish Nationalist members."}], "question": "Who held the balance of power in the 1910 election?", "id": "572f59f204bcaa1900d76895"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1901, Persekutuan Australia adalah proses di mana enam jajahan British sendiri yang berasingan di New South Wales, Queensland, Australia Selatan, Tasmania, Victoria dan Australia Barat membentuk satu negara. Mereka memelihara sistem kerajaan yang telah mereka usahakan sebagai tanah jajahan yang berasingan tetapi juga akan mempunyai kerajaan persekutuan yang bertanggungjawab terhadap perkara-perkara yang berkaitan dengan seluruh negara. Apabila Perlembagaan Australia berkuatkuasa, koloni-koloni tersebut secara kolektif menjadi negeri Komanwel Australia. <> Apakah persekutuan Australia? || enam jajahan British sendiri yang berasingan di New South Wales, Queensland, Australia Selatan, Tasmania, Victoria dan Australia Barat membentuk satu bangsa. <> Apakah Kerajaan Persekutuan bertanggungjawab? || perkara mengenai seluruh negara. <> Bilakah koloni secara kolektif menjadi sebahagian daripada Komanwel Australia? || Apabila Perlembagaan Australia berkuatkuasa", {"context": "In 1901, the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation. They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation."}], "question": "What is the federation of Australia?", "id": "572f527db2c2fd140056801d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "matters concerning the whole nation."}], "question": "What was the federal Government responsible for? ", "id": "572f527db2c2fd140056801e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "When the Constitution of Australia came into force"}], "question": "When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth  of Australia?", "id": "572f527db2c2fd140056801f"}]}], ["Penyebab Perang Dunia I termasuk banyak faktor, termasuk konflik dan antagonisme empat dekade yang membawa kepada perang. Triple Entente adalah nama yang diberikan kepada penyelarasan longgar antara United Kingdom, Perancis, dan Rusia selepas penandatanganan Entente Anglo-Rusia pada tahun 1907. Penjajaran ketiga-tiga kuasa itu, ditambah dengan pelbagai perjanjian dengan Jepun, Amerika Syarikat, dan Sepanyol, merupakan pengantara kuat kepada Perikatan Triple Jerman, Austria-Hungary, dan Itali, yang ketiga membuat kesepakatan rahsia tambahan dengan Perancis secara efektif membatalkan komitmen Perikatannya. Ketenteraan, pakatan, imperialisme, dan nasionalisme memainkan peranan utama dalam konflik. Asal-usul perang segera terletak pada keputusan yang diambil oleh para penganut dan jeneral semasa Krisis Julai 1914, percikan api (atau casus belli) yang mana pembunuhan Archduke Franz Ferdinand dari Austria. <> Apa itu Entente Triple? || nama yang diberikan kepada penyelarasan longgar antara United Kingdom, Perancis, dan Rusia selepas penandatanganan Entente Anglo-Rusia pada tahun 1907. <> Bilakah Anglo-Rusia Entente ditandatangani? || 1907. <> Apa asal perang? || keputusan yang dibuat oleh negarawan dan jeneral semasa Krisis Julai 1914 <> Siapa yang dibunuh di Austria? || Archduke Franz Ferdinand <> The Triple Entente berkhidmat sebagai kaunter untuk perjanjian apa? || Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, dan Itali,", {"context": "The causes of World War I included many factors, including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. The alignment of the three powers, supplemented by various agreements with Japan, the United States, and Spain, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict. The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914, the spark (or casus belli) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907."}], "question": "What is The Triple Entente?", "id": "572f5c00947a6a140053c8be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "1907."}], "question": "When was the Anglo -Russia Entente signed?", "id": "572f5c00947a6a140053c8bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914"}], "question": "What was the origin of the war?", "id": "572f5c00947a6a140053c8c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand"}], "question": "Who was murdered in Austria?", "id": "572f5c00947a6a140053c8c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,"}], "question": "The Triple Entente served as a counter to what agreement? ", "id": "572f5c00947a6a140053c8c0"}]}], ["Selepas revolusi abad ke-20, peralihan serantau panglima serantau di China berperang untuk mengawal kerajaan Beijing. Walaupun hakikat bahawa pelbagai panglima perang menguasai kerajaan di Beijing semasa zaman pemerintahan, ini tidak membentuk era pengawasan atau pemerintahan baru, kerana para panglima perang lain tidak mengakui pemerintahan sementara pada masa ini dan merupakan undang-undang kepada diri mereka sendiri. Kerajaan yang dikuasai tentera ini secara kolektif dikenali sebagai kerajaan Beiyang. Era perang berakhir sekitar 1927. <Apa yang berlaku kepada China selepas revolusi abad ke-20? || peralihan aliansi panglima perang serantau China yang berperang untuk mengawal kerajaan Beijing. <> Siapa yang akhirnya dapat mengawal kerajaan Beijing? || pelbagai panglima perang <> Kenapa tidak ada era pemerintahan baru di Beijing? || kerana panglima perang yang lain tidak mengiktiraf kerajaan sementara dalam masa ini dan merupakan undang-undang kepada diri mereka sendiri. <> Apakah kerajaan-kerajaan yang dikuasai ketenteraan dikenali sebagai? || Kerajaan Beiyang <> Bilakah era mujahidin berakhir? || sekitar tahun 1927", {"context": "After the early 20th century revolutions, shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government. Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves. These military-dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government. The warlord era ended around 1927.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government."}], "question": "What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions?", "id": "572f56ddb2c2fd1400568049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "various warlords"}], "question": "Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government?", "id": "572f56ddb2c2fd140056804a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves."}], "question": "Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing? ", "id": "572f56ddb2c2fd140056804b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "the Beiyang government"}], "question": "What were the military dominated governments known as?", "id": "572f56ddb2c2fd140056804c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "around 1927"}], "question": "When did the warlord era end?", "id": "572f56ddb2c2fd140056804d"}]}], ["Empat tahun ke abad ke 20 menyaksikan Perang Russo-Jepun dengan Pertempuran Port Arthur yang menubuhkan Empayar Jepun sebagai kuasa dunia. Orang Rusia terus mengejar pelabuhan air panas di Lautan Pasifik, untuk angkatan laut dan juga perdagangan maritim. Kempen Manchurian Empayar Rusia bertempur melawan Jepun atas Manchuria dan Korea. Teater utama operasi adalah Manchuria Selatan, khususnya kawasan sekitar Semenanjung Liaodong dan Mukden, dan laut di sekitar Korea, Jepun, dan Laut Kuning. Kempen yang terhasil, di mana tentera Jepun yang baru muncul secara konsisten mencapai kemenangan atas pasukan Rusia yang menentang mereka, tidak dijangka oleh pemerhati dunia. Kejayaan-kejayaan ini, seiring dengan waktunya, akan mengubah pengedaran kuasa secara dramatik di Asia Timur, mengakibatkan penilaian semula kemasukan baru-baru ini ke peringkat dunia. Rentetan kekalahan yang memalukan meningkatkan ketidakpuasan popular Rusia dengan kerajaan Tsarist yang tidak cekap dan korup. <> Apabila perang Russo-Jepun berlaku? || Empat tahun ke abad ke-20 <> Apakah pertempuran Port Arthur ditubuhkan? || Empayar Jepun sebagai kuasa dunia. <> Apa yang Rusia berharap dapat mencari di lautan Pasifik? || Pelabuhan air suam <> Mengapa Kempen Manchurian melawan Rusia. || lebih dari Manchuria dan Korea. <> Bagaimana kemenangan Jepun ke atas pandangan Rusia di seluruh dunia? || tidak dijangka", {"context": "Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo-Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power. The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade. The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea. The resulting campaigns, in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them, were unexpected by world observers. These victories, as time transpired, would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Four years into the 20th century"}], "question": "When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place?", "id": "572f588204bcaa1900d76877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "the Empire of Japan as a world power."}], "question": "What did the battle of Port Arthur establish?", "id": "572f588204bcaa1900d76878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "warm water port"}], "question": "What were the Russians hoping to find in the pacific ocean?", "id": "572f588204bcaa1900d76879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "over Manchuria and Korea."}], "question": "Why did the Manchurian Campaign fight the Russians. ", "id": "572f588204bcaa1900d7687a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "unexpected"}], "question": "How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world?", "id": "572f588204bcaa1900d7687b"}]}], ["Hari-hari terakhir Dinasti Qing ditandakan oleh pergolakan awam dan pencerobohan asing. Menjawab kegagalan awam dan rasa tidak puas hati ini, Mahkamah Qing Imperial berusaha untuk memperbaharui kerajaan dalam pelbagai cara, seperti keputusan untuk merangka sebuah perlembagaan pada tahun 1906, penubuhan badan perundangan wilayah pada tahun 1909, dan persiapan untuk sebuah parlimen nasional pada tahun 1910 Walau bagaimanapun, banyak langkah-langkah ini ditentang oleh konservatif Mahkamah Qing, dan banyak pembaharu sama ada dipenjarakan atau dilaksanakan secara terang-terangan. Kegagalan Mahkamah Imperial untuk memberlakukan langkah reformasi liberalisasi politik dan pemodenan menyebabkan para reformis memimpin ke jalan revolusi. <> Apakah hari terakhir dinasti Qing yang ditandai oleh? || kekacauan awam dan pencerobohan asing. <> Apa yang cuba dilakukan oleh dinasti Qing untuk menghadapi kerusuhan awam? || cuba memperbaharui kerajaan di pelbagai <> Apa yang berlaku kepada reformasi di dinasti Qing? || sama ada dipenjarakan atau dilaksanakan secara terang-terangan. <> Apa yang menyebabkan revolusi terhadap dinasti Qing? || kegagalan Mahkamah Imperial untuk menggubal langkah pembaharuan liberalisasi dan pemodenan politik seperti itu", {"context": "The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions. Responding to these civil failures and discontent, the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways, such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906, the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909, and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910. However, many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court, and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright. The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "civil unrest and foreign invasions."}], "question": "What were the last days of the Qing dynasty marked by? ", "id": "572f538ca23a5019007fc53f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "attempt to reform the government in various"}], "question": "What did the Qing dynasty attempt to do n the face of civil unrest? ", "id": "572f538ca23a5019007fc540"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "either imprisoned or executed outright."}], "question": "What happened to The reformers in the Qing dynasty? ", "id": "572f538ca23a5019007fc541"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization"}], "question": "What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty?", "id": "572f538ca23a5019007fc542"}]}], ["Bermula dari seratus tahun sebelum abad ke-20, falsafah spiritual pencerahan telah dicabar di pelbagai pihak sekitar tahun 1900-an. Dibangunkan dari tradisi sekular yang terdahulu, falsafah etika moden Humanist menegaskan martabat dan nilai semua orang, berdasarkan keupayaan untuk menentukan yang benar dan salah dengan merayu kepada kualiti manusia sejagat, khususnya rasionalitas, tanpa mengambil tindakan terhadap kuasa supernatural atau dugaan ilahi dari teks keagamaan . Bagi manusia semangat liberal seperti Rousseau dan Kant, undang-undang universal alasan membimbing jalan ke arah pembebasan menyeluruh dari segala jenis kezaliman. Idea-idea ini dicabar, contohnya oleh Karl Marx muda, yang mengkritik projek pembebasan politik (terkandung dalam bentuk hak asasi manusia), menegaskan ia menjadi gejala yang sangat dehumanisasi yang seharusnya ditentangnya. Bagi Friedrich Nietzsche, humanisme tidak lebih daripada versi teisme. Dalam Genealogi Akhlaknya, beliau berpendapat bahawa hak asasi manusia wujud sebagai cara bagi orang lemah untuk secara kolektif mengekang yang kuat. Pada pandangan ini, hak tersebut tidak memudahkan pembebasan hidup, tetapi menafikannya. Pada abad ke-20, tanggapan bahawa manusia secara autonomi rasional telah dicabar oleh konsep bahawa manusia dipandu oleh keinginan tidak rasional yang tidak sedar. <> Bilakah pencerahan falsafah rohani dicabar? || di pelbagai tempat sekitar tahun 1900-an. <> Apakah falsafah etika Humanis yang dihasilkan dari? || tradisi sekular terdahulu <> Kenapa Kari Marx mengkritik Falsafah Humanis? || ia menjadi gejala yang sangat dehumanisasi yang sepatutnya untuk menentang <> Apa yang Friedrinch Netzsche mempertimbangkan Humanisme? || versi sekular teisme <> Mengapa Friedrinch Netzsche percaya terdapat hak asasi manusia? || sebagai satu cara untuk orang lemah untuk secara kolektif mengekang yang kuat.", {"context": "Starting one-hundred years before the 20th century, the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s. Developed from earlier secular traditions, modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities, particularly rationality, without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts. For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant, the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny. These ideas were challenged, for example by the young Karl Marx, who criticized the project of political emancipation (embodied in the form of human rights), asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose. For Friedrich Nietzsche, humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism. In his Genealogy of Morals, he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong. On this view, such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life, but rather deny it. In the 20th century, the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "in various quarters around the 1900s."}], "question": "When was the enlightenment of spiritual philosophy challenged?", "id": "572f4dbdb2c2fd1400567ff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "earlier secular traditions"}], "question": "What were Humanist ethical philosophy's developed from?", "id": "572f4dbdb2c2fd1400567ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose"}], "question": "Why did Kari Marx criticize Humanist Philosophy's? ", "id": "572f4dbdb2c2fd1400567ff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 920, "text": "a secular version of theism"}], "question": "What did Friedrinch Netzsche consider Humanism to be?", "id": "572f4dbdb2c2fd1400567ffa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1011, "text": "as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong."}], "question": "Why does Friedrinch Netzsche believe human rights exist?", "id": "572f4dbdb2c2fd1400567ffb"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, krisis tidak wujud dalam keadaan tidak sah; ia berlaku selepas siri pertempuran diplomatik yang panjang antara Kuasa Besar ke atas isu-isu Eropah dan penjajah dalam dekad sebelum 1914 yang telah meninggalkan ketegangan yang tinggi. Benturan diplomatik dapat dikesan dengan perubahan dalam keseimbangan kuasa di Eropah sejak tahun 1870. Contohnya ialah Keretapi Baghdad yang dirancang untuk menghubungkan kota-kota Empayar Uthmaniyyah di Konya dan Baghdad dengan garis-garis melalui Turki, Syria dan Iraq zaman sekarang. Keretapi itu menjadi sumber pertikaian antarabangsa pada tahun-tahun sebelum Perang Dunia I. Meskipun telah diperdebatkan bahawa mereka telah diselesaikan pada tahun 1914 sebelum perang dimulai, ia juga mengatakan bahawa kereta api itu adalah penyebab Perang Dunia Pertama. Pada asasnya perang itu dipicu oleh ketegangan di wilayah di Balkan. Austria-Hungary bersaing dengan Serbia dan Rusia untuk wilayah dan pengaruh di rantau ini dan mereka menarik seluruh kuasa besar ke dalam konflik melalui pelbagai pakatan dan perjanjian mereka. Perang Balkan adalah dua peperangan di Eropah Tenggara pada tahun 1912-1913, dimana Liga Balkan (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, dan Serbia) pertama kali menangkap pasukan Uthmaniyyah yang tinggal di Thessaly, Macedonia, Epirus, Albania dan kebanyakan dari Thrace dan kemudian jatuh ke atas pembahagian harta rampasan, dengan penggabungan Romania kali ini. <> Di manakah Keretapi Baghdad Katakanlah untuk menyambung? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah bandar-bandar Konya dan Baghdad dengan garis melalui Turki, Syria dan Iraq moden <> Apa pun sebab utama memulakan perang pada tahun 1914? || ketegangan terhadap wilayah di Balkan. <> Siapa yang berperang Austria-Hungary dengan lebih banyak wilayah? || Serbia dan Rusia <> Dimana perang Balkan berlaku? || Eropah Tenggara <> Mengapa Albania gugur dengan Thessaly, Macedonia dan Epirus? || atas pembahagian harta rampasan", {"context": "However, the crisis did not exist in a void; it came after a long series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade prior to 1914 which had left tensions high. The diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1870. An example is the Baghdad Railway which was planned to connect the Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq. The railway became a source of international disputes during the years immediately preceding World War I. Although it has been argued that they were resolved in 1914 before the war began, it has also been argued that the railroad was a cause of the First World War. Fundamentally the war was sparked by tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the great powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912\u20131913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, and Serbia) first captured Ottoman-held remaining part of Thessaly, Macedonia, Epirus, Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, with incorporation of Romania this time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq"}], "question": "Where was the Baghdad Railway Suppose to connect?", "id": "572f5f7a947a6a140053c8d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "tensions over territory in the Balkans."}], "question": "What fundamental cause started the war in 1914?", "id": "572f5f7a947a6a140053c8d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "Serbia and Russia"}], "question": "Who did Austria-Hungary war with over territory?", "id": "572f5f7a947a6a140053c8d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1046, "text": "South-eastern Europe"}], "question": "Where did the Balkan wars take place?", "id": "572f5f7a947a6a140053c8d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1284, "text": "over the division of the spoils"}], "question": "Why did Albania fall out with Thessaly, Macedonia and Epirus?", "id": "572f5f7a947a6a140053c8d4"}]}], ["Eropah menghabiskan tahun-tahun ini untuk membina semula dan menyumbang kepada kos manusia yang besar dalam konflik itu. Ekonomi Amerika Syarikat semakin saling berkaitan dengan Eropah. Di Jerman, Republik Weimar memberi laluan kepada episod kegawatan politik dan ekonomi, yang berakhir dengan hiperinflasi Jerman pada 1923 dan Hall Hall Putsch yang gagal pada tahun yang sama. Apabila Jerman tidak dapat lagi membayar bayaran perang, Wall Street melabur banyak hutang Eropah untuk mengekalkan ekonomi Eropah sebagai pasaran pengguna yang besar untuk barangan massal Amerika. Menjelang pertengahan dekad, perkembangan ekonomi melonjak ke Eropah, dan Roaring Twenties meletus di Jerman, Britain dan Perancis, separuh kedua dekad ini dikenali sebagai \"Golden Twenties\". Di Perancis dan francophone Kanada, mereka juga dikenali sebagai \"ann\u00e9es folles\" (\"Crazy Years\"). <> Bilakah kejadian hiperinflasi tahun 1923 berlaku? || 1923 <> Siapa yang melabur dalam hutang Eropah? || Wall Street <> Eropah mempunyai pasaran yang besar untuk apa? || Barang besar Amerika yang dihasilkan", {"context": "Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe. In Germany, the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil, which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. When Germany could no longer afford war payments, Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass-produced goods. By the middle of the decade, economic development soared in Europe, and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany, Britain and France, the second half of the decade becoming known as the \"Golden Twenties\". In France and francophone Canada, they were also called the \"ann\u00e9es folles\" (\"Crazy Years\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "1923"}], "question": "When did the hyperinflation of  1923 occur?", "id": "572f7d4d04bcaa1900d76a13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Wall Street"}], "question": "Who invested in European debts?", "id": "572f7d4d04bcaa1900d76a14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "American mass-produced goods"}], "question": "Europe has a large market for what?", "id": "572f7d4d04bcaa1900d76a15"}]}], ["Perang Dunia Pertama bermula pada tahun 1914 dan bertahan pada Gencatan senjata terakhir pada tahun 1918. Kuasa Sekutu, yang diketuai oleh Empayar Britania, Perancis, Rusia hingga Mac 1918, Jepun dan Amerika Syarikat selepas 1917, mengalahkan Kuasa Tengah, yang dipimpin oleh Jerman Empayar, Empayar Austro-Hungary dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Perang itu menyebabkan perpecahan empat empayar-Austro-Hungarian, Jerman, Uthmaniyyah, dan Rusia-serta perubahan radikal di peta Eropah dan Barat Asia. Kuasa Sekutu sebelum tahun 1917 disebut sebagai Triple Entente, dan Kuasa Tengah disebut sebagai Perikatan Triple. <> Bilakah Perang Dunia pertama bermula? || 1914 <> Siapa yang mengetuai kuasa Sekutu? || British Empire, France, Russia <> yang mengalahkan kuasa-kuasa pusat yang diketuai oleh Empayar Jerman Empayar Austro-Hungaria dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah ?? || Jepun dan Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah kuasa Sekutu yang disebut sebelum 1917? || Triple Entente <> Berapa banyak Empayar yang menyebabkan perang menyebabkan kemusnahan? || empat empayar", {"context": "The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918. The Allied Powers, led by the British Empire, France, Russia until March 1918, Japan and the United States after 1917, defeated the Central Powers, led by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The war caused the disintegration of four empires\u2014the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones\u2014as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "1914"}], "question": "When did the first World War begin? ", "id": "572f6140947a6a140053c8f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "British Empire, France, Russia"}], "question": "Who led the Allied powers?", "id": "572f6140947a6a140053c8f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Japan and the United States"}], "question": "Who defeated the Central Powers led by the German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire??", "id": "572f6140947a6a140053c8f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Triple Entente"}], "question": "What were the Allied powers referred to before 1917?", "id": "572f6140947a6a140053c8f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "four empires"}], "question": "How many Empires did the war cause destruction to?", "id": "572f6140947a6a140053c8f8"}]}], ["Di Amerika Utara, terutamanya pada separuh pertama tempoh ini, orang ramai mengalami kemakmuran yang besar di Tahun Dua Puluh Roaring. Gempa sosial dan sosial yang dikenali sebagai Roaring Twenties bermula di Amerika Utara dan menyebar ke Eropah selepas Perang Dunia I. The Roaring Twenties, yang sering disebut \"The Jazz Age\", menyaksikan eksposisi dinamisme sosial, seni, dan budaya. 'Normalcy' kembali kepada politik, muzik jazz berkembang, pembiakan wanita yang baru ditakrifkan semula, Art Deco memuncak. Semangat Roent Twenties ditandai oleh rasa tidak peka umum yang berkaitan dengan kemodenan, rehat dengan tradisi. Semuanya seolah-olah dapat dilaksanakan melalui teknologi moden. Teknologi baru, terutamanya kereta, filem dan radio 'kemodenan' berkembang ke sebahagian besar penduduk. Tahun 1920-an menyaksikan kebaikan praktikal, seni bina dan kehidupan seharian. 1920-an terus dibezakan oleh beberapa penemuan dan penemuan, pertumbuhan industri yang meluas dan peningkatan permintaan dan aspirasi pengguna, dan perubahan gaya hidup yang ketara. <> Apakah \"Twenties Roaring\"? || sosial dan pergolakan sosial <> Apakah \"Roaring Twenties\" yang juga dikenali sebagai? || Zaman Jazz <> Di mana \"Roaring Twenties\" bermula? || Amerika Utara <> Di mana \"Roaring Twenties\" menyebar setelah perang? || Eropah <> apa yang dilakukan oleh \"Jazz Age\"? || sebuah ekspo dinamisme sosial, seni, dan budaya.", {"context": "In North America, especially the first half of this period, people experienced considerable prosperity in the Roaring Twenties. The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I. The Roaring Twenties, often called \"The Jazz Age\", saw an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. 'Normalcy' returned to politics, jazz music blossomed, the flapper redefined modern womanhood, Art Deco peaked. The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity, a break with traditions. Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology. New technologies, especially automobiles, movies and radio proliferated 'modernity' to a large part of the population. The 1920s saw the general favor of practicality, in architecture as well as in daily life. The 1920s was further distinguished by several inventions and discoveries, extensive industrial growth and the rise in consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "social and societal upheaval"}], "question": "What is the \"Roaring Twenties\" ?", "id": "572f7b31b2c2fd140056817d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "The Jazz Age"}], "question": "What is the \"Roaring Twenties\" also known as?", "id": "572f7b31b2c2fd1400568180"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "North America"}], "question": "Where did the \"Roaring Twenties\" begin?", "id": "572f7b31b2c2fd140056817e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Where did the \"Roaring Twenties\"  spread to after the war?", "id": "572f7b31b2c2fd140056817f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism."}], "question": "what did the \"Jazz Age\" usher in? ", "id": "572f7b31b2c2fd1400568181"}]}], ["Pertempuran utama terjadi antara Tentara Merah Bolshevik dan pasukan Tentara Putih. Banyak tentera asing yang berperang melawan Tentera Merah, terutamanya Angkatan Bersekutu, tetapi banyak sukarelawan asing yang bertempur di kedua-dua belah Perang Saudara Rusia. Kumpulan politik nasionalis dan wilayah lain turut menyertai perang, termasuk Tentera Hijau nasionalis Ukraine, anarkis Ukraine Tentera Hitam dan Penjaga Hitam, dan panglima perang seperti Ungern von Sternberg. Pertempuran yang paling sengit terjadi dari tahun 1918 hingga 1920. Operasi ketenteraan besar berakhir pada 25 Oktober 1922 ketika Tentara Merah menduduki Vladivostok, yang sebelumnya dipegang oleh Pemerintah Priamur Sementara. Kawasan terakhir Pasukan Putih adalah Daerah Ayano-Maysky di pantai Pasifik. Majoriti pertempuran berakhir pada tahun 1920 dengan kekalahan Ketua Pyotr Wrangel di Krimea, tetapi perlawanan yang menonjol di kawasan-kawasan tertentu terus berlanjut hingga tahun 1923 (misalnya Kronstadt Uprising, Pemberontakan Tambov, Pemberontakan Basmachi, dan perlawanan terakhir Gerakan Putih dalam Timur Jauh). <> Siapa pertempuran utama antara? || Tentera Merah Bolshevik dan angkatan tentera Putih. <> Dalam apa tempoh masa berlaku pertempuran paling kejam? || 1918 hingga 1920 <> Apa yang umum dikalahkan pada tahun 1920? || Jeneral Pyotr Wrangel <> Bilakah operasi tentera utama berakhir? || 25 Oktober 1922 <> Di manakah rintangan terakhir dari Pergerakan Putih berlaku? || Far East", {"context": "The principal fighting occurred between the Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces, yet many volunteer foreigners fought in both sides of the Russian Civil War. Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war, including the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army, the Ukrainian anarchist Black Army and Black Guards, and warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg. The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920. Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok, previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government. The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano-Maysky District on the Pacific coast. The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea, but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 (e.g., Kronstadt Uprising, Tambov Rebellion, Basmachi Revolt, and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army."}], "question": "Who was the principal fighting between?", "id": "572f766d04bcaa1900d769ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "1918 to 1920"}], "question": "In what time period did the most brutal battles occur?", "id": "572f766d04bcaa1900d769ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "General Pyotr Wrangel"}], "question": "What general was defeated in 1920?", "id": "572f766d04bcaa1900d769ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "25 October 1922"}], "question": "When did the major military operation end?", "id": "572f766d04bcaa1900d769ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1041, "text": "Far East"}], "question": "Where did the last Resistance from the White movement occur?", "id": "572f766d04bcaa1900d769af"}]}], ["Revolusi Rusia adalah siri revolusi di Rusia pada tahun 1917, yang memusnahkan autokrasi Tsar dan membawa kepada penciptaan Uni Soviet. Berikutan penolakan Nicholas II dari Rusia, Kerajaan Sementara Rusia ditubuhkan. Pada bulan Oktober 1917, revolusi puak merah terjadi di mana Pengawal Merah, kumpulan pekerja bersenjata dan tentara yang ditinggalkan oleh Parti Bolshevik, merampas kawalan Saint Petersburg (kemudian dikenali sebagai Petrograd) dan memulakan pengambilalihan bersenjata segera bandar-bandar dan kampung-kampung sepanjang bekas Empayar Rusia. <> Apa peristiwa yang berlaku pada bulan Oktober 1917? || revolusi puak merah <> Apa yang berlaku ketika Nicholas II dikeluarkan dari kuasa? || Kerajaan Sementara Rusia telah ditubuhkan. <> Apa yang berlaku semasa revolusi puak merah? || kumpulan pekerja bersenjata dan tentara yang ditinggalkan oleh Parti Bolshevik, merampas kawalan Saint Petersburg <> Apa itu Revolusi Rusia? || siri revolusi di Rusia pada tahun 1917, yang memusnahkan autokrasi Tsar dan membawa kepada penciptaan Kesatuan Soviet.", {"context": "The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard, armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "a red faction revolution"}], "question": "What event happened in October of 1917?", "id": "572f6ea004bcaa1900d7694b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "the Russian Provisional Government was established."}], "question": "What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power?", "id": "572f6ea004bcaa1900d7694a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg"}], "question": "What happened during the red faction revolution?", "id": "572f6ea004bcaa1900d7694c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union."}], "question": "What is the Russian Revolution?", "id": "572f6ea004bcaa1900d76949"}]}], ["Akhirnya, Perang Dunia I mencipta pemisahan yang tegas dengan perintah dunia lama yang muncul selepas Perang Napoleon, yang diubahsuai oleh revolusi kebangsaan abad pertengahan ke-19. Hasil Perang Dunia I akan menjadi faktor penting dalam perkembangan Perang Dunia II sekitar 20 tahun kemudian. Lebih segera pada masa itu, pemisahan Empayar Uthmaniyyah adalah peristiwa politik yang membangkitkan sempadan politik Asia Barat. Konglomerasi besar wilayah dan masyarakat yang dahulu diperintah oleh Sultan Empayar Uthmaniyyah dibahagikan kepada beberapa negara baru. Pembahagian ini membawa penciptaan dunia Arab moden dan Republik Turki. Liga Bangsa-Bangsa memberikan mandat Perancis ke atas Syria dan Lubnan dan memberikan mandat United Kingdom atas Mesopotamia dan Palestina (yang kemudiannya dibahagikan kepada dua wilayah: Palestina dan Transjordan). Sebahagian dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah di Semenanjung Arab menjadi sebahagian dari apa yang hari ini Arab Saudi dan Yaman. <> Dalam abad apakah revolusi nasionalistik berlaku? || pertengahan abad ke-19 <> Berapa tahun selepas perang dunia saya memulakan perang dunia II? || 20 tahun kemudian. <> Apa yang menarik balik sempadan politik Asia Barat? || pembahagian Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Siapa yang Liga Bangsa-Bangsa memberikan mandat Perancis? || Syria dan Lubnan <> Apakah pembahagian Empayar Otto yang dibawa? || dunia Arab moden dan Republik Turki.", {"context": "Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, which was modified by the mid-19th century's nationalistic revolutions. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later. More immediate to the time, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations. The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine (which was later divided into two regions: Palestine and Transjordan). Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "mid-19th century's"}], "question": "In what century did the Nationalistic revolutions occur?", "id": "572f64c9a23a5019007fc5c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "20 years later."}], "question": "How many years after world war I did world war II start?", "id": "572f64c9a23a5019007fc5c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "partitioning of the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "What withdrew the political boundaries of West Asia?", "id": "572f64c9a23a5019007fc5c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "Syria and Lebanon"}], "question": "Who did The League of Nations grant  France mandates over?", "id": "572f64c9a23a5019007fc5c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey."}], "question": "What did the partitioning of the Otto Empire bring about? ", "id": "572f64c9a23a5019007fc5c6"}]}], ["Pergerakan Keempat Keempat membantu untuk menghidupkan kembali revolusi republik itu. Pada tahun 1917, Sun Yat-sen menjadi ketua komander tentera kerajaan di Guangzhou dengan kerjasama panglima perang selatan. Namun, upaya Sun untuk mendapatkan bantuan dari demokrasi Barat tidak diabaikan, dan pada tahun 1920 ia beralih ke Uni Soviet, yang baru-baru ini mencapai revolusi sendiri. Soviet berusaha berkawan dengan para revolusioner China dengan menawarkan serangan gemuruh terhadap imperialisme Barat. Tetapi untuk kepentingan politik, kepimpinan Soviet memulakan dasar sokongan dua untuk Sun dan Parti Komunis China (PKC) yang baru ditubuhkan. <> Apa bantuan pergerakan keempat May lakukan? || rekindle penyebab revolusi republik itu. <> Sun Yat-Sen menjadi ketua kumpulan ketenteraan. || kerajaan tentera saingan di Guangzhou <> Apa yang Sun Yat-Sen berharap dapat dari demokrasi barat? || Bantuan <> Siapa yang Sun Yet-Sen berpaling pada tahun 1930 untuk mendapatkan bantuan? || Soviet Union <> Bagaimana Soviet cuba bersaing dengan Revolutionist Cina? || dengan menawarkan serangan pedas terhadap imperialisme Barat.", {"context": "The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution. In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords. Sun's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored, however, and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union, which had recently achieved its own revolution. The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism. But for political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party (CCP).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution."}], "question": "What did the May Fourth movement help do?", "id": "572f78e104bcaa1900d769c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "a rival military government in Guangzhou"}], "question": "Sun Yat-Sen became the leader of what military group.", "id": "572f78e104bcaa1900d769c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "aid"}], "question": "What did Sun Yat-Sen hope to get from western democracies?", "id": "572f78e104bcaa1900d769c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "the Soviet Union"}], "question": "Who did Sun Yet-Sen turn in 1930 for help?", "id": "572f78e104bcaa1900d769ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism."}], "question": "How did the Soviets try to befriend  the Chinese Revolutionist?", "id": "572f78e104bcaa1900d769cb"}]}], ["Satu lagi tindakan pada tahun 1917 yang diperhatikan ialah gencatan senjata yang ditandatangani antara Rusia dan Kuasa Tengah di Brest-Litovsk. Sebagai syarat untuk perdamaian, perjanjian oleh Powers Tengah mengakui sebahagian besar bekas Empayar Rusia ke Imperial Jerman dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah, sangat mengganggu nasionalis dan konservatif. Bolshevik membuat perdamaian dengan Empayar Jerman dan Kuasa Tengah, kerana mereka telah menjanjikan orang-orang Rusia sebelum Revolusi. Keputusan Vladimir Lenin telah dikaitkan dengan penajaannya oleh pejabat luar negeri Wilhelm II, Maharaja Jerman, yang ditawarkan oleh kedua negara itu dengan harapan bahawa dengan revolusi, Rusia akan menarik diri dari Perang Dunia I. Kecurigaan ini ditopang oleh tajaan Kementerian Luar Jerman Kembali ke Petrograd. Sekutu Barat menyatakan kecewa mereka di Bolsheviks, kecewa di: <> Bilakah gencatan senjata ditandatangani antara Rusia dan kuasa Pusat? || 1917 <> Apa kuasa-kuasa tengah mengakui sebagai pertukaran untuk keamanan? || bahagian besar bekas Empayar Rusia ke Imperial Jerman dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Siapa yang Bolshevik membuat perdamaian? || Kerajaan Jerman <> Apakah keputusan Vladimir Lenin yang disebabkan oleh? || penajaannya oleh pejabat luar negeri Wilhelm II <> Siapa tajaan Jerman terhadap Petrograd Lenin? || Sekutu barat", {"context": "Another action in 1917 that is of note was the armistice signed between Russia and the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk. As a condition for peace, the treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire, greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives. The Bolsheviks made peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers, as they had promised the Russian people prior to the Revolution. Vladimir Lenin's decision has been attributed to his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II, German Emperor, offered by the latter in hopes that with a revolution, Russia would withdraw from World War I. This suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry's sponsorship of Lenin's return to Petrograd. The Western Allies expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks, upset at:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "1917"}], "question": "When was the armistice signed between Russia and Central powers?", "id": "572f714b04bcaa1900d7695b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "What did Central powers concede in exchange for peace?", "id": "572f714b04bcaa1900d7695c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "the German Empire"}], "question": "Who did the Bolsheviks make peace with?", "id": "572f714b04bcaa1900d7695d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II"}], "question": "What were Vladimir Lenin's decisions caused by? ", "id": "572f714b04bcaa1900d7695e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "Western Allies"}], "question": "Who did the German sponsorship of Lenin's Petrograd upset?", "id": "572f714b04bcaa1900d7695f"}]}], ["Kebanyakan pertempuran di Perang Dunia I berlaku di sepanjang Barisan Barat, dalam sistem penentangan parit dan kubu yang diasingkan (dipisahkan oleh tanah \"Tiada manusia\") yang berlari dari Laut Utara ke sempadan Switzerland. Di Front Timur, dataran timur yang luas dan rangkaian kereta api yang terhad menghalang kebuntuan perang parit dari membangun, walaupun skala konflik sama besar. Permusuhan juga berlaku di dan di bawah laut dan-untuk kali pertama-dari udara. Lebih daripada 9 juta tentera mati di pelbagai medan pertempuran, dan hampir lebih banyak lagi di negara-negara yang mengambil bahagian di negara-negara yang berpangkalan di negara ini disebabkan kekurangan makanan dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai yang dilakukan di bawah perlindungan pelbagai perang saudara dan konflik dalaman. Ketara, lebih ramai orang meninggal dunia akibat wabak influenza di seluruh dunia pada akhir perang dan sejurus selepas meninggal dunia dalam permusuhan. Keadaan tidak bersih yang disebabkan oleh peperangan, kesesakan yang teruk di barak, propaganda perang yang mengganggu amaran kesihatan awam, dan penghijrahan begitu banyak tentera di seluruh dunia membantu wabak itu menjadi pandemik. <> Di manakah kebanyakan pertempuran dalam Perang Dunia I berlaku? || sepanjang Barisan Barat <> Apakah Barisan Barat? || sistem penentangan parit dan kubu yang diasingkan (dipisahkan oleh tanah \"Tiada lelaki\") yang berlari dari Laut Utara ke sempadan Switzerland. <> Apa yang menghalang kebuntuan perang parit? || Di Front Timur, dataran timur yang luas dan rangkaian kereta api terhad <> Berapa banyak askar mati? dalam Perang Dunia I? || Lebih daripada 9 juta <> Di manakah pertarungan muncul untuk kali pertama semasa peperangan? || dari udara.", {"context": "Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front, within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a \"No man's land\") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland. On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing, although the scale of the conflict was just as large. Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and\u2014for the first time\u2014from the air. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. Notably, more people died of the worldwide influenza outbreak at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities. The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war, severe overcrowding in barracks, wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings, and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become a pandemic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "along the Western Front"}], "question": "Where did most of the fighting in World War I take place?", "id": "572f6309b2c2fd140056809d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a \"No man's land\") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland."}], "question": "What is the Western Front?", "id": "572f6309b2c2fd140056809e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network"}], "question": "What prevented a trench warfare stalemate?", "id": "572f6309b2c2fd140056809f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "More than 9 million"}], "question": "How many soldiers died? in World War I?", "id": "572f6309b2c2fd14005680a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "from the air."}], "question": "Where did hostiles appear for the first time during the war?", "id": "572f6309b2c2fd14005680a1"}]}], ["Perang Saudara Rusia adalah perang multi-parti yang berlaku di dalam bekas Empayar Rusia selepas kerajaan sementara Rusia runtuh dan Soviet di bawah dominasi parti Bolshevik menganggap kuasa, pertama di Petrograd (St. Petersburg) dan kemudian di tempat lain. Selepas Revolusi Oktober, Tentera Darat Rusia yang lama telah demobilized; Pengawal Merah yang berbasis sukarelawan adalah pasukan tentera utama Bolsheviks, ditambah dengan komponen tentera bersenjata Cheka, alat keselamatan negara Bolsheviks. Terdapat perintahkan mandatori petani luar bandar ke Tentera Merah. Oposisi Rusia luar bandar ke unit-unit perintis Tentera Merah telah diatasi dengan mengambil tebusan dan menembak mereka apabila perlu untuk memaksa pematuhan. Bekas pegawai Tsarist telah digunakan sebagai \"pakar tentera\" (voenspetsy), yang mengambil tebusan keluarga mereka untuk memastikan kesetiaan. Pada permulaan perang, tiga perempat daripada pegawai pegawai Tentera Merah terdiri daripada pegawai bekas Tsarist. Pada penghujungnya, 83% daripada semua komander bahagian dan tentera Tentera Merah adalah bekas tentera Tsarist. <> Di mana Soviet di bawah pemerintahan Bolshevik mula-mula mengambil alih kuasa semasa Perang Saudara Rusia? || Petrograd (St. Petersburg) <> Berikutan resolusi Oktober, apa yang berlaku kepada Tentera Darat Rusia? || demobilized <> Apakah pasukan tentera utama Bolshevik? || Pengawal Merah yang berasaskan sukarelawan <> Bagaimana Tentera Merah merah mengatasi musuh mereka? || dengan mengambil tebusan dan menembak mereka apabila perlu untuk memaksa pematuhan. <> Bagaimana bekas pegawai Tsarist digunakan? || sebagai \"pakar tentera\"", {"context": "The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and then in other places. In the wake of the October Revolution, the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks' main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka, the Bolshevik state security apparatus. There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. Former Tsarist officers were utilized as \"military specialists\" (voenspetsy), taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty. At the start of the war, three-fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Petrograd (St. Petersburg)"}], "question": "Where did Soviets under the rule of the  Bolshevik first assume power during the Russian Civil War?", "id": "572f74b6947a6a140053c97a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "demobilized"}], "question": "In the wake of the October resolution, what happened to the Russian Imperial Army?", "id": "572f74b6947a6a140053c97b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "volunteer-based Red Guard"}], "question": "What was Bolshevik's main military force?", "id": "572f74b6947a6a140053c97c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance."}], "question": "How did the Red red Army overcome their foes?", "id": "572f74b6947a6a140053c97d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "as \"military specialists\""}], "question": "How were former Tsarist Officers utilized? ", "id": "572f74b6947a6a140053c97e"}]}], ["Depresi Besar berakhir pada masa yang berlainan di negara-negara yang berbeza dengan kesan yang berkekalan ke era seterusnya. Kemurungan Besar Amerika berakhir pada tahun 1941 dengan kemasukan Amerika ke dalam Perang Dunia II. Kebanyakan negara menubuhkan program bantuan, dan kebanyakan mengalami pergolakan politik, mendorong mereka ke kiri atau kanan. Di beberapa negeri dunia, rakyat yang terdesak memalingkan diri ke demagog nasionalis-yang paling terkenal ialah Adolf Hitler-menetapkan pentas untuk era perang yang akan datang. Kejahatan yang dibawa oleh kemelesetan di seluruh dunia mengakibatkan kebangkitan Nazisme. Di Asia, Jepun menjadi kuasa yang lebih tegas, terutama berkaitan dengan China. <> Bilakah Amerika Syarikat Kemurungan Besar berakhir? || 1941 <> Siapa yang Demokrasi Kebangsaan yang paling terkenal rakyatnya berpaling? || Adolf Hitler <> Di sesetengah negara dunia yang membuat orang beralih? || demagog nasionalis <> Apa kejutan yang disebabkan oleh kemelesetan global? || kebangkitan Nazisme", {"context": "The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era. America's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America's entry into World War II. The majority of countries set up relief programs, and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the left or right. In some world states, the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues\u2014the most infamous being Adolf Hitler\u2014setting the stage for the next era of war. The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regards to China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "1941"}], "question": "When did Americas Great Depression end?", "id": "572f8622947a6a140053ca18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Adolf Hitler"}], "question": "Who was the most notable Nationalist Demagogue the people turned to? ", "id": "572f8622947a6a140053ca1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "nationalist demagogues"}], "question": "In some world states who did the people turn to? ", "id": "572f8622947a6a140053ca19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "the rise of Nazism"}], "question": "What did the Convulsion caused by the global depression resul in?", "id": "572f8622947a6a140053ca1b"}]}], ["Holocaust (yang bermaksud \"kebakaran dibakar\") adalah pembunuhan sengaja dan sistematik berjuta-juta orang Yahudi dan \"tidak dikehendaki\" yang lain semasa Perang Dunia II oleh rejim Nazi di Jerman. Beberapa pandangan yang berbeza wujud sama ada ia bertujuan untuk berlaku dari awal perang, atau jika rancangan untuk itu berlaku kemudian. Walau apa pun, penganiayaan orang Yahudi diperluaskan sebelum perang bermula, seperti di Kristallnacht (Malam Kaca Patah). Nazi menggunakan propaganda untuk memberi kesan yang besar untuk membangkitkan perasaan anti-Semitik dalam Jerman biasa. <> Apakah Holocaust itu? || adalah pembunuhan yang disengajakan dan sistematik berjuta-juta orang Yahudi dan \"tidak dikehendaki\" yang lain <> Semasa peristiwa apa yang berlaku Holocaust berlaku? || semasa Perang Dunia II <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap Holocaust? || Rejim Nazi di Jerman. <> Bagaimana Nazi membayangkan perasaan anti-Semitik di kalangan orang awam? || propaganda <> Bilakah penderitaan orang Yahudi bermula? || sebelum perang bermula", {"context": "The Holocaust (which roughly means \"burnt whole\") was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other \"unwanted\" during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning, or if the plans for it came about later. Regardless, persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started, such as in the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other \"unwanted\""}], "question": "What is the Holocaust?", "id": "572f950ca23a5019007fc7a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "during World War II"}], "question": "During what word event did the Holocaust happen? ", "id": "572f950ca23a5019007fc7a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Nazi regime in Germany."}], "question": "Who is responsible for the Holocaust? ", "id": "572f950ca23a5019007fc7a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "propaganda"}], "question": "How did the Nazis conjure up anti-Semitic feelings in civilians?", "id": "572f950ca23a5019007fc7a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "before the war even started"}], "question": "When did the suffering of the Jews begin?", "id": "572f950ca23a5019007fc7a7"}]}], ["Perang Sino-Jepun Kedua telah melihat peningkatan ketegangan antara Imperial Jepun dan Amerika Syarikat; peristiwa-peristiwa seperti insiden Panay dan Nanking Massacre bertukar pendapat umum Amerika terhadap Jepun. Dengan pendudukan Indochina Perancis pada tahun 1940-41, dan dengan perang yang berterusan di China, Amerika Syarikat meletakkan embargo ke atas Jepun bahan-bahan strategik seperti besi dan minyak skrap, yang sangat diperlukan untuk usaha perang. Orang Jepun berhadapan dengan pilihan sama ada menarik diri dari China dan kehilangan muka atau merampas dan memperoleh sumber bahan mentah baru di jajahan-jajahan yang kaya sumber-sumber di Asia Tenggara-khususnya British Malaya dan Hindia Belanda (moden- hari Indonesia). Pada tahun 1940, Imperial Jepun menandatangani Perjanjian Tripartite dengan Nazi Jerman dan Fasis Itali. <> Apa yang dilakukan Amerika Syarikat atas usaha perang Japans? || embargo <> Apa perang melihat ketegangan muncul antara Imperial Jepun dan Amerika Syarikat? || Perang Sino-Jepun Kedua <> Siapa yang Imperial Jepun menandatangani perjanjian Tripartite dengan? || Nazi Jerman dan Fasis Itali. <> Apa yang Embargo Amerika menghalang Jepun daripada mengambil? || bahan strategik seperti besi dan minyak sekerap", {"context": "The Second Sino-Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan. With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940\u201341, and with the continuing war in China, the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil, which were vitally needed for the war effort. The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich, European-controlled colonies of South East Asia\u2014specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). In 1940, Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "embargoes"}], "question": "What did the United States place on Japans war efforts?", "id": "572f8e33a23a5019007fc740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Second Sino-Japanese War"}], "question": "What war saw tensions arise between between Imperial Japan and the United States?", "id": "572f8e33a23a5019007fc73f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}], "question": "Who did Imperial Japan sign a Tripartite pact with? ", "id": "572f8e33a23a5019007fc742"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil"}], "question": "What did the American Embargoes prevent Japan from aquiring?", "id": "572f8e33a23a5019007fc741"}]}], ["Kemakmuran di seluruh dunia berubah secara mendadak dengan permulaan Kemurungan Besar pada tahun 1929. Wall Street Crash pada tahun 1929 berkhidmat untuk menandakan hujung era sebelumnya, sebagai Kemelesetan Besar yang ditetapkan. Kemelesetan Besar adalah kelembapan ekonomi di seluruh dunia yang bermula di kebanyakan tempat di 1929 dan berakhir pada masa yang berbeza pada tahun 1930-an atau awal 1940-an untuk negara-negara yang berlainan. Ia adalah kemurungan ekonomi terbesar dan paling penting pada abad ke-20, dan digunakan pada abad ke-21 sebagai contoh sejauh mana ekonomi dunia dapat jatuh. <> Apa yang mengubah harta di seluruh dunia dengan drastik? || permulaan Kemelesetan Besar <> Dalam tahun apakah kemalangan jalan raya dinding berlaku? || 1929 <> Bilakah Kemurungan yang besar berakhir? || 1930-an atau awal 1940-an <> Apakah Kemurungan Besar? || kemelesetan ekonomi di seluruh dunia <> Kemurungan yang besar adalah kemelesetan ekonomi paling teruk sejak abad? || abad ke-20", {"context": "Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era, as The Great Depression set in. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries. It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world's economy can fall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "the onset of the Great Depression"}], "question": "What changed worldwide property drasrically?", "id": "572f83ae947a6a140053c9fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "1929"}], "question": "In what year did The wall Street crash occur?", "id": "572f83ae947a6a140053c9fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "1930s or early 1940s"}], "question": "When did the great Depression end?", "id": "572f83ae947a6a140053c9fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "a worldwide economic downturn"}], "question": "What is the Great Depression?", "id": "572f83ae947a6a140053c9fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "The great depression is the worst economic downturn of what century?", "id": "572f83ae947a6a140053c9fe"}]}], ["Tempoh interwar ini juga ditandai oleh perubahan radikal dalam perintah antarabangsa, jauh dari keseimbangan kuasa yang telah menguasai Perang Dunia I sebelum Eropah. Satu institusi utama yang bertujuan untuk membawa kestabilan adalah Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, yang diwujudkan selepas Perang Dunia Pertama dengan niat untuk mengekalkan keselamatan dan keamanan dunia dan menggalakkan pertumbuhan ekonomi antara negara-negara anggota. Liga ini telah diremehkan oleh belas kasihan Nazi Jerman, Imperial Jepun, Kesatuan Soviet, dan Itali Mussolini, dan oleh bukan penyertaan Amerika Syarikat, yang menyebabkan ramai mempertanyakan keberkesanan dan legitimasinya. <> Bilakah Liga Bangsa-Bangsa dicipta? || selepas Perang Dunia Pertama <> Apakah tempoh interwar ditandai oleh? || perubahan radikal dalam perintah antarabangsa <> Institusi apa yang dimaksudkan untuk membawa kestabilan? || Liga Bangsa-Bangsa <> Apa kesannya yang melemahkan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa kepada rakyat? || memimpin ramai untuk mempersoalkan keberkesanan dan legitimasinya. <> Siapa yang menjejaskan Liga Bangsa? || kesunyian Nazi Jerman, Imperial Jepun, Kesatuan Soviet, dan Itali Mussolini, dan oleh bukan penyertaan Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order, away from the balance of power that had dominated pre\u2013World War I Europe. One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations, which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries. The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States, leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "after the First World War"}], "question": "When was The League of Nations created?", "id": "572f87ec947a6a140053ca2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "radical change in the international order"}], "question": "What was the Interwar period marked by?", "id": "572f87ec947a6a140053ca2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "the League of Nations"}], "question": "What institution was meant to bring stability?", "id": "572f87ec947a6a140053ca2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy."}], "question": "What effect did the  undermining of The league of Nations have on the people?", "id": "572f87ec947a6a140053ca2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States"}], "question": "Who undermined  The League Of Nations?", "id": "572f87ec947a6a140053ca2d"}]}], ["Kemurungan mempunyai kesan buruk di hampir setiap negara, kaya atau miskin. Perdagangan antarabangsa menjunam separuh hingga dua pertiga, seperti juga pendapatan peribadi, pendapatan cukai, harga dan keuntungan. Bandar-bandar di seluruh dunia terjejas teruk, terutama yang bergantung kepada industri berat. Pembinaan hampir terhenti di banyak negara. Pertanian dan kawasan pedalaman mengalami penurunan harga tanaman sebanyak 60 peratus. Menghadapi permintaan yang merosot dengan beberapa sumber pekerjaan alternatif, kawasan yang bergantung kepada industri sektor utama mengalami yang paling banyak. <> Di manakah kemurungan menyebabkan kesan negatif? || hampir setiap negara <> Berapa banyak penurunan perdagangan antarabangsa? || oleh separuh hingga dua pertiga, <> Apa yang terjadi pada pembinaan semasa Kemelesetan? || hampir terhenti di banyak negara <> Seberapa jauh harga tanaman jatuh? || 60 peratus", {"context": "The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich or poor. International trade plunged by half to two-thirds, as did personal income, tax revenue, prices and profits. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent. Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "virtually every country"}], "question": "Where did the depression cause negative effects?", "id": "572f8493a23a5019007fc6c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "by half to two-thirds,"}], "question": "How much did international trade fall?", "id": "572f8493a23a5019007fc6ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "virtually halted in many countries"}], "question": "What happened to construction during the Depression?", "id": "572f8493a23a5019007fc6cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "60 percent"}], "question": "How far did crop prices fall?", "id": "572f8493a23a5019007fc6cc"}]}], ["Ada kemungkinan bahawa sekitar 62 juta orang mati dalam perang; anggaran sangat berbeza. Sekitar 60% daripada semua korban adalah orang awam, yang meninggal akibat penyakit, kelaparan, genosida (khususnya, Holocaust), dan pengeboman udara. Bekas Kesatuan Soviet dan China menderita paling banyak kecederaan. Anggaran meletakkan kematian di Kesatuan Soviet sekitar 23 juta, sementara China menderita kira-kira 10 juta. Tiada negara kehilangan sebahagian besar penduduknya daripada Poland: kira-kira 5.6 juta, atau 16%, daripada penduduk pra-perang 34.8 juta meninggal dunia. <> Apakah anggaran kematian dalam peperangan? || 62 juta <> Sebanyak peratus kematian semasa peperangan adalah orang awam? || Sekitar 60% <> Negara apa yang paling menderita dalam peperangan? || Bekas Kesatuan Soviet dan China <> Berapa peratus penduduknya kehilangan Poland dalam perang? || 16%, <> Berapa banyak kematian yang ditanggung oleh Kesatuan Soviet dalam perang? || 23 juta", {"context": "It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "62 million"}], "question": "What Was estimated amount of deaths during the war?", "id": "572f9314b2c2fd1400568211"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "About 60%"}], "question": "What percent of the deaths during the war were civilians?", "id": "572f9314b2c2fd1400568212"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "The former Soviet Union and China"}], "question": "What countries suffered the most casualties in the war?", "id": "572f9314b2c2fd1400568213"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "16%,"}], "question": "What percentage of it's population did Poland lose in the war?", "id": "572f9314b2c2fd1400568214"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "23 million"}], "question": "How many deaths did the Soviet Union suffer in the war?", "id": "572f9314b2c2fd1400568215"}]}], ["Beberapa orang Cina mempunyai ilusi tentang reka bentuk Jepun di China. Lapar untuk bahan mentah dan ditekan oleh penduduk yang semakin meningkat, Jepun memulakan penyitaan Manchuria pada September 1931 dan mendirikan kaisar ex Pinghi sebagai ketua negara boneka Manchukuo pada tahun 1932. Semasa Perang Sino-Jepun (1937-1945) Kehilangan Manchuria, dan potensi besarnya untuk industri perindustrian dan industri perang, adalah satu tamparan kepada ekonomi Kuomintang. Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, yang ditubuhkan pada akhir Perang Dunia I, tidak dapat bertindak dalam menghadapi penentangan Jepun. Selepas tahun 1940, konflik antara Kuomintang dan Komunis menjadi lebih kerap di kawasan yang tidak terkawal di Jepun. Komunis memperluaskan pengaruh mereka di mana-mana peluang membentangkan diri melalui organisasi besar-besaran, pembaharuan pentadbiran, dan langkah reformasi tanah- dan cukai yang memihak petani-sementara Kuomintang cuba meneutralkan penyebaran pengaruh Komunis. <> Bilakah berlaku penyitaan Manchuria? || September 1931 <> Siapa yang dinamakan sebagai ketua negara boneka selepas penyitaan Manchuria? || bekas mantan maharaja Puyi <> Apa yang menimpa ekonomi Kuomintang? || kehilangan Manchuria, dan potensi besarnya bagi industri perindustrian dan industri perang, <> Dalam tahun berapa konflik antara Kuomintang dan Komunis semakin bertambah? || 1940 <> Apakah matlamat utama Kuomintang mengenai komunis? || meneutralkan penyebaran pengaruh Komunis.", {"context": "Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937\u20131945), the loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The League of Nations, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms, and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants\u2014while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "September 1931"}], "question": "When did the seizure of Manchuria occur?", "id": "572f8bd3a23a5019007fc717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "ex-Qing emperor Puyi"}], "question": "Who was named the head of the puppet state after the seizure of Manchuria?", "id": "572f8bd3a23a5019007fc718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries,"}], "question": "What dealt a blow to the Kuomintang economy?", "id": "572f8bd3a23a5019007fc719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "1940"}], "question": "In what year did conflict between the Kuomintang and Communist intensify? ", "id": "572f8bd3a23a5019007fc71a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "neutralize the spread of Communist influence."}], "question": "What was Kuomintang's main goal pertaining to Communist? ", "id": "572f8bd3a23a5019007fc71b"}]}], ["Satu siri krisis antarabangsa melumpuhkan Liga ke hadnya, yang paling awal ialah pencerobohan Manchuria oleh Jepun dan krisis Abyssinian pada tahun 1935/36 di mana Itali menyerang Abyssinia, salah satu daripada satu-satunya negara Afrika bebas pada masa itu. Liga cuba menguatkuasakan sekatan ekonomi ke atas Itali, tetapi tidak berhasil. Insiden itu menonjolkan kelemahan Perancis dan British, yang ditunjukkan oleh keengganan mereka untuk mengasingkan Itali dan kehilangannya sebagai sekutu mereka. Tindakan terhad yang diambil oleh kuasa Barat telah mendorong Itali Mussolini terhadap pakatan dengan Jerman Hitler. Perang Abyssinian menunjukkan Hitler betapa lemahnya Liga itu dan menggalakkan peremajaan wilayah Rhineland dalam mengabaikan Perjanjian Versailles. Ini adalah yang pertama dalam satu siri tindakan provokatif yang berpuncak dalam pencerobohan Poland pada September 1939 dan permulaan Perang Dunia Kedua. <> Siapa yang pertama menyerang Manchuria? || Jepun <> Apakah krisis Abyssinian? || Itali menyerang Abyssinia <> Apa itu Abyssinia? || satu daripada satu-satunya negara Afrika percuma pada masa itu <> Bilakah krisis Abyssinian berlaku? || 1935/36 <> Siapa yang Liga cuba mencetuskan sekatan ekonomi? || Itali", {"context": "A series of international crises strained the League to its limits, the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia, one of the only free African nations at that time. The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy, but to no avail. The incident highlighted French and British weakness, exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally. The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini's Italy towards alliance with Hitler's Germany anyway. The Abyssinian war showed Hitler how weak the League was and encouraged the remilitarization of the Rhineland in flagrant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles. This was the first in a series of provocative acts culminating in the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the beginning of the Second World War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Who was first to invade Manchuria?", "id": "572f896da23a5019007fc70d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Italy invaded Abyssinia"}], "question": "What is the Abyssinian crisis?", "id": "572f896da23a5019007fc70e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "one of the only free African nations at that time"}], "question": "What is Abyssinia?", "id": "572f896da23a5019007fc70f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "1935/36"}], "question": "When did the Abyssinian crisis occur?", "id": "572f896da23a5019007fc710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "Who did The League try to force economic sanctions on?", "id": "572f896da23a5019007fc711"}]}], ["Pada 7 Disember 1941, Jepun menyerang Amerika Syarikat di Pearl Harbor, membawa ia ke dalam perang di pihak Sekutu. China juga menyertai Sekutu, kerana akhirnya kebanyakan negara-negara lain di dunia. China mengalami kekacauan pada masa itu, dan menyerang tentera Jepun menerusi perang jenis gerilya. Pada awal tahun 1942, para pejuang utama diselaraskan seperti berikut: Komanwel Inggeris, Amerika Syarikat, dan Kesatuan Soviet memerangi Jerman dan Itali; dan Komanwel Inggeris, China, dan Amerika Syarikat sedang memerangi Jepun. United Kingdom, Amerika Syarikat, Kesatuan Soviet dan China disebut sebagai \"kepercayaan yang kuat\" semasa Perang Dunia II dan diiktiraf sebagai \"Empat Besar Sekutu\" dalam Deklarasi oleh Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu. Empat negara ini dianggap sebagai \"Empat Anggota Polis\" atau \"Empat Sheriffs\" kuasa sekutu dan pemenang utama Perang Dunia II. Dari kemudian hingga Ogos 1945, pertempuran berlaku di seluruh Eropah, di Lautan Atlantik Utara, di seluruh Afrika Utara, di seluruh Asia Tenggara, di seluruh China, melintasi Lautan Pasifik dan di udara di atas Jepun. <> Di mana Jepun menyerang Amerika Syarikat? || Pearl Harbor <> Negara apa yang dirujuk sebagai \"Pemegang Amanah Yang Berkuasa\"? || United Kingdom, Amerika Syarikat, Kesatuan Soviet dan China <> Bilakah berlakunya serangan terhadap Pearl Harbor? || 7 Disember 1941 <> Apa nama Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu \"Pemegang Amanah Yang Berkuasa\" || \"Empat Polis\" <> Siapa pemenang Perang Dunia II? || United Kingdom, Amerika Syarikat, Kesatuan Soviet dan China", {"context": "On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\" during the World War II  and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the \"Four Policemen\" or \"Four Sheriffs\" of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Pearl Harbor"}], "question": "Where did Japan attack the United States?", "id": "572f91c704bcaa1900d76a8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China"}], "question": "What countries were referred to as \"The Trusteeship Of The Powerful\"?", "id": "572f91c704bcaa1900d76a8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 7, 1941"}], "question": "When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur?", "id": "572f91c704bcaa1900d76a8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 806, "text": "\"Four Policemen\""}], "question": "What did The United Nations name \"The Trusteeship Of The Powerful\"", "id": "572f91c704bcaa1900d76a90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China"}], "question": "Who were the victors of World War II? ", "id": "572f91c704bcaa1900d76a91"}]}], ["Namun, teknologi dan perubatan yang maju telah memberi impak yang besar walaupun di Global South. Industri berskala besar dan media yang lebih berpusat membuat pemerintahan diktator kejam mungkin dilakukan pada skala yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum pertengahan abad, yang membawa kepada peperangan yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini. Walau bagaimanapun, peningkatan komunikasi menyumbang kepada pendemokrasian. Perkembangan teknologi termasuk pembangunan kapal terbang dan penerokaan ruang angkasa, teknologi nuklear, kemajuan dalam genetik, dan kemunculan Zaman Maklumat. <> Apa industri media membuat mungkin di pertengahan abad? || pemerintahan diktator kejam <> Apa yang dikendalikan oleh diktator kejam oleh media? || peperangan <> Apa yang menyebabkan peningkatan komunikasi memimpin? || pendemokrasian <> Tempoh masa apa kemajuan teknologi menyebabkan? || Maklumat Maklumat", {"context": "Still, advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South. Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contributed to democratization. Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration, nuclear technology, advancement in genetics, and the dawning of the Information Age.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "brutal dictatorships"}], "question": "What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century?", "id": "572f9c0bb2c2fd1400568243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "wars"}], "question": "What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to?", "id": "572f9c0bb2c2fd1400568244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "democratization"}], "question": "What did increased communications lead contribute to?", "id": "572f9c0bb2c2fd1400568245"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "the Information Age"}], "question": "What time period did technological advances lead to?", "id": "572f9c0bb2c2fd1400568246"}]}], ["Perang Dingin semakin hampir pada akhir 1980-an dan awal tahun 1990-an. Amerika Syarikat di bawah Presiden Ronald Reagan meningkatkan tekanan diplomatik, ketenteraan, dan ekonomi terhadap Kesatuan Soviet, yang telah mengalami kemerosotan ekonomi yang teruk. Pada separuh kedua 1980-an, pemimpin baru yang dilantik Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev memperkenalkan pembaharuan perestroika dan glasnost. Kesatuan Soviet runtuh pada 1991, meninggalkan Amerika Syarikat sebagai kuasa ketenteraan yang dominan, walaupun Rusia mengekalkan banyak senjata nuklear Soviet yang besar. <> Semasa masa perang dingin hampir berlaku? || 1980-an dan awal 1990-an <> Apa pentadbiran Reagan meningkat terhadap Kesatuan Soviet? || tekanan diplomatik, ketenteraan, dan ekonomi <> Apakah Kesatuan Soviet yang menderita pada tahun 1980-an? || gejolak ekonomi yang teruk <> Apa yang diperkenalkan oleh Mikhail Gorbachev? || memperkenalkan reformasi perestroika dan glasnost. <> Dalam tahun berapa Uni Soviet runtuh? || 1991", {"context": "The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union, which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation. In the second half of the 1980s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1980s and the early 1990s"}], "question": "During what time was the cold war close to happening?", "id": "572fa58904bcaa1900d76b2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "diplomatic, military, and economic pressure"}], "question": "What did  the Reagan administration increase on the Soviet Union?", "id": "572fa58904bcaa1900d76b30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "severe economic stagnation"}], "question": "What was  the Soviet Union suffering from in the 1980's?", "id": "572fa58904bcaa1900d76b31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms."}], "question": "What did Mikhail Gorbachev introduce?", "id": "572fa58904bcaa1900d76b32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "1991"}], "question": "In what year did the Soviet Union collapse?", "id": "572fa58904bcaa1900d76b33"}]}], ["Sepanjang abad ke-20, produk domestik kasar per kapita dunia meningkat sebanyak lima faktor, lebih daripada semua abad yang lalu (termasuk ke-19 dengan Revolusi Perindustrian). Ramai ahli ekonomi membuat kes ini memandangkan besarnya pertumbuhan, seperti banyak barangan dan perkhidmatan yang digunakan pada akhir abad ke-20, seperti perubatan yang lebih baik (menyebabkan jangka hayat dunia meningkat lebih daripada dua dekad) dan teknologi komunikasi, tidak terdapat pada sebarang harga pada permulaannya. Walau bagaimanapun, jurang di antara orang kaya dan miskin di dunia semakin luas, dan majoriti populasi global kekal di bahagian miskin pembahagian. <> Dengan apa peratusan apakah produk domestik kasar per kapita dunia berkembang pada abad ke-20? || faktor lima <> Apakah ubat-ubatan moden meningkatkan purata jangka hayat oleh? || dua dekad <> Apa yang berlaku kepada jurang pendapatan antara kaya dan miskin? || jurang antara orang kaya dan miskin di dunia semakin luas", {"context": "Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century, such as improved medicine (causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades) and communications technologies, were not available at any price at its beginning. However, the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider, and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "a factor of five"}], "question": "By what percentage did the world's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century?", "id": "572f98fa04bcaa1900d76ac9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "two decades"}], "question": "What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?", "id": "572f98fa04bcaa1900d76aca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider"}], "question": "What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor?", "id": "572f98fa04bcaa1900d76acb"}]}], ["Perang Dingin melihat tempoh ketegangan dan ketenangan relatif tinggi. Krisis antarabangsa timbul, seperti Blok Berlin (1948-1949), Perang Korea (1950-1953), Krisis Berlin 1961, Perang Vietnam (1959-1975), Krisis Peluru Berpandu Cuba (1962), perang Soviet di Afghanistan (1979-1989) dan latihan NATO pada bulan November 1983. Terdapat juga tempoh ketegangan yang dikurangkan apabila kedua-dua belah pihak mencari d\u00e9tente. Serangan tentera langsung terhadap musuh telah dihalang oleh potensi untuk pemusnahan bersama dengan menggunakan senjata nuklear yang disampaikan. Dalam era Perang Dingin, Generasi Cinta dan kebangkitan komputer mengubah masyarakat dengan cara yang sangat berbeza, kompleks, termasuk pergerakan sosial dan tempatan yang lebih tinggi. <> Melalui apa tempoh masa Blokade Berlin terakhir? || 1948-1949 <> Apa jenis tempoh yang dilakukan oleh perang dingin? || ketegangan yang semakin tinggi dan tenang. <> Melalui apa tempoh masa Perang Korea terakhir? || 1950-1953) <> Melalui apa tempoh masa perang Vietnam yang terakhir? || 1959-1975 <> Bilakah krisis Rudal Cuba berlaku? || 1962", {"context": "The Cold War saw periods of both heightened tension and relative calm. International crises arose, such as the Berlin Blockade (1948\u20131949), the Korean War (1950\u20131953), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Vietnam War (1959\u20131975), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979\u20131989) and NATO exercises in November 1983. There were also periods of reduced tension as both sides sought d\u00e9tente. Direct military attacks on adversaries were deterred by the potential for mutual assured destruction using deliverable nuclear weapons. In the Cold War era, the Generation of Love and the rise of computers changed society in very different, complex ways, including higher social and local mobility.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "1948\u20131949"}], "question": "Through what time period did the Berlin Blockade  last?", "id": "572fa269a23a5019007fc7f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "heightened tension and relative calm."}], "question": "What types of periods did the cold war see?", "id": "572fa269a23a5019007fc7f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "1950\u20131953)"}], "question": "Through what time period did the Korean War last?", "id": "572fa269a23a5019007fc7f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "1959\u20131975"}], "question": "Through what time period did the Vietnam war last?", "id": "572fa269a23a5019007fc7f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "1962"}], "question": "When did the Cuban Missile crisis happen?", "id": "572fa269a23a5019007fc7f5"}]}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia II, Eropah secara tidak rasmi berpecah kepada pengaruh Barat dan Soviet. Eropah Barat kemudian diselaraskan sebagai Pertubuhan Perjanjian Atlantik Utara (NATO) dan Eropah Timur sebagai Perjanjian Warsaw. Terdapat pergeseran kuasa dari Eropah Barat dan Empayar British kepada dua kuasa besar baru, Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet. Kedua-dua pesaing ini akan menghadapi dalam Perang Dingin. Di Asia, kekalahan Jepun membawa kepada pendemokrasiannya. Peperangan sivil China berterusan melalui dan selepas perang, akhirnya menyebabkan penubuhan Republik Rakyat China. Bekas koloni kuasa-kuasa Eropah memulakan jalan menuju kemerdekaan. <> Apa yang dipecah Eropah selepas Perang Dunia II? || Barat dan pengaruh Soviet. <> Siapa yang berjuang dalam perang dingin? || Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet. <> Apakah istilah NATO mewakili? || Pertubuhan Perjanjian Atlantik Utara <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan kekalahan Jepun bagi Asia? || membawa kepada pendemokrasiannya. <> Apa nama China sendiri selepas peperangan? || rakyat Republik China.", {"context": "After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Western and Soviet spheres of influence."}], "question": "What was Europe split into after World War II?", "id": "572f96ce947a6a140053ca8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "United States and the Soviet Union."}], "question": "Who battled in the cold war?", "id": "572f96ce947a6a140053ca90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "North Atlantic Treaty Organization"}], "question": "What does the term NATO represent?", "id": "572f96ce947a6a140053ca8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "led to its democratization."}], "question": "What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia?", "id": "572f96ce947a6a140053ca91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "the People's Republic of China."}], "question": "What did China name themselves after the war?", "id": "572f96ce947a6a140053ca92"}]}], ["Di Amerika Latin pada tahun 1970-an, orang kiri memperoleh pengaruh politik yang penting yang mendorong pihak berkuasa sayap kanan, gereja dan sebahagian besar kelas atas negara untuk menyokong rampasan kuasa untuk mengelakkan apa yang mereka anggap sebagai ancaman komunis. Ini didorong oleh campur tangan Cuba dan Amerika Syarikat yang membawa kepada polarisasi politik. Kebanyakan negara-negara Amerika Selatan berada dalam beberapa tempoh yang diperintah oleh diktator tentera yang disokong oleh Amerika Syarikat. Pada tahun 1970-an, rejim Southern Cone bekerjasama dalam Operasi Condor membunuh ramai penentang kiri, termasuk beberapa gerila bandar. Bagaimanapun, pada awal 1990-an semua negara telah memulihkan demokrasi mereka. <> Apa yang menyebabkan pihak berkuasa sayap kanan Amerika Latin menyokong rampasan kuasa o'etats? || pada tahun 1970-an, pihak kiri telah memperoleh pengaruh politik yang ketara <> Mengapa Amerika Latin atas kelas atas menyokong rampasan kuasa? || untuk mengelakkan apa yang mereka anggap sebagai ancaman komunis. <> Rejim di selatan selatan bekerjasama dalam pembunuhan siapa? || pembangkang kiri <> Apa semua negara dipulihkan pada tahun 1990-an || demokrasi mereka. <> Dimana Amerika Syarikat menyokong pemerintahan diktator pada tahun 1970? S? || Negara-negara Amerika Selatan", {"context": "In Latin America in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right-wing, ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of the individual country's upper class to support coup d'\u00e9tats to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat. This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarization. Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America. In the 1970s, the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents, including some urban guerrillas. However, by the early 1990s all countries had restored their democracies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence"}], "question": "What caused Latin America's right-wing authorities to support coup o'etats?", "id": "572fac0904bcaa1900d76bb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat."}], "question": "Why did the Latin Americas Upper class support coup o'etats?", "id": "572fac0904bcaa1900d76bb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "leftist dissidents"}], "question": "The regimes in the southern cone collaborated in killing of who?", "id": "572fac0904bcaa1900d76bb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "their democracies."}], "question": "What did all countries restore in the 1990's ", "id": "572fac0904bcaa1900d76bb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "South American countries"}], "question": "Where did the United States support dictatorships in the 1970\"s?", "id": "572fac0904bcaa1900d76bb7"}]}], ["Kesatuan Soviet mencipta blok Timur dari negara-negara yang didudukinya, menggantikan sebahagiannya sebagai Republik Sosialis Soviet dan mengekalkan orang lain sebagai negara satelit yang kemudiannya membentuk Perjanjian Warsaw. Amerika Syarikat dan negara-negara Eropah Barat mula menjadi dasar untuk \"membendung\" komunisme dan membentuk pelbagai perpaduan untuk akhirnya, termasuk NATO. Beberapa negara barat juga menyelaraskan usaha mengenai pembangunan semula Eropah barat, termasuk Jerman barat, yang ditentang oleh Soviet. Di rantau lain di dunia, seperti Amerika Latin dan Asia Tenggara, Kesatuan Soviet menggerakkan pergerakan revolusioner komunis, yang Amerika Syarikat dan banyak sekutunya menentang dan, dalam beberapa kes, cuba \"melancarkan\". Banyak negara telah diminta untuk menyelaraskan diri mereka dengan negara-negara yang kemudiannya akan membentuk sama ada NATO atau Pakta Warsaw, walaupun pergerakan lain juga akan muncul. <> apa yang telah dilampirkan oleh Kesatuan Soviet beberapa wilayah itu? || Republikan Sosialis Soviet <> Apakah wilayah Soviet yang dikekalkan sebagai negeri satelit, kemudian dikenali sebagai? || Perjanjian Warsaw <> Amerika Syarikat dan banyak negara Barat memulakan dasar untuk memerangi komunisme? || \"pembendungan\" <> Apa soviets menentang pembinaan semula? || membina semula Eropah barat <> Apa tindakan yang dilakukan Soviet Union Amerika Syarikat menentang? || Kesatuan Soviet memupuk pergerakan revolusioner komunis,", {"context": "The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of \"containment\" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to \"roll back\". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Soviet Socialist Republics"}], "question": "what did the Soviet Union annex some of it's territory as?", "id": "572fa080947a6a140053cade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "the Warsaw Pact"}], "question": "What did the territory the Soviet Union maintained as satellite states, later became known as?", "id": "572fa080947a6a140053cadf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "\"containment\""}], "question": "The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism?", "id": "572fa080947a6a140053cae0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "rebuilding of western Europe"}], "question": "What did the soviets opposed rebuilding?", "id": "572fa080947a6a140053cae1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements,"}], "question": "What actions of the Soviet Union did The United States oppose?", "id": "572fa080947a6a140053cae2"}]}], ["Zaman Angkasa adalah tempoh yang merangkumi aktiviti-aktiviti yang berkaitan dengan Race Space, penerokaan ruang angkasa, teknologi ruang angkasa, dan perkembangan kebudayaan yang dipengaruhi oleh peristiwa-peristiwa ini. Zaman Ruang bermula dengan perkembangan beberapa teknologi yang memuncak dengan pelancaran Sputnik 1 oleh Kesatuan Soviet. Ini adalah satelit buatan pertama di dunia, yang mengorbit Bumi dalam 98.1 minit dan berat pada 83 kg. Pelancaran Sputnik 1 membawa satu era baru pencapaian politik, sains dan teknologi yang dikenali sebagai Zaman Angkasa. Zaman Angkasa dicirikan oleh perkembangan pesat teknologi baru dalam perlumbaan rapat kebanyakannya antara Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet. Zaman Ruang membawa angkasa lepas manusia pertama dalam program Vostok dan mencapai puncaknya dengan program Apollo yang menangkap imaginasi penduduk dunia. Pendaratan Apollo 11 adalah peristiwa yang disaksikan oleh lebih dari 500 juta orang di seluruh dunia dan diiktiraf secara meluas sebagai salah satu momen yang menentukan pada abad ke-20. Sejak itu dan dengan berakhirnya perlumbaan angkasa kerana pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet, perhatian awam sebahagian besarnya telah berpindah ke kawasan lain. <> Apakah usia ruang? || satu tempoh yang merangkumi aktiviti yang berkaitan dengan Race Space, penerokaan ruang angkasa, teknologi ruang angkasa, dan perkembangan budaya yang dipengaruhi oleh peristiwa-peristiwa ini. <> Siapa yang melancarkan Sputnik 1? || Kesatuan Soviet. <> Berapa lama masa yang diperlukan untuk Sputnik 1 untuk mengorbit bumi? || 98.1 minit <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Sputnik 1? || Zaman Ruang <> Berapa ramai orang yang menonton pendaratan Apollo 11? || 500 juta", {"context": "The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. This was the world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age. The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Space Age brought the first human spaceflight during the Vostok programme and reached its peak with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of Apollo 11 was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then and with the end of the space race due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, public attention has largely moved to other areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events."}], "question": "What is the space age?", "id": "572faf0e04bcaa1900d76be7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "the Soviet Union."}], "question": "Who launched  Sputnik 1?", "id": "572faf0e04bcaa1900d76be8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "98.1 minutes"}], "question": "How long does did it take for the Sputnik 1 to orbit the earth?", "id": "572faf0e04bcaa1900d76be9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "The Space Age"}], "question": "What did Sputnik 1 usher in?", "id": "572faf0e04bcaa1900d76bea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 936, "text": "500 million"}], "question": "How many people watched the Apollo 11 landing?", "id": "572faf0e04bcaa1900d76beb"}]}]], [["Sejak tahun 1898, Puerto Rico telah mewakili perwakilan terhad dalam Kongres dalam bentuk Pesuruhjaya Residen, perwakilan tanpa undian. Kongres ke-110 mengembalikan kuasa Pesuruhjaya untuk mengundi di Komite Keseluruhan, tetapi bukan mengenai perkara-perkara di mana pengundian itu akan mewakili penyertaan yang tegas. Puerto Rico mempunyai pemilihan pada presiden atau kaukus presiden Amerika Syarikat Parti Demokratik dan Parti Republikan untuk memilih perwakilan untuk konvensyen nasional parti masing-masing walaupun pemilih presiden tidak diberikan pada Kolej Pemilihan. Sebagai rakyat Amerika, Puerto Ricans boleh mengundi dalam pilihan raya presiden A.S., dengan syarat mereka tinggal di salah satu daripada 50 negara atau Daerah Columbia dan bukan di Puerto Rico sendiri. <> Berapa lamakah perwakilan Puerto Rico di Kongres? || Sejak 1898 <> Siapa yang mewakili Puerto Rico di Kongres? || Pesuruhjaya Residen <> Yang mana Kongres memberikan kuasa untuk mengundi? || Kongres ke-110 <> Apakah pesuruhjaya tidak dibenarkan mengundi? || mengenai perkara-perkara di mana undi itu akan mewakili penyertaan yang tegas", {"context": "Since 1898, Puerto Rico has had limited representation in the Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a nonvoting delegate. The 110th Congress returned the Commissioner's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole, but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation. Puerto Rico has elections on the United States presidential primary or caucus of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party to select delegates to the respective parties' national conventions although presidential electors are not granted on the Electoral College. As American citizens, Puerto Ricans can vote in U.S. presidential elections, provided they reside in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia and not in Puerto Rico itself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Since 1898"}], "question": "How long has Puerto Rico had representation in Congress?", "id": "572eff62dfa6aa1500f8d53f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "a Resident Commissioner"}], "question": "Who represents Puerto Rico in Congress?", "id": "572eff62dfa6aa1500f8d540"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "The 110th Congress"}], "question": "Which Congress gave the commissioner the power to vote?", "id": "572eff62dfa6aa1500f8d541"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation"}], "question": "What is the commissioner not allowed to vote on?", "id": "572eff62dfa6aa1500f8d542"}]}], ["Pada bulan November 2012, satu referendum menghasilkan 54 peratus responden yang mengundi untuk menolak status semasa di bawah klausa wilayah Perlembagaan A.S., sementara persoalan kedua menghasilkan 61 peratus pengundi yang mengenal pasti status negara sebagai alternatif pilihan kepada status wilayah semasa. Pungutan suara 2012 adalah setakat ini referendum yang paling berjaya untuk penyokong kenegaraan dan sokongan untuk kenegaraan telah meningkat dalam setiap referendum popular berturut-turut. Walau bagaimanapun, lebih daripada satu dalam empat pengundi tidak dapat menjawab pertanyaan mengenai pilihan alternatif pilihan. Lawan-lawan kenegaraan telah berpendapat bahawa pilihan kenegaraan hanya mendapat 45 peratus daripada undi sekiranya pantangan dimasukkan. Sekiranya pantang dipertimbangkan, hasil referendum lebih hampir 44 peratus untuk kenegaraan, angka yang berada di bawah 50 peratus majoriti. <> Sebanyak peratus pengundi menolak status wilayah? || 54 peratus <> Berapa peratus pemilih yang lebih disukai? || 61 peratus <> Berapakah peratusan pengundi tidak mengundi berdasarkan pilihan alternatif pilihan? || satu daripada empat pengundi <> Apa argumentasi yang digunakan oleh mereka yang bertentangan dengan negeri? || pilihan kenegaraan memperoleh hanya 45 peratus daripada undi sekiranya ditolak", {"context": "In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status. The 2012 referendum was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates and support for statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. However, more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status. Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included. If abstentions are considered, the result of the referendum is much closer to 44 percent for statehood, a number that falls under the 50 percent majority mark.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "54 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of voters rejected the status of territory?", "id": "5730429d04bcaa1900d77437"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "61 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of voters preferred statehood?", "id": "5730429d04bcaa1900d77438"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "one in four voters"}], "question": "What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a preferred alternative status?", "id": "5730429d04bcaa1900d77439"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included"}], "question": "What argument do those opposing statehood use?", "id": "5730429d04bcaa1900d7743a"}]}], ["Penduduk Puerto Rico membayar pajak persekutuan A.S.: pajak impor / ekspor, pajak komoditi persekutuan, pajak keamanan sosial, oleh karena itu berkontribusi kepada Pemerintah Amerika. Kebanyakan penduduk Puerto Rico tidak membayar cukai pendapatan persekutuan tetapi membayar cukai gaji persekutuan (Keselamatan Sosial dan Medicare). Walau bagaimanapun, pekerja persekutuan, mereka yang menjalankan perniagaan dengan kerajaan persekutuan, syarikat yang berpangkalan di Puerto Rico yang berniat untuk menghantar dana ke A.S. dan yang lain membayar cukai pendapatan persekutuan. Puerto Ricans boleh mendaftar di dalam tentera A.S.. Puerto Ricans telah mengambil bahagian dalam semua peperangan Amerika sejak 1898; 52 Puerto Ricans telah terbunuh dalam Perang Iraq dan Perang di Afghanistan menjelang November 2012. <> Jenis cukai apa yang dilakukan Puerto Ricans? || Cukai persekutuan A.S. <> Apa yang membuat cukai persekutuan membayar rakyat Puerto Rico? || cukai import / eksport, cukai komoditi persekutuan, cukai keselamatan sosial <> Bagaimana lagi boleh mereka berkhidmat di A.S.? || Puerto Ricans boleh mendaftar di dalam tentera A.S.. <> Berapa ramai penduduk Puerto Riko yang mati dalam Perang Iraq dan Perang di Afghanistan? || 52", {"context": "Residents of Puerto Rico pay U.S. federal taxes: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes, therefore contributing to the American Government. Most Puerto Rico residents do not pay federal income tax but do pay federal payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare). However, federal employees, those who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico\u2013based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. and others do pay federal income taxes. Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military. Puerto Ricans have participated in all American wars since 1898; 52 Puerto Ricans had been killed in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan by November 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "U.S. federal taxes"}], "question": "What types of taxes do Puerto Ricans pay?", "id": "572f000003f9891900756b3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes"}], "question": "What makes up the federal taxes Puerto Rican citizens pay?", "id": "572f000003f9891900756b40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military."}], "question": "How else can they serve the U.S.?", "id": "572f000003f9891900756b41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "52"}], "question": "How many Puerto Ricans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan?", "id": "572f000003f9891900756b42"}]}], ["Puerto Rico telah berada di bawah kedaulatan AS selama lebih dari satu abad ketika diserahkan kepada Amerika Syarikat oleh Sepanyol berikutan berakhirnya Perang Sepanyol-Amerika, dan Puerto Ricans telah menjadi warga AS sejak tahun 1917. Status terakhir pulau itu belum ditentukan sejak 2012 [kemas kini], penduduknya tidak mempunyai perwakilan suara di kerajaan persekutuan mereka. Puerto Rico mempunyai perwakilan terhad di Kongres A.S. dalam bentuk Pesuruhjaya Residen, seorang perwakilan yang tidak mempunyai hak suara. Seperti negeri-negeri, Puerto Rico mempunyai pemerintahan sendiri, bentuk kerajaan republik yang diorganisasikan menurut perlembagaan yang diguna pakai oleh rakyatnya, dan undang-undang hak. <> Selepas Perangnya A.S. telah memberikan Puerto Rico? || Perang Sepanyol-Amerika <> Negara apa yang diserahkan ke Puerto Rico ke Amerika Syarikat? || Sepanyol <> Berapa lama penduduk Puerto Ricans telah menjadi warga A.S.? || sejak 1917 <> Apa bentuk kerajaan yang ada di Puerto Ricans? || republik", {"context": "Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century when it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish\u2013American War, and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917. The island's ultimate status has not been determined as of 2012[update], its residents do not have voting representation in their federal government. Puerto Rico has limited representation in the U.S. Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a delegate with limited no voting rights. Like the states, Puerto Rico has self-rule, a republican form of government organized pursuant to a constitution adopted by its people, and a bill of rights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Spanish\u2013American War"}], "question": "In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Puerto Rico?", "id": "572f00bdcb0c0d14000f1700"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "What country handed over Puerto Rico to the US?", "id": "572f00bdcb0c0d14000f1701"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "since 1917"}], "question": "How long have Puerto Ricans been U.S. citizens?", "id": "572f00bdcb0c0d14000f1702"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "republican"}], "question": "What form of government do the Puerto Ricans have?", "id": "572f00bdcb0c0d14000f1703"}]}], ["The Washington Post, The New York Times dan Boston Herald telah menerbitkan potongan pendapat yang menyatakan sokongan untuk kenegaraan Puerto Rico. Pada 8 November 2012, akhbar Washington, D.C. The Hill menerbitkan sebuah artikel yang mengatakan bahawa Kongres kemungkinan akan mengabaikan keputusan referendum itu disebabkan keadaan di sebalik undi. dan Kongres A.S. Luis Guti\u00e9rrez, Kongres A.S., Nydia Vel\u00e1zquez, kedua keturunan Puerto Riko, bersetuju dengan kenyataan The Hill. Tidak lama selepas hasil diterbitkan, Kongres AS yang dilahirkan di Puerto Rico, Jos\u00e9 Enrique Serrano berkomentar \"Saya sangat kagum dengan hasil referendum status 'di Puerto Rico.\" Majoriti pengundian itu menandakan keinginan untuk mengubah status wilayah semasa. Persoalan kedua, majoriti yang lebih besar diminta untuk menjadi sebuah negeri Ini adalah gempa bumi politik Puerto Rico yang akan menuntut perhatian Kongres, dan jawapan definitif kepada permintaan Puerto Rico untuk perubahan. pengundi diminta untuk bergerak ke hadapan. \" <> Akhbar apa yang mencadangkan bahawa Kongres akan mengabaikan referendum Puerto Rico? || The Hill <> Akhbar-akhbar apa yang telah menerbitkan potongan pendapat yang menyatakan sokongan untuk kebangkitan Puerto Rico? || The Washington Post, The New York Times dan Boston Herald <> Bilakah artikel itu diterbitkan? || 8 November 2012 <> Apakah ahli Kongres bersetuju dengan penilaian Hill? || Kongres A.S. Luis Guti\u00e9rrez A.S. Congresswoman Nydia Vel\u00e1zquez", {"context": "The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald have published opinion pieces expressing support for the statehood of Puerto Rico. On November 8, 2012, Washington, D.C. newspaper The Hill published an article saying that Congress will likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances behind the votes. and U.S. Congressman Luis Guti\u00e9rrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Vel\u00e1zquez, both of Puerto Rican ancestry, agreed with the The Hill 's statements. Shortly after the results were published Puerto Rico-born U.S. Congressman Jos\u00e9 Enrique Serrano commented \"I was particularly impressed with the outcome of the 'status' referendum in Puerto Rico. A majority of those voting signaled the desire to change the current territorial status. In a second question an even larger majority asked to become a state. This is an earthquake in Puerto Rican politics. It will demand the attention of Congress, and a definitive answer to the Puerto Rican request for change. This is a history-making moment where voters asked to move forward.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "The Hill"}], "question": "What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Puerto Rico's referendum?", "id": "57304372a23a5019007fd020"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald"}], "question": "What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Puerto Rico's statehood?", "id": "57304372a23a5019007fd01f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "November 8, 2012"}], "question": "When was that article published?", "id": "57304372a23a5019007fd021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "U.S. Congressman Luis Guti\u00e9rrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Vel\u00e1zquez"}], "question": "What Congress members agreed with the Hill's assesment?", "id": "57304372a23a5019007fd022"}]}], ["Perlembagaan ini diwujudkan apabila Kongres AS mengarahkan kerajaan tempatan untuk menganjurkan konvensyen perlembagaan untuk menulis Perlembagaan Puerto Rico pada tahun 1951. Penerimaan perlembagaan itu oleh pengundi Puerto Rico, Kongres Amerika Syarikat, dan presiden AS berlaku pada tahun 1952. Selain itu, hak-hak, keistimewaan dan keistimewaan yang diberikan kepada warganegara Amerika Syarikat adalah \"dihormati di Puerto Rico sama seperti Puerto Rico adalah negara kesatuan\" melalui lanjutan Ekspres Keistimewaan dan Keistimewaan Perlembagaan AS oleh Kongres AS pada tahun 1948. <> Bagaimana perlembagaan Puerto Rico dibawa? || Kongres A.S. mengarahkan kerajaan tempatan untuk menganjurkan konvensyen perlembagaan untuk menulis Perlembagaan Puerto Rico <> Bilakah perlembagaan Puerto Rico ditulis? || 1951 <> Bilakah perlembagaan diterima oleh pengundi, Kongres A.S., dan Presiden A.S.? || 1952 <> Apakah klausa yang memberi rakyat Puerto Rico hak yang sama dengan rakyat AS? || Fasal Keistimewaan dan Kekebalan", {"context": "This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are \"respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union\" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution"}], "question": "How was the Puerto Rican constitution brought about?", "id": "5730401c04bcaa1900d7740d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "1951"}], "question": "When was the Puerto Rican constitution written?", "id": "5730401c04bcaa1900d7740e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "1952"}], "question": "When was the constitution accepted by the electorate, U.S. Congress, and U.S. President?", "id": "5730401c04bcaa1900d7740f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Privileges and Immunities Clause"}], "question": "What clause gives Puerto Rican citizens the same rights as US citizens?", "id": "5730401c04bcaa1900d77410"}]}], ["Puerto Rico ditetapkan dalam perlembagaannya sebagai \"Komanwel Puerto Rico\". Perlembagaan Puerto Rico yang berkuatkuasa pada tahun 1952 mengguna pakai nama Negeri Libre Asociado (secara harfiah diterjemahkan sebagai \"Negara Bersekutu Percuma\"), secara rasmi diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Inggeris sebagai Komanwel, untuk politik badannya. Pulau ini berada di bawah bidang kuasa Fasal Teritoryen Perlembagaan A.S., yang telah menyebabkan keraguan mengenai status akhir Komanwel untuk Puerto Rico. Di samping itu, semua orang yang dilahirkan di Puerto Rico menjadi warganegara A.S. semasa dilahirkan (di bawah peruntukan Akta Jones-Shafroth pada tahun 1917), tetapi rakyat yang tinggal di Puerto Rico tidak dapat mengundi presiden ataupun untuk ahli penuh sama ada rumah Kongres. Kewarganegaraan akan memberikan hak penduduk mengundi penduduk di peringkat Persekutuan. Akta Demokrasi Puerto Rico (H.R 2499) telah diluluskan pada 29 April 2010, oleh Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Syarikat 223-169, tetapi tidak diluluskan oleh Senat sebelum akhir Kongres ke-111. Ia akan menyediakan proses penentuan sendiri penentangan federal bagi rakyat Puerto Rico. Tindakan ini akan menyediakan referendum yang akan diadakan di Puerto Rico untuk menentukan status politik utama pulau itu. Ia juga telah diperkenalkan pada tahun 2007. <> Bagaimana Puerto Rico ditetapkan dalam perlembagaannya? || Komanwel Puerto Rico <> Tajuk apakah yang dimiliki negara? || Negeri Percuma Asociado (diterjemahkan secara literal sebagai \"Negara Bersekutu Percuma\") <> Tindakan apa yang telah diluluskan pada 29 April 2010? || Akta Demokrasi Puerto Rico (H.R. 2499) <> Apakah pulau di bawah bidangkuasa? || Fasal Wilayah Perlembagaan A.S.", {"context": "Puerto Rico is designated in its constitution as the \"Commonwealth of Puerto Rico\". The Constitution of Puerto Rico which became effective in 1952 adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as \"Free Associated State\"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic. The island is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which has led to doubts about the finality of the Commonwealth status for Puerto Rico. In addition, all people born in Puerto Rico become citizens of the U.S. at birth (under provisions of the Jones\u2013Shafroth Act in 1917), but citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for president nor for full members of either house of Congress. Statehood would grant island residents full voting rights at the Federal level. The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499) was approved on April 29, 2010, by the United States House of Representatives 223\u2013169, but was not approved by the Senate before the end of the 111th Congress. It would have provided for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. This act would provide for referendums to be held in Puerto Rico to determine the island's ultimate political status. It had also been introduced in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"}], "question": "How is Puerto Rico designated in its constitution?", "id": "57304103947a6a140053d344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as \"Free Associated State\")"}], "question": "What title does the country have?", "id": "57304103947a6a140053d345"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499)"}], "question": "What act was approved on April 29th, 2010?", "id": "57304103947a6a140053d347"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution"}], "question": "What is the island under jurisdiction of?", "id": "57304103947a6a140053d346"}]}], ["Ungkapan \"51st state\" dapat digunakan dalam arti positif, yang bermaksud wilayah atau wilayah sangat sejajar, mendukung, dan kondusif dengan Amerika Serikat, bahawa ia seperti keadaan A.S.. Ia juga boleh digunakan dalam pengertian pejoratif, yang bermaksud kawasan atau rantau dianggap sebagai pengaruh atau kawalan budaya atau tentera Amerika yang berlebihan. Di pelbagai negara di seluruh dunia, orang yang mempercayai kebudayaan tempatan atau nasionalnya telah menjadi terlalu Amerika kadang-kadang menggunakan istilah \"51 negeri\" merujuk kepada negara mereka sendiri. <> Apakah jenis kawalan yang dipertimbangkan ketika melabelkan negara dengan label \"51st negara\"? || pengaruh atau kawalan budaya atau tentera Amerika yang berlebihan <> Kadangkala, apabila negara merujuk kepada diri mereka sendiri sebagai negara ke-51, apa yang telah terjadi pada budaya mereka? || budaya tempatan atau kebangsaannya telah menjadi terlalu beragama <> Apa alasan yang menyebabkan negara menjadi \"negara ke-51\" dengan cara yang positif? || rantau atau wilayah begitu sejajar, menyokong, dan kondusif dengan Amerika Syarikat, bahawa ia seperti keadaan A.S. <> Apa maksud positif label \"51st state\"? || rantau atau wilayah sangat sejajar, menyokong, dan kondusif dengan Amerika Syarikat <> Apa sebab bagi satu konotasi negatif istilah ini? || kawasan atau rantau dianggap sebagai pengaruh atau kawalan budaya atau tentera Amerika yang berlebihan <> Jika negara merujuk kepada diri mereka sebagai \"keadaan ke-51\" selepas perubahan budaya, apa yang boleh kita anggap telah berubah? || budaya tempatan atau nasional mereka telah menjadi terlalu Amerika", {"context": "The phrase \"51st state\" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state. It can also be used in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control. In various countries around the world, people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term \"51st state\" in reference to their own countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "excessive American cultural or military influence or control"}], "question": "What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the perjorative \"51st state\" label?", "id": "572eedffc246551400ce47ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "their local or national culture has become too Americanized"}], "question": "Sometimes, when a country refers to themselves as the 51st state, what has happened to their culture?", "id": "572eedffc246551400ce47bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state"}], "question": "What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the \"51st state\" in a positive way?", "id": "572eedffc246551400ce47bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States"}], "question": "What is a positive connotation of the label \"51st state\"?", "id": "572efc9b03f9891900756b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control"}], "question": "What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term?", "id": "572efc9b03f9891900756b1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "their local or national culture has become too Americanized"}], "question": "If a country refers to themselves as the \"51st state\" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed?", "id": "572efc9b03f9891900756b1f"}]}], ["Di bawah Perkara IV, Bahagian Tiga Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat, yang menggariskan hubungan di antara negeri-negeri, Kongres mempunyai kuasa untuk mengakui negara-negara baru dalam kesatuan. Negeri-negeri itu dikehendaki memberikan \"kepercayaan penuh dan kredit\" kepada perbuatan-perbuatan perundangan dan pengadilan masing-masing, yang biasanya diadakan untuk memasukkan pengakuan kontrak hukum, perkawinan, dan penghukuman pidana. Negeri-negeri dijamin pertahanan tentera dan pertahanan oleh kerajaan persekutuan, yang juga diwajibkan oleh Pasal IV, Bagian Keempat, untuk \"menjamin kepada setiap negara dalam kesatuan ini suatu bentuk pemerintahan republik\". <> Apakah Artikel IV, Bahagian tiga garis panduan Perlembagaan AS? || hubungan antara negara-negara <> Artikel IV, Bahagian Tiga dari Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat memberikan kuasa Kongres untuk melakukan apa? || kuasa untuk mengakui negeri-negeri baru untuk kesatuan <> Apa syarat negeri untuk memberi \"kepercayaan penuh dan kredit\" membantu mengenali? || kontrak undang-undang, perkahwinan, dan pertimbangan jenayah <> Apa semua negara yang dijamin oleh kerajaan persekutuan? || pertahanan ketenteraan dan pertahanan awam <> Apa artinya Perkara 4, Seksyen 4 menjamin? || jaminan kepada setiap negeri dalam kesatuan ini bentuk kerajaan republik <> Apa bahagian Perlembagaan AS menggariskan hubungan di antara negeri-negeri? || Artikel IV, Bahagian Tiga <> Apakah konsep \"kepercayaan penuh dan kredit\" melindungi? || pengiktirafan kontrak undang-undang, perkahwinan, dan penghakiman jenayah <> Perkara IV, Bahagian Tiga membolehkan Kongres untuk melakukan apa? || mengaku negeri baru untuk kesatuan <> Apa yang dijamin oleh kerajaan persekutuan? || tentera dan pertahanan sivil", {"context": "Under Article IV, Section Three of the United States Constitution, which outlines the relationship among the states, Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give \"full faith and credit\" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also obliged by Article IV, Section Four, to \"guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "the relationship among the states"}], "question": "What does Article IV, Section three of the US Constitution outline?", "id": "572ef028c246551400ce47ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "the power to admit new states to the union"}], "question": "Article IV, Section Three of th United States Constitution gives Congress the power to do what?", "id": "572ef028c246551400ce47cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments"}], "question": "What does the states' requirement to give \"full faith and credit\" help recognize?", "id": "572ef028c246551400ce47cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "military and civil defense"}], "question": "What are all states guaranteed by the federal government?", "id": "572ef028c246551400ce47cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government"}], "question": "What does Article 4, Section 4 guarantee?", "id": "572ef028c246551400ce47ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "Article IV, Section Three"}], "question": "What part of the US Constitution outlines the relationship among the states?", "id": "572efdd7dfa6aa1500f8d521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments"}], "question": "What does the concept of \"full faith and credit\" protect?", "id": "572efdd7dfa6aa1500f8d523"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "admit new states to the union"}], "question": "Article IV, Section Three allows Congress to do what?", "id": "572efdd7dfa6aa1500f8d522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "military and civil defense"}], "question": "What is guaranteed to the states by the federal government?", "id": "572efdd7dfa6aa1500f8d524"}]}], ["Puerto Rico telah dibincangkan sebagai negeri 51 yang berpotensi di Amerika Syarikat. Dalam referendum status 2012 majoriti pengundi, 54%, menyatakan ketidakpuasan dengan hubungan politik semasa. Dalam persoalan berasingan, 61% pengundi menyokong status kenegaraan (tidak termasuk 26% pengundi yang meninggalkan soalan ini kosong). Pada 11 Disember 2012, badan perundangan Puerto Rico memutuskan untuk meminta Presiden dan Kongres A.S. bertindak ke atas hasilnya, mengakhiri status status teritorial semasa dan memulakan proses mengakui Puerto Rico ke Kesatuan sebagai negara. <> Negara apakah yang dianggap sebagai tambahan baru yang berpotensi ke Amerika Syarikat? || Puerto Rico telah dibincangkan sebagai negeri 51 yang berpotensi di Amerika Syarikat <> Sebanyak peratus pengundi menyatakan ketidakpuasan dengan hubungan politik mereka sekarang? || 54% <> Berapakah peratusan pengundi yang menyokong status negara? || 61% <> Bilakah Puerto Rico berazam untuk meminta agar Amerika Syarikat bertindak atas keputusan ini? || 11 Disember 2012 <> Apa yang akan menjadi reaksi ideal dari Amerika Syarikat, menurut Puerto Rico? || tamatkan status status wilayah sekarang dan mulakan proses mengesahkan Puerto Rico ke Kesatuan sebagai negara <> Wilayah apa yang telah dicadangkan sebagai tambahan baru ke Amerika Syarikat? || Puerto Rico <> Apa peratusan pengundi menyatakan ketidakpuasan dengan hubungan politik semasa antara A.S. dan Puerto Rico? || 54% <> Bilakah undang-undang Puerto Rico meminta mereka dipertimbangkan untuk kenegaraan? || 11 Disember 2012", {"context": "Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank). On December 11, 2012, Puerto Rico's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results, end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States"}], "question": "What country has been regarded as a potential new addition to the United States?", "id": "572ef128c246551400ce47d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "54%"}], "question": "What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current political relationship?", "id": "572ef128c246551400ce47d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "61%"}], "question": "What percentage of voters supported statehood?", "id": "572ef128c246551400ce47d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "December 11, 2012"}], "question": "When did Puerto Rico resolve to request that the United States act on these results?", "id": "572ef128c246551400ce47d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state"}], "question": "What would be an ideal reaction from the United States, according to Puerto Rico?", "id": "572ef128c246551400ce47d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Puerto Rico"}], "question": "What territory has been suggested as a new addition to the United States?", "id": "572efe86cb0c0d14000f16de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "54%"}], "question": "What percentages of voters expressed unhappiness with the current political relationship between the U.S. and Puerto Rico?", "id": "572efe86cb0c0d14000f16df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "December 11, 2012"}], "question": "When did the legislature of Puerto Rico request that they be considered for statehood?", "id": "572efe86cb0c0d14000f16e1"}]}], ["Di Kanada, \"negeri ke-51\" adalah frasa yang lazimnya digunakan sedemikian rupa untuk membayangkan bahawa jika kursus politik tertentu diambil, takdir Kanada akan menjadi lebih sedikit daripada sebahagian daripada Amerika Syarikat. Contohnya termasuk Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Kanada-Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1988, perdebatan mengenai penciptaan perimeter pertahanan yang sama, dan sebagai akibat yang berpotensi untuk tidak mengadopsi cadangan yang bertujuan untuk menyelesaikan masalah kedaulatan Quebec, Charlottetown Accord pada tahun 1992 dan Kejelasan Bertindak pada 1999. <> Apa arti lain untuk label negeri ke-51? || jika kursus politik tertentu diambil, takdir Kanada akan menjadi sedikit lebih daripada sebahagian daripada Amerika Syarikat <> Bilakah Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Kanada-AS digubal? || 1988 <> Bilakah ditandatangani Charlottetown Accord? || 1992 <> Bilakah Akta Kejelasan berlaku? || 1999", {"context": "In Canada, \"the 51st state\" is a phrase generally used in such a way as to imply that if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States. Examples include the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the debate over the creation of a common defense perimeter, and as a potential consequence of not adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty, the Charlottetown Accord in 1992 and the Clarity Act in 1999.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States"}], "question": "What is another connotation for the 51st state label?", "id": "57307298396df9190009610a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "1988"}], "question": "When was the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement enacted?", "id": "57307298396df9190009610b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "1992"}], "question": "When was the Charlottetown Accord signed?", "id": "57307298396df9190009610c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "1999"}], "question": "When did the Clarity Act go into effect?", "id": "57307298396df9190009610d"}]}], ["Frasa ini biasanya digunakan dalam perdebatan politik tempatan, dalam tulisan polemik atau dalam perbualan peribadi. Ia jarang digunakan oleh ahli politik sendiri dalam konteks awam, walaupun pada masa-masa tertentu dalam sejarah Kanada, parti-parti politik telah menggunakan imejan lain yang sama. Pada pilihan raya persekutuan 1988, Liberal menegaskan bahawa Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas yang dicadangkan adalah pengambilalihan Amerika Kanada-terutamanya, parti itu menjalankan iklan di mana ahli strategi Progresif Konservatif (PC), apabila menerima pakai perjanjian itu, perlahan-lahan memadamkan Kanada -US sempadan dari peta desktop Amerika Utara. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam beberapa hari, PC bertindak balas dengan iklan yang menampilkan sempadan yang ditarik balik dengan penanda tetap, sebagai penyiar yang terkutuk \"Di sinilah kita melukis garis.\" <> Siapakah yang mencadangkan Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas itu adalah pengambilalihan Kanada di Kanada? || Liberal <> Bilakah kempen ini berlari? || Pada pilihan raya persekutuan 1988 <> Siapa yang memadamkan sempadan dalam iklan? || Strategi Konservatif Progresif (PC) <> Apakah slogan iklan ini? || \"Di sinilah kita melukis garis.\"", {"context": "The phrase is usually used in local political debates, in polemic writing or in private conversations. It is rarely used by politicians themselves in a public context, although at certain times in Canadian history political parties have used other similarly loaded imagery. In the 1988 federal election, the Liberals asserted that the proposed Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada\u2014notably, the party ran an ad in which Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists, upon the adoption of the agreement, slowly erased the Canada-U.S. border from a desktop map of North America. Within days, however, the PCs responded with an ad which featured the border being drawn back on with a permanent marker, as an announcer intoned \"Here's where we draw the line.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Liberals"}], "question": "Who suggested that the Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada?", "id": "5730730a069b5314008320e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "In the 1988 federal election"}], "question": "When was this campaign ran?", "id": "5730730a069b5314008320e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists"}], "question": "Who erased the border in the ad?", "id": "5730730a069b5314008320e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "\"Here's where we draw the line.\""}], "question": "What was the slogan of this ad?", "id": "5730730a069b5314008320e6"}]}], ["Penduduk Washington, D.C. yang menyokong pergerakan kenegaraan kadang-kadang menggunakan versi pendek dari moto protes Revolusi Perang \"Tidak ada cukai tanpa perwakilan\", tidak memasukkan \"Tidak\" awal, menandakan kekurangan perwakilan Kongres mereka; frasa kini dicetak pada plat lesen Washington, D.C. yang baru dikeluarkan (walaupun seorang pemandu boleh memilih untuk memasukkan alamat laman web Washington, D.C.). Limosin presiden Bill Clinton mempunyai plat lesen \"Cukai tanpa perwakilan\" lewat pada masa itu, sementara Presiden George W. Bush mempunyai plat kenderaan berubah sejurus selepas memulakan jawatannya. Presiden Barack Obama mempunyai plat lesen yang berubah menjadi gaya protes pada permulaan penggal kedua. <> Apa motto Perang Revolusioner mempunyai penyokong Washington, D.C. || \"Tiada percukaian tanpa perwakilan\", tidak memasukkan \"No\" <> apa protes frasa? || kekurangan perwakilan Kongres <> Dengan cara ini frasa telah tersebar luas? || frasa kini dicetak pada piring lesen Washington, D.C. yang baru dikeluarkan <> Bilakah Obama mempunyai plat bantahan yang memakai limosin Presidennya? || pada permulaan penggal kedua", {"context": "Washington, D.C. residents who support the statehood movement sometimes use a shortened version of the Revolutionary War protest motto \"No taxation without representation\", omitting the initial \"No\", denoting their lack of Congressional representation; the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates (although a driver may choose to have the Washington, D.C. website address instead). President Bill Clinton's presidential limousine had the \"Taxation without representation\" license plate late in his term, while President George W. Bush had the vehicle's plates changed shortly after beginning his term in office. President Barack Obama had the license plates changed back to the protest style at the beginning of his second term.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "\"No taxation without representation\", omitting the initial \"No\""}], "question": "What Revolutionary War motto have Washington, D.C. statehood supporters modified and used?", "id": "57304a372461fd1900a9ccf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "their lack of Congressional representation"}], "question": "What does the phrase protest?", "id": "57304a372461fd1900a9ccf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates"}], "question": "In what way has the phrase been spread wide?", "id": "57304a372461fd1900a9ccf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "at the beginning of his second term"}], "question": "When did  Obama have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine?", "id": "57304a372461fd1900a9ccf6"}]}], ["Filipina mempunyai pergerakan akar umbi kecil untuk kesedaran A.S.. Asalnya sebahagian daripada platform Parti Progresif, yang kemudian dikenali sebagai Parti Persekutuan, parti itu menjatuhkannya pada 1907, yang bertepatan dengan perubahan nama. Pada tahun 2004, konsep Filipina menjadi negara A.S. telah menjadi sebahagian daripada platform politik di Filipina. Penyokong pergerakan ini termasuk orang Filipina yang percaya bahawa kualiti hidup di Filipina akan lebih tinggi dan akan ada kemiskinan di sana jika Filipina adalah negara atau wilayah Amerika. Penyokong juga termasuk Filipina yang telah berperang sebagai anggota Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Syarikat dalam pelbagai peperangan semasa tempoh Komanwel. <> Apa negara mempunyai pergerakan akar umbi kecil untuk US Statehood? || Filipina <> Pihak apa yang biasa dikenali sebagai Parti Persekutuan? || Parti Federalista <> Apakah tahun terakhir Phillipines menolak untuk kenegaraan? || 2004", {"context": "The Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood. Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party, then known as the Federalista Party, the party dropped it in 1907, which coincided with the name change. As recently as 2004, the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been part of a political platform in the Philippines. Supporters of this movement include Filipinos who believe that the quality of life in the Philippines would be higher and that there would be less poverty there if the Philippines were an American state or territory. Supporters also include Filipinos that had fought as members of the United States Armed Forces in various wars during the Commonwealth period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Philippines"}], "question": "What country had small grassroots movement for US Statehood?", "id": "5730722b069b5314008320dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Federalista Party"}], "question": "What party used to be known as the Federalista Party?", "id": "5730722b069b5314008320de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "2004"}], "question": "What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood?", "id": "5730722b069b5314008320df"}]}], ["Kedudukan ini dibawa oleh Parti Keagungan D.C, sebuah partai politik; Sejak itu ia telah bergabung dengan Gabungan Parti Hijau setempat untuk membentuk Parti Hijau Negeri D.C. Pergerakan yang paling hampir ini berjaya mencapai kejayaan pada tahun 1978, apabila Kongres meluluskan Pindaan Hak Mengundi Daerah Daerah Columbia. Dua tahun kemudian pada tahun 1980, penduduk tempatan meluluskan satu inisiatif yang memanggil konvensyen perlembagaan untuk negara baru. Pada tahun 1982, pengundi mengesahkan perlembagaan negeri, yang akan dipanggil New Columbia. Pemacu untuk kenegaraan terhenti pada tahun 1985, bagaimanapun, apabila Washington, D.C. Perubahan Hak Pengundian gagal kerana negara tidak cukup meratifikasi pindaan dalam tempoh tujuh tahun yang ditentukan. <> Parti mana yang memegang kedudukan D.C.hoodhood? || D.C. Parti Keagungan <> Parti mana yang pernah bergabung dengan D.C. || Gabungan Parti Hijau tempatan <> Bilakah pergerakan itu paling hampir dengan kejayaan? || 1978 <> Apa nama baru negeri D.C? || New Columbia <> Bilakah pemanduan untuk keadaan gempa bumi? || 1985", {"context": "This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party, a political party; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party. The nearest this movement ever came to success was in 1978, when Congress passed the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. Two years later in 1980, local citizens passed an initiative calling for a constitutional convention for a new state. In 1982, voters ratified the constitution of the state, which was to be called New Columbia. The drive for statehood stalled in 1985, however, when the Washington, D.C. Voting Rights Amendment failed because not enough states ratified the amendment within the seven-year span specified.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "D.C. Statehood Party"}], "question": "What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood?", "id": "57304ae58ab72b1400f9c3f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "the local Green Party affiliate"}], "question": "What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when?", "id": "57304ae58ab72b1400f9c3f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "1978"}], "question": "When did the movement get closest to success?", "id": "57304ae58ab72b1400f9c3f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "New Columbia"}], "question": "What would be the new name of the D.C. State?", "id": "57304ae58ab72b1400f9c3f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "1985"}], "question": "When did the drive for statehood falter?", "id": "57304ae58ab72b1400f9c3f8"}]}], ["Peserta lain yang kurang berkemungkinan adalah Guam dan Kepulauan Virgin Amerika Syarikat, yang kedua-duanya adalah wilayah terorganisir yang tidak diperbadankan di Amerika Syarikat. Juga, Kepulauan Mariana Utara dan Samoa Amerika, wilayah yang tidak terorganisir, tidak diperbadankan, kedua-duanya boleh cuba untuk mendapatkan kenegaraan. Sesetengah cadangan memanggil supaya Kepulauan Virgin diterima masuk dengan Puerto Rico sebagai satu negeri (sering dikenali sebagai \"Komanwel Prusvi\" yang dicadangkan, untuk Puerto Rico / Kepulauan Virgin Amerika Syarikat, atau sebagai \"Puerto Virgo\"), dan untuk penggabungan AS wilayah atau bekas wilayah di Lautan Pasifik, mengikut cara konsep \"Hawaii Besar\" pada tahun 1960-an. Guam dan Kepulauan Mariana Utara akan diterima sebagai satu negeri, bersama dengan Palau, Negara Persekutuan Mikronesia, dan Kepulauan Marshall (walaupun ketiga entiti terakhir ini sekarang adalah negara-negara berdaulat yang terpisah, yang mempunyai hubungan Persatuan Percuma dengan Amerika Serikat ). Negara seperti itu mempunyai penduduk 412,381 (sedikit lebih rendah daripada penduduk Wyoming) dan kawasan tanah 911.82 mil persegi (2,361.6 km2) (sedikit lebih kecil daripada Rhode Island). Samoa Amerika mungkin boleh menjadi sebahagian daripada keadaan sedemikian, meningkatkan populasi menjadi 467.900 dan kawasan itu menjadi 988.65 batu persegi (2,560.6 km2). Radio Australia, pada akhir Mei 2008, menandakan tanda-tanda Guam dan Kepulauan Mariana Utara menjadi satu lagi dan menjadi negeri ke-51. <> Apa lagi negara yang mungkin untuk kenegaraan? || Guam <> Apa lagi negara yang mungkin untuk kenegaraan? || Amerika Syarikat Kepulauan Virgin <> Apakah entiti yang dilaporkan di Guam dan Kepulauan Mariana Utara menjadi satu lagi? || Radio Australia", {"context": "Other less likely contenders are Guam and the United States Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, the Northern Mariana Islands and American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could both attempt to gain statehood. Some proposals call for the Virgin Islands to be admitted with Puerto Rico as one state (often known as the proposed \"Commonwealth of Prusvi\", for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands, or as \"Puerto Virgo\"), and for the amalgamation of U.S. territories or former territories in the Pacific Ocean, in the manner of the \"Greater Hawaii\" concept of the 1960s. Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands would be admitted as one state, along with Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands (although these latter three entities are now separate sovereign nations, which have Compact of Free Association relationships with the United States). Such a state would have a population of 412,381 (slightly lower than Wyoming's population) and a land area of 911.82 square miles (2,361.6 km2) (slightly smaller than Rhode Island). American Samoa could possibly be part of such a state, increasing the population to 467,900 and the area to 988.65 square miles (2,560.6 km2). Radio Australia, in late May 2008, issued signs of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again and becoming the 51st state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Guam"}], "question": "What is another likely country for statehood?", "id": "573071c5069b5314008320d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "United States Virgin Islands"}], "question": "What is another likely country for statehood?", "id": "573071c5069b5314008320d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1266, "text": "Radio Australia"}], "question": "What entity reported on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again?", "id": "573071c5069b5314008320d9"}]}], ["Pada 15 Mei 2013, Pesuruhjaya Residen Pierluisi memperkenalkan H.R 2000 kepada Kongres untuk \"menetapkan proses untuk Puerto Rico diterima sebagai negara Kesatuan,\" meminta Kongres untuk mengundi untuk mengesahkan Puerto Rico sebagai negeri ke-51. Pada 12 Februari 2014, Senator Martin Heinrich memperkenalkan bil di Senat AS. Rang undang-undang itu memerlukan suatu referendum mengikat yang akan diadakan di Puerto Rico yang bertanya sama ada wilayah itu mahu dimasukkan sebagai negara. Sekiranya berlaku undi ya, presiden akan diminta menyerahkan perundangan kepada Kongres untuk mengakui Puerto Rico sebagai negara. <> Bilakah H.R 2000 diperkenalkan? || Pada 15 Mei 2013 <> Apa yang diperlukan bil Senator Heinrich? || satu referendum mengikat yang akan diadakan di Puerto Rico yang bertanya sama ada wilayah itu mahu dimasukkan sebagai negara. <> Apa yang akan terjadi sekiranya undi ya di dalam referendum ini? || presiden akan diminta untuk menyerahkan perundangan kepada Kongres untuk mengakui Puerto Rico sebagai negara <> Apa yang akan dilakukan H.R 2000? || menetapkan proses untuk Puerto Rico untuk dimasukkan sebagai negara Kesatuan", {"context": "On May 15, 2013, Resident Commissioner Pierluisi introduced H.R. 2000 to Congress to \"set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union,\" asking for Congress to vote on ratifying Puerto Rico as the 51st state. On February 12, 2014, Senator Martin Heinrich introduced a bill in the US Senate. The bill would require a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state. In the event of a yes vote, the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "On May 15, 2013"}], "question": "When was H.R. 2000 introduced?", "id": "573045e4b2c2fd1400568b4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state."}], "question": "What did Senator Heinrich's bill require?", "id": "573045e4b2c2fd1400568b4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state"}], "question": "What would happen in the event of a yes vote in this referendum?", "id": "573045e4b2c2fd1400568b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union"}], "question": "What would H.R. 2000 do?", "id": "573045e4b2c2fd1400568b4c"}]}], ["Implikasi ini mempunyai asas sejarah dan tarikh untuk perpecahan Amerika Syarikat semasa Revolusi Amerika. Tanah jajahan yang telah bergabung untuk membentuk Amerika Syarikat menyerang Kanada (pada masa itu istilah yang merujuk secara khusus kepada wilayah-wilayah moden Quebec dan Ontario, yang hanya berada di tangan Inggeris sejak 1763) sekurang-kurangnya dua kali, kawalan wilayah. Pencerobohan pertama adalah semasa Revolusi, di bawah anggapan bahawa permusuhan berbahasa Canadians yang dikatakan oleh Perancis terhadap pemerintahan kolonial British yang digabungkan dengan perikatan Franco-Amerika akan menjadikan mereka sekutu semulajadi kepada sebab Amerika; Tentera Darat Continental berjaya merekrut dua rejim Kanada untuk serangan itu. Kegagalan pencerobohan itu memaksa anggota rejim itu menjadi buangan, dan mereka menetap kebanyakannya di New York. Artikel Konfederasi, yang ditulis semasa Revolusi, termasuk peruntukan bagi Kanada untuk menyertai Amerika Syarikat, sekiranya mereka memutuskan untuk berbuat demikian, tanpa perlu mendapatkan kebenaran A.S. sebagai negeri-negeri lain. Amerika Syarikat sekali lagi menyerang Kanada semasa Perang 1812, tetapi usaha ini menjadi lebih sukar disebabkan oleh sejumlah besar orang Amerika Loyalist yang telah melarikan diri ke apa yang kini Ontario dan masih menentang bergabung dengan republik itu. The Hunter Patriots pada tahun 1830-an dan serbuan Fenian selepas Perang Saudara Amerika adalah serangan persendirian di Kanada dari A.S. Beberapa ahli politik A.S. pada abad ke-19 juga bercakap memihak untuk mencaplok Kanada. <> Bilakah Quebec tanah di tangan British? || 1763 <> Bilakah tanah Ontario di tangan Inggeris? || 1763 <> Semasa Amerika Syarikat menyerang Kanada? || Perang 1812 <> Apa yang dicadangkan beberapa ahli politik AS pada abad ke-19? || melampirkan Kanada", {"context": "The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "1763"}], "question": "When did Quebec land in British hands?", "id": "5730739e2461fd1900a9ce1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "1763"}], "question": "When did Ontario land in British hands?", "id": "5730739e2461fd1900a9ce1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1121, "text": "the War of 1812"}], "question": "During which the US invade Canada?", "id": "5730739e2461fd1900a9ce1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1499, "text": "annexing Canada"}], "question": "What did several US politicians suggest doing in the 19th century?", "id": "5730739e2461fd1900a9ce20"}]}], ["Washington, D.C. sering disebut sebagai calon untuk kenegaraan. Dalam Federalist No. 43 Kertas Persekutuan Persekutuan, James Madison menganggap implikasi definisi \"kerusi kerajaan\" yang terdapat dalam Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat. Walaupun dia mencadangkan konflik kepentingan yang potensial, dan keperluan untuk \"perundangan perbandaran untuk tujuan-tujuan lokal,\" Madison tidak menangani peranan kabupaten dalam pengundian nasional. Para sarjana undang-undang tidak setuju sama ada tindakan mudah Kongres dapat mengakui Daerah sebagai negara, karena statusnya sebagai tempat pemerintahan Amerika Serikat, yang Pasal I, Bagian 8 Perlembagaan menghendaki berada di bawah bidang kuasa eksklusif Kongres ; bergantung kepada tafsiran teks ini, kemasukan Daerah penuh sebagai negara mungkin memerlukan pindaan Perlembagaan, yang lebih sukar untuk diberlakukan. Walau bagaimanapun, Perlembagaan tidak menetapkan saiz minimum untuk Daerah. Saiznya telah berubah sekali sebelum, apabila Virginia menuntut semula bahagian Daerah selatan Potomac. Oleh itu keperluan perlembagaan bagi daerah persekutuan boleh dipenuhi dengan mengurangkan saiznya kepada teras pusat bangunan dan monumen kerajaan yang kecil, memberikan seluruh wilayah itu ke negara baru. <> Siapa yang menganggap implikasi definisi kerusi kerajaan dalam Perlembagaan? || James Madison <> Di manakah idea-idea ini terletak di Kertas Persekutuan Persekutuan? || Federalist No. 43 <> Apakah had perlembagaan untuk saiz Washington, D.C.? || Perlembagaan tidak menetapkan saiz minimum untuk Daerah <> Apa yang menyebabkan saiz Washington, D.C. berubah? || Virginia menuntut semula bahagian Daerah selatan Potomac", {"context": "Washington, D.C. is often mentioned as a candidate for statehood. In Federalist No. 43 of The Federalist Papers, James Madison considered the implications of the definition of the \"seat of government\" found in the United States Constitution. Although he noted potential conflicts of interest, and the need for a \"municipal legislature for local purposes,\" Madison did not address the district's role in national voting. Legal scholars disagree on whether a simple act of Congress can admit the District as a state, due to its status as the seat of government of the United States, which Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution requires to be under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; depending on the interpretation of this text, admission of the full District as a state may require a Constitutional amendment, which is much more difficult to enact. However, the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District. Its size has already changed once before, when Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac. So the constitutional requirement for a federal district can be satisfied by reducing its size to the small central core of government buildings and monuments, giving the rest of the territory to the new state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "James Madison"}], "question": "Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government in the Constitution?", "id": "573047ca947a6a140053d396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Federalist No. 43"}], "question": "Where are these ideas located in the Federalist Papers?", "id": "573047ca947a6a140053d397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 865, "text": "the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District"}], "question": "What limits does the constitution have for the size of Washington, D.C.?", "id": "573047ca947a6a140053d398"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 975, "text": "Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac"}], "question": "What caused the size of Washington, D.C. to change?", "id": "573047ca947a6a140053d399"}]}], ["Beberapa hari selepas referendum itu, Pesuruhjaya Residen Pedro Pierluisi, Gubernur Luis Fortu\u00f1o, dan memilih Gabenor Alejandro Garc\u00eda Padilla menulis surat berasingan kepada Presiden Amerika Syarikat Barack Obama menangani keputusan pengundian. Pierluisi menggesa Obama untuk memulakan undang-undang memihak kepada kebangkitan Puerto Rico, memandangkan kemenangannya dalam referendum. Fortu\u00f1o menggesa beliau untuk memindahkan proses ke hadapan. Garc\u00eda Padilla memintanya untuk menolak keputusannya kerana kekaburan mereka. Pendirian White House yang berkaitan dengan plebisit November 2012 adalah hasilnya jelas, rakyat Puerto Rico mahu isu status diselesaikan, dan majoriti memilih kenegaraan dalam pertanyaan kedua. Bekas pengarah White House, media Hispanik menyatakan, \"Sekarang sudah tiba masanya untuk Kongres bertindak dan pentadbiran akan bekerja dengan mereka atas usaha itu, supaya rakyat Puerto Rico dapat menentukan masa depan mereka sendiri.\" <> Apa ahli politik yang digerakkan untuk kebangkitan untuk Puerto Rico? || Pesuruhjaya Residen Pedro Pierluisi, Gabenor Luis Fortu\u00f1o <> Apa ahli politik yang berperang melawan negara untuk Puerto Rico? || Gabenor terpilih Alejandro Garc\u00eda Padilla <> Bagaimana ahli politik ini menyuarakan kebimbangan mereka? || menulis surat yang berasingan kepada Presiden Amerika Syarikat Barack Obama <> Apakah pendirian White House? || hasilnya jelas, rakyat Puerto Rico menginginkan masalah status diselesaikan", {"context": "Several days after the referendum, the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortu\u00f1o, and Governor-elect Alejandro Garc\u00eda Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama addressing the results of the voting. Pierluisi urged Obama to begin legislation in favor of the statehood of Puerto Rico, in light of its win in the referendum. Fortu\u00f1o urged him to move the process forward. Garc\u00eda Padilla asked him to reject the results because of their ambiguity. The White House stance related to the November 2012 plebiscite was that the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved, and a majority chose statehood in the second question. Former White House director of Hispanic media stated, \"Now it is time for Congress to act and the administration will work with them on that effort, so that the people of Puerto Rico can determine their own future.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortu\u00f1o"}], "question": "What politicians pushed for statehood for Puerto Rico?", "id": "573044ce947a6a140053d386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Governor-elect Alejandro Garc\u00eda Padilla"}], "question": "What politician fought against statehood for Puerto Rico?", "id": "573044ce947a6a140053d387"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama"}], "question": "How did these politicians voice their concerns?", "id": "573044ce947a6a140053d388"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved"}], "question": "What was the White House stance?", "id": "573044ce947a6a140053d389"}]}], ["Dalam Artikel 3 Perjanjian San Francisco antara Kuasa Sekutu dan Jepun, yang berkuat kuasa pada April 1952, AS meletakkan pulau-pulau terpencil Ryukyus, termasuk pulau Okinawa-rumah kepada lebih dari 1 juta orang Okinawa yang berkaitan dengan orang Jepun - dan Kepulauan Bonin, Kepulauan Volcano, dan Iwo Jima menjadi amanah AS. Semua amanah ini perlahan-lahan dikembalikan kepada pemerintahan Jepun. Okinawa telah dikembalikan pada 15 Mei 1972, tetapi tentera stesen A.S. di pangkalan pulau sebagai pertahanan untuk Jepun. <> Bilakah Artcle 3 dari Perjanjian San Francisco berkuatkuasa? || April 1952 <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal di pulau Okinawa? || Lebih dari 1 juta <> Ketika Okinawa akhirnya kembali? || 15 Mei 1972 <> Mengapa AS mempunyai tentera di Okinawa? || sebagai pertahanan untuk Jepun.", {"context": "In Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco between the Allied Powers and Japan, which came into force in April 1952, the U.S. put the outlying islands of the Ryukyus, including the island of Okinawa\u2014home to over 1 million Okinawans related to the Japanese\u2014and the Bonin Islands, the Volcano Islands, and Iwo Jima into U.S. trusteeship. All these trusteeships were slowly returned to Japanese rule. Okinawa was returned on May 15, 1972, but the U.S. stations troops in the island's bases as a defense for Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "April 1952"}], "question": "When did Artcle 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco come into effect?", "id": "573076172461fd1900a9ce2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "over 1 million"}], "question": "How many people lived on the island of Okinawa?", "id": "573076172461fd1900a9ce2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "May 15, 1972"}], "question": "When was Okinawa finally returned?", "id": "573076172461fd1900a9ce2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "as a defense for Japan."}], "question": "Why did the US have troops on Okinawa?", "id": "573076172461fd1900a9ce30"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2010 terdapat percubaan untuk mendaftarkan sebuah Parti Negeri ke-51 dengan Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Selandia Baru. Parti yang menyokong New Zealand menjadi negara ke-51 Amerika Syarikat. Setiausaha parti itu ialah Paulus Telfer, bekas calon Christchurch mayoral. Pada 5 Februari 2010, parti itu memohon untuk mendaftarkan logo dengan Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya. Logo itu - sebuah bendera AS dengan 51 bintang - ditolak oleh Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya dengan alasan ia mungkin menyebabkan kekeliruan atau mengelirukan pemilih. Sehingga 2014 [kemas kini], parti itu kekal tidak berdaftar dan tidak dapat muncul pada undi. <> Bilakah percubaan Parti ke-51 untuk mendaftar di New Zealand? || 2010 <> Siapa Setiausaha Parti Ke-51? || Paulus Telfer <> Apa penyokong Parti Ke-51? || Parti yang menganjurkan New Zealand menjadi negara ke-51 Amerika Syarikat <> Bolehkah orang-orang di New Zealand mengundi Parti Ke-51? || parti itu tetap tidak berdaftar dan tidak boleh muncul pada suatu undi.", {"context": "In 2010 there was an attempt to register a 51st State Party with the New Zealand Electoral Commission. The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America. The party's secretary is Paulus Telfer, a former Christchurch mayoral candidate. On February 5, 2010, the party applied to register a logo with the Electoral Commission. The logo \u2013 a US flag with 51 stars \u2013 was rejected by the Electoral Commission on the grounds that it was likely to cause confusion or mislead electors. As of 2014[update], the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When did the 51st State Party attempt to register in New Zealand?", "id": "57307685396df9190009612a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Paulus Telfer"}], "question": "Who is the secretary of the 51st State Party?", "id": "57307685396df9190009612c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America"}], "question": "What does the 51st State Party advocate?", "id": "57307685396df9190009612b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot."}], "question": "Can people in New Zealand vote for the 51st State Party?", "id": "57307685396df9190009612d"}]}], ["Oleh kerana kedudukan geografi negara-negara Amerika Tengah ke Amerika Syarikat yang mempunyai pengaruh ketenteraan, ekonomi dan politik yang kuat, terdapat beberapa pergerakan dan cadangan oleh Amerika Syarikat semasa abad ke-19 dan ke-20 untuk mengatasi beberapa atau semua republik Amerika Tengah ( Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras dengan Kepulauan Bay, Nikaragua, Panama yang diperintah oleh British, yang mempunyai wilayah Zon Canal yang dikuasai AS dari tahun 1903 hingga 1979, dan bekas Honduras British atau Belize sejak tahun 1981). Walau bagaimanapun, A.S. tidak pernah bertindak atas cadangan ini daripada beberapa ahli politik A.S.; beberapa yang tidak pernah disampaikan atau dipertimbangkan dengan serius. Pada tahun 2001, El Salvador mengguna pakai dolar A.S. sebagai mata wangnya, sementara Panama telah menggunakannya selama beberapa dekad disebabkan hubungannya dengan Zon Kanal. <> Bilakah Panama mempunyai Wilayah Terusan Canal yang dikendalikan oleh AS? || dari 1903 hingga 1979 <> Bilakah El Salvador mengadopsi Dolar AS sebagai mata wangnya? || 2001 <> Bilakah British Honduras menjadi Belize? || sejak tahun 1981", {"context": "Due to geographical proximity of the Central American countries to the U.S. which has powerful military, economic, and political influences, there were several movements and proposals by the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries to annex some or all of the Central American republics (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras with the formerly British-ruled Bay Islands, Nicaragua, Panama which had the U.S.-ruled Canal Zone territory from 1903 to 1979, and formerly British Honduras or Belize since 1981). However, the U.S. never acted on these proposals from some U.S. politicians; some of which were never delivered or considered seriously. In 2001, El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency, while Panama has used it for decades due to its ties to the Canal Zone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "from 1903 to 1979"}], "question": "When did Panama have the US-ruled Canal Zone Territory?", "id": "573074ee069b5314008320f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When did El Salvador adopt the US Dollar as its currency?", "id": "573074ee069b5314008320f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "since 1981"}], "question": "When did the British Honduras become Belize?", "id": "573074ee069b5314008320f6"}]}], ["Cuba, seperti banyak wilayah Sepanyol, ingin membebaskan diri dari Sepanyol. Pergerakan pro-kemerdekaan di Cuba disokong oleh A.S., dan pemimpin gerilya Cuban ingin pengilhakan ke Amerika Syarikat, tetapi pemimpin revolusi Kuba Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed menyerukan kebangsaan Cuba. Apabila kapal perang A.S. Maine tenggelam di Pelabuhan Havana, A.S. menyalahkan Sepanyol dan Perang Sepanyol-Amerika pecah pada tahun 1898. Selepas A.S. menang, Sepanyol melepaskan tuntutan kedaulatan ke atas wilayah, termasuk Cuba. A.S. yang mentadbir Cuba sebagai protektorat sehingga 1902. Beberapa dekad kemudian pada tahun 1959, kerajaan Cuba yang korup oleh Fulgencio Batista yang disokong A.S. telah digulingkan oleh Fidel Castro. Castro memasang kerajaan Marxis-Lenin yang bersekutu dengan Kesatuan Soviet, yang telah berkuasa sejak itu. <> Negara apa Cuba adalah wilayah? || Sepanyol <> Apa kapal perang tenggelam di Pelabuhan Havana? || Maine <> Bilakah Fidel Castro menggulingkan kerajaan Cuba? || 1959 <> Apa kerajaan telah memasang Castro? || Kerajaan Marxis-Leninis", {"context": "Cuba, like many Spanish territories, wanted to break free from Spain. A pro-independence movement in Cuba was supported by the U.S., and Cuban guerrilla leaders wanted annexation to the United States, but Cuban revolutionary leader Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed called for Cuban nationhood. When the U.S. battleship Maine sank in Havana Harbor, the U.S. blamed Spain and the Spanish\u2013American War broke out in 1898. After the U.S. won, Spain relinquished claim of sovereignty over territories, including Cuba. The U.S. administered Cuba as a protectorate until 1902. Several decades later in 1959, the corrupt Cuban government of U.S.-backed Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro. Castro installed a Marxist\u2013Leninist government allied with the Soviet Union, which has been in power ever since.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "What country was Cuba a territory of?", "id": "57307554069b5314008320fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Maine"}], "question": "What battleship sunk in the Havana Harbor?", "id": "57307554069b5314008320fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "1959"}], "question": "When did Fidel Castro overthrow the Cuban government?", "id": "57307554069b5314008320fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "Marxist\u2013Leninist government"}], "question": "What government did Castro install?", "id": "57307554069b5314008320fe"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, ketika Denmark diduduki oleh Nazi Jerman, Amerika Syarikat mengendalikan secara ringkas Greenland untuk medan perang dan perlindungan. Pada tahun 1946, Amerika Syarikat menawarkan untuk membeli Greenland dari Denmark untuk $ 100 juta ($ 1.2 bilion hari ini) tetapi Denmark enggan menjualnya. Beberapa ahli politik dan lain-lain dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini berpendapat bahawa Greenland boleh hipotetis dalam keadaan kewangan yang lebih baik sebagai sebahagian daripada Amerika Syarikat; misalnya yang disebut oleh profesor Gudmundur Alfredsson di University of Akureyri pada tahun 2014. Salah satu sebab sebenar di sebalik kepentingan Amerika Syarikat di Greenland boleh menjadi sumber alam semulajadi pulau ini. Menurut Wikileaks, A.S. nampaknya sangat berminat untuk melabur di pangkalan sumber pulau itu dan mengetuk hidrokarbon yang diharapkan dari pantai Greenland. <> Bilakah AS mengawal Greenland? || apabila Denmark diduduki oleh Nazi Jerman <> Berapa banyak tawaran AS untuk membayar untuk Greenland? || $ 100 juta <> Apa universiti profesor Gudmundur Alfredssson dari? || University of Akureyri <> Apa sebabnya AS berminat dengan Greenland? || hidrokarbon yang dijangkakan di luar pantai Greenland.", {"context": "During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion today) but Denmark refused to sell it. Several politicians and others have in recent years argued that Greenland could hypothetically be in a better financial situation as a part of the United States; for instance mentioned by professor Gudmundur Alfredsson at University of Akureyri in 2014. One of the actual reasons behind US interest in Greenland could be the vast natural resources of the island. According to Wikileaks, the U.S. appears to be highly interested in investing in the resource base of the island and in tapping the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany"}], "question": "When did the US control Greenland?", "id": "573077742461fd1900a9ce35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "$100 million"}], "question": "How much did the US offer to pay for Greenland?", "id": "573077742461fd1900a9ce36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "University of Akureyri"}], "question": "What university is professor Gudmundur Alfredssson from?", "id": "573077742461fd1900a9ce37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast."}], "question": "What is one reason the US would be interested in Greenland?", "id": "573077742461fd1900a9ce38"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, istilah \"keadaan ke-51\" apabila diterapkan ke Kanada boleh menyerlahkan persamaan dan hubungan rapat antara Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada. Kadang-kadang istilah itu digunakan dengan tidak senonoh, bertujuan untuk menghina Kanada sebagai jiran yang tidak penting. Dalam pilihan raya umum Quebec, 1989, parti politik Parti 51 melancarkan 11 calon di sebuah platform Quebec dari Kanada untuk menyertai Amerika Syarikat (dengan pemimpinnya, Andr\u00e9 Perron, mendakwa Quebec tidak dapat bertahan sebagai negara merdeka). Parti itu hanya menarik 3,846 undi di seluruh wilayah itu, 0.11% daripada jumlah undian yang dibuang. Sebagai perbandingan, pihak-pihak lain yang menyokong kedaulatan Quebec dalam pilihan raya itu mendapat 40.16% (PQ) dan 1.22% (NPDQ). <> Apa yang Kanada dirujuk sebagai negeri ke-51 dengan cara yang positif bermaksud di AS, secara amnya? || boleh berkhidmat untuk menyerlahkan persamaan dan hubungan rapat antara Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada <> Apa itu konotasi negatif istilah? || untuk menafikan Kanada sebagai jiran yang tidak penting <> Bagaimana suara lelaki membuat Parti 51 menarik pada tahun 1989? || hanya 3,846 undi <> Apa yang diterima oleh pihak lain pada tahun itu? || 40.16% (PQ) dan 1.22% (NPDQ)", {"context": "In the United States, the term \"the 51st state\" when applied to Canada can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada. Sometimes the term is used disparagingly, intended to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor. In the Quebec general election, 1989, the political party Parti 51 ran 11 candidates on a platform of Quebec seceding from Canada to join the United States (with its leader, Andr\u00e9 Perron, claiming Quebec could not survive as an independent nation). The party attracted just 3,846 votes across the province, 0.11% of the total votes cast. In comparison, the other parties in favour of sovereignty of Quebec in that election got 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada"}], "question": "What does Canada being referred to as the 51st state in a positive way mean in the US, generally?", "id": "573074888ab72b1400f9c4f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor"}], "question": "What is a negative connotation of the term?", "id": "573074888ab72b1400f9c4f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "just 3,846 votes"}], "question": "How man votes did Parti 51 attract in 1989?", "id": "573074888ab72b1400f9c4fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)"}], "question": "What did the other parties receive that year?", "id": "573074888ab72b1400f9c4fb"}]}], ["Beberapa laman web menegaskan bahawa Israel adalah negeri ke-51 disebabkan oleh pembiayaan tahunan dan sokongan pertahanan yang diterima daripada Amerika Syarikat. Contoh konsep ini boleh didapati pada tahun 2003 apabila Martine Rothblatt menerbitkan sebuah buku yang dipanggil Dua Bintang untuk Keamanan yang berhujah untuk penambahan wilayah Israel dan Palestin yang mengelilinginya sebagai negara ke-51 di Kesatuan. Negara Amerika Kanaan, adalah sebuah buku yang diterbitkan oleh Prof. Alfred de Grazia, sains politik dan ahli sosiologi, pada bulan Maret 2009, mencadangkan penciptaan 51 dan 52 negara dari Israel dan wilayah Palestina. <> Mengapa Israel disebut sebagai negeri ke-51? || pembiayaan tahunan dan sokongan pertahanan yang diterima dari Amerika Syarikat <> Buku apa yang dilakukan oleh Martine Rothblatt? || Dua Bintang untuk Perdamaian <> Bilakah dua Bintang untuk Damai diterbitkan? || 2003 <> Siapa yang menulis buku The American State of Canaan? || Alfred de Grazia", {"context": "Several websites assert that Israel is the 51st state due to the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States. An example of this concept can be found in 2003 when Martine Rothblatt published a book called Two Stars for Peace that argued for the addition of Israel and the Palestinian territories surrounding it as the 51st state in the Union. The American State of Canaan, is a book published by Prof. Alfred de Grazia, political science and sociologist, in March 2009, proposing the creation of the 51st and 52nd states from Israel and the Palestinian territories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States"}], "question": "Why is Israel referred to as the 51st state?", "id": "573075b12461fd1900a9ce25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Two Stars for Peace"}], "question": "What book did Martine Rothblatt publish?", "id": "573075b12461fd1900a9ce26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When was Two Stars for Peace published?", "id": "573075b12461fd1900a9ce27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Alfred de Grazia"}], "question": "Who wrote the book The American State of Canaan?", "id": "573075b12461fd1900a9ce28"}]}], ["Poland secara historis telah tegas pro-Amerika, sejak kembali kepada penglibatan Ketua Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko dan Casimir Pulaski dalam Revolusi Amerika. Pendirian pro-Amerika ini diperkuat berikutan campur tangan Amerika yang menguntungkan dalam Perang Dunia I (yang membawa kepada penciptaan Poland yang independen) dan Perang Dingin (berpuncak di negara Poland yang bebas dari pengaruh Soviet). Poland memberi sumbangan besar kepada \"Gabungan yang Bersedia\" di Iraq. Petikan yang merujuk kepada Poland sebagai \"negeri ke-51\" telah dikaitkan dengan James Pavitt, kemudian Timbalan Pengarah Operasi Badan Perisikan Pusat, terutama berkaitan dengan penampilan yang luar biasa. <> Apa pendapat pendirian Poland terhadap AS, secara sejarah? || tegas pro-Amerika <> Apa yang menyebabkan penciptaan Poland yang bebas? || campur tangan Amerika yang menguntungkan dalam Perang Dunia I <> Apa yang Poland menyumbang kepada \"Gabungan yang Bersedia\"? || satu pasukan yang besar", {"context": "Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American, dating back to General Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko and Casimir Pulaski's involvement in the American Revolution. This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I (leading to the creation of an independent Poland) and the Cold War (culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence). Poland contributed a large force to the \"Coalition of the Willing\" in Iraq. A quote referring to Poland as \"the 51st state\" has been attributed to James Pavitt, then Central Intelligence Agency Deputy Director for Operations, especially in connection to extraordinary rendition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "staunchly pro-American"}], "question": "What had been Poland's stance towards the US, historically?", "id": "573077e1396df9190009613a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "favorable American intervention in World War I"}], "question": "What led to the creation of an independent Poland?", "id": "573077e1396df9190009613b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "a large force"}], "question": "What did Poland contribute to the \"Coalition of the Willing\"?", "id": "573077e1396df9190009613c"}]}], ["Pada akhir 1940-an, pada hari-hari terakhir Dominion Newfoundland (pada masa pergantungan kekuasaan di Komanwel dan bebas dari Kanada), terdapat sokongan arus utama, walaupun tidak majoriti, untuk Newfoundland membentuk kesatuan ekonomi dengan United Negara-negara, terima kasih atas usaha Partai Kesatuan Ekonomi dan pelaburan AS yang signifikan di Newfoundland yang berasal dari persekutuan AS-British dalam Perang Dunia II. Pergerakan itu akhirnya gagal ketika, dalam referendum tahun 1948, pengundi sempit memilih untuk bergabung dengan Kanada (Parti Kesatuan Ekonomi menyokong sebuah \"kerajaan yang bertanggungjawab\" bebas yang mereka kemudiannya menolak ke arah matlamat mereka). <> Bilakah hari-hari terakhir Dominion Newfoundland? || Pada akhir 1940-an <> Apa sokongan Parti Kesatuan Ekonomi? || \"kerajaan yang bertanggungjawab\" bebas <<Apa hasil daripada referendum tahun 1948? || Pergerakan akhirnya gagal", {"context": "In the late 1940s, during the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland (at the time a dominion-dependency in the Commonwealth and independent of Canada), there was mainstream support, although not majority, for Newfoundland to form an economic union with the United States, thanks to the efforts of the Economic Union Party and significant U.S. investment in Newfoundland stemming from the U.S.-British alliance in World War II. The movement ultimately failed when, in a 1948 referendum, voters narrowly chose to confederate with Canada (the Economic Union Party supported an independent \"responsible government\" that they would then push toward their goals).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In the late 1940s"}], "question": "When were the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland?", "id": "5730740e396df9190009611c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "an independent \"responsible government\""}], "question": "What did the Economic Union Party support?", "id": "5730740e396df9190009611e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "The movement ultimately failed"}], "question": "What was the result of the 1948 referendum?", "id": "5730740e396df9190009611d"}]}], ["Albania sering dipanggil negara ke-51 kerana kedudukannya yang dianggap sangat pro-Amerika, terutama disebabkan oleh dasar-dasar Amerika Syarikat terhadapnya. Sebagai rujukan kepada lawatan Presiden Amerika Syarikat, George W. Bush, Edi Rama, walikota Tirana dan pemimpin Sosialis pembangkang, berkata: \"Albania pasti negara paling pro-Amerika di Eropa, mungkin bahkan di dunia ... Tidak ada tempat lain bolehkah anda mencari rasa hormat dan perhotelan untuk Presiden Amerika Syarikat, walaupun di Michigan, dia tidak akan dialu-alukan. \" Pada masa lawatan bekas Setiausaha Negara James Baker pada tahun 1992, bahkan ada satu langkah untuk mengadakan referendum mengisytiharkan negara sebagai negara Amerika ke-51. Sebagai tambahan kepada Albania, Kosovo yang kebanyakannya Albania dilihat sebagai negara ke-51 akibat kehadiran dan pengaruh Amerika Serikat yang sangat besar. Amerika Syarikat mempunyai tentera dan pangkalan terbesar di luar wilayah AS, Camp Bondsteel di wilayah sejak tahun 1999. <> Siapa yang menjadi walikota Tirana? || Edi Rama, <> Siapa kata bahawa Albania adalah negara yang paling pro-Amerika di Eropah? || Edi Rama <> Bilakah James Baker melawat Albania sebagai Setiausaha Negara? || 1992 <> Apa nama pangkalan tentera AS yang terbesar di luar wilayah AS? || Camp Bondsteel", {"context": "Albania has often been called the 51st state for its perceived strongly pro-American positions, mainly because of the United States' policies towards it. In reference to President George W. Bush's 2007 European tour, Edi Rama, Tirana's mayor and leader of the opposition Socialists, said: \"Albania is for sure the most pro-American country in Europe, maybe even in the world ... Nowhere else can you find such respect and hospitality for the President of the United States. Even in Michigan, he wouldn't be as welcome.\" At the time of ex-Secretary of State James Baker's visit in 1992, there was even a move to hold a referendum declaring the country as the 51st American state. In addition to Albania, Kosovo which is predominately Albanian is seen as a 51st state due to the heavily presence and influence of the United States. The US has had troops and the largest base outside US territory, Camp Bondsteel in the territory since 1999.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Edi Rama,"}], "question": "Who is the mayor of Tirana?", "id": "573076f78ab72b1400f9c514"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Edi Rama"}], "question": "Who said that Albania is the most pro-American country in Europe?", "id": "573076f78ab72b1400f9c515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "1992"}], "question": "When did James Baker visit Albania as Secretary of State?", "id": "573076f78ab72b1400f9c516"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "Camp Bondsteel"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest US military base outside of US territory?", "id": "573076f78ab72b1400f9c517"}]}], ["Partai Pembinaan Semula di Sisilia, yang menuntut 40,000 anggota pada tahun 1944, berkempen untuk Sicily untuk dimasukkan sebagai negara A.S.. Parti ini adalah salah satu daripada beberapa gerakan separatis Sicily aktif selepas kejatuhan Fasisme Itali. Orang Sicily merasa diabaikan atau kurang diwakili oleh kerajaan Itali selepas pengapitan tahun 1861 yang mengakhiri pemerintahan Kerajaan Dua Sisilia yang berpusat di Naples. Penduduk Sicily yang besar di Amerika dan pencerobohan Sekutu yang dipimpin oleh Amerika pada Sicily pada bulan Julai-Ogos 1943 mungkin telah menyumbang kepada sentimen itu. <> Berapa ramai ahli Parti Rekonstruksi di Sicily pada tahun 1944? || 40,000 ahli <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Parti Rekonstruksi di Sicily? || untuk Sicily akan dimasukkan sebagai negara A.S. <> Bilakah penyempurnaan Sicily oleh Itali berlaku? || 1861 <> Bilakah berlaku pencerobohan Sekutu di Sicily? || Julai-Ogos 1943", {"context": "The Party of Reconstruction in Sicily, which claimed 40,000 members in 1944, campaigned for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state. This party was one of several Sicilian separatist movements active after the downfall of Italian Fascism. Sicilians felt neglected or underrepresented by the Italian government after the annexation of 1861 that ended the rule of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies based in Naples. The large population of Sicilians in America and the American-led Allied invasion of Sicily in July\u2013August 1943 may have contributed to the sentiment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "40,000 members"}], "question": "How many members did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily have in 1944?", "id": "573078662461fd1900a9ce3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state"}], "question": "What did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily campaign for?", "id": "573078662461fd1900a9ce3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "1861"}], "question": "When did the annexation of Sicily by Italy happen?", "id": "573078662461fd1900a9ce40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "July\u2013August 1943"}], "question": "When did the Allied invasion of Sicily occur?", "id": "573078662461fd1900a9ce3f"}]}], ["Terdapat empat kategori terra nullius, tanah yang tidak dituntut oleh mana-mana negeri: wilayah kecil Bir Tawil yang tidak dituntut antara Mesir dan Sudan, Antartika, lautan, dan benda angkasa seperti Bulan atau Marikh. Dalam tiga perkara terakhir ini, perjanjian antarabangsa (Perjanjian Antartika, Konvensyen Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengenai Hukum Laut, dan Perjanjian Luar Angkasa) masing-masing menghalang penjajahan dan kemungkinan wujudnya mana-mana penduduk yang tidak berpenghuni (dan, wilayah yang boleh dihuni secara kekal). <> Apakah empat kategori terra nullius? || kawasan Bir Tawil yang belum dituntut antara Mesir dan Sudan, Antartika, lautan, dan badan angkasa <> Apa tiga perjanjian yang wujud untuk tanah yang tidak dituntut? || Perjanjian Antartika, Konvensyen Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengenai Hukum Laut, dan Perjanjian Luar Angkasa <> Apa perjanjian yang bertentangan? || mengelakkan penjajahan dan potensi kenegaraan mana-mana wilayah tidak berpenghuni (dan, teknologi semasa yang diberi, tidak boleh didiami secara kekal). <> Di mana Bir Tawil terletak? || antara Mesir dan Sudan", {"context": "There are four categories of terra nullius, land that is unclaimed by any state: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars. In the last three of these, international treaties (the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty respectively) prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies"}], "question": "What are the four categories of terra nullius?", "id": "573078ee069b531400832103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty"}], "question": "What three treaties exist for unclaimed lands?", "id": "573078ee069b531400832104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories."}], "question": "What do the treaties defend against?", "id": "573078ee069b531400832105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "between Egypt and Sudan"}], "question": "Where is Bir Tawil located?", "id": "573078ee069b531400832106"}]}]], [["Contohnya, array berperingkat terdiri daripada dua atau lebih antena mudah yang disambungkan bersama melalui rangkaian elektrik. Ini sering melibatkan sejumlah antena dipol selari dengan jarak tertentu. Bergantung kepada fasa relatif yang diperkenalkan oleh rangkaian, gabungan antena dipole yang sama boleh beroperasi sebagai \"array broadside\" (arah normal ke garisan yang menyambungkan unsur-unsur) atau sebagai \"array end-fire\" (berarah sepanjang garis yang menghubungkan unsur-unsur). Arus antena boleh menggunakan jenis antena asas (omnidirectional atau lemah), seperti antena dipole, gelung atau slot. Unsur-unsur ini seringkali sama. <> Berapa banyak antena akan membuat array bertahap? || dua atau lebih <> Apa yang menentukan jika antena menghasilkan pelbagai broadside atau array api akhir? || fasa relatif <> Apakah dua jenis antena standard? || omnidirectional atau lemah arah <> Bagaimana antena berorientasikan apabila diatur dengan jarak tertentu? || selari", {"context": "For instance, a phased array consists of two or more simple antennas which are connected together through an electrical network. This often involves a number of parallel dipole antennas with a certain spacing. Depending on the relative phase introduced by the network, the same combination of dipole antennas can operate as a \"broadside array\" (directional normal to a line connecting the elements) or as an \"end-fire array\" (directional along the line connecting the elements). Antenna arrays may employ any basic (omnidirectional or weakly directional) antenna type, such as dipole, loop or slot antennas. These elements are often identical.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "two or more"}], "question": "How many antenna would make up a phased array?", "id": "572f425b04bcaa1900d767e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "relative phase"}], "question": "What determines if the antenna creates a broadside array or an end fire array?", "id": "572f425b04bcaa1900d767ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "omnidirectional or weakly directional"}], "question": "What are the two standard antenna types?", "id": "572f425b04bcaa1900d767eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "parallel"}], "question": "How are antennas oriented when arranged with specific spacing?", "id": "572f425b04bcaa1900d767ea"}]}], ["Biasanya antena terdiri daripada susunan konduktor logam (elemen), disambung secara elektrik (selalunya melalui talian penghantaran) kepada penerima atau pemancar. Arus elektron yang berosilasi yang dipaksa melalui antena oleh pemancar akan menghasilkan medan magnet berayun di sekitar unsur antena, manakala cas elektron juga mewujudkan medan elektrik berayun di sepanjang unsur-unsur. Medan-masa yang berbeza-beza ini menjauhkan diri dari antena ke angkasa sebagai gelombang medan elektromagnetik melintang bergerak. Sebaliknya, semasa majlis sambutan, medan magnet dan medan magnet yang berayun dari gelombang radio masuk memberi kuasa pada elektron dalam unsur-unsur antena, menyebabkan mereka bergerak ke belakang dan seterusnya, menghasilkan arus berayun di antena. <> Apa yang sering digunakan untuk menyambungkan elemen ke penerima? || talian penghantaran <> Semasa penghantaran gelombang elektrik bergerak lebih dekat ke antena? || memancarkan jauh <> zarah apa yang ditekan melalui antena oleh pemancar? || elektron <> Semasa proses apa elektron akan menjadi kekeliruan dalam antena? || penerimaan", {"context": "Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors (elements), electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "transmission line"}], "question": "What is frequently used to connect elements to the receiver?", "id": "572ef9b8c246551400ce4804"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "radiate away"}], "question": "During transmission does the electric field wave move closer to the antenna?", "id": "572ef9b8c246551400ce4806"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "electrons"}], "question": "What particles are pushed through the antenna by a transmitter?", "id": "572ef9b8c246551400ce4805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "reception"}], "question": "During what process would electrons be vacillating in the antenna?", "id": "572ef9b8c246551400ce4807"}]}], ["Asal perkataan antena relatif terhadap alat tanpa wayar adalah disebabkan oleh perintis radio Itali Guglielmo Marconi. Pada musim panas 1895, Marconi mula menguji sistem tanpa wayar di luar rumah di ladang bapanya berhampiran Bologna dan tidak lama lagi mula bereksperimen dengan dawai \"udara\" yang lama. Marconi mendapati bahawa dengan menaikkan dawai \"udara\" di atas tanah dan menyambungkan bahagian pemancarnya ke tanah, julat penghantaran telah meningkat. Tidak lama kemudian, dia dapat menghantar isyarat di atas bukit, jarak kira-kira 2.4 kilometer (1.5 batu). Di Itali sebuah tiang khemah dikenali sebagai l'antena centrale, dan tiang dengan wayar itu hanya dipanggil l'antena. Sehingga kemudian menghantar dan menerima unsur-unsur penghantar tanpa wayar diketahui hanya sebagai udara atau terminal. <> Siapa yang paling berkaitan dengan kemunculan antena perkataan? || Guglielmo Marconi <> Bilakah percubaan dengan gelombang elektromagnetik bermula? || 1895 <> Apakah cara untuk meningkatkan kekuatan penghantaran radio? || menaikkan dawai \"udara\" <Seberapa jauh Marconi dapat mendapatkan isyaratnya untuk menggunakan teknik ini? || 1.5 mi", {"context": "The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his father's estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long wire \"aerials\". Marconi discovered that by raising the \"aerial\" wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi). In Italian a tent pole is known as l'antenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called l'antenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as aerials or terminals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Guglielmo Marconi"}], "question": "Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna?", "id": "572eff08cb0c0d14000f16e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "1895"}], "question": "When did experimentation with electromagnetic waves begin?", "id": "572eff08cb0c0d14000f16e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "raising the \"aerial\" wire"}], "question": "What is a way to increase the strength of a radio transmission?", "id": "572eff08cb0c0d14000f16e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "1.5 mi"}], "question": "How far was Marconi able to get his signal to go using this technique?", "id": "572eff08cb0c0d14000f16e9"}]}], ["Antena yang lebih kompleks daripada reka bentuk dipol atau menegak biasanya bertujuan untuk meningkatkan arah dan akibatnya keuntungan antena. Ini boleh dicapai dengan pelbagai cara yang membawa kepada kebanyakan reka bentuk antena. Sebilangan besar reka bentuk diberi garis seimbang (tidak seperti antena monopole) dan didasarkan pada antena dipol dengan komponen tambahan (atau elemen) yang meningkatkan arahnya. \"Keuntungan\" antena dalam contoh ini menggambarkan kepekatan kuasa yang dipancarkan ke sudut ruang pepejal tertentu, berbanding dengan radiasi yang seragam radiasi dari radiator yang ideal. Kuasa yang semakin meningkat dalam arah yang dikehendaki adalah dengan mengorbankan itu dalam arah yang tidak diingini. Kuasa dipulihara, dan tidak ada kenaikan kuasa bersih ke atas yang disampaikan dari sumber kuasa (pemancar.) <> Apakah reka bentuk yang berbeza bertujuan untuk meningkatkan? || keuntungan dari antena <> Apa yang berbeza dari antena monopole dengan kebanyakan jenis antena yang lain? || garis seimbang <> Keuntungan apabila merujuk kepada antena merujuk kepada bagaimana kuasa yang dipancarkan? || kepekatan <> Di mana kuasa yang diedarkan berasal dari? || pemancar", {"context": "Antennas more complex than the dipole or vertical designs are usually intended to increase the directivity and consequently the gain of the antenna. This can be accomplished in many different ways leading to a plethora of antenna designs. The vast majority of designs are fed with a balanced line (unlike a monopole antenna) and are based on the dipole antenna with additional components (or elements) which increase its directionality. Antenna \"gain\" in this instance describes the concentration of radiated power into a particular solid angle of space, as opposed to the spherically uniform radiation of the ideal radiator. The increased power in the desired direction is at the expense of that in the undesired directions. Power is conserved, and there is no net power increase over that delivered from the power source (the transmitter.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "gain of the antenna"}], "question": "What are different designs aimed at increasing?", "id": "572f3f63947a6a140053c816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "balanced line"}], "question": "What is different from a monopole antenna with most other antenna types?", "id": "572f3f63947a6a140053c817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "concentration"}], "question": "Gain when referring to an antenna refers to what about radiated power?", "id": "572f3f63947a6a140053c818"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 824, "text": "the transmitter"}], "question": "Where is the power that is distributed originating from?", "id": "572f3f63947a6a140053c819"}]}], ["Kata-kata antena (jamak: antena dalam bahasa Inggeris AS, walaupun kedua-dua \"antena\" dan \"antena\" digunakan dalam Bahasa Inggeris Antarabangsa) dan udara digunakan secara bergantian. Kadang-kadang istilah \"udara\" digunakan untuk bermaksud antena wayar. Walau bagaimanapun, perhatikan jurnal teknikal antarabangsa yang penting, Transaksi IEEE pada Antena dan Penyebaran. Di United Kingdom dan kawasan lain di mana Inggeris Inggeris digunakan, istilah udara kadang-kadang digunakan walaupun 'antena' telah universal dalam penggunaan profesional selama bertahun-tahun. <> Apakah sinonim yang boleh diterima untuk antena? || udara <> Apa yang kadang-kadang boleh dimaksudkan dengan istilah udara khusus? || antena dawai <> Apa salah satu cara merujuk kepada lebih daripada satu antena? || antena <> Apakah istilah yang paling banyak diterima untuk peranti elektrik yang menukarkan kuasa elektrik ke dalam gelombang radio? || antena", {"context": "The words antenna (plural: antennas in US English, although both \"antennas\" and \"antennae\" are used in International English) and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term \"aerial\" is used to mean a wire antenna. However, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the term aerial is sometimes used although 'antenna' has been universal in professional use for many years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "aerial"}], "question": "What is an acceptable synonym for antenna?", "id": "572efc88cb0c0d14000f16c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "wire antenna"}], "question": "What can sometimes be meant by the term aerial specifically?", "id": "572efc88cb0c0d14000f16c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "antennae"}], "question": "What is one way of referring to more than one antenna?", "id": "572efc88cb0c0d14000f16c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "antenna"}], "question": "What is the most widely accepted term for an electrical device that converts electric power into radio waves?", "id": "572efc88cb0c0d14000f16c7"}]}], ["Kedua-dua antena menegak dan dipole mudah dibina dan agak murah. Antena dipol, yang merupakan asas bagi kebanyakan reka bentuk antena, adalah komponen yang seimbang, dengan voltan dan arus yang sama tetapi bertentangan dan arus yang digunakan di kedua-dua terminal melalui talian penghantaran yang seimbang (atau ke saluran penghantaran sepaksi melalui balun yang dipanggil). Antena menegak, sebaliknya, adalah antena monopole. Ia biasanya disambungkan kepada konduktor dalaman talian penghantaran sepaksi (atau rangkaian sepadan); perisai talian penghantaran disambungkan ke tanah. Dengan cara ini, tanah (atau mana-mana permukaan konduktif yang besar) memainkan peranan pengalir kedua dipole, dengan itu membentuk litar lengkap. Oleh kerana antena monopole bergantung pada tanah konduktif, struktur asas yang dipanggil boleh digunakan untuk memberikan hubungan yang lebih baik ke bumi atau yang bertindak sebagai satah tanah untuk melaksanakan fungsi itu tanpa mengira (atau tidak ada) hubungan sebenar dengan bumi. <> Adakah antena asas mahal? || agak murah <> Apakah yayasan yang paling sering digunakan ketika membuat model antena baru? || antena dipol <> Kategori apa yang antena menegak jatuh? || antena monopole <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menutup litar antena dipole? || permukaan konduktif yang besar", {"context": "Both the vertical and dipole antennas are simple in construction and relatively inexpensive. The dipole antenna, which is the basis for most antenna designs, is a balanced component, with equal but opposite voltages and currents applied at its two terminals through a balanced transmission line (or to a coaxial transmission line through a so-called balun). The vertical antenna, on the other hand, is a monopole antenna. It is typically connected to the inner conductor of a coaxial transmission line (or a matching network); the shield of the transmission line is connected to ground. In this way, the ground (or any large conductive surface) plays the role of the second conductor of a dipole, thereby forming a complete circuit. Since monopole antennas rely on a conductive ground, a so-called grounding structure may be employed to provide a better ground contact to the earth or which itself acts as a ground plane to perform that function regardless of (or in absence of) an actual contact with the earth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "relatively inexpensive"}], "question": "Are basic antennas expensive?", "id": "572f0de1dfa6aa1500f8d59b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "dipole antenna"}], "question": "What is the foundation most often used when creating new antenna models?", "id": "572f0de1dfa6aa1500f8d59c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "monopole antenna"}], "question": "What category do vertical antennas fall under?", "id": "572f0de1dfa6aa1500f8d59d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "large conductive surface"}], "question": "What is used to close the circuit of a dipole antenna?", "id": "572f0de1dfa6aa1500f8d59e"}]}], ["Salah satu contoh antena omnidirectional ialah antena menegak yang sangat umum atau antena cambuk yang terdiri daripada rod logam (selalunya, tetapi tidak selalunya, seperempat panjang gelombang panjang). Antena dipol adalah sama tetapi terdiri daripada dua konduktor seperti yang memanjangkan arah yang bertentangan, dengan panjang total yang sering, tetapi tidak selalunya, separuh daripada panjang gelombang panjang. Dipoles biasanya berorientasikan secara mendatar dan dalam hal ini mereka berarah lemah: isyarat yang cukup baik dipancarkan ke arah atau diterima dari semua arah dengan pengecualian arah di sepanjang konduktor itu sendiri; rantau ini dipanggil kon buta antena atau batal. <> Apakah unsur utama antena omnidirectional? || rod logam <> Jenis antena apa yang paling mungkin panjang setengah panjang gelombang? || dipole <> Di mana arah anda akan mengharapkan untuk mencari dipole? || mendatar <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan kawasan di mana isyarat tidak boleh diterima dengan baik di sepanjang konduktor? || null", {"context": "One example of omnidirectional antennas is the very common vertical antenna or whip antenna consisting of a metal rod (often, but not always, a quarter of a wavelength long). A dipole antenna is similar but consists of two such conductors extending in opposite directions, with a total length that is often, but not always, a half of a wavelength long. Dipoles are typically oriented horizontally in which case they are weakly directional: signals are reasonably well radiated toward or received from all directions with the exception of the direction along the conductor itself; this region is called the antenna blind cone or null.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "metal rod"}], "question": "What is the main element of an omnidirectional antenna?", "id": "572f08f703f9891900756b4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "dipole"}], "question": "What type of antenna would most likely be a half a wavelength long?", "id": "572f08f703f9891900756b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "horizontally"}], "question": "In which direction would you expect to find a dipole?", "id": "572f08f703f9891900756b4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "null"}], "question": "What is meant by the area where signals cannot be accepted well along the conductor?", "id": "572f08f703f9891900756b50"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, pelbagai dipol logik berkala terdiri daripada beberapa elemen dipole panjang yang berbeza untuk mendapatkan antena agak berarah yang mempunyai jalur lebar yang sangat luas: ini sering digunakan untuk penerimaan televisyen di kawasan pinggir. Antena dipole yang menyusunnya semuanya dianggap \"elemen aktif\" kerana mereka semua bersambung secara elektrik bersama-sama (dan ke saluran penghantaran). Sebaliknya, pelbagai dipole dipole yang sama, Antena Yagi-Uda (atau hanya \"Yagi\"), hanya mempunyai satu elemen dipol dengan sambungan elektrik; elemen lain yang dipanggil parasit berinteraksi dengan medan elektromagnetik untuk merealisasikan antena yang cukup berarah tetapi satu yang terhad kepada jalur lebar yang agak sempit. Antena Yagi mempunyai unsur-unsur dipole parasit serupa yang serupa tetapi bertindak berbeza kerana panjangnya yang agak berbeza. Mungkin terdapat sebilangan \"pengarah\" yang dipanggil di depan elemen aktif ke arah penyebaran, dan biasanya satu \"reflektor\" tunggal (tetapi mungkin lebih) pada sebalik elemen aktif. <> Apakah jenis pembentukan antena yang terdiri daripada pelbagai elemen dipole yang berbeza-beza panjangnya? || array dipole log-periodik <> Apakah manfaat jenis formasi ini? || lebar jalur yang sangat lebar <> Apakah variasi jenis antena ini? || Antena Yagi-Uda <> Apakah aplikasi utama set ini? || penerimaan televisyen", {"context": "However a log-periodic dipole array consists of a number of dipole elements of different lengths in order to obtain a somewhat directional antenna having an extremely wide bandwidth: these are frequently used for television reception in fringe areas. The dipole antennas composing it are all considered \"active elements\" since they are all electrically connected together (and to the transmission line). On the other hand, a superficially similar dipole array, the Yagi-Uda Antenna (or simply \"Yagi\"), has only one dipole element with an electrical connection; the other so-called parasitic elements interact with the electromagnetic field in order to realize a fairly directional antenna but one which is limited to a rather narrow bandwidth. The Yagi antenna has similar looking parasitic dipole elements but which act differently due to their somewhat different lengths. There may be a number of so-called \"directors\" in front of the active element in the direction of propagation, and usually a single (but possibly more) \"reflector\" on the opposite side of the active element.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "log-periodic dipole array"}], "question": "What type of antenna formation is made up of multiple dipole elements of varying lengths?", "id": "572f4583947a6a140053c84a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "extremely wide bandwidth"}], "question": "What is the benefit of this formation type?", "id": "572f4583947a6a140053c84b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Yagi-Uda Antenna"}], "question": "What is a variation of this antenna type?", "id": "572f4583947a6a140053c84d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "television reception"}], "question": "What is the main application of these set ups?", "id": "572f4583947a6a140053c84c"}]}], ["Antena (antena atau antena majemuk), atau udara, adalah peranti elektrik yang menukarkan kuasa elektrik ke dalam gelombang radio, dan sebaliknya. Ia biasanya digunakan dengan pemancar radio atau penerima radio. Dalam penghantaran, pemancar radio membekalkan arus elektrik yang berayun pada kekerapan radio (iaitu arus gelangsar frekuensi tinggi (AC)) ke terminal antena, dan antena memancarkan tenaga dari semasa sebagai gelombang elektromagnet (gelombang radio). Dalam penerimaan, antena memintas beberapa kuasa gelombang elektromagnetik untuk menghasilkan voltan kecil di terminalnya, yang diterapkan kepada penerima untuk dikuatkan. <> Alat apa yang boleh menukar gelombang radio kuasa elektrik dan juga melakukan sebaliknya? || Antena <> Alat apa yang sering digunakan dalam konjungsi dengan antena? || pemancar radio atau penerima radio <> Proses apa yang berkaitan dengan antena menghasilkan arus bingkai frekuensi tinggi? || penghantaran <> Apa lagi yang boleh dipanggil gelombang radio? || gelombang elektromagnet <> Bilakah antena menangkap gelombang elektromagnet? || penerimaan", {"context": "An antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "An antenna"}], "question": "What device is able to change electric powerinto radio waves and also do the reverse?", "id": "572ef1abcb0c0d14000f168a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "radio transmitter or radio receiver"}], "question": "What device is often used in conjuntion with the antenna?", "id": "572ef1abcb0c0d14000f168b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "transmission"}], "question": "What process associated with antennas produces a high frequency alternating current?", "id": "572ef1abcb0c0d14000f168c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "electromagnetic waves"}], "question": "What else can radio waves be called?", "id": "572ef1abcb0c0d14000f168d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "reception"}], "question": "When does an antenna catch electromagnetic waves?", "id": "572ef1abcb0c0d14000f168e"}]}], ["Antena dikehendaki oleh mana-mana penerima radio atau pemancar untuk pasangan sambungan elektriknya ke medan elektromagnetik. Gelombang radio adalah gelombang elektromagnet yang membawa isyarat melalui udara (atau melalui ruang) pada kelajuan cahaya dengan hampir tiada kehilangan penghantaran. Pemancar dan penerima radio digunakan untuk menyampaikan isyarat (maklumat) dalam sistem termasuk radio (radio) siaran (audio), televisyen, telefon mudah alih, rangkaian data Wi-Fi (WLAN), garisan batang dan pautan komunikasi titik-ke-titik (telefon, rangkaian data ), pautan satelit, banyak alat kawalan jauh seperti pembuka pintu garaj, dan alat kawalan jauh wayarles, antara yang lain. Gelombang radio juga digunakan secara langsung untuk pengukuran dalam teknologi termasuk radar, GPS, dan astronomi radio. Dalam setiap kes, pemancar dan penerima yang terlibat memerlukan antena, walaupun ini kadang-kadang tersembunyi (seperti antena di dalam radio AM atau di dalam komputer riba yang dilengkapi dengan Wi-Fi). <> Apa yang penting untuk mengawan unsur-unsur yang membuat gelombang radio? || Antena <> Seberapa cepat isyarat yang dihasilkan oleh antena yang dihantar? || kelajuan cahaya <> Apakah satu sistem yang menggunakan gelombang elektromagnetik? || telefon mudah alih <> Teknologi pencari mudah alih dan arah mencari arah memanfaatkan gelombang radio? || GPS <> Apa yang sering berlaku bagi komputer riba yang sering digunakan untuk penggunaan internet? || antena", {"context": "Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves which carry signals through the air (or through space) at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss. Radio transmitters and receivers are used to convey signals (information) in systems including broadcast (audio) radio, television, mobile telephones, Wi-Fi (WLAN) data networks, trunk lines and point-to-point communications links (telephone, data networks), satellite links, many remote controlled devices such as garage door openers, and wireless remote sensors, among many others. Radio waves are also used directly for measurements in technologies including radar, GPS, and radio astronomy. In each and every case, the transmitters and receivers involved require antennas, although these are sometimes hidden (such as the antenna inside an AM radio or inside a laptop computer equipped with Wi-Fi).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Antennas"}], "question": "What is essential for the mating of the elements that create radio waves?", "id": "572f0580dfa6aa1500f8d575"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "speed of light"}], "question": "How fast are signals produced by antenna transmitted?", "id": "572f0580dfa6aa1500f8d576"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "mobile telephones"}], "question": "What is one system that uses electromagnetic waves?", "id": "572f0580dfa6aa1500f8d577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "GPS"}], "question": "What mobile locator and direction finder technology takes advantage of radio waves?", "id": "572f0580dfa6aa1500f8d578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 841, "text": "antennas"}], "question": "What often inconspicuous part of a laptop computer allows for internet usage?", "id": "572f0580dfa6aa1500f8d579"}]}], ["Antena dicirikan oleh beberapa langkah prestasi yang pengguna akan bimbang dalam memilih atau mereka bentuk antena untuk aplikasi tertentu. Kepala di antara ini berkaitan dengan ciri-ciri arah (seperti yang digambarkan dalam pola radiasi antena) dan keuntungan yang dihasilkan. Malah di antena omnidirectional (atau lemah), keuntungan itu sering dapat ditingkatkan dengan menumpukan lebih kuasanya ke arah mendatar, mengorbankan kuasa yang dipancarkan ke arah langit dan bumi. Keuntungan kuasa antena (atau hanya \"keuntungan\") juga mengambil kira kecekapan antena, dan sering merupakan angka utama merit. <> Bagaimana seseorang boleh menjauhkan apa jenis antena yang dibina untuk sesuatu projek? || langkah-langkah prestasi <> Apa yang paling mungkin menjadi kebimbangan utama dalam membuat keputusan ini? || ciri-ciri arah <> Bagaimana anda mengedarkan kuasa untuk membolehkan keuntungan yang lebih besar? || arah mendatar <> Apa yang sering menjadi faktor pengkreditan antena paling imprtant? || kecekapan", {"context": "Antennas are characterized by a number of performance measures which a user would be concerned with in selecting or designing an antenna for a particular application. Chief among these relate to the directional characteristics (as depicted in the antenna's radiation pattern) and the resulting gain. Even in omnidirectional (or weakly directional) antennas, the gain can often be increased by concentrating more of its power in the horizontal directions, sacrificing power radiated toward the sky and ground. The antenna's power gain (or simply \"gain\") also takes into account the antenna's efficiency, and is often the primary figure of merit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "performance measures"}], "question": "How could one deide what type of antenna is nedded for a project?", "id": "572fe81ab2c2fd14005685a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "directional characteristics"}], "question": "What would most likely be the main concern in making this decision?", "id": "572fe81ab2c2fd14005685aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "horizontal directions"}], "question": "How would you distribute power to allow for a greater gain?", "id": "572fe81ab2c2fd14005685ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "efficiency"}], "question": "What is often the most imprtant crediting factor of antennas?", "id": "572fe81ab2c2fd14005685ac"}]}], ["Antena monopole terdiri daripada satu elemen radiasi tunggal seperti rod logam, sering dipasang di atas permukaan yang mengendalikan, satah tanah. Satu sisi saluran makan dari penerima atau pemancar disambungkan kepada batang, dan satu lagi ke satah tanah, yang mungkin Bumi. Bentuk yang paling umum ialah monopole gelombang suku tahun yang merupakan satu perempat daripada panjang gelombang panjang dan mempunyai keuntungan sebanyak 5.12 dBi apabila dipasang di atas satah tanah. Monopole mempunyai corak radiasi omnidirectional, jadi ia digunakan untuk liputan luas kawasan, dan mempunyai polarisasi menegak. Gelombang tanah yang digunakan untuk penyiaran pada frekuensi rendah mestilah dipolitik menegak, antena monopole menegak yang besar digunakan untuk penyiaran di band MF, LF, dan VLF. Monopole kecil digunakan sebagai antena nondirectional pada radio mudah alih di band HF, VHF, dan UHF. <> Monopole antena terdiri daripada unsur apa? || rod logam <> Apakah monopole kecil digunakan sebagai? || antena nondirectional <> Apakah bentuk yang paling biasa? || monopole gelombang suku <> Apa yang mempunyai polarisasi menegak? || Monopoli", {"context": "Monopole antennas consist of a single radiating element such as a metal rod, often mounted over a conducting surface, a ground plane. One side of the feedline from the receiver or transmitter is connected to the rod, and the other side to the ground plane, which may be the Earth. The most common form is the quarter-wave monopole which is one-quarter of a wavelength long and has a gain of 5.12 dBi when mounted over a ground plane. Monopoles have an omnidirectional radiation pattern, so they are used for broad coverage of an area, and have vertical polarization. The ground waves used for broadcasting at low frequencies must be vertically polarized, so large vertical monopole antennas are used for broadcasting in the MF, LF, and VLF bands. Small monopoles are used as nondirectional antennas on portable radios in the HF, VHF, and UHF bands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "metal rod"}], "question": "Monopole antennas consist of what element?", "id": "572fdec904bcaa1900d76e0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "nondirectional antennas"}], "question": "What are small monopoles used as?", "id": "572fdec904bcaa1900d76e0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "quarter-wave monopole"}], "question": "What the most common form? ", "id": "572fdec904bcaa1900d76e0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Monopoles"}], "question": "What has vertical polarization?", "id": "572fdec904bcaa1900d76e10"}]}], ["Pengantar antena adalah talian penghantaran (atau saluran feed) yang menghubungkan antena ke pemancar atau penerima. Suapan antena boleh merujuk kepada semua komponen yang menghubungkan antena ke pemancar atau penerima, seperti rangkaian pencocokan impedans sebagai tambahan kepada talian penghantaran. Dalam antena aperture yang disebut, seperti tanduk atau hidangan parabola, \"makanan\" juga boleh merujuk kepada antena asas di dalam keseluruhan sistem (biasanya pada tumpuan hidangan parabola atau di tekak tanduk) yang boleh dianggap sebagai satu elemen aktif dalam sistem antena itu. Antena gelombang mikro juga boleh diberi makan terus dari pandu gelombang sebagai pengganti talian penghantaran (konduktif). <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab terutamanya untuk sambungan antena ke destinasi akhir? || antena memimpin <> Apakah kumpulan elemen yang digunakan untuk menyertai elemen antena? || antena suapan <> Apakah jenis antena yang digunakan dengan televisyen satelit? || antena apertur <> Apa yang boleh digunakan sebagai ganti talian penghantaran standard? || antena gelombang mikro", {"context": "An antenna lead-in is the transmission line (or feed line) which connects the antenna to a transmitter or receiver. The antenna feed may refer to all components connecting the antenna to the transmitter or receiver, such as an impedance matching network in addition to the transmission line. In a so-called aperture antenna, such as a horn or parabolic dish, the \"feed\" may also refer to a basic antenna inside the entire system (normally at the focus of the parabolic dish or at the throat of a horn) which could be considered the one active element in that antenna system. A microwave antenna may also be fed directly from a waveguide in place of a (conductive) transmission line.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "antenna lead-in"}], "question": "What is mainly responsible for the connection of the antenna to its end destinations?", "id": "572f5a60b2c2fd140056806b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "antenna feed"}], "question": "What is the group of elements used to join the elements of an antenna?", "id": "572f5a60b2c2fd140056806c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "aperture antenna"}], "question": "What are the type of antennas used with satellite television called?", "id": "572f5a60b2c2fd140056806d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "microwave antenna"}], "question": "What can be used in place of  a standard transmission line?", "id": "572f5a60b2c2fd140056806e"}]}], ["Komponen elektrik isyarat radio mendorong voltan dalam konduktor. Ini menyebabkan arus elektrik mula mengalir ke arah medan seketika isyarat. Apabila arus yang terhasil mencapai hujung konduktor, ia mencerminkan, yang bersamaan dengan perubahan tahap 180 darjah dalam fasa. Jika konduktor adalah 1/4 panjang gelombang, arus dari titik suapan akan mengalami perubahan fasa 90 darjah pada masa ia mencapai hujung konduktor, mencerminkan 180 derajat, dan kemudian 90 derajat lagi ketika ia bergerak kembali. Ini bermakna ia telah mengalami perubahan fasa keseluruhan 360 darjah, mengembalikannya kepada isyarat asal. Arus dalam elemen itu menambahkan kepada arus yang dihasilkan dari sumber pada saat itu. Proses ini mewujudkan gelombang berdiri di konduktor, dengan arus maksimum di suapan. <> Apakah bahagian isyarat radio mencipta voltan? || komponen elektrik <> Apa arus elektrik sentiasa tertarik? || bidang seketika <> Apa hasilnya apabila curren tercermin> || 180 darjah perubahan fasa <> Berapakah jumlah perubahan fasa akan mengembalikan isyarat kepada keadaan asalnya? || 360 darjah", {"context": "The radio signal's electrical component induces a voltage in the conductor. This causes an electrical current to begin flowing in the direction of the signal's instantaneous field. When the resulting current reaches the end of the conductor, it reflects, which is equivalent to a 180 degree change in phase. If the conductor is 1\u20444 of a wavelength long, current from the feed point will undergo 90 degree phase change by the time it reaches the end of the conductor, reflect through 180 degrees, and then another 90 degrees as it travels back. That means it has undergone a total 360 degree phase change, returning it to the original signal. The current in the element thus adds to the current being created from the source at that instant. This process creates a standing wave in the conductor, with the maximum current at the feed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "electrical component"}], "question": "What part of the radio signal creates voltage?", "id": "572fe97ca23a5019007fcb23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "instantaneous field"}], "question": "What would the electric current always gravitate to?", "id": "572fe97ca23a5019007fcb24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "180 degree change in phase"}], "question": "What is the outcome when a curren is reflected>", "id": "572fe97ca23a5019007fcb25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "360 degree"}], "question": "What amount of phase change would return a signal to its originial state?", "id": "572fe97ca23a5019007fcb26"}]}], ["Antena memancarkan dan menerima gelombang radio dengan polarisasi tertentu yang boleh diubahsuai dengan memiringkan paksi antena dalam kebanyakan kes (tetapi tidak semua). Saiz fizikal antena sering merupakan masalah praktikal, terutamanya pada frekuensi yang lebih rendah (panjang gelombang yang lebih panjang). Antena sangat berarah perlu jauh lebih besar daripada panjang gelombang. Antena resonan biasanya menggunakan konduktor linear (atau elemen), atau sepasang elemen sedemikian, masing-masing adalah kira-kira satu perempat daripada panjang gelombang panjang (satu ganjil ganjil daripada panjang gelombang suku tahunan juga akan menjadi resonan). Antena yang diperlukan untuk menjadi kecil berbanding dengan kecekapan pengangkatan gelombang panjang dan tidak boleh menjadi sangat arah. Mujurlah pada frekuensi yang lebih tinggi (UHF, ketuhar gelombang mikro) perdagangan prestasi untuk mendapatkan saiz fizikal yang lebih kecil biasanya tidak diperlukan. <> Apakah perbezaan penting dalam gelombang radio yang dihantar oleh antena? || polarisasi <> Bagaimana ini boleh diselaraskan dengan lebih mudah daripada menukar jenis antena? || mencondongkan paksi <> Apabila mungkin saiz antena menyebabkan masalah? || pada frekuensi yang lebih rendah <> Antena saiz apa yang tidak akan menjadi baik apabila antena perlu berarah? || kecil <> Terdapat hubungan antara saiz antena dan saiz panjang gelombang dengan jenis antena? || Sangat berarah", {"context": "An antenna transmits and receives radio waves with a particular polarization which can be reoriented by tilting the axis of the antenna in many (but not all) cases. The physical size of an antenna is often a practical issue, particularly at lower frequencies (longer wavelengths). Highly directional antennas need to be significantly larger than the wavelength. Resonant antennas usually use a linear conductor (or element), or pair of such elements, each of which is about a quarter of the wavelength in length (an odd multiple of quarter wavelengths will also be resonant). Antennas that are required to be small compared to the wavelength sacrifice efficiency and cannot be very directional. Fortunately at higher frequencies (UHF, microwaves) trading off performance to obtain a smaller physical size is usually not required.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "polarization"}], "question": "What is the essential difference in radio waves transmitted by an antenna?", "id": "572fe8da04bcaa1900d76e8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "tilting the axis"}], "question": "How can this be adjusted more easily than changing antenna types?", "id": "572fe8da04bcaa1900d76e8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "at lower frequencies"}], "question": "When might the size of an antenna cause an issue?", "id": "572fe8da04bcaa1900d76e8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "small"}], "question": "What size antenna would not be good when the antenna needs to be directional?", "id": "572fe8da04bcaa1900d76e8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Highly directional"}], "question": "There is a relationship between the size of the antenna and the size of the wavelength with what antenna type?", "id": "572fe8da04bcaa1900d76e8e"}]}], ["Antena resonan dijangka akan digunakan di sekitar kekerapan resonan tertentu; Oleh sebab itu, antena harus dibina atau diperintahkan agar sesuai dengan julat frekuensi aplikasi yang dimaksudkan. Reka bentuk antena tertentu akan menunjukkan impedans feedpoint tertentu. Walaupun ini mungkin menjejaskan pilihan antena, impedans antena juga boleh disesuaikan dengan tahap impedans yang diingini sistem yang menggunakan rangkaian yang sepadan sambil mengekalkan ciri-ciri lain (kecuali kemungkinan kecekapan). <> Jenis antena mana yang terbaik untuk projek yang memerlukan kekerapan tertentu? || Antena resonan <> Bagaimana boleh antena dibuat untuk menyelaras dengan frekuensi yang diperlukan? || dibina atau diperintahkan <> Faktor apa yang akan menghasilkan kemerdekaan maklum balas yang dikehendaki? || Reka bentuk antena tertentu <> Jika anda tidak dapat memilih antena yang anda mahukan bagaimana anda masih dapat mencapai hasil ini? || rangkaian yang sepadan", {"context": "Resonant antennas are expected to be used around a particular resonant frequency; an antenna must therefore be built or ordered to match the frequency range of the intended application. A particular antenna design will present a particular feedpoint impedance. While this may affect the choice of an antenna, an antenna's impedance can also be adapted to the desired impedance level of a system using a matching network while maintaining the other characteristics (except for a possible loss of efficiency).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Resonant antennas"}], "question": "Which antenna type would be best for a project requiring a specific frequency?", "id": "572fe85db2c2fd14005685b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "built or ordered"}], "question": "How could an antenna be made to coordinate with the needed frequency?", "id": "572fe85db2c2fd14005685b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "particular antenna design"}], "question": "What factor would result in a desired feedback independence?", "id": "572fe85db2c2fd14005685b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "matching network"}], "question": "If you were unable to choose the antenna you wanted how could you still achieve this result?", "id": "572fe85db2c2fd14005685b4"}]}], ["Majoriti reka bentuk antena berdasarkan prinsip resonans. Ini bergantung kepada tingkah laku elektron yang bergerak, yang mencerminkan permukaan di mana perubahan dielektrik berubah, dalam fesyen yang serupa dengan cahaya jalan yang menunjukkan apabila sifat optik berubah. Dalam reka bentuk ini, permukaan reflektif dicipta oleh penghujung konduktor, biasanya dawai atau nipis logam nipis, yang dalam kes paling mudah mempunyai titik suapan pada satu hujung di mana ia disambungkan ke talian penghantaran. Konduktor, atau elemen, diselaraskan dengan medan elektrik isyarat yang dikehendaki, biasanya bermaksud ia berserenjang dengan garis dari antena ke sumber (atau penerima dalam hal antena penyiaran). <> Migrasi zarah apa yang bergantung kepada prinsip resonans? || elektron <> Apakah asas untuk cara kebanyakan antena dikembangkan? || prinsip resonansi <> Jenis permukaan apa yang dibentuk oleh hujung konduktor? || Reflektif <> Bagaimana anda menempatkan konduktor sehubungan dengan isyarat yang anda ingin dapatkan? || berserenjang", {"context": "The majority of antenna designs are based on the resonance principle. This relies on the behaviour of moving electrons, which reflect off surfaces where the dielectric constant changes, in a fashion similar to the way light reflects when optical properties change. In these designs, the reflective surface is created by the end of a conductor, normally a thin metal wire or rod, which in the simplest case has a feed point at one end where it is connected to a transmission line. The conductor, or element, is aligned with the electrical field of the desired signal, normally meaning it is perpendicular to the line from the antenna to the source (or receiver in the case of a broadcast antenna).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "electrons"}], "question": "What particle's migration does the resonance principle rely on?", "id": "572fe936b2c2fd14005685c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "resonance principle"}], "question": "What is the basis for the way most antennas are developed?", "id": "572fe936b2c2fd14005685bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "reflective"}], "question": "What type of surface is formed by the tip of a conductor?", "id": "572fe936b2c2fd14005685c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "perpendicular"}], "question": "How would you place the conductor in relation to the signal you wished to obtain?", "id": "572fe936b2c2fd14005685c2"}]}], ["Pada frekuensi rendah (seperti penyiaran AM), menara menara menegak digunakan untuk mencapai arah terus dan mereka akan menduduki kawasan yang besar. Untuk penerimaan, antena Minuman yang panjang boleh mempunyai arah yang penting. Untuk kegunaan mudah alih bukan arah, antena menegak pendek atau antena gelung kecil berfungsi dengan baik, dengan cabaran reka bentuk utama menjadi pencocokan impedans. Dengan antena menegak gegelung pemuatan di pangkalan antena boleh digunakan untuk membatalkan komponen reaktif impedans; antena gelung kecil ditala dengan kapasitor selari untuk tujuan ini. <> Untuk siaran radio yang seseorang akan mendengar di dalam kereta mereka jenis menara yang digunakan? || menegak <> Jika seseorang ingin mengambil antena ke lokasi yang berlainan, jenis mana yang terbaik? || antena menegak pendek <> Mengapa jenis antena khusus ini digunakan? || mencapai arah arah <> Apa masalah yang mungkin dihadapi apabila menggunakan antena mudah alih? || pencocokan impedans", {"context": "At low frequencies (such as AM broadcast), arrays of vertical towers are used to achieve directionality  and they will occupy large areas of land. For reception, a long Beverage antenna can have significant directivity. For non directional portable use, a short vertical antenna or small loop antenna works well, with the main design challenge being that of impedance matching. With a vertical antenna a loading coil at the base of the antenna may be employed to cancel the reactive component of impedance; small loop antennas are tuned with parallel capacitors for this purpose.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "vertical"}], "question": "For radio broadcast that one would hear in their car what type of towers are used?", "id": "572f5908b2c2fd140056805b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "short vertical antenna"}], "question": "If one wished to take an antenna to different locations, which type would be best?", "id": "572f5908b2c2fd140056805d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "achieve directionality"}], "question": "Why is this specific antenna type used?", "id": "572f5908b2c2fd140056805c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "impedance matching"}], "question": "What is a problem one might encounter when using a portable antenna?", "id": "572f5908b2c2fd140056805e"}]}], ["Keadaan yang perlu bagi sifat saling timbal balik tersebut adalah bahawa bahan-bahan dalam antena dan medium penghantaran adalah linear dan timbal balik. Pembalikan (atau dua hala) bermaksud bahawa bahan mempunyai tindak balas yang sama dengan arus elektrik atau medan magnet dalam satu arah, kerana ia mempunyai medan atau arus dalam arah yang bertentangan. Kebanyakan bahan yang digunakan dalam antena memenuhi syarat ini, tetapi sesetengah antena microwave menggunakan komponen berteknologi tinggi seperti isolators dan circulators, yang diperbuat daripada bahan nonreciprocal seperti ferit. Ini boleh digunakan untuk memberikan antena kepada tingkah laku yang berbeza pada penerimaan berbanding dengan penghantaran, yang boleh berguna dalam aplikasi seperti radar. <> Apa yang mesti berlaku terhadap antena dan medium penghantaran untuk peraturan pemalsuan yang dikenakan? || linear and reciprocal <> Apa salah satu bahan yang tidak mempunyai kualiti ini? || ferrite <> Bagaimana kekurangan kualiti ini digunakan dalam cara sehari-hari? || radar <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila arah aliran elektrik tidak membuat perbezaan pada semasa? || Pembalikan", {"context": "A necessary condition for the aforementioned reciprocity property is that the materials in the antenna and transmission medium are linear and reciprocal. Reciprocal (or bilateral) means that the material has the same response to an electric current or magnetic field in one direction, as it has to the field or current in the opposite direction. Most materials used in antennas meet these conditions, but some microwave antennas use high-tech components such as isolators and circulators, made of nonreciprocal materials such as ferrite. These can be used to give the antenna a different behavior on receiving than it has on transmitting, which can be useful in applications like radar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "linear and reciprocal"}], "question": "What must be true of the antenna and transmission medium for the repiprocity rule to apply ?", "id": "572fe7e6a23a5019007fcb1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "ferrite"}], "question": "What is one material that does not have this quality?", "id": "572fe7e6a23a5019007fcb1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "radar"}], "question": "How can the lack of this quality be used in an everyday way?", "id": "572fe7e6a23a5019007fcb1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Reciprocal"}], "question": "What is called when the direction of the elctrical current does not make a difference to the current?", "id": "572fe7e6a23a5019007fcb1c"}]}], ["Kelas antena yang paling banyak digunakan, antena dipole terdiri daripada dua radiator simetri seperti rod logam atau wayar, dengan satu sisi feedline yang seimbang dari pemancar atau penerima yang dilampirkan kepada masing-masing. Dipole mendatar bersinar dalam dua lobus berserenjang dengan paksi antena. Separuh gelombang dipole jenis yang paling biasa, mempunyai dua elemen collinear setiap panjang gelombang suku panjang dan keuntungan 2.15 dBi. Digunakan secara individu sebagai antena keuntungan yang rendah, dipoles juga digunakan sebagai unsur yang didorong oleh jenis antena yang banyak lebih rumit. <> Apakah kelas antena yang paling banyak digunakan antena? || antena dipol <>", {"context": "The most widely used class of antenna, a dipole antenna consists of two symmetrical radiators such as metal rods or wires, with one side of the balanced feedline from the transmitter or receiver attached to each. A horizontal dipole radiates in two lobes perpendicular to the antenna's axis. A half-wave dipole the most common type, has two collinear elements each a quarter wavelength long and a gain of 2.15 dBi. Used individually as low gain antennas, dipoles are also used as driven elements in many more complicated higher gain types of antennas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "dipole antenna"}], "question": "What is the most widley used antenna class?", "id": "572fdefb947a6a140053cd8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "horizontal dipole"}], "question": "                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 What radiates two lobes perpendicular to the antennas axis?                                                                                                                                       ", "id": "572fdefb947a6a140053cd8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "dipoles"}], "question": "Besides low gain antennas, what is also used as driven elements in complicated higher gain types of antennas?", "id": "572fdefb947a6a140053cd8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "2.15 dBi"}], "question": "How much gain does a half-wave dipole have?", "id": "572fdefb947a6a140053cd8f"}]}], ["Adalah mungkin untuk menggunakan konsep pemadanan impedans untuk membina antena menegak yang lebih pendek daripada 1/4 panjang gelombang di mana antena adalah resonan. Dengan menambahkan induktans siri dengan antena, gegelung pemuatan yang dipanggil, reaktans kapasitif antena ini boleh dibatalkan meninggalkan rintangan tulen yang kemudiannya dapat dipadankan dengan talian penghantaran. Kadang-kadang frekuensi resonant yang terhasil daripada sistem sedemikian (antena ditambah rangkaian yang sepadan) digambarkan menggunakan pembentukan panjang elektrik dan penggunaan antena yang lebih pendek pada frekuensi yang lebih rendah daripada frekuensi resonannya yang dipanggil pemanjangan elektrik. <> Untuk digunakan dengan lebih daripada satu perubahan saluran dibuat untuk meningkatkan harta benda apa? || padanan impedans <> Apa yang boleh digabungkan dengan antena untuk membentuk rintangan tulen? || induktansi <> Unsur apa yang akan rintangan tulen ini ditambah dengan? || talian penghantaran <> Frasa apa yang menerangkan proses sengaja menggunakan antena berdiri rendah pada frekuensi kurang daripada puncak? || memanjangkan elektrik", {"context": "It is possible to use the impedance matching concepts to construct vertical antennas substantially shorter than the 1\u20444 wavelength at which the antenna is resonant. By adding an inductance in series with the antenna, a so-called loading coil, the capacitive reactance of this antenna can be cancelled leaving a pure resistance which can then be matched to the transmission line. Sometimes the resulting resonant frequency of such a system (antenna plus matching network) is described using the construct of electrical length and the use of a shorter antenna at a lower frequency than its resonant frequency is termed electrical lengthening.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "impedance matching"}], "question": "For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?", "id": "572ff30304bcaa1900d76f11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "inductance"}], "question": "What could be coupled with an antenna to form pure resistance?", "id": "572ff30304bcaa1900d76f12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "transmission line"}], "question": "What element would this pure resistance be coupled with?", "id": "572ff30304bcaa1900d76f13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "electrical lengthening"}], "question": "What phrase describes the process of purposely using a lower standing antenna at a less than peak frequency?", "id": "572ff30304bcaa1900d76f14"}]}], ["Jumlah isyarat yang diterima dari sumber penghantaran jauh adalah secara geometri semulajadi kerana undang-undang persegi songsang, dan ini membawa kepada konsep kawasan yang berkesan. Ini mengukur prestasi antena dengan membandingkan jumlah kuasa yang dihasilkannya kepada jumlah kuasa dalam isyarat asal, yang diukur dari ketumpatan kuasa isyarat dalam Watts bagi satu meter persegi. Dipole separuh gelombang mempunyai luas yang berkesan 0.13 2. Jika lebih banyak prestasi diperlukan, kita tidak boleh membuat antena lebih besar. Walaupun ini akan memintas lebih banyak tenaga daripada isyarat, kerana pertimbangan di atas, ia akan mengurangkan output dengan ketara kerana ia bergerak dari panjang resonan. Dalam peranan di mana prestasi yang lebih tinggi diperlukan, pereka sering menggunakan pelbagai elemen digabungkan bersama. <> Apa yang menyebabkan geometri terlibat dalam penggunaan antena? || undang-undang persegi songsang <> Bagaimana keserasian isyarat diukur? || Watts per meter persegi <> Jenis projek apa yang akan memanggil lebih daripada satu elemen yang digunakan bersama? || prestasi yang lebih tinggi", {"context": "The amount of signal received from a distant transmission source is essentially geometric in nature due to the inverse square law, and this leads to the concept of effective area. This measures the performance of an antenna by comparing the amount of power it generates to the amount of power in the original signal, measured in terms of the signal's power density in Watts per square metre. A half-wave dipole has an effective area of 0.13 2. If more performance is needed, one cannot simply make the antenna larger. Although this would intercept more energy from the signal, due to the considerations above, it would decrease the output significantly due to it moving away from the resonant length. In roles where higher performance is needed, designers often use multiple elements combined together.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "inverse square law"}], "question": "What accounts for the geometry involved in the use of an antenna?", "id": "572ff545a23a5019007fcbb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Watts per square metre"}], "question": " How is the compactness of the signal measured?", "id": "572ff545a23a5019007fcbb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "higher performance"}], "question": "What type of project would call for more than one element used together?", "id": "572ff545a23a5019007fcbb6"}]}], ["Unsur-unsur gelombang suku meniru unsur elektrik resonan siri kerana gelombang berdiri di sepanjang konduktor. Pada frekuensi resonan, gelombang berdiri mempunyai puncak dan voltan semasa (minimum) pada suapan. Dalam terma elektrik, ini bermakna elemen mempunyai reaktansi minimum, menghasilkan arus maksimum untuk voltan minimum. Ini adalah keadaan yang ideal, kerana ia menghasilkan output maksimum untuk input minimum, menghasilkan kecekapan tertinggi. Bertentangan dengan litar siri resonant yang ideal (lossless), rintangan terhingga kekal (sepadan dengan voltan yang relatif kecil di titik suapan) kerana rintangan sinaran antena serta sebarang kehilangan elektrik sebenar. <> Bagaimanakah elemen gelombang suku berkuatkuasa berhubung dengan elemen elektrik siri berkaitan? || meniru <> Kekerapan apa yang membuat puncak semasa? || kekerapan resonan <> Bagaimana anda menerangkan semasa yang mempunyai kecekapan maksimum? || reaktansi minima <> Apa yang boleh menjadi output terbaik berbanding nisbah input? || kehilangan", {"context": "The quarter-wave elements imitate a series-resonant electrical element due to the standing wave present along the conductor. At the resonant frequency, the standing wave has a current peak and voltage node (minimum) at the feed. In electrical terms, this means the element has minimum reactance, generating the maximum current for minimum voltage. This is the ideal situation, because it produces the maximum output for the minimum input, producing the highest possible efficiency. Contrary to an ideal (lossless) series-resonant circuit, a finite resistance remains (corresponding to the relatively small voltage at the feed-point) due to the antenna's radiation resistance as well as any actual electrical losses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "imitate"}], "question": "How do quarter wave elements act in relation to a series relevant electrical element?", "id": "572feda5b2c2fd14005685ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "resonant frequency"}], "question": "What frequency develops a current peak?", "id": "572feda5b2c2fd14005685ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "minimum reactance"}], "question": "How would you describe a current that has maximum efficiency?", "id": "572feda5b2c2fd14005685ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "lossless"}], "question": "What could be the best possible output versus input ratio?", "id": "572feda5b2c2fd14005685f0"}]}], ["Keputusan akhir adalah bahawa antena resonan akan memancarkan isyarat secara berkesan ke dalam talian penghantaran hanya apabila kekerapan isyarat sumbernya hampir dengan kekerapan reka bentuk antena, atau salah satu gandaan resonan. Ini menjadikan reka bentuk antena resonans sempit sempit, dan mereka paling biasa digunakan dengan isyarat sasaran tunggal. Mereka sangat biasa pada sistem radar, di mana antena yang sama digunakan untuk siaran dan penerimaan, atau untuk siaran radio dan televisyen, di mana antena bekerja dengan frekuensi tunggal. Mereka jarang digunakan untuk penerimaan di mana terdapat beberapa saluran, di mana pengubahsuaian tambahan digunakan untuk meningkatkan lebar jalur, atau reka bentuk antena yang sama sekali berbeza digunakan. <> Jika anda tidak dapat memadankan kekerapan sumber dengan kekerapan reka bentuk antena apa yang boleh anda gunakan? || gandaan resonan <> Apakah aplikasi antena resonan yang paling biasa? || isyarat sasaran tunggal <> Apakah jenis persediaan antena yang biasanya digunakan untuk tontonan TV? || resonan <> Untuk digunakan dengan lebih daripada satu perubahan saluran dibuat untuk meningkatkan apa harta benda? || jalur lebar", {"context": "The end result is that the resonant antenna will efficiently feed a signal into the transmission line only when the source signal's frequency is close to that of the design frequency of the antenna, or one of the resonant multiples. This makes resonant antenna designs inherently narrowband, and they are most commonly used with a single target signal. They are particularly common on radar systems, where the same antenna is used for both broadcast and reception, or for radio and television broadcasts, where the antenna is working with a single frequency. They are less commonly used for reception where multiple channels are present, in which case additional modifications are used to increase the bandwidth, or entirely different antenna designs are used.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "resonant multiples"}], "question": " If your were unable to match the source frequency with the design frequency of the antenna what could you use?", "id": "572ff31bb2c2fd140056863b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "single target signal"}], "question": "What is the most common application of resonant antennas?", "id": "572ff31bb2c2fd140056863c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "resonant"}], "question": "What antenna setup type is generally used for TV viewing?", "id": "572ff31bb2c2fd140056863d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "bandwidth"}], "question": "For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?", "id": "572ff31bb2c2fd140056863e"}]}], ["Arahan Yagi-Uda menggunakan elemen pasif untuk meningkatkan keuntungan. Ia dibina di sepanjang ledakan sokongan yang menunjuk ke arah isyarat, dan dengan itu tidak melihat isyarat yang teraruh dan tidak menyumbang kepada operasi antena. Akhirnya dekat dengan sumber tersebut disebut sebagai bahagian depan. Berhampiran bahagian belakang adalah satu elemen aktif tunggal, biasanya dipole separuh gelombang atau dipole terlipat. Unsur-unsur pasif diatur di depan (pengarah) dan di belakang (reflektor) unsur aktif di sepanjang boom. Yagi mempunyai kualiti yang wujud sehingga menjadi semakin berarah, dan oleh itu mempunyai keuntungan yang lebih tinggi, kerana jumlah elemen meningkat. Walau bagaimanapun, ini juga menjadikannya peka terhadap perubahan kekerapan; jika frekuensi isyarat berubah, elemen aktif tidak lagi menerima tenaga secara langsung, tetapi semua elemen pasif yang menambahkan isyarat itu juga mengurangkan output mereka dan isyarat mereka tidak lagi mencapai elemen aktif dalam fasa. <> Apa yang boleh mengambil kesempatan daripada elemen ini untuk menambah keuntungan? || Arahan Yagi-Uda <> Adakah peranti ini meningkatkan operasi antena? || tidak menyumbangkan <> Apakah nama bagi unsur pasif lebih dekat dengan sumber isyarat? || pengarah <> Menambahkan lebih banyak unsur ke Yagi-Uda akan mempunyai kesan apa? || semakin berarah", {"context": "A Yagi-Uda array uses passive elements to greatly increase gain. It is built along a support boom that is pointed toward the signal, and thus sees no induced signal and does not contribute to the antenna's operation. The end closer to the source is referred to as the front. Near the rear is a single active element, typically a half-wave dipole or folded dipole. Passive elements are arranged in front (directors) and behind (reflectors) the active element along the boom. The Yagi has the inherent quality that it becomes increasingly directional, and thus has higher gain, as the number of elements increases. However, this also makes it increasingly sensitive to changes in frequency; if the signal frequency changes, not only does the active element receive less energy directly, but all of the passive elements adding to that signal also decrease their output as well and their signals no longer reach the active element in-phase.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "Yagi-Uda array"}], "question": "What can take advantage of these elements to add more gain?", "id": "572ff739b2c2fd140056866f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "does not contribute"}], "question": "Does this device improve the operation of the antenna?", "id": "572ff739b2c2fd1400568670"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "directors"}], "question": "What is the name for passive elements nearer to the source of the signal?", "id": "572ff739b2c2fd1400568671"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "increasingly directional"}], "question": "Adding more elements to a Yagi-Uda would have what effect?", "id": "572ff739b2c2fd1400568672"}]}], ["Bentuk gelombang berdiri dengan corak yang dikehendaki pada kekerapan reka bentuk, f0, dan antena biasanya direka untuk menjadi saiz ini. Walau bagaimanapun, memberi makan elemen itu dengan 3f0 (yang panjang gelombangnya 1/3 daripada f0) juga akan membawa kepada pola gelombang berdiri. Oleh itu, elemen antena juga resonan apabila panjangnya adalah 3/4 daripada panjang gelombang. Ini adalah benar untuk semua gandaan ganjil daripada 1/4 panjang gelombang. Ini membolehkan beberapa fleksibiliti reka bentuk dari segi panjang antena dan titik suapan. Antena yang digunakan dalam fesyen sedemikian diketahui secara harmoni. <> Kekerapan apa yang biasanya direka oleh antena? || f0 <> Apa yang boleh ditambahkan ke f0 untuk membuat corak gelombang berdiri? || 3f0 <> Apa yang penting untuk panjang gelombang? || 1/4 <> Bagaimana gelombang yang digunakan dalam cara yang dibincangkan dikawal? || harmoni", {"context": "The standing wave forms with this desired pattern at the design frequency, f0, and antennas are normally designed to be this size. However, feeding that element with 3f0 (whose wavelength is 1\u20443 that of f0) will also lead to a standing wave pattern. Thus, an antenna element is also resonant when its length is 3\u20444 of a wavelength. This is true for all odd multiples of 1\u20444 wavelength. This allows some flexibility of design in terms of antenna lengths and feed points. Antennas used in such a fashion are known to be harmonically operated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "f0"}], "question": "What frequency are antennas normally designed to be?", "id": "572fea66b2c2fd14005685d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "3f0"}], "question": "What can be added to f0 to create a standing wave pattern?", "id": "572fea66b2c2fd14005685d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "1\u20444"}], "question": "What multiple is essential for wavelengths?", "id": "572fea66b2c2fd14005685d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "harmonically"}], "question": "How are waves which are used in the ways discussed controlled?", "id": "572fea66b2c2fd14005685d4"}]}], ["Ia juga mungkin untuk menggunakan pelbagai unsur aktif dan menggabungkannya bersama-sama dengan talian penghantaran untuk menghasilkan sistem yang sama di mana fasa menambah sehingga menguatkan output. Arus antena dan antena pelbagai reflektif yang hampir sama terdiri daripada beberapa elemen, sering kali dipol separa gelombang, dijarakkan pada satah dan berwayar bersama-sama dengan talian penghantaran dengan panjang fasa tertentu untuk menghasilkan isyarat fasa tunggal pada output. Antena log-periodik adalah reka bentuk yang lebih rumit yang menggunakan pelbagai unsur dalam talian yang serupa dengan penampilan ke Yagi-Uda tetapi menggunakan garis penghantaran antara elemen untuk menghasilkan output. <> Apa yang boleh dipasangkan dengan talian penghantaran untuk membuat fasa yang akan menyokong output? || elemen aktif <> Apakah unsur yang paling biasa digunakan untuk membuat isyarat fasa tunggal? || separuh gelombang dipoles <> Apa yang mesti tepat untuk menghasilkan isyarat ini pada output? || panjang fasa <> Apakah kejadian yang lebih rumit daripada antena menghasilkan fasa tunggal? || log-periodik", {"context": "It is also possible to use multiple active elements and combine them together with transmission lines to produce a similar system where the phases add up to reinforce the output. The antenna array and very similar reflective array antenna consist of multiple elements, often half-wave dipoles, spaced out on a plane and wired together with transmission lines with specific phase lengths to produce a single in-phase signal at the output. The log-periodic antenna is a more complex design that uses multiple in-line elements similar in appearance to the Yagi-Uda but using transmission lines between the elements to produce the output.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "active elements"}], "question": "What can be paired with transmission lines to create phases that would support output?", "id": "572ff872b2c2fd140056868b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "half-wave dipoles"}], "question": "What is the most common element used to create a single in phase signal?", "id": "572ff872b2c2fd140056868c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "phase lengths"}], "question": "What must be precise in order to create this signal at output?", "id": "572ff872b2c2fd140056868d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "log-periodic"}], "question": "What is a more complicated occurrence of the single in-phase producing antenna?", "id": "572ff872b2c2fd140056868e"}]}], ["Dipole separuh gelombang biasa mungkin merupakan reka bentuk antena yang paling banyak digunakan. Ini terdiri daripada dua 1/4-panjang gelombang unsur disusun akhir-ke-akhir, dan berbaring bersama dasarnya paksi yang sama (atau collinear), masing-masing memberi makan satu sisi wayar transmisi dua-konduktor. Pengaturan fizikal kedua-dua unsur menempatkan mereka 180 darjah dari fasa, yang bermaksud bahawa pada mana-mana instan yang diberikan salah satu unsur sedang memacu arus ke jalur transmisi sementara yang lain menariknya. Antena monopole pada dasarnya adalah satu setengah daripada dipol gelombang separuh, satu 1/4 panjang gelombang elemen dengan bahagian lain yang disambungkan ke tanah atau satah tanah bersamaan (atau bertentangan). Monopole, yang merupakan satu setengah saiz dipole, adalah biasa untuk isyarat radio panjang gelombang panjang di mana dipole akan secara praktikal besar. Satu lagi reka bentuk yang biasa adalah dipole dilipat, yang pada asasnya dua dipole diletakkan bersebelahan dan disambungkan di hujung mereka untuk membuat satu antena panjang gelombang tunggal. <> Apakah jenis antena yang paling popular? || dipole separuh gelombang <> Apa yang biasanya beng dimasukkan ke dalamnya atau ditarik keluar? || garis penghantaran <> Unsur-unsur dalam separuh gelombang dipol dan pada paksi yang sama dikatakan apa? || collinear <> Apakah jenis antena adalah sebahagian daripada dipol gelombang separuh? || Monopoli <> Jenis popular apa yang lebih banyak menggabungkan satu antena? || dipole dilipat", {"context": "The ordinary half-wave dipole is probably the most widely used antenna design. This consists of two 1\u20444-wavelength elements arranged end-to-end, and lying along essentially the same axis (or collinear), each feeding one side of a two-conductor transmission wire. The physical arrangement of the two elements places them 180 degrees out of phase, which means that at any given instant one of the elements is driving current into the transmission line while the other is pulling it out. The monopole antenna is essentially one half of the half-wave dipole, a single 1\u20444-wavelength element with the other side connected to ground or an equivalent ground plane (or counterpoise). Monopoles, which are one-half the size of a dipole, are common for long-wavelength radio signals where a dipole would be impractically large. Another common design is the folded dipole, which is essentially two dipoles placed side-by-side and connected at their ends to make a single one-wavelength antenna.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "half-wave dipole"}], "question": "What is the most popular antenna type?", "id": "572fe9e4b2c2fd14005685c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "transmission line"}], "question": "What is the current usually beng put into it or pulled out of?", "id": "572fe9e4b2c2fd14005685c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "collinear"}], "question": "Elements in a half wave dipole and on an identical axis are said to be what?", "id": "572fe9e4b2c2fd14005685c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "Monopoles"}], "question": "What antenna type is a portion of the half wave dipole?", "id": "572fe9e4b2c2fd14005685ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "folded dipole"}], "question": "What popular type combines more that one antenna?", "id": "572fe9e4b2c2fd14005685cb"}]}], ["Refleksi isyarat asal juga berlaku apabila ia mencapai permukaan konduktif yang diperluas, dalam fesyen yang serupa dengan cermin. Kesan ini juga boleh digunakan untuk meningkatkan isyarat melalui penggunaan reflektor, biasanya diletakkan di belakang elemen aktif dan jarak supaya isyarat yang tercermin mencapai elemen dalam fasa. Pada umumnya reflektor akan tetap sangat reflektif walaupun ia tidak pepejal; Jurang kurang dari 1/10 umumnya tidak memberi kesan sedikit pada hasilnya. Atas sebab ini, reflektor sering mengambil bentuk dawai atau baris elemen pasif, yang menjadikannya lebih ringan dan kurang tertakluk kepada angin. Reflektor parabola mungkin merupakan contoh yang paling terkenal dari antena berasaskan reflektor, yang mempunyai kawasan yang berkesan jauh lebih besar daripada elemen aktif sahaja. <> Jika anda ingin mengklon semula isyarat asal yang boleh anda gunakan? || permukaan konduktif yang diperpanjang <> Apakah kesan penggunaan reflektor pada isyarat? || tambah <> Apa elaun boleh dibuat untuk jurang tanpa kehilangan prestasi? || kurang daripada 1/10 <> Apakah jenis antena yang paling diiktiraf yang mempunyai asas dalam refleksi? || reflektor parabola", {"context": "Reflection of the original signal also occurs when it hits an extended conductive surface, in a fashion similar to a mirror. This effect can also be used to increase signal through the use of a reflector, normally placed behind the active element and spaced so the reflected signal reaches the element in-phase. Generally the reflector will remain highly reflective even if it is not solid; gaps less than 1\u204410 generally have little effect on the outcome. For this reason, reflectors often take the form of wire meshes or rows of passive elements, which makes them lighter and less subject to wind. The parabolic reflector is perhaps the best known example of a reflector-based antenna, which has an effective area far greater than the active element alone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "extended conductive surface"}], "question": "If you wanted to somehow clone the original signal you could use?", "id": "572ff92704bcaa1900d76f8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "increase"}], "question": "What effect would the use of a reflector have on a signal?", "id": "572ff92704bcaa1900d76f8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "less than 1\u204410"}], "question": "What allowance can be made for gaps without loss of performance?", "id": "572ff92704bcaa1900d76f8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "parabolic reflector"}], "question": "What is the most recognized type of an antenna that has its basis in reflection?", "id": "572ff92704bcaa1900d76f90"}]}], ["Kembali ke konsep dasar arus semasa dalam konduktor, pertimbangkan apa yang berlaku jika dipol separuh gelombang tidak disambungkan ke titik umpan, tetapi sebaliknya terpendam. Elektrik ini membentuk satu elemen 1/2 panjang gelombang. Tetapi corak semasa keseluruhan adalah sama; semasa akan menjadi sifar di kedua-dua hujung, dan mencapai maksimum di tengah. Jadi isyarat berhampiran kekerapan reka bentuk akan terus mewujudkan pola gelombang berdiri. Mana-mana arus elektrik yang berlainan, seperti gelombang berdiri di dalam unsur, akan memancarkan isyarat. Dalam kes ini, selain daripada kerugian rintangan dalam elemen, isyarat rebroadcast akan sama dengan isyarat asal dalam kedua-dua magnitud dan bentuk. Jika elemen ini diletakkan supaya isyaratnya mencapai fasa utama dalam fasa, ia akan menguatkan isyarat asal, dan meningkatkan arus dalam dipol. Elemen yang digunakan dengan cara ini dikenali sebagai unsur pasif. <> Apakah dipol gelombang separuh perlu digabungkan dengan dalam kebanyakan kes? || titik suapan <> Bahagian bahagian semasa biasanya terkuat? || tengah <> Apa hasilnya? || corak gelombang berdiri <> Unsur yang digunakan untuk memberi sokongan kepada isyarat asal dipanggil? || unsur pasif", {"context": "Returning to the basic concept of current flows in a conductor, consider what happens if a half-wave dipole is not connected to a feed point, but instead shorted out. Electrically this forms a single 1\u20442-wavelength element. But the overall current pattern is the same; the current will be zero at the two ends, and reach a maximum in the center. Thus signals near the design frequency will continue to create a standing wave pattern. Any varying electrical current, like the standing wave in the element, will radiate a signal. In this case, aside from resistive losses in the element, the rebroadcast signal will be significantly similar to the original signal in both magnitude and shape. If this element is placed so its signal reaches the main dipole in-phase, it will reinforce the original signal, and increase the current in the dipole. Elements used in this way are known as passive elements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "feed point"}], "question": "What is a half wave dipole need to be coupled with in most instances?", "id": "572ff659b2c2fd1400568661"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "center"}], "question": "What part of the current is usually strongest?", "id": "572ff659b2c2fd1400568662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "standing wave pattern"}], "question": "What does this result in?", "id": "572ff659b2c2fd1400568663"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "passive elements"}], "question": "Element used to provide support to the original signal are called?", "id": "572ff659b2c2fd1400568664"}]}], ["Walaupun antena resonant mempunyai impedans umpan-umpan resistif yang semata-mata pada kekerapan tertentu, banyak (jika tidak kebanyakan) aplikasi memerlukan menggunakan antena atas pelbagai frekuensi. Jalur lebar antena menentukan pelbagai frekuensi di mana prestasinya tidak mengalami kerana perlawanan impedans yang lemah. Juga dalam kes array Yagi-Uda, penggunaan antena yang sangat jauh dari kekerapan reka bentuknya mengurangkan directivity antena, sehingga mengurangkan lebar jalur yang boleh digunakan tanpa mengira halangan impedans. <> Jenis antena apa yang mempunyai impedans pada kekerapan tertentu? || resonan <> Istilah apa yang boleh digunakan untuk merujuk kepada spektrum yang boleh digunakan frekuensi antena? || bandwidth <> Apa yang menyebabkan frekuensi di luar jalur lebar tidak dapat digunakan? || perlawanan impedans <> Apa yang dikurangkan oleh reka bentuk Yagi-Uda? || pengarahan", {"context": "Although a resonant antenna has a purely resistive feed-point impedance at a particular frequency, many (if not most) applications require using an antenna over a range of frequencies. An antenna's bandwidth specifies the range of frequencies over which its performance does not suffer due to a poor impedance match. Also in the case of a Yagi-Uda array, the use of the antenna very far away from its design frequency reduces the antenna's directivity, thus reducing the usable bandwidth regardless of impedance matching.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "resonant"}], "question": "What type of antenna has impedance at a specific frequency?", "id": "5730073c04bcaa1900d77037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "bandwidth"}], "question": "What term can be used to refer to the usable spectrum of an antennas frequency?", "id": "5730073c04bcaa1900d77038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "impedance match"}], "question": "What causes the frequencies outside of the bandwidth to be unusable?", "id": "5730073c04bcaa1900d77039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "directivity"}], "question": "What is lessened by the Yagi-Uda design?", "id": "5730073c04bcaa1900d7703a"}]}], ["Antena gain tinggi mempunyai kelebihan julat yang lebih panjang dan kualiti isyarat yang lebih baik, tetapi mesti ditujukan dengan teliti ke antena yang lain. Satu contoh antena keuntungan tinggi ialah hidangan parabola seperti antena televisyen satelit. Antena keuntungan rendah mempunyai jarak yang lebih pendek, tetapi orientasi antena agak tidak penting. Contoh antena berpengaruh rendah adalah antena cambuk yang terdapat pada radio mudah alih dan telefon tanpa wayar. Keuntungan antena tidak boleh dikelirukan dengan keuntungan penguat, parameter yang terpisah mengukur peningkatan kekuatan isyarat disebabkan oleh alat penguat. <> Antena dengan keuntungan yang lebih tinggi mempunyai ciri positif apa? || julat yang lebih panjang <> Apakah ukuran sejauh mana kecekapan ditingkatkan dengan menambahkan peranti yang direka untuk membuat sesuatu yang lebih kuat? || mendapatkan penguat <> Dish network Tv mengambil contoh jenis antena apa? || hidangan parabola <> Apa jenis antena yang terbaik jika penempatan itu rumit? || Keuntungan rendah", {"context": "High-gain antennas have the advantage of longer range and better signal quality, but must be aimed carefully at the other antenna. An example of a high-gain antenna is a parabolic dish such as a satellite television antenna. Low-gain antennas have shorter range, but the orientation of the antenna is relatively unimportant. An example of a low-gain antenna is the whip antenna found on portable radios and cordless phones. Antenna gain should not be confused with amplifier gain, a separate parameter measuring the increase in signal power due to an amplifying device.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "longer range"}], "question": "Antennas with higher gain have what positive feature?", "id": "57300b4ba23a5019007fccb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "amplifier gain"}], "question": "What is a measure of how much efficient is improved by adding a device designed to make something stronger?", "id": "57300b4ba23a5019007fccb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "parabolic dish"}], "question": "Dish network Tv takes example of what type of antenna?", "id": "57300b4ba23a5019007fccb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Low-gain"}], "question": "What type of antenna would be best if placement was tricky?", "id": "57300b4ba23a5019007fccb7"}]}], ["Oleh kerana timbal balik (dibincangkan di atas) keuntungan antena yang digunakan untuk penghantaran mesti berkadaran dengan kawasan yang berkesan apabila digunakan untuk menerima. Pertimbangkan antena tanpa kerugian, iaitu, kecekapan elektriknya adalah 100%. Ia boleh ditunjukkan bahawa kawasan yang berkesan di atas semua arah mestilah sama dengan \u03bb2 / 4\u03c0, kuadrat panjang gelombang dibahagi dengan 4\u03c0. Keuntungan ditakrifkan supaya keuntungan purata ke atas semua arah untuk antena dengan kecekapan elektrik 100% adalah sama dengan 1. Oleh itu, kawasan yang berkesan Aeff dari segi keuntungan G dalam arah yang diberikan diberikan oleh: <> Apa hubungannya antena dan kawasan penerimaan disebabkan oleh timbal balik? || berkadar <> apa yang boleh dikatakan mempunyai antena dengan kecekapan elektrik yang lengkap? || tiada kerugian <> Satu lagi istilah untuk kawasan yang berkesan adalah? || Aeff <> hat boleh antena dengan kecekapan elektrik yang lengkap dikatakan mempunyai? || 1", {"context": "Due to reciprocity (discussed above) the gain of an antenna used for transmitting must be proportional to its effective area when used for receiving. Consider an antenna with no loss, that is, one whose electrical efficiency is 100%. It can be shown that its effective area averaged over all directions must be equal to \u03bb2/4\u03c0, the wavelength squared divided by 4\u03c0. Gain is defined such that the average gain over all directions for an antenna with 100% electrical efficiency is equal to 1. Therefore, the effective area Aeff in terms of the gain G in a given direction is given by:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "proportional"}], "question": "What must the relationship of an antenna and the receiving area be due to reciprocity?", "id": "5730129f947a6a140053d040"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "no loss"}], "question": "what could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?", "id": "5730129f947a6a140053d041"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Aeff"}], "question": "Another term for the effective area is?", "id": "5730129f947a6a140053d043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "1"}], "question": "hat could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?", "id": "5730129f947a6a140053d042"}]}], ["Corak radiasi antena adalah plot kekuatan medan relatif gelombang radio yang dipancarkan oleh antena pada sudut yang berbeza. Ini biasanya diwakili oleh graf tiga dimensi, atau plot polar bagi bahagian rentas melintang dan menegak. Corak antena isotropik yang ideal, yang memancarkan sama rata dalam semua arah, akan kelihatan seperti sfera. Banyak antena nondirectional, seperti monopole dan dipole, memancarkan kuasa yang sama dalam semua arah mendatar, dengan kuasa menurun pada sudut yang lebih tinggi dan lebih rendah; ini dipanggil corak omnidirectional dan apabila diplot kelihatan seperti torus atau donat. <> Satu plot tingkah laku radiasi antena akan menunjukkan apa? || kekuatan medan relatif <> Jenis bantuan bergambar yang sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan ini? || grafik tiga dimensi <> Suatu sphere menunjukkan jenis sinaran antena? || isotropic <> Dipoles dianggap sebagai jenis antena? || nondirectional <> Apa yang akan kelihatan seperti antena omnidirectional jika direncanakan? || donat", {"context": "The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the relative field strength of the radio waves emitted by the antenna at different angles. It is typically represented by a three-dimensional graph, or polar plots of the horizontal and vertical cross sections. The pattern of an ideal isotropic antenna, which radiates equally in all directions, would look like a sphere. Many nondirectional antennas, such as monopoles and dipoles, emit equal power in all horizontal directions, with the power dropping off at higher and lower angles; this is called an omnidirectional pattern and when plotted looks like a torus or donut.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "relative field strength"}], "question": "A plot of the radiation behaviors of an antenna would show what?", "id": "57301377947a6a140053d05c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "three-dimensional graph"}], "question": "What type of pictoral aid is often used to show this?", "id": "57301377947a6a140053d05d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "isotropic"}], "question": " A sphere shows what type of antennas radiation?", "id": "57301377947a6a140053d05e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "nondirectional"}], "question": "Dipoles are considered to be what antenna type?", "id": "57301377947a6a140053d05f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "donut"}], "question": "What would an omnidirectional antenna look like if plotted?", "id": "57301377947a6a140053d060"}]}], ["Penalaan antena secara amnya merujuk kepada pembatalan apa-apa reaktansi yang dilihat di terminal antena, hanya meninggalkan impedans rintangan yang mungkin atau mungkin tidak betul-betul impedans yang diingini (bahawa talian penghantaran). Walaupun antena mungkin direka untuk mempunyai impedans feedpoint yang semata-mata resistif (seperti 97% dipole panjang gelombang panjang) ini mungkin tidak tepat pada frekuensi yang akhirnya digunakan pada. Dalam beberapa kes panjang fizikal antena boleh \"dipangkas\" untuk mendapatkan rintangan tulen. Sebaliknya, penambahan induktansi siri atau kapasitans selari boleh digunakan untuk membatalkan reaktans kapasitif atau induktif sisa. <> Apa yang tersisa selepas penalaan antena? || Galangan resistif <> Di mana pembatalan apa-apa reaktansi dilihat? || terminal antena <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk membatalkan reaktansi inductibe atau kapasitatif residual? || kapasitansi selari <> Apakah antena yang direka bentuk? || feedpoint tulen semata-mata", {"context": "Antenna tuning generally refers to cancellation of any reactance seen at the antenna terminals, leaving only a resistive impedance which might or might not be exactly the desired impedance (that of the transmission line). Although an antenna may be designed to have a purely resistive feedpoint impedance (such as a dipole 97% of a half wavelength long) this might not be exactly true at the frequency that it is eventually used at. In some cases the physical length of the antenna can be \"trimmed\" to obtain a pure resistance. On the other hand, the addition of a series inductance or parallel capacitance can be used to cancel a residual capacitative or inductive reactance, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "resistive impedance"}], "question": "What is left after antenna tuning?", "id": "573001d0b2c2fd1400568722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "antenna terminals"}], "question": "Where does cancellation of any reactance seen?", "id": "573001d0b2c2fd1400568721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "parallel capacitance"}], "question": "What can be used to cancel a inductibe reactance or residual capacitative?", "id": "573001d0b2c2fd1400568723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "purely resistive feedpoint"}], "question": "What is an antenna designed to have?", "id": "573001d0b2c2fd1400568724"}]}], ["Sinaran banyak antena menunjukkan corak maxima atau \"cuping\" pada pelbagai sudut, dipisahkan oleh \"nulls\", sudut di mana radiasi jatuh ke sifar. Ini kerana gelombang radio yang dipancarkan oleh pelbagai bahagian antena biasanya mengganggu, menyebabkan maxima pada sudut di mana gelombang radio tiba di titik jauh dalam fasa, dan sinaran sifar di sudut lain di mana gelombang radio tiba dari fasa. Dalam antena arah yang direka untuk memproyeksikan gelombang radio dalam arah tertentu, lobus ke arah itu direka lebih besar daripada yang lain dan dipanggil \"umbi utama\". Lobak lain biasanya mewakili sinaran yang tidak diingini dan dipanggil \"sidelobes\". Paksi melalui lobus utama dipanggil \"paksi utama\" atau \"paksi boresight\". <> Apakah istilah yang merujuk kepada kawasan di mana radiasi antena adalah sifar? || nulls <> Apa gelombang radio melakukan akaun itu untuk maxima atau nulls dalam corak antena? || campur tangan <> Jika anda menginginkan untuk memproyeksikan gelombang radio di selatan, apa bahagian antena yang anda akan membina lebih besar ke arah itu? || lobak <> Apakah perbezaan lobus sampingan utama? || mewakili radiasi yang tidak diingini", {"context": "The radiation of many antennas shows a pattern of maxima or \"lobes\" at various angles, separated by \"nulls\", angles where the radiation falls to zero. This is because the radio waves emitted by different parts of the antenna typically interfere, causing maxima at angles where the radio waves arrive at distant points in phase, and zero radiation at other angles where the radio waves arrive out of phase. In a directional antenna designed to project radio waves in a particular direction, the lobe in that direction is designed larger than the others and is called the \"main lobe\". The other lobes usually represent unwanted radiation and are called \"sidelobes\". The axis through the main lobe is called the \"principal axis\" or \"boresight axis\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "nulls"}], "question": "What is the term that refers to areas where an antennas radiation is zero? ", "id": "573014c3a23a5019007fcd25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "interfere"}], "question": "What do radio waves do that account for maxima or nulls in an antenna pattern?", "id": "573014c3a23a5019007fcd26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "lobe"}], "question": "If you desired to project radio waves to the south, what part of the antenna would you build larger in that direction?", "id": "573014c3a23a5019007fcd27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "represent unwanted radiation"}], "question": "What is the main distinction of side lobes?", "id": "573014c3a23a5019007fcd28"}]}], ["Keuntungan adalah parameter yang mengukur tahap arah langsung corak radiasi antena. Antena yang mendapat keuntungan tinggi akan memancarkan kebanyakan kuasanya ke arah tertentu, sementara antena keuntungan rendah akan memancar ke sudut yang lebih luas. Keuntungan antena, atau keuntungan daya dari antena didefinisikan sebagai nisbah keamatan (daya per satuan luas permukaan) yang dipancarkan oleh antena ke arah output maksimumnya, pada jarak sewenang-wenangnya, dibahagikan dengan intensitas yang dipancarkan pada sama jarak dengan antena isotropik hipotetikal yang memancarkan kuasa yang sama dalam semua arah. Nisbah tak berdimensi ini biasanya dinyatakan secara logaritma dalam desibel, unit-unit ini dipanggil \"decibels-isotropic\" (dBi) <> Apakah pengiktirafan pelbagai arah dan antena yang mungkin? || dapatkan <> Apa cara lain untuk merujuk kepada keuntungan antena? || mendapatkan keuntungan <> Apakah maksud intensiti? || kuasa per unit kawasan permukaan <> Jenis antena apa yang akan menawarkan tahap kuasa yang sama untuk setiap destinasi yang mungkin? || isotropik", {"context": "Gain is a parameter which measures the degree of directivity of the antenna's radiation pattern. A high-gain antenna will radiate most of its power in a particular direction, while a low-gain antenna will radiate over a wider angle. The antenna gain, or power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the intensity (power per unit surface area)  radiated by the antenna in the direction of its maximum output, at an arbitrary distance, divided by the intensity  radiated at the same distance by a hypothetical isotropic antenna which radiates equal power in all directions. This dimensionless ratio is usually expressed logarithmically in decibels, these units are called \"decibels-isotropic\" (dBi)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "gain"}], "question": "What is an acknowledgement of the range of possible direction for and antenna?", "id": "57300a9f947a6a140053cfca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "power gain"}], "question": "What is another way to refer to an antennas gain?", "id": "57300a9f947a6a140053cfcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "power per unit surface area"}], "question": "What is the meaning of intensity?", "id": "57300a9f947a6a140053cfcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "isotropic"}], "question": "What type of an antenna would offer the same level of power to each possible destination?", "id": "57300a9f947a6a140053cfcd"}]}], ["Satu lagi kes melampau halangan impedan berlaku apabila menggunakan antena gelung kecil (biasanya, tetapi tidak selalu, untuk menerima) pada frekuensi yang agak rendah di mana ia kelihatan hampir sebagai induktor tulen. Resonating induktor seperti ini dengan kapasitor pada kekerapan operasi bukan sahaja membatalkan reaktansi tetapi sangat membesarkan rintangan radiasi yang sangat kecil seperti gelung. [Rujukan?] Ini dilaksanakan di kebanyakan penerima siaran AM, dengan antena gelung ferit kecil yang bergema oleh kapasitor yang berbeza-beza bersama penalaan penerima untuk mengekalkan resonans di atas jalur penyiaran AM <> Apa yang membesarkan rintangan radiasi kecil gelung? || kapasitor pada kekerapan operasi <> Apa yang dipertaruhkan oleh kapasitor bersama dengan penalaan penerima yang mengekalkan resonans di atas jalur penyiaran AM? || antena gelung ferit kecil <> Apa yang digunakan di kebanyakan penerima penyiar AM? || gelung <> Apabila menggunakan antena gelung kecil pada frekuensi rendah, apa yang mungkin berlaku? || pencocokan impedans", {"context": "Another extreme case of impedance matching occurs when using a small loop antenna (usually, but not always, for receiving) at a relatively low frequency where it appears almost as a pure inductor. Resonating such an inductor with a capacitor at the frequency of operation not only cancels the reactance but greatly magnifies the very small radiation resistance of such a loop.[citation needed] This is implemented in most AM broadcast receivers, with a small ferrite loop antenna resonated by a capacitor which is varied along with the receiver tuning in order to maintain resonance over the AM broadcast band", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "a capacitor at the frequency of operation"}], "question": "What magnifies the small radiation resistance of a loop?", "id": "572ffb1ba23a5019007fcbf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "small ferrite loop antenna"}], "question": "What is resonated by a capacitor along with the receiver tuning that maintains resonance over the AM broadcast band?", "id": "572ffb1ba23a5019007fcbf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "loop"}], "question": "What is used in most AM broadcaster receivers?", "id": "572ffb1ba23a5019007fcbf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "impedance matching"}], "question": "When using a small loop antenna at a low frequency, what may occur?", "id": "572ffb1ba23a5019007fcbf6"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, ia sering diingini untuk mempunyai antena yang mana impedansnya tidak banyak berubah daripada lebar jalur tertentu. Ternyata jumlah reaktansi yang dilihat di terminal antena resonan apabila frekuensi dialihkan, katakan, sebesar 5%, sangat bergantung pada diameter konduktor yang digunakan. Kawat tipis panjang yang digunakan sebagai dipole separuh gelombang (atau monopole gelombang suku) akan mempunyai reaktan yang jauh lebih besar daripada impedans resistif yang mempunyai resonans, yang membawa kepada perlawanan yang lemah dan prestasi yang tidak boleh diterima secara umum. Membuat elemen menggunakan tiub diameter mungkin 1/50 dari panjangnya, bagaimanapun, menghasilkan reaktansi pada kekerapan berubah ini yang tidak begitu besar, dan ketidakpadanan yang kurang serius yang hanya akan merosakkan prestasi bersih antena. Oleh itu tiub yang agak tebal biasanya digunakan untuk unsur pepejal antena seperti itu, termasuk susunan Yagi-Uda. <> Apakah sifat konduktor yang mengubah jumlah reaktansi? || diameter <> Ciri-ciri apakah yang lebih baik jika ia stabil? || reaktansi <> Apa yang akan digunakan untuk membuat gelombang separuh atau separa gelombang dipole? || Kawat panjang nipis <> Apakah jenis tiub biasanya digunakan untuk sentiasa antena yang kukuh? || tiub tebal", {"context": "Instead, it is often desired to have an antenna whose impedance does not vary so greatly over a certain bandwidth. It turns out that the amount of reactance seen at the terminals of a resonant antenna when the frequency is shifted, say, by 5%, depends very much on the diameter of the conductor used. A long thin wire used as a half-wave dipole (or quarter wave monopole) will have a reactance significantly greater than the resistive impedance it has at resonance, leading to a poor match and generally unacceptable performance. Making the element using a tube of a diameter perhaps 1/50 of its length, however, results in a reactance at this altered frequency which is not so great, and a much less serious mismatch which will only modestly damage the antenna's net performance. Thus rather thick tubes are typically used for the solid elements of such antennas, including Yagi-Uda arrays.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "diameter"}], "question": "What characteristic of the conductor changes the amount of reactance?", "id": "57300832a23a5019007fcc74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "reactance"}], "question": "What characteristic would be better if it were steady?", "id": "57300832a23a5019007fcc73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "A long thin wire"}], "question": "What would be used to create a half wave or quarter wave dipole?", "id": "57300832a23a5019007fcc75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "thick tubes"}], "question": "What type of tubes are generally used for sturdier always of antennas?", "id": "57300832a23a5019007fcc76"}]}], ["Daripada menggunakan tiub tebal, terdapat teknik-teknik serupa yang digunakan untuk memberi kesan yang sama seperti menggantikan elemen-elemen kawat tipis dengan sangkar untuk mensimulasikan elemen tebal. Ini meluaskan jalur lebar resonans. Sebaliknya, antena radio amatur perlu beroperasi di beberapa kumpulan yang secara berasingan dipisahkan dari satu sama lain. Hal ini sering dapat dicapai dengan menghubungkan unsur-unsur resonansi untuk band yang berbeza selari. Kebanyakan kuasa pemancar akan mengalir ke dalam elemen resonan manakala yang lain mempunyai impedans yang tinggi (reaktif) dan menarik sedikit arus dari voltan yang sama. Penyelesaian yang popular menggunakan perangkap yang dipanggil litar resonant selari yang ditempatkan secara strategik dalam rehat sepanjang setiap elemen antena. Apabila digunakan pada satu jalur kekerapan tertentu, perangkap memberikan impedans yang sangat tinggi (resonans selari) dengan berkesan memangkas elemen pada panjang itu, menjadikannya antena resonan yang sesuai. Pada frekuensi yang lebih rendah perangkap membolehkan panjang penuh elemen untuk digunakan, walaupun dengan kekerapan resonan yang beralih disebabkan kemasukan reaktansi bersih perangkap pada kekerapan yang lebih rendah. <> Apa kesan yang ada pada spektrum frekuensi yang boleh digunakan? || widens <> Apa jenis tiub yang umumnya digunakan untuk sentiasa antena yang kukuh? || sangkar <> Bagaimana seseorang boleh mencapai tugas mewujudkan antena yang boleh Digunakan di atas pelbagai kumpulan? || menyambung unsur-unsur resonansi <> Apa yang penting untuk menangani mengarahkan aliran kuasa? || perangkap", {"context": "Rather than just using a thick tube, there are similar techniques used to the same effect such as replacing thin wire elements with cages to simulate a thicker element. This widens the bandwidth of the resonance. On the other hand, amateur radio antennas need to operate over several bands which are widely separated from each other. This can often be accomplished simply by connecting resonant elements for the different bands in parallel. Most of the transmitter's power will flow into the resonant element while the others present a high (reactive) impedance and draw little current from the same voltage. A popular solution uses so-called traps consisting of parallel resonant circuits which are strategically placed in breaks along each antenna element. When used at one particular frequency band the trap presents a very high impedance (parallel resonance) effectively truncating the element at that length, making it a proper resonant antenna. At a lower frequency the trap allows the full length of the element to be employed, albeit with a shifted resonant frequency due to the inclusion of the trap's net reactance at that lower frequency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "widens"}], "question": "What effect do cages have on the spectrum of usable frequencies?", "id": "573008dba23a5019007fcc7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "cages"}], "question": "What type of tubes are generally used for sturdier always of antennas?", "id": "573008dba23a5019007fcc7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "connecting resonant elements"}], "question": "How could one achieve the task of creating an antenna that can be Used over various bands?", "id": "573008dba23a5019007fcc7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1104, "text": "trap's"}], "question": "What is an essential for dealing with directing the flow of power?", "id": "573008dba23a5019007fcc7e"}]}], ["Kecekapan antena pemancar ialah nisbah kuasa yang sebenarnya dipancarkan (dalam semua arah) kepada kuasa yang diserap oleh terminal antena. Kuasa yang dibekalkan ke terminal antena yang tidak dipancarkan ditukar kepada haba. Ini biasanya melalui rintangan kerugian di konduktor antena, tetapi juga boleh disebabkan oleh kerugian teras dielektrik atau magnet dalam antena (atau sistem antena) menggunakan komponen tersebut. Kehilangan sedemikian secara berkesan merompak kuasa dari pemancar, memerlukan pemancar yang lebih kuat untuk menghantar isyarat kekuatan yang diberikan. <> Satu ukuran kuasa yang boleh digunakan dan kuasa diserap oleh terminal? || Kecekapan <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kuasa yang tidak diserap oleh antena? || haba <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan reaksi itu? || kehilangan teras magnet <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan reaksi itu? || pemancar", {"context": "Efficiency of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of power actually radiated (in all directions) to the power absorbed by the antenna terminals. The power supplied to the antenna terminals which is not radiated is converted into heat. This is usually through loss resistance in the antenna's conductors, but can also be due to dielectric or magnetic core losses in antennas (or antenna systems) using such components. Such loss effectively robs power from the transmitter, requiring a stronger transmitter in order to transmit a signal of a given strength.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Efficiency"}], "question": "A measure of the power that is useable and the power absorbed by the terminals?", "id": "57301633a23a5019007fcd3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "heat"}], "question": "What happens to the power that is not absorbed by the antenna?", "id": "57301633a23a5019007fcd40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "magnetic core losses"}], "question": "What can cause that reaction?", "id": "57301633a23a5019007fcd41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "transmitter"}], "question": "What can cause that reaction?", "id": "57301633a23a5019007fcd42"}]}], ["Polarisasi antena merujuk kepada orientasi medan elektrik (E-plane) gelombang radio berkenaan dengan permukaan bumi dan ditentukan oleh struktur fizikal antena dan oleh orientasinya; perhatikan bahawa penamaan ini sama sekali berbeza dari arah antena. Oleh itu, antena dawai lurus yang mudah akan mempunyai satu polarisasi apabila dipasang secara menegak, dan polarisasi yang berbeza apabila dipasang secara mendatar. Sebagai gelombang melintang, medan magnet gelombang radio adalah tepat pada sudut medan elektrik, tetapi oleh konvensyen, ceramah tentang \"polarisasi\" antena difahami merujuk kepada arah medan elektrik. <> Berapakah bilangan polarisasi yang akan mempunyai antena apabila dipasang secara menegak? || satu <> Apakah nama lain untuk bidang elektrik? || E-plane <> Kapan bidang medan magnet tepat ke medan elektrik? || gelombang melintang <> Apa yang difahami sebagai rujukan arah arah E-plane? || polarisasi", {"context": "The polarization of an antenna refers to the orientation of the electric field (E-plane) of the radio wave with respect to the Earth's surface and is determined by the physical structure of the antenna and by its orientation; note that this designation is totally distinct from the antenna's directionality. Thus, a simple straight wire antenna will have one polarization when mounted vertically, and a different polarization when mounted horizontally. As a transverse wave, the magnetic field of a radio wave is at right angles to that of the electric field, but by convention, talk of an antenna's \"polarization\" is understood to refer to the direction of the electric field.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many polarizations will a antenna have when mounted vertically?", "id": "57302473947a6a140053d189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "E-plane"}], "question": "What is another name for electric-field?", "id": "57302473947a6a140053d188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "transverse wave"}], "question": "When is a magnetic fields right angles to a electrical field?", "id": "57302473947a6a140053d18b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "polarization"}], "question": "Whats understood in reference of direction of an E-plane?", "id": "57302473947a6a140053d18a"}]}], ["Refleksi umumnya menjejaskan polarisasi. Untuk gelombang radio, satu reflektor penting ialah ionosfera yang boleh mengubah polarisasi gelombang. Oleh itu untuk isyarat yang diterima selepas refleksi oleh ionosfera (gelombang langit), polarisasi yang konsisten tidak dapat dijangkakan. Bagi komunikasi jarak jauh atau penyebaran gelombang tanah, transmisi secara melintang atau menegak secara amnya kekal pada keadaan polarisasi yang sama di lokasi penerima. Memadankan polarisasi antena penerima kepada pemancar boleh membuat perbezaan yang sangat besar dalam kekuatan isyarat yang diterima. <> Apa yang paling menjejaskan polarisasi? || Refleksi <> Reflektor apa yang boleh mengubah polarisasi gelombang? || ionosphere <> Apa yang akan anda sepadan dengan polarisasi antena penerima? || pemancar <> Apa yang tetap sama mengenai keadaan polarisasi di lokasi penerima? || penghantaran polarisasi <> Apakah nama yang digunakan untuk isyarat yang diterima selepas refleksi oleh ionosfera? || gelombang langit", {"context": "Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves, one important reflector is the ionosphere which can change the wave's polarization. Thus for signals received following reflection by the ionosphere (a skywave), a consistent polarization cannot be expected. For line-of-sight communications or ground wave propagation, horizontally or vertically polarized transmissions generally remain in about the same polarization state at the receiving location. Matching the receiving antenna's polarization to that of the transmitter can make a very substantial difference in received signal strength.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Reflections"}], "question": "What mostly affects polarization?", "id": "573026ab04bcaa1900d7724b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "ionosphere"}], "question": "What reflector can change the waves polarization?", "id": "573026ab04bcaa1900d7724c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "transmitter"}], "question": "What will you be matching with the  receiving antenna's polarization?", "id": "573026ab04bcaa1900d7724d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "polarized transmissions"}], "question": "What stays the same regarding polarization state at the recieving location?", "id": "573026ab04bcaa1900d7724e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "a skywave"}], "question": "What is the name used for signals recieved following reflection by the ionosphere?", "id": "573026ab04bcaa1900d7724f"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun rintangan kerugian biasanya akan menjejaskan impedans feedpoint, menambah komponen rintangannya (sebenar). Rintangan itu akan terdiri daripada jumlah rintangan rintangan Rr dan rintangan rintangan kerugian. Jika arus rms saya dihantar ke terminal antena, maka kuasa I2Rr akan dipancarkan dan kuasa I2Rloss akan hilang sebagai haba. Oleh itu, kecekapan antena adalah sama dengan Rr / (Rr + Rloss). Sudah tentu hanya jumlah rintangan Rr + Rloss dapat diukur secara langsung. <> Apa yang boleh meningkatkan impedans feedpoint komponen? || rintangan kerugian <> Penambahan Rr dan Rloss sama dengan apa? || rintangan <> Persamaan apa yang menentukan keberkesanan antena? || Rr / (Rr + Rloss) <> Apakah faktor tunggal yang boleh diukur dengan tepat? || jumlah rintangan", {"context": "However loss resistance will generally affect the feedpoint impedance, adding to its resistive (real) component. That resistance will consist of the sum of the radiation resistance Rr and the loss resistance Rloss. If an rms current I is delivered to the terminals of an antenna, then a power of I2Rr will be radiated and a power of I2Rloss will be lost as heat. Therefore, the efficiency of an antenna is equal to Rr / (Rr + Rloss). Of course only the total resistance Rr + Rloss can be directly measured.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "loss resistance"}], "question": "What can increase the feedpoint impedance of a component?", "id": "57301dc304bcaa1900d771b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "resistance"}], "question": "The addition of Rr and Rloss equals what?", "id": "57301dc304bcaa1900d771b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Rr / (Rr + Rloss)"}], "question": "What equation an determine an antennas effectiveness?", "id": "57301dc304bcaa1900d771b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "total resistance"}], "question": "What is the single factor that can be precisely measured?", "id": "57301dc304bcaa1900d771b6"}]}], ["Sebagai gelombang elektro-magnet bergerak melalui bahagian-bahagian lain sistem antena (radio, saluran makanan, antena, ruang bebas), ia mungkin mengalami perbezaan dalam impedans (E / H, V / I, dan lain-lain). Di setiap antara muka, bergantung pada perlawanan impedans, sebahagian kecil daripada tenaga gelombang akan mencerminkan kembali sumber, membentuk gelombang berdiri di saluran suapan. Nisbah kuasa maksimum kepada kuasa minimum dalam gelombang dapat diukur dan dipanggil nisbah gelombang berdiri (SWR). SWR 1: 1 adalah ideal. SWR 1.5: 1 dianggap rendah dalam aplikasi kuasa rendah di mana kehilangan kuasa lebih kritikal, walaupun SWR setinggi 6: 1 masih boleh digunakan dengan peralatan yang betul. Meminimumkan perbezaan impedans pada setiap antara muka (pencocokan impedans) akan mengurangkan SWR dan memaksimumkan pemindahan kuasa melalui setiap bahagian sistem antena. <> Apakah satu bahagian yang membentuk sistem antena? || radio <> Apa yang dicipta oleh sebahagian daripada gelombang radio yang membalikkan tenaga? || gelombang berdiri <> Satu istilah yang merujuk kepada tinggi dan rendah kuasa dalam gelombang elektro magnetik? || nisbah gelombang berdiri <> Kesimpulan impedansi membuat perbezaan penting dalam fungsi antena? || pemindahan kuasa", {"context": "As an electro-magnetic wave travels through the different parts of the antenna system (radio, feed line, antenna, free space) it may encounter differences in impedance (E/H, V/I, etc.). At each interface, depending on the impedance match, some fraction of the wave's energy will reflect back to the source, forming a standing wave in the feed line. The ratio of maximum power to minimum power in the wave can be measured and is called the standing wave ratio (SWR). A SWR of 1:1 is ideal. A SWR of 1.5:1 is considered to be marginally acceptable in low power applications where power loss is more critical, although an SWR as high as 6:1 may still be usable with the right equipment. Minimizing impedance differences at each interface (impedance matching) will reduce SWR and maximize power transfer through each part of the antenna system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "radio"}], "question": "What is one piece that makes up an antenna system?", "id": "5730159ca23a5019007fcd37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "standing wave"}], "question": "What is created by a portion of a radio waves energy reversing?", "id": "5730159ca23a5019007fcd38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "standing wave ratio"}], "question": "A term that refers to the highs and lows of power in electro magnetic waves is?", "id": "5730159ca23a5019007fcd39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "power transfer"}], "question": "Impedance matching makes an important difference in what antenna function?", "id": "5730159ca23a5019007fcd3a"}]}], ["Menurut timbal balik, kecekapan antena yang digunakan sebagai antena penerima adalah sama dengan kecekapan seperti yang dinyatakan di atas. Kuasa antena yang akan dihantar kepada penerima (dengan perlawanan impedans yang betul) dikurangkan dengan jumlah yang sama. Dalam sesetengah aplikasi yang menerima, antena yang sangat tidak cekap mungkin mempunyai kesan yang sedikit terhadap prestasi. Pada frekuensi yang rendah, contohnya bunyi bising atmosfera atau buatan manusia boleh menimbulkan ketidakcekapan antena. Contohnya, CCIR Rep 258-3 menunjukkan hingar buatan dalam persekitaran kediaman pada 40 MHz adalah lebih kurang 28 dB di atas lantai bunyi terma. Akibatnya, antena dengan kerugian 20 dB (disebabkan ketidakcekapan) akan memberi sedikit impak terhadap prestasi bunyi sistem. Kerugian di dalam antena akan menjejaskan isyarat yang dimaksudkan dan bunyi / gangguan sama, tanpa menyebabkan pengurangan isyarat kepada nisbah bunyi (SNR). <> Apakah tahap median untuk mengukur bunyi atmosfera? || lantai bunyi terma <> Dalam apa jenis program antena kecekapan yang rendah tidak membuat perbezaan dalam keberkesanan? || menerima <> Pada frekuensi yang lebih rendah apa yang boleh menyumbang kepada andaian yang tidak tepat mengenai kecekapan? || buatan buatan manusia <> Apakah SNR? || isyarat kepada nisbah hingar", {"context": "According to reciprocity, the efficiency of an antenna used as a receiving antenna is identical to the efficiency as defined above. The power that an antenna will deliver to a receiver (with a proper impedance match) is reduced by the same amount. In some receiving applications, the very inefficient antennas may have little impact on performance. At low frequencies, for example, atmospheric or man-made noise can mask antenna inefficiency. For example, CCIR Rep. 258-3 indicates man-made noise in a residential setting at 40 MHz is about 28 dB above the thermal noise floor. Consequently, an antenna with a 20 dB loss (due to inefficiency) would have little impact on system noise performance. The loss within the antenna will affect the intended signal and the noise/interference identically, leading to no reduction in signal to noise ratio (SNR).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "thermal noise floor"}], "question": "What is the median level for measuring atmospheric noise?", "id": "57301ea7947a6a140053d13c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "receiving"}], "question": "In what type of programs would low efficiency antennas not make a difference in effectiveness?", "id": "57301ea7947a6a140053d13a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "man-made noise"}], "question": "At lesser frequencies what can account for incorrect assumptions about efficiency?", "id": "57301ea7947a6a140053d13b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 824, "text": "signal to noise ratio"}], "question": "What is SNR?", "id": "57301ea7947a6a140053d13d"}]}], ["Sebagai contoh, jika pemancar menghantar 100 W ke antena yang mempunyai kecekapan 80%, maka antena akan memancarkan 80 W sebagai gelombang radio dan menghasilkan 20 W haba. Untuk memancarkan 100 W kuasa, seseorang perlu menggunakan pemancar yang mampu membekalkan 125 W ke antena. Perhatikan bahawa kecekapan antena adalah isu berasingan dari padanan impedans, yang juga boleh mengurangkan jumlah kuasa yang dipancarkan menggunakan pemancar yang diberi. Sekiranya meter SWR membaca 150 W kuasa insiden dan 50 W kuasa tercermin, ini bermakna 100 W sebenarnya telah diserap oleh antena (mengabaikan kerugian talian penghantaran). Berapa banyak kuasa itu sebenarnya telah dipancarkan tidak boleh ditentukan langsung melalui pengukuran elektrik pada (atau sebelum) terminal antena, tetapi memerlukan (contohnya) pengukuran yang teliti terhadap kekuatan medan. Mujurlah rintangan kehilangan konduktor antena seperti rod aluminium boleh dikira dan kecekapan antena menggunakan bahan-bahan seperti yang diramalkan. <> Apa yang perlu dimasukkan ke pemancar untuk membuat kehangatan sepuluh W oh? || 100 W <> Apa yang perlu disiasat untuk menentukan berapa kuasa dipancarkan? || ukuran elektrik <> Faktor apa yang boleh memainkan tangan dalam kuasa yang kurang dari pemancar? || pencocokan impedans", {"context": "For instance, if a transmitter delivers 100 W into an antenna having an efficiency of 80%, then the antenna will radiate 80 W as radio waves and produce 20 W of heat. In order to radiate 100 W of power, one would need to use a transmitter capable of supplying 125 W to the antenna. Note that antenna efficiency is a separate issue from impedance matching, which may also reduce the amount of power radiated using a given transmitter. If an SWR meter reads 150 W of incident power and 50 W of reflected power, that means that 100 W have actually been absorbed by the antenna (ignoring transmission line losses). How much of that power has actually been radiated cannot be directly determined through electrical measurements at (or before) the antenna terminals, but would require (for instance) careful measurement of field strength. Fortunately the loss resistance of antenna conductors such as aluminum rods can be calculated and the efficiency of an antenna using such materials predicted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "100 W"}], "question": "What would need to be placed into the transmitter to create ten W oh warmth? ", "id": "57301ce7b2c2fd14005688a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "electrical measurements"}], "question": "What would need to be investigated to determine how much power was radiated?", "id": "57301ce7b2c2fd14005688a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "impedance matching"}], "question": "What factor may play a hand in lessened power from a transmitter?", "id": "57301ce7b2c2fd14005688a4"}]}], ["Polarisasi boleh diramal dari geometri antena, walaupun dalam beberapa keadaan ia tidak begitu jelas (seperti untuk antena quad). Polarisasi linear antena secara amnya di sepanjang arah (seperti yang dilihat dari lokasi penerimaan) arus antena apabila arah itu boleh ditakrifkan. Sebagai contoh, antena cambuk menegak atau antena Wi-Fi berorientasikan menegak akan menghantar dan menerima dalam polarisasi menegak. Antena dengan unsur mendatar, seperti kebanyakan antena TV di bumbung di Amerika Syarikat, adalah terpolarisasi secara melintang (TV siaran di A.S. biasanya menggunakan polarisasi mendatar). Walaupun sistem antena mempunyai orientasi tegak, seperti pelbagai antena dipole mendatar, polarisasi berada dalam arah mendatar yang sepadan dengan aliran semasa. Polarisasi antena komersial adalah spesifikasi penting. <> Apa yang boleh diprediksi mengenai geometri antena? || Polarisasi <> Polarisasi apa antena adalah spesifikasi penting? || antena komersial <> Kebanyakan antena bumbung terpolarisasi di mana arahnya? || mendatar <> Apakah jenis polarisasi yang lebih rumit daripada geometri antena? || antena quad", {"context": "Polarization is predictable from an antenna's geometry, although in some cases it is not at all obvious (such as for the quad antenna). An antenna's linear polarization is generally along the direction (as viewed from the receiving location) of the antenna's currents when such a direction can be defined. For instance, a vertical whip antenna or Wi-Fi antenna vertically oriented will transmit and receive in the vertical polarization. Antennas with horizontal elements, such as most rooftop TV antennas in the United States, are horizontally polarized (broadcast TV in the U.S. usually uses horizontal polarization). Even when the antenna system has a vertical orientation, such as an array of horizontal dipole antennas, the polarization is in the horizontal direction corresponding to the current flow. The polarization of a commercial antenna is an essential specification.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Polarization"}], "question": "Whats predictable about an antenna's geometry?", "id": "573028d604bcaa1900d7727f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "commercial antenna"}], "question": "The polarization of what antenna is essential specification?", "id": "573028d604bcaa1900d77281"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "horizontal"}], "question": "Most rooftop antenna's are polarized in which direction?", "id": "573028d604bcaa1900d77282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "quad antenna"}], "question": "What is a more complicated type of polarization from an antenna's geometry?", "id": "573028d604bcaa1900d77280"}]}], ["Ini bertuah, kerana antena pada frekuensi rendah yang tidak terlalu besar (pecahan yang baik dari panjang gelombang dalam saiz) tidak dapat dielakkan tidak berkesan (disebabkan oleh rintangan kecil Rr antena kecil). Radio siaran paling AM (kecuali radio kereta) mengambil kesempatan daripada prinsip ini dengan memasukkan antena gelung kecil untuk penerimaan yang mempunyai kecekapan yang sangat miskin. Dengan menggunakan antena yang tidak cekap pada kekerapan rendah ini (530-1650 kHz), ini tidak mempunyai kesan ke atas prestasi bersih penerima, tetapi hanya memerlukan penguatan yang lebih besar oleh elektronik penerima. Sebaliknya komponen kecil ini ke menara besar dan sangat tinggi yang digunakan di stesen siaran AM untuk menghantar pada kekerapan yang sama, di mana setiap titik peratusan kecekapan antena yang dikurangkan memerlukan kos yang besar. <> Antena frekuensi kecil dan minima tahu apa? || tidak cekap <> Apa yang ditambahkan untuk meningkatkan keupayaan untuk penerimaan? || antena gelung kecil <> Bagaimana kadar antena ini dalam skema yang lebih besar? || kesan kecil <> Apabila bercakap tentang rangkaian yang lebih besar, apakah kesan yang dapat mengurangkan keberkesanan antena? || kos yang besar", {"context": "This is fortunate, since antennas at lower frequencies which are not rather large (a good fraction of a wavelength in size) are inevitably inefficient (due to the small radiation resistance Rr of small antennas). Most AM broadcast radios (except for car radios) take advantage of this principle by including a small loop antenna for reception which has an extremely poor efficiency. Using such an inefficient antenna at this low frequency (530\u20131650 kHz) thus has little effect on the receiver's net performance, but simply requires greater amplification by the receiver's electronics. Contrast this tiny component to the massive and very tall towers used at AM broadcast stations for transmitting at the very same frequency, where every percentage point of reduced antenna efficiency entails a substantial cost.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "inefficient"}], "question": "Small and minimal frequency antennas are know to be what?", "id": "57302439a23a5019007fce37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "small loop antenna"}], "question": "What is added to to increase ability for reception?", "id": "57302439a23a5019007fce38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "little effect"}], "question": "How would this antenna rate in the greater scheme of things?", "id": "57302439a23a5019007fce39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "substantial cost"}], "question": "When talking about much larger network what effect can reduced antenna effectiveness have?", "id": "57302439a23a5019007fce3a"}]}], ["Takrif keuntungan antena atau keuntungan kuasa sudah termasuk kesan kecekapan antena. Oleh itu, jika seseorang cuba untuk memancarkan isyarat ke arah penerima dengan menggunakan pemancar kuasa tertentu, kita hanya perlu membandingkan keuntungan dari pelbagai antena daripada mempertimbangkan kecekapan juga. Ini juga berlaku untuk antena penerima pada frekuensi yang sangat tinggi (terutamanya gelombang mikro), di mana titik adalah untuk menerima isyarat yang kuat berbanding dengan suhu bunyi penerima. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam hal antena arah yang digunakan untuk menerima isyarat dengan niat untuk menolak gangguan dari arah yang berbeza, seseorang tidak lagi peduli dengan kecekapan antena, seperti yang dibahas di atas. Dalam hal ini, bukannya mengutip keuntungan antena, seseorang akan lebih peduli dengan keuntungan arahan yang tidak termasuk kesan kecekapan antena (dalam). Keuntungan arahan antena dapat dihitung dari keuntungan yang diterbitkan dibahagikan dengan kecekapan antena. <> Apa lagi yang juga dikenali sebagai keuntungan kuasa? || keuntungan antena <> Apa yang digunakan untuk memberi isyarat ke penerima? || pemancar <> Keuntungan yang tidak memasukkan kesan antena? || keuntungan arahan <> Wats dibahagikan dengan kecekapan antena? || keuntungan yang diterbitkan", {"context": "The definition of antenna gain or power gain already includes the effect of the antenna's efficiency. Therefore, if one is trying to radiate a signal toward a receiver using a transmitter of a given power, one need only compare the gain of various antennas rather than considering the efficiency as well. This is likewise true for a receiving antenna at very high (especially microwave) frequencies, where the point is to receive a signal which is strong compared to the receiver's noise temperature. However, in the case of a directional antenna used for receiving signals with the intention of rejecting interference from different directions, one is no longer concerned with the antenna efficiency, as discussed above. In this case, rather than quoting the antenna gain, one would be more concerned with the directive gain which does not include the effect of antenna (in)efficiency. The directive gain of an antenna can be computed from the published gain divided by the antenna's efficiency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "antenna gain"}], "question": "What else is also known as power gain?", "id": "573021e4a23a5019007fce0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "transmitter"}], "question": "What is used to signal toward a reciever?", "id": "573021e4a23a5019007fce0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "directive gain"}], "question": "Which gain does not iclude the effect of an antenna?", "id": "573021e4a23a5019007fce0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 945, "text": "published gain"}], "question": "Wats divided by the antennas efficiency?", "id": "573021e4a23a5019007fce0e"}]}], ["Fasa refleksi gelombang elektromagnetik bergantung pada polarisasi gelombang kejadian. Memandangkan indeks biasan lebih besar tanah (biasanya n = 2) berbanding dengan udara (n = 1), fasa radiasi polarisasi mendatar dibalikkan apabila refleksi (peralihan fasa radians atau 180 \u00b0). Sebaliknya, komponen menegak medan elektrik gelombang itu dapat dilihat pada sudut ragut kejadian kira-kira dalam fasa. Peralihan fasa ini juga berlaku kepada tanah yang digambarkan sebagai konduktor elektrik yang baik. <> Apakah indeks biasan tanah? || n = 2 <> Bilakah radiasi polarisasi terbalik? || refleksi <> Apakah indeks biasan udara? || n = 1 <> Selain tanah, apa fasa ini berlaku dengan baik? || konduktor elektrik", {"context": "The phase of reflection of electromagnetic waves depends on the polarization of the incident wave. Given the larger refractive index of the ground (typically n=2) compared to air (n=1), the phase of horizontally polarized radiation is reversed upon reflection (a phase shift of  radians or 180\u00b0). On the other hand, the vertical component of the wave's electric field is reflected at grazing angles of incidence approximately in phase. These phase shifts apply as well to a ground modelled as a good electrical conductor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "n=2"}], "question": "What is the refractive index of the ground?", "id": "57303df4a23a5019007fcfe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "reflection"}], "question": "When is polarized radiation reversed?", "id": "57303df4a23a5019007fcfe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "n=1"}], "question": "What is the refractive index of air?", "id": "57303df4a23a5019007fcfe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "electrical conductor"}], "question": "Besides a ground, what has these phases apply well to?", "id": "57303df4a23a5019007fcfe6"}]}], ["Ia adalah yang terbaik untuk antena penerima untuk memadankan polarisasi gelombang yang dihantar untuk penerimaan yang optimum. Perlawanan pertengahan akan kehilangan beberapa kekuatan isyarat, tetapi tidak sepadan dengan ketidakcocokan yang lengkap. Antena polarisasi yang berpusing boleh digunakan untuk sama-sama memadankan polarisasi linear menegak atau mendatar. Transmisi dari antena polarisasi yang diterima oleh antena polarisasi linear (atau sebaliknya) memerlukan pengurangan 3 dB dalam nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi kerana kuasa yang diterima telah dipotong separuh. <> Apa yang terbaik untuk menerima antena untuk penerimaan yang optimum? || padan polarisasi <> Apa yang kehilangan kekuatan isyarat? || Pertandingan perantaraan <> Apa yang digunakan untuk memadankan polarisasi linear menegak dan mendatar? || circularly polarized <> Transmisi boleh menyebabkan pengurangan dalam apa? || nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi", {"context": "It is best for the receiving antenna to match the polarization of the transmitted wave for optimum reception. Intermediate matchings will lose some signal strength, but not as much as a complete mismatch. A circularly polarized antenna can be used to equally well match vertical or horizontal linear polarizations. Transmission from a circularly polarized antenna received by a linearly polarized antenna (or vice versa) entails a 3 dB reduction in signal-to-noise ratio as the received power has thereby been cut in half.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "match the polarization"}], "question": "What is the best for an recieving antenna for optimum reception?", "id": "57302ef4b2c2fd1400568a13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Intermediate matchings"}], "question": "What loses signal strength?", "id": "57302ef4b2c2fd1400568a14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "circularly polarized"}], "question": "What is used to match vertical and horizontal linear polarizations?", "id": "57302ef4b2c2fd1400568a15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "signal-to-noise ratio"}], "question": "A transmission can cause reduction in what?", "id": "57302ef4b2c2fd1400568a16"}]}], ["Corak radiasi dan juga impedansi titik pemanduan antena boleh dipengaruhi oleh pemalar dielektrik dan kekonduksian objek yang berhampiran. Untuk antena daratan, tanah biasanya satu objek penting. Ketinggian antena di atas tanah, serta sifat elektrik (permittivity dan konduktiviti) dari tanah, boleh jadi penting. Juga, dalam kes tertentu antena monopole, tanah (atau satah tanah tiruan) berfungsi sebagai sambungan kembali bagi antena semasa dengan demikian mempunyai kesan tambahan, terutama pada impedans yang dilihat oleh garis makanan. <> Apakah penunjuk radiasi yang dipengaruhi oleh? || pemalar dielektrik <> Tanah adalah penting untuk apa antena? || antena terrestrial <> Apa nama lain untuk tanah? || satah tanah tiruan <> Apakah satah tanah tiruan lakukan untuk arus antena? || kembali sambungan", {"context": "The radiation pattern and even the driving point impedance of an antenna can be influenced by the dielectric constant and especially conductivity of nearby objects. For a terrestrial antenna, the ground is usually one such object of importance. The antenna's height above the ground, as well as the electrical properties (permittivity and conductivity) of the ground, can then be important. Also, in the particular case of a monopole antenna, the ground (or an artificial ground plane) serves as the return connection for the antenna current thus having an additional effect, particularly on the impedance seen by the feed line.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "dielectric constant"}], "question": "What is the radiation patter influenced by?", "id": "5730380804bcaa1900d7739f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "terrestrial antenna"}], "question": "The ground is important for what antenna?", "id": "5730380804bcaa1900d773a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "artificial ground plane"}], "question": "Whats another name for the ground?", "id": "5730380804bcaa1900d773a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "return connection"}], "question": "What does the artificial ground plane do for the antenna current?", "id": "5730380804bcaa1900d773a2"}]}], ["Apabila gelombang elektromagnet menyerang permukaan satah seperti tanah, sebahagian gelombang dihantar ke tanah dan sebahagian daripadanya dapat dilihat, menurut pekali Fresnel. Jika tanah adalah konduktor yang sangat baik maka hampir semua gelombang dapat dilihat (180 \u00b0 dari fasa), manakala tanah yang dipamerkan sebagai dielektrik (lossy) dapat menyerap sejumlah besar kuasa gelombang. Kuasa yang tinggal di gelombang yang tercermin, dan peralihan fasa semasa refleksi, sangat bergantung kepada sudut gelombang kejadian dan polarisasi. Pemalar dan konduktiviti dielektrik (atau hanya pemalar dielektrik rumit) bergantung kepada jenis tanah dan fungsi kekerapan. <> Siapa yang mencadangkan teori ini? || Koefisien Fresnel <> Adakah tanah mempunyai konduktor yang hebat, berapa banyak gelombang yang akan dicerminkan? || 180 \u00b0 daripada fasa <> apa yang dicerminkan dan dihantar ke dalam tanah apabila permukaan satah diserang? || gelombang elektromagnet <> Apa yang bergantung kepada sudut polarisasi dan gelombang? || baki kuasa", {"context": "When an electromagnetic wave strikes a plane surface such as the ground, part of the wave is transmitted into the ground and part of it is reflected, according to the Fresnel coefficients. If the ground is a very good conductor then almost all of the wave is reflected (180\u00b0 out of phase), whereas a ground modeled as a (lossy) dielectric can absorb a large amount of the wave's power. The power remaining in the reflected wave, and the phase shift upon reflection, strongly depend on the wave's angle of incidence and polarization. The dielectric constant and conductivity (or simply the complex dielectric constant) is dependent on the soil type and is a function of frequency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Fresnel coefficients"}], "question": "Who proposed this theory?", "id": "57303f5eb2c2fd1400568aea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "180\u00b0 out of phase"}], "question": "Is the ground has a great conductor, how much of the wave will be reflected?", "id": "57303f5eb2c2fd1400568aeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "electromagnetic wave"}], "question": "what is reflected and transmitted into the ground when a plane surface is struck?", "id": "57303f5eb2c2fd1400568ae9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "power remaining"}], "question": "What depends on the polarization and waves angle?", "id": "57303f5eb2c2fd1400568aec"}]}], ["Kualiti bersih dari refleksi tanah bergantung pada topografi permukaan. Apabila penyelewengan permukaan jauh lebih kecil daripada panjang gelombang, kita berada dalam rejim pantulan spekular, dan penerima melihat kedua-dua antena sebenar dan imej antena di bawah tanah kerana refleksi. Tetapi jika tanah mempunyai penyelewengan tidak kecil berbanding dengan panjang gelombang, refleksi tidak akan menjadi koheren tetapi beralih oleh fasa rawak. Dengan panjang gelombang yang lebih pendek (frekuensi yang lebih tinggi), ini biasanya berlaku. <> Apakah kualiti bersih bergantung kepada tanah? || topografi <> Apakah sebabnya bagi penerima melihat kedua-dua antena ral dan imej antena? || pantulan <> Apa frekuensi dikaitkan dengan panjang gelombang yang lebih pendek? || frekuensi yang lebih tinggi <> Bilakah pantulan tidak sepadan? || tanah mempunyai penyelewengan", {"context": "The net quality of a ground reflection depends on the topography of the surface. When the irregularities of the surface are much smaller than the wavelength, we are in the regime of specular reflection, and the receiver sees both the real antenna and an image of the antenna under the ground due to reflection. But if the ground has irregularities not small compared to the wavelength, reflections will not be coherent but shifted by random phases. With shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies), this is generally the case.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "topography"}], "question": "What is the net quality of the ground dependent of?", "id": "57303cc6947a6a140053d2f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "reflection"}], "question": "What is the reason for the receiver seeing both the ral antenna and image of the antenna?", "id": "57303cc6947a6a140053d2f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "higher frequencies"}], "question": "What frequencies is associated with shorter wavelengths?", "id": "57303cc6947a6a140053d2f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "ground has irregularities"}], "question": "When will reflections not be coherent?", "id": "57303cc6947a6a140053d2f7"}]}], ["Oleh itu, satu masalah tambahan di luar membatalkan reaksi yang tidak diingini adalah memadankan impedans resin yang tersisa kepada impedans ciri garisan penghantaran. Pada dasarnya ini boleh dilakukan dengan pengubah, tetapi nisbah lilitan pengubah tidak boleh laras. Rangkaian pencocokan am dengan sekurang-kurangnya dua pelarasan boleh dibuat untuk membetulkan kedua-dua komponen impedans. Rangkaian padanan menggunakan induktor dan kapasitor diskret akan mempunyai kerugian yang berkaitan dengan komponen tersebut, dan akan mempunyai sekatan kuasa apabila digunakan untuk penghantaran. Mengelakkan kesukaran ini, antena komersil biasanya direka dengan elemen padanan tetap atau strategi pemakanan untuk mendapatkan padanan anggaran untuk standard coax, seperti 50 atau 75 Ohms. Antena berdasarkan pemalar (bukannya antena menegak) perlu memasukkan balun di antara garis penghantaran dan elemen antena, yang boleh diintegrasikan ke dalam mana-mana rangkaian yang sepadan. <> Apa yang tidak boleh dilaraskan ketika datang ke pengubah? || bertukar nisbah <> Berapa banyak ohm berada dalam memujuk standard? || 50 atau 75 <> Rangkaian pencocokan umum memerlukan minimum berapa banyak pelarasan untuk membetulkan semua komponen impedans? || dua penyesuaian <> Apa yang termasuk di antara talian penghantaran dan elemen antena? || balun <> Balun perlu diintegrasikan ke dalam apa? || rangkaian yang sepadan", {"context": "So an additional problem beyond canceling the unwanted reactance is of matching the remaining resistive impedance to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. In principle this can always be done with a transformer, however the turns ratio of a transformer is not adjustable. A general matching network with at least two adjustments can be made to correct both components of impedance. Matching networks using discrete inductors and capacitors will have losses associated with those components, and will have power restrictions when used for transmitting. Avoiding these difficulties, commercial antennas are generally designed with fixed matching elements or feeding strategies to get an approximate match to standard coax, such as 50 or 75 Ohms. Antennas based on the dipole (rather than vertical antennas) should include a balun in between the transmission line and antenna element, which may be integrated into any such matching network.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "turns ratio"}], "question": "What is not adjustable when it comes to a transformer?", "id": "5730340d04bcaa1900d77361"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "50 or 75"}], "question": "How many ohms are in are in a standard coax?", "id": "5730340d04bcaa1900d77363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "two adjustments"}], "question": "A general matching network needs a minimum of how many adjustments to correct all components of impedance?", "id": "5730340d04bcaa1900d77362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 839, "text": "balun"}], "question": "What is included between the transmission line and the antenna element?", "id": "5730340d04bcaa1900d77364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 937, "text": "matching network"}], "question": "A balun should be integrated into what?", "id": "5730340d04bcaa1900d77365"}]}], ["Tidak seperti antena di atas, antena gelombang perjalanan tidak menonjol sehingga mereka mempunyai jalur lebar yang luas. Mereka biasanya antena wayar panjang gelombang berganda panjang, di mana gelombang voltan dan arus bergerak dalam satu arah, bukan melantun ke belakang dan membentuk gelombang yang berdiri seperti pada antena resonan. Mereka mempunyai polarisasi linear (kecuali antena heliks). Antena gelombang perjalanan yang satu arah ditamatkan oleh satu perintang pada satu hujung sama dengan rintangan ciri antena, untuk menyerap gelombang dari satu arah. Ini menjadikan mereka tidak cekap sebagai antena transmisi. <> Apa antena yang tidak ditahan? || antena gelombang perjalanan <> Berapa lama antena dawai bahawa gelombang voltan dan semasa bergerak ke arah yang sama? || satu arah <> Apakah arah gelombang perjalanan arah yang ditamatkan oleh? || resistor <> Apa antena tidak mempunyai polarisasi linear? || antena heliks <> Apakah resistor yang sama? || rintangan ciri antena", {"context": "Unlike the above antennas, traveling wave antennas are nonresonant so they have inherently broad bandwidth. They are typically wire antennas multiple wavelengths long, through which the voltage and current waves travel in one direction, instead of bouncing back and forth to form standing waves as in resonant antennas. They have linear polarization (except for the helical antenna). Unidirectional traveling wave antennas are terminated by a resistor at one end equal to the antenna's characteristic resistance, to absorb the waves from one direction. This makes them inefficient as transmitting antennas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "traveling wave antennas"}], "question": "What antenna's are nonresonant?", "id": "573036c4947a6a140053d2b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "one direction"}], "question": "How long are the wire antenna's that the voltage and current waves travel in the same direction?", "id": "573036c4947a6a140053d2b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "resistor"}], "question": "What are undirectional traveling wave directions terminated by?", "id": "573036c4947a6a140053d2b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "helical antenna"}], "question": "What antenna does not have linear polarization?", "id": "573036c4947a6a140053d2b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "antenna's characteristic resistance"}], "question": "What is the resistor equal to?", "id": "573036c4947a6a140053d2b6"}]}], ["Dalam beberapa kes ini dilakukan dengan cara yang lebih melampau, bukan hanya untuk membatalkan sedikit reaktansi sisa, tetapi untuk merespon antena yang kekerapan resonansnya agak berbeza daripada frekuensi operasi yang dimaksudkan. Sebagai contoh, \"antena cambuk\" boleh dibuat jauh lebih pendek daripada 1/4 panjang gelombang panjang, atas sebab praktikal, dan kemudian bergema menggunakan gegelung pemuatan yang dipanggil. Ini induktor secara fizikal yang besar di pangkalan antena mempunyai reaktiviti induktif yang bertentangan dengan reaktans kapasitif yang seperti antena menegak mempunyai frekuensi operasi yang dikehendaki. Hasilnya adalah rintangan tulen yang dilihat pada feedpoint gegelung pemuatan; malangnya rintangan itu agak lebih rendah daripada yang dikehendaki untuk memadankan perdagangan komersial. [rujukan?] <> Apa yang boleh lebih pendek daripada 1/4 panjang gelombang panjang? || cambuk antena <> Apakah bertentangan dengan reaktiviti induktif? || reaktansi kapasitif <> Apa yang di dasar antena? || gegelung pemuatan <> Di mana rintangan dilihat pada kerajang pembebanan? || feedpoint", {"context": "In some cases this is done in a more extreme manner, not simply to cancel a small amount of residual reactance, but to resonate an antenna whose resonance frequency is quite different from the intended frequency of operation. For instance, a \"whip antenna\" can be made significantly shorter than 1/4 wavelength long, for practical reasons, and then resonated using a so-called loading coil. This physically large inductor at the base of the antenna has an inductive reactance which is the opposite of the capacitative reactance that such a vertical antenna has at the desired operating frequency. The result is a pure resistance seen at feedpoint of the loading coil; unfortunately that resistance is somewhat lower than would be desired to match commercial coax.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "whip antenna"}], "question": "What can be shorter than 1/4 wavelength long?", "id": "573031aa04bcaa1900d77333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "capacitative reactance"}], "question": "What is the opposite of inductive reactance?", "id": "573031aa04bcaa1900d77334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "loading coil"}], "question": "What is at the base of the antenna?", "id": "573031aa04bcaa1900d77335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "feedpoint"}], "question": "Where is the resistance seen on the loading foil?", "id": "573031aa04bcaa1900d77336"}]}], ["Polarisasi ialah jumlah orientasi E-plane dari masa ke masa yang diunjurkan ke satah khayalan serentak ke arah gerakan gelombang radio. Dalam kes yang paling umum, polarisasi adalah elips, yang bermaksud bahawa polarisasi gelombang radio berubah dari masa ke masa. Dua kes khas adalah polarisasi linear (elips runtuh ke dalam garisan) seperti yang telah dibincangkan di atas, dan polarisasi bulat (di mana dua paksi elips sama). Dalam polarisasi linier, medan elektrik gelombang radio berayun ke belakang dan satu arah; ini boleh dipengaruhi oleh pemasangan antena tetapi biasanya arah yang diingini adalah sama ada polarisasi mendatar atau menegak. Dalam polarisasi pekeliling, medan elektrik (dan medan magnet) gelombang radio berputar pada kekerapan radio di sekeliling paksi pembiakan. Gelombang radio pekeliling atau elips yang terpolarisasi ditetapkan sebagai tangan kanan atau kidal menggunakan peraturan \"ibu jari ke arah penyebaran\". Perhatikan bahawa untuk polarisasi pekeliling, penyelidik optik menggunakan peraturan tangan yang bertentangan dari yang digunakan oleh jurutera radio. <> Apakah medan elektrik dijangka? || satah khayalan <> Apakah satah imagenari terpencil? || gelombang radio <> Apakah nama untuk menggambarkan polarisasi gelombang radio bervariasi dari masa ke masa? || elliptical <> Berapa banyak petunjuk yang E-plane gelombang radio berayun ke belakang dan sebagainya? || satu arah", {"context": "Polarization is the sum of the E-plane orientations over time projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the radio wave. In the most general case, polarization is elliptical, meaning that the polarization of the radio waves varies over time. Two special cases are linear polarization (the ellipse collapses into a line) as we have discussed above, and circular polarization (in which the two axes of the ellipse are equal). In linear polarization the electric field of the radio wave oscillates back and forth along one direction; this can be affected by the mounting of the antenna but usually the desired direction is either horizontal or vertical polarization. In circular polarization, the electric field (and magnetic field) of the radio wave rotates at the radio frequency circularly around the axis of propagation. Circular or elliptically polarized radio waves are designated as right-handed or left-handed using the \"thumb in the direction of the propagation\" rule. Note that for circular polarization, optical researchers use the opposite right hand rule from the one used by radio engineers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "imaginary plane"}], "question": "What are electrical fields projected on to?", "id": "57302c9aa23a5019007fcefd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "radio wave"}], "question": "What is the imagenary plane perpindicular to?", "id": "57302c9aa23a5019007fcefe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "elliptical"}], "question": "What is the name to describe polarization of radio waves varies over times?", "id": "57302c9aa23a5019007fceff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "one direction"}], "question": "How many directions does the E-plane of the radio waves oscillates back and forth?", "id": "57302c9aa23a5019007fcf00"}]}], ["Pindahan kuasa maksimum memerlukan memadankan impedans sistem antena (seperti melihat ke dalam talian penghantaran) ke konjugasi kompleks impedans penerima atau pemancar. Dalam kes pemancar, bagaimanapun, impedans padanan yang diingini mungkin tidak sesuai dengan impedans keluaran dinamik pemancar yang dianalisis sebagai impedans sumber tetapi nilai reka bentuk (biasanya 50 ohms) diperlukan untuk operasi yang cekap dan selamat bagi litar pemancaran . Galangan yang dimaksudkan biasanya bersifat resistif tetapi pemancar (dan beberapa penerima) mungkin mempunyai pelarasan tambahan untuk membatalkan jumlah reaktansi tertentu untuk \"tweak\" perlawanan. Apabila sebuah talian penghantaran digunakan di antara antena dan pemancar (atau penerima), satu umumnya akan menyukai sistem antena yang impedansnya adalah resistif dan berhampiran impedans ciri talian penghantaran itu untuk meminimumkan nisbah gelombang berdiri (SWR) dan peningkatan dalam kerugian talian penghantaran yang diperlukan, di samping menyediakan perlawanan yang baik di pemancar atau penerima itu sendiri. <> Apa yang memerlukan pemadanan dengan sistem antena? || Pindahan kuasa maksimum <> Mengapa pemancar mempunyai pelarasan tambahan? || \"tweak\" perlawanan <> Apakah SWR? || nisbah gelombang berdiri <> Apakah nilai reka bentuk yang dikehendaki untuk menghantar litar? || 50 ohms", {"context": "Maximum power transfer requires matching the impedance of an antenna system (as seen looking into the transmission line) to the complex conjugate of the impedance of the receiver or transmitter. In the case of a transmitter, however, the desired matching impedance might not correspond to the dynamic output impedance of the transmitter as analyzed as a source impedance but rather the design value (typically 50 ohms) required for efficient and safe operation of the transmitting circuitry. The intended impedance is normally resistive but a transmitter (and some receivers) may have additional adjustments to cancel a certain amount of reactance in order to \"tweak\" the match. When a transmission line is used in between the antenna and the transmitter (or receiver) one generally would like an antenna system whose impedance is resistive and near the characteristic impedance of that transmission line in order to minimize the standing wave ratio (SWR) and the increase in transmission line losses it entails, in addition to supplying a good match at the transmitter or receiver itself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Maximum power transfer"}], "question": "What requires matching of the empedance to an antenna system?", "id": "57303157b2c2fd1400568a37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "\"tweak\" the match"}], "question": "Why would a transmitter have additional adjustments?", "id": "57303157b2c2fd1400568a39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 930, "text": "standing wave ratio"}], "question": "What is SWR?", "id": "57303157b2c2fd1400568a3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "50 ohms"}], "question": "What is the desired design value for transmmiting circuitry?", "id": "57303157b2c2fd1400568a38"}]}], ["Refractor gelombang elektromagnet dalam sesetengah antena apertur adalah komponen yang disebabkan oleh bentuk dan kedudukannya berfungsi untuk melengahkan atau memajukan sebahagian daripada gelombang gelombang elektromagnetik yang melaluinya. Refractor mengubah ciri-ciri spatial gelombang pada satu sisi berbanding dengan sisi yang lain. Sebagai contoh, ia boleh membawa gelombang ke arah tumpuan atau mengubah arah gelombang dengan cara lain, secara amnya untuk memaksimumkan arah aliran sistem antena. Ini adalah setara radio kanta optik. <> Apa yang digunakan untuk membolehkan seseorang mengawal fungsi gelombang yang bergerak melalui antena? || terpilih menunda <> Apa perubahan ciri-ciri struktur gelombang pada kedua-dua sisi? || refractor <> Apa tujuan utama refractor? || ciri-ciri spatial <> Refractor boleh dibandingkan dengan jenis tontonan? || kanta optik", {"context": "An electromagnetic wave refractor in some aperture antennas is a component which due to its shape and position functions to selectively delay or advance portions of the electromagnetic wavefront passing through it. The refractor alters the spatial characteristics of the wave on one side relative to the other side. It can, for instance, bring the wave to a focus or alter the wave front in other ways, generally in order to maximize the directivity of the antenna system. This is the radio equivalent of an optical lens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "selectively delay"}], "question": "What is used to allow one to control the function of wave fronts moving through an antenna?", "id": "573044d5a23a5019007fd031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "refractor"}], "question": "What changes the structuak traits of a wave on either side?", "id": "573044d5a23a5019007fd032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "spatial characteristics"}], "question": "What is the main purpose of a refractor?", "id": "573044d5a23a5019007fd033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "optical lens"}], "question": "A refractor can be compared to what type of viewing?", "id": "573044d5a23a5019007fd034"}]}], ["Kawasan yang berkesan atau apertur yang berkesan dari antena penerima menyatakan bahagian kuasa gelombang elektromagnetik yang lulus yang dihantar ke terminalnya, dinyatakan dari segi kawasan yang setara. Sebagai contoh, jika gelombang radio yang melepasi lokasi tertentu mempunyai fluks 1 pW / m2 (10-12 watts per meter persegi) dan antena mempunyai kawasan berkesan 12 m2, maka antena akan menghantar 12 pW kuasa RF ke penerima (30 microvolts rms pada 75 ohm). Oleh kerana antena penerima tidak sama sensitif terhadap isyarat yang diterima dari semua arah, kawasan yang berkesan adalah fungsi arah ke sumbernya. <> Apakah bahagian sesuatu yang dicapai oleh penghantaran radio yang dipanggil? || aperture <> Apa kesan fungsi isyarat yang diterima oleh antena? || arahan <> Apakah ukuran kuasa antena? || mikrofol <> Berapakah kuasa yang akan dihantar kepada penerima jika antena mempunyai kawasan berkesan 12 m / 2? || 12 pW kuasa RF", {"context": "The effective area or effective aperture of a receiving antenna expresses the portion of the power of a passing electromagnetic wave which it delivers to its terminals, expressed in terms of an equivalent area. For instance, if a radio wave passing a given location has a flux of 1 pW / m2 (10\u221212 watts per square meter) and an antenna has an effective area of 12 m2, then the antenna would deliver 12 pW of RF power to the receiver (30 microvolts rms at 75 ohms). Since the receiving antenna is not equally sensitive to signals received from all directions, the effective area is a function of the direction to the source.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "aperture"}], "question": "What is the portion of something that is reached by the radio transmission called?", "id": "5730404a947a6a140053d32a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "direction"}], "question": "What effects the function of signals received by an antenna?", "id": "5730404a947a6a140053d32c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "microvolts"}], "question": "What is a measure of the power of an antenna?", "id": "5730404a947a6a140053d32b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "12 pW of RF power"}], "question": "How much power will be delivered to the reciever if the antenna has an effective area of 12 m/2?", "id": "5730404a947a6a140053d32d"}]}], ["Pengedaran semasa dalam satu antena biasanya mendorong voltan merentasi feedpoint antena atau unsur antena yang berhampiran. Matematik yang dibentangkan di bawah ini berguna dalam menganalisis tingkah laku elektrik susunan antena, di mana sifat-sifat elemen tatasuhan individu (seperti separuh gelombang dipoles) sudah diketahui. Sekiranya unsur-unsur ini dipisahkan secara meluas dan didorong dalam suatu amplitud dan fasa tertentu, maka masing-masing akan bertindak secara bebas kerana unsur itu diketahui. Walau bagaimanapun, kerana interaksi bersama di antara medan elektrik dan medan magnetnya disebabkan kedekatannya, arus dalam setiap elemen bukan sekadar fungsi voltan yang digunakan (mengikut impedans titik memandu), tetapi bergantung kepada arus dalam unsur-unsur berdekatan yang lain . Perhatikan bahawa ini sekarang adalah fenomena medan berhampiran yang tidak dapat dipertimbangkan dengan betul menggunakan persamaan penghantaran Friis misalnya. <> Di manakah unsur-unsur pelbagai indiviual diketahui? || antena array <> Apa yang mendorong feedpoint kepada antena berdekatan? || Semasa beredar <> Apa gunanya matematik berguna? || tingkah laku elektrik <> Apa yang menyebabkan interaksi antara unsur-unsur elektrik dan medan magnet? || jarak dekat", {"context": "Current circulating in one antenna generally induces a voltage across the feedpoint of nearby antennas or antenna elements. The mathematics presented below are useful in analyzing the electrical behaviour of antenna arrays, where the properties of the individual array elements (such as half wave dipoles) are already known. If those elements were widely separated and driven in a certain amplitude and phase, then each would act independently as that element is known to. However, because of the mutual interaction between their electric and magnetic fields due to proximity, the currents in each element are not simply a function of the applied voltage (according to its driving point impedance), but depend on the currents in the other nearby elements. Note that this now is a near field phenomenon which could not be properly accounted for using the Friis transmission equation for instance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "antenna arrays"}], "question": "Where are the indiviual array elements known?", "id": "57304eac8ab72b1400f9c41c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Current circulating"}], "question": "What induces a feedpoint to antennas nearby?", "id": "57304eac8ab72b1400f9c41d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "electrical behaviour"}], "question": "What are the mathmatic useful towards?", "id": "57304eac8ab72b1400f9c41e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "proximity"}], "question": "What cause mutual interactions between the elements electric and magnetic fields?", "id": "57304eac8ab72b1400f9c41f"}]}], ["Contohnya, pada 30 MHz (panjang gelombang 10 m) monopole sejajar 1/4-panjang gelombang sebenar akan hampir 2.5 meter panjang, dan menggunakan antena hanya 1.5 meter tinggi memerlukan penambahan gegelung pemuatan. Kemudian boleh dikatakan bahawa gegelung telah memanjangkan antena untuk mencapai panjang elektrik sebanyak 2.5 meter. Walau bagaimanapun, impedans rintangan yang terhasil akan agak sedikit lebih rendah daripada impedans monopole resonan, mungkin memerlukan padanan impedans yang lebih jauh. Di samping rintangan radiasi yang lebih rendah, reaktansi menjadi lebih tinggi apabila saiz antena dikurangkan, dan litar resonan yang dibentuk oleh antena dan gegelung penalaan mempunyai faktor Q yang meningkat dan akhirnya menyebabkan jalur lebar antena tidak mencukupi untuk isyarat dihantar. Ini adalah faktor utama yang menetapkan saiz antena pada 1 MHz dan frekuensi yang lebih rendah. <> Apa yang boleh ditambah untuk membolehkan antena lebih pendek daripada ketinggian yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan hasil yang diinginkan? || gegelung pemuatan <> Bagaimana impedans resistif daripada senario ini berbanding jika antena adalah ketinggian yang betul? || rendah <> gegelung telah lengthed antena untuk mencapai berapa panjang elektrik? || 2.5 meter <> Apakah perkara utama yang menetapkan saiz antena pada frekuensi yang lebih rendah? || reaktansi", {"context": "For example, at 30 MHz (10 m wavelength) a true resonant 1\u20444-wavelength monopole would be almost 2.5 meters long, and using an antenna only 1.5 meters tall would require the addition of a loading coil. Then it may be said that the coil has lengthened the antenna to achieve an electrical length of 2.5 meters. However, the resulting resistive impedance achieved will be quite a bit lower than the impedance of a resonant monopole, likely requiring further impedance matching. In addition to a lower radiation resistance, the reactance becomes higher as the antenna size is reduced, and the resonant circuit formed by the antenna and the tuning coil has a Q factor that rises and eventually causes the bandwidth of the antenna to be inadequate for the signal being transmitted. This is the major factor that sets the size of antennas at 1 MHz and lower frequencies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "loading coil"}], "question": "What can be added to allow for an antenna shorter than the needed height to produce desired results?", "id": "573041e3947a6a140053d360"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "lower"}], "question": "How would the resistive impedance from this scenario compare to if the antenna was the proper height?", "id": "573041e3947a6a140053d361"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "2.5 meters"}], "question": "The coil has lengthed the antenna to reach how much length electrically?", "id": "573041e3947a6a140053d362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "reactance"}], "question": "What is the major thing that sets the size of antennas at lower frequencies?", "id": "573041e3947a6a140053d363"}]}], ["Antena sebenar yang menghantar gelombang asal kemudiannya juga boleh menerima isyarat kuat dari imejnya sendiri dari tanah. Ini akan mendorong arus tambahan dalam elemen antena, menukar arus pada feedpoint untuk voltan feedpoint yang diberikan. Oleh itu, impedans antena, yang diberikan oleh nisbah voltan feedpoint kepada semasa, diubah disebabkan oleh jarak antena dengan tanah. Ini boleh memberi kesan yang signifikan apabila antena berada dalam jarak gelombang atau dua daripadanya. Tetapi apabila ketinggian antena meningkat, kuasa gelombang yang dipantulkan (disebabkan oleh undang-undang persegi songsang) membolehkan antena menghampiri impedans feedpoint asimtotik yang diberikan oleh teori. Pada ketinggian yang lebih rendah, kesan pada impedans antena sangat sensitif terhadap jarak yang tepat dari tanah, kerana ini mempengaruhi fasa gelombang yang terpantulkan berbanding arus dalam antena. Mengubah ketinggian antena dengan panjang gelombang seperempat, kemudian mengubah fasa pantulan sebanyak 180 \u00b0, dengan kesan yang sama sekali berbeza pada impedans antena. <> Apa yang boleh menerima isyarat stron dengan menghantar gelombang asal? || antena sebenar <> Di manakah arus tambahan akan diinduksi? || elemen antena <> Apa yang diubah kerana berdekatan dengan tanah? || antena impedance <> apa yang berlaku kepada gelombang yang dipantulkan yang membolehkan antena mencapai impedans feedpoint asimpotik? || kuasa berkurang", {"context": "The actual antenna which is transmitting the original wave then also may receive a strong signal from its own image from the ground. This will induce an additional current in the antenna element, changing the current at the feedpoint for a given feedpoint voltage. Thus the antenna's impedance, given by the ratio of feedpoint voltage to current, is altered due to the antenna's proximity to the ground. This can be quite a significant effect when the antenna is within a wavelength or two of the ground. But as the antenna height is increased, the reduced power of the reflected wave (due to the inverse square law) allows the antenna to approach its asymptotic feedpoint impedance given by theory. At lower heights, the effect on the antenna's impedance is very sensitive to the exact distance from the ground, as this affects the phase of the reflected wave relative to the currents in the antenna. Changing the antenna's height by a quarter wavelength, then changes the phase of the reflection by 180\u00b0, with a completely different effect on the antenna's impedance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "actual antenna"}], "question": "What can receive a stron signal by transmitting an original wave?", "id": "57304708a23a5019007fd057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "antenna element"}], "question": "Where will the additional current be induced?", "id": "57304708a23a5019007fd058"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "antenna's impedance"}], "question": "What is altered because of the proximity to the ground?", "id": "57304708a23a5019007fd059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "reduced power"}], "question": "what happens to the reflected wave which allows the antenna to reach its asympotic feedpoint impedance?", "id": "57304708a23a5019007fd05a"}]}], ["Pertimbangkan satu dipole separuh gelombang yang direka untuk berfungsi dengan isyarat panjang gelombang 1 m, yang bermaksud antena adalah kira-kira 50 cm merata. Sekiranya unsur mempunyai nisbah panjang-ke-diameter 1000, ia akan mempunyai rintangan yang wujud sekitar 63 ohm. Menggunakan dawai penghantaran yang sesuai atau balun, kita sepadan dengan rintangan untuk memastikan kehilangan isyarat minimum. Memakan antena dengan arus 1 ampere memerlukan 63 volt RF, dan antena akan memancarkan 63 watt (mengabaikan kerugian) kuasa frekuensi radio. Sekarang pertimbangkan kes apabila antena diberi isyarat dengan panjang gelombang 1.25 m; dalam kes ini arus yang digambarkan akan tiba di fasa keluar fasa dengan isyarat, menyebabkan arus bersih menurun sementara voltan kekal sama. Elektrik ini nampaknya menjadi impedans yang sangat tinggi. Antena dan talian penghantaran tidak lagi mempunyai impedans yang sama, dan isyarat akan dipantulkan kembali ke antena, mengurangkan output. Ini boleh diatasi dengan menukar sistem yang sepadan antara antena dan talian penghantaran, tetapi penyelesaian itu hanya berfungsi dengan baik pada kekerapan reka bentuk baru. <> Seberapa besar antena akan digunakan dengan satu gelombang panjang? || 50 cm <> Bagaimanakah pengekalan keluaran akan ditekankan oleh? || menukar sistem yang sepadan <> Unit apa yang digunakan untuk mengukur semasa? || ampere <> Apa kesan berlaku apabila isyarat tercermin kembali ke antena? || mengurangkan output", {"context": "Consider a half-wave dipole designed to work with signals 1 m wavelength, meaning the antenna would be approximately 50 cm across. If the element has a length-to-diameter ratio of 1000, it will have an inherent resistance of about 63 ohms. Using the appropriate transmission wire or balun, we match that resistance to ensure minimum signal loss. Feeding that antenna with a current of 1 ampere will require 63 volts of RF, and the antenna will radiate 63 watts (ignoring losses) of radio frequency power. Now consider the case when the antenna is fed a signal with a wavelength of 1.25 m; in this case the reflected current would arrive at the feed out-of-phase with the signal, causing the net current to drop while the voltage remains the same. Electrically this appears to be a very high impedance. The antenna and transmission line no longer have the same impedance, and the signal will be reflected back into the antenna, reducing output. This could be addressed by changing the matching system between the antenna and transmission line, but that solution only works well at the new design frequency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "50 cm"}], "question": "How big would an antenna be used to with with one m wavelengths?", "id": "573042dfb2c2fd1400568b15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 971, "text": "changing the matching system"}], "question": "How could the rection of output be adressed by?", "id": "573042dfb2c2fd1400568b16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "ampere"}], "question": " What unit is used to measure current?", "id": "573042dfb2c2fd1400568b17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 927, "text": "reducing output"}], "question": "What effect occurs when the signal is reflected back into the antenna?", "id": "573042dfb2c2fd1400568b18"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, transmisi televisyen klasik (analog) biasanya secara melintang dipolarisasikan, kerana di bangunan kawasan bandar boleh mencerminkan gelombang elektromagnetik dan menghasilkan imej hantu akibat penyebaran multipath. Menggunakan polarisasi mendatar, ghosting dikurangkan kerana jumlah pantulan gelombang elektromagnet dalam polarisasi p (polarisasi mendatar di luar bangunan) secara umumnya kurang daripada s (menegak, dalam kes ini) polarisasi. Televisyen analog terpolarisasi telah digunakan di beberapa kawasan luar bandar. Dalam televisyen darat digital, refleksi seperti itu kurang bermasalah, disebabkan oleh keberkesanan transmisi binari dan pembetulan kesilapan. <> Apakah nama lain untuk penghantaran televisyen klasik? || Analog <> Bangunan boleh mencipta imej hantu kerana apa? || pembiakan multipath <> Bilakah ghosting dikurangkan? || polarisasi mendatar <> Apa yang menyebabkan masalah dalam televisyen terestrial digital? || Televisyen analog terpolarisasi vertikal", {"context": "On the other hand, classical (analog) television transmissions are usually horizontally polarized, because in urban areas buildings can reflect the electromagnetic waves and create ghost images due to multipath propagation. Using horizontal polarization, ghosting is reduced because the amount of reflection of electromagnetic waves in the p polarization (horizontal polarization off the side of a building) is generally less than s (vertical, in this case) polarization. Vertically polarized analog television has nevertheless been used in some rural areas. In digital terrestrial television such reflections are less problematic, due to robustness of binary transmissions and error correction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "analog"}], "question": "What is another name for classical television transmissions?", "id": "57304bf5069b531400832013"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "multipath propagation"}], "question": "Buildings can create ghost images because of what?", "id": "57304bf5069b531400832014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "horizontal polarization"}], "question": "When is ghosting reduced?", "id": "57304bf5069b531400832015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Vertically polarized analog television"}], "question": "What cause less problems in digital terrestrial television?", "id": "57304bf5069b531400832016"}]}], ["Ingatlah bahawa arus akan mencerminkan apabila terdapat perubahan dalam sifat elektrik bahan tersebut. Untuk menghantar isyarat ke saluran penghantaran dengan cekap, adalah penting bahawa talian penghantaran mempunyai impedans yang sama dengan unsur-unsur, jika tidak, beberapa isyarat akan dipantulkan kembali ke antena. Ini membawa kepada konsep pemadanan impedans, reka bentuk keseluruhan sistem antena dan talian penghantaran jadi impedans adalah sedekat mungkin, dengan itu mengurangkan kerugian ini. Padanan Impedans antara antena dan talian penghantaran biasanya dikendalikan melalui penggunaan balun, walaupun penyelesaian lain juga digunakan dalam peranan tertentu. Satu ukuran penting konsep asas ini ialah nisbah gelombang berdiri, yang mengukur magnitud isyarat yang dicerminkan. <> Apakah jenis perubahan dalam bahan yang akan mencerminkan arus? || elektrik <> Apa yang sepadan dengan talian penghantaran dan elemen? || Galakan <> Teknik apa yang digunakan untuk mengelakkan penurunan isyarat yang tidak disengajakan? || Padanan Impedans <> Bagaimana proses ini biasanya digunakan untuk talian penghantaran dan antena? || balun", {"context": "Recall that a current will reflect when there are changes in the electrical properties of the material. In order to efficiently send the signal into the transmission line, it is important that the transmission line has the same impedance as the elements, otherwise some of the signal will be reflected back into the antenna. This leads to the concept of impedance matching, the design of the overall system of antenna and transmission line so the impedance is as close as possible, thereby reducing these losses. Impedance matching between antennas and transmission lines is commonly handled through the use of a balun, although other solutions are also used in certain roles. An important measure of this basic concept is the standing wave ratio, which measures the magnitude of the reflected signal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "electrical"}], "question": "What sort of changes in material would a current reflect?", "id": "5730435ab2c2fd1400568b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "impedance"}], "question": " What must match between the transmission line and elements?", "id": "5730435ab2c2fd1400568b1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Impedance matching"}], "question": "What technique is used to prevent unintentional decrease in signal?", "id": "5730435ab2c2fd1400568b1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "balun"}], "question": "How is this process usually used for transmission lines and antennas?", "id": "5730435ab2c2fd1400568b20"}]}], ["Untuk penyebaran mendatar antara transmisi dan penerima antena yang terletak berhampiran dengan tanah yang agak jauh dari satu sama lain, jarak yang dijalani oleh pancaran langsung dan mencerminkan hampir sama. Terdapat hampir tiada peralihan fasa relatif. Jika pelepasan dipolarisasikan secara menegak, kedua-dua bidang (terus dan dipantulkan) menambah dan terdapat maksimum isyarat yang diterima. Sekiranya isyarat itu dipolarisasikan secara mendatar, kedua-dua isyarat tersebut akan ditolak dan isyarat yang diterima dibatalkan. Corak radiasi pesawat menegak ditunjukkan dalam imej di sebelah kanan. Dengan polarisasi menegak sentiasa ada maksimum untuk \u03b8 = 0, penyebaran mendatar (corak kiri). Untuk polarisasi mendatar, terdapat pembatalan pada sudut itu. Perhatikan bahawa formula di atas dan plot ini menganggap tanah sebagai konduktor yang sempurna. Plot radiasi ini sepadan dengan jarak antara antena dan imejnya 2.5\u03bb. Apabila ketinggian antena meningkat, bilangan cuping meningkat juga. <> Apakah antara penerima dan penghantaran antena? || perambatan mendatar <> Bilakah pelepasan pada isyarat diterima maksimum? || polarisasi menegak <> Di mana corak sinaran di satah menegak ditunjukkan? || imej di sebelah kanan <> Apa juga peningkatan bersama dengan ketinggian antena? || lobak", {"context": "For horizontal propagation between transmitting and receiving antennas situated near the ground reasonably far from each other, the distances traveled by tne direct and reflected rays are nearly the same. There is almost no relative phase shift. If the emission is polarized vertically, the two fields (direct and reflected) add and there is maximum of received signal. If the signal is polarized horizontally, the two signals subtract and the received signal is largely cancelled. The vertical plane radiation patterns are shown in the image at right. With vertical polarization there is always a maximum for \u03b8=0, horizontal propagation (left pattern). For horizontal polarization, there is cancellation at that angle. Note that the above formulae and these plots assume the ground as a perfect conductor. These plots of the radiation pattern correspond to a distance between the antenna and its image of 2.5\u03bb. As the antenna height is increased, the number of lobes increases as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "horizontal propagation"}], "question": "What is between recieving and transmitting antenna's?", "id": "57304a52069b531400831fef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "polarized vertically"}], "question": "When is the emission at maximized recieved signal?", "id": "57304a52069b531400831ff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "image at right"}], "question": "Where is the radiation patterns in the vertical plane shown?", "id": "57304a52069b531400831ff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 962, "text": "lobes"}], "question": "What is also increased along with the antenna's height?", "id": "57304a52069b531400831ff2"}]}], ["Ciri-ciri bandwidth elemen antena resonant boleh dicirikan mengikut Qnya, seperti yang digunakan untuk mencirikan ketajaman litar resonan L-C. Walau bagaimanapun, ia sering dianggap bahawa terdapat kelebihan dalam antena yang mempunyai Q yang tinggi. Lagipun, Q adalah pendek untuk \"faktor kualiti\" dan Q rendah biasanya menandakan kerugian yang berlebihan (kerana rintangan yang tidak diingini) dalam litar L-C resonan. Walau bagaimanapun pemahaman ini tidak terpakai kepada antena resonan di mana rintangan yang terlibat adalah rintangan sinaran, kuantiti yang dikehendaki yang menghilangkan tenaga daripada unsur resonan untuk memancarkannya (tujuan antena, selepas semua!). Q adalah ukuran nisbah reaktansi terhadap rintangan, jadi dengan rintangan rintangan tetap (rintangan sinaran unsur hampir tidak berdiameternya), reaksi resonan yang lebih besar sepadan dengan jalur lebar yang lebih miskin daripada konduktor yang sangat nipis. Q seperti antena sempit sedemikian boleh setinggi 15. Sebaliknya, elemen tebal memberikan reaktansi kurang pada frekuensi luar resonansi, dan seterusnya Q serendah 5. Kedua antena ini akan melaksanakan secara bersamaan pada resonan kekerapan, tetapi antena kedua akan melakukan lebih dari lebar jalur 3 kali selebar antena \"hi-Q\" yang terdiri daripada konduktor nipis. <> Sifat-sifat frekuensi radio yang boleh digunakan boleh dipanggilnya? || Q <> Apakah ukuran perbandingan antara reaktansi dan rintangan? || Q <> Apakah Q terbesar yang boleh dicapai dengan antena band yang lebih nipis? || 15 <> Unsur jenis apa yang akan digunakan untuk menemui reaktansi kurang? || tebal", {"context": "The bandwidth characteristics of a resonant antenna element can be characterized according to its Q, just as one uses to characterize the sharpness of an L-C resonant circuit. However it is often assumed that there is an advantage in an antenna having a high Q. After all, Q is short for \"quality factor\" and a low Q typically signifies excessive loss (due to unwanted resistance) in a resonant L-C circuit. However this understanding does not apply to resonant antennas where the resistance involved is the radiation resistance, a desired quantity which removes energy from the resonant element in order to radiate it (the purpose of an antenna, after all!). The Q is a measure of the ratio of reactance to resistance, so with a fixed radiation resistance (an element's radiation resistance is almost independent of its diameter) a greater reactance off-resonance corresponds to the poorer bandwidth of a very thin conductor. The Q of such a narrowband antenna can be as high as 15. On the other hand, a thick element presents less reactance at an off-resonant frequency, and consequently a Q as low as 5. These two antennas will perform equivalently at the resonant frequency, but the second antenna will perform over a bandwidth 3 times as wide as the \"hi-Q\" antenna consisting of a thin conductor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Q"}], "question": "The properties of a usable radio frequency can be called its?", "id": "5730409004bcaa1900d77415"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "Q"}], "question": "What is a measure of the comparison between reactance and resistance?", "id": "5730409004bcaa1900d77416"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 980, "text": "15"}], "question": "What is the largest Q that could be achieved with a slimmer band antenna?", "id": "5730409004bcaa1900d77417"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1005, "text": "thick"}], "question": "What type of element would be used to encounter less reactance?", "id": "5730409004bcaa1900d77418"}]}], ["Ini adalah akibat dari timbal balik Lorentz. Untuk elemen antena yang tidak disambungkan kepada apa-apa (buka litar) seseorang boleh menulis. Tetapi bagi elemen yang dipisahkan pendek, arus dijana merentasi yang pendek tetapi tiada voltan yang dibenarkan, jadi yang sepadan. Contohnya, contohnya, dengan elemen parasit yang dipanggil antena Yagi-Uda di mana rod pepejal dapat dilihat sebagai antena dipole yang tersendiri di seluruh feedpointnya. Unsur-unsur parasit adalah elemen yang tidak dapat dipertahankan yang menyerap dan meresapi semula tenaga RF mengikut arus induksi yang dikira menggunakan sistem persamaan sedemikian. <> elemen antena yang tidak disambungkan kepada apa-apa yang diselaraskan bagaimana? || buka litar <> Bilakah elemen tidak dibenarkan voltan? || litar pintas <> Unsur apa yang menyerap dan meresapi tenaga RF? || Parasit <> Apa antena boleh batang tegas dilihat sebagai antena dipole? || Yagi-Uda <> Di manakah rod solid ini dapat dilihat? || feedpoint", {"context": "This is a consequence of Lorentz reciprocity. For an antenna element  not connected to anything (open circuited) one can write . But for an element  which is short circuited, a current is generated across that short but no voltage is allowed, so the corresponding . This is the case, for instance, with the so-called parasitic elements of a Yagi-Uda antenna where the solid rod can be viewed as a dipole antenna shorted across its feedpoint. Parasitic elements are unpowered elements that absorb and reradiate RF energy according to the induced current calculated using such a system of equations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "open circuited"}], "question": "a antenna element not connected to anything is circuited how?", "id": "573051562461fd1900a9cd1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "short circuited"}], "question": "When is the element not allowed voltage?", "id": "573051562461fd1900a9cd1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Parasitic"}], "question": "What element absorbs and reradiate RF-energy?", "id": "573051562461fd1900a9cd1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Yagi-Uda"}], "question": "What antenna can the solid rod be viewed as a dipole antenna?", "id": "573051562461fd1900a9cd20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "feedpoint"}], "question": "Where can this solid rod be viewed?", "id": "573051562461fd1900a9cd21"}]}], ["Antena gelung terdiri daripada gelung atau gegelung dawai. Gelung dengan lilitan panjang gelombang atau perbuatan yang lebih besar sama dengan antena dipol. Walau bagaimanapun gelung kecil berbanding perbuatan panjang gelombang yang berbeza. Mereka berinteraksi dengan medan magnet gelombang radio dan bukannya medan elektrik seperti antena lain, dan begitu juga tidak sensitif terhadap bunyi elektrik berdekatan. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka mempunyai rintangan rintangan yang rendah, dan begitu juga tidak berkesan untuk penghantaran. Mereka digunakan sebagai penerima antena pada frekuensi rendah, dan juga sebagai arahan mencari antena. <> Jenis antena apa yang boleh dibentuk oleh segmen dawai bulat? || Antena gelung <> Apakah gelung antena berbanding dengan untuk menentukan beahviornya? || lilitan panjang gelombang <> Jika anda perlu meletakkan antena di suatu tempat dengan banyak gangguan, jenis mana yang terbaik? || gelung kecil <> Mengapa jenis ini menjadi baik untuk menerima tetapi tidak menghantar? || rintangan sinaran rendah <> Apa lagi yang akan menjadi aplikasi berkesan jenis antena ini? || mencari arah", {"context": "Loop antennas consist of a loop or coil of wire. Loops with circumference of a wavelength or larger act similarly to dipole antennas. However loops small in comparison to a wavelength act differently. They interact with the magnetic field of the radio wave instead of the electric field as other antennas do, and so are relatively insensitive to nearby electrical noise. However they have low radiation resistance, and so are inefficient for transmitting. They are used as receiving antennas at low frequencies, and also as direction finding antennas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Loop antennas"}], "question": "What type of antenna can be formed by a circular segment of wire?", "id": "57306d712461fd1900a9ce0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "circumference of a wavelength"}], "question": "What is a loop antenna compared with to determine its beahvior?", "id": "57306d712461fd1900a9ce0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "loops small"}], "question": "If you needed to place an antenna somewhere with a large amount of interference, which type would be best?", "id": "57306d712461fd1900a9ce0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "low radiation resistance"}], "question": "Why would this type be good for receiving but not transmtting?", "id": "57306d712461fd1900a9ce0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "direction finding"}], "question": "What else would be an effective application of this antenna type?", "id": "57306d712461fd1900a9ce0f"}]}], ["Ia adalah harta asas antena yang ciri-ciri elektrik antena yang diterangkan dalam bahagian seterusnya, seperti keuntungan, corak radiasi, impedans, jalur lebar, kekerapan resonan dan polarisasi, adalah sama sama ada antena sedang menghantar atau menerima. Sebagai contoh, \"corak penerima\" (sensitiviti sebagai fungsi arah) antena apabila digunakan untuk penerimaan adalah serupa dengan corak sinaran antena apabila ia didorong dan berfungsi sebagai radiator. Ini adalah akibat dari teorem saling balas antara elektromagnetik. Oleh itu, dalam perbincangan mengenai sifat-sifat antena, tiada perbezaan biasanya dibuat antara penerimaan dan pemancaran terminologi, dan antena boleh dilihat sebagai sama ada menghantar atau menerima, yang mana lebih mudah. <> Adakah ciri-ciri penting antena berubah mengikut fungtion yang mereka lakukan || yang sama <> Apa cadangan yang menjelaskan kesetaraan corak penerima antena? || Teorema saling balas antara elektromagnetik <> Bolehkah antena itu berfungsi lebih daripada satu fungtion pada suatu masa? || sama ada menghantar atau menerima <> Apakah satu sifat elektrik antena? || corak sinaran", {"context": "It is a fundamental property of antennas that the electrical characteristics of an antenna described in the next section, such as gain, radiation pattern, impedance, bandwidth, resonant frequency and polarization, are the same whether the antenna is transmitting or receiving. For example, the \"receiving pattern\" (sensitivity as a function of direction) of an antenna when used for reception is identical to the radiation pattern of the antenna when it is driven and functions as a radiator. This is a consequence of the reciprocity theorem of electromagnetics. Therefore, in discussions of antenna properties no distinction is usually made between receiving and transmitting terminology, and the antenna can be viewed as either transmitting or receiving, whichever is more convenient.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "the same"}], "question": "Are essential properties of an antenna changed based on what fungtion they are performing", "id": "57306e47069b5314008320cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "reciprocity theorem of electromagnetics"}], "question": "What proposition explains the equivalency of the recieving pattern of an antenna?", "id": "57306e47069b5314008320d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "either transmitting or receiving"}], "question": "Can the antenna serve more than one fungtion at a time?", "id": "57306e47069b5314008320d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "radiation pattern"}], "question": "What is one electrical trait of an antenna?", "id": "57306e47069b5314008320d2"}]}], ["Perbezaan faktor di atas untuk kes \u03b8 = 0 adalah sebab kebanyakan penyiaran (transmisi yang dimaksudkan untuk orang awam) menggunakan polarisasi menegak. Bagi penerima berhampiran tanah, penghantaran polarisasi melintang menderita pembatalan. Untuk menerima sambutan yang terbaik antena penerima untuk isyarat ini adalah sama rata secara menegak. Dalam sesetengah aplikasi di mana antena penerima mesti berfungsi di mana-mana kedudukan, seperti dalam telefon bimbit, antena stesen pangkalan menggunakan polarisasi bercampur, seperti polarisasi linear pada sudut (dengan kedua-dua komponen menegak dan mendatar) atau polarisasi bulat. <> Jenis programmin apa yang bergantung kepada polarisasi menegak? || penyiaran <> Jika anda meletakkan kedudukan penerima anda lebih dekat ke tanah yang mungkin negatif dari penempatan ini? || pembatalan <> Apa gunanya yang memerlukan antena untuk menerima isyarat dalam pelbagai cara sekaligus? || telefon bimbit <> Jika anda ingin membangunkan isyarat untuk digunakan dengan telefon bimbit apa jenis antena yang berkesan? || polarisasi pekeliling. <> Apa antena yang anda gunakan mengambil kesempatan untuk membolehkan ia berfungsi di beberapa lokasi? || polarisasi campuran", {"context": "The difference in the above factors for the case of \u03b8=0 is the reason that most broadcasting (transmissions intended for the public) uses vertical polarization. For receivers near the ground, horizontally polarized transmissions suffer cancellation. For best reception the receiving antennas for these signals are likewise vertically polarized. In some applications where the receiving antenna must work in any position, as in mobile phones, the base station antennas use mixed polarization, such as linear polarization at an angle (with both vertical and horizontal components) or circular polarization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "broadcasting"}], "question": "What type of programmin relies on vertical polarization?", "id": "57306bf68ab72b1400f9c4da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "cancellation"}], "question": "If you were to position your receiver closer to the ground what might be a negative of this placement?", "id": "57306bf68ab72b1400f9c4db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "mobile phones"}], "question": "What is one use that would require an antenna to receive signals in various ways at once?", "id": "57306bf68ab72b1400f9c4dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "circular polarization."}], "question": "If you were to develop a signal to be used with mobile phones what would be an effective antenna type?", "id": "57306bf68ab72b1400f9c4dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "mixed polarization"}], "question": "What would the antenna you are using take advantage of to allow it to work in multiple locations?", "id": "57306bf68ab72b1400f9c4de"}]}]], [["Haiwan juga terlibat dalam pembahagian benih. Buah, yang dibentuk oleh pembesaran bahagian-bahagian bunga, sering menjadi alat penyebaran benih yang menarik haiwan untuk makan atau mengganggunya, secara kebetulan menyebarkan benih yang terkandung (lihat frugivory). Walaupun banyak hubungan mutualistik sedemikian kekal rapuh untuk bertahan hidup dan menyebar luas, pembungaan terbukti merupakan cara reproduksi yang luar biasa berkesan, menyebar (apa pun asalnya) untuk menjadi bentuk dominan kehidupan tumbuhan tanah. <> Apakah haiwan juga sebahagian? || pengedaran benih <> Apa pembesaran bahagian bunga berkembang? || Buah <> Apa tumbuhan keluar dari buah berbentuk? || penyebaran benih <> Apa banyak hubungan mutualistik, sehingga gagal bertahan persaingan? || rapuh <> Apa yang menjadi kebiasaannya berkesan untuk tumbuhan untuk menghasilkan semula? || berbunga", {"context": "Animals are also involved in the distribution of seeds. Fruit, which is formed by the enlargement of flower parts, is frequently a seed-dispersal tool that attracts animals to eat or otherwise disturb it, incidentally scattering the seeds it contains (see frugivory). Although many such mutualistic relationships remain too fragile to survive competition and to spread widely, flowering proved to be an unusually effective means of reproduction, spreading (whatever its origin) to become the dominant form of land plant life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "distribution of seeds"}], "question": "What are animals also a part of?", "id": "572f39d804bcaa1900d7679d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Fruit"}], "question": "What did the enlargement of flower parts evolve to form?", "id": "572f39d804bcaa1900d7679e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "seed-dispersal"}], "question": "What does a plant get out of forming fruit?", "id": "572f39d804bcaa1900d7679f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "fragile"}], "question": "What are many mutualistic relationships, thus failing to survive competition? ", "id": "572f39d804bcaa1900d767a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "flowering"}], "question": "What turned out to be unusually effective for plants to reproduce?", "id": "572f39d804bcaa1900d767a1"}]}], ["Ontogeny bunga menggunakan gabungan gen yang biasanya bertanggungjawab untuk membentuk pucuk baru. Bunga-bunga yang paling primitif mungkin mempunyai bilangan yang berubah-ubah bahagian bunga, sering terpisah dari (tetapi bersentuhan dengan) antara satu sama lain. Bunga-bunga cenderung tumbuh dalam corak lingkaran, menjadi biseksual (dalam tumbuhan, ini bermakna kedua-dua bahagian lelaki dan perempuan pada bunga yang sama), dan dikuasai oleh ovari (bahagian wanita). Apabila bunga berkembang, beberapa variasi menghasilkan bahagian-bahagian yang disatu bersama, dengan bilangan dan reka bentuk yang lebih khusus, dan dengan jenis kelamin tertentu setiap bunga atau tumbuhan atau sekurang-kurangnya \"ovari-inferior\". <> Apa yang menggunakan kombinasi gen untuk membentuk pucuk baru? || Bunga ontogeny <> Apakah bahagian tumbuhan seperti pada zaman primitif mereka? || terpisah dari (tetapi bersentuhan dengan) satu sama lain <> Bagaimana bunga menjadi bixsexual? || tumbuh dalam corak lingkaran <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh beberapa bahagian tumbuhan apabila mereka berkembang? || bersatu bersama <> Apakah istilah untuk tumbuhan dengan jenis seks per bunga? || \"ovary-inferior\"", {"context": "Flower ontogeny uses a combination of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots. The most primitive flowers probably had a variable number of flower parts, often separate from (but in contact with) each other. The flowers tended to grow in a spiral pattern, to be bisexual (in plants, this means both male and female parts on the same flower), and to be dominated by the ovary (female part). As flowers evolved, some variations developed parts fused together, with a much more specific number and design, and with either specific sexes per flower or plant or at least \"ovary-inferior\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Flower ontogeny"}], "question": "What uses a combination of genes to form new shoots?", "id": "572f3c9604bcaa1900d767a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "separate from (but in contact with) each other"}], "question": "What were plant parts like in their primitive days?", "id": "572f3c9604bcaa1900d767a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "grow in a spiral pattern"}], "question": "How did flowers become bixsexual?", "id": "572f3c9604bcaa1900d767a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "fused together"}], "question": "What did some plant parts do as they evolved?", "id": "572f3c9604bcaa1900d767aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "\"ovary-inferior\""}], "question": "What is a term for a plant with a specific sex per flower?", "id": "572f3c9604bcaa1900d767ab"}]}], ["Evolusi bunga terus hari ini; Bunga moden telah sangat dipengaruhi oleh manusia yang sesetengahnya tidak dapat disemai. Ramai spesies bunga moden yang dipelihara dahulu adalah rumput yang mudah, yang tumbuh hanya apabila tanah terganggu. Sesetengah daripada mereka cenderung bertumbuh dengan tanaman manusia, mungkin sudah mempunyai hubungan tumbuhan teman simbiotik dengan mereka, dan yang paling cantik tidak dicabut kerana keindahan mereka, mengembangkan ketergantungan dan penyesuaian khusus kepada kasih sayang manusia. <> Berapa lamakah evolusi bunga berlaku? || hari ini <> Apa warisan yang ada banyak spesies bunga buatan moden? || dahulu rumput yang sederhana <> Manusia telah menguatkan beberapa bunga sehingga mereka tidak dapat melakukan apa yang semula jadi? || Dungu <> Mengapa rumpai tumbuh dengan tanaman manusia? || hubungan tumbuhan sahabat simbiotik <> Ciri apa yang membantu bunga tidak boleh dipetik? || cantik", {"context": "Flower evolution continues to the present day; modern flowers have been so profoundly influenced by humans that some of them cannot be pollinated in nature. Many modern domesticated flower species were formerly simple weeds, which sprouted only when the ground was disturbed. Some of them tended to grow with human crops, perhaps already having symbiotic companion plant relationships with them, and the prettiest did not get plucked because of their beauty, developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to human affection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "present day"}], "question": "How long has flower evolution occurred? ", "id": "572f3e7d04bcaa1900d767bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "formerly simple weeds"}], "question": "What heritage do many modern domesticated flower species have?", "id": "572f3e7d04bcaa1900d767bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "pollinated"}], "question": "Humans have effected some flowers so much they can no longer do what in nature?", "id": "572f3e7d04bcaa1900d767bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "symbiotic companion plant relationships"}], "question": "Why did weeds grow with human crops?", "id": "572f3e7d04bcaa1900d767be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "prettiest"}], "question": "What feature helped flowers not get plucked?", "id": "572f3e7d04bcaa1900d767bf"}]}], ["Genetika pulau menyediakan satu penjelasan yang dicadangkan untuk penampilan tumbuhan berbunga secara tiba-tiba, sepenuhnya maju. Genetika pulau dipercayai menjadi sumber spesi umum pada umumnya, terutamanya apabila ia menyesuaikan diri dengan penyesuaian radikal yang sepertinya memerlukan bentuk peralihan yang lebih rendah. Tumbuh-tumbuhan berbunga mungkin telah berkembang dalam persekitaran terpencil seperti rantai pulau atau pulau, di mana tumbuhan yang berfaedah itu dapat mengembangkan hubungan yang sangat khusus dengan beberapa haiwan tertentu (misalnya tawon). Hubungan sedemikian, dengan pikat hipotetikal yang membawa debunga dari satu tumbuhan kepada yang lain banyak cara pancang jerami lakukan hari ini, boleh menyebabkan pembangunan spesialisasi yang tinggi di kedua-dua tumbuhan dan rakan-rakan mereka. Ambil perhatian bahawa contoh wasp tidak bersampingan; lebah, yang dirumuskan, berkembang secara khusus disebabkan oleh hubungan tumbuhan mutualistik, berasal dari tawon. <> Apakah salah satu penjelasan yang dicadangkan untuk penampilan segera tumbuhan berbunga? || Pulau genetik <> Apa genetik pulau dianggap sebagai sumber lalai? || spesiasi <> Apa penyesuaian radikal sepertinya diperlukan? || bentuk peralihan yang lebih rendah <> Bagaimana penataan terpencil seperti pulau membantu tumbuh-tumbuhan berbunga berkembang? || hubungan yang sangat khusus dengan sesetengah haiwan tertentu <> Apakah lebah itu berasal dari? || wasps", {"context": "Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowering plants. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general, especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Flowering plants may have evolved in an isolated setting like an island or island chain, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal (a wasp, for example). Such a relationship, with a hypothetical wasp carrying pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could result in the development of a high degree of specialization in both the plant(s) and their partners. Note that the wasp example is not incidental; bees, which, it is postulated, evolved specifically due to mutualistic plant relationships, are descended from wasps.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Island genetics"}], "question": "What is one proposed explanation for the instant appearance of flowering plants?", "id": "572f376004bcaa1900d76789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "speciation"}], "question": "What is island genetics thought to be a default source of?", "id": "572f376004bcaa1900d7678a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "inferior transitional forms"}], "question": "What did radical adaptations seem to have required?", "id": "572f376004bcaa1900d7678b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "highly specialized relationship with some specific animal"}], "question": "How did an isolated setting like an island help flowering plants evolve?", "id": "572f376004bcaa1900d7678c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 903, "text": "wasps"}], "question": "What are bees descended from?", "id": "572f376004bcaa1900d7678d"}]}], ["Evolusi tumbuhan biji benih dan kemudian angiosperma nampaknya merupakan hasil daripada dua pertindihan peristiwa duplikasi genom keseluruhan. Ini berlaku pada 319 juta tahun yang lalu dan 192 juta tahun dahulu. Satu lagi kejadian duplikasi genom keseluruhan yang mungkin pada 160 juta tahun yang lalu mungkin mewujudkan garis leluhur yang membawa kepada semua tumbuh-tumbuhan berbunga moden. Acara itu dipelajari dengan menyusun genom tumbuhan berbunga kuno, Amborella trichopoda, dan secara langsung menyampaikan \"misteri yang keji\" Darwin. <> Berapa banyak peristiwa duplikasi genom yang disyaki dalam evolusi tumbuhan benih? || dua <> Bilakah peristiwa duplikasi keseluruhan genom berlaku? || 319 juta tahun lalu <> Apa jenis peristiwa yang mungkin menciptakan garis yang menyebabkan tumbuhan berbunga moden? || keseluruhan pertindihan genom <> Bagaimana peristiwa duplikasi dikaji? || dengan menyusun genom tumbuhan berbunga purba <> Siapa yang membentuk istilah \"misteri yang tercela\"? || Darwin", {"context": "The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events. These occurred at 319 million years ago and 192 million years ago. Another possible whole genome duplication event at 160 million years ago perhaps created the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants. That event was studied by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant, Amborella trichopoda, and directly addresses Darwin's \"abominable mystery.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many distinct rounds of genome duplication events are suspected in the evolution of seed plants?", "id": "572efc3503f9891900756b13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "319 million years ago"}], "question": "When did the first whole genome duplication event occur?", "id": "572efc3503f9891900756b14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "whole genome duplication"}], "question": "What type of event perhaps created the line which led to modern flowering plants?", "id": "572efc3503f9891900756b15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant"}], "question": "How are duplication events studied?", "id": "572efc3503f9891900756b16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "Darwin"}], "question": "Who coined the term \"abominable mystery\"?", "id": "572efc3503f9891900756b17"}]}], ["Tumbuhan berbunga (angiosperms), juga dikenali sebagai Angiospermae atau Magnoliophyta, adalah kumpulan tanaman yang paling pelbagai, dengan kira-kira 350,000 spesies. Seperti gymnosperms, angiosperma adalah tumbuhan yang menghasilkan benih; mereka dibezakan daripada gymnosperma dengan ciri-ciri termasuk bunga, endosperm dalam benih, dan pengeluaran buah-buahan yang mengandungi benih. Secara etimologis, angiosperma bermaksud tumbuhan yang menghasilkan biji dalam kandang, dengan kata lain, tumbuhan berbuah. Istilah \"angiosperm\" berasal dari perkataan komposit Yunani (angeion-, \"case\" atau \"casing\", dan sperma, \"benih\") yang bermaksud \"benih tertutup\", selepas keadaan benih tertutup. <> Apakah kumpulan tanaman yang paling pelbagai? || angiosperms <> Berapa banyak spesies tumbuhan berbunga di sana? || 350,000 <> Apa angiosperm menghasilkan benihnya? || sebuah kandang <> Apakah angiosperma mempunyai persamaan dengan gymnosperm? || tumbuhan yang menghasilkan benih <> Apakah perkataan Yunani untuk \"kes\" atau \"selongsong\"? || angeion", {"context": "The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with about 350,000 species. Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure, in other words, a fruiting plant. The term \"angiosperm\" comes from the Greek composite word (angeion-, \"case\" or \"casing\", and sperma, \"seed\") meaning \"enclosed seeds\", after the enclosed condition of the seeds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "angiosperms"}], "question": "What are the most diverse group of land plants?", "id": "572ef96cdfa6aa1500f8d50d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "350,000"}], "question": "How many species of flowering plants are there about?", "id": "572ef96cdfa6aa1500f8d50e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "an enclosure"}], "question": "What does an angiosperm produce its seeds within?", "id": "572ef96cdfa6aa1500f8d510"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "seed-producing plants"}], "question": "What do angiosperms have in common with gymnosperms?", "id": "572ef96cdfa6aa1500f8d50f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "angeion"}], "question": "What is the Greek word for \"case\" or \"casing\"?", "id": "572ef96cdfa6aa1500f8d511"}]}], ["Radiasi angiosperma yang hebat, apabila kepelbagaian angiosperma yang hebat muncul dalam rekod fosil, berlaku pada pertengahan Cretaceous (kira-kira 100 juta tahun yang lalu). Walau bagaimanapun, kajian pada tahun 2007 menganggarkan bahawa pembahagian lima paling terkini (genus Ceratophyllum, keluarga Chloranthaceae, eudicots, magnoliid, dan monocots) daripada lapan kumpulan utama berlaku sekitar 140 juta tahun yang lalu. Oleh Cretaceous yang lewat, angiosperma kelihatan menguasai persekitaran yang dahulu diduduki oleh pakis dan siklikofilik, tetapi pokok pembentuk kanopi besar diganti dengan konifer sebagai pokok yang dominan hanya dekat dengan akhir Cretaceous 66 juta tahun yang lalu atau bahkan kemudian, pada awal the Tertiary. Radiasi angiosperma herba berlaku lebih lama kemudian. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak tumbuhan fosil yang dikenali sebagai milik keluarga moden (termasuk beech, oak, maple, dan magnolia) telah pun muncul oleh Cretaceous yang lewat. <> Bilakah kepelbagaian angiosperma muncul dalam rekod fosil? || kira-kira 100 juta tahun lalu <> Apakah rupa sebilangan besar angiosperma dalam rekod fosil yang dikenali sebagai? || radiasi angiosperm yang hebat, <> Bilakah pembahagian lapan kumpulan utama angiosperma berlaku? || 40 juta tahun yang lalu <> Apa angiosperma hingga akhir Cretaceous? || persekitaran yang dikuasai <> Beech dan maple telah pun muncul dalam apa tempoh? || Cretaceous", {"context": "The great angiosperm radiation, when a great diversity of angiosperms appears in the fossil record, occurred in the mid-Cretaceous (approximately 100 million years ago). However, a study in 2007 estimated that the division of the five most recent (the genus Ceratophyllum, the family Chloranthaceae, the eudicots, the magnoliids, and the monocots) of the eight main groups occurred around 140 million years ago. By the late Cretaceous, angiosperms appear to have dominated environments formerly occupied by ferns and cycadophytes, but large canopy-forming trees replaced conifers as the dominant trees only close to the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago or even later, at the beginning of the Tertiary. The radiation of herbaceous angiosperms occurred much later. Yet, many fossil plants recognizable as belonging to modern families (including beech, oak, maple, and magnolia) had already appeared by the late Cretaceous.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "approximately 100 million years ago"}], "question": "When does a great diversity of angiosperms appear in the fossil record?", "id": "572f3442b2c2fd1400567f81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "great angiosperm radiation,"}], "question": "What is the appearance of a large amount of angiosperms in the fossil record known as?", "id": "572f3442b2c2fd1400567f82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "40 million years ago"}], "question": "When did the division of the eight main groups of angiosperms occur?", "id": "572f3442b2c2fd1400567f83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "dominated environments"}], "question": "What were the angiosperms up to by the late Cretaceous?", "id": "572f3442b2c2fd1400567f84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 919, "text": "Cretaceous"}], "question": "Beech and maple had already appeared by what period?", "id": "572f3442b2c2fd1400567f85"}]}], ["Spora fosil menunjukkan bahawa tumbuhan yang lebih tinggi (embriofit) telah hidup di atas tanah sekurang-kurangnya 475 juta tahun. Tumbuhan tanah awal dihasilkan secara seksual dengan sperma berenang, berenang, seperti alga hijau dari mana mereka berkembang. Adaptasi kepada terestrialisasi adalah pembangunan meiosporangia tegak untuk penyebaran oleh spora ke habitat baru. Ciri ini kekurangan keturunan algal terdekatnya, alga hijau Charophycean. Penyesuaian terestrial kemudian berlaku dengan pengekalan tahap seksual yang halus, avascular, gametofit, dalam tisu sporophyte vaskular. Ini terjadi dengan percambahan spora dalam sporangia dan bukannya spora yang dilepaskan, seperti dalam tanaman bukan benih. Satu contoh semasa bagaimana ini mungkin telah berlaku boleh dilihat dalam percambahan spora matang di Selaginella, spike-lumut. Hasilnya untuk nenek moyang angiosperma melampirkan mereka dalam kes, benih. Tumbuh tumbuhan yang pertama, seperti ginkgo, dan konifer (seperti pine dan firs), tidak menghasilkan bunga. Biji-bijian debunga (jantan) Ginkgo dan cycads menghasilkan sepasang sel sperma yang diterbangkan, yang \"berenang\" turun tiub debunga yang berkembang ke betina dan telurnya. <> Berapa lamakah tumbuhan yang lebih tinggi tinggal di darat? || sekurang-kurangnya 475 juta tahun <> Bagaimana tumbuhan awal membiak secara seksual? || dengan sperma berenang, sperma berenang <> Upright meisporangia membenarkan apa yang perlu disebarkan ke habitat baru? || spora <> Apakah saudara alga terdekat yang ada sekarang? || Charophycean green algae <> Apakah nama biasa untuk Selaginella? || spesis-lumut", {"context": "Fossilized spores suggest that higher plants (embryophytes) have lived on land for at least 475 million years. Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated, swimming sperm, like the green algae from which they evolved. An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for dispersal by spores to new habitats. This feature is lacking in the descendants of their nearest algal relatives, the Charophycean green algae. A later terrestrial adaptation took place with retention of the delicate, avascular sexual stage, the gametophyte, within the tissues of the vascular sporophyte. This occurred by spore germination within sporangia rather than spore release, as in non-seed plants. A current example of how this might have happened can be seen in the precocious spore germination in Selaginella, the spike-moss. The result for the ancestors of angiosperms was enclosing them in a case, the seed. The first seed bearing plants, like the ginkgo, and conifers (such as pines and firs), did not produce flowers. The pollen grains (males) of Ginkgo and cycads produce a pair of flagellated, mobile sperm cells that \"swim\" down the developing pollen tube to the female and her eggs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "at least 475 million years"}], "question": "How long have higher plants lived on land?", "id": "572efadd03f9891900756b09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "with flagellated, swimming sperm"}], "question": "How did early plants reproduce sexually?", "id": "572efadd03f9891900756b0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "spores"}], "question": "Upright meisporangia allowed what to be dispersed to new habitats?", "id": "572efadd03f9891900756b0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Charophycean green algae"}], "question": "What are the nearest algal relatives existing today?", "id": "572efadd03f9891900756b0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "the spike-moss"}], "question": "What is the common name for Selaginella?", "id": "572efadd03f9891900756b0d"}]}], ["Makrofossil yang paling awal dikenali dengan pasti sebagai angiosperma, Archaefructus liaoningensis, bertarikh sekitar 125 juta tahun BP (tempoh Cretaceous), manakala debunga yang dianggap berasal dari angiosperma mengambil rekod fosil kembali kepada sekitar 130 juta tahun BP. Walau bagaimanapun, satu kajian menunjukkan bahawa tumbuhan awal Jurassic pertengahan Schmeissneria, secara tradisinya dianggap sebagai jenis ginkgo, mungkin angiosperm yang paling awal diketahui, atau sekurang-kurangnya seorang saudara dekat. Di samping itu, keterangan kimia terdahulu telah ditemui untuk kewujudan angiosperma seawal 250 juta tahun yang lalu. Oleanane, metabolit sekunder yang dihasilkan oleh banyak tumbuhan berbunga, telah ditemui di deposit Permian pada zaman itu bersama-sama dengan fosil gigantopterids. Gigantopterids adalah sekumpulan tumbuhan benih yang telah punah yang berkongsi banyak ciri morfologi dengan tumbuhan berbunga, walaupun mereka tidak diketahui telah menanam tumbuhan sendiri. <> Bilakah makrofosil yang paling awal dikenali sebagai angiosperm bertarikh? || kira-kira 125 juta tahun BP <> Apakah angiosperm yang paling awal diketahui? || Archaefructus liaoningensis <> Apa yang mendorong umur angiosperm 5 juta tahun lagi? || serbuk sari <> Berapa lama dahulu bukti telah ditemui untuk kewujudan angiosperma? || 250 juta tahun yang lalu <> Apa kumpulan tumbuhan benih yang telah punah sekarang mempunyai banyak ciri-ciri tumbuhan berbunga sekarang? || Gigantopterids", {"context": "The earliest known macrofossil confidently identified as an angiosperm, Archaefructus liaoningensis, is dated to about 125 million years BP (the Cretaceous period), whereas pollen considered to be of angiosperm origin takes the fossil record back to about 130 million years BP. However, one study has suggested that the early-middle Jurassic plant Schmeissneria, traditionally considered a type of ginkgo, may be the earliest known angiosperm, or at least a close relative. In addition, circumstantial chemical evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms as early as 250 million years ago. Oleanane, a secondary metabolite produced by many flowering plants, has been found in Permian deposits of that age together with fossils of gigantopterids. Gigantopterids are a group of extinct seed plants that share many morphological traits with flowering plants, although they are not known to have been flowering plants themselves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "about 125 million years BP"}], "question": "When is the earliest known macrofossil identified as an angiosperm dated?", "id": "572f1c4203f9891900756b99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Archaefructus liaoningensis"}], "question": "What is the earliest known angiosperm?", "id": "572f1c4203f9891900756b9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "pollen"}], "question": "What pushes the age of angiosperm 5 million years further back?", "id": "572f1c4203f9891900756b9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "250 million years ago"}], "question": "How long ago has circumstantial evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms?", "id": "572f1c4203f9891900756b9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 759, "text": "Gigantopterids"}], "question": "What group of now extinct seed plants had many of the traits of what are now flowering plants?", "id": "572f1c4203f9891900756b9d"}]}], ["Penampilan bunga hampir hampir moden di dalam rekod fosil pada mulanya menimbulkan masalah seperti teori evolusi yang dipanggil \"misteri yang tercela\" oleh Charles Darwin. Walau bagaimanapun, rekod fosil telah banyak ditanam sejak zaman Darwin, dan baru-baru ini mendapati fosil angiosperma seperti Archaefructus, bersama-sama dengan penemuan gimnosperma fosil, mencadangkan bagaimana ciri-ciri angiosperma mungkin diperoleh dalam beberapa langkah. Beberapa kumpulan gimnosperma yang sudah pupus, khususnya paku benih, telah dicadangkan sebagai nenek moyang tumbuhan berbunga, tetapi tidak ada bukti fosil yang berterusan menunjukkan dengan tepat bagaimana bunga berkembang. Beberapa fosil yang lebih tua, seperti Triasic Sanmiguelia atas, telah dicadangkan. Berdasarkan bukti semasa, ada yang mencadangkan bahawa nenek moyang angiosperma menyimpang dari kumpulan gimnosperma yang tidak diketahui dalam tempoh Triassic (245-202 juta tahun yang lalu). Buaya seperti angiosperm fosil dari Triassic Tengah (247.2-242.0 Ma) mencadangkan tarikh yang lebih lama untuk asalnya. Hubungan rapat antara angiosperm dan gnetophytes, yang dicadangkan berdasarkan bukti morfologi, baru-baru ini dipertikaikan berdasarkan bukti molekul yang menunjukkan gnetofit sebaliknya lebih dekat dengan gimnosperma lain. [Rujukan?] penampilan mendadak bunga hampir moden dalam rekod fosil? || misteri yang mengerikan <> Jenis fosil apa yang Archaefructus yang baru ditemui? || angiosperm <> Apa bukti fosil kurang apabila ia datang kepada bunga? || bukti yang memperlihatkan bagaimana bunga berkembang <> Dari apa tempoh fenilisme fosil mencadangkan tarikh yang lebih lama untuk asal naiosperm? || Pertengahan Triassic <> Hubungan apa yang dicadangkan berdasarkan bukti morfologi baru-baru ini telah dipertikaikan? || hubungan antara angiosperm dan gnetophytes", {"context": "The apparently sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record initially posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that it was called an \"abominable mystery\" by Charles Darwin. However, the fossil record has considerably grown since the time of Darwin, and recently discovered angiosperm fossils such as Archaefructus, along with further discoveries of fossil gymnosperms, suggest how angiosperm characteristics may have been acquired in a series of steps. Several groups of extinct gymnosperms, in particular seed ferns, have been proposed as the ancestors of flowering plants, but there is no continuous fossil evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved. Some older fossils, such as the upper Triassic Sanmiguelia, have been suggested. Based on current evidence, some propose that the ancestors of the angiosperms diverged from an unknown group of gymnosperms in the Triassic period (245\u2013202 million years ago). Fossil angiosperm-like pollen from the Middle Triassic (247.2\u2013242.0 Ma) suggests an older date for their origin. A close relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes, proposed on the basis of morphological evidence, has more recently been disputed on the basis of molecular evidence that suggest gnetophytes are instead more closely related to other gymnosperms.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "abominable mystery"}], "question": "What did Charles Darwin call the sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record?", "id": "572efb9cc246551400ce4820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "angiosperm"}], "question": "What type of fossil is the recently discovered Archaefructus?", "id": "572efb9cc246551400ce4821"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved"}], "question": "What fossil evidence is lacking when it comes to flowers?", "id": "572efb9cc246551400ce4822"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 978, "text": "Middle Triassic"}], "question": "From what period does fossilized pollen suggest an older date for angiosperm origin?", "id": "572efb9cc246551400ce4823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1060, "text": "relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes"}], "question": "What relationship proposed on the basis of morphological evidence has recently been disputed?", "id": "572efb9cc246551400ce4824"}]}], ["Bilangan spesies tumbuhan berbunga dianggarkan berada dalam lingkungan 250,000 hingga 400,000. Ini dibandingkan dengan 12,000 spesies lumut atau 11,000 spesies pteridophytes, menunjukkan bahawa tumbuh-tumbuhan berbunga lebih beragam. Bilangan keluarga dalam APG (1998) adalah 462. Dalam APG II (2003) ia tidak diselesaikan; sekurang-kurangnya 457, tetapi dalam jumlah ini terdapat 55 pilihan mengasingkan, supaya jumlah minimum keluarga dalam sistem ini adalah 402. Dalam APG III (2009) ada 415 keluarga. <> Apakah anggaran jangkauan bilangan tumbuhan berbunga? || 250,000 hingga 400,000 <> Berapa banyak spesies lumut yang ada? || 12,000 <> Apa sebilangan besar spesies tumbuhan berbunga menunjukkan kenyataan mereka secara umum? || pelbagai <> Berapakah jumlah minimum keluarga dalam sistem APG? || 402 <> Berapa banyak keluarga dalam AGP III? || 415", {"context": "The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss or 11,000 species of pteridophytes, showing that the flowering plants are much more diverse. The number of families in APG (1998) was 462. In APG II (2003) it is not settled; at maximum it is 457, but within this number there are 55 optional segregates, so that the minimum number of families in this system is 402. In APG III (2009) there are 415 families.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "250,000 to 400,000"}], "question": "What is the estimated range for the number of flowering plants?", "id": "572f473f947a6a140053c85c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "12,000"}], "question": "How many species of moss is there?", "id": "572f473f947a6a140053c85d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "diverse"}], "question": "What does the large number of flowering plant species indicate is true of them in general?", "id": "572f473f947a6a140053c85e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "402"}], "question": "What are the minimum number of families in the APG system?", "id": "572f473f947a6a140053c85f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "415"}], "question": "How many families are in AGP III?", "id": "572f473f947a6a140053c860"}]}], ["Hubungan yang ketat antara lapan kumpulan ini belum jelas, walaupun terdapat kesepakatan bahwa tiga kumpulan pertama yang menyimpang dari angiosperm nenek moyang ialah Amborellales, Nymphaeales, dan Austrobaileyales. Istilah angiosperma basal merujuk kepada ketiga-tiga kumpulan ini. Di antara yang lain, hubungan antara ketiga-tiga kumpulan ini (magnoliid, monocots, dan eudicots) masih tidak jelas. Sesetengah analisis membuat magnoliid yang pertama menyimpang, yang lain monocots. Ceratophyllum seolah-olah berkumpul dengan eudicots daripada dengan monocots. <> Apa tiga kumpulan yang pertama menyimpang dari angiosperma? || Amborellales, Nymphaeales, dan Austrobaileyales <> Apa istilah merujuk kepada tiga kumpulan pertama untuk menyimpang dari angiosperma? || basal <> Betapa jelasnya hubungan antara ketiga-tiga kumpulan angiosperm yang bukan basal? || Tidak jelas <> Kumpulan apa yang dilakukan beberapa analisis seolah-olah menunjukkan diverifikasi terlebih dahulu? || magnoliid", {"context": "The exact relationship between these eight groups is not yet clear, although there is agreement that the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales. The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups. Among the rest, the relationship between the three broadest of these groups (magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots) remains unclear. Some analyses make the magnoliids the first to diverge, others the monocots. Ceratophyllum seems to group with the eudicots rather than with the monocots.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales"}], "question": "What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm?", "id": "572f4374947a6a140053c832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "basal"}], "question": "What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm?", "id": "572f4374947a6a140053c833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "unclear"}], "question": "How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups?", "id": "572f4374947a6a140053c834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "magnoliids"}], "question": "What group do some analyses seem to indicate diverged first?", "id": "572f4374947a6a140053c835"}]}], ["Ciri ciri angiosperma adalah bunga. Bunga menunjukkan variasi yang luar biasa dalam bentuk dan elaborasi, dan menyediakan ciri luaran yang paling boleh dipercayai untuk mewujudkan hubungan antara spesies angiosperma. Fungsi bunga adalah untuk memastikan pembuahan ovule dan perkembangan buah yang mengandungi benih. Peralatan bunga boleh timbul secara terminik pada pukulan atau dari paksi daun (di mana batang daun melekat pada batang). Kadang-kadang, seperti dalam violet, bunga timbul secara tunggal di dalam paksi daun dedaunan biasa. Secara lebih kerap, bahagian galas bunga tumbuhan secara mendadak dibezakan dari bahagian dedaunan atau vegetatif, dan membentuk sistem cawangan yang lebih rumit dipanggil inflorescence. <> Apakah ciri-ciri angiosperma yang menentukan? || bunga <> Apa bunga ciri yang menunjukkan variasi? || bentuk dan huraian <> Apa bunga menyediakan ciri luaran terbaik untuk dilakukan? || mewujudkan hubungan antara spesies angiosperma <> Apakah fungsi bunga ini untuk memastikan persenyawaan? || yang ovule <> Apa nama sistem cawangan? || perbungaan", {"context": "The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration, and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species. The function of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of fruit containing seeds. The floral apparatus may arise terminally on a shoot or from the axil of a leaf (where the petiole attaches to the stem). Occasionally, as in violets, a flower arises singly in the axil of an ordinary foliage-leaf. More typically, the flower-bearing portion of the plant is sharply distinguished from the foliage-bearing or vegetative portion, and forms a more or less elaborate branch-system called an inflorescence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "flower"}], "question": "What is the defining feature of angiosperms?", "id": "572f49a2b2c2fd1400567fdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "form and elaboration"}], "question": "What characteristic flowers show variation in?", "id": "572f49a2b2c2fd1400567fdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "establishing relationships among angiosperm species"}], "question": "What do flowers provide the best external feature for doing?", "id": "572f49a2b2c2fd1400567fdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "the ovule"}], "question": "What is it the function of the flower to ensure fertilization of?", "id": "572f49a2b2c2fd1400567fde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "inflorescence"}], "question": "What is the name of a branch system?", "id": "572f49a2b2c2fd1400567fdf"}]}], ["Walaupun sebahagian besar bunga adalah sempurna atau hermaphrodite (mempunyai kedua-dua debunga dan bahagian-bahagian penghasil ovule dalam struktur bunga yang sama), tumbuhan berbunga telah menghasilkan banyak mekanisme morfologi dan fisiologi untuk mengurangkan atau mencegah persenyawaan diri. Bunga heteromorphic mempunyai carpels pendek dan stamens panjang, atau sebaliknya, jadi penyuap haiwan tidak boleh dengan mudah memindahkan debunga ke pistil (bahagian receptive dari carpel). Bunga homomorfik boleh menggunakan mekanisme biokimia (fisiologi) yang disebut ketidakserasian diri untuk mendiskriminasi antara bijirin debunga diri dan bukan diri. Dalam spesies lain, bahagian lelaki dan perempuan secara morfologi dipisahkan, berkembang pada bunga yang berbeza. <> Apakah ciri seksual yang menunjukkan sebahagian besar bunga menunjukkan? || hermaphrodite <> Mengapa tumbuhan berbunga berkembang banyak mekanisme morfologi dan fisiologi? || mengurangkan atau menghalang persenyawaan diri <> Kenapa karpel bunga heteromorfik dan stamens panjang yang berbeza? || jadi penyerbuk haiwan tidak dapat dengan mudah memindahkan serbuk sari ke pistil <> Jenis mekanisme apa yang mungkin menggunakan bunga homomorfik untuk memberitahu perbezaan antara biji debunga asing dan diri? || biokimia <> Bagaimana sesetengah bahagian lelaki dan perempuan dipisahkan untuk sesetengah spesies? || bunga yang berbeza", {"context": "While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil (receptive part of the carpel). Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical (physiological) mechanism called self-incompatibility to discriminate between self and non-self pollen grains. In other species, the male and female parts are morphologically separated, developing on different flowers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "hermaphrodite"}], "question": "What sexual feature do a majority of flowers demonstrate?", "id": "572f4f1ba23a5019007fc50d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "reduce or prevent self-fertilization"}], "question": "Why did flowering plants develop numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms?", "id": "572f4f1ba23a5019007fc50e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil"}], "question": "Why are a heteromorphic flower's carpels and stamens different lengths?", "id": "572f4f1ba23a5019007fc50f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "biochemical"}], "question": "What type of mechanism might homomorphic flowers use to tell the difference between foreign and self pollen grains?", "id": "572f4f1ba23a5019007fc510"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "different flowers"}], "question": "How are some male and female parts separated for some species?", "id": "572f4f1ba23a5019007fc511"}]}], ["Dalam dicotyledon, berkas-berkas di batang yang sangat muda disusun dalam cincin terbuka, memisahkan pith tengah dari korteks luar. Dalam setiap ikatan, memisahkan xylem dan phloem, adalah lapisan meristem atau tisu formatif aktif yang dikenali sebagai cambium. Dengan pembentukan lapisan cambium antara bundle (cambium interfascicular), cincin lengkap dibentuk, dan peningkatan berkala dalam ketebalan berkala dari perkembangan xilem di dalam dan phloem di luar. Loji lembut menjadi hancur, tetapi kayu keras tetap dan membentuk sebahagian besar batang dan cabang dari kayu berkayu. Disebabkan perbezaan dalam ciri-ciri elemen yang dihasilkan pada permulaan dan akhir musim, kayu ditandakan dalam bahagian melintang ke dalam cincin sepusat, satu untuk setiap musim pertumbuhan, yang disebut cincin tahunan. <> Bentuk apa yang merupakan berkas dalam batang batang dicotyledon yang disusun? || cincin terbuka <> Apa cambium itu terpisah? || xylem dan phloem <> Apakah lapisan meristem atau tisu formative yang dikenali sebagai? || cambium <> Apa akibat dari perkembangan xylem di bahagian dalam dan phloem di luar? || peningkatan ketebalan <> Apa nama lain untuk cincin konsentrik di dalam pokok? || cincin tahunan", {"context": "In the dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium. By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles (interfascicular cambium), a complete ring is formed, and a regular periodical increase in thickness results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside. The soft phloem becomes crushed, but the hard wood persists and forms the bulk of the stem and branches of the woody perennial. Owing to differences in the character of the elements produced at the beginning and end of the season, the wood is marked out in transverse section into concentric rings, one for each season of growth, called annual rings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "an open ring"}], "question": "What shape are the bundles in the young stem of dicotyledons arranged in?", "id": "572f47e7b2c2fd1400567fd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "xylem and phloem"}], "question": "What does the cambium separate?", "id": "572f47e7b2c2fd1400567fd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "cambium"}], "question": "What is a layer of meristem or formative tissue known as?", "id": "572f47e7b2c2fd1400567fd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "increase in thickness"}], "question": "What results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside?", "id": "572f47e7b2c2fd1400567fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "annual rings"}], "question": "What's another name for the concentric rings in trees?", "id": "572f47e7b2c2fd1400567fd5"}]}], ["Kajian baru-baru ini, seperti yang dilakukan oleh APG, menunjukkan bahawa monocots membentuk kumpulan monophyletik (clade) tetapi dicots tidak (mereka adalah paraphyletic). Walau bagaimanapun, majoriti spesies dicot membentuk kumpulan monophyletik, yang dipanggil eudicots atau tricolpates. Daripada spesies dicot yang tersisa, kebanyakannya tergolong dalam kumpulan utama ketiga yang dikenali sebagai magnoliid, yang mengandungi kira-kira 9,000 spesies. Selebihnya termasuk pengelompokan paraphyletic spesies primitif yang dikenali secara kolektif sebagai angiosperma basal, ditambah dengan keluarga Ceratophyllaceae dan Chloranthaceae. <> Jenis kumpulan apa yang membentuk monokot, berdasarkan kajian APG baru-baru ini? || monophyletic <> Eudicots atau tricolpates adalah sebahagian daripada kumpulan monophyletik yang dibentuk oleh spesies apa? || dicot <> Apa klade utama ketiga boleh ditemui banyak spesies dicot? || magnoliid <> Berapa banyak spesies dicot spesies adalah magnoliid? || kira-kira 9,000 <> Angiospermas asas adalah jenis pengumpulan spesies primitif? || paraphyletic", {"context": "Recent studies, as by the APG, show that the monocots form a monophyletic group (clade) but that the dicots do not (they are paraphyletic). Nevertheless, the majority of dicot species do form a monophyletic group, called the eudicots or tricolpates. Of the remaining dicot species, most belong to a third major clade known as the magnoliids, containing about 9,000 species. The rest include a paraphyletic grouping of primitive species known collectively as the basal angiosperms, plus the families Ceratophyllaceae and Chloranthaceae.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "monophyletic"}], "question": "What type of groups do monocots form, based on a recent APG studies?", "id": "572f46d8947a6a140053c852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "dicot"}], "question": "Eudicots or tricolpates are part of a monophyletic group formed by what species?", "id": "572f46d8947a6a140053c853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "magnoliids"}], "question": "What third major clade can many dicot species be found in?", "id": "572f46d8947a6a140053c854"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "about 9,000"}], "question": "How many species dicot species are magnoliids?", "id": "572f46d8947a6a140053c855"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "paraphyletic"}], "question": "Basal angiosperms are what type of grouping of primitive species?", "id": "572f46d8947a6a140053c856"}]}], ["Pengkelasan dalaman kumpulan ini telah mengalami semakan yang besar. Sistem Cronquist, yang dicadangkan oleh Arthur Cronquist pada tahun 1968 dan diterbitkan dalam bentuk penuhnya pada tahun 1981, masih digunakan secara meluas tetapi tidak lagi dipercayai untuk mencerminkan secara tepat phylogeny. Satu konsensus mengenai bagaimana tumbuhan berbunga harus disusun baru-baru ini mula muncul dalam karya Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), yang menerbitkan pengklasifikasian berpengaruh angiosperms pada tahun 1998. Maklumat terkini yang diperbuat daripada penyelidikan terkini telah diterbitkan sebagai APG II pada tahun 2003 dan sebagai APG III pada tahun 2009. <> Apakah persetujuan yang AGP cuba untuk mencapai? || bagaimana tumbuhan berbunga harus disusun <> Apakah komponen dalaman telah mengalami semakan yang banyak? || klasifikasi <> Sistem apa yang dilakukan oleh Arthur Cronquist pada tahun 1968, tetapi tidak diterbitkan dalam bentuk penuh hingga 1981? || Sistem Cronquist <> Siapa yang menerbitkan reklasifikasi yang berpengaruh terhadap angiosperms pada tahun 1998? || APG", {"context": "The internal classification of this group has undergone considerable revision. The Cronquist system, proposed by Arthur Cronquist in 1968 and published in its full form in 1981, is still widely used but is no longer believed to accurately reflect phylogeny. A consensus about how the flowering plants should be arranged has recently begun to emerge through the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), which published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998. Updates incorporating more recent research were published as APG II in 2003 and as APG III in 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "how the flowering plants should be arranged"}], "question": "What consensus is the AGP trying to reach?", "id": "572f45a004bcaa1900d76807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "classification"}], "question": "What internal component has undergone considerable revision?", "id": "572f45a004bcaa1900d76805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "The Cronquist system"}], "question": "What system did Arthur Cronquist put forth in 1968, but not publish in full form until 1981?", "id": "572f45a004bcaa1900d76806"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "APG"}], "question": "Who published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998?", "id": "572f45a004bcaa1900d76808"}]}], ["Istilah botani \"Angiosperm\", dari Greek \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd, ange\u00edon (botol, vesel) dan \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1, (biji), dicipta dalam bentuk Angiospermae oleh Paul Hermann pada tahun 1690, sebagai nama salah satu bahagian utama tumbuhannya kerajaan. Ini termasuk tumbuh-tumbuhan berbunga yang mempunyai biji-bijian yang tertutup dalam kapsul, dibezakan dari Gymnospermae nya, atau tumbuh-tumbuhan berbunga dengan buah-buahan achenial atau schizo-carpic, seluruh buah atau setiap potongannya di sini dianggap sebagai benih dan telanjang. Istilah dan antonymnya dikendalikan oleh Carl Linnaeus dengan erti yang sama, tetapi dengan aplikasi yang terbatas, dalam nama-nama perintah Didamata kelasnya. Penggunaannya dengan apa-apa pendekatan kepada skop modennya mungkin hanya selepas tahun 1827, ketika Robert Brown menubuhkan kewujudan ovum yang benar-benar telanjang di Cycadeae dan Coniferae, dan memohon kepada mereka nama Gymnosperms. [Rujukan?] Sejak masa itu, kerana gimnosperma ini, seperti biasa, dianggap sebagai tumbuhan berbunga dicotyledonous, istilah Angiosperm digunakan secara antithetically oleh penulis botani, dengan pelbagai skop, sebagai nama kumpulan untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan dicotyledonous yang lain. <> Apa istilah Paul Hermann muncul pada tahun 1690? || Angiosperm <> Apakah Hermann menggunakan istilah angiosperma pembahagian utama dalam kerajaan tumbuhan? || utama <> yang membatasi penggunaan istilah angiosperm? || Carl Linnaeus <> Apa Robert Brown menubuhkan kewujudan Cycadeae dan Coniferae? || ovum telanjang <> Apakah angiosperma kumpulan-kumpulan telah digunakan oleh penulis botani? || tumbuhan dicotyledonous lain", {"context": "The botanical term \"Angiosperm\", from the Ancient Greek \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd, ange\u00edon (bottle, vessel) and \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1, (seed), was coined in the form Angiospermae by Paul Hermann in 1690, as the name of one of his primary divisions of the plant kingdom. This included flowering plants possessing seeds enclosed in capsules, distinguished from his Gymnospermae, or flowering plants with achenial or schizo-carpic fruits, the whole fruit or each of its pieces being here regarded as a seed and naked. The term and its antonym were maintained by Carl Linnaeus with the same sense, but with restricted application, in the names of the orders of his class Didynamia. Its use with any approach to its modern scope became possible only after 1827, when Robert Brown established the existence of truly naked ovules in the Cycadeae and Coniferae, and applied to them the name Gymnosperms.[citation needed] From that time onward, as long as these Gymnosperms were, as was usual, reckoned as dicotyledonous flowering plants, the term Angiosperm was used antithetically by botanical writers, with varying scope, as a group-name for other dicotyledonous plants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Angiosperm"}], "question": "What term did Paul Hermann come up with in 1690?", "id": "572f4440947a6a140053c83a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "primary"}], "question": "What did Hermann use the term angiosperm a primary division of in the plant kingdom?", "id": "572f4440947a6a140053c83b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Carl Linnaeus"}], "question": "Who restricted the application of the angiosperm term?", "id": "572f4440947a6a140053c83c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "naked ovules"}], "question": "What did Robert Brown establish the existence of in Cycadeae and Coniferae?", "id": "572f4440947a6a140053c83d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1103, "text": "other dicotyledonous plants"}], "question": "What is the group-name angiosperm has been used for by botanical writers?", "id": "572f4440947a6a140053c83e"}]}], ["Bunga ini hanya boleh terdiri daripada bahagian-bahagian ini, seperti di willow, di mana setiap bunga terdiri hanya beberapa stamen atau dua buah karpel. Biasanya, struktur lain ada dan berfungsi untuk melindungi sporofil dan membentuk sampul surat yang menarik kepada penyuap. Ahli individu dari struktur sekitar ini dikenali sebagai sepal dan kelopak (atau tepal dalam bunga seperti Magnolia di mana sepal dan kelopak tidak dapat dibezakan antara satu sama lain). Siri luar (kelopak sepal) biasanya berwarna hijau dan daun, dan berfungsi untuk melindungi seluruh bunga, khususnya tunas. Siri dalaman (corolla kelopak), secara umum, putih atau berwarna cerah, dan lebih halus dalam struktur. Ia berfungsi untuk menarik penyerbu serangga atau burung. Tarikan dilakukan dengan warna, bau, dan nektar, yang mungkin dirahsiakan di beberapa bahagian bunga. Ciri-ciri yang menarik penyuid merujuk kepada populariti bunga dan tumbuhan berbunga di kalangan manusia. <> Apakah bunga willow terdiri daripada? || hanya beberapa stamen atau dua karpel <> Apa yang ada sesetengah struktur yang berkembang untuk melindungi? || sporophylls <> Apa rupa kelopak sepal biasanya? || hijau dan daun-daun <> Individu struktur menyelubungi individu yang dikenali dengan istilah apa? || sepal dan kelopak <> Ciri-ciri bunga yang menarik penyuap juga menarik apa makhluk lain? || manusia", {"context": "The flower may consist only of these parts, as in willow, where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels. Usually, other structures are present and serve to protect the sporophylls and to form an envelope attractive to pollinators. The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as sepals and petals (or tepals in flowers such as Magnolia where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other). The outer series (calyx of sepals) is usually green and leaf-like, and functions to protect the rest of the flower, especially the bud. The inner series (corolla of petals) is, in general, white or brightly colored, and is more delicate in structure. It functions to attract insect or bird pollinators. Attraction is effected by color, scent, and nectar, which may be secreted in some part of the flower. The characteristics that attract pollinators account for the popularity of flowers and flowering plants among humans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "only a few stamens or two carpels"}], "question": "What is a willow's flower comprised of?", "id": "572f4a5fb2c2fd1400567fe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "the sporophylls"}], "question": "What have some structures evolved to protect?", "id": "572f4a5fb2c2fd1400567fe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "green and leaf-like"}], "question": "What appearance are calyx of sepals typically?", "id": "572f4a5fb2c2fd1400567fe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "sepals and petals"}], "question": "Individual members of enveloping structures are known by what terms?", "id": "572f4a5fb2c2fd1400567fe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 953, "text": "humans"}], "question": "The features of flowers which attract pollinators also attract what other creature?", "id": "572f4a5fb2c2fd1400567fe9"}]}], ["Dalam kebanyakan taksonomi, tumbuhan berbunga dianggap sebagai kumpulan yang koheren. Nama deskriptif yang paling popular ialah Angiospermae (Angiosperms), dengan Anthophyta (\"tumbuhan berbunga\") pilihan kedua. Nama-nama ini tidak dikaitkan dengan mana-mana pangkat. Sistem Wettstein dan sistem Engler menggunakan nama Angiospermae, pada pangkat yang diberikan di bawah subdivisi. Sistem Reveal merawat tumbuh-tumbuhan berbunga sebagai subkumpulan Magnoliophytina (Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal, Phytologia 79: 70 1996), tetapi kemudiannya memisahkannya kepada Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida, dan Rosopsida. Sistem Takhtajan dan sistem Cronquist merawat kumpulan ini di peringkat bahagian, yang membawa kepada nama Magnoliophyta (dari nama keluarga Magnoliaceae). Sistem Dahlgren dan sistem Thorne (1992) merawat kumpulan ini di peringkat kelas, yang membawa kepada nama Magnoliopsida. Sistem APG tahun 1998, dan revisi 2003 dan 2009 yang lalu, merawat tumbuhan berbunga sebagai klade yang disebut angiosperms tanpa nama botani formal. Walau bagaimanapun, klasifikasi rasmi diterbitkan bersama dengan semakan 2009 di mana tumbuhan berbunga membentuk Subkelas Magnoliidae. <> Dalam taksonomi, jenis kumpulan apa tanaman berbunga? || koheren <> Apa arti anthophyta? || tumbuhan berbunga <> Apakah yang digunakan oleh sistem Wettstein dan Engler pada pangkat yang diberikan? || Angiospermae <> Bagaimana sistem APG tahun 1998, dengan revisi 2003 dan 2009, merawat tumbuhan berbunga? || klade yang dipanggil angiosperms <> Apakah klasifikasi subclass formal adalah tumbuhan berbunga yang diberikan pada tahun 2009? || Magnoliidae", {"context": "In most taxonomies, the flowering plants are treated as a coherent group. The most popular descriptive name has been Angiospermae (Angiosperms), with Anthophyta (\"flowering plants\") a second choice. These names are not linked to any rank. The Wettstein system and the Engler system use the name Angiospermae, at the assigned rank of subdivision. The Reveal system treated flowering plants as subdivision Magnoliophytina (Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal, Phytologia 79: 70 1996), but later split it to Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida, and Rosopsida. The Takhtajan system and Cronquist system treat this group at the rank of division, leading to the name Magnoliophyta (from the family name Magnoliaceae). The Dahlgren system and Thorne system (1992) treat this group at the rank of class, leading to the name Magnoliopsida. The APG system of 1998, and the later 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat the flowering plants as a clade called angiosperms without a formal botanical name. However, a formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants form the Subclass Magnoliidae.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "coherent"}], "question": "In taxonomies, what type of group are flowering plants treated?", "id": "572f44e8b2c2fd1400567fb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "flowering plants"}], "question": "What does anthophyta mean?", "id": "572f44e8b2c2fd1400567fb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Angiospermae"}], "question": "What do the Wettstein and Engler systems use at the assigned rank of subdivision?", "id": "572f44e8b2c2fd1400567fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 907, "text": "a clade called angiosperms"}], "question": "How does the APG system of 1998, with its 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat flowering plants?", "id": "572f44e8b2c2fd1400567fb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1090, "text": "Magnoliidae"}], "question": "What formal subclass classification were flowering plants given in 2009?", "id": "572f44e8b2c2fd1400567fb7"}]}], ["Watak bulu biji mempunyai hubungan yang pasti dengan buah itu. Mereka melindungi embrio dan membantu penyebaran; mereka juga boleh terus mempromosikan percambahan. Antara tumbuh-tumbuhan dengan buah-buahan yang tidak sesuai, secara amnya, buah-buahan menyediakan perlindungan untuk embrio dan menjamin penyebaran. Dalam kes ini, kot benih hanya sedikit berkembang. Sekiranya buah itu tidak sempurna dan benihnya terdedah, secara amnya, lapisan benih telah berkembang dengan baik, dan mesti menunaikan fungsi-fungsi lain yang dilakukan oleh buah. <> Kemunculan kot benih mempunyai hubungan yang jelas dengan apa? || buah <> Apa itu melindungi benih? || embrio <> Apa buah bunga itu selamat? || penyebaran <> Bagaimana berkembang adalah lapisan benih apabila ia digunakan untuk penyebaran? || sedikit", {"context": "The character of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of the fruit. They protect the embryo and aid in dissemination; they may also directly promote germination. Among plants with indehiscent fruits, in general, the fruit provides protection for the embryo and secures dissemination. In this case, the seed coat is only slightly developed. If the fruit is dehiscent and the seed is exposed, in general, the seed-coat is well developed, and must discharge the functions otherwise executed by the fruit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "the fruit"}], "question": "The appearance of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of what?", "id": "572f516fb2c2fd1400568015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "embryo"}], "question": "What does the seed coat protect?", "id": "572f516fb2c2fd1400568016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "dissemination"}], "question": "What does the fruit of the flower secure?", "id": "572f516fb2c2fd1400568017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "slightly"}], "question": "How developed is the seed coat when it's used for dissemination?", "id": "572f516fb2c2fd1400568018"}]}], ["Pertanian hampir bergantung sepenuhnya pada angiosperms, yang menyediakan hampir semua makanan berasaskan tumbuhan, dan juga menyediakan sejumlah besar makanan ternakan. Daripada semua keluarga tumbuh-tumbuhan, Poaceae, atau keluarga rumput (bijirin), adalah yang paling penting, menyediakan sebahagian besar daripada semua bahan makanan (beras, jagung - jagung, gandum, barli, rai, gandum, mutiara mutiara, tebu , sorgum). Fabaceae, atau keluarga kekacang, datang di tempat kedua. Juga pentingnya Solanaceae, atau keluarga malam-malam (kentang, tomato, dan lada, antara lain), Cucurbitaceae, atau keluarga labu (juga termasuk labu dan tembikai), Brassicaceae, atau keluarga tumbuhan mustard (termasuk rapeseed dan tidak banyak jenis spesies kubis Brassica oleracea), dan Apiaceae, atau keluarga parsli. Kebanyakan buah kami berasal dari Rutaceae, atau keluarga rue (termasuk jeruk, lemon, grapefruit, dll), dan Rosaceae, atau keluarga mawar (termasuk epal, pear, ceri, aprikot, plum, dll.). <> Pada apa pertanian hampir sepenuhnya bergantung? || angiosperms <> Apakah tumbuhan keluarga yang paling penting untuk rezeki manusia? || Poaceae <> Apa nama Fabaceae yang lebih biasa? || kekacang <> Berapa keluarga dengan kentang, tomato dan lada? || Solanaceae <> Berapa keluarga anda akan mencari ceri? || Rosaceae", {"context": "Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, which provide virtually all plant-based food, and also provide a significant amount of livestock feed. Of all the families of plants, the Poaceae, or grass family (grains), is by far the most important, providing the bulk of all feedstocks (rice, corn \u2014 maize, wheat, barley, rye, oats, pearl millet, sugar cane, sorghum). The Fabaceae, or legume family, comes in second place. Also of high importance are the Solanaceae, or nightshade family (potatoes, tomatoes, and peppers, among others), the Cucurbitaceae, or gourd family (also including pumpkins and melons), the Brassicaceae, or mustard plant family (including rapeseed and the innumerable varieties of the cabbage species Brassica oleracea), and the Apiaceae, or parsley family. Many of our fruits come from the Rutaceae, or rue family (including oranges, lemons, grapefruits, etc.), and the Rosaceae, or rose family (including apples, pears, cherries, apricots, plums, etc.).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "angiosperms"}], "question": "On what is agriculture almost completely dependent?", "id": "572f51f5a23a5019007fc535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Poaceae"}], "question": "What family of plants is most important for human sustenance?", "id": "572f51f5a23a5019007fc536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "legume"}], "question": "What is the more common name of the Fabaceae?", "id": "572f51f5a23a5019007fc537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Solanaceae"}], "question": "What family do potatoes, tomatoes and peppers belong to?", "id": "572f51f5a23a5019007fc538"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 907, "text": "Rosaceae"}], "question": "What family would you find cherries in?", "id": "572f51f5a23a5019007fc539"}]}], ["Persenyawaan dua kali merujuk kepada proses di mana dua sel sperma membuahi sel-sel di ovari. Proses ini bermula apabila bijirin debunga berpegang teguh kepada stigma pistil (struktur pembiakan wanita), bercambah, dan menumbuhkan tiub debunga panjang. Walaupun tiub debunga ini berkembang, sel generatif haploid bergerak ke bawah tiub di belakang nukleus tiub. Sel generatif membahagi dengan mitosis untuk menghasilkan dua sel sperma (n) sperma. Apabila tiub debunga berkembang, ia membuat jalannya dari stigma, ke bawah gaya dan ke dalam ovari. Di sini, tiub pollen mencapai micropyle dari ovule dan mencerna masuk ke salah satu sinergi, melepaskan kandungannya (termasuk sel sperma). Sinergid bahawa sel telah dibebaskan menjadi degenerat dan satu sperma membuat cara untuk membuahkan sel telur, menghasilkan zygote diploid (2n). Sel sperma kedua bersudut dengan kedua-dua nukleus sel pusat, menghasilkan sel tritloid (3n). Apabila zigot berkembang menjadi embrio, sel triploid berkembang menjadi endosperm, yang berfungsi sebagai bekalan makanan embrio. Ovari kini akan berkembang menjadi buah dan ovulasi akan berkembang menjadi benih. <> Proses apakah pembuahan dua kali merujuk kepada? || dua sel sperma membuahi sel-sel dalam ovari <> Apakah serbuk serbuk serbuk sari, untuk memulakan proses persenyawaan dua kali ganda? || stigma dari pistil <> Apa jenis sel yang bergerak ke bawah tiub debunga semasa ia tumbuh? || generik haploid <> Di mana tabung debunga melepaskan sel spermanya? || salah satu sinergi <> Apa yang berfungsi sebagai bekalan makanan embrio? || endosperm", {"context": "Double fertilization refers to a process in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary. This process begins when a pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the pistil (female reproductive structure), germinates, and grows a long pollen tube. While this pollen tube is growing, a haploid generative cell travels down the tube behind the tube nucleus. The generative cell divides by mitosis to produce two haploid (n) sperm cells. As the pollen tube grows, it makes its way from the stigma, down the style and into the ovary. Here the pollen tube reaches the micropyle of the ovule and digests its way into one of the synergids, releasing its contents (which include the sperm cells). The synergid that the cells were released into degenerates and one sperm makes its way to fertilize the egg cell, producing a diploid (2n) zygote. The second sperm cell fuses with both central cell nuclei, producing a triploid (3n) cell. As the zygote develops into an embryo, the triploid cell develops into the endosperm, which serves as the embryo's food supply. The ovary now will develop into fruit and the ovule will develop into seed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary"}], "question": "What process does double fertilization refer to?", "id": "572f50f8b2c2fd140056800b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "the stigma of the pistil"}], "question": "What does a pollen grain adhere to, to start the process of double fertilization?", "id": "572f50f8b2c2fd140056800c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "haploid generative"}], "question": "What type of cell travels down the pollen tube while it's growing?", "id": "572f50f8b2c2fd140056800d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "one of the synergids"}], "question": "Where does the pollen tube release its sperm cells?", "id": "572f50f8b2c2fd140056800e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1001, "text": "endosperm"}], "question": "What serves as the embryo's food supply?", "id": "572f50f8b2c2fd140056800f"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1769, bandar raya Hyderabad menjadi modal rasmi Nizams. Sebagai tindak balas terhadap ancaman teratur dari Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa dari Maratha Empire), dan Basalath Jung (abang Asif Jah II, yang disokong oleh Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), Nizam menandatangani sebuah syarikat subsidiari dengan Syarikat India Timur pada tahun 1798, membenarkan Tentera India India untuk menduduki Bolarum (Secunderabad moden) untuk melindungi sempadan negara, yang mana Nizams membayar penyelenggaraan tahunan kepada British. <> Siapa yang sekutu Nizam dengan di akhir abad ke-18? || Syarikat India Timur <> Apakah tajuk Baji Rao I? || Peshwa Empayar Maratha <> Apakah tajuk Hyder Ali? || Dalwai of Mysore <> Tentera mana yang menduduki bandar Hyderabad dalam peranan perlindungan? || Tentera India India <> Dalam tahun apakah Hyderabad menjadi ibukota Nizams? || 1769", {"context": "In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "East India Company"}], "question": "Whom did the Nizam ally with in the late 18th century?", "id": "572f75bd04bcaa1900d7699a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Peshwa of the Maratha Empire"}], "question": "What was the title of Baji Rao I?", "id": "572f75bd04bcaa1900d7699c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Dalwai of Mysore"}], "question": "What was the title of Hyder Ali?", "id": "572f75bd04bcaa1900d7699d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "British Indian Army"}], "question": "Which military occupied Hyderabad city in a protection role?", "id": "572f75bd04bcaa1900d7699b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1769"}], "question": "In what year did Hyderabad become the capital of Nizams?", "id": "572f75bd04bcaa1900d76999"}]}], ["Ahli-ahli arkeologi yang menggali berhampiran bandar telah menemui tapak Zaman Besi yang mungkin tarikh dari 500 BCE. Wilayah ini terdiri daripada Hyderabad moden dan sekitarnya yang dikenali sebagai Golkonda (Golla Konda- \"bukit gembala\"), dan diperintah oleh dinasti Chalukya dari 624 CE hingga 1075 CE. Berikutan pembubaran empayar Chalukya menjadi empat bahagian pada abad ke-11, Golkonda berada di bawah kawalan dinasti Kakatiya dari tahun 1158, yang kerusinya berada di Warangal, 148 km (92 mi) timur laut Hyderabad moden. <> Mungkin terdapat penemuan Zaman Besi berhampiran Hyderabad, berapa usia yang mereka sangka berasal dari? || 500 BCE <> Berapa tempoh masa dinasti Chalukya memerintah wilayah Hyderabad? || 624 CE hingga 1075 CE <> Bilakah empayar Calukya terbahagi kepada empat? || abad ke-11 <> Apa modal Golkonda pada pertengahan abad ke-12? || Warangal <> Apakah kawasan Hyderabad yang dikenali sebagai di bawah dinasti Chalukya? || Golkonda (Golla Konda- \"bukit gembala\")", {"context": "Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE. The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda (Golla Konda-\"shepherd's hill\"), and was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE. Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal, 148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "500 BCE"}], "question": "There may be Iron Age findings near Hyderabad, what age are they thought to be from?", "id": "572f6b6104bcaa1900d7690d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "624 CE to 1075 CE"}], "question": "What time period did the Chalukya dynasty rule the Hyderabad region?", "id": "572f6b6104bcaa1900d7690f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "the 11th century"}], "question": "When did the Calukya empire split into four?", "id": "572f6b6104bcaa1900d76910"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Warangal"}], "question": "What was the capital of Golkonda in the mid 12th century?", "id": "572f6b6104bcaa1900d76911"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Golkonda (Golla Konda-\"shepherd's hill\")"}], "question": "What was the Hyderabad region known as under the Chalukya dynasty?", "id": "572f6b6104bcaa1900d7690e"}]}], ["Hyderabad adalah ibu negeri selatan Telangana dan ibukota de jure di Andhra Pradesh. [A] Menduduki 650 kilometer persegi (250 meter persegi) di sepanjang kawasan Hyderabad (I / ha\u026ad\u0259r\u0259\u02ccb\u00e6d / HY-d\u0259r-\u0259-bad; sering / ha\u026adr\u0259\u02ccb\u00e6d / tebing Sungai Musi, ia mempunyai populasi kira-kira 6.7 juta dan populasi metropolitan kira-kira 7.75 juta, menjadikannya bandar yang paling ramai penduduk keempat dan agglomerasi bandar yang paling banyak keenam di India. Pada ketinggian purata 542 meter (1,778 kaki), kebanyakan Hyderabad terletak di kawasan bukit yang berbukit di sekitar tasik buatan, termasuk Hussain Sagar -yang mendahului penubuhan bandar utara di pusat bandar. <> Bandar manakah ibu kota Telangana? || Hyderabad (ibunda / ha\u026ad\u0259r\u0259\u02ccb\u00e6d / HY-d\u0259r-\u0259-bad; sering / ha\u026adr\u0259\u02ccb\u00e6d /) adalah ibukota negeri selatan India Telangana <> Berapa batu persegi selongsong Hyderabad? || 250 sq mi <> Apa sungai Hyderabad di sebelah? || Sungai Musi <> Apakah populasi Hyderabad? || kira-kira 6.7 juta <> Pada ketinggiannya ialah Hyderabad, dalam meter? || ketinggian purata 542 meter", {"context": "Hyderabad (i/\u02c8ha\u026ad\u0259r\u0259\u02ccb\u00e6d/ HY-d\u0259r-\u0259-bad; often /\u02c8ha\u026adr\u0259\u02ccb\u00e6d/) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh.[A] Occupying 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi) along the banks of the Musi River, it has a population of about 6.7 million and a metropolitan population of about 7.75 million, making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India. At an average altitude of 542 metres (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including Hussain Sagar\u2014predating the city's founding\u2014north of the city centre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hyderabad (i/\u02c8ha\u026ad\u0259r\u0259\u02ccb\u00e6d/ HY-d\u0259r-\u0259-bad; often /\u02c8ha\u026adr\u0259\u02ccb\u00e6d/) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana"}], "question": "Which city is the capital of Telangana?", "id": "572efa9ecb0c0d14000f16ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "250 sq mi"}], "question": "How many square miles does Hyderabad cover?", "id": "572efa9ecb0c0d14000f16bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "the Musi River"}], "question": "What river is Hyderabad next to?", "id": "572efa9ecb0c0d14000f16bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "about 6.7 million"}], "question": "What is the population of Hyderabad?", "id": "572efa9ecb0c0d14000f16bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "an average altitude of 542 metres"}], "question": "At what altitude is Hyderabad, in meters?", "id": "572efa9ecb0c0d14000f16be"}]}], ["Dinasti Kakatiya telah dikurangkan menjadi pengikut pengikut Khilji pada tahun 1310 selepas kekalahannya oleh Sultan Alauddin Khilji dari Kesultanan Delhi. Ini berlangsung sehingga 1321, ketika Dinasti Kakatiya dilampirkan oleh Malik Kafur, jeneral Allaudin Khilji. Dalam tempoh ini, Alauddin Khilji mengambil berlian Koh-i-Noor, yang dikatakan dilombong dari Kollur Mines of Golkonda, ke Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq berjaya ke Kesultanan Delhi pada 1325, membawa Warangal di bawah pemerintahan dinasti Tughlaq sehingga 1347 ketika Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, seorang gabenor di bawah bin Tughluq, memberontak melawan Delhi dan menubuhkan Kesultanan Bahmani di Dataran Tinggi Deccan, dengan Gulbarga, 200 km (124 mi) barat Hyderabad, sebagai modalnya. Raja-raja Bahmani memerintah rantau ini sehingga tahun 1518 dan merupakan penguasa Islam bebas pertama Deccan. <> Siapa yang mengalahkan dinasti Kakatiya pada tahun 1310? || Sultan Alauddin Khilji <> Entiti manakah yang merangkumi dinasti Kakatiya? || Khilji dinasti <> Apa yang Malik Kafur lakukan terhadap dinasti Kakatiya pada 1321? || Dinasti Kakatiya telah dilampirkan <> Bilakah Kesultanan Behmani ditubuhkan? || 1347 <> Pada tahun apakah Muhammad bin Tughluq berjaya kesultanan Delhi? || 1325", {"context": "The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khilji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1321, when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Malik Kafur, Allaudin Khilji's general. During this period, Alauddin Khilji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golkonda, to Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga, 200 km (124 mi) west of Hyderabad, as its capital. The Bahmani kings ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Sultan Alauddin Khilji"}], "question": "Who defeated the Kakatiya dynasty in 1310?", "id": "572f6c2cb2c2fd14005680f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Khilji dynasty"}], "question": "Which entity subsumed the Kakatiya dynasty?", "id": "572f6c2cb2c2fd14005680f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed"}], "question": "What did the Malik Kafur do to the Kakatiya dynasty in 1321?", "id": "572f6c2cb2c2fd14005680f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "1347"}], "question": "When was the Behmani Sultanate established?", "id": "572f6c2cb2c2fd14005680fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "1325"}], "question": "In what year did Muhammad bin Tughluq succeed the Delhi sultanate?", "id": "572f6c2cb2c2fd14005680fa"}]}], ["Hyderabad secara tradisinya dikenali sebagai pusat perdagangan mutiara dan berlian, dan ia terus dikenali sebagai City of Pearls. Banyak bazar tradisional di bandar ini, termasuk Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar dan Sultan Bazaar, masih dibuka selama berabad-abad. Walau bagaimanapun, industri perindustrian sepanjang abad ke-20 telah menarik institusi pembuatan, penyelidikan dan kewangan India yang utama, termasuk Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Institut Penyelidikan Geofizik Negara dan Pusat Biologi Selular dan Molekul. Zon ekonomi khas yang didedikasikan untuk teknologi maklumat telah menggalakkan syarikat dari seluruh India dan di seluruh dunia untuk menubuhkan operasi dan kemunculan industri farmaseutikal dan bioteknologi pada tahun 1990-an yang membawa kepada penamaan kawasan tersebut sebagai \"Genome Valley\" India. Dengan pengeluaran sebanyak AS $ 74 bilion, Hyderabad adalah penyumbang kelima terbesar kepada keseluruhan produk domestik kasar India. <> Item apa yang telah diniagakan secara sejarah di Hyderabad? || mutiara dan berlian <> Apakah nama panggilan untuk Hyderabad? || City of Pearls <> Apa tiga bazar bersejarah di Hyderabad? || Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar dan Sultan Bazaar <> Apakah keluaran ekonomi Hyderabad? || US $ 74 bilion <> Apakah pangkat Hyderabad di antara bandar-bandar yang menyumbang kepada KDNK India? || kelima terbesar", {"context": "Hyderabad was historically known as a pearl and diamond trading centre, and it continues to be known as the City of Pearls. Many of the city's traditional bazaars, including Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar, have remained open for centuries. However, industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian manufacturing, research and financial institutions, including Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, the National Geophysical Research Institute and the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. Special economic zones dedicated to information technology have encouraged companies from across India and around the world to set up operations and the emergence of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in the 1990s led to the area's naming as India's \"Genome Valley\". With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad is the fifth-largest contributor to India's overall gross domestic product.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "pearl and diamond"}], "question": "What items had been historically traded in Hyderabad?", "id": "572efe44dfa6aa1500f8d52b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "City of Pearls"}], "question": "What is a nickname for Hyderabad?", "id": "572efe44dfa6aa1500f8d52c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar"}], "question": "What are three historic bazaars in Hyderabad?", "id": "572efe44dfa6aa1500f8d52d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "US$74 billion"}], "question": "What is the economic output of Hyderabad?", "id": "572efe44dfa6aa1500f8d52e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "fifth-largest"}], "question": "What is the rank of Hyderabad among cities contributing to India's GDP?", "id": "572efe44dfa6aa1500f8d52f"}]}], ["Sultan Quli, gabenor Golkonda, memberontak terhadap Kesultanan Bahmani dan mendirikan dinasti Qutb Shahi pada tahun 1518; beliau membina semula kubu lumpur Golconda dan menamakan kota \"Muhammad nagar\". Sultan Qalb Shah yang kelima, Muhammad menubuhkan Hyderabad di tebing Sungai Musi pada tahun 1591, untuk mengelakkan kekurangan air yang dialami di Golkonda. Semasa pemerintahannya, beliau mempunyai Masjid Charminar dan Mekah yang dibina di bandar. Pada 21 September 1687, Kesultanan Golkonda berada di bawah pemerintahan Maharaja Mughal Aurangzeb selepas pengepungan sepanjang tahun di kubu Golkonda. Kawasan yang dilampirkan dinamakan semula sebagai Deccan Suba (wilayah Deccan) dan ibu kota dipindahkan dari Golkonda ke Aurangabad, kira-kira 550 km (342 mi) barat laut Hyderabad. <> Apakah kedudukan Sultan Quli memegang? || gabenor Golkonda <> Bilakah Hyderabad diasaskan? || 1591 <> Pada tahun apakah penubuhan dinasti Qutb berlaku? || 1518 <> Pada akhir abad ke-17 ibu kota Deccan Suba dipindahkan, ke mana? || Aurangabad <> Siapa yang melakukan pemberontakan Sultan Quli? || Kesultanan Bahmani", {"context": "Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city \"Muhammad nagar\". The fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda. During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city. On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort. The annexed area was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golkonda to Aurangabad, about 550 km (342 mi) northwest of Hyderabad.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "governor of Golkonda"}], "question": "What position did Sultan Quli hold?", "id": "572f6d1104bcaa1900d7692b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "1591"}], "question": "When was Hyderabad founded?", "id": "572f6d1104bcaa1900d7692e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1518"}], "question": "In what year did the establishment of the Qutb dynasty occur?", "id": "572f6d1104bcaa1900d7692d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "Aurangabad"}], "question": "In the late 17th century the capital of Deccan Suba was moved, to where?", "id": "572f6d1104bcaa1900d7692f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the Bahmani Sultanate"}], "question": "Whom did Sultan Quli rebel against?", "id": "572f6d1104bcaa1900d7692c"}]}], ["Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1591 oleh Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad kekal di bawah pemerintahan dinasti Qutb Shahi selama hampir satu abad sebelum Mughal menawan rantau ini. Pada tahun 1724, wazir Mughal Asif Jah I mengisytiharkan kedaulatannya dan mencipta dinastinya sendiri, yang dikenali sebagai Nizams of Hyderabad. Penguasaan Nizam menjadi kerajaan yang utama semasa British Raj, dan kekal selama 150 tahun, dengan bandar yang berfungsi sebagai ibu kota. Pengaruh Nizami masih dapat dilihat dalam budaya umat Islam Hyderabadi. Bandar ini terus menjadi ibukota Negara Hyderabad selepas ia dimasukkan ke dalam Kesatuan India pada tahun 1948, dan menjadi ibu kota Andhra Pradesh selepas Akta Penyusunan Semula Negeri, 1956. Sejak tahun 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam di kota ini telah menjadi kantor musim dingin Presiden India. Pada tahun 2014, negeri Telangana yang baru terbentuk berpecah dari Andhra Pradesh dan bandar itu menjadi modal bersama kedua-dua negeri, suatu perjanjian peralihan yang dijadualkan berakhir menjelang 2025. <> Dalam tahun apakah Hyderabad ditubuhkan? || Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1591 <> Siapa orang yang menubuhkan Hyderabad? || Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah <> Apa dinasti yang dikawal oleh Hyderabad hingga awal abad ke-18? || Dinasti Qutb Shahi <> Yang Misteri viceroy mencipta sebuah dinasti pada awal abad ke-18 Hyderabad? || Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I mengisytiharkan kedaulatannya dan mencipta dinastinya sendiri <> Dinasti mana yang dilakukan oleh Asif Jah saya? || Nizams of Hyderabad", {"context": "Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizam's dominions became a princely state during the British Raj, and remained so for 150 years, with the city serving as its capital. The Nizami influence can still be seen in the culture of the Hyderabadi Muslims. The city continued as the capital of Hyderabad State after it was brought into the Indian Union in 1948, and became the capital of Andhra Pradesh after the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam in the city has been the winter office of the President of India. In 2014, the newly formed state of Telangana split from Andhra Pradesh and the city became joint capital of the two states, a transitional arrangement scheduled to end by 2025.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Established in 1591"}], "question": "In what year was Hyderabad established?", "id": "572efb57dfa6aa1500f8d517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah"}], "question": "Who is the person that established Hyderabad?", "id": "572efb57dfa6aa1500f8d518"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "the Qutb Shahi dynasty"}], "question": "What dynasty controlled Hyderabad until the early 18th century?", "id": "572efb57dfa6aa1500f8d519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty"}], "question": "Which Mughal viceroy created a dynasty in early 18th century Hyderabad?", "id": "572efb57dfa6aa1500f8d51a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Nizams of Hyderabad"}], "question": "Which dynasty did Asif Jah I create?", "id": "572efb57dfa6aa1500f8d51b"}]}], ["Pada 1713 Farrukhsiyar, maharaja Mughal, melantik Asif Jah I untuk menjadi Viceroy dari Deccan, dengan gelaran Nizam-ul-Mulk (Pentadbir Tanah). Pada tahun 1724, Asif Jah I mengalahkan Mubariz Khan untuk menubuhkan autonomi di atas Deccan Suba, menamakan kawasan Hyderabad Deccan, dan memulakan apa yang dikenali sebagai dinasti Asif Jahi. Penguasa seterusnya mengekalkan gelaran Nizam ul-Mulk dan dirujuk sebagai Asif Jahi Nizams, atau Nizams of Hyderabad. Kematian Asif Jah I pada tahun 1748 menghasilkan tempoh pergolakan politik kerana anak-anaknya, yang disokong oleh negara-negara jiran yang oportunis dan pasukan asing penjajah, bertanding untuk takhta. Kesertaan Asif Jah II, yang memerintah dari 1762 hingga 1803, mengakhiri ketidakstabilan. Pada tahun 1768, beliau menandatangani perjanjian Masulipatnam, menyerahkan wilayah pantai kepada Syarikat India Timur sebagai balasan untuk sewa tahunan tetap. <> Kedudukan apa yang dipegang Farrukhsiyar? || maharaja <> Apakah gelaran rasmi yang dilakukan oleh Viceroy of Deccan? || Nizam-ul-Mulk (Pentadbir Tanah) <> Siapa yang Viceroy dari Deccan di bawah Farrukhsiyar? || Asif Jah I <> Pada tahun apakah Mubariz Khan dikalahkan oleh Asif Jah I? || 1724 <> Apakah Asif Jah saya menamakan semula Deccan Suba? || Hyderabad Deccan", {"context": "In 1713 Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal emperor, appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan, with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1724, Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad. The death of Asif Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the treaty of Masulipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "emperor"}], "question": "What position did Farrukhsiyar hold?", "id": "572f6da8a23a5019007fc617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm)"}], "question": "What official title did the Viceroy of Deccan hold?", "id": "572f6da8a23a5019007fc619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Asif Jah I"}], "question": "Who was the Viceroy of the Deccan under Farrukhsiyar?", "id": "572f6da8a23a5019007fc618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "1724"}], "question": "In what year was Mubariz Khan defeated by Asif Jah I?", "id": "572f6da8a23a5019007fc61a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Hyderabad Deccan"}], "question": "What did Asif Jah I rename Deccan Suba to?", "id": "572f6da8a23a5019007fc61b"}]}], ["Peninggalan Qutb Shahi dan Nizam tetap terlihat hari ini, dengan Charminar yang ditugaskan oleh Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah-datang untuk melambangkan Hyderabad. Kubu Golconda adalah satu lagi mercu tanda utama. Pengaruh budaya Mughlai juga terbukti dalam masakan khas kota, yang termasuk Hyderabadi biryani dan Hyderabadi haleem. Qutb Shahis dan Nizams menubuhkan Hyderabad sebagai pusat kebudayaan, yang menarik orang-orang surat dari berbagai belahan dunia. Hyderabad muncul sebagai pusat kebudayaan utama di India dengan kemerosotan Empayar Mughal pada pertengahan abad ke-19, dengan para seniman berpindah ke bandar dari seluruh benua kecil India. Walaupun Hyderabad kehilangan keunggulan budaya, hari ini, kerana industri filem Telugu, pengeluar filem gerakan kedua terbesar di negara ini. <> Mana individu yang mengarahkan Chaminar? || Muhammad Quli Qutb <> Bilakah Hyderabad menjadi budaya penting di India? || pertengahan abad ke-19 <> Dua kumpulan mana yang mempunyai pengaruh dalam menjadikan Hyderabad sebagai pusat kebudayaan? || Qutb Shahis dan Nizams <> Kebudayaan apa yang paling diwakili dalam makanan di Hyderabad? || Budaya Mughlai <> Hyderabad mempunyai industri pembuatan filem kedua terbesar India, apa yang dipanggilnya? || Industri filem Telugu", {"context": "Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today, with the Charminar\u2014commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah\u2014coming to symbolise Hyderabad. Golconda fort is another major landmark. The influence of Mughlai culture is also evident in the city's distinctive cuisine, which includes Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem. The Qutb Shahis and Nizams established Hyderabad as a cultural hub, attracting men of letters from different parts of the world. Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the mid-19th century, with artists migrating to the city from the rest of the Indian subcontinent. While Hyderabad is losing its cultural pre-eminence, it is today, due to the Telugu film industry, the country's second-largest producer of motion pictures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Muhammad Quli Qutb"}], "question": "Which individual commissioned Chaminar?", "id": "572efd6403f9891900756b2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "the mid-19th century"}], "question": "When did Hyderabad become important culturally in India?", "id": "572efd6403f9891900756b2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "The Qutb Shahis and Nizams"}], "question": "Which two groups had an influence in making Hyderabad a cultural center?", "id": "572efd6403f9891900756b2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Mughlai culture"}], "question": "What culture is most represented in the food of Hyderabad?", "id": "572efd6403f9891900756b30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "Telugu film industry"}], "question": "Hyderabad has India's second biggest film production industry, what is it called?", "id": "572efd6403f9891900756b31"}]}], ["Menurut John Everett-Heath, pengarang Dictionary Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Hyderabad bermaksud \"bandar Haydar\" atau \"kota singa\", dari haydar (singa) dan \u0101b\u0101d (bandar). Ia dinamakan untuk menghormati Khalifah Ali Ibn Abi Talib, yang juga dikenali sebagai Haydar kerana keberaniannya seperti singa dalam pertempuran. Andrew Petersen, seorang sarjana seni bina Islam, mengatakan kota itu pada asalnya dikenali sebagai Baghnagar (bandar taman). Satu teori popular menunjukkan bahawa Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, pengasas kota, menyebutnya sebagai \"Bhagyanagar\" atau \"Bh\u0101gnagar\" selepas Bhagmati, seorang gadis nautch (menari) tempatan dengan siapa dia jatuh cinta. Dia masuk Islam dan menerima gelaran Hyder Mahal. Bandar ini dinamakan semula sebagai Hyderabad dalam penghormatannya. Menurut sumber lain, bandar ini dinamakan sempena nama Haidar, putra Quli Qutb Shah. <> Apa Kata Kamus Ringkas Dunia Nama Dunia mengatakan maksud Hyderabad? || \"Bandaraya Haydar\" atau \"kota singa\" <> Hyderabad dinamakan sebagai penghormatan kepada seseorang, siapakah? || Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib <> Apa kata Andrew Petersen bahawa Hyderabad pada asalnya dikenali? || Baghnagar (bandar kebun). <> Yang mengasaskan apa yang diketahui Hyderabad? || Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah <> Apakah orang yang dikatakan oleh Hyderabad telah dinamakan semula? || \"Bhagyanagar\" atau \"Bh\u0101gnagar\" selepas Bhagmati, seorang gadis nautch (menari) tempatan", {"context": "According to John Everett-Heath, the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Hyderabad means \"Haydar's city\" or \"lion city\", from haydar (lion) and \u0101b\u0101d (city). It was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battles. Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens). One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of the city, named it \"Bhagyanagar\" or \"Bh\u0101gnagar\" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour. According to another source, the city was named after Haidar, the son of Quli Qutb Shah.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "\"Haydar's city\" or \"lion city\""}], "question": "What does the Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names say Hyderabad means?", "id": "572f6358a23a5019007fc5b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib"}], "question": "Hyderabad was named in honor of someone, who was it?", "id": "572f6358a23a5019007fc5ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Baghnagar (city of gardens)."}], "question": "What does Andrew Petersen say that Hyderabad was originally known as?", "id": "572f6358a23a5019007fc5bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah"}], "question": "Who founded what came to be known Hyderabad?", "id": "572f6358a23a5019007fc5bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "\"Bhagyanagar\" or \"Bh\u0101gnagar\" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl"}], "question": "What person is Hyderabad said to have been renamed for?", "id": "572f6358a23a5019007fc5bd"}]}], ["Bidang kuasa agensi pentadbiran di bandar adalah, mengikut urutan saiz: kawasan Polis Hyderabad, daerah Hyderabad, kawasan GHMC (\"bandar Hyderabad\") dan kawasan di bawah Lembaga Pembangunan Metropolitan Hyderabad (HMDA). HMDA adalah sebuah agensi perancangan bandar apolitik yang meliputi GHMC dan pinggirannya, memanjangkan hingga 54 mandal di lima daerah mengelilingi bandar. Ia menyelaraskan aktiviti pembangunan GHMC dan majlis perbandaran pinggiran bandar dan menguruskan pentadbiran mayat seperti Lembaga Bekalan dan Pembetungan Air Hulu Selangor (HMWSSB). <> Agensi Hyderabad mana yang bertanggungjawab untuk kawasan terbesar? || Polis Hyderabad <> Apakah HMDA bertanggungjawab? || perancangan bandar <> Apa maksud singkatan HMDA? || Lembaga Pembangunan Metropolitan Hyderabad <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh akta HMWSSB? || Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board <> Bandar Hyderabad boleh dirujuk sebagai sesuatu yang lain sebagai agensi pentadbiran yang berkenaan, apa? || Kawasan GHMC", {"context": "The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area (\"Hyderabad city\") and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Hyderabad Police"}], "question": "Which Hyderabad agency is responsible for the largest area?", "id": "572f8123a23a5019007fc6ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "urban planning"}], "question": "What is the HMDA mainly responsible for?", "id": "572f8123a23a5019007fc6ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority"}], "question": "What does the acronym HMDA stand for?", "id": "572f8123a23a5019007fc6af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board"}], "question": "What does the acronym HMWSSB represent?", "id": "572f8123a23a5019007fc6b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "GHMC area"}], "question": "Hyderabad city can be referred to as something else as administrative agencies are concerned, what?", "id": "572f8123a23a5019007fc6b1"}]}], ["HMWSSB mengawal penuaian air hujan, perkhidmatan pembetungan dan bekalan air, yang diperoleh daripada beberapa empangan yang terletak di pinggir bandar. Pada tahun 2005, HMWSSB mula beroperasi talian paip bekalan air sepanjang 116 kilometer dari Nagarjuna Sagar Dam untuk memenuhi permintaan yang semakin meningkat. Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited menguruskan bekalan elektrik. Sehingga Oktober 2014, terdapat 15 stesen bomba di bandar ini, yang dikendalikan oleh Jabatan Bencana dan Jabatan Bencana Negeri Telangana. Post India milik kerajaan mempunyai lima pejabat pos dan banyak pejabat pos di Hyderabad, yang dilengkapi dengan perkhidmatan kurier swasta. <> Apa empangan mula menyediakan air ke Hyderabad pada tahun 2005? || Dam Nagarjuna Sagar <> Bersama menangani pembetungan dan bekalan air, apakah satu lagi perkara yang diatur oleh HMWSSB? || penuaian air hujan <> Berapa lamakah perancangan dari Empangan Nagarjuna Sagar yang HMWSSB beroperasi? || 116 kilometer panjang (72 batu) <> Syarikat manakah yang bertanggungjawab untuk bekalan elektrik di Hyderabad? || Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited <> Entiti mana yang bertanggungjawab ke stesen kebakaran di Hyderabad? || Jabatan Bencana dan Jabatan Bencana Telangana", {"context": "The HMWSSB regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services and water supply, which is sourced from several dams located in the suburbs. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116-kilometre-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand. The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited manages electricity supply. As of October 2014, there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department. The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Nagarjuna Sagar Dam"}], "question": "What dam began to provide water to Hyderabad in 2005?", "id": "572f81e104bcaa1900d76a2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "rainwater harvesting"}], "question": "Along with dealing with sewerage and the water supply, what is one other thing the HMWSSB regulates?", "id": "572f81e104bcaa1900d76a2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "116-kilometre-long (72 mi)"}], "question": "How long is the pipeline from the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam which the HMWSSB operates?", "id": "572f81e104bcaa1900d76a2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited"}], "question": "Which company is responsible for electricity in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f81e104bcaa1900d76a30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department"}], "question": "Which entity is responsible for the fire stations in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f81e104bcaa1900d76a31"}]}], ["Terletak di bahagian selatan Telangana di tenggara India, Hyderabad adalah 1,566 kilometer (973 mi) selatan Delhi, 699 kilometer (434 mi) tenggara Mumbai, dan 570 kilometer (350 mi) utara Bangalore oleh jalan. Ia terletak di tebing Sungai Musi, di bahagian utara Dataran Tinggi Deccan. Greater Hyderabad meliputi 650 km2 (250 meter persegi), menjadikannya salah satu kawasan metropolitan terbesar di India. Dengan ketinggian purata 542 meter (1,778 kaki), Hyderabad terletak di atas permukaan granit berwarna kelabu dan merah jambu, dengan bukit-bukit kecil, Banjara Hills tertinggi di 672 meter (2,205 kaki). Bandar ini mempunyai banyak tasik yang dirujuk sebagai sagar, yang bermaksud \"laut\". Contohnya termasuk tasik tiruan yang dibuat oleh empangan di Musi, seperti Hussain Sagar (dibina pada 1562 berhampiran pusat bandar), Osman Sagar dan Himayat Sagar. Sehingga tahun 1996, bandar ini mempunyai 140 tasik dan 834 tangki air (kolam). <> Seberapa jauh selatan Delhi, dalam batu, adalah Hyderabad? || 973 mi <> Di kawasan apa Dataran Tinggi Deccan adalah Hyderabad? || bahagian utara <> Seberapa besar kilometer persegi ialah Greater Hyderabad? || 650 km2 <> Apakah bukit-bukit tertinggi di Hyderabad? || Banjara Hills <> Bilakah tasik Hussain Sagar dibina? || 1562", {"context": "Situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India, Hyderabad is 1,566 kilometres (973 mi) south of Delhi, 699 kilometres (434 mi) southeast of Mumbai, and 570 kilometres (350 mi) north of Bangalore by road. It lies on the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 (250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India. With an average altitude of 542 metres (1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 metres (2,205 ft). The city has numerous lakes referred to as sagar, meaning \"sea\". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "973 mi"}], "question": "How far south of Delhi, in miles, is Hyderabad?", "id": "572f7cb0b2c2fd1400568187"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "northern part"}], "question": "In what region of the Deccan Plateau is Hyderabad?", "id": "572f7cb0b2c2fd1400568188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "650 km2"}], "question": "How large in square kilometers is Greater Hyderabad?", "id": "572f7cb0b2c2fd1400568189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "Banjara Hills"}], "question": "What are the highest hills in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f7cb0b2c2fd140056818a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "1562"}], "question": "When was Hussain Sagar lake built?", "id": "572f7cb0b2c2fd140056818b"}]}], ["Hyderabad mempunyai iklim basah dan kering tropika (K\u00f6ppen Aw) yang bersempadan dengan iklim semi-panas yang panas (K\u00f6ppen BSh). Suhu purata tahunan ialah 26.6 \u00b0 C (79.9 \u00b0 F); suhu purata bulanan ialah 21-33 \u00b0 C (70-91 \u00b0 F). Summers (Mac-Jun) adalah panas dan lembap, dengan paras tertinggi pada pertengahan 30-an Celsius; suhu maksimum seringkali melebihi 40 \u00b0 C (104 \u00b0 F) antara bulan April dan Jun. Suhu yang paling sejuk berlaku pada bulan Disember dan Januari, apabila suhu paling rendah kadang-kadang turun hingga 10 \u00b0 C (50 \u00b0 F). Mungkin bulan paling panas, apabila suhu harian berkisar antara 26 hingga 39 \u00b0 C (79-102 \u00b0 F); Disember, yang paling sejuk, mempunyai suhu yang berbeza-beza dari 14.5 hingga 28 \u00b0 C (57-82 \u00b0 F). <> Apakah suhu rata-rata tahunan di Hyderabad di Celsius? || 26.6 \u00b0 C <> K\u00f6ppen Aw merujuk kepada iklim apa? || iklim tropika dan kering tropika <> Semasa bulan berapa musim panas berlaku di Hyderabad? || Mac-Jun <> Apakah suhu terendah dalam Celsius semasa musim sejuk di Hyderabad? || 10 \u00b0 C <> Apa yang umumnya bulan paling panas di Hyderabad? || Mungkin", {"context": "Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (K\u00f6ppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSh). The annual mean temperature is 26.6 \u00b0C (79.9 \u00b0F); monthly mean temperatures are 21\u201333 \u00b0C (70\u201391 \u00b0F). Summers (March\u2013June) are hot and humid, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius; maximum temperatures often exceed 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) between April and June. The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 \u00b0C (50 \u00b0F). May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26 to 39 \u00b0C (79\u2013102 \u00b0F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5 to 28 \u00b0C (57\u201382 \u00b0F).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "26.6 \u00b0C"}], "question": "What is the mean yearly temperature in Hyderabad in Celsius?", "id": "572f7d6f04bcaa1900d76a19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "tropical wet and dry climate"}], "question": "K\u00f6ppen Aw refers to what kind of climate?", "id": "572f7d6f04bcaa1900d76a1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "March\u2013June"}], "question": "During what months does summer occur in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f7d6f04bcaa1900d76a1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "10 \u00b0C"}], "question": "What is the typical lowest temperature in Celsius during winter in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f7d6f04bcaa1900d76a1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "May"}], "question": "What is generally the hottest month in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f7d6f04bcaa1900d76a1d"}]}], ["Hyderabad menghasilkan kira-kira 4,500 tan sisa pepejal setiap hari, yang diangkut dari unit pengumpulan di Imlibun, Yousufguda dan Lower Tank Bund ke tempat pembuangan di Jawaharnagar. Pelupusan dikendalikan oleh projek Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Bersepadu yang dimulakan oleh GHMC pada tahun 2010. Perbandaran yang cepat dan peningkatan aktiviti ekonomi juga telah menyebabkan peningkatan sisa industri, udara, bunyi dan pencemaran air yang dikawal oleh Lembaga Kawalan Pencemaran Telangana TPCB). Sumbangan sumber yang berbeza kepada pencemaran udara pada tahun 2006 ialah: 20-50% dari kenderaan, 40-70% daripada kombinasi pelepasan kenderaan dan habuk jalan, 10-30% daripada pelepasan industri dan 3-10% dari pembakaran rumah sampah. Kematian akibat masalah zarah atmosfera dianggarkan pada 1,700-3,000 setiap tahun. Air bawah tanah sekitar Hyderabad, yang mempunyai kekerasan sehingga 1000 ppm, sekitar tiga kali lebih tinggi daripada yang dikehendaki, adalah sumber utama air minuman tetapi peningkatan penduduk dan peningkatan permintaan yang berikutan menyebabkan penurunan bukan hanya air bawah tanah tetapi juga sungai dan tasik. Kekurangan ini semakin diburukkan oleh efluen yang tidak dirawat dengan baik daripada loji rawatan industri yang mencemarkan sumber air bandar. <> Di mana tapak di mana sisa pepejal Hyderabad dibuang? || Jawaharnagar <> Entiti manakah yang bertanggungjawab untuk membuang sisa pepejal Hyderabad? || Projek Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Bersepadu <> Berapa peratuskah pencemaran udara di Hyderabad datang semata-mata dari kenderaan? || 20-50% <> Berapa banyak kematian yang dipercayai berlaku di Hyderabad akibat pencemaran udara setiap tahun? || 1,700-3,000 <> Apakah penilaian untuk kekerasan air Hyderabad? || 1000 ppm", {"context": "Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar. Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010. Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has also led to increased industrial waste, air, noise and water pollution, which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB). The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20\u201350% from vehicles, 40\u201370% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10\u201330% from industrial discharges and 3\u201310% from the burning of household rubbish. Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700\u20133,000 each year. Ground water around Hyderabad, which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable, is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels. This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Jawaharnagar"}], "question": "Where is the site where Hyderabad's solid waste is dumped?", "id": "572f82f1947a6a140053c9f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Integrated Solid Waste Management project"}], "question": "Which entity is responsible for disposing Hyderabad's solid waste?", "id": "572f82f1947a6a140053c9f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "20\u201350%"}], "question": "What percentage of the air pollution in Hyderabad comes solely from vehicles?", "id": "572f82f1947a6a140053c9f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 788, "text": "1,700\u20133,000"}], "question": "How many deaths are believed to be caused in Hyderabad due to air pollution each year?", "id": "572f82f1947a6a140053c9f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 872, "text": "1000 ppm"}], "question": "What is the rating for the hardness of Hyderabad's water?", "id": "572f82f1947a6a140053c9f4"}]}], ["Perbadanan Perbandaran Greater Hyderabad (GHMC) mengawasi infrastruktur sivik 18 \"bulatan\" bandar, yang bersama-sama merangkumi 150 wad perbandaran. Setiap wad diwakili oleh seorang pengusaha, dipilih oleh undi popular. Perbadanan memilih Datuk Bandar, yang merupakan ketua titel GHMC; kuasa eksekutif terletak bersama Pesuruhjaya Perbandaran, yang dilantik oleh kerajaan negeri. GHMC menjalankan kerja infrastruktur di bandar seperti bangunan dan penyelenggaraan jalan dan longkang, perancangan bandar termasuk peraturan pembinaan, penyelenggaraan pasaran dan taman perbandaran, pengurusan sisa pepejal, pengeluaran sijil kelahiran dan kematian, pemberian lesen perdagangan, pengumpulan cukai harta benda, dan perkhidmatan kebajikan masyarakat seperti ibu dan anak, dan pendidikan pra-sekolah dan bukan formal. GHMC dibentuk pada April 2007 dengan menggabungkan Perbadanan Perbandaran Hyderabad (MCH) dengan 12 daerah perbandaran di daerah Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy dan Medak yang meliputi kawasan seluas 650 km2 (250 meter persegi). 3 Pada pilihan raya perbandaran 2016, Telangana Rashtra Samithi membentuk majoriti dan Mayor kini ialah Bonthu Ram Mohan. Lembaga Kantonis Secunderabad adalah agensi pentadbiran sivik yang mengawasi kawasan seluas 40.1 km2 (15.5 mil persegi): 93 di mana terdapat beberapa kem tentera.:2 Kampus Universiti Osmania ditadbir secara bebas oleh pihak berkuasa universiti .:93 <> Apa itu entiti yang mengawal infrastruktur Hyderabad? || Perbadanan Perbandaran Greater Hyderabad (GHMC) <> Berapa banyak kot perbandaran berada dalam Hyderabad? || 150 <> Dalam tahun apakah bentuk GHMC? || 2007 <> Berapa banyak kawasan, dalam batu persegi, adakah GHMC mengawasi? || 250 sq mi <> Papan manakah yang menyelia kawasan ketenteraan di Hyderabad? || Lembaga Kantonis Secunderabad", {"context": "The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city's 18 \"circles\", which together encompass 150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a corporator, elected by popular vote. The corporators elect the Mayor, who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education. The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi).:3 In the 2016 municipal election, the Telangana Rashtra Samithi formed the majority and the present Mayor is Bonthu Ram Mohan. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2 (15.5 sq mi),:93 where there are several military camps.:2 The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority.:93", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)"}], "question": "What is the entity that controls the infrastructure of Hyderabad?", "id": "572f8015a23a5019007fc699"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "150"}], "question": "How many municipal wards are within Hyderabad?", "id": "572f8015a23a5019007fc69a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did the GHMC form?", "id": "572f8015a23a5019007fc69b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1016, "text": "250 sq mi"}], "question": "How much area, in square miles, does the GHMC oversee?", "id": "572f8015a23a5019007fc69c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1155, "text": "The Secunderabad Cantonment Board"}], "question": "Which board oversees military areas within Hyderabad?", "id": "572f8015a23a5019007fc69d"}]}], ["Selepas India memperoleh kemerdekaan, Nizam mengisytiharkan hasratnya untuk terus berdikari dan bukannya menjadi sebahagian daripada Kesatuan India. Kongres Negara Hyderabad, dengan sokongan Kongres Nasional India dan Partai Komunis India, mula mengalahkan Nizam VII pada tahun 1948. Pada 17 September tahun itu, Tentara India menguasai Negara Hyderabad setelah pencerobohan bernama Operasi Polo. Dengan kekalahan angkatan tenteranya, Nizam VII menyerah kepada Kesatuan India dengan menandatangani Instrument of Accession, yang membuatnya menjadi Rajpramukh (Principal Governor) dari negeri ini hingga 31 Oktober 1956. Antara 1946 dan 1951, Partai Komunis India mencetuskan Pemberontakan Telangana terhadap tamadun feudal rantau Telangana. Perlembagaan India, yang berkuat kuasa pada 26 Januari 1950, menjadikan Negara Hyderabad sebagai salah satu bahagian B negeri India, dengan bandar Hyderabad terus menjadi ibu kota. Dalam laporannya pada tahun 1955, Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, kemudian pengerusi Jawatankuasa Penggubalan Perlembagaan India, mencadangkan bandar Hyderabad sebagai ibu kota kedua India kerana kemudahan dan lokasi pusatnya yang strategik. Sejak tahun 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam di Hyderabad telah menjadi kediaman rasmi kedua dan pejabat perniagaan Presiden India; Presiden akan bermalam setahun sekali pada musim sejuk dan menjalankan perniagaan rasmi khususnya berkaitan dengan Selatan India. <> Pada tarikh berapa Tentera India mengawal Hyderabad? || 1948. Pada 17 September <> Kebangkitan mana yang berlaku dari 1946 hingga 1951? || pemberontakan Telangana <> Apa nama kod untuk serangan India Tentera India ke Hyderabad? || Operasi Polo <> Yang Nizam dikalahkan oleh Tentera India? || Nizam VII <> Pada tarikh apa perlembagaan India menjadi aktif? || 26 Januari 1950", {"context": "After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union. The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until 31 October 1956. Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region. The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital. In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location. Since 1956, the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad has been the second official residence and business office of the President of India; the President stays once a year in winter and conducts official business particularly relating to Southern India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "1948. On 17 September"}], "question": "On what date did the Indian Army take control of Hyderabad?", "id": "572f7697a23a5019007fc64b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "the Telangana uprising"}], "question": "Which uprising occurred from 1946 to 1951?", "id": "572f7697a23a5019007fc64e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Operation Polo"}], "question": "What was the code name for the Indian Army invasion of Hyderabad?", "id": "572f7697a23a5019007fc64c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Nizam VII"}], "question": "Which Nizam defeated by the Indian Army?", "id": "572f7697a23a5019007fc64d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "26 January 1950"}], "question": "On what date did the constitution of India become active?", "id": "572f7697a23a5019007fc64f"}]}], ["Pesuruhjaya Kesihatan dan Kebajikan Keluarga bertanggungjawab merancang, melaksanakan dan memantau semua kemudahan yang berkaitan dengan perkhidmatan kesihatan dan pencegahan. Sehingga 2010 [update] -11, bandar ini mempunyai 50 hospital kerajaan, 300 hospital swasta dan amal dan 194 rumah kediaman yang menyediakan sekitar 12,000 katil hospital, kurang daripada separuh 25,000 yang diperlukan. Bagi setiap 10,000 orang di bandar, terdapat 17.6 katil hospital, 9 doktor pakar, 14 jururawat dan 6 pakar perubatan. Bandar ini juga mempunyai kira-kira 4,000 klinik individu dan 500 pusat diagnostik perubatan. Klinik-klinik swasta lebih disukai oleh ramai penduduk kerana jarak ke, kualiti penjagaan yang tidak memuaskan pada masa menunggu dan lama di kemudahan kerajaan, 60-61 walaupun kadar penduduk bandar yang tinggi dilindungi oleh insurans kesihatan kerajaan: 24% mengikut Suruhanjaya Kesihatan Keluarga Negara pada tahun 2005.:41 Pada tahun 2012 [update], banyak hospital swasta baru yang pelbagai saiz dibuka atau dibina. Hyderabad juga mempunyai pesakit luar dan kemudahan pesakit yang menggunakan rawatan Unani, homeopati dan Ayurveda. <> Berapa banyak hospital kerajaan yang dilakukan Hyderabad pada tahun 2010? || 50 <> Berapa banyak katil boleh didapati di semua hospital dan rumah penjagaan di Hyderabad? || 12,000 <> Berapa banyak jururawat setiap 10,000 orang di Hyderabad? || 14 jururawat <> Agensi mana yang bertanggungjawab terhadap perkhidmatan kesihatan dan kesejahteraan di Hyderabad? || Pesuruhjaya Kesihatan dan Kebajikan Keluarga <> Orang memilih untuk menggunakan apa jenis kemudahan yang disebabkan oleh jarak jauh dan penjagaan yang tidak baik di hospital Kerajaan? || Klinik swasta", {"context": "The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services. As of 2010[update]\u201311, the city had 50 government hospitals, 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000. For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds, 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians. The city also has about 4,000 individual clinics and 500 medical diagnostic centres. Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,:60\u201361 despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.:41 As of 2012[update], many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built. Hyderabad also has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, homeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "50"}], "question": "How many government hospitals did Hyderabad have in 2010?", "id": "572f83f3b2c2fd14005681a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "12,000"}], "question": "How many beds are available in all of Hyderabad's hospitals and nursing homes combined?", "id": "572f83f3b2c2fd14005681a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "14 nurses"}], "question": "How many nurses per 10,000 persons are there in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f83f3b2c2fd14005681a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare"}], "question": "Which agency is in charge of health and wellness services in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f83f3b2c2fd14005681a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "Private clinics"}], "question": "People choose to use what type of facility due to long distances and poor care at Government hospitals? ", "id": "572f83f3b2c2fd14005681a9"}]}], ["Pada 1 November 1956 negeri-negeri India telah disusun semula oleh bahasa. Negara Hyderabad dipecah menjadi tiga bahagian, yang digabungkan dengan negara jiran untuk membentuk negara-negara moden di Maharashtra, Karnataka dan Andhra Pradesh. Sembilan daerah Telugu- dan Urdu yang berbahasa di Hyderabad State di rantau Telangana digabungkan dengan Negeri Andhra yang berbahasa Telugu untuk membuat Andhra Pradesh, dengan Hyderabad sebagai ibu kota. Beberapa protes, yang dikenali secara kolektif sebagai gerakan Telangana, cuba untuk membatalkan penggabungan dan menuntut penciptaan negeri Telangana baru. Tindakan utama berlaku pada tahun 1969 dan 1972, dan yang ketiga bermula pada tahun 2010. Kota ini mengalami beberapa letupan: satu di Dilsukhnagar pada tahun 2002 mendakwa dua nyawa; bom pengganas pada Mei dan Ogos 2007 disebabkan ketegangan dan rusuhan kaum; dan dua bom meletup pada Februari 2013. Pada 30 Julai 2013, kerajaan India mengisytiharkan bahawa sebahagian daripada Andhra Pradesh akan dipecahkan untuk membentuk sebuah negara baru Telangana, dan bandar Hyderabad akan menjadi ibu kota dan sebahagian daripada Telangana, sementara bandaraya juga akan menjadi ibu kota Andhra Pradesh tidak lebih dari sepuluh tahun. Pada 3 Oktober 2013 Kabinet Kesatuan meluluskan cadangan itu, dan pada Februari 2014 kedua-dua rumah Parlimen meluluskan Rang Undang-Undang Telangana. Dengan persetujuan terakhir Presiden India pada bulan Jun 2014, negeri Telangana dibentuk. <> Pada tarikh apakah negeri Hyderabad dibahagikan kepada tiga? || 1 November 1956 <> Tiga negeri mana yang dibahagi kepada negeri Hyderabad? || Maharashtra, Karnataka dan Andhra Pradesh <> Bandar Hyderabad menjadi ibukota negara apa pada pertengahan abad ke-20? || Andhra Pradesh <> Bilakah Telangana menyatakan? || 30 Julai 2013 <> Apa tarikh pembentukan rasmi negeri Telangana? || Jun 2014", {"context": "On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots; and two bombs exploded in February 2013. On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state, and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India in June 2014, Telangana state was formed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1 November 1956"}], "question": "On what date was Hyderabad state divided into three?", "id": "572f7788947a6a140053c98e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh"}], "question": "Which three states was Hyderabad state divided into?", "id": "572f7788947a6a140053c98f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Andhra Pradesh"}], "question": "Hyderabad city became the capital of what state in the mid 20th century?", "id": "572f7788947a6a140053c990"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "30 July 2013"}], "question": "When was Telangana state announced?", "id": "572f7788947a6a140053c991"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1319, "text": "June 2014"}], "question": "What date was the official formation of Telangana state?", "id": "572f7788947a6a140053c992"}]}], ["Danau Hyderabad dan rupa-rupanya bukit-bukit yang rendah menyebabkan habitat untuk pelbagai flora dan fauna. Rantau hutan di dalam dan di sekitar bandar merangkumi kawasan ekologi dan kepentingan biologi, yang dipelihara dalam bentuk taman negara, zoo, mini zoo dan tempat perlindungan hidupan liar. Taman Zoologi Nehru, satu zoo besar di bandar, adalah yang pertama di India untuk mempunyai taman safari singa dan harimau. Hyderabad mempunyai tiga taman negara (Taman Negara Mrugavani, Taman Negara Mahavir Harina Vanasthali dan Taman Negara Kasu Brahmananda Reddy), dan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Manjira adalah sekitar 50 km (31 mi) dari bandar. Rizab alam sekitar yang lain di Hyderabad adalah: Taman Botani Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain Sagar, Tasik Fox Sagar, Tasik Mir Alam dan Tasik Patancheru, yang merupakan tempat burung serantau dan menarik burung migrasi bermusim dari berbagai belahan dunia. Organisasi yang terlibat dalam pemuliharaan alam sekitar dan hidupan liar termasuk Jabatan Hutan Telangana, Penyelidikan dan Pendidikan Perhutanan India, Institut Penyelidikan Tanaman Antarabangsa untuk Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lembaga Kebajikan Haiwan India, Salib Biru Hyderabad dan Universiti Hyderabad. <> Apa nama zoo terbesar di Hyderabad? || Taman Zoologi Nehru <> Zoo terbesar di Hyderabad dikenali sebagai India pertama yang mempunyai dua jenis haiwan dalam persekitaran taman safari? || singa dan harimau <> Berapa banyak taman negara yang ada di Hyderabad? || Tiga <> Dua taman negara di Hyderabad adalah Taman Negara Mrugavani, Taman Negara Mahavir Harina Vanasthali, apa yang ketiga? || Taman Nasional Kasu Brahmananda Reddy <> Yang dipelihara alam sekitar di Hyderabad diketahui menjadi rumah bagi burung-burung migrasi? || Tasik Patancheru", {"context": "Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary. Nehru Zoological Park, the city's one large zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park. Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km (31 mi) from the city. Hyderabad's other environmental reserves are: Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world. Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India, the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Nehru Zoological Park"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest zoo in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f7f3f04bcaa1900d76a23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "lion and tiger"}], "question": "Hyderabad's largest zoo is known as India's first to have what two kinds of animals in a safari park setting?", "id": "572f7f3f04bcaa1900d76a24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many national parks does Hyderabad have?", "id": "572f7f3f04bcaa1900d76a25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park"}], "question": "Two of the national parks in Hyderabad are Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park, what is the third?", "id": "572f7f3f04bcaa1900d76a26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "Patancheru Lake"}], "question": "Which environmental preserve in Hyderabad is known to be a home for migratory birds?", "id": "572f7f3f04bcaa1900d76a27"}]}], ["Bangunan-bangunan warisan yang dibina semasa zaman Qutb Shahi dan Nizam mempamerkan seni bina Indo-Islam yang dipengaruhi gaya Medieval, Mughal dan Eropah. Selepas banjir Sungai Musi pada tahun 1908, bandar ini diperluas dan monumen peribadatan dibina, terutamanya semasa pemerintahan Mir Osman Ali Khan (Nizam VII), yang memelihara seni bina yang mendorongnya dirujuk sebagai pembuat Hyderabad moden. Pada tahun 2012, kerajaan India mengisytiharkan Hyderabad sebagai \"bandar warisan terbaik India\" yang pertama. <> Selepas banjir tahun berapa Hyderabad berkembang? || 1908 <Sungai mana yang membanjiri pada tahun 1908, sebelum perkembangan Hyderabad? || Sungai Musi <> Mir Osman Ali Khan mempunyai tajuk, apa itu? || Nizam VII <> Apa yang India mengumumkan Hyderabad om 2012? || Bandar warisan terbaik India <> Apa jenis seni warisan warisan terutamanya dipaparkan di Hyderabad? || Seni bina Indo-Islam", {"context": "Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles. After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad. In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first \"Best heritage city of India\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "1908"}], "question": "After a flood in what year did Hyderabad expand?", "id": "572f8dec947a6a140053ca54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Musi River"}], "question": "Which river flooded in 1908, preceding the expansion of Hyderabad?", "id": "572f8dec947a6a140053ca55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "the VIIth Nizam"}], "question": "The Mir Osman Ali Khan had a title, what was it?", "id": "572f8dec947a6a140053ca56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Best heritage city of India"}], "question": "What did India declare Hyderabad om 2012?", "id": "572f8dec947a6a140053ca57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Indo-Islamic architecture"}], "question": "What type of heritage architecture is mainly displayed in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f8dec947a6a140053ca58"}]}], ["Utara pusat Hyderabad terletak Hussain Sagar, Tank Bund Road, Rani Gunj dan Stesen Kereta Api Secunderabad. Kebanyakan taman dan pusat rekreasi di bandar ini, seperti Taman Sanjeevaiah, Taman Indira, Taman Lumbini, Taman NTR, patung Buddha dan Taman Tankbund terletak di sini. Di bahagian barat laut bandaraya terdapat kawasan kediaman dan komersil mewah seperti Banjara Hills, Bukit Jubilee, Begumpet, Khairatabad dan Miyapur. Hujung utara mengandungi kawasan perindustrian seperti Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar, Patancheru dan Chanda Nagar. Akhir timur laut dipenuhi dengan kawasan kediaman. Di bahagian timur bandar terdapat banyak pusat penyelidikan pertahanan dan Ramoji Film City. Kawasan \"Cyberabad\" di barat daya dan barat bandar telah berkembang pesat sejak tahun 1990-an. Ia adalah rumah kepada teknologi maklumat dan syarikat bio farmaseutikal dan mercu tanda seperti Lapangan Terbang Hyderabad, Osman Sagar, Himayath Sagar dan Taman Negara Kasu Brahmananda Reddy. <> Di mana di Hyderabad adalah Stesen Keretapi Secunderabad? || Utara pusat Hyderabad <> Di mana wilayah bandar Hyderabad adalah Bukit Jubilee terletak? || bahagian barat laut <> Di mana di Hyderabad akan ada satu pusat pertahanan? || bahagian timur <> Kawasan mana di Hyderabad yang mengandungi Lapangan Terbang Hyderabad? || Cyberabad <> Cyberabad mengandungi taman negara, apa itu? || Taman Negara Kasu Brahmananda Reddy", {"context": "North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar, Tank Bund Road, Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad Railway Station. Most of the city's parks and recreational centres, such as Sanjeevaiah Park, Indira Park, Lumbini Park, NTR Gardens, the Buddha statue and Tankbund Park are located here. In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills, Jubilee Hills, Begumpet, Khairatabad and Miyapur. The northern end contains industrial areas such as Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar, Patancheru and Chanda Nagar. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas. In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City. The \"Cyberabad\" area in the southwest and west of the city has grown rapidly since the 1990s. It is home to information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport, Osman Sagar, Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "North of central Hyderabad"}], "question": "Where in Hyderabad is the Secunderabad Railway Station?", "id": "572f8cdcb2c2fd14005681e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "the northwest part"}], "question": "In what region of Hyderabad city is Jubilee Hills located?", "id": "572f8cdcb2c2fd14005681ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "the eastern part"}], "question": "Where in Hyderabad would one find defence centres?", "id": "572f8cdcb2c2fd14005681eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "Cyberabad"}], "question": "What area in Hyderabad contains the Hyderabad Airport?", "id": "572f8cdcb2c2fd14005681ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 933, "text": "Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park"}], "question": "Cyberabad contains a national park, what is it?", "id": "572f8cdcb2c2fd14005681ed"}]}], ["Banyak laman bersejarah dan pelancong terletak di pusat selatan Hyderabad, seperti Charminar, Masjid Mekah, Muzium Salar Jung, Muzium Nizam, Istana Falaknuma, dan koridor peruncitan tradisional yang terdiri daripada Pasar Mutiara, Laad Bazaar dan Madina Circle. Utara sungai adalah hospital, kolej, stesen keretapi utama dan kawasan perniagaan seperti Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Bazaar Sultan dan Pasar Moazzam Jahi, bersama dengan pentadbiran dan rekreasi seperti Reserve Bank of India, Sekretariat Telangana, Hyderabad Mint, Legislature Telangana, Taman Awam, Kelab Nizam, Ravindra Bharathi, Muzium Negeri, Kuil Birla dan Planetarium Birla. <> Di mana wilayah Hyderabad adalah Masjid Mekah? || selatan pusat Hyderabad <> South central Hyderabad umumnya menjadi rumah bagi tarikan apa? || tapak bersejarah dan pelancongan <> Di sebelah mana sungai adalah Begum Bazaar? || Utara", {"context": "Many historic and tourist sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, the Mecca Masjid, the Salar Jung Museum, the Nizam's Museum, the Falaknuma Palace, and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market, Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Sultan Bazaar and Moazzam Jahi Market, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Telangana Secretariat, the Hyderabad Mint, the Telangana Legislature, the Public Gardens, the Nizam Club, the Ravindra Bharathi, the State Museum, the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "south central Hyderabad"}], "question": "In what region of Hyderabad is Mecca Masjid?", "id": "572f8b9b947a6a140053ca4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "historic and tourist sites"}], "question": "South central Hyderabad is generally the home to what attractions?", "id": "572f8b9b947a6a140053ca50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "North"}], "question": "On what side of the river is Begum Bazaar?", "id": "572f8b9b947a6a140053ca4f"}]}], ["Antara contoh seni bina Nizam yang tertua di Hyderabad ialah Istana Chowmahalla, yang merupakan tempat kerabat diraja. Ia mempamerkan pelbagai gaya seni bina, dari Baroque Harem ke mahkamah kerajaan Neoklasiknya. Istana lain termasuk Istana Falaknuma (diilhamkan oleh gaya Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, Raja Kothi dan Bella Vista Palace yang semuanya dibina pada puncak pemerintahan Nizam pada abad ke-19. Semasa pemerintahan Mir Osman Ali Khan, gaya Eropah, bersama dengan Indo-Islam, menjadi terkenal. Gaya-gaya ini dapat dilihat di Istana Falaknuma dan banyak monumen sivik seperti Mahkamah Tinggi Hyderabad, Hospital Osmania, Universiti Osmania, Perpustakaan Pusat Negeri, Kolej Bandar, Legislature Telangana, Muzium Arkeologi Negeri, Dewan Jubilee, dan Hyderabad dan Kachiguda. stesen. Tanda-tanda penting lain adalah Istana Paigah, Istana Asman Garh, Istana Basheer Bagh, Errum Manzil dan Masjid Sepanyol, semuanya dibina oleh keluarga Paigah. 16-17 <> Istana Chowmahalla mewakili jenis seni bina apa? || Seni bina Nizam <> Istana kerajaan istana Chowmahalla adalah contoh gaya seni bina? || Neoklasik <> Berapa abad yang dibina Bella Vista Palace? || Abad ke-19 <> Keluarga mana yang membina Istana Bagheer Bagh? || Keluarga Paigah <> Yang mana istana di Hyderabad melakukan kerja pengaruh Andrea Palladio? || Istana Falaknuma", {"context": "Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace, which was the seat of royal power. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace (inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, King Kothi and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the Falaknuma Palace and many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court, Osmania Hospital, Osmania University, the State Central Library, City College, the Telangana Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum, Jubilee Hall, and Hyderabad and Kachiguda railway stations. Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace, Asman Garh Palace, Basheer Bagh Palace, Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque, all constructed by the Paigah family.:16\u201317", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Nizam architecture"}], "question": "The Chowmahalla Palace represents what type of architecture?", "id": "572f92be04bcaa1900d76a97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Neoclassical"}], "question": "The royal court of Chowmahalla palace is an example what style of architecture?", "id": "572f92be04bcaa1900d76a98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "What century was Bella Vista Palace built?", "id": "572f92be04bcaa1900d76a9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 993, "text": "Paigah family"}], "question": "Which family constructed the Basheer Bagh Palace?", "id": "572f92be04bcaa1900d76a9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Falaknuma Palace"}], "question": "Which palace in Hyderabad did the work of Andrea Palladio influence?", "id": "572f92be04bcaa1900d76a99"}]}], ["Seni bina Qutb Shahi pada abad ke-16 dan awal abad ke-17 mengikuti arsitektur Persia klasik yang memaparkan kubah dan gerbang yang besar. Struktur Qutb Shahi yang tertua di Hyderabad adalah runtuhan kubu Golconda yang dibina pada abad ke-16. The Charminar, Makkah Masjid, Charkaman dan kubur Qutb Shahi adalah struktur lain yang ada dalam tempoh ini. Di antara ini Charminar telah menjadi ikon bandar; terletak di pusat Hyderabad lama, ia adalah struktur persegi dengan sisi 20 m (66 kaki) panjang dan empat gerbang besar masing-masing menghadapi jalan. Di setiap sudut terdapat menara tinggi 56 m (184 kaki). Kebanyakan bazar sejarah yang masih wujud telah dibina di jalan utara Charminar menuju kubu Golconda. The Charminar, makam Qutb Shahi dan kubu Golconda dianggap sebagai monumen kepentingan nasional di India; pada tahun 2010 kerajaan India mencadangkan agar laman web itu disenaraikan untuk status Warisan Dunia UNESCO. 11-18 <> Apa pengaruh yang dimiliki oleh seni bina Qutb Shahi? || seni bina Persia klasik <> Apa karya seni Qutb Shahi tertua di Hyderabad? || reruntuhan kubu Golconda <> Apa struktur bersejarah ikonik di tengah-tengah Hyderabad lama? || the Charminar <> Kerajaan India mencadangkan bahawa The Charminar menjadi tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO, apa lagi dua monumen yang dicadangkan untuk status yang sama? || Kubur Qutb Shahi dan kubu Golconda <> Berapa tinggi menara di Charminar? || 56 m (184 kaki)", {"context": "Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches. The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of Golconda fort built in the 16th century. The Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Charkaman and Qutb Shahi tombs are other existing structures of this period. Among these the Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides 20 m (66 ft) long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a 56 m (184 ft)-high minaret. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of Charminar towards Golconda fort. The Charminar, Qutb Shahi tombs and Golconda fort are considered to be monuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status.:11\u201318", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "classical Persian architecture"}], "question": "What influence did Qutb Shahi architecture borrow from?", "id": "572f8f33947a6a140053ca68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "the ruins of Golconda fort"}], "question": "What is the oldest piece of Qutb Shahi architecture in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f8f33947a6a140053ca69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "the Charminar"}], "question": "What iconic historic structure is in the center of old Hyderabad?", "id": "572f8f33947a6a140053ca6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "Qutb Shahi tombs and Golconda fort"}], "question": "The government of India proposed that The Charminar become a UNESCO World Heritage site, what other two monuments were suggested for the same status?", "id": "572f8f33947a6a140053ca6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "56 m (184 ft)"}], "question": "How high are the minarets on the Charminar?", "id": "572f8f33947a6a140053ca6c"}]}], ["Dalam Suruhanjaya Kesihatan Keluarga Negara 2005, dilaporkan bahawa kadar kesuburan keseluruhan bandar adalah 1.8 ,: 47 yang berada di bawah kadar penggantian. Hanya 61% daripada kanak-kanak telah disediakan dengan semua vaksin asas (BCG, campak dan kursus penuh polio dan DPT), kurang daripada di semua bandar lain yang dikaji kecuali Meerut.:98 Kadar kematian bayi adalah 35 bagi setiap 1,000 kelahiran hidup, dan Kadar kematian kanak-kanak di bawah lima adalah 41 bagi setiap 1,000 births.:97 sebenar Kaji selidik itu juga melaporkan bahawa satu pertiga daripada wanita dan satu perempat daripada lelaki mempunyai berat badan berlebihan atau obes, 49% kanak-kanak di bawah 5 tahun adalah anemia, dan sehingga 20% daripada kanak-kanak kurang berat badan,: 44, 55-56 manakala lebih daripada 2% daripada wanita dan 3% daripada lelaki mengalami diabetes.:57 <> Berapa peratus daripada kanak-kanak di bandar Hyderabad mempunyai vaksin asas pada tahun 2005? || 61% <> Apa satu-satunya bandar yang mempunyai kadar vaksinasi yang lebih rendah untuk kanak-kanak daripada Hyderabad dalam Suruhanjaya Kesihatan Keluarga Negara 2005? || Meerut <> Apakah kadar kesuburan Hyderabad mengikut tinjauan 2005? || 1.8 <> Apakah kadar vaksinasi kanak-kanak mengikut kajian 2005 di Hyderabad? || 61% <> Hanya satu bandar, menurut tinjauan 2005, mempunyai kadar vaksinasi anak lebih rendah daripada Hyderabad, apa itu? || Meerut <> Menurut tinjauan 2005 yang ada di Hyderabad? || 35 per 1,000 kelahiran secara langsung <> Berapa peratus daripada kanak-kanak dalam kaji selidik 2005 orang di Hyderabad yang kurang berat? || 20%", {"context": "In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8,:47 which is below the replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut.:98 The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.:97 The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight,:44, 55\u201356 while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes.:57", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "61%"}], "question": "What percentage of the children in Hyderabad city had basic vaccinations in 2005?", "id": "572f84bcb2c2fd14005681af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Meerut"}], "question": "What is the only city that had a lower vaccination rate for children than Hyderabad in the 2005 National Family Health Survey?", "id": "572f84bcb2c2fd14005681b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "1.8"}], "question": "What was the fertility rate of Hyderabad according to a 2005 survey?", "id": "572f86ea947a6a140053ca20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "61%"}], "question": "What was the child vaccination rate according to a 2005 survey of Hyderabad?", "id": "572f86ea947a6a140053ca21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Meerut"}], "question": "Only one city, according to a 2005 survey, had a lower child vaccination rate than Hyderabad, what was it?", "id": "572f86ea947a6a140053ca22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "35 per 1,000 live births"}], "question": "According to a 2005 survey what was in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f86ea947a6a140053ca23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "20%"}], "question": "What percentage of children in a 2005 survey of people in Hyderabad were underweight?", "id": "572f86ea947a6a140053ca24"}]}], ["Dirujuk sebagai \"Hyderabadi\", penduduk Hyderabad kebanyakannya terdiri daripada orang Telugu dan Urdu, dengan minoriti Bengali, Gujarati (termasuk Memon), Kannada (termasuk Nawayathi), Malayalam, Marathi, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil dan Uttar Pradeshi . Hyderabad adalah rumah kepada dialektik unik Urdu yang dipanggil Hyderabadi Urdu, yang merupakan jenis Dakhini, dan merupakan bahasa ibunda kebanyakan Muslim Hyderabadi, sebuah komuniti unik yang mempunyai banyak sejarah, bahasa, masakan dan kebudayaan mereka di Hyderabad, dan pelbagai dinasti yang sebelum ini memerintah. Hadhrami Arab, Arab Afrika, Armenia, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans dan Turki juga hadir; komuniti ini, di mana Hadhrami adalah yang terbesar, merosot selepas Negara Hyderabad menjadi sebahagian daripada Kesatuan India, kerana mereka kehilangan naungan Nizams. <> Apakah orang yang tinggal di Hyderabad dipanggil? || Hyderabadi <> Terdapat dua bahasa utama yang diucapkan oleh rakyat Hyderabad, apakah mereka? || Telugu dan Urdu <> Apa bahasa utama kebanyakan orang Islam dari Hyderabad? || Hyderabadi Urdu <> Yang mana komuniti etnik terbesar di Hyderabad? || Hadhrami <> Hyderabadi adalah sejenis apa yang berlaku? || Dakhini", {"context": "Referred to as \"Hyderabadi\", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people, with minority Bengali, Gujarati (including Memon), Kannada (including Nawayathi), Malayalam, Marathi, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities. Hyderabad is home to a unique dialect of Urdu called Hyderabadi Urdu, which is a type of Dakhini, and is the mother tongue of most Hyderabadi Muslims, a unique community who owe much of their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various dynasties who previously ruled. Hadhrami Arabs, African Arabs, Armenians, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people are also present; these communities, of which the Hadhrami are the largest, declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Nizams.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Hyderabadi"}], "question": "What are the people who live in Hyderabad called?", "id": "572f88c2a23a5019007fc703"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Telugu and Urdu"}], "question": "There are two main languages spoken by the people of Hyderabad, what are they?", "id": "572f88c2a23a5019007fc704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Hyderabadi Urdu"}], "question": "What is the main language of most Muslims from Hyderabad?", "id": "572f88c2a23a5019007fc705"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "Hadhrami"}], "question": "Which is the largest ethnic community in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f88c2a23a5019007fc706"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Dakhini"}], "question": "Hyderabadi is a type of what langauge?", "id": "572f88c2a23a5019007fc707"}]}], ["Hyderabad adalah penyumbang terbesar kepada Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar (KDNK), cukai dan pendapatan lain, Telangana, dan pusat deposit keenam terbesar dan pusat kredit keempat terbesar di seluruh negara, yang disenaraikan oleh Reserve Bank of India (RBI) pada bulan Jun 2012. KDNK US $ 74 bilion menjadikannya bandar penyumbang kelima terbesar kepada keseluruhan KDNK India pada 2011-12. Pendapatan tahunan per kapita pada tahun 2011 adalah $ 4400 (US $ 660). Sehingga 2006 [kemas kini], majikan terbesar di bandar adalah kerajaan Andhra Pradesh (113,098 pekerja) dan India (85.155). Menurut kaji selidik 2005, 77% lelaki dan 19% perempuan di bandar itu bekerja. Industri perkhidmatan kekal dominan di bandar, dan 90% tenaga kerja yang bekerja terlibat dalam sektor ini. <> Di mana kedudukan Hyderabad pada 2012 sebagai pengeluar KDNK di Talangana? || yang terbesar <> Di mana kedudukan Hyderabad di India pada tahun 2012 dari segi deposit? || keenam terbesar <> Apakah KDNK Hyderabad dalam dolar AS pada 2011-2012? || $ 74 bilion <> Berapa banyak orang yang bekerja oleh kerajaan Andhra Pradesh pada tahun 2006? || 113,098 <> Berapa peratus wanita di Hyderabad yang bekerja pada tahun 2005? || 19%", {"context": "Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012. Its US$74 billion GDP made it the fifth-largest contributor city to India's overall GDP in 2011\u201312. Its per capita annual income in 2011 was \u20b944300 (US$660). As of 2006[update], the largest employers in the city were the governments of Andhra Pradesh (113,098 employees) and India (85,155). According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed. The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "the largest"}], "question": "Where was Hyderabad ranked in 2012 as a producer of GDP in Talangana?", "id": "572f9463947a6a140053ca84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "sixth largest"}], "question": "Where was Hyderabad ranked in India in 2012 in terms of deposits?", "id": "572f9463947a6a140053ca85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "$74 billion"}], "question": "What was the GDP of Hyderabad in US dollars in 2011-2012?", "id": "572f9463947a6a140053ca86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "113,098"}], "question": "How many people were employed by the Andhra Pradesh government in 2006?", "id": "572f9463947a6a140053ca87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "19%"}], "question": "What percentage of females in Hyderabad were employed in 2005?", "id": "572f9463947a6a140053ca88"}]}], ["Apabila GHMC diwujudkan pada tahun 2007, kawasan yang diduduki oleh perbandaran meningkat dari 175 km2 (68 mil persegi) kepada 650 km2 (250 mil persegi). Akibatnya, penduduk meningkat sebanyak 87%, daripada 3,637,483 dalam banci tahun 2001 kepada 6,809,970 dalam banci 2011, 24% daripadanya adalah pendatang dari mana-mana di India,: 2 menjadikan Hyderabad sebagai bandar paling padat keempat negara. Sehingga 2011 [kemas kini], kepadatan penduduk adalah 18,480 / km2 (47,900 / batu persegi). Pada banci 2011 yang sama, Aglomerasi Bandar Hyderabad mempunyai penduduk sebanyak 7,749,334, menjadikannya bandar raya yang paling ramai penduduk di tangga keenam di negara ini. Penduduk aglomerasi bandar Hyderabad sejak itu telah dianggarkan oleh pegawai pilihan raya untuk menjadi 9.1 juta pada awal 2013 tetapi dijangka melebihi 10 juta pada akhir tahun. Terdapat 3,500,802 lelaki dan 3,309,168 warganegara perempuan-nisbah seks 945 wanita per 1000 lelaki, lebih tinggi daripada purata kebangsaan 926 setiap 1000. Antara kanak-kanak berumur 0-6 tahun, 373,794 adalah lelaki dan 352,022 adalah perempuan-nisbah 942 per 1000. Literasi berdiri pada 82.96% (lelaki 85.96%; perempuan 79.79%), lebih tinggi daripada purata kebangsaan 74.04%. Strata sosioekonomi terdiri daripada kelas atas 20%, kelas menengah 50% dan kelas pekerja 30%. <> Apakah kawasan Hyderabad sebelum GHMC? || 175 km2 (68 batu persegi) <> Apakah penduduk Hyderabad dalam banci 2011? || 6,809,970 <> Berapa ramai wanita di Hyderabad untuk banci 2011? || 3,309,168 <> Apa kadar celik huruf Hyderabad? || 82.96% <> Apakah kepadatan penduduk di Hyderabad pada tahun 2011? || 18,480 / km2 (47,900 / mi persegi)", {"context": "When the GHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 (68 sq mi) to 650 km2 (250 sq mi). Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 in the 2001 census to 6,809,970 in the 2011 census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,:2 making Hyderabad the nation's fourth most populous city. As of 2011[update], the population density is 18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi). At the same 2011 census, the Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334, making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country. The population of the Hyderabad urban agglomeration has since been estimated by electoral officials to be 9.1 million as of early 2013 but is expected to exceed 10 million by the end of the year. There are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens\u2014a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. Among children aged 0\u20136 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls\u2014a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 82.96% (male 85.96%; female 79.79%), higher than the national average of 74.04%. The socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class, 50% middle class and 30% working class.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "175 km2 (68 sq mi)"}], "question": "What was the area of Hyderabad before the GHMC?", "id": "572f87a704bcaa1900d76a4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "6,809,970"}], "question": "What was the population of Hyderabad in the 2011 census?", "id": "572f87a704bcaa1900d76a4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 813, "text": "3,309,168"}], "question": "How many females were in Hyderabad for the 2011 census?", "id": "572f87a704bcaa1900d76a4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1046, "text": "82.96%"}], "question": "What is the literacy rate of Hyderabad?", "id": "572f87a704bcaa1900d76a4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi)"}], "question": "What was the population density in Hyderabad in 2011?", "id": "572f87a704bcaa1900d76a4d"}]}], ["Di kawasan metropolitan yang lebih besar, 13% penduduk hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan. Menurut laporan 2012 yang dikemukakan oleh GHMC kepada Bank Dunia, Hyderabad mempunyai 1,476 kumuh dengan jumlah penduduk 1.7 juta, di mana 66% tinggal di 985 kumuh di \"teras\" bandar (bahagian yang membentuk Hyderabad sebelum April Pengembangan tahun 2007) dan baki 34% tinggal di 491 kawasan pinggir bandar. Kira-kira 22% daripada rumah kediaman kumuh telah berpindah dari pelbagai bahagian di India pada dekad yang lalu pada abad ke-20, dan 63% mendakwa telah tinggal di kawasan kumuh lebih daripada 10 tahun. Keseluruhan literasi di kawasan kumuh adalah 60 -80% dan celik wanita adalah 52-73%. Satu pertiga dari kawasan kumuh mempunyai sambungan perkhidmatan asas, dan sisanya bergantung kepada perkhidmatan awam umum yang disediakan oleh pemerintah. Terdapat 405 sekolah kerajaan, 267 sekolah bantuan kerajaan, 175 sekolah swasta dan 528 balai masyarakat di kawasan kumuh .:70 Menurut kaji selidik 2008 oleh Pusat Tadbir Baik, 87.6% daripada isi rumah kumuh adalah keluarga nuklear, 18 % sangat miskin, dengan pendapatan sehingga 20,000 (AS $ 300) setahun, 73% hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan (garis kemiskinan standard yang diiktiraf oleh Kerajaan Andhra Pradesh adalah \u00a5 24000 (US $ 360) setahun), 27% daripada para pekerja gaji utama (CWE) adalah pekerja kasar dan 38% daripada CWE adalah buta huruf. Kira-kira 3.72% daripada kanak-kanak kumuh berumur 5-14 tidak bersekolah dan 3.17% bekerja sebagai buruh kanak-kanak, di mana 64% adalah lelaki dan 36% adalah perempuan. Pengusaha buruh kanak-kanak terbesar adalah kedai-kedai jalan dan tapak pembinaan. Antara kanak-kanak yang bekerja, 35% terlibat dalam pekerjaan berbahaya. 59. Peratusan penduduk Hyderabad adalah di bawah garis kemiskinan? || 13% <> Apakah penduduk Hyderabad tinggal di kawasan miskin pada tahun 2012? || 1.7 juta <> Apakah kadar celik huruf di kawasan kumuh di Hyderabad? || 60-80% <> Di kawasan kumuh Hyderabad berapa sekolah swasta ada? || 175 <> Berapakah peratusan kanak-kanak di Hyderabad bekerja dengan berbahaya? || 35%", {"context": "In the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live below the poverty line. According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the \"core\" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements. About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years.:55 Overall literacy in the slums is 60\u201380% and female literacy is 52\u201373%. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depend on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government aided schools, 175 private schools and 528 community halls in the slum areas.:70 According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to \u20b920000 (US$300) per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is \u20b924000 (US$360) per annum), 27% of the chief wage earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.72% of the slum children aged 5\u201314 do not go to school and 3.17% work as child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.:59", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "13%"}], "question": "Which percentage of Hyderabad's population is below the poverty line?", "id": "572f8a0d947a6a140053ca44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "1.7 million"}], "question": "What population of Hyderabad lived in slums in 2012?", "id": "572f8a0d947a6a140053ca45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "60\u201380%"}], "question": "What is the literacy rate in the slums of Hyderabad?", "id": "572f8a0d947a6a140053ca46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 853, "text": "175"}], "question": "In the slums of Hyderabad how many private schools are there?", "id": "572f8a0d947a6a140053ca47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1571, "text": "35%"}], "question": "What percentage of children in Hyderabad are working hazardous jobs?", "id": "572f8a0d947a6a140053ca48"}]}], ["Rantau ini terkenal dengan gaya lukisan Golconda dan Hyderabad yang merupakan cawangan lukisan Deccani. Dibangunkan pada abad ke-16, gaya Golconda adalah gaya asli campuran teknik asing dan menimbulkan kesamaan dengan lukisan Vijayanagara dari jiran Mysore. Penggunaan emas dan warna putih yang ketara biasanya terdapat dalam gaya Golconda. Gaya Hyderabad bermula pada abad ke-17 di bawah Nizams. Sangat dipengaruhi oleh lukisan Mughal, gaya ini menggunakan warna-warna terang dan kebanyakannya menggambarkan landskap serantau, budaya, pakaian dan barang kemas. <> Golconda adalah sejenis jenis lukisan apa? || Lukisan Deccani <> Dalam abad apa lukisan Golconda berkembang? || Abad ke-16 <> Apa jenis warna yang biasanya akan ditemui dalam lukisan Golconda? || emas bercahaya dan putih <> Dalam abad berapa lukisan gaya Hyderabad berkembang? || Abad ke-17 <> Apakah jenis adegan yang terdapat dalam lukisan gaya Hyderabad? || landskap serantau, budaya, pakaian dan barang kemas", {"context": "The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccani painting. Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style. The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Deccani painting"}], "question": "Golconda is a type of what kind of painting?", "id": "572fa9b5a23a5019007fc84f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "16th century"}], "question": "In what century did Golconda painting develop?", "id": "572fa9b5a23a5019007fc850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "luminous gold and white"}], "question": "What type of colors would one generally find in Golconda painting?", "id": "572fa9b5a23a5019007fc851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "17th century"}], "question": "In what century did Hyderabad style painting develop?", "id": "572fa9b5a23a5019007fc852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery"}], "question": "What types of scenes does Hyderabad style painting generally contain?", "id": "572fa9b5a23a5019007fc853"}]}], ["Seperti seluruh India, Hyderabad mempunyai ekonomi tidak formal yang besar yang mempekerjakan 30% tenaga buruh .:71 Menurut kaji selidik yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2007, ia mempunyai 40-50,000 penjual jalanan, dan bilangannya semakin meningkat.: 9 Di antara jalan vendor, 84% adalah lelaki dan 16% perempuan,: 12 dan empat perlima adalah \"vendor stesen\" beroperasi dari padang tetap, sering dengan gerai mereka sendiri. 15-16 Kebanyakan dibiayai melalui simpanan peribadi; hanya 8% yang meminjam dari pemberi wang. 19 Pendapatan vendor berbeza dari \u20b9 50 (74 \u00a2 AS) hingga \u20b9 800 (AS $ 12) sehari.25 Sektor ekonomi lain yang tidak terorganisasi termasuk tenusu, pertanian ternakan, pembuatan batu bata, buruh kasual dan bantuan domestik . Mereka yang terlibat dalam ekonomi tidak formal merupakan sebahagian besar golongan miskin bandar .:71 <> Berapa peratus daripada pekerjaan Hyderabad yang bekerja secara tidak rasmi? || 30% <> Pada tahun 2007 berapa banyak penjual jalanan yang dilakukan oleh Hyderabad? || 40-50,000 <> Berapa peratus daripada vendor jalanan di Hyderabad adalah lelaki pada tahun 2007? || 84% <> Daripada vendor jalan di Hyderabad berapa peratus yang dimiliki gerai sendiri pada tahun 2007? || empat pertiga <> Pada tahun 2007 berapa peratusan penjual jalanan di Hyderabad meminjam wang untuk membiayai operasi mereka? || 8%", {"context": "Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.:71 According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40\u201350,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.:9 Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,:12 and four fifths are \"stationary vendors\" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall.:15\u201316 Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.:19 Vendor earnings vary from \u20b950 (74\u00a2 US) to \u20b9800 (US$12) per day.:25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.:71", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "30%"}], "question": "What percentage of Hyderabad's employed are employed informally?", "id": "572f99a7a23a5019007fc7bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "40\u201350,000"}], "question": "In 2007 how many street vendors did Hyderabad have?", "id": "572f99a7a23a5019007fc7c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "84%"}], "question": "What percentage of the street vendors in Hyderabad were male in 2007?", "id": "572f99a7a23a5019007fc7c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "four fifths"}], "question": "Of the street vendors in Hyderabad what percentage owned their own stall in 2007?", "id": "572f99a7a23a5019007fc7c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "8%"}], "question": "In 2007 what percentage of street vendors in Hyderabad borrowed money to finance their operations?", "id": "572f99a7a23a5019007fc7c3"}]}], ["Walaupun bandar ini tidak terkenal dengan teater dan drama, kerajaan negeri mempromosikan teater dengan pelbagai program dan perayaan di tempat-tempat seperti Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika dan Lalithakala Thoranam. Walaupun bukan acara yang berorientasi muzik semata, Numaish, pameran tahunan produk pengguna tempatan dan nasional yang popular, menampilkan beberapa persembahan muzik. Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada industri filem Telugu, yang dikenali sebagai Tollywood dan pada tahun 2012 [update], menghasilkan jumlah kedua terbesar filem di India di belakang Bollywood. Filem dalam dialek Hyderabadi tempatan juga dihasilkan dan telah mendapat populariti sejak tahun 2005. Bandar ini juga menjadi tuan rumah festival filem antarabangsa seperti Festival Filem Kanak-kanak Antarabangsa dan Festival Filem Antarabangsa Hyderabad. Pada tahun 2005, Guinness World Records mengisytiharkan Ramoji Film City menjadi studio filem terbesar di dunia. <> Apa jenis seni yang mungkin ditemui di Lalithakala Thoranam? || teater dan drama <> Apa itu Numaish? || pameran tahunan produk pengguna tempatan dan kebangsaan <> Apakah nama popular untuk industri filem Telugu? || Tollywood <> Di mana industri filem Telugu disenaraikan pada tahun 2012 di India berbanding dengan Bollywood? || kedua terbesar <> Apa yang dikatakan Rekod Dunia Guinness tentang Ramoji Film City pada tahun 20015? || studio filem terbesar di dunia", {"context": "Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama, the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals in such venues as the Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika and Lalithakala Thoranam. Although not a purely music oriented event, Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances. The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as Tollywood and as of 2012[update], produces the second largest number of films in India behind Bollywood. Films in the local Hyderabadi dialect are also produced and have been gaining popularity since 2005. The city has also hosted international film festivals such as the International Children's Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival. In 2005, Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world's largest film studio.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "theatre and drama"}], "question": "What type of art might one encounter at Lalithakala Thoranam?", "id": "572fa925947a6a140053cb1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "annual exhibition of local and national consumer products"}], "question": "What is Numaish?", "id": "572fa925947a6a140053cb1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Tollywood"}], "question": "What is a popular name for the Telugu film industry?", "id": "572fa925947a6a140053cb1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "second largest"}], "question": "Where was the Telugu film industry ranked in 2012 in India in comparison to Bollywood?", "id": "572fa925947a6a140053cb1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 881, "text": "world's largest film studio"}], "question": "What did Guinness World Records say of Ramoji Film City was in 20015?", "id": "572fa925947a6a140053cb20"}]}], ["Hyderabad meneruskan tradisi ini dalam Festival Sastera Hyderabad tahunannya, yang diadakan sejak tahun 2010, mempamerkan kreativiti sastera dan budaya di bandar ini. Organisasi yang terlibat dalam kemajuan kesusasteraan termasuk Sahitya Akademi, Akademi Urdu, Akademi Telugu, Majlis Kebangsaan untuk Promosi Bahasa Urdu, Persatuan Kesusasteraan Perbandingan India, dan Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Pembangunan literatur dibantu oleh institusi negeri seperti Perpustakaan Pusat Negeri, perpustakaan awam terbesar di negeri ini yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1891, dan perpustakaan utama lain termasuk Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, Perpustakaan British dan Sundarayya Vignana Kendram. <> Dalam tahun apakah Festival Sastera Hyderabad bermula? || 2010 <> Apakah nama perpustakaan awam terbesar di Hyderabad? || Perpustakaan Pusat Negeri <> Apa salah satu aktiviti Akademi Telugu dikreditkan dengan menggalakkan? || kemajuan kesusasteraan <> Pada tahun berapa perpustakaan perpustakaan terbesar di Hyderabad dicipta? || 1891", {"context": "Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity. Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891, and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did the Hyderabad Literary Festival start?", "id": "572fa6e204bcaa1900d76b41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "State Central Library"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest public library in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fa6e204bcaa1900d76b43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "the advancement of literature"}], "question": "What is one of the activities Telugu Academy is credited with encouraging?", "id": "572fa6e204bcaa1900d76b44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "1891"}], "question": "In what year was the biggest public library in Hyderabad created?", "id": "572fa6e204bcaa1900d76b42"}]}], ["Pada masa lalu, para penguasa Qutb Shahi dan Nizams menarik para seniman, arkitek dan lelaki surat dari berbagai belahan dunia melalui sokongan. Campuran etnik yang dihasilkan mempopularkan peristiwa kebudayaan seperti mushairas (simposium puisi). Dinasti Qutb Shahi terutamanya menggalakkan pertumbuhan kesusasteraan Deccani Urdu yang membawa kepada kerja-kerja seperti puisi Deccani Masnavi dan Diwan, yang merupakan salah satu manuskrip paling awal yang ada di Urdu. Lazzat Un Nisa, sebuah buku yang disusun pada abad ke-15 di mahkamah Qutb Shahi, mengandungi lukisan erotik dengan gambar rajah untuk ubat rahsia dan perangsang dalam bentuk seni seks kuno timur. Pemerintahan Nizams melihat banyak pembaharuan sastera dan pengenalan Urdu sebagai bahasa pengadilan, pentadbiran dan pendidikan. Pada tahun 1824, koleksi puisi Ghazal Urdu, dinamakan Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, yang ditulis oleh Mah Laqa Bai-penyair Urdu wanita pertama yang menghasilkan Diwan-diterbitkan di Hyderabad. <> Apa mushairas? || simpositi puisi <> Yang dinasti yang menyokong gerakan kesusasteraan Deccani Urdu? || Dinasti Qutb Shahi <> Bilakah Lazzat Un Nisa selesai? || abad ke-15 <> Di mana lokasi Lazzat Un Nisa dapat disusun? || Mahkamah Qutb Shahi <> Siapa yang menulis Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa? || Mah Laqa Bai", {"context": "In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Nizams attracted artists, architects and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia). The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani Urdu literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu. Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts. The reign of the Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education. In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai\u2014the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan\u2014was published in Hyderabad.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "poetic symposia"}], "question": "What are mushairas?", "id": "572fa631b2c2fd14005682a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "The Qutb Shahi dynasty"}], "question": "Which dynasty supported the Deccani Urdu literature movement?", "id": "572fa631b2c2fd14005682a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "the 15th century"}], "question": "When was Lazzat Un Nisa completed?", "id": "572fa631b2c2fd14005682a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Qutb Shahi courts"}], "question": "At what location did Lazzat Un Nisa get compiled?", "id": "572fa631b2c2fd14005682a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "Mah Laqa Bai"}], "question": "Who wrote Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa?", "id": "572fa631b2c2fd14005682a5"}]}], ["Hyderabad muncul sebagai pusat kebudayaan utama di India dengan kemerosotan Empayar Mughal. Selepas kejatuhan Delhi pada tahun 1857, penghijrahan artis berprestasi ke bandar terutamanya dari utara dan barat benua India, di bawah naungan Nizam, memperkaya suasana kebudayaan. Penghijrahan ini menghasilkan perpaduan bahasa India, budaya dan agama India Utara dan Selatan, yang sejak dahulu telah membawa kepada kewujudan tradisi Hindu dan Islam, yang mana bandar tersebut telah menjadi perhatian.:viii Akibat selanjutnya dari utara-selatan ini Campuran ialah kedua Telugu dan Urdu adalah bahasa rasmi Telangana. Pencampuran agama juga telah menghasilkan banyak perayaan yang dirayakan di Hyderabad seperti Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali dan Bonalu dari tradisi Hindu dan Eid ul-Fitr dan Eid al-Adha oleh umat Islam. <> Kegiatan apa yang mendorong Hyderabad ke puncak pusat budaya India? || Kemerosotan Empayar Mughal <> Apa acara utama di India pada tahun 1857 menyebabkan penghijrahan artis peformance ke Hyderabad? || kejatuhan Delhi <> Apakah bahasa resmi Telangana? || Telugu dan Urdu <> Kumpulan agama mana yang memegang perayaan Idul Fitri di Hyderabad? || Muslim <> Perayaan Diwali adalah tradisi iman apa? || Hindu", {"context": "Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire. After the fall of Delhi in 1857, the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the Indian sub continent, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu. This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which the city has become noted.:viii A further consequence of this north\u2013south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana. The mixing of religions has also resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the decline of the Mughal Empire"}], "question": "What event pushed Hyderabad to the top of India's cultural centres?", "id": "572f9c93b2c2fd140056824b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "the fall of Delhi"}], "question": "What major event in India in 1857 caused migration of peformance artists into Hyderabad?", "id": "572f9c93b2c2fd140056824c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "Telugu and Urdu"}], "question": "What are the official languages of Telangana?", "id": "572f9c93b2c2fd140056824d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "Muslims"}], "question": "Which religious group holds the Eid ul-Fitr festival in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f9c93b2c2fd140056824e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "Hindu"}], "question": "The festival of Diwali is a tradition of what faith?", "id": "572f9c93b2c2fd140056824f"}]}], ["Muzik dan tarian India Selatan seperti gaya Kuchipudi dan Bharatanatyam sangat popular di rantau Deccan. Akibat kebudayaan mereka, muzik dan tarian India Utara mendapat populariti semasa pemerintahan Mughals dan Nizams, dan juga semasa pemerintahan mereka menjadi tradisi di kalangan bangsawan untuk mengaitkan diri dengan tawaif. Pengunjung ini dihormati sebagai lambang etika dan budaya, dan dilantik untuk mengajar nyanyian, puisi dan tarian klasik kepada banyak anak bangsawan. Ini menimbulkan gaya tertentu muzik mahkamah, tarian dan puisi. Selain daripada genre muzik popular di barat dan India seperti muzik filmi, penduduk Hyderabad memainkan muzik marfa berasaskan bandar, dholak ke geet (lagu-lagu rumah berdasarkan Folklore tempatan), dan qawwali, terutama pada majlis perkahwinan, perayaan dan acara perayaan lain. Kerajaan negeri menganjurkan Festival Muzik dan Tari Golconda, Festival Muzik Taramati dan Festival Tari Premavathi untuk menggalakkan perkembangan muzik. <> Apakah kawasan Deccan dikenali untuk budaya? || muzik dan tarian seperti Kuchipudi dan Bharatanatyam <> Apakah tawaif? || kafir <> Apa jenis muzik yang dholak ke geet? || lagu berdasarkan Folklore tempatan <> Apa entiti yang bertanggungjawab untuk Festival Muzik Taramati? || Kerajaan negeri <> Semasa pemerintahan apa dua tarian dan muzik dari Utara India menjadi popular? || Mughals dan Nizams", {"context": "South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their culture policies, North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams, and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture, and were appointed to teach singing, poetry and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy. This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based marfa music, dholak ke geet (household songs based on local Folklore), and qawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events. The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam"}], "question": "What is the Deccan region known for culturally?", "id": "572fa7a8b2c2fd14005682bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "courtesans"}], "question": "What is a tawaif?", "id": "572fa7a8b2c2fd14005682c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": "songs based on local Folklore"}], "question": "What kind of music is dholak ke geet?", "id": "572fa7a8b2c2fd14005682c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 870, "text": "The state government"}], "question": "What entity is responsible for the Taramati Music Festival?", "id": "572fa7a8b2c2fd14005682c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "the Mughals and Nizams"}], "question": "During the rule of what two groups did dance and music from North India become popular?", "id": "572fa7a8b2c2fd14005682c0"}]}], ["Penubuhan Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), sebuah syarikat sektor awam, pada tahun 1961 diikuti selama beberapa dekad oleh banyak syarikat nasional dan global yang membuka kemudahan pembuatan dan penyelidikan di bandar. Sehingga 2010 [update], bandar itu menghasilkan satu pertiga daripada dadah pukal India dan 16% produk bioteknologi, yang menyumbang kepada reputasinya sebagai \"modal farmaseutikal India\" dan \"Genome Valley of India\". Hyderabad adalah pusat teknologi maklumat global, yang dikenali sebagai Cyberabad (Cyber City). Sehingga 2013 [kemas kini], ia menyumbang 15% daripada India dan 98% daripada eksport Andhra Pradesh dalam sektor IT dan ITES dan 22% daripada jumlah keahlian NASSCOM dari bandar. Perkembangan HITEC City, sebuah perbandaran dengan infrastruktur teknologi yang luas, mendorong syarikat multinasional untuk menubuhkan kemudahan di Hyderabad. Bandar ini mempunyai lebih daripada 1300 syarikat IT dan ITES, termasuk konglomerat global seperti Microsoft (mengendalikan kampus R & D terbesar di luar AS), Google, IBM, Yahoo !, Dell, Facebook,: 3 dan firma India utama termasuk Tech Mahindra , Infosys, Perkhidmatan Perundingan Tata (TCS), Polaris dan Wipro.3 Pada tahun 2009, Kumpulan Bank Dunia menduduki bandar raya sebagai bandaraya kedua India terbaik untuk menjalankan perniagaan. Bandar dan pinggirannya mengandungi zon ekonomi khas yang paling banyak di mana-mana bandar India. <> Dalam tahun apakah Induk Dadah dan Farmaseutikal Terbatas telah ditubuhkan? || 1961 <> Pada tahun 2010 berapa peratusan farmaseutikal India yang dihasilkan di Hyderabad? || satu pertiga <> Berapa peratus daripada eksport infrastruktur IT Andhra Pradesh berasal dari Cyberabad pada tahun 2013? || 98% <> Berapa banyak ITES dan syarikat IT terletak di bandar HITEC? || lebih daripada 1300 <> Apa kedudukan dalam India adalah HITEC City yang diberikan oleh Kumpulan Bank Dunia pada tahun 2009? || kedua terbaik", {"context": "The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city. As of 2010[update], the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products, contributing to its reputation as \"India's pharmaceutical capital\" and the \"Genome Valley of India\". Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City). As of 2013[update], it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors and 22% of NASSCOM's total membership is from the city. The development of HITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad. The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms, including global conglomerates such as Microsoft (operating its largest R&D campus outside the US), Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Dell, Facebook,:3 and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris and Wipro.:3 In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business. The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "1961"}], "question": "In what year was Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited established?", "id": "572f97da947a6a140053caa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "one third"}], "question": "In 2010 what percentage of India's bulk pharmaceuticals were produced in Hyderabad?", "id": "572f97da947a6a140053caa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "98%"}], "question": "What percentage of Andhra Pradesh's IT infrastructure exports originated from Cyberabad in 2013?", "id": "572f97da947a6a140053caa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 892, "text": "more than 1300"}], "question": "How many ITES and IT companies are located in HITEC city?", "id": "572f97da947a6a140053caa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1228, "text": "second best"}], "question": "What rank within India was HITEC City given by the World Bank Group in 2009?", "id": "572f97da947a6a140053caa6"}]}], ["Walaupun bukan pusat kerajinan tangan sendiri, seni beladiri seni oleh Mughals dan Nizams menarik artis dari rantau ini ke Hyderabad. Kerajinan tersebut termasuk: Bidriware, kerajinan tangan logam dari Karnataka jiran, yang dipopulerkan pada abad ke-18 dan sejak itu telah diberikan tanda Petunjuk Geografi (GI) di bawah naungan akta WTO; dan Zari dan Zardozi, sulaman bekerja pada tekstil yang melibatkan reka bentuk yang rumit menggunakan benang emas, perak dan lain-lain logam. Satu lagi contoh kraftangan yang ditarik ke Hyderabad ialah Kalamkari, tekstil kapas dicat tangan atau blok yang berasal dari bandar-bandar di Andhra Pradesh. Kraf ini dibezakan dengan mempunyai gaya Hindu, yang dikenali sebagai Srikalahasti dan sepenuhnya dilakukan dengan tangan, dan gaya Islam, yang dikenali sebagai Machilipatnam yang menggunakan kedua-dua teknik tangan dan blok. Contoh seni dan kraf Hyderabad ditempatkan di pelbagai muzium termasuk Muzium Salar Jung (perumahan \"salah satu koleksi orang-orang terbesar di dunia\"), Muzium Arkeologi Negara AP, Muzium Nizam, Muzium Bandaraya dan Birla Muzium Sains. <> Dalam abad yang mana karya logam menjadi popular di Hyderabad? || abad ke 18 <> Di mana tindakannya adalah tanda Petunjuk Geografi yang diberikan? || akta WTO <> Apa itu Zardozi? || sulaman bekerja pada tekstil <> Apa itu Kalamkari? || Tekstil kapas dicat atau dicetak tangan <> Dalam gaya apa yang dibuat Kalamkari? || gaya Hindu, yang dikenali sebagai Srikalahasti", {"context": "Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include: Bidriware, a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka, which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag under the auspices of the WTO act; and Zari and Zardozi, embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads. Another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as Machilipatnam that uses both hand and block techniques. Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing \"one of the largest one-man-collections in the world\"), the AP State Archaeology Museum, the Nizam Museum, the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "the 18th century"}], "question": "In which century did metalwork become popular in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fab7da23a5019007fc859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "the WTO act"}], "question": "Under which act is the Geographical Indication tag granted?", "id": "572fab7da23a5019007fc85a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "embroidery works on textile"}], "question": "What is Zardozi an example of?", "id": "572fab7da23a5019007fc85b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile"}], "question": "What is Kalamkari?", "id": "572fab7da23a5019007fc85c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti"}], "question": "In what style is Kalamkari made?", "id": "572fab7da23a5019007fc85d"}]}], ["Peranan Hyderabad dalam perdagangan mutiara telah memberikan namanya \"City of Pearls\" dan sehingga abad ke-18, bandar itu juga merupakan satu-satunya pusat dagangan global untuk berlian besar. Perindustrian bermula di bawah Nizams pada akhir abad ke-19, dibantu oleh pengembangan kereta api yang menghubungkan bandar dengan pelabuhan utama. Dari 1950-an hingga 1970-an, perusahaan India, seperti Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Kompleks Bahan Api Nuklear (NFC), Perbadanan Pembangunan Mineral Negara (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL) Pertubuhan Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan Pertahanan (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Pusat Biologi Selular dan Molekul (CCMB), Pusat Pengenalan dan Diagnostik Jambatan DNA (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) dan Andhra Bank ditubuhkan di bandar. Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada Hyderabad Securities yang dahulunya dikenali sebagai Bursa Saham Hyderabad (HSE), dan menempatkan pejabat wilayah Lembaga Sekuriti dan Bursa India (SEBI). Pada tahun 2013, kemudahan Bursa Saham Bombay (BSE) di Hyderabad diramalkan untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan operasi dan transaksi kepada BSE-Mumbai menjelang akhir tahun 2014. Pertumbuhan sektor perkhidmatan kewangan telah membantu Hyderabad berevolusi dari bandar pembuatan tradisional ke kosmopolitan pusat perkhidmatan perindustrian. Sejak tahun 1990-an, pertumbuhan teknologi maklumat (IT), perkhidmatan yang dibolehkan IT (ITES), institusi insurans dan kewangan telah memperluaskan sektor perkhidmatan, dan aktiviti ekonomi utama ini telah meningkatkan sektor perdagangan dan perdagangan, pengangkutan, penyimpanan, komunikasi, hartanah dan runcit. <> Pada abad ke-18 terdapat satu pusat perdagangan global untuk berlian besar, apa itu? || Hyderabad <> Bilakah pembesaran kereta api di Hyderabad berlaku? || akhir abad ke-19 <> Apa yang Bursa Saham Hyderabad diketahui? || Hyderabad Securities <> Semasa era apa yang ditubuhkan Pertubuhan Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan Pertahanan? || Dari tahun 1950-an hingga 1970-an <> Pada akhir tahun 2014 entiti mana yang akan mengendalikan perkhidmatan urus niaga untuk BSE-Mumbai? || Bursa Saham Bombay (BSE)", {"context": "Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name \"City of Pearls\" and up until the 18th century, the city was also the only global trading centre for large diamonds. Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB) were established in the city. The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE), and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014. The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre. Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hyderabad"}], "question": "In the 18th century there was one global trading hub for large diamonds, what was it?", "id": "572f96dd04bcaa1900d76ab5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "the late 19th century"}], "question": "When did railway expansion in Hyderabad occur?", "id": "572f96dd04bcaa1900d76ab6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "Hyderabad Securities"}], "question": "What did the Hyderabad Stock Exchange come to be known as?", "id": "572f96dd04bcaa1900d76ab8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "From the 1950s to the 1970s"}], "question": "During what era was The Defence Research and Development Organisation founded?", "id": "572f96dd04bcaa1900d76ab7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1027, "text": "Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)"}], "question": "At the end of 2014 what entity would handle the the transaction services for BSE-Mumbai?", "id": "572f96dd04bcaa1900d76ab9"}]}], ["Hidangan Hyderabadi terdiri daripada repertoar luas beras, gandum dan hidangan daging dan penggunaan mahir pelbagai rempah. Hyderabadi biryani dan Hyderabadi haleem, dengan campuran masakan Mughlai dan Arab, telah menjadi hidangan ikonik India. Hidangan Hyderabadi sangat dipengaruhi oleh Mughlai dan sedikit sebanyak masakan Telugu dan Marathwada dari Perancis, Arab, Turki, Iran dan asli. Hidangan asli yang lain termasuk nihari, chakna, baghara baingan dan pencuci mulut qubani ka meetha, dua ka meetha dan kaddu ki kheer (bubur manis yang dibuat dengan labu manis). <> Jenis makanan apa yang biasanya dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada masakan Hyderabadi? || padi, gandum dan daging <> Apakah pengaruh besar pada makanan Hyderabadi? || Mughlai <> Apa kaddu ki kheer? || bubur manis yang dibuat dengan labu manis <> Apa jenis masakan yang dicatatkan dalam Hyderabadi haleem? || Mughlai dan Arab", {"context": "Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices. Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem, with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines, have become iconic dishes of India. Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughlai and to some extent by French, Arabic, Turkish, Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines. Other popular native dishes include nihari, chakna, baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha, double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "rice, wheat and meat dishes"}], "question": "What type of foods are generally thought of as a part of Hyderabadi cuisine?", "id": "572fae0304bcaa1900d76bd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Mughlai"}], "question": "What is a large influence on Hyderabadi food?", "id": "572fae0304bcaa1900d76bd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd"}], "question": "What is kaddu ki kheer?", "id": "572fae0304bcaa1900d76bd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Mughlai and Arab"}], "question": "What types of cuisine are noted within Hyderabadi haleem?", "id": "572fae0304bcaa1900d76bda"}]}], ["Hyderabad juga mempunyai beberapa pusat yang mengkhususkan diri dalam bidang tertentu seperti sains bioperubatan, bioteknologi dan farmaseutikal, seperti Institut Pendidikan dan Penyelidikan Farmaseutikal Kebangsaan (NIPER) dan Institut Pemakanan Kebangsaan (NIN). Hyderabad mempunyai lima sekolah perubatan utama-Perubatan Perubatan Osmania, Kolej Perubatan Gandhi, Institut Sains Perubatan Nizam, Kolej Sains Perubatan Deccan dan Institut Sains Perubatan Shadan-dan banyak hospital pengajaran yang berafiliasi. Kerajaan Nizamia Tibbi College adalah sebuah kolej perubatan Unani. Hyderabad juga ibu pejabat Persatuan Jantung India, asas bukan keuntungan untuk pendidikan kardiovaskular. <> Berapa banyak sekolah perubatan di Hyderabad? || lima <> Jenis perubatan apa yang diajar di Kerajaan Nizamia Tibbi College? || Perubatan Unani <> Apa persatuan pendidikan kardiovaskular yang tidak mempunyai keuntungan yang beribu pejabat di Hyderabad? || Persatuan Jantung India", {"context": "Hyderabad is also home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, such as the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) and National Institute of Nutrition (NIN). Hyderabad has five major medical schools\u2014Osmania Medical College, Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences\u2014and many affiliated teaching hospitals. The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine. Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association, a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many medical schools are in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc1c904bcaa1900d76c87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Unani medicine"}], "question": "What type of medicine is taught at The Government Nizamia Tibbi College?", "id": "572fc1c904bcaa1900d76c88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "Indian Heart Association"}], "question": "What non-profit cardiovascular educational association is headquartered in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc1c904bcaa1900d76c89"}]}], ["Penyiaran televisyen di Hyderabad bermula pada tahun 1974 dengan pelancaran Doordarshan, penyiar perkhidmatan awam Kerajaan India, yang memancarkan dua saluran televisyen terestrial percuma dan satu saluran satelit. Saluran satelit swasta bermula pada Julai 1992 dengan pelancaran Star TV. Saluran TV satelit boleh diakses melalui langganan kabel, perkhidmatan satelit siaran langsung atau televisyen berasaskan internet. Akses Internet dial-up pertama Hyderabad menjadi tersedia pada awal 1990-an dan terhad kepada syarikat pembangunan perisian. Perkhidmatan akses internet awam pertama bermula pada tahun 1995, dengan penyedia perkhidmatan internet sektor swasta pertama (ISP) mula beroperasi pada tahun 1998. Pada tahun 2015, WiFi awam berkelajuan tinggi diperkenalkan di beberapa bandar. <> Bilakah Doordarshan memulakan penyiaran di Hyderabad? || 1974 <> Apakah rangkaian satelit mula menyiarkan ke Hyderabad pada bulan Julai 1992? || Star TV <> Pada tahun berapa orang awam mula mendapat akses ke internet di Hyderabad? || 1995 <> Syarikat swasta pertama yang menawarkan perkhidmatan internet Hyderabad mula menawarkannya pada tahun berapa? || 1998 <> Apa itu Doordarshan? || penyiar khidmat awam Kerajaan India", {"context": "Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan, the Government of India's public service broadcaster, which transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of Star TV. Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television. Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies. The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector internet service provider (ISP) starting operations in 1998. In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "1974"}], "question": "When did Doordarshan begin broadcasting in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fbe94947a6a140053cc22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Star TV"}], "question": "What satellite network began broadcasting to Hyderabad in July 1992?", "id": "572fbe94947a6a140053cc23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "1995"}], "question": "In what year did the general public first get access to the internet in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fbe94947a6a140053cc24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "1998"}], "question": "The first private company to offer Hyderabad internet service began offering it in what year?", "id": "572fbe94947a6a140053cc25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "the Government of India's public service broadcaster"}], "question": "What is Doordarshan?", "id": "572fbe94947a6a140053cc26"}]}], ["Salah satu akhbar paling awal di Hyderabad, The Deccan Times, ditubuhkan pada 1780-an. Pada zaman moden, surat khabar Telugu utama yang diterbitkan di Hyderabad adalah Eenadu, Andhra Jyothy, Sakshi dan Namaste Telangana, manakala kertas utama Bahasa Inggeris adalah The Times of India, Hindu dan The Deccan Chronicle. Makalah utama Urdu termasuk The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily dan Etemaad. Banyak majalah meja kopi, majalah profesional dan jurnal penyelidikan juga sering diterbitkan. Dewan Perbandaran Secunderabad menubuhkan stesen radio pertama di Hyderabad State sekitar 1919. Radio Deccan adalah stesen penyiaran awam pertama di bandaraya bermula pada 3 Februari 1935, dengan penyiaran FM bermula pada tahun 2000. Saluran yang terdapat di Hyderabad termasuk All India Radio, Radio Mirchi, Radio City, Red FM dan Big FM. <> Bilakah ditubuhkan The Deccan Times? || the 1780s <> Apa itu Chronicle Deccan? || kertas Bahasa Inggeris utama <> Jenis kertas apa yang Siasat Daily? || kertas Urdu utama <> Tahun berapa adalah stesen radio pertama di Hyderabad terbentuk? || sekitar 1919 <> Pada tarikh berapa stesen radio awam pertama di Hyderabad mula menyiarkan? || bermula pada 3 Februari 1935", {"context": "One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, The Deccan Times, was established in the 1780s. In modern times, the major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu, Andhra Jyothy, Sakshi and Namaste Telangana, while the major English papers are The Times of India, The Hindu and The Deccan Chronicle. The major Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad. Many coffee table magazines, professional magazines and research journals are also regularly published. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919. Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935, with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000. The available channels in Hyderabad include All India Radio, Radio Mirchi, Radio City, Red FM and Big FM.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "the 1780s"}], "question": "When was The Deccan Times founded?", "id": "572fb05804bcaa1900d76bf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "major English papers"}], "question": "What is The Deccan Chronicle?", "id": "572fb05804bcaa1900d76bf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "major Urdu papers"}], "question": "What type of paper is The Siasat Daily?", "id": "572fb05804bcaa1900d76bf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "around 1919"}], "question": "What year was the first radio station in Hyderabad formed?", "id": "572fb05804bcaa1900d76bf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "starting on 3 February 1935"}], "question": "On what date did the first public radio station in Hyderabad begin broadcasting?", "id": "572fb05804bcaa1900d76bf5"}]}], ["Pelatih sukan antarabangsa dari Hyderabad termasuk: kriket Ghulam Ahmed, M. L. Jaisimha, Mohammed Azharuddin, V. V. La Laxman, Venkatapathy Raju, Shivlal Yadav, Arshad Ayub, Syed Abid Ali dan Noel David; pemain bola sepak Syed Abdul Rahim, Syed Nayeemuddin dan Shabbir Ali; pemain tenis Sania Mirza; pemain badminton S. M. Arif, Pullela Gopichand, Saina Nehwal, P. V. Sindhu, Jwala Gutta dan Chetan Anand; pemain hoki Syed Mohammad Hadi dan Mukesh Kumar; penembak senapang Gagan Narang dan Asher Noria dan bina badan Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan. <> Ghulam Ahmed dan Shivlal Yadav adalah jenis olahragawan? || kriket <> Apa sukan yang dimainkan Sania Mirza? || tenis <> Siapakah pembina badan yang ketara dari Hyderabad? || Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan <> Gagan Narang melakukan apa aktiviti sukan? || penembak senapang <> Pullela Gopichand dan Saina Nehwal terkenal di Hyderabad kerana menjadi apa? || pemain badminton", {"context": "International-level sportspeople from Hyderabad include: cricketers Ghulam Ahmed, M. L. Jaisimha, Mohammed Azharuddin, V. V. S. Laxman, Venkatapathy Raju, Shivlal Yadav, Arshad Ayub, Syed Abid Ali and Noel David; football players Syed Abdul Rahim, Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali; tennis player Sania Mirza; badminton players S. M. Arif, Pullela Gopichand, Saina Nehwal, P. V. Sindhu, Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "cricketers"}], "question": "Ghulam Ahmed and Shivlal Yadav are what kind of sportsmen?", "id": "572fc4f204bcaa1900d76cd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "tennis"}], "question": "What sport does Sania Mirza play?", "id": "572fc4f204bcaa1900d76cd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan"}], "question": "Who is a notable bodybuilder from Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc4f204bcaa1900d76cd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "rifle shooters"}], "question": "Gagan Narang does what sporting activity?", "id": "572fc4f204bcaa1900d76cd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "badminton players"}], "question": "Pullela Gopichand and Saina Nehwal are known in Hyderabad for being what?", "id": "572fc4f204bcaa1900d76cd9"}]}], ["Terdapat 13 universiti di Hyderabad: dua universiti swasta, dua universiti yang dianggapnya, enam universiti negeri dan tiga universiti pusat. Universiti-universiti utama ialah Universiti Hyderabad, Maulana Azad National Urdu University dan Universiti Bahasa Inggeris dan Bahasa Asing. Universiti Osmania, ditubuhkan pada tahun 1918, merupakan universiti pertama di Hyderabad dan sehingga 2012 [kemas kini] adalah institusi paling popular kedua India untuk pelajar antarabangsa. Universiti Terbuka Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1982, adalah universiti terbuka jarak jauh di India. <> Berapa banyak universiti di Hyderabad? || 13 <> Daripada universiti-universiti di Hyderabad berapa banyak negeri yang dikendalikan? || enam <> Maulana Azad National Urdu University adalah sejenis universiti yang mewakili jenis universiti? || universiti pusat <> Pada tahun 1982 universiti jarak jauh pertama dibuka di India, apa namanya? || Universiti Terbuka Dr. B. R. Ambedkar <> Tahun apa yang ditubuhkan Osmania University? || 1918", {"context": "There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: two private universities, two deemed universities, six state universities and three central universities. The central universities are the University of Hyderabad, Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and Foreign Languages University. Osmania University, established in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and as of 2012[update] is India's second most popular institution for international students. The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance learning open university in India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many universities are in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc145a23a5019007fc983"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "six"}], "question": "Of the universities in Hyderabad how many are state run?", "id": "572fc145a23a5019007fc984"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "central universities"}], "question": "Maulana Azad National Urdu University is a type of university that represents what type of university?", "id": "572fc145a23a5019007fc985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University"}], "question": "In 1982 the first long distance university was opened in India, what is it's name?", "id": "572fc145a23a5019007fc987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "1918"}], "question": "What year was Osmania University formed?", "id": "572fc145a23a5019007fc986"}]}], ["Institut di Hyderabad termasuk Institut Pembangunan Luar Bandar, Sekolah Perniagaan India, Institut Perusahaan Awam, Kolej Staf Pentadbiran India dan Akademi Polis Negara Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Sekolah teknikal dan kejuruteraan termasuk Institut Teknologi Maklumat Antarabangsa, Hyderabad (IIITH), Institut Teknologi dan Sains Birla, Pilani - Hyderabad (BITS Hyderabad) dan Institut Teknologi India, Hyderabad (IIT-H) serta institut kejuruteraan pertanian seperti sebagai Institut Penyelidikan Tanaman Antarabangsa bagi Tropika Semi-Arid (ICRISAT) dan Universiti Pertanian Acharya NG Ranga. Hyderabad juga mempunyai sekolah-sekolah reka bentuk fesyen termasuk Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad dan Wigan dan Leigh College. Institut Reka Bentuk Kebangsaan, Hyderabad (NID-H), akan menawarkan kursus sarjana dan pascasiswazah dari 2015. <> Jenis sekolah apakah Raffles Millennium International? || Reka bentuk fesyen <> Apakah jenis Wigan dan Leigh College? || reka bentuk fesyen <> Apa sekolah yang dikenali sebagai IIT-H? || Institut Teknologi India, Hyderabad <> Terdapat sebuah institut penyelidikan di Hyderabad yang dikenali sebagai ICRISAT, apa yang dimaksudkan dengan akronim? || Institut Penyelidikan Tanaman Antarabangsa untuk Tropika Semi-Arid", {"context": "Institutes in Hyderabad include the National Institute of Rural Development, the Indian School of Business, the Institute of Public Enterprise, the Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIITH), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani \u2013 Hyderabad (BITS Hyderabad) and Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad (IIT-H) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College. The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H), will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "fashion design"}], "question": "What type of school is Raffles Millennium International?", "id": "572fc292b2c2fd140056840b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "fashion design"}], "question": "What type of is Wigan and Leigh College?", "id": "572fc292b2c2fd140056840e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad"}], "question": "What is the school otherwise known as IIT-H?", "id": "572fc292b2c2fd140056840c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics"}], "question": "There is a research institute in Hyderabad known as ICRISAT, what does the acronym represent?", "id": "572fc292b2c2fd140056840d"}]}], ["Semasa pemerintahan British, Secunderabad menjadi pusat sukan terkenal dan banyak kursus kaum, kawasan perbarisan dan medan polo telah dibina. 18 Banyak kelab elit yang dibentuk oleh Nizams dan British seperti Kelab Secunderabad, Kelab Nizam dan Perlumbaan Hyderabad Kelab, yang terkenal dengan perlumbaan kuda terutama derby Deccan tahunan, masih wujud. Pada masa yang lebih baru, motorsport telah menjadi popular dengan Kelab Sukan Motor Andhra Pradesh yang menganjurkan acara-acara popular seperti Deccan \u00bc Mile Drag, TSD Rallies dan perhimpunan luar 4x4. <> Pada masa mana Secunderabad adalah pusat sukan penting? || Semasa peraturan British <> Apa jenis perlumbaan yang popular untuk Kelab Perlumbaan Hyderabad? || perlumbaan kuda <> Organisasi apa yang memegang RHD TSD? || Kelab Sukan Motor Andhra Pradesh <> Di manakah Kelab Secunderabad dan Kelab Nizam? || Nizams dan British <> Derby tahunan mana yang diadakan di Kelab Perlumbaan Hyderabad? || Deccan derby", {"context": "During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built.:18 Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist. In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan \u00bc Mile Drag, TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "During British rule"}], "question": "At what time was Secunderabad an important sport center?", "id": "572fc3f3947a6a140053cc76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "horse racing"}], "question": "What type of racing is the Hyderabad Race Club popular for?", "id": "572fc3f3947a6a140053cc77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club"}], "question": "What organization holds the TSD Rally?", "id": "572fc3f3947a6a140053cc78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "the Nizams and the British"}], "question": "Under whom did the Secunderabad Club and the Nizam Club form?", "id": "572fc3f3947a6a140053cc79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Deccan derby"}], "question": "Which annual derby is held at the Hyderabad Race Club?", "id": "572fc3f3947a6a140053cc7a"}]}], ["Sukan yang paling popular di Hyderabad adalah kriket dan bola sepak persatuan. Di peringkat profesional, bandar ini menjadi tuan rumah acara sukan kebangsaan dan antarabangsa seperti Sukan Negara India 2002, Sukan Afro-Asia 2003, kejohanan tenis wanita Terbuka AP Pelancongan AP 2004, Sukan Dunia Tentera 2007, Badminton Dunia 2009 Kejohanan dan Kejohanan Snooker Dunia IBSF 2009. Bandar ini menganjurkan beberapa tempat yang sesuai untuk persaingan profesional seperti Kompleks Sukan Swarnandhra Pradesh untuk hoki padang, Stadium GMC Balayogi di Gachibowli untuk olahraga dan bola sepak, dan untuk kriket, Stadium Lal Bahadur Shastri dan Stadium Kriket Antarabangsa Rajiv Gandhi tanah Persatuan Kriket Hyderabad. Hyderabad telah menjadi tuan rumah banyak perlawanan kriket antarabangsa, termasuk pertandingan pada tahun 1987 dan Piala Dunia Cricket ICC 1996. Pasukan kriket Hyderabad mewakili bandar di Ranji Trophy-sebuah kejohanan kriket kelas pertama di antara negeri-negeri dan bandar-bandar di India. Hyderabad juga menjadi rumah kepada francais Liga Perdana India, Sunrisers Hyderabad. Francais terdahulu ialah Pengecas Deccan, yang memenangi Liga Perdana Inggeris 2009 yang diadakan di Afrika Selatan. <> Dua daripada sukan paling popular yang dimainkan di Hyderabad termasuk bola sepak persatuan, apa yang lain? || kriket <> Apa dua kejohanan dunia diadakan di Hyderabad pada tahun 2009? || Kejohanan Badminton Dunia 2009 dan Kejohanan Snooker Dunia IBSF 2009 <> Apa olahraga yang dimainkan di Kompleks Sukan Swarnandhra Pradesh? || hoki padang <> Di mana G.M.C. Stadium Balayohi terletak? || Gachibowli <> Apa stadium rumah persatuan kriket Hyderabad? || Stadium Kriket Antarabangsa Rajiv Gandhi", {"context": "The most popular sports played in Hyderabad are cricket and association football. At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open women's tennis tournament, the 2007 Military World Games, the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship. The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey, the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football, and for cricket, the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association. Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches, including matches in the 1987 and the 1996 ICC Cricket World Cups. The Hyderabad cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy\u2014a first-class cricket tournament among India's states and cities. Hyderabad is also home to the Indian Premier League franchise Sunrisers Hyderabad. A previous franchise was the Deccan Chargers, which won the 2009 Indian Premier League held in South Africa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "cricket"}], "question": "Two of the most popular sports played in Hyderabad include association football, what is the other?", "id": "572fc34fb2c2fd1400568413"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship"}], "question": "What two world championships were held in Hyderabad in 2009?", "id": "572fc34fb2c2fd1400568414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "field hockey"}], "question": "What sport is played at the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex?", "id": "572fc34fb2c2fd1400568415"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Gachibowli"}], "question": "Where is the G.M.C. Balayohi Stadium located?", "id": "572fc34fb2c2fd1400568416"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium"}], "question": "What is the home stadium of the Hyderabad cricket association?", "id": "572fc34fb2c2fd1400568417"}]}], ["Sekolah-sekolah awam dan swasta di Hyderabad dikawal oleh Lembaga Pusat Pendidikan Menengah dan mengikuti rancangan \"10 + 2 + 3\". Sekitar dua pertiga murid menghadiri institusi persendirian. Bahasa pengajaran termasuk Bahasa Inggeris, Hindi, Telugu dan Urdu. Bergantung kepada institusi, pelajar dikehendaki duduk Sijil Sekolah Menengah atau Sijil Pendidikan Menengah India. Selepas menamatkan pendidikan menengah, pelajar mendaftar di sekolah atau kolej junior dengan kemudahan menengah yang lebih tinggi. Kemasukan ke kolej graduan profesional di Hyderabad, kebanyakannya yang bergabung dengan Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) atau Universiti Osmania (OU), melalui Ujian Masuk Masuk Pertanian Pertanian dan Perubatan Kejuruteraan (EAM-CET). <> Apakah entiti yang mengawal sekolah di Hyderabad? || Lembaga Pusat Pendidikan Menengah <> Berapa peratus daripada pelajar di sekolah swasta di Hyderabad? || dua pertiga <> Bahasa mana yang digunakan untuk mengajar di sekolah Hyderabad? || Bahasa Inggeris, Hindi, Telugu dan Urdu <> Apa jenis pelan pendidikan yang digunakan oleh Lembaga Pusat Pendidikan Menengah di Hyderabad? || pelan \"10 + 2 + 3\" <> Pelajar di Hyderabad mungkin dikehendaki untuk memperoleh satu daripada dua sijil yang berbeza, satu adalah Sijil Sekolah Menengah, apa yang lain? || Sijil Pendidikan Menengah India", {"context": "Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a \"10+2+3\" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions. Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu. Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary education, students enroll in schools or junior colleges with a higher secondary facility. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Central Board of Secondary Education"}], "question": "What entity controls the schools in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc0b5a23a5019007fc971"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "two-thirds"}], "question": "What percentage of students are in private schools in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc0b5a23a5019007fc972"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu"}], "question": "Which languages are used for teaching in the schools of Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc0b5a23a5019007fc973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "a \"10+2+3\" plan"}], "question": "What type of educational plan does the Central Board of Secondary Education use in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc0b5a23a5019007fc974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Indian Certificate of Secondary Education"}], "question": "Students in Hyderabad may be required to acquire one of two different certificates, one is  the Secondary School Certificate, what is the other?", "id": "572fc0b5a23a5019007fc975"}]}], ["Hyderabad terletak di persimpangan tiga lebuh raya Nasional menghubungkannya ke enam negeri lain: NH-7 berjalan 2,369 km (1,472 mi) dari Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, di utara ke Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, di selatan; NH-9, berjalan 841 km (523 mi) timur-barat antara Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, dan Pune, Maharashtra; dan 280 km (174 mi) NH-163 menghubungkan Hyderabad ke Bhopalpatnam, Chhattisgarh NH-765 menghubungkan Hyderabad ke Srisailam. Lima lebuh raya negeri, SH-1, SH-2, SH-4, SH-5 dan SH-6, sama ada bermula dari, atau melalui, Hyderabad.:58 <> Berapa banyak lebuh raya nasional membentuk persimpangan di Hyderabad? || tiga <> Berapa banyak negeri yang dikaitkan dengan dari lebuh raya di Hyderabad? || enam <> Berapa batu panjang adalah NH-7? || 1,472 mi <> Berapa banyak lebuhraya negeri melalui atau bermula di Hyderabad? || Lima <> Jalan mana yang menghubungkan Hyderabad dengan Bhopalpatnam? || NH-163", {"context": "Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states: NH-7 runs 2,369 km (1,472 mi) from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, in the north to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, in the south; NH-9, runs 841 km (523 mi) east-west between Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, and Pune, Maharashtra; and the 280 km (174 mi) NH-163 links Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam, Chhattisgarh NH-765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam. Five state highways, SH-1, SH-2, SH-4, SH-5 and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.:58", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many national highways form a junction in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc6fbb2c2fd1400568451"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many states are linked to from highways in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc6fbb2c2fd1400568452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "1,472 mi"}], "question": "How many miles long is NH-7?", "id": "572fc6fbb2c2fd1400568453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Five"}], "question": "How many state highways pass through or begin in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc6fbb2c2fd1400568454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "NH-163"}], "question": "What road connects Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam?", "id": "572fc6fbb2c2fd1400568455"}]}], ["Sehingga 2012 [update], terdapat lebih 3.5 juta kenderaan yang beroperasi di bandar raya, di mana 74% adalah dua roda, 15% kereta dan 3% roda tiga. Baki 8% termasuk bas, kenderaan barangan dan teksi. Jumlah kenderaan yang banyak ditambah pula dengan jalan raya yang agak rendah-jalan hanya menduduki 9.5% daripada keseluruhan kawasan bandar: 79-telah menyebabkan kesesakan lalu lintas yang meluas terutamanya sejak 80% penumpang dan 60% dari pengangkutan dibawa melalui jalan raya. Jalan Lingkaran Dalam, Jalan Lingkaran Luar, Lebuhraya Tinggi Hyderabad, jambatan terpanjang di India, dan pelbagai persimpangan, overpasses dan underpasses dibina untuk memudahkan kesesakan. Had kelajuan maksimum di bandar adalah 50 km / j (31 mph) untuk dua roda dan kereta, 35 km / j (22 mph) untuk becak kereta dan 40 km / j (25 mph) untuk kenderaan dan bas komersial ringan. <> Pada tahun 2012 berapa banyak kenderaan yang memandu di Hyderabad? || 3.5 juta <> Berapa peratus daripada kenderaan di Hyderabad adalah kereta pada tahun 2012? || 15% <> Berapa peratus daripada bandar Hyderabad telah diliputi oleh jalan pada tahun 2012? || 9.5% <> Pada tahun 2012 berapa peratusan barang Hyderabad dipindahkan oleh jalan raya? || 60% <> Apa kelajuan maksimum untuk bas di Hyderabad? || 40 km / j (25 mph)", {"context": "As of 2012[update], there are over 3.5 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 74% are two-wheelers, 15% cars and 3% three-wheelers. The remaining 8% include buses, goods vehicles and taxis. The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage\u2014roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area:79\u2014has led to widespread traffic congestion especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road.:3 The Inner Ring Road, the Outer Ring Road, the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India, and various interchanges, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease the congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km/h (31 mph) for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h (22 mph) for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h (25 mph) for light commercial vehicles and buses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "3.5 million"}], "question": "In 2012 how many vehicles were driving in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc652a23a5019007fc9cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "15%"}], "question": "What percentage of the vehicles in Hyderabad were cars in 2012?", "id": "572fc652a23a5019007fc9cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "9.5%"}], "question": "What percentage of Hyderabad city was covered by roads in 2012?", "id": "572fc652a23a5019007fc9cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "60%"}], "question": "In 2012 what percentage of Hyderabad freight was moved by road?", "id": "572fc652a23a5019007fc9ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "40 km/h (25 mph)"}], "question": "What is the maximum speed for buses in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc652a23a5019007fc9cf"}]}], ["Bentuk pengangkutan jarak sederhana yang paling banyak digunakan di Hyderabad termasuk perkhidmatan milik kerajaan seperti kereta api ringan dan bas, serta teksi peribadi dan becak auto. Perkhidmatan bas beroperasi dari Stesen Bas Mahatma Gandhi di pusat bandar dan membawa lebih dari 130 juta penumpang setiap hari di seluruh rangkaian .:76 Sistem pengangkutan rel Hyderabad, Sistem Pengangkutan Multi-Modal (MMTS), adalah tiga perkhidmatan kereta api pinggir bandar digunakan oleh lebih daripada 160,000 penumpang setiap hari. Melengkapi perkhidmatan kerajaan ini adalah laluan minibus yang dikendalikan oleh Setwin (Persatuan Promosi Pekerjaan & Latihan di Bandar-bandar Berkembar). Perkhidmatan rel antar bandar juga beroperasi dari Hyderabad; stesen utama dan terbesar adalah Stesen Kereta Api Secunderabad, yang berfungsi sebagai ibu pejabat kereta api South Rail Railway Selatan India dan hub untuk kedua-dua bas dan perkhidmatan kereta ringan MMTS yang menghubungkan Secunderabad dan Hyderabad. Stesen kereta api utama lain di Hyderabad adalah Stesen Deccan Hyderabad, Stesen Kereta Api Kachiguda, Stesen Kereta Api Begumpet, Stesen Keretapi Malkajgiri dan Stesen Keretapi Lingampally. Hyderabad Metro, sebuah sistem transit pesat yang baru, akan ditambah kepada infrastruktur pengangkutan awam yang sedia ada dan dijadualkan beroperasi tiga baris menjelang 2015. <> Jenis pengangkutan apa yang bukan milik kerajaan biasa digunakan di Hyderabad? || teksi dan becak auto <> Berapa banyak orang yang dibawa setiap hari oleh rangkaian perkhidmatan bas di Hyderabad? || 130 juta <> Apakah sistem rel ringan di Hyderabad yang dikenali sebagai? || Sistem Pengangkutan Berbilang Modal (MMTS) <> Berapa banyak penumpang menggunakan sistem rel ringan Hyderabad setiap hari? || 160,000 <> Apa itu Setwin yang dikenali sebagai? || Persatuan untuk Promosi & Latihan Pekerjaan di Bandar-bandar Berkembar", {"context": "The most commonly used forms of medium distance transport in Hyderabad include government owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre and carry over 130 million passengers daily across the entire network.:76 Hyderabad's light rail transportation system, the Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), is a three line suburban rail service used by over 160,000 passengers daily. Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities). Intercity rail services also operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is Secunderabad Railway Station, which serves as Indian Railways' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan Station, Kachiguda Railway Station, Begumpet Railway Station, Malkajgiri Railway Station and Lingampally Railway Station. The Hyderabad Metro, a new rapid transit system, is to be added to the existing public transport infrastructure and is scheduled to operate three lines by 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "taxis and auto rickshaws"}], "question": "What type of transport that is not government owned is commonly used in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc58204bcaa1900d76cdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "130 million"}], "question": "How many people are carried each day by the bus service network in Hyderabad?", "id": "572fc58204bcaa1900d76ce0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS)"}], "question": "What is the light rail system in Hyderabad known as?", "id": "572fc58204bcaa1900d76ce1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "160,000"}], "question": "How many passengers use the Hyderabad light rail system each day?", "id": "572fc58204bcaa1900d76ce2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities"}], "question": "What is Setwin otherwise known as?", "id": "572fc58204bcaa1900d76ce3"}]}]], [["Sekitar permulaan abad ke-20, penduduk Amerika Asia yang semakin banyak tinggal di atau berhampiran Santa Monica dan Venice. Sebuah perkampungan nelayan Jepun terletak berhampiran Long Wharf sementara sejumlah kecil orang Cina tinggal atau bekerja di Santa Monica dan Venice. Kedua-dua etnik minoriti sering dilihat berbeza oleh White Americans yang sering dibuang ke arah orang Jepun tetapi merendahkan ke arah orang-orang Cina. Para nelayan kampung Jepun merupakan bahagian ekonomi integral dari masyarakat Santa Monica Bay. <> Apa kumpulan etika yang berkembang pada abad ke-20? || Asia <> Apa etika minoriti yang lain tidak memperlakukan orang Amerika putih dengan buruk? || Cina <> Jenis kampung yang terletak di Long Wharf? || Memancing Jepun <> Berapa banyak etnik minoriti dilihat berbeza di Santa Monica? || dua <> Peranan apa yang dimainkan oleh desa nelayan di Santa Monica? || bahagian ekonomi", {"context": "Around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in or near Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was located near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in both Santa Monica and Venice. The two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an integral economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Asian"}], "question": "What ethic group grew in the 20th century?", "id": "572f2049a23a5019007fc4a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Chinese"}], "question": "What other ethic minority did white american's treat poorly?", "id": "572f2049a23a5019007fc4a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Japanese fishing"}], "question": "What type of Village was located on the Long Wharf?", "id": "572f2049a23a5019007fc4a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many ethnic minorities were looked at differently in Santa Monica?", "id": "572f2049a23a5019007fc4a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "economic part"}], "question": "What role did the fishing village play in Santa Monica?", "id": "572f2049a23a5019007fc4a5"}]}], ["Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. membina sebuah kilang pada tahun 1922 di Clover Field (Lapangan Terbang Santa Monica) untuk Syarikat Penerbangan Douglas. Pada tahun 1924, empat pesawat yang dibina Douglas berlepas dari Clover Field untuk mencuba pengalihan udara pertama di dunia. Dua kapal terbang telah membuatnya kembali, setelah menampung 27,553 batu (44,342 km) dalam 175 hari, dan disambut pada 23 September 1924 mereka, disambut oleh orang ramai sebanyak 200,000 (murah hati dianggarkan). Syarikat Douglas (kemudian McDonnell Douglas) menyimpan kemudahan di bandar sehingga 1960-an. <> Siapa yang membina kilang di padang Clover? || Donald Wills Douglas, Sr <> Apa syarikat itu adalah struktur di Clover Field? || Douglas Pesawat <> Apakah pesawat Clover Field membina pesawat pertama? || pengangkut udara di dunia <> Syarikat Douglas mempunyai kemudahan di Santa Monica sepanjang dekad apa? || 1960-an <> Berapa Banyak Pesawat kembali dari pengungsian pada tahun 1924? || Dua", {"context": "Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field (Santa Monica Airport) for the Douglas Aircraft Company. In 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes made it back, after having covered 27,553 miles (44,342 km) in 175 days, and were greeted on their return September 23, 1924, by a crowd of 200,000 (generously estimated). The Douglas Company (later McDonnell Douglas) kept facilities in the city until the 1960s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Donald Wills Douglas, Sr"}], "question": "Who built a plant in Clover field?", "id": "572f21e6b2c2fd1400567f3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Douglas Aircraft"}], "question": "What company was the structure at Clover Field for?", "id": "572f21e6b2c2fd1400567f3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "aerial circumnavigation of the world"}], "question": "What did Clover Field built airplanes attempt the first of?", "id": "572f21e6b2c2fd1400567f3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "The Douglas Company had facilities in Santa Monica through what decade?", "id": "572f21e6b2c2fd1400567f40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How Many Planes returned from the circumnavigation in 1924?", "id": "572f21e6b2c2fd1400567f41"}]}], ["Setiap kejatuhan Dewan Perniagaan Santa Monica menjadi tuan rumah Rasa Santa Monica di Dermaga Santa Monica. Pengunjung boleh mencuba makanan dan minuman dari restoran Santa Monica. Acara tahunan lain termasuk Expo Perniagaan dan Pengguna, Anugerah Kualiti Berkelanjutan, Pesta Kesihatan dan Kesejahteraan Santa Monica, dan Negeri Kota. Shutters yang terang di Beach Hotel menawarkan perjalanan ke Pasar Petani Santa Monica yang terkenal untuk memilih dan mempengaruhi bahan-bahan yang akan menjadi \"Makan Malam Pasaran\" malam ini. <> Apa acara yang menjadi tuan rumah majlis dagang pada musim gugur? || Rasa Santa Monica <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan pengunjung di Rasa Santa Monica? || makanan dan minuman sampel <> Di mana Rasa Santa Monica diadakan setiap tahun? || Santa Monica Pier <> Siapa yang menyediakan tetamu dengan sampel-sampel ini pada acara itu? || Restoran Santa Monica <> Hotel apa yang menawarkan perjalanan ke pasar famer untuk mempengaruhi makan malam? || Shutters yang megah", {"context": "Every fall the Santa Monica Chamber of Commerce hosts The Taste of Santa Monica on the Santa Monica Pier. Visitors can sample food and drinks from Santa Monica restaurants. Other annual events include the Business and Consumer Expo, Sustainable Quality Awards, Santa Monica Cares Health and Wellness Festival, and the State of the City. The swanky Shutters on the Beach Hotel offers a trip to the famous Santa Monica Farmers Market to select and influence the materials that will become that evening's special \"Market Dinner.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "The Taste of Santa Monica"}], "question": "What event does the Chamber of commerce host in the fall?", "id": "572f3b8b947a6a140053c802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "sample food and drinks"}], "question": "What can visitors do at the Taste of Santa Monica?", "id": "572f3b8b947a6a140053c804"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Santa Monica Pier"}], "question": "Where is the Taste of Santa Monica held each year?", "id": "572f3b8b947a6a140053c803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Santa Monica restaurants"}], "question": "Who provides the guests with these samples at the event?", "id": "572f3b8b947a6a140053c805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "The swanky Shutters"}], "question": "What hotel offers a trip to the famer's market to influence dinner?", "id": "572f3b8b947a6a140053c806"}]}], ["Santa Monica adalah bandar pantai di barat Los Angeles County, California, Amerika Syarikat. Bandar ini dinamakan sempena nama kudus Kristian, Monica. Terletak di Santa Monica Bay, ia bersempadan dengan tiga sisi oleh bandar Los Angeles - Pacific Palisades di utara, Brentwood di timur laut, Sawtelle di timur, Mar Vista di tenggara, dan Venice di selatan. Santa Monica terkenal dengan kejiranan keluarga tunggalnya tetapi juga mempunyai banyak kejiranan yang terdiri terutamanya daripada kondominium dan pangsapuri. Lebih dua pertiga penduduk Santa Monica adalah penyewa. Penduduk Biro Banci untuk Santa Monica pada tahun 2010 adalah 89.736. <> Jenis bandar apakah Santa Monica? || pantai <> Apa bahagian Los Angeles County terletak? || barat <> Apa yang dinamakan Santa Monica? || Syaitan Kristian, Monica <> Kira-kira berapa ramai penduduk Santa Monica menyewa harta mereka? || dua pertiga <> Berapa populasi pada tahun 2010 menurut Biro Banci? || 89,736", {"context": "Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The city is named after the Christian saint, Monica. Situated on Santa Monica Bay, it is bordered on three sides by the city of Los Angeles \u2013 Pacific Palisades to the north, Brentwood on the northeast, Sawtelle on the east, Mar Vista on the southeast, and Venice on the south. Santa Monica is well known for its affluent single-family neighborhoods but also has many neighborhoods consisting primarily of condominiums and apartments. Over two-thirds of Santa Monica's residents are renters. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "beachfront"}], "question": "What type of city is Santa Monica?", "id": "572f1aaecb0c0d14000f1772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "western"}], "question": "What part of Los Angeles County is it located in?", "id": "572f1aaecb0c0d14000f1773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Christian saint, Monica"}], "question": "What is Santa Monica named after?", "id": "572f1aaecb0c0d14000f1774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "two-thirds"}], "question": "Approximately how many residents of Santa Monica rent their property?", "id": "572f1aaecb0c0d14000f1775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "89,736"}], "question": "What was the population in 2010 according to the Census Bureau?", "id": "572f1aaecb0c0d14000f1776"}]}], ["Santa Monica Looff Hippodrome (karusel) adalah Landmark Negara Bersejarah. Ia terletak di Dermaga Santa Monica, yang dibina pada tahun 1909. La Monica Ballroom di dermaga pernah menjadi dewan terbesar di Amerika Syarikat dan sumber untuk banyak siaran rangkaian nasional Tahun Baru. Auditorium Santa Monica Civic adalah tempat muzik penting selama beberapa dekad dan menganjurkan Anugerah Akademi pada tahun 1960-an. Kedai Gitar McCabe masih menjadi ruang persembahan akustik terkemuka serta kedai runcit. Stesen Bergamot adalah sebuah kompleks seni lukis seni bandar yang merangkumi Muzium Seni Santa Monica. Bandar ini juga menjadi rumah kepada Muzium Warisan California dan muzium mainan dan anak patung Angels Attic. <> Berapa tahun bangunlah Sanat Monica Pier? || 1909 <> Apa gunanya bersejarah yang terletak di dermaga? || Looff Hippodrome <> La Monica Ballroom dulu apa jenis ballroom di Amerika Syarikat? || terbesar <> Di manakah Anugerah Akademi yang diadakan pada tahun 1960-an? || Auditorium Sivik Santa Monica <> Tempat apa yang masih dianggap kawasan persembahan akustik yang terkenal? || Kedai Gitar McCabe", {"context": "The Santa Monica Looff Hippodrome (carousel) is a National Historic Landmark. It sits on the Santa Monica Pier, which was built in 1909. The La Monica Ballroom on the pier was once the largest ballroom in the US and the source for many New Year's Eve national network broadcasts. The Santa Monica Civic Auditorium was an important music venue for several decades and hosted the Academy Awards in the 1960s. McCabe's Guitar Shop is still a leading acoustic performance space as well as retail outlet. Bergamot Station is a city-owned art gallery compound that includes the Santa Monica Museum of Art. The city is also home to the California Heritage Museum and the Angels Attic dollhouse and toy museum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "1909"}], "question": "What year was the Sanat Monica Pier buildt?", "id": "572f384404bcaa1900d76793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Looff Hippodrome"}], "question": "What historic landmark is located on the Pier?", "id": "572f384404bcaa1900d76794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "largest"}], "question": "La Monica Ballroom used to be what type of ballroom in the United States?", "id": "572f384404bcaa1900d76795"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Santa Monica Civic Auditorium"}], "question": "Where were the Academy Awards held in the 1960's?", "id": "572f384404bcaa1900d76796"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "McCabe's Guitar Shop"}], "question": "What place is still considered a prominent acoustic performance area?", "id": "572f384404bcaa1900d76797"}]}], ["Santa Monica telah lama didiami oleh orang-orang Tongva. Santa Monica dipanggil Kecheek dalam bahasa Tongva. Kumpulan pertama yang bukan asli untuk menjejakkan kaki di kawasan itu adalah parti explorer Gaspar de Portol\u00e0, yang berkhemah dekat persimpangan hari ini Barrington dan Ohio Avenues pada 3 Ogos 1769. Terdapat dua versi penamaan kota . Satu mengatakan bahawa ia dinamakan sempena hari perayaan Saint Monica (ibu dari Saint Augustine), tetapi hari perayaannya sebenarnya Mei 4. Versi lain mengatakan bahawa ia telah dinamakan oleh Juan Cresp\u00ed kerana sepasang mata air, Kuruvukkan Springs (Serra Springs), yang mengingatkan air mata bahawa Saint Monica menumpahkan keburukan awal anaknya. <> Apa yang orang asli yang tinggal di Santa Monica memanggilnya sebelum ini? || Kecheek <> Berapa penduduk tempatan yang dipanggil asli ke Kawasan Santa Monica? || Tongva <> Apakah nama penjelajah pertama yang bersentuhan dengan orang asli? || Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 <> Apa tarikh penjelajah menjangkau Santa Monica? || 3 Ogos 1769 <> Hari apa Santa Monica Feast diadakan? || 4 Mei", {"context": "Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portol\u00e0, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named by Juan Cresp\u00ed on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs (Serra Springs), that were reminiscent of the tears that Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Kecheek"}], "question": "What did indigenous people that lived in Santa Monica call it previously?", "id": "572f1c7da23a5019007fc491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Tongva"}], "question": "What was the local population called indigenous to the Santa Monica Area?", "id": "572f1c7da23a5019007fc492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Gaspar de Portol\u00e0"}], "question": "What was the first explorers name that came in contact with the natives?", "id": "572f1c7da23a5019007fc493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "August 3, 1769"}], "question": "What date did the explorer reach Santa Monica?", "id": "572f1c7da23a5019007fc495"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "May 4"}], "question": "What day is the Santa Monica Feast held on?", "id": "572f1c7da23a5019007fc494"}]}], ["Perniagaan Douglas berkembang secara astronomi dengan permulaan Perang Dunia II, yang mempekerjakan seramai 44,000 orang pada tahun 1943. Untuk mempertahankan terhadap pereka set serangan udara dari Warner Brothers Studios menyiapkan penyamaran rumit yang menyamar kilang dan lapangan terbang. Perbadanan RAND bermula sebagai projek Syarikat Douglas pada tahun 1945, dan berpindah ke dalam tangki pemikir bebas pada 14 Mei 1948. RAND akhirnya memperoleh sebuah kampus 15-hektar (61,000 m\u00b2) yang terletak di tengah-tengah pusat Civic dan pintu masuk dermaga . <> Apa yang menyebabkan pertumbuhan syarikat perniagaan Douglas? || Perang Dunia II <> Berapa ramai orang yang bekerja pada tahun 1943? || 44,000 <> Syarikat menggunakan penyamaran dari pereka apa? || Warner Brothers Studios <> Apa syarikat bermula sebagai sebuah projek pada tahun 1945? || RAND <> Apa kamuflase yang dirancang untuk dilakukan? || mempertahankan terhadap serangan udara", {"context": "Douglas's business grew astronomically with the onset of World War II, employing as many as 44,000 people in 1943. To defend against air attack set designers from the Warner Brothers Studios prepared elaborate camouflage that disguised the factory and airfield. The RAND Corporation began as a project of the Douglas Company in 1945, and spun off into an independent think tank on May 14, 1948. RAND eventually acquired a 15-acre (61,000 m\u00b2) campus centrally located between the Civic Center and the pier entrance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "What brought on the Douglas business's company growth?", "id": "572f332ba23a5019007fc4d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "44,000"}], "question": "How many people did the company employ in 1943?", "id": "572f332ba23a5019007fc4da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Warner Brothers Studios"}], "question": "The company used camouflage from what designers?", "id": "572f332ba23a5019007fc4db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "RAND"}], "question": "What company started as a project in 1945?", "id": "572f332ba23a5019007fc4dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "defend against air attack"}], "question": "What was the camouflage designed to do?", "id": "572f332ba23a5019007fc4dc"}]}], ["The Downtown District adalah rumah Third Street Promenade, sebuah daerah membeli-belah pejalan kaki yang utama di luar yang membentang untuk tiga blok antara Wilshire Blvd. dan Broadway (tidak Broadway sama di pusat bandar dan selatan Los Angeles). Third Street ditutup kepada kenderaan untuk ketiga-tiga blok tersebut untuk membolehkan orang ramai bersiar-siar, berkumpul, berbelanja dan menikmati penghibur jalanan. Santa Monica Place, yang menampilkan Bloomingdale dan Nordstrom dalam persekitaran luaran tiga tingkat, terletak di hujung selatan Promenade. Selepas tempoh pembangunan semula, pusat membeli-belah dibuka semula pada musim gugur tahun 2010 sebagai pusat membeli-belah moden, hiburan dan tempat makan dengan lebih banyak ruang luar. <> The Third Street Promenade terletak di bahagian mana Santa Monica? || Downtown District <> Seberapa besar Promenade Ketiga Street? || tiga blok <> Apakah akses Third Street dimatikan? || kenderaan <> Apa dua kedai utama utama terletak di Third Street Promenade? || Bloomingdale's and Nordstrom <> Tahun apakah mal dibuka semula? || 2010", {"context": "The Downtown District is the home of the Third Street Promenade, a major outdoor pedestrian-only shopping district that stretches for three blocks between Wilshire Blvd. and Broadway (not the same Broadway in downtown and south Los Angeles). Third Street is closed to vehicles for those three blocks to allow people to stroll, congregate, shop and enjoy street performers. Santa Monica Place, featuring Bloomingdale's and Nordstrom in a three-level outdoor environment, is located at the south end of the Promenade. After a period of redevelopment, the mall reopened in the fall of 2010 as a modern shopping, entertainment and dining complex with more outdoor space.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Downtown District"}], "question": "The Third Street Promenade is located in what part of Santa Monica?", "id": "572f3a0e947a6a140053c7f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "three blocks"}], "question": "How large is the Third Street Promenade?", "id": "572f3a0e947a6a140053c7f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "vehicles"}], "question": "What is Third Street access shut off from?", "id": "572f3a0e947a6a140053c7fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Bloomingdale's and Nordstrom"}], "question": "What two major department stores are located at the Third Street Promenade?", "id": "572f3a0e947a6a140053c7fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "2010"}], "question": "What year did the mall reopen?", "id": "572f3a0e947a6a140053c7fc"}]}], ["Santa Monica adalah salah satu daripada perbandaran aktivis yang paling ramah lingkungan di negara ini. Bandar pertama kali mencadangkan Rancangan Bandar Berkelanjutannya pada tahun 1992 dan pada tahun 1994, adalah salah satu bandar raya pertama di negara ini untuk secara rasmi menerima pelan kemapanan yang komprehensif, menetapkan dasar pengurangan sampah dan pemuliharaan air untuk sektor awam dan swasta melalui Pejabat Kemapanan dan Alam sekitar. Lapan puluh dua peratus daripada kenderaan awam di bandar ini kini menggunakan bahan api alternatif, termasuk hampir 100% sistem bas perbandaran, menjadikannya antara armada terbesar di negara ini. Kenderaan armada Santa Monica dan Bas kini menggunakan gas asli mereka dari Redeem, pembekal berasaskan gas alam semula jadi yang boleh diperbaharui dan mampan yang diperoleh daripada biogas metana tanpa frasa yang dijana daripada sisa pelupusan sampah organik. <> Dalam tempoh dua tahun apakah Rancangan Bandar Berkelanjutan pertama yang diperkenalkan? || 1992 dan pada tahun 1994 <> Sebanyak peratus daripada kenderaan awam di bandar menggunakan bahan api alternatif? || Lapan puluh dua <> Dasar pemuliharaan air telah digunakan oleh dua sektor? || awam dan swasta <> Sebanyak peratus daripada sistem bas menggunakan bahan api alternatif? || 100% <> Apa syarikat menyediakan bandar dengan gas asli? || Tebus", {"context": "Santa Monica is one of the most environmentally activist municipalities in the nation. The city first proposed its Sustainable City Plan in 1992 and in 1994, was one of the first cities in the nation to formally adopt a comprehensive sustainability plan, setting waste reduction and water conservation policies for both public and private sector through its Office of Sustainability and the Environment. Eighty-two percent of the city's public works vehicles now run on alternative fuels, including nearly 100% of the municipal bus system, making it among the largest such fleets in the country. Santa Monica fleet vehicles and Buses now source their natural gas from Redeem, a Southern California-based supplier of renewable and sustainable natural gas obtained from non-fracked methane biogas generated from organic landfill waste.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "1992 and in 1994"}], "question": "In what two years were the first Sustainable City Plan's introduced?", "id": "572f417d04bcaa1900d767df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Eighty-two"}], "question": "What percent of the city's public work's vehicles use alternate fuels?", "id": "572f417d04bcaa1900d767e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "public and private"}], "question": "Water conservation policies have been adopted by what two sectors?", "id": "572f417d04bcaa1900d767e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "100%"}], "question": "What percent of the bus systems use alternate fuels?", "id": "572f417d04bcaa1900d767e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "Redeem"}], "question": "What company provides the city with natural gas?", "id": "572f417d04bcaa1900d767e3"}]}], ["Dikelaskan sebagai iklim Mediterranean Subtropika (K\u00f6ppen Csb), Santa Monica menikmati purata 310 hari cahaya matahari setahun. Ia terletak di kawasan kebun tumbuhan USDA 11a. Kerana lokasinya, terletak di Teluk Santa Monica yang luas dan terbuka, kabut pagi adalah fenomena biasa pada bulan Mei, Jun dan awal bulan Julai (disebabkan oleh variasi suhu laut dan arus). Seperti penduduk lain kawasan Los Angeles yang lebih besar, penduduk mempunyai istilah tertentu untuk fenomena ini: \"May Grey\" dan \"Jun Gloom\". Langit mendung adalah perkara biasa pada waktu pagi pada bulan Jun, tetapi biasanya matahari terbakar terbakar kabut siang. Di akhir musim sejuk / awal musim panas, kabus harian juga fenomena. Ia berlaku secara tiba-tiba dan mungkin beberapa jam atau masa matahari terbenam masa lalu. Walau bagaimanapun, ia kadang-kadang akan mendung dan sejuk sepanjang hari pada bulan Jun, walaupun bahagian lain kawasan Los Angeles menikmati langit yang cerah dan suhu yang lebih panas. Pada masa-masa, matahari boleh bersinar di timur Jalan ke-20, sementara kawasan pantai mendung. Sebagai peraturan umum, suhu pantai adalah dari 5 hingga 10 darjah Fahrenheit (3 hingga 6 darjah Celsius) lebih sejuk daripada di pedalaman semasa musim panas, dan 5-10 darjah lebih panas semasa musim sejuk. <> Kira-kira berapa hari sinar matahari yang dilakukan Santa Monica setiap tahun? || 310 <> Apa zon hardiness USDA terletak di Santa Monica? || 11a <> Apa yang lazim berlaku pada waktu pagi pada bulan Mei? || kabus <> Apa yang penduduk setempat mencipta masa pagi pada bulan Mei? || \"Boleh Kelabu\" <> Apakah suhu pantai di Fahrenheit semasa musim panas? || 5 hingga 10 darjah", {"context": "Classified as a Subtropical Mediterranean climate (K\u00f6ppen Csb), Santa Monica enjoys an average of 310 days of sunshine a year. It is located in USDA plant hardiness zone 11a. Because of its location, nestled on the vast and open Santa Monica Bay, morning fog is a common phenomenon in May, June and early July (caused by ocean temperature variations and currents). Like other inhabitants of the greater Los Angeles area, residents have a particular terminology for this phenomenon: the \"May Gray\" and the \"June Gloom\". Overcast skies are common during June mornings, but usually the strong sun burns the fog off by noon. In the late winter/early summer, daily fog is a phenomenon too. It happens suddenly and it may last some hours or past sunset time. Nonetheless, it will sometimes stay cloudy and cool all day during June, even as other parts of the Los Angeles area enjoy sunny skies and warmer temperatures. At times, the sun can be shining east of 20th Street, while the beach area is overcast. As a general rule, the beach temperature is from 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (3 to 6 degrees Celsius) cooler than it is inland during summer days, and 5\u201310 degrees warmer during winter nights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "310"}], "question": "Roughly how many days of sunshine does Santa Monica get annually? ", "id": "572f3f8f04bcaa1900d767cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "11a"}], "question": "What USDA hardiness zone is Santa Monica located in?", "id": "572f3f8f04bcaa1900d767ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "fog"}], "question": "What commonly occurs on the mornings in May?", "id": "572f3f8f04bcaa1900d767cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "\"May Gray\""}], "question": "What have locals coined the morning time in May?", "id": "572f3f8f04bcaa1900d767d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1050, "text": "5 to 10 degrees"}], "question": "What is the beach temperature in Fahrenheit during the summer ? ", "id": "572f3f8f04bcaa1900d767d1"}]}], ["Santa Monica mempunyai rancangan tindakan basikal dan baru-baru ini melancarkan sistem perkongsian Basikal pada bulan November 2015. Bandar ini dilalui oleh Marvin Braude Bike Trail. Santa Monica telah menerima Anugerah Komuniti Mesra Basikal (Bronze pada tahun 2009, Perak pada tahun 2013) oleh Liga Penunggang Basikal Amerika. Pertubuhan sokongan basikal tempatan termasuk Santa Monica Spoke, sebuah bab tempatan dari Los Angeles County Bicycle Bicycle Coalition. Santa Monica dianggap sebagai salah satu pemimpin bagi infrastruktur basikal dan pengaturcaraan di Los Angeles County. [Rujukan?] <> Rancangan apa yang melancarkan sistem perkongsian basikal? || tindakan basikal <> Bilakah sistem perkongsian Basikal Santa Monica dilancarkan? || November 2015 <> Apakah nama jejak basikal yang melalui Santa Monica? || Marvin Braude <> Bilakah Anugerah Komuniti Mesra Basikal paling terkini yang diberikan kepada Santa Monica? || 2013 <> Apa tahun lain Santa Monica menerima anugerah Komuniti Mesra Basikal? || 2009", {"context": "Santa Monica has a bike action plan and recently launched a Bicycle sharing system in November 2015. The city is traversed by the Marvin Braude Bike Trail. Santa Monica has received the Bicycle Friendly Community Award (Bronze in 2009, Silver in 2013) by the League of American Bicyclists. Local bicycle advocacy organizations include Santa Monica Spoke, a local chapter of the Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition. Santa Monica is thought to be one of the leaders for bicycle infrastructure and programming in Los Angeles County.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "bike action"}], "question": "What plan launched a Bicycle sharing system?", "id": "57302e1c947a6a140053d224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "November 2015"}], "question": "When was Santa Monica's Bicycle sharing system launched?", "id": "57302e1c947a6a140053d225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Marvin Braude"}], "question": "What is the name of the bike trail that goes through Santa Monica?", "id": "57302e1c947a6a140053d226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When was the most recent Bicycle Friendly Community Award given to Santa Monica? ", "id": "57302e1c947a6a140053d227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "2009"}], "question": "What other year did Santa Monica receive the Bicycle Friendly Community award?", "id": "57302e1c947a6a140053d228"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1999, terdapat pembunuhan beramai-ramai di kedai Westside Clothing di Lincoln Boulevard. Semasa kejadian itu, ahli kumpulan geng Culver City David \"Puppet\" Robles dan Jesse \"Psycho\" Garcia memasuki kedai itu bertopeng dan mula membakar, membunuh Anthony dan Michael Juarez. Mereka kemudian berlari ke luar untuk kenderaan yang didorong oleh anggota geng Culver City ketiga, yang kini sedang dalam tahanan. Kedai pakaian dipercayai menjadi tempat berkumpul setempat bagi anggota geng Santa Monica. Yang mati termasuk dua orang lelaki dari California Utara yang hanya mengunjungi pemilik kedai, sepupu mereka, untuk melihat apakah mereka dapat membuka kedai serupa di kawasan mereka. Polis mengatakan insiden itu sebagai tindakan balas terhadap penangkapan yang dilakukan oleh geng Santa Monica 13 hari sebelum saudara-saudara Juarez ditembak mati. <> Pada tahun apakah ada pembunuhan beramai-ramai? || 1999 <> Di manakah pembunuhan ini dilakukan? || Kedai Westside Clothing <> Apa geng yang disebutkan berkaitan dengan jenayah ini? || Culver City <> Apa dua orang terbunuh di dalam kedai? || Anthony dan Michael Juarez <> Di manakah pemandu percutian pembunuhan geng bandar Culver? || dalam tahanan", {"context": "In 1999, there was a double homicide in the Westside Clothing store on Lincoln Boulevard. During the incident, Culver City gang members David \"Puppet\" Robles and Jesse \"Psycho\" Garcia entered the store masked and began opening fire, killing Anthony and Michael Juarez. They then ran outside to a getaway vehicle driven by a third Culver City gang member, who is now also in custody. The clothing store was believed to be a local hang out for Santa Monica gang members. The dead included two men from Northern California who had merely been visiting the store's owner, their cousin, to see if they could open a similar store in their area. Police say the incident was in retaliation for a shooting committed by the Santa Monica 13 gang days before the Juarez brothers were gunned down.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1999"}], "question": "In what year was there a double homicide?", "id": "5730370004bcaa1900d77385"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Westside Clothing store"}], "question": "Where was this homicide perpetrated?", "id": "5730370004bcaa1900d77386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Culver City"}], "question": "What gang is mentioned in connection with this crime?", "id": "5730370004bcaa1900d77387"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Anthony and Michael Juarez"}], "question": "What two people were killed inside the store?", "id": "5730370004bcaa1900d77388"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "in custody"}], "question": "Where is the getaway driver of the Culver city gang murder?", "id": "5730370004bcaa1900d77389"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2006, jenayah di Santa Monica terjejas 4.41% daripada populasi, sedikit lebih rendah daripada kadar jenayah purata kebangsaan pada tahun 4.48%. Majoriti ini adalah jenayah harta benda, yang menjejaskan 3.74% penduduk Santa Monica pada tahun 2006; ini lebih tinggi daripada kadar Los Angeles County (2.76%) dan California (3.17%), tetapi lebih rendah daripada purata kebangsaan (3.91%). Kadar jenayah per kapita ini dikira berdasarkan jumlah penduduk Santa Monica sekitar 85,000. Walau bagaimanapun, Jabatan Polis Santa Monica telah mencadangkan kadar jenayah per kapita sebenarnya jauh lebih rendah, kerana pelancong, pekerja, dan penumpang pantai dapat meningkatkan penduduk siang hari di antara 250,000 hingga 450,000 orang. <> Pada tahun 2006 berapa peratus penduduknya terjejas oleh jenayah? || 4.41% <> Berapa peratus jenayah adalah hak harta pada tahun 2006? || 3.74% <> Pada tahun 2006 apakah jenayah yang kebanyakannya terdiri daripada? || harta <> Bagaimana kadar jenayah Santa Monica per kapita dikira? || dikira berdasarkan <> Jabatan Polis Santa Monica mencadangkan bahawa kadar jenayah per kapita bergoyang dalam apa cara? || jauh lebih rendah", {"context": "In 2006, crime in Santa Monica affected 4.41% of the population, slightly lower than the national average crime rate that year of 4.48%. The majority of this was property crime, which affected 3.74% of Santa Monica's population in 2006; this was higher than the rates for Los Angeles County (2.76%) and California (3.17%), but lower than the national average (3.91%). These per-capita crime rates are computed based on Santa Monica's full-time population of about 85,000. However, the Santa Monica Police Department has suggested the actual per-capita crime rate is much lower, as tourists, workers, and beachgoers can increase the city's daytime population to between 250,000 and 450,000 people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "4.41%"}], "question": "In 2006 what percent of the population was impacted by crime?", "id": "573035cd947a6a140053d294"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "3.74%"}], "question": "What percent of crime was strictly property in 2006?", "id": "573035cd947a6a140053d296"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "property"}], "question": "In 2006 what was crime mostly comprised of?", "id": "573035cd947a6a140053d295"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "computed based"}], "question": "How are the Santa Monica per-capita crime rates calculated?", "id": "573035cd947a6a140053d297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "much lower"}], "question": "The Santa Monica Police Department suggests that the per-capita crime rate sways in what way?", "id": "573035cd947a6a140053d298"}]}], ["Aspek sejarah laluan Ekspo patut dicatat. Ia menggunakan laluan kanan untuk Talian Udara Santa Monica yang menyediakan perkhidmatan pengangkutan dan penumpang berkuasa elektrik antara Los Angeles dan Santa Monica bermula pada tahun 1920-an. Perkhidmatan dihentikan pada tahun 1953 tetapi pengiriman barang berkuasa diesel ke gudang di sepanjang laluan itu berterusan sehingga 11 Mac 1988. Peninggalan garis itu memunculkan kebimbangan di dalam masyarakat dan keseluruhan hak dibeli telah dibeli dari Pasifik Selatan oleh Los Angeles Metropolitan Pihak Berkuasa Pengangkutan. Barisan ini dibina pada tahun 1875 sebagai Los Angeles dan Keretapi Kemerdekaan berkuasa stim untuk membawa bijih perlombongan ke kapal-kapal di pelabuhan Santa Monica dan sebagai kereta api penumpang penumpang ke pantai. <> Bermula dalam apa dekad apakah perkhidmatan pengangkutan barang dan penumpang Santa Monica Expo Air Line? || 1920-an <> Tahun apakah pengangkutan barang dan penumpang Santa Monica berhenti berjalan? || 1953 <> Penghantaran barang berkuasa Diesel berterusan sehingga tarikh? || 11 Mac 1988 <> Apa hasil daripada penghentian penggunaan garis penghantaran? || telah dibeli <> Siapa yang membeli garis Ekspo dari Pasifik Selatan? || Pasifik Selatan oleh Pihak Berkuasa Pengangkutan Metropolitan Los Angeles", {"context": "Historical aspects of the Expo line route are noteworthy. It uses the right-of-way for the Santa Monica Air Line that provided electric-powered freight and passenger service between Los Angeles and Santa Monica beginning in the 1920s. Service was discontinued in 1953 but diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses along the route continued until March 11, 1988. The abandonment of the line spurred concerns within the community and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The line was built in 1875 as the steam-powered Los Angeles and Independence Railroad to bring mining ore to ships in Santa Monica harbor and as a passenger excursion train to the beach.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "1920s"}], "question": "Beginning in what decade did the Santa Monica  Expo Air Line host freight and passenger services?", "id": "57303380a23a5019007fcf67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "1953"}], "question": "What year did the Santa Monica freight and passenger service stop running?", "id": "57303380a23a5019007fcf68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "March 11, 1988"}], "question": "Diesel powered freight deliveries continued through what date?", "id": "57303380a23a5019007fcf69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "was purchased"}], "question": "What was the result from the discontinuation of using the line for deliveries?", "id": "57303380a23a5019007fcf6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}], "question": "Who bought the Expo line from Southern Pacific?", "id": "57303380a23a5019007fcf6b"}]}], ["Terdapat 46,917 isi rumah, di mana 7,835 (16.7%) mempunyai kanak-kanak di bawah umur 18 tahun, 13,092 (27.9%) adalah pasangan suami isteri yang bertentangan dengan pasangan, 3,510 (7.5%) mempunyai seorang isteri perempuan tanpa suami Kini, 1,327 (2.8%) mempunyai seorang penghulu lelaki tanpa isteri hadir. Terdapat 2,867 (6.1%) perkongsian bertentangan jantina tanpa perkahwinan, dan 416 (0.9%) pasangan suami isteri atau perkongsian sama jantina. 22,716 isi rumah (48.4%) terdiri daripada individu dan 5,551 (11.8%) mempunyai seseorang yang tinggal bersendirian yang berusia 65 tahun ke atas. Saiz isi rumah purata ialah 1.87. Terdapat 17,929 keluarga (38.2% daripada semua isi rumah); saiz keluarga purata adalah 2.79. <> Berapa jumlah saiz keluarga purata? || 2.79 <> Berapa peratus isi rumah dibuat dari satu orang? || 48.4% <> Berapa peratus isi rumah mempunyai lebih daripada 65 orang di dalamnya? || 11.8% <> Sekurang-kurangnya berapa banyak pasangan yang sama-sama di sana? || 416 <> Berapa peratus isi rumah mempunyai kanak-kanak di bawah umur 18 tahun? || 16.7%", {"context": "There were 46,917 households, out of which 7,835 (16.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,092 (27.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,510 (7.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,327 (2.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,867 (6.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 416 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 22,716 households (48.4%) were made up of individuals and 5,551 (11.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.87. There were 17,929 families (38.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.79.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "2.79"}], "question": "What was the total average family size?", "id": "5730283fa23a5019007fceb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "48.4%"}], "question": "What percent of households were made of one person?", "id": "5730283fa23a5019007fceb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "11.8%"}], "question": "What percent of households had someone over 65 living in it?", "id": "5730283fa23a5019007fceb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "416"}], "question": "Roughly how many same-sex couples were there?", "id": "5730283fa23a5019007fceb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "16.7%"}], "question": "What percent of household have children under 18?", "id": "5730283fa23a5019007fceb5"}]}], ["Kolej Santa Monica adalah sebuah kolej junior yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1929. Ramai graduan SMC memindahkan ke sistem Universiti California. Ia menduduki 35 ekar (14 hektar) dan mendaftarkan 30,000 pelajar setiap tahun. Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, yang berkaitan dengan RAND Corporation, adalah pengeluar PhD dasar pengeluar awam A.S.. Institut Seni California - Los Angeles juga terletak di Santa Monica berhampiran Lapangan Terbang Santa Monica. Universiti dan kolej dalam lingkungan 22 batu (35 km) dari Santa Monica termasuk Kolej Santa Monica, Universiti Antioch Los Angeles, Universiti Loyola Marymount, Kolej Gunung St. Mary, Universiti Pepperdine, Universiti Negeri California, Northridge, Universiti Negeri California, Los Angeles, UCLA, USC, Kolej Los Angeles Barat, Institut Teknologi California (Caltech), Kolej Occidental (Oxy), Kolej Los Angeles City, Kolej Southwest Los Angeles, Kolej Los Angeles Valley, dan Kolej Perubatan Tradisional Oriental Kaisar. <> Tahun apakah kolej junior Santa Monica ditubuhkan? || 1929 <> Sebanyak hektar tanah adalah Kolej Junior Santa Monica? || 35 <> Dengan kawasan apa Art institute di Santa Monica? || Lapangan Terbang <> Terdapat banyak kolej dan universiti dalam radius apa Santa Monica? || 22-batu <> Berapa banyak pelajar mendaftar ke SMC setiap tahun? || 30,000", {"context": "Santa Monica College is a junior college originally founded in 1929. Many SMC graduates transfer to the University of California system. It occupies 35 acres (14 hectares) and enrolls 30,000 students annually. The Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, associated with the RAND Corporation, is the U.S.'s largest producer of public policy PhDs. The Art Institute of California \u2013 Los Angeles is also located in Santa Monica near the Santa Monica Airport. Universities and colleges within a 22-mile (35 km) radius from Santa Monica include Santa Monica College, Antioch University Los Angeles, Loyola Marymount University, Mount St. Mary's College, Pepperdine University, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Los Angeles, UCLA, USC, West Los Angeles College, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Occidental College (Oxy), Los Angeles City College, Los Angeles Southwest College, Los Angeles Valley College, and Emperor's College of Traditional Oriental Medicine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "1929"}], "question": "What year was the Santa Monica junior college founded?", "id": "57302bd0a23a5019007fceed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "35"}], "question": "How many acres of land is the Santa Monica Junior College?", "id": "57302bd0a23a5019007fceee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Airport"}], "question": "By what area is the Art institute in Santa Monica?", "id": "57302bd0a23a5019007fceef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "22-mile"}], "question": "There are a plethora of colleges and universities within what radius of Santa Monica?", "id": "57302bd0a23a5019007fcef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "30,000"}], "question": "How many students enroll to the SMC annually?  ", "id": "57302bd0a23a5019007fcef1"}]}], ["Bandar ini juga sedang dalam proses melaksanakan Rancangan Aksi Basikal 5 tahun dan 20 tahun dengan matlamat mencapai mod pengangkutan basikal 14 hingga 35% menjelang 2030 melalui pemasangan infrastruktur basikal yang dipertingkatkan di seluruh bandaraya. Inisiatif lain yang berfokus kepada alam sekitar termasuk kitar semula curbside, sampah pengkomposan sampingan (selain sampah, sisa buangan, dan tong kitar semula), pasar petani, taman komuniti, perkongsian taman, inisiatif hutan bandar, perkhidmatan pengumpulan rumah yang berbahaya, pensijilan perniagaan hijau, dan sistem bas perbandaran yang sedang dirombak untuk mengintegrasikan dengan Expo Line yang akan dibuka. <> Berapa tahun rancangan bandar mempunyai infrastruktur basikal? || 2030 <> Bandar ini mempunyai dua Pelan Tindakan basikal berapa tahun? || 5 tahun dan 20 <> Sistem bas di bandar sedang diangkut untuk bekerja dengan program lain? || Ekspo Line <> Peratusan berapakah sasaran mod pengangkutan bandar Bike? || 14 hingga 35% <> Apa jenis perakuan perniagaan yang mereka merancang untuk berkembang? || hijau", {"context": "The city is also in the process of implementing a 5-year and 20 year Bike Action Plan with a goal of attaining 14 to 35% bicycle transportation mode share by 2030 through the installation of enhanced bicycle infrastructure throughout the city. Other environmentally focused initiatives include curbside recycling, curbside composting bins (in addition to trash, yard-waste, and recycle bins), farmers' markets, community gardens, garden-share, an urban forest initiative, a hazardous materials home-collection service, green business certification, and a municipal bus system which is currently being revamped to integrate with the soon-to-open Expo Line.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "2030"}], "question": "What year does the city plan on having a bicycle infrastructure?", "id": "572f457104bcaa1900d767fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "5-year and 20"}], "question": "The city has two bike Action Plans of how many years?", "id": "572f457104bcaa1900d767fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "Expo Line"}], "question": "The city's bus system is being over hauled to work with what other program?", "id": "572f457104bcaa1900d767fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "14 to 35%"}], "question": "What percentages does the city Bike transportation mode's target?", "id": "572f457104bcaa1900d767fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "green"}], "question": "What type of business certification do they plan on expanding?", "id": "572f457104bcaa1900d767ff"}]}], ["Santa Monica Freeway (Interstate 10) bermula di Santa Monica berhampiran Lautan Pasifik dan menuju ke timur. Santa Monica Freeway antara Santa Monica dan pusat bandar Los Angeles mempunyai perbezaan menjadi salah satu lebuh raya yang paling sibuk di seluruh Amerika Utara. Selepas melintasi Los Angeles County, I-10 melintasi tujuh lagi negeri, yang berakhir di Jacksonville, Florida. Di Santa Monica, ada tanda jalan yang menandakan laluan ini sebagai Lebuhraya Transcontinental Christopher Columbus. Laluan Negeri 2 (Santa Monica Boulevard) bermula di Santa Monica, tidak pernah merayau Laluan Negeri 1 di Lincoln Boulevard, dan terus ke timur laut di seluruh Los Angeles County, melalui Hutan Nasional Angeles, menyeberangi Pergunungan San Gabriel sebagai Lebuhraya Crest Angeles, berakhir di Wrightwood . Santa Monica juga merupakan laluan barat (Pasifik) bagi laluan A.S. bersejarah 66. Dekat dengan sempadan timur Santa Monica, Sepulveda Boulevard berlepas dari Long Beach di selatan, ke hujung utara San Fernando Valley. Hanya timur Santa Monica adalah Interstate 405, \"San Diego Freeway\", laluan utara-selatan utama di Los Angeles County dan Orange County, California. <> Apakah nama Santa Monica Freeway? || Interstate 10 <> Jalan apakah jalan 2 bermula? || Santa Monica Boulevard <> Berapa banyak lagi negeri selain California yang beroperasi di antara negeri 10? || tujuh lagi <> Apa bandar dan negeri adakah interstate 10 berakhir di? || Jacksonville, Florida <> Di manakah Freeway Santa Monica bermula? || lautan Pasifik", {"context": "The Santa Monica Freeway (Interstate 10) begins in Santa Monica near the Pacific Ocean and heads east. The Santa Monica Freeway between Santa Monica and downtown Los Angeles has the distinction of being one of the busiest highways in all of North America. After traversing Los Angeles County, I-10 crosses seven more states, terminating at Jacksonville, Florida. In Santa Monica, there is a road sign designating this route as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway. State Route 2 (Santa Monica Boulevard) begins in Santa Monica, barely grazing State Route 1 at Lincoln Boulevard, and continues northeast across Los Angeles County, through the Angeles National Forest, crossing the San Gabriel Mountains as the Angeles Crest Highway, ending in Wrightwood. Santa Monica is also the western (Pacific) terminus of historic U.S. Route 66. Close to the eastern boundary of Santa Monica, Sepulveda Boulevard reaches from Long Beach at the south, to the northern end of the San Fernando Valley. Just east of Santa Monica is Interstate 405, the \"San Diego Freeway\", a major north-south route in Los Angeles County and Orange County, California.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Interstate 10"}], "question": "What is the name of the Santa Monica Freeway?", "id": "57303143a23a5019007fcf47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Santa Monica Boulevard"}], "question": "What road does state route 2 begin on?", "id": "57303143a23a5019007fcf4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "seven more"}], "question": "How many more states aside from California does the interstate 10 run through?", "id": "57303143a23a5019007fcf49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Jacksonville, Florida"}], "question": "What city and state does the interstate 10 end at?", "id": "57303143a23a5019007fcf4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Pacific Ocean"}], "question": "Where does the Santa Monica Freeway begin around?", "id": "57303143a23a5019007fcf48"}]}], ["Sehingga banci tahun 2000, terdapat 84,084 orang, 44,497 isi rumah, dan 16,775 keluarga di bandar. Kepadatan penduduk adalah 10,178.7 penduduk per mil persegi (3,930.4 / km\u00b2). Terdapat 47,863 unit rumah pada ketumpatan purata 5,794.0 satu batu persegi (2,237.3 / km\u00b2). Reka bentuk kaum bandar adalah 78.29% Putih, 7.25% Asia, 3.78% Afrika Amerika, 0.47% Orang Asli Amerika, 0.10% Kepulauan Pasifik, 5.97% daripada kaum lain dan 4.13% daripada dua atau lebih kaum. 13.44% daripada populasi adalah Hispanik atau Latino mana-mana kaum. Terdapat 44,497 isi rumah, di mana 15.8% mempunyai kanak-kanak di bawah umur 18 tahun, 27.5% adalah pasangan suami isteri yang tinggal bersama, 7.5% mempunyai isi rumah perempuan tanpa suami hadir, dan 62.3% adalah bukan keluarga. 51.2% daripada semua isi rumah terdiri daripada individu dan 10.6% mempunyai seseorang yang tinggal bersendirian yang berumur 65 tahun ke atas. Saiz isi rumah purata ialah 1.83 dan saiz keluarga purata adalah 2.80. <> Berapa ramai penduduk dalam banci tahun 2000? || 84,084 <> Berapa banyak keluarga bandar di sana? || 16,775 <> Apakah kepadatan penduduk setiap batu persegi? || 10,178.7 <> Dari 2000 apakah saiz keluarga purata? || 2.80 <> Sebanyak peratus dalam banci tahun 2000 mempunyai orang di bawah umur 18 tahun? || 15.8%", {"context": "As of the census of 2000, there are 84,084 people, 44,497 households, and 16,775 families in the city. The population density is 10,178.7 inhabitants per square mile (3,930.4/km\u00b2). There are 47,863 housing units at an average density of 5,794.0 per square mile (2,237.3/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city is 78.29% White, 7.25% Asian, 3.78% African American, 0.47% Native American, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 5.97% from other races, and 4.13% from two or more races. 13.44% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 44,497 households, out of which 15.8% have children under the age of 18, 27.5% are married couples living together, 7.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 62.3% are non-families. 51.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.83 and the average family size is 2.80.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "84,084"}], "question": "How many citizen's were in the year 2000 census?", "id": "57302968a23a5019007fcec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "16,775"}], "question": "How many urban families were there?", "id": "57302968a23a5019007fcec6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "10,178.7"}], "question": "What is the population density per square mile?", "id": "57302968a23a5019007fcec7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 922, "text": "2.80"}], "question": "From 2000 what was the average family size?", "id": "57302968a23a5019007fcec9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "15.8%"}], "question": "What percent in the 2000 census had persons under the age of 18?", "id": "57302968a23a5019007fcec8"}]}], ["Kemudahan aliran air bandar (SMURFF), yang pertama seumpamanya di Amerika Syarikat, menangkap dan merawat 3.5 juta gelen US (13,000 m3) air setiap minggu yang sebaliknya akan mengalir ke teluk melalui longkang-hujan dan menjualnya kembali ke akhir- pengguna di dalam bandar untuk digunakan semula sebagai air kelabu, sementara bio-swales di seluruh bandar membenarkan air hujan untuk meresap ke dalam dan menambah bekalan air bawah tanah. Bekalan air bawah tanah pula memainkan peranan penting dalam Pelan Induk Air Lestari di bandar, di mana Santa Monica telah menetapkan matlamat untuk mencapai kemerdekaan 100% air pada tahun 2020. Bandar ini mempunyai banyak program yang direka untuk mempromosikan pemuliharaan air di kalangan penduduk termasuk rebat $ 1.50 setiap kaki persegi bagi orang-orang yang menukar kawasan rumput air yang intensif ke taman-taman yang tahan toleran kemarau tempatan yang memerlukan kurang air. <> Apakah nama kemudahan larian bandar? || (SMURFF) <> Berapa banyak gelen air (SMURFF) merawat setiap minggu? || 3.5 juta <> Berapa banyak wang yang dapat diperoleh kembali penduduk untuk mengambil bahagian dalam pemuliharaan air bagi kaki persegi? || $ 1.50 <> Santa Monica merancang untuk kemerdekaan air pada tahun berapa? || 2020 <> Jika (SMURFF) tidak mengumpul air di mana ia akan pergi? || ke dalam teluk", {"context": "An urban runoff facility (SMURFF), the first of its kind in the US, catches and treats 3.5 million US gallons (13,000 m3) of water each week that would otherwise flow into the bay via storm-drains and sells it back to end-users within the city for reuse as gray-water, while bio-swales throughout the city allow rainwater to percolate into and replenish the groundwater supply. The groundwater supply in turn plays an important role in the city's Sustainable Water Master Plan, whereby Santa Monica has set a goal of attaining 100% water independence by 2020. The city has numerous programs designed to promote water conservation among residents, including a rebate of $1.50 per square foot for those who convert water intensive lawns to more local drought-tolerant gardens that require less water.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "(SMURFF)"}], "question": "What is the name of the urban runoff facility?", "id": "572f435f947a6a140053c828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "3.5 million"}], "question": "How many gallons of water does (SMURFF) treat every week?", "id": "572f435f947a6a140053c829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "$1.50"}], "question": "How much money do residents get back for participating in water conservation per square foot?", "id": "572f435f947a6a140053c82b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "2020"}], "question": "Santa Monica plans on water independence by what year?", "id": "572f435f947a6a140053c82a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "into the bay"}], "question": "If (SMURFF) did not collect water where would it go?", "id": "572f435f947a6a140053c82c"}]}], ["Santa Monica dipaparkan dalam permainan video True Crime: Jalan LA (2003), Vampire: The Masquerade - Bloodlines (2004), Grand Theft Auto San Andreas (2004) sebagai daerah fiksyen - Santa Maria Beach, Hancurkan Semua Manusia! (2004), Tony Hawk's American Wasteland (2005), LA Rush (2005), Midnight Club: Los Angeles (2008), Kereta Race-O-Rama (2009) Perro, Call of Duty: Hantu (2013) sebagai asas ketenteraan fiksyen AS - Fort Santa Monica, The Crew (2014), Need for Speed (2015) <> Apa jenis permainan Santa Monica yang dipaparkan? || video <> Dalam tahun apakah pelepasan American Wasteland Tony Hawk? || 2005 <> Apa permainan video yang memaparkan Santa Monica pada tahun 2003? || Jenayah Benar: Jalan LA <> Grand Theft Auto V dikeluarkan pada tahun berapa? || 2013 <> Apa permainan video dipaparkan Santa Monica pada tahun 2015? || Perlu untuk Kelajuan", {"context": "Santa Monica is featured in the video games True Crime: Streets of LA (2003), Vampire: The Masquerade \u2013 Bloodlines (2004), Grand Theft Auto San Andreas (2004) as a fictional district - Santa Maria Beach, Destroy All Humans! (2004), Tony Hawk's American Wasteland (2005), L.A. Rush (2005), Midnight Club: Los Angeles (2008), Cars Race-O-Rama (2009), Grand Theft Auto V (2013) as a fictional district \u2013 Del Perro, Call of Duty: Ghosts (2013) as a fictional U.S. military base \u2013 Fort Santa Monica, The Crew (2014), Need for Speed (2015)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "video"}], "question": "What type of games is Santa Monica featured in?", "id": "57303a4904bcaa1900d773d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year did Tony hawk's American Wasteland release?", "id": "57303a4904bcaa1900d773d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "True Crime: Streets of LA"}], "question": "What video game features Santa Monica in 2003?", "id": "57303a4904bcaa1900d773d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "2013"}], "question": "Grand theft Auto V was released in what year?", "id": "57303a4904bcaa1900d773da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Need for Speed"}], "question": "What video game featured Santa Monica in 2015?", "id": "57303a4904bcaa1900d773db"}]}], ["Beratus-ratus filem telah ditembak atau diletakkan di bahagian dalam bandar Santa Monica. Salah satu gambar eksotik tertua di Santa Monica ialah Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage (1929) yang menunjukkan banyak jalan ke-2. Komedi Ia Mad, Mad, Mad, World Mad (1963) termasuk beberapa adegan yang ditembak di Santa Monica, termasuk di sepanjang California Incline, yang membawa kepada tempat harta karun filem, \"The Big W\". The Sylvester Stallone filem Rocky III (1982) menunjukkan latihan Rocky Balboa dan Apollo Creed untuk melawan Clubber Lang dengan berlari di Santa Monica Beach, dan Stallone's Demolition Man (1993) termasuk tetapan Santa Monica. Indie Henry Jaglom's Someone to Love (1987), filem terakhir di mana Orson Welles muncul, berlangsung di Mayfair Theatre yang dimeriahkan oleh Santa Monica. Heathers (1989) menggunakan Sekolah Menengah John Adams di Santa Monica untuk banyak gambar luaran. Kebenaran Mengenai Kucing & Anjing (1996) ditetapkan sepenuhnya di Santa Monica, khususnya kawasan Palisades Park, dan mempunyai stesen radio yang menyerupai KCRW di Santa Monica College. 17 Lagi (2009) ditembak di Samohi. Filem lain yang menunjukkan gambar luar Santa Monica termasuk Fletch (1985), Spesis (1995), Get Shorty (1995), dan Ocean's Eleven (2001). Biopik Aimee Semple McPherson Richard Rossi membuka dan menutup di pantai di Santa Monica. Iron Man mempunyai jeti Santa Monica dan komuniti di sekelilingnya sebagai Tony Stark menguji saman penerbangan eksperimennya. <> Apa salah satu gambar luaran tertua di Santa Monica? || Buster Keaton's Spite Perkahwinan <> Apa ini paparan luar ikonik ikonik? || Sebanyak 2 Street <> Apa filem 1982 termasuk Sylvester Stallone berjalan di Santa Monica Beach? || Rocky III <> Apa filem tahun 1996 ditetapkan sepenuhnya di Santa Monica? || Kebenaran Mengenai Kucing & Anjing <> Filem apa yang ditembak di Samohi? || Sekali lagi", {"context": "Hundreds of movies have been shot or set in part within the city of Santa Monica. One of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica is Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage (1929) which shows much of 2nd Street. The comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) included several scenes shot in Santa Monica, including those along the California Incline, which led to the movie's treasure spot, \"The Big W\". The Sylvester Stallone film Rocky III (1982) shows Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed training to fight Clubber Lang by running on the Santa Monica Beach, and Stallone's Demolition Man (1993) includes Santa Monica settings. Henry Jaglom's indie Someone to Love (1987), the last film in which Orson Welles appeared, takes place in Santa Monica's venerable Mayfair Theatre. Heathers (1989) used Santa Monica's John Adams Middle School for many exterior shots. The Truth About Cats & Dogs (1996) is set entirely in Santa Monica, particularly the Palisades Park area, and features a radio station that resembles KCRW at Santa Monica College. 17 Again (2009) was shot at Samohi. Other films that show significant exterior shots of Santa Monica include Fletch (1985), Species (1995), Get Shorty (1995), and Ocean's Eleven (2001). Richard Rossi's biopic Aimee Semple McPherson opens and closes at the beach in Santa Monica. Iron Man features the Santa Monica pier and surrounding communities as Tony Stark tests his experimental flight suit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage"}], "question": "What is one of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica?", "id": "573038ab04bcaa1900d773a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "much of 2nd Street"}], "question": "What does this iconic exterior shot display?", "id": "573038ab04bcaa1900d773a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Rocky III"}], "question": "What 1982 movie includes Sylvester Stallone running on the Santa Monica Beach?", "id": "573038ab04bcaa1900d773a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 852, "text": "The Truth About Cats & Dogs"}], "question": "What 1996 movie was set completely in Santa Monica?", "id": "573038ab04bcaa1900d773aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1032, "text": "17 Again"}], "question": "What movie was shot at Samohi?", "id": "573038ab04bcaa1900d773ab"}]}]], [["Canselor universiti pertama ialah Joseph Gibson Hoyt. Crow memperolehi piagam universiti dari Perhimpunan Agung Missouri pada tahun 1853, dan Eliot dinamakan Presiden Lembaga Pemegang Amanah. Awalnya, Eliot mendapat sokongan daripada ahli-ahli komuniti perniagaan tempatan, termasuk John O'Fallon, tetapi Eliot gagal mendapatkan endowment tetap. Universiti Washington adalah luar biasa di kalangan universiti-universiti utama di Amerika yang tidak mempunyai endowmen kewangan sebelum ini. Institusi ini tidak menyokong organisasi keagamaan, penaung kaya, atau memberi sokongan kerajaan. <> Siapa yang canselor Universiti Washington pertama? || Joseph Gibson Hoyt. <> Bilakah Washington University mengamanahkan piagamnya? || 1853 <> Apa yang membuat Washington University unik di kalangan universiti Amerika lain? || tidak mempunyai endowment kewangan sebelumnya <> Siapa presiden pertama Universiti Washington? || Eliot <> Apa bantuan ahli perniagaan tempatan yang memberi sokongan kepada Universiti Washington? || John O'Fallon", {"context": "The university's first chancellor was Joseph Gibson Hoyt. Crow secured the university charter from the Missouri General Assembly in 1853, and Eliot was named President of the Board of Trustees. Early on, Eliot solicited support from members of the local business community, including John O'Fallon, but Eliot failed to secure a permanent endowment. Washington University is unusual among major American universities in not having had a prior financial endowment. The institution had no backing of a religious organization, single wealthy patron, or earmarked government support.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Joseph Gibson Hoyt."}], "question": "Who was the first chancellor of Washington University?", "id": "572f31b3a23a5019007fc4cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "1853"}], "question": "When did Washington University secure its charter?", "id": "572f31b3a23a5019007fc4d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "not having had a prior financial endowment"}], "question": "What makes Washington University unique among other American universities?", "id": "572f31b3a23a5019007fc4d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Eliot"}], "question": "Who was the first president of Washington University?", "id": "572f31b3a23a5019007fc4d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "John O'Fallon"}], "question": "What local businessman help provide support for the Washington University?", "id": "572f31b3a23a5019007fc4d3"}]}], ["Setelah bekerja selama bertahun-tahun di University of Chicago, Arthur Holly Compton kembali ke St. Louis pada tahun 1946 untuk berkhidmat sebagai canselor kesembilan universiti Washington. Compton menubuhkan semula pasukan bola sepak Universiti Washington, membuat pengisytiharan bahawa sukan itu akan dimainkan pada dasar \"amatir amatur\" tanpa biasiswa atletik. Di bawah kepimpinan Compton, pendaftaran di Universiti berkembang secara mendadak, didorong terutamanya oleh penggunaan veteran Perang Dunia II veteran manfaat GI mereka. <> Peranan apa yang dilakukan Arthur Holly Compton di Washington University? || kanselor <> Apa yang membantu membawa kepada peningkatan pendaftaran di Washington University semasa istilah Arthur Holly Compton sebagai canselor? || Penggunaan veteran Perang Dunia II menggunakan faedah GI mereka <> Apa deklarasi yang dilakukan Arthur Holly Compton tentang athletics di Washington University? || Atlet harus dimainkan secara \"amat amatur\" tanpa biasiswa sukan. <> Di mana Arthur Holly Compton berfungsi sebelum kembali ke Universiti Washington? || University of Chicago <> Siapa yang menubuhkan semula pasukan bola sepak Washington University? || Arthur Holly Compton", {"context": "After working for many years at the University of Chicago, Arthur Holly Compton returned to St. Louis in 1946 to serve as Washington University's ninth chancellor. Compton reestablished the Washington University football team, making the declaration that athletics were to be henceforth played on a \"strictly amateur\" basis with no athletic scholarships. Under Compton\u2019s leadership, enrollment at the University grew dramatically, fueled primarily by World War II veterans' use of their GI Bill benefits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "chancellor"}], "question": "What role did Arthur Holly Compton serve at Washington University?", "id": "572f986a947a6a140053cab6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "World War II veterans' use of their GI Bill benefits"}], "question": "What helped lead to the increase of enrollment at Washington University during Arthur Holly Compton's term as chancellor?", "id": "572f986a947a6a140053cab8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "athletics were to be henceforth played on a \"strictly amateur\" basis with no athletic scholarships."}], "question": "What declaration did Arthur Holly Compton make about athletics at Washington University?", "id": "572f986a947a6a140053cab9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "the University of Chicago"}], "question": "Where did Arthur Holly Compton work before returning to Washington University?", "id": "572f986a947a6a140053caba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Arthur Holly Compton"}], "question": "Who reestablished Washington University's football team?", "id": "572f986a947a6a140053cab7"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1867, universiti itu membuka sekolah undang-undang nonsectarian swasta pertama di barat Sungai Mississippi. Menjelang 1882, Universiti Washington telah berkembang ke pelbagai jabatan, yang ditempatkan di pelbagai bangunan di seluruh St. Louis. Kelas perubatan pertama kali diadakan di Washington University pada tahun 1891 selepas St. Louis Medical College memutuskan untuk bergabung dengan Universiti, menubuhkan Sekolah Perubatan. Semasa tahun 1890-an, Robert Sommers Brookings, presiden Lembaga Pemegang Amanah, menjalankan tugas menyusun semula kewangan universiti, meletakkannya di atas asas yang kukuh, dan membeli tanah untuk kampus yang baru. <> Bilakah Washington University membuka sekolah undang-undangnya? || 1867 <> Siapa Robert Somers Brookings? || presiden Lembaga Pemegang Amanah <> Bilakah Universiti Washington menubuhkan sekolah perubatannya? || 1891 <> Bilakah Gabungan kolej St. Louis Medical sendiri dengan Universiti Washington? || 1891", {"context": "In 1867, the university opened the first private nonsectarian law school west of the Mississippi River. By 1882, Washington University had expanded to numerous departments, which were housed in various buildings across St. Louis. Medical classes were first held at Washington University in 1891 after the St. Louis Medical College decided to affiliate with the University, establishing the School of Medicine. During the 1890s, Robert Sommers Brookings, the president of the Board of Trustees, undertook the tasks of reorganizing the university's finances, putting them onto a sound foundation, and buying land for a new campus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1867"}], "question": "When was did Washington University open its law school?", "id": "572f8ead04bcaa1900d76a73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "the president of the Board of Trustees"}], "question": "Who was Robert Somers Brookings?", "id": "572f8ead04bcaa1900d76a75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "1891"}], "question": "When did Washington University establish its medical school? ", "id": "572f8ead04bcaa1900d76a74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "1891"}], "question": "When did St. Louis Medical college affiliate itself with Washington University?", "id": "572f8ead04bcaa1900d76a76"}]}], ["Proses desegregasi di Washington University bermula pada tahun 1947 dengan Sekolah Perubatan dan Sekolah Kerja Sosial. Semasa pertengahan dan akhir 1940-an, Universiti adalah sasaran editorial kritikal dalam akhbar Afrika Amerika tempatan, kempen penulisan surat oleh gereja-gereja dan Liga Bandar tempatan, dan celahan undang-undang oleh NAACP bertujuan untuk menghapus status pengecualian cukai. Pada musim bunga 1949, kumpulan pelajar Universiti Washington, Jawatankuasa Pelajar untuk Kemasukan Negro (SCAN), mula berkempen untuk integrasi kaum penuh. Pada bulan Mei 1952, Lembaga Pemegang Amanah telah meluluskan satu resolusi yang mendesegregasi divisyen sarjana sekolah. <> Bilakah Universiti Washington mula desegregasi? || 1947 <> Apa sekolah pertama yang akan disepadukan di Universiti Washington? || Sekolah Perubatan dan Sekolah Kerja Sosial <> Apakah kumpulan pelajar berkempen untuk integrasi penuh di Washington University pada tahun 1949? || Jawatankuasa Pelajar untuk Kemasukan Negro (SCAN) <> Organisasi apa yang cuba menghalang Washington University dari status pengecualian cukainya pada tahun 1940-an? || NAACP <> Bilakah Lembaga Pemegang Amanah telah meluluskan resolusi untuk mendustegregasi bahagian sarjana muda Washington University? || Mei 1952", {"context": "The process of desegregation at Washington University began in 1947 with the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work. During the mid and late 1940s, the University was the target of critical editorials in the local African American press, letter-writing campaigns by churches and the local Urban League, and legal briefs by the NAACP intended to strip its tax-exempt status. In spring 1949, a Washington University student group, the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN), began campaigning for full racial integration. In May 1952, the Board of Trustees passed a resolution desegregating the school's undergraduate divisions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "1947"}], "question": "When did Washington University begin desegregation?", "id": "572f9b7f947a6a140053cac0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work"}], "question": "What were the first schools to become integrated at Washington University? ", "id": "572f9b7f947a6a140053cac1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN)"}], "question": "What student group campaigned for full integration at Washington University in 1949?", "id": "572f9b7f947a6a140053cac2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "the NAACP"}], "question": "What organization sought to strip Washington University of its tax-exempt status in the 1940's?", "id": "572f9b7f947a6a140053cac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "May 1952"}], "question": "When did the Board of Trustees pass a resolution to desegregate the Washington University undergraduate division? ", "id": "572f9b7f947a6a140053cac4"}]}], ["Universiti Washington menghabiskan abad pertengahan pertama di pusat bandar St. Louis yang dibatasi oleh Washington Ave., Lucas Place, dan Locust Street. Menjelang tahun 1890-an, disebabkan oleh perkembangan Sekolah Sekolah dan penolong baru dalam Robert Brookings, Universiti bermula bergerak ke barat. Lembaga Pengarah Universiti memulakan satu proses untuk mencari tanah yang sesuai dan mengupah firma seni bina landskap Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot dari Boston. Sebuah jawatankuasa Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, dan William Huse mendapati tapak seluas 103 ekar (41.7 ha) di seberang Taman Hutan, terletak di barat sempadan bandar di St. Louis County. Ketinggian tanah itu dianggap menyerupai Acropolis dan mengilhami nama samaran kampus \"Hilltop\", dinamakan semula kampus Danforth pada tahun 2006 untuk menghormati bekas canselor William H. Danforth. <> Di mana adalah Universiti Washington yang terletak pada separuh pertama tahun 1800-an. || pusat bandar St. Louis <> Bilakah Universiti Washington mula berkembang ke barat? || 1890s <> Apa firma seni bina yang diupah oleh Lembaga Pengarah di Universiti Washington? || Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston <> Siapa yang berada di jawatankuasa yang menemui tapak baru untuk Universiti Washington? || Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, dan William Huse <> Apa nama panggilan diberikan kepada tapak kampus yang baru? || Kampus \"Hilltop\"", {"context": "Washington University spent its first half century in downtown St. Louis bounded by Washington Ave., Lucas Place, and Locust Street. By the 1890s, owing to the dramatic expansion of the Manual School and a new benefactor in Robert Brookings, the University began to move west. The University Board of Directors began a process to find suitable ground and hired the landscape architecture firm Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston. A committee of Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse found a site of 103 acres (41.7 ha) just beyond Forest Park, located west of the city limits in St. Louis County. The elevation of the land was thought to resemble the Acropolis and inspired the nickname of \"Hilltop\" campus, renamed the Danforth campus in 2006 to honor former chancellor William H. Danforth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "downtown St. Louis"}], "question": "Where was Washington University located during the first half of the 1800's. ", "id": "572f90e2a23a5019007fc767"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "the 1890s"}], "question": "When did Washington University begin to expand west?", "id": "572f90e2a23a5019007fc768"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston"}], "question": "What architecture firm was hired by the Board of Directors at Washington University? ", "id": "572f90e2a23a5019007fc769"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse"}], "question": "Who was on the committee that found a new site for Washington University?", "id": "572f90e2a23a5019007fc76a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "\"Hilltop\" campus"}], "question": "What nickname was given to the new campus site?", "id": "572f90e2a23a5019007fc76b"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1899, universiti itu membuka pertandingan reka bentuk kebangsaan untuk kampus baru. Firma Philadelphia terkenal Cope & Stewardson memenangi sebulat suara dengan rancangannya untuk bertarung Empat Gothic Collegiate yang diilhamkan oleh Universiti Oxford dan Cambridge. Batu asas bangunan pertama, Busch Hall, diletakkan pada 20 Oktober 1900. Pembinaan Brookings Hall, Ridgley, dan Cupples tidak lama kemudian. Sekolah ini menangguhkan menduduki bangunan-bangunan ini sehingga 1905 untuk menampung 1904 Dunia dan Sukan Olimpik. Kelewatan itu membolehkan universiti membina sepuluh bangunan dan bukannya tujuh yang dirancang awal. Kelompok asal bangunan ini menetapkan pendahuluan untuk pembangunan Kampus Danforth; Pelan asal Cope & Stewardson dan pilihan bahan binaannya, dengan beberapa pengecualian, membimbing pembinaan dan pengembangan Kampus Danforth hingga ke hari ini. <> Bilakah Washington University mengadakan pertandingan reka bentuk kebangsaan untuk kampus yang baru? || 1899 <> Apa firma memenangi pertandingan reka bentuk kebangsaan Universiti Washington? || Cope & Stewardson <> Bilakah batu asas dibentangkan untuk Dewan Busch? || 20 Oktober 1900 <> Apakah nama-nama tiga bangunan yang dibina selepas Busch Hall? || Brookings Hall, Ridgley, dan Cupples <> Mengapa Universiti Washington menangguhkan menduduki bangunan kampus baru sehingga tahun 1905? || untuk menampung 1904 Dunia dan Sukan Olimpik", {"context": "In 1899, the university opened a national design contest for the new campus. The renowned Philadelphia firm Cope & Stewardson won unanimously with its plan for a row of Collegiate Gothic quadrangles inspired by Oxford and Cambridge Universities. The cornerstone of the first building, Busch Hall, was laid on October 20, 1900. The construction of Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples began shortly thereafter. The school delayed occupying these buildings until 1905 to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and Olympics. The delay allowed the university to construct ten buildings instead of the seven originally planned. This original cluster of buildings set a precedent for the development of the Danforth Campus; Cope & Stewardson\u2019s original plan and its choice of building materials have, with few exceptions, guided the construction and expansion of the Danforth Campus to the present day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1899"}], "question": "When did Washington University hold a national design contest for the new campus?", "id": "572f9553b2c2fd1400568225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Cope & Stewardson"}], "question": "What firm won the Washington University national design contest?", "id": "572f9553b2c2fd1400568226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "October 20, 1900"}], "question": "When was the cornerstone laid for Busch Hall?", "id": "572f9553b2c2fd1400568227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples"}], "question": "What were the names of the three buildings constructed after Busch Hall?", "id": "572f9553b2c2fd1400568228"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and Olympics"}], "question": "Why did Washington University delay occupying of the new campus buildings until 1905?", "id": "572f9553b2c2fd1400568229"}]}], ["Universiti Washington di St. Louis (Wash. U., atau WUSTL) adalah sebuah universiti penyelidikan swasta yang terletak di St. Louis, Missouri, Amerika Syarikat. Ditubuhkan pada 1853, dan dinamakan sempena George Washington, universiti itu mempunyai pelajar dan fakulti dari semua 50 buah negeri A.S. dan lebih daripada 120 buah negara. Dua puluh lima pemenang Nobel telah bergabung dengan Washington University, sembilan yang telah melakukan sebahagian besar penyelidikan perintis mereka di universiti. Program sarjana Universiti Washington berada di kedudukan ke-15 oleh A.S. News and World Report. Universiti ini berada di peringkat ke-32 di dunia oleh Kedudukan Akademik Universiti Dunia. <> Bilakah Universiti Washington diasaskan? || 1853 <> Berapa banyak penerima hadiah Nobel telah bergabung dengan Universiti Washington? || Dua puluh lima <> Di mana Universiti Washington berada di peringkat Peringkat Akademik Universiti Dunia? || 32 <> Untuk siapa yang dinamakan Universiti Washington? || George Washington <> Berapa banyak negara yang berbeza terdiri daripada solek fakulti dan pelajar Universiti Washington? || 120", {"context": "Washington University in St. Louis (Wash. U., or WUSTL) is a private research university located in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. Twenty-five Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university. Washington University's undergraduate program is ranked 15th by U.S. News and World Report. The university is ranked 32nd in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "1853"}], "question": "When was Washington University founded?", "id": "572f2d2ab2c2fd1400567f63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Twenty-five"}], "question": "How many Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University?", "id": "572f2d2ab2c2fd1400567f64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "32nd"}], "question": "Where is Washington University ranked among Academic Ranking of World Universities?", "id": "572f2d2ab2c2fd1400567f65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "George Washington"}], "question": "For whom is Washington University named?  ", "id": "572f2d2ab2c2fd1400567f66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "120"}], "question": "How many different countries comprise the makeup of faculty and students of Washington University?", "id": "572f2d2ab2c2fd1400567f67"}]}], ["Semasa separuh akhir abad ke-20, Universiti Washington beralih dari sebuah universiti serantau yang kuat ke sebuah institusi penyelidikan kebangsaan. Pada tahun 1957, perancangan bermula untuk pembinaan \"40 Selatan,\" sebuah kompleks dewan kediaman moden. Dengan tambahan perumahan di kampus, Universiti Washington, yang kebanyakannya menjadi \"kolej kereta api\" pelajar komuter, mula menarik lebih banyak peminat nasional. Menjelang tahun 1964, lebih dua pertiga pelajar masuk datang dari luar kawasan St. Louis. <> Bilakah Universiti Washington memulakan pembinaan kompleks dewan kediaman? || 1957 <> Apa nama diberikan kepada kompleks kediaman baru yang dibina di Washington University? || Selatan 40 <> Bagaimana pembinaan kompleks kediaman baru di Washington University mempengaruhi penduduk pelajar? || mula menarik lebih ramai peminat kebangsaan <> Berapakah jumlah pelajar di Washington University datang dari luar kawasan St. Louis pada 1964? || lebih dua pertiga <> Bilakah peralihan Universiti Washington ke institusi penyelidikan nasional? || Semasa separuh akhir abad ke-20,", {"context": "During the latter half of the 20th century, Washington University transitioned from a strong regional university to a national research institution. In 1957, planning began for the construction of the \u201cSouth 40,\u201d a complex of modern residential halls. With the additional on-campus housing, Washington University, which had been predominantly a \u201cstreetcar college\u201d of commuter students, began to attract a more national pool of applicants. By 1964, over two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "1957"}], "question": "When did Washington University begin construction of a complex of residential halls?", "id": "572f9e64947a6a140053cad4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "South 40"}], "question": "What name was given to the new residential complex constructed at Washington University?", "id": "572f9e64947a6a140053cad5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "began to attract a more national pool of applicants"}], "question": "How did the construction of the new residential complex at Washington University affect the student population?", "id": "572f9e64947a6a140053cad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "over two-thirds"}], "question": "What proportion of students at Washington University came from outside the St. Louis area by 1964?", "id": "572f9e64947a6a140053cad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "During the latter half of the 20th century,"}], "question": "When did Washington University transition to a national research institution?", "id": "572f9e64947a6a140053cad8"}]}], ["Walaupun disewa sebagai sebuah universiti, selama bertahun-tahun Universiti Washington berfungsi sebagai sekolah malam yang terletak di Jalan 17 dan Washington Avenue di pusat kota St. Louis. Disebabkan sumber kewangan yang terhad, Universiti Washington pada mulanya menggunakan bangunan awam. Kelas-kelas bermula pada 22 Oktober 1854, di bangunan Sekolah Benton. Pada mulanya universiti itu dibayar untuk kelas petang, namun apabila populariti mereka berkembang, dana mereka dipindahkan ke Sekolah-sekolah Awam St. Louis. Akhirnya lembaga mendapat dana untuk pembinaan Dewan Akademik dan setengah dozen bangunan lain. Kemudian universiti dibahagikan kepada tiga jabatan: Sekolah Latihan Manual, Smith Academy, dan Mary Institute. <> Di mana terletak Universiti Washington? || 17th Street dan Washington Avenue <> Bilakah kelas pertama bermula di Washington University? || 22 Oktober 1854 <> Bangunan apa yang pertama kali digunakan untuk kelas di Universiti Washington? || Bangunan Sekolah Benton. <> Apa tiga jabatan yang terbahagi kepada Washington University? || Sekolah Latihan Manual, Smith Academy, dan Mary Institute <> Sekolah jenis apa yang pertama kali berfungsi di Universiti Washington? || sebuah sekolah malam", {"context": "Although chartered as a university, for many years Washington University functioned primarily as a night school located on 17th Street and Washington Avenue in the heart of downtown St. Louis. Owing to limited financial resources, Washington University initially used public buildings. Classes began on October 22, 1854, at the Benton School building. At first the university paid for the evening classes, but as their popularity grew, their funding was transferred to the St. Louis Public Schools. Eventually the board secured funds for the construction of Academic Hall and a half dozen other buildings. Later the university divided into three departments: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "17th Street and Washington Avenue"}], "question": "Where was Washington University located? ", "id": "572f552a947a6a140053c88a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "October 22, 1854"}], "question": "When did classes first begin at Washington University?", "id": "572f552a947a6a140053c88b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Benton School building."}], "question": "What building was first used for classes at Washington University?", "id": "572f552a947a6a140053c88c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute"}], "question": "What three departments were Washington University divided?", "id": "572f552a947a6a140053c88d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "a night school"}], "question": "What type of school did Washington University first function?", "id": "572f552a947a6a140053c88e"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh tiga tahun selepas penubuhannya, universiti itu mempunyai tiga nama berbeza. Papan pertama meluluskan \"Eliot Seminary,\" tetapi William Eliot tidak nyaman dengan menamakan sebuah universiti selepas dirinya dan membantah penubuhan sebuah seminari, yang secara implisit akan dipertanggungjawabkan dengan mengajarkan iman keagamaan. Dia suka universiti nonsectarian. Pada tahun 1854, Lembaga Pemegang Amanah telah menukar nama itu menjadi \"Washington Institute\" sebagai penghormatan kepada George Washington. Menamakan Universiti selepas presiden pertama negara itu, hanya tujuh tahun sebelum Perang Saudara Amerika dan semasa masa perpecahan nasional pahit, tidak ada kebetulan. Semasa konflik ini, rakyat Amerika mengagumi George Washington sebagai bapa Amerika Syarikat dan simbol perpaduan negara. Lembaga Pemegang Amanah percaya bahawa universiti harus menjadi kekuatan perpaduan di Missouri yang sangat dibahagikan. Pada tahun 1856, Universiti telah meminda namanya sebagai \"Universiti Washington.\" Universiti ini meminda namanya sekali lagi pada tahun 1976, apabila Lembaga Pemegang Amanah mengundi untuk menambah akhiran \"di St Louis\" untuk membezakan universiti daripada hampir dua puluh universiti lain yang mengandungi nama Washington. <> Apakah salah satu nama yang pada mulanya dipertimbangkan untuk Washington University di St. Louis? || Eliot Seminari <> Nama apa yang dipilih oleh Lembaga Pemegang Amanah pada tahun 1854 untuk Washington University? || Washington Institute <> Mengapa Lembaga Pemegang Amanah memilih untuk menamakan Universiti Washing selepas George Washington? || Lembaga Pemegang Amanah percaya bahawa universiti harus menjadi kekuatan perpaduan dalam Missouri yang kuat dibahagi <> Bilakah nama Universiti Washington dipinda? || 1856 <> Bilakah akhiran \"di St Louis\" ditambahkan ke Universiti Washington? || 1976", {"context": "During the three years following its inception, the university bore three different names. The board first approved \"Eliot Seminary,\" but William Eliot was uncomfortable with naming a university after himself and objected to the establishment of a seminary, which would implicitly be charged with teaching a religious faith. He favored a nonsectarian university. In 1854, the Board of Trustees changed the name to \"Washington Institute\" in honor of George Washington. Naming the University after the nation's first president, only seven years before the American Civil War and during a time of bitter national division, was no coincidence. During this time of conflict, Americans universally admired George Washington as the father of the United States and a symbol of national unity. The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri. In 1856, the University amended its name to \"Washington University.\" The university amended its name once more in 1976, when the Board of Trustees voted to add the suffix \"in St. Louis\" to distinguish the university from the nearly two dozen other universities bearing Washington's name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Eliot Seminary"}], "question": "What was one of the names that was initially considered for Washington University in St. Louis?", "id": "572f34be947a6a140053c7ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Washington Institute"}], "question": "What name was selected by the Board of Trustees in 1854 for Washington University?", "id": "572f34be947a6a140053c7ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri"}], "question": "Why did the Board of Trustees choose to name Washing University after George Washington?", "id": "572f34be947a6a140053c7f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 898, "text": "1856"}], "question": "When was the name Washington University amended? ", "id": "572f34be947a6a140053c7f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1009, "text": "1976"}], "question": "When was the suffix \"in St. Louis\" added to Washington University?", "id": "572f34be947a6a140053c7f2"}]}], ["Diasaskan sebagai Sekolah Perdagangan dan Kewangan pada tahun 1917, Sekolah Perniagaan Olin dinamakan sempena usahawan John M. Olin pada tahun 1988. Program akademik sekolah termasuk BSBA, MBA, MBA Profesional (PMBA), Eksekutif MBA (EMBA), MS dalam Kewangan , MS dalam Pengurusan Rantaian Pembekalan, MS dalam Analisis Pelanggan, Sarjana Perakaunan, Program Sarjana Muda Global Master of Finance, dan program Doktor, serta pendidikan eksekutif bukan darjah. Pada tahun 2002, sebuah program MBA Eksekutif ditubuhkan di Shanghai, dengan kerjasama Fudan University. <> Bilakah Sekolah Perniagaan Olin diasaskan? || 1917 <> Apakah nama asal Olin Business School? || Sekolah Perdagangan dan Kewangan <> Bilakah Sekolah Perniagaan Olin dinamakan? || 1988 <> Selepas siapa nama Sekolah Perniagaan Olin dinamakan? || John M. Olin <> Di manakah program MBA Eksekutif yang ditubuhkan oleh Washington University pada tahun 2002? || Shanghai", {"context": "Founded as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917, the Olin Business School was named after entrepreneur John M. Olin in 1988. The school's academic programs include BSBA, MBA, Professional MBA (PMBA), Executive MBA (EMBA), MS in Finance, MS in Supply Chain Management, MS in Customer Analytics, Master of Accounting, Global Master of Finance Dual Degree program, and Doctorate programs, as well as non-degree executive education. In 2002, an Executive MBA program was established in Shanghai, in cooperation with Fudan University.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "1917"}], "question": "When was Olin Business School founded?", "id": "572fd7e304bcaa1900d76db1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "the School of Commerce and Finance"}], "question": "What was the original name of Olin Business School? ", "id": "572fd7e304bcaa1900d76db2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "1988"}], "question": "When was Olin Business School named?", "id": "572fd7e304bcaa1900d76db4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "John M. Olin"}], "question": "After whom is Olin Business School named?", "id": "572fd7e304bcaa1900d76db3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Shanghai"}], "question": "Where was an Executive MBA program established by Washington University in 2002?", "id": "572fd7e304bcaa1900d76db5"}]}], ["Pusat Penyelidikan Tyson adalah stesen medan seluas 2,000 hektar (809 ha) yang terletak di barat St Louis di Sungai Meramec. Washington University memperolehi Tyson sebagai harta lebihan daripada kerajaan persekutuan pada tahun 1963. Ia digunakan oleh Universiti sebagai pusat biologi dan pusat penyelidikan / pendidikan. Pada 2010 Pusat Pembelajaran Hidup itu dinamakan sebagai salah satu daripada dua bangunan pertama yang diiktiraf di seluruh negara sebagai \"bangunan hidup\" di bawah Cabaran Membangun Hidup, dibuka untuk berfungsi sebagai stesen penyelidikan biologi dan bilik darjah untuk pelajar musim panas. <> Di mana terletak Pusat Penyelidikan Tyson? || barat St. Louis di Sungai Meramec <> Bilakah Universiti Washington memperoleh harta itu untuk Pusat Penyelidikan Tyson? || 1963 <> Apakah fungsi Pusat Penyelidikan Tyson? || stesen medan biologi dan pusat penyelidikan / pendidikan. <> Bilakah Living Learning Centre diiktiraf sebagai \"bangunan hidup\"? || 2010 <> Siapa yang sebelum ini mempunyai harta di mana Pusat Penyelidikan Tyson terletak? || kerajaan persekutuan", {"context": "Tyson Research Center is a 2,000-acre (809 ha) field station located west of St. Louis on the Meramec River. Washington University obtained Tyson as surplus property from the federal government in 1963. It is used by the University as a biological field station and research/education center. In 2010 the Living Learning Center was named one of the first two buildings accredited nationwide as a \"living building\" under the Living Building Challenge, opened to serve as a biological research station and classroom for summer students.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "west of St. Louis on the Meramec River"}], "question": "Where is Tyson Research Center located?", "id": "572fd2e504bcaa1900d76d8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "1963"}], "question": "When did Washington University acquire the property for Tyson Research Center?", "id": "572fd2e504bcaa1900d76d8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "a biological field station and research/education center."}], "question": "What is the function of Tyson Research Center?", "id": "572fd2e504bcaa1900d76d8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When was the Living Learning Center accredited as a \"living building\"?", "id": "572fd2e504bcaa1900d76d90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "the federal government"}], "question": "Who previously owned the property where Tyson Research Center is located?", "id": "572fd2e504bcaa1900d76d91"}]}], ["Sekolah siswazah termasuk Sekolah Perubatan, yang kini menduduki tempat keenam dalam negara, dan George Warren Brown School of Social Work, kini menduduki tempat pertama. Program dalam terapi pekerjaan di Washington University kini menduduki tempat pertama untuk peringkat A.S. News & World Report 2016, dan program dalam terapi fizikal berada di peringkat pertama juga. Bagi edisi 2015, Sekolah Undang-undang berada di kedudukan ke-18 dan Sekolah Perniagaan Olin berada di tempat ke-19. Di samping itu, Sekolah Seni Bina Siswazah dan Rekabentuk Bandar telah menduduki tangga kesembilan di negara ini oleh jurnal DesignIntelligence dalam edisi 2013 \"Seni Bina dan Reka Bentuk Terbaik Amerika\" edisi 2013. <> Apakah pangkat semasa Sekolah Perubatan di Universiti Washington? || keenam di dalam negara <> Apakah pangkat sekolah Brown School of Social Work saat ini? || kini menduduki tempat pertama <> Apa program di Washington University kedudukan pertama pada 2016 di peringkat A.S. News & World Reports? || Program dalam terapi pekerjaan <> Di manakah pangkat Sekolah Undang-undang pada 2015 oleh Berita A.S. & Laporan Dunia? || 18th <> Tahun berapakah Sekolah Siswazah Seni Bina dan Rekabentuk Bandar berada di tangga kesembilan oleh Designintellence? || 2013", {"context": "Graduate schools include the School of Medicine, currently ranked sixth in the nation, and the George Warren Brown School of Social Work, currently ranked first. The program in occupational therapy at Washington University currently occupies the first spot for the 2016 U.S. News & World Report rankings, and the program in physical therapy is ranked first as well. For the 2015 edition, the School of Law is ranked 18th and the Olin Business School is ranked 19th. Additionally, the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design was ranked ninth in the nation by the journal DesignIntelligence in its 2013 edition of \"America's Best Architecture & Design Schools.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "sixth in the nation"}], "question": "What is the current national rank of the School of Medicine at Washington University?", "id": "572fadc5947a6a140053cb5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "currently ranked first"}], "question": "What is the current national rank of Brown School of Social Work?", "id": "572fadc5947a6a140053cb5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "The program in occupational therapy"}], "question": "What program at Washington University ranks first in the 2016 in the U.S. News & World Reports rankings?", "id": "572fadc5947a6a140053cb60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "18th"}], "question": "Where did the School of Law rank in  2015 by the U.S. News & World Reports?", "id": "572fadc5947a6a140053cb61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "2013"}], "question": "What year did the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design rank ninth by Designintellence?", "id": "572fadc5947a6a140053cb62"}]}], ["Olin mempunyai rangkaian lebih daripada 16,000 alumni di seluruh dunia. Sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu, sumbangan sekolah telah meningkat kepada $ 213 juta (2004) dan hadiah purata tahunan $ 12 juta setahun. [Rujukan?] Simon Hall dibuka pada tahun 1986 selepas sumbangan dari John E. Simon. Pada 2 Mei 2014, Knight dan Bauer Hall bernilai $ 90 juta telah didedikasikan, menyusul hadiah $ 15 juta dari Charles F. Knight dan Joanne Knight dan hadiah $ 10 juta daripada George dan Carol Bauer melalui Yayasan Bauer. <> Berapa ramai alumni yang mempunyai Olin Business School di seluruh dunia? || lebih daripada 16,000 alumni <> Bilakah Simon Hall dibuka? || 1986 <> Berapa jumlah sumbangan Sekolah Perniagaan Olin pada tahun 2004? || $ 213 juta <> Siapa yang memberikan sumbangan yang membolehkan pembukaan Simon Hall? || John E. Simon <> Bilakah Knight dan Bauer Hall didedikasikan? || 2 Mei 2014", {"context": "Olin has a network of more than 16,000 alumni worldwide. Over the last several years, the school\u2019s endowment has increased to $213 million (2004) and annual gifts average $12 million per year.[citation needed] Simon Hall was opened in 1986 after a donation from John E. Simon. On May 2, 2014, the $90 million conjoined Knight and Bauer Halls were dedicated, following a $15 million gift from Charles F. Knight and Joanne Knight and a $10 million gift from George and Carol Bauer through the Bauer Foundation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "more than 16,000 alumni"}], "question": "How many alumni does Olin Business School have worldwide?", "id": "572fd9b4a23a5019007fca89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "1986"}], "question": "When was Simon Hall opened?", "id": "572fd9b4a23a5019007fca8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "$213 million"}], "question": "What is the amount of Olin Business School's endowment as of 2004?", "id": "572fd9b4a23a5019007fca8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "John E. Simon"}], "question": "Who provided the donation that enabled the opening  Simon Hall?", "id": "572fd9b4a23a5019007fca8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "May 2, 2014"}], "question": "When were Knight and Bauer Halls dedicated?", "id": "572fd9b4a23a5019007fca8d"}]}], ["Washington University telah dipilih oleh Suruhanjaya mengenai Perbahasan Presiden untuk menjadi tuan rumah perdebatan lebih presiden dan naib presiden daripada mana-mana institusi lain dalam sejarah. Perdebatan pemilihan presiden Amerika Serikat telah diadakan di Kompleks Athletic Universiti Washington pada tahun 1992, 2000, 2004, dan 2016. Perdebatan presiden telah direncanakan untuk berlaku pada tahun 1996, tetapi karena masalah penjadwalan antara kandidat, perdebatan dibatalkan. Universiti ini menjadi tuan rumah perbahasan naib presiden 2008 sahaja, antara Republikan Sarah Palin dan Demokrat Joe Biden, pada 2 Oktober 2008, juga di Kompleks Athletic Universiti Washington. <> Berapa lama perdebatan presiden diadakan di Universiti Washington? || 1992, 2000, 2004, dan 2016 <> Apa bangunan di Washington University digunakan untuk menjadi tuan rumah perdebatan presiden? || Washington University Athletic Complex <> Mengapa perdebatan presiden dibatalkan pada tahun 1996 di Universiti Washington? || kesulitan penjadualan antara calon <> Bilakah perbahasan hanya naib presiden yang diadakan di Universiti Washington? || 2 Oktober 2008 <> Siapa calon-calon dalam perbahasan naib presiden di Washington University? || Republikan Sarah Palin dan Demokrat Joe Biden", {"context": "Washington University has been selected by the Commission on Presidential Debates to host more presidential and vice-presidential debates than any other institution in history. United States presidential election debates were held at the Washington University Athletic Complex in 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016. A presidential debate was planned to occur in 1996, but owing to scheduling difficulties between the candidates, the debate was canceled. The university hosted the only 2008 vice presidential debate, between Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden, on October 2, 2008, also at the Washington University Athletic Complex.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016"}], "question": "What years were presidential debates held at Washington University?", "id": "572fa79aa23a5019007fc839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Washington University Athletic Complex"}], "question": "What building at Washington University was used to host the presidential debates?", "id": "572fa79aa23a5019007fc83a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "scheduling difficulties between the candidates"}], "question": "Why was the presidential debate canceled in 1996 at Washington University?  ", "id": "572fa79aa23a5019007fc83b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "October 2, 2008"}], "question": "When was the only vice presidential debate held at Washington University?", "id": "572fa79aa23a5019007fc83c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden"}], "question": "Who were the candidates in the vice presidential debate at Washington University?", "id": "572fa79aa23a5019007fc83d"}]}], ["Seni & Sains di Washington University terdiri daripada tiga bahagian: Kolej Seni & Sains, Sekolah Siswazah Seni & Sains, dan Kolej Universiti dalam Seni & Sains. Barbara Schaal adalah Dekan Fakulti Seni & Sains. James E. McLeod adalah Naib Canselor Pelajar dan Dekan Kolej Kesenian & Sains; menurut berita universiti, dia meninggal dunia di Hospital Barnes-Jewish University pada hari Selasa, 6 September 2011 akibat kegagalan buah pinggang akibat perjuangan dua tahun dengan kanser. Richard J. Smith adalah Dekan Sekolah Seni Siswazah & Sains. <> Berapa banyak bahagian membentuk Seni & Sains di Universiti Washington? || tiga bahagian <> Siapa Dekan Fakulti Seni & Sains di Universiti Washington? || Barbara Schaal <> Bilakah James Mcleod lenyap? || 6 September 2011 <> Jawatan apa yang dipegang James Mcleod di Universiti Washington? || Naib Canselor Pelajar dan Dekan Kolej Kesenian & Sains <> Kedudukan apa yang dipegang Richard J. Smith di Washington University? || Dekan Sekolah Seni Siswazah & Sains.", {"context": "Arts & Sciences at Washington University comprises three divisions: the College of Arts & Sciences, the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, and University College in Arts & Sciences. Barbara Schaal is Dean of the Faculty of Arts & Sciences. James E. McLeod was the Vice Chancellor for Students and Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences; according to a University news release he died at the University's Barnes-Jewish Hospital on Tuesday, September 6, 2011 of renal failure as a result of a two-year-long struggle with cancer. Richard J. Smith is Dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "three divisions"}], "question": "How many divisions make up Arts & Sciences at Washington University?", "id": "572fd551a23a5019007fca5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Barbara Schaal"}], "question": "Who is the Dean of Faculty of Arts & Sciences at Washington University?", "id": "572fd551a23a5019007fca60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "September 6, 2011"}], "question": "When did James Mcleod pass away?", "id": "572fd551a23a5019007fca62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Vice Chancellor for Students and Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences"}], "question": "What positions did James Mcleod hold at Washington University?", "id": "572fd551a23a5019007fca61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences."}], "question": "What position does Richard J. Smith hold at Washington University?", "id": "572fd551a23a5019007fca63"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2013, Universiti Washington menerima rekod 30,117 permohonan untuk kelas mahasiswa baru 1,500 dengan kadar penerimaan 13.7%. Lebih daripada 90% pelajar baru yang masuk ke peringkat sekolah tinggi disenaraikan dalam 10% daripada kelas sekolah tinggi mereka. Pada tahun 2006, universiti itu menduduki tempat keempat keseluruhan dan kedua di kalangan universiti swasta dalam bilangan pelajar baru Merit Scholar yang berdaftar, menurut laporan tahunan National Merit Scholar Corporation. Pada tahun 2008, Washington University berada di kedudukan # 1 untuk kualiti hidup mengikut The Princeton Review, antara kedudukan teratas lain. Di samping itu, program Sarjana Muda Sekolah Perniagaan Olin adalah antara 4 teratas di negara ini. Program Sarjana Muda Sekolah Perniagaan Olin juga merupakan antara yang paling kompetitif di negara ini, mengakui hanya 14% pemohon pada tahun 2007 dan kedudukan # 1 dalam skor SAT dengan purata komposit 1492 M + CR mengikut BusinessWeek. <> Berapa banyak aplikasi kelas mahasiswa yang diterima oleh Universiti Washington pada tahun 2013? || 30,117 <> Berapa peratus daripada mahasiswa baru yang masuk di Washington University berada di bahagian teratas% 10 kelas mereka pada tahun 2013? || Lebih dari 90% pelajar baru yang masuk <> Di mana Universiti Washington berada di kalangan universiti swasta untuk pelajar baru Merit Scholar Negara pada tahun 2006? || kedua di kalangan universiti swasta <> Bilakah Universiti Washington berada di kedudukan # 1 untuk kualiti hidup? || Pada tahun 2008 <> Sebanyak peratus pemohon dimasukkan ke Olin Business School pada tahun 2007? || 14%", {"context": "In 2013, Washington University received a record 30,117 applications for a freshman class of 1,500 with an acceptance rate of 13.7%. More than 90% of incoming freshmen whose high schools ranked were ranked in the top 10% of their high school classes. In 2006, the university ranked fourth overall and second among private universities in the number of enrolled National Merit Scholar freshmen, according to the National Merit Scholar Corporation's annual report. In 2008, Washington University was ranked #1 for quality of life according to The Princeton Review, among other top rankings. In addition, the Olin Business School's undergraduate program is among the top 4 in the country. The Olin Business School's undergraduate program is also among the country's most competitive, admitting only 14% of applicants in 2007 and ranking #1 in SAT scores with an average composite of 1492 M+CR according to BusinessWeek.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "30,117"}], "question": "How many freshman class applications did Washington University receive in 2013?", "id": "572faba604bcaa1900d76b9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "More than 90% of incoming freshmen"}], "question": "What percentage of incoming freshman at Washington University were in the top %10 of their class in 2013? ", "id": "572faba604bcaa1900d76ba0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "second among private universities"}], "question": "Where did Washington University rank among private universities for National Merit Scholar freshman in 2006?", "id": "572faba604bcaa1900d76ba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "In 2008"}], "question": "When was Washington University ranked #1 for quality of life?", "id": "572faba604bcaa1900d76ba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 796, "text": "14%"}], "question": "What percent of applicants were admitted to Olin Business School in 2007? ", "id": "572faba604bcaa1900d76ba3"}]}], ["Walaupun Chancellor Wrighton telah mengambil perhatian selepas perdebatan 2004 bahawa \"tidak mungkin\" bahawa universiti akan menjadi tuan rumah perdebatan lain dan tidak berminat untuk melakukan kemungkinan, dia kemudian mengubah pandangannya dan universiti telah mengemukakan tawaran untuk perdebatan tahun 2008. \"Acara-acara ini adalah pengalaman hebat bagi pelajar kita, mereka menyumbang kepada pemahaman nasional tentang isu-isu penting, dan mereka membolehkan kita membantu membawa perhatian nasional dan antarabangsa ke rantau St. Louis sebagai salah satu metropolitan besar Amerika kawasan, \"kata Wrighton. <> Apakah sentimen awal Chancellor Wrighton menjadi tuan rumah perdebatan presiden yang lain di Washington University selepas tahun 2004? || ia akan menjadi \"mustahil\" bahawa universiti itu akan menjadi tuan rumah perdebatan lain dan tidak berminat untuk melakukan kemungkinan <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Kanselir Wrighton sebagai salah satu alasan untuk menjadi tuan rumah perdebatan lain di Washington University? || Acara-acara satu-of-a-kind ini adalah pengalaman yang hebat untuk pelajar-pelajar kita, mereka menyumbang kepada pemahaman nasional tentang isu-isu penting <> Tahun berapakah Chancellor Wrighton menghantar satu lagi tawaran untuk perdebatan presiden di Washington University selepas tahun 2004? || 2008", {"context": "Although Chancellor Wrighton had noted after the 2004 debate that it would be \"improbable\" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility, he subsequently changed his view and the university submitted a bid for the 2008 debates. \"These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues, and they allow us to help bring national and international attention to the St. Louis region as one of America's great metropolitan areas,\" said Wrighton.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "it would be \"improbable\" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility"}], "question": "What was Chancellor Wrighton's initial sentiment to hosting another presidential debate at Washington University after 2004?", "id": "572fa962a23a5019007fc849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues"}], "question": "What did  Chancellor Wrighton state as one of the reasons for hosting another debate at Washington University?", "id": "572fa962a23a5019007fc84a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "2008"}], "question": "What year did Chancellor Wrighton submit another bid for a presidential debate at Washington University after 2004? ", "id": "572fa962a23a5019007fc84b"}]}], ["Kampus Barat terletak kira-kira satu batu (1.6 km) ke barat Kampus Danforth di Clayton, Missouri, dan terutamanya terdiri daripada bangunan empat tingkat bekas gedung gedung perumahan kebanyakannya ruang pentadbiran. Bangunan Kampus Barat adalah rumah kepada cawangan Clayton di gedung Famous-Barr hingga tahun 1990, apabila Universiti memperoleh tempat letak kereta dan bersebelahan dan memulakan siri pengubahsuaian. Hari ini, tingkat bawah tanah menempatkan Perpustakaan Kampus Barat, Arkib Universiti, Perpustakaan Sejarah Sejarah Grafik, dan ruang persidangan. Tahap tanah masih kekal sebagai ruang runcit. Rumah lantai atas yang disatukan hadiah, bahagian alumni dan pembangunan, dan pejabat sistem maklumat dari seluruh kampus Danforth dan Sekolah Perubatan. Terdapat juga bilik latihan muzik di tingkat dua. Kampus Barat juga merupakan rumah kepada Pusat Aplikasi Teknologi Maklumat (CAIT), yang menyediakan perkhidmatan latihan IT. <> Di mana Kampus Barat Washington University terletak? || Clayton, Missouri <> Bilakah universiti memperoleh harta itu untuk Kampus Barat? || 1990 <> Apa yang sebelum ini terletak di Kampus Barat Washington University? || cawangan Clayton di gedung Famous-Barr <> Apa yang terletak di tingkat bawah Kampus Barat? || Perpustakaan Kampus Barat, Arkib Universiti, Perpustakaan Sejarah Grafika Moden, dan ruang persidangan <> Apakah jabatan yang terletak di West Campus menyediakan perkhidmatan IT? || Pusat Aplikasi Teknologi Maklumat (CAIT)", {"context": "The West Campus is located about one mile (1.6 km) to the west of the Danforth Campus in Clayton, Missouri, and primarily consists of a four-story former department store building housing mostly administrative space. The West Campus building was home to the Clayton branch of the Famous-Barr department store until 1990, when the University acquired the property and adjacent parking and began a series of renovations. Today, the basement level houses the West Campus Library, the University Archives, the Modern Graphic History Library, and conference space. The ground level still remains a retail space. The upper floors house consolidated capital gifts, portions of alumni and development, and information systems offices from across the Danforth and Medical School campuses. There is also a music rehearsal room on the second floor. The West Campus is also home to the Center for the Application of Information Technologies (CAIT), which provides IT training services.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Clayton, Missouri"}], "question": "Where is the West Campus of Washington University located?", "id": "572fd15da23a5019007fca35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "1990"}], "question": "When did the university acquire the property for the West Campus?", "id": "572fd15da23a5019007fca37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "the Clayton branch of the Famous-Barr department store"}], "question": "What was previously located at the West Campus of Washington University?", "id": "572fd15da23a5019007fca36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "the West Campus Library, the University Archives, the Modern Graphic History Library, and conference space"}], "question": "What is located in the basement level of the West Campus? ", "id": "572fd15da23a5019007fca38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "Center for the Application of Information Technologies (CAIT)"}], "question": "What department located at the West Campus provides IT services?", "id": "572fd15da23a5019007fca39"}]}], ["Kampus Utara Universiti Washington dan Kampus Barat terutamanya fungsi pentadbiran rumah yang tidak difokuskan oleh pelajar. Kampus Utara terletak di St Louis City berhampiran Delmar Loop. Universiti memperoleh bangunan dan harta bersebelahan pada tahun 2004, dahulu rumah Kilang Seragam Angelica. Beberapa jabatan pentadbiran universiti terletak di lokasi Kampus Utara, termasuk pejabat Perumahan Quadrangle, Perakaunan dan Perkhidmatan Perbendaharaan, Perkhidmatan Parkir dan Pengangkutan, ROTC Tentera, dan Perkhidmatan Teknologi Rangkaian. Lokasi Kampus Utara juga menyediakan ruang simpanan di luar untuk Jabatan Seni Persembahan. Pengubahsuaian masih berterusan; Tambahan baru-baru ini ke ruang Kampus Utara termasuk restoran kecil yang dikendalikan oleh Bon App\u00e9tit Management Company, pembekal makanan di kampus Universiti, yang siap pada semester musim semi 2007, serta Pusat Pembelajaran Keluarga, yang dikendalikan oleh Bright Horizons dan dibuka pada bulan September 2010. <> Di mana kampus utara Universiti Washington terletak? || St Louis City berhampiran Delmar Loop <> Bilakah bangunan dan hartanah untuk kampus utara Universiti Washington diperolehi? || 2004 <> Apa yang sebelumnya menduduki bangunan yang digunakan di kampus utara Washington University? || Kilang Seragam Angelica <> Siapa pembekal makanan Universiti Washington di kampus? || Bon App\u00e9tit Management Company <> Untuk jabatan apakah lokasi kampus utara Universiti Washington menyediakan penyimpanan di luar tapak? || Jabatan Seni Persembahan", {"context": "Washington University's North Campus and West Campus principally house administrative functions that are not student focused. North Campus lies in St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop. The University acquired the building and adjacent property in 2004, formerly home to the Angelica Uniform Factory. Several University administrative departments are located at the North Campus location, including offices for Quadrangle Housing, Accounting and Treasury Services, Parking and Transportation Services, Army ROTC, and Network Technology Services. The North Campus location also provides off-site storage space for the Performing Arts Department. Renovations are still ongoing; recent additions to the North Campus space include a small eatery operated by Bon App\u00e9tit Management Company, the University's on-campus food provider, completed during spring semester 2007, as well as the Family Learning Center, operated by Bright Horizons and opened in September 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop"}], "question": "Where is Washington University's north campus located?", "id": "572fb0d1947a6a140053cb8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When was the building and property for the north campus of Washington University acquired? ", "id": "572fb0d1947a6a140053cb8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Angelica Uniform Factory"}], "question": "What previously occupied the building used at the north campus of Washington University?", "id": "572fb0d1947a6a140053cb8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "Bon App\u00e9tit Management Company"}], "question": "Who is Washington University's food provider on campus?", "id": "572fb0d1947a6a140053cb8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "Performing Arts Department"}], "question": "For what department does the north campus location of Washington University provide off-site storage? ", "id": "572fb0d1947a6a140053cb8d"}]}], ["Muzium Seni Mildred Lane Kemper, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1881, merupakan salah satu muzium pengajaran tertua di negara ini. Koleksi itu termasuk karya dari seniman Amerika dan Eropah abad ke-19, ke-20 dan abad ke-21, termasuk George Caleb Bingham, Thomas Cole, Pablo Picasso, Max Ernst, Alexander Calder, Jackson Pollock, Rembrandt, Robert Rauschenberg, Barbara Kruger, dan Christian Boltanski. Di kompleks pula terdapat 3,000 kaki persegi (300 m2) Muzium Wang Newman. Pada Oktober 2006, Kemper Art Museum berpindah dari lokasi sebelumnya, Steinberg Hall, ke kemudahan baru yang direka oleh bekas ahli fakulti Fumihiko Maki. Menariknya, Muzium Seni Kemper baru terletak terus di seberang Steinberg Hall, yang merupakan komisen pertama Maki pada tahun 1959. <> Bilakah Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum ditubuhkan? || 1881 <> Dari berapa abad apakah Muzium Seni Mildred Lane Kemper mempunyai koleksi? || 19th, 20th, dan 21st century <> Bilakah Muzium Seni Mildred Lane Kemper mengubah lokasi? || 2006 <> Siapa yang merancang lokasi baru Muzium Seni Mildred Lane Kemper? || Fumihiko Maki <> Apa kemudahan yang pertama komisen Fumihiko Maki? || Dewan Steinberg", {"context": "The Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, established in 1881, is one of the oldest teaching museums in the country. The collection includes works from 19th, 20th, and 21st century American and European artists, including George Caleb Bingham, Thomas Cole, Pablo Picasso, Max Ernst, Alexander Calder, Jackson Pollock, Rembrandt, Robert Rauschenberg, Barbara Kruger, and Christian Boltanski. Also in the complex is the 3,000 sq ft (300 m2) Newman Money Museum. In October 2006, the Kemper Art Museum moved from its previous location, Steinberg Hall, into a new facility designed by former faculty member Fumihiko Maki. Interestingly, the new Kemper Art Museum is located directly across from Steinberg Hall, which was Maki's very first commission in 1959.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "1881"}], "question": "When was the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum established?", "id": "572ffe3504bcaa1900d76fd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "19th, 20th, and 21st century"}], "question": "From what centuries does  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum have collections?", "id": "572ffe3504bcaa1900d76fd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When did the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum changed locations? ", "id": "572ffe3504bcaa1900d76fd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Fumihiko Maki"}], "question": "Who designed the new location of  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum?", "id": "572ffe3504bcaa1900d76fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "Steinberg Hall"}], "question": "What facility was Fumihiko Maki's first commission?", "id": "572ffe3504bcaa1900d76fd5"}]}], ["Siswazah BSBA mengambil 40-60% daripada kursus mereka di sekolah perniagaan dan dapat secara rasmi mengisytiharkan jurusan di lapan bidang: perakaunan, keusahawanan, kewangan, pengurusan penjagaan kesihatan, pemasaran, ekonomi dan strategi pengurusan, organisasi dan sumber manusia, perniagaan antarabangsa, dan operasi dan pengurusan rantaian bekalan. Pelajar siswazah dapat mengejar MBA sama ada sepenuh masa atau sambilan. Pelajar juga boleh mengikuti kursus elektif dari disiplin lain di Washington University, termasuk undang-undang dan banyak bidang lain. Mahendra R. Gupta adalah Dekan Sekolah Perniagaan Olin. <> Berapa banyak jurusan yang tersedia untuk pelajar di sekolah perniagaan di Washington University? || lapan <> Apa pilihan yang tersedia untuk pelajar siswazah dalam mengejar MBA di Washington University? || sepenuh masa atau separuh masa <> Siapakah Dekan Sekolah Perniagaan Olin? || Mahendra R. Gupta <> Berapakah peratus kursus dilakukan di sekolah perniagaan oleh pelajar sarjana di Universiti Washington? || 40-60%", {"context": "Undergraduate BSBA students take 40\u201360% of their courses within the business school and are able to formally declare majors in eight areas: accounting, entrepreneurship, finance, healthcare management, marketing, managerial economics and strategy, organization and human resources, international business, and operations and supply chain management. Graduate students are able to pursue an MBA either full-time or part-time. Students may also take elective courses from other disciplines at Washington University, including law and many other fields. Mahendra R. Gupta is the Dean of the Olin Business School.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many majors are available to students in the business school at Washington University?", "id": "572fde5e04bcaa1900d76dfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "full-time or part-time"}], "question": "What options are available for graduate students in pursuing an MBA at Washington University? ", "id": "572fde5e04bcaa1900d76dfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Mahendra R. Gupta"}], "question": "Who is the Dean of the Olin Business School?", "id": "572fde5e04bcaa1900d76dff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "40\u201360%"}], "question": "What percent of coursework is done at the business school by undergraduate students at Washington University?", "id": "572fde5e04bcaa1900d76e00"}]}], ["Sekolah Perubatan Universiti Washington, yang diasaskan pada tahun 1891, sangat dianggap sebagai salah satu pusat terkemuka di dunia untuk penyelidikan dan latihan perubatan. Sekolah itu berada di peringkat pertama dalam negara dalam pemilihan pelajar. Antara inisiatifnya yang baru-baru ini, The Genome Centre di Universiti Washington (diarahkan oleh Richard K. Wilson) memainkan peranan utama dalam Projek Genom Manusia, setelah menyumbang 25% urutan yang telah selesai. Sekolah itu mempelopori pengajaran di tepi katil dan mengetuai transformasi pengetahuan empiris ke dalam bidang perubatan saintifik. Pasangan sekolah perubatan dengan Hospital St. Louis Children dan Hospital Barnes-Jewish (sebahagian daripada BJC HealthCare), di mana semua doktor adalah ahli fakulti sekolah. <> Bilakah Sekolah Perubatan Universiti Washington ditubuhkan? || 1891 <> Di manakah pangkat Sekolah Perubatan Universiti Washington dalam pemilihan pelajar? || pertama <> Siapakah pengarah Pusat Genom di Washington University? || Richard K. Wilson <> Berapa banyak sumbangan yang dilakukan oleh Pusat Genome di Washington University dalam menjejaki Projek Genom Manusia? || 25% <> Apa hospital yang bekerjasama dengan Washington University School of Medicine? || Hospital Kanak-kanak St. Louis dan Hospital Barnes-Jewish", {"context": "The Washington University School of Medicine, founded in 1891, is highly regarded as one of the world's leading centers for medical research and training. The School ranks first in the nation in student selectivity. Among its many recent initiatives, The Genome Center at Washington University (directed by Richard K. Wilson) played a leading role in the Human Genome Project, having contributed 25% of the finished sequence. The School pioneered bedside teaching and led in the transformation of empirical knowledge into scientific medicine. The medical school partners with St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital (part of BJC HealthCare), where all physicians are members of the school's faculty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "1891"}], "question": "When was the Washington University School of Medicine founded?", "id": "572fe4fbb2c2fd1400568577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "first"}], "question": "Where does the Washington University School of Medicine rank in student selectivity?", "id": "572fe4fbb2c2fd1400568578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Richard K. Wilson"}], "question": "Who is the director of the Genome Center at Washington University?", "id": "572fe4fbb2c2fd1400568579"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "25%"}], "question": "How much of a contribution did the Genome Center at Washington University make in sequencing the Human Genome Project?", "id": "572fe4fbb2c2fd140056857a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital"}], "question": "What hospitals partner with the Washington University School of Medicine?", "id": "572fe4fbb2c2fd140056857b"}]}], ["Dalam 2015 US News & World Report Sekolah-sekolah Siswazah Terbaik Amerika, sekolah undang-undang berada di peringkat ke-18 secara nasional, daripada lebih 180 sekolah undang-undang. Khususnya, Program Pendidikan Klinikal kini berada di peringkat ke-4 di negara ini. Pada tahun ini, skor median meletakkan pelajar purata dalam persentil ke-96 pengambil ujian. Sekolah undang-undang menawarkan program sepenuh masa, bermula pada bulan Ogos, untuk gelar J.D. Sekolah undang-undang terletak di bangunan canggih, Anheuser-Busch Hall (dibuka pada tahun 1997). Bangunan itu menggabungkan seni bina tradisional, perpustakaan terbuka lima tingkat, penyepaduan ruang dalaman dan luaran, dan teknologi wayarles dan teknologi terkini. Jurist Nasional menduduki Washington University 4th di antara \"25 Sekolah Undang-undang Kebanyakan Berwayar.\" <> Di mana pelajar di Washington University School of Law tempat di kalangan pengambil ujian secara purata? || Persentil ke-96 <> Di mana Sekolah Undang-undang Universiti Washington berada pada 2015 Berita Amerika Syarikat & Laporan Dunia Sekolah Siswazah Terbaik Amerika? || 18 <> Bilakah kursus JD sepenuh masa bermula di Washington University School of Law bermula? || Ogos <> Di manakah Sekolah Undang-undang Universiti Washington berada di antara \"25 Sekolah Undang-undang yang Berwayar\"? || Keempat <> Bangunan apa yang menyediakan lokasi Sekolah Hukum Universiti Washington? || Dewan Anheuser-Busch", {"context": "In the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools, the law school is ranked 18th nationally, out of over 180 law schools. In particular, its Clinical Education Program is currently ranked 4th in the nation. This year, the median score placed the average student in the 96th percentile of test takers. The law school offers a full-time day program, beginning in August, for the J.D. degree. The law school is located in a state-of-the-art building, Anheuser-Busch Hall (opened in 1997). The building combines traditional architecture, a five-story open-stacks library, an integration of indoor and outdoor spaces, and the latest wireless and other technologies. National Jurist ranked Washington University 4th among the \"25 Most Wired Law Schools.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "96th percentile"}], "question": "Where do students in the Washington University School of Law place among test takers on average?", "id": "572fe372b2c2fd1400568568"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "18th"}], "question": "Where is the Washington University School of Law ranked in the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools?", "id": "572fe372b2c2fd1400568567"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "August"}], "question": "When does full-time coursework J.D. begin at the  Washington University School of Law begin?", "id": "572fe372b2c2fd1400568569"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "4th"}], "question": "Where does the Washington University School of Law rank among \"25 Most Wired Law Schools\"?", "id": "572fe372b2c2fd140056856b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Anheuser-Busch Hall"}], "question": "What building provides the location of the Washington University School of Law?", "id": "572fe372b2c2fd140056856a"}]}], ["Sekolah Undang-undang Universiti Washington menawarkan program sarjana dengan Sekolah Perniagaan Olin, Sekolah Seni Siswazah dan Sains, Sekolah Perubatan, dan Sekolah Kerja Sosial. Ia juga menawarkan LLM di Harta Intelek dan Undang-undang Teknologi, LLM dalam Percukaian, LLM dalam Undang-undang AS untuk Pengacara Asing, Sarjana Pengajian Juridikal (MJS), dan Juris Scientiae Doctoris (JSD). Sekolah undang-undang menawarkan 3 semester kursus dalam Spring, Summer, and Fall, dan memerlukan sekurang-kurangnya 85 jam kursus untuk JD. <> Dengan apa sekolah-sekolah apakah Washington University School of Law menawarkan program sarjana? || Sekolah Perniagaan Olin, Sekolah Siswazah Sains dan Sains, Sekolah Perubatan, dan Sekolah Kerja Sosial <> Berapa banyak kursus semester yang ditawarkan oleh Washington University School of Law? || 3 semester <> Apa program sarjana LLM ditawarkan oleh Washington University School of Law? || LLM dalam Undang-undang Harta Intelek dan Teknologi, LLM dalam Percukaian, LLM dalam Undang-undang AS untuk Pengacara Asing <> Berapa banyak jam kerja kursus diperlukan untuk mendapatkan JD di Washington University School of Law? || 85 jam <> Semasa musim apa kursus ditawarkan di Washington University School of Law? || Spring, Summer, and Fall", {"context": "Washington University School of Law offers joint-degree programs with the Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work. It also offers an LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers, a Master of Juridical Studies (MJS), and a Juris Scientiae Doctoris (JSD). The law school offers 3 semesters of courses in the Spring, Summer, and Fall, and requires at least 85 hours of coursework for the JD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work"}], "question": "With what schools does the Washington University School of Law offer joint-degree programs? ", "id": "572fe109a23a5019007fcacd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "3 semesters"}], "question": "How many semesters of courses are offered by Washington University School of Law?", "id": "572fe109a23a5019007fcacf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers"}], "question": "What LLM degree programs are offered by the Washington University School of Law?", "id": "572fe109a23a5019007fcace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "85 hours"}], "question": "How many hours of coursework are required to obtain a JD at the Washington University School of Law?", "id": "572fe109a23a5019007fcad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Spring, Summer, and Fall"}], "question": "During what seasons are courses offered at the Washington University School of Law?", "id": "572fe109a23a5019007fcad1"}]}], ["Sekolah ini mempunyai banyak ulama yang diakui secara nasional dan antarabangsa dalam keselamatan sosial, penjagaan kesihatan, jurang kesihatan, komunikasi, dasar sosial dan kesihatan, dan perkembangan individu dan keluarga. Kebanyakan fakulti mempunyai latihan dalam kerja sosial dan kesihatan awam. Dekan sekolah sekarang ialah Edward F. Lawlor. Sebagai tambahan kepada gabungan dengan Institut Kesihatan Awam di seluruh universiti, Brown menempatkan 12 pusat penyelidikan. Perpustakaan Sekolah Brown mengumpul bahan-bahan mengenai banyak topik, dengan penekanan khusus pada: kanak-kanak, belia, dan keluarga; gerontologi; kesihatan; kesihatan mental; pembangunan sosial dan ekonomi; terapi keluarga; dan pengurusan. Perpustakaan ini menyimpan langganan kepada lebih 450 jurnal akademik. <> Siapa Dekan semasa Sekolah Brown? || Edward F. Lawlor <> Berapa banyak pusat penyelidikan yang ditempatkan oleh Sekolah Brown? || 12 pusat penyelidikan. <> Apakah topik penekanan yang terkandung dalam koleksi Perpustakaan Sekolah Brown? || kanak-kanak, belia, dan keluarga; gerontologi; kesihatan; kesihatan mental; pembangunan sosial dan ekonomi; terapi keluarga; dan pengurusan. <> Kawasan apa yang ada di Perpustakaan Sekolah Brown telah mewakili para ulama? || keselamatan sosial, penjagaan kesihatan, jurang kesihatan, komunikasi, sosial dan kesihatan, dan perkembangan individu dan keluarga <> Berapa banyak jurnal akademik yang dilanggan oleh Perpustakaan Sekolah Brown? || lebih 450 jurnal akademik", {"context": "The school has many nationally and internationally acclaimed scholars in social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development. Many of the faculty have training in both social work and public health. The school's current dean is Edward F. Lawlor. In addition to affiliation with the university-wide Institute of Public Health, Brown houses 12 research centers. The Brown School Library collects materials on many topics, with specific emphasis on: children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management. The library maintains subscriptions to over 450 academic journals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Edward F. Lawlor"}], "question": "Who is the Brown School's current Dean? ", "id": "572ffca0a23a5019007fcc0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "12 research centers."}], "question": "How many research centers are housed by the Brown School? ", "id": "572ffca0a23a5019007fcc0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management."}], "question": "What topics of emphasis are contained in the Brown School Library collection?", "id": "572ffca0a23a5019007fcc0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development"}], "question": "What areas does the Brown School Library have represented scholars?", "id": "572ffca0a23a5019007fcc0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "over 450 academic journals"}], "question": "To how many academic journals does the Brown School Library subscribe?", "id": "572ffca0a23a5019007fcc0e"}]}], ["Dengan asas sejak 1909 di Sekolah Ekonomi Sosial universiti, George Warren Brown School of Social Work (biasanya dikenali sebagai Sekolah Brown atau Brown) ditubuhkan pada tahun 1925. Tawaran gelaran akademik Brown termasuk Master of Social Work (MSW) Sarjana Kesihatan Awam (MPH), PhD dalam Kerja Sosial, dan PhD dalam Sains Kesihatan Awam. Ia kini menduduki tempat pertama di kalangan program Master of Social Work di Amerika Syarikat. Sekolah ini dikurniakan oleh Bettie Bofinger Brown dan menamakan suaminya, George Warren Brown, seorang dermawan St. Louis dan pengasas bersama Syarikat Kasut Brown. Sekolah itu yang pertama di negara ini mempunyai bangunan untuk tujuan pendidikan pekerjaan sosial, dan juga merupakan ahli pengasas Persatuan Sekolah dan Program Kesihatan Awam. Sekolah ini ditempatkan di Brown dan Goldfarb Halls, tetapi pengembangan bangunan ketiga sedang berjalan dan dijangka siap pada musim panas 2015. Bangunan baru, bersebelahan dengan Brown dan Goldfarb Halls, menargetkan pensijilan LEED Gold dan akan menambah kira-kira 105,000 kaki persegi , lebih daripada menggandakan ruang pengajaran, penyelidikan, dan program sekolah. <> Bilakah George Warren Brown School of Social Work ditubuhkan? || 1925 <> Dengan apa nama lain ialah George Warren Brown School of Work Sosial yang diketahui? || Brown School or Brown <> Apa program ijazah yang ditawarkan oleh George Warren Brown School of Social Work? || Sarjana Pekerjaan Sosial (MSW), Sarjana Kesihatan Awam (MPH), PhD dalam Kerja Sosial, dan PhD dalam Sains Kesihatan Awam <> Apakah peranan George Warren Brown yang diketahui? || St Louis dermawan dan pengasas bersama Syarikat Kasut Brown <> Apa kemudahan rumah George Warren Brown Sekolah Kerja Sosial? || Brown dan Goldfarb Halls", {"context": "With roots dating back to 1909 in the university's School of Social Economy, the George Warren Brown School of Social Work (commonly called the Brown School or Brown) was founded in 1925. Brown's academic degree offerings include a Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences. It is currently ranked first among Master of Social Work programs in the United States. The school was endowed by Bettie Bofinger Brown and named for her husband, George Warren Brown, a St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company. The school was the first in the country to have a building for the purpose of social work education, and it is also a founding member of the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. The school is housed within Brown and Goldfarb Halls, but a third building expansion is currently in progress and slated to be completed in summer 2015. The new building, adjacent to Brown and Goldfarb Halls, targets LEED Gold certification and will add approximately 105,000 square feet, more than doubling the school's teaching, research, and program space.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "1925"}], "question": "When was the George Warren Brown School of Social Work founded?", "id": "572fe6e3a23a5019007fcb11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Brown School or Brown"}], "question": "By what other names is the George Warren Brown School of Social Work known?", "id": "572fe6e3a23a5019007fcb12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences"}], "question": "What degree programs are offered by the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?", "id": "572fe6e3a23a5019007fcb13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company"}], "question": "What roles was George Warren Brown known?", "id": "572fe6e3a23a5019007fcb14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "Brown and Goldfarb Halls"}], "question": "What facilities house the  George Warren Brown School of Social Work?", "id": "572fe6e3a23a5019007fcb15"}]}], ["Hampir semua ahli fakulti di Washington University terlibat dalam penyelidikan akademik, [rujukan?] Yang menawarkan peluang untuk kedua-dua pelajar sarjana dan siswazah di seluruh tujuh sekolah universiti. Dikenali dengan interdisiplineriti dan kerjasama jabatannya, banyak pusat penyelidikan dan institut Universiti Washington adalah usaha kolaboratif antara banyak bidang di kampus. Lebih daripada 60% pelajar terlibat dalam penyelidikan fakulti di semua bidang; ia adalah keutamaan institusi bagi mahasiswa supaya dibenarkan menyertai penyelidikan lanjutan. Menurut Pusat Pengukuran Prestasi Universiti, ia dianggap sebagai salah satu daripada 10 universiti penyelidikan swasta di negara ini. Pejabat Penyelidikan Sarjana Muda yang berdedikasi terletak di Kampus Danforth dan berfungsi sebagai sumber untuk menyiarkan peluang penyelidikan, memberi nasihat kepada pelajar dalam mencari jawatan yang sesuai dengan kepentingan mereka, menerbitkan jurnal penyelidikan sarjana muda, dan menganugerahkan geran penyelidikan untuk membuatnya secara finansial untuk menjalankan penyelidikan. <> Berapa banyak sekolah yang ada di Universiti Washington? || tujuh <> Sebanyak peratus daripada pelajar sarjana terlibat dalam penyelidikan fakulti? || 60% <> Bagaimana prestasi Pusat Pengukuran Universiti Washington di Universiti Washington? || salah satu daripada 10 universiti penyelidikan swasta di negara <> Di manakah Pejabat Penyelidikan Sarjana Muda terletak? || kampus Danforth", {"context": "Virtually all faculty members at Washington University engage in academic research,[citation needed] offering opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students across the university's seven schools. Known for its interdisciplinarity and departmental collaboration, many of Washington University's research centers and institutes are collaborative efforts between many areas on campus.[citation needed] More than 60% of undergraduates are involved in faculty research across all areas; it is an institutional priority for undergraduates to be allowed to participate in advanced research. According to the Center for Measuring University Performance, it is considered to be one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation. A dedicated Office of Undergraduate Research is located on the Danforth Campus and serves as a resource to post research opportunities, advise students in finding appropriate positions matching their interests, publish undergraduate research journals, and award research grants to make it financially possible to perform research.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many schools does Washington University have?", "id": "572fffe804bcaa1900d76ff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "60%"}], "question": "What percent of undergraduate students are involved in faculty research?", "id": "572fffe804bcaa1900d76ffa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation"}], "question": "How does the Center for Measuring University performance rank Washington University?", "id": "572fffe804bcaa1900d76ffb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "the Danforth Campus"}], "question": "Where is the Office of Undergraduate Research located?", "id": "572fffe804bcaa1900d76ffc"}]}], ["Pada tahun fiskal 2007, $ 537.5 juta telah diterima dalam jumlah sokongan penyelidikan, termasuk $ 444 juta dalam obligasi persekutuan. Universiti mempunyai lebih 150 Institusi Kesihatan Nasional yang ditanam, dengan kebanyakan mereka dilesenkan kepada syarikat swasta. Agensi-agensi kerajaan dan yayasan nirlaba seperti NIH, Jabatan Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat, Yayasan Sains Kebangsaan, dan NASA memberikan majoriti dana bantuan penyelidikan, dengan Universiti Washington menjadi salah satu penerima utama dalam geran NIH dari tahun ke tahun . Hampir 80% daripada geran NIH ke institusi di negeri Missouri pergi ke Universiti Washington sahaja pada tahun 2007. Washington University dan Sekolah Perubatannya memainkan peranan besar dalam Projek Genom Manusia, di mana ia menyumbang kira-kira 25% daripada urutan yang telah selesai. Pusat Genom Sequencing telah menguraikan genom banyak haiwan, tumbuh-tumbuhan, dan organisma selular, termasuk platipus, simpanse, kucing, dan jagung. <> Berapa banyak wang dalam sokongan kewangan yang diterima oleh Universiti Washington pada tahun 2007? || $ 537.5 juta <> Berapa banyak penemuan yang dibiayai Universiti Washington oleh Institut Kesihatan Negara? || 150 <> Berapa peratus geran NH di Missouri pergi ke Universiti Washington? || 80% <> Apakah peratusan sekurangkurangnya Sekolah Perubatan Universiti Washington menyumbang kepada Projek Genom Manusia? || 25% <> Apakah beberapa organisma yang mana Pusat Penjujukan Genom di Washington University Medical menyediakan penyahkodan genom? || platip, cimpanzi, kucing, dan jagung", {"context": "During fiscal year 2007, $537.5 million was received in total research support, including $444 million in federal obligations. The University has over 150 National Institutes of Health funded inventions, with many of them licensed to private companies. Governmental agencies and non-profit foundations such as the NIH, United States Department of Defense, National Science Foundation, and NASA provide the majority of research grant funding, with Washington University being one of the top recipients in NIH grants from year-to-year. Nearly 80% of NIH grants to institutions in the state of Missouri went to Washington University alone in 2007. Washington University and its Medical School play a large part in the Human Genome Project, where it contributes approximately 25% of the finished sequence. The Genome Sequencing Center has decoded the genome of many animals, plants, and cellular organisms, including the platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "$537.5 million"}], "question": "How much money in financial support did Washington University receive in 2007?", "id": "57300ba3947a6a140053cfd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "150"}], "question": "How many inventions does Washington University have funded by the National Institute of health?  ", "id": "57300ba3947a6a140053cfd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "80%"}], "question": "What percentage of NH grants in Missouri went to Washington University? ", "id": "57300ba3947a6a140053cfd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "25%"}], "question": "What percentage of the sequencing did the Washington University Medical School contribute to the Human Genome Project?", "id": "57300ba3947a6a140053cfd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 917, "text": "platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn"}], "question": "What  are some organisms for which  the Genome Sequencing Center at  Washington University Medical provided genome decoding?", "id": "57300ba3947a6a140053cfd6"}]}], ["Washington University mempunyai lebih 300 organisasi pelajar sarjana muda di kampus. Kebanyakan dibiayai oleh Kesatuan Pelajar Universiti Washington, yang mempunyai anggaran $ 2 juta ditambah bajet tahunan yang sepenuhnya dikendalikan oleh pelajar dan merupakan salah satu belanjawan kerajaan pelajar terbesar di negara ini. Dikenali sebagai SU untuk jangka pendek, Kesatuan Pelajar menaja program kampus berskala besar termasuk WILD (konsert semester dalam kuad) dan salinan percuma New York Times, USA Today, dan St. Louis Post-Dispatch melalui Program Pembaca Kolej ; ia turut menyumbang kepada Siri Perhimpunan, satu siri mingguan yang dihasilkan oleh Universiti, dan membiayai stesen televisyen kampus, WUTV, dan stesen radio, KWUR. KWUR telah dinamakan stesen radio terbaik di St. Louis tahun 2003 oleh Riverfront Times meskipun isyaratnya hanya mencapai beberapa blok di seberang sempadan kampus. Terdapat 11 orang persaudaraan dan 9 ahli sihir, dengan kira-kira 35% pelajar pelajar terlibat dalam kehidupan orang Yunani. Kongres Selatan 40 (CS40) adalah Lembaga Pengatur Hayat dan Peristiwa Kediaman, yang beroperasi di luar lingkungan SU. Pembiayaan CS40 berasal dari Yuran Kegiatan Perumahan masing-masing pelajar yang tinggal di Selatan 40. <> Berapa banyak organisasi pelajar yang ada di Universiti Washington di kampus? || 300 <> Bagaimanakah kebanyakan organisasi pelajar di Universiti Washington dibiayai? || oleh Kesatuan Pelajar Universiti Washington <> Apakah jumlah belanjawan tahunan Kesatuan Pelajar Universiti Washington? || $ 2 juta <> Berapa peratus pelajar terlibat dalam kehidupan Greek di Washington University? || 35% <> Berapa banyak fraternities yang terdapat di Universiti Washington? || 11", {"context": "Washington University has over 300 undergraduate student organizations on campus. Most are funded by the Washington University Student Union, which has a $2 million plus annual budget that is completely student-controlled and is one of the largest student government budgets in the country. Known as SU for short, the Student Union sponsors large-scale campus programs including WILD (a semesterly concert in the quad) and free copies of the New York Times, USA Today, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch through The Collegiate Readership Program; it also contributes to the Assembly Series, a weekly lecture series produced by the University, and funds the campus television station, WUTV, and the radio station, KWUR. KWUR was named best radio station in St. Louis of 2003 by the Riverfront Times despite the fact that its signal reaches only a few blocks beyond the boundaries of the campus. There are 11 fraternities and 9 sororities, with approximately 35% of the student body being involved in Greek life. The Congress of the South 40 (CS40) is a Residential Life and Events Programming Board, which operates outside of the SU sphere. CS40's funding comes from the Housing Activities Fee of each student living on the South 40.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "300"}], "question": "How many student organizations does Washington University have on campus?", "id": "57300d78b2c2fd14005687b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "by the Washington University Student Union"}], "question": "How are most student organizations at Washington University funded?", "id": "57300d78b2c2fd14005687b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "$2 million"}], "question": "What is the amount of the Washington University Student Union annual budget?", "id": "57300d78b2c2fd14005687b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 954, "text": "35%"}], "question": "What percentage of students are involved in Greek life at Washington University?", "id": "57300d78b2c2fd14005687b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many fraternities are located at Washington University?", "id": "57300d78b2c2fd14005687b4"}]}], ["Satu lagi kumpulan kediaman, dikenali sebagai Kampung, terletak di sudut barat laut Danforth Campus. Hanya dibuka kepada pelajar kelas atas dan Ulama Januari, North Side terdiri daripada Pangsapuri Millbrook, Kampung, Pangsapuri di kampus Timur Village, dan semua rumah persaudaraan kecuali rumah Zeta Beta Tau, yang terletak di luar kampus dan terletak hanya barat laut di Selatan 40. Pertemuhan di Universiti Washington tidak mempunyai rumah dengan persetujuan mereka sendiri. Kampung ini adalah sekumpulan tempat kediaman di mana para pelajar yang mempunyai kepentingan yang sama atau tujuan akademik memohon sebagai kumpulan kecil 4 hingga 24, yang dikenali sebagai BLOC, untuk hidup bersama dalam suite berkumpulan bersama dengan bukan BLOC. Seperti 40 Selatan, kediaman di sekitar Kampung ini juga mengelilingi kawasan rekreasi. <> Di mana Kampung terletak di Universiti Washington? || sudut barat laut kampus Danforth <> Apa pelajar dibenarkan di kediaman North Side di Universiti Washington? || topclassmen dan Scholars Januari <> Berapa banyak pelajar yang terdiri dalam Blocs? || kumpulan 4 hingga 24 <> Apa kediaman yang terdiri daripada North Side of Washington University? || Pangsapuri Millbrook, Kampung, Pangsapuri di kampus Timur Kampung <> Bagaimana pelajar dikumpulkan di BLOCS di kediaman Kampung? || pelajar yang mempunyai minat yang sama atau matlamat akademik", {"context": "Another group of residences, known as the Village, is located in the northwest corner of Danforth Campus. Only open to upperclassmen and January Scholars, the North Side consists of Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments, and all fraternity houses except the Zeta Beta Tau house, which is off campus and located just northwest of the South 40. Sororities at Washington University do not have houses by their own accord. The Village is a group of residences where students who have similar interests or academic goals apply as small groups of 4 to 24, known as BLOCs, to live together in clustered suites along with non-BLOCs. Like the South 40, the residences around the Village also surround a recreational lawn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "the northwest corner of Danforth Campus"}], "question": "Where is the Village located at Washington University?", "id": "573012c004bcaa1900d77103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "upperclassmen and January Scholars"}], "question": "What students are allowed in the North Side residences at Washington University?", "id": "573012c004bcaa1900d77104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "groups of 4 to 24"}], "question": "How many students are composed in Blocs?", "id": "573012c004bcaa1900d77105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments"}], "question": "What residences comprise the North Side of Washington University?", "id": "573012c004bcaa1900d77106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "students who have similar interests or academic goals"}], "question": "How are students grouped in BLOCS at  the Village residences?", "id": "573012c004bcaa1900d77107"}]}], ["Lebih 50% pelajar sarjana tinggal di kampus. Kebanyakan dewan kediaman di kampus terletak di Selatan 40, yang dinamakan kerana lokasi bersebelahannya di sebelah selatan kampus Danforth dan saiznya 40 ekar (160,000 m2). Ia adalah lokasi semua bangunan orang baru dan juga beberapa bangunan upperclassman, yang ditubuhkan di dalam sistem kolej kediaman tradisional. Semua dewan kediaman telah digabungkan. Selatan 40 dianjurkan sebagai persekitaran mesra pejalan kaki di mana kediaman mengelilingi rumput rekreasi tengah yang dikenali sebagai Rawa. Bear's Den (dewan makan terbesar di kampus), Habif Health and Wellness Centre (Perkhidmatan Kesihatan Pelajar), Pejabat Hayat Kediaman, Ibu Pejabat Polis Universiti, pelbagai perniagaan milik pelajar (cth. Perkhidmatan dobi, Wash U Wash), dan besbol, softball dan medan intramural juga terletak di Selatan 40. <> Sebanyak peratus pelajar sarjana tinggal di kampus di Washington University? || Lebih 50% <> Di mana terdapat dewan-dewan yang paling banyak bertempat di Universiti Washington? || Selatan 40, <> Bagaimana South 40 mendapat namanya? || kerana lokasi bersebelahan di sebelah selatan kampus Danforth dan saiz 40 hektar <> Di mana semua bangunan kediaman baru di Universiti Washington terletak? || Selatan 40 <> Apakah kegunaan gender di dewan kediaman di Washington University? || co-ed", {"context": "Over 50% of undergraduate students live on campus. Most of the residence halls on campus are located on the South 40, named because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres (160,000 m2). It is the location of all the freshman buildings as well as several upperclassman buildings, which are set up in the traditional residential college system. All of the residential halls are co-ed. The South 40 is organized as a pedestrian-friendly environment wherein residences surround a central recreational lawn known as the Swamp. Bear's Den (the largest dining hall on campus), the Habif Health and Wellness Center (Student Health Services), the Residential Life Office, University Police Headquarters, various student-owned businesses (e.g. the laundry service, Wash U Wash), and the baseball, softball, and intramural fields are also located on the South 40.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Over 50%"}], "question": "What percent of undergraduate students live on campus at Washington University?", "id": "5730107c947a6a140053d022"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "the South 40,"}], "question": "Where are most residence halls located at Washington University?", "id": "5730107c947a6a140053d023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres"}], "question": "How did the South 40 get its name?", "id": "5730107c947a6a140053d024"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "the South 40"}], "question": "Where are all freshman residence buildings at Washington University located?", "id": "5730107c947a6a140053d025"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "co-ed"}], "question": "What is the gender make-up of the residence halls at Washington University?", "id": "5730107c947a6a140053d026"}]}], ["Washington University menyokong empat buah media utama yang dikendalikan pelajar. Surat khabar pelajar universiti, Kehidupan Pelajar, boleh didapati untuk pelajar. KWUR (90.3 FM) berfungsi sebagai stesen radio rasmi pelajar; stesen ini juga menarik penonton di masyarakat sekitar yang segera kerana pengaturcaraan muzik eklektik dan bebas. WUTV adalah saluran televisyen litar tertutup universiti. Penerbitan politik utama pelajar universiti ini ialah Kajian Politik Universiti Washington (digelar \"WUPR\"), sebuah majalah bulanan \"multipartisan\" yang digambarkan sendiri. Siswazah Universiti Washington menerbitkan dua jurnal sastera dan seni, The Eliot Review dan Spier Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine. Pelbagai penerbitan lain juga berkhidmat kepada komuniti universiti, mulai dari jurnal akademik dalaman hingga majalah aluminium yang glossy ke WUnderground, akhbar satiristik pelajar kampus. <> Berapa banyak saluran media yang menyokong Washington University? || empat <> Apa stesen radio pelajar rasmi di Universiti Washington? || KWUR (90.3 FM) <> Apakah nama penerbitan politik Washington University? || Washington University Political Review <> Apakah rangkaian televisyen litar tertutup Washington University? || WUTV <> Apakah nama-nama jurnal seni yang diterbitkan oleh Universiti Washington? || Kajian Eliot dan Spier Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine", {"context": "Washington University supports four major student-run media outlets. The university's student newspaper, Student Life, is available for students. KWUR (90.3 FM) serves as the students' official radio station; the station also attracts an audience in the immediately surrounding community due to its eclectic and free-form musical programming. WUTV is the university's closed-circuit television channel. The university's main student-run political publication is the Washington University Political Review (nicknamed \"WUPR\"), a self-described \"multipartisan\" monthly magazine. Washington University undergraduates publish two literary and art journals, The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine. A variety of other publications also serve the university community, ranging from in-house academic journals to glossy alumni magazines to WUnderground, campus' student-run satirical newspaper.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many media outlets does Washington University support?", "id": "57301454a23a5019007fcd1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "KWUR (90.3 FM)"}], "question": "What is the official student radio station at Washington University?", "id": "57301454a23a5019007fcd1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Washington University Political Review"}], "question": "What is the name of Washington University's political publication?", "id": "57301454a23a5019007fcd1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "WUTV"}], "question": "What is Washington University's closed circuit television network? ", "id": "57301454a23a5019007fcd1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine"}], "question": "What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University?", "id": "57301454a23a5019007fcd1f"}]}], ["Pasukan sukan Universiti Washington dipanggil Bears. Mereka adalah ahli Persatuan Atletik Kolej Negara dan mengambil bahagian dalam Persatuan Atletik Universiti di peringkat Bahagian III. The Bears telah memenangi 19 Kejohanan Divisyen III NCAA - satu di negara salib wanita (2011), satu dalam tenis lelaki (2008), dua dalam bola keranjang lelaki (2008, 2009), lima dalam bola keranjang wanita (1998-2001, 2010), dan Sepuluh dalam bola tampar wanita (1989, 1991-1996, 2003, 2007, 2009) - dan 144 tajuk UAA dalam 15 sukan yang berbeza. Jabatan Athletic diketuai oleh John Schael yang telah berkhidmat sebagai pengarah atlet sejak 1978. Pemenang 2000 Bahagian III Wilayah Tengah Persatuan Pengarah Kolej Nasional Sukan / Pengarah Syarikat Atletik Continental Airlines, Schael telah membantu merancang Bears transformasi olahraga menjadi salah satu jabatan tertinggi dalam Divisyen III. <> Apakah nama pasukan sukan Universiti Washington? || Bears <> Pada tahap pembahagian apakah pasukan sukan Washington University bersaing? || Bahagian III <> Berapa banyak kejohanan Divisi NCAA yang dimenangi oleh pasukan sukan Universiti Washington? || 19 <> Dalam berapa tahun pasukan bola keranjang lelaki Universiti Washington memenangi kejuaraan divisyen? || 2008, 2009 <> Siapa ketua Jabatan Athletic Universiti Washington? || John Schael", {"context": "Washington University's sports teams are called the Bears. They are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and participate in the University Athletic Association at the Division III level. The Bears have won 19 NCAA Division III Championships\u2014 one in women's cross country (2011), one in men's tennis (2008), two in men's basketball (2008, 2009), five in women's basketball (1998\u20132001, 2010), and ten in women's volleyball (1989, 1991\u20131996, 2003, 2007, 2009) \u2013 and 144 UAA titles in 15 different sports. The Athletic Department is headed by John Schael who has served as director of athletics since 1978. The 2000 Division III Central Region winner of the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics/Continental Airlines Athletics Director of the Year award, Schael has helped orchestrate the Bears athletics transformation into one of the top departments in Division III.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "the Bears"}], "question": "What is the name of the Washington University sports teams?", "id": "573015da04bcaa1900d77155"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Division III"}], "question": "At what division level does the Washington University sports teams compete?", "id": "573015da04bcaa1900d77156"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "19"}], "question": "How many NCAA division championships have the Washington University sports teams won?", "id": "573015da04bcaa1900d77157"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "2008, 2009"}], "question": "In what years did the Washington University men's basketball teams win division championships?", "id": "573015da04bcaa1900d77158"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "John Schael"}], "question": "Who is the head of the Washington University Athletic Department?", "id": "573015da04bcaa1900d77159"}]}], ["Universiti Washington mempunyai sejumlah besar kumpulan muzik yang dikendalikan oleh pelajar di kampus, termasuk 12 rasmi kumpulan cappella. Pikers, kumpulan lelaki-lelaki, adalah kumpulan tertua di kampus. The Greenleafs, kumpulan semua-perempuan adalah kumpulan wanita tertua (dan hanya) di kampus. The Whispers Mosaic, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1991, adalah kumpulan terkumpul tertua di kampus. Mereka telah menghasilkan 9 album dan telah muncul dalam beberapa album kompilasi, termasuk Ben Folds Presents Ben Folds: University A Cappella! The Amateurs, yang juga muncul di album ini, adalah satu lagi kumpulan cappella di kampus, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1991. Mereka telah mencatatkan tujuh album dan melawat secara meluas. Selepas Dark adalah co-ed kumpulan cappella yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 2001. Ia telah mengeluarkan tiga album dan telah memenangi beberapa anugerah Rakaman Capella (CARA) Kontemporer. Pada tahun 2008, kumpulan itu mengadakan MSNBC semasa liputan perbahasan naib presiden dengan lagu-lagu khusus ditulis mengenai Joe Biden dan Sarah Palin. The Ghost Lights, yang ditubuhkan pada 2010, adalah kumpulan soundtrack Broadway, Filem, dan televisyen kampus yang terbaru dan hanya. Mereka telah mengadakan beberapa konsert dermawan di kawasan St. Louis yang lebih besar dan diberi penghormatan pada bulan November 2010 dengan peluang untuk tampil untuk Nobel Laureate Douglass North pada perayaan ulang tahunnya. <> Berapa banyak kumpulan cappella yang ada di Universiti Washington? || 12 <> Apa nama kumpulan cappella yang tertua di Universiti Washington? || The Pikers <> Apa wanita sulung cappella tertua di Washington University? || The Greenleafs <> Kapan yang paling lama bersama kumpulan cappella di Washington University diasaskan? || 1991 <> Bilakah kumpulan After Dark melakukan MSNBC? || 2008", {"context": "Washington University has a large number of student-run musical groups on campus, including 12 official a cappella groups. The Pikers, an all-male group, is the oldest such group on campus. The Greenleafs, an all-female group is the oldest (and only) female group on campus. The Mosaic Whispers, founded in 1991, is the oldest co-ed group on campus. They have produced 9 albums and have appeared on a number of compilation albums, including Ben Folds' Ben Folds Presents: University A Cappella! The Amateurs, who also appeared on this album, is another co-ed a cappella group on campus, founded in 1991. They have recorded seven albums and toured extensively. After Dark is a co-ed a cappella group founded in 2001. It has released three albums and has won several Contemporary A Capella Recording (CARA) awards. In 2008 the group performed on MSNBC during coverage of the vice presidential debate with specially written songs about Joe Biden and Sarah Palin. The Ghost Lights, founded in 2010, is the campus's newest and only Broadway, Movies, and Television soundtrack group. They have performed multiple philanthropic concerts in the greater St. Louis area and were honored in November 2010 with the opportunity to perform for Nobel Laureate Douglass North at his birthday celebration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many a cappella groups does Washington University have?", "id": "57300eee947a6a140053d00e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "The Pikers"}], "question": "What is the name of the oldest a cappella group at Washington University?", "id": "57300eee947a6a140053d00f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "The Greenleafs"}], "question": "What is the oldest female a cappella group at Washington University?", "id": "57300eee947a6a140053d010"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When was the oldest co-ed  a cappella group at Washington University founded?", "id": "57300eee947a6a140053d011"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "2008"}], "question": "When did the group After Dark perform MSNBC?", "id": "57300eee947a6a140053d012"}]}]], [["CIA menubuhkan kemudahan latihan pertamanya, Office of Training and Education, pada tahun 1950. Berikutan berakhirnya Perang Dingin, belanjawan latihan CIA dikurangi, yang mempunyai pengaruh negatif terhadap pengekalan pekerja. Sebagai tindak balas, Pengarah Perisikan Pusat George Tenet menubuhkan CIA University pada tahun 2002. CIA University memegang antara 200 dan 300 kursus setiap tahun, melatih kedua-dua pekerja baru dan pegawai risikan yang berpengalaman, serta kakitangan sokongan CIA. Kemudahan ini berfungsi dengan kerjasama Universiti Perisikan Negara, dan termasuk Sekolah Sherman Kent untuk Analisis Perisikan, Direktorat Analisis 'komponen universiti. <> Dalam tahun apakah CIA telah menubuhkan kemudahan latihan pertamanya? || 1950 <> Apa nama kemudahan latihan pertama yang ditubuhkan oleh CIA? || Pejabat Latihan dan Pendidikan <> Apakah acara menurunkan belanjawan latihan CIA? || Perang Dingin <> Berapa banyak kursus tahunan yang dilakukan oleh Universiti CIA? || antara 200 dan 300 <> Siapa yang menjadi Pengarah Perisikan Pusat pada tahun 2002? || George Tenet", {"context": "The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1950"}], "question": "In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?", "id": "572f4f74a23a5019007fc517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the Office of Training and Education"}], "question": "What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?", "id": "572f4f74a23a5019007fc518"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "the Cold War"}], "question": "What event decreased the CIA's training budget?", "id": "572f4f74a23a5019007fc519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "between 200 and 300"}], "question": "How many annual courses does the CIA University have?", "id": "572f4f74a23a5019007fc51b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "George Tenet"}], "question": "Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?", "id": "572f4f74a23a5019007fc51a"}]}], ["Direktorat Operasi bertanggungjawab mengutip kecerdasan asing, terutama dari sumber rahsia HUMINT, dan tindakan rahasia. Nama ini mencerminkan peranannya sebagai penyelaras aktiviti perisikan manusia di kalangan elemen-elemen lain dari komuniti perisikan A.S. yang lebih luas dengan operasi mereka sendiri. Direktorat ini diwujudkan dalam usaha untuk mengakhiri persaingan selama pengaruh, falsafah dan anggaran antara Jabatan Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat (DOD) dan CIA. Walaupun demikian, Jabatan Pertahanan baru-baru ini telah menganjurkan khidmat perisikan rahasia global sendiri, Perkhidmatan Pertahanan Kanser (DCS), di bawah Agensi Perisikan Pertahanan (DIA). <> Pejabat apa yang bertanggungjawab mengutip kecerdasan asing? || Direktorat Operasi <> Apakah sebab utama Direktorat Operasi dicipta? || untuk mengakhiri tahun persaingan <> Apa perkhidmatan perisikan yang dibuat Jabatan Pertahanan baru-baru ini? || Perkhidmatan Pertahanan Kanser <> Apa yang DIA berdiri? || Agensi Perisikan Pertahanan <> Apakah DOD pendek untuk? || Jabatan Pertahanan", {"context": "The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Directorate of Operations"}], "question": "What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence?", "id": "572f4e74947a6a140053c86c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "to end years of rivalry"}], "question": "What is the main reason the Directorate of Operations was created?", "id": "572f4e74947a6a140053c86d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "the Defense Clandestine Service"}], "question": "What intelligence service did the Department of Defense recently create?", "id": "572f4e74947a6a140053c86e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Defense Intelligence Agency"}], "question": "What does DIA stand for?", "id": "572f4e74947a6a140053c86f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Department of Defense"}], "question": "What is DOD short for?", "id": "572f4e74947a6a140053c870"}]}], ["Tidak seperti Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan (FBI), yang merupakan perkhidmatan keselamatan dalam negeri, CIA tidak mempunyai fungsi penguatkuasaan undang-undang dan terutamanya tertumpu kepada perhimpunan perisikan di luar negara, dengan hanya koleksi domestik terhad. Walaupun bukan satu-satunya agensi kerajaan A.S. yang mengkhusus dalam HUMINT, CIA berfungsi sebagai pengurus kebangsaan untuk penyelarasan dan dekonflasi aktiviti HUMINT di seluruh komuniti perisikan. Selain itu, CIA adalah satu-satunya agensi yang diberi kuasa oleh undang-undang untuk menjalankan dan mengawasi tindakan rahsia bagi pihak Presiden, melainkan jika Presiden memutuskan bahawa agensi lain lebih sesuai untuk melaksanakan tindakan tersebut. Sebagai contoh, ia boleh mempengaruhi pengaruh politik asing melalui bahagian-bahagian taktikalnya, seperti Bahagian Aktiviti Khas. <> Apakah fokus utama CIA? || perhimpunan perisikan luar negeri <> Apa yang FBI berdiri? || Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan <> Apakah satu-satunya agensi yang diberi kuasa untuk menjalankan tindakan bagi pihak presiden? || CIA", {"context": "Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic collection. Though it is not the only U.S. government agency specializing in HUMINT, CIA serves as the national manager for coordination and deconfliction of HUMINT activities across the entire intelligence community. Moreover, CIA is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert action on behalf of the President, unless the President determines that another agency is better suited for carrying out such action. It can, for example, exert foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "overseas intelligence gathering"}], "question": "What is the CIA's main focus?", "id": "572f4a7a947a6a140053c866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Federal Bureau of Investigation"}], "question": "What does FBI stand for?", "id": "572f4a7a947a6a140053c867"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "CIA"}], "question": "What is the only agency that is authorized to carry out action on behalf of the president?", "id": "572f4a7a947a6a140053c868"}]}], ["Pautan terdekat IC A.S. kepada agensi perisikan asing yang lain adalah untuk negara Anglophone: Australia, Kanada, New Zealand, dan United Kingdom. Terdapat tanda komunikasi khas yang memberi isyarat bahawa mesej yang berkaitan dengan perisikan boleh dikongsi dengan empat negara ini. Petunjuk operasi operasi yang rapat di Amerika Syarikat adalah penciptaan label edaran mesej baru dalam rangkaian komunikasi ketenteraan A.S. utama. Sebelum ini, penandaan NOFORN (iaitu, Tiada Negara Asing) memerlukan pemula untuk menentukan yang mana, jika ada, negara bukan U.S. Boleh menerima maklumat itu. Satu kaveat pengendalian baru, Lima Eyes Amerika Syarikat / AUS / CAN / GBR / NZL yang digunakan terutamanya pada mesej perisikan, memberikan cara yang lebih mudah untuk menunjukkan bahawa bahan itu boleh dikongsi dengan Australia, Kanada, United Kingdom, dan New Zealand. <> Yang empat negara boleh berkongsi komunikasi dengan IC A.S.? || Australia, Kanada, New Zealand, dan United Kingdom <> Apakah NOFORN berdiri? || Tidak ada Negara Asing <> Apakah tanda istimewa yang menunjukkan mesej dapat dikongsi dengan lima negara lain? || Lima Mata / Amerika Syarikat / AUS / CAN / GBR / NZL", {"context": "The closest links of the U.S. IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries. An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom"}], "question": "Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?", "id": "572f554ea23a5019007fc565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "No Foreign Nationals"}], "question": "What does NOFORN stand for?", "id": "572f554ea23a5019007fc566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes"}], "question": "What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries?", "id": "572f554ea23a5019007fc567"}]}], ["Peranan dan fungsi CIA adalah hampir sama dengan Perkhidmatan Perisikan Rahsia United Kingdom (SIS atau MI6), Perkhidmatan Perisikan Rahsia Australia (ASIS), Perkhidmatan Perisikan Umum Mesir, Perkhidmatan Perisikan Luar Negara Rusia (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki (SVR), Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), Perisikan Antara Perkhidmatan Pakistan (ISI), perkhidmatan perisikan asing Perancis Arah G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Ext\u00e9rieure (DGSE) dan Mossad Israel. Walaupun agensi-agensi terdahulu mengumpul dan menganalisis maklumat, beberapa seperti Biro Perisikan dan Penyelidikan Jabatan Negara A.S. adalah agensi analisis semata-mata. [Rujukan?] <> Apa yang setara dengan CIA? || Perkhidmatan Perisikan Rahsia <> Apakah ASIS berdiri? || Perkhidmatan Perisikan Rahsia Australia <> Apakah nama agensi risikan Israel? || Mossad <> Apakah akronim untuk Penyelidikan dan Analisis India Wing? || RAW <> Apakah akronim bagi perkhidmatan perisikan Perancis? || DGSE", {"context": "The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Ext\u00e9rieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Secret Intelligence Service"}], "question": "What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?", "id": "572f52b1947a6a140053c876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Australian Secret Intelligence Service"}], "question": "What does ASIS stand for?", "id": "572f52b1947a6a140053c877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Mossad"}], "question": "What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?", "id": "572f52b1947a6a140053c878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "RAW"}], "question": "What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?", "id": "572f52b1947a6a140053c87a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "DGSE"}], "question": "What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?", "id": "572f52b1947a6a140053c879"}]}], ["Kejayaan Komando British semasa Perang Dunia II menggesa Presiden A.S. Franklin D. Roosevelt untuk membenarkan penciptaan perkhidmatan perisikan dimodelkan selepas Perkhidmatan Perisikan Rahsia British (MI6), dan Eksekutif Operasi Khas. Ini membawa kepada penciptaan Pejabat Perkhidmatan Strategik (OSS). Pada 20 September 1945, sejurus selepas berakhirnya Perang Dunia II, Harry S. Truman menandatangani perintah eksekutif yang membubarkan OSS, dan menjelang Oktober 1945 fungsinya telah dibahagikan antara Jabatan Negara dan Perang. Bahagian ini berlangsung hanya beberapa bulan. Penyebutan umum yang pertama mengenai \"Central Intelligence Agency\" muncul pada cadangan penyusunan semula komando yang disampaikan oleh Jim Forrestal dan Arthur Radford kepada Jawatankuasa Hal Ehwal Tentera Senat AS pada akhir tahun 1945. Meskipun ditentang oleh penubuhan tentera, Departemen Amerika Serikat Negeri dan Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan (FBI), Truman menubuhkan Pihak Berkuasa Perisikan Negara pada bulan Januari 1946, yang merupakan pendahulu langsung CIA. Pelanjutan operasinya dikenali sebagai Kumpulan Perisikan Pusat (CIG) <> Apakah presiden yang membenarkan penciptaan perkhidmatan perisikan? || Franklin D. Roosevelt <> Siapa maklumat perisikan rahsia yang dimodelkan oleh AS? || British <> Apa maksud OSS? || Pejabat Perkhidmatan Strategik <> Siapa yang menandatangani perintah untuk menghapuskan OSS? || Harry S. Truman <> Pada tahun apakah OSS dibubarkan? || 1945", {"context": "The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the \"Central Intelligence Agency\" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"}], "question": "What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?", "id": "572f5607b2c2fd1400568035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "British"}], "question": "Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?", "id": "572f5607b2c2fd1400568036"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Office of Strategic Services"}], "question": "What does OSS stand for?", "id": "572f5607b2c2fd1400568037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Harry S. Truman"}], "question": "Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?", "id": "572f5607b2c2fd1400568038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "1945"}], "question": "In what year was the OSS dissolved?", "id": "572f5607b2c2fd1400568039"}]}], ["Direktorat Analisis menghasilkan penyiasatan kecerdasan semua sumber mengenai isu-isu utama dan antara benua yang berkaitan dengan topik yang sensitif dan terkadang anti-kerajaan. Ia mempunyai empat kumpulan analitik serantau, enam kumpulan untuk isu transnasional, dan tiga tumpuan kepada dasar, koleksi, dan sokongan kakitangan. Terdapat sebuah pejabat yang didedikasikan untuk Iraq, dan Pejabat analisis serantau yang meliputi Analisa Dekat Timur dan Selatan Asia, Pejabat Analisis Rusia dan Eropah, dan Pejabat Analisis Asia dan Asia Pasifik, Asia Pasifik, dan Analisis Afrika dan Afrika. <> Berapa banyak kumpulan analisis serantau yang ada di Direktorat Analisis? || empat <> Siapa yang menghasilkan semua siasatan risikan sumber? || Direktorat Analisis <> Berapa banyak kumpulan Direktorat Analisis menumpukan pada dasar, pengumpulan dan sokongan staf? || tiga <> Berapa banyak kumpulan yang menjalankan Direktorat Analisis untuk isu-isu transnasional? || enam <> Direktorat Analisis mempunyai pejabat yang didedikasikan untuk negara apa? || Iraq", {"context": "The Directorate of Analysis produces all-source intelligence investigation on key foreign and intercontinental issues relating to powerful and sometimes anti-government sensitive topics. It has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three focus on policy, collection, and staff support. There is an office dedicated to Iraq, and regional analytical Offices covering the Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis, the Office of Russian and European Analysis, and the Office of Asian Pacific, Asian Pacific, Latin American, and African Analysis and African Analysis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many regional analytic groups does the Directorate of Analysis have?", "id": "572f4d2d04bcaa1900d76828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Directorate of Analysis"}], "question": "Who produces all source intelligence investigations?", "id": "572f4d2d04bcaa1900d76827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many groups of the Directorate of Analysis focus on policy, collection and staff support?", "id": "572f4d2d04bcaa1900d7682b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many groups does the Directorate of Analysis have for transnational issues?", "id": "572f4d2d04bcaa1900d76829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Iraq"}], "question": "The Directorate of Analysis has an office dedicated to what country?", "id": "572f4d2d04bcaa1900d7682a"}]}], ["Pejabat Eksekutif juga menyokong tentera A.S. dengan menyediakannya dengan maklumat yang dikumpulkannya, menerima maklumat dari organisasi intelijen tentera, dan bekerjasama dalam kegiatan lapangan. Pengarah Eksekutif bertanggungjawab ke atas operasi CIA setiap hari, dan setiap cawangan perkhidmatan mempunyai Pengarah sendiri. Pengarah Bersekutu urusan ketenteraan, pegawai tentera kanan, mengurus hubungan antara CIA dan Komando Bersatu Bersatu, yang menghasilkan kecerdasan serantau / operasi dan menggunakan perisikan negara. <> Apakah tajuk orang yang menguruskan hubungan antara CIA dan Perintah Bersatu Bersatu? || Pengarah Bersekutu hal ehwal ketenteraan <> Apa tiga cara pejabat Eksekutif menyokong tentera A.S.? || menyediakannya dengan maklumat yang dikumpulkannya, menerima maklumat daripada organisasi perisikan tentera, dan bekerjasama dalam aktiviti lapangan <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab dalam operasi harian CIA? || Pengarah Eksekutif", {"context": "The Executive Office also supports the U.S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, and each branch of the service has its own Director. The Associate Director of military affairs, a senior military officer, manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands, who produce regional/operational intelligence and consume national intelligence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "The Associate Director of military affairs"}], "question": "What is the title of the person who manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands?", "id": "572f4bcd04bcaa1900d76822"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities"}], "question": "What three ways does the Executive office support the U.S. military?", "id": "572f4bcd04bcaa1900d76823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "The Executive Director"}], "question": "Who is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA?", "id": "572f4bcd04bcaa1900d76821"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak percubaan terdahulu untuk mendapatkan maklumat umum tentang anggaran. Hasilnya, ternyata bahawa bajet tahunan CIA pada Tahun Fiskal 1963 ialah US $ 550 juta (pelarasan inflasi US $ 4.3 bilion pada 2016), dan belanjawan perisikan keseluruhan pada TK 1997 adalah AS $ 26.6 bilion (laras inflasi US $ 39.2 bilion pada 2016). Terdapat pendedahan tidak sengaja; contohnya Mary Margaret Graham, bekas pegawai CIA dan timbalan pengarah perisikan nasional untuk pengumpulan pada tahun 2005, mengatakan bahawa anggaran kecerdasan tahunan adalah $ 4400000000, dan pada tahun 1994 Kongres sengaja menerbitkan anggaran sebesar $ 43.4 billion (pada tahun 2012 dolar) pada tahun 1994 untuk Program Perisikan Negara bukan tentera, termasuk $ 4.8 bilion untuk CIA. Selepas Pelan Marshall diluluskan, mengagihkan $ 13.7 bilion dalam tempoh lima tahun, 5% daripada dana atau $ 685 juta telah disediakan kepada CIA. <> Apakah tahun pertama belanjawan CIA didedahkan? || 1963 <> Siapa yang nyatakan bajet CIA untuk tahun 2005? || Mary Margaret Graham <> Kelompok apa yang sengaja menerbitkan belanjawan bukan CIA pada tahun 1994? || Kongres <> Pelan apa yang memperuntukkan $ 13.7 bilion selama lima tahun? || Rancangan Marshall <> Sebanyak peratus daripada $ 13.7 bilion yang diterima oleh CIA? || 5%", {"context": "There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget. As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016), and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016). There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion, and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA. After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "1963"}], "question": "What was the first year the CIA's budget was disclosed?", "id": "572f51a8a23a5019007fc52b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "Mary Margaret Graham"}], "question": "Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?", "id": "572f51a8a23a5019007fc52c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "Congress"}], "question": "What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?", "id": "572f51a8a23a5019007fc52d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "the Marshall Plan"}], "question": "What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?", "id": "572f51a8a23a5019007fc52e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "5%"}], "question": "What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?", "id": "572f51a8a23a5019007fc52f"}]}], ["Butiran belanjawan perisikan keseluruhan Amerika Syarikat dikelaskan. Di bawah Akta Agensi Perisikan Pusat 1949, Pengarah Pusat Perisikan Pusat merupakan satu-satunya pegawai kerajaan persekutuan yang boleh membelanjakan wang kerajaan \"tidak dijamin\". Kerajaan telah mendedahkan jumlah keseluruhan perbelanjaan perisikan bukan tentera sejak 2007; angka 2013 fiskal ialah $ 52.6 bilion. Menurut pendedahan pengawasan besar-besaran pada tahun 2013, bajet 2013 fiskal CIA adalah $ 14.7 bilion, 28% daripada jumlah keseluruhan dan hampir 50% lebih daripada anggaran Agensi Keselamatan Negara. Belanjawan CIA adalah $ 2.3 bilion, bajet SIGINT ialah $ 1.7 bilion, dan perbelanjaan untuk keselamatan dan logistik misi CIA adalah $ 2.5 bilion. \"Program tindakan rahsia\", termasuk pelbagai aktiviti seperti armada pesawat CIA dan aktiviti program nuklear anti-Iran, menyumbang $ 2.6 bilion. <> Tahun apakah Akta Agensi Perisikan Pusat dibuat? || 1949 <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibelanjakan untuk perisikan bukan ketenteraan pada tahun 2013? || $ 52.6 bilion <> Siapa sahaja pekerja persekutuan yang boleh menghabiskan wang untuk wang? || Pengarah Perisikan Pusat <> Apakah anggaran tahunan 2013 untuk HUBUNGAN CIA? || $ 2.3 bilion <> Apa dua perkara utama yang termasuk \"Program tindakan rahasia\" CIA? || armada drone dan aktiviti program nuklear anti-Iran", {"context": "Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend \"un-vouchered\" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. \"Covert action programs\", including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1949"}], "question": "What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created?", "id": "572f508fa23a5019007fc521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "$52.6 billion"}], "question": "How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013?", "id": "572f508fa23a5019007fc523"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "the Director of Central Intelligence"}], "question": "Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?", "id": "572f508fa23a5019007fc522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "$2.3 billion"}], "question": "What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA's HUMINT?", "id": "572f508fa23a5019007fc524"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities"}], "question": "What two major things does the CIA's \"Covert action programs\" include?", "id": "572f508fa23a5019007fc525"}]}], ["Pada awal Perang Korea, CIA masih mempunyai beberapa ribu pekerja, seribu di antaranya bekerja dalam analisis. Perisikan terutamanya berasal dari Pejabat Laporan dan Anggaran, yang menarik laporannya dari pengambilan harian Telegram Jabatan Negara, penghantaran ketenteraan, dan dokumen awam yang lain. CIA masih kekurangan kebolehan mengumpul kecerdasannya sendiri. Pada 21 Ogos 1950, sejurus selepas pencerobohan Korea Selatan, Truman mengumumkan Walter Bedell Smith sebagai Pengarah baru CIA untuk membetulkan apa yang dilihat sebagai kegagalan Perisikan Besar. [Klarifikasi diperlukan] <> Siapa yang dilantik menjadi yang baru Pengarah CIA pada tahun 1950? || Walter Bedell Smith <> Presiden apa yang mengumumkan pengarah CIA baru? || Truman <> Di manakah kecerdasan CIA yang datang dari sebelum tahun 1950? || Pejabat Laporan dan Anggaran", {"context": "At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, a thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA still lacked its own intelligence gathering abilities. On 21 August 1950, shortly after the invasion of South Korea, Truman announced Walter Bedell Smith as the new Director of the CIA to correct what was seen as a grave failure of Intelligence.[clarification needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Walter Bedell Smith"}], "question": "Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950?", "id": "572f580c947a6a140053c894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Truman"}], "question": "What president announced the new CIA director?", "id": "572f580c947a6a140053c896"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "the Office of Reports and Estimates"}], "question": "Where was most of the CIA's intelligence coming from before 1950?", "id": "572f580c947a6a140053c895"}]}], ["Rekod awal CIA adalah kurang, dengan agensi tidak dapat menyediakan kecerdasan yang mencukupi tentang pengambilalihan Soviet Romania dan Czechoslovakia, blokade Soviet Berlin, dan proyek bom atom Soviet. Khususnya, agensi itu gagal meramalkan kemasukan orang Cina ke dalam Perang Korea dengan 300,000 tentera. Ejen ganda yang terkenal, Kim Philby adalah penghubung Inggeris kepada Perisikan Pusat Amerika. Melaluinya CIA menyelaraskan beratus-ratus tirai udara di dalam tirai besi, semuanya dikompromi oleh Philby. Dewan Arlington, pusat saraf cryptanalysisl CIA telah dikompromikan oleh Bill Weisband, penterjemah Rusia dan perisik Soviet. CIA akan menggunakan semula taktik penurunan ejen tumbuhan di belakang garis musuh dengan payung terjun sekali lagi di China, dan Korea Utara. Ini juga akan menjadi sia-sia. <> Berapa ramai askar Cina masuk ke dalam Perang Korea? || 300,000 <> Siapa yang menganggu beratus-ratus airdrops? || Kim Philby <> Siapa penterjemah Rusia dan Perisik Soviet? || Bill Weisband", {"context": "The early track record of the CIA was poor, with the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, and the Soviet atomic bomb project. In particular, the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,000 troops. The famous double agent Kim Philby was the British liaison to American Central Intelligence. Through him the CIA coordinated hundreds of airdrops inside the iron curtain, all compromised by Philby. Arlington Hall, the nerve center of CIA cryptanalysisl was compromised by Bill Weisband, a Russian translator and Soviet spy. The CIA would reuse the tactic of dropping plant agents behind enemy lines by parachute again on China, and North Korea. This too would be fruitless.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "300,000"}], "question": "How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War?", "id": "572f5c68a23a5019007fc5a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Kim Philby"}], "question": "Who compromised hundreds of airdrops?", "id": "572f5c68a23a5019007fc5a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Bill Weisband"}], "question": "Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy?", "id": "572f5c68a23a5019007fc5a3"}]}], ["Pada 18 Jun 1948, Majlis Keselamatan Negara mengeluarkan Arahan 10/2 memanggil tindakan rahsia terhadap USSR, dan memberikan kuasa untuk menjalankan operasi rahsia terhadap \"negara atau kumpulan asing yang bermusuhan\" yang, jika diperlukan, ditolak oleh AS kerajaan. Untuk tujuan ini, Pejabat Penyelarasan Dasar telah diwujudkan di dalam CIA baru. OPC agak unik; Frank Wisner, ketua OPC, tidak menjawab kepada Pengarah CIA, tetapi kepada setiausaha pertahanan, negara, dan NSC, dan tindakan OPC adalah rahasia bahkan dari ketua CIA. Kebanyakan stesen CIA mempunyai dua ketua stesen, satu yang bekerja untuk OSO, dan satu yang bekerja untuk OPC. <> Pada tahun apakah arahan 10/2 dikeluarkan? || 1948 <> Siapa yang menjadi ketua OPC? || Frank Wisner <> Kebanyakan stesen CIA mempunyai bilangan ketua? || dua <> Arahan 10/2 meminta tindakan terhadap siapa? || USSR", {"context": "On 18 June 1948, the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR, and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against \"hostile foreign states or groups\" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the Office of Policy Coordination was created inside the new CIA. The OPC was quite unique; Frank Wisner, the head of the OPC, answered not to the CIA Director, but to the secretaries of defense, state, and the NSC, and the OPC's actions were a secret even from the head of the CIA. Most CIA stations had two station chiefs, one working for the OSO, and one working for the OPC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "1948"}], "question": "In what year was directive 10/2 issued?", "id": "572f5ad0b2c2fd1400568074"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Frank Wisner"}], "question": "Who was the head of the OPC?", "id": "572f5ad0b2c2fd1400568075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "two"}], "question": "Most CIA stations had how many chiefs?", "id": "572f5ad0b2c2fd1400568076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "the USSR"}], "question": "Directive 10/2 called for actions against who?", "id": "572f5ad0b2c2fd1400568073"}]}], ["CIA mempunyai tuntutan yang berbeza yang diletakkan di atasnya oleh badan yang berbeza mengawasinya. Truman mahukan kumpulan berpusat untuk menganjurkan maklumat yang sampai kepadanya, Jabatan Pertahanan menginginkan perisikan tentera dan tindakan rahsia, dan Jabatan Negara mahu mewujudkan perubahan politik global yang menguntungkan AS. Oleh itu, kedua-dua bidang tanggungjawab untuk CIA adalah tindakan rahsia dan kecerdasan rahsia. Salah satu sasaran utamanya untuk perhimpunan perisikan adalah Kesatuan Soviet, yang juga menjadi keutamaan bagi pendahulu CIA. <> Siapa yang mahu CIA mempunyai kumpulan pusat yang menyusun maklumat untuknya? || Truman <> Apakah kehendak Jabatan Pertahanan dari CIA? || perisikan tentera dan tindakan rahsia <> Apakah Jabatan Negara mengharapkan CIA lakukan? || mewujudkan perubahan politik global yang menguntungkan AS <> Apakah salah satu sasaran utama perisikan? || Kesatuan Soviet", {"context": "The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US. Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union, which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Truman"}], "question": "Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him?", "id": "572f58d704bcaa1900d76881"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "military intelligence and covert action"}], "question": "What did the Department of defense want from the CIA?", "id": "572f58d704bcaa1900d76882"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "create global political change favorable to the US"}], "question": "What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do?", "id": "572f58d704bcaa1900d76883"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering?", "id": "572f58d704bcaa1900d76884"}]}], ["Ketua tentera AS Hoyt Vandenberg, pengarah kedua CIG, mencipta Pejabat Operasi Khas (OSO), serta Pejabat Laporan dan Anggaran (ORE). Pada mulanya OSO telah ditugaskan untuk mengintip dan membenci di luar negara dengan belanjawan sebanyak $ 15 juta, jumlah sebilangan kecil pelanggan dalam kongres. Matlamat Vandenberg adalah seperti yang ditetapkan oleh pendahulunya; mencari tahu \"segala-galanya mengenai angkatan Soviet di Eropah Timur dan Tengah - pergerakan mereka, keupayaan mereka, dan niat mereka.\" Tugas ini jatuh kepada 228 kakitangan luar negara yang meliputi Jerman, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, dan Hungary. <> Siapa yang membuat Pejabat Operasi Khas? || Hoyt Vandenberg <> Apa yang ORE berdiri? || Pejabat Laporan dan Anggaran <> Apakah anggaran awal Operasi Khas Pejabat? || $ 15 juta <> Siapa OSO yang cuba menjejaki dan mendapatkan kecerdasan? || tentera Soviet", {"context": "US army general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million, the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress. Vandenberg's goals were much like the ones set out by his predecessor; finding out \"everything about the Soviet forces in Eastern and Central Europe - their movements, their capabilities, and their intentions.\" This task fell to the 228 overseas personnel covering Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Hoyt Vandenberg"}], "question": "Who created the Office of Special Operations?", "id": "572f59d8b2c2fd1400568063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Office of Reports and Estimates"}], "question": "What does ORE stand for?", "id": "572f59d8b2c2fd1400568066"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "$15 million"}], "question": "What was the Office of Special Operations initial budget?", "id": "572f59d8b2c2fd1400568064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "the Soviet forces"}], "question": "Who was the OSO trying to track and gain intelligence on?", "id": "572f59d8b2c2fd1400568065"}]}], ["Lawrence Houston, penasihat SSU, CIG, dan kemudian, CIA, adalah pelukis prinsip Akta Keselamatan Negara 1947 yang membubarkan NIA dan CIG, dan menubuhkan Majlis Keselamatan Negara dan Agensi Perisikan Pusat. Pada tahun 1949, Houston akan membantu menggubal Akta Agensi Perisikan Pusat, (Undang-undang Awam 81-110) yang membenarkan agensi menggunakan prosedur fiskal dan pentadbiran sulit, dan mengecualikannya dari kebanyakan batasan penggunaan dana Persekutuan. Ia juga mengecualikan CIA daripada mendedahkan \"organisasi, fungsi, pegawai, tajuk, gaji, atau bilangan kakitangan yang digunakan.\" Ia mencipta program \"PL-110\", untuk menangani pembelot dan lain-lain \"alien penting\" yang jatuh di luar prosedur imigresen biasa. <> Tindakan mana yang menghilangkan NIA dan CIG? || Akta Keselamatan Kebangsaan <> Program apa yang dikendalikan \"makhluk asing penting\" yang tidak termasuk dalam dasar imigresen biasa? || PL-110 <> Lawrence Houston membantu merangka apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1949? || Akta Agensi Perisikan Pusat", {"context": "Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its \"organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed.\" It created the program \"PL-110\", to handle defectors and other \"essential aliens\" who fell outside normal immigration procedures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "National Security Act"}], "question": "Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?", "id": "572f570b04bcaa1900d7685d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "PL-110"}], "question": "What program handled \"essential aliens\" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?", "id": "572f570b04bcaa1900d7685e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Central Intelligence Agency Act"}], "question": "Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?", "id": "572f570b04bcaa1900d7685f"}]}]], [["Orang yang sakit jangka panjang kerap memperlihatkan gangguan psikologi, dengan skor tinggi dalam skala Inventori Kepribadian Multiphasic Minnesota of histeria, depresi dan hypochondriasis (\"triad neurotik\"). Sesetengah penyiasat berpendapat bahawa ia adalah neurotikisme yang menyebabkan kesakitan yang teruk untuk menjadikan kronik, tetapi bukti klinikal menunjukkan cara lain, untuk kesakitan kronik yang menyebabkan neurotik. Apabila rasa sakit jangka panjang lega dengan intervensi terapi, skor pada triad neurotik dan kejatuhan jatuh, sering ke tahap normal. Kebesaran diri, selalunya rendah pada pesakit kronik yang sakit, juga menunjukkan peningkatan sekali kesakitan telah diselesaikan. <> Apa triad adalah skala inventori histeria, depresi dan hypochondriasis dikelaskan sebagai? || neurotik <> Apabila orang mengalami kesakitan jangka panjang, apa yang sering mereka paparkan? || Gangguan psikologi <> Keterangan klinikal menunjukkan bahawa neurotisme disebabkan oleh apa? || sakit kronik <> Jika kesakitan jangka panjang boleh dilepaskan dengan terapi, apakah skor triad neurotik seseorang lakukan? || jatuh <> Apa yang menunjukkan peningkatan dalam banyak pesakit apabila kesakitan telah diselesaikan? || Harga diri", {"context": "People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the \"neurotic triad\"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, but clinical evidence points the other way, to chronic pain causing neuroticism. When long-term pain is relieved by therapeutic intervention, scores on the neurotic triad and anxiety fall, often to normal levels. Self-esteem, often low in chronic pain patients, also shows improvement once pain has resolved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "neurotic"}], "question": "What triad are the inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis classified as?", "id": "572f71d1b2c2fd140056812e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "psychological disturbance"}], "question": "When people have long-term pain, what do they frequently display?", "id": "572f71d1b2c2fd140056812d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "chronic pain"}], "question": "Clinical evidence indicates that neuroticism is caused by what?", "id": "572f71d1b2c2fd140056812f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "fall"}], "question": "If long-term pain can be relieved by therapy, what does a person's neurotic triad score do?", "id": "572f71d1b2c2fd1400568130"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Self-esteem"}], "question": "What shows improvement in many patients once their pain has been resolved?", "id": "572f71d1b2c2fd1400568131"}]}], ["Paraplegia, kehilangan sensasi dan pengendalian motor sukarela selepas kerosakan sistem saraf tunjang yang serius, mungkin disertai dengan kesakitan girdle pada tahap kerosakan saraf tunjang, kesakitan pendengaran yang ditimbulkan oleh pundi kencing atau usus, atau lima hingga sepuluh peratus daripada paraplegik, sakit badan hantu dalam bidang kehilangan deria lengkap. Kesakitan badan hantu ini pada mulanya digambarkan sebagai pembakaran atau kesemutan tetapi mungkin berevolusi ke dalam menghancurkan atau mengepam kesakitan yang teruk, atau sensasi kebakaran yang mengalir ke bawah kaki atau pisau berputar di dalam daging. Permulaan mungkin berlaku atau tidak mungkin berlaku sehingga beberapa tahun selepas kecederaan melumpuhkan. Rawatan pembedahan jarang memberikan kelegaan yang berkekalan. <> Apakah paraplegia? || kehilangan sensasi dan kawalan motor sukarela <> Apakah sensasi rasa badan hantu yang pertama yang dialami oleh orang yang mengalami kerosakan tulang belakang? || pembakaran atau kesemutan <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan paraplegia? || Kerosakan saraf tunjang yang serius, <> Apakah rawatan yang tidak cekap untuk kesakitan kronik yang jarang memberikan sebarang bantuan yang benar? || Pembedahan <> Sensasi pisau berpusing di dalam daging adalah contoh jenis sakit apa? || badan hantu", {"context": "Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain, or the sensation of fire running down the legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "loss of sensation and voluntary motor control"}], "question": "What is paraplegia?", "id": "572f70f1b2c2fd1400568123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "burning or tingling"}], "question": "What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage?", "id": "572f70f1b2c2fd1400568125"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "serious spinal cord damage,"}], "question": "What can cause paraplegia?", "id": "572f70f1b2c2fd1400568124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Surgical"}], "question": "What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief?", "id": "572f70f1b2c2fd1400568127"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "phantom body"}], "question": "The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain?", "id": "572f70f1b2c2fd1400568126"}]}], ["Sakit adalah perasaan yang menyedihkan yang sering disebabkan oleh rangsangan sengit atau merosakkan, seperti menyengat kaki, membakar jari, meletakkan alkohol pada potongan, dan menembusi \"tulang lucu\". Kerana ia merupakan fenomena yang kompleks, subjektif, menentukan kesakitan menjadi satu cabaran. Persatuan Antarabangsa untuk Pengajian definisi yang digunakan secara meluas di Pain: \"Rasa adalah pengalaman deria dan emosi yang tidak diingini yang berkaitan dengan kerosakan tisu sebenar atau potensi, atau dijelaskan dari segi kerosakan tersebut.\" Dalam diagnosis perubatan, sakit adalah gejala. <> Rangsangan jenis apa yang menyebabkan kesakitan? || sengit atau merosakkan <> Jenis rasa apa rasa sakit? || Mengganggu <> Mengapa kesakitan mendefinisikan menjadi satu cabaran? || kompleks, fenomena subjektif <> Apakah definisi organisasi yang digunakan secara meluas? || Persatuan Antarabangsa untuk Kajian Kesakitan <> Dalam diagnosis perubatan, apakah rasa sakit yang dipertimbangkan? || gejala", {"context": "Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the \"funny bone\". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: \"Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.\" In medical diagnosis, pain is a symptom.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "intense or damaging"}], "question": "What type of stimuli causes pain?", "id": "572f52dc947a6a140053c880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "distressing"}], "question": "What type of feeling is pain?", "id": "572f52dc947a6a140053c881"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "complex, subjective phenomenon"}], "question": "Why has defining pain been a challenge?", "id": "572f52dc947a6a140053c882"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "The International Association for the Study of Pain"}], "question": "What organization's definition is widely used?", "id": "572f52dc947a6a140053c883"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "a symptom"}], "question": "In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?", "id": "572f52dc947a6a140053c884"}]}], ["Sakit adalah sebab yang paling biasa untuk perundingan doktor di kebanyakan negara maju. Ini adalah gejala utama dalam banyak keadaan perubatan, dan boleh mengganggu kualiti hidup seseorang dan fungsi umum. Faktor psikologi seperti sokongan sosial, saran hipnosis, keseronokan, atau gangguan dapat memberi kesan yang ketara terhadap kesakitan atau ketidakselesaan. Dalam beberapa argumen yang dikemukakan dalam bunuh diri yang dibantu oleh doktor atau perdebatan euthanasia, kesakitan telah digunakan sebagai hujah untuk membenarkan pesakit-pesakit yang sakit sakit menamatkan hidup mereka. <> Apakah sebabnya orang pergi ke doktor di negara dunia pertama? || Sakit <> Bagaimanakah kesakitan dapat mempengaruhi kualiti hidup seseorang dan fungsi umum? || mengganggu <> Kegembiraan dan gangguan adalah jenis faktor yang mempengaruhi intensitas nyeri? || Psikologi <> Apakah kesakitan yang kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai argumen untuk membenarkan pesakit yang berputus asa mendapat hak untuk melakukannya? || menamatkan nyawa mereka", {"context": "Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significantly affect pain's intensity or unpleasantness. In some arguments put forth in physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia debates, pain has been used as an argument to permit terminally ill patients to end their lives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pain"}], "question": "What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries?", "id": "572f539cb2c2fd1400568023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "interfere"}], "question": "How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning?", "id": "572f539cb2c2fd1400568024"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Psychological"}], "question": "Excitement and distraction are what type of factors which affect pain's intensity?", "id": "572f539cb2c2fd1400568025"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "end their lives"}], "question": "What has pain sometimes been used as an argument to allow terminally ill patients the right to do?", "id": "572f539cb2c2fd1400568026"}]}], ["Kesakitan Nociceptive disebabkan oleh rangsangan gentian saraf periferal yang bertindak balas terhadap rangsangan yang menghampiri atau melebihi intensiti berbahaya (nociceptors), dan boleh dikelaskan mengikut cara rangsangan berbahaya. Kategori yang paling umum adalah \"termal\" (mis. Haba atau sejuk), \"mekanikal\" (cth. Menghancurkan, mengoyak, ricih, dan lain-lain) dan \"kimia\" (contohnya yodium dalam potongan atau bahan kimia yang dikeluarkan semasa keradangan). Sesetengah nociceptor bertindak balas terhadap lebih daripada satu modaliti dan seterusnya ditakrifkan sebagai polimod. <> Merangsang nociceptors akan menyebabkan jenis kesakitan? || Nociceptive <> Bagaimana kesakitan nociceptive dikelaskan? || mengikut mod rangsangan berbahaya <> Kategori termal kesakitan yang mana dua julat suhu? || panas atau sejuk <> Menghancurkan, merobek dan geser adalah contoh jenis kesakitan yang mana? || mekanik <> Apakah istilah untuk nociceptors yang bertindak balas terhadap lebih daripada satu jenis rangsangan? || polimod", {"context": "Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are \"thermal\" (e.g. heat or cold), \"mechanical\" (e.g. crushing, tearing, shearing, etc.) and \"chemical\" (e.g. iodine in a cut or chemicals released during inflammation). Some nociceptors respond to more than one of these modalities and are consequently designated polymodal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nociceptive"}], "question": "Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain?", "id": "572f6d0aa23a5019007fc603"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "according to the mode of noxious stimulation"}], "question": "How is nociceptive pain classified?", "id": "572f6d0aa23a5019007fc604"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "heat or cold"}], "question": "The thermal category of pain deals with which two temperature ranges?", "id": "572f6d0aa23a5019007fc605"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "mechanical"}], "question": "Crushing, tearing and shearing are examples of which type of pain?", "id": "572f6d0aa23a5019007fc606"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "polymodal"}], "question": "What is the term for nociceptors which respond to more than one type of stimuli?", "id": "572f6d0aa23a5019007fc607"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1994, menanggapi keperluan untuk sistem yang lebih berguna untuk menggambarkan kesakitan kronik, Persatuan Antarabangsa bagi Kajian Kesakitan (IASP) mengelaskan kesakitan mengikut ciri-ciri khusus: (1) kawasan badan yang terlibat (contohnya perut, , (2) sistem yang disfungsi mungkin menyebabkan sakit (contohnya, saraf, gastrousus), (3) tempoh dan corak kejadian, (4) keamatan dan masa sejak permulaan, dan (5) etiologi. Walau bagaimanapun, sistem ini telah dikritik oleh Clifford J. Woolf dan yang lain kerana tidak mencukupi untuk membimbing penyelidikan dan rawatan. Woolf mencadangkan tiga jenis kesakitan: (1) kesakitan nociceptive, (2) kesakitan keradangan yang dikaitkan dengan kerosakan tisu dan penyusupan sel imun, dan (3) sakit patologi yang merupakan keadaan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kerosakan sistem saraf atau dengan fungsi yang tidak normal (contohnya fibromyalgia, sindrom usus besar, ketegangan jenis sakit kepala, dan lain-lain). <> Tahun berapakah IASP bertindak balas terhadap keperluan untuk mencipta sistem yang lebih berguna untuk menggambarkan kesakitan? || 1994 <> Berapa banyak kelas kesakitan yang menunjukkan sistem IASP? || 5 <> Siapa yang mengkritik sistem IASP? || Clifford J. Woolf dan lain-lain <> Apa yang ada sesetengah orang merasakan sistem IASP tidak mencukupi? || membimbing penyelidikan dan rawatan <> Berapa banyak kelas penyelidikan yang menggalakkan Woolf? || tiga", {"context": "In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g., nervous, gastrointestinal), (3) duration and pattern of occurrence, (4) intensity and time since onset, and (5) etiology. However, this system has been criticized by Clifford J. Woolf and others as inadequate for guiding research and treatment. Woolf suggests three classes of pain : (1) nociceptive pain, (2) inflammatory pain which is associated with tissue damage and the infiltration of immune cells, and (3) pathological pain which is a disease state caused by damage to the nervous system or by its abnormal function (e.g. fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, tension type headache, etc.).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1994"}], "question": "What year did the IASP respond to the need to create a more useful system for describing pain?", "id": "572f5441a23a5019007fc547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "5"}], "question": "How many classes of pain does the IASP system note?", "id": "572f5441a23a5019007fc548"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Clifford J. Woolf and others"}], "question": "Who has criticized the IASP's system?", "id": "572f5441a23a5019007fc549"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "guiding research and treatment"}], "question": "What do some people feel the IASP's system is inadequate for?", "id": "572f5441a23a5019007fc54a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many classes of research does Woolf encourage?", "id": "572f5441a23a5019007fc54b"}]}], ["Penyebaran kesakitan hantu pada amputees anggota atas adalah hampir 82%, dan di bawah amputees anggota badan adalah 54%. Satu kajian mendapati bahawa lapan hari selepas amputasi, 72 peratus pesakit mengalami sakit badan hantu, dan enam bulan kemudian, 65 peratus melaporkannya. Sesetengah amputees mengalami kesakitan berterusan yang berlainan dalam intensiti atau kualiti; orang lain mengalami beberapa kali sehari, atau mungkin berlaku hanya sekali setiap dua minggu. Ia sering digambarkan sebagai penembakan, penghancuran, pembakaran atau kekejaman. Jika kesakitan berterusan untuk tempoh yang lama, bahagian-bahagian badan yang utuh mungkin menjadi sensitif, sehingga menyentuh mereka membangkitkan rasa sakit pada anggota hantu, atau sakit badan hantu boleh menemani kencing atau buang air besar. <> Berapakah peratusan orang yang mempunyai bahagian atas kaki yang diamputasi berasa rasa sakit hantu? || hampir 82% <> Apakah peratusan kesakitan hantu yang dirasakan oleh amputees anggota badan yang lebih rendah? || 54% <> Apa yang boleh mengiringi kencing untuk amputees? || sakit badan hantu <> Apa yang mungkin berlaku dengan bahagian badan yang teruk jika terdapat kesakitan berterusan untuk tempoh yang lama? || menjadi sensitif <> Selepas enam bulan, berapa peratus orang yang mempunyai anggota badan yang diamputasi masih merasakan kesakitan pada anggota itu? || 65 peratus", {"context": "The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 65 percent reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quality; others experience several bouts a day, or it may occur only once every week or two. It is often described as shooting, crushing, burning or cramping. If the pain is continuous for a long period, parts of the intact body may become sensitized, so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb, or phantom limb pain may accompany urination or defecation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "nearly 82%"}], "question": "What percentage of people who've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain?", "id": "572f6f8b947a6a140053c954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "54%"}], "question": "What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees?", "id": "572f6f8b947a6a140053c955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "phantom limb pain"}], "question": "What may accompany urination for amputees? ", "id": "572f6f8b947a6a140053c958"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "become sensitized"}], "question": "What may happen with intact body parts if there is continuous pain for a long period?", "id": "572f6f8b947a6a140053c957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "65 percent"}], "question": "After six months, what percentage of people who had limbs amputated still felt pain in those limbs?", "id": "572f6f8b947a6a140053c956"}]}], ["Suntikan anestetik tempatan ke dalam saraf atau kawasan sensitif tunggul boleh melegakan kesakitan selama beberapa hari, minggu, atau kadang-kadang secara kekal, walaupun ubat memakannya dalam masa beberapa jam; dan suntikan kecil saline hipertonik ke dalam tisu lembut di antara vertebra menghasilkan kesakitan setempat yang memancar ke dalam hantu hantu selama sepuluh minit atau lebih dan boleh diikuti dengan jam, minggu atau lebih lama daripada kelegaan sebahagian atau keseluruhan dari rasa sakit hantu. Getaran kuat atau rangsangan elektrik tunggul, atau arus dari elektrod yang dibedah secara surgik ke kord rahim, semuanya menghasilkan kelegaan pada sesetengah pesakit. <> Apa yang berlaku apabila suntikan anestetik diarahkan ke saraf tunggul badan? || boleh melegakan sakit <> Berapa lama boleh anestetik, pada max, melegakan kesakitan, walaupun memakai hanya dalam jam? || secara kekal <> Apa yang disuntikkan dalam jumlah kecil ke dalam tisu lembut di antara vertebra untuk menghasilkan sakit tempatan? || garam hypertonic <> Menggigit tunggul anggota amputee boleh menghasilkan apa yang ada pada sesetengah pesakit? || pelepasan", {"context": "Local anesthetic injections into the nerves or sensitive areas of the stump may relieve pain for days, weeks, or sometimes permanently, despite the drug wearing off in a matter of hours; and small injections of hypertonic saline into the soft tissue between vertebrae produces local pain that radiates into the phantom limb for ten minutes or so and may be followed by hours, weeks or even longer of partial or total relief from phantom pain. Vigorous vibration or electrical stimulation of the stump, or current from electrodes surgically implanted onto the spinal cord, all produce relief in some patients.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "may relieve pain"}], "question": "What happens when an anesthetic injection is directed into the nerves a limb stump?", "id": "572f706ab2c2fd140056811b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "permanently"}], "question": "How long can an anesthetic, at max, relieve pain for, despite wearing off in only hours?", "id": "572f706ab2c2fd140056811c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "hypertonic saline"}], "question": "What is injected in small amounts into the soft tissue between vertebrae to produce local pain?", "id": "572f706ab2c2fd140056811d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "relief"}], "question": "Vibrating the stump of an amputee's limb can produce what in some patients?", "id": "572f706ab2c2fd140056811e"}]}], ["Kesakitan biasanya bersifat sementara, hanya berlanjutan sehingga rangsangan berbahaya dikeluarkan atau kerosakan atau patologi yang menderita sembuh, tetapi beberapa keadaan yang menyakitkan, seperti arthritis rheumatoid, neuropati periferal, kanser dan kesakitan idiopatik, mungkin bertahan selama bertahun-tahun. Kesakitan yang berlangsung lama dipanggil kronik atau berterusan, dan kesakitan yang cepat dapat dipanggil akut. Secara tradisinya, perbezaan antara kesakitan akut dan kronik bergantung pada selang waktu yang sewenang-wenang dari permulaan; kedua-dua penanda yang paling biasa digunakan ialah 3 bulan dan 6 bulan sejak timbul kesakitan, walaupun beberapa ahli teori dan penyelidik telah meletakkan peralihan dari sakit akut hingga kronik pada 12 bulan .:93 Lain-lain memakai akut terhadap kesakitan yang berlangsung kurang dari 30 hari, kronik untuk kesakitan selama lebih daripada enam bulan, dan subakut kepada kesakitan yang berlangsung dari satu hingga enam bulan. Takrif alternatif yang lebih mendalam mengenai kesakitan kronik, yang tidak melibatkan tempoh tetap sewenang-wenang, adalah \"kesakitan yang melampaui jangkaan tempoh penyembuhan\". Kesakitan kronik boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai sakit kanser atau yang tidak berbahaya. <> Apa yang biasanya sementara? || Sakit <> Berapa lama kesakitan cenderung bertahan? || hanya sehingga rangsangan berbahaya dihapuskan <> Apakah kesakitan yang segera dipanggil? || akut <> Apakah perbezaan antara kesakitan akut dan kronik yang diukur sewenang-wenangnya? || selang masa dari permulaan <> Apa yang mungkin kesakitan kronik kadang-kadang disebut sebagai? || sakit kanser", {"context": "Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persistent, and pain that resolves quickly is called acute. Traditionally, the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time from onset; the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months.:93 Others apply acute to pain that lasts less than 30 days, chronic to pain of more than six months' duration, and subacute to pain that lasts from one to six months. A popular alternative definition of chronic pain, involving no arbitrarily fixed durations, is \"pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing\". Chronic pain may be classified as cancer pain or else as benign.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pain"}], "question": "What is usually temporary?", "id": "572f6c5904bcaa1900d76921"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "only until the noxious stimulus is removed"}], "question": "How long does pain tend to last?", "id": "572f6c5904bcaa1900d76922"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "acute"}], "question": "What is pain which resolves quickly called?", "id": "572f6c5904bcaa1900d76923"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "interval of time from onset"}], "question": "What has the distinction between acute and chronic pain been arbitrarily measured by?", "id": "572f6c5904bcaa1900d76924"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1040, "text": "cancer pain"}], "question": "What might chronic pain sometimes be referred to as?", "id": "572f6c5904bcaa1900d76925"}]}], ["Kesakitan Nociceptive juga boleh dibahagikan kepada kesakitan \"visceral\", \"somatik mendalam\" dan \"kesakitan somatik\". Struktur visceral sangat sensitif terhadap regangan, iskemia dan keradangan, tetapi relatif tidak sensitif kepada rangsangan lain yang biasanya menimbulkan rasa sakit pada struktur lain, seperti pembakaran dan pemotongan. Kesakitan Visceral adalah tersebar, sukar untuk dicari dan sering dirujuk kepada struktur yang jauh, biasanya cetek. Ia mungkin disertai dengan loya dan muntah dan boleh digambarkan sebagai menyakitkan, mendalam, meremas, dan membosankan. Kesakitan somatik yang mendalam dimulakan dengan rangsangan nokiseptor dalam ligamen, tendon, tulang, saluran darah, fasciae dan otot, dan kesakitan, kesakitan, kesakitan yang tidak teratur. Contohnya termasuk keseleo dan tulang patah. Kesakitan dangkal dimulakan dengan mengaktifkan nociceptors dalam kulit atau tisu cetek lain, dan tajam, jelas dan jelas terletak. Contoh-contoh kecederaan yang menghasilkan kesakitan somatik cetek termasuk luka-luka kecil dan ringan (ijazah pertama) terbakar. <> Apakah jenis kesakitan yang mendatar divisi? || Nociceptive <> Apakah jenis struktur yang sensitif untuk diregangkan tetapi tidak terlalu sensitif terhadap pembakaran? || Visceral <> Jenis sakit mana yang membosankan, sakit dan sukar untuk pin-point? || Somatic somatik <> Apa yang boleh disertai oleh sakit penderitaan? || loya dan muntah <> Apakah jenis sakit yang membakar ijazah pertama dikelaskan sebagai menyebabkan? || Superficial", {"context": "Nociceptive pain may also be divided into \"visceral\", \"deep somatic\" and \"superficial somatic\" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is diffuse, difficult to locate and often referred to a distant, usually superficial, structure. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening, deep, squeezing, and dull. Deep somatic pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, fasciae and muscles, and is dull, aching, poorly-localized pain. Examples include sprains and broken bones. Superficial pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well-defined and clearly located. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nociceptive"}], "question": "What type of of pain is visceral a division of?", "id": "572f6db904bcaa1900d76935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Visceral"}], "question": "What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning?", "id": "572f6db904bcaa1900d76936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Deep somatic"}], "question": "Which type of pain is dull, aching and hard to pin-point?", "id": "572f6db904bcaa1900d76938"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "nausea and vomiting"}], "question": "What can visceral pain be accompanied by?", "id": "572f6db904bcaa1900d76937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "Superficial"}], "question": "What type of pain are first degree burns classified as causing?", "id": "572f6db904bcaa1900d76939"}]}], ["Isyarat nyeri bergerak dari pinggiran ke kord rahim di sepanjang serat A-delta atau C. Kerana serat A-delta lebih tebal daripada serat C, dan berseliput dalam bahan penebat elektrik (myelin), ia membawa isyaratnya lebih cepat (5-30 m / s) daripada serat C yang tidak terintegrasi (0.5-2 m / s). Sakit yang ditimbulkan oleh (lebih cepat) serat A-delta digambarkan sebagai tajam dan dirasakan terlebih dahulu. Ini diikuti dengan kesakitan yang kusam, sering digambarkan sebagai pembakaran, yang dibawa oleh serat C. Neuron urutan pertama ini memasuki saraf tunjang melalui saluran Lissauer. <> Bagaimana isyarat nyeri bergerak dari pinggir ke kord rahim? || di sepanjang serat A-delta atau C <> Serat mana yang lebih tebal? || A-delta <> Apakah bahan penghinaan elektrik yang serat serat a-delta? || myelin <> Bagaimana cara memerintahkan neuron masuk ke dalam saraf tunjang? || melalui saluran Lissauer <> Apakah kesakitan yang ditimbulkan oleh serat a-delta yang digambarkan sebagai? || tajam dan dirasai terlebih dahulu", {"context": "The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (myelin), it carries its signal faster (5\u201330 m/s) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5\u20132 m/s). Pain evoked by the (faster) A-delta fibers is described as sharp and is felt first. This is followed by a duller pain, often described as burning, carried by the C fibers. These first order neurons enter the spinal cord via Lissauer's tract.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "along an A-delta or C fiber"}], "question": "How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord?", "id": "572f8609a23a5019007fc6db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "A-delta"}], "question": "Which fiber is thicker?", "id": "572f8609a23a5019007fc6dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "myelin"}], "question": "What is the electrically insulting material that sheaths a-delta fiber?", "id": "572f8609a23a5019007fc6dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "via Lissauer's tract"}], "question": "How do first order neurons enter the spinal cord?", "id": "572f8609a23a5019007fc6df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "sharp and is felt first"}], "question": "What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as?", "id": "572f8609a23a5019007fc6de"}]}], ["Kesakitan terapi adalah kesakitan akut sementara yang tiba-tiba dan tidak dikurangkan oleh pengurusan sakit pesakit biasa. Ia adalah biasa di kalangan pesakit kanser yang sering mengalami sakit belakang yang umumnya dikawal dengan baik oleh ubat-ubatan, tetapi juga kadang-kadang mengalami sakit sakit teruk yang dari semasa ke semasa \"memecah\" ubat. Ciri-ciri kesakitan kanser terobosan berbeza-beza dari orang ke orang dan mengikut sebabnya. Pengurusan kesakitan terapi boleh melibatkan penggunaan opioid yang intensif, termasuk fentanyl. <> Apakah istilah untuk kesakitan yang teruk dan nota yang dikurangkan oleh pengurusan sakit biasa? || Terobosan <> Bagaimana pesakit kanser biasanya mengawal rasa sakit latar belakang mereka? || ubat <> Siapa kesakitan terobosan yang biasa di kalangan? || pesakit kanser <> Apakah ubat kelas apa fentanyl sebagai contoh? || opioid <> Apa aktiviti berkaitan dengan kesakitan terapi yang memerlukan penggunaan opiod yang berat? || Pengurusan", {"context": "Breakthrough pain is transitory acute pain that comes on suddenly and is not alleviated by the patient's normal pain management. It is common in cancer patients who often have background pain that is generally well-controlled by medications, but who also sometimes experience bouts of severe pain that from time to time \"breaks through\" the medication. The characteristics of breakthrough cancer pain vary from person to person and according to the cause. Management of breakthrough pain can entail intensive use of opioids, including fentanyl.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Breakthrough"}], "question": "What is the term for pain which is acute and note alleviated by normal pain management?", "id": "572f742404bcaa1900d76975"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "medications"}], "question": "How do cancer patients usually control their background pain?", "id": "572f742404bcaa1900d76976"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "cancer patients"}], "question": "Who is breakthrough pain common among?", "id": "572f742404bcaa1900d76977"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "opioids"}], "question": "What class of medication is fentanyl an example of?", "id": "572f742404bcaa1900d76978"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Management"}], "question": "What activity in relation to breakthrough pain requires heavy use of opiods?", "id": "572f742404bcaa1900d76979"}]}], ["Teori Wilhelm Erb (1874) \"intensif\", bahawa isyarat sakit boleh dihasilkan oleh rangsangan yang cukup sengit dari mana-mana reseptor deria, telah dibantah dengan jelas. Sesetengah serat deria tidak membezakan antara rangsangan yang berbahaya dan tidak berbahaya, sementara yang lain, nokiseptor, bertindak balas terhadap rangsangan intensiti yang berisiko tinggi. Di hujung periferi nociceptor, rangsangan berbahaya menghasilkan arus yang, di atas ambang tertentu, mula menghantar isyarat sepanjang serat saraf ke saraf tunjang. \"Kekhususan\" (sama ada ia bertindak balas kepada ciri-ciri terma, kimia atau mekanik persekitarannya) dari nokiseptor ditentukan oleh saluran ion yang diungkapkannya pada akhir persisiannya. Puluhan jenis saluran ion nociceptor yang berlainan telah dikenalpasti, dan fungsi yang tepat mereka masih ditentukan. <> Apakah jenis isyarat yang boleh dihasilkan oleh rangsangan yang cukup sengit dari mana-mana reseptor deria? || sakit <> Apa jenis rangsangan yang tidak dapat beberapa serabut deria membezakan antara? || berbahaya dan tidak berbahaya <> Apa jenis rangsangan yang bertindak balas nosenseptor? || berisiko tinggi, intensiti tinggi <> Berapa banyak jenis saluran ion yang telah dikenal pasti setakat ini? || Puluhan <> Apa rangsangan menjana untuk menghantar isyarat sepanjang serat saraf? || arus", {"context": "Wilhelm Erb's (1874) \"intensive\" theory, that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor, has been soundly disproved. Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others, nociceptors, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At the peripheral end of the nociceptor, noxious stimuli generate currents that, above a given threshold, begin to send signals along the nerve fiber to the spinal cord. The \"specificity\" (whether it responds to thermal, chemical or mechanical features of its environment) of a nociceptor is determined by which ion channels it expresses at its peripheral end. Dozens of different types of nociceptor ion channels have so far been identified, and their exact functions are still being determined.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "pain"}], "question": "What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?", "id": "572f849e947a6a140053ca0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "noxious and non-noxious"}], "question": "What types of stimuli can't some sensory fibers differentiate between?", "id": "572f849e947a6a140053ca0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "noxious, high intensity"}], "question": "What type of stimuli do nociceptors response to?", "id": "572f849e947a6a140053ca10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "Dozens"}], "question": "How many different types of ion channels have so far been identified?", "id": "572f849e947a6a140053ca12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "currents"}], "question": "What does stimuli generate to send signals along a nerve fiber?", "id": "572f849e947a6a140053ca11"}]}], ["Serat tali tulang belakang yang didedikasikan untuk membawa isyarat kesakitan serat A-delta, dan yang lain yang membawa kedua-dua kesakitan serat A-delta dan C memberi isyarat tulang belakang kepada thalamus di otak telah dikenalpasti. Serat saraf tunjang lain, yang dikenali sebagai neuron pelbagai dinamik, bertindak balas kepada gentian A-delta dan C, tetapi juga kepada serat A-beta yang besar yang membawa sentuhan sentuhan, tekanan dan getaran. Aktiviti yang berkaitan dengan nyeri di thalamus merebak ke korteks insula (yang dianggap merangkumi, antara lain, perasaan yang membezakan kesakitan dari emosi homeostatik yang lain seperti gatal dan loya) dan korteks cingulate anterior (yang disangka untuk merangkumi antara lain unsur motivasi kesakitan); dan kesakitan yang jelas terletak juga mengaktifkan korteks somatosensori primer dan menengah. Gambar Melzack dan Casey pada tahun 1968 tentang dimensi kesakitan adalah seperti yang berpengaruh pada hari ini, teori pembingkaian yang kuat dan penyelidikan bimbingan dalam neuroanatomi dan psikologi sakit. <> Apakah beberapa serat saraf tunjang eksklusif? || A-delta <> Isyarat kesakitan akan pergi terlebih dahulu ke kawasan otak apa? || thalamus <> Apakah neuron pelbagai dinamik? || serat tali tulang belakang <> Di mana aktiviti yang berkaitan dengan sakit di thalamus tersebar? || korteks insular <> Rasa yang jelas terletak juga mengaktifkan korteks apa? || somatosensory", {"context": "Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals up the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain have been identified. Other spinal cord fibers, known as wide dynamic range neurons, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the large A-beta fibers that carry touch, pressure and vibration signals. Pain-related activity in the thalamus spreads to the insular cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the feeling that distinguishes pain from other homeostatic emotions such as itch and nausea) and anterior cingulate cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the motivational element of pain); and pain that is distinctly located also activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. Melzack and Casey's 1968 picture of the dimensions of pain is as influential today as ever, firmly framing theory and guiding research in the functional neuroanatomy and psychology of pain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "A-delta"}], "question": "What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to?", "id": "572f8a4904bcaa1900d76a69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "thalamus"}], "question": "Pain signals travel first to what region of the brain?", "id": "572f8a4904bcaa1900d76a6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "spinal cord fibers"}], "question": "What are dynamic range neurons?", "id": "572f8a4904bcaa1900d76a6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "the insular cortex"}], "question": "Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to? ", "id": "572f8a4904bcaa1900d76a6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 764, "text": "somatosensory"}], "question": "Pain which is distinctly located also activates what cortices? ", "id": "572f8a4904bcaa1900d76a6d"}]}], ["Sebilangan kecil orang tidak sensitif terhadap sakit disebabkan oleh ketidaknormalan dalam sistem saraf, yang dikenali sebagai \"ketidakpastian kongenital kepada rasa sakit\". Kanak-kanak dengan keadaan ini mengalami kerosakan berulang-ulang kepada lidah, mata, sendi, kulit, dan otot mereka. Sebilangan orang mati sebelum dewasa, dan yang lain mempunyai harapan hidup yang berkurang. [Rujukan?] Kebanyakan orang yang tidak sensitif kepada kesakitan mempunyai salah satu daripada lima neuropati deria deria dan autonomik (yang termasuk dysautonomia famili dan ketidakpastian kongenital terhadap sakit dengan anhidrosis). Keadaan ini memperlihatkan sensitiviti menurun terhadap kesakitan bersama dengan keabnormalan neurologi yang lain, terutamanya sistem saraf autonomi. Sindrom yang jarang berlaku dengan ketidakpastian kongenital yang terisolasi terhadap kesakitan telah dikaitkan dengan mutasi dalam gen SCN9A, yang mengarahkan saluran natrium (Nav1.7) yang diperlukan dalam melakukan rangsangan saraf sakit. <> Anehnya sistem saraf boleh menyebabkan sebilangan kecil orang tidak sensitif kepada apa? || sakit <> Apa yang diketahui ketika seseorang dilahirkan tanpa dapat merasa sakit akibat sistem saraf mereka? || ketidakpastian kongenital terhadap rasa sakit <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kanak-kanak yang tidak sensitif kepada kesakitan? || kerosakan berulang kepada lidah, mata, sendi, kulit, dan otot mereka <> Apakah jangka hayat bagi orang yang tidak dapat merasa sakit? || dikurangkan <> Apakah gen yang bertanggungjawab untuk pengekodan saluran natrium yang diperlukan untuk melakukan rangsangan saraf sakit? || SCN9A", {"context": "A much smaller number of people are insensitive to pain due to an inborn abnormality of the nervous system, known as \"congenital insensitivity to pain\". Children with this condition incur carelessly-repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles. Some die before adulthood, and others have a reduced life expectancy.[citation needed] Most people with congenital insensitivity to pain have one of five hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (which includes familial dysautonomia and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis). These conditions feature decreased sensitivity to pain together with other neurological abnormalities, particularly of the autonomic nervous system. A very rare syndrome with isolated congenital insensitivity to pain has been linked with mutations in the SCN9A gene, which codes for a sodium channel (Nav1.7) necessary in conducting pain nerve stimuli.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "pain"}], "question": "An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what?", "id": "572f75edb2c2fd1400568149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "congenital insensitivity to pain"}], "question": "What is it known as when someone is born without being able to feel pain because of their nervous system?", "id": "572f75edb2c2fd140056814a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles"}], "question": "What happens to children with congenital insensitivity to pain?", "id": "572f75edb2c2fd140056814b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "reduced"}], "question": "What is the life expectancy for people who can't feel pain?", "id": "572f75edb2c2fd140056814c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 814, "text": "SCN9A"}], "question": "What gene is responsible for coding for a sodium channel necessary for conducting pain nerve stimuli?", "id": "572f75edb2c2fd140056814d"}]}], ["Walaupun ketidakpuasan adalah bahagian penting dari definisi kesakitan IASP, ada kemungkinan untuk menginduksi keadaan yang digambarkan sebagai kesakitan yang sengit tanpa ketidakpuasan pada sesetengah pesakit, dengan suntikan morfin atau psikosurgia. Pesakit sedemikian melaporkan bahawa mereka mempunyai rasa sakit tetapi tidak diganggu olehnya; mereka mengenali rasa sakit tetapi tidak mengalami kesakitan. Tidak peduli terhadap kesakitan juga jarang dapat hadir sejak lahir; orang-orang ini mempunyai saraf yang normal terhadap penyiasatan perubatan, dan mendapati sakit tidak menyenangkan, tetapi jangan mengelakkan pengulangan rangsangan kesakitan. <> Jenis suntikan yang menyebabkan pesakit melaporkan bahawa mereka mengalami kesakitan tetapi tidak diganggu olehnya? || morfin <> Berapa banyak pesakit yang mengalami psikosurgia mengalami rasa sakit? || sedikit, atau tidak sama sekali <> Definisi kesakitan IASP merangkumi aspek apa yang penting? || tidak menyenangkan <> Apa yang mungkin untuk mendorong yang mana, bertentangan dengan jangkaan, tanpa ketidaknyamanan? || keadaan yang digambarkan sebagai rasa sengit <> Perspektif ke arah kesakitan adalah sesetengah orang dengan saraf sempurna normal yang dilahirkan dengan? || Tidak peduli", {"context": "Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "morphine"}], "question": "Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but aren't bothered by it?", "id": "572f7534a23a5019007fc643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "little, or not at all"}], "question": "How much do some patients going through psychosurgery suffer from the sensation of pain?", "id": "572f7534a23a5019007fc644"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "unpleasantness"}], "question": "IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part?", "id": "572f7534a23a5019007fc641"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "a state described as intense pain"}], "question": "What is it possible to induce which is, contrary to expectations, devoid of unpleasantness?", "id": "572f7534a23a5019007fc642"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Indifference"}], "question": "What perspective towards pain are some people with perfectly normal nerves born with?", "id": "572f7534a23a5019007fc645"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1644, Ren\u00e9 Descartes berteori bahawa sakit adalah gangguan yang dilalui bersama serat saraf sehinggalah gangguan mencapai otak, suatu perkembangan yang mengubah persepsi rasa sakit dari pengalaman rohani, mistik kepada sensasi fizikal, mekanikal [rujukan?]. Kerja Descartes, bersama dengan Avicenna's, mempersiapkan teori keistimewaan pembangunan abad ke-19. Teori spesifikasi menyaksikan kesakitan sebagai \"sensasi khusus, dengan alat deria sendiri yang bebas daripada sentuhan dan deria lain\". Teori lain yang terkenal pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19 adalah teori intensif, yang mengandung rasa sakit bukan sebagai modaliti deria yang unik, tetapi keadaan emosi yang dihasilkan oleh rangsangan yang lebih kuat daripada cahaya biasa, seperti tekanan, tekanan atau suhu yang sengit. Menjelang pertengahan tahun 1890-an, kekhususan disokong kebanyakannya oleh ahli fisiologi dan pakar perubatan, dan teori intensif kebanyakannya disokong oleh ahli psikologi. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas satu siri pemerhatian klinikal oleh Henry Head dan percubaan oleh Max von Frey, para psikolog telah berhijrah ke kekhususan hampir secara beramai-ramai, dan menjelang akhir abad, kebanyakan buku teks mengenai fisiologi dan psikologi telah memperkenalkan spesifik kesakitan sebagai fakta. <> Bilakah Descartes memberi persepsi tentang teori-teorinya tentang kesakitan? || 1644 <> Apa yang difikirkan Descartes rasa sakit? || suatu gangguan <> Apakah keadaan apakah teori intensif membayangkan kesakitan sebagai? || emosi <> Teori apa yang merasakan kesakitan sebagai sensasi tertentu? || Spesifikasi <> Siapa yang berhijrah ke teori kekhususan secara besar-besaran? || ahli psikologi", {"context": "In 1644, Ren\u00e9 Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain, a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual, mystical experience to a physical, mechanical sensation[citation needed]. Descartes's work, along with Avicenna's, prefigured the 19th-century development of specificity theory. Specificity theory saw pain as \"a specific sensation, with its own sensory apparatus independent of touch and other senses\". Another theory that came to prominence in the 18th and 19th centuries was intensive theory, which conceived of pain not as a unique sensory modality, but an emotional state produced by stronger than normal stimuli such as intense light, pressure or temperature. By the mid-1890s, specificity was backed mostly by physiologists and physicians, and the intensive theory was mostly backed by psychologists. However, after a series of clinical observations by Henry Head and experiments by Max von Frey, the psychologists migrated to specificity almost en masse, and by century's end, most textbooks on physiology and psychology were presenting pain specificity as fact.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1644"}], "question": "When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain?", "id": "572f7a2704bcaa1900d769d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "a disturbance"}], "question": "What did Descartes think pain was?", "id": "572f7a2704bcaa1900d769d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "emotional"}], "question": "What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being?", "id": "572f7a2704bcaa1900d769d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Specificity"}], "question": "What theory perceives pain as being a specific sensation?", "id": "572f7a2704bcaa1900d769d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1018, "text": "psychologists"}], "question": "Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass?", "id": "572f7a2704bcaa1900d769d5"}]}], ["Dalam bukunya, The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, ahli biologi Richard Dawkins bergulat dengan persoalan mengapa sakit harus sangat menyakitkan. Dia menerangkan alternatif itu sebagai satu \"penampilan merah\" yang sederhana dan mental. Untuk membantah mengapa bendera merah mungkin tidak mencukupi, Dawkins menjelaskan bahawa pemacu mesti bersaing antara satu sama lain dalam makhluk hidup. Makhluk yang paling sesuai adalah orang yang sakitnya seimbang. Kesakitan yang bermaksud kematian tertentu apabila diabaikan akan menjadi yang paling kuat dirasakan. Oleh itu, intensiti kesakitan yang relatif mungkin menyerupai kepentingan relatif terhadap risiko nenek moyang kita (kekurangan makanan, terlalu dingin, atau kecederaan yang serius dirasakan sebagai penderitaan, sedangkan kerosakan kecil dirasakan sebagai ketidakselesaan semata-mata). Persamaan ini tidak akan sempurna, bagaimanapun, kerana pemilihan semula jadi boleh menjadi pereka yang tidak baik. Hasilnya kerap berlaku pada haiwan, termasuk rangsangan supernormal. Glitches sedemikian membantu menjelaskan sakit yang tidak, atau sekurang-kurangnya tidak lagi menyesuaikan diri secara langsung (contohnya mungkin beberapa bentuk sakit gigi, atau kecederaan pada kuku). <> Siapa yang menulis \"Pertunjukan Terbesar di Bumi: Bukti untuk Evolusi\"? || Richard Dawkins <> Apa yang diterangkan oleh Dawkins mesti bersaing antara satu sama lain dalam hidup bermula? || pemacu <> Apa makhluk yang paling sesuai? || orang yang sakitnya seimbang <> Jenis perancang apakah pilihan semula jadi? || miskin <> Apa yang mungkin intensiti kesakitan relatif menyerupai? || risiko", {"context": "In his book, The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, biologist Richard Dawkins grapples with the question of why pain has to be so very painful. He describes the alternative as a simple, mental raising of a \"red flag\". To argue why that red flag might be insufficient, Dawkins explains that drives must compete with each other within living beings. The most fit creature would be the one whose pains are well balanced. Those pains which mean certain death when ignored will become the most powerfully felt. The relative intensities of pain, then, may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors (lack of food, too much cold, or serious injuries are felt as agony, whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort). This resemblance will not be perfect, however, because natural selection can be a poor designer. The result is often glitches in animals, including supernormal stimuli. Such glitches help explain pains which are not, or at least no longer directly adaptive (e.g. perhaps some forms of toothache, or injury to fingernails).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Richard Dawkins"}], "question": "Who wrote \"The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution\"?", "id": "572f8b45b2c2fd14005681d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "drives"}], "question": "What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?", "id": "572f8b45b2c2fd14005681d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "one whose pains are well balanced"}], "question": "What would be the most fit creature?", "id": "572f8b45b2c2fd14005681d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "poor"}], "question": "What type of designer is natural selection?", "id": "572f8b45b2c2fd14005681d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "risk"}], "question": "What might the relative intensities of pain resemble?", "id": "572f8b45b2c2fd14005681d8"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1955, DC Sinclair dan G Weddell mengembangkan teori corak periferal, berdasarkan cadangan 1934 oleh John Paul Nafe. Mereka mencadangkan bahawa semua hujung serat kulit (dengan pengecualian sel-sel rambut yang menyegarkan) adalah serupa, dan kesakitan yang dihasilkan oleh rangsangan sengit gentian ini. Satu lagi teori abad ke-20 adalah teori kawalan pintu, yang diperkenalkan oleh Ronald Melzack dan Patrick Wall dalam artikel Sains 1965 \"Mekanisme Sakit: Satu Teori Baru\". Para penulis mencadangkan bahawa kedua-dua nipis (rasa sakit) dan diameter besar (sentuhan, tekanan, getaran) gentian saraf membawa maklumat dari tapak kecederaan ke dua destinasi di tanduk dorsal saraf tunjang, dan aktiviti serat yang lebih besar berbanding dengan nipis aktiviti gentian pada sel yang menghambat, rasa sakit yang kurang dirasai. Kedua-dua teori corak periferal dan teori kawalan gerbang telah digantikan oleh teori-teori yang lebih moden tentang kesakitan [rujukan?]. <> Tahun apa teori corak periferal dikembangkan? || 1955 <> Nasihat siapa yang mendorong perkembangan teori corak periferal? || John Paul Nafe <> Apakah teori kawalan gerbang menentukan diameter yang bertanggungjawab terhadap jumlah sensasi rasa sakit? || serat saraf <> Apa Sinclair DC dan G Weddell mencadangkan harta semua akhir serat kulit? || sama <> Mengapa teori corak periferal dan teori kawalan pintu tertinggal? || digantikan oleh teori-teori kesakitan yang lebih moden", {"context": " In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theory was gate control theory, introduced by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall in the 1965 Science article \"Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory\". The authors proposed that both thin (pain) and large diameter (touch, pressure, vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and that the more large fiber activity relative to thin fiber activity at the inhibitory cell, the less pain is felt. Both peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory have been superseded by more modern theories of pain[citation needed].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "1955"}], "question": "What year was peripheral pattern theory developed? ", "id": "572f7ad604bcaa1900d769e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "John Paul Nafe"}], "question": "Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?", "id": "572f7ad604bcaa1900d769e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "nerve fibers"}], "question": "What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation?", "id": "572f7ad604bcaa1900d769e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "identical"}], "question": "What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is?", "id": "572f7ad604bcaa1900d769e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "superseded by more modern theories of pain"}], "question": "Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind?", "id": "572f7ad604bcaa1900d769e9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1968 Ronald Melzack dan Kenneth Casey menggambarkan rasa sakit dari segi tiga dimensi: \"sensori-diskriminatif\" (rasa keamatan, lokasi, kualiti dan jangka masa kesakitan), \"afektif-motivasi\" (tidak menyenangkan dan keinginan untuk melarikan diri dari ketidaknyamanan ), dan \"kognitif-menilai\" (kognisi seperti penilaian, nilai budaya, gangguan dan saran hipnosis). Mereka berteori bahawa keamatan rasa sakit (dimensi diskriminasi deria) dan ketidaknyamanan (dimensi motivasi-dimensi) tidak hanya ditentukan oleh magnitud rangsangan yang menyakitkan, tetapi \"aktiviti kognitif\" yang lebih tinggi dapat mempengaruhi keamatan yang dirasakan dan tidak menyenangkan. Aktiviti kognitif \"boleh menjejaskan kedua-dua pengalaman deria dan afektif atau mereka boleh mengubah terutamanya dimensi motivasi-motivasi. Oleh itu, keseronokan dalam permainan atau perang muncul untuk menghalang kedua-dua dimensi kesakitan, manakala cadangan dan placebos boleh memodulasi dimensi motivasi-motivasi dan meninggalkan dimensi sensori-diskriminasi tidak terganggu. \" (ms 432) Kertas ini berakhir dengan panggilan untuk bertindak: \"Kesakitan boleh dirawat bukan sahaja dengan cuba mengurangkan input deria dengan blok anestetik, campur tangan pembedahan dan sebagainya, tetapi juga dengan mempengaruhi faktor motivasi-afektif dan kognitif juga. \" (ms 435) <> Berapa banyak dimensi yang Melzack dan Casey menggambarkan kesakitan dari segi? || tiga <> Dimensi-motivasi dimensi kesakitan disifatkan oleh apa yang menggesa? || mendesak untuk melepaskan diri yang tidak menyenangkan <> Apa yang Melzack dan Casey theorize boleh mempengaruhi persepsi mengenai besarnya kesakitan? || aktiviti kognitif <> Keseronokan permainan perang kelihatan menghalang aspek kesakitan? || dimensi <> Apa yang dilakukan akhir Melack dan Casey dengan panggilan ke arah? || tindakan", {"context": "In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions: \"sensory-discriminative\" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain), \"affective-motivational\" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and \"cognitive-evaluative\" (cognitions such as appraisal, cultural values, distraction and hypnotic suggestion). They theorized that pain intensity (the sensory discriminative dimension) and unpleasantness (the affective-motivational dimension) are not simply determined by the magnitude of the painful stimulus, but \"higher\" cognitive activities can influence perceived intensity and unpleasantness. Cognitive activities \"may affect both sensory and affective experience or they may modify primarily the affective-motivational dimension. Thus, excitement in games or war appears to block both dimensions of pain, while suggestion and placebos may modulate the affective-motivational dimension and leave the sensory-discriminative dimension relatively undisturbed.\" (p. 432) The paper ends with a call to action: \"Pain can be treated not only by trying to cut down the sensory input by anesthetic block, surgical intervention and the like, but also by influencing the motivational-affective and cognitive factors as well.\" (p. 435)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of?", "id": "572f7b9704bcaa1900d769f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "urge to escape the unpleasantness"}], "question": "The affective-motivational dimension of pain is characterized by what urge?", "id": "572f7b9704bcaa1900d769f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "cognitive activities"}], "question": "What did Melzack and Casey theorize could influence the perception of the magnitude of pain?", "id": "572f7b9704bcaa1900d769f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 860, "text": "dimensions"}], "question": "War game excitement appears to block what aspect of pain?", "id": "572f7b9704bcaa1900d769fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1071, "text": "action"}], "question": "What did Melack's and Casey's paper end with a call towards?", "id": "572f7b9704bcaa1900d769fb"}]}], ["Gula yang diambil secara lisan mengurangkan jumlah masa menangis tetapi tidak tempoh jeritan pertama pada bayi yang baru lahir menjalani prosedur yang menyakitkan (lancing tunggal tumit). Ia tidak menyederhanakan kesan sakit pada kadar jantung dan satu kajian baru-baru ini mendapati bahawa gula tidak menjejaskan aktiviti elektrik yang berkaitan dengan sakit di otak bayi yang baru lahir satu saat selepas prosedur tumit tumit. Cecair mulut manis secara sederhana mengurangkan kejadian dan tempoh menangis yang disebabkan oleh suntikan imunisasi pada kanak-kanak antara satu hingga dua belas bulan. <> Apa, bila diambil secara lisan, dapat mengurangkan jumlah waktu menangis bayi yang menjalani prosedur yang menyakitkan? || Gula <> Apa yang tidak gula mengubah kesan sakit? || Kadar denyut jantung <> Gula juga tidak dapat mengubah jenis aktiviti elektrik apa yang ada pada otak bayi yang baru lahir selepas prosedur tikus tumit? || cecair oral yang manis tidak dapat mengurangkan kadar kejadian dan jangka masa apa? || menangis", {"context": " Sugar taken orally reduces the total crying time but not the duration of the first cry in newborns undergoing a painful procedure (a single lancing of the heel). It does not moderate the effect of pain on heart rate and a recent single study found that sugar did not significantly affect pain-related electrical activity in the brains of newborns one second after the heel lance procedure. Sweet oral liquid moderately reduces the incidence and duration of crying caused by immunization injection in children between one and twelve months of age.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1, "text": "Sugar"}], "question": "What, when taken orally, can reduce total crying time of newsborns undergoing a painful procedure?", "id": "572fa514947a6a140053cafc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "heart rate"}], "question": "What doesn't sugar change the effect of pain on?", "id": "572fa514947a6a140053cafd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "pain-related"}], "question": "Sugar also doesn't measurably change what type of electrical activity in the brains of newborns a second after the heel lance procedure?", "id": "572fa514947a6a140053cafe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "crying"}], "question": "A sweet oral liquid does moderately reduce the incidence and duration of what?", "id": "572fa514947a6a140053caff"}]}], ["Persatuan Antarabangsa untuk Kajian Kesakitan menganjurkan bahawa pelepasan kesakitan harus diiktiraf sebagai hak asasi manusia, kesakitan kronik harus dianggap sebagai penyakit dengan haknya sendiri, dan ubat sakit itu harus mempunyai status khusus khusus. Ia hanya khusus di China dan Australia pada masa ini. Di tempat lain, ubat sakit adalah subspesial di bawah disiplin seperti anestesiologi, fisioterapi, neurologi, ubat paliatif dan psikiatri. Pada tahun 2011, Human Rights Watch memaklumkan bahawa berjuta-juta orang di seluruh dunia masih dinafikan akses kepada ubat murah untuk kesakitan yang teruk. <> Apakah yang dianjurkan oleh IASP bahawa pelepasan rasa sakit harus diakui sebagai? || hak asasi manusia <> Apakah kesakitan kronik perlu dipertimbangkan dengan hak sendiri? || penyakit <> Apa dua negara merawat kesakitan khusus? || China dan Australia <> Apakah ubat sakit yang kerap dibawah disiplin seperti fisioterapi, neurologi, dan sebagainya? || subspecialty <> Sehingga tahun 2011, berapa orang di seluruh dunia masih dinafikan akses kepada ubat yang murah untuk kesakitan yang teruk? || puluhan juta", {"context": "The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. Elsewhere, pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as anesthesiology, physiatry, neurology, palliative medicine and psychiatry. In 2011, Human Rights Watch alerted that tens of millions of people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "a human right"}], "question": "What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as?", "id": "572fa484a23a5019007fc80d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "a disease"}], "question": "What should chronic pain be considered in its own right?", "id": "572fa484a23a5019007fc80e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "China and Australia"}], "question": "What two countries is treating pain a specialty in?", "id": "572fa484a23a5019007fc80f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "subspecialty"}], "question": "What is pain medicine often under disciplines like physiatry, neurology, etc?", "id": "572fa484a23a5019007fc810"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "tens of millions"}], "question": "As of 2011, how many people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain?", "id": "572fa484a23a5019007fc811"}]}], ["Laporan diri seseorang adalah ukuran kesakitan yang paling boleh dipercayai, dengan profesional penjagaan kesihatan cenderung untuk memandang rendah. Definisi kesakitan yang digunakan secara meluas dalam bidang kejururawatan, menekankan sifat subyektifnya dan kepentingan kepercayaan laporan pesakit, diperkenalkan oleh Margo McCaffery pada tahun 1968: \"Rasa sakit adalah apa yang dikatakan oleh orang itu, yang ada ketika dia mengatakannya\". Untuk menilai keamatan, pesakit mungkin diminta untuk mencari kesakitan mereka pada skala 0 hingga 10, dengan 0 tidak sakit sama sekali, dan 10 kesakitan yang paling teruk yang pernah mereka rasakan. Kualiti boleh diwujudkan dengan mempunyai pesakit menyelesaikan Soal Selidik McGill Pain yang menunjukkan kata-kata yang paling menggambarkan kesakitan mereka. <> Apakah kesakitan yang paling boleh dipercayai? || Laporan diri seseorang <> Apa yang dilakukan para profesional penjagaan kesihatan cenderung untuk memandang rendah? || keterukan <> Apa yang diperkenalkan Margo McCaffery pada tahun 1968? || definisi rasa sakit <> Skala apa mungkin pesakit diminta untuk mencari kesakitan mereka? || 0 hingga 10 <> Apakah pesakit diminta menggunakan Soal Selidik McGill Pain untuk menunjukkan? || kata-kata yang paling menggambarkan kesakitan mereka", {"context": "A person's self-report is the most reliable measure of pain, with health care professionals tending to underestimate severity. A definition of pain widely employed in nursing, emphasizing its subjective nature and the importance of believing patient reports, was introduced by Margo McCaffery in 1968: \"Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does\". To assess intensity, the patient may be asked to locate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being no pain at all, and 10 the worst pain they have ever felt. Quality can be established by having the patient complete the McGill Pain Questionnaire indicating which words best describe their pain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "person's self-report"}], "question": "What is the most reliable measure of pain?", "id": "572f8f2eb2c2fd14005681fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "severity"}], "question": "What do health-care professionals tend to underestimate? ", "id": "572f8f2eb2c2fd14005681fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "definition of pain"}], "question": "What did Margo McCaffery introduce in 1968?", "id": "572f8f2eb2c2fd14005681ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "0 to 10"}], "question": "What scale might a patient be asked to locate their pain on?", "id": "572f8f2eb2c2fd1400568200"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "which words best describe their pain"}], "question": "What are patients asked to use the McGill Pain Questionnaire to indicate?", "id": "572f8f2eb2c2fd1400568201"}]}], ["Sejumlah analisis meta telah mendapati hipnosis klinikal berkesan untuk mengawal kesakitan yang berkaitan dengan prosedur diagnostik dan pembedahan di kalangan orang dewasa dan kanak-kanak, serta kesakitan yang berkaitan dengan kanser dan melahirkan anak. Kajian pada tahun 2007 untuk 13 kajian mendapati bukti keberkesanan hipnosis dalam pengurangan kesakitan kronik dalam beberapa keadaan, walaupun bilangan pesakit yang mendaftar dalam kajian adalah rendah, membangkitkan isu kuasa untuk mengesan perbezaan kumpulan, dan kebanyakan kawalan yang tidak dapat dipercayai untuk plasebo dan / atau jangkaan. Penulis menyimpulkan bahawa \"walaupun penemuan memberikan sokongan untuk penggunaan umum hipnosis dalam rawatan sakit kronik, jauh lebih banyak penyelidikan diperlukan untuk sepenuhnya menentukan kesan hipnosis untuk keadaan kronik-sakit yang berbeza.\" <> Hipnosis klinikal mungkin berkesan dalam melakukan apa dengan kesakitan yang berkaitan dengan prosedur pembedahan di kalangan orang dewasa dan kanak-kanak? || mengawal <> Berapa banyak kajian pada tahun 2007 mendapati bukti keberkesanan hipnosis dalam pengurangan kesakitan kronik? || 13 <> Apakah kajian mengenai keberkesanan hipnosis? || Kawalan yang boleh dipercayai untuk plasebo dan / atau jangkaan <> Apakah lebih banyak kajian yang diperlukan untuk menentukan keadaan sakit kronik yang berbeza? || kesan hipnosis", {"context": "A number of meta-analyses have found clinical hypnosis to be effective in controlling pain associated with diagnostic and surgical procedures in both adults and children, as well as pain associated with cancer and childbirth. A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain in some conditions, though the number of patients enrolled in the studies was low, bringing up issues of power to detect group differences, and most lacked credible controls for placebo and/or expectation. The authors concluded that \"although the findings provide support for the general applicability of hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain, considerably more research will be needed to fully determine the effects of hypnosis for different chronic-pain conditions.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "controlling"}], "question": "Clinical hypnosis may be effective in doing what with pain associated with surgical procedures in adults and children?", "id": "572fa775947a6a140053cb0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many studies in 2007 found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain?", "id": "572fa775947a6a140053cb0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "credible controls for placebo and/or expectation"}], "question": "What did the studies regarding the effectiveness of hypnosis lack?", "id": "572fa775947a6a140053cb0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "effects of hypnosis"}], "question": "What is considerable more research needed to determine for different chronic pain conditions?", "id": "572fa775947a6a140053cb0d"}]}], ["Apabila seseorang itu tidak lisan dan tidak boleh melaporkan diri sakit, pemerhatian menjadi kritikal, dan tingkah laku tertentu dapat dipantau sebagai petunjuk sakit. Kelakuan seperti grimacing wajah dan penjagaan menunjukkan rasa sakit, serta peningkatan atau penurunan dalam penyuaraan, perubahan pola tingkah laku rutin dan perubahan status mental. Pesakit yang mengalami kesakitan boleh mempamerkan tingkah laku sosial dan mungkin mengalami penurunan selera makan dan penurunan pengambilan nutrisi. Perubahan dalam keadaan yang menyimpang dari garis dasar seperti mengerang dengan pergerakan atau ketika memanipulasi bahagian tubuh, dan pelbagai pergerakan terhad juga merupakan petunjuk sakit yang berpotensi. Bagi pesakit yang mempunyai bahasa tetapi tidak dapat menyatakan diri mereka dengan berkesan, seperti mereka yang mengalami demensia, peningkatan kekeliruan atau peragaan tingkah laku yang agresif atau pergolakan mungkin menandakan bahawa ketidakselesaan berlaku, dan penilaian selanjutnya diperlukan. <> Apa yang menjadi kritikal apabila seseorang itu bukan lisan? || pemerhatian <> Apa yang boleh dipantau sebagai penunjuk sakit? || tingkah laku tertentu <> Apa jenis tingkah laku sosial yang mungkin pesakit mengalami pameran sakit? || ditarik <> Bagaimana pesakit dengan demensia menunjukkan ketidakselesaan? || isyarat <> Muka grimacing dan penjagaan menunjukkan apa? || kesakitan", {"context": "When a person is non-verbal and cannot self-report pain, observation becomes critical, and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators. Behaviors such as facial grimacing and guarding indicate pain, as well as an increase or decrease in vocalizations, changes in routine behavior patterns and mental status changes. Patients experiencing pain may exhibit withdrawn social behavior and possibly experience a decreased appetite and decreased nutritional intake. A change in condition that deviates from baseline such as moaning with movement or when manipulating a body part, and limited range of motion are also potential pain indicators. In patients who possess language but are incapable of expressing themselves effectively, such as those with dementia, an increase in confusion or display of aggressive behaviors or agitation may signal that discomfort exists, and further assessment is necessary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "observation"}], "question": "What become critical when a person is non-verbal? ", "id": "572f94bca23a5019007fc799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "specific behaviors"}], "question": "What can be monitored as pain indicators?", "id": "572f94bca23a5019007fc79a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "withdrawn"}], "question": "What type of social behavior might patients experiencing pain exhibit?", "id": "572f94bca23a5019007fc79c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "signal"}], "question": "How can patients with dementia indicate discomfort exists?", "id": "572f94bca23a5019007fc79d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "pain"}], "question": "Facial grimacing and guarding indicate what?", "id": "572f94bca23a5019007fc79b"}]}], ["Halangan budaya juga boleh membuat seseorang tidak dapat memberitahu seseorang yang sedang sakit. Kepercayaan agama boleh menghalang individu mencari bantuan. Mereka mungkin merasakan rawatan kesakitan adalah terhadap agama mereka. Mereka mungkin tidak melaporkan kesakitan kerana mereka merasakan ia adalah tanda bahawa kematian sudah dekat. Ramai orang takut stigma ketagihan dan mengelakkan rawatan sakit supaya tidak diberi ubat-ubatan yang berpotensi kecanduan. Ramai orang Asia tidak mahu menghormati masyarakat dengan mengakui mereka sakit dan memerlukan pertolongan, percaya kesakitan harus ditanggung dalam keadaan diam, sedangkan budaya lain merasakan mereka harus segera melaporkan kesakitan dan mendapatkan bantuan segera. Jantina juga boleh menjadi faktor dalam melaporkan kesakitan. Perbezaan seksual dapat menjadi hasil dari harapan sosial dan budaya, dengan wanita diharapkan menjadi emosional dan menunjukkan rasa sakit dan orang-orang membingungkan, menjaga rasa sakit pada diri mereka sendiri. <> Apakah jenis penghalang yang boleh menghalang seseorang daripada memberitahu seseorang yang mereka sakit? || Budaya <> Bagaimana kepercayaan agama dapat menyumbang kepada orang yang masih dalam kesakitan? || menghalang individu daripada mencari bantuan <> Sesetengah orang mungkin tidak melaporkan kesakitan kerana mereka fikir ia adalah tanda yang dekat? || kematian <> Apa yang ramai orang takut rawatan sakit akan membawa kepada? || ubat-ubatan berpotensi adiktif <> Apakah isu melaporkan kesakitan khusus kepada orang Asia? || tidak mahu kehilangan rasa hormat dalam masyarakat dengan mengakui mereka sakit", {"context": "Cultural barriers can also keep a person from telling someone they are in pain. Religious beliefs may prevent the individual from seeking help. They may feel certain pain treatment is against their religion. They may not report pain because they feel it is a sign that death is near. Many people fear the stigma of addiction and avoid pain treatment so as not to be prescribed potentially addicting drugs. Many Asians do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain and need help, believing the pain should be borne in silence, while other cultures feel they should report pain right away and get immediate relief. Gender can also be a factor in reporting pain. Sexual differences can be the result of social and cultural expectations, with women expected to be emotional and show pain and men stoic, keeping pain to themselves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cultural"}], "question": "What kind of barriers can prevent a person from telling someone they're in pain?", "id": "572fa359947a6a140053cae8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "prevent the individual from seeking help"}], "question": "How can religious beliefs contribute to a person remaining in pain?", "id": "572fa359947a6a140053cae9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "death"}], "question": "Some people may not report pain because they think it's a sign what is near?", "id": "572fa359947a6a140053caea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "potentially addicting drugs"}], "question": "What do many people fear pain treatment will lead to?", "id": "572fa359947a6a140053caeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain"}], "question": "What is an issue of reporting pain specific to Asians?", "id": "572fa359947a6a140053caec"}]}], ["Sakit adalah sebab yang paling biasa bagi orang untuk menggunakan ubat pelengkap dan alternatif. Analisis 13 kajian mutakhir mengenai rawatan kesakitan dengan akupunktur, yang diterbitkan pada Januari 2009, menyimpulkan terdapat sedikit perbezaan dalam kesan sebenar, palsu dan tiada akupunktur. Walau bagaimanapun ulasan lain telah mendapat faedah. Di samping itu, terdapat bukti tentatif untuk beberapa ubat herba. Terdapat minat dalam hubungan antara vitamin D dan rasa sakit, tetapi bukti yang jauh dari percubaan terkawal untuk hubungan semacam itu, selain daripada osteomalacia, tidak menentu. <> Apakah sebab yang paling biasa orang mencari ubat alternatif? || Sakit <> Apakah analisis mengenai 13 kajian mengenai rawatan kesakitan menyimpulkan tentang kesan rawatan treament sebenar berbanding rawatan palsu? || sedikit perbezaan dalam kesan <> Perubatan apa yang ada bukti tentatif untuk keberkesanan? || herba <> Beberapa ulasan bertentangan 13 kajian berkualiti tinggi mendapati apa sebenarnya? || manfaat <> Selain dari osteomalacia, apakah ada bukti hubungan antara kesakitan dan? || vitamin D", {"context": "Pain is the most common reason for people to use complementary and alternative medicine. An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture, published in January 2009, concluded there is little difference in the effect of real, sham and no acupuncture. However other reviews have found benefit. Additionally, there is tentative evidence for a few herbal medicine. There is interest in the relationship between vitamin D and pain, but the evidence so far from controlled trials for such a relationship, other than in osteomalacia, is unconvincing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pain"}], "question": "What is the most common reason people seek out alternative medicine?", "id": "572fa8c9947a6a140053cb12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "little difference in the effect"}], "question": "What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments?", "id": "572fa8c9947a6a140053cb13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "herbal"}], "question": "What medicine is there tentative evidence for the efficacy of?", "id": "572fa8c9947a6a140053cb15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "benefit"}], "question": "Some contradictory reviews of 13 high quality studies found actual what?", "id": "572fa8c9947a6a140053cb14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "vitamin D"}], "question": "Other than in osteomalacia, what is there no evidence of a relationship between pain and?", "id": "572fa8c9947a6a140053cb16"}]}], ["Perbezaan dalam persepsi nyeri dan ambang toleransi dikaitkan dengan faktor-faktor lain, etnik, genetik, dan seks. Orang-orang dari asal Mediterranean melaporkan sebagai menyakitkan beberapa intensiti panas berseri yang digambarkan oleh Eropah Utara sebagai tidak berpengalaman. Dan wanita Itali bertolak ansur dengan kejutan elektrik yang kurang kuat daripada wanita Yahudi atau Amerika Asli. Sesetengah individu dalam semua budaya mempunyai ketara lebih tinggi daripada persepsi rasa sakit biasa dan ambang toleransi. Sebagai contoh, pesakit yang mengalami serangan jantung tanpa rasa sakit mempunyai ambang sakit yang lebih tinggi untuk kejutan elektrik, kejang otot dan panas. <> Bersama dengan etnik dan genetik, apakah faktor lain yang dikaitkan dengan perbezaan persepsi nyeri? || seks <> Apa yang mungkin dilaporkan oleh sesetengah orang dari asal Mediterranean sebagai menyakitkan bahawa orang asal ini tidak akan? || Eropah <> Apa kewarganegaraan boleh mentolerir sekurang-kurangnya kejutan elektrik? || Itali <> Apa yang sesetengah individu dalam semua budaya mempunyai ketara lebih tinggi daripada biasa? || persepsi nyeri <> Pesakit yang mempunyai serangan jantung tanpa rasa sakit mempunyai apa yang lebih tinggi? || ambang nyeri", {"context": "Differences in pain perception and tolerance thresholds are associated with, among other factors, ethnicity, genetics, and sex. People of Mediterranean origin report as painful some radiant heat intensities that northern Europeans describe as nonpainful. And Italian women tolerate less intense electric shock than Jewish or Native American women. Some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal pain perception and tolerance thresholds. For instance, patients who experience painless heart attacks have higher pain thresholds for electric shock, muscle cramp and heat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "sex"}], "question": "Along with with ethnicity and genetics, what is the other factor associated with differences in pain perception?", "id": "572f8ddea23a5019007fc735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Europeans"}], "question": "What might some people of Mediterranean origin report as painful that people of this origin wouldn't?", "id": "572f8ddea23a5019007fc736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Italian"}], "question": "What nationality can tolerate the least amount of electric shock?", "id": "572f8ddea23a5019007fc737"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "pain perception"}], "question": "What do some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal?", "id": "572f8ddea23a5019007fc738"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "pain thresholds"}], "question": "Patients who have painless heart attacks have higher what?", "id": "572f8ddea23a5019007fc739"}]}], ["Pengalaman kesakitan mempunyai banyak dimensi budaya. Contohnya, cara seseorang mengalami dan merespon kesakitan adalah berkaitan dengan ciri-ciri sosiokultural, seperti gender, etnik, dan umur. Orang dewasa yang menua tidak boleh menanggapi kesakitan dengan cara yang lebih muda. Keupayaan mereka untuk mengenali kesakitan boleh ditoleransi oleh penyakit atau penggunaan ubat yang berlebihan. Kemurungan juga boleh membuat orang dewasa lebih tua melaporkan bahawa mereka sakit. Orang dewasa juga mungkin berhenti melakukan aktiviti yang mereka suka kerana terlalu menyakitkan. Penurunan dalam aktiviti penjagaan diri (berpakaian, dandanan, berjalan, dan sebagainya) juga mungkin menjadi indikator yang orang dewasa lebih tua mengalami kesakitan. Orang dewasa lebih tua tidak dapat melaporkan kesakitan kerana mereka takut mereka harus menjalani pembedahan atau akan diletakkan pada dadah yang mungkin menjadi ketagihan. Mereka mungkin tidak mahu orang lain melihatnya sebagai lemah, atau mungkin merasa ada sesuatu yang tidak sopan atau memalukan dalam mengadu kesakitan, atau mereka mungkin merasakan kesakitan adalah hukuman yang sewajarnya untuk pelanggaran masa lalu. <> Mengapa orang dewasa yang lebih tua berhenti melakukan aktiviti cinta itu? || kerana ia menyakitkan terlalu banyak <> Apa pengalaman kesakitan di seluruh budaya? || dimensi <> Apa yang mungkin seorang dewasa penuaan tidak bertindak balas dengan cara yang sama seperti orang muda? || sakit <> Orang tua juga mungkin tidak melaporkan kesakitan kerana mereka takut mereka boleh memakai apa? || ubat <> Keupayaan dewasa untuk mengakui kesakitan boleh ditoleransi oleh apa? || penyakit", {"context": "The experience of pain has many cultural dimensions. For instance, the way in which one experiences and responds to pain is related to sociocultural characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, and age. An aging adult may not respond to pain in the way that a younger person would. Their ability to recognize pain may be blunted by illness or the use of multiple prescription drugs. Depression may also keep the older adult from reporting they are in pain. The older adult may also quit doing activities they love because it hurts too much. Decline in self-care activities (dressing, grooming, walking, etc.) may also be indicators that the older adult is experiencing pain. The older adult may refrain from reporting pain because they are afraid they will have to have surgery or will be put on a drug they might become addicted to. They may not want others to see them as weak, or may feel there is something impolite or shameful in complaining about pain, or they may feel the pain is deserved punishment for past transgressions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "because it hurts too much"}], "question": "Why may older adults quit doing activities the love?", "id": "572f98e5b2c2fd1400568232"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "dimensions"}], "question": "What does the experience of pain have throughout cultures?", "id": "572f98e5b2c2fd140056822f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "pain"}], "question": "What might an aging adult not respond to the same way as a younger person would?", "id": "572f98e5b2c2fd1400568230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "a drug"}], "question": "An older adult may also not report pain because they're scared they may be put on what?", "id": "572f98e5b2c2fd1400568233"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "illness"}], "question": "Aging adult's ability to recognize pain may be blunted by what?", "id": "572f98e5b2c2fd1400568231"}]}], ["Inventori Pain Multidimensi (MPI) adalah soal selidik yang direka untuk menilai keadaan psikososial seseorang dengan kesakitan kronik. Analisis keputusan MPI oleh Turk dan Rudy (1988) mendapati tiga golongan pesakit kesakitan kronik: \"(a) disfungsional, orang yang menganggap keterukan kesakitan mereka tinggi, melaporkan kesakitan mengganggu kehidupan mereka, melaporkan lebih tinggi tahap kesakitan psikologi yang disebabkan oleh kesakitan, dan melaporkan tahap aktiviti yang rendah; (b) orang yang tertekan secara perseorangan, orang yang mempunyai persepsi yang sama bahawa orang lain yang penting tidak begitu menyokong masalah kesakitan mereka; dan (c) pencegah adaptif, pesakit yang melaporkan tahap yang tinggi sokongan sosial, tahap kesakitan yang agak rendah dan gangguan yang dirasakan, dan tahap aktiviti yang agak tinggi. \" Menggabungkan pencirian MPI orang dengan profil sakit lima kategori IASP mereka disyorkan untuk mendapatkan penerangan kes yang paling berguna. <> Apa itu MPI singkatan? || Inventori Kesakitan Multidimensi <> Berapa banyak kelas pesakit kronik yang sakit? || tiga <> Apa yang orang lain merasa tertekan dengan orang lain yang tidak menyokongnya? || masalah kesakitan mereka <> Apa yang orang tidak faham menganggap tahap kesakitan mereka? || tinggi <> Apa yang harus dicirikan MPI seseorang digabungkan dengan untuk mendapatkan deskripsi kes yang paling berguna? || profil IASP lima-kategori mereka", {"context": "The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) is a questionnaire designed to assess the psychosocial state of a person with chronic pain. Analysis of MPI results by Turk and Rudy (1988) found three classes of chronic pain patient: \"(a) dysfunctional, people who perceived the severity of their pain to be high, reported that pain interfered with much of their lives, reported a higher degree of psychological distress caused by pain, and reported low levels of activity; (b) interpersonally distressed, people with a common perception that significant others were not very supportive of their pain problems; and (c) adaptive copers, patients who reported high levels of social support, relatively low levels of pain and perceived interference, and relatively high levels of activity.\" Combining the MPI characterization of the person with their IASP five-category pain profile is recommended for deriving the most useful case description.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Multidimensional Pain Inventory"}], "question": "What is MPI an abbreviation for?", "id": "572f926ab2c2fd1400568207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many classes of chronic pain patients are there?", "id": "572f926ab2c2fd1400568208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "their pain problems"}], "question": "What do interpersonally distressed people feel their significant others aren't supportive of?", "id": "572f926ab2c2fd140056820a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "high"}], "question": "What do dysfunctional people perceive the severity of their pain to be?", "id": "572f926ab2c2fd1400568209"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 835, "text": "their IASP five-category pain profile"}], "question": "What should MPI characterization of a person be combined with for deriving the most useful case descriptions?", "id": "572f926ab2c2fd140056820b"}]}], ["Kesakitan fizikal adalah topik politik penting berhubung dengan pelbagai isu, termasuk dasar pengurusan kesakitan, kawalan dadah, hak haiwan atau kebajikan haiwan, penyeksaan, dan kepatuhan kesakitan. Di dalam pelbagai konteks, hukuman yang disengajakan terhadap kesakitan dalam bentuk hukuman mati digunakan sebagai hukuman bagi kesalahan, atau untuk mendisiplinkan atau mereformasi pelaku salah, atau untuk menghalang sikap atau tingkah laku yang dianggap tidak dapat diterima. Di sesetengah budaya, amalan melampau seperti kematian manusia atau ritual laluan yang menyakitkan sangat dihormati. <> Jenis topik apa yang penting dalam kesakitan fizikal berhubung dengan banyak isu? || politik <> Hukuman koperal adalah sejenis jenis kesakitan? || hujah yang disengajakan <> Bagaimana kesakitan memberitahu sikap yang dianggap tidak boleh diterima? || menghalangi <> amalan macam apa yang sangat dipandang oleh sesetengah budaya? || melampau <> Apakah hukuman bodoh yang digunakan sebagai balasan? || suatu kesalahan", {"context": "Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues, including pain management policy, drug control, animal rights or animal welfare, torture, and pain compliance. In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. In some cultures, extreme practices such as mortification of the flesh or painful rites of passage are highly regarded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "political"}], "question": "What type of topic is physical pain important in relation to many issues?", "id": "572fa99c04bcaa1900d76b81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "deliberate infliction"}], "question": "Corporal punishment is a form of what type of pain?", "id": "572fa99c04bcaa1900d76b82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "deter"}], "question": "How does pain inform attitudes deemed unacceptable?", "id": "572fa99c04bcaa1900d76b84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "extreme"}], "question": "What kind of practices do some cultures highly regard?", "id": "572fa99c04bcaa1900d76b85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "an offence"}], "question": "What is corporal punishment used as retribution for?", "id": "572fa99c04bcaa1900d76b83"}]}], ["Kehadiran kesakitan pada haiwan tidak dapat diketahui dengan pasti, tetapi dapat disimpulkan melalui reaksi fizikal dan tingkah laku. Pakar kini percaya bahawa semua vertebrata boleh merasakan kesakitan, dan sesetengah invertebrata, seperti sotong, mungkin juga. Bagi haiwan, tumbuh-tumbuhan atau entiti lain, keupayaan mereka untuk merasakan kesakitan fizikal pada masa ini adalah persoalan yang tidak dapat dicapai saintifik, kerana tidak ada mekanisme yang diketahui oleh mereka untuk mendapat perasaan sedemikian. Khususnya, tidak terdapat nociceptor yang diketahui dalam kumpulan seperti tumbuhan, kulat, dan kebanyakan serangga, kecuali misalnya dalam lalat buah. <> Bagaimana dengan rasa sakit pada haiwan yang tidak dapat diketahui dengan pasti? || kehadiran <> Reaksi haiwan fizikal dan tingkah laku boleh disimpulkan untuk menunjukkan kehadiran apa? || sakit <> Siapa pakar percaya boleh merasakan kesakitan? || vertebrata <> Tiada mekanisme yang diketahui oleh mana organisme apa yang boleh mempunyai rasa seperti rasa sakit? || tumbuhan <> Apakah kulat dan lalat buah kelihatan kurang? || nociceptors", {"context": "The presence of pain in an animal cannot be known for certain, but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions. Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, might too. As for other animals, plants, or other entities, their ability to feel physical pain is at present a question beyond scientific reach, since no mechanism is known by which they could have such a feeling. In particular, there are no known nociceptors in groups such as plants, fungi, and most insects, except for instance in fruit flies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "presence"}], "question": "What about pain in an animal isn't able to be known with certainty?", "id": "572faad8b2c2fd14005682e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "pain"}], "question": "An animals physical and behavioral reactions may be inferred to indicate the presence of what?", "id": "572faad8b2c2fd14005682e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "vertebrates"}], "question": "Who do specialists believe can feel pain?", "id": "572faad8b2c2fd14005682e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "plants"}], "question": "No mechanism is known by which what organisms would be able to have a feeling such as pain?", "id": "572faad8b2c2fd14005682ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "nociceptors"}], "question": "What do fungi and fruit flies seem to lack?", "id": "572faad8b2c2fd14005682eb"}]}], ["Kaedah yang paling boleh dipercayai untuk menilai kesakitan di kebanyakan manusia ialah dengan bertanya: seseorang boleh melaporkan kesakitan yang tidak dapat dikesan oleh mana-mana langkah fisiologi yang diketahui. Walau bagaimanapun, seperti bayi (infiniti Latin yang bermaksud \"tidak dapat bercakap\"), haiwan tidak boleh menjawab soalan sama ada mereka merasakan kesakitan; oleh itu kriteria yang menentukan untuk sakit pada manusia tidak dapat diterapkan kepada mereka. Ahli falsafah dan saintis telah memberi respons kepada kesukaran ini dalam pelbagai cara. Ren\u00e9 Descartes misalnya menegaskan bahawa haiwan kurang kesedaran dan oleh itu tidak mengalami rasa sakit dan penderitaan dalam cara manusia lakukan. Bernard Rollin dari Colorado State University, pengarang utama dua undang-undang persekutuan AS mengawal selia rasa sakit untuk haiwan, menulis bahawa para penyelidik masih tidak yakin pada tahun 1980-an tentang sama ada haiwan mengalami kesakitan, dan para veterinari yang dilatih di AS sebelum tahun 1989 hanya diajar untuk mengabaikan kesakitan haiwan. Dalam interaksinya dengan saintis dan doktor haiwan lain, dia sering diminta untuk \"membuktikan\" bahawa haiwan sedar, dan untuk memberikan alasan \"saintifik yang boleh diterima\" kerana mendakwa bahawa mereka merasa sakit. Carbone menulis bahawa pandangan bahawa haiwan merasakan kesakitan secara berbeza kini menjadi pandangan minoriti. Tinjauan akademik topik ini lebih samar-samar, mencatat bahwa meskipun argumen bahwa hewan memiliki sekurang-kurangnya pemikiran dan perasaan sadar mudah memiliki dukungan yang kuat, beberapa pengkritik terus mempertanyakan bagaimana keadaan mental hewan yang dapat diandalkan dapat ditentukan. Keupayaan spesies haiwan invertebrata, seperti serangga, merasakan kesakitan dan penderitaan juga tidak jelas. <> Apakah kaedah pembelajaran yang paling boleh dipercayai mengenai kesakitan pada manusia? || bertanya soalan <> Apa yang tidak boleh dijawab haiwan? || sama ada mereka merasakan sakit <> Apa yang Descartes membantah kekurangan haiwan? || kesedaran <> Apa universiti Bernard Rollin dikaitkan dengan? || Colorado State University <> Bolehkah spesies invertebrata haiwan seperti serangga merasakan kesakitan dan penderitaan? || tidak jelas", {"context": "The most reliable method for assessing pain in most humans is by asking a question: a person may report pain that cannot be detected by any known physiological measure. However, like infants (Latin infans meaning \"unable to speak\"), animals cannot answer questions about whether they feel pain; thus the defining criterion for pain in humans cannot be applied to them. Philosophers and scientists have responded to this difficulty in a variety of ways. Ren\u00e9 Descartes for example argued that animals lack consciousness and therefore do not experience pain and suffering in the way that humans do. Bernard Rollin of Colorado State University, the principal author of two U.S. federal laws regulating pain relief for animals, writes that researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain, and that veterinarians trained in the U.S. before 1989 were simply taught to ignore animal pain. In his interactions with scientists and other veterinarians, he was regularly asked to \"prove\" that animals are conscious, and to provide \"scientifically acceptable\" grounds for claiming that they feel pain. Carbone writes that the view that animals feel pain differently is now a minority view. Academic reviews of the topic are more equivocal, noting that although the argument that animals have at least simple conscious thoughts and feelings has strong support, some critics continue to question how reliably animal mental states can be determined. The ability of invertebrate species of animals, such as insects, to feel pain and suffering is also unclear.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "asking a question"}], "question": "What is the most reliable method of learning about pain in a human?", "id": "572faa1c04bcaa1900d76b8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "whether they feel pain"}], "question": "What can't animals answer?", "id": "572faa1c04bcaa1900d76b8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "consciousness"}], "question": "What did Descartes argue animals lack?", "id": "572faa1c04bcaa1900d76b8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "Colorado State University"}], "question": "What university is Bernard Rollin associated with?", "id": "572faa1c04bcaa1900d76b8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1568, "text": "unclear"}], "question": "Can invertebrate species of animals like insects feel pain and suffering?", "id": "572faa1c04bcaa1900d76b8f"}]}]], [["Banyak pangkalan data lain mempunyai perisian aplikasi yang mengakses pangkalan data bagi pihak pengguna akhir, tanpa mendedahkan antara muka DBMS secara langsung. Pemrogram aplikasi boleh menggunakan protokol wayar secara langsung, atau lebih mungkin melalui antara muka pengaturcaraan aplikasi. Pereka pangkalan data dan pentadbir pangkalan data berinteraksi dengan DBMS melalui antaramuka khusus untuk membina dan menyelenggarakan pangkalan data aplikasi, dan dengan itu memerlukan lebih banyak pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang bagaimana operasi DBMSs dan parameter luaran dan parameter luaran DBMS. <> Bagaimana banyak pangkalan data diakses? || perisian aplikasi <> Bagaimana pentadbir berfungsi dengan DBMS? || melalui antaramuka khusus <> Apa cara untuk pengaturcara menggunakan DBMS? || protokol wayar", {"context": "Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "application software"}], "question": "How are many databases accessed?", "id": "572f6041947a6a140053c8e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "through dedicated interfaces"}], "question": "How do administrators work with the DBMS?", "id": "572f6041947a6a140053c8e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "wire protocol"}], "question": "What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS?", "id": "572f6041947a6a140053c8e6"}]}], ["Secara rasmi, \"pangkalan data\" merujuk kepada satu set data berkaitan dan cara ia dianjurkan. Akses kepada data ini biasanya disediakan oleh \"sistem pengurusan pangkalan data\" (DBMS) yang terdiri daripada satu set perisian komputer yang bersepadu yang membolehkan pengguna untuk berinteraksi dengan satu atau lebih pangkalan data dan menyediakan akses kepada semua data yang terdapat dalam pangkalan data (walaupun sekatan mungkin wujud yang mengehadkan akses kepada data tertentu). DBMS menyediakan pelbagai fungsi yang membolehkan kemasukan, penyimpanan dan pengambilan maklumat yang banyak dan menyediakan cara untuk menguruskan bagaimana maklumat tersebut dianjurkan. <> Bagaimana data diakses? || oleh \"sistem pengurusan pangkalan data\" (DBMS) <> Berapa banyak data yang boleh disimpan oleh DBMS? || jumlah besar <> DBMS terdiri daripada apa? || set bersepadu perisian komputer", {"context": "Formally, a \"database\" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a \"database management system\" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "by a \"database management system\" (DBMS)"}], "question": "How is data accessed?", "id": "572f5bcfa23a5019007fc59b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "large quantities"}], "question": "How much data can a DBMS store?", "id": "572f5bcfa23a5019007fc59d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "an integrated set of computer software"}], "question": "A DBMS consists of what?", "id": "572f5bcfa23a5019007fc59c"}]}], ["IBM juga mempunyai DBMS mereka sendiri pada tahun 1966, dikenali sebagai Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat (IMS). IMS adalah pembangunan perisian yang ditulis untuk program Apollo pada Sistem / 360. IMS pada umumnya sama dalam konsep kepada CODASYL, tetapi menggunakan hierarki yang ketat untuk model navigasi data dan bukan model rangkaian CODASYL. Kedua-dua konsep kemudiannya dikenali sebagai pangkalan data navigasi kerana cara mengakses data, dan penyampaian Anugerah Turing 1973 Bachman adalah The Programmer as Navigator. IMS dikelaskan [oleh siapa?] Sebagai pangkalan data hierarki. Pangkalan data IDMS dan Cincom Systems 'TOTAL dikelaskan sebagai pangkalan data rangkaian. IMS masih digunakan pada tahun 2014 [kemas kini]. <> Apakah DBMS yang dicipta oleh IBM dipanggil? || Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat (IMS) <> Apakah tujuan DBMS IBM? || program Apollo <> Apakah klasifikasi IMS? || pangkalan data hierarki <> Apakah nama penyampaian Anugerah Turing Bachman pada tahun 1973? || Programmer sebagai Navigator", {"context": "IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Information Management System (IMS)"}], "question": "What was the DBMS created by IBM called?", "id": "572f678604bcaa1900d768dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "the Apollo program"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS?", "id": "572f678604bcaa1900d768de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "hierarchical database"}], "question": "What is the classification of IMS?", "id": "572f678604bcaa1900d768df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "The Programmer as Navigator"}], "question": "What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973?", "id": "572f678604bcaa1900d768e0"}]}], ["Model hubungan, yang pertama kali dicadangkan pada tahun 1970 oleh Edgar F. Codd, berlepas dari tradisi ini dengan menegaskan bahwa aplikasi harus mencari data berdasarkan isi, bukan dengan mengikuti tautan. Model perhubungan menggunakan set jadual gaya leher, masing-masing digunakan untuk jenis entiti yang berlainan. Hanya pada pertengahan 1980-an perkomputeran perkakasan menjadi cukup kuat untuk membolehkan penggunaan sistem relasi yang luas (DBMSs plus applications). Pada awal tahun 1990-an, sistem relasi dikuasai dalam semua aplikasi pemprosesan berskala besar, dan sehingga 2015 [update] mereka tetap dominan: IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL dan Microsoft SQL Server adalah DBMS teratas. Bahasa pangkalan data yang dominan, SQL yang diselaraskan untuk model perhubungan, telah mempengaruhi bahasa pangkalan data untuk model data lain. [Rujukan?] <> Siapa yang menciptakan model hubungan DBMS? || Edgar F. Codd <> Alih-alih menggunakan pautan, bagaimanakah maklumat yang terdapat dalam model hubungan? || oleh kandungan <> Dalam apa dekad apakah perkakasan komputer dapat mengendalikan sistem relasi? || 1980-an <> Sistem apa jenis yang masih menonjol hingga ke hari ini? || sistem relasi <> Bahasa pangkalan data apakah yang paling menonjol? || SQL", {"context": "The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Edgar F. Codd"}], "question": "Who created the relational model of DBMS?", "id": "572f61e8b2c2fd1400568093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "by content"}], "question": "Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model?", "id": "572f61e8b2c2fd1400568094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system?", "id": "572f61e8b2c2fd1400568095"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "relational systems"}], "question": "What type of system in still prominent to this day?", "id": "572f61e8b2c2fd1400568096"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "SQL"}], "question": "What database language is the most prominent?", "id": "572f61e8b2c2fd1400568097"}]}], ["Model relasi juga membenarkan kandungan pangkalan data berkembang tanpa penulisan ulang dan pautan petunjuk berterusan. Bahagian relasi datang dari entiti yang merujuk entiti lain dalam apa yang dikenali sebagai hubungan satu sama banyak, seperti model hierarki tradisional, dan banyak hubungan, seperti model navigasi (rangkaian). Oleh itu, model relasi dapat melukis model hierarki dan navigasi, serta model tabular asalnya, membenarkan pemodelan tulen atau gabungan dari segi ketiga-tiga model ini, seperti yang diperlukan oleh aplikasi. <> Bagaimana model relasi dapat bertambah baik dari masa ke masa? || tanpa menulis ulang pautan dan petunjuk yang berterusan <> Apakah hubungan yang dipanggil dalam model hierarki? || satu-ke-banyak <> Apakah hubungan yang dipanggil dalam model pelayaran? || banyak-ke-banyak <> Apa jenis model ketiga yang boleh digabungkan dengan model heirarki dan navigasi? || jadual", {"context": "The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "without constant rewriting of links and pointers"}], "question": "How was the relational model able to improve over time?", "id": "572f6a98947a6a140053c930"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "one-to-many"}], "question": "What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model?", "id": "572f6a98947a6a140053c931"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "many-to-many"}], "question": "What is the relationship called in a navigational model?", "id": "572f6a98947a6a140053c932"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "tabular"}], "question": "What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models?", "id": "572f6a98947a6a140053c933"}]}], ["Apabila komputer berkembang dengan kelajuan dan keupayaan, beberapa sistem pangkalan data kegunaan umum muncul; menjelang pertengahan tahun 1960-an, beberapa sistem sedemikian telah digunakan untuk kegunaan komersial. Kepentingan dalam piawai mula berkembang, dan Charles Bachman, penulis satu produk tersebut, Kedai Data Bersepadu (IDS), mengasaskan \"Kumpulan Tugas Pangkalan Data\" dalam CODASYL, kumpulan yang bertanggungjawab untuk penciptaan dan penyeragaman COBOL. Pada tahun 1971, Kumpulan Tugas Pangkalan Data menyampaikan piawai mereka, yang pada umumnya dikenali sebagai pendekatan \"CODASYL\", dan tidak lama lagi beberapa produk komersial berdasarkan pendekatan ini memasuki pasaran. <> Mengapa COBOL dibuat? || Kepentingan dalam piawai <> Bilakah DBMSs pertama kali digunakan secara komersil? || pertengahan tahun 1960-an <> Bilakah protokol standard selesai? || 1971 <> Kumpulan apa yang menemui COBOL? || Kumpulan Petugas Pangkalan Data <> Apakah protokol standard dipanggil? || Pendekatan CODASYL", {"context": "As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the \"Database Task Group\" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the \"CODASYL approach\", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Interest in a standard"}], "question": "Why was COBOL created?", "id": "572f661fa23a5019007fc5cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "mid-1960s"}], "question": "When were DBMSs first used commercially?", "id": "572f661fa23a5019007fc5cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "1971"}], "question": "When was the standard protocol completed?", "id": "572f661fa23a5019007fc5d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Database Task Group"}], "question": "What group discovered COBOL?", "id": "572f661fa23a5019007fc5ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "CODASYL approach"}], "question": "What was the standard protocol called?", "id": "572f661fa23a5019007fc5d0"}]}], ["Sistem pengurusan pangkalan data (DBMS) adalah aplikasi perisian komputer yang berinteraksi dengan pengguna, aplikasi lain, dan pangkalan data itu sendiri untuk menangkap dan menganalisis data. DBMS tujuan umum direka untuk membolehkan definisi, penciptaan, pertanyaan, kemas kini, dan pentadbiran pangkalan data. DBMS yang terkenal termasuk MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, dan IBM DB2. Pangkalan data tidak biasanya mudah alih di seluruh DBMS yang berbeza, tetapi DBMS yang berbeza boleh berinteraksi dengan menggunakan piawaian seperti SQL dan ODBC atau JDBC untuk membolehkan aplikasi tunggal berfungsi dengan lebih daripada satu DBMS. Sistem pengurusan pangkalan data sering diklasifikasikan mengikut model pangkalan data yang mereka menyokong; sistem pangkalan data yang paling popular sejak tahun 1980-an semuanya menyokong model relasi seperti yang diwakili oleh bahasa SQL. [disputasi - membincangkan] Kadang-kadang DBMS tidak disebut sebagai 'pangkalan data'. <> Apakah DBMS berdiri? || sistem pengurusan pangkalan data <> Apakah tujuan DBMS? || untuk membenarkan definisi, penciptaan, pertanyaan, kemas kini, dan pentadbiran pangkalan data <> Apakah DBMS yang paling popular? || Bahasa SQL <> Bagaimana DBMS dikelaskan? || mengikut model pangkalan data yang mereka menyokong", {"context": "A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed \u2013 discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "database management system"}], "question": "What does DBMS stand for?", "id": "572f59fc947a6a140053c8a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases"}], "question": "What is the purpose of a DBMS?", "id": "572f59fc947a6a140053c8a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "SQL language"}], "question": "What is the most popular DBMS?", "id": "572f59fc947a6a140053c8a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "according to the database model that they support"}], "question": "How are DBMSs classified?", "id": "572f59fc947a6a140053c8a6"}]}], ["Dalam makalah ini, beliau menggambarkan sistem baru untuk menyimpan dan bekerja dengan pangkalan data yang besar. Daripada rekod yang disimpan di dalam senarai jenis rekod bebas yang berkaitan seperti dalam CODASYL, idea Codd adalah menggunakan \"jadual\" rekod tetap, dengan setiap jadual digunakan untuk jenis entiti yang berlainan. Sistem senarai berkaitan akan menjadi sangat tidak cekap apabila menyimpan pangkalan data \"jarang\" di mana beberapa data untuk mana-mana satu rekod boleh dibiarkan kosong. Model relasi menyelesaikan masalah ini dengan memisahkan data ke dalam beberapa jadual dinormalkan (atau hubungan), dengan elemen pilihan yang dipindahkan dari meja utama ke mana mereka akan mengambil ruang hanya jika diperlukan. Data boleh dimasukkan secara bebas, dihapuskan dan diedit dalam jadual ini, dengan DBMS melakukan apa sahaja penyelenggaraan yang diperlukan untuk membentangkan paparan jadual untuk aplikasi / pengguna. <> Siapa yang mencadangkan menggunakan jadual untuk menyimpan data? || Codd <> Bagaimana data diakses dalam jadual? || Sistem senarai terikat <> Model apa yang diselesaikan masalah pangkalan data di mana maklumat hilang? || relational <> Sistem apa yang membantu pengguna melihat meja? || DBMS", {"context": "In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a \"table\" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing \"sparse\" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Codd"}], "question": "Who proposed using a table to store data?", "id": "572f692804bcaa1900d768f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "A linked-list system"}], "question": "How is data accessed in a table?", "id": "572f692804bcaa1900d768f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "relational"}], "question": "What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing?", "id": "572f692804bcaa1900d768f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "DBMS"}], "question": "What system assists a user in seeing a table?", "id": "572f692804bcaa1900d768f8"}]}], ["DBMS telah berkembang menjadi sistem perisian yang rumit dan pembangunannya memerlukan ribuan tahun usaha pembangunan manusia. [A] Beberapa DBMS umum seperti Adabas, Oracle dan DB2 telah mengalami peningkatan sejak tahun 1970-an. Tujuan umum DBMS bertujuan untuk memenuhi keperluan seberapa banyak aplikasi yang mungkin, yang menambah kerumitan. Walau bagaimanapun, hakikat bahawa kos pembangunan mereka boleh disebarkan ke atas sejumlah besar pengguna bermakna bahawa mereka sering pendekatan yang paling kos efektif. Walau bagaimanapun, DBMS tujuan umum tidak semestinya penyelesaian optimum: dalam sesetengah kes DBMS tujuan umum mungkin memperkenalkan overhead yang tidak perlu. Oleh itu, terdapat banyak contoh sistem yang menggunakan pangkalan data tujuan khas. Contoh umum ialah sistem e-mel yang melaksanakan banyak fungsi DBMS tujuan umum seperti penyisipan dan penghapusan mesej yang terdiri daripada pelbagai item data atau mengaitkan mesej dengan alamat e-mel tertentu; tetapi fungsi ini terhad kepada apa yang diperlukan untuk mengendalikan e-mel dan tidak memberikan pengguna semua fungsi yang boleh didapati menggunakan DBMS tujuan umum. <> Berapa lama masa yang diperlukan untuk membuat DBMS? || beribu-ribu tahun manusia <> Namakan tiga DBMS yang telah digunakan sejak 1970-an. || Adabas, Oracle dan DB2 <> Bagaimana kos untuk membuat DBMS diedarkan? || menyebarkan sejumlah besar pengguna <> Nama contoh DBMS tujuan umum. || sistem e-mel", {"context": "A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "thousands of human years"}], "question": "How long can it take to create a DBMS?", "id": "572f5ebd947a6a140053c8c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Adabas, Oracle and DB2"}], "question": "Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s.", "id": "572f5ebd947a6a140053c8c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "spread over a large number of users"}], "question": "How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed?", "id": "572f5ebd947a6a140053c8ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "an email system"}], "question": "Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS.", "id": "572f5ebd947a6a140053c8cb"}]}], ["Secara fizikal, pelayan pangkalan data adalah komputer khusus yang memegang pangkalan data sebenar dan hanya menjalankan DBMS dan perisian yang berkaitan. Server pangkalan data biasanya terdiri daripada komputer multiprosesor, dengan memori yang lazim dan susunan cakera RAID digunakan untuk simpanan yang stabil. RAID digunakan untuk pemulihan data jika mana-mana cakera gagal. Akselerasi pangkalan data perkakasan, yang disambungkan ke satu atau lebih pelayan melalui saluran berkelajuan tinggi, juga digunakan dalam persekitaran pemprosesan transaksi volum yang besar. DBMS terdapat di tengah-tengah kebanyakan aplikasi pangkalan data. DBMS boleh dibina di sekitar kernel multitasking tersuai dengan sokongan rangkaian terbina dalam, tetapi DBMS moden biasanya bergantung pada sistem operasi standard untuk menyediakan fungsi ini. dari pangkalan data sebelum penubuhan Bahasa Kuasa Berstruktur (SQL). Data yang diperolehi adalah berbeza, berlebihan dan tidak sengaja, kerana tidak ada kaedah yang tepat untuk mengambilnya dan menyusunnya dalam struktur konkrit. [Rujukan?] Apa yang paling banyak mengandungi aplikasi pangkalan data? || DBMS <> Apa yang digunakan untuk memulihkan data jika cakera mengalami kegagalan? || RAID <> Bagaimanakah jumlah data yang boleh diakses? || Akselerasi pangkalan data perkakasan <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk fungsi DBMS moden? || sistem operasi standard", {"context": "Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "DBMSs"}], "question": "What do most database applications contain?", "id": "572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "RAID"}], "question": "What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure?", "id": "572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Hardware database accelerators"}], "question": "How can large quantities of data be accessed?", "id": "572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "standard operating system"}], "question": "What is required for a modern DBMS to function?", "id": "572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5aa"}]}], ["Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini terdapat permintaan tinggi bagi pangkalan data yang diedarkan secara besar-besaran dengan toleransi partition tinggi tetapi menurut teorema CAP, mustahil untuk sistem yang diedarkan serentak menyediakan jaminan keterangkapan, ketersediaan dan toleransi partition. Sistem yang diedarkan dapat memuaskan mana-mana dua jaminan pada waktu yang sama, tetapi tidak semuanya. Oleh sebab itu, banyak pangkalan data NoSQL menggunakan apa yang dipanggil konsisten akhirnya untuk menyediakan jaminan toleransi partisi dan ketersediaan dengan tahap konsistensi data yang dikurangkan. <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menawarkan keseimbangan dalam jaminan? || konsisten akhirnya <> Apa yang menerangkan kesulitan dalam sistem yang mengandungi jaminan ketersediaan, konsisten, dan jaminan toleransi partisi? || theorem CAP <> Berapa banyak jaminan yang paling toleransi terhadap pangkalan data? || dua", {"context": "In recent years there was a high demand for massively distributed databases with high partition tolerance but according to the CAP theorem it is impossible for a distributed system to simultaneously provide consistency, availability and partition tolerance guarantees. A distributed system can satisfy any two of these guarantees at the same time, but not all three. For that reason many NoSQL databases are using what is called eventual consistency to provide both availability and partition tolerance guarantees with a reduced level of data consistency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "eventual consistency"}], "question": "What is used to offer a balance in guarantees?", "id": "572fa578947a6a140053cb06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "the CAP theorem"}], "question": "What explains the difficulty in a system containing availability, consistency, and partition tolerance guarantees?", "id": "572fa578947a6a140053cb04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many guarantees will most databases tolerate?", "id": "572fa578947a6a140053cb05"}]}], ["Contohnya, penggunaan umum sistem pangkalan data adalah untuk mengesan maklumat mengenai pengguna, nama mereka, maklumat log masuk, pelbagai alamat dan nombor telefon. Dalam pendekatan navigasi semua data ini akan ditempatkan dalam rekod tunggal, dan barang-barang yang tidak digunakan hanya akan diletakkan dalam pangkalan data. Dalam pendekatan hubungan, data akan dinormalisasikan ke dalam jadual pengguna, jadual alamat dan jadual nombor telefon (contohnya). Rekod akan dibuat dalam jadual pilihan ini jika alamat atau nombor telefon sebenarnya disediakan. <> Bagaimana maklumat disimpan dalam sistem navigasi? || dalam satu rekod <> Bagaimana sistem pangkalan data kerap digunakan? || untuk mengesan maklumat mengenai pengguna <> Bagaimana maklumat disimpan dalam sistem hubungan? || dinormalisasikan ke dalam jadual pengguna <> Apa yang berlaku kepada medan data kosong dalam sistem navigasi? || tidak diletakkan dalam pangkalan data", {"context": "For instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the relational approach, the data would be normalized into a user table, an address table and a phone number table (for instance). Records would be created in these optional tables only if the address or phone numbers were actually provided.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "in a single record"}], "question": "How is information stored in a navigational system?", "id": "572f6be0947a6a140053c939"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "to track information about users"}], "question": "How is a database system frequently used?", "id": "572f6be0947a6a140053c938"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "normalized into a user table"}], "question": "How is information stored in a relational system?", "id": "572f6be0947a6a140053c93b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "not be placed in the database"}], "question": "What happens to blank data fields in a navigational system?", "id": "572f6be0947a6a140053c93a"}]}], ["Pendekatan lain untuk sokongan perkakasan untuk pengurusan pangkalan data ialah pemecut CAFS ICL, pengawal cakera keras dengan keupayaan carian boleh diprogram. Dalam jangka masa panjang, usaha ini secara amnya tidak berjaya kerana mesin pangkalan data khusus tidak dapat mengikuti perkembangan pesat dan kemajuan komputer tujuan umum. Jadi, kebanyakan sistem pangkalan data hari ini adalah sistem perisian yang dijalankan pada perkakasan umum, menggunakan penyimpanan data komputer umum. Walau bagaimanapun idea ini masih diteruskan untuk aplikasi tertentu oleh beberapa syarikat seperti Netezza dan Oracle (Exadata). <> Apakah pemecut CAFS? || pengawal cakera perkakasan dengan keupayaan carian diprogram <> Adakah kerja pemecut CAFS seperti yang dirancang? || usaha pada amnya tidak berjaya <> Bagaimana sistem pangkalan data hari ini dijalankan? || perkakasan kegunaan umum <> Nama syarikat yang masih bekerja pada accelerator CAFS? || Netezza dan Oracle (Exadata)", {"context": "Another approach to hardware support for database management was ICL's CAFS accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities. In the long term, these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and progress of general-purpose computers. Thus most database systems nowadays are software systems running on general-purpose hardware, using general-purpose computer data storage. However this idea is still pursued for certain applications by some companies like Netezza and Oracle (Exadata).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities"}], "question": "What is a CAFS accelerator?", "id": "572f73dfb2c2fd1400568141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "efforts were generally unsuccessful"}], "question": "Did the CAFS accelerator work as planned?", "id": "572f73dfb2c2fd1400568142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "general-purpose hardware"}], "question": "How are today's database systems run?", "id": "572f73dfb2c2fd1400568143"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Netezza and Oracle (Exadata)"}], "question": "Name a company that is still working on the CAFS accellerator?", "id": "572f73dfb2c2fd1400568144"}]}], ["Kertas Codd diambil oleh dua orang di Berkeley, Eugene Wong dan Michael Stonebraker. Mereka memulakan projek yang dikenali sebagai INGRES menggunakan pembiayaan yang telah diperuntukkan untuk projek pangkalan data geografi dan pemrogram pelajar untuk menghasilkan kod. Bermula pada tahun 1973, INGRES menyampaikan produk ujian pertamanya yang biasanya digunakan untuk penggunaan secara meluas pada tahun 1979. INGRES adalah sama dengan Sistem R dalam beberapa cara, termasuk penggunaan \"bahasa\" untuk akses data, yang dikenali sebagai QUEL. Dari masa ke masa, INGRES berpindah ke piawai SQL yang baru muncul. <> Siapa yang menggunakan kertas Codd di Berkeley untuk meningkatkan pangkalan data geografi? || Eugene Wong dan Michael Stonebraker <> Apakah nama projek untuk membuat pangkalan data geografi? || INGRES <> Bilakah INGRES pertama diuji? || 1973 <> Apa bahasa komputer digunakan dalam INGRES untuk mengakses data? || QUEL <> Adakah QUEL masih digunakan untuk mengakses data dalam INGRES? || INGRES dipindahkan ke standard SQL yang muncul", {"context": "Codd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker. They started a project known as INGRES using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project and student programmers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test products which were generally ready for widespread use in 1979. INGRES was similar to System R in a number of ways, including the use of a \"language\" for data access, known as QUEL. Over time, INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker"}], "question": "Who used Codd's paper at Berkeley to improve a geographical database?", "id": "572f72aeb2c2fd1400568137"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "INGRES"}], "question": "What was the name of the project to create a geographical database?", "id": "572f72aeb2c2fd1400568138"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "1973"}], "question": "When was INGRES first tested?", "id": "572f72aeb2c2fd1400568139"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "QUEL"}], "question": "What computer language was used in INGRES to access data?", "id": "572f72aeb2c2fd140056813a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard"}], "question": "Is QUEL still used to access data in INGRES?", "id": "572f72aeb2c2fd140056813b"}]}], ["IBM mula bekerja dengan sistem prototaip longgar berdasarkan konsep Codd sebagai Sistem R pada awal 1970-an. Versi pertama telah siap pada tahun 1974/5, dan kerja kemudian dimulakan pada sistem multi-meja di mana data boleh dipecah sehingga semua data untuk rekod (beberapa di antaranya opsional) tidak perlu disimpan dalam satu besar \"bahagian\". Versi berbilang pengguna seterusnya telah diuji oleh pelanggan pada tahun 1978 dan 1979, yang mana pada masa itu bahasa pertanyaan piawai - SQL [petikan diperlukan] - telah ditambah. Idea-idea Codd telah membentuk diri mereka sebagai kedua-duanya boleh digunakan dan lebih baik daripada CODASYL, mendorong IBM untuk membangunkan versi pengeluaran Sistem R sebenar, yang dikenali sebagai SQL / DS, dan kemudian, Database 2 (DB2). <> Apakah sistem IBM dibuat menggunakan penyelidikan Codd? || Sistem R <> Bilakah sistem IBM dikeluarkan? || 1974/5 <> Apakah sistem R berfungsi untuk menukar cara cara menyimpan data? || sistem pelbagai jadual <> Apabila pelanggan pertama kali menguji sistem IBM, bahasa komputer apa yang telah ditambah? || SQL <> Apakah nama produk pangkalan data yang dibuat oleh IBM? || SQL / DS, dan kemudian, Pangkalan Data 2 (DB2)", {"context": "IBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have to be stored in a single large \"chunk\". Subsequent multi-user versions were tested by customers in 1978 and 1979, by which time a standardized query language \u2013 SQL[citation needed] \u2013 had been added. Codd's ideas were establishing themselves as both workable and superior to CODASYL, pushing IBM to develop a true production version of System R, known as SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "System R"}], "question": "What is the system IBM created using Codd's research?", "id": "572f753604bcaa1900d76989"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "1974/5"}], "question": "When was IBM's system released?", "id": "572f753604bcaa1900d7698a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "multi-table systems"}], "question": "What did System R work on to change the way data was stored?", "id": "572f753604bcaa1900d7698b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "SQL"}], "question": "When customers first tested IBM's system, what computer language had been added? ", "id": "572f753604bcaa1900d7698c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2)"}], "question": "What was the name of the database product created by IBM?", "id": "572f753604bcaa1900d7698d"}]}], ["Menyambungkan maklumat bersama adalah kunci kepada sistem ini. Dalam model hubungan, sedikit maklumat digunakan sebagai \"kunci\", secara unik menentukan rekod tertentu. Apabila maklumat sedang dikumpulkan mengenai pengguna, maklumat yang disimpan dalam jadual pilihan boleh didapati dengan mencari kunci ini. Sebagai contoh, jika nama login pengguna adalah unik, alamat dan nombor telefon untuk pengguna tersebut akan direkodkan dengan nama login sebagai kuncinya. Ini \"menghubungkan semula\" yang mudah dengan data yang berkaitan kembali ke koleksi tunggal adalah sesuatu yang bahasa komputer tradisional tidak direka untuk. <> Apakah kunci yang digunakan? || unik menentukan rekod tertentu <> Teknik apa yang digunakan untuk mengumpul ke satu tempat? || menghubungkan semula <> Bagaimana maklumat diakses dalam model hubungan? || \"kunci\" <> Bagaimana data dalam jadual pilihan diakses? || dengan mencari kunci ini", {"context": "Linking the information back together is the key to this system. In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a \"key\", uniquely defining a particular record. When information was being collected about a user, information stored in the optional tables would be found by searching for this key. For instance, if the login name of a user is unique, addresses and phone numbers for that user would be recorded with the login name as its key. This simple \"re-linking\" of related data back into a single collection is something that traditional computer languages are not designed for.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "uniquely defining a particular record"}], "question": "What is a key used for?", "id": "572f703ca23a5019007fc62a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "re-linking"}], "question": "What technique is used to collect into one place?", "id": "572f703ca23a5019007fc62b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "a \"key\""}], "question": "How is information accessed in a relational model?", "id": "572f703ca23a5019007fc629"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "by searching for this key"}], "question": "How is data in an optional table accessed?", "id": "572f703ca23a5019007fc62c"}]}], ["Tahun 1990-an, bersama dengan peningkatan dalam pengaturcaraan berorientasikan objek, menyaksikan pertumbuhan bagaimana data dalam pelbagai pangkalan data dikendalikan. Pengaturcara dan pereka mula merawat data dalam pangkalan data mereka sebagai objek. Iaitu jika data seseorang berada dalam pangkalan data, atribut orang itu, seperti alamat, nombor telefon, dan umur mereka, kini dianggap sebagai milik orang itu dan bukannya data luaran. Ini membolehkan hubungan antara data untuk hubungan dengan objek dan sifat mereka dan bukan kepada bidang individu. Istilah \"ketidakpadanan objek impedans hubungan\" menggambarkan kesulitan menerjemahkan antara objek diprogramkan dan jadual pangkalan data. Pangkalan data objek dan pangkalan objek-objek cuba untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini dengan menyediakan bahasa berorientasikan objek (kadangkala sebagai sambungan kepada SQL) yang dapat digunakan oleh pengaturcara sebagai alternatif kepada SQL relasi semata-mata. Pada sisi pengaturcaraan, perpustakaan yang dikenali sebagai pemetaan objek-hubungan (ORMs) cuba menyelesaikan masalah yang sama. <> Pada tahun 1990-an, apakah jenis pengaturcaraan yang mengubah pengendalian pangkalan data? || berorientasikan objek <> Istilah apa yang digunakan untuk kesulitan dalam jadual pangkalan data dan terjemahan objek yang diprogramkan? || objek tidak berkaitan objek impedans <> Bagaimana masalah ketidakcocokan impedans objek hubungan diperbetulkan? || bahasa berorientasikan objek <> Apa yang digunakan oleh pengaturcara perpustakaan untuk menyelesaikan ketidakcocokan impedans objek-hubungan? || pemetaan objek-hubungan (ORMs)", {"context": "The 1990s, along with a rise in object-oriented programming, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their address, phone number, and age, were now considered to belong to that person instead of being extraneous data. This allows for relations between data to be relations to objects and their attributes and not to individual fields. The term \"object-relational impedance mismatch\" described the inconvenience of translating between programmed objects and database tables. Object databases and object-relational databases attempt to solve this problem by providing an object-oriented language (sometimes as extensions to SQL) that programmers can use as alternative to purely relational SQL. On the programming side, libraries known as object-relational mappings (ORMs) attempt to solve the same problem.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "object-oriented"}], "question": "In the 1990s, what type of programming changed the handling of databases?", "id": "572f77f4b2c2fd1400568159"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "object-relational impedance mismatch"}], "question": "What term is used for the difficulty in database table and programmed object translation?", "id": "572f77f4b2c2fd140056815a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "object-oriented language"}], "question": "How is the problem of object-relational impedance mismatch corrected?", "id": "572f77f4b2c2fd140056815b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 931, "text": "object-relational mappings (ORMs)"}], "question": "What is the library programmers use to solve object-relational impedance mismatch?", "id": "572f77f4b2c2fd140056815c"}]}], ["Pangkalan data XML adalah sejenis pangkalan data yang berorientasikan dokumen berstruktur yang membolehkan pertanyaan berdasarkan atribut dokumen XML. Pangkalan data XML kebanyakannya digunakan dalam pengurusan pangkalan data perusahaan, di mana XML digunakan sebagai standard interoperabilitas data mesin ke mesin. Sistem pengurusan pangkalan data XML termasuk perisian komersial MarkLogic dan Oracle Berkeley DB XML, dan perisian penggunaan percuma Clusterpoint Distributed XML / JSON Database. Semua platform pangkalan data perisian perusahaan dan piawai industri sokongan pemprosesan yang mematuhi ACID dengan ciri-ciri konsistensi pangkalan data yang kukuh dan tahap keselamatan pangkalan data yang tinggi. <> Pangkalan data jenis apa itu XML? || pangkalan data berorientasikan dokumen berstruktur <> Di mana pangkalan data XML kerap digunakan? || pengurusan pangkalan data perusahaan <> Jenis pemprosesan apa yang digunakan dalam perisian pangkalan data perusahaan? || Pemprosesan transaksi yang mematuhi ACID <> Bagaimana XML digunakan dalam pengurusan pangkalan data perusahaan? || data mesin ke mesin", {"context": "\nXML databases are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on XML document attributes. XML databases are mostly used in enterprise database management, where XML is being used as the machine-to-machine data interoperability standard. XML database management systems include commercial software MarkLogic and Oracle Berkeley DB XML, and a free use software Clusterpoint Distributed XML/JSON Database. All are enterprise software database platforms and support industry standard ACID-compliant transaction processing with strong database consistency characteristics and high level of database security.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "structured document-oriented database"}], "question": "What kind of database is XML?", "id": "572f78f5b2c2fd1400568161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "enterprise database management"}], "question": "Where are XML databases frequently used?", "id": "572f78f5b2c2fd1400568162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "ACID-compliant transaction processing"}], "question": "What type of processing is used in enterprise database software?", "id": "572f78f5b2c2fd1400568164"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "machine-to-machine data"}], "question": "How is XML used in enterprise database management?", "id": "572f78f5b2c2fd1400568163"}]}], ["Sama seperti pendekatan navigasi akan memerlukan program untuk mengulangi untuk mengumpulkan rekod, pendekatan hubungan memerlukan gelung untuk mengumpulkan maklumat mengenai mana-mana satu rekod. Penyelesaian Codd untuk perulangan yang diperlukan adalah bahasa berorientasi set, saran yang kemudiannya akan menimbulkan SQL di mana-mana. Menggunakan cabang matematik yang dikenali sebagai kalkulus tuple, dia menunjukkan bahawa sistem sedemikian boleh menyokong semua operasi pangkalan data biasa (memasukkan, mengemas kini dan sebagainya) serta menyediakan sistem mudah untuk mencari dan mengembalikan set data dalam satu operasi. <> Bagaimana program mengumpul maklumat menggunakan sistem navigasi? || memerlukan program untuk gelung <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah gelung? || bahasa berorientasikan set <> Apa bahasa komputer muncul sebagai hasil dari masalah gelung? || SQL <> Jenis matematik apa yang digunakan untuk membuat sistem untuk mencari set data? || tuple calculus <> Siapa yang menggunakan kalkulus tuple untuk menunjukkan fungsi pangkalan data? || Codd", {"context": "Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL. Using a branch of mathematics known as tuple calculus, he demonstrated that such a system could support all the operations of normal databases (inserting, updating etc.) as well as providing a simple system for finding and returning sets of data in a single operation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "require programs to loop"}], "question": "How does a program collect information using a navigational system?", "id": "572f7193947a6a140053c970"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "a set-oriented language"}], "question": "What is used to solve the problem of looping?", "id": "572f7193947a6a140053c971"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "SQL"}], "question": "What computer language came about as a result of the looping problem?", "id": "572f7193947a6a140053c972"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "tuple calculus"}], "question": "What type of math was used to create a system to find data sets?", "id": "572f7193947a6a140053c973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Codd"}], "question": "Who used tuple calculus to show the functionality of databases?", "id": "572f7193947a6a140053c974"}]}], ["1980-an diikuti dengan pengkomputeran komputer. Komputer baru memberi kuasa kepada pengguna mereka dengan spreadsheet seperti Lotus 1-2-3 dan perisian pangkalan data seperti dBASE. Produk dBASE adalah ringan dan mudah untuk pengguna komputer untuk memahami kotaknya. C. Wayne Ratliff pencipta dBASE menyatakan: \"dBASE adalah berbeza daripada program seperti BASIC, C, FORTRAN, dan COBOL kerana banyak kerja-kerja kotor telah dilakukan. Manipulasi data dilakukan oleh dBASE dan bukan oleh pengguna , jadi pengguna boleh menumpukan perhatian terhadap apa yang dia lakukan, dan bukannya harus bermasalah dengan butiran kotor membuka, membaca, dan menutup fail, dan menguruskan peruntukan ruang. \" dBASE adalah salah satu tajuk perisian jualan utama pada tahun 1980-an dan awal 1990-an. <> Siapa yang membuat dBASE? || C. Wayne Ratliff <> Mengapa dBASE unik? || manipulasi data dilakukan oleh dBASE <> Mengapa dBASE berjaya? || ringan dan mudah bagi mana-mana pengguna komputer untuk memahami daripada kotak <> Apa faedah menggunakan dBASE? || menguruskan peruntukan ruang", {"context": "The 1980s ushered in the age of desktop computing. The new computers empowered their users with spreadsheets like Lotus 1-2-3 and database software like dBASE. The dBASE product was lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box. C. Wayne Ratliff the creator of dBASE stated: \"dBASE was different from programs like BASIC, C, FORTRAN, and COBOL in that a lot of the dirty work had already been done. The data manipulation is done by dBASE instead of by the user, so the user can concentrate on what he is doing, rather than having to mess with the dirty details of opening, reading, and closing files, and managing space allocation.\" dBASE was one of the top selling software titles in the 1980s and early 1990s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "C. Wayne Ratliff"}], "question": "Who created dBASE?", "id": "572f762404bcaa1900d769a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "data manipulation is done by dBASE"}], "question": "Why was dBASE unique?", "id": "572f762404bcaa1900d769a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box"}], "question": "Why was dBASE successful?", "id": "572f762404bcaa1900d769a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "managing space allocation"}], "question": "What is a benefit of using dBASE?", "id": "572f762404bcaa1900d769a6"}]}], ["Tahap akhir reka bentuk pangkalan data adalah untuk membuat keputusan yang mempengaruhi prestasi, kebolehkerjaan, pemulihan, keselamatan, dan sebagainya. Ini sering dipanggil reka bentuk pangkalan data fizikal. Matlamat utama dalam peringkat ini adalah kebebasan data, yang bermaksud bahawa keputusan yang dibuat untuk tujuan pengoptimuman prestasi seharusnya tidak dapat dilihat oleh pengguna akhir dan aplikasi. Reka bentuk fizikal didorong terutamanya oleh keperluan prestasi, dan memerlukan pengetahuan yang baik mengenai corak beban kerja dan akses yang diharapkan, dan pemahaman yang mendalam mengenai ciri-ciri yang ditawarkan oleh DBMS yang dipilih. <> Apakah keputusan yang perlu dibuat dalam peringkat akhir reka bentuk pangkalan data? || prestasi, skalabilitas, pemulihan, keselamatan <> Apakah matlamat penting dalam peringkat akhir ini? || data kemerdekaan <> Faktor apa yang dicerminkan dalam keperluan prestasi? || Reka bentuk fizikal", {"context": "The final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like. This is often called physical database design. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes should be invisible to end-users and applications. Physical design is driven mainly by performance requirements, and requires a good knowledge of the expected workload and access patterns, and a deep understanding of the features offered by the chosen DBMS.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "performance, scalability, recovery, security"}], "question": "What decisions must be made in the last stage of database design?", "id": "572facde04bcaa1900d76bd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "data independence"}], "question": "What is an important goal in in this final stage?", "id": "572facde04bcaa1900d76bd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Physical design"}], "question": "What factor is reflected in performance requirements?", "id": "572facde04bcaa1900d76bd3"}]}], ["Walaupun terdapat hanya satu pandangan (atau logik) konseptual (atau logik) dan fizikal (atau dalaman) data, boleh terdapat beberapa pandangan luaran yang berbeza. Ini membolehkan pengguna melihat maklumat pangkalan data dengan cara yang lebih berkaitan dengan perniagaan dan bukannya dari pandangan teknikal dan pemprosesan. Sebagai contoh, jabatan kewangan sebuah syarikat memerlukan butiran pembayaran semua pekerja sebagai sebahagian daripada perbelanjaan syarikat, tetapi tidak memerlukan butiran mengenai pekerja yang menjadi kepentingan jabatan sumber manusia. Oleh itu jabatan yang berbeza memerlukan pandangan yang berbeza tentang pangkalan data syarikat. <> Berapa banyak pandangan konseptual atau fizikal di sana? || satu <> Berapa banyak pandangan luaran yang berbeza di sana? || sebarang nombor <> Apakah faedah pandangan luar data? || lihat maklumat pangkalan data dengan cara yang lebih berkaitan dengan perniagaan", {"context": "While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different views of the company's database.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?", "id": "572fae08a23a5019007fc877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "any number"}], "question": "How many different external views of data are there?", "id": "572fae08a23a5019007fc878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "see database information in a more business-related way"}], "question": "What is the benefit of external views of data?", "id": "572fae08a23a5019007fc879"}]}], ["Pandangan konseptual memberikan tahap ketidaktentuan antara dalaman dan luaran. Di satu pihak ia memberikan pandangan umum mengenai pangkalan data, bebas daripada struktur pandangan luaran yang berbeza, dan sebaliknya ia menggambarkan butiran bagaimana data disimpan atau diuruskan (peringkat dalaman). Pada dasarnya setiap peringkat, dan juga setiap pandangan luar, boleh dibentangkan oleh model data yang berbeza. Dalam amalan biasanya DBMS yang diberikan menggunakan model data yang sama untuk tahap luar dan konseptual (mis., Model hubungan). Tahap dalaman, yang tersembunyi di dalam DBMS dan bergantung kepada pelaksanaannya, memerlukan tahap detail yang berbeza dan menggunakan jenis struktur data sendiri. <> Apakah pandangan konseptual yang ditawarkan? || tahap indeksasi antara dalaman dan luaran <> Bagaimana pandangan konseptual mengendalikan bagaimana data diuruskan? || abstrak maklumat terperinci <> Apa jenis pandangan yang menawarkan tawaran konseptual? || biasa", {"context": "The conceptual view provides a level of indirection between internal and external. On one hand it provides a common view of the database, independent of different external view structures, and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed (internal level). In principle every level, and even every external view, can be presented by a different data model. In practice usually a given DBMS uses the same data model for both the external and the conceptual levels (e.g., relational model). The internal level, which is hidden inside the DBMS and depends on its implementation, requires a different level of detail and uses its own types of data structure types.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "a level of indirection between internal and external"}], "question": "What does the conceptual view offer?", "id": "572fafeca23a5019007fc89b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "abstracts away details"}], "question": "How does the conceptual view handle how data is managed?", "id": "572fafeca23a5019007fc89c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "common"}], "question": "What type of view does the conceptual view offer?", "id": "572fafeca23a5019007fc89d"}]}], ["Setelah menghasilkan model data konseptual yang pengguna gembira, peringkat seterusnya adalah untuk menterjemahkannya ke dalam skema yang melaksanakan struktur data yang berkaitan dalam pangkalan data. Proses ini sering dipanggil reka bentuk pangkalan data logik, dan output adalah model data logik yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk skema. Sedangkan model data konseptual adalah (secara teori sekurang-kurangnya) bebas daripada pilihan teknologi pangkalan data, model data logik akan dinyatakan dari segi model pangkalan data tertentu yang disokong oleh DBMS yang dipilih. (Istilah model data dan model pangkalan data sering digunakan secara bergantian, tetapi dalam artikel ini kita menggunakan model data untuk reka bentuk pangkalan data tertentu, dan model pangkalan data untuk notasi pemodelan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan reka bentuk itu.) <> Model data konseptual dalam berasingan daripada pilihan apa? || teknologi pangkalan data <> Dalam bentuk apakah output daripada reka bentuk pangkalan data logik? || skema <> Yang mana model data dipaparkan sebagai model khusus yang menggunakan DBMS? || logik", {"context": "Having produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a schema that implements the relevant data structures within the database. This process is often called logical database design, and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of a schema. Whereas the conceptual data model is (in theory at least) independent of the choice of database technology, the logical data model will be expressed in terms of a particular database model supported by the chosen DBMS. (The terms data model and database model are often used interchangeably, but in this article we use data model for the design of a specific database, and database model for the modelling notation used to express that design.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "database technology"}], "question": "A conceptual data model in separate from the choice of what?", "id": "572fabfe947a6a140053cb50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "schema"}], "question": "In what form is the output of a logical database design?", "id": "572fabfe947a6a140053cb4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "logical"}], "question": "Which data model is displayed as a specific model that uses DBMS?", "id": "572fabfe947a6a140053cb4f"}]}], ["Urus niaga pangkalan data boleh digunakan untuk memperkenalkan beberapa tahap toleransi kesalahan dan integriti data selepas pemulihan dari kemalangan. Transaksi pangkalan data adalah satu unit kerja, biasanya merangkumi beberapa operasi di atas pangkalan data (mis., Membaca objek pangkalan data, menulis, memperoleh kunci, dan lain-lain), abstraksi yang disokong dalam pangkalan data dan juga sistem lain. Setiap transaksi mempunyai sempadan yang jelas dari segi program / kod eksekusi dimasukkan ke dalam transaksi tersebut (ditentukan oleh programmer transaksi melalui perintah transaksi khas). <> Apakah unit kerja dipanggil dalam pangkalan data? || transaksi <> Adakah transaksi terhad? || Setiap transaksi mempunyai sempadan yang jelas <> Bagaimana transaksi pangkalan data memastikan ketepatan selepas kemalangan? || toleransi kesalahan", {"context": "Database transactions can be used to introduce some level of fault tolerance and data integrity after recovery from a crash. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring lock, etc.), an abstraction supported in database and also other systems. Each transaction has well defined boundaries in terms of which program/code executions are included in that transaction (determined by the transaction's programmer via special transaction commands).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "transaction"}], "question": "What is a unit of work called in a database?", "id": "572fb513947a6a140053cbc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Each transaction has well defined boundaries"}], "question": "Are transactions limited?", "id": "572fb513947a6a140053cbc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "fault tolerance"}], "question": "How can database transactions ensure accuracy after a crash?", "id": "572fb513947a6a140053cbc5"}]}], ["Kawalan akses pangkalan data berkaitan dengan mengawal siapa (seseorang atau program komputer tertentu) dibenarkan mengakses maklumat apa yang terdapat dalam pangkalan data. Maklumat ini mungkin terdiri daripada objek pangkalan data tertentu (contohnya, jenis rekod, rekod tertentu, struktur data), perhitungan tertentu ke atas objek tertentu (misalnya, jenis pertanyaan, atau pertanyaan khusus), atau menggunakan laluan akses khusus kepada bekas (misalnya menggunakan indeks tertentu atau struktur data lain untuk mengakses maklumat). Kawalan akses pangkalan data ditetapkan oleh kakitangan khusus yang diberi kuasa oleh pemilik pangkalan data yang menggunakan antaramuka DBMS keselamatan yang dilindungi khusus. <> Apakah batas akses pangkalan data? || yang (seseorang atau program komputer tertentu) dibenarkan untuk mengakses maklumat apa <> Apakah contoh objek pangkalan data? || jenis rekod, rekod tertentu, struktur data <> Siapa yang menetapkan akses pangkalan data? || khusus yang diberi kuasa oleh pemilik pangkalan data", {"context": "Database access control deals with controlling who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information in the database. The information may comprise specific database objects (e.g., record types, specific records, data structures), certain computations over certain objects (e.g., query types, or specific queries), or utilizing specific access paths to the former (e.g., using specific indexes or other data structures to access information). Database access controls are set by special authorized (by the database owner) personnel that uses dedicated protected security DBMS interfaces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information"}], "question": "What does database access limit?", "id": "572fb248947a6a140053cba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "record types, specific records, data structures"}], "question": "What are examples of database objects?", "id": "572fb248947a6a140053cba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "special authorized (by the database owner) personnel"}], "question": "Who sets database access?", "id": "572fb248947a6a140053cba6"}]}], ["Ini boleh diuruskan secara langsung secara individu, atau dengan tugasan individu dan keistimewaan kepada kumpulan, atau (dalam model yang paling rumit) melalui penyerahan individu dan kumpulan kepada peranan yang kemudian diberikan hak. Keselamatan data menghalang pengguna yang tidak dibenarkan melihat atau mengemas kini pangkalan data. Menggunakan kata laluan, pengguna dibenarkan mengakses keseluruhan pangkalan data atau subsetnya dipanggil \"subschemas\". Sebagai contoh, pangkalan data pekerja boleh mengandungi semua data mengenai pekerja individu, tetapi satu kumpulan pengguna boleh diberi kuasa untuk melihat hanya data gaji, sementara yang lain dibenarkan mengakses hanya sejarah kerja dan data perubatan. Sekiranya DBMS menyediakan cara untuk memasuki dan mengemaskini pangkalan data secara interaktif, serta menginterogasi, keupayaan ini membolehkan mengurus pangkalan data peribadi. <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan keselamatan data? || pengguna yang tidak dibenarkan melihat atau mengemas kini pangkalan data <> Apakah subset pangkalan data disebut yang boleh diakses dengan menggunakan kata laluan? || subschemas <> Apa yang mungkin apabila DBMS menginterogasi dan mengemas kini pangkalan data? || menguruskan pangkalan data peribadi", {"context": "This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called \"subschemas\". For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database"}], "question": "What does data security avoid?", "id": "572fb32704bcaa1900d76c05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "subschemas"}], "question": "What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a password?", "id": "572fb32704bcaa1900d76c06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "managing personal databases"}], "question": "What is possible when a DBMS interrogate and update a database?", "id": "572fb32704bcaa1900d76c07"}]}], ["Pangkalan data yang dibina dengan satu DBMS tidak mudah alih ke DBMS yang lain (iaitu, DBMS yang lain tidak dapat menjalankannya). Walau bagaimanapun, dalam sesetengah keadaan, adalah wajar untuk bergerak, memindahkan pangkalan data dari satu DBMS ke yang lain. Sebabnya terutamanya ekonomi (DBMS yang berbeza mungkin mempunyai jumlah pemilikan yang berbeza atau TCO), berfungsi, dan operasi (DBMS yang berlainan mungkin mempunyai keupayaan yang berbeza). Penghijrahan ini melibatkan transformasi pangkalan data dari satu jenis DBMS kepada yang lain. Transformasi harus dikekalkan (jika mungkin) aplikasi berkaitan pangkalan data (iaitu, semua program aplikasi yang berkaitan) utuh. Jadi, aras binaan konseptual dan luaran pangkalan data harus dikekalkan dalam transformasi. Ia mungkin diingini bahawa juga beberapa aspek aras dalaman dalaman dikekalkan. Penghijrahan pangkalan data yang rumit atau besar mungkin merupakan projek yang rumit dan mahal (satu kali) dengan sendirinya, yang harus diambil kira dalam keputusan untuk berhijrah. Ini walaupun ada alat yang mungkin wujud untuk membantu penghijrahan antara DBMS tertentu. Biasanya vendor DBMS menyediakan alat untuk membantu mengimport pangkalan data dari DBMS lain yang popular. <> Mengapa seseorang cuba untuk menyatukan dua pangkalan data yang berbeza? || terutamanya ekonomi <> Untuk bergabung, apa yang mesti disimpan oleh pangkalan data? || aplikasi berkaitan pangkalan data <> Apakah bahagian-bahagian penting aplikasi berkaitan pangkalan data yang perlu dipindahkan? || tahap seni bina konseptual dan luaran <> Bagaimanakah penghijrahan pangkalan data DBMS dibuat lebih mudah? || vendor menyediakan alatan <> Bolehkah DBMS ditransfer ke DBMS yang berbeza? || apa", {"context": "A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations it is desirable to move, migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs) intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular DBMSs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "primarily economical"}], "question": "Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?", "id": "572fb6f904bcaa1900d76c28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "database related application"}], "question": "In order to merge, what must the database maintain?", "id": "572fb6f904bcaa1900d76c29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "conceptual and external architectural levels"}], "question": "What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?", "id": "572fb6f904bcaa1900d76c2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1064, "text": "vendor provides tools"}], "question": "How can a DBMS database migration be made easier?", "id": "572fb6f904bcaa1900d76c2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "ano"}], "question": "Can a DBMS be transfered to a different DBMS?", "id": "572fb6f904bcaa1900d76c27"}]}], ["Tugas pertama pereka pangkalan data adalah untuk menghasilkan model data konseptual yang mencerminkan struktur maklumat yang akan diadakan dalam pangkalan data. Pendekatan yang biasa untuk ini adalah untuk membangunkan model hubungan entiti, selalunya dengan bantuan alat lukisan. Satu lagi pendekatan popular ialah Bahasa Pemodelan Unified. Model data yang berjaya secara tepat akan mencerminkan keadaan dunia luar yang dimodelkan: sebagai contoh, jika orang boleh mempunyai lebih daripada satu nombor telefon, ia akan membolehkan maklumat ini ditangkap. Merancang model data konseptual yang baik memerlukan pemahaman yang baik tentang domain aplikasi; ia biasanya melibatkan pertanyaan yang mendalam tentang perkara-perkara yang menarik kepada sesebuah organisasi, seperti \"boleh pelanggan juga menjadi pembekal?\", atau \"jika produk dijual dengan dua bentuk pembungkusan yang berlainan, adakah produk yang sama atau produk yang berbeza? \", atau\" jika pesawat terbang dari New York ke Dubai melalui Frankfurt, apakah itu satu penerbangan atau dua (atau mungkin juga tiga)? \". Jawapan kepada soalan ini membuktikan definisi istilah yang digunakan untuk entiti (pelanggan, produk, penerbangan, segmen penerbangan) dan hubungan dan sifat mereka. <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan model data konseptual? || mencerminkan struktur maklumat yang akan dipegang <> Apa yang membuat model data yang berjaya? || secara tepat mencerminkan keadaan mungkin dunia luaran yang dimodelkan <> Menanya soalan mengenai keperluan organisasi akan membantu mewujudkan apa? || definisi istilah yang digunakan untuk entiti <> Apa yang mesti difahami oleh seseorang untuk menghasilkan model data yang berjaya? || domain aplikasi", {"context": "The first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity-relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Modeling Language. A successful data model will accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled: for example, if people can have more than one phone number, it will allow this information to be captured. Designing a good conceptual data model requires a good understanding of the application domain; it typically involves asking deep questions about the things of interest to an organisation, like \"can a customer also be a supplier?\", or \"if a product is sold with two different forms of packaging, are those the same product or different products?\", or \"if a plane flies from New York to Dubai via Frankfurt, is that one flight or two (or maybe even three)?\". The answers to these questions establish definitions of the terminology used for entities (customers, products, flights, flight segments) and their relationships and attributes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "reflects the structure of the information to be held"}], "question": "What should a conceptual data model do?", "id": "572fa97e04bcaa1900d76b79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled"}], "question": "What makes a successful data model?", "id": "572fa97e04bcaa1900d76b7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1027, "text": "definitions of the terminology used for entities"}], "question": "Asking questions about an organization's needs will help to create what?", "id": "572fa97e04bcaa1900d76b7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "the application domain"}], "question": "What must one understand in order to create a successful data model?", "id": "572fa97e04bcaa1900d76b7b"}]}], ["Penyimpanan pangkalan data adalah kontena pemfaktoran fizikal pangkalan data. Ia terdiri daripada tahap dalaman (fizikal) dalam seni bina pangkalan data. Ia juga mengandungi semua maklumat yang diperlukan (mis., Metadata, \"data mengenai data\", dan struktur data dalaman) untuk membina semula tahap konseptual dan tahap luaran dari peringkat dalaman apabila diperlukan. Menempatkan data ke dalam storan kekal secara amnya adalah tanggungjawab enjin pangkalan data a.k.a. \"enjin penyimpanan\". Walaupun biasanya diakses oleh DBMS melalui sistem operasi yang mendasari (dan sering menggunakan sistem fail sistem operasi sebagai perantaraan bagi susun atur storan), sifat penyimpanan dan tetapan konfigurasi sangat penting untuk operasi DBMS yang cekap, dan dengan itu dikendalikan dengan teliti oleh pentadbir pangkalan data. DBMS, semasa beroperasi, sentiasa mempunyai pangkalan data yang berada dalam beberapa jenis penyimpanan (mis., Memori dan penyimpanan luaran). Data pangkalan data dan maklumat tambahan yang diperlukan, mungkin dalam jumlah yang sangat besar, dikodkan ke dalam bit. Data biasanya tinggal di dalam penyimpanan struktur yang kelihatan berbeza dari cara melihat data dalam peringkat konseptual dan luaran, tetapi dengan cara yang cuba mengoptimumkan (yang paling mungkin) rekonstruksi tahap ini apabila diperlukan oleh pengguna dan program, juga seperti untuk mengira jenis tambahan maklumat yang diperlukan dari data (contohnya, ketika menanyakan pangkalan data). <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk memasukkan maklumat ke dalam storan kekal? || enjin pangkalan data <> Apakah pentadbir pangkalan data memantau dengan teliti? || sifat penyimpanan dan tetapan konfigurasi <> Apakah storan pangkalan data? || perwujudan fizikal pangkalan data <> Semasa bekerja, apakah menyimpan maklumat DBMS di satu tempat? || beberapa jenis penyimpanan <> Berapa banyak maklumat yang disimpan sebagai? || bit", {"context": "Database storage is the container of the physical materialization of a database. It comprises the internal (physical) level in the database architecture. It also contains all the information needed (e.g., metadata, \"data about the data\", and internal data structures) to reconstruct the conceptual level and external level from the internal level when needed. Putting data into permanent storage is generally the responsibility of the database engine a.k.a. \"storage engine\". Though typically accessed by a DBMS through the underlying operating system (and often utilizing the operating systems' file systems as intermediates for storage layout), storage properties and configuration setting are extremely important for the efficient operation of the DBMS, and thus are closely maintained by database administrators. A DBMS, while in operation, always has its database residing in several types of storage (e.g., memory and external storage). The database data and the additional needed information, possibly in very large amounts, are coded into bits. Data typically reside in the storage in structures that look completely different from the way the data look in the conceptual and external levels, but in ways that attempt to optimize (the best possible) these levels' reconstruction when needed by users and programs, as well as for computing additional types of needed information from the data (e.g., when querying the database).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "database engine"}], "question": "What is responsible for putting information into permanent storage?", "id": "572fb19f04bcaa1900d76bfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "storage properties and configuration setting"}], "question": "What do database administrators closely monitor?", "id": "572fb19f04bcaa1900d76bfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "physical materialization of a database"}], "question": "What is database storage?", "id": "572fb19f04bcaa1900d76bfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 881, "text": "several types of storage"}], "question": "While working, does DBMS store information in one place?", "id": "572fb19f04bcaa1900d76bfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1047, "text": "bits"}], "question": "What are huge quantities of information stored as?", "id": "572fb19f04bcaa1900d76bff"}]}], ["Teknik analisis statik untuk pengesahan perisian boleh digunakan juga dalam senario bahasa pertanyaan. Khususnya, rangka kerja tafsiran Abstrak telah diperluaskan ke dalam bidang bahasa pertanyaan untuk pangkalan data relasi sebagai cara untuk menyokong teknik penghampiran bunyi. Semantik bahasa pertanyaan dapat ditala mengikut abstraksi yang sesuai dari domain data konkrit. Pengekstrakan sistem pangkalan data relasional mempunyai banyak aplikasi yang menarik, khususnya, untuk tujuan keselamatan, seperti kawalan capaian yang halus, watermarking, dan sebagainya. <> Bagaimana analisa statik berguna dengan bahasa pertanyaan? || pengesahan perisian <> Apa yang menyokong bahasa pertanyaan dalam rangka tafsiran abstrak? || teknik pengiraan bunyi <> Apakah ukuran keselamatan yang menggunakan sistem pangkalan data hubungan? || watermarking <> Bolehkah pertanyaan bahasa dilaraskan? || mengikut abstraksi yang sesuai dari domain data konkrit", {"context": "Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database system has many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine grained access control, watermarking, etc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "software verification"}], "question": "How can static analysis be useful with query languages?", "id": "572fb959947a6a140053cbe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "sound approximation techniques"}], "question": "What do query languages support in abstract interpretation frameworks?", "id": "572fb959947a6a140053cbe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "watermarking"}], "question": "What is a security measure that uses a relational database system?", "id": "572fb959947a6a140053cbe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data"}], "question": "Can query languages be adjusted?", "id": "572fb959947a6a140053cbe9"}]}], ["Kadang-kadang ia dikehendaki membawa pangkalan data kembali ke keadaan terdahulu (kerana banyak sebab, contohnya, kes-kes pangkalan data didapati rosak disebabkan ralat perisian, atau jika dikemas kini dengan data yang salah). Untuk mencapai ini operasi sandaran dilakukan sesekali atau berterusan, di mana setiap pangkalan data yang dikehendaki (iaitu, nilai data dan penyertaan mereka dalam struktur data pangkalan data) disimpan dalam fail sandaran khusus (banyak teknik yang ada untuk melakukannya dengan berkesan). Apabila keadaan ini diperlukan, iaitu, apabila diputuskan oleh pentadbir pangkalan data untuk membawa pangkalan data kembali ke keadaan ini (contohnya, dengan menyatakan keadaan ini dengan titik yang dikehendaki dalam masa pangkalan data berada dalam keadaan ini), fail-fail ini digunakan untuk memulihkan keadaan itu. <> Nama sebab untuk mengambil pangkalan data ke belakang dalam masa? || pangkalan data didapati rosak <> Adakah setiap pangkalan data sandaran disimpan dalam fail yang sama? || fail sandaran berdedikasi <> Siapa yang boleh memulihkan pangkalan data yang telah rosak? || pentadbir pangkalan data <> Parameter apa yang diperlukan untuk memulihkan pangkalan data? || titik yang dikehendaki dalam masa", {"context": "Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each desired database state (i.e., the values of its data and their embedding in database's data structures) is kept within dedicated backup files (many techniques exist to do this effectively). When this state is needed, i.e., when it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state (e.g., by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state), these files are utilized to restore that state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "database is found corrupted"}], "question": "Name a reason to take a database backward in time?", "id": "572fb814a23a5019007fc8db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "dedicated backup files"}], "question": "Is each database backup kept in the same file?", "id": "572fb814a23a5019007fc8dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "database administrator"}], "question": "Who can restore a database that has been corrupted?", "id": "572fb814a23a5019007fc8dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "desired point in time"}], "question": "What parameter is requiret to restore a database?", "id": "572fb814a23a5019007fc8de"}]}]], [["Menjelang tahun 1900, seramai 7,531 orang tinggal di bandar ini. Penduduk meningkat secara bertahap menjadi 13.913 pada tahun 1910. Pada masa ini, A.S. Veterans Administration telah mulai dibangun di Veteran Hospital yang sekarang. Ramai veteran yang telah digerakkan dalam Perang Dunia I dan memerlukan terapi pernafasan mula datang ke Tucson selepas peperangan, kerana udara kering bersih. Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, bandar terus berkembang, dengan populasi meningkat kepada 20,292 pada tahun 1920 dan 36,818 pada tahun 1940. Pada tahun 2006 penduduk Pima County, yang terletak di Tucson, telah meluluskan satu juta sementara penduduk bandar Tucson adalah 535,000. <> Daerah mana yang terletak di Tuscon? || Pima County <> Apakah penduduk Tuscon pada tahun 2006? || 535,000 <> apa veteran yang memerlukan selepas Perang Dunia I? || terapi pernafasan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Pentadbiran Veteran A.S. sekitar 1910? || Hospital Veteran <> Apakah populasi Tuscon pada tahun 1940? || 36,818 <> Apa populasi Tucson pada tahun 1900? || 7,531 <> Apa populasi Tucson pada tahun 1910? || 13,913 <> Apa populasi Tucson pada tahun 1920? || 20,292 <> Apa populasi Tucson pada tahun 1940? || 36,818 <> Apakah populasi Tucson pada tahun 2006? || 535,000", {"context": "By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910. At about this time, the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction on the present Veterans Hospital. Many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and were in need of respiratory therapy began coming to Tucson after the war, due to the clean dry air. Over the following years the city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006 the population of Pima County, in which Tucson is located, passed one million while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Pima County"}], "question": "What county is Tuscon located in?", "id": "572ff318a23a5019007fcb95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "535,000"}], "question": "What was the population of Tuscon in 2006?", "id": "572ff318a23a5019007fcb96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "respiratory therapy"}], "question": "what were veterans in need of after World War I?", "id": "572ff318a23a5019007fcb97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Veterans Hospital"}], "question": "What did the U.S. Veterans Administration build around 1910?", "id": "572ff318a23a5019007fcb98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "36,818"}], "question": "What was the population of Tuscon in 1940?", "id": "572ff318a23a5019007fcb99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "7,531"}], "question": "What was Tucson's population in 1900?", "id": "57340b224776f41900661799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "13,913"}], "question": "What was Tucson's population in 1910?", "id": "57340b224776f4190066179a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "20,292"}], "question": "What was Tucson's population in 1920?", "id": "57340b224776f4190066179b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "36,818"}], "question": "What was Tucson's population in 1940?", "id": "57340b224776f4190066179c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "535,000"}], "question": "What was Tucson's population in 2006?", "id": "57340b224776f4190066179d"}]}], ["Mubaligh Jesuit Eusebio Francisco Kino melawat lembah Santa Cruz River pada tahun 1692, dan mendirikan Mission San Xavier del Bac pada tahun 1700 kira-kira 7 mi (11 km) hulu dari tapak penempatan Tucson. Pendudukan Convento yang berasingan ditubuhkan hilir di sepanjang Sungai Santa Cruz, berhampiran dasar gunung \"A\" sekarang. Hugo O'Conor, bapa pengasas bandar Tucson, Arizona telah mengesahkan pembinaan sebuah kubu ketenteraan di lokasi itu, Presidio San Agust\u00edn del Tucs\u00f3n, pada 20 Ogos 1775 (berhampiran dengan pusat bandar Pima County Courthouse). Semasa tempoh presiden Sepanyol, serangan seperti Pertempuran Kedua Tucson telah berulang kali dipasang oleh Apache. Akhirnya bandar itu dikenali sebagai \"Tucson\" dan menjadi sebahagian daripada Sonora selepas Mexico memperoleh kemerdekaan dari Sepanyol pada tahun 1821. <> Tahun apakah Mexico mendapat kemerdekaan dari Sepanyol? || 1821 <> Siapakah yang dianggap sebagai bapa pendiri Tuscan? || Hugo O'Conor <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Misi San Xavier del Bac? || Eusebio Francisco Kino <> Berapa batu adalah Mission San Xavier del Bac dari Tuscon? || 7 <> Misi yang mana datang ke kawasan Santa Cruz River pada tahun 1692? || Eusebio Francisco Kino <> Agama apakah yang Kino? || Jesuit <> Apa misi yang dilakukan Kino? || Misi San Xavier del Bac <> Bilakah Kino menemui misi del Bac? || 1700 <> Siapa 'bapa pendiri' Tucson? || Hugo O'Conor", {"context": "Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now \"A\" mountain. Hugo O'Conor, the founding father of the city of Tucson, Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, Presidio San Agust\u00edn del Tucs\u00f3n, on August 20, 1775 (near the present downtown Pima County Courthouse). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by Apaches. Eventually the town came to be called \"Tucson\" and became a part of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 812, "text": "1821"}], "question": "What year did Mexico gain independence from Spain?", "id": "572feb4a04bcaa1900d76eaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Hugo O'Conor"}], "question": "Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan?", "id": "572feb4a04bcaa1900d76ea9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Eusebio Francisco Kino"}], "question": "Who founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac?", "id": "572feb4a04bcaa1900d76eab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "7"}], "question": "How many miles was Mission San Xavier del Bac from Tuscon?", "id": "572feb4a04bcaa1900d76eac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Eusebio Francisco Kino"}], "question": "Which missionary came to the Santa Cruz River area in 1692?", "id": "573409784776f41900661769"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Jesuit"}], "question": "What religion was Kino?", "id": "573409784776f4190066176a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Mission San Xavier del Bac"}], "question": "What mission did Kino found?", "id": "573409784776f4190066176b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "1700"}], "question": "When did Kino found the del Bac mission?", "id": "573409784776f4190066176c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Hugo O'Conor"}], "question": "Who is Tucson's 'founding father'?", "id": "573409784776f4190066176d"}]}], ["Interstate 10, yang menghubungkan tenggara ke barat laut melalui bandar, menghubungkan Tucson ke Phoenix di barat laut dalam perjalanan ke terminal barat di Santa Monica, California, dan ke Las Cruces, New Mexico dan El Paso, Texas ke arah terminal timurnya di Jacksonville, Florida. I-19 berjalan dari selatan dari Tucson menuju Nogales dan sempadan A.S.-Mexico. I-19 adalah satu-satunya jalan raya Interstate yang menggunakan \"jawatan kilometer\" bukan \"mileposts\", walaupun had kelajuan ditandakan dalam batu sejam berbanding kilometer sejam. <> Yang antara negeri adalah satu-satunya yang menggunakan jawatan kilometer bukan milepost? || I-19 <> Adakah had laju pada I-19 ditandakan dalam batu atau kilometer? || batu <> Perbatasan apakah yang I-19 dekat? || Sempadan A.S.-Mexico <> Antara negeri yang anda mahu untuk pergi ke Jackson Florida dari Tuscon Arizona? || Interstate 10 <> Arah manakah I-10 berjalan melalui Tucson? || tenggara ke barat laut <> Apa bandar utama seterusnya di barat pada I-10? || Phoenix <> Apa bandar utama seterusnya di timur pada I-10? || Las Cruces, New Mexico <> Arah yang mana saya lari dari Tucson? || selatan <> Apa yang luar biasa mengenai I-19? || satu-satunya jalan raya Interstate yang menggunakan \"jawatan kilometer\" bukan \"milepost\"", {"context": "Interstate 10, which runs southeast to northwest through town, connects Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica, California, and to Las Cruces, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas toward its eastern terminus in Jacksonville, Florida. I-19 runs south from Tucson toward Nogales and the U.S.-Mexico border. I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses \"kilometer posts\" instead of \"mileposts\", although the speed limits are marked in miles per hour instead of kilometers per hour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "I-19"}], "question": "Which interstate is the only one that uses kilometer posts instead of mileposts?", "id": "572fff11947a6a140053cf1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "miles"}], "question": "Are the speed limits on I-19 marked in miles or kilometers?", "id": "572fff11947a6a140053cf1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "U.S.-Mexico border"}], "question": "What border does I-19 come close to? ", "id": "572fff11947a6a140053cf20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Interstate 10"}], "question": "Which interstate would you take to go to Jackson Florida from Tuscon Arizona?", "id": "572fff11947a6a140053cf21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "southeast to northwest"}], "question": "Which direction does I-10 run through Tucson?", "id": "573421e94776f41900661903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Phoenix"}], "question": "What is the next major town to the west on I-10?", "id": "573421e94776f41900661904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Las Cruces, New Mexico"}], "question": "What is the next major town to the east on I-10?", "id": "573421e94776f41900661905"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "south"}], "question": "Which direction does I-19 run from Tucson?", "id": "573421e94776f41900661906"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "the only Interstate highway that uses \"kilometer posts\" instead of \"mileposts\""}], "question": "What is unusual about I-19?", "id": "573421e94776f41900661907"}]}], ["Ketinggian bandar ini adalah 2,643 kaki (806 m) di atas paras laut (seperti diukur di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Tucson). Tucson terletak di dataran aluvial di padang pasir Sonoran, dikelilingi oleh lima rentang gunung kecil: Pegunungan Santa Catalina dan Pegunungan Tortolita di utara, Pegunungan Santa Rita di selatan, Pegunungan Rincon di timur, dan Tucson Pergunungan di barat. Titik tinggi Santa Catalina Mountains adalah 9,157 kaki (2,791 m) Gunung Lemmon, destinasi ski paling selatan di benua A.S., manakala Tucson Mountains merangkumi 4,687 kaki (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. Titik tertinggi di kawasan ini adalah Mount Wrightson, yang terdapat di Santa Rita Mountains pada 9,453 kaki (2,881 m) di atas paras laut. <> Gunung mana yang mempunyai titik tertinggi di sekitar Tuscon? || Mount Wrightson <> Yang padang pasir adalah Tuscon? || Sonoran <> Berapa banyak gunung yang dikelilingi oleh Tuscon? || lima <> Bagaimana paras laut di puncak Wasson Peak? || 4,687 ft <> Apa arahnya ialah Gunung Tortolita dari Tuscon? || utara <> Seberapa tinggi lapangan terbang Tucson? || 2,643 kaki (806 m) di atas paras laut <> Apa padang pasir adalah Tucson? || Sonoran <> Apa gunung di sebelah timur Tucson? || Rincon Mountains <> Apa gunung di utara Tucson? || Tortolita Mountains <> Apa gunung di barat Tucson? || Pergunungan Tucson", {"context": "The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. The high point of the Santa Catalina Mountains is 9,157 ft (2,791 m) Mount Lemmon, the southernmost ski destination in the continental U.S., while the Tucson Mountains include 4,687 ft (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson, found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft (2,881 m) above sea level.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "Mount Wrightson"}], "question": "Which Mountain has the Highest point surrounding Tuscon?", "id": "572ff55cb2c2fd140056864d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Sonoran"}], "question": "Which desert is Tuscon in?", "id": "572ff55cb2c2fd140056864e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many mountain ranges is Tuscon surrounded by?", "id": "572ff55cb2c2fd140056864f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "4,687 ft"}], "question": "How above sea level is Wasson Peak in feet?", "id": "572ff55cb2c2fd1400568650"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "north"}], "question": "What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon?", "id": "572ff55cb2c2fd1400568651"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level"}], "question": "How high is Tucson's airport?", "id": "57341fd5d058e614000b6978"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Sonoran"}], "question": "What desert is Tucson in?", "id": "57341fd5d058e614000b6979"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "Rincon Mountains"}], "question": "What mountain range is east of Tucson?", "id": "57341fd5d058e614000b697a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Tortolita Mountains"}], "question": "What mountain range is north of Tucson?", "id": "57341fd5d058e614000b697b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Tucson Mountains"}], "question": "What mountain range is west of Tucson?", "id": "57341fd5d058e614000b697c"}]}], ["Tucson terletak 118 mi (190 km) tenggara Phoenix dan 60 mi (97 km) utara Amerika Syarikat - sempadan Mexico. Banci Amerika Syarikat 2010 meletakkan penduduk bandar ini pada 520,116 dengan populasi kawasan metropolitan pada 980,263. Pada tahun 2009, Tucson menduduki tempat ke-32 bandar terbesar dan wilayah metropolitan ke-52 terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Sebuah bandar utama di Koridor Matahari Arizona, Tucson adalah bandar terbesar di selatan Arizona, yang kedua terbesar di negeri itu selepas Phoenix. Ia juga merupakan bandar terbesar di kawasan Pembelian Gadsden. Sehingga 2015, kawasan Greater Tucson Metro telah melebihi penduduk sebanyak 1 juta. <> Berapa batu adalah Tuscon dari Phoenix? || 118 <> Berapa batu adalah Tuscon dari sempadan AS - Mexico? || 60 <> Apa bandar kedua terbesar di Arizona? || Tucson <> Di mana kedudukan Tuscon dari segi bandar terbesar di A.S. pada tahun 2009? || 32 <> Kawasan apa yang melebihi 1 juta orang pada tahun 2015? || Greater Tucson Metro <> Apakah bandar Tucson pada tahun 2010? || 520,116 <> Apakah populasi kawasan metro Tucson pada tahun 2010? || 980,263 <> Bagaimana Tucson berada di antara bandar-bandar AS? || Ke-32 terbesar <> Bagaimana Tucson berada di antara kawasan metro AS? || Ke-52 terbesar <> Apakah kawasan kawasan metro Tucson pada 2015? || 1 juta", {"context": "Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "118"}], "question": "How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?", "id": "572ff6f7a23a5019007fcbc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "60"}], "question": "How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?", "id": "572ff6f7a23a5019007fcbc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Tucson"}], "question": "What is the second largest city in Arizona?", "id": "572ff6f7a23a5019007fcbc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "32nd"}], "question": "Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009? ", "id": "572ff6f7a23a5019007fcbc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Greater Tucson Metro"}], "question": "What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015?", "id": "572ff6f7a23a5019007fcbc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "520,116"}], "question": "What is Tucson's city population in 2010?", "id": "573420364776f419006618dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "980,263"}], "question": "What is Tucson's metro area population in 2010?", "id": "573420364776f419006618de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "32nd largest"}], "question": "How does Tucson rank among US cities?", "id": "573420364776f419006618df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "52nd largest"}], "question": "How does Tucson rank among US metro areas?", "id": "573420364776f419006618e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "1 million"}], "question": "What is Tucson's metro area population in 2015?", "id": "573420364776f419006618e1"}]}], ["Tucson mungkin pertama kali dilawati oleh Paleo-Indian, yang dikenali di Arizona selatan sekitar 12,000 tahun yang lalu. Penggalian arkeologi yang terkini berhampiran Sungai Santa Cruz telah menempatkan tapak kampung yang bertarikh 2100 SM. [Rujukan?] Banjir Sungai Santa Cruz telah dibiakkan secara meluas pada zaman pertanian awal, sekitar 1200 SM hingga 150 tahun. Orang-orang ini membina saluran pengairan dan menanam jagung, kacang, dan tanaman lain sambil mengumpulkan tanaman liar dan memburu. Pendudukan awal Seramik Awal Tucson menyaksikan penggunaan pertama dari kapal-kapal tembikar untuk memasak dan penyimpanan. Kumpulan-kumpulan yang ditetapkan sebagai Hohokam tinggal di kawasan itu dari AD 600 hingga 1450 dan dikenali kerana sistem saluran pengairan mereka yang luas dan tembikar berwarna merah mereka. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah Tuscon dikenali 12,000 tahun yang lalu? || Arizona selatan <> Apa kumpulan yang tinggal di kawasan yang terkenal dengan tembikar berwarna merah? || Hohokam <> Berhampiran dengan sungai apakah tapak kampung yang berasal dari 2100 SM ditemui? || Sungai Santa Cruz <> Siapa yang mungkin kumpulan orang pertama di Tuscan? || Paleo-Indian <> Berapa lama dahulu Tuscan mempunyai pelawat pertama mereka? || 12,000 tahun lalu <> Berapa lama Paleo-India diketahui berada di kawasan Tucson? || kira-kira 12,000 tahun yang lalu <> Berapa lamakah tapak kampung yang terdapat berhampiran Sungai Santa Cruz? || 2100 SM <> Kapan tempoh Pertanian Awal? || 1200 SM hingga AD 150 <> Apa yang berlaku dalam tempoh Seramik Awal? || penggunaan pertama dari kapal-kapal tembikar untuk memasak dan penyimpanan <> Bilakah Hohokam tinggal di kawasan Tucson? || dari AD 600 hingga 1450", {"context": "Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "southern Arizona"}], "question": "What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?", "id": "572f688b04bcaa1900d768eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "Hohokam"}], "question": "What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?", "id": "572f688b04bcaa1900d768ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Santa Cruz River"}], "question": "Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found? ", "id": "572f688b04bcaa1900d768ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Paleo-Indians"}], "question": "Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?", "id": "572f688b04bcaa1900d768ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "12,000 years ago"}], "question": "How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?", "id": "572f688b04bcaa1900d768ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "about 12,000 years ago"}], "question": "How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?", "id": "573409114776f4190066175f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "2100 BC"}], "question": "How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?", "id": "573409114776f41900661760"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "1200 BC to AD 150"}], "question": "When was the Early Agricultural period?", "id": "573409114776f41900661761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage"}], "question": "What happened in the Early Ceramic period?", "id": "573409114776f41900661762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "from AD 600 to 1450"}], "question": "When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?", "id": "573409114776f41900661763"}]}], ["Arizona, di selatan Sungai Gila dibeli secara sah dari Mexico dalam Pembelian Gadsden pada 8 Jun 1854. Tucson menjadi sebahagian dari Amerika Syarikat, walaupun tentera Amerika tidak secara rasmi mengambil alih kawalan sehingga Mac 1856. Pada tahun 1857 Tucson menjadi stesen pentas di Talian San Antonio-San Diego Mail dan pada tahun 1858 menjadi ibu pejabat bahagian ke-3 Butterfield Overland Mail sehingga garisan ditutup pada bulan Mac 1861. The Overland Mail Corporation cuba untuk terus berjalan, namun berikutan Perkara Bascom yang dahsyat Serangan Apache ke stesen dan jurulatih mengakhiri operasi pada bulan Ogos 1861. [rujukan?] <> Apa tarikh Arizona dibeli? || 8 Jun 1854 <> Berapa tahun operasi Overland Mail Corporation berakhir? || 1861 <> Arizona adalah selatan di mana sungai? || Gila River <> Apakah nama perjanjian di mana Arizona telah dibeli? || Pembelian Gadsden <> Dalam tahun apakah Tuscon menjadi stesen panggung? || 1857 <> Bilakah Pembelian Gadsden? || 8 Jun 1854 <> Di manakah AS membeli tanah dari dalam Pembelian Gadsden? || Mexico <> Bilakah AS secara rasmi mengawal kawasan Tucson? || Mac 1856 <> Bilakah stagecoaches mel berhenti berjalan? || Ogos 1861 <> Kenapa stagecoaches mel berhenti berjalan? || serangan Apache yang dahsyat ke stesen dan jurulatih", {"context": "Arizona, south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854. Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take over control until March 1856. In 1857 Tucson became a stage station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and in 1858 became 3rd division headquarters of the Butterfield Overland Mail until the line shut down in March 1861. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running, however following the Bascom Affair, devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "June 8, 1854"}], "question": "What was the date when Arizona was bought?", "id": "572febdb04bcaa1900d76eb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "1861"}], "question": "What year did the Overland Mail Corporation end operations?", "id": "572febdb04bcaa1900d76eb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Gila River"}], "question": "Arizona is south of which river?", "id": "572febdb04bcaa1900d76eb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Gadsden Purchase"}], "question": "What was the name of the deal in which Arizona was bought?", "id": "572febdb04bcaa1900d76eb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "1857"}], "question": "In what year did Tuscon become a stage station?", "id": "572febdb04bcaa1900d76eb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "June 8, 1854"}], "question": "When was the Gadsden Purchase?", "id": "573409fbd058e614000b6847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Mexico"}], "question": "Where did the US buy land from in the Gadsden Purchase?", "id": "573409fbd058e614000b6848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "March 1856"}], "question": "When did the US formally take control of the Tucson area?", "id": "573409fbd058e614000b6849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "August 1861"}], "question": "When did the mail stagecoaches stop running?", "id": "573409fbd058e614000b684a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches"}], "question": "Why did the mail stagecoaches stop running?", "id": "573409fbd058e614000b684b"}]}], ["Pada penghujung dekad pertama abad ke 21, pusat bandar Tucson menjalani usaha pemulihan oleh perancang bandar dan komuniti perniagaan. Projek utama ialah Rio Nuevo, pusat runcit dan komuniti besar yang telah terhenti dalam perancangan selama lebih sepuluh tahun. Downtown biasanya dianggap sebagai kawasan bersempadan dengan Jalan ke-17 di selatan, I-10 di barat, dan 6th Street di utara, dan Toole Avenue dan Union Pacific (dahulunya Southern Pacific) trek kereta api, tapak depot kereta bersejarah dan \"Lokomotif # 1673\", yang dibina pada tahun 1900. Pusat bandar terbahagi kepada Daerah Presidio, Barrio Viejo, dan Daerah Seni dan Hiburan Jalan Kongres. Sesetengah pihak berkuasa termasuk daerah membeli-belah 4th Avenue, yang terletak hanya timur laut di seluruh pusat bandar dan dihubungkan dengan laluan bawah bawah jejak UPRR. <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Union Pasifik? || Pasifik Selatan <> Tahun apakah Locomotive # 1673 dibuat? || 1900 <> Apakah nama pusat runcit dan komuniti yang mengambil masa lebih lama daripada satu dekad untuk membina? || Rio Nuevo <> Bilakah pembaharuan pusat bandar Tucson bermula? || Pada akhir dekad pertama abad ke 21 <> Apa itu Rio Nuevo? || pusat runcit dan komuniti yang besar <> Apa pinggir selatan pusat bandar Tucson? || 17th Street <> Apa pinggir barat pusat bandar Tucson? || I-10 <> Apa kelebihan utara pusat bandar Tucson? || 6th Street", {"context": "At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, downtown Tucson underwent a revitalization effort by city planners and the business community. The primary project was Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that has been stalled in planning for more than ten years. Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south, I-10 to the west, and 6th Street to the north, and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific) railroad tracks, site of the historic train depot and \"Locomotive #1673\", built in 1900. Downtown is divided into the Presidio District, the Barrio Viejo, and the Congress Street Arts and Entertainment District. Some authorities include the 4th Avenue shopping district, which is set just northeast of the rest of downtown and connected by an underpass beneath the UPRR tracks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Southern Pacific"}], "question": "What was the Union Pacific once known as?", "id": "5730023eb2c2fd1400568733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "1900"}], "question": "What year was Locomotive #1673 made in?", "id": "5730023eb2c2fd1400568734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Rio Nuevo"}], "question": "What was the name of the retail and community center that took longer than a decade to build?", "id": "5730023eb2c2fd1400568735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "At the end of the first decade of the 21st century"}], "question": "When did a revitalization of downtown Tucson begin?", "id": "573422784776f41900661913"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "a large retail and community center"}], "question": "What is Rio Nuevo?", "id": "573422784776f41900661914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "17th Street"}], "question": "What is the southern edge of Tucson's downtown?", "id": "573422784776f41900661915"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "I-10"}], "question": "What is the western edge of Tucson's downtown?", "id": "573422784776f41900661916"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "6th Street"}], "question": "What is the northern edge of Tucson's downtown?", "id": "573422784776f41900661917"}]}], ["Tucson (/ tu\u02d0s\u0252n / / tu\u02d0s\u0252n /) adalah sebuah bandar dan kerusi daerah Pima County, Arizona, Amerika Syarikat, dan rumah kepada University of Arizona. Banci Amerika Syarikat Tahun 2010 meletakkan populasi pada 520,116, sementara penduduk dianggarkan 2013 seluruh kawasan statistik metropolitan Tucson (MSA) adalah 996,544. MSA Tucson merupakan sebahagian daripada kawasan statistik gabungan Tucson-Nogales yang lebih besar (CSA), dengan jumlah penduduk 980,263 pada Banci 2010. Tucson adalah bandar terpendek kedua terbesar di Arizona di belakang Phoenix, yang kedua-duanya berlabuh Koridor Matahari Arizona. Bandar ini terletak 108 batu (174 km) tenggara Phoenix dan 60 mi (97 km) utara sempadan A.S.-Mexico. Tucson adalah bandar terbesar ke-33 dan kawasan metropolitan ke-59 terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Kira-kira 150 syarikat Tucson terlibat dalam reka bentuk dan pembuatan optik dan sistem optoelektronik, menghasilkan Tucson nama panggilan Lembah Optik. <> Apa bandar terbesar di Arizona? || Phoenix <> Berapa batu adalah Tuscon dari sempadan A.S.-Mexico? || 60 <> Apa nama panggilan Tuscon mempunyai kerana banyak syarikat yang terlibat dalam optik? || Lembah Optik <> Apakah populasi Tuscon menurut Banci A.S. 2010? || 520,116 <> Berapa anggaran penduduk seluruh kawasan Tuscan pada tahun 2013? || 996,544 <> Wilayah mana yang di Tucson? || Pima County <> Universiti mana yang berada di Tucson? || University of Arizona <> Berapa jauhnya Tucson dari Phoenix? || 108 batu (174 km) <> Seberapa jauh Tucson dari Mexico? || 60 mi (97 km) <> Apa nama samaran berasaskan industri Tucson mempunyai? || Lembah Optik", {"context": "Tucson (/\u02c8tu\u02d0s\u0252n/ /tu\u02d0\u02c8s\u0252n/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is  located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Phoenix"}], "question": "What is the largest populated city in Arizona?", "id": "572f62ff947a6a140053c908"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "60"}], "question": "How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?", "id": "572f62ff947a6a140053c909"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 913, "text": "Optics Valley"}], "question": "What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?", "id": "572f62ff947a6a140053c90a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "520,116"}], "question": "What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census? ", "id": "572f62ff947a6a140053c90b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "996,544"}], "question": "What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013? ", "id": "572f62ff947a6a140053c90c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Pima County"}], "question": "Which county is Tucson in?", "id": "57340842d058e614000b6819"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "University of Arizona"}], "question": "Which university is in Tucson?", "id": "57340842d058e614000b681a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "108 miles (174 km)"}], "question": "How far is Tucson from Phoenix?", "id": "57340842d058e614000b681b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "60 mi (97 km)"}], "question": "How far is Tucson from Mexico?", "id": "57340842d058e614000b681c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 913, "text": "Optics Valley"}], "question": "What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?", "id": "57340842d058e614000b681d"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1877 hingga 1878, kawasan itu mengalami rompakan perompak stagecoach. Walau bagaimanapun, yang paling ketara adalah dua pemegangan yang dilakukan oleh agen jalanan bertopeng William Whitney Brazelton. Brazelton diadakan dua peringkat pada musim panas tahun 1878 berhampiran Point of Mountain Station kira-kira 17 batu (27 km) barat laut Tucson. John Clum, dari Tombstone, kemasyhuran Arizona adalah salah satu penumpang. Brazelton akhirnya dikesan dan dibunuh pada hari Isnin 19 Ogos 1878, di sebuah mesquite di sepanjang Sungai Santa Cruz 3 km (5 km) di selatan Tucson oleh Sheriff Pima County Charles A. Shibell dan posisinya. Brazelton telah disyaki rompakan lebuh raya bukan sahaja di kawasan Tucson, tetapi juga di rantau Prescott dan Silver City, kawasan New Mexico juga. Jenayah Brazelton mendorong John J. Valentine, Sr. dari Wells, Fargo & Co. untuk menghantar ejen khas dan sheriff Pima County masa depan Bob Paul untuk menyiasat. Fort Lowell, sebelah timur Tucson, ditubuhkan untuk membantu melindungi peneroka dari serangan Apache. Pada tahun 1882, Frank Stilwell terlibat dalam pembunuhan Morgan Earp oleh isteri Cowboy Pete Spence, Marietta, dalam inkues koroner pada penembakan Morgan Earp. Juri koroner menyimpulkan bahawa Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, dan Florentino \"Indian Charlie\" Cruz adalah suspek utama dalam pembunuhan Morgan Earp. : 250 Timbalan A.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp mengumpulkan beberapa sahabat yang dipercayai dan menemani Virgil Earp dan keluarganya ketika mereka pergi ke Benson untuk menaiki kereta api ke California. Mereka mendapati Stilwell berbaring menunggu Virgil di stesen Tucson dan membunuh dia di trek. Selepas membunuh Stilwell, Wyatt melantik orang lain dan menunggang penjara, membunuh tiga lagi koboi selama beberapa hari sebelum meninggalkan negara. <> Apa tarikh William Whitney Brazelton Die? || 19 Ogos 1878 <> Apa nama sheriff yang menembak William Whitney Brazelton? || Charles A. Shibell <> Apakah tajuk pekerjaan Wyatt Earp? || Timbalan A.S. Marshal <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab atas pembunuhan Morgan Earp? || Frank Stilwell <> Apakah Timbalan bertanggungjawab atas kematian Frank Stiwell? || Wyatt Earp <> Apa kejahatan meningkat di kawasan Tucson pada tahun 1877? || perompak stagecoach <> Siapa perompak perompak yang paling terkenal di kawasan Tucson? || William Whitney Brazelton <> Bilakah Brazelton terbunuh? || 19 Ogos 1878 <> Siapa yang membunuh Brazelton? || Charles A. Shibell dan pegawai warganya <> Apa pekerjaan Shibell? || Sheriff Pima County", {"context": "From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable, however, were the two holdups committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton. Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station approximately 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum, of Tombstone, Arizona fame was one of the passengers. Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery not only in the Tucson area, but also in the Prescott region and Silver City, New Mexico area as well. Brazelton's crimes prompted John J. Valentine, Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. to send special agent and future Pima County sheriff Bob Paul to investigate. Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, was established to help protect settlers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner's inquest on Morgan Earp's shooting. The coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino \"Indian Charlie\" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. :250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California. They found Stilwell lying in wait for Virgil in the Tucson station and killed him on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and rode on a vendetta, killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "August 19, 1878"}], "question": "What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die? ", "id": "572ff1ada23a5019007fcb81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Charles A. Shibell"}], "question": "What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?", "id": "572ff1ada23a5019007fcb82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1318, "text": "Deputy U.S. Marshal"}], "question": "What was Wyatt Earp's job title?", "id": "572ff1ada23a5019007fcb84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 996, "text": "Frank Stilwell"}], "question": "Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?", "id": "572ff1ada23a5019007fcb83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1338, "text": "Wyatt Earp"}], "question": "What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?", "id": "572ff1ada23a5019007fcb85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "stagecoach robberies"}], "question": "What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?", "id": "57340aabd058e614000b6857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "William Whitney Brazelton"}], "question": "Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?", "id": "57340aabd058e614000b6858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "August 19, 1878"}], "question": "When was Brazelton killed?", "id": "57340aabd058e614000b6859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse"}], "question": "Who killed Brazelton?", "id": "57340aabd058e614000b685a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "Pima County Sheriff"}], "question": "What was Shibell's job?", "id": "57340aabd058e614000b685b"}]}], ["Tucson Selatan sebenarnya nama sebuah bandar yang bebas daripada 1 meter persegi (2.6 km2), yang dikelilingi oleh bandar Tucson, yang terletak di selatan pusat bandar. Tucson Selatan mempunyai sejarah yang berwarna-warni dan dinamik. Ia pertama kali diperbadankan pada 1936, dan kemudiannya diperbadankan semula pada tahun 1940. Penduduknya terdiri daripada kira-kira 83% penduduk Mexico-Amerika dan 10% penduduk asli Amerika. Tucson Selatan terkenal dengan banyak restoran Mexico dan gaya senibina yang termasuk mural di luar yang terang, kebanyakannya telah dicat kerana dasar bandar. <> Berapakah peratusan orang asli Amerika Selatan di South Tuscon? || 10% <> Apa jenis restoran yang terkenal di South Tuscon? || Mexico <> Apa yang dicat lakukan terhadap dasar bandar? || mural luar <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk Tuscon Selatan adalah orang Mexico-Amerika? || 83% <> Apa tahun itu adalah South Tuscon semula? || 1940 <> Ketika Tucson Selatan pertama kali diperbadankan? || 1936 <> Bilakah Selatan Tucson dikorporatkan semula? || 1940 <> Seberapa besar adalah Tucson Selatan? || 1 meter persegi (2.6 km2) <> Berapa banyak Tucson Selatan adalah orang Mexico-Amerika? || 83% <> Berapa banyak penduduk Tucson Selatan adalah orang asli Amerika? || 10%", {"context": "South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "10%"}], "question": "What is the percentage of Native Americans in South Tuscon?", "id": "573011bba23a5019007fccf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Mexican"}], "question": "What kind of restaurants are widely known in South Tuscon?", "id": "573011bba23a5019007fccf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "outdoor murals"}], "question": "What are painted do to city policy? ", "id": "573011bba23a5019007fccf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "83%"}], "question": "What percentage of the South Tuscon Population is Mexican-American? ", "id": "573011bba23a5019007fccf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "1940"}], "question": "What year was South Tuscon reincorperated? ", "id": "573011bba23a5019007fccf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "1936"}], "question": "When was South Tucson first incorporated?", "id": "573425204776f4190066194f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "1940"}], "question": "When was South Tucson reincorporated?", "id": "573425204776f41900661950"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "1 sq mi (2.6 km2)"}], "question": "How large is South Tucson?", "id": "573425204776f41900661951"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "83%"}], "question": "How much of South Tucson is Mexican-American?", "id": "573425204776f41900661952"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "10%"}], "question": "How much of South Tucson is Native American?", "id": "573425204776f41900661953"}]}], ["Central Tucson adalah mesra basikal. Di sebelah timur Universiti Arizona, Third Street adalah basikal sahaja kecuali untuk trafik dan laluan tempatan oleh rumah bersejarah kawasan kejiranan Sam Hughes. Di sebelah barat, E. University Boulevard mengarah ke Daerah Beli-belah Fourth Avenue. Ke Utara, N. Mountain Avenue mempunyai lorong basikal penuh untuk separuh daripada 5 km (5.6 km) ke basikal Rillito River Park dan berjalan jalan pelbagai guna. Di selatan, N. Highland Avenue mengarah ke laluan basikal Barraza-Penerbangan Parkway. <> Di mana E.University Blvd. membawa kepada? || Kawasan Beli-belah Keempat Keempat <> Apakah kawasan kejiranan yang mempunyai rumah bersejarah? || Kawasan kejiranan Sam Hughes <> Cara pengangkutan apa yang digalakkan di Central Tuscon? || basikal <> Dari 5 km dari N. Mountain Avenue ke Rillito River Park, berapa ramai basikal sahaja? || separuh <> Jalan Tucson mana yang dikhaskan untuk basikal? || Third Street <> Berapa lamakah N Mountain Ave mempunyai lorong basikal? || separuh dari 3.5 batu (5.6 km) ke Taman Rillito River <> Taman manakah yang mempunyai jalan berbilang guna? || Rillito River Park <> Laluan basikal yang mana menyebabkan Highland? || Barraza-Aviation Parkway <> Kawasan membeli-belah mana yang terletak di Universiti Timur? || Daerah Beli-belah Fourth Avenue", {"context": "Central Tucson is bicycle-friendly. To the east of the University of Arizona, Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic and passes by the historic homes of the Sam Hughes neighborhood. To the west, E. University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District. To the North, N. Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park bike and walk multi-use path. To the south, N. Highland Avenue leads to the Barraza-Aviation Parkway bicycle path.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Fourth Avenue Shopping District"}], "question": "Where does E.University Blvd. lead to?", "id": "5730103fa23a5019007fcce3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Sam Hughes neighborhood"}], "question": "What neighborhood has historic homes?", "id": "5730103fa23a5019007fcce4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "bicycle"}], "question": "What mode of transport is encouraged in Central Tuscon?", "id": "5730103fa23a5019007fcce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "half"}], "question": "Of the 3.5 miles from N. Mountain Avenue to Rillito River Park, how many are bike-only?", "id": "5730103fa23a5019007fcce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Third Street"}], "question": "Which Tucson street is devoted to bicycles?", "id": "573423e9d058e614000b69da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park"}], "question": "How long does N Mountain Ave have a bike lane?", "id": "573423e9d058e614000b69db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Rillito River Park"}], "question": "Which park has a multi-use path?", "id": "573423e9d058e614000b69dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "Barraza-Aviation Parkway"}], "question": "Which bike path does Highland lead to?", "id": "573423e9d058e614000b69dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Fourth Avenue Shopping District"}], "question": "Which shopping area is on East University?", "id": "573423e9d058e614000b69de"}]}], ["Komunitas Casas Adobes juga berada di Northwest Side, dengan pembezaan sebagai pinggiran bandar Tucson pertama, yang ditubuhkan pada akhir 1940-an. Casas Adobes terletak di Plaza Casas Adobes yang bersejarah (dibina pada tahun 1948). Casas Adobes juga merupakan rumah kepada Taman Tohono Chul (persekitaran semula jadi) berhampiran persimpangan Jalan Oracle Utara dan West Ina Road. Percubaan pembunuhan Wakil Gabrielle Giffords, dan pembunuhan ketua hakim bagi Mahkamah Daerah A.S. untuk Arizona, John Roll dan lima orang lain pada 8 Januari 2011, berlaku di Desa La Toscana di Casas Adobes. The Foothills Mall juga terletak di sebelah barat laut di Casas Adobes. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai pinggir bandar pertama Tuscon? || Casas Adobes <> Bilakah Casas Adobes Plaza ditubuhkan? || 1948 <> Apa perwakilan hampir dibunuh di Kampung La Toscana? || Gabrielle Giffords <> Apa sifat pemeliharaan di Casas Adobes? || Tohono Chul Park <> Apa mal terletak di Casas Adobes? || Foothills Mall <> Bilakah Plaza Casas Adobes dibina? || 1948 <> Apa bandar pinggir pertama di Tucson? || Casas Adobes <> Di mana Taman Tohono Chul? || berhampiran persimpangan Jalan Oracle Utara dan Jalan West Ina <> Siapa yang hampir dibunuh di Casas Adobes? || Wakil Gabrielle Giffords <> Apakah gelaran jawatan John Roll? || ketua hakim untuk Mahkamah Daerah A.S. untuk Arizona", {"context": "The community of Casas Adobes is also on the Northwest Side, with the distinction of being Tucson's first suburb, established in the late 1940s. Casas Adobes is centered on the historic Casas Adobes Plaza (built in 1948). Casas Adobes is also home to Tohono Chul Park (a nature preserve) near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road. The attempted assassination of Representative Gabrielle Giffords, and the murders of chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona, John Roll and five other people on January 8, 2011, occurred at the La Toscana Village in Casas Adobes. The Foothills Mall is also located on the northwest side in Casas Adobes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Casas Adobes"}], "question": "What is considered Tuscon's first suburb?", "id": "57301b53947a6a140053d10a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "1948"}], "question": "When was the Casas Adobes Plaza established?", "id": "57301b53947a6a140053d10b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Gabrielle Giffords"}], "question": "What representative was almost assassinated at the La Toscana Village?", "id": "57301b53947a6a140053d10d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Tohono Chul Park"}], "question": "What nature preserve is in Casas Adobes?", "id": "57301b53947a6a140053d10c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "Foothills Mall"}], "question": "What mall is located in Casas Adobes?", "id": "57301b53947a6a140053d10e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "1948"}], "question": "When was the Casas Adobes Plaza built?", "id": "5734291d4776f419006619d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Casas Adobes"}], "question": "What was Tucson's first suburb?", "id": "5734291d4776f419006619d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road"}], "question": "Where is Tohono Chul Park?", "id": "5734291d4776f419006619d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Representative Gabrielle Giffords"}], "question": "Who was nearly assassinated in Casas Adobes?", "id": "5734291d4776f419006619d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona"}], "question": "What was John Roll's job title?", "id": "5734291d4776f419006619d7"}]}], ["Gabungan pembangunan bandar dan pinggir bandar, West Side umumnya ditakrifkan sebagai kawasan barat I-10. Tucson Barat merangkumi tebing Sungai Santa Cruz dan kaki Gunung Tucson, dan termasuk Muzium Hidupan Liar Antarabangsa, Sentinel Peak, dan Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa, yang terletak di kawasan kaya yang dikenali sebagai Starr Pass. Melangkah melepasi Tucson Mountains, pelancong mendapati diri mereka di kawasan yang biasa disebut sebagai \"barat\" Tucson atau \"Old West Tucson\". Dataran beralun besar yang meluas ke selatan ke Altar Valley, pembangunan kediaman luar bandar mendominasi, tetapi di sini anda juga akan menemui tarikan-tarikan utama termasuk Taman Negara Saguaro, Arizona Desert Museum, dan taman filem / taman filem Old Tucson Studios. <> Apa antara negeri barat adalah barat? || I-10 <> Apa nama filem yang ditetapkan di Old West Tuscon? || Old Tucson Studios <> Apa nama taman negara di Old West Tuscon? || Saguaro National Park West <> Apa muzium di Old West Tuscon? || Muzium Gurun Arizona-Sonora <> The Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa terletak di mana? || Starr Pass <> Apa bahagian Tucson dianggap sebagai West Side? || kawasan barat I-10 <> Muzium apa yang ada di Tucson Barat? || Muzium Hidupan Liar Antarabangsa <> Apa gunanya di Tucson Barat? || Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa <> Apa kejiranan ialah Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa di? || Starr Pass <> Taman tema apa yang ada di Old Tucson Barat? || Old Tucson Studios", {"context": "A combination of urban and suburban development, the West Side is generally defined as the area west of I-10. Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the Tucson Mountains, and includes the International Wildlife Museum, Sentinel Peak, and the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa, located in the wealthy enclave known as Starr Pass. Moving past the Tucson Mountains, travelers find themselves in the area commonly referred to as \"west of\" Tucson or \"Old West Tucson\". A large undulating plain extending south into the Altar Valley, rural residential development predominates, but here you will also find major attractions including Saguaro National Park West, the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, and the Old Tucson Studios movie set/theme park.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "I-10"}], "question": "What interstate is the West side west of? ", "id": "573013ad947a6a140053d066"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "Old Tucson Studios"}], "question": "What is the name of the movie set in Old West Tuscon?", "id": "573013ad947a6a140053d067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "Saguaro National Park West"}], "question": "What is the name of the national park in Old West Tuscon?", "id": "573013ad947a6a140053d068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum"}], "question": "What is the museum in Old West Tuscon? ", "id": "573013ad947a6a140053d069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Starr Pass"}], "question": "The Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa is located where?", "id": "573013ad947a6a140053d06a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "the area west of I-10"}], "question": "What part of Tucson is considered the West Side?", "id": "573426bed058e614000b6a16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "International Wildlife Museum"}], "question": "What museum is in Western Tucson?", "id": "573426bed058e614000b6a17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa"}], "question": "What resort is in Western Tucson?", "id": "573426bed058e614000b6a18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Starr Pass"}], "question": "What neighborhood is the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa in?", "id": "573426bed058e614000b6a19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "Old Tucson Studios"}], "question": "What theme park is in Old West Tucson?", "id": "573426bed058e614000b6a1a"}]}], ["Taman terbesar Tucson, Reid Park, terletak di tengah-tengah kota dan termasuk Reid Park Zoo dan Hi Corbett Field. Speedway Boulevard, jalan arteri timur-barat utama di pusat Tucson, dinamakan \"jalan paling buruk di Amerika\" oleh majalah Life pada awal tahun 1970-an, memetik Datuk Bandar Tucson, James Corbett. Walaupun demikian, Speedway Boulevard telah dianugerahi \"Jalan Terbaik Tahun\" oleh Arizona Highways pada akhir 1990-an. Menurut David Leighton, penulis sejarah untuk akhbar Arizona Daily Star, Speedway Boulevard mengambil namanya dari litar kuda lama, yang dikenali sebagai \"The Harlem River Speedway,\" yang lebih sering disebut \"The Speedway,\" di New York City. Jalan itu dipanggil \"The Speedway,\" dari 1904 hingga kira-kira 1906 sebelum perkataan \"The\" telah diambil. <> Apa itu Taman Terbesar Tuscon? || Reid Park <> Apa yang pernah dinamakan \"jalan yang paling buruk di Amerika\" oleh majalah Life? || Speedway Boulevard <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Datuk Bandar dalam memanggil Speedway Boulevard \"jalan paling jelek di Amerika? || James Corbett <> Akhbar mana yang dilakukan David Leighton untuk kerja? || Daily Daily Star <> Apa bandar Harlem River Speedway? | Reid Park <> Apa bidang sukan di Reid Park? || Hi Corbett Field <> Kebun binatang apa yang ada di Reid Park? || Reid Park Zoo <> Apa itu \"jalan paling hambar di Amerika\" pada tahun 1970? || | Speedway Boulevard <> Apa yang Speedway Blvd dipanggil pada tahun 1990an? || \"Street of the Year\"", {"context": "Tucson's largest park, Reid Park, is located in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field. Speedway Boulevard, a major east-west arterial road in central Tucson, was named the \"ugliest street in America\" by Life magazine in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett. Despite this, Speedway Boulevard was awarded \"Street of the Year\" by Arizona Highways in the late 1990s. According to David Leighton, historical writer for the Arizona Daily Star newspaper, Speedway Boulevard derives its name from an old horse racetrack, known as \"The Harlem River Speedway,\" more commonly called \"The Speedway,\" in New York City. The street was called \"The Speedway,\" from 1904 to about 1906 before the word \"The\" was taken out.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Reid Park"}], "question": "What is Tuscon's largest Park?", "id": "57300588a23a5019007fcc55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Speedway Boulevard"}], "question": "What was once named the \"ugliest street in America\" by Life magazine?", "id": "57300588a23a5019007fcc56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "James Corbett"}], "question": "What mayor was quoted in calling Speedway Boulevard \"the ugliest street in America?", "id": "57300588a23a5019007fcc57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Arizona Daily Star"}], "question": "Which newspaper did David Leighton work for?", "id": "57300588a23a5019007fcc58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "What city is the Harlem River Speedway in?", "id": "57300588a23a5019007fcc59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Reid Park"}], "question": "What is Tucson's biggest park?", "id": "573423444776f41900661937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Hi Corbett Field"}], "question": "What sports field is in Reid Park?", "id": "573423444776f41900661938"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Reid Park Zoo"}], "question": "What zoo is in Reid Park?", "id": "573423444776f41900661939"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Speedway Boulevard"}], "question": "What was the \"ugliest street in America\" in the 1970s?", "id": "573423444776f4190066193a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "\"Street of the Year\""}], "question": "What was Speedway Blvd called in the 1990s?", "id": "573423444776f4190066193b"}]}], ["Kawasan luas di barat laut batas bandar adalah pelbagai, dari masyarakat pedalaman di Catalina dan sebahagian dari bandar Marana, pinggir bandar kecil Picture Rocks, bandaraya Lembah Oro yang makmur di kaki bukit barat Santa Catalina Mountains, dan kawasan kediaman di kaki bukit timur laut Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Gunung Dove (Marana), dan Rancho Vistoso (Lembah Oro) adalah semua komuniti terancang di Barat Laut, di mana beribu-ribu penduduk tinggal. <> Berapa ramai penduduk tinggal dalam komuniti yang dirancang secara induk? || beribu-ribu <> Bandar manakah yang Rancho Vistoso terletak? || Lembah Oro <> Pergunungan mana yang terletak di Lembah Oro? || Pergunungan Santa Catalina <> Bandar manakah anda akan menemui Gunung Dove dan Ladang Benua? || Marana <> Di mana Lembah Oro? || di kaki bukit barat Santa Catalina Mountains <> Di mana komuniti Ranch Merancang merancang? || Marana <> Di manakah masyarakat Dove Mountain yang dirancang? || Marana <> Di mana Rancho Vistoso merancang komuniti? || Oro Valley <> Arah yang mana dari Tucson adalah Gambar Rocks? || Barat laut", {"context": "The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Dove Mountain (Marana), and Rancho Vistoso (Oro Valley) are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest, where thousands of residents live.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "thousands"}], "question": "How many residents live in the master-planned communities?", "id": "57301a30b2c2fd140056886d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Oro Valley"}], "question": "Which town is Rancho Vistoso located?", "id": "57301a30b2c2fd140056886f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Santa Catalina Mountains"}], "question": "What mountains is Oro Valley next to?", "id": "57301a30b2c2fd140056886e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Marana"}], "question": "Which town would you find Dove Mountain and Continental Ranch?", "id": "57301a30b2c2fd1400568870"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains"}], "question": "Where is Oro Valley?", "id": "573428b44776f419006619c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Marana"}], "question": "Where is the Continental Ranch planned community?", "id": "573428b44776f419006619ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Marana"}], "question": "Where is the Dove Mountain planned community?", "id": "573428b44776f419006619cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Oro Valley"}], "question": "Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community?", "id": "573428b44776f419006619cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "northwest"}], "question": "Which direction from Tucson is Picture Rocks?", "id": "573428b44776f419006619cd"}]}], ["Sebagai salah satu bahagian bandar tertua, Central Tucson adalah berlabuh oleh pusat membeli-belah Broadway Village yang direka oleh arkitek tempatan, Josias Joesler di persimpangan Broadway Boulevard dan Country Club Road. Daerah Beli-belah 4th Avenue antara pusat bandar dan Universiti dan Lost Barrio hanya Timur di pusat bandar, juga mempunyai banyak kedai yang unik dan popular. Perniagaan runcit tempatan di Tucson Tengah sangat tertumpu di Fourth Avenue dan Main Gate Square di Universiti Boulevard berhampiran kampus UA. El Con Mall juga terletak di bahagian timur tengah. <> Arkitek manakah yang merancang Pusat Membeli-belah Broadway Village? || Josias Joesler <> Bahagian mana yang terletak di Tuscon adalah pusat membeli-belah Broadway Village? || Central <> Apa mall terletak di tengah bandar? || El Con Mall <> Siapa yang merancang pusat membeli-belah Broadway Village? || Josias Joesler <> Di mana pusat membeli-belah Broadway Village? || di persimpangan Broadway Boulevard dan Country Club Road <> Di mana Lost Barrio? || hanya Timur pusat bandar <> Di mana El Con Mall? || di bahagian timur tengah <> Di mana Daerah Beli-belah 4th Avenue? || antara pusat bandar dan Universiti", {"context": "As one of the oldest parts of town, Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center designed by local architect Josias Joesler at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road. The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown and the University and the Lost Barrio just East of downtown, also have many unique and popular stores. Local retail business in Central Tucson is densely concentrated along Fourth Avenue and the Main Gate Square on University Boulevard near the UA campus. The El Con Mall is also located in the eastern part of midtown.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Josias Joesler"}], "question": "Which architect designed the Broadway Village shopping Center?", "id": "573003ad04bcaa1900d7700b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Central"}], "question": "Which part of Tuscon is Broadway Village shopping center located in?", "id": "573003ad04bcaa1900d7700c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "El Con Mall"}], "question": "What mall is located in midtown?", "id": "573003ad04bcaa1900d7700d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Josias Joesler"}], "question": "Who designed the Broadway Village shopping center?", "id": "573422f0d058e614000b69c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road"}], "question": "Where is Broadway Village shopping center?", "id": "573422f0d058e614000b69c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "just East of downtown"}], "question": "Where is the Lost Barrio?", "id": "573422f0d058e614000b69c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "in the eastern part of midtown"}], "question": "Where is the El Con Mall?", "id": "573422f0d058e614000b69c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "between downtown and the University"}], "question": "Where is the 4th Avenue Shopping District?", "id": "573422f0d058e614000b69ca"}]}], ["Tucson Timur agak baru berbanding bahagian lain di bandar ini, yang dibangun antara tahun 1950-an dan 1970-an, [rujukan?] Dengan pembangunan seperti Taman Desert Palms. Ia umumnya diklasifikasikan sebagai kawasan bandar timur Swan Road, dengan nilai-nilai harta tanah di atas rata-rata berbanding dengan seluruh bandar. Kawasan ini termasuk pembangunan bandar dan pinggir bandar berhampiran Pergunungan Rincon. Tucson Timur merangkumi Taman Negara Saguaro Timur. \"Row Restaurant\" Tucson juga terletak di sebelah timur, bersama dengan kehadiran korporat dan kewangan yang ketara. Row restoran diapit oleh tiga kawasan kejiranan Tucson: Harold Bell Wright Estates, dinamakan sempena peternakan penulis terkenal yang menduduki beberapa kawasan sebelum kemurungan; Tucson Country Club (yang ketiga menanggung nama Tucson Country Club), dan Dorado Country Club. Bangunan pejabat terbesar Tucson adalah 5151 East Broadway di timur Tucson, siap pada tahun 1975. Fasa pertama Williams Center, pembangunan bercampur, yang dirancang secara terancang di Broadway berhampiran Craycroft Road, dibuka pada tahun 1987. Park Place, sebuah pusat membeli-belah yang baru diubahsuai pusat, juga terletak di sepanjang Broadway (sebelah barat jalan Wilmot). <> Taman apa yang dibangun antara tahun 1950-an dan 1970-an? || Taman Desert Palms <> Taman apa di East Tuscon? || Taman Negara Saguaro Timur <> Kawasan mana yang dinamai oleh peternakan terkenal? || Harold Bell Wright Estates <> Tahun berapa bangunan pejabat Tuscon yang terbesar? || 1975 <> Apa pusat membeli-belah terletak di sepanjang Broadway? || Park Place <> Apa bahagian Tucson adalah Taman Negara Saguaro Timur di? || Timur <> Kapan Timur Tucson berkembang? || antara tahun 1950-an dan 1970-an <> Apakah sempadan Tucson Timur? || Jalan Swan <> Apa bangunan pejabat terbesar di Tucson? || 5151 East Broadway <> Di mana Park Place? || sepanjang Broadway (sebelah barat Jalan Wilmot)", {"context": "East Tucson is relatively new compared to other parts of the city, developed between the 1950s and the 1970s,[citation needed] with developments such as Desert Palms Park. It is generally classified as the area of the city east of Swan Road, with above-average real estate values relative to the rest of the city. The area includes urban and suburban development near the Rincon Mountains. East Tucson includes Saguaro National Park East. Tucson's \"Restaurant Row\" is also located on the east side, along with a significant corporate and financial presence. Restaurant Row is sandwiched by three of Tucson's storied Neighborhoods: Harold Bell Wright Estates, named after the famous author's ranch which occupied some of that area prior to the depression; the Tucson Country Club (the third to bear the name Tucson Country Club), and the Dorado Country Club. Tucson's largest office building is 5151 East Broadway in east Tucson, completed in 1975. The first phases of Williams Centre, a mixed-use, master-planned development on Broadway near Craycroft Road, were opened in 1987. Park Place, a recently renovated shopping center, is also located along Broadway (west of Wilmot Road).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Desert Palms Park"}], "question": "What park was developed between the 1950's and 1970's?", "id": "57301c8ea23a5019007fcd93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Saguaro National Park East"}], "question": "What park is in East Tuscon?", "id": "57301c8ea23a5019007fcd94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "Harold Bell Wright Estates"}], "question": "Which estates were named after a ranch of a famous author?", "id": "57301c8ea23a5019007fcd95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 942, "text": "1975"}], "question": "What year was Tuscon's largest office building built?", "id": "57301c8ea23a5019007fcd96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1079, "text": "Park Place"}], "question": "What shopping center is located along Broadway?", "id": "57301c8ea23a5019007fcd97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "East"}], "question": "What part of Tucson is Saguaro National Park East in?", "id": "57342ca74776f41900661a03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "between the 1950s and the 1970s"}], "question": "When was East Tucson developed?", "id": "57342ca74776f41900661a04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Swan Road"}], "question": "What is the boundary of East Tucson?", "id": "57342ca74776f41900661a05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 894, "text": "5151 East Broadway"}], "question": "What is the biggest office building in Tucson?", "id": "57342ca74776f41900661a06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1145, "text": "along Broadway (west of Wilmot Road)"}], "question": "Where is Park Place?", "id": "57342ca74776f41900661a07"}]}], ["Juga di sebelah utara adalah komuniti pinggiran Catalina Foothills, yang terletak di kaki bukit Santa Catalina Mountains di utara batas kota. Masyarakat ini termasuk di antara rumah paling mahal di kawasan ini, kadang-kadang ladang berjuta-juta dolar. Kawasan Foothills umumnya ditakrifkan sebagai utara Jalan Sungai, timur Oracle Road, dan barat Sabino Creek. Beberapa resort utama di kawasan Tucson terletak di Catalina Foothills, termasuk Hacienda Del Sol, Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort dan Canyon Ranch Resort. La Encantada, sebuah pusat beli-belah luar kelas atas, juga terdapat di Foothills. <> Apa yang berlaku di Barat? || Sabino Creek <> Di mana beberapa resort utama Tuscon? || Catalina Foothills <> Apa itu La Encantada? || pusat membeli-belah luar kelas atas <> Apa yang ada di timur? || Oracle Road <> Apakah komuniti di utara bandar Tucson? || Catalina Foothills <> Di manakah rumah paling mahal di kawasan metro Tucson? || Catalina Foothills <> Apa pinggir selatan kawasan Catalina Foothills? || Jalan Sungai <> Pusat membeli-belah apa yang ada di Catalina Foothills? || La Encantada <> Resort besar mana yang ada di Catalina Foothills? || Hacienda Del Sol, Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort dan Canyon Ranch Resort", {"context": "Also on the north side is the suburban community of Catalina Foothills, located in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains just north of the city limits. This community includes among the area's most expensive homes, sometimes multimillion-dollar estates. The Foothills area is generally defined as north of River Road, east of Oracle Road, and west of Sabino Creek. Some of the Tucson area's major resorts are located in the Catalina Foothills, including the Hacienda Del Sol, Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort. La Encantada, an upscale outdoor shopping mall, is also in the Foothills.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Sabino Creek"}], "question": "What is the Foothills west of?", "id": "5730187d947a6a140053d0d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Catalina Foothills"}], "question": "Where are some of the major resorts of Tuscon?", "id": "5730187d947a6a140053d0d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "upscale outdoor shopping mall"}], "question": "What is La Encantada?", "id": "5730187d947a6a140053d0d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Oracle Road"}], "question": "What is the Foothills east of?", "id": "5730187d947a6a140053d0d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Catalina Foothills"}], "question": "What community is north of Tucson's city limits?", "id": "573428154776f419006619b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Catalina Foothills"}], "question": "Where are the most expensive homes in the Tucson metro area?", "id": "573428154776f419006619b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "River Road"}], "question": "What is the southern edge of the Catalina Foothills area?", "id": "573428154776f419006619b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "La Encantada"}], "question": "What outdoor mall is in Catalina Foothills?", "id": "573428154776f419006619b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Hacienda Del Sol, Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort"}], "question": "Which big resorts are in Catalina Foothills?", "id": "573428154776f419006619b9"}]}], ["Pada Sentinel Peak (juga dikenali sebagai \"'A' Mountain\"), di sebelah barat pusat bandar, terdapat sebuah \"A\" raksasa untuk menghormati University of Arizona. Bermula pada sekitar tahun 1916, satu tradisi tahunan yang dibangunkan untuk kaum baru untuk mencerahkan \"A\", yang kelihatan untuk batu. Walau bagaimanapun, pada permulaan Perang Iraq, aktivis anti-perang melukisnya hitam. Ini diikuti oleh skandal cat di mana \"A\" dicat pelbagai warna sehingga majlis bandar campur tangan. Ia kini berwarna merah, putih dan biru kecuali apabila warna putih atau warna lain diputuskan oleh pilihan raya dwitahunan. Kerana skema cat tiga warna yang sering digunakan, bentuk A dapat samar-samar dan tidak dapat dibezakan dari seluruh puncaknya. Bahagian atas Sentinel Peak, yang dapat diakses melalui jalan raya, menawarkan pemandangan indah kota yang menghadap ke arah timur. Tempat letak kereta yang terletak berhampiran dengan puncak Sentinel Peak adalah tempat yang popular untuk menonton matahari terbenam atau melihat lampu bandar pada waktu malam. <> Apa lagi yang Sentinel Peak juga dikenali sebagai? || 'A' Mountain <> Apa surat bandar gergasi untuk menghormati? || University of Arizona <> Tahun berapa tradisi orang baru mencuci \"A\" bermula? || 1916 <> semasa perang Iraq, warna apa yang dilakukan oleh aktivis anti-perang \"A\"? || hitam <> Siapa yang campur tangan apabila \"A\" dicat pelbagai warna? || bandar majlis <> Mengapa terdapat surat gergasi A di gunung Tucson? || untuk menghormati University of Arizona <> Di mana terdapat surat gergasi A di gunung Tucson? || Pada Sentinel Peak (juga dikenali sebagai \"'A' Gunung\"), di sebelah barat pusat bandar <> Warna apa yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa sekolah baru A? || putih <> Warna apa yang dilakukan oleh penunjuk perasaan Iraq melukis A? || hitam <> Bagaimana Majlis Bandaraya memutuskan untuk melukis A? || merah, putih dan biru", {"context": "On Sentinel Peak (also known as \"'A' Mountain\"), just west of downtown, there is a giant \"A\" in honor of the University of Arizona. Starting in about 1916, a yearly tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash the \"A\", which was visible for miles. However, at the beginning of the Iraq War, anti-war activists painted it black. This was followed by a paint scuffle where the \"A\" was painted various colors until the city council intervened. It is now red, white and blue except when it is white or another color decided by a biennial election. Because of the three-color paint scheme often used, the shape of the A can be vague and indistinguishable from the rest of the peak. The top of Sentinel Peak, which is accessible by road, offers an outstanding scenic view of the city looking eastward. A parking lot located near the summit of Sentinel Peak was formerly a popular place to watch sunsets or view the city lights at night.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "'A' Mountain"}], "question": "What else is Sentinel Peak also known as?", "id": "57301702b2c2fd1400568845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "University of Arizona"}], "question": "What is the giant letter downtown in honor of?", "id": "57301702b2c2fd1400568846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "1916"}], "question": "What year did the tradition of freshmen whitewashing the \"A\" begin?", "id": "57301702b2c2fd1400568847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "black"}], "question": "during the Iraq war, what color did anti-war activists paint the \"A\"?", "id": "57301702b2c2fd1400568848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "city council"}], "question": "Who intervened when the \"A\" was painted various colors?", "id": "57301702b2c2fd1400568849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "in honor of the University of Arizona"}], "question": "Why is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain?", "id": "573427834776f4190066199b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "On Sentinel Peak (also known as \"'A' Mountain\"), just west of downtown"}], "question": "Where is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain?", "id": "573427834776f4190066199c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "white"}], "question": "What color did college freshmen paint the A?", "id": "573427834776f4190066199d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "black"}], "question": "What color did Iraq War protesters paint the A?", "id": "573427834776f4190066199e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "red, white and blue"}], "question": "How did City Council decide to paint the A?", "id": "573427834776f4190066199f"}]}], ["Sehingga banci 2010, terdapat 520,116 orang, 229,762 isi rumah, dan 112,455 keluarga yang tinggal di bandar. Kepadatan penduduk adalah 2,500.1 penduduk per mil persegi (965.3 / km\u00b2). Terdapat 209,609 unit rumah pada ketumpatan purata 1,076.7 satu persegi persegi (415.7 / km\u00b2). Ucapan perkauman dari bandar adalah 69.7% Putih (turun dari 94.8% pada tahun 1970), 5.0% Hitam atau Afrika-Amerika, 2.7% Orang Asli Amerika, 2.9% Asia, 0.2% Pulau Pasifik, 16.9% daripada kaum lain dan 3.8% dari dua atau lebih kaum. Hispanik atau Latino mana-mana kaum adalah 41.6% daripada penduduk. Orang bukan Hispanik adalah 47.2% daripada penduduk pada tahun 2010, turun dari 72.8% pada tahun 1970. <> Berapa banyak rumah tangga di Tucson pada tahun 2010? || 229,762 <> Berapa banyak keluarga di Tucson pada 2010? || 112,455 <> Berapa banyak penduduk di Tucson pada 2010? || 520,116 <> Berapa ramai orang setiap batu persegi ada di Tucson? || 2,500.1 <> Berapa banyak Tucson adalah orang kulit putih yang tidak datang pada tahun 1970? || 72.8%", {"context": "As of the census of 2010, there were 520,116 people, 229,762 households, and 112,455 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,500.1 inhabitants per square mile (965.3/km\u00b2). There were 209,609 housing units at an average density of 1,076.7 per square mile (415.7/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 69.7% White (down from 94.8% in 1970), 5.0% Black or African-American, 2.7% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 16.9% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 41.6% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 47.2% of the population in 2010, down from 72.8% in 1970.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "229,762"}], "question": "How many households are there in Tucson as of 2010?", "id": "573435354776f41900661a81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "112,455"}], "question": "How many families are there in Tucson as of 2010?", "id": "573435354776f41900661a82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "520,116"}], "question": "How many residents are there in Tucson as of 2010?", "id": "573435354776f41900661a83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "2,500.1"}], "question": "How many people per square mile are there in Tucson?", "id": "573435354776f41900661a84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "72.8%"}], "question": "How much of Tucson was non-Hispanic Whites in 1970?", "id": "573435354776f41900661a85"}]}], ["Kebanyakan pembangunan ekonomi Tucson telah berpusat pada pembangunan Universiti Arizona, yang kini menjadi majikan kedua terbesar di bandar ini. Pangkalan Tentera Udara Davis-Monthan, yang terletak di pinggir tenggara bandar, juga menyediakan banyak pekerjaan untuk penduduk Tucson. Kehadirannya, serta kehadiran Pusat Perisikan Angkatan Darat AS (Fort Huachuca, majikan terbesar di rantau ini di Sierra Vista yang berdekatan), telah membawa kepada pembangunan sejumlah besar industri berteknologi tinggi, termasuk kontraktor kerajaan, dalam kawasan. Bandar Tucson juga merupakan hab utama untuk Laluan Matahari Terbenam Union Pacific Railroad yang menghubungkan pelabuhan Los Angeles dengan kawasan Selatan / Tenggara di negara ini. <> Apa majikan kedua terbesar di Tucson? || University of Arizona <> Dimana Pusat Perisikan Angkatan Darat AS? || Sierra Vista <> Apa laluan kereta api melalui Tucson? || Laluan Matahari Terbenam Union Pacific Railroad <> Di manakah Laluan Matahari Berjalan menyambung ke pantai barat? || Pelabuhan Los Angeles", {"context": "Much of Tucson's economic development has been centered on the development of the University of Arizona, which is currently the second largest employer in the city. Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, located on the southeastern edge of the city, also provides many jobs for Tucson residents. Its presence, as well as the presence of the US Army Intelligence Center (Fort Huachuca, the largest employer in the region in nearby Sierra Vista), has led to the development of a significant number of high-tech industries, including government contractors, in the area. The city of Tucson is also a major hub for the Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route that links the Los Angeles ports with the South/Southeast regions of the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "University of Arizona"}], "question": "What is the second-largest employer in Tucson?", "id": "573435f44776f41900661a8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Sierra Vista"}], "question": "Where is the US Army Intelligence Center?", "id": "573435f44776f41900661a8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route"}], "question": "What railroad route passes through Tucson?", "id": "573435f44776f41900661a8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "Los Angeles ports"}], "question": "Where does the Sunset Route connect to the west coast?", "id": "573435f44776f41900661a8e"}]}], ["Di lapangan terbang, di mana rekod disimpan sejak 1930, suhu maksimum rekod adalah 117 \u00b0 F (47 \u00b0 C) pada 26 Jun 1990, dan suhu rekod minimum ialah 16 \u00b0 F (-9 \u00b0 C) pada 4 Januari, 1949. Terdapat purata 145.0 hari setiap tahun dengan tinggi 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) atau lebih tinggi dan purata 16.9 hari dengan tahap rendah yang mencapai atau di bawah tanda beku. Pemendakan yang terukur jatuh pada purata 53 hari. Tahun paling rendah ialah 1983 dengan 21.86 dalam (555 mm) hujan, dan tahun yang paling kering ialah 1953 dengan 5.34 dalam (136 mm). Hujan yang paling banyak dalam satu bulan ialah 7.93 dalam (201 mm) pada bulan Ogos 1955. Hujan yang paling banyak dalam 24 jam ialah 3.93 dalam (100 mm) pada 29 Julai 1958. Salji di lapangan terbang purata hanya 1.1 dalam (2.8 cm) setiap tahun. Salji yang paling banyak diterima dalam satu tahun ialah 8.3 dalam (21 cm) dan salji yang paling dalam satu bulan adalah 6.8 dalam (17 cm) pada bulan Disember 1971. <> Dalam bulan berapa Tucson mendapat hujan yang paling? || Ogos 1955 <> Bilakah Tucson mendapat hujan paling banyak dalam 24 jam? || 29 Julai 1958 <> Dalam bulan berapa Tucson mendapat salji yang paling? || Disember 1971 <> Pada tahun apakah Tucson mendapat hujan yang paling banyak? || 1983 <> Pada tahun apakah Tucson mendapat hujan yang paling sedikit? || 1953", {"context": "At the airport, where records have been kept since 1930, the record maximum temperature was 117 \u00b0F (47 \u00b0C) on June 26, 1990, and the record minimum temperature was 16 \u00b0F (\u22129 \u00b0C) on January 4, 1949. There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark. Measurable precipitation falls on an average of 53 days. The wettest year was 1983 with 21.86 in (555 mm) of precipitation, and the driest year was 1953 with 5.34 in (136 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 7.93 in (201 mm) in August 1955. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 3.93 in (100 mm) on July 29, 1958. Snow at the airport averages only 1.1 in (2.8 cm) annually. The most snow received in one year was 8.3 in (21 cm) and the most snow in one month was 6.8 in (17 cm) in December 1971.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "August 1955"}], "question": "In what month did Tucson get the most rain?", "id": "573434c54776f41900661a77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "July 29, 1958"}], "question": "When did Tucson get the most rain in 24 hours?", "id": "573434c54776f41900661a78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "December 1971"}], "question": "In what month did Tucson get the most snow?", "id": "573434c54776f41900661a79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "1983"}], "question": "In what year did Tucson get the most rain?", "id": "573434c54776f41900661a7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "1953"}], "question": "In what year did Tucson get the least rain?", "id": "573434c54776f41900661a7b"}]}], ["Di Universiti Arizona, di mana rekod disimpan sejak tahun 1894, suhu maksimum rekod ialah 115 \u00b0 F (46 \u00b0 C) pada 19 Jun 1960 dan 28 Julai 1995 dan suhu minimum rekod ialah 6 \u00b0 F (- 14 \u00b0 C) pada 7 Januari 1913. Terdapat purata 150.1 hari setiap tahun dengan tinggi 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) atau lebih tinggi dan purata 26.4 hari dengan tahap rendah mencapai atau di bawah tanda beku. Curah hujan tahunan purata ialah 11.15 dalam (283 mm). Terdapat purata 49 hari dengan hujan terukur. Tahun paling rendah ialah 1905 dengan 24.17 dalam (614 mm) dan tahun paling kering ialah 1924 dengan 5.07 dalam (129 mm). Sebahagian besar hujan dalam satu bulan adalah 7.56 pada (192 mm) pada bulan Julai 1984. Yang paling curah hujan dalam 24 jam ialah 4.16 dalam (106 mm) pada 1 Oktober 1983. Purata salji tahunan purata 0.7 dalam (1.8 cm). Salji yang paling dalam satu tahun adalah 7.2 dalam (18 cm) pada tahun 1987. Salji yang paling dalam satu bulan adalah 6.0 dalam (15 cm) pada bulan Januari 1898 dan Mac 1922. <> Pada dua kesempatan apakah rekod Tucson tinggi? || 19 Jun 1960, dan 28 Julai 1995 <> Apakah rekod Tucson tinggi? || 115 \u00b0 F (46 \u00b0 C) <> Apakah rekod Tucson rendah? || 6 \u00b0 F (-14 \u00b0 C) <> Bilakah rekod Tucson rendah? || 7 Januari 1913 <> Apakah tahun terbenam Tucson? || 1905", {"context": "At the University of Arizona, where records have been kept since 1894, the record maximum temperature was 115 \u00b0F (46 \u00b0C) on June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995, and the record minimum temperature was 6 \u00b0F (\u221214 \u00b0C) on January 7, 1913. There are an average of 150.1 days annually with highs of 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) or higher and an average of 26.4 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark. Average annual precipitation is 11.15 in (283 mm). There is an average of 49 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1905 with 24.17 in (614 mm) and the driest year was 1924 with 5.07 in (129 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 7.56 in (192 mm) in July 1984. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 4.16 in (106 mm) on October 1, 1983. Annual snowfall averages 0.7 in (1.8 cm). The most snow in one year was 7.2 in (18 cm) in 1987. The most snow in one month was 6.0 in (15 cm) in January 1898 and March 1922.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995"}], "question": "On what two occasions was Tucson's record high?", "id": "5734346a4776f41900661a6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "115 \u00b0F (46 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What was Tucson's record high?", "id": "5734346a4776f41900661a6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "6 \u00b0F (\u221214 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What was Tucson's record low?", "id": "5734346a4776f41900661a6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "January 7, 1913"}], "question": "When was Tucson's record low?", "id": "5734346a4776f41900661a70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "1905"}], "question": "What was Tucson's wettest year?", "id": "5734346a4776f41900661a71"}]}], ["Musim sejuk di Tucson adalah relatif ringan ke bahagian lain di Amerika Syarikat. Hari siang pada musim sejuk antara 64 dan 75 \u00b0 F (18 dan 24 \u00b0 C), dengan paras terendah antara 30 dan 44 \u00b0 F (-1 dan 7 \u00b0 C). Tucson lazimnya membezakan satu pembekuan keras setiap musim musim sejuk, dengan suhu mencelup ke pertengahan atau rendah 20-an (-7 hingga -4 \u00b0 C), tetapi biasanya terhad kepada hanya beberapa malam. Walaupun jarang, salji telah diketahui jatuh di Tucson, biasanya debu cahaya yang mencair dalam sehari. Salji yang paling baru-baru ini adalah pada 20 Februari 2013 apabila salji 2.0 inci salji menyelubungi bandar, salji yang terbesar sejak tahun 1987. <> Apakah suhu musim sejuk biasa Tucson yang biasa? || antara 64 dan 75 \u00b0 F (18 dan 24 \u00b0 C) <> Apakah suhu musim sejuk khas Tucson yang rendah? || antara 30 dan 44 \u00b0 F (-1 dan 7 \u00b0 C) <> Apa suhu beku keras Tucson dip? || pertengahan atau rendah 20-an (-7 hingga -4 \u00b0 C) <> Berapa banyak salji yang dilakukan oleh Tucson pada 20 Feb 2013? || 2.0 inci <> Apabila Tucson terakhir mempunyai salji sebanyak 2013? || 1987", {"context": "Winters in Tucson are mild relative to other parts of the United States. Daytime highs in the winter range between 64 and 75 \u00b0F (18 and 24 \u00b0C), with overnight lows between 30 and 44 \u00b0F (\u22121 and 7 \u00b0C). Tucson typically averages one hard freeze per winter season, with temperatures dipping to the mid or low-20s (\u22127 to \u22124 \u00b0C), but this is typically limited to only a very few nights. Although rare, snow has been known to fall in Tucson, usually a light dusting that melts within a day. The most recent snowfall was on February 20, 2013 when 2.0 inches of snow blanketed the city, the largest snowfall since 1987.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "between 64 and 75 \u00b0F (18 and 24 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What are Tucson's typical winter high temperatures?", "id": "573434054776f41900661a63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "between 30 and 44 \u00b0F (\u22121 and 7 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What are Tucson's typical winter low temperatures?", "id": "573434054776f41900661a64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "the mid or low-20s (\u22127 to \u22124 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What do Tucson's hard freeze temperatures dip to?", "id": "573434054776f41900661a65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "2.0 inches"}], "question": "How much snow did Tucson get on Feb 20, 2013?", "id": "573434054776f41900661a66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When had Tucson last had as much snow as 2013?", "id": "573434054776f41900661a67"}]}], ["Tucson mempunyai iklim padang pasir (K\u00f6ppen BWh), dengan dua musim utama, musim panas dan musim sejuk; ditambah tiga musim kecil: jatuh, musim bunga, dan musim monsun. Tucson purata 11.8 inci (299.7 mm) curah hujan setiap tahun, lebih daripada kebanyakan lokasi lain dengan iklim padang pasir, tetapi masih layak kerana evapotranspirasi yang tinggi; dengan kata lain, ia mengalami kehilangan air bersih yang tinggi. Senario yang sama dilihat di Alice Springs, Australia, yang purata 11 inci (279.4 mm) setahun, tetapi mempunyai iklim padang pasir. <> Apakah jenis iklim Tuscon? || gurun <> Apa bandar lain yang serupa dengan Tuscon dalam hujan dan iklim? || Alice Springs <> Apakah jumlah purata hujan tahunan di Tuscon dalam inci? || 11.8 <> Apa Tuscon mempunyai lebih daripada iklim padang pasir? || hujan <> Apakah Tuscon mempunyai kehilangan bersih yang tinggi? || air <> Apakah jenis iklim Tucson? || padang pasir <> Berapa banyak hujan yang Tucson mendapat setiap tahun? || 11.8 inci (299.7 mm) <> Apakah evapotranspirasi? || kehilangan air bersih <> Bandar manakah Australia yang mempunyai iklim yang sama seperti Tucson? || Alice Springs> Adakah Alice Springs hujan yang turun? || 11 inci (279.4 mm)", {"context": "Tucson has a desert climate (K\u00f6ppen BWh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; in other words, it experiences a high net loss of water. A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs, Australia, which averages 11 inches (279.4 mm) a year, but has a desert climate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "desert"}], "question": "What kind of climate is Tuscon?", "id": "5730396404bcaa1900d773bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Alice Springs"}], "question": "What other city is similar to Tuscon in precipitation and climate?", "id": "5730396404bcaa1900d773bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "11.8"}], "question": "What is the average amount of  yearly precipitation in Tuscon in inches?", "id": "5730396404bcaa1900d773bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "precipitation"}], "question": "What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates?", "id": "5730396404bcaa1900d773be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "water"}], "question": "What does Tuscon have a high net loss of?", "id": "5730396404bcaa1900d773bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "desert"}], "question": "What is Tucson's climate type?", "id": "57343294d058e614000b6af4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "11.8 inches (299.7 mm)"}], "question": "How much rain does Tucson get each year?", "id": "57343294d058e614000b6af5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "net loss of water"}], "question": "What is evapotranspiration?", "id": "57343294d058e614000b6af6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Alice Springs"}], "question": "Which Australian town has a similar climate as Tucson?", "id": "57343294d058e614000b6af7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "11 inches (279.4 mm)"}], "question": "What is Alice Springs's average rainfall?", "id": "57343294d058e614000b6af8"}]}], ["Lebuh raya Catalina membentang 25 batu (40 km) dan seluruh gunung adalah salah satu tempat percutian yang paling popular di Tucson untuk berbasikal, mendaki gunung, memanjat batu, berkhemah, berkayak, dan snowboarding musim sejuk dan ski. Berhampiran puncak Gunung Mt. Lemmon adalah bandar Summerhaven. Di Summerhaven, pelawat akan mendapati rumah balak dan kabin, kedai am, dan pelbagai kedai, serta pelbagai laluan mendaki. Berhampiran Summerhaven adalah jalan ke Ski Valley yang menjadi tuan rumah ski, beberapa larian, kedai bengkel, dan restoran berdekatan. <> Berapa batu adalah Lebuhraya Catalina? || 25 <> Kota mana yang berhampiran dengan puncak Gunung Mt. Lemmon? || Summerhaven <> Kawasan apa yang mempunyai lif ski? || Ski Valley <> Apa dua sukan musim sejuk yang akan anda lakukan di kawasan gunung? || snowboarding dan ski <> Berapa lamakah Catalina Highway? || 25 batu (40 km) <> Aktiviti apa yang popular di pergunungan Tucson? || berbasikal, mendaki, memanjat batu, berkhemah, berkayak, dan salji luncur musim sejuk dan bermain ski <> Di mana Summerhaven? || Berhampiran puncak Gunung Mt. Lemmon <> Apa itu Lembah Ski? || lif ski, beberapa larian, kedai bengkel dan restoran berdekatan <> Apa itu Summerhaven? || rumah balak dan kabin, kedai am, dan pelbagai kedai, serta pelbagai laluan mendaki", {"context": "Catalina Highway stretches 25 miles (40 km) and the entire mountain range is one of Tucson's most popular vacation spots for cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing. Near the top of Mt. Lemmon is the town of Summerhaven. In Summerhaven, visitors will find log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails. Near Summerhaven is the road to Ski Valley which hosts a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "25"}], "question": "How many miles is Catalina Highway?", "id": "5730257ea23a5019007fce66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Summerhaven"}], "question": "What town is near the top of Mt. Lemmon?", "id": "5730257ea23a5019007fce67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "Ski Valley"}], "question": "What area has a ski lift?", "id": "5730257ea23a5019007fce65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "snowboarding and skiing"}], "question": "What two winter sports would you do at the mountain range?", "id": "5730257ea23a5019007fce68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "25 miles (40 km)"}], "question": "How long is Catalina Highway?", "id": "5734323bd058e614000b6aea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing"}], "question": "What activities are popular in the mountains of Tucson?", "id": "5734323bd058e614000b6aeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Near the top of Mt. Lemmon"}], "question": "Where is Summerhaven?", "id": "5734323bd058e614000b6aec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant"}], "question": "What is in Ski Valley?", "id": "5734323bd058e614000b6aed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails"}], "question": "What is in Summerhaven?", "id": "5734323bd058e614000b6aee"}]}], ["Tucson Tenggara terus mengalami perkembangan kediaman yang pesat. Kawasan ini termasuk Pangkalan Angkatan Udara Davis-Monthan. Kawasan ini dianggap sebagai selatan Jalan Pautan Golf. Ia adalah rumah Sekolah Tinggi Santa Rita, Chuck Ford Park (Lakeside Park), Lakeside Lake, Lincoln Park (atas dan bawah), The Lakecrest Neighborhoods, dan Kolej Komuniti Komuniti Pima Timur. The Atterbury Wash dengan akses ke pemantauan burung yang sangat baik juga terletak di kawasan Tucson Tenggara. Komuniti pinggir kota Rita Ranch menempatkan banyak keluarga ketenteraan dari Davis-Monthan, dan berhampiran dengan perkembangan tenggara yang paling banyak dari batas kota saat ini. Dekat oleh Rita Ranch dan juga dalam batas bandar terletak Civano, pembangunan yang dirancang bertujuan mempamerkan amalan bangunan dan gaya hidup yang mesra alam. <> Di manakah tempat yang bagus untuk menonton burung di Tuscon Tenggara? || The Atterbury Wash <> Di mana banyak keluarga dari Pangkalan Angkatan Udara Davis-Monthan tinggal di? || Rita Ranch <> Rita Ranch juga mempunyai pembangunan yang dirancang yang disebut apa? || Civano <> Apa nama tasik di Tuscon Tenggara? || Lakeside Lake <> Apa nama Sekolah Tinggi di kawasan Tuscon Tenggara? || Sekolah Tinggi Santa Rita <> Pangkalan Tentera Udara apa yang ada di Tucson? || Pangkalan Udara Davis-Monthan <> Apakah nama alternatif Chuck Ford Park? || Lakeside Park <> Apa kolej komuniti di Tucson tenggara? || Kampus Timur Kolej Komuniti Pima <> Di mana banyak keluarga Angkatan Udara hidup? || Rita Ranch <> Apakah matlamat Civano? || mempamerkan amalan bangunan dan gaya hidup yang mesra alam", {"context": "Southeast Tucson continues to experience rapid residential development. The area includes Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The area is considered to be south of Golf Links Road. It is the home of Santa Rita High School, Chuck Ford Park (Lakeside Park), Lakeside Lake, Lincoln Park (upper and lower), The Lakecrest Neighborhoods, and Pima Community College East Campus. The Atterbury Wash with its access to excellent bird watching is also located in the Southeast Tucson area. The suburban community of Rita Ranch houses many of the military families from Davis-Monthan, and is near the southeastern-most expansion of the current city limits. Close by Rita Ranch and also within the city limits lies Civano, a planned development meant to showcase ecologically sound building practices and lifestyles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "The Atterbury Wash"}], "question": "Where is a great place to bird watch in Southeast Tuscon?", "id": "57302410947a6a140053d174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Rita Ranch"}], "question": "Where do a lot of the families from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base live at?", "id": "57302410947a6a140053d175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "Civano"}], "question": "Rita Ranch also has a planned development called what?", "id": "57302410947a6a140053d176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Lakeside Lake"}], "question": "What is the name of the lake in Southeast Tuscon?", "id": "57302410947a6a140053d177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Santa Rita High School"}], "question": "What is the name of the High School in the area of Southeast Tuscon?", "id": "57302410947a6a140053d178"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Davis-Monthan Air Force Base"}], "question": "What Air Force base is in Tucson?", "id": "573431a04776f41900661a45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Lakeside Park"}], "question": "What is the alternate name of Chuck Ford Park?", "id": "573431a04776f41900661a46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Pima Community College East Campus"}], "question": "What community college is in southeast Tucson?", "id": "573431a04776f41900661a47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Rita Ranch"}], "question": "Where do many Air Force families live?", "id": "573431a04776f41900661a48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "showcase ecologically sound building practices and lifestyles"}], "question": "What is the goal of Civano?", "id": "573431a04776f41900661a49"}]}], ["Berhampiran persimpangan Craycroft dan Ft. Jalan Lowell adalah sisa-sisa Kota Bersejarah Fort Lowell. Kawasan ini menjadi salah satu kawasan kejiranan ikonik Tucson. Pada tahun 1891, Fort telah ditinggalkan dan kebanyakan pedalaman telah dilucutkan komponen berguna mereka dan dengan cepat jatuh ke dalam kehancuran. Pada tahun 1900, tiga bangunan pegawai telah dibeli untuk digunakan sebagai sanitarium. Sanitarium itu kemudiannya dijual kepada Harvey Adkins pada tahun 1928. Keluarga Bolsius Pete, Nan dan Charles Bolsius membeli dan mengubahsuai bangunan adobe yang tinggal di Fort - mengubahnya menjadi contoh seni bina barat daya yang menakjubkan. Rawatan kayu mereka, rawatan plaster dan rasa proporsi menarik pada warisan Belanda mereka dan pengalaman Mexico Baru. Artis lain dan ahli akademik sepanjang pertengahan abad ke-20, termasuk: Win Ellis, Jack Maul, Madame Cheruy, Giorgio Belloli, Charels Bode, Veronica Hughart, Edward dan Rosamond Spicer, Hazel Larson Archer dan Ruth Brown, tinggal di kawasan itu. Koloni artis itu menarik para penulis dan penyair termasuk penunggang generasi Alan Harrington dan Jack Kerouac yang lawatannya didokumentasikan dalam buku ikonnya On the Road. Poket luar bandar di tengah-tengah bandar ini disenaraikan di Daftar Negara Tempat Bersejarah. Setiap tahun pada bulan Februari kejiranan meraikan sejarahnya di Landmark Bandar yang dimilikinya dan memulihkan San Pedro Chapel. <> Siapa yang membeli Sanitarium pada tahun 1928? || Harvey Adkins <> Tahun berapa tiga bangunan pegawai membeli dan digunakan untuk sanitarium? || 1900 <> Jack Kerouac menulis buku ikonik? || Di Jalanan <> Alan Harrington dianggap sebahagian daripada generasi apa? || menewaskan generasi <> Bulan manakah kejiranan meraikan sejarahnya di Landmark Bandar? || Februari <> Bilakah Fort Lowell ditutup? || 1891 <> Apa beberapa bangunan Fort Lowell dibeli untuk digunakan pada tahun 1900? || sanitarium <> Siapa yang membeli Fort Lowell sanitarium pada tahun 1928? || Harvey Adkins <> Yang mengubah bangunan adobe Fort Lowell? || Keluarga Bolsius Pete, Nan dan Charles Bolsius <> Dalam buku apa yang ditulis oleh Jack Kerouac tentang melawat Tucson? || Di Jalan", {"context": "Near the intersection of Craycroft and Ft. Lowell Roads are the remnants of the Historic Fort Lowell. This area has become one of Tucson's iconic neighborhoods. In 1891, the Fort was abandoned and much of the interior was stripped of their useful components and it quickly fell into ruin. In 1900, three of the officer buildings were purchased for use as a sanitarium. The sanitarium was then sold to Harvey Adkins in 1928. The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius purchased and renovated surviving adobe buildings of the Fort \u2013 transforming them into spectacular artistic southwestern architectural examples. Their woodwork, plaster treatment and sense of proportion drew on their Dutch heritage and New Mexican experience. Other artists and academics throughout the middle of the 20th century, including: Win Ellis, Jack Maul, Madame Cheruy, Giorgio Belloli, Charels Bode, Veronica Hughart, Edward and Rosamond Spicer, Hazel Larson Archer and Ruth Brown, renovated adobes, built homes and lived in the area. The artist colony attracted writers and poets including beat generation Alan Harrington and Jack Kerouac whose visit is documented in his iconic book On the Road. This rural pocket in the middle of the city is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Each year in February the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark it owns and restored the San Pedro Chapel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Harvey Adkins"}], "question": "Who bought The sanitarium in 1928?", "id": "57301e40a23a5019007fcdbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "1900"}], "question": "What year where three officer building bought and used for a sanitarium?", "id": "57301e40a23a5019007fcdbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1168, "text": "On the Road"}], "question": "Jack Kerouac authored what iconic book?", "id": "57301e40a23a5019007fcdbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1074, "text": "beat generation"}], "question": "Alan Harrington is considered part of what generation?", "id": "57301e40a23a5019007fcdbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1293, "text": "February"}], "question": "Which month does the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark?", "id": "57301e40a23a5019007fcdbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "1891"}], "question": "When was Fort Lowell shut down?", "id": "57342e41d058e614000b6aa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "a sanitarium"}], "question": "What were some buildings of Fort Lowell bought to be used for in 1900?", "id": "57342e41d058e614000b6aa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Harvey Adkins"}], "question": "Who bought the Fort Lowell sanitarium in 1928?", "id": "57342e41d058e614000b6aa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius"}], "question": "Who renovated Fort Lowell's adobe buildings?", "id": "57342e41d058e614000b6aa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1168, "text": "On the Road"}], "question": "In what book did Jack Kerouac write about visiting Tucson?", "id": "57342e41d058e614000b6aa8"}]}], ["Monsun boleh bermula pada bila-bila masa dari pertengahan Jun hingga akhir bulan Julai, dengan tarikh permulaan purata sekitar 3 Julai. Ia biasanya berterusan hingga bulan Ogos dan kadang-kadang ke bulan September. Semasa musim hujan, kelembapannya jauh lebih tinggi dari tahun ke tahun. Ia bermula dengan awan membina dari selatan pada petang awal diikuti oleh ribut petir dan hujan yang kuat, yang boleh menyebabkan banjir kilat. Langit petang pada masa ini tahun sering ditembusi dengan serangan kilat dramatik. Kawasan besar di bandar tidak mempunyai pembetung ribut, jadi hujan monsun membanjiri jalan raya utama, biasanya tidak lebih daripada beberapa jam. Beberapa laluan bawah tanah di Tucson mempunyai skala \"kaki air\" yang dicat pada sokongan mereka untuk tidak menggalakkan penunggang kereta semasa hujan lebat. Kod Lalulintas Arizona Judul 28-910, yang dikenali sebagai \"Undang-Undang Motoris Bodoh\", telah dimulakan pada tahun 1995 untuk menggalakkan orang ramai daripada memasuki jalan raya yang dibanjiri. Jika jalan banjir dan benteng berada di tempat, pemandu yang memandu di sekitar barikade boleh dikenakan sehingga $ 2000 untuk kos yang terlibat dalam menyelamatkan mereka. Walaupun semua amaran dan langkah berjaga-jaga, bagaimanapun, tiga pemandu Tucson telah tenggelam antara tahun 2004 dan 2010. <> Tahun berapa \"Hukum Motoris bodoh\" berkuatkuasa? || 1995 <> Monsun boleh bertahan dalam bulan? || September <> Berapa banyakkah pemandu boleh dikenakan kerana perlu diselamatkan setelah mengabaikan langkah keselamatan? || 2000 <> Apa yang anda boleh katakan adalah permulaan purata untuk musim monsun? || 3 Julai <> Apa yang biasanya lebih tinggi semasa monsun berbanding sepanjang tahun? || kelembapan <> Bilakah \"Undang-Undang Motorist bodoh\" diluluskan? || 1995 <> Apa nama undang-undang dari \"Undang-undang Motoris bodoh\"? || Kod lalu lintas Arizona Tajuk 28-910 <> Berapa banyakkah \"orang yang bodoh Motoris Undang-Undang\" mengarahkan orang untuk diselamatkan? || sehingga $ 2000 <> Bilakah monsun Tucson biasanya bermula? || sekitar 3 Julai <> Berapa lamakah monsun Tucson yang terakhir? || menjelang Ogos dan kadang-kadang ke bulan September", {"context": "The monsoon can begin any time from mid-June to late July, with an average start date around July 3. It typically continues through August and sometimes into September. During the monsoon, the humidity is much higher than the rest of the year. It begins with clouds building up from the south in the early afternoon followed by intense thunderstorms and rainfall, which can cause flash floods. The evening sky at this time of year is often pierced with dramatic lightning strikes. Large areas of the city do not have storm sewers, so monsoon rains flood the main thoroughfares, usually for no longer than a few hours. A few underpasses in Tucson have \"feet of water\" scales painted on their supports to discourage fording by automobiles during a rainstorm. Arizona traffic code Title 28-910, the so-called \"Stupid Motorist Law\", was instituted in 1995 to discourage people from entering flooded roadways. If the road is flooded and a barricade is in place, motorists who drive around the barricade can be charged up to $2000 for costs involved in rescuing them. Despite all warnings and precautions, however, three Tucson drivers have drowned between 2004 and 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "1995"}], "question": "What year did the \"Stupid Motorist Law\" come in effect?", "id": "57303bcda23a5019007fcfd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "September"}], "question": "A monsoon can last into what month?", "id": "57303bcda23a5019007fcfd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1020, "text": "2000"}], "question": "How much can a motorist be charged for needing to be rescued after ignoring safety precautions? ", "id": "57303bcda23a5019007fcfd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "July 3"}], "question": "What could you say is the average start for a monsoon?", "id": "57303bcda23a5019007fcfd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "humidity"}], "question": "What is usually higher during a monsoon compared throughout the rest of the year?", "id": "57303bcda23a5019007fcfd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "1995"}], "question": "When was the \"Stupid Motorist Law\" passed?", "id": "5734338bd058e614000b6b08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "Arizona traffic code Title 28-910"}], "question": "What is the legal name of the \"Stupid Motorist Law\"?", "id": "5734338bd058e614000b6b09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1013, "text": "up to $2000"}], "question": "How much can the \"Stupid Motorist Law\" charge people for being rescued?", "id": "5734338bd058e614000b6b0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "around July 3"}], "question": "When does Tucson's monsoon usually start?", "id": "5734338bd058e614000b6b0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "through August and sometimes into September"}], "question": "How long does Tucson's monsoon last?", "id": "5734338bd058e614000b6b0c"}]}], ["Sejak tahun 2009, Festival Buku Tucson telah diadakan setiap tahun selama dua hari pada bulan Mac di University of Arizona. Menjelang 2010 ia menjadi festival buku keempat terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, dengan 450 penulis dan 80,000 peserta. Sebagai tambahan kepada pembacaan dan ceramah, ia menampilkan pameran sains, hiburan pelbagai, makanan, dan pameran sains dari peruncit tempatan dan penerbit kepada organisasi bukan untung serantau dan kebangsaan. Pada tahun 2011, Festival itu mula menyampaikan Anugerah Pengasas; penerima termasuk Elmore Leonard dan R. Stine. <> Bilakah Festival Pustaka Tucson bermula? || 2009 <> Bilakah Pesta Buku Tucson diadakan? || tempoh dua hari pada bulan Mac <> Berapa ramai orang datang ke Festival Buku Tucson pada tahun 2010? || 80,000 <> Apakah penghargaan yang diberikan oleh Festival Buku Tucson kepada R. L. Stine? || Anugerah Pengasas", {"context": "Since 2009, the Tucson Festival of Books has been held annually over a two-day period in March at the University of Arizona. By 2010 it had become the fourth largest book festival in the United States, with 450 authors and 80,000 attendees. In addition to readings and lectures, it features a science fair, varied entertainment, food, and exhibitors ranging from local retailers and publishers to regional and national nonprofit organizations. In 2011, the Festival began presenting a Founder's Award; recipients include Elmore Leonard and R.L. Stine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did the Tucson Festival of Books begin?", "id": "57343746d058e614000b6b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "a two-day period in March"}], "question": "When is the Tucson Festival of Books held?", "id": "57343746d058e614000b6b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "80,000"}], "question": "How many people came to the Tucson Festival of Books in 2010?", "id": "57343746d058e614000b6b28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Founder's Award"}], "question": "What award did the Tucson Festival of Books give to R. L. Stine?", "id": "57343746d058e614000b6b29"}]}], ["The Procession, yang diadakan pada waktu matahari terbenam, terdiri daripada perbaruan yang tidak bermotor melalui pusat bandar Tucson yang memaparkan banyak terapung, patung, dan peringatan, di mana masyarakat digalakkan untuk mengambil bahagian. Perarakan diikuti dengan persembahan di pentas luar, yang memuncak dalam pembakaran sebuah gelas di mana doa bertulis telah dikumpulkan dari para peserta dan penonton. Acara ini dianjurkan dan dibiayai oleh organisasi seni bukan keuntungan Ramai Mulut Satu Perut, dengan bantuan sukarelawan dan sumbangan dari perniagaan awam dan tempatan. <> Apa masa hari adalah Procession? || matahari terbenam <> Apa yang dibakar pada Procession? || sebuah gua di mana doa-doa bertulis telah dikumpulkan dari peserta dan penonton <> kumpulan apa yang menjalankan Procession? || Banyak Mulut Satu Perut <> Apa jenis kumpulan yang menjalankan Procession? || organisasi seni bukan keuntungan <> Apa jenis perarakan adalah The Procession? || bukan bermotor", {"context": "The Procession, held at sundown, consists of a non-motorized parade through downtown Tucson featuring many floats, sculptures, and memorials, in which the community is encouraged to participate. The parade is followed by performances on an outdoor stage, culminating in the burning of an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators. The event is organized and funded by the non-profit arts organization Many Mouths One Stomach, with the assistance of many volunteers and donations from the public and local businesses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "sundown"}], "question": "What time of day is The Procession?", "id": "573438bbd058e614000b6b42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators"}], "question": "What is burned at The Procession?", "id": "573438bbd058e614000b6b43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Many Mouths One Stomach"}], "question": "What group runs The Procession?", "id": "573438bbd058e614000b6b44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "non-profit arts organization"}], "question": "What kind of group runs The Procession?", "id": "573438bbd058e614000b6b45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "non-motorized"}], "question": "What kind of parade is The Procession?", "id": "573438bbd058e614000b6b46"}]}], ["Trek termasuk Tucson Raceway Park dan Rillito Downs. Tucson Raceway Park menjadi tuan rumah acara perlumbaan auto yang disahkan NASCAR dan merupakan salah satu daripada dua trek pendek aspal di Arizona. Rillito Downs adalah destinasi di bandar pada hujung minggu pada bulan Januari dan Februari setiap tahun. Trek bersejarah ini mengadakan perlumbaan kuda suku terorganisir pertama di dunia, dan mereka masih berlumba di sana. Balapan lumba diancam oleh pembangunan. Litar perlumbaan Moltacqua, adalah satu lagi litar kuda bersejarah yang terletak di kawasan Jalan Sabino Canyon dan Vactor Ranch Trail, tetapi ia tidak lagi wujud. <> Di mana Tucson memegang perlumbaan NASCAR? || Taman Tucson Raceway <> Apa jenis perlumbaan yang dimiliki Rillito Downs? || suku kuda suku <> Apa bekas litar kuda kuda Tucson tidak lagi wujud? || Lumba-lumba Moltacqua <> Apa yang ada di tapak bekas trek Moltacqua sekarang? || Jalan Sabino Canyon dan Vactor Ranch Trail <> Berapa banyak trek pendek aspal di Arizona? || dua", {"context": "Tracks include Tucson Raceway Park and Rillito Downs. Tucson Raceway Park hosts NASCAR-sanctioned auto racing events and is one of only two asphalt short tracks in Arizona. Rillito Downs is an in-town destination on weekends in January and February each year. This historic track held the first organized quarter horse races in the world, and they are still racing there. The racetrack is threatened by development. The Moltacqua racetrack, was another historic horse racetrack located on what is now Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail, but it no longer exists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Tucson Raceway Park"}], "question": "Where does Tucson hold NASCAR races?", "id": "57343c494776f41900661ac5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "quarter horse races"}], "question": "What kind of races does Rillito Downs hold?", "id": "57343c494776f41900661ac6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Moltacqua racetrack"}], "question": "What former Tucson horse racetrack no longer exists?", "id": "57343c494776f41900661ac7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail"}], "question": "What is on the former site of the Moltacqua track now?", "id": "57343c494776f41900661ac8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many asphalt short tracks are in Arizona?", "id": "57343c494776f41900661ac9"}]}], ["Bandar Tucson, Pima County, Negeri Arizona, dan sektor swasta semuanya telah membuat komitmen untuk mewujudkan ekonomi yang semakin sihat [rujukan?] Dengan sektor industri teknologi canggih sebagai asasnya. Raytheon Missile Systems (dahulu Hughes Aircraft Co.), Texas Instruments, IBM, Intuit Inc., Universal Avionics, Honeywell Aerospace, Sistem Maklumat Sunquest, Sanofi-Aventis, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., dan Bombardier Aerospace semuanya mempunyai kehadiran yang signifikan dalam Tucson. Secara kasar 150 syarikat Tucson terlibat dalam reka bentuk dan pembuatan optik dan sistem optoelektronik, memperoleh Tucson nama panggilan \"Lembah Optik\". <> Apa yang sebelumnya dipanggil Raytheon? || Hughes Aircraft Co. <> Apa syarikat dadah mempunyai kehadiran utama di Tucson? || Sanofi-Aventis <> Berapa banyak syarikat yang berkaitan dengan optik di Tucson? || 150 <> Apa yang dilakukan syarikat 'Optics Valley'? || reka bentuk dan pembuatan optik dan sistem optoelektronik <> Apa syarikat perisian perakaunan mempunyai kehadiran utama di Tucson? || Intuit Inc.", {"context": "The City of Tucson, Pima County, the State of Arizona, and the private sector have all made commitments to create a growing, healthy economy[citation needed] with advanced technology industry sectors as its foundation. Raytheon Missile Systems (formerly Hughes Aircraft Co.), Texas Instruments, IBM, Intuit Inc., Universal Avionics, Honeywell Aerospace, Sunquest Information Systems, Sanofi-Aventis, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., and Bombardier Aerospace all have a significant presence in Tucson. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname \"Optics Valley\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Hughes Aircraft Co."}], "question": "What was Raytheon previously called?", "id": "573436f6d058e614000b6b1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Sanofi-Aventis"}], "question": "What drug company has a major presence in Tucson?", "id": "573436f6d058e614000b6b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "150"}], "question": "How many optics-related companies are in Tucson?", "id": "573436f6d058e614000b6b1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems"}], "question": "What do the 'Optics Valley' companies do?", "id": "573436f6d058e614000b6b1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Intuit Inc."}], "question": "What accounting software company has a major presence in Tucson?", "id": "573436f6d058e614000b6b20"}]}], ["Penulis-penulis yang berjaya dan penyair (penyair, novelis, dramatis, penulis bukan fiksyen) yang tinggal di Tucson termasuk Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver dan David Foster Wallace. Ada yang dikaitkan dengan University of Arizona, tetapi ramai penulis bebas yang memilih membuat Tucson rumah mereka. Bandar ini sangat aktif dalam menerbitkan dan menyampaikan puisi inovatif kontemporari dalam pelbagai cara. Contoh-contohnya ialah Chax Press, penerbit buku-buku puisi dalam edisi perdagangan dan buku seni, dan Pusat Pengajian Puisi Universiti Arizona, yang mempunyai perpustakaan puisi yang banyak dan membentangkan pembacaan, persidangan, dan bengkel. <> Apa penulis terkenal yang pernah tinggal di Tucson? || Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver dan David Foster Wallace <> Apakah Chax Press? || penerbit buku puisi dalam edisi perdagangan dan seni buku <> Apa yang ditawarkan oleh Pusat Pengajian Puisi Universiti Arizona? || pustaka puisi yang besar dan membentangkan pembacaan, persidangan, dan bengkel <> Apa universiti ada antara penulis terkenal Tucson yang dikaitkan dengan? || Universiti Arizona", {"context": "The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace. Some were associated with the University of Arizona, but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home. The city is particularly active in publishing and presenting contemporary innovative poetry in various ways. Examples are the Chax Press, a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions, and the University of Arizona Poetry Center, which has a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace"}], "question": "What famous writers have lived in Tucson?", "id": "57343917d058e614000b6b4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions"}], "question": "What is the Chax Press?", "id": "57343917d058e614000b6b4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops"}], "question": "What does the University of Arizona Poetry Center offer?", "id": "57343917d058e614000b6b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "University of Arizona"}], "question": "What university were some of Tucson's famous writers associated with?", "id": "57343917d058e614000b6b4f"}]}], ["Selama 25 tahun yang lalu, Festival Rakyat Tucson telah berlangsung Sabtu dan Ahad pertama Mei di pusat bandar El Presidio Tucson. Selain tajuk utama yang diketahui setiap hari, Festival menyoroti lebih daripada 100 pemuzik tempatan dan serantau pada lima peringkat adalah salah satu perayaan percuma terbesar di negara ini. Semua peringkat berada dalam jarak berjalan kaki. Dianjurkan oleh Persatuan Pemuzik Tucson Kitchen, sukarelawan membuat festival ini mungkin. KXCI 91.3-FM, satu-satunya stesen radio komuniti Arizona, adalah rakan kongsi utama, penyiaran dari Plaza Peringkat sepanjang hujung minggu. Di samping itu, terdapat banyak bengkel, acara untuk kanak-kanak, penyanyi, dan penyanyi / pencerita lagu popular. Pemuzik biasanya bermain set 30-minit, disokong oleh sukarelawan kakitangan audio profesional. Pelbagai makanan dan kraf boleh didapati di festival ini, serta mikro-tempatan. Semua hasil dari penjualan pergi untuk membiayai festival masa depan. <> Kapan Pucuk Rakyat Tucson diadakan? || Sabtu pertama dan Ahad Mei <> Di mana Festival Rakyat Tucson diadakan? || El Presidio Park <> Berapa banyak penghibur dalam Festival Rakyat Tucson? || lebih dari 100 <> Berapa harga Festival Rakyat Tucson masuk? || percuma <> Siapa yang menjalankan Festival Rakyat Tucson? || Persatuan Pemuzik Tucson Kitchen", {"context": "For the past 25 years, the Tucson Folk Festival has taken place the first Saturday and Sunday of May in downtown Tucson's El Presidio Park. In addition to nationally known headline acts each evening, the Festival highlights over 100 local and regional musicians on five stages is one of the largest free festivals in the country. All stages are within easy walking distance. Organized by the Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association, volunteers make this festival possible. KXCI 91.3-FM, Arizona's only community radio station, is a major partner, broadcasting from the Plaza Stage throughout the weekend. In addition, there are numerous workshops, events for children, sing-alongs, and a popular singer/songwriter contest. Musicians typically play 30-minute sets, supported by professional audio staff volunteers. A variety of food and crafts are available at the festival, as well as local micro-brews. All proceeds from sales go to fund future festivals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "the first Saturday and Sunday of May"}], "question": "When is the Tucson Folk Festival held?", "id": "573437afd058e614000b6b2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "El Presidio Park"}], "question": "Where is the Tucson Folk Festival held?", "id": "573437afd058e614000b6b2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "over 100"}], "question": "How many performers are in the Tucson Folk Festival?", "id": "573437afd058e614000b6b30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "free"}], "question": "How much does the Tucson Folk Festival cost to get in?", "id": "573437afd058e614000b6b31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association"}], "question": "Who runs the Tucson Folk Festival?", "id": "573437afd058e614000b6b32"}]}], ["Tucson biasanya dikenali sebagai \"The Old Pueblo\". Walaupun nama sebenar nama samaran ini tidak pasti, ia biasanya dikesan semula kepada Mayor R. N. \"Bob\" Leatherwood. Apabila perkhidmatan kereta api ditubuhkan ke bandar pada 20 Mac 1880, Leatherwood meraikan kenyataan itu dengan menghantar telegram kepada pelbagai pemimpin, termasuk Presiden Amerika Syarikat dan Paus, yang mengumumkan bahawa puak \"kuno dan mulia\" Tucson kini disambungkan dengan kereta api ke dunia luar. Istilah ini menjadi popular dengan penulis akhbar yang sering menyingkatnya sebagai \"A. dan H. Pueblo\". Ini seterusnya berubah menjadi bentuk \"Pueblo Lama\" semasa. <> Siapa yang difikirkan telah membawa kepada memanggil Tucson 'The Old Pueblo'? || Datuk R. N. \"Bob\" Leatherwood <> Bilakah Tucson mendapat kereta api? || 20 Mac 1880 <> Apa yang Woodwood memanggil Tucson dalam telegram? || \"pueblo purba dan mulia\" <> Bagaimana akhbar mendedahkan frasa Leatherwood? || \"A. dan H. Pueblo\" <> Siapa yang antara penerima telegram Leatherwood? || Presiden Amerika Syarikat dan Paus", {"context": "Tucson is commonly known as \"The Old Pueblo\". While the exact origin of this nickname is uncertain, it is commonly traced back to Mayor R. N. \"Bob\" Leatherwood. When rail service was established to the city on March 20, 1880, Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders, including the President of the United States and the Pope, announcing that the \"ancient and honorable pueblo\" of Tucson was now connected by rail to the outside world. The term became popular with newspaper writers who often abbreviated it as \"A. and H. Pueblo\". This in turn transformed into the current form of \"The Old Pueblo\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Mayor R. N. \"Bob\" Leatherwood"}], "question": "Who is thought to have led to calling Tucson 'The Old Pueblo'?", "id": "573439c8d058e614000b6b54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "March 20, 1880"}], "question": "When did Tucson get a railroad?", "id": "573439c8d058e614000b6b55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "\"ancient and honorable pueblo\""}], "question": "What did Leatherwood call Tucson in a telegram?", "id": "573439c8d058e614000b6b56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "\"A. and H. Pueblo\""}], "question": "How did newspapers abbreviate Leatherwood's phrase?", "id": "573439c8d058e614000b6b57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "the President of the United States and the Pope"}], "question": "Who were among the recipients of Leatherwood's telegram?", "id": "573439c8d058e614000b6b58"}]}], ["Satu lagi acara popular yang diadakan pada bulan Februari, yang merupakan awal musim bunga di Tucson, adalah Fiesta de los Vaqueros, atau minggu rodeo, yang diasaskan oleh pelawat musim sejuk, Leighton Kramer. Walaupun di tengah-tengah Fiesta adalah acara sukan, ia termasuk apa yang dibebankan sebagai \"perbarisan bukan mekanik terbesar di dunia\". Rodeo Parade adalah acara yang popular kerana kebanyakan sekolah memberikan dua hari rodeo bukan hari presiden. Pengecualian untuk ini adalah Presidio High (sekolah piagam bukan awam), yang tidak dapat sama ada. Pakaian Barat dilihat di seluruh bandar sebagai kod pakaian korporat diketepikan semasa Fiesta. Fiesta de los Vaqueros menandakan permulaan musim rodeo di Amerika Syarikat. <> Musim apa musim Februari di Tucson? || musim bunga <> Apakah Fiesta de los Vaqueros? || rodeo minggu <> Berapa bulan Fiesta de los Vaqueros diadakan? || Februari <> Siapa yang memulakan Fiesta de los Vaqueros? || Leighton Kramer <> Berapa banyak masa yang dilakukan oleh sekolah-sekolah Tucson untuk menghadiri Fiesta de los Vaqueros? || dua hari rodeo", {"context": "Another popular event held in February, which is early spring in Tucson, is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros, or rodeo week, founded by winter visitor, Leighton Kramer. While at its heart the Fiesta is a sporting event, it includes what is billed as \"the world's largest non-mechanized parade\". The Rodeo Parade is a popular event as most schools give two rodeo days off instead of Presidents Day. The exception to this is Presidio High (a non-public charter school), which doesn't get either. Western wear is seen throughout the city as corporate dress codes are cast aside during the Fiesta. The Fiesta de los Vaqueros marks the beginning of the rodeo season in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "spring"}], "question": "What season is February in Tucson?", "id": "57343812d058e614000b6b38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "rodeo week"}], "question": "What is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?", "id": "57343812d058e614000b6b39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "February"}], "question": "What month is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros held in?", "id": "57343812d058e614000b6b3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Leighton Kramer"}], "question": "Who started the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?", "id": "57343812d058e614000b6b3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "two rodeo days off"}], "question": "How much time do Tucson schools give students off to attend the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?", "id": "57343812d058e614000b6b3c"}]}], ["Pasukan sukan University of Arizona Wildcats, terutamanya bola keranjang lelaki dan pasukan softball wanita mempunyai kepentingan tempatan yang kuat. Pasukan bola keranjang lelaki, yang dahulu dilatih oleh ketua jurulatih Hall of Fame Lute Olson dan kini dilatih oleh Sean Miller, telah membuat 25 Kejohanan NCAA lurus dan memenangi Kejohanan Kebangsaan 1997. Pasukan Softball Arizona telah mencapai kejohanan NCAA National Championship sebanyak 12 kali dan telah memenangi 8 kali, paling baru pada 2007. Pasukan berenang universiti itu telah mendapat pengiktirafan antarabangsa, dengan perenang datang dari Jepun dan Afrika untuk melatih dengan jurulatih Frank Busch yang juga telah bekerja dengan pasukan berenang Olimpik AS untuk beberapa tahun. Kedua-dua pasukan renang lelaki dan wanita baru-baru ini [ketika] memenangi Kejohanan Kebangsaan NCAA. <> Berapa kali pasukan bola keranjang lelaki University of Arizona memenangi pertandingan NCAA? || 25 <> Berapa kali pasukan bola sepak wanita University of Arizona pergi ke Kejohanan Kebangsaan NCAA? || 12 <> Berapa kali pasukan bola tampar wanita University of Arizona memenangi Kejohanan Kebangsaan NCAA? || 8 <> Siapa jurulatih pasukan renang University of Arizona? || Frank Busch <> Siapa jurulatih pasukan bola keranjang lelaki University of Arizona? || Sean Miller", {"context": "The University of Arizona Wildcats sports teams, most notably the men's basketball and women's softball teams have strong local interest. The men's basketball team, formerly coached by Hall of Fame head coach Lute Olson and currently coached by Sean Miller, has made 25 straight NCAA Tournaments and won the 1997 National Championship. Arizona's Softball team has reached the NCAA National Championship game 12 times and has won 8 times, most recently in 2007. The university's swim teams have gained international recognition, with swimmers coming from as far as Japan and Africa to train with the coach Frank Busch who has also worked with the U.S. Olympic swim team for a number of years. Both men and women's swim teams recently[when?] won the NCAA National Championships.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "25"}], "question": "How many times has the University of Arizona men's basketball team won NCAA tournaments?", "id": "57343a484776f41900661a9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team gone to NCAA National Championships?", "id": "57343a484776f41900661a9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "8"}], "question": "How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team won NCAA National Championships?", "id": "57343a484776f41900661a9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "Frank Busch"}], "question": "Who coaches the University of Arizona's swim team?", "id": "57343a484776f41900661aa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Sean Miller"}], "question": "Who coaches the University of Arizona men's basketball team?", "id": "57343a484776f41900661aa1"}]}], ["Tucson Padres dimainkan di Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium dari tahun 2011 hingga 2013. Mereka berkhidmat sebagai afiliasi AAA San Diego Padres. Pasukan, yang dahulu dikenali sebagai Portland Beavers, telah berpindah sementara ke Tucson dari Portland sambil menunggu pembinaan stadium baru di Escondido. Isu-isu undang-undang menggelincirkan rancangan untuk membina stadium Escondido, sehingga mereka berpindah ke El Paso, Texas untuk musim 2014. Sebelum ini, Tucson Sidewinders, sebuah kaunter tiga dari Arizona Diamondbacks, memenangi kejuaraan Liga Pasifik dan kejohanan AAA yang tidak rasmi pada 2006. Sidewinders bermain di Tucson Electric Park dan berada di Persidangan Pasifik Selatan PCL. The Sidewinders telah dijual pada tahun 2007 dan berpindah ke Reno, Nevada selepas musim 2008. Mereka kini bersaing sebagai Reno Aces. <> Di mana Tucson Sidewinders bergerak ke? || Reno, Nevada <> Apa pasukan yang bermain di Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium pada 2011-2013? || Tucson Padres <> Mengapa Tucson Padres buat sementara waktu di Tucson? || menunggu pembinaan stadium baru di Escondido <> Di manakah Padres bergerak apabila stadium Escondido jatuh? || El Paso, Texas <> Apakah nama baru Tucson Sidewinders? || Reno Aces", {"context": "The Tucson Padres played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium from 2011 to 2013. They served as the AAA affiliate of the San Diego Padres. The team, formerly known as the Portland Beavers, was temporarily relocated to Tucson from Portland while awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido. Legal issues derailed the plans to build the Escondido stadium, so they moved to El Paso, Texas for the 2014 season. Previously, the Tucson Sidewinders, a triple-A affiliate of the Arizona Diamondbacks, won the Pacific Coast League championship and unofficial AAA championship in 2006. The Sidewinders played in Tucson Electric Park and were in the Pacific Conference South of the PCL. The Sidewinders were sold in 2007 and moved to Reno, Nevada after the 2008 season. They now compete as the Reno Aces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 728, "text": "Reno, Nevada"}], "question": "Where did the Tucson Sidewinders move to?", "id": "57343bc94776f41900661abb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Tucson Padres"}], "question": "What team played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium in 2011-2013?", "id": "57343bc94776f41900661abc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido"}], "question": "Why were the Tucson Padres temporarily in Tucson?", "id": "57343bc94776f41900661abd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "El Paso, Texas"}], "question": "Where did the Padres move when the Escondido stadium fell through?", "id": "57343bc94776f41900661abe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 788, "text": "Reno Aces"}], "question": "What is the new name of the Tucson Sidewinders?", "id": "57343bc94776f41900661abf"}]}], ["Dalam usaha untuk memulihara air, Tucson sedang mengisi bekalan air bawah tanah dengan menjalankan sebahagian daripada sumbangan air CAP kepada pelbagai bahagian terbuka sungai-sungai tempatan untuk meresap ke dalam akuifer. Kajian tambahan dijadualkan untuk menentukan jumlah air yang hilang melalui penyejatan dari kawasan terbuka, terutama semasa musim panas. Bandar Tucson sudah menyediakan air yang ditebus kepada penduduknya, tetapi ia hanya digunakan untuk \"aplikasi seperti pengairan, kawalan debu, dan kegunaan industri.\" Sumber-sumber ini telah wujud selama lebih daripada 27 tahun, dan menyerahkan kepada lebih daripada 900 lokasi. <> Bagaimana Tucson menanam semula air bawah tanahnya? || menjalankan sebahagian daripada sumbangan air CAP kepada pelbagai bahagian terbuka sungai-sungai tempatan untuk meresap ke dalam akuifer mereka <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Tucson untuk mendapatkan semula air? || pengairan, kawalan debu, dan kegunaan industri <> Berapa lama usaha pemuliharaan air Tucson telah dijalankan? || lebih daripada 27 tahun", {"context": "In an effort to conserve water, Tucson is recharging groundwater supplies by running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer. Additional study is scheduled to determine the amount of water that is lost through evaporation from the open areas, especially during the summer. The City of Tucson already provides reclaimed water to its inhabitants, but it is only used for \"applications such as irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses.\" These resources have been in place for more than 27 years, and deliver to over 900 locations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer"}], "question": "How is Tucson replenishing its groundwater?", "id": "57344471879d6814001ca437"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses"}], "question": "What does Tucson use reclaimed water for?", "id": "57344471879d6814001ca438"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "more than 27 years"}], "question": "How long has Tucson's water conservation efforts been underway?", "id": "57344471879d6814001ca439"}]}], ["Kawasan metro Tucson dihidangkan oleh banyak stesen televisyen tempatan dan merupakan kawasan pasaran yang ditetapkan ke-68 terbesar (DMA) di A.S. dengan 433,310 rumah (0.39% daripada jumlah A.S.). Rangkaian televisyen utama yang melayani Tucson adalah: KVOA 4 (NBC), KGUN 9 (ABC), KMSB-TV 11 (Fox), KOLD-TV 13 (CBS), KTTU 18 (My Network TV) dan KWBA 58 (The CW). KUAT-TV 6 adalah sekutu PBS yang dikendalikan oleh University of Arizona (seperti kakak stesen KUAS 27). <> Apakah stesen NBC Tucson? || KVOA 4 <> Apakah stesen ABC Tucson? || KGUN 9 <> Apakah stesen Fox Tucson? || KMSB-TV 11 <> Apakah stesen CBS Tucson? || KOLD-TV 13 <> Apakah stesen PBS Tucson? || KUAT-TV 6", {"context": "The Tucson metro area is served by many local television stations and is the 68th largest designated market area (DMA) in the U.S. with 433,310 homes (0.39% of the total U.S.). It is limited to the three counties of southeastern Arizona (Pima, Santa Cruz, and Cochise) The major television networks serving Tucson are: KVOA 4 (NBC), KGUN 9 (ABC), KMSB-TV 11 (Fox), KOLD-TV 13 (CBS), KTTU 18 (My Network TV) and KWBA 58 (The CW). KUAT-TV 6 is a PBS affiliate run by the University of Arizona (as is sister station KUAS 27).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "KVOA 4"}], "question": "What is Tucson's NBC station?", "id": "573440114776f41900661b01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "KGUN 9"}], "question": "What is Tucson's ABC station?", "id": "573440114776f41900661b02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "KMSB-TV 11"}], "question": "What is Tucson's Fox station?", "id": "573440114776f41900661b03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "KOLD-TV 13"}], "question": "What is Tucson's CBS station?", "id": "573440114776f41900661b04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "KUAT-TV 6"}], "question": "What is Tucson's PBS station?", "id": "573440114776f41900661b05"}]}], ["Kedua-dua ahli majlis dan datuk bandar berkhidmat empat tahun; tiada had jangka masa. Ahli-ahli Majlis telah dicalonkan oleh wad-wad mereka melalui peringkat peringkat rendah yang diadakan pada bulan September. Para penerima undi tertinggi dari setiap parti kemudian bersaing secara besar-besaran untuk kerusi wad mereka pada undi November. Dalam erti kata lain, pada hari pilihan raya, seluruh bandar mengundi pada semua perlumbaan majlis untuk tahun itu. Pilihan raya majlis dihentikan: Ward 1, 2, dan 4 (serta Datuk Bandar) terpilih untuk pilihan raya pada tahun yang sama (paling baru 2011), manakala Wards 3, 5, dan 6 berkongsi satu tahun lagi (paling baru 2013). <> Bilakah majlis bandar raya Tucson utama? || September <> Berapa lamakah istilah majlis bandar Tucson? || empat tahun <> Bilakah pilihan raya umum bandar Tucson? || November <> Ahli mana yang memilih ahli majlis bandar pada tahun yang sama sebagai Datuk Bandar? || 1, 2, dan 4 <> Ahli mana yang memilih ahli majlis bandar pada tahun pengganti dari Datuk Bandar? || 3, 5, dan 6", {"context": "Both the council members and the mayor serve four-year terms; none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in September. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, on election day the whole city votes on all the council races up for that year. Council elections are severed: Wards 1, 2, and 4 (as well as the mayor) are up for election in the same year (most recently 2011), while Wards 3, 5, and 6 share another year (most recently 2013).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "September"}], "question": "When is Tucson's city council primary?", "id": "57343e54d058e614000b6b72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "four-year"}], "question": "How long are Tucson's city council terms?", "id": "57343e54d058e614000b6b73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "November"}], "question": "When is Tucson's city council general election?", "id": "57343e54d058e614000b6b74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "1, 2, and 4"}], "question": "Which wards elect city council members in the same year as the mayor?", "id": "57343e54d058e614000b6b75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "3, 5, and 6"}], "question": "Which wards elect city council members in the alternate year from the mayor?", "id": "57343e54d058e614000b6b76"}]}], ["Mungkin masalah kemampanan terbesar di Tucson, dengan iklim padang pasir yang tinggi, adalah bekalan air bersih. Kerajaan menguruskan semua air di Arizona melalui Arizona Water Resources Resources (ADWR). Pengguna utama air adalah Pertanian (termasuk padang golf), yang menggunakan sekitar 69% dari semua air. Perbandaran (yang termasuk penggunaan kediaman) menyumbang kira-kira 25% penggunaan. Penggunaan dan ketersediaan tenaga adalah isu kelestarian yang lain. Walau bagaimanapun, dengan lebih daripada 300 hari penuh matahari setahun, Tucson telah menunjukkan potensinya untuk menjadi pengeluar tenaga suria yang ideal. <> Bagaimana kebanyakan air Tucson digunakan? || Pertanian (termasuk padang golf) <> Berapa banyak air Tucson digunakan untuk pertanian? || 69% <> Berapa banyak air Tucson digunakan untuk penggunaan kediaman / bandar? || 25% <> Berapa banyak hari penuh matahari Tucson mendapat setiap tahun? || lebih 300 <> Agensi apa yang menguruskan air Tucson? || Jabatan Sumber Air Arizona", {"context": "Perhaps the biggest sustainability problem in Tucson, with its high desert climate, is potable water supply. The state manages all water in Arizona through its Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR). The primary consumer of water is Agriculture (including golf courses), which consumes about 69% of all water. Municipal (which includes residential use) accounts for about 25% of use. Energy consumption and availability is another sustainability issue. However, with over 300 days of full sun a year, Tucson has demonstrated its potential to be an ideal solar energy producer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Agriculture (including golf courses)"}], "question": "How is most of Tucson's water used?", "id": "57344401879d6814001ca42d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "69%"}], "question": "How much of Tucson's water is used on agriculture?", "id": "57344401879d6814001ca42e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "25%"}], "question": "How much of Tucson's water is used on residential/city use?", "id": "57344401879d6814001ca42f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "over 300"}], "question": "How many days of full sun does Tucson get each year?", "id": "57344401879d6814001ca430"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Arizona Department of Water Resources"}], "question": "What agency manages Tucson's water?", "id": "57344401879d6814001ca431"}]}], ["Untuk mengelakkan kehilangan air bawah tanah lebih lanjut, Tucson telah terlibat dalam pemuliharaan air dan usaha pemuliharaan air bawah tanah, beralih daripada pergantungannya pada siri kawasan telaga Tucson yang memihak kepada pemuliharaan, harga berasaskan penggunaan untuk penggunaan air kediaman dan komersil, dan telaga baru dalam akuifer Lembah Avra yang lebih mampan, barat laut bandar. Peruntukan dari Aqueduct Project Arizona (CAP), yang melepasi lebih dari 300 mi (480 km) di seberang padang pasir dari Sungai Colorado, telah dimasukkan ke dalam bekalan air bandar, setiap tahun menyediakan lebih daripada 20 juta gelen \"dicaj semula\" yang dipam ke dalam tanah untuk menambah air yang dipam keluar. Sejak tahun 2001, air CAP telah membenarkan bandar itu menghapuskan atau mematikan lebih daripada 80 sumur. <> Apakah CAP itu? || Arizona Aqueduct Project <> Berapa lama CAP? || lebih daripada 300 mi (480 km) <> Apakah sumber air suapan CAP? || Sungai Colorado <> Apa akuifer yang Tucson memulakan sumur baru? || Aquifer Valley aquifer <> Berapa banyak sumur telah Tucson berhenti menggunakan sejak tahun 2001? || lebih 80 tahun", {"context": "To prevent further loss of groundwater, Tucson has been involved in water conservation and groundwater preservation efforts, shifting away from its reliance on a series of Tucson area wells in favor of conservation, consumption-based pricing for residential and commercial water use, and new wells in the more sustainable Avra Valley aquifer, northwest of the city. An allocation from the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct (CAP), which passes more than 300 mi (480 km) across the desert from the Colorado River, has been incorporated into the city's water supply, annually providing over 20 million gallons of \"recharged\" water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out. Since 2001, CAP water has allowed the city to remove or turn off over 80 wells.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Central Arizona Project Aqueduct"}], "question": "What is the CAP?", "id": "573444c0879d6814001ca447"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "more than 300 mi (480 km)"}], "question": "How long is the CAP?", "id": "573444c0879d6814001ca448"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Colorado River"}], "question": "What water source feeds the CAP?", "id": "573444c0879d6814001ca449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Avra Valley aquifer"}], "question": "What aquifer is Tucson starting new wells in?", "id": "573444c0879d6814001ca44a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "over 80"}], "question": "How many wells has Tucson stopped using since 2001?", "id": "573444c0879d6814001ca44b"}]}], ["Tucson dikenali sebagai jejak pelayar dalam kempen kewangan yang dibiayai secara separa secara sukarela. Sejak tahun 1985, kedua-dua calon mayoral dan majlis layak menerima dana awam yang sepadan dari bandar. Untuk menjadi layak, calon majlis mesti menerima 200 sumbangan sebanyak $ 10 atau lebih (300 untuk calon walikota). Calon mesti bersetuju untuk membelanjakan jumlah yang sama dengan 33 \u00a2 untuk setiap pengundi Tucson berdaftar, atau $ 79,222 pada tahun 2005 (angka yang sama untuk datuk bandar adalah 64 \u00a2 setiap pengundi berdaftar, atau $ 142,271 pada tahun 2003). Sebagai balasan, calon menerima dana yang hampir sama dari bandar pada nisbah 1: 1 wang orang ramai kepada sumbangan swasta. Satu-satunya batasan yang lain adalah bahawa calon tidak boleh melebihi 75% daripada batas mengikut tarikh utama. Banyak bandar raya, seperti San Francisco dan New York City, telah menyalin sistem ini, walaupun dengan perbelanjaan yang lebih kompleks dan formula yang hampir sama. <> Bilakah Tucson mula menawarkan pembiayaan awam calon majlis bandar? || 1985 <> Apakah had perbelanjaan untuk calon majlis bandar raya Tucson untuk mendapatkan pembiayaan awam? || 33 \u00a2 untuk setiap pengundi Tucson berdaftar <> Apakah batas perbelanjaan calon Tucson mayoral untuk mendapatkan pembiayaan awam? || 64 \u00a2 setiap pengundi berdaftar <> Apa bandar-bandar utama kemudian mengadopsi sistem pendanaan awam bandar Tucson? || San Francisco dan New York City <> Berapa banyak sumbangan $ 10 + harus calon majlis bandar Tucson terima untuk mendapatkan pembiayaan awam? || 200", {"context": "Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial publicly financed campaigns. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to 33\u00a2 for every registered Tucson voter, or $79,222 in 2005 (the corresponding figures for mayor are 64\u00a2 per registered voter, or $142,271 in 2003). In return, candidates receive matching funds from the city at a 1:1 ratio of public money to private donations. The only other limitation is that candidates may not exceed 75% of the limit by the date of the primary. Many cities, such as San Francisco and New York City, have copied this system, albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "1985"}], "question": "When did Tucson begin offering city council candidates public funding?", "id": "57343f804776f41900661af7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "33\u00a2 for every registered Tucson voter"}], "question": "What is the spending limit for Tucson city council candidates to get public funding?", "id": "57343f804776f41900661af8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "64\u00a2 per registered voter"}], "question": "What is the spending limit for Tucson mayoral candidates to get public funding?", "id": "57343f804776f41900661af9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "San Francisco and New York City"}], "question": "What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system?", "id": "57343f804776f41900661afa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "200"}], "question": "How many $10+ donations must Tucson city council candidates receive to get public funding?", "id": "57343f804776f41900661afb"}]}], ["Tucson mempunyai satu akhbar harian, pagi harian Arizona Daily Star. Wick Communications menerbitkan kertas undang-undang harian The Daily Territorial, manakala Komunikasi 10/13 yang berpusat di Boulder, Colo menerbitkan Tucson Weekly (penerbitan \"alternatif\"), Inside Tucson Business dan Explorer. TucsonSentinel.com adalah organisasi berita dalam talian bebas bukan milik. Majalah Gaya Hidup Tucson, Lovin 'Life News, DesertLeaf, dan Z\u00f3calo Magazine adalah penerbitan bulanan yang meliputi seni, seni bina, hiasan, fesyen, hiburan, perniagaan, sejarah, dan acara-acara lain. Arizona Daily Wildcat adalah akhbar pelajar University of Arizona, dan Aztec News adalah akhbar pelajar Kolej Komuniti Pima. Visi Baru adalah akhbar untuk Keuskupan Roman Katolik Tucson, dan Arizona Jewish Post adalah akhbar Persekutuan Yahudi Arizona Selatan. <> Apakah akhbar umum harian Tucson? || Arizona Daily Star <> Apakah kertas undang-undang harian Tucson? || The Daily Territorial <> Siapa yang menerbitkan Tucson Weekly? || 10/13 Komunikasi <> Di mana berdasarkan 10/13? || Boulder, Colo. <> Apa akhbar pelajar Universiti Arizona? || Arizona Daily Wildcat", {"context": "Tucson has one daily newspaper, the morning Arizona Daily Star. Wick Communications publishes the daily legal paper The Daily Territorial, while Boulder, Colo.-based 10/13 Communications publishes Tucson Weekly (an \"alternative\" publication), Inside Tucson Business and the Explorer. TucsonSentinel.com is a nonprofit independent online news organization. Tucson Lifestyle Magazine, Lovin' Life News, DesertLeaf, and Z\u00f3calo Magazine are monthly publications covering arts, architecture, decor, fashion, entertainment, business, history, and other events. The Arizona Daily Wildcat is the University of Arizona's student newspaper, and the Aztec News is the Pima Community College student newspaper. The New Vision is the newspaper for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson, and the Arizona Jewish Post is the newspaper of the Jewish Federation of Southern Arizona.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Arizona Daily Star"}], "question": "What is Tucson's daily general newspaper?", "id": "57343fcfd058e614000b6b84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "The Daily Territorial"}], "question": "What is Tucson's daily legal paper?", "id": "57343fcfd058e614000b6b85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "10/13 Communications"}], "question": "Who publishes Tucson Weekly?", "id": "57343fcfd058e614000b6b86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Boulder, Colo."}], "question": "Where is 10/13 based?", "id": "57343fcfd058e614000b6b87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "The Arizona Daily Wildcat"}], "question": "What is the University of Arizona's student newspaper?", "id": "57343fcfd058e614000b6b88"}]}], ["Liga Penunggang Basikal Amerika memberi Tucson penarafan emas untuk keramahan basikal pada akhir April 2007. Tucson menjadi tuan rumah acara berbasikal perimeter terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Perjalanan yang dipanggil \"El Tour de Tucson\" berlaku pada bulan November pada hari Sabtu sebelum Thanksgiving. El Tour de Tucson dihasilkan dan dipromosikan oleh Perimeter Bicycling mempunyai seramai 10,000 peserta dari seluruh dunia, setiap tahun. Tucson adalah salah satu daripada sembilan bandar di A.S. untuk menerima penarafan emas atau lebih tinggi untuk keramaian berbasikal dari League of American Bicyclists. Bandar ini terkenal dengan peluang berbasikal musim sejuk. Kedua-dua jalan dan berbasikal gunung popular di dalam dan sekitar Tucson dengan kawasan jejak termasuk Starr Pass dan Fantasy Island. <> Siapa kata Tucson mesra basikal, pada tahun 2007? || Liga Pelumba Basikal Amerika <> Bilakah El Tour de Tucson berlaku? || pada bulan November pada hari Sabtu sebelum Thanksgiving <> Siapa yang menjalankan El Tour de Tucson? || Berbasikal Perimeter <> Berapa ramai orang yang berpartisipasi dalam El Tour de Tucson? || sebanyak 10,000 <> Berapa banyak bandar AS mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya penarafan emas untuk keramahan basikal? || sembilan", {"context": "The League of American Bicyclists gave Tucson a gold rating for bicycle friendliness in late April 2007. Tucson hosts the largest perimeter cycling event in the United States. The ride called \"El Tour de Tucson\" happens in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. El Tour de Tucson produced and promoted by Perimeter Bicycling has as many as 10,000 participants from all over the world, annually. Tucson is one of only nine cities in the U.S. to receive a gold rating or higher for cycling friendliness from the League of American Bicyclists. The city is known for its winter cycling opportunities. Both road and mountain biking are popular in and around Tucson with trail areas including Starr Pass and Fantasy Island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The League of American Bicyclists"}], "question": "Who said Tucson is bicycle-friendly, in 2007?", "id": "57343cc24776f41900661acf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving"}], "question": "When does El Tour de Tucson happen?", "id": "57343cc24776f41900661ad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Perimeter Bicycling"}], "question": "Who runs El Tour de Tucson?", "id": "57343cc24776f41900661ad1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "as many as 10,000"}], "question": "How many people participate in El Tour de Tucson?", "id": "57343cc24776f41900661ad2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many US cities have at least a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness?", "id": "57343cc24776f41900661ad3"}]}], ["Pada umumnya, Tucson dan Pima County menyokong Parti Demokratik, yang bertentangan dengan kawasan metropolitan terbesar di negeri itu, Phoenix, yang biasanya menyokong Parti Republik. Pindaan semula Kongres pada tahun 2013, selepas penerbitan Banci 2010, membahagikan kawasan Tucson menjadi tiga daerah Kongres Persekutuan (yang pertama, kedua dan ketiga Arizona). Pusat bandar berada di Daerah Ketiga, yang diwakili oleh Raul Grijalva, seorang Demokrat, sejak tahun 2003, sementara daerah kediaman yang lebih kaya di selatan dan timur berada di Daerah ke-2, yang diwakili oleh Republikan Martha McSally sejak tahun 2015, dan keluasan utara dan barat antara Tucson dan Phoenix di Daerah Ketiga diwakili oleh Demokrat Ann Kirkpatrick sejak 2008. Perkhidmatan Pos Amerika Syarikat mengendalikan pejabat pos di Tucson. Pejabat Pos Utama Tucson terletak di 1501 South Cherrybell Stravenue. <> Parti politik mana yang Tucson biasanya menyokong? || Demokratik <> Parti politik yang mana Phoenix biasanya menyokong? || Republikan <> Berapa banyak daerah Kongres Persekutuan adalah Tucson berpecah pada tahun 2013? || tiga <> Siapa yang mewakili pusat bandar Tucson di Kongres? || Raul Grijalva <> Yang mewakili kawasan kaya di Tucson di Kongres? || Martha McSally", {"context": "In general, Tucson and Pima County support the Democratic Party, as opposed the state's largest metropolitan area, Phoenix, which usually supports the Republican Party. Congressional redistricting in 2013, following the publication of the 2010 Census, divided the Tucson area into three Federal Congressional districts (the first, second and third of Arizona). The city center is in the 3rd District, represented by Raul Grijalva, a Democrat, since 2003, while the more affluent residential areas to the south and east are in the 2nd District, represented by Republican Martha McSally since 2015, and the exurbs north and west between Tucson and Phoenix in the 3rd District are represented by Democrat Ann Kirkpatrick since 2008. The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Tucson. The Tucson Main Post Office is located at 1501 South Cherrybell Stravenue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Democratic"}], "question": "Which political party does Tucson usually support?", "id": "57343d20d058e614000b6b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "Which political party does Phoenix usually support?", "id": "57343d20d058e614000b6b69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many Federal Congressional districts was Tucson split into in 2013?", "id": "57343d20d058e614000b6b6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Raul Grijalva"}], "question": "Who represents Tucson's city center in Congress?", "id": "57343d20d058e614000b6b6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "Martha McSally"}], "question": "Who represent's Tucson's wealthy areas in Congress?", "id": "57343d20d058e614000b6b6c"}]}], ["Sumber tenaga elektrik utama Tucson adalah loji janakuasa arang batu dan gas asli yang diuruskan oleh Tucson Electric Power yang terletak di dalam sempadan bandar di sempadan selatan-barat dasar Angkatan Udara Davis-Monthan bersebelahan dengan Interstate-10. Pencemaran udara yang dihasilkan telah menimbulkan beberapa kebimbangan kerana stesen operasi Sundt telah dimulakan sejak tahun 1962 kerana dikecualikan daripada piawaian dan kawalan pencemaran yang banyak disebabkan oleh usianya. Solar telah mendapat tanah di Tucson dengan idealnya selama lebih daripada 300 hari cahaya matahari. Kredit persekutuan, negeri, malah kredit utiliti tempatan dan insentif juga telah menarik perhatian penduduk untuk melengkapkan rumah dengan sistem solar. Davis-Monthan AFB mempunyai pelbagai jenis solar photovoltaic (PV) 3.3 Megawatt (MW) dan pelbagai PV yang dipasang di bumbung 2.7 MW, kedua-duanya terletak di kawasan Pangkalan Perumahan. Pangkalan ini tidak lama lagi akan mempunyai kapasiti penjanaan solar terbesar di Jabatan Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat selepas memberi kontrak pada 10 September 2010, kepada SunEdison untuk membina medan 14.5 MW PV di bahagian barat laut pangkalan. <> Siapa yang menjalankan loji janakuasa utama Tucson? || Tucson Electric Power <> Jalan raya yang mana adalah loji janakuasa utama Tucson? || Interstate-10 <> Apa gunanya penggunaan kuasa utama Tucson untuk bahan bakar? || arang batu dan gas asli <> Bilakah kilang kuasa utama Tucson mula beroperasi? || 1962 <> Berapa banyak hari cahaya matahari yang dilakukan oleh Tucson setiap tahun? || lebih 300", {"context": "Tucson's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10. The air pollution generated has raised some concerns as the Sundt operating station has been online since 1962 as is exempt from many pollution standards and controls due to its age. Solar has been gaining ground in Tucson with its ideal over 300 days of sunshine climate. Federal, state, and even local utility credits and incentives have also enticed residents to equip homes with solar systems. Davis-Monthan AFB has a 3.3 Megawatt (MW) ground-mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) array and a 2.7 MW rooftop-mounted PV array, both of which are located in the Base Housing area. The base will soon have the largest solar-generating capacity in the United States Department of Defense after awarding a contract on September 10, 2010, to SunEdison to construct a 14.5 MW PV field on the northwestern side of the base.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Tucson Electric Power"}], "question": "Who runs Tucson's main power plant?", "id": "5734415c879d6814001ca40f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Interstate-10"}], "question": "What highway is Tucson's main power plant near?", "id": "5734415c879d6814001ca410"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "coal and natural gas"}], "question": "What does Tucson's main power plant use for fuel?", "id": "5734415c879d6814001ca411"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "1962"}], "question": "When did Tucson's main power plant begin operation?", "id": "5734415c879d6814001ca412"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "over 300"}], "question": "How many days of sunshine does Tucson get each year?", "id": "5734415c879d6814001ca413"}]}], ["Sistem bas Sun Tran di Tucson menghidangkan Tucson yang lebih besar dengan perkhidmatan pengangkutan bas standard, ekspres, serantau dan perkhidmatan bas ulang-alik. Ia dianugerahkan Sistem Transit Terbaik pada tahun 1988 dan 2005. Barisan trem 3.9 kilometer, Sun Link, menghubungkan kampus Universiti Arizona dengan 4 Avenue, pusat bandar, dan Mercado District di barat Interstate 10 dan Santa Cruz River. Perkhidmatan penumpang lebuhraya selama 10 minit bermula pada 25 Julai 2014. Trem ini menggunakan sistem pembayaran dan pemindahan kad Sun Tran, yang menghubungkan dengan perkhidmatan shuttle bus CatTran University of Arizona, Amtrak, dan Greyhound. <> Berapa lamakah Sun Link? || 3.9-batu <> Apakah sistem bas Tucson dipanggil? || Sun Tran <> Sistem transit apakah yang menghubungkan Sun Link dengan? || perkhidmatan shuttle bus CatTran University of Arizona, Amtrak dan Greyhound <> Bilakah Tucson mendapat anugerah 'Best Transit System'? || 1988 dan 2005 <> Apa jenis kenderaan yang beroperasi di Sun Link? || kereta jalanan", {"context": "Tucson's Sun Tran bus system serves greater Tucson with standard, express, regional shuttle, and on-demand shuttle bus service. It was awarded Best Transit System in 1988 and 2005. A 3.9-mile streetcar line, Sun Link, connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue, downtown, and the Mercado District west of Interstate 10 and the Santa Cruz River. Ten-minute headway passenger service began July 25, 2014. The streetcar utilizes Sun Tran's card payment and transfer system, connecting with the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "3.9-mile"}], "question": "How long is the Sun Link?", "id": "5734453aacc1501500babd59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Sun Tran"}], "question": "What is Tucson's bus system called?", "id": "5734453aacc1501500babd5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service"}], "question": "What transit systems does Sun Link connect to?", "id": "5734453aacc1501500babd5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "1988 and 2005"}], "question": "When did Tucson get a 'Best Transit System' award?", "id": "5734453aacc1501500babd5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "streetcar"}], "question": "What kind of vehicles operate on the Sun Link?", "id": "5734453aacc1501500babd5d"}]}], ["Berbasikal terkenal di Tucson kerana kawasan rata dan iklim keringnya. Tucson dan Pima County mengekalkan rangkaian laluan basikal yang ketara, lintasan isyarat, lorong basikal di jalan, laluan berbasikal gunung, dan laluan penggunaan bersama yang didedikasikan. The Loop adalah rangkaian tujuh taman linear yang terdiri daripada lebih dari 100 mi (160 km) jalan beraspal, bebas kenderaan yang mengelilingi sebahagian besar bandar raya dengan menghubungkan ke Marana dan Lembah Oro. Jawatankuasa Penasihat Basikal Tucson-Pima County (TPCBAC) berkhidmat dalam kapasiti penasihat kepada pemerintah daerah mengenai isu-isu yang berkaitan dengan rekreasi basikal, pengangkutan, dan keselamatan. Tucson dianugerahkan penarafan emas untuk keramahan basikal oleh Liga Penunggang Basikal Amerika pada tahun 2006. <> Kenapa basikal popular di Tucson? || kawasan rata dan iklim kering <> Apa itu Loop? || rangkaian tujuh taman linear <> Berapa batu jejak dalam The Loop? || lebih 100 <> Organisasi apa yang menasihati pemerintah Tucson mengenai kebimbangan basikal? || Jawatankuasa Penasihat Basikal Tucson-Pima County <> Apa jenis tempat untuk menunggang basikal yang dilakukan oleh Tucson? || laluan basikal yang ditanda, lintasan isyarat, lorong basikal di jalan, laluan berbasikal gunung, dan laluan penggunaan bersama yang didedikasikan", {"context": "Cycling is popular in Tucson due to its flat terrain and dry climate. Tucson and Pima County maintain an extensive network of marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths. The Loop is a network of seven linear parks comprising over 100 mi (160 km) of paved, vehicle-free trails that encircles the majority of the city with links to Marana and Oro Valley. The Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee (TPCBAC) serves in an advisory capacity to local governments on issues relating to bicycle recreation, transportation, and safety. Tucson was awarded a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness by the League of American Bicyclists in 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "its flat terrain and dry climate"}], "question": "Why is cycling popular in Tucson?", "id": "573445bbacc1501500babd6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "a network of seven linear parks"}], "question": "What is The Loop?", "id": "573445bbacc1501500babd6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "over 100"}], "question": "How many miles of trails are in The Loop?", "id": "573445bbacc1501500babd6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee"}], "question": "What organization advises the Tucson government on bike concerns?", "id": "573445bbacc1501500babd70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths"}], "question": "What kind of places to ride bikes does Tucson have?", "id": "573445bbacc1501500babd71"}]}]], [["Pengecualian Armenia dibuktikan dalam Prasasti Behistun Persia Lama (515 SM) sebagai Armina (). Istilah Yunani kuno \u1f08\u03c1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 (Armen\u00eda) dan \u1f08\u03c1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 (Arm\u00e9nioi, \"Armenian\") pertama kali disebut oleh Hecataeus dari Miletus (tahun 550 SM - 476 SM). Xenophon, seorang jeneral Yunani yang berkhidmat dalam beberapa ekspedisi Persia, menerangkan banyak aspek kehidupan dan hospital kampung Armenia sekitar 401 SM. Beliau menceritakan bahawa orang-orang berbicara bahasa yang di telinganya terdengar seperti bahasa orang Persia. Mengikut sejarah Musa dari Chorene dan Michael Chamchian, Armenia berasal dari nama Aram, keturunan Hayk keturunan. <> Apa nama Armenia mendapatkan namanya? || Aram <> Bilakah Xenophon melawat Armenia? || 401 SM <> Siapa yang pertama merujuk Armenia? || Hecataeus of Miletus <> Bahasa apa yang Armenias menyerupai kebanyakan? || Persia", {"context": "The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina (    ). The ancient Greek terms \u1f08\u03c1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 (Armen\u00eda) and \u1f08\u03c1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 (Arm\u00e9nioi, \"Armenians\") are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC \u2013 c. 476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, a lineal descendant of Hayk.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "Aram"}], "question": "What name did Armenia gain it's name from?", "id": "572f7e5ca23a5019007fc687"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "401 BC"}], "question": "When did Xenophon visit Armenia?", "id": "572f7e5ca23a5019007fc688"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Hecataeus of Miletus"}], "question": "Who first referenced the Armenians?", "id": "572f7e5ca23a5019007fc689"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "Persians"}], "question": "What language does Armenias resemble most?", "id": "572f7e5ca23a5019007fc68a"}]}], ["Empayar Seljuk tidak lama lagi mula runtuh. Pada awal abad ke-12, putera Armenia keluarga Zakarid yang mulia telah mengusir Turki Seljuk dan membentuk kerajaan Armenia yang separuh bebas di Armenia Utara dan Timur, yang dikenali sebagai Armenia Zakarid, yang bertahan di bawah naungan Kerajaan Georgia. Keluarga mulia Orbelia berkongsi kawalan dengan Zakarid di berbagai negara, terutama di Syunik dan Vayots Dzor, sementara keluarga Armenia dari Hasan-Jalalian menguasai wilayah Seniakh dan Utik sebagai Kerajaan Seniakh. <> Keluarga mana yang menggulingkan Turki Seljuk? || Zakarid <> Apa prinsip utama keluarga Zakarid? || Zakarid Armenia <> Kawasan mana yang dilakukan oleh Orbelia dan Zakarid bersama? || Syunik dan Vayots Dzor <> Kawasan apa yang dilakukan oleh Hasan Hasan? || Seniakh dan Utik <> Bilakah Empayar Seljuk mengalami penurunan itu? || awal abad ke-12", {"context": "The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia, known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The noble family of Orbelians shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the Armenian family of Hasan-Jalalians controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "the Zakarid"}], "question": "Which family overthrew the Seljuk Turks?", "id": "572f8ee0b2c2fd14005681f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Zakarid Armenia"}], "question": "What principality did the Zakarid family form?", "id": "572f8ee0b2c2fd14005681f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Syunik and Vayots Dzor"}], "question": "What area did the Orbelians and Zakarids command together?", "id": "572f8ee0b2c2fd14005681f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Artsakh and Utik"}], "question": "What area did the Hasan-jalalians command?", "id": "572f8ee0b2c2fd14005681f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "early 12th century"}], "question": "When did the Seljuk Empire experience it's decline?", "id": "572f8ee0b2c2fd14005681f7"}]}], ["Pada 1045, Empayar Byzantine menakluki Bagratid Armenia. Tidak lama kemudian, negara-negara Armenia yang lain juga berada di bawah kawalan Byzantine. Pemerintahan Byzantin itu hidup pendek, seperti pada tahun 1071 Seljuk Turks mengalahkan Bizantium dan menaklukkan Armenia di Pertempuran Manzikert, mendirikan Empayar Seljuk. Untuk melepaskan diri dari kematian atau penghambaan di tangan orang-orang yang telah membunuh saudaranya, Gagik II, Raja Ani, seorang Armenia yang bernama Roupen, pergi dengan beberapa orang negaranya ke lereng Pegunungan Taurus dan kemudian ke Tarsus dari Cilicia. Gabenor Byzantium istana memberi mereka perlindungan tempat Kerajaan Armenia Cilicia akhirnya ditubuhkan pada 6 Januari 1198 di bawah Raja Leo I, keturunan Pangeran Roupen. <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Bagratid Armenia? || Empayar Byzantine <> Bilakah Turki Seljuk mengalahkan Byzantine? || 1071 <> Bilakah Cilicia diasaskan? || 6 Januari 1198 <> Apa hasil Pertempuran Manzikert untuk Turki Seljuk? || menakluki Armenia <> Di mana Roupen mencari perlindungan? || Tarsus dari Cilicia", {"context": "In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short lived, as in 1071 Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire. To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II, King of Ani, an Armenian named Roupen, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under King Leo I, a descendant of Prince Roupen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "the Byzantine Empire"}], "question": "Who vanquished Bagratid Armenia?", "id": "572f8ba7b2c2fd14005681df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "1071"}], "question": "When did the Seljuk Turks beat the Byzantines?", "id": "572f8ba7b2c2fd14005681e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "6 January 1198"}], "question": "When was Cilicia founded?", "id": "572f8ba7b2c2fd14005681e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "conquered Armenia"}], "question": "What was the outcome of the Battle of Manzikert for the Seljuk Turks?", "id": "572f8ba7b2c2fd14005681e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Tarsus of Cilicia"}], "question": "Where did Roupen find refuge?", "id": "572f8ba7b2c2fd14005681e3"}]}], ["Beberapa negara era gangsa berkembang di kawasan Greater Armenia, termasuk Empayar Hittite (pada ketinggian kuasa), Mitanni (Armenia bersejarah Selatan-Barat), dan Hayasa-Azzi (1500-1200 SM). Orang-orang Nairi (abad ke-12 hingga ke-9 SM) dan Kerajaan Urartu (1000-600 SM) berturut-turut menubuhkan kedaulatan mereka di Tanah Tinggi Armenia. Setiap negara dan puak yang disebutkan di atas mengambil bahagian dalam etnogenesis orang Armenia. Sebuah tulisan lapidary cuneiform yang besar yang terdapat di Yerevan menegaskan bahawa ibu kota moden Armenia diasaskan pada musim panas 782 SM oleh Raja Argishti I. Yerevan adalah bandar tertua di dunia yang telah mendokumentasikan tarikh tepat yayasannya. <> Bilakah ibu kota Armenia ditubuhkan? || 782 SM <> Apa modal Armenia? || Yerevan <> Penubuhan kota mana yang pertama kali dicatatkan? || Yerevan <> Yang memerintah Armenia pada tahun 782 SM? || Raja Argishti I", {"context": "Several bronze-era states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500\u20131200 BC). The Nairi people (12th to 9th centuries BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (1000\u2013600 BC) successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "782 BC"}], "question": "When was the capital of Armenia established?", "id": "572f8355a23a5019007fc6c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Yerevan"}], "question": "What is the capital of Armenia?", "id": "572f8355a23a5019007fc6c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "Yerevan"}], "question": "The founding of which city was the first to be ever recorded?", "id": "572f8355a23a5019007fc6c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "King Argishti I"}], "question": "Who ruled Armenia in 782 BC?", "id": "572f8355a23a5019007fc6c3"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-16, Empayar Uthmaniyyah dan Empayar Safavid membahagi Armenia. Dari awal abad ke-16, kedua Armenia Barat dan Armenia Timur jatuh di bawah pemerintahan Safavid Iran. Disebabkan persaingan geo-politik Turco-Iran yang panjang abad yang akan berlangsung di Asia Barat, bahagian-bahagian penting rantau ini sering berperang di antara dua empayar berkuasa. Dari pertengahan abad ke-16 dengan Perdamaian Amasya, dan tegas dari separuh pertama abad ke-17 dengan Perjanjian Zuhab sehingga separuh pertama abad ke-19, Armenia Timur diperintah oleh kerajaan Safavid Iran, empayar Afsharid dan Qajar, manakala Armenia Barat kekal di bawah pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah. <> Empayar mana yang dipisahkan Armenia? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah dan Empayar Safavid <> Yang menguasai Armenia Barat antara abad ke-16 dan ke-19? || Uthmaniyyah <> Yang menguasai Armenia Timur antara abad ke-16 dan ke-19? || Iran Safavid, Afsharid dan Qajar empayar <> Berapa lama persaingan Turki-Iran yang terakhir? || abad", {"context": "In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire"}], "question": "Which empires seperated Armenia?", "id": "572f905804bcaa1900d76a7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "Ottoman"}], "question": "Who controlled Western Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?", "id": "572f905804bcaa1900d76a7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires"}], "question": "Who controlled Eastern Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?", "id": "572f905804bcaa1900d76a7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "century"}], "question": "How long did the Turco-Iranian rivalry last?", "id": "572f905804bcaa1900d76a7e"}]}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-6 SM, entiti geografi pertama yang dipanggil Armenia oleh penduduk jiran telah ditubuhkan di bawah Dinasti Orontid di dalam Empayar Achaemenid, sebagai sebahagian wilayah wilayah. Kerajaan menjadi sepenuhnya berdaulat dari pengaruh pengaruh Kerajaan Seleucid pada 190 SM di bawah Raja Artaxias I dan mulai pemerintahan dinasti Artaxiad. Armenia mencapai ketinggian antara 95 dan 66 SM di bawah Tigranes the Great, menjadi kerajaan yang paling berkuasa di zaman timur Republik Romawi. <> Di bawah siapakah Areminia menjadi berdaulat? || Raja Artaxias I <> Apa Empayar yang dimiliki oleh Dinasti Orontid? || Achaemenid Empire <> Bilakah Armenia mencapai puncaknya? || antara 95 dan 66 SM <> Raja mana yang bertanggungjawab untuk kemakmuran Armenias? || Tigranes yang hebat", {"context": "During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territories. The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "King Artaxias I"}], "question": "Under who did Areminia become fully sovereign?", "id": "572f871db2c2fd14005681bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Achaemenid Empire"}], "question": "What Empire did the Orontid Dynasty belong to?", "id": "572f871db2c2fd14005681be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "between 95 and 66 BC"}], "question": "When did Armenia reach it's peak?", "id": "572f871db2c2fd14005681bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Tigranes the Great"}], "question": "Which ruler is responsible for Armenias prosperity?", "id": "572f871db2c2fd14005681c0"}]}], ["Selepas tempoh Marzpanate (428-636), Armenia muncul sebagai Emirasi Armenia, sebuah kerajaan autonomi dalam Empayar Arab, menyatukan tanah Armenia yang sebelumnya diambil oleh Empayar Byzantin. Principality diperintah oleh Pangeran Armenia, dan diakui oleh Khalifah dan Kaisar Byzantine. Ia adalah sebahagian daripada bahagian pentadbiran / emiriah Arminiya yang dicipta oleh orang Arab, yang juga termasuk bahagian Georgia dan Albania Kaukasia, dan mempunyai pusatnya di bandar Armenia, Dvin. Principality of Armenia berlangsung hingga 884, ketika ia merebut kembali kemerdekaannya dari Empayar Arab yang lemah di bawah Raja Ashot I Bagratuni. <> Bilakah zaman Marzpanate? || 428-636 <> Bilakah berakhirnya Principality of Armenia? || 884 <> Di mana pemerintah memerintah merdeka? || Raja Ashot I Bagratuni <> Di mana Principality of Armenia berpusat? || Dvin <> Yang memerintah Emirat Armenia? || Putera Armenia", {"context": "After the Marzpanate period (428\u2013636), Armenia emerged as the Emirate of Armenia, an autonomous principality within the Arabic Empire, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognized by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiya created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania, and had its center in the Armenian city, Dvin. The Principality of Armenia lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Arab Empire under King Ashot I Bagratuni.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "428\u2013636"}], "question": "When was the Marzpanate era?", "id": "572f892304bcaa1900d76a5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "884"}], "question": "When did the Principality of Armenia end?", "id": "572f892304bcaa1900d76a61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "King Ashot I Bagratuni"}], "question": "Under which ruler did the Principality of Armenia gain its independence?", "id": "572f892304bcaa1900d76a62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Dvin"}], "question": "Where was the Principality of Armenia centered?", "id": "572f892304bcaa1900d76a63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Prince of Armenia"}], "question": "Who ruled the Emirate of Armenia?", "id": "572f892304bcaa1900d76a60"}]}], ["Dalam abad yang akan datang, Armenia berada di pengaruh pengaruh Empayar Parsi semasa pemerintahan Tiridates I, pengasas dinasti Arsacid Armenia, yang sendiri adalah cabang dari dinasti Arsacid yang bernama Parthia. Sepanjang sejarahnya, kerajaan Armenia menikmati kedua-dua tempoh kemerdekaan dan tempoh otonomi tertakluk kepada kerajaan kontemporari. Lokasi strategiknya di antara dua benua telah menyerangnya oleh banyak orang, termasuk Asyur (di bawah Ashurbanipal, sekitar 669-627 SM, sempadan Empayar Asyur mencapai sejauh Armenia & Gunung Caucasus), Medes, Persia Achaemenid , Orang Yunani, Parti, Roma, Persia Sassanid, Bizantium, Arab, Seljuk, Mongol, Uthmaniyyah, Safavid Iran, Afsharid, dan Qajar, dan Rusia. <> Siapa yang menubuhkan dinasti Arsacid Armenia? || Tiridates I <> Apa yang membuatkan Armenia begitu mudah diserang? || lokasi strategik antara dua benua <> yang memerintah orang Asyur antara 669-627 SM? || Ashurbanipal", {"context": "In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Empire's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates I, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, which itself was a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia enjoyed both periods of independence and periods of autonomy subject to contemporary empires. Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many peoples, including the Assyrians (under Ashurbanipal, at around 669\u2013627 BC, the boundaries of the Assyrian Empire reached as far as Armenia & the Caucasus Mountains), Medes, Achaemenid Persians, Greeks, Parthians, Romans, Sassanid Persians, Byzantines, Arabs, Seljuks, Mongols, Ottomans, successive Iranian Safavids, Afsharids, and Qajars, and the Russians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Tiridates I"}], "question": "Who established the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia?", "id": "572f8802947a6a140053ca34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "strategic location between two continents"}], "question": "What made Armenia so easily invadable?", "id": "572f8802947a6a140053ca35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Ashurbanipal"}], "question": "Who ruled the Assyrians between 669-627 BC?", "id": "572f8802947a6a140053ca36"}]}], ["Armenia adalah negara kesatuan, multi-parti, demokratik dengan warisan budaya kuno. Urartu ditubuhkan pada tahun 860 SM dan pada abad ke-6 SM digantikan oleh Satrapy of Armenia. Pada abad ke-1 SM Kerajaan Armenia mencapai ketinggian di bawah Tigranes the Great. Armenia menjadi negara pertama di dunia untuk mengadopsi agama Kristian sebagai agama rasminya. Di antara abad ke-3 hingga awal abad ke-4, negara menjadi negara Kristian yang pertama. Tarikh rasmi penerimaan negara Kristian adalah 301 AD. Kerajaan Armenia kuno dipisahkan antara Empayar Byzantine dan Sasanian sekitar abad ke-5. <> Apa jenis pemerintahan Armenia? || demokratik <> agama apakah yang menyokong Armenia? || Kristian <> Siapa yang membawa Armenia ke kejayaan pada abad ke-1 SM? || Tigranes the Great <> Apa dua empayar yang Armenia tergolong dalam permulaan abad ke-5? || Byzantine dan Sasanian <> Bilakah Urartu dicipta? || 860 SM", {"context": "Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. Urartu was established in 860 BC and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. In the 1st century BC the Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great. Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion. In between the late 3rd century to early years of the 4th century, the state became the first Christian nation. The official date of state adoption of Christianity is 301 AD. The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "democratic"}], "question": "What kind of government does Armenia have?", "id": "572f7c1504bcaa1900d76a01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "What religion did Armenia support?", "id": "572f7c1504bcaa1900d76a03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Tigranes the Great"}], "question": "Who brought Armenia to success in the 1st century BC?", "id": "572f7c1504bcaa1900d76a02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "Byzantine and Sasanian"}], "question": "What two empires did Armenia belong to in the beginning of the 5th century?", "id": "572f7c1504bcaa1900d76a04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "860 BC"}], "question": "When was Urartu created?", "id": "572f7c1504bcaa1900d76a05"}]}], ["Antara kurun ke-16 dan abad ke-19, tanah air tradisional Armenia yang terdiri dari Armenia Timur dan Armenia Barat berada di bawah pemerintahan empayar Uthmaniyyah dan berturut-turut Iran, berulang kali diperintah oleh kedua-dua mereka selama berabad-abad. Menjelang abad ke-19, Armenia Timur telah ditakluki oleh Empayar Rusia, manakala kebanyakan bahagian barat tanah air tradisional Armenia kekal di bawah pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah. Semasa Perang Dunia I, orang Armenia yang tinggal di tanah nenek moyang mereka di Empayar Uthmaniyyah secara sistematik telah dibasmi dalam Genosida Armenia. Pada tahun 1918, selepas Revolusi Rusia, semua negara bukan Rusia mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan mereka dari kerajaan Rusia, yang membawa kepada penubuhan Republik Pertama Armenia. Menjelang tahun 1920, negeri itu telah dimasukkan ke dalam Persekutuan Soviet Sosialis Transcaucasian, dan pada tahun 1922 menjadi ahli pengasas Soviet Union. Pada tahun 1936, negara Transkaucasian telah dibubarkan, mengubah negara-negara konstituennya, termasuk Republik Sosialis Soviet Armenia, menjadi republik Union penuh. Republik Armenia moden menjadi bebas pada tahun 1991 semasa pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet. <> Yang dua empayar memerintah Armenia antara abad ke-16 dan ke-19? || Empayar Ottoman dan berturut-turut Iran <> Yang mengambil alih Armenia Timur pada abad ke-19? || Empayar Rusia <> Bilakah genosor Armenia berlaku? || Perang Dunia I <> Bilakah Armenia menjadi sebahagian daripada Republik Soviet Federasi Sosialis Transkaucasian? || 1920 <> Bilakah Armenia mendapat kemerdekaannya? || 1991", {"context": "Between the 16th century and 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and successive Iranian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. In 1918, after the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence from the Russian empire, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved, transforming its constituent states, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, into full Union republics. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Ottoman and successive Iranian empires"}], "question": "Which two empires ruled Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?", "id": "572f7d20947a6a140053c9b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Russian Empire"}], "question": "Who took over Eastern Armenia in the 19th century?", "id": "572f7d20947a6a140053c9b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "World War I"}], "question": "When did the Armenian Genocide occure?", "id": "572f7d20947a6a140053c9b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "1920"}], "question": "When did Armenia become part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?", "id": "572f7d20947a6a140053c9b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1123, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When did Armenia gain its independence?", "id": "572f7d20947a6a140053c9b8"}]}], ["Armenia telah dilampirkan oleh Bolshevist Rusia dan bersama-sama dengan Georgia dan Azerbaijan, ia dimasukkan ke dalam Kesatuan Soviet sebagai sebahagian daripada SFSR Transkaucasian (TSFSR) pada 4 Mac 1922. Dengan pengilhakan ini, Perjanjian Alexandropol digantikan oleh Perjanjian Turki-Soviet daripada Kars. Dalam perjanjian itu, Turki membenarkan Kesatuan Soviet untuk mengambil alih kawalan ke atas Adjara dengan bandar pelabuhan Batumi sebagai balasan kedaulatan ke atas bandar-bandar Kars, Ardahan, dan I\u011fd\u0131r, yang semuanya adalah sebahagian daripada Armenia Rusia. <> Bilakah terbentuknya SFSR Transkaucasian? || 4 Mac 1922 <> Kesatuan Soviet menguasai bandar mana yang mengikuti Perjanjian Kars? || Batumi <> Apa keuntungan Turki dari Perjanjian Kars? || kedaulatan ke atas bandar-bandar Kars, Ardahan, dan I\u011fd\u0131r <> Siapa yang merangkumi Armenia? || Bolshevist Rusia", {"context": "Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922. With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and I\u011fd\u0131r, all of which were part of Russian Armenia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "4 March 1922"}], "question": "When was the Transcaucasian SFSR formed?", "id": "572fb156947a6a140053cb94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Batumi"}], "question": "The Soviet Union gained control over which city following the Treaty of Kars?", "id": "572fb156947a6a140053cb95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and I\u011fd\u0131r"}], "question": "What did Turkey gain from the Treaty of Kars?", "id": "572fb156947a6a140053cb96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Bolshevist Russia"}], "question": "Who annexed Armenia?", "id": "572fb156947a6a140053cb97"}]}], ["Pihak berkuasa Turki menafikan pembunuhan beramai-ramai berlaku hingga ke hari ini. Genosid Armenia diakui sebagai salah satu genosida moden yang pertama. Menurut penyelidikan yang dijalankan oleh Arnold J. Toynbee, kira-kira 600,000 warga Armenia meninggal semasa pengusiran dari 1915-16). Angka ini, bagaimanapun, menyumbang hanya tahun pertama Genosid dan tidak mengambil kira mereka yang meninggal atau terbunuh selepas laporan itu disusun pada 24 Mei 1916. Persatuan Antarabangsa Genosid Ulama meletakkan angka kematian pada \"lebih daripada sejuta \". Jumlah bilangan orang terbunuh telah dianggarkan paling banyak di antara 1 dan 1.5 juta. <> Berapa banyak orang Armenia meninggal semasa fasa kedua Genosid Armenia antara 1915-1916 ?? || 600,000 <> Siapa yang menentang kewujudan Genosida Armenia? || Pihak berkuasa Turki <> Berapa anggaran jumlah orang yang meninggal semasa Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Armenia? || antara 1 dan 1.5 juta <> Siapa yang menyusun laporan mengenai Pembantaian Armenia? || Arnold J. Toynbee <> Bilakah laporan Toynbee disusun? || 24hb Mei 1916", {"context": "Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915\u201316). This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on the 24th May 1916. The International Association of Genocide Scholars places the death toll at \"more than a million\". The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "600,000"}], "question": "How many Armenians died during the second phase of the Armenian Genocide between 1915-1916??", "id": "572fa947947a6a140053cb26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Turkish authorities"}], "question": "Who contests the existence of the Armenian Genocide?", "id": "572fa947947a6a140053cb28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "between 1 and 1.5 million"}], "question": "What is the estimated sum of people who died during the Armenian Genocide?", "id": "572fa947947a6a140053cb27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Arnold J. Toynbee"}], "question": "Who put together a report about the Armenian Genocide?", "id": "572fa947947a6a140053cb29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "24th May 1916"}], "question": "When was Toynbee's report put together?", "id": "572fa947947a6a140053cb2a"}]}], ["Walaupun tentera Caucasus Rusia pasukan Imperial yang diperintahkan oleh Nikolai Yudenich dan Armenia dalam unit sukarelawan dan milisi Armenia yang diketuai oleh Andranik Ozanian dan Tovmas Nazarbekian berjaya mendapatkan kebanyakan Armenia Uthmaniyyah semasa Perang Dunia I, keuntungan mereka telah hilang dengan Revolusi Bolshevik 1917. [rujukan?] Pada masa itu, Armenia Timur, Georgia, dan Azerbaijan yang dikuasai oleh Rusia cuba mengikat bersama dalam Republik Persekutuan Demokratik Transcaucasian. Persekutuan ini, bagaimanapun, berlangsung dari bulan Februari hingga Mei 1918, apabila ketiga-tiga pihak memutuskan untuk membubarkannya. Akibatnya, kerajaan Dashnaktsutyun dari Armenia Timur mengisytiharkan kemerdekaannya pada 28 Mei sebagai Republik Pertama Armenia di bawah pimpinan Aram Manukian. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap Tentera Kaukasus Rusia terhadap pasukan Imperial? || Nikolai Yudenich <> Siapa pemimpin milisi Armenia? || Andranik Ozanian <> Kapan Revolusi Bolshevik? || 1917 <> Siapa yang membentuk Republik Persekutuan Demokratik Transkaucasian? || Armenia Timur, Georgia, dan Azerbaijan <> Bilakah Dashnaktsutyun mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan? || Mei 1918", {"context": "Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.[citation needed] At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Nikolai Yudenich"}], "question": "Who was in charge of the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces?", "id": "572fab15b2c2fd14005682f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Andranik Ozanian"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Armenian militia?", "id": "572fab15b2c2fd14005682f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "1917"}], "question": "When was the Bolshevik Revolution? ", "id": "572fab15b2c2fd14005682f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan"}], "question": "Who formed the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic?", "id": "572fab15b2c2fd14005682f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "May 1918"}], "question": "When did the Dashnaktsutyun declare independence?", "id": "572fab15b2c2fd14005682f5"}]}], ["Pembunuhan beramai-ramai telah dilaksanakan dalam dua fasa: pembunuhan besar-besaran populasi lelaki yang bertubuh lasak melalui pembunuhan beramai-ramai dan tuduhan askar tentera untuk kerja paksa, diikuti dengan pengusiran wanita, kanak-kanak, orang tua dan lemah pada march kematian yang membawa kepada gurun Syria . Didorong ke hadapan oleh pengiring tentera, para deportees dilucutkan makanan dan air dan tertakluk kepada rompakan berkala, rogol, dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai. Terdapat tentangan Armenia tempatan di rantau ini, yang dibangunkan terhadap aktiviti-aktiviti Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Peristiwa 1915 hingga 1917 dianggap oleh orang Armenia dan kebanyakan ahli sejarah Barat telah menjadi pembunuhan besar-besaran yang ditaja oleh negara, atau pembunuhan beramai-ramai. <> Apa yang dilihat orang-orang Armenia dalam peristiwa 1915-1917? || pembunuhan beramai-ramai yang ditaja kerajaan, atau pembunuhan beramai-ramai <> Berapa banyak fasa yang ada di Genosid Armenia? || dua fasa <> Apakah fasa pertama melibatkan Genosida Armenia? || pembunuhan populasi laki-laki bertubuh <> Apakah fasa kedua pembunuhan kaum Armenia melibatkan? || pengusiran wanita, kanak-kanak, orang tua dan lemah <> Di manakah kematian Genosida Armenia memaksa para deportees pergi? || Padang pasir Syria", {"context": "The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre. There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide"}], "question": "What do the Armenians see the events of 1915-1917 as?", "id": "572fa81904bcaa1900d76b5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "two phases"}], "question": "How many phases were there to the Armenian Genocide?", "id": "572fa81904bcaa1900d76b5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "killing of the able-bodied male population"}], "question": "What did the first phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?", "id": "572fa81904bcaa1900d76b5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm"}], "question": "What did the second phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?", "id": "572fa81904bcaa1900d76b60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Syrian desert"}], "question": "Where did the Armenian Genocide death marches push the deportees to?", "id": "572fa81904bcaa1900d76b61"}]}], ["Apabila Perang Dunia I telah berlaku untuk konfrontasi antara Empayar Uthmaniyyah dan Empayar Rusia dalam Kempen Caucasus dan Persia, kerajaan baru di Istanbul mula melihat rakyat Armenia dengan rasa tidak percaya dan kecurigaan. Ini adalah kerana Tentera Rusia Imperial mengandungi kontinjen sukarelawan Armenia. Pada 24 April 1915, kaum intelektual Armenia telah ditangkap oleh pihak berkuasa Uthmaniyyah dan, dengan Undang-undang Tehcir (29 Mei 1915), sebahagian besar penduduk Armenia yang tinggal di Anatolia telah binasa dalam apa yang telah dikenali sebagai Pembantaian Armenia. <> Apa yang menimbulkan konflik antara Empayar Uthmaniyyah dan Rusia? || Perang Dunia I <> Bilakah Hukum Tehcir datang? || 29 Mei 1915 <> Tentera mana yang mempunyai sekumpulan sukarelawan Armenia berjuang untuk mereka? || Tentera Rusia <> Di manakah Genosid Armenia berlaku? || Anatolia", {"context": "When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "World War I"}], "question": "What instigated conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empire?", "id": "572fa6bca23a5019007fc831"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "29 May 1915"}], "question": "When did the Tehcir Law come to fruition?", "id": "572fa6bca23a5019007fc832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Russian Army"}], "question": "Which army had a group of Armenian volunteers fighting for them?", "id": "572fa6bca23a5019007fc834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Anatolia"}], "question": "Where did the Armenian Genocide occur?", "id": "572fa6bca23a5019007fc833"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1920, pasukan kebangsaan Turki menyerbu republik Armenia dari timur. tentera Turki di bawah pimpinan Kaz\u0131m Karabekir ditangkap wilayah Armenia bahawa Rusia telah dilampirkan dalam selepas Perang 1877-1878 Rusia-Turki dan menduduki bandar lama Alexandropol (kini Gyumri). Konflik ganas akhirnya diakhiri dengan Perjanjian Alexandropol pada 2 Disember 1920. Perjanjian terpaksa Armenia untuk melucutkan senjata sebahagian besar daripada kuasa-kuasa ketenteraan, menyerahkan semua bekas wilayah Uthmaniyyah yang diberikan kepadanya oleh Perjanjian S\u00e8vres, dan melepaskan semua \"Wilsonian Armenia \"diberikan kepadanya di perjanjian S\u00e8vres. Pada masa yang sama, Tentera Kesebelas Soviet, di bawah komando Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, menyerang Armenia di Karavansarai (kini Ijevan) pada 29 November. Pada 4 Disember, pasukan Ordzhonikidze memasuki Yerevan dan republik Armenia yang pendek tinggal runtuh. <> Bilakah Perjanjian Treaty of Alexandropol diluluskan? || 2 Disember 1920 <> Apa kota yang pernah dipanggil Gyumri hari ini? || Alexandropol <> Bilakah pecahan republik Armenia? || 4 Disember <> Siapa yang mengetuai Tentera Kesebelas Soviet? || Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze <> Berapa tahunkah kaum nasionalis Turki merampas Republik Armenia? || 1920", {"context": "In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of Kaz\u0131m Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877\u20131878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces, cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the Treaty of S\u00e8vres, and to give up all the \"Wilsonian Armenia\" granted to it at the S\u00e8vres treaty. Simultaneously, the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "2 December 1920"}], "question": "When was the Treaty of Alexandropol sanctioned?", "id": "572fae41a23a5019007fc87d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Alexandropol"}], "question": "What city did current day Gyumri used to be called?", "id": "572fae41a23a5019007fc87e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 780, "text": "4 December"}], "question": "When did the Armenian republic breakdown?", "id": "572fae41a23a5019007fc880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze"}], "question": "Who led the Soviet Eleventh Army?", "id": "572fae41a23a5019007fc87f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1920"}], "question": "What year did Turkish nationalists seize the Armenian Republic?", "id": "572fae41a23a5019007fc881"}]}], ["Empayar Uthmaniyyah mulai runtuh, dan pada tahun 1908, Revolusi Young Turk telah menggulingkan kerajaan Sultan Hamid. Pada April 1909, pembunuhan beramai-ramai Adana berlaku di Adana Vilayet Empayar Uthmaniyyah yang mengakibatkan kematian sebanyak 20,000-30,000 rakyat Armenia. Orang Armenia yang tinggal di empayar berharap Jawatankuasa Kesatuan dan Kemajuan akan mengubah status kelas kedua mereka. Pakej pembaharuan Armenia (1914) telah dibentangkan sebagai penyelesaian dengan melantik seorang pemeriksa jeneral mengenai isu Armenia. <> Bilakah pembunuhan beramai-ramai Adana berlaku? || April 1909 <> Berapa banyak rakyat Armenia meninggal dunia dalam Pembunuhan Adana? || 20,000-30,000 <> Bilakah Sultan Hamid tidak disembunyikan? || 1908 <> Siapa yang tidak menampakkan Sultan Hamid? || Revolusi Turki muda <> Bilakah pakej Pembaharuan Armenia diperkenalkan? || 1914", {"context": "The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000\u201330,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "April 1909"}], "question": "When did the Adana massacre take place?", "id": "572f93e604bcaa1900d76aa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "20,000\u201330,000"}], "question": "How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre?", "id": "572f93e604bcaa1900d76aa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "1908"}], "question": "When was Sultan Hamid unseated?", "id": "572f93e604bcaa1900d76aa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Young Turk Revolution"}], "question": "Who unseated Sultan Hamid?", "id": "572f93e604bcaa1900d76aa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "1914"}], "question": "When was the Armenian Reform package introduced?", "id": "572f93e604bcaa1900d76aa3"}]}], ["Walaupun Armenia Barat masih kekal di bawah pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah, orang Armenia telah diberikan autonomi yang besar dalam lingkungan mereka sendiri dan hidup dalam keharmonian relatif dengan kumpulan lain di empayar (termasuk Turki yang berkuasa). Walau bagaimanapun, sebagai orang Kristian di bawah sistem sosial Islam yang ketat, orang Armenia menghadapi diskriminasi yang meluas. Apabila mereka mula memaksa lebih banyak hak dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid II, sebagai tindak balas, menganjurkan serangan tajaan negara terhadap rakyat Armenia antara tahun 1894 dan 1896, mengakibatkan angka kematian berjumlah 80,000 hingga 300,000 orang. Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Hamidian, seperti yang mereka ketahui, memberi nama antarabangsa Hamid sebagai \"Sultan Merah\" atau \"Sultan Berdarah.\" <> Berapa banyak orang Armenia disembelih antara tahun 1894-1896 || 80,000 hingga 300,000 <> Apa yang menyebabkan penyembelihan yang ditaja negara Armenia? || menolak lebih banyak hak <> Apa nama samaran yang diberikan oleh Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid II? || \"Sultan Merah\" atau \"Sultan Berdarah.\" <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada penyembelihan orang Armenia antara tahun 1894-1896? || Pembunuhan Hamidian <> Apakah jenis sistem sosial yang ada di bawah Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Muslim", {"context": "While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim social system, Armenians faced pervasive discrimination. When they began pushing for more rights within the Ottoman Empire, Sultan \u2018Abdu\u2019l-Hamid II, in response, organized state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the \"Red Sultan\" or \"Bloody Sultan.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "80,000 to 300,000"}], "question": "How many Armenians were slaughtered between 1894-1896", "id": "572f91a0947a6a140053ca72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "pushing for more rights"}], "question": "What prompted the state-sponsored slaughter of Armenians?", "id": "572f91a0947a6a140053ca73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "\"Red Sultan\" or \"Bloody Sultan.\""}], "question": "What nicknames was Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid II given?", "id": "572f91a0947a6a140053ca74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "Hamidian massacres"}], "question": "What was the name given to the slaughter of the Armenians between 1894-1896?", "id": "572f91a0947a6a140053ca75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Muslim"}], "question": "What type of social system was in place under the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "572f91a0947a6a140053ca76"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1890-an, Persekutuan Revolusi Armenia, yang biasa dikenali sebagai Dashnaktsutyun, menjadi aktif dalam Empayar Uthmaniyah dengan tujuan menyatukan pelbagai kumpulan kecil di empayar yang menyokong pembaharuan dan mempertahankan kampung-kampung Armenia dari pembunuhan beramai-ramai yang tersebar luas di beberapa kawasan Kawasan berpenduduk Armenia di empayar. Ahli Dashnaktsutyun juga membentuk kumpulan fedayi yang mempertahankan orang-orang Armenia menerusi rintangan bersenjata. Dashnaks juga berusaha untuk mencapai matlamat yang lebih luas untuk mewujudkan \"Armenia yang bebas, merdeka dan bersatu\", walaupun mereka kadang-kadang mengetepikan matlamat ini memihak kepada pendekatan yang lebih realistik, seperti menganjurkan autonomi. <> Apakah nama lain untuk Persekutuan Revolusi Armenia? || Dashnaktsutyun <> Apa tujuan Dashnaks? || mewujudkan \"bebas, bebas dan bersatu\" Armenia <> Kumpulan Dashnak mana yang membantu melindungi warganegara Armenia? || fedayi <> Bilakah Dashnaktsutyun berasal? || 1890s", {"context": "During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a \"free, independent and unified\" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favor of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Dashnaktsutyun"}], "question": "What is another name for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation?", "id": "572f9299947a6a140053ca7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "creating a \"free, independent and unified\" Armenia"}], "question": "What was the Dashnaks objective?", "id": "572f9299947a6a140053ca7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "fedayi"}], "question": "Which Dashnak groups helped protect Armenian citizens?", "id": "572f9299947a6a140053ca7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "1890s"}], "question": "When did the Dashnaktsutyun originate?", "id": "572f9299947a6a140053ca7e"}]}], ["Pada akhir perang, kuasa-kuasa yang menang berusaha untuk membahagikan Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Ditandatangani di antara Pihak Berikat dan Kaitan Bersekutu dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah di S\u00e8vres pada 10 Ogos 1920, Perjanjian S\u00e8vres berjanji untuk mengekalkan kewujudan republik Armenia dan melampirkan bekas wilayah Armenia Uthmaniyyah kepadanya. Kerana batas baru Armenia akan ditarik oleh Presiden Amerika Serikat Woodrow Wilson, Armenia Uthmaniyyah juga disebut sebagai \"Armenia Wilsonian.\" Di samping itu, hanya beberapa hari sebelumnya, pada 5 Ogos 1920, Mihran Damadian dari Kesatuan Kebangsaan Armenia, pentadbiran Armenia de facto di Cilicia, mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan Cilicia sebagai sebuah republik autonomi Armenia di bawah protektorat Perancis. <> Bilakah Perjanjian Sevres ditandatangani? || 10 Ogos 1920 <> Apa nama lain untuk Armenia Uthmaniyyah? || Wilsonian Armenia <> Yang presiden AS menentukan sempadan Armenia yang baru? || Presiden Woodrow Wilson <> Bilakah Cilicia mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan? || 5 Ogos 1920 <> Siapa yang menandatangani Perjanjian Sevres? || Sekutu dan Kaitan Bersekutu dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah", {"context": "At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at S\u00e8vres on 10 August 1920, the Treaty of S\u00e8vres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it. Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President Woodrow Wilson, Ottoman Armenia was also referred to as \"Wilsonian Armenia.\" In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "10 August 1920"}], "question": "When was the Treaty of Sevres signed?", "id": "572fac9304bcaa1900d76bc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Wilsonian Armenia"}], "question": "What is another name for Ottoman Armenia?", "id": "572fac9304bcaa1900d76bc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "President Woodrow Wilson"}], "question": "Which US president specified the new Armenian borders?", "id": "572fac9304bcaa1900d76bc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "5 August 1920"}], "question": "When did Cilicia declare independence?", "id": "572fac9304bcaa1900d76bca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "Who signed the Treaty of Sevres?", "id": "572fac9304bcaa1900d76bcb"}]}], ["Armenia pada masa ini mengekalkan hubungan baik dengan hampir setiap negara di dunia, dengan dua pengecualian utama ialah negara jiran terdekatnya, Turki dan Azerbaijan. Ketegangan berlaku di antara Armenia dan Azerbaijan pada tahun-tahun akhir Kesatuan Soviet. Perang Nagorno-Karabakh menguasai politik rantau ini sepanjang 1990-an. Batasan antara dua negara saingan ini masih ditutup hingga ke hari ini, dan penyelesaian kekal untuk konflik itu belum tercapai walaupun pengantaraan yang disediakan oleh organisasi seperti OSCE. <> Dengan siapa Armenia mempunyai hubungan yang buruk? || Turki dan Azerbaijan <> Adakah sempadan antara Armenia dan Azerbaijan terbuka atau tertutup? || ditutup <> Bilakah Perang Nagorno-Karabakh? || 1990-an", {"context": "Armenia presently maintains good relations with almost every country in the world, with two major exceptions being its immediate neighbours, Turkey and Azerbaijan. Tensions were running high between Armenians and Azerbaijanis during the final years of the Soviet Union. The Nagorno-Karabakh War dominated the region's politics throughout the 1990s. The border between the two rival countries remains closed up to this day, and a permanent solution for the conflict has not been reached despite the mediation provided by organisations such as the OSCE.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Turkey and Azerbaijan"}], "question": "With who does Armenia have bad relations?", "id": "572fbde9947a6a140053cc1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "closed"}], "question": "Is the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan open or closed?", "id": "572fbde9947a6a140053cc1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "When was the Nagorno-Karabakh War?", "id": "572fbde9947a6a140053cc1e"}]}], ["Ketakutan berkurangan apabila Stalin meninggal dunia pada tahun 1953 dan Nikita Khruschev muncul sebagai pemimpin baru Kesatuan Soviet. Tidak lama kemudian, kehidupan di Armenia Soviet mula melihat peningkatan pesat. Gereja yang ditewaskan di bawah Stalin, dihidupkan kembali ketika Katolik Vazgen I menganggap kewajiban jawatannya pada tahun 1955. Pada tahun 1967, sebuah peringatan kepada korban Genosid Armenia dibina di bukit Tsitsernakaberd di atas jurang Hrazdan di Yerevan. Ini berlaku selepas demonstrasi massa berlaku pada ulang tahun kelima belas acara tragis pada tahun 1965. <> Siapa yang berjaya Stalin? || Nikita Khruschev <> Kapan Memorial Genosid Armenia dibina? || 1967 <> Bilakah Vazgen memperoleh kedudukannya? || 1955 <> Bilakah Stalin meninggal dunia? || 1953 <> Di manakah peringatan untuk Genosida Armenia? || Yerevan", {"context": "Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement. The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Nikita Khruschev"}], "question": "Who succeeded Stalin?", "id": "572fb2fb947a6a140053cbaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "1967"}], "question": "When was the Armenian Genocide Memorial constructed?", "id": "572fb2fb947a6a140053cbae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "1955"}], "question": "When did Vazgen acquire his position?", "id": "572fb2fb947a6a140053cbac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "1953"}], "question": "When did Stalin pass away?", "id": "572fb2fb947a6a140053cbab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Yerevan"}], "question": "Where is the memorial for the Armenian Genocide?", "id": "572fb2fb947a6a140053cbad"}]}], ["Pertempuran lanjut antara tentera Armenia dan tentera Soviet berlaku di Sovetashen, berhampiran ibu negara dan mengakibatkan kematian lebih daripada 26 orang, kebanyakan orang Armenia. Pogrom orang Armenia di Baku pada Januari 1990 memaksa hampir semua 200,000 orang Armenia di ibukota Azerbaijan Azerbaijan untuk melarikan diri ke Armenia. Pada 17 Mac 1991, Armenia, bersama-sama dengan negara-negara Baltik, Georgia dan Moldova, memboikot referendum seluruh negara di mana 78% daripada semua pengundi mengundi untuk mempertahankan Kesatuan Soviet dalam bentuk yang diperbaharui. <> Berjuang terus berlanjutan antara Armenia dan Soviet di mana bandar? || Sovetashen <> Di manakah orang Armenia yang tinggal di Baku melarikan diri semasa pembunuhan Januari 1990? || Armenia <> Bilakah Armenia menolak referendum yang mencadangkan penahanan Kesatuan Soviet? || 17 Mac 1991", {"context": "Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a nationwide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Sovetashen"}], "question": "Continued fighting transpired between the Armenians and Soviets in which city?", "id": "572fb97d04bcaa1900d76c3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Armenia"}], "question": "Where did the Armenians living in Baku escape to during the January 1990 massacre?", "id": "572fb97d04bcaa1900d76c3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "17 March 1991"}], "question": "When did Armenia reject the referendum proposing the retention of the Soviet Union?", "id": "572fb97d04bcaa1900d76c3d"}]}], ["Ter-Petrosyan memimpin Armenia bersama Menteri Pertahanan Vazgen Sargsyan menerusi Perang Nagorno-Karabakh dengan negara jiran Azerbaijan. Tahun-tahun pasca-Soviet awal telah dicemari oleh kesulitan ekonomi, yang telah berakar umbi awal konflik Karabakh apabila Barisan Popular Azerbaijan berjaya menekan SSR Azerbaijan untuk menghasut blokade kereta api dan udara melawan Armenia. Langkah ini berkesan melumpuhkan ekonomi Armenia memandangkan 85% kargo dan barangannya tiba melalui lalu lintas kereta api. Pada tahun 1993, Turki menyertai sekatan terhadap Armenia dalam menyokong Azerbaijan. <> Bilakah Turki memutuskan untuk menjadi sebahagian daripada sekatan terhadap Armenia? || 1993 <> Bagaimana Armenia mendapatkan sebahagian besar daripadanya komoditi? || trafik kereta api <> Siapa yang berperang Armenia dalam Perang Nagorno-Karabakh? || Azerbaijan <> Apa yang menghalang Armenia mendapatkan komoditi itu? || keretapi dan sekatan udara <> Sebanyak peratus komoditi Armenias diangkut melalui lalu lintas kereta api? || 85%", {"context": "Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade against Armenia. This move effectively crippled Armenia's economy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "1993"}], "question": "When did Turkey decide to become part of the blockade against Armenia?", "id": "572fbae9a23a5019007fc8ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "rail traffic"}], "question": "How does Armenia get most of it's commodities?", "id": "572fbae9a23a5019007fc8ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Azerbaijan"}], "question": "Who did Armenia fight in teh Nagorno-Karabakh War?", "id": "572fbae9a23a5019007fc8ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "a railway and air blockade"}], "question": "What prevented Armenia from getting it's commodities?", "id": "572fbae9a23a5019007fc8f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "85%"}], "question": "What percent of Armenias commodities were transported via rail traffic?", "id": "572fbae9a23a5019007fc8f1"}]}], ["Ketidakupayaan Gorbachev untuk mengatasi sebarang masalah Armenia mencetuskan kekecewaan di kalangan rakyat Armenia dan memberi makan kelaparan untuk kemerdekaan. Pada Mei 1990, Tentera Armenia Baru (NAA) ditubuhkan, berkhidmat sebagai pasukan pertahanan yang berasingan dari Tentera Merah Soviet. Pertengkaran tidak lama lagi berlaku di antara pasukan Angkatan Keselamatan NAA dan Pasukan Keselamatan Dalaman Soviet (MVD) yang berpangkalan di Yerevan apabila Armenia memutuskan untuk memperingati penubuhan Republik Turki Pertama 1918. Keganasan mengakibatkan kematian lima orang Armenia yang terbunuh dalam kejadian tembak menembak dengan MVD di stesen keretapi. Saksi-saksi di sana mendakwa bahawa MVD menggunakan kekerasan berlebihan dan bahawa mereka telah menghasut pertempuran. <> Apa yang NAA berdiri? || Tentera Armenia Baru <> Bilakah terbentuknya NAA? || Mei 1990 <> Siapa yang memulakan perjuangan antara MVD dan NAA pada tahun 1918? || MVD <> Berapa banyak orang meninggal akibat pertembungan MVD dan NAA pada tahun 1918? || lima orang Armenia", {"context": "Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "New Armenian Army"}], "question": "What does NAA stand for?", "id": "572fb50004bcaa1900d76c1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "May 1990"}], "question": "When was the NAA formed?", "id": "572fb50004bcaa1900d76c20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "the MVD"}], "question": "Who started the fight between the MVD and the NAA in 1918?", "id": "572fb50004bcaa1900d76c21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "five Armenians"}], "question": "How many people died as a result of the MVD and NAA clash in 1918?", "id": "572fb50004bcaa1900d76c22"}]}], ["Pemerhati antarabangsa Majlis Eropah dan Jabatan Negara Amerika Syarikat mempersoalkan kewibawaan pilihan raya Parlimen dan presiden Armenia dan referendum perlembagaan sejak tahun 1995, memetik kekurangan pengundian, kekurangan kerjasama oleh Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya, dan penyelenggaraan senarai undi dan pengundian yang kurang baik. Freedom House dikategorikan sebagai Armenia dalam laporan 2008 sebagai \"Rejimen Autoritarian Semi-Bersama\" (bersama-sama dengan Moldova, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, dan Rusia) dan kedudukan Armenia ke-20 di antara 29 negara dalam peralihan, dengan Skor Demokrasi 5.21 dari 7 (7 mewakili kemajuan demokratik yang paling rendah). <> Apakah skor terendah Skala Demokrasi? || 7 <> Apakah Skor Demokrasi yang ada di Armenia? || 5.21 <> Apakah Freedom House mengklasifikasikan Armenia? || Rejimen Autoritarian Sepi-konsolidasi <> Apa yang membuat pemilihan presiden Armenia rosak? || kekurangan pengundian, kekurangan kerjasama oleh Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya, dan penyelenggaraan senarai undi dan pengundian yang tidak memuaskan", {"context": "International observers of Council of Europe and US Department of State have questioned the fairness of Armenia's parliamentary and presidential elections and constitutional referendum since 1995, citing polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places. Freedom House categorized Armenia in its 2008 report as a \"Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime\" (along with Moldova, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia) and ranked Armenia 20th among 29 nations in transition, with a Democracy Score of 5.21 out of 7 (7 represents the lowest democratic progress).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "7"}], "question": "What is the lowest score on the Democracy Score scale?", "id": "572fbd3fa23a5019007fc92f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "5.21"}], "question": "What Democracy Score does Armenia have?", "id": "572fbd3fa23a5019007fc930"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime"}], "question": "What does the Freedom House classify Armenia as?", "id": "572fbd3fa23a5019007fc931"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places"}], "question": "What makes Armenia's presidential elections faulty?", "id": "572fbd3fa23a5019007fc932"}]}], ["Turki juga mempunyai sejarah panjang hubungan yang lemah dengan Armenia atas keengganannya untuk mengakui Genosid Armenia. Turki adalah salah satu negara pertama yang mengiktiraf Republik Armenia (republik ke-3) selepas kemerdekaannya dari USSR pada tahun 1991. Walaupun demikian, untuk kebanyakan abad ke-20 dan awal abad ke-21, hubungan tetap tegang dan tidak ada diplomatik formal hubungan antara kedua-dua negara kerana keengganan Turki untuk menubuhkan mereka atas pelbagai sebab. Semasa Perang Nagorno-Karabakh dan menyebutnya sebagai alasan, Turki secara haram menutup sempadan daratannya dengan Armenia pada tahun 1993. Ia tidak mengangkat sekatannya meskipun tekanan dari lobi perniagaan Turki kuat yang berminat di pasaran Armenia. <> Bilakah Turki menutup sempadannya dengan Armenia? || 1993 <> Negara mana yang mendakwa Pembunuhan Armenia tidak berlaku? || Turki <> Bilakah Armenia mendapat kemerdekaan daripada USSR? || 1991 <> Siapa yang mahu sempadan antara Turki dan Armenia dibuka? || Lobi perniagaan Turki", {"context": "Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide. Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the 3rd republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to Turkey's refusal to establish them for numerous reasons. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War and citing it as the reason, Turkey illegally closed its land border with Armenia in 1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "1993"}], "question": "When did Turkey close off its border with Armenia?", "id": "572fbf52947a6a140053cc40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "Which country claims the Armenian Genocide didn't occur?", "id": "572fbf52947a6a140053cc41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When did Armenia gain independence from the USSR?", "id": "572fbf52947a6a140053cc42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "Turkish business lobby"}], "question": "Who wants the border between Turkey and Armenia opened?", "id": "572fbf52947a6a140053cc43"}]}], ["TSFSR wujud dari 1922 hingga 1936, apabila dibahagikan kepada tiga entiti berasingan (SSR Armenia, Azerbaijan SSR, dan SSR Georgia). Armenia menikmati tempoh kestabilan relatif di bawah pemerintahan Soviet. Mereka menerima ubat-ubatan, makanan, dan peruntukan lain dari Moscow, dan pemerintahan komunis terbukti menjadi balsem yang menenangkan berbanding dengan tahun-tahun akhir yang menggelora Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Keadaan ini sukar bagi gereja, yang berjuang di bawah pemerintahan Soviet. Selepas kematian Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin mengambil kekuatannya dan memulakan era ketakutan dan keganasan baru bagi Armenia. <> Siapa yang menyediakan orang Armenia dengan bekalan? || Moscow <> Siapa yang berjaya Vladimir Lenin? || Joseph Stalin <> Yang tiga bahagian membentuk TSFSR? || SSR Armenia, Azerbaijan SSR, dan Georgia SSR <> Bilakah TSFSR memecah masuk ke dalam tiga bahagian? || 1936", {"context": "The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Moscow"}], "question": "Who provided the Armenians with supplies?", "id": "572fb217947a6a140053cb9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Joseph Stalin"}], "question": "Who succeeded Vladimir Lenin?", "id": "572fb217947a6a140053cb9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR"}], "question": "Which three parts make up the TSFSR?", "id": "572fb217947a6a140053cb9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "1936"}], "question": "When did the TSFSR break up into three parts?", "id": "572fb217947a6a140053cb9e"}]}], ["Semasa era Gorbachev pada tahun 1980-an, dengan pembaharuan Glasnost dan Perestroika, Armenia mula menuntut penjagaan alam sekitar yang lebih baik untuk negara mereka, menentang pencemaran yang dibawa kilang Soviet. Ketegangan juga berkembang antara Azerbaijan dan daerah autonomi Nagorno-Karabakh, wilayah Armenia yang paling banyak dipisahkan oleh Stalin dari Armenia pada tahun 1923. Kira-kira 484,000 orang Armenia tinggal di Azerbaijan pada tahun 1970. Armenia Karabakh menuntut penyatuan dengan Armenia Soviet. Tentangan damai di Yerevan yang menyokong Armenia Karabakh ditemui dengan pogrom anti-Armenia di kota Sumgait, Azerbaijan. Masalah pengkompaunan Armenia adalah gempa bumi yang dahsyat pada tahun 1988 dengan magnitud 7.2 saat. <> Dalam tahun apakah Armenia mengalami gempa bumi bencana? || 1988 <> Bagaimana lelaki Armenia tinggal di Azerbaijan pada tahun 1970? || 484,000 <> Bilakah Nagorno-Karabakh dikeluarkan dari Armenia? || 1923 <> Yang membahagikan Nagorno-Karabakh dari Armenia? || Stalin", {"context": "During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "1988"}], "question": "In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake?", "id": "572fb43c947a6a140053cbb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "484,000"}], "question": "How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970?", "id": "572fb43c947a6a140053cbb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "1923"}], "question": "When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia?", "id": "572fb43c947a6a140053cbb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Stalin"}], "question": "Who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia?", "id": "572fb43c947a6a140053cbb7"}]}], ["Perang Karabakh berakhir selepas gencatan senjata yang dipecahkan Rusia telah dilaksanakan pada tahun 1994. Peperangan itu berjaya bagi pasukan Armenia Karabakh yang berjaya menguasai 16% wilayah Azerbaijan yang diiktiraf di seluruh dunia termasuk Nagorno-Karabakh sendiri. Sejak itu, Armenia dan Azerbaijan mengadakan rundingan damai, yang ditengah oleh Pertubuhan Keselamatan dan Kerjasama di Eropah (OSCE). Status Karabakh masih belum ditentukan. Ekonomi kedua-dua negara telah cedera dalam ketiadaan resolusi lengkap dan sempadan Armenia dengan Turki dan Azerbaijan masih ditutup. Pada masa kedua Azerbaijan dan Armenia akhirnya bersetuju untuk gencatan senjata pada tahun 1994, kira-kira 30,000 orang telah terbunuh dan lebih sejuta telah dipindahkan. <> Bilakah Perang Karabakh berakhir? || 1994 <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh OSCE? || Pertubuhan untuk Keselamatan dan Kerjasama di Eropah <> Armenia telah menutup sempadan yang mana dua negara? || Turki dan Azerbaijan <> Berapa banyak orang mati akibat pertempuran betwen Armenia dan Azerbaijan? || 30,000 <> Siapa yang paling mendapat keuntungan dari Perang Karabakh? || Tentera Armenia Karabakh", {"context": "The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Since then, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks, mediated by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The status of Karabakh has yet to be determined. The economies of both countries have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When did the Karabakh War end?", "id": "572fbbe6a23a5019007fc913"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe"}], "question": "What does OSCE stand for?", "id": "572fbbe6a23a5019007fc914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "Turkey and Azerbaijan"}], "question": "Armenia has closed borders with which two countries?", "id": "572fbbe6a23a5019007fc915"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "30,000"}], "question": "How many people died as a result of the fighting betwen Armenia and Azerbaijan?", "id": "572fbbe6a23a5019007fc916"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Karabakh Armenian forces"}], "question": "Who gained the most from the Karabakh War?", "id": "572fbbe6a23a5019007fc917"}]}], ["Di dalam setiap wilayah adalah komuniti (hamaynkner, tunggal hamaynk). Setiap komuniti bersendiri dan terdiri daripada satu atau lebih penempatan (bnakavayrer, tunggal bnakavayr). Pemukiman dikelaskan sebagai mana-mana bandar (kaghakner, tunggal kaghak) atau kampung-kampung (hebat, tunggal). Pada tahun 2007 [kemas kini], Armenia merangkumi 915 komuniti, di mana 49 dianggap bandar dan 866 dianggap luar bandar. Ibukota, Yerevan, juga mempunyai status sebuah komuniti. Di samping itu, Yerevan dibahagikan kepada dua belas daerah separa autonomi. <> Berapa banyak hamaynkner adakah Armenia? || 915 <> Berapa banyak daerah yang ada di Yerevan? || dua belas <> Adakah Armenia mempunyai lebih banyak pedesaan atau kelebihan hamaynker? || pedesaan <> Apakah istilah Armenia untuk penempatan? || bnakavayr", {"context": "Within each province are communities (hamaynkner, singular hamaynk). Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more settlements (bnakavayrer, singular bnakavayr). Settlements are classified as either towns (kaghakner, singular kaghak) or villages (gyugher, singular gyugh). As of 2007[update], Armenia includes 915 communities, of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community. Additionally, Yerevan is divided into twelve semi-autonomous districts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "915"}], "question": "How many hamaynkner does Armenia have?", "id": "572fc827b2c2fd1400568461"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "twelve"}], "question": "How many districts does Yerevan have?", "id": "572fc827b2c2fd1400568463"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "rural"}], "question": "Does Armenia have more rural or uban hamaynker?", "id": "572fc827b2c2fd1400568464"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "bnakavayr"}], "question": "What is the Armenian term for settlment?", "id": "572fc827b2c2fd1400568465"}]}], ["Armenia adalah ahli Pertubuhan Perjanjian Keselamatan Kolektif (CSTO) bersama dengan Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Rusia, Tajikistan dan Uzbekistan. Ia mengambil bahagian dalam program NATO's Partnership for Peace (PiP) dan dalam organisasi NATO yang dipanggil Majlis Perkongsian Euro-Atlantik (EAPC). Armenia telah terlibat dalam misi perdamaian di Kosovo sebagai sebahagian daripada tentera NATO KFOR di bawah perintah Yunani. Armenia juga mempunyai 46 anggota pasukan pengaman ketenteraannya sebagai sebahagian daripada Pasukan Gabungan dalam Perang Iraq hingga Oktober 2008. <> Apa yang dikatakan CSTO? || Pertubuhan Perjanjian Keselamatan Kolektif <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh EAPC? || Majlis Perkongsian Euro-Atlantik <> Siapa lagi yang menyertai Armenia di CSTO? || Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Rusia, Tajikistan dan Uzbekistan <> Bilakah Armenia memecat pasukan pengamannya dari Iraq? || Oktober 2008", {"context": "Armenia is member of Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) along with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PiP) program and is in a NATO organisation called Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). Armenia has engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Kosovo as part of non-NATO KFOR troops under Greek command. Armenia also had 46 members of its military peacekeeping forces as a part of the Coalition Forces in Iraq War until October 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Collective Security Treaty Organisation"}], "question": "What does CSTO stand for?", "id": "572fc71504bcaa1900d76cff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council"}], "question": "What does EAPC stand for?", "id": "572fc71504bcaa1900d76d00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan"}], "question": "Who else joins Armenia in the CSTO?", "id": "572fc71504bcaa1900d76d01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "October 2008"}], "question": "When did Armenia remove its peacekeepers from Iraq?", "id": "572fc71504bcaa1900d76d02"}]}], ["Armenia juga ahli Majlis Eropah, mengekalkan hubungan persahabatan dengan Kesatuan Eropah, terutama dengan negara-negara anggotanya seperti Perancis dan Yunani. Satu kaji selidik 2005 melaporkan bahawa 64% penduduk Armenia akan memihak kepada EU. Beberapa pegawai Armenia juga telah menyatakan hasrat untuk negara mereka untuk akhirnya menjadi negara anggota Kesatuan Eropah, beberapa yang meramalkan bahawa ia akan membuat tawaran rasmi untuk menjadi ahli dalam beberapa tahun. [Rujukan?] Pada tahun 2004 pasukannya menyertai KFOR, sebuah pasukan antarabangsa yang dipimpin oleh NATO di Kosovo. Ia juga merupakan ahli pemerhati Komuniti Ekonomi Eurasia dan Pergerakan Negara-Negara Berkecuali. <> Berapa ramai penduduk Armenias bersetuju untuk menjadi sebahagian daripada EU? || 64% <> Apa itu KFOR? || sebuah pasukan antarabangsa yang diketuai oleh NATO di Kosovo <> Apakah beberapa negara bergabung dengan Armenia di Majlis Eropah? || Perancis dan Greece <> Bilakah EU boleh mengharapkan Armenia untuk mencuba? || dalam beberapa tahun", {"context": "Armenia is also a member of the Council of Europe, maintaining friendly relations with the European Union, especially with its member states such as France and Greece. A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenia's population would be in favor of joining the EU. Several Armenian officials have also expressed the desire for their country to eventually become an EU member state, some[who?] predicting that it will make an official bid for membership in a few years.[citation needed] In 2004 its forces joined KFOR, a NATO-led international force in Kosovo. It is also an observer member of the Eurasian Economic Community and the Non-Aligned Movement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "64%"}], "question": "How many of Armenias inhabitants approve of becoming part of the EU?", "id": "572fc4abb2c2fd1400568425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "a NATO-led international force in Kosovo"}], "question": "What is KFOR?", "id": "572fc4abb2c2fd1400568426"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "France and Greece"}], "question": "What are some states join Armenia in the Council of Europe?", "id": "572fc4abb2c2fd1400568427"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "in a few years"}], "question": "When can the EU expect Armenia to attempt to join it?", "id": "572fc4abb2c2fd1400568428"}]}], ["Ekonomi sangat bergantung pada pelaburan dan sokongan dari orang Armenia ke luar negara. Sebelum kemerdekaan, ekonomi Armenia sebahagian besarnya berasaskan industri - kimia, elektronik, jentera, makanan diproses, getah sintetik, dan tekstil - dan sangat bergantung kepada sumber luar. Republik ini telah membangunkan sektor perindustrian moden, membekalkan peralatan mesin, tekstil, dan barang-barang pembuatan yang lain kepada adik-adik republik sebagai pertukaran bahan mentah dan tenaga. Baru-baru ini, Intel Corporation bersetuju untuk membuka pusat penyelidikan di Armenia, selain syarikat teknologi lain, menandakan pertumbuhan industri teknologi di Armenia. <> Kumpulan apa yang membuka pusat penyelidikan di Armenia? || Intel Corporation <> Berbanding dengan ekonomi berasaskan industri, industri apa yang bergerak ke Armenia? || Industri teknologi <> Ekonomi Arnmenian bergantung terutamanya pada apa? || pelaburan dan sokongan dari orang Armenia ke luar negeri <> Apa ekonomi Armenias berasaskan industri? || bahan kimia, elektronik, jentera, makanan diproses, getah tiruan, dan tekstil", {"context": "The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad. Before independence, Armenia's economy was largely industry-based \u2013 chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile \u2013 and highly dependent on outside resources. The republic had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy. Recently, the Intel Corporation agreed to open a research center in Armenia, in addition to other technology companies, signalling the growth of the technology industry in Armenia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Intel Corporation"}], "question": "What group is opening a research center in Armenia?", "id": "572fcc32a23a5019007fc9fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "technology industry"}], "question": "As opposed to an industry-based economy, what industry is Armenia moving to?", "id": "572fcc32a23a5019007fc9fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "investment and support from Armenians abroad"}], "question": "The Arnmenian economy depends primarily on what?", "id": "572fcc32a23a5019007fc9fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile"}], "question": "What did Armenias industry-based economy consist of?", "id": "572fcc32a23a5019007fc9fe"}]}], ["Pertanian menyumbang kurang daripada 20% daripada kedua-dua produk bahan bersih dan jumlah pekerjaan sebelum pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1991. Selepas kemerdekaan, pentingnya pertanian dalam ekonomi meningkat dengan ketara, bahagiannya pada akhir tahun 1990-an meningkat kepada lebih daripada 30% daripada KDNK dan lebih daripada 40% daripada jumlah pekerjaan. Peningkatan ini pentingnya pertanian adalah disebabkan oleh keperluan keselamatan makanan penduduk dalam menghadapi ketidakpastian semasa fasa pertama peralihan dan kejatuhan sektor bukan pertanian ekonomi pada awal 1990-an. Apabila keadaan ekonomi stabil dan pertumbuhan berterusan, bahagian pertanian dalam KDNK turun kepada sedikit lebih 20% (data 2006), walaupun bahagian pertanian dalam pekerjaan kekal lebih daripada 40%. <> Adakah pertanian lebih penting sebelum atau selepas Armenia meninggalkan Kesatuan Soviet? || Selepas <> Mengapa pertanian menjadi begitu penting bagi ekonomi Armenia? || keperluan keselamatan makanan <> Berapa banyak jumlah pekerjaan yang dibuat oleh pertanian pada akhir tahun 1990-an? || 40% <> Berapa banyak daripada KDNK telah menyumbang pertanian baru-baru ini? || 20%", {"context": "Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both net material product and total employment before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total employment. This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of transition and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilized and growth resumed, the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "After"}], "question": "Was agriculture more important before or after Armenia left the Soviet Union?", "id": "572fce1404bcaa1900d76d68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "food security needs"}], "question": "Why did agriculture become so significant for Armenia's economy?", "id": "572fce1404bcaa1900d76d67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "40%"}], "question": "How much of total employment did agriculture account for at the end of the 1990s?", "id": "572fce1404bcaa1900d76d69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "20%"}], "question": "How much of the GDP has agriculture accounted for most recently?", "id": "572fce1404bcaa1900d76d6a"}]}], ["Pada 10 Oktober 2009, Armenia dan Turki menandatangani protokol mengenai normalisasi hubungan, yang menetapkan jadual untuk memulihkan hubungan diplomatik dan membuka semula sempadan bersama mereka. Pengesahan mereka harus dibuat di parlimen negara. Di Armenia ia meluluskan yang diperlukan oleh kelulusan undang-undang Mahkamah Perlembagaan dan dihantar ke parlimen untuk ratifikasi akhir. Presiden telah membuat beberapa pengumuman umum, baik di Armenia dan di luar negeri, sebagai pemimpin mayoritas politik Armenia, dia meyakinkan ratifikasi protokol jika Turki juga mengesahkannya. Walaupun demikian, proses itu berhenti, kerana Turki terus menambah prasyarat lebih lama untuk pengesahannya dan juga \"menangguhkannya melampaui tempoh masa yang munasabah\". <> Bilakah Armenia dan Turki memulakan percubaan untuk membuka semula sempadan mereka? || 10 Oktober 2009 <> Siapa yang membuat kesulitan untuk mengesahkan protokol untuk membuka semula sempadan Armenia / Turki? || Turki <> Siapa yang meratapi protokol di Armenia? || parlimen negara <> Bagaimana Turki menghalang pengesahan protokol ini? || secara berterusan menambah lebih banyak prasyarat kepada pengesahannya", {"context": "On 10 October 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed protocols on normalisation of relationships, which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border. The ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments. In Armenia it passed through the required by legislation approval of the Constitutional Court and was sent to the parliament for the final ratification. The President had made multiple public announcements, both in Armenia and abroad, that as the leader of the political majority of Armenia he assured the ratification of the protocols if Turkey also ratified them. Despite this, the process stopped, as Turkey continuously added more preconditions to its ratification and also \"delayed it beyond any reasonable time-period\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "10 October 2009"}], "question": "When did Armenia and Turkey initiate an attempt to reopen their border?", "id": "572fc225a23a5019007fc9a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "Who made it difficult to ratify the protocols to reopen the Armenian/Turkey border?", "id": "572fc225a23a5019007fc9a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "national parliaments"}], "question": "Who ratifies protocols in Armenia?", "id": "572fc225a23a5019007fc9a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "continuously added more preconditions to its ratification"}], "question": "How did Turkey thwart the ratification of these protocols?", "id": "572fc225a23a5019007fc9a4"}]}], ["Bagaimanapun, kerajaan dapat membuat pembaharuan ekonomi yang meluas dalam inflasi yang semakin menurun dan pertumbuhan yang mantap. Gencatan senjata 1994 dalam konflik Nagorno-Karabakh juga telah membantu ekonomi. Armenia mempunyai pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kukuh sejak tahun 1995, membina pemulihan yang bermula tahun sebelumnya, dan inflasi telah diabaikan selama beberapa tahun yang lalu. Sektor baru, seperti pemprosesan batu berharga dan pembuatan barang kemas, teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi, dan juga pelancongan mula menambahkan lebih banyak sektor tradisional ekonomi seperti pertanian. <> Apa yang Armenia mengisytiharkan gencatan senjata pada tahun 1994? || Konflik Nagorno-Karabakh <> Sejak ketika Armenia mengalami pertumbuhan positif dalam ekonomi mereka? || 1995 <> Apa yang membantu Armenia mengurangkan inflasi dan mencipta pertumbuhan kajian dalam ekonomi? || pembaharuan ekonomi <> Apa salah satu sektor baru Armenia mempunyai selain pertanian? || pemproses batu berharga", {"context": "Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewellery making, information and communication technology, and even tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"}], "question": "What did Armenia declare a cease-fire to in 1994?", "id": "572fd04b04bcaa1900d76d75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "1995"}], "question": "Since when has Armenia experienced a positive growth in their economy?", "id": "572fd04b04bcaa1900d76d76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "economic reforms"}], "question": "What helped Armenia decrease inflation and create study growth in the economy?", "id": "572fd04b04bcaa1900d76d78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "precious-stone processing"}], "question": "What is one of the newer sectors Armenia has in addition to agriculture?", "id": "572fd04b04bcaa1900d76d77"}]}], ["Disebabkan kedudukannya di antara dua jiran yang tidak mesra, Armenia mempunyai hubungan keselamatan yang rapat dengan Rusia. Atas permintaan kerajaan Armenia, Rusia mengekalkan pangkalan tentera di kota Armenia barat daya Gyumri sebagai penghalang terhadap Turki. [Rujukan?] Meskipun demikian, Armenia juga telah melihat ke arah struktur Euro-Atlantic dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Ia mengekalkan hubungan baik dengan Amerika Syarikat terutama melalui diaspora Armenia. Menurut Biro Banci AS, terdapat 427,822 orang Armenia yang tinggal di negara ini. <> Rusia mempunyai pangkalan tentera di mana bandar di Armenia? || Gyumri <> Berapa banyak orang Armenia yang menetap di Amerika Syarikat? || 427,822 <> Mengapa Rusia mempunyai pangkalan militari Di Gyumri? || sebagai penghalang terhadap Turki <> Siapa yang memberi keizinan Russia untuk memiliki pangkalan tentera di Gyumri? || Kerajaan Armenia", {"context": "Due to its position between two unfriendly neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia. At the request of the Armenian government, Russia maintains a military base in the northwestern Armenian city of Gyumri as a deterrent against Turkey.[citation needed] Despite this, Armenia has also been looking toward Euro-Atlantic structures in recent years. It maintains good relations with the United States especially through its Armenian diaspora. According to the US Census Bureau, there are 427,822 Armenians living in the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Gyumri"}], "question": "Russia has a military base in which city in Armenia?", "id": "572fc34c947a6a140053cc6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "427,822"}], "question": "How many Armenians reside in the United States?", "id": "572fc34c947a6a140053cc6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "as a deterrent against Turkey"}], "question": "Why does Russia have a miltary base In Gyumri?", "id": "572fc34c947a6a140053cc70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Armenian government"}], "question": "Who gave Russia permission to have a military base in Gyumri?", "id": "572fc34c947a6a140053cc71"}]}], ["Seperti negara-negara yang baru merdeka daripada bekas Kesatuan Soviet, ekonomi Armenia menderita daripada pecahan corak perdagangan bekas Soviet. Pelaburan dan dukungan Soviet terhadap industri Armenia telah hampir hilang, sehingga beberapa perusahaan utama masih dapat berfungsi. Di samping itu, kesan gempa bumi Spitak tahun 1988, yang membunuh lebih daripada 25,000 orang dan menjadikan 500,000 orang kehilangan tempat tinggal, masih dirasakan. Konflik dengan Azerbaijan di Nagorno-Karabakh belum diselesaikan. Penutupan sempadan Azerbaijan dan Turki telah menghancurkan ekonomi, kerana Armenia bergantung kepada bekalan tenaga luar dan kebanyakan bahan mentah. Laluan tanah melalui Georgia dan Iran tidak mencukupi atau tidak dapat dipercayai. KDNK jatuh hampir 60% antara 1989 dan 1993, tetapi kemudian menyambung semula pertumbuhan yang teguh. Mata wang negara, dram, mengalami hiperinflasi untuk tahun-tahun pertama selepas diperkenalkan pada tahun 1993. <> Berapa banyak orang mati akibat gempa Spitak? || lebih daripada 25,000 <> Bilakah gempa Spitak? || 1988 <> Berapa banyak penurunan KDNK Armenia dari 1989-1993 || 60% <> Apakah mata wang negara Armenia? || dram itu", {"context": "Like other newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. The closure of Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy, because Armenia depends on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials. Land routes through Georgia and Iran are inadequate or unreliable. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then resumed robust growth. The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "more than 25,000"}], "question": "How many people died because of the Spitak earthquake?", "id": "572fcf08a23a5019007fca1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "1988"}], "question": "When was the Spitak earthquake?", "id": "572fcf08a23a5019007fca1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "60%"}], "question": "How much did the Armenian GDP decrease from 1989-1993", "id": "572fcf08a23a5019007fca1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "the dram"}], "question": "What is the national currency of Armenia?", "id": "572fcf08a23a5019007fca1e"}]}], ["Angkatan Tentera Armenia, Tentera Udara, Pertahanan Udara, dan Penjaga Perbatasan terdiri daripada empat cabang Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Armenia. Tentera Armenia dibentuk setelah kejatuhan Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1991 dan dengan penubuhan Kementerian Pertahanan pada tahun 1992. Panglima tentera Panglima adalah Presiden Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan. Kementerian Pertahanan bertanggungjawab terhadap kepimpinan politik, yang kini diketuai oleh Kolonel Jeneral Seyran Ohanyan, sementara komando tentera tetap berada di tangan Staf Umum, yang dipimpin oleh Kepala Staf, yang saat ini Kolonel Jenderal Yuri Khatchaturov. <> Bilakah tentera Armenia dicipta? || 1991 <> Bilakah Kementerian Pertahanan ditubuhkan? || 1992 <> Apa empat cabang Angkatan Tentera Armenia? || Tentera Armenia, Tentera Udara, Pertahanan Udara, dan Pengawal Perbatasan <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap tentera Armenia? || Kolonel Jeneral Yuri Khatchaturov <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap Kementerian Pertahanan? || Kolonel Jeneral Seyran Ohanyan", {"context": "The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia. The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992. The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan. The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership, currently headed by Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan, while military command remains in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is currently Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When was the Armenian military created?", "id": "572fc623947a6a140053cc95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "1992"}], "question": "When was the Ministry of Defence founded?", "id": "572fc623947a6a140053cc96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard"}], "question": "What are the four branches of the Armenian Armed Forces?", "id": "572fc623947a6a140053cc94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov"}], "question": "Who is in charge of the the Armenian military?", "id": "572fc623947a6a140053cc97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan"}], "question": "Who is in charge of the Ministry of Defence?", "id": "572fc623947a6a140053cc98"}]}], ["Genosid Armenia menyebabkan penghijrahan meluas yang membawa kepada penempatan orang Armenia di berbagai negara di dunia. Orang Armenia menyimpan tradisi mereka dan beberapa orang diasporans meningkat menjadi terkenal dengan muzik mereka. Dalam komuniti Armenia pasca-Genosida di Amerika Syarikat, gaya tarian \"kef\" yang dipanggil Armenia, menggunakan instrumen rakyat Armenia dan Timur Tengah (sering diperkuatkan / diperkuatkan) dan beberapa instrumen barat, popular. Gaya ini mengekalkan lagu-lagu rakyat dan tarian-tarian Armenia Barat, dan banyak artis juga memainkan lagu popular kontemporari Turki dan negara-negara Timur Tengah yang lain dari mana orang-orang Armenia berhijrah. <> Apa itu kef? || Muzik tarian Armenia, menggunakan alat muzik rakyat Armenia dan Timur Tengah <> Apa yang dilakukan dengan bantuan? || memelihara lagu rakyat dan tarian Armenia Barat <> Dimana orang Armenia berhijrah? || Turki dan negara-negara Timur Tengah yang lain", {"context": "The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called \"kef\" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments"}], "question": "What is kef?", "id": "572fd8b9a23a5019007fca7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia"}], "question": "What did kef help do?", "id": "572fd8b9a23a5019007fca7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries"}], "question": "Where did the Armenians emigrate from?", "id": "572fd8b9a23a5019007fca7f"}]}], ["Institusi pendidikan lain di Armenia termasuk American University of Armenia dan Sekolah Antarabangsa QSI Yerevan. Universiti Amerika Armenia mempunyai program siswazah dalam Perniagaan dan Undang-undang, antara lain. Institusi ini berhubung kewujudannya dengan upaya gabungan Pemerintah Armenia, Kesatuan Umum Benevolent Umum, Agensi Pengembangan Internasional A.S., dan University of California. Program lanjutan dan perpustakaan di AUA membentuk titik fokus baru untuk kehidupan intelektual bahasa Inggeris di bandar. Armenia juga menjadi tuan rumah penempatan OLPC - One Laptopschool Per anak sekolah tablet-laptop XO. <> Apa yang OLPC berdiri? || Satu Laptopschool Per kanak-kanak <> Apakah nama beberapa organisasi pendidikan tinggi lain di Armenia? || Universiti Amerika Armenia dan Sekolah Antarabangsa QSI Yerevan <> Apakah beberapa program siswazah yang boleh didapati di AUA? || Perniagaan dan Undang-undang", {"context": "Other educational institutions in Armenia include the American University of Armenia and the QSI International School of Yerevan. The American University of Armenia has graduate programs in Business and Law, among others. The institution owes its existence to the combined efforts of the Government of Armenia, the Armenian General Benevolent Union, U.S. Agency for International Development, and the University of California. The extension programs and the library at AUA form a new focal point for English-language intellectual life in the city. Armenia also hosts a deployment of OLPC \u2013 One Laptopschool Per child XO laptop-tablet schools.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "One Laptopschool Per child"}], "question": "What does OLPC stand for?", "id": "572fd6a6b2c2fd14005684f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "American University of Armenia and the QSI International School of Yerevan"}], "question": "What are the names of some of the other higher education organizations in Armenia?", "id": "572fd6a6b2c2fd14005684f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Business and Law"}], "question": "What are some of the graduate programs available at AUA?", "id": "572fd6a6b2c2fd14005684f5"}]}], ["Richard Hagopian mungkin merupakan artis yang paling terkenal dalam gaya \"kef\" tradisional dan Band Vosbikian terkenal pada tahun 1940-an dan 1950-an untuk mengembangkan gaya mereka sendiri \"muzik kef\" yang banyak dipengaruhi oleh Amerika Big Band Jazz yang popular pada masa itu. Kemudian, berpunca dari diaspora Armenia Timur Tengah dan dipengaruhi oleh muzik pop Continental Eropah (terutamanya Perancis), genre muzik pop Armenia berkembang menjadi terkenal pada tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an dengan artis-artis seperti Adiss Harmandian dan Harout Pamboukjian menunaikan diaspora Armenia dan Armenia ; juga dengan artis seperti Sirusho, melakukan muzik pop yang digabungkan dengan muzik rakyat Armenia dalam industri hiburan hari ini. <> Siapa yang paling tahu artis kef? || Richard Hagopian <> Apa jenis muzik yang mempunyai kesan terbesar ke atas Vosbikian Band? || American Big Band Jazz <> Ketika muzik pop Armenia menjadi popular? || tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an <> Siapakah artis-artis pop Armenia? || Adiss Harmandian dan Harout Pamboukjian", {"context": "Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional \"kef\" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of \"kef music\" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Richard Hagopian"}], "question": "Who is the most well know kef artist?", "id": "572fd977947a6a140053cd4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "American Big Band Jazz"}], "question": "What type of music had the biggest impact on the kef of the Vosbikian Band?", "id": "572fd977947a6a140053cd4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "the 1960s and 1970s"}], "question": "When did Armenian pop music become popular?", "id": "572fd977947a6a140053cd51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian"}], "question": "Who were some Armenian pop artists?", "id": "572fd977947a6a140053cd50"}]}], ["Instrumen seperti sit, dhol, zurna, dan kanun biasanya ditemui dalam muzik rakyat Armenia. Artis seperti Sayat Nova terkenal kerana pengaruh mereka dalam pembangunan muzik rakyat Armenia. Salah satu jenis muzik Armenia tertua ialah lagu Armenia yang merupakan jenis muzik agama yang paling biasa di Armenia. Banyak lagu-lagu ini berasal dari zaman purba, meluas hingga zaman pra-Kristian, sementara yang lain agak moden, termasuk beberapa yang ditulis oleh Saint Mesrop Mashtots, pencipta abjad Armenia. Walaupun di bawah pemerintahan Soviet, komposer muzik klasik Armenia Aram Khatchaturian menjadi terkenal di dunia untuk muziknya, untuk pelbagai ballet dan Sabre Dance dari komposisinya untuk ballane Gayane. <> Apakah beberapa contoh instrumen muzik rakyat Armenia? || duduk, dhol, zurna, dan kanun <> yang menciptakan abjad Armenia? || Saint Mesrop Mashtots <> Siapa yang mengarang Tarian Sabre? || Aram Khatchaturian <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai salah satu jenis muzik agama paling prolifik di Armenia? || nyanyian Armenia", {"context": "Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun"}], "question": "What are some examples of Armenian folk music instruments?", "id": "572fd7b804bcaa1900d76da9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Saint Mesrop Mashtots"}], "question": "Who created the Armenian alphabet?", "id": "572fd7b804bcaa1900d76daa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "Aram Khatchaturian"}], "question": "Who composed the Sabre Dance?", "id": "572fd7b804bcaa1900d76dab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "the Armenian chant"}], "question": "What is known as one of the most prolific type of religious music in Armenia?", "id": "572fd7b804bcaa1900d76dac"}]}], ["Undang-undang pelaburan asing liberal telah diluluskan pada bulan Jun 1994, dan undang-undang mengenai penswastaan telah diterima pakai pada tahun 1997, serta program penswastaan harta negara. Kemajuan yang berterusan bergantung kepada keupayaan kerajaan untuk mengukuhkan pengurusan makroekonominya, termasuk meningkatkan kutipan hasil, meningkatkan iklim pelaburan, dan membuat kemajuan terhadap rasuah. Walau bagaimanapun, pengangguran, yang pada masa ini berada pada sekitar 15%, masih menjadi masalah utama disebabkan kemasukan ribuan pelarian dari konflik Karabakh. <> Apakah kadar pengangguran di Armenia? || 15% <> Kepada apa yang diandaikan Armenia kadar pengangguran yang tinggi? || pelarian dari konflik Karabakh <> Bilakah Armenia menubuhkan undang-undang pelaburan asing? || Jun 1994 <> Bilakah Armenia menubuhkan undang-undang mengenai penswastaan? || 1997", {"context": "A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatisation was adopted in 1997, as well as a program of state property privatisation. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving the investment climate, and making strides against corruption. However, unemployment, which currently stands at around 15%, still remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "15%"}], "question": "What is the unemployment rate in Armenia?", "id": "572fd240a23a5019007fca3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "refugees from the Karabakh conflict"}], "question": "To what does Armenia attribute it's high unemployment rate?", "id": "572fd240a23a5019007fca40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "June 1994"}], "question": "When did Armenia establish a foreign investment law?", "id": "572fd240a23a5019007fca41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When did Armenia establish a law on privatisation?", "id": "572fd240a23a5019007fca42"}]}], ["Berdasarkan pengembangan dan pembangunan Yerevan State University beberapa institusi pendidikan tinggi yang tinggi telah ditubuhkan termasuk Institut Perubatan yang dipisahkan pada tahun 1930 yang ditubuhkan berdasarkan fakulti perubatan. Pada tahun 1980, Universiti Perubatan Yerevan dianugerahkan salah satu ganjaran utama bekas USSR - Perintah Buruh merah Buruh untuk melatih pakar yang berkelayakan dalam penjagaan kesihatan dan perkhidmatan yang berharga dalam pembangunan Sains Perubatan. Pada tahun 1995 YSMI dinamakan semula kepada YSMU dan sejak tahun 1989 ia telah dinamakan sempena Mkhitar Heratsi, doktor zaman pertengahan yang terkenal. Mkhitar Heratsi adalah pengasas sekolah Perubatan Armenia di Cilician Armenia. Doktor yang hebat memainkan peranan yang sama dalam Sains Perubatan Armenia sebagai Hippocrates di Barat, Galen di Romawi, Ibn Sina dalam perubatan Arab. <> Bilakah Universiti Perubatan Negeri Yerevan menganugerahkan Banner merah Buruh? || 1980 <> Bilakah Institut Perubatan terbentuk? || 1930 <> Bilakah Institut Perubatan Negeri Yerevan berganti nama menjadi Yerevan State Medical University? || 1995 <> yang menubuhkan sekolah perubatan Armenia di Cilician Armenia? || Mkhitar Heratsi <> Doktor mana yang YSMU menamakan semula dirinya selepas itu? || Mkhitar Heratsi", {"context": "On the basis of the expansion and development of Yerevan State University a number of higher educational independent Institutions were formed including Medical Institute separated in 1930 which was set up on the basis of medical faculty. In 1980 Yerevan State Medical University was awarded one of the main rewards of the former USSR \u2013 the Order of Labor red Banner for training qualified specialists in health care and valuable service in the development of Medical Science. In 1995 YSMI was renamed to YSMU and since 1989 it has been named after Mkhitar Heratsi, the famous medieval doctor. Mkhitar Heratsi was the founder of Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia. The great doctor played the same role in Armenian Medical Science as Hippocrates in Western, Galen in Roman, Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 in Arabic medicine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "1980"}], "question": "When was Yerevan State Medical University awarded the Order of Labor red Banner?", "id": "572fd497b2c2fd14005684da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "1930"}], "question": "When was the Medical Institute formed?", "id": "572fd497b2c2fd14005684db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "1995"}], "question": "When was Yerevan State Medical Institute renamed to Yerevan State Medical University?", "id": "572fd497b2c2fd14005684dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Mkhitar Heratsi"}], "question": "Who founded the Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia?", "id": "572fd497b2c2fd14005684d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Mkhitar Heratsi"}], "question": "Which doctor did the YSMU rename itself after?", "id": "572fd497b2c2fd14005684dd"}]}], ["Diasporans Armenia yang lain yang terkenal di kalangan muzik klasik dan antarabangsa adalah penyanyi dan komposer Perancis-Armenia terkenal Charles Aznavour, pemain piano Sahan Arzruni, sopranos opera terkenal seperti Hasmik Papian dan Isabel Bayrakdarian dan Anna Kasyan yang baru-baru ini. Sesetengah orang Armenia menetap untuk menyanyikan lagu-lagu bukan Armenia seperti sistem band berat Metal of a Down (yang sering kali menggabungkan instrumen tradisional Armenian dan menggayakan lagu mereka) atau bintang pop Cher. Dalam diaspora Armenia, lagu-lagu revolusioner Armenia sangat popular dengan belia. Lagu-lagu ini menggalakkan patriotik Armenia dan umumnya mengenai sejarah Armenia dan wira negara. <> Apa jenis pemuzik Sahan Arzruni? || pianis <> Jenis band apa Sistem Down? || logam berat <> Apa jenis lagu yang lebih suka pemuda armenian? || Lagu-lagu revolusioner Armenia <> Topik-topik apa yang biasanya lagu-lagu revolusi armenian merangkumi? || Sejarah Armenia dan wira negara", {"context": "Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "pianist"}], "question": "What type of musician is Sahan Arzruni?", "id": "572fda8ab2c2fd1400568515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "heavy metal"}], "question": "What type of band was System of a Down?", "id": "572fda8ab2c2fd1400568516"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Armenian revolutionary songs"}], "question": "What type of songs do armenian youth prefer?", "id": "572fda8ab2c2fd1400568517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "Armenian history and national heroes"}], "question": "What topics do armenian revolutionary songs usually encompass?", "id": "572fda8ab2c2fd1400568518"}]}], ["Dalam tahun pelajaran 1988-89, 301 pelajar bagi setiap 10,000 penduduk berada dalam pendidikan menengah atau tinggi yang khusus, angka yang sedikit lebih rendah daripada purata Soviet. Pada tahun 1989, 58% penduduk Armenia yang berumur lima belas tahun telah menamatkan pendidikan menengah mereka, dan 14% mempunyai pendidikan tinggi. Pada tahun pelajaran 1990-91, anggaran 1,307 sekolah rendah dan menengah telah dihadiri oleh 608,800 pelajar. Sebanyak tujuh puluh institusi menengah khas mempunyai 45,900 pelajar, dan 68,400 pelajar telah mendaftar dalam sepuluh institusi postecondary yang termasuk universiti. Di samping itu, 35% kanak-kanak yang layak menghadiri prasekolah. Pada tahun 1992, institusi pengajian tinggi terbesar di Armenia, Universiti Negeri Yerevan, mempunyai lapan belas jabatan, termasuk bidang sains, sains, dan undang-undang sosial. Fakultinya berjumlah kira-kira 1,300 guru dan penduduknya kira-kira 10,000 pelajar. Politeknik Nasional Universiti Armenia beroperasi sejak 1933. <> Berapa peratus anak Armenia pergi ke prasekolah? || 35% <> Apa Universiti terbesar Armenia? || <Sebelum> Universiti Negeri Yerevan <> Bilakah Politeknik Nasional Universiti Armenia dibuka? || 1933 <> Berapa ramai pelajar yang pernah memasuki Universiti Negeri Yerevan pada tahun 1992? || 10,000 <> Berapa ramai guru yang pernah memasuki Universiti Negeri Yerevan pada tahun 1992? || 1,300", {"context": "In the 1988\u201389 school year, 301 students per 10,000 population were in specialized secondary or higher education, a figure slightly lower than the Soviet average. In 1989 some 58% of Armenians over age fifteen had completed their secondary education, and 14% had a higher education. In the 1990\u201391 school year, the estimated 1,307 primary and secondary schools were attended by 608,800 students. Another seventy specialized secondary institutions had 45,900 students, and 68,400 students were enrolled in a total of ten postsecondary institutions that included universities. In addition, 35% of eligible children attended preschools. In 1992 Armenia's largest institution of higher learning, Yerevan State University, had eighteen departments, including ones for social sciences, sciences, and law. Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population about 10,000 students. The National Polytechnic University of Armenia is operating since 1933.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "35%"}], "question": "What percent of Armenian children go to preschool?", "id": "572fd34a947a6a140053cd16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "Yerevan State University"}], "question": "What is Armenia's biggest University?", "id": "572fd34a947a6a140053cd17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 957, "text": "1933"}], "question": "When did the National Polytechnic University of Armenia open?", "id": "572fd34a947a6a140053cd18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "How many students did Yerevan State University have in 1992?", "id": "572fd34a947a6a140053cd19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "1,300"}], "question": "How many teachers did Yerevan State University have in 1992?", "id": "572fd34a947a6a140053cd1a"}]}], ["Jabatan pelajar asing untuk diaspora Armenia yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1957 kemudian dibesarkan dan kemasukan pelajar asing bermula. Pada masa kini, YSMU adalah Institut Perubatan yang bersesuaian dengan keperluan antarabangsa, melatih kakitangan perubatan untuk bukan sahaja Armenia dan negara jiran, iaitu Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Georgia, tetapi juga banyak negara terkemuka lain di seluruh dunia. Sejumlah besar pelajar asing dari India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Amerika Syarikat dan Persekutuan Rusia belajar bersama-sama dengan pelajar Armenia. Pada masa kini, universiti itu menduduki tempat di kalangan Institusi Perubatan yang terkenal dan mengambil tempatnya yang ternama di Direktori Dunia Perubatan Sekolah yang diterbitkan oleh WHO. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk melepaskan Direktori Dunia Perubatan Sekolah? || WHO <> Bilakah jabatan pelajar asing untuk diaspora Armenia dicipta? || 1957 <> Pelajar Armenia menghadiri YMSU dengan pelajar asing dari mana? || India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Amerika Syarikat dan Persekutuan Rusia", {"context": "Foreign students' department for Armenian diaspora established in 1957 later was enlarged and the enrollment of foreign students began. Nowadays the YSMU is a Medical Institution corresponding to international requirements, trains medical staff for not only Armenia and neighbor countries, i.e. Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Georgia, but also many other leading countries all over the world. A great number of foreign students from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the USA and Russian Federation study together with Armenian students. Nowadays the university is ranked among famous higher Medical Institutions and takes its honorable place in the World Directory of Medical Schools published by the WHO.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "WHO"}], "question": "Who is in charge of releasing the World Directory of Medical Schools?", "id": "572fd587b2c2fd14005684e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "1957"}], "question": "When was the foreign student department for Armenian diaspora created?", "id": "572fd587b2c2fd14005684e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the USA and Russian Federation"}], "question": "Armenian students attend YMSU with foreign students from where?", "id": "572fd587b2c2fd14005684e5"}]}], ["Kemajuan ekonomi yang mantap ini telah meningkatkan Armenia sokongan dari institusi antarabangsa. Dana Monetari Antarabangsa (IMF), Bank Dunia, Bank Pembangunan Semula dan Pembangunan Eropah (EBRD), dan institusi kewangan antarabangsa (IFI) lain dan negara asing memperluaskan geran dan pinjaman yang banyak. Pinjaman ke Armenia sejak 1993 melebihi $ 1.1 bilion. Pinjaman ini disasarkan untuk mengurangkan defisit bajet dan menstabilkan mata wang; membangunkan perniagaan swasta; tenaga; pertanian; pemprosesan makanan; pengangkutan; sektor kesihatan dan pendidikan; dan pemulihan yang berterusan di zon gempa bumi. Kerajaan menyertai Pertubuhan Perdagangan Dunia pada 5 Februari 2003. Tetapi salah satu sumber utama pelaburan langsung asing tetap diaspora Armenia, yang membiayai sebahagian besar dari pembinaan infrastruktur dan proyek-proyek publik lain. Menjadi negara yang semakin demokratik, Armenia juga berharap untuk mendapatkan lebih banyak bantuan kewangan dari Dunia Barat. <> Apa pendapat IMF? || Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa <> Apakah dos dos EBRD? || Bank Eropah untuk Pembinaan Semula dan Pembangunan <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh IFI? || institusi kewangan antarabangsa <> Berapa banyak pinjaman yang diterima Armenia sejak tahun 1993? || $ 1.1 bilion <> Bilakah Armenia menjadi sebahagian daripada Pertubuhan Perdagangan Dunia? || 5 Februari 2003", {"context": "This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilizing the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "International Monetary Fund"}], "question": "What does IMF stand for?", "id": "572fd0f8947a6a140053cce4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "European Bank for Reconstruction and Development"}], "question": "What dos EBRD stand for?", "id": "572fd0f8947a6a140053cce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "international financial institutions"}], "question": "What does IFI stand for?", "id": "572fd0f8947a6a140053cce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "$1.1 billion"}], "question": "How much in loans has Armenia received since 1993?", "id": "572fd0f8947a6a140053cce7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "5 February 2003"}], "question": "When did Armenia become a part of the World Trade Organization?", "id": "572fd0f8947a6a140053cce8"}]}], ["Galeri Seni Kebangsaan di Yerevan mempunyai lebih daripada 16,000 karya yang bermula pada Zaman Pertengahan, yang menunjukkan kisah dan kisah kaya Armenia. Ia menempatkan lukisan oleh banyak tuan Eropah juga. Muzium Seni Moden, Galeri Gambar Kanak-kanak, dan Muzium Martiros Saryan hanyalah beberapa koleksi koleksi seni rupa yang patut dipamerkan di Yerevan. Selain itu, banyak galeri persendirian yang beroperasi, dengan banyak pembukaan setiap tahun, memaparkan pameran dan jualan berputar. <> Berapa banyak potongan boleh didapati di Galeri Seni Kebangsaan Yerevan? || lebih daripada 16,000 <> Di mana selain dari Galeri Seni Negara bolehkah seseorang mencari seni yang dipamerkan di Yerevan? || Muzium Seni Moden, Galeri Gambar Kanak-kanak, dan Muzium Martiros Saryan <> Apakah tempoh paling awal Galeri Seni Nasional mempunyai potongan? || Zaman Pertengahan", {"context": "The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many European masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children\u2019s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan. Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "more than 16,000"}], "question": "How many pieces can be found in the Yerevan National Art Gallery?", "id": "572fdc7c04bcaa1900d76ded"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "The Modern Art Museum, the Children\u2019s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum"}], "question": "Where other than the National Art Gallery can one find art on display in Yerevan?", "id": "572fdc7c04bcaa1900d76dee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "the Middle Ages"}], "question": "What is the earliest period the National Art Gallery has pieces from?", "id": "572fdc7c04bcaa1900d76def"}]}], ["Masakan Armenia adalah kuno seperti sejarah Armenia, gabungan pelbagai citarasa dan aroma. Makanan sering mempunyai aroma yang berbeza. Berkait rapat dengan masakan timur dan Mediterranean, pelbagai rempah, sayur-sayuran, ikan, dan buah-buahan bergabung untuk menyajikan hidangan unik. Ciri-ciri utama masakan Armenia adalah pergantungan pada kualiti ramuan daripada makanan spasi, penggunaan herba, penggunaan gandum dalam pelbagai bentuk, kacang-kacangan, kacang-kacangan, dan buah-buahan (sebagai ramuan utama juga seperti makanan masam), dan pemadatan pelbagai jenis daun. <> Jenis makanan apa makanan Armenia paling similair? || Masakan Timur dan Mediterranean <> Apa masakan Armenia meletakkan penekanan? || kualiti bahan-bahan <> Apa masakan Armenia gunakan untuk mencipta hidangan tersendiri? || pelbagai rempah ratus, sayur-sayuran, ikan, dan buah-buahan <> Apakah kegunaan yang berbeza-beza dalam makanan Armenia? || bahan utama serta makanan masam", {"context": "Armenian cuisine is as ancient as the history of Armenia, a combination of different tastes and aromas. The food often has quite a distinct aroma. Closely related to eastern and Mediterranean cuisine, various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits combine to present unique dishes. The main characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a reliance on the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spicing food, the use of herbs, the use of wheat in a variety of forms, of legumes, nuts, and fruit (as a main ingredient as well as to sour food), and the stuffing of a wide variety of leaves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "eastern and Mediterranean cuisine"}], "question": "What type of food is Armenian food most similair to?", "id": "572fe10e04bcaa1900d76e2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "quality of the ingredients"}], "question": "What does Armenian cuisine place an emphasis on?", "id": "572fe10e04bcaa1900d76e30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits"}], "question": "What does Armenian cuisine use to create its distinctive dishes?", "id": "572fe10e04bcaa1900d76e31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "main ingredient as well as to sour food"}], "question": "What different uses does fruit have in Armenian food?", "id": "572fe10e04bcaa1900d76e32"}]}], ["Sebelum tahun 1992, orang Armenia akan mengambil bahagian dalam Sukan Olimpik yang mewakili USSR. Sebagai sebahagian daripada Kesatuan Soviet, Armenia sangat berjaya, memenangi banyak pingat dan membantu USSR memenangi pingat di Olimpik pada banyak kesempatan. Pingat pertama yang dimenangi oleh seorang Armenia dalam sejarah Olimpik moden ialah oleh Hrant Shahinyan (kadang-kadang dieja sebagai Grant Shaginyan), yang memenangi dua emas dan dua perak dalam gimnastik pada Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1952 di Helsinki. Untuk mengetengahkan tahap kejayaan Armenia di Sukan Olimpik, Shahinyan dipetik sebagai berkata: <> Sukan Olimpik apakah yang dilakukan Hrant Shahinyan? || gimnastik <> Apakah medali yang menang Hrant Shahinyan pada Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1952? || dua emas dan dua perak <> Di manakah Olimpik Musim Panas 1952 diadakan? || Helsinki <> Berapa tahun Armenia mula bersaing di Sukan Olimpik yang terpisah dari USSR? || 1992", {"context": "Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "gymnastics"}], "question": "What Olympic Sport did Hrant Shahinyan compete in?", "id": "572fde9204bcaa1900d76e05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "two golds and two silvers"}], "question": "What medals did Hrant Shahinyan win at the 1952 Summer Olympics?", "id": "572fde9204bcaa1900d76e06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Helsinki"}], "question": "Where were the 1952 Summer Olympics held?", "id": "572fde9204bcaa1900d76e07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1992"}], "question": "What year did Armenia begin competiting in the Olympics seperate from the USSR?", "id": "572fde9204bcaa1900d76e08"}]}], ["Pelbagai jenis sukan dimainkan di Armenia, yang paling popular di antara mereka adalah gusti, angkat besi, judo, bola sepak persatuan, catur, dan tinju. Kawasan pergunungan Armenia menyediakan peluang besar untuk amalan sukan seperti ski dan mendaki. Menjadi negara terkunci, sukan air hanya boleh diamalkan di tasik, terutamanya Tasik Sevan. Secara kompetitif, Armenia telah berhasil dalam catur, angkat berat dan gusti di tingkat internasional. Armenia juga merupakan ahli aktif komuniti sukan antarabangsa, dengan keahlian penuh dalam Kesatuan Persatuan Bola Sepak Eropah (UEFA) dan Persekutuan Hoki Ais Antarabangsa (IIHF). Ia juga menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Pan-Armenia. <> Tasik mana yang paling popular untuk sukan air di Armenia? || Tasik Sevan <> Apa olahraga antarabangsa yang telah dilakukan oleh Armenia dengan baik? || catur, angkat besi dan wrestling <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh IIHF? || Persekutuan Hoki Ais <> Permainan mana yang Armenia memegang? || Permainan Pan-Armenia", {"context": "A wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo, association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practiced on lakes, notably Lake Sevan. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It also hosts the Pan-Armenian Games.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Lake Sevan"}], "question": "Which lake is most popular for water sports in Armenia?", "id": "572fddea947a6a140053cd7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "chess, weightlifting and wrestling"}], "question": "What international sports has Armenia done well at?", "id": "572fddea947a6a140053cd7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "Ice Hockey Federation"}], "question": "What does IIHF stand for?", "id": "572fddea947a6a140053cd7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "Pan-Armenian Games"}], "question": "Which Games does Armenia hold?", "id": "572fddea947a6a140053cd7f"}]}], ["Oleh kerana kekurangan kejayaan akhir-akhir ini di peringkat antarabangsa, dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, Armenia telah membina semula 16 sekolah sukan era Soviet dan membekalkan mereka dengan peralatan baru dengan jumlah kos sebanyak $ 1.9 juta. Pembentukan semula sekolah-sekolah serantau dibiayai oleh kerajaan Armenia. $ 9.3 juta telah dilaburkan di bandar peranginan Tsaghkadzor untuk memperbaiki infrastruktur sukan musim sejuk kerana persembahan yang tidak menyenangkan pada acara sukan musim sejuk baru-baru ini. Pada tahun 2005, sebuah pusat basikal dibuka di Yerevan dengan tujuan membantu menghasilkan penunggang basikal Armenia bertaraf dunia. Kerajaan juga telah menjanjikan ganjaran tunai sebanyak $ 700,000 kepada Armenia yang memenangi pingat emas di Sukan Olimpik. <> Siapa yang menyediakan dana untuk membina semula sekolah sukan Armenia? || Kerajaan Armenia <> Berapa tahun Yerevan mencipta pusat pemicu? || 2005 <> Apa hadiah yang diterima Armenian daripada kerajaan jika mereka memenangi pingat emas? || $ 700,000 <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibelanjakan untuk merombak Tsaghkadzor untuk sukan musim sejuk? || $ 9.3 juta <> Berapa banyak yang dibelanjakan oleh Armenia untuk memperbaiki sekolah sukan mereka? || $ 1.9 juta", {"context": "Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of Tsaghkadzor to improve the winter sports infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent winter sports events. In 2005, a cycling center was opened in Yerevan with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists. The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "the Armenian government"}], "question": "Who provided the funds to rebuild the Armenian sports schools?", "id": "572fdfffa23a5019007fcab9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year did Yerevan create a cyclying center?", "id": "572fdfffa23a5019007fcaba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "$700,000"}], "question": "What prize do Armenians receive from the government if they win a gold medal?", "id": "572fdfffa23a5019007fcabb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "$9.3 million"}], "question": "How much money was spent to revamp Tsaghkadzor for winter sports?", "id": "572fdfffa23a5019007fcabc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "$1.9 million"}], "question": "How much did Armenia spend to fix up their sports schools?", "id": "572fdfffa23a5019007fcabd"}]}], ["Yerevan Vernissage (pasar seni dan kerajinan), dekat dengan Square Republic, kesibukan dengan beratus-ratus penjual yang menjual pelbagai kraf pada hujung minggu dan Rabu (walaupun pemilihan itu berkurang pada pertengahan minggu). Pasaran ini menawarkan ukiran kayu, barang-barang antik, renda halus, dan karpet bulu tangan dan kijang yang merupakan keistimewaan Kaukasus. Obsidian, yang dijumpai di dalam negara, dibuat dengan pelbagai barang kemas dan hiasan. Permaisuri emas Armenia menikmati tradisi yang panjang, mengisi satu sudut pasar dengan pilihan barang emas. Peninggalan Soviet dan cenderahati pembuatan Rusia baru-baru ini - anak patung bersarang, jam tangan, kotak enamel dan sebagainya - juga terdapat di Vernisage. <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Obsidian? || barang kemas dan barang hiasan <> Apakah beberapa contoh memorabilia soviet yang boleh dibeli di Vernissage? || anak patung bersarang, jam tangan, kotak enamel <> Apa jenis kraf yang boleh dibeli di Vernissage? || ukiran kayu, barang-barang antik, renda halus, dan karpet bulu dan sulaman tangan <> Apa itu Vernissage? || pasaran seni dan kerajinan", {"context": "Yerevan Vernissage (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The market offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus specialty. Obsidian, which is found locally, is crafted into assortment of jewellery and ornamental objects. Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items. Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture \u2013 nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes and so on \u2013 are also available at the Vernisage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "jewellery and ornamental objects"}], "question": "What is Obsidian used for?", "id": "572fdbc3947a6a140053cd60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes"}], "question": "What are some examples of soviet memorabilia that can be purchased at Vernissage?", "id": "572fdbc3947a6a140053cd61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims"}], "question": "What types of crafts can be purchased at Vernissage?", "id": "572fdbc3947a6a140053cd62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "arts and crafts market"}], "question": "What is Vernissage?", "id": "572fdbc3947a6a140053cd63"}]}], ["Bola sepak juga popular di Armenia. Pasukan yang paling berjaya ialah pasukan FC Ararat Yerevan pada tahun 1970-an yang memenangi Piala Soviet pada tahun 1973 dan 1975 dan Liga Perdana Soviet pada tahun 1973. Pencapaian terakhir ini menyaksikan FC Ararat mendapat masuk ke Piala Eropah di mana - walaupun kemenangan di rumah leg kedua - mereka kalah pada agregat pada peringkat suku akhir untuk pemenang FC Bayern Munich. Armenia bersaing di peringkat antarabangsa sebagai sebahagian daripada pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan USSR sehingga pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Armenia dibentuk pada tahun 1992 selepas perpecahan Kesatuan Soviet. Armenia tidak pernah layak ke kejohanan besar walaupun penambahbaikan baru-baru ini menyaksikan pasukan itu mencapai kedudukan ke-44 dalam Peringkat Dunia FIFA pada September 2011. Pasukan kebangsaan dikawal oleh Persekutuan Bola Sepak Armenia. Liga Perdana Armenia adalah pertandingan bola sepak peringkat tertinggi di Armenia, dan telah dikuasai oleh FC Pyunik pada musim-musim baru-baru ini. Liga ini pada masa ini terdiri daripada lapan pasukan dan menghantui Liga Pertama Armenia. <> Apa pasukan memenangi Piala bola sepak Soviet pada tahun 1973 dan 1975? || Pasukan FC Ararat Yerevan <> Pasukan mana yang FC Ararat kalah dalam Piala Eropah? || FC Bayern Munich <> Apakah ranking FIFA yang dilakukan Armenia pada tahun 2011? || 44th <> Berapa banyak pasukan yang mempunyai Liga Perdana Armenia? || lapan pasukan", {"context": "Football is also popular in Armenia. The most successful team was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s who won the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet Top League in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the European Cup where \u2013 despite a home victory in the second leg \u2013 they lost on aggregate at the quarter final stage to eventual winner FC Bayern Munich. Armenia competed internationally as part of the USSR national football team until the Armenian national football team was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union. Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the FIFA World Rankings in September 2011. The national team is controlled by the Football Federation of Armenia. The Armenian Premier League is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by FC Pyunik in recent seasons. The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the Armenian First League.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "FC Ararat Yerevan team"}], "question": "What team won the Soviet football Cup in 1973 and 1975?", "id": "572fdf3904bcaa1900d76e1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "FC Bayern Munich"}], "question": "Which team did the FC Ararat lose to in the European Cup?", "id": "572fdf3904bcaa1900d76e20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "44th"}], "question": "What FIFA ranking did Armenia hold in 2011?", "id": "572fdf3904bcaa1900d76e21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 967, "text": "eight teams"}], "question": "How many teams does the Armenian Premier League have?", "id": "572fdf3904bcaa1900d76e22"}]}]], [["Banyak spesies bakteria wujud hanya sebagai sel tunggal, yang lain mengaitkan corak ciri: Neisseria bentuk diploid (pasangan), rantai bentuk Streptococcus, dan kumpulan Staphylococcus bersama-sama dalam kelompok \"sekumpulan buah anggur\". Bakteria juga boleh dipanjangkan untuk membentuk filamen, contohnya Actinobacteria. Bakteria filamen sering dikelilingi oleh sarung yang mengandungi banyak sel individu. Jenis-jenis tertentu, seperti spesies genus Nocardia, bahkan membentuk filamen yang kompleks, bercabang, serupa dengan penampilan pada mycelia kulat. <> Apakah bentuk biasa untuk bakteria Neiserria? || diploid (pasangan) <> Apakah jenis bakterinya dikelilingi oleh kapsul? || Bakteria filamen <> Rantai struktur bakteria yang terkenal? || Streptococcus <> Apa yang biasanya kelihatan seperti Staphylococcus? || kluster <> Pembentukan apa yang boleh dikaitkan dengan mycelia kulat? || filamen bercabang", {"context": "Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells, others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococcus form chains, and Staphylococcus group together in \"bunch of grapes\" clusters. Bacteria can also be elongated to form filaments, for example the Actinobacteria. Filamentous bacteria are often surrounded by a sheath that contains many individual cells. Certain types, such as species of the genus Nocardia, even form complex, branched filaments, similar in appearance to fungal mycelia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "diploids (pairs)"}], "question": "What is the usual form for Neiserria bacteria?", "id": "572fa1f9a23a5019007fc7e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Filamentous bacteria"}], "question": "What type of bacteria is surrounded by a capsule?", "id": "572fa1f9a23a5019007fc7ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Streptococcus"}], "question": "What well known bacteria structure chains?", "id": "572fa1f9a23a5019007fc7e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "clusters"}], "question": "What does typically Staphylococcus look like?", "id": "572fa1f9a23a5019007fc7e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "branched filaments"}], "question": "Formation of what can be related to fungal mycelia?", "id": "572fa1f9a23a5019007fc7eb"}]}], ["Bakteria memaparkan kepelbagaian bentuk dan saiz yang luas, yang dipanggil morfologi. Sel bakteria adalah kira-kira sepersepuluh saiz sel eukariotik dan biasanya 0.5-5.0 micrometres panjangnya. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa spesies dapat dilihat dengan mata tanpa bantuan - contohnya, Thiomargarita namibiensis adalah sehingga setengah milimeter panjang dan Epulopiscium fishelsoni mencapai 0.7 mm. Antara bakteria terkecil adalah anggota genus Mycoplasma, yang mengukur hanya 0.3 micrometres, sekecil virus terbesar. Sesetengah bakteria mungkin lebih kecil, tetapi ultramicrobacteria ini tidak dipelajari dengan baik. <> Adakah sel-sel bakteria lebih kecil daripada sel eukariotik? || satu per sepuluh saiz <> Apakah nama umum untuk bentuk dan bentuk bakteria? || morfologi <> Berapa besar bakteria Epulopiscium? || 0.7 mm <> Apakah salah satu bakteria terkecil? || genus Mycoplasma <> Adakah ultramicrobacteria diperiksa dengan baik? || tidak dipelajari dengan baik", {"context": "Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5\u20135.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye \u2014 for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "one-tenth the size"}], "question": "Are bacteria cells smaller than eukaryotic cells?", "id": "572f9e5504bcaa1900d76aec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "morphologies"}], "question": "What is the common name for shapes and forms of bacteria?", "id": "572f9e5504bcaa1900d76aeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "0.7 mm"}], "question": "How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?", "id": "572f9e5504bcaa1900d76aed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "genus Mycoplasma"}], "question": "What are one of the smallest bacteria?", "id": "572f9e5504bcaa1900d76aee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "not well-studied"}], "question": "Is ultramicrobacteria is well examined?", "id": "572f9e5504bcaa1900d76aef"}]}], ["Perubahan morfologi yang lebih kompleks kadang-kadang mungkin. Contohnya, apabila kelaparan asid amino, Myxobacteria mengesan sel-sel di sekelilingnya dalam proses yang dikenali sebagai penginderaan kuorum, berhijrah ke satu sama lain, dan agregat untuk membentuk badan berbuah sehingga 500 mikrometer panjang dan mengandungi kira-kira 100,000 sel bakteria. Dalam badan berbuah ini, bakteria melakukan tugas berasingan; jenis kerjasama ini adalah jenis organisasi multiselular yang mudah. Sebagai contoh, kira-kira satu dalam 10 sel bermigrasi ke bahagian atas badan berbuah ini dan membezakan ke dalam keadaan aktif yang khusus dipanggil myxospores, yang lebih tahan terhadap pengeringan dan keadaan alam sekitar yang buruk daripada sel biasa. <> Apakah nutriment penting untuk Myxobacteria? || asid amino <> Mengapa sel-sel Myxobacteria berhijrah ke arah satu sama lain? || agregat untuk membentuk badan buah <> Betapa sukar untuk merawat sel-sel bakteria dalam keadaan pasif? || lebih tahan <> Apa bakteria yang dilakukan dalam badan berbuah? || organisasi multiselular", {"context": "Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial cells. In these fruiting bodies, the bacteria perform separate tasks; this type of cooperation is a simple type of multicellular organisation. For example, about one in 10 cells migrate to the top of these fruiting bodies and differentiate into a specialised dormant state called myxospores, which are more resistant to drying and other adverse environmental conditions than are ordinary cells.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "amino acids"}], "question": "What is the vital nutriment for Myxobacteria?", "id": "572fa576b2c2fd1400568299"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "aggregate to form fruiting bodies"}], "question": "Why do cells of Myxobacteria migrate towards each other?", "id": "572fa576b2c2fd140056829a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "more resistant"}], "question": "How hard to treat bacteria cells in a passive state?", "id": "572fa576b2c2fd140056829b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "multicellular organisation"}], "question": "What bacteria do in fruiting bodies?", "id": "572fa576b2c2fd140056829c"}]}], ["Bakteria sering melekat pada permukaan dan membentuk agregasi padat yang disebut biofilm atau tikar bakteria. Filem ini boleh terdiri daripada beberapa mikrometer dalam ketebalan sehingga setengah meter secara mendalam, dan mungkin mengandungi pelbagai spesies bakteria, protista dan archaea. Bakteria yang hidup dalam biofilm memaparkan susunan sel dan komponen ekstraselular kompleks, membentuk struktur sekunder, seperti mikrokoloni, di mana terdapat rangkaian saluran untuk membolehkan penyebaran nutrien yang lebih baik. Dalam persekitaran semulajadi, seperti tanah atau permukaan tumbuhan, kebanyakan bakteria terikat ke permukaan dalam biofilm. Biofilms juga penting dalam perubatan, kerana struktur ini sering berlaku semasa jangkitan bakteria kronik atau dalam jangkitan alat-alat perubatan yang diimplan, dan bakteria yang dilindungi dalam biofilm jauh lebih sukar untuk dibunuh daripada bakteria terpencil individu. <> Apakah bakteria digunakan untuk mematuhi permukaan? || biofilm <> Seberapa besar biofilm boleh? || sehingga setengah meter secara mendalam <> Apakah bahagian struktur sekunder dalam pembentukan kompleks bakteria? || mikrokoloni, <> Apakah maksud rangkaian saluran dalam mikrokoloni? || untuk membolehkan penyebaran nutrien yang lebih baik <> Bakteria mana yang lebih sukar untuk dibasmi? || bakteria yang dilindungi dalam biofilm", {"context": "Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations called biofilms or bacterial mats. These films can range from a few micrometers in thickness to up to half a meter in depth, and may contain multiple species of bacteria, protists and archaea. Bacteria living in biofilms display a complex arrangement of cells and extracellular components, forming secondary structures, such as microcolonies, through which there are networks of channels to enable better diffusion of nutrients. In natural environments, such as soil or the surfaces of plants, the majority of bacteria are bound to surfaces in biofilms. Biofilms are also important in medicine, as these structures are often present during chronic bacterial infections or in infections of implanted medical devices, and bacteria protected within biofilms are much harder to kill than individual isolated bacteria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "biofilms"}], "question": "What does bacteria use to adhere to surfaces?", "id": "572fa3e9b2c2fd140056827d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "up to half a meter in depth"}], "question": "How extent can biofilm be?", "id": "572fa3e9b2c2fd140056827e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "microcolonies,"}], "question": "What is part of secondary structure in the complex formation of bacteria?", "id": "572fa3e9b2c2fd140056827f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "to enable better diffusion of nutrients"}], "question": "What is the purpose of networks of channels in microcolonies?", "id": "572fa3e9b2c2fd1400568280"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 782, "text": "bacteria protected within biofilms"}], "question": "Which bacteria is more difficult to eradicate?", "id": "572fa3e9b2c2fd1400568281"}]}], ["Setelah dianggap sebagai tumbuhan yang membentuk kelas Schizomycetes, bakteria kini dikelaskan sebagai prokariotik. Tidak seperti sel-sel haiwan dan eukariota lain, sel-sel bakteria tidak mengandungi nukleus dan jarang membekalkan organel membran membran. Walaupun istilah bakteria secara tradisinya termasuk semua prokariota, klasifikasi saintifik berubah selepas penemuan pada tahun 1990-an bahawa prokariot terdiri daripada dua kumpulan organisma yang sangat berbeza yang berkembang dari nenek moyang yang sama. Ini domain evolusi dipanggil Bakteria dan Archaea. <> Apa organisma hidup yang bakteria ditakrifkan sebagai? || prokariota <> Apakah bahagian penting yang hilang dalam bakteria untuk eukariot? || nukleus <> Bilakah perubahan saintifik berubah? || 1990-an <> Apakah dua kumpulan utama prokariota boleh dibahagikan? || Bakteria dan Archaea", {"context": "Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "prokaryotes"}], "question": "What living organisms are bacteria being reffered as?", "id": "572f9adf04bcaa1900d76acf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "nucleus"}], "question": "What vital part is missing in bacteria to eukaryotes?", "id": "572f9adf04bcaa1900d76ad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "When did the scientific classification change?", "id": "572f9adf04bcaa1900d76ad1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Bacteria and Archaea"}], "question": "What are two main groups prokaryotes can be divided into?", "id": "572f9adf04bcaa1900d76ad2"}]}], ["Bakteria (i / b\u00e6kt\u026a\u0259ri\u0259 /; tunggal: bakteria) merupakan domain besar mikroorganisme prokariotik. Biasanya beberapa micrometres panjangnya, bakteria mempunyai beberapa bentuk, mulai dari sfera hingga rod dan spiral. Bakteria adalah antara bentuk kehidupan pertama yang muncul di Bumi, dan terdapat di kebanyakan habitatnya. Bakteria mendiami tanah, air, mata air berasid, sisa radioaktif, dan bahagian dalam kerak Bumi. Bakteria juga hidup dalam hubungan simbiotik dan parasit dengan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan. Mereka juga diketahui telah berkembang dalam kapal angkasa berawak. <> Apakah domain mikroorganisme prokariotik yang besar? || Bakteria <> Apakah konfigurasi yang boleh bakteria boleh diambil? || sfera kepada rod dan spiral <> Bilakah isyarat biasa untuk bakteria? || sedikit micrometres <> Persekitaran apa yang boleh hidup di bakteria? || hadir dalam kebanyakan habitatnya <> Apakah hubungan antara haiwan tumbuhan dan bakteria? || hubungan simbiotik dan parasit", {"context": "Bacteria (i/b\u00e6k\u02c8t\u026a\u0259ri\u0259/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bacteria"}], "question": "What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms?", "id": "572f876aa23a5019007fc6ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "spheres to rods and spirals"}], "question": "What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take?", "id": "572f876aa23a5019007fc6f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "few micrometres"}], "question": "When is the typical lenght  for bacteria?", "id": "572f876aa23a5019007fc6f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "present in most of its habitats"}], "question": "What environments can bacteria live?", "id": "572f876aa23a5019007fc6f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "symbiotic and parasitic relationships"}], "question": "What is the relationships between plants animals and bacteria?", "id": "572f876aa23a5019007fc6f3"}]}], ["Terdapat kira-kira sepuluh kali ganda sel bakteria di flora manusia kerana terdapat sel manusia di dalam tubuh, dengan jumlah flora manusia yang terbesar di flora usus, dan jumlah yang banyak di kulit. Sebilangan besar bakteria di dalam badan tidak dapat dibahayakan oleh kesan perlindungan sistem imun, dan ada yang bermanfaat. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa spesies bakteria patogenik dan menyebabkan penyakit berjangkit, termasuk kolera, sifilis, anthrax, kusta, dan penyakit bubonic. Penyakit bakteria yang paling biasa adalah penyakit pernafasan, dengan tuberkulosis sahaja membunuh kira-kira 2 juta orang setahun, kebanyakannya di sub-Sahara Afrika. Di negara-negara maju, antibiotik digunakan untuk merawat jangkitan bakteria dan juga digunakan dalam pertanian, menjadikan rintangan antibiotik menjadi masalah yang semakin meningkat. Dalam industri, bakteria penting dalam rawatan kumbahan dan pecahan tumpahan minyak, pengeluaran keju dan yogurt melalui penapaian, dan pemulihan emas, paladium, tembaga dan logam lain dalam sektor perlombongan, serta dalam bioteknologi, dan pembuatan antibiotik dan bahan kimia lain. <> Apakah nisbah sel manusia / bakteria dalam flora manusia? || sepuluh kali sel bakteria banyak <> Apa yang menyimpan bakteria di dalam tubuh manusia? || sistem imun <> Apakah jenis bakteria boleh menyebabkan penyakit berjangkit? || patogen <> Apakah penyakit yang paling dahsyat yang disebabkan oleh bakteria? || jangkitan pernafasan <> Apa yang membuat bakteria tahan terhadap rawatan antibiotik? || berkebun", {"context": "There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and some are beneficial. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "ten times as many bacterial cells"}], "question": "What is the ratio of human/bacteria cells in human flora?", "id": "572f9551a23a5019007fc7ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "the immune system"}], "question": "What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?", "id": "572f9551a23a5019007fc7ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "pathogenic"}], "question": "What type of bacteria can cause infectious diseases?", "id": "572f9551a23a5019007fc7af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "respiratory infections"}], "question": "What are the deadliest diseases caused by bacteria?", "id": "572f9551a23a5019007fc7b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "farming"}], "question": "What makes bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment?", "id": "572f9551a23a5019007fc7b1"}]}], ["Selalunya 40 juta sel bakteria dalam satu gram tanah dan sejuta sel bakteria dalam satu mililiter air tawar. Terdapat kira-kira 5 \u00d7 1030 bakteria di Bumi, membentuk biomas yang melebihi semua tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan. Bakteria adalah penting dalam mengitar semula nutrien, dengan banyak peringkat dalam kitaran nutrien bergantung kepada organisma ini, seperti penetapan nitrogen dari atmosfera dan pembusukan. Dalam komuniti biologi yang mengelilingi lubang hidroterma dan peluru sejuk, bakteria memberikan nutrien yang diperlukan untuk mengekalkan kehidupan dengan menukar sebatian terlarut, seperti hidrogen sulfida dan metana, kepada tenaga. Pada 17 Mac 2013, para penyelidik melaporkan data yang mencadangkan bentuk bakteria hidup berkembang di Mariana Trench, yang dengan kedalaman hingga 11 kilometer adalah bahagian paling dalam dari lautan Bumi. Penyelidik lain melaporkan kajian yang berkaitan bahawa mikrob berkembang di dalam batuan sehingga 580 meter di bawah dasar laut di bawah laut 2,6 kilometer dari pantai barat laut Amerika Syarikat. Menurut salah seorang penyelidik, \"Anda boleh menemui mikrob di mana-mana - mereka sangat menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan, dan bertahan di mana sahaja mereka berada.\" <> Berapa banyak bakteria boleh didapati dalam gram tanah? || 40 juta sel bakteria <> Berapa banyak sel-sel bakteria boleh berada di dalam air mineral? || juta bakteria sel <> Bagaimana bakteria membantu untuk mengekalkan kehidupan di lubang hidroterma dan meresap sejuk? || dengan menukarkan sebatian terlarut <> Apa bahagian paling dalam lautan yang terdapat dalam bakteria? || Mariana Trench <> Bolehkah bakteria hidup dalam batuan di bawah paras laut? || berkembang maju di dalam batu", {"context": "There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5\u00d71030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest part of the Earth's oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, \"You can find microbes everywhere \u2014 they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "40 million bacterial cells"}], "question": "What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil?", "id": "572f8f15a23a5019007fc749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "million bacterial cells"}], "question": "How many bacteria cells can be in a milliltre of fresh water?", "id": "572f8f15a23a5019007fc74a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "by converting dissolved compounds"}], "question": "How does bacteria help to sustain life in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps?", "id": "572f8f15a23a5019007fc74b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "Mariana Trench"}], "question": "What deepest part of the ocean was bacteria found?", "id": "572f8f15a23a5019007fc74c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 896, "text": "thrive inside rocks"}], "question": "Can bacteria survive inside rocks under the sea level?", "id": "572f8f15a23a5019007fc74d"}]}], ["Kebanyakan spesies bakteria adalah sfera, yang dipanggil cocci (penyanyi, coccus, dari k\u00f3kkos Yunani, bijirin, benih), atau berbentuk batang, yang disebut bacilli (bacillus, baculus). Penyanjungan dikaitkan dengan berenang. Sesetengah bakteria, yang dikenali sebagai vibrio, berbentuk seperti batang sedikit melengkung atau berbentuk koma; yang lain boleh berbentuk spiral, dipanggil spirilla, atau dipintal ketat, dipanggil spirochaetes. Sebilangan kecil spesis juga mempunyai bentuk tetrahedral atau cuboidal. Baru-baru ini, beberapa bakteria ditemui jauh di bawah kerak bumi yang tumbuh sebagai jenis filamen bercabang dengan salib berbentuk bintang. Keluasan luas permukaan dengan nisbah volum morfologi ini dapat memberikan bakteria ini sebagai kelebihan dalam persekitaran nutrien yang miskin. Pelbagai jenis ini ditentukan oleh dinding sel bakteria dan sitoskeleton, dan penting kerana ia boleh mempengaruhi keupayaan bakteria untuk memperoleh nutrien, melekat pada permukaan, berenang melalui cecair dan melarikan diri dari pemangsa. <> Bentuk apa yang biasanya jenis cocci bakteria boleh? || sfera <> Jenis bakterinya biasanya mengambil bentuk berbentuk batang? || bacilli <> Apa bentuk Spirochaetes? || teguh bergelung <> Bentuk apa yang baru ditemui bakteria dari jauh di bawah Bumi? || bercabang jenis filamen dengan berbentuk sekatan berbentuk bintang <> Bolehkah bentuk bakteria bermanfaat kepada kelangsungan hidup mereka? || boleh mempengaruhi keupayaan bakteria untuk memperoleh nutrien", {"context": "Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus, from Greek k\u00f3kkos, grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Elongation is associated with swimming. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes. More recently, some bacteria were discovered deep under Earth's crust that grow as branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section. The large surface area to volume ratio of this morphology may give these bacteria an advantage in nutrient-poor environments. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "spherical"}], "question": "What shape does usually cocci type of bacteria can be?", "id": "572fa02704bcaa1900d76b09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "bacilli"}], "question": "What type of bacteria usually takes rod-shaped form?", "id": "572fa02704bcaa1900d76b0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "tightly coiled"}], "question": "What shape Spirochaetes are?", "id": "572fa02704bcaa1900d76b0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section"}], "question": "What shape was newly discovered bacteria from deep under Earth?", "id": "572fa02704bcaa1900d76b0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients"}], "question": "Can shape of bacteria be beneficial to their survival?", "id": "572fa02704bcaa1900d76b0d"}]}], ["Nenek moyang bakteria moden adalah mikroorganisma uniselular yang merupakan bentuk kehidupan pertama yang muncul di Bumi, kira-kira 4 bilion tahun yang lalu. Selama kira-kira 3 bilion tahun, kebanyakan organisma adalah mikroskopik, dan bakteri dan archaea adalah bentuk kehidupan yang dominan. Pada tahun 2008, fosil makroorganisma ditemui dan dinamakan sebagai biota Francevillian. Walaupun fosil bakteria ada, seperti stromatolit, kekurangan morfologi tersendiri menghalang mereka daripada digunakan untuk mengkaji sejarah evolusi bakteria, atau setakat tarikh asal spesies bakteria tertentu. Walau bagaimanapun, urutan gen boleh digunakan untuk merekonstruksi phylogeny bakteria, dan kajian-kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa bakteria diasingkan terlebih dahulu dari garis keturunan archaeal / eukaryotic. Bakteria juga terlibat dalam penyelewengan evolusi yang kedua, iaitu dari arkaea dan eukariota. Di sini, eukariota dihasilkan dari kemasukan bakteria kuno ke dalam persatuan endosymbiosis dengan nenek moyang sel-sel eukariotik, yang mungkin berkaitan dengan Archaea. Ini melibatkan keguguran oleh sel-sel proto-eukaryotic symbionts alphaproteobacterial untuk membentuk sama ada mitokondria atau hidrogenosom, yang masih terdapat di semua Eukarya yang diketahui (kadang-kadang dalam bentuk yang sangat berkurangan, contohnya dalam protozoa \"amitochondrial\" purba). Kemudian, sesetengah eukariot yang sudah mengandung mitokondria juga menenggelamkan organisme seperti cyanobacterial. Ini menyebabkan pembentukan kloroplas dalam alga dan tumbuh-tumbuhan. Terdapat juga beberapa alga yang berasal dari peristiwa endosymbiotic yang lebih lama. Di sini, eukariota menelan alga eukariotik yang berkembang menjadi \"generasi kedua\" plastid. Ini dikenali sebagai endosymbiosis sekunder. <> Bilakah antecedents pertama bakteria muncul di Bumi? || 4 bilion tahun lalu <> Mengapa bentuk bakteria dan arkea dominan kehidupan? || kebanyakan organisme adalah mikroskopik <> Apakah Stromatolites? || fosil bakteria <> Apakah kumpulan pra-bersejarah yang telah berubah bakteria? || arkeologi / eukaryotic lineage <> Bagaimana kloroplas muncul dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan pertama? || Mitokondria juga menular organisme seperti cyanobacterial", {"context": "The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. In 2008, fossils of macroorganisms were discovered and named as the Francevillian biota. Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes. Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea. This involved the engulfment by proto-eukaryotic cells of alphaproteobacterial symbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes, which are still found in all known Eukarya (sometimes in highly reduced form, e.g. in ancient \"amitochondrial\" protozoa). Later on, some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms. This led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants. There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events. Here, eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a \"second-generation\" plastid. This is known as secondary endosymbiosis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "4 billion years ago"}], "question": "When did the first antecedents of bacteria appear on Earth?", "id": "572f9ceab2c2fd1400568255"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "most organisms were microscopic"}], "question": "Why were bacteria and archaea dominant forms of life?", "id": "572f9ceab2c2fd1400568256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "bacterial fossils"}], "question": "What are Stromatolites?", "id": "572f9ceab2c2fd1400568257"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "archaeal/eukaryotic lineage"}], "question": "What pre-historic group did bacteria evolve from?", "id": "572f9ceab2c2fd1400568258"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1366, "text": "mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms"}], "question": "How did chloroplast appear in first vegetation?", "id": "572f9ceab2c2fd1400568259"}]}], ["Fimbriae (kadang-kadang dipanggil \"lampiran pili\") adalah filamen halus protein, biasanya 2-10 nanometer diameter dan sehingga beberapa mikrometer panjang. Mereka diagihkan ke permukaan sel dan menyerupai rambut halus apabila dilihat di bawah mikroskop elektron. Fimbriae dipercayai terlibat dalam lampiran ke permukaan pepejal atau sel-sel lain, dan penting untuk keganasan beberapa patogen bakteria. Pili (singular pilus) adalah pelengkap selular, sedikit lebih besar daripada fimbriae, yang boleh memindahkan bahan genetik antara sel-sel bakteria dalam proses yang disebut conjugation di mana mereka dipanggil konjugasi pili atau \"seks pili\" (lihat genetik bakteria, di bawah). Mereka juga boleh menghasilkan pergerakan di mana mereka dipanggil jenis IV pili (lihat pergerakan, di bawah). <> Apa fimbriae? || filamen protein yang baik <> Apakah fimbriae boleh dipertanggungjawabkan? || terlibat dalam lampiran ke permukaan pepejal atau sel lain <> Apakah diameter fimbriae? || 2-10 nanometer <> Apakah pili? || pelengkap selular", {"context": "Fimbriae (sometimes called \"attachment pili\") are fine filaments of protein, usually 2\u201310 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs when seen under the electron microscope. Fimbriae are believed to be involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells, and are essential for the virulence of some bacterial pathogens. Pili (sing. pilus) are cellular appendages, slightly larger than fimbriae, that can transfer genetic material between bacterial cells in a process called conjugation where they are called conjugation pili or \"sex pili\" (see bacterial genetics, below). They can also generate movement where they are called type IV pili (see movement, below).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "fine filaments of protein"}], "question": "What are fimbriae?", "id": "572fb448947a6a140053cbbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells"}], "question": "What are fimbriae liable for?", "id": "572fb448947a6a140053cbbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "2\u201310 nanometres"}], "question": "What is the diameter of fimbriae?", "id": "572fb448947a6a140053cbbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "cellular appendages"}], "question": "What are pili?", "id": "572fb448947a6a140053cbbf"}]}], ["Banyak tindak balas biokimia yang penting, seperti penjanaan tenaga, menggunakan gradien tumpuan merentas membran. Kekurangan umum membran dalaman dalam bakteria bermaksud tindak balas seperti pengangkutan elektron berlaku di seluruh membran sel antara sitoplasma dan ruang periplasmik. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam banyak bakteria fotosintesis membran plasma sangat terlipat dan mengisi sebahagian besar sel dengan lapisan membran cahaya. Kompleks pengumpulan cahaya ini mungkin juga membentuk struktur tertutup lipid yang dipanggil chlorosomes dalam bakteria sulfur hijau. Protein lain mengimport nutrien di seluruh membran sel, atau mengeluarkan molekul yang tidak diingini dari sitoplasma. <> Apa yang penting untuk reaksi biokimia? || gradien tumpuan merentasi membran <> Apakah jenis membran yang dilakukan oleh sel-sel bakteria? || membran cahaya-cahaya <> Bagaimana transit elektron berlaku dalam bakteria? || antara sitoplasma dan ruang periplasmik <> Boleh membran bakteria membuat struktur lipid? || kompleks pengumpulan cahaya bahkan boleh membentuk struktur lipid-tertutup", {"context": "Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy generation, use concentration gradients across membranes. The general lack of internal membranes in bacteria means reactions such as electron transport occur across the cell membrane between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space. However, in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and fills most of the cell with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Other proteins import nutrients across the cell membrane, or expel undesired molecules from the cytoplasm.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "concentration gradients across membranes"}], "question": "What is crucial for biochemical reactions?", "id": "572fa91e04bcaa1900d76b67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "light-gathering membrane"}], "question": "What kind of membrane do bacteria cells are filled with?", "id": "572fa91e04bcaa1900d76b69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space"}], "question": "How does electron transit occur in bacteria?", "id": "572fa91e04bcaa1900d76b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures"}], "question": "Can membrane of bacteria create lipid structure?", "id": "572fa91e04bcaa1900d76b6a"}]}], ["Genera tertentu bakteria Gram, seperti Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter, dan Heliobacterium, boleh membentuk struktur yang sangat tahan dan tidak aktif yang dipanggil endospora. Dalam hampir semua kes, satu endospora terbentuk dan ini bukan proses pembiakan, walaupun Anaerobacter boleh menghasilkan sehingga tujuh endospora dalam sel tunggal. Endospora mempunyai teras pusat sitoplasma yang mengandungi DNA dan ribosom yang dikelilingi oleh lapisan korteks dan dilindungi oleh kot yang telap dan tegar. Asid Dipicolinic adalah sebatian kimia yang membentuk 5% hingga 15% daripada berat kering spora bakteria. Ia terbabit sebagai bertanggungjawab terhadap rintangan haba endospore. <> Apakah struktur dorman yang sangat tahan terhadap bakteria gram-positif tertentu yang dipanggil? || endospores <> Adakah mewujudkan endospore proses pembiakan? || bukan proses pembiakan <> Apakah ribosom di endospora disertakan? || lapisan korteks <> Apakah sebatian kimia terdiri daripada 5% hingga 15% daripada berat kering spora bakteria? || Asid dipicolinic", {"context": "Certain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter, and Heliobacterium, can form highly resistant, dormant structures called endospores. In almost all cases, one endospore is formed and this is not a reproductive process, although Anaerobacter can make up to seven endospores in a single cell. Endospores have a central core of cytoplasm containing DNA and ribosomes surrounded by a cortex layer and protected by an impermeable and rigid coat. Dipicolinic acid is a chemical compound that composes 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores. It is implicated as responsible for the heat resistance of the endospore.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "endospores"}], "question": "What are highly resistant dormant structures of certain gram-positive bacteria called?", "id": "572fb5b0b2c2fd1400568395"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "is not a reproductive process"}], "question": "Is creating endospore a reproductive process?", "id": "572fb5b0b2c2fd1400568396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "cortex layer"}], "question": "What are ribosomes in endospores are enclosed in?", "id": "572fb5b0b2c2fd1400568397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Dipicolinic acid"}], "question": "What chemical compound comprises 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores?", "id": "572fb5b0b2c2fd1400568398"}]}], ["Dalam kebanyakan bakteria, dinding sel terdapat di luar membran sel. Membran sel dan dinding sel terdiri daripada sampul sel. Bahan dinding sel bakteria biasa adalah peptidoglycan (dipanggil \"murein\" di sumber yang lebih tua), yang diperbuat daripada rantai polysaccharide yang dipautkan oleh peptida yang mengandungi asid D-amino. Dinding sel bakterinya berbeza daripada dinding sel tumbuhan dan kulat, yang terbuat dari selulosa dan kitin. Dinding sel bakteria juga berbeza daripada Archaea, yang tidak mengandungi peptidoglikan. Dinding sel adalah penting untuk bertahan hidup banyak bakteri, dan penisilin antibiotik mampu membunuh bakteri dengan menghalang langkah dalam sintesis peptidoglikan. <> Apa yang membentuk sampul sel? || membran sel dan dinding sel <> Apakah bahan dinding sel yang paling biasa? || peptidoglycan <> Adakah dinding sel bakteria sama dengan dinding sel tumbuhan dan kulat? || Dinding sel bakterinya berbeza <> Bagaimana penisilin antibiotik memusnahkan bakteria? || dengan menghalang langkah dalam sintesis peptidoglycan <> Apakah bahan utama dinding sel tumbuhan dan kulat? || selulosa dan kitin", {"context": "In most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called \"murein\" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides containing D-amino acids. Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi, which are made of cellulose and chitin, respectively. The cell wall of bacteria is also distinct from that of Archaea, which do not contain peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria, and the antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "cell membrane and cell wall"}], "question": "What composes the cell envelope?", "id": "572faebea23a5019007fc887"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "peptidoglycan"}], "question": "What is most common cell wall material?", "id": "572faebea23a5019007fc888"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Bacterial cell walls are different"}], "question": "Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi?", "id": "572faebea23a5019007fc889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan"}], "question": "How can antibiotic penicillin destroy bacteria?", "id": "572faebea23a5019007fc88b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "cellulose and chitin"}], "question": "What are the main materials of cell walls of plants and fungi?", "id": "572faebea23a5019007fc88a"}]}], ["Bakteria asid yang cepat, seperti Mycobacteria, tahan terhadap penyembuhan oleh asid semasa prosedur pewarnaan. Kandungan asid mycolic tinggi Mycobacteria, bertanggungjawab terhadap corak penahan penyerapan yang lemah diikuti oleh pengekalan tinggi. Teknik pewarnaan yang paling biasa digunakan untuk mengenal pasti bakteria asid cepat adalah noda Ziehl-Neelsen atau noda asid cepat, di mana bacilli asid-cepat berwarna merah terang dan menonjol jelas terhadap latar belakang biru. Bakteria L-bentuk adalah bakteria bakteria yang kekurangan dinding sel. Bakteria patogen utama dalam kelas ini ialah Mycoplasma (tidak boleh dikelirukan dengan Mycobacteria). <> Apakah teknik pewarnaan yang paling biasa digunakan untuk mengenal pasti bakteria asid cepat? || Ziehl-Neelsen noda <> Apakah asid mycolic bertanggungjawab dalam Mycobacteria? || corak pewarnaan penyerapan yang lemah diikuti dengan pengekalan yang tinggi. <> Apa yang membantu Mycobacteria tahan terhadap penyinaran? || Kandungan asid miokol tinggi <> Apakah bakteria patogen utama dalam kelas L-bentuk? || Mycoplasma", {"context": "Acid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacteria, are resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures. The high mycolic acid content of Mycobacteria, is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention. The most common staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria is the Ziehl-Neelsen stain or acid-fast stain, in which the acid-fast bacilli are stained bright-red and stand out clearly against a blue background. L-form bacteria are strains of bacteria that lack cell walls. The main pathogenic bacteria in this class is Mycoplasma (not to be confused with Mycobacteria).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Ziehl-Neelsen stain"}], "question": "What is the most typical staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria?", "id": "572fb31fa23a5019007fc8c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention."}], "question": "What is mycolic acid is responsible for in Mycobacteria?", "id": "572fb31fa23a5019007fc8c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "high mycolic acid content"}], "question": "What helps Mycobacteria be resistant to decolorization?", "id": "572fb31fa23a5019007fc8bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "Mycoplasma"}], "question": "What is the main pathogenic bacteria in L-form class ?", "id": "572fb31fa23a5019007fc8c2"}]}], ["Sel bakteria dikelilingi oleh membran sel (juga dikenali sebagai lipid, cytoplasmic atau membran plasma). Membran ini menyertakan kandungan sel dan bertindak sebagai penghalang untuk menahan nutrien, protein dan komponen penting lain dalam sitoplasma dalam sel. Memandangkan mereka adalah prokariot, bakteria biasanya tidak mempunyai organel terikat membran dalam sitoplasma mereka, dan dengan itu mengandungi beberapa struktur intrasel besar. Mereka tidak mempunyai nukleus sejati, mitokondria, kloroplas dan organel lain yang terdapat dalam sel eukariotik. Bakteria pernah dilihat sebagai beg mudah sitoplasma, tetapi struktur seperti sitoskeleton prokariotik dan penyetempatan protein ke lokasi spesifik dalam sitoplasma yang memberi bakteria beberapa kerumitan telah ditemui. Tahap organisasi subkelas ini disebut \"hiperstruktur bakteria\". <> Apakah membran sel? || lipid <> Apa itu membran? || halangan untuk menahan nutrien, protein dan komponen penting lain <> Adakah bakteria mempunyai organ-organ membrabe-bound dalam sitoplasma mereka? || tidak <> Tidak ada yang membuat bakteria menjadi milik prokariot? || nukleus benar, mitokondria, kloroplas dan organel lain <> Apakah bakteria yang diamati seperti sebelum sitoskeleton prokariotik telah ditemui? || beg mudah sitoplasma", {"context": "The bacterial cell is surrounded by a cell membrane (also known as a lipid, cytoplasmic or plasma membrane). This membrane encloses the contents of the cell and acts as a barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components of the cytoplasm within the cell. As they are prokaryotes, bacteria do not usually have membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm, and thus contain few large intracellular structures. They lack a true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles present in eukaryotic cells. Bacteria were once seen as simple bags of cytoplasm, but structures such as the prokaryotic cytoskeleton and the localization of proteins to specific locations within the cytoplasm that give bacteria some complexity have been discovered. These subcellular levels of organization have been called \"bacterial hyperstructures\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "lipid"}], "question": "What is a cell membrane?", "id": "572fa77004bcaa1900d76b49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components"}], "question": "What does membrane accomplish?", "id": "572fa77004bcaa1900d76b4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "do not"}], "question": "Do bacteria have membrabe-bound organelles in their cytoplasm?", "id": "572fa77004bcaa1900d76b4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles"}], "question": "Absence of what make bacteria belong to prokaryotes?", "id": "572fa77004bcaa1900d76b4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "simple bags of cytoplasm"}], "question": "What bacteria was observed as before prokaryotic cytoskeleton was discovered?", "id": "572fa77004bcaa1900d76b4d"}]}], ["Bakteria tidak mempunyai nukleus terikat membran, dan bahan genetiknya biasanya satu kromosom DNA bulat tunggal yang terletak di sitoplasma dalam badan yang tidak teratur yang dipanggil nukleoid. Nukleoid mengandungi kromosom dengan protein dan RNA yang berkaitan. The phylum Planctomycetes dan philum philum Poribacteria mungkin pengecualian kepada ketiadaan umum membran dalaman dalam bakteria, kerana mereka kelihatan mempunyai membran ganda di sekitar nukleoid mereka dan mengandungi struktur selular membran yang lain. Seperti semua organisma hidup, bakteria mengandungi ribosom, sering dikelompokkan dalam rantai yang dipanggil polyribosomes, untuk menghasilkan protein, tetapi struktur ribosom bakterinya berbeza daripada eukariota dan Archaea. Ribosom bakteria mempunyai kadar sedimentasi 70S (diukur dalam unit Svedberg): subunit mereka mempunyai kadar 30S dan 50S. Sesetengah antibiotik terikat secara khusus untuk ribosom 70S dan menghalang sintesis protein bakteria. Mereka antibiotik membunuh bakteria tanpa mempengaruhi ribosom 80S besar sel eukariotik dan tanpa merosakkan tuan rumah. <> Apakah bakteria genetik? || satu kromosom DNA bulat <> Di manakah kromosom bakteria DNA terletak? || dalam sitoplasma <> Bagaimana nukleoid kelihatan? || badan yang tidak teratur <> Apakah pengecualian bakteria membran bukan dalaman? || phylum Planctomycetes dan philum candidate Poribacteria <> Apa tujuan polyribosomes dalam bakteria? || pengeluaran protein", {"context": "Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. The phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria may be exceptions to the general absence of internal membranes in bacteria, because they appear to have a double membrane around their nucleoids and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. Like all living organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes, often grouped in chains called polyribosomes, for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Bacterial ribosomes have a sedimentation rate of 70S (measured in Svedberg units): their subunits have rates of 30S and 50S. Some antibiotics bind specifically to 70S ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Those antibiotics kill bacteria without affecting the larger 80S ribosomes of eukaryotic cells and without harming the host.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "a single circular DNA chromosome"}], "question": "What is genetic make of bacteria?", "id": "572fab18947a6a140053cb3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "in the cytoplasm"}], "question": "Where is DNA chromosome of bacteria located?", "id": "572fab18947a6a140053cb3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "irregularly shaped body"}], "question": "How does nucleoid look?", "id": "572fab18947a6a140053cb3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria"}], "question": "What are the exceptions of non-internal membrane bacteria?", "id": "572fab18947a6a140053cb3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "production of proteins"}], "question": "What is the purpose of polyribosomes in bacteria?", "id": "572fab18947a6a140053cb3e"}]}], ["Endospora tidak menunjukkan metabolisme yang dapat dikesan dan dapat bertahan dengan tekanan fizikal dan kimia yang melampau, seperti tahap cahaya UV yang tinggi, radiasi gamma, detergen, kuman, haba, pembekuan, tekanan, dan desiccation. Dalam keadaan tidak aktif ini, organisma ini mungkin kekal berdaya maju selama berjuta-juta tahun, dan endospora juga membenarkan bakteria untuk bertahan hidup terhadap vakum dan radiasi di ruang angkasa. Menurut saintis Dr. Steinn Sigurdsson, \"Terdapat spora bakteria yang dapat dijumpai yang berusia 40 juta tahun di Bumi - dan kita tahu mereka sangat keras terhadap radiasi.\" Bakteria yang membentuk endospora juga boleh menyebabkan penyakit: contohnya, anthrax dapat dikontrak oleh penyedutan endospora Bacillus anthracis, dan pencemaran luka tebal dalam Clostridium tetani endospores menyebabkan tetanus. <> Adakah terdapat metabolisme dalam endospora? || tidak menunjukkan metabolisme yang dapat dikesan <> Apakah tekanan fizikal dan kimia yang melampau yang boleh endospora bertahan? || Cahaya UV, radiasi gamma, detergen, kuman, panas, pembekuan, tekanan <> Berapa lama endospora bakteria masih hidup dalam keadaan tidak aktif? || selama berjuta-juta tahun <> Apa bakteria pembentuk endospora dapat menyebabkan penyakit tetanus? || Clostridium tetani", {"context": "Endospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses, such as high levels of UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure, and desiccation. In this dormant state, these organisms may remain viable for millions of years, and endospores even allow bacteria to survive exposure to the vacuum and radiation in space. According to scientist Dr. Steinn Sigurdsson, \"There are viable bacterial spores that have been found that are 40 million years old on Earth \u2014 and we know they're very hardened to radiation.\" Endospore-forming bacteria can also cause disease: for example, anthrax can be contracted by the inhalation of Bacillus anthracis endospores, and contamination of deep puncture wounds with Clostridium tetani endospores causes tetanus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "show no detectable metabolism"}], "question": "Is there a metabolism in endospores?", "id": "572fb798b2c2fd14005683b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure"}], "question": "What extreme physical and chemical stresses can endospores endure?", "id": "572fb798b2c2fd14005683b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "for millions of years"}], "question": "How long can endospores of bacteria stay alive in dormant state?", "id": "572fb798b2c2fd14005683b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "Clostridium tetani"}], "question": "What endospore-forming bacteria can cause tetanus disease?", "id": "572fb798b2c2fd14005683b4"}]}], ["Bakteria gram positif mempunyai dinding sel tebal yang mengandungi banyak lapisan peptidoglycan dan asid teikoid. Sebaliknya, bakteria gram-negatif mempunyai dinding sel yang agak tipis yang terdiri daripada beberapa lapisan peptidoglik yang dikelilingi oleh membran lipid kedua yang mengandungi lipopolisakarida dan lipoprotein. Lipopolysaccharides, juga dikenali sebagai endotoksin, terdiri daripada polysaccharides dan lipid A yang bertanggungjawab untuk banyak ketoksikan bakteria gram-negatif. Kebanyakan bakteria mempunyai dinding sel gram-negatif, dan hanya Firmicutes dan Actinobacteria mempunyai alternatif gram-positif alternatif. Kedua-dua kumpulan ini sebelum ini dikenali sebagai G + C yang rendah dan bakteria Gram-positif G + C yang tinggi. Perbezaan struktur ini dapat menghasilkan perbezaan dalam kerentanan antibiotik; Sebagai contoh, vancomycin boleh membunuh hanya bakteria gram-positif dan tidak berkesan terhadap patogen gram-negatif, seperti Haemophilus influenzae atau Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sekiranya dinding sel bakteria dikeluarkan sepenuhnya, ia dipanggil protoplast, sedangkan jika ia dibuang sebahagiannya, ia dipanggil spheroplast. Antibiotik \u03b2-Lactam, seperti penisilin, menghalang pembentukan silang silang peptidoglycan dalam dinding sel bakteria. Enzim lysozyme, yang terdapat dalam air mata manusia, juga mencerna dinding sel bakteria dan merupakan pertahanan utama badan terhadap jangkitan mata. <> Apakah bakteria gram positif? || dinding sel tebal yang mengandungi banyak lapisan asid peptidoglik dan asid teikoid <> Mengapa bakteria sel gram-negatif lebih toksik daripada bakteria gram-positif? || polysaccharides dan lipid A <> Apa yang boleh dipanggil endotoxin? || Lipopolysaccharides <> Apa struktur sel dinding bakteria yang berbeza? || perbezaan kecenderungan antibiotik <> Apakah pertahanan utama tubuh manusia terhadap jangkitan mata? || enzim lysozyme, yang terdapat dalam air mata manusia", {"context": "Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Lipopolysaccharides, also called endotoxins, are composed of polysaccharides and lipid A that is responsible for much of the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria. Most bacteria have the gram-negative cell wall, and only the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria have the alternative gram-positive arrangement. These two groups were previously known as the low G+C and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. These differences in structure can produce differences in antibiotic susceptibility; for instance, vancomycin can kill only gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective against gram-negative pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. If the bacterial cell wall is entirely removed, it is called a protoplast, whereas if it is partially removed, it is called a spheroplast. \u03b2-Lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall. The enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears, also digests the cell wall of bacteria and is the body's main defense against eye infections.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids"}], "question": "What does gram-positive bacteria have?", "id": "572fb096a23a5019007fc8a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "polysaccharides and lipid A"}], "question": "Why gram-negative cell bacteria is more toxic than gram-positive bacteria?", "id": "572fb096a23a5019007fc8a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Lipopolysaccharides"}], "question": "What can be endotoxins called?", "id": "572fb096a23a5019007fc8a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "differences in antibiotic susceptibility"}], "question": "What can different structure of the cell walls of bacteria effect?", "id": "572fb096a23a5019007fc8a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1235, "text": "enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears"}], "question": "What is the main defense of human body against eye infections?", "id": "572fb096a23a5019007fc8a5"}]}], ["Sesetengah bakteria menghasilkan granul penyimpanan nutrien intraselular untuk kegunaan kemudian, seperti glikogen, polifosfat, sulfur atau polihidroksialkanoat. Spesies bakteria tertentu, seperti Cyanobacteria fotosintesis, menghasilkan vesikel gas dalaman, yang mereka gunakan untuk mengawal keapungan mereka - membolehkan mereka bergerak ke atas atau ke bawah ke lapisan air dengan intensiti cahaya yang berbeza dan tahap nutrien. Membran intraselular yang dipanggil kromatofores juga terdapat dalam membran bakteria fototropik. Digunakan terutamanya untuk fotosintesis, mereka mengandungi pigiochlorophyll pigmen dan karotenoid. Idea awal adalah bahawa bakteria mungkin mengandungi lipatan membran yang dipanggil mesosom, tetapi ini kemudiannya ditunjukkan sebagai artifak yang dihasilkan oleh bahan kimia yang digunakan untuk menyediakan sel-sel untuk mikroskop elektron. Rangkuman dianggap sebagai komponen tidak hidup dalam sel yang tidak mempunyai aktiviti metabolik dan tidak dibatasi oleh membran. Kemasukan yang paling biasa adalah glikogen, titisan lipid, kristal, dan pigmen. Biji-bijian Volutin adalah kemasukan sitoplasma daripada polyphosphate anorganik yang kompleks. Granules ini dipanggil granul metachromatic kerana mereka memaparkan kesan metachromatic; mereka kelihatan merah atau biru apabila berwarna dengan warna biru methylene blue atau toluidine blue. Vacuoles gas, yang bebas getaran ke gas, mempunyai vesikel membran yang terdapat dalam beberapa spesies Cyanobacteria. Mereka membenarkan bakteria mengawal keapungan mereka. Pembedahan mikro adalah meluas, organel terikat membran yang diperbuat daripada cangkang protein yang mengelilingi dan menyebarkan pelbagai enzim. Carboxysomes adalah mikroorganisma bakteria yang mengandungi enzim yang terlibat dalam penetapan karbon. Magnetosom adalah mikroorganisma bakteria, yang terdapat dalam bakteria magnetotaktik, yang mengandungi kristal magnetik. <> Apakah jenis nutrien intrasel yang dapat menghasilkan bakteria? || glikogen, polifosfat, sulfur atau polihidroksialkanoat <> Apa vaksin gas yang boleh digunakan untuk bakteria? || untuk mengendalikan keapungan mereka <> Apakah komposisi yang paling biasa dalam bakteria? || glikogen, titisan lipid, kristal, dan pigmen <> Bagaimana vesikel gas yang dihasilkan oleh Cyanobacteria membantu beliau untuk bergerak ke dalam air? || bergerak naik atau turun ke lapisan air dengan intensiti cahaya yang berlainan <> Apakah kromatofores digunakan? || fotosintesis", {"context": "Some bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy \u2013 allowing them to move up or down into water layers with different light intensities and nutrient levels. Intracellular membranes called chromatophores are also found in membranes of phototrophic bacteria. Used primarily for photosynthesis, they contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. An early idea was that bacteria might contain membrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron microscopy. Inclusions are considered to be nonliving components of the cell that do not possess metabolic activity and are not bounded by membranes. The most common inclusions are glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments. Volutin granules are cytoplasmic inclusions of complexed inorganic polyphosphate. These granules are called metachromatic granules due to their displaying the metachromatic effect; they appear red or blue when stained with the blue dyes methylene blue or toluidine blue. Gas vacuoles, which are freely permeable to gas, are membrane-bound vesicles present in some species of Cyanobacteria. They allow the bacteria to control their buoyancy. Microcompartments are widespread, membrane-bound organelles that are made of a protein shell that surrounds and encloses various enzymes. Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments that contain enzymes involved in carbon fixation. Magnetosomes are bacterial microcompartments, present in magnetotactic bacteria, that contain magnetic crystals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates"}], "question": "What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce?", "id": "572fad2cb2c2fd1400568317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1418, "text": "to control their buoyancy"}], "question": "What gas vacuoles are respoonsible for in bacteria?", "id": "572fad2cb2c2fd140056831b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 954, "text": "glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments"}], "question": "What are the most common nonliving compositions in bacteria?", "id": "572fad2cb2c2fd140056831a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "move up or down into water layers with different light intensities"}], "question": "How does gas vesicles produced by Cyanobacteria help her to move in water?", "id": "572fad2cb2c2fd1400568318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "photosynthesis"}], "question": "What are chromatophores used for?", "id": "572fad2cb2c2fd1400568319"}]}], ["Terlepas dari jenis proses metabolik yang digunakan, kebanyakan bakteria dapat mengambil bahan mentah hanya dalam bentuk molekul yang relatif kecil, yang memasuki sel dengan penyebaran atau melalui saluran molekul dalam membran sel. The Planctomycetes adalah pengecualian (kerana mereka mempunyai membran di sekitar bahan nuklear mereka). Baru-baru ini telah ditunjukkan bahawa Gemmata obscuriglobus dapat mengambil dalam molekul besar melalui proses yang dalam beberapa cara menyerupai endositosis, proses yang digunakan oleh sel eukariotik untuk melanda barangan luaran. <> Apakah proses kimia yang membantu bakteria menyerap bahan mentah? || Penyebaran <> Bagaimana bakteria dapat memperoleh bahan mentah dari alam sekitar? || dalam bentuk molekul yang agak kecil <> Proses apa yang digunakan oleh sel eukariotik untuk menyerap item luaran? || endositosis <> Apakah sebahagian daripada sel bakteria digunakan semasa penyebaran? || saluran molekul dalam membran sel", {"context": "Regardless of the type of metabolic process they employ, the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules, which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes. The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in possessing membranes around their nuclear material). It has recently been shown that Gemmata obscuriglobus is able to take in large molecules via a process that in some ways resembles endocytosis, the process used by eukaryotic cells to engulf external items.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "diffusion"}], "question": "What chemical process  helps bacteria to absorb raw materials?", "id": "572fc0d2a23a5019007fc97c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "in the form of relatively small molecules"}], "question": "How can bacteria obtain raw materials from the environment?", "id": "572fc0d2a23a5019007fc97b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "endocytosis"}], "question": "What process is used by eukaryotic cells to absorb external items?", "id": "572fc0d2a23a5019007fc97d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "molecular channels in cell membranes"}], "question": "What part of bacteria cell is used during diffusion?", "id": "572fc0d2a23a5019007fc97e"}]}], ["Proses-proses ini juga penting dalam tindak balas biologi terhadap pencemaran; Sebagai contoh, bakteria pengurangan sulfat bertanggungjawab sepenuhnya untuk pengeluaran bentuk merkuri (metil dan dimetilmerkuri) yang sangat toksik dalam alam sekitar. Anaerobes bukan pernafasan menggunakan penapaian untuk menjana tenaga dan mengurangkan kuasa, produk penyiasatan metabolik (seperti etanol dalam pembuatan bir) sebagai sisa. Anaerobes fakultatif boleh menukar antara penapaian dan penerima elektron terminal berbeza bergantung kepada keadaan persekitaran di mana mereka mendapati diri mereka. <> Apakah bakteria pengurangan sulfat bertanggungjawab? || pengeluaran merkuri merkuri yang sangat beracun <> Apakah produk sampingan anaerobes yang tidak berniaga? || etanol <> Bagaimana boleh anaerobes menyesuaikan diri dengan persekitaran sekitar? || boleh menukar antara penapaian dan penerima elektron terminal yang berlainan", {"context": "These processes are also important in biological responses to pollution; for example, sulfate-reducing bacteria are largely responsible for the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury (methyl- and dimethylmercury) in the environment. Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy and reducing power, secreting metabolic by-products (such as ethanol in brewing) as waste. Facultative anaerobes can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors depending on the environmental conditions in which they find themselves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury"}], "question": "What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for?", "id": "572fbdb704bcaa1900d76c55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "ethanol"}], "question": "What is the by-product of non-repiratory anaerobes?", "id": "572fbdb704bcaa1900d76c56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors"}], "question": "How can anaerobes adjust to the surrounding environment?", "id": "572fbdb704bcaa1900d76c57"}]}], ["Di makmal, bakteria biasanya ditanam menggunakan media pepejal atau cecair. Media pertumbuhan pepejal, seperti plat agar, digunakan untuk mengasingkan kebiasaan tulen ketegangan bakteria. Walau bagaimanapun, media pertumbuhan cecair digunakan apabila pengukuran pertumbuhan atau jumlah besar sel diperlukan. Pertumbuhan media cecair kacau berlaku sebagai penggantungan sel, menjadikan budaya mudah dibahagikan dan dipindahkan, walaupun mengasingkan bakteria tunggal dari media cair adalah sukar. Penggunaan media selektif (media dengan nutrien tertentu ditambah atau kekurangan, atau dengan antibiotik ditambah) dapat membantu mengenal pasti organisme tertentu. <> Dalam persekitaran apa bakteria ditanam di makmal? || media pepejal atau cecair <> Apakah tetapan padat biasa? || agar plat <> Apa yang boleh membantu mengenal pasti bakteria tertentu? || Penggunaan media selektif <> Persekitaran yang mana lebih baik untuk mengasingkan satu contoh ketegangan bakteria? || agar plat <> Media mana yang terdedah untuk membesar jumlah bakteria yang lebih besar? || media pertumbuhan cecair", {"context": "In the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media. Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required. Growth in stirred liquid media occurs as an even cell suspension, making the cultures easy to divide and transfer, although isolating single bacteria from liquid media is difficult. The use of selective media (media with specific nutrients added or deficient, or with antibiotics added) can help identify specific organisms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "solid or liquid media"}], "question": "In what environment are bacteria being cultivated in labs?", "id": "572fc771947a6a140053ccae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "agar plates"}], "question": "What is typical solid setting?", "id": "572fc771947a6a140053ccaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "The use of selective media"}], "question": "What can help to indentify specific bacteria?", "id": "572fc771947a6a140053ccb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "agar plates"}], "question": "Which environment is better to isolate a single example of bacteria strain?", "id": "572fc771947a6a140053ccb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "liquid growth media"}], "question": "Which media is preffered to grow larger volumes of bacteria?", "id": "572fc771947a6a140053ccb0"}]}], ["Bakteria lithotropik boleh menggunakan sebatian tak organik sebagai sumber tenaga. Penyumbang elektron bukan organik adalah hidrogen, karbon monoksida, ammonia (yang membawa kepada nitrifikasi), besi feros dan ion logam berkurangan lain, dan beberapa sebatian sulfur yang berkurangan. Dalam keadaan luar biasa, metana gas boleh digunakan oleh bakteria metanotropik sebagai sumber elektron dan substrat untuk anabolisme karbon. Dalam kedua-dua phototrophy aerobik dan chemolithotrophy, oksigen digunakan sebagai akseptor elektron terminal, manakala di bawah keadaan anaerobik sebatian bukan organik digunakan sebaliknya. Kebanyakan organisma lithotrophic adalah autotrophik, sedangkan organisma organotropik adalah heterotrophik. <> Apakah hidrogen dan karbon monoksida untuk bakteria Lithotrophik? || Penyumbang elektron bukan organik biasa <> Bagaimana gas metana boleh digunakan dalam keadaan yang luar biasa oleh bakteria metanotropik? || kedua-dua sumber elektron dan substrat untuk anabolisme karbon <> Apakah unsur utama fotorofilik aerobik? || oksigen", {"context": "Lithotrophic bacteria can use inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Common inorganic electron donors are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia (leading to nitrification), ferrous iron and other reduced metal ions, and several reduced sulfur compounds. In unusual circumstances, the gas methane can be used by methanotrophic bacteria as both a source of electrons and a substrate for carbon anabolism. In both aerobic phototrophy and chemolithotrophy, oxygen is used as a terminal electron acceptor, whereas under anaerobic conditions inorganic compounds are used instead. Most lithotrophic organisms are autotrophic, whereas organotrophic organisms are heterotrophic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Common inorganic electron donors"}], "question": "What are hydrogen and carbon monoxide for Lithotrophic bacteria?", "id": "572fbf5a04bcaa1900d76c6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "both a source of electrons and a substrate for carbon anabolism"}], "question": "How can gas methane be used in exceptional set of conditions by methanotrophic bacteria?", "id": "572fbf5a04bcaa1900d76c6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "oxygen"}], "question": "What is the main element for aerobic photorophy?", "id": "572fbf5a04bcaa1900d76c6f"}]}], ["Bakteria mempamerkan pelbagai jenis metabolik yang sangat luas. Pengagihan ciri-ciri metabolik dalam sekumpulan bakteria secara tradisional telah digunakan untuk menentukan taksonomi mereka, tetapi ciri-ciri ini sering tidak sesuai dengan klasifikasi genetik moden. Metabolisme bakteria diklasifikasikan kepada kumpulan pemakanan berdasarkan tiga kriteria utama: jenis tenaga yang digunakan untuk pertumbuhan, sumber karbon, dan penderma elektron yang digunakan untuk pertumbuhan. Kriteria tambahan mikroorganisma pernafasan adalah penerima akseptor yang digunakan untuk respirasi aerobik atau anaerobik. <> Apa yang biasa digunakan untuk menentukan taksonomi bakteria? || Pengagihan ciri-ciri metabolik <> Bagaimana metabolisme bakteria ditentukan? || kumpulan pemakanan <> Apakah akseptor elektron bertanggungjawab? || aerobik atau pernafasan anaerobik <> Apakah tiga kriteria utama metabolisme bakteria? || jenis tenaga yang digunakan untuk pertumbuhan, sumber karbon, dan penderma elektron", {"context": "Bacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types. The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications. Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutritional groups on the basis of three major criteria: the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors used for growth. An additional criterion of respiratory microorganisms are the electron acceptors used for aerobic or anaerobic respiration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "The distribution of metabolic traits"}], "question": "What is commonly used to determine taxonomy of bacteria?", "id": "572fb921947a6a140053cbde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "nutritional groups"}], "question": "How is bacterial metabolism determined?", "id": "572fb921947a6a140053cbdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "aerobic or anaerobic respiration"}], "question": "What are electron acceptors accountable for?", "id": "572fb921947a6a140053cbe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors"}], "question": "What are three main criterias of bacterial metabolism?", "id": "572fb921947a6a140053cbe0"}]}], ["Tidak seperti dalam organisma multiselular, peningkatan saiz sel (pertumbuhan sel) dan pembiakan oleh pembahagian sel dikaitkan rapat dengan organisma uniselular. Bakteria berkembang ke saiz tetap dan kemudian membiak melalui pembelahan binari, satu bentuk pembiakan aseksual. Di bawah keadaan yang optimum, bakteria boleh membesar dan membahagikan dengan pantas, dan populasi bakteria dapat berlipat ganda secepat setiap 9.8 minit. Dalam pembahagian sel, dua sel anak tiruan yang sama dihasilkan. Sesetengah bakteria, sementara masih menghasilkan semula aseksual, membentuk struktur pembiakan yang lebih kompleks yang membantu menyebarkan sel-sel anak perempuan yang baru terbentuk. Contohnya termasuk pembentukan badan berbuah oleh Myxobacteria dan pembentukan hyphae udara oleh Streptomyces, atau tunas. Budding melibatkan sel membentuk tulang belakang yang memecahkan dan menghasilkan sel anak perempuan. <> Bagaimana saiz dan pembiakan dikaitkan dengan bakteria? || Bakteria berkembang menjadi saiz yang tetap dan kemudian membiak <> Bagaimana bakteria membiak? || melalui pembelahan perduaan <> Jika syarat-syarat yang betul berapa lama diperlukan untuk membiak? || berpecah dengan cepat <> Apa yang dihasilkan dalam pembahagian sel? || dua sel anak perempuan yang sama", {"context": "Unlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial populations can double as quickly as every 9.8 minutes. In cell division, two identical clone daughter cells are produced. Some bacteria, while still reproducing asexually, form more complex reproductive structures that help disperse the newly formed daughter cells. Examples include fruiting body formation by Myxobacteria and aerial hyphae formation by Streptomyces, or budding. Budding involves a cell forming a protrusion that breaks away and produces a daughter cell.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce"}], "question": "How size and reproduction are linked in bacteria?", "id": "572fc5c004bcaa1900d76ce9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "through binary fission"}], "question": "How does bacteria reproduce?", "id": "572fc5c004bcaa1900d76cea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "divide extremely rapidly"}], "question": "If the conditions are right how long does it take for bacteria to reproduce?", "id": "572fc5c004bcaa1900d76ceb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "two identical clone daughter cells"}], "question": "What are produced in cell division?", "id": "572fc5c004bcaa1900d76cec"}]}], ["Pertumbuhan bakteria mengikuti empat fasa. Apabila populasi bakteria terlebih dahulu memasuki persekitaran nutrien tinggi yang membolehkan pertumbuhan, sel-sel perlu menyesuaikan diri dengan persekitaran baru mereka. Fasa pertumbuhan pertama adalah fasa lag, suatu tempoh pertumbuhan lambat apabila sel-sel itu beradaptasi dengan persekitaran nutrien tinggi dan bersiap untuk pertumbuhan yang cepat. Fase lag mempunyai kadar biosintesis yang tinggi, kerana protein yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan pesat dihasilkan. Fasa pertumbuhan kedua ialah fasa log, juga dikenali sebagai fasa logaritma atau eksponen. Fasa log ditandai oleh pertumbuhan pesat eksponen. Kadar di mana sel-sel berkembang semasa fasa ini dikenali sebagai kadar pertumbuhan (k), dan masa yang diperlukan sel-sel untuk menggandakan dikenali sebagai masa penjanaan (g). Semasa fasa log, nutrien dimetabolisme pada kelajuan maksimum sehingga salah satu nutrien habis dan mula menghadkan pertumbuhan. Fasa ketiga pertumbuhan adalah fasa pegun dan disebabkan oleh nutrien habis. Sel-sel mengurangkan aktiviti metabolik mereka dan mengambil protein sel tidak penting. Fasa pegun adalah peralihan dari pertumbuhan pesat kepada keadaan respon tekanan dan terdapat ekspresi gen yang terlibat dalam pembaikan DNA, metabolisme antioksidan dan pengangkutan nutrien. Fasa akhir adalah fasa kematian di mana bakteria habis daripada nutrien dan mati. <> Apakah peringkat pertama penyesuaian bakteria? || fasa lag <> Apakah fasa pertumbuhan bakteria kedua yang diketahui? || Pertumbuhan eksponen pesat <> Ketiadaan apa yang menyebabkan pertumbuhan bakteria terakhir? || nutrien <> Apa yang dipanggil pertumbuhan ketiga bakteria? || fasa pegun <> Berapa banyak fasa dalam pertumbuhan bakteria? || empat fasa", {"context": "Bacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environment and preparing for fast growth. The lag phase has high biosynthesis rates, as proteins necessary for rapid growth are produced. The second phase of growth is the log phase, also known as the logarithmic or exponential phase. The log phase is marked by rapid exponential growth. The rate at which cells grow during this phase is known as the growth rate (k), and the time it takes the cells to double is known as the generation time (g). During log phase, nutrients are metabolised at maximum speed until one of the nutrients is depleted and starts limiting growth. The third phase of growth is the stationary phase and is caused by depleted nutrients. The cells reduce their metabolic activity and consume non-essential cellular proteins. The stationary phase is a transition from rapid growth to a stress response state and there is increased expression of genes involved in DNA repair, antioxidant metabolism and nutrient transport. The final phase is the death phase where the bacteria run out of nutrients and die.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "lag phase"}], "question": "What is the first stage of bacteria adaptation?", "id": "572fcaa9947a6a140053ccc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "rapid exponential growth"}], "question": "What is the second phase of bacteria growth known for?", "id": "572fcaa9947a6a140053ccc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1306, "text": "nutrients"}], "question": "The absence of what causes the last stage of bacteria growth?", "id": "572fcaa9947a6a140053ccc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 904, "text": "stationary phase"}], "question": "What is called the third statge of growth of bacteria?", "id": "572fcaa9947a6a140053ccc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "four phases"}], "question": "How many phase are in the growth of bacteria?", "id": "572fcaa9947a6a140053ccc0"}]}], ["Metabolisme karbon dalam bakterinya adalah heterotrofik, di mana sebatian karbon organik digunakan sebagai sumber karbon, atau autotrofik, yang bermaksud bahawa karbon selular diperoleh dengan membetulkan karbon dioksida. Bakteria heterotropik termasuk jenis parasit. Bakteria autotropik biasa adalah cyanobacteria fototropik, bakteria sulfur hijau dan beberapa bakteria ungu, tetapi juga banyak spesies chemolithotrophic, seperti bakteria nitrifying atau sulfur-pengoksida. Metabolisme bakteria tenaga sama ada berdasarkan fototrofi, penggunaan cahaya melalui fotosintesis, atau berdasarkan chemotrophy, penggunaan bahan kimia untuk tenaga, yang kebanyakannya teroksida dengan mengorbankan oksigen atau penerima elektron alternatif (respirasi aerobik / anaerobik). <> Bagaimana metabolisme karbon heterotropik berlaku? || Sebatian karbon organik digunakan sebagai sumber karbon <> Apabila metabolisme karbon dipanggil autotrofik? || karbon selular diperoleh dengan membetulkan karbon dioksida <> Kategori apa bakteria parasit jatuh ke dalam? || Bakteria heterotrofik>> Bakteria sulfur hijau adalah wakil khas jenis bakteria apa? || bakteria autotrophik <> Apakah itu chemotrophy? || penggunaan bahan kimia untuk tenaga", {"context": "Carbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types. Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteria, green sulfur-bacteria and some purple bacteria, but also many chemolithotrophic species, such as nitrifying or sulfur-oxidising bacteria. Energy metabolism of bacteria is either based on phototrophy, the use of light through photosynthesis, or based on chemotrophy, the use of chemical substances for energy, which are mostly oxidised at the expense of oxygen or alternative electron acceptors (aerobic/anaerobic respiration).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources"}], "question": "How does heterotrophic carbon metabolism occur?", "id": "572fbb81947a6a140053cbf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide"}], "question": "When carbon metabolism is called autotrophic?", "id": "572fbb81947a6a140053cbf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Heterotrophic bacteria"}], "question": "What category do parasitic bacteria fall into?", "id": "572fbb81947a6a140053cbf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "autotrophic bacteria"}], "question": "Green sulfur-bacteria is typical representative of what type of bacteria?", "id": "572fbb81947a6a140053cbf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "the use of chemical substances for energy"}], "question": "What is chemotrophy ?", "id": "572fbb81947a6a140053cbfa"}]}], ["Bakteria dibahagikan kepada lithotrophs yang menggunakan penderma elektron bukan organik dan organotrop yang menggunakan sebatian organik sebagai penderma elektron. Organisme khemotropik menggunakan penderma elektron masing-masing untuk pemuliharaan tenaga (oleh respirasi aerobik / anaerobik atau penapaian) dan tindak balas biosintetik (contohnya, penetapan karbon dioksida), sedangkan organisma fototrofik menggunakannya hanya untuk tujuan biosintetik. Organisme pernafasan menggunakan sebatian kimia sebagai sumber tenaga dengan mengambil elektron dari substrat yang dikurangkan dan memindahkannya ke penerima elektron terminal dalam reaksi redoks. Reaksi ini mengeluarkan tenaga yang boleh digunakan untuk mensintesis ATP dan memacu metabolisme. Dalam organisma aerobik, oksigen digunakan sebagai penerima elektron. Dalam organisma anaerob, sebatian bukan organik yang lain, seperti nitrat, sulfat atau karbon dioksida digunakan sebagai penerima elektron. Ini membawa kepada proses denitrifikasi penting, pengurangan sulfat, dan asetik. <> Apa yang digunakan oleh lithotroph? || penyumbang elektron tak organik <> Apa jenis organotropi penderma elektron yang digunakan? || sebatian organik <> Dalam organisma apa oksigen digunakan sebagai penerima eelectron? || organisma anaerob <> Apakah organisme pernafasan digunakan sebagai penderma elektron? || sebatian kimia", {"context": "Bacteria are further divided into lithotrophs that use inorganic electron donors and organotrophs that use organic compounds as electron donors. Chemotrophic organisms use the respective electron donors for energy conservation (by aerobic/anaerobic respiration or fermentation) and biosynthetic reactions (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation), whereas phototrophic organisms use them only for biosynthetic purposes. Respiratory organisms use chemical compounds as a source of energy by taking electrons from the reduced substrate and transferring them to a terminal electron acceptor in a redox reaction. This reaction releases energy that can be used to synthesise ATP and drive metabolism. In aerobic organisms, oxygen is used as the electron acceptor. In anaerobic organisms other inorganic compounds, such as nitrate, sulfate or carbon dioxide are used as electron acceptors. This leads to the ecologically important processes of denitrification, sulfate reduction, and acetogenesis, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "inorganic electron donors"}], "question": "What do lithotrophs use ?", "id": "572fbcc4947a6a140053cc0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "organic compounds"}], "question": "What type of electron donors organotrophs use?", "id": "572fbcc4947a6a140053cc0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "anaerobic organisms"}], "question": "In what organisms is oxygen used as eelectron acceptor?", "id": "572fbcc4947a6a140053cc0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "chemical compounds"}], "question": "What do respiratory organisms use as electron donors?", "id": "572fbcc4947a6a140053cc0c"}]}], ["Teknik makmal yang banyak untuk bakteria yang semakin meningkat menggunakan nutrien yang tinggi untuk menghasilkan sejumlah besar sel murah dan cepat. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam persekitaran semulajadi, nutrien adalah terhad, bermakna bakteria tidak boleh terus membiak selama-lamanya. Batasan nutrien ini telah membawa evolusi strategi pertumbuhan yang berbeza (lihat teori pilihan r / K). Sesetengah organisma boleh tumbuh sangat pesat apabila nutrien menjadi tersedia, seperti pembentukan algal (dan cyanobacterial) mekar yang sering berlaku di tasik semasa musim panas. Organisme lain mempunyai penyesuaian terhadap persekitaran yang keras, seperti penghasilan pelbagai antibiotik oleh Streptomyces yang menghalang pertumbuhan mikroorganisma yang bersaing. Secara semulajadi, banyak organisma hidup dalam komuniti (contohnya, biofilm) yang mungkin membenarkan peningkatan nutrien dan perlindungan daripada tekanan alam sekitar. Hubungan ini boleh menjadi penting untuk pertumbuhan organisma tertentu atau kumpulan organisma (syntrophy). <> Apakah cara mudah menghasilkan jumlah sel bakteria yang besar? || tahap nutrien yang tinggi <> Apa yang menyebabkan evolusi strategi pertumbuhan yang berbeza dalam bakteria? || nutrien terhad <> Apa yang boleh mencipta peningkatan nutrien seterusnya dalam persekitaran semula jadi? || biofilm <> Apakah bakteria alga jika terdapat nutrien? || berkembang dengan pesat", {"context": "Most laboratory techniques for growing bacteria use high levels of nutrients to produce large amounts of cells cheaply and quickly. However, in natural environments, nutrients are limited, meaning that bacteria cannot continue to reproduce indefinitely. This nutrient limitation has led the evolution of different growth strategies (see r/K selection theory). Some organisms can grow extremely rapidly when nutrients become available, such as the formation of algal (and cyanobacterial) blooms that often occur in lakes during the summer. Other organisms have adaptations to harsh environments, such as the production of multiple antibiotics by Streptomyces that inhibit the growth of competing microorganisms. In nature, many organisms live in communities (e.g., biofilms) that may allow for increased supply of nutrients and protection from environmental stresses. These relationships can be essential for growth of a particular organism or group of organisms (syntrophy).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "high levels of nutrients"}], "question": "What is the simple way of producing large volume of bacteria cells?", "id": "572fc90704bcaa1900d76d27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "nutrients are limited"}], "question": "What caused the evolution of different growth strategies in bacteria?", "id": "572fc90704bcaa1900d76d28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 764, "text": "biofilms"}], "question": "What can create a subsequent increase of nutrients in natural environment?", "id": "572fc90704bcaa1900d76d2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "grow extremely rapidly"}], "question": "What do algal bacteria if nutrients are available?", "id": "572fc90704bcaa1900d76d29"}]}], ["Dalam keadaan biasa, transduction, konjugasi, dan transformasi melibatkan pemindahan DNA antara bakteria individu spesies yang sama, tetapi kadang-kadang pemindahan mungkin terjadi di antara individu-individu dari spesies bakteria yang berbeza dan ini mungkin mempunyai akibat yang signifikan, seperti pemindahan rintangan antibiotik. Dalam kes sedemikian, pengambilan gen dari bakteria atau persekitaran lain dipanggil pemindahan gen mendatar dan mungkin biasa di bawah keadaan semula jadi. Pemindahan gen sangat penting dalam rintangan antibiotik kerana ia membolehkan pemindahan gen rintangan yang cepat antara patogen yang berbeza. <> Antara jenis spesies yang biasanya transduction, conjugation dan transformation berlaku? || spesies yang sama <> Apakah akibat pemindahan antara spesies bakterinya? || pemindahan rintangan antibiotik <> Apakah pemindahan gen mendatar? || pengambilan gen dari bakteria lain atau persekitaran", {"context": "In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance. In such cases, gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions. Gene transfer is particularly important in antibiotic resistance as it allows the rapid transfer of resistance genes between different pathogens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "the same species"}], "question": "Between what species do usually transduction, conjugation and transformation take place?", "id": "572fd29ea23a5019007fca47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "transfer of antibiotic resistance"}], "question": "What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria?", "id": "572fd29ea23a5019007fca48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment"}], "question": "What is horizontal gene transfer?", "id": "572fd29ea23a5019007fca49"}]}], ["Bakteria, sebagai organisma aseksual, mewarisi salinan identiti gen orang induknya (iaitu, mereka adalah clonal). Walau bagaimanapun, semua bakteria boleh berkembang dengan memilih perubahan pada DNA genetik mereka yang disebabkan oleh rekombinasi genetik atau mutasi. Mutasi datang dari kesilapan yang dibuat semasa replikasi DNA atau dari pendedahan kepada mutagen. Kadar mutasi berbeza-beza di antara spesies bakteria yang berlainan dan juga di antara klon yang berlainan spesies bakteria tunggal. Perubahan genetik dalam genom bakterinya berasal dari mutasi rawak semasa replikasi atau \"mutasi tekanan yang diarahkan\", di mana gen yang terlibat dalam proses pembendungan pertumbuhan tertentu mempunyai kadar mutasi yang meningkat. <> Apa yang menjadikan bakteria sebagai organisma aseksual? || mewarisi salinan identiti gen induk mereka <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan mutasi dalam bakteria? || perubahan kepada DNA genetik mereka <> Apakah dua cara perubahan kepada DNA bakteria boleh berlaku? || mutasi rawak semasa replikasi atau \"mutasi tekanan yang diarahkan\"", {"context": "Bacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or from exposure to mutagens. Mutation rates vary widely among different species of bacteria and even among different clones of a single species of bacteria. Genetic changes in bacterial genomes come from either random mutation during replication or \"stress-directed mutation\", where genes involved in a particular growth-limiting process have an increased mutation rate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "inherit identical copies of their parent's genes"}], "question": "What makes bacteria an asexual organism?", "id": "572fcd8204bcaa1900d76d57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "changes to their genetic material DNA"}], "question": "What can cause mutation in bacteria?", "id": "572fcd8204bcaa1900d76d58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "random mutation during replication or \"stress-directed mutation\""}], "question": "What are two ways changes to DNA of bacteria can occur?", "id": "572fcd8204bcaa1900d76d59"}]}], ["Transduksi gen bakteria oleh bacteriophage nampaknya adalah akibat daripada kesalahan jarang semasa pemasangan zarah virus intraselular, dan bukan penyesuaian bakteria. Konjugasi, dalam sistem E. coli yang banyak dipelajari ditentukan oleh gen plasmid, dan merupakan penyesuaian untuk memindahkan salinan plasmid dari satu bakterial kepada yang lain. Ia jarang sekali bahawa plasmid konjugasi terintegrasi ke dalam kromosom bakteria tuan rumah, dan seterusnya memindahkan sebahagian daripada DNA bakteria tuan kepada bakteria lain. Pemindahan plasmid-pengantara DNA bakteria tuan rumah juga nampaknya merupakan proses yang tidak sengaja dan bukannya penyesuaian bakteria. <> Apakah akibat ralat jarang semasa pemasangan zarah virus intraselular? || Transduction of bacterial gen <> Apa hasil adaptasi bakteria bakteria E.coli dan plasmid bakteria lain? || Konjugasi <> Bagaimana konjugasi berlaku? || plasmid konjugatif terintegrasi ke dalam kromosom bakteria host <> Apakah konjugasi penyesuaian bakteria biasa? || Ia jarang berlaku", {"context": "Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation. Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring copies of the plasmid from one bacterial host to another. It is seldom that a conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfers part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium. Plasmid-mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Transduction of bacterial genes"}], "question": "What is the aftermath of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles?", "id": "572fcf88a23a5019007fca23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Conjugation"}], "question": "What is the result of bacterial adaptation of E.coli bacteria host and plasmid of another bacteria?", "id": "572fcf88a23a5019007fca24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome"}], "question": "How does conjugation take place?", "id": "572fcf88a23a5019007fca25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "It is seldom"}], "question": "Is conjugation a common bacterial adaptation?", "id": "572fcf88a23a5019007fca26"}]}], ["Noda Gram, yang dihasilkan pada tahun 1884 oleh Hans Christian Gram, mencirikan bakteria berdasarkan ciri-ciri struktur dinding sel mereka. Lapisan tebal peptidoglycan di dinding sel \"Gram-positive\" noda ungu, sementara dinding sel nipis \"Gram-negatif\" kelihatan merah jambu. Dengan menggabungkan morfologi dan Gram-pewarnaan, kebanyakan bakteria boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai milik satu daripada empat kumpulan (cocci Gram-positif, bacilli Gram-positif, cocci Gram-negatif dan bacilli Gram-negatif). Sesetengah organisma yang paling dikenal pasti dengan noda selain daripada noda Gram, terutamanya mycobacteria atau Nocardia, yang menunjukkan ketahanan asid pada Ziehl-Neelsen atau kesan yang sama. Organisme lain mungkin perlu dikenal pasti oleh pertumbuhan mereka di media khas, atau dengan teknik lain, seperti serologi. <> Apa yang telah dibangunkan oleh Hans Christian Gram? || The Gram stain <> Tahun berapa adalah noda Grahm telah dibangunkan? || 1884 <> Warna apa bakar dinding sel bakteria Gram bertukar menjadi selepas berwarna? || ungu <> Warna apa yang biasa untuk bakteria Gram-negatif selepas pewarnaan? || merah jambu Apa kesan kotoran menunjukkan hasil ujian yang lebih baik pada bakteria Norcadia? || Ziehl-Neelsen", {"context": "The Gram stain, developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram, characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the \"Gram-positive\" cell wall stain purple, while the thin \"Gram-negative\" cell wall appears pink. By combining morphology and Gram-staining, most bacteria can be classified as belonging to one of four groups (Gram-positive cocci, Gram-positive bacilli, Gram-negative cocci and Gram-negative bacilli). Some organisms are best identified by stains other than the Gram stain, particularly mycobacteria or Nocardia, which show acid-fastness on Ziehl\u2013Neelsen or similar stains. Other organisms may need to be identified by their growth in special media, or by other techniques, such as serology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Gram stain"}], "question": "What was developed by Hans Christian  Gram?", "id": "572fdb47947a6a140053cd56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "1884"}], "question": "What year was the Grahm stain was developed?", "id": "572fdb47947a6a140053cd57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "purple"}], "question": "What color do Gram positive bacteria cell walls turn to after being stained?", "id": "572fdb47947a6a140053cd58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "pink"}], "question": "What color is typical for Gram-negative bacteria after staining?", "id": "572fdb47947a6a140053cd59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Ziehl\u2013Neelsen"}], "question": "What stain shows better test results on Norcadia bacteria?", "id": "572fdb47947a6a140053cd5a"}]}], ["Kebanyakan bakteria mempunyai kromosom bulat tunggal yang boleh terdiri daripada hanya 160,000 pasangan asas dalam bakteria endosymbiotik Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, kepada 12,200,000 pasang asas di bakteria Sodiumium selulosum tanah. Spirochaetes dari genus Borrelia adalah pengecualian ketara untuk susunan ini, dengan bakteria seperti Borrelia burgdorferi, penyebab penyakit Lyme, yang mengandungi kromosom linear tunggal. Gen dalam genom bakteria biasanya satu regangan DNA yang berterusan dan walaupun terdapat beberapa jenis intron yang terdapat pada bakteria, ini lebih jarang daripada dalam eukariota. <> Apakah bentuk kromosom bakteria? || kromosom bulat <> Apa bakteria adalah pengecualian kepada satu aturan kromosom bulat tunggal? || Spirochaetes daripada genus Borrelia <> Apa bakteria yang bertanggungjawab untuk penyakit Lyme? || Borrelia burgdorferi <> Bagaimana kromosom Borrelia burgdoferi kelihatan seperti? || kromosom linear tunggal", {"context": "Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single linear chromosome. The genes in bacterial genomes are usually a single continuous stretch of DNA and although several different types of introns do exist in bacteria, these are much rarer than in eukaryotes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "circular chromosome"}], "question": "What shape is chromosome of bacteria?", "id": "572fcc11947a6a140053ccd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia"}], "question": "What bacteria is an exception to single circular chromosome rule?", "id": "572fcc11947a6a140053ccd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Borrelia burgdorferi"}], "question": "What bacteria is responsible for Lyme disease?", "id": "572fcc11947a6a140053ccd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "single linear chromosome"}], "question": "How does chromosome of Borrelia burgdoferi look like?", "id": "572fcc11947a6a140053ccd5"}]}], ["Transformasi, tidak seperti transduction atau conjugation, bergantung pada banyak produk gen bakteria yang secara khusus berinteraksi untuk melakukan proses yang kompleks ini, dan dengan itu transformasi jelas merupakan penyesuaian bakteria untuk transfer DNA. Dalam usaha untuk mengikat bakteria, mengambil dan mencampurkan semula DNA penderma ke dalam kromosomnya sendiri, ia harus terlebih dahulu memasuki keadaan fisiologi khas yang disebut kecekapan (lihat kecekapan semula jadi). Dalam Bacillus subtilis, kira-kira 40 gen diperlukan untuk pembangunan kecekapan. Panjang DNA yang dipindahkan semasa transformasi B. subtilis boleh menjadi antara satu pertiga daripada kromosom sehingga keseluruhan kromosom. Transformasi nampaknya biasa berlaku di kalangan spesies bakteria, dan setakat ini sekurang-kurangnya 60 spesies diketahui mempunyai keupayaan semula jadi untuk menjadi kompeten untuk transformasi. Perkembangan kecekapan biasanya dikaitkan dengan keadaan persekitaran yang tertekan, dan seolah-olah menjadi penyesuaian untuk memudahkan pembaikan kerosakan DNA dalam sel penerima. <> Apakah perubahan bakteria bergantung kepada? || banyak produk gen bakterinya <> Seberapa mudah proses transformasi? || proses kompleks ini <> Apa keperluan pertama agar bakteria dapat diikat dan dikombinasikan dengan DNA bakteria lain || masukkan keadaan fisiologi khas yang disebut kompetensi <> Seberapa besar boleh menjadi tahap transformasi? || antara satu pertiga daripada kromosom sehingga keseluruhan kromosom <> Seberapa jarang wujudnya transformasi di antara organisma bakteria? || biasa", {"context": "Transformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state termed competence (see Natural competence). In Bacillus subtilis, about 40 genes are required for the development of competence. The length of DNA transferred during B. subtilis transformation can be between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome. Transformation appears to be common among bacterial species, and thus far at least 60 species are known to have the natural ability to become competent for transformation. The development of competence in nature is usually associated with stressful environmental conditions, and seems to be an adaptation for facilitating repair of DNA damage in recipient cells.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "numerous bacterial gene products"}], "question": "What does transformation of bacteria depends on?", "id": "572fd132947a6a140053ccee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "this complex process"}], "question": "How simple is the process of transformation?", "id": "572fd132947a6a140053ccef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "enter a special physiological state termed competence"}], "question": "What is the first requirement in order for bacteria to bind and recombine with other bacteria's DNA", "id": "572fd132947a6a140053ccf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome"}], "question": "How big can be the transformation level?", "id": "572fd132947a6a140053ccf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "common"}], "question": "How rare is the transformation among bacteria organisms?", "id": "572fd132947a6a140053ccf2"}]}], ["Spesies bakteria berbeza dalam bilangan dan susunan flagella di permukaannya; sesetengahnya mempunyai flagellum tunggal (monotrich), flagellum di setiap hujung (amfitrichous), kluster flagella di tiang sel (lophotrichous), manakala yang lain mempunyai flagella diagihkan di seluruh permukaan sel (peritrichous). Flagella bakteria adalah struktur motilitas yang paling difahami dalam mana-mana organisma dan dibuat kira-kira 20 protein, dengan kira-kira 30 protein yang diperlukan untuk peraturan dan pemasangannya. Flagellum adalah struktur berputar yang didorong oleh motor yang boleh diterbalikkan di pangkalan yang menggunakan kecerunan elektrokimia merentasi membran untuk kuasa. Motor ini menggerakkan gerakan filamen, yang bertindak sebagai kipas. <> Apa yang monotrich? || flagellum tunggal <> Berapa banyak protein yang khas flagellum terdiri os? || 20 protein <> Apabila flagellum diedarkan ke seluruh permukaan sel? || peritrichous <> Jika bakteria mempunyai flagellum di setiap hujung apakah nama spesies itu? || amphitrichous <> Bagaimana fungsi flagellum dalam sel? || menggunakan kecerunan elektrokimia merentas membran", {"context": "Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell (peritrichous). The bacterial flagella is the best-understood motility structure in any organism and is made of about 20 proteins, with approximately another 30 proteins required for its regulation and assembly. The flagellum is a rotating structure driven by a reversible motor at the base that uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane for power. This motor drives the motion of the filament, which acts as a propeller.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "single flagellum"}], "question": "What is monotrichous?", "id": "572fd628a23a5019007fca69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "20 proteins"}], "question": "How many proteins is typical flagellum consist os?", "id": "572fd628a23a5019007fca6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "peritrichous"}], "question": "When flagellum is distributed throughout the surface of the cell?", "id": "572fd628a23a5019007fca6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "amphitrichous"}], "question": "If bacteria has flagellum at each end what is the name of the species?", "id": "572fd628a23a5019007fca6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane"}], "question": "How does flagellum function within the cell?", "id": "572fd628a23a5019007fca6d"}]}], ["Bacteriophages adalah virus yang menjangkiti bakteria. Banyak jenis bacteriophage yang ada, ada yang hanya menginfeksi dan lyse bakteria mereka, sementara yang lain memasukkan ke dalam kromosom bakteria. Bakteriaofag boleh mengandungi gen yang menyumbang kepada fenotip tuan rumah: contohnya, dalam evolusi Escherichia coli O157: H7 dan Clostridium botulinum, gen toksin dalam phage terintegrasi menukarkan bakteria nenek moyang yang tidak berbahaya kepada patogen yang mematikan. Bakteria menentang jangkitan phage melalui sistem pengubahsuaian sekatan yang merendahkan DNA asing, dan sistem yang menggunakan jujukan CRISPR untuk mengekalkan serpihan genom phage yang bakteria telah bersentuhan pada masa lalu, yang membolehkan mereka menghalang replikasi virus melalui satu bentuk gangguan RNA. Sistem CRISPR ini menyediakan bakteria dengan imuniti yang diperolehi untuk dijangkiti. <> Apa itu Bacteriophages? || virus yang menjangkiti bakteria <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh virus kepada bakteria? || menjangkiti dan lyse bakteria mereka <> Apa yang boleh berlaku jika Bacteriophage mengandungi gen fenotip hos? || patogen yang mematikan <> Bagaimana bakteria boleh menentang DNA virus? || Sistem CRISPR menyediakan bakteria dengan imuniti yang diperolehi", {"context": "Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Clostridium botulinum, the toxin genes in an integrated phage converted a harmless ancestral bacterium into a lethal pathogen. Bacteria resist phage infection through restriction modification systems that degrade foreign DNA, and a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. This CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "viruses that infect bacteria"}], "question": "What are Bacteriophages?", "id": "572fd46404bcaa1900d76d97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "infect and lyse their host bacteria"}], "question": "What can viruses do to bacteria?", "id": "572fd46404bcaa1900d76d98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "lethal pathogen"}], "question": "What can happen if Bacteriophage contain genes of host's phenotype?", "id": "572fd46404bcaa1900d76d99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 776, "text": "CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity"}], "question": "How can bacteria resist virus DNA?", "id": "572fd46404bcaa1900d76d9a"}]}], ["Istilah \"bakteria\" secara tradisinya digunakan untuk semua prokariot sel tunggal mikroskopik. Walau bagaimanapun, sistematik molekul menunjukkan kehidupan prokariotik untuk terdiri daripada dua domain yang berasingan, yang pada asalnya dikenali sebagai Eubacteria dan Archaebacteria, tetapi kini dikenali sebagai Bakteria dan Archaea yang berkembang secara bebas daripada nenek moyang yang sama. Archaea dan eukariota lebih dekat dengan satu sama lain daripada sama ada kepada bakteria. Kedua-dua domain, bersama dengan Eukarya, adalah asas sistem tiga domain, yang kini merupakan sistem klasifikasi paling banyak digunakan dalam mikrobiologi. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan pengenalan sistematik molekul yang agak baru-baru ini dan peningkatan pesat dalam bilangan urutan genom yang tersedia, pengelasan bakteria kekal sebagai bidang yang berubah dan berkembang. Sebagai contoh, beberapa ahli biologi berpendapat bahawa Archaea dan Eukaryota berkembang dari bakteria Gram-positif. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan istilah \"bakteria\" yang asal? || semua mikroskopik, prokaryotes sel tunggal <> Apakah dua kumpulan utama organisma prokariotik dibahagikan kepada? || Eubacteria dan Archaebacteria <> Apakah kumpulan-kumpulan organisma berkait rapat antara satu sama lain? || archaea dan eukaryote <> Sistem domain apa yang biasa digunakan sekarang untuk mengklasifikasikan mikroorganisma? || sistem tiga domain", {"context": "The term \"bacteria\" was traditionally applied to all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes. However, molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an ancient common ancestor. The archaea and eukaryotes are more closely related to each other than either is to the bacteria. These two domains, along with Eukarya, are the basis of the three-domain system, which is currently the most widely used classification system in microbiolology. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of molecular systematics and a rapid increase in the number of genome sequences that are available, bacterial classification remains a changing and expanding field. For example, a few biologists argue that the Archaea and Eukaryotes evolved from Gram-positive bacteria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes"}], "question": "What would original term \"bacteria\" determine?", "id": "572fd9ccb2c2fd1400568503"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Eubacteria and Archaebacteria"}], "question": "What are two main groups of prokaryotic organisms are divided into?", "id": "572fd9ccb2c2fd1400568504"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "archaea and eukaryotes"}], "question": "What groups of organisms are closely related to each other?", "id": "572fd9ccb2c2fd1400568505"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "three-domain system"}], "question": "What domain system is commonly used nowdays to classify microorganisms?", "id": "572fd9ccb2c2fd1400568506"}]}], ["Klasifikasi bertujuan untuk menggambarkan kepelbagaian spesies bakteria dengan penamaan dan pengelompokkan organisma berdasarkan persamaan. Bakteria boleh diklasifikasikan berdasarkan struktur sel, metabolisme selular atau mengenai perbezaan dalam komponen sel, seperti DNA, asid lemak, pigmen, antigen dan quinone. Walaupun skim ini membenarkan pengenalpastian dan klasifikasi strain bakteria, tidak jelas sama ada perbezaan ini mewakili variasi antara spesies yang berbeza atau antara jenis spesies yang sama. Ketidakpastian ini disebabkan oleh kekurangan struktur tersendiri di kebanyakan bakteria, serta pemindahan gen sisi antara spesies yang tidak berkaitan. Oleh kerana pemindahan gen sisi, beberapa bakteria yang berkait rapat boleh mempunyai morfologi dan metabolisme yang sangat berbeza. Untuk mengatasi ketidakpastian ini, klasifikasi bakteria moden menekankan sistematik molekul, menggunakan teknik genetik seperti penentuan nisbah guanine cytosine, hibridisasi genom genom, serta penjujukan gen yang belum menjalani pemindahan gen sisi lateral, seperti gen rRNA. Klasifikasi bakteria ditentukan oleh penerbitan dalam Journal Antarabangsa of Bakteria Sistematik, dan Manual Berteri Bakteria Sistematik. Jawatankuasa Antarabangsa mengenai Bakteria Sistematik (ICSB) mengekalkan peraturan antarabangsa untuk menamakan kategori bakteria dan taksonomi dan untuk kedudukan mereka dalam Kod Tatajenis Bakteria Antarabangsa. <> Bagaimana kita boleh mengklasifikasikan pelbagai spesies bakteria yang luas? || organisma pengelompokan berdasarkan kesamaan <> Boleh klasifikasi dapat membantu dalam menentukan perbezaan antara spesies yang berbeza? || > Apa yang menyokong ketidakpastian dalam klasifikasi antara bakteria yang sama? || kekurangan struktur tersendiri dalam kebanyakan bakteria, <> Apakah pemindahan gen sisi boleh menyebabkan bakteria? || pelbagai morfologi dan metabolisme yang berbeza <> Apakah cara klasifikasi moden cuba menentukan spesies? || menekankan sistematik molekul", {"context": "Classification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components, such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens and quinones. While these schemes allowed the identification and classification of bacterial strains, it was unclear whether these differences represented variation between distinct species or between strains of the same species. This uncertainty was due to the lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria, as well as lateral gene transfer between unrelated species. Due to lateral gene transfer, some closely related bacteria can have very different morphologies and metabolisms. To overcome this uncertainty, modern bacterial classification emphasizes molecular systematics, using genetic techniques such as guanine cytosine ratio determination, genome-genome hybridization, as well as sequencing genes that have not undergone extensive lateral gene transfer, such as the rRNA gene. Classification of bacteria is determined by publication in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB) maintains international rules for the naming of bacteria and taxonomic categories and for the ranking of them in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "grouping organisms based on similarities"}], "question": "How can we classify the vast variety of bacterial species?", "id": "572fd85704bcaa1900d76dbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "unclear"}], "question": "Can classification be helpful in determining differences between distinct species?", "id": "572fd85704bcaa1900d76dbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria,"}], "question": "What supports the uncertainty in classification between the same kind of bacteria?", "id": "572fd85704bcaa1900d76dbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "different morphologies and metabolisms"}], "question": "What can lateral gene transfer create in bacteria?", "id": "572fd85704bcaa1900d76dbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "emphasizes molecular systematics"}], "question": "What is the way modern classification tries to determine species?", "id": "572fd85704bcaa1900d76dbf"}]}], ["Jika bakteria membentuk persatuan parasit dengan organisme lain, ia dikelaskan sebagai patogen. Bakteria patogen merupakan penyebab utama kematian dan penyakit manusia dan menyebabkan jangkitan seperti tetanus, demam kepialu, difteri, sifilis, kolera, penyakit bawaan makanan, kusta dan tuberkulosis. Penyebab patogen untuk penyakit perubatan yang diketahui hanya boleh ditemui beberapa tahun selepas itu, seperti halnya dengan Helicobacter pylori dan penyakit ulser peptik. Penyakit bakteria juga penting dalam bidang pertanian, dengan bakteria yang menyebabkan daun, hama api dan kilang tumbuhan, serta penyakit Johne, mastitis, salmonella dan anthrax di haiwan ladang. <> Apakah patogen? || bakteria membentuk persatuan parasit dengan organisma lain <> Boleh menyebabkan penyakit patogen yang paling banyak ditemui tidak lama lagi? || hanya boleh dijumpai beberapa tahun selepas <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan patogen? || kematian manusia dan penyakit", {"context": "If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic cause for a known medical disease may only be discovered many years after, as was the case with Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. Bacterial diseases are also important in agriculture, with bacteria causing leaf spot, fire blight and wilts in plants, as well as Johne's disease, mastitis, salmonella and anthrax in farm animals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms"}], "question": "What are the pathogenes?", "id": "572fe3adb2c2fd1400568571"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "may only be discovered many years after"}], "question": "Can cause for most pathogenic diseases be found soon?", "id": "572fe3adb2c2fd1400568573"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "human death and disease"}], "question": "What can pathogenes cause?", "id": "572fe3adb2c2fd1400568572"}]}], ["Keupayaan bakteria untuk merendahkan pelbagai sebatian organik adalah luar biasa dan telah digunakan dalam pemprosesan sisa dan bioremediasi. Bakteria yang mampu mencerna hidrokarbon dalam petroleum sering digunakan untuk membersihkan tumpahan minyak. Baja telah ditambahkan ke beberapa pantai di Prince William Sound dalam usaha untuk mempromosikan pertumbuhan bakteria semulajadi ini selepas tumpahan minyak Exxon Valdez 1989. Usaha ini berkesan di pantai yang tidak terlalu tebal dilindungi minyak. Bakteria juga digunakan untuk bioremediasi sisa toksik perindustrian. Dalam industri kimia, bakteria adalah yang paling penting dalam pengeluaran bahan kimia tulen enantiomerik untuk digunakan sebagai farmaseutikal atau agrichemicals. <> Apakah kualiti bakteria digunakan secara meluas? || keupayaan bakteria untuk merendahkan pelbagai sebatian organik <> Apakah yang digunakan untuk membersihkan tumpahan minyak? || Bakteria <> Cara lain ialah bakteria yang membantu alam semula jadi? || digunakan untuk bioremediasi", {"context": "The ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and bioremediation. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills. Fertilizer was added to some of the beaches in Prince William Sound in an attempt to promote the growth of these naturally occurring bacteria after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These efforts were effective on beaches that were not too thickly covered in oil. Bacteria are also used for the bioremediation of industrial toxic wastes. In the chemical industry, bacteria are most important in the production of enantiomerically pure chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals or agrichemicals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds"}], "question": "What quality of bacteria is being widely used re-cyling?", "id": "572fe8d0b2c2fd14005685b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Bacteria"}], "question": "What is being used in cleaning up oil spills?", "id": "572fe8d0b2c2fd14005685ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "used for the bioremediation"}], "question": "What other way is bacteria aiding to nature?", "id": "572fe8d0b2c2fd14005685bb"}]}], ["Kerana kebolehan mereka untuk berkembang dengan cepat dan kemudahan relatif yang boleh dimanipulasi, bakteria adalah kerja untuk bidang biologi molekul, genetik dan biokimia. Dengan membuat mutasi DNA bakteria dan memeriksa fenotip yang dihasilkan, saintis dapat menentukan fungsi gen, enzim dan laluan metabolik dalam bakteria, kemudian menerapkan pengetahuan ini kepada organisma yang lebih kompleks. Matlamat untuk memahami biokimia sel mencapai ekspresi yang paling kompleks dalam sintesis sejumlah besar enzim kinetik dan data ekspresi gen ke dalam model matematik seluruh organisma. Ini boleh dicapai dalam beberapa bakteria yang dipelajari, dengan model metabolisme Escherichia coli kini dihasilkan dan diuji. Pemahaman metabolisme bakteria dan genetik ini membolehkan penggunaan bioteknologi kepada bakteria bioengineer untuk pengeluaran protein terapeutik, seperti insulin, faktor pertumbuhan, atau antibodi. <> Apakah sains menggunakan bakteria? || biologi molekul, genetik dan biokimia", {"context": "Because of their ability to quickly grow and the relative ease with which they can be manipulated, bacteria are the workhorses for the fields of molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. By making mutations in bacterial DNA and examining the resulting phenotypes, scientists can determine the function of genes, enzymes and metabolic pathways in bacteria, then apply this knowledge to more complex organisms. This aim of understanding the biochemistry of a cell reaches its most complex expression in the synthesis of huge amounts of enzyme kinetic and gene expression data into mathematical models of entire organisms. This is achievable in some well-studied bacteria, with models of Escherichia coli metabolism now being produced and tested. This understanding of bacterial metabolism and genetics allows the use of biotechnology to bioengineer bacteria for the production of therapeutic proteins, such as insulin, growth factors, or antibodies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry"}], "question": "What sciences use bacteria?", "id": "572fea3d04bcaa1900d76ea7"}]}], ["Bakteria mula-mula diperhatikan oleh mikroskop Belanda Antonie van Leeuwenhoek pada tahun 1676, menggunakan mikroskop tunggal lensa reka bentuknya sendiri. Dia kemudian menerbitkan pemerhatiannya dalam satu siri surat kepada Royal Society of London. Bakteria adalah penemuan mikroskopik Leeuwenhoek yang paling luar biasa. Mereka hanya berada pada batas apa lensanya mudah dibuat dan, dalam salah satu hiatus yang paling menarik dalam sejarah sains, tidak ada orang lain yang akan melihat mereka sekali lagi selama lebih dari satu abad. Hanya pada masa itu pengamatan bakteria yang kemudiannya dilupakan olehnya - bertentangan dengan \"hewan-hektar\" yang terkenal (spermatozoa) - diambil dengan serius. <> Bilakah bakteria kali pertama diperhatikan? || 1676 <> Siapa yang menemui bakteria? || Mikroskop Belanda, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek <> Bagaimana dia dapat melihat bakteria? || menggunakan mikroskop kanta tunggal reka bentuknya sendiri <> Berapa lama masa yang diperlukan untuk penemuannya diambil serius? || lebih sejam", {"context": "Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and, in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science, no one else would see them again for over a century. Only then were his by-then-largely-forgotten observations of bacteria \u2014 as opposed to his famous \"animalcules\" (spermatozoa) \u2014 taken seriously.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "1676"}], "question": "When was the first time bacteria were observed?", "id": "572febaaa23a5019007fcb3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"}], "question": "Who discovered bacteria?", "id": "572febaaa23a5019007fcb40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "using a single-lens microscope of his own design"}], "question": "How was he able to see bacteria?", "id": "572febaaa23a5019007fcb41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "over a century"}], "question": "How long did it take for his discovery to be taken seriously?", "id": "572febaaa23a5019007fcb42"}]}], ["Bakteria tertentu membentuk persatuan spatial yang sangat penting untuk kelangsungan hidup mereka. Salah satu persatuan mutualistik yang dipanggil interspesis pemindahan hidrogen berlaku di antara kelompok bakteria anaerobik yang mengkonsumsi asam organik, seperti asid butyrik atau asid propionik, dan menghasilkan hidrogen, dan metanaogen Archaea yang menggunakan hidrogen. Bakteria dalam persatuan ini tidak dapat memakan asid organik kerana reaksi ini menghasilkan hidrogen yang terkumpul di persekitaran mereka. Hanya persatuan intim dengan Archaea yang memakan hidrogen memelihara kepekatan hidrogen yang cukup rendah untuk membolehkan bakteria berkembang. <> Apa yang membantu bakteria untuk terus hidup? || persatuan spatial rapat <> Apakah jenis bakteria boleh membentuk pemindahan interspis hidrogen? || bakteria anaerobik <> Apakah bakteria anaerobik mengambil? || asid butir atau asid propionik", {"context": "Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archaea that consume hydrogen. The bacteria in this association are unable to consume the organic acids as this reaction produces hydrogen that accumulates in their surroundings. Only the intimate association with the hydrogen-consuming Archaea keeps the hydrogen concentration low enough to allow the bacteria to grow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "close spatial associations"}], "question": "What helps bacteria to survive?", "id": "572fe0c2b2c2fd140056854d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "anaerobic bacteria"}], "question": "What kind of bacteria can form interspecies hydrogen transfer?", "id": "572fe0c2b2c2fd140056854e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "butyric acid or propionic acid"}], "question": "What do anaerobic bacteria consume?", "id": "572fe0c2b2c2fd140056854f"}]}], ["Di dalam tanah, mikroorganisma yang tinggal di rhizosfera (zon yang merangkumi permukaan akar dan tanah yang berpegang teguh pada akar selepas gemetar lembut) menjalankan penetapan nitrogen, menukar gas nitrogen kepada sebatian nitrogen. Ini berfungsi untuk menyediakan bentuk nitrogen yang mudah diserap untuk banyak tumbuhan, yang tidak dapat membetulkan nitrogen sendiri. Banyak bakteria lain dijumpai sebagai symbionts pada manusia dan organisma lain. Sebagai contoh, kehadiran lebih daripada 1,000 spesies bakteria dalam flora usus normal usus boleh menyumbang kepada imuniti usus, mensintesis vitamin, seperti asid folik, vitamin K dan biotin, menukarkan gula kepada asid laktik (lihat Lactobacillus), juga sebagai menanam karbohidrat yang tidak dapat dicerna kompleks. Kehadiran flora usus ini juga menghambat pertumbuhan bakterogen patogen (biasanya melalui pengecualian yang kompetitif) dan bakteria yang bermanfaat ini kemudiannya dijual sebagai suplemen makanan probiotik. <> Di manakah bakteria tinggal di dalam tanah? || rhizosphere <> Apa yang dilakukan bakteria di dalam tanah? || menukar gas nitrogen kepada sebatian nitrogen <> Bagaimana penukaran membantu tumbuh-tumbuhan? || menyediakan bentuk mudah nitrogen <> Berapakah jumlah bakteria dalam usus manusia? || Lebih 1,000 spesies bakteria <> Bagaimana flora usus menghalang pertumbuhan bakteria patogen? || melalui pengecualian yang kompetitif", {"context": "In soil, microorganisms that reside in the rhizosphere (a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking) carry out nitrogen fixation, converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds. This serves to provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen for many plants, which cannot fix nitrogen themselves. Many other bacteria are found as symbionts in humans and other organisms. For example, the presence of over 1,000 bacterial species in the normal human gut flora of the intestines can contribute to gut immunity, synthesise vitamins, such as folic acid, vitamin K and biotin, convert sugars to lactic acid (see Lactobacillus), as well as fermenting complex undigestible carbohydrates. The presence of this gut flora also inhibits the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria (usually through competitive exclusion) and these beneficial bacteria are consequently sold as probiotic dietary supplements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "rhizosphere"}], "question": "Where do bacteria stay in soil?", "id": "572fe23504bcaa1900d76e41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds"}], "question": "What do bacteria do in soil?", "id": "572fe23504bcaa1900d76e42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen"}], "question": "How does the conversion help the vegetation?", "id": "572fe23504bcaa1900d76e43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "over 1,000 bacterial species"}], "question": "What is the amount of bacteria in human intestines?", "id": "572fe23504bcaa1900d76e44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "through competitive exclusion"}], "question": "How does gut flora prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria?", "id": "572fe23504bcaa1900d76e45"}]}], ["Setiap spesies patogen mempunyai spektrum interaksi ciri dengan tuan rumah manusia. Sesetengah organisma, seperti Staphylococcus atau Streptococcus, boleh menyebabkan jangkitan kulit, radang paru-paru, meningitis dan sepsis yang lebih besar, tindak balas keradangan sistemik yang menghasilkan kejutan, vasodilation besar dan kematian. Namun organisma ini juga merupakan sebahagian daripada flora manusia biasa dan biasanya wujud pada kulit atau hidung tanpa menyebabkan sebarang penyakit sama sekali. Organisme lain selalu menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia, seperti Rickettsia, yang mewajibkan parasit intraselular yang mampu tumbuh dan menghasilkan semula hanya dalam sel-sel organisma lain. Satu spesies Rickettsia menyebabkan tipus, sementara yang lain menyebabkan Gunung Rocky melihat demam. Chlamydia, satu lagi phylum parasit intraselular, mengandungi spesies yang boleh menyebabkan radang paru-paru, atau jangkitan saluran kencing dan mungkin terlibat dalam penyakit jantung koronari. Akhirnya, beberapa spesies, seperti Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, dan Mycobacterium avium, adalah patogen oportunistik dan menyebabkan penyakit terutamanya pada orang yang menderita imunosupresi atau fibrosis kistik. <> Bagaimana patogen berinteraksi dengan hos manusia? || patogen mempunyai spektrum interaksi ciri <> Bolehkah semua bakteria dalam tubuh manusia berbahaya? || ada di kulit atau di hidung tanpa menyebabkan sebarang penyakit <> Bakteria mana yang menyebabkan Gunung Rocky terkena penyakit demam? || spesies Rickettsia", {"context": "Each species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts. Some organisms, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and death. Yet these organisms are also part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease at all. Other organisms invariably cause disease in humans, such as the Rickettsia, which are obligate intracellular parasites able to grow and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms. One species of Rickettsia causes typhus, while another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Chlamydia, another phylum of obligate intracellular parasites, contains species that can cause pneumonia, or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease. Finally, some species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Mycobacterium avium, are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people suffering from immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions"}], "question": "How pathogenes interact with it's human host?", "id": "572fe57704bcaa1900d76e73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease"}], "question": "Can all bacteria in human body  be harmful?", "id": "572fe57704bcaa1900d76e74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "species of Rickettsia"}], "question": "Which bacteria cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever disiease?", "id": "572fe57704bcaa1900d76e75"}]}], ["Sesetengah spesies bakteria membunuh dan kemudian mengambil mikroorganisma yang lain, spesies ini dipanggil bakteria pemangsa. Ini termasuk organisma seperti Myxococcus xanthus, yang membentuk kumpulan sel yang membunuh dan mencerna sebarang bakteria yang mereka hadapi. Pemangsa bakteria lain sama ada melekat pada mangsa mereka untuk mencerna dan menyerap nutrien, seperti Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus, atau menyerang sel lain dan membiak di dalam sitosol, seperti Daptobacter. Bakteria ini dikatakan telah berkembang dari saprophages yang menggunakan mikroorganisma yang mati, melalui penyesuaian yang membolehkan mereka memakan dan membunuh organisma lain. <> Mengapa bakteria tertentu dipanggil pemangsa? || bakteria membunuh dan kemudian mengambil mikroorganisma lain <> Dengan cara mana Vampirovibrio menyerap nutrien mikroorganisma lain? || lampirkan kepada mangsa mereka untuk mencerna mereka <> Teknik apa yang digunakan oleh Daptobacter untuk membunuh mikroorganisma yang lain? || menyerang sel lain dan berlipat ganda di dalam sitosol <> Di manakah bakteria Daptobacter berasal? || saprophages", {"context": "Some species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms, these species are called predatory bacteria. These include organisms such as Myxococcus xanthus, which forms swarms of cells that kill and digest any bacteria they encounter. Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in order to digest them and absorb nutrients, such as Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus, or invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol, such as Daptobacter. These predatory bacteria are thought to have evolved from saprophages that consumed dead microorganisms, through adaptations that allowed them to entrap and kill other organisms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms"}], "question": "Why are certain bacteria called predatory?", "id": "572fdfbda23a5019007fcab1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "attach to their prey in order to digest them"}], "question": "Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms?", "id": "572fdfbda23a5019007fcab2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol"}], "question": "What technique do Daptobacter use in order to kill other microorganism?", "id": "572fdfbda23a5019007fcab3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "saprophages"}], "question": "Where do Daptobacter bacteria come from?", "id": "572fdfbda23a5019007fcab4"}]}], ["Seperti klasifikasi bakteria, pengenalan bakteria semakin menggunakan kaedah molekul. Diagnostik menggunakan alat berasaskan DNA, seperti tindak balas rantai polimerase, semakin popular kerana kekhususan dan kelajuannya, berbanding dengan kaedah berasaskan budaya. Kaedah ini juga membolehkan pengesanan dan pengenalpastian sel-sel yang \"berdaya maju tetapi tidak dapat dibina\" yang secara metabolik aktif tetapi tidak membahagikan. Bagaimanapun, walaupun menggunakan kaedah yang lebih baik ini, jumlah spesies bakteria tidak diketahui dan tidak dapat dianggarkan dengan kepastian apa pun. Mengikut klasifikasi sekarang, terdapat sedikit kurang daripada 9.300 spesies prokariot yang diketahui, termasuk bakteria dan arkea; tetapi percubaan untuk menganggarkan bilangan sebenar kepelbagaian bakterinya berkisar antara 107 hingga 109 spesies keseluruhan - dan bahkan anggaran yang pelbagai ini mungkin disebabkan oleh banyak pesanan magnitud. <> Teknik apa yang telah menjadi lebih popular dalam klasifikasi bakteria? || kaedah molekul <> Alat apa yang digunakan oleh diagnostik DNA? || tindak balas rantai polimerase <> Apa lagi kaedah klasifikasi molekul yang dapat dilihat? || pengenalan \"sel yang berdaya maju tetapi tidak dapat dipupuk\"> Bolehkah kaedah baru menentukan jumlah spesies bakteria? || tidak dapat dianggarkan dengan kepastian apa pun", {"context": "As with bacterial classification, identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods. Diagnostics using DNA-based tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed, compared to culture-based methods. These methods also allow the detection and identification of \"viable but nonculturable\" cells that are metabolically active but non-dividing. However, even using these improved methods, the total number of bacterial species is not known and cannot even be estimated with any certainty. Following present classification, there are a little less than 9,300 known species of prokaryotes, which includes bacteria and archaea; but attempts to estimate the true number of bacterial diversity have ranged from 107 to 109 total species \u2013 and even these diverse estimates may be off by many orders of magnitude.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "molecular methods"}], "question": "What technique has becoming more popular in classification of bacteria?", "id": "572fde67947a6a140053cd84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "polymerase chain reaction"}], "question": "What tool does DNA based diagnostics use?", "id": "572fde67947a6a140053cd85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "identification of \"viable but nonculturable\" cells"}], "question": "What else can molecular methods of classification reveal?", "id": "572fde67947a6a140053cd86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "cannot even be estimated with any certainty"}], "question": "Can new methods determine a total number of bacteria species?", "id": "572fde67947a6a140053cd87"}]}], ["Jangkitan bakteria boleh dirawat dengan antibiotik, yang diklasifikasikan sebagai bacteriocidal jika mereka membunuh bakteria, atau bacteriostatic jika mereka hanya menghalang pertumbuhan bakteria. Terdapat banyak jenis antibiotik dan setiap kelas menghalang proses yang berbeza dalam patogen dari yang terdapat di dalam tuan rumah. Satu contoh bagaimana antibiotik menghasilkan ketoksikan terpilih adalah chloramphenicol dan puromycin, yang menghalang ribosom bakteria, tetapi tidak ribosom eukariotik yang berbeza strukturnya. Antibiotik digunakan dalam merawat penyakit manusia dan dalam bidang pertanian intensif untuk menggalakkan pertumbuhan haiwan, di mana mereka mungkin menyumbang kepada perkembangan pesat rintangan antibiotik dalam populasi bakteria. Jangkitan boleh dicegah oleh langkah-langkah antiseptik seperti mensterilkan kulit sebelum menusuknya dengan jarum jarum suntikan, dan dengan penjagaan yang betul dalam kateter yang tinggal. Instrumen pembedahan dan pergigian juga disterilkan untuk mencegah pencemaran oleh bakteria. Disinfektan seperti pemutih digunakan untuk membunuh bakteria atau patogen lain pada permukaan untuk mencegah pencemaran dan mengurangkan risiko jangkitan. <> Jenis antibiotik apa yang dipanggil bacterocidal? || jika mereka membunuh bakteria <> Apa jenis antibiotik yang digunakan untuk pencegahan pertumbuhan bakteria || bakteriostatik <> Apakah kelemahan menggunakan antibiotik jika pertanian? || perkembangan rintangan antibiotik pesat dalam populasi bakteria <> Selain dalam merawat penyakit manusia di mana lagi antibiotik digunakan? || dalam pertanian intensif untuk mempromosikan pertumbuhan haiwan <> Apakah kaedah pencegahan umum jangkitan dalam perubatan? || mensterilkan", {"context": "Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. An example of how antibiotics produce selective toxicity are chloramphenicol and puromycin, which inhibit the bacterial ribosome, but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome. Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth, where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe, and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent contamination by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "if they kill bacteria"}], "question": "What type of antibiotics called bacterocidal?", "id": "572fe75e04bcaa1900d76e79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "bacteriostatic"}], "question": "What kind of antibiotics are used for prevention of bacterial growth", "id": "572fe75e04bcaa1900d76e7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations"}], "question": "What is the drawback of using antibiotics if agriculture?", "id": "572fe75e04bcaa1900d76e7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "in intensive farming to promote animal growth"}], "question": "Besides in treating human disease where else are antibiotics used?", "id": "572fe75e04bcaa1900d76e7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "sterilizing"}], "question": "What is common prevention method of infections in medicine?", "id": "572fe75e04bcaa1900d76e7d"}]}], ["Walaupun diketahui pada abad kesembilan belas bahawa bakteria adalah penyebab banyak penyakit, tiada rawatan antibakteria yang berkesan boleh didapati. Pada tahun 1910, Paul Ehrlich mengembangkan antibiotik pertama, dengan menukar pewarna yang secara semulajadi berwarna patung Treponema pallidum - spirochaete yang menyebabkan sifilis - menjadi sebatian yang secara selektif membunuh patogen. Ehrlich telah dianugerahkan Hadiah Nobel 1908 untuk kerja-kerja imunologi, dan mempelopori penggunaan noda untuk mengesan dan mengenal pasti bakteria, dengan karyanya menjadi asas dari noda Gram dan noda Ziehl-Neelsen. <> Bilakah antibiotik pertama ditemui? || Pada tahun 1910 <> Siapa pencipta antibiotik? || Paul Ehrlich <> Apa bakteria yang dia buat dahulu? || Treponema pallidum <> Siapa yang berasaskan kajiannya terhadap kesan Enrlich? || Gram noda dan Ziehl-Neelsen <> Bagaimana penemuannya diketahui? || telah dianugerahkan Hadiah Nobel 1908", {"context": "Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum \u2014 the spirochaete that causes syphilis \u2014 into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen. Ehrlich had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology, and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria, with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl\u2013Neelsen stain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "In 1910"}], "question": "When was the first antibiotic discovered?", "id": "572fed76a23a5019007fcb47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Paul Ehrlich"}], "question": "Who was the creator of antibiotic?", "id": "572fed76a23a5019007fcb48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Treponema pallidum"}], "question": "What bacteria did he treat first?", "id": "572fed76a23a5019007fcb49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Gram stain and the Ziehl\u2013Neelsen"}], "question": "Who based their research on Enrlich's stains works?", "id": "572fed76a23a5019007fcb4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize"}], "question": "How was his discovery aknowledged?", "id": "572fed76a23a5019007fcb4a"}]}]], [["Pada mulanya PCB direka secara manual dengan membuat fotomask pada helaian yang jelas, biasanya pada dua atau empat kali saiz sebenar. Bermula dari gambarajah skematik pad pin komponen telah dibentangkan pada mylar dan kemudian jejak dihalakan untuk menyambungkan pad. Rangkuman pada pemindahan kering komponen tapak umum meningkatkan kecekapan. Jejak dibuat dengan pita pelekat sendiri. Pra-cetak tidak menghasilkan semula pada mylar dibantu dalam susun atur. Untuk mengarang papan, fotomask selesai telah fotolitografi diterbitkan semula ke salutan fotoresistis pada papan kosong tembaga. <> Dalam kaedah reka bentuk PCB yang lama, apa yang digunakan untuk menyambung pad pad komponen? || jejak <> Apa pereka PCB digunakan untuk menggunakan pada helaian mylar? || photomask <> Apa kesan yang asalnya dibuat? || pita pelekat sendiri <> Pereka akan menggosokkan pemindahan yang kering untuk membuat proses meletakkan komponen lebih mudah? || kaki umum komponen biasa <> Apakah jenis logam yang dilapisi papan kosong yang digunakan untuk membuat PCB? || tembaga", {"context": "Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of common component footprints increased efficiency. Traces were made with self-adhesive tape. Pre-printed non-reproducing grids on the mylar assisted in layout. To fabricate the board, the finished photomask was photolithographically reproduced onto a photoresist coating on the blank copper-clad boards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "traces"}], "question": "In the old PCB design method, what was used to connect component pin pads?", "id": "572f8ec5947a6a140053ca5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "photomask"}], "question": "What did PCB designers used to employ on a mylar sheet?", "id": "572f8ec5947a6a140053ca5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "self-adhesive tape"}], "question": "What were traces originally made out of?", "id": "572f8ec5947a6a140053ca60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "common component footprints"}], "question": "Designers would rub on a dry transfer of what to make the process of laying out components simpler?", "id": "572f8ec5947a6a140053ca61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "copper"}], "question": "What kind of metal coated the blank boards used to make PCBs?", "id": "572f8ec5947a6a140053ca62"}]}], ["Panel akhirnya dipecahkan kepada PCB individu; ini dipanggil depaneling. Memisahkan PCB individu sering kali dibantu oleh penggerudian atau peralihan peralihan di sepanjang sempadan litar individu, sama seperti helaian setem pos. Kaedah lain, yang mengambil ruang kurang, adalah untuk mengurangkan alur berbentuk V di seluruh dimensi penuh panel. PCB individu kemudian boleh dipecahkan sepanjang garis kelemahan ini. Hari muka depan sering dilakukan oleh laser yang memotong papan tanpa hubungan. Pemotongan laser mengurangkan stres pada litar rapuh. <> Apakah proses yang dipanggil di mana PCB individu dipisahkan? || depaneling <> Batas apa yang akan anda ikuti untuk memisahkan PCB di panel? || litar individu <> Teknologi apa yang membuat fronteling mungkin tanpa memerlukan secara fizikal berinteraksi dengan lembaga? || laser <> Apakah kaedah alur berbentuk V selamat? || ruang <> Komponen apa yang rusak kemungkinan akan rosak jika penggunaan depan laser digunakan? || litar", {"context": "The panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes less space, is to cut V-shaped grooves across the full dimension of the panel. The individual PCBs can then be broken apart along this line of weakness. Today depaneling is often done by lasers which cut the board with no contact. Laser panelization reduces stress on the fragile circuits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "depaneling"}], "question": "What is the process called whereby the individual PCBs are separated?", "id": "572f94e7b2c2fd140056821b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "individual circuits"}], "question": "What boundaries would you follow to separate PCBs on a panel?", "id": "572f94e7b2c2fd140056821c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "lasers"}], "question": "What technology has made depaneling possible without needing to physically interact with the board?", "id": "572f94e7b2c2fd140056821d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "space"}], "question": "What does the V-shaped groove method save?", "id": "572f94e7b2c2fd140056821e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "circuits"}], "question": "What delicate component is less likely to be damaged if laser depanelization is used?", "id": "572f94e7b2c2fd140056821f"}]}], ["Kaedah subtractive menghilangkan tembaga dari seluruh tembaga bersalut papan untuk meninggalkan hanya corak tembaga yang dikehendaki. Dalam kaedah tambahan, corak disalurkan ke substrat kosong menggunakan proses yang rumit. Kelebihan kaedah tambahan ialah bahan kurang diperlukan dan kurang sisa dihasilkan. Dalam proses aditif penuh laminasi kosong dipenuhi dengan filem fotosensitif yang dicatatkan (terdedah kepada cahaya melalui topeng dan kemudian dikembangkan yang menghilangkan filem yang tidak terkena). Kawasan yang terdedah dipermudahkan dalam mandi kimia, biasanya mengandungi palladium dan serupa dengan yang digunakan melalui penyaduran lubang yang menjadikan kawasan terdedah mampu ikatan ion logam. Laminate kemudian dilapisi dengan tembaga di kawasan peka. Apabila topeng dilucutkan, PCB selesai. <> Adakah kaedah aditif atau subtractive menggunakan kurang bahan mentah? || aditif <> Objek apa yang digunakan untuk mendedahkan bahagian terpilih filem fotosensitif ke cahaya? || topeng <> Unsur kimia apa yang sering terdapat dalam tab mandi yang digunakan untuk filem terdedah sensitif selepas ia dicatat? || paladium <> Dalam kaedah subtractive, apa logam meliputi papan dan kemudian dibuang sebahagiannya? || tembaga <> Dalam kaedah tambahan, bahagian mana lamina disalut dengan tembaga? || kawasan yang sensitif", {"context": "Subtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less waste is produced. In the full additive process the bare laminate is covered with a photosensitive film which is imaged (exposed to light through a mask and then developed which removes the unexposed film). The exposed areas are sensitized in a chemical bath, usually containing palladium and similar to that used for through hole plating which makes the exposed area capable of bonding metal ions. The laminate is then plated with copper in the sensitized areas. When the mask is stripped, the PCB is finished.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "additive"}], "question": "Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?", "id": "572f97ee947a6a140053caac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "mask"}], "question": "What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light?", "id": "572f97ee947a6a140053caae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "palladium"}], "question": "What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged?", "id": "572f97ee947a6a140053caad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "copper"}], "question": "In subtractive methods, what metal covers the board and is then partially removed?", "id": "572f97ee947a6a140053caaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "sensitized areas"}], "question": "In the additive method, which parts of the laminate are plated with copper?", "id": "572f97ee947a6a140053cab0"}]}], ["Papan litar bercetak pelbagai lapisan mempunyai lapisan jejak di dalam papan. Ini dicapai dengan melapisi timbunan bahan dalam media dengan menggunakan tekanan dan haba untuk tempoh masa. Ini menghasilkan produk yang tidak boleh dipisahkan. Sebagai contoh, PCB empat lapisan boleh dibuat dengan memulakan dari laminat berlapis dua tembaga, mengikat litar di kedua-dua sisi, kemudian laminasi ke atas dan bawah pra-preg dan kerajang tembaga. Ia kemudiannya dibor, disalut, dan terukir sekali lagi untuk mendapatkan kesan pada lapisan atas dan bawah. <> Jika anda memulakan dengan lamina dua sisi teruk di kedua-dua sisi, dilaminasi ke bahagian atas dan bawah, dan diprosesnya sekali lagi untuk mendapatkan jejak di lapisan luar, berapa banyak lapisan akan PCB akhir anda? || empat <> Apa yang membentuk bahagian dalam pelbagai lapisan PCB? || lapisan jejak <> Tekanan adalah satu perkara yang anda perlukan untuk membuat PCB berbilang lapisan; apa yang lain? || haba <> Alat apa yang digunakan untuk menolak lapisan jejak dalam PCB pelbagai lapisan bersama-sama? || tekan", {"context": "Multi-layer printed circuit boards have trace layers inside the board. This is achieved by laminating a stack of materials in a press by applying pressure and heat for a period of time. This results in an inseparable one piece product. For example, a four-layer PCB can be fabricated by starting from a two-sided copper-clad laminate, etch the circuitry on both sides, then laminate to the top and bottom pre-preg and copper foil. It is then drilled, plated, and etched again to get traces on top and bottom layers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "four"}], "question": "If you started with a two-sided laminate etched on either side, laminated to the top and bottom, and processed it again to get traces on the outside layers, how many layers would your final PCB have?", "id": "572fa22c04bcaa1900d76b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "trace layers"}], "question": "What makes up the inside of a multi-layer PCB?", "id": "572fa22c04bcaa1900d76b1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "heat"}], "question": "Pressure is one thing you need to apply to make a multi-layer PCB; what's the other thing?", "id": "572fa22c04bcaa1900d76b1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "press"}], "question": "What tool is used to push the trace layers in a multi-layer PCB together?", "id": "572fa22c04bcaa1900d76b20"}]}], ["Kaedah yang paling mudah, yang digunakan untuk pengeluaran berskala kecil dan selalunya oleh penggemar, adalah penebalan rendaman, di mana papannya tenggelam dalam larutan etsa seperti ferric chloride. Berbanding dengan kaedah yang digunakan untuk pengeluaran besar-besaran, masa etsa panjang. Haba dan agitasi boleh digunakan untuk mandi untuk mempercepatkan kadar etsa. Dalam gelembung gelembung, udara dilalui melalui mandi yang menenggelamkan untuk menguraikan penyelesaian dan mempercepatkan etsa. Esei Splash menggunakan dayung yang didorong oleh motor ke papan percikan dengan etchant; proses itu telah menjadi usang secara komersial kerana ia tidak secepat etsa semburan. Dalam etsa semburan, penyelesaian etchant diedarkan di atas papan oleh muncung, dan dikitar semula oleh pam. Pelarasan corak muncung, kadar aliran, suhu, dan komposisi etchant memberikan kawalan yang boleh diramal mengenai kadar etsa dan kadar pengeluaran yang tinggi. <> Apa yang bukan profesional mungkin menggunakan etangan perendaman, kerana ini adalah cara paling mudah untuk membuat PCB? || penggemar <> Jika anda ingin mempercepatkan proses etsa, anda boleh merangsang mandi atau menambah apa itu? || Haba <> Adakah proses permaidani rendaman panjang atau pendek berbanding dengan kaedah pengeluaran lain? || lama <> Apa nama lucu digunakan untuk proses etsa di mana udara ditiup melalui penyelesaian etsa untuk mendapatkan bergerak? || gelembung etching <> Apakah proses yang paling cepat dan paling mudah dikawal untuk etsa? || etsa semburan", {"context": "The simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the bath to speed the etching rate. In bubble etching, air is passed through the etchant bath to agitate the solution and speed up etching. Splash etching uses a motor-driven paddle to splash boards with etchant; the process has become commercially obsolete since it is not as fast as spray etching. In spray etching, the etchant solution is distributed over the boards by nozzles, and recirculated by pumps. Adjustment of the nozzle pattern, flow rate, temperature, and etchant composition gives predictable control of etching rates and high production rates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "hobbyists"}], "question": "What non-professionals might use immersion etching, since it's the easiest way to make a PCB?", "id": "572f9fd104bcaa1900d76aff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Heat"}], "question": "If you wanted to speed up the etching process, you could agitate the bath up or add what to it?", "id": "572f9fd104bcaa1900d76b01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "long"}], "question": "Is the immersion etching process long or short compared to other production methods?", "id": "572f9fd104bcaa1900d76b00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "bubble etching"}], "question": "What funny name is used for the etching process where air is blown through the etching solution to get it moving around?", "id": "572f9fd104bcaa1900d76b02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "spray etching"}], "question": "What's the fastest and most easily controlled process for etching?", "id": "572f9fd104bcaa1900d76b03"}]}], ["Apabila papan tidak mempunyai komponen tertanam, ia lebih tepat dipanggil papan pendawaian bercetak (PWB) atau papan pendailan terukir. Walau bagaimanapun, istilah papan pendawaian yang dicetak telah jatuh ke dalam penggunaan. PCB yang diisi dengan komponen elektronik dipanggil pemasangan litar bercetak (PCA), pemasangan papan litar bercetak atau pemasangan PCB (PCBA). Istilah pilihan IPC untuk papan dipasang ialah pemasangan kad litar (CCA), dan untuk pemasangan backplanes ia adalah pemasangan backplane. Istilah PCB digunakan secara tidak rasmi untuk papan kosong dan dipasang. <> Apakah singkatan untuk papan pendawaian yang dicetak? || PWB <> Organisasi apa yang suka istilah \"perhimpunan kad litar\" untuk papan yang telah dipasang? || IPC <> Apa yang kita panggil papan litar bercetak dengan elektronik tertanam, disingkat PCA? || pemasangan litar bercetak <> Apa yang lebih sesuai, tetapi kebanyakannya tidak digunakan, nama untuk papan litar bercetak apabila ia tidak mempunyai komponen tertanam? || papan pendawaian bercetak <> Apakah singkatan yang akan digunakan oleh IPC untuk papan litar yang dipasang? || CCA", {"context": "When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA), and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "PWB"}], "question": "What's the abbreviation for a printed wiring board?", "id": "572f8d4da23a5019007fc72c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "IPC"}], "question": "What organization likes the term \"circuit card assembly\" for boards that have already been assembled?", "id": "572f8d4da23a5019007fc72e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "printed circuit assembly"}], "question": "What would we call a printed circuit board with embedded electronics, abbreviated PCA?", "id": "572f8d4da23a5019007fc72d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "printed wiring board"}], "question": "What's the more appropriate, but mostly unused, name for a printed circuit board when it doesn't have embedded components?", "id": "572f8d4da23a5019007fc72b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "CCA"}], "question": "What abbreviation would the IPC use for an assembled circuit board?", "id": "572f8d4da23a5019007fc72f"}]}], ["Lubang melalui PCB biasanya digerudi dengan bit gerudi diameter kecil yang dibuat daripada karbida tungsten bersalut padat. Karbida tungsten bersalut disyorkan kerana banyak bahan papan yang sangat kasar dan penggerudian mesti RPM yang tinggi dan suapan yang tinggi untuk kos efektif. Bit gerudi juga harus tetap tajam agar tidak merosakkan atau mengoyak jejak. Penggerudian dengan keluli berkelajuan tinggi sememangnya tidak boleh dilaksanakan kerana bit gerudi akan membosankan dengan cepat dan dengan itu merobek tembaga dan menghancurkan papan. Penggerudian dilakukan oleh mesin penggerudian automatik dengan penempatan yang dikendalikan oleh pita gerudi atau file gerudi. Fail-fail yang dijana oleh komputer ini juga dikenali sebagai fail gerudi berangka secara berangka (NCD) atau \"Fail Excellon\". Fail gerudi menggambarkan lokasi dan saiz setiap lubang yang digerudi. <> Bahan apa yang kadangkala digunakan untuk penggerudian akan kehilangan ketajaman dengan cepat jika digunakan untuk PCB? || keluli berkelajuan tinggi <> Apa harta benda yang PCBs menjadikannya sukar untuk diburinya? || kasar <> Apakah jenis gerudi apa yang perlu anda bor lubang di PCB? || bersalut tungsten karbida <> Apakah nama lain untuk fail NCD yang mempunyai \"x\" di dalamnya? || Fail excellon <> Apa maksud \"NCD\" dalam \"fail NCD\"? || gerudi berangka berangka", {"context": "Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear the traces. Drilling with high-speed-steel is simply not feasible since the drill bits will dull quickly and thus tear the copper and ruin the boards. The drilling is performed by automated drilling machines with placement controlled by a drill tape or drill file. These computer-generated files are also called numerically controlled drill (NCD) files or \"Excellon files\". The drill file describes the location and size of each drilled hole.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "high-speed-steel"}], "question": "What kind of material sometimes used for drilling will lose sharpness quickly if used for PCBs?", "id": "572fa37304bcaa1900d76b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "abrasive"}], "question": "What property do PCBs have that makes them tough to drill through?", "id": "572fa37304bcaa1900d76b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "coated tungsten carbide"}], "question": "What kind of drill bit do you need to drill holes in a PCB?", "id": "572fa37304bcaa1900d76b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "Excellon files"}], "question": "What's another name for NCD files that has an \"x\" in it?", "id": "572fa37304bcaa1900d76b29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "numerically controlled drill"}], "question": "What does the \"NCD\" in \"NCD files\" mean?", "id": "572fa37304bcaa1900d76b28"}]}], ["Dinding lubang untuk papan dengan dua atau lebih lapisan boleh dibuat konduktif dan kemudian dielektrik dengan tembaga untuk membentuk lubang berlapis. Lubang-lubang ini menyambungkan elektrik ke lapisan-lapisan PCB. Bagi papan pelbagai lapisan, yang mempunyai tiga lapisan atau lebih, penggerudian biasanya menghasilkan suatu smear produk penguraian suhu tinggi agen ikatan dalam sistem lamina. Sebelum lubang boleh disalut, smear ini mesti dikeluarkan oleh proses de-smir kimia, atau oleh plasma-etch. Proses de-smear memastikan bahawa sambungan yang baik dibuat pada lapisan tembaga apabila lubang dilapisi melalui. Pada papan kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi proses yang dipanggil etch-back dilakukan secara kimia dengan potassium permanganate berdasarkan etchant atau plasma. Back-etch membuang resin dan serat kaca sehingga lapisan tembaga melebarkan ke dalam lubang dan sebagai lubang dilapisi menjadi integral dengan tembaga yang disimpan. <> Apakah dinding lubang dalam dua lapisan PCB perlu sebelum mereka boleh dielektrik? || konduktif <> Apakah bilangan minimum lapisan PCB perlu dipertimbangkan sebagai \"multi-layer\"? || tiga <> Proses apa yang multi-layer PCB biasanya menjalani sebelum penyaduran untuk memastikan lapisan mempunyai sambungan yang baik antara satu sama lain? || de-smear <> Apa jenis papan yang menjalani proses etch-back? || kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi <> Etch-back menghilangkan gentian kaca dan apa bahan lain? || resin", {"context": "The hole walls for boards with two or more layers can be made conductive and then electroplated with copper to form plated-through holes.  These holes electrically connect the conducting layers of the PCB. For multi-layer boards, those with three layers or more, drilling typically produces a smear of the high temperature decomposition products of bonding agent in the laminate system. Before the holes can be plated through, this smear must be removed by a chemical de-smear process, or by plasma-etch. The de-smear process ensures that a good connection is made to the copper layers when the hole is plated through. On high reliability boards a process called etch-back is performed chemically with a potassium permanganate based etchant or plasma. The etch-back removes resin and the glass fibers so that the copper layers extend into the hole and as the hole is plated become integral with the deposited copper.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "conductive"}], "question": "What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated?", "id": "572fa92fb2c2fd14005682d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "three"}], "question": "What's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered \"multi-layer\"?", "id": "572fa92fb2c2fd14005682d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "de-smear"}], "question": "What process does a multi-layer PCB usually undergo before plating to make sure the layers have good connectivity with each other?", "id": "572fa92fb2c2fd14005682d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "high reliability"}], "question": "What type of boards undergo the etch-back process?", "id": "572fa92fb2c2fd14005682d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "resin"}], "question": "Etch-back removes glass fibers and what other material?", "id": "572fa92fb2c2fd14005682d7"}]}], ["Panelisasi adalah prosedur di mana beberapa PCB dikelompokkan untuk pembuatan ke papan yang lebih besar - panel. Biasanya panel terdiri daripada reka bentuk tunggal tetapi kadang-kadang beberapa reka bentuk bercampur pada panel tunggal. Terdapat dua jenis panel: panel pemasangan - sering dipanggil array - dan panel pembuatan papan kosong. Para pemasang sering memasang komponen pada panel dan bukan satu PCB kerana ini adalah cekap. Papan pembuatan yang terdedah sentiasa menggunakan panel, bukan sahaja untuk kecekapan, tetapi kerana keperluan proses penyaduran. Oleh itu panel pembuatan boleh terdiri daripada penggabungan PCB individu atau tatasusunan, bergantung pada apa yang mesti disampaikan. <> Apakah kumpulan proses PCB sebelum dipindahkan ke panel? || Panelisasi <> Adakah lebih umum untuk panel mempunyai reka bentuk tunggal atau banyak reka bentuk? || satu reka bentuk <> Apa jenis panel juga boleh dirujuk sebagai \"array?\" || panel pemasangan <> Apa langkah pembuatan papan kosong tidak mustahil jika panel tidak selalu digunakan? || proses penyaduran <> Selain panel pemasangan, apa jenis panel lain? || panel panel papan kosong", {"context": "Panelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays - and bare board manufacturing panels. The assemblers often mount components on panels rather than single PCBs because this is efficient. The bare board manufactures always uses panels, not only for efficiency, but because of the requirements the plating process. Thus a manufacturing panel can consist of a grouping of individual PCBs or of arrays, depending on what must be delivered.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Panelization"}], "question": "What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel?", "id": "572f9268a23a5019007fc785"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "a single design"}], "question": "Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs?", "id": "572f9268a23a5019007fc786"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "assembly panels"}], "question": "What type of panels can also be referred to as an \"array?'", "id": "572f9268a23a5019007fc787"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "the plating process"}], "question": "What step of the bare board manufacture would be impossible if panels weren't always used?", "id": "572f9268a23a5019007fc789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "bare board manufacturing panels"}], "question": "Besides assembly panels, what's the other type of panel?", "id": "572f9268a23a5019007fc788"}]}], ["Semi-aditif adalah proses yang paling biasa: Papan tidak mempunyai lapisan tembaga nipis di atasnya. Kemudian topeng terbalik kemudiannya digunakan. (Tidak seperti topeng proses subtraktif, topeng ini memperlihatkan bahagian-bahagian substrat yang akhirnya akan menjadi jejak.) Tembaga tambahan kemudian dilapisi ke papan di kawasan yang tidak terik; tembaga boleh disalurkan kepada sebarang berat yang dikehendaki. Pemadatan tin atau plating permukaan lain kemudiannya digunakan. Topeng dilucutkan dan langkah etsa ringkas mengalihkan laminasi tembaga asli yang terdedah sekarang dari papan, mengasingkan jejak individu. Beberapa papan tunggal yang mempunyai lubang berlapis-lapis dibuat dengan cara ini. General Electric membuat set radio pengguna pada akhir 1960-an dengan menggunakan papan tambahan. <> Dalam proses separuh tambahan, apakah kawasan yang terdedah oleh topeng menjadi pada akhirnya? || jejak <> Apa logam digunakan untuk menyusun bahagian-bahagian yang dilepaskan di papan dalam kaedah semi-aditif? || tembaga <> Selepas topeng keluar dari papan, apakah langkah yang diambil dari penyaduran asal? || etching <> Apa syarikat yang digunakan untuk membuat radio dengan papan tambahan pada pertengahan abad ke-20? || General Electric <> Berapakah berat penyaduran yang mungkin dengan tembaga? || mana-mana", {"context": "Semi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the unmasked areas; copper may be plated to any desired weight. Tin-lead or other surface platings are then applied. The mask is stripped away and a brief etching step removes the now-exposed bare original copper laminate from the board, isolating the individual traces. Some single-sided boards which have plated-through holes are made in this way. General Electric made consumer radio sets in the late 1960s using additive boards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "traces"}], "question": "In the semi-additive process, what do the areas exposed by the mask become at the end?", "id": "572f9d1db2c2fd140056825f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "copper"}], "question": "What metal is used to plate the unmasked parts of the board in the semi-additive method?", "id": "572f9d1db2c2fd1400568260"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "etching"}], "question": "After the mask comes off of the board, what step takes off the original plating?", "id": "572f9d1db2c2fd1400568261"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "General Electric"}], "question": "What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century?", "id": "572f9d1db2c2fd1400568262"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "any"}], "question": "What weight of plating is possible with copper?", "id": "572f9d1db2c2fd1400568263"}]}], ["Selalunya pembinaan melalui lubang dan pemasangan permukaan mesti digabungkan dalam perhimpunan tunggal kerana beberapa komponen yang diperlukan hanya terdapat dalam pakej permukaan gunung, sementara yang lain hanya terdapat dalam pakej melalui lubang. Satu lagi sebab untuk menggunakan kedua-dua kaedah adalah pemasangan lubang melalui lubang boleh memberikan kekuatan yang diperlukan untuk komponen yang mungkin dapat menahan tekanan fizikal, manakala komponen yang dijangka tidak disentuh akan mengambil ruang yang kurang menggunakan teknik permukaan-mount. Untuk perbandingan lanjut, lihat halaman SMT. <> Surface-mount adalah salah satu jenis pembinaan yang digunakan dalam perhimpunan PCB; apa yang lain? || melalui lubang <> Yang jenis pembinaan menjadikan komponen yang menggunakan lebih banyak ruang? || melalui lubang <> Antara kedua-dua jenis pembinaan yang lebih lemah di bawah tekanan? || permukaan-mount <> Jika anda sedang membina papan litar yang mempunyai banyak komponen yang tidak akan digunakan, pembinaan mana yang lebih baik? || permukaan-mount", {"context": "Often, through-hole and surface-mount construction must be combined in a single assembly because some required components are available only in surface-mount packages, while others are available only in through-hole packages. Another reason to use both methods is that through-hole mounting can provide needed strength for components likely to endure physical stress, while components that are expected to go untouched will take up less space using surface-mount techniques. For further comparison, see the SMT page.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "through-hole"}], "question": "Surface-mount is one type of construction used in PCB assembly; what's the other one?", "id": "572fdf4104bcaa1900d76e27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "through-hole"}], "question": "Which type of construction makes components that use more space?", "id": "572fdf4104bcaa1900d76e28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "surface-mount"}], "question": "Which of the two kinds of construction is weaker under strain?", "id": "572fdf4104bcaa1900d76e29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "surface-mount"}], "question": "If you're building a circuit board that has a lot of components that won't be used, which construction would be better?", "id": "572fdf4104bcaa1900d76e2a"}]}], ["PCB yang dimaksudkan untuk persekitaran yang melampau kerap mempunyai lapisan konformal, yang digunakan dengan mencelupkan atau menyembur setelah komponen telah disolder. Kot ini menghalang arus korosi dan kebocoran atau kekurangan disebabkan oleh pemeluwapan. Kotseta yang paling awal adalah lilin; mantel conformal moden biasanya dips penyelesaian larut getah silikon, poliuretana, akrilik, atau epoksi. Satu lagi teknik untuk menggunakan lapisan konformal adalah untuk plastik akan dipancarkan ke PCB dalam ruang vakum. Kelemahan ketua salutan konformal ialah penyelenggaraan lembaga diberikan amat sukar. <> Jika PCB dimaksudkan untuk digunakan dalam tetapan dengan keadaan ekstrim, apa yang mungkin akan digunakan? || Salutan conformal <> Salutan conformal boleh mencegah kebocoran, seluar pendek, dan jenis kerosakan kelembapan yang lain? || kakisan <> Salutan conformal boleh digunakan dengan penyemburan PCB atau dengan melakukan apa lagi untuknya? || mencelup <> Apa bahan yang pertama digunakan untuk salutan conformal? || lilin <> Apakah tindakan yang dibuat lebih sukar untuk papan yang mempunyai lapisan konformal? || perkhidmatan", {"context": "PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating, which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered. The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation. The earliest conformal coats were wax; modern conformal coats are usually dips of dilute solutions of silicone rubber, polyurethane, acrylic, or epoxy. Another technique for applying a conformal coating is for plastic to be sputtered onto the PCB in a vacuum chamber. The chief disadvantage of conformal coatings is that servicing of the board is rendered extremely difficult.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "conformal coating"}], "question": "If a PCB is intended for use in an setting with extreme conditions, what would probably be applied?", "id": "572fe1edb2c2fd1400568553"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "corrosion"}], "question": "The conformal coating can prevent leaking, shorts, and what other type of moisture damage?", "id": "572fe1edb2c2fd1400568555"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "dipping"}], "question": "A conformal coating can be applied by spraying the PCB or by doing what else to it?", "id": "572fe1edb2c2fd1400568554"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "wax"}], "question": "What material was first used for conformal coating?", "id": "572fe1edb2c2fd1400568556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "servicing"}], "question": "What action is made much more difficult for boards that have a conformal coating?", "id": "572fe1edb2c2fd1400568557"}]}], ["Dalam ujian imbangan sempadan, litar ujian yang diintegrasikan ke dalam pelbagai IC di papan membentuk sambungan sementara antara jejak PCB untuk menguji bahawa IC telah dipasang dengan betul. Pengujian imbangan sempadan memerlukan semua IC yang diuji menggunakan prosedur konfigurasi ujian piawai, yang paling biasa adalah Standard Tindakan Ujian Bersama (JTAG). Kaedah ujian JTAG memberikan cara untuk menguji interkonnect antara litar bersepadu di papan tanpa menggunakan ujian fizikal. Penjual alat JTAG menyediakan pelbagai jenis rangsangan dan algoritma canggih, bukan sahaja untuk mengesan jaring yang gagal, tetapi juga untuk mengasingkan kesalahan kepada jaring, peranti, dan pin tertentu. <> Apakah prosedur konfigurasi ujian yang paling sering digunakan untuk IC? || Kumpulan Tindakan Ujian Bersama <> Adakah litar ujian membuat sambungan tetap atau sementara antara jejak? || sementara <> Apakah komponen papan litar bercetak yang dinilai dengan ujian imbasan sempadan? || ICs <> Kepada siapa anda akan pergi untuk mendapatkan algoritma yang anda gunakan untuk prosedur Kumpulan Ujian Pesanan Bersama? || Vendor alat JTAG <> Apa yang anda akan mengelakkan dengan menggunakan standard Kumpulan Tindakan Ujian Bersama? || kuar ujian fizikal", {"context": "In boundary scan testing, test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted correctly. Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to be tested use a standard test configuration procedure, the most common one being the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) standard. The JTAG test architecture provides a means to test interconnects between integrated circuits on a board without using physical test probes. JTAG tool vendors provide various types of stimulus and sophisticated algorithms, not only to detect the failing nets, but also to isolate the faults to specific nets, devices, and pins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Joint Test Action Group"}], "question": "What's the most frequently used test configuration procedure for ICs?", "id": "572fe0d1947a6a140053cd9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "temporary"}], "question": "Do test circuits create permanent or temporary connections between traces?", "id": "572fe0d1947a6a140053cd9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "ICs"}], "question": "What component of the printed circuit board is appraised with boundary scan testing?", "id": "572fe0d1947a6a140053cd9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "JTAG tool vendors"}], "question": "To whom would you go to acquire the algorithms you'd use for the Joint Test Action Group procedures?", "id": "572fe0d1947a6a140053cda0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "physical test probes"}], "question": "What would you avoid by using the Joint Test Action Group standard?", "id": "572fe0d1947a6a140053cd9e"}]}], ["Kawasan yang tidak boleh dipateri boleh ditutup dengan solder resist (mask solder). Salah satu perlawanan solder yang paling biasa yang digunakan hari ini disebut \"LPI\" (masker solder yang boleh laras cair). Salutan yang sensitif foto digunakan pada permukaan PWB, kemudian terdedah kepada cahaya melalui filem masker solder, dan akhirnya berkembang di mana kawasan-kawasan yang tidak terkumpul dihanyutkan. Masker solder filem kering adalah sama dengan filem kering yang digunakan untuk imej PWB untuk penyaduran atau etsa. Selepas dilaminasi ke permukaan PWB ia dicatatkan dan berkembang sebagai LPI. Setelah biasa tetapi tidak lagi biasa digunakan kerana ketepatan dan resolusi yang rendah adalah untuk memaparkan dakwat epoksi cetak. Solder resist juga memberikan perlindungan dari alam sekitar. <> Jika sebahagian daripada PCB tidak solderable, apa yang boleh digunakan? || solder resist <> Apa istilah lain yang digunakan untuk \"solder resist\"? || solder mask <> Apa solder yang menentang nama empat kata adalah pilihan popular di industri? || cecair solderable cetakan gambar cecair <> Salutan apa jenis yang digunakan untuk PWB sebelum pendedahan cahaya? || foto-sensitif <> Apa yang bertentangan solder begitu tidak tepat yang sedikit memilihnya lagi? || dakwat epoksi cetakan skrin", {"context": "Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with solder resist (solder mask). One of the most common solder resists used today is called \"LPI\" (liquid photoimageable solder mask).  A photo-sensitive coating is applied to the surface of the PWB, then exposed to light through the solder mask image film, and finally developed where the unexposed areas are washed away. Dry film solder mask is similar to the dry film used to image the PWB for plating or etching. After being laminated to the PWB surface it is imaged and develop as LPI. Once common but no longer commonly used because of its low accuracy and resolution is to screen print epoxy ink. Solder resist also provides protection from the environment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "solder resist"}], "question": "If part of a PCB isn't solderable, what can be used instead?", "id": "572fd395b2c2fd14005684bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "solder mask"}], "question": "What's another term used for \"solder resist\"?", "id": "572fd395b2c2fd14005684be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "liquid photoimageable solder mask"}], "question": "What solder resist with a four-word name is a popular choice in the industry?", "id": "572fd395b2c2fd14005684bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "photo-sensitive"}], "question": "What kind of coating gets applied to the PWB before light exposure?", "id": "572fd395b2c2fd14005684c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "screen print epoxy ink"}], "question": "What solder resist is so inaccurate that few choose it anymore?", "id": "572fd395b2c2fd14005684c1"}]}], ["PCB pertama menggunakan teknologi lubang melalui lubang, memasang komponen elektronik oleh petunjuk yang dipasang melalui lubang di satu sisi papan dan disolder ke bekas tembaga di sisi lain. Papan boleh menjadi satu-sisi, dengan komponen komponen yang tidak terpasang, atau lebih banyak papan dua sisi yang kompak, dengan komponen yang dipateri pada kedua-dua sisi. Pemasangan mendatar bahagian-lubang dengan dua petunjuk paksi (seperti perintang, kapasitor, dan diod) dilakukan dengan membongkarkan petunjuk 90 derajat ke arah yang sama, memasukkan bahagian dalam papan (sering memimpin memimpin terletak di belakang papan di arah yang bertentangan untuk meningkatkan kekuatan mekanikal bahagian), memimpin petunjuk, dan memotong hujung. Leads boleh dipateri sama ada secara manual atau dengan mesin pematerian gelombang. <> Jika plumbum tidak disolder secara manual, peranti apa yang digunakan? || mesin pematerian gelombang <> Jenis teknik pembinaan mana yang digunakan dahulu? || melalui lubang <> Dalam pembinaan melalui lubang, apakah petunjuk di bahagian hadapan disambungkan ke belakang? || jejari tembaga <> Untuk papan dengan dua sisi, ke sudut apa yang membawa bengkok untuk memasangnya secara mendatar? || 90 derajat <> Apa yang diperbaiki oleh petunjuk lentur dalam arah yang bertentangan di belakang PCB dua sisi? || kekuatan mekanikal", {"context": "The first PCBs used through-hole technology, mounting electronic components by leads inserted through holes on one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on the other side. Boards may be single-sided, with an unplated component side, or more compact double-sided boards, with components soldered on both sides. Horizontal installation of through-hole parts with two axial leads (such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes) is done by bending the leads 90 degrees in the same direction, inserting the part in the board (often bending leads located on the back of the board in opposite directions to improve the part's mechanical strength), soldering the leads, and trimming off the ends. Leads may be soldered either manually or by a wave soldering machine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "wave soldering machine"}], "question": "If a lead wasn't soldered manually, what device was used?", "id": "572fe51904bcaa1900d76e5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "through-hole"}], "question": "Which type of PCB construction technique was used first?", "id": "572fe51904bcaa1900d76e60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "copper traces"}], "question": "In through-hole construction, what are the leads on the front attached to on the back?", "id": "572fe51904bcaa1900d76e61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "90 degrees"}], "question": "For boards with two sides, to what angle are leads bent to in order to install them horizontally?", "id": "572fe51904bcaa1900d76e62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "mechanical strength"}], "question": "What is improved by bending leads in opposite directions on the back of double-sided PCBs?", "id": "572fe51904bcaa1900d76e63"}]}], ["Solder matte biasanya bersatu untuk memberikan permukaan ikatan yang lebih baik atau dilucutkan untuk menampakkan tembaga. Rawatan, seperti benzimidazolethiol, menghalang pengoksidaan permukaan tembaga terdedah. Tempat-tempat yang komponen akan dipasang biasanya disapu, kerana tembaga telanjang yang tidak dirawat teroksidasi dengan cepat, dan oleh itu tidak mudah solderable. Secara tradisinya, apa-apa tembaga yang terdedah disalut dengan solder oleh penunjuk suhu udara panas (HASL). Penamat HASL menghalang pengoksidaan dari tembaga yang mendasari, dengan itu menjamin permukaan solderable. Pateri ini adalah aloi pam timah, namun sebatian solder baru kini digunakan untuk mencapai pematuhan arahan RoHS di EU dan AS, yang menyekat penggunaan plumbum. Salah satu sebatian bebas plumbum ini adalah SN100CL, terdiri daripada 99.3% timah, 0.7% tembaga, 0.05% nikel, dan nominal 60ppm germanium. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada tembaga yang tidak dirawat yang menjadikannya sukar untuk solder? || mengoksida <> Apakah rawatan kimia yang akan menghalang tembaga terdedah daripada pengoksidaan? || benzimidazolethiol <> Apa proses yang mana tembaga terdedah mendapat pateri? || pateri solder udara panas <> Apa pateri solder udara panas memastikan tembaga bersalut akan ada? || permukaan solderable <> Apa aloi yang tidak lagi boleh digunakan di HASL kerana sekatan ke atas penggunaan salah satu komponen logamnya? || memimpin timah", {"context": "Matte solder is usually fused to provide a better bonding surface or stripped to bare copper. Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol, prevent surface oxidation of bare copper. The places to which components will be mounted are typically plated, because untreated bare copper oxidizes quickly, and therefore is not readily solderable. Traditionally, any exposed copper was coated with solder by hot air solder levelling (HASL). The HASL finish prevents oxidation from the underlying copper, thereby guaranteeing a solderable surface. This solder was a tin-lead alloy, however new solder compounds are now used to achieve compliance with the RoHS directive in the EU and US, which restricts the use of lead. One of these lead-free compounds is SN100CL, made up of 99.3% tin, 0.7% copper, 0.05% nickel, and a nominal of 60ppm germanium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "oxidizes"}], "question": "What happens to untreated copper that makes it difficult to solder?", "id": "572fb2d4b2c2fd140056836d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "benzimidazolethiol"}], "question": "What chemical treatment will prevent bare copper from oxidizing?", "id": "572fb2d4b2c2fd140056836e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "hot air solder levelling"}], "question": "What's the process by which bare copper gets covered in solder?", "id": "572fb2d4b2c2fd140056836f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "solderable surface"}], "question": "What does hot air solder leveling ensure the coated copper will have?", "id": "572fb2d4b2c2fd1400568370"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "tin-lead"}], "question": "What alloy can no longer be used in HASL because of restrictions on the use of one of its metal components?", "id": "572fb2d4b2c2fd1400568371"}]}], ["Banyak PCB yang dipasang secara statik adalah sensitif, dan oleh itu mesti diletakkan di dalam beg antistatik semasa pengangkutan. Semasa mengendalikan papan ini, pengguna mesti didasarkan (dibumikan). Teknik pengendalian yang tidak betul mungkin menghantar caj statik yang terkumpul melalui papan, merosakkan atau memusnahkan komponen. Malah papan yang telanjang kadang-kadang sensitif statik. Jejak telah menjadi sangat halus sehingga sangat mungkin untuk meniup keluar dari papan (atau mengubah ciri-cirinya) dengan bayaran statik. Ini terutama berlaku pada PCB bukan tradisional seperti MCM dan PCB gelombang mikro. <> Perlindungan khas apakah yang paling dihantar dalam PCB? || beg antistatik <> Kekuatan apa yang boleh dengan mudah mengubah atau bahkan memusnahkan etch pada PCB? || caj statik <> Apa istilah lain untuk \"diletakkan\" dalam konteks PCB? || dibuang <> PCB bukan tradisional termasuk PCB gelombang mikro dan apa jenis papan lain? || MCM <> Apakah kelas PCB yang lebih terdedah kepada statik daripada yang standard? || bukan tradisional", {"context": "Many assembled PCBs are static sensitive, and therefore must be placed in antistatic bags during transport. When handling these boards, the user must be grounded (earthed). Improper handling techniques might transmit an accumulated static charge through the board, damaging or destroying components. Even bare boards are sometimes static sensitive. Traces have become so fine that it's quite possible to blow an etch off the board (or change its characteristics) with a static charge. This is especially true on non-traditional PCBs such as MCMs and microwave PCBs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "antistatic bags"}], "question": "What special protection are most PCBs shipped in?", "id": "572fe399a23a5019007fcae1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "static charge"}], "question": "What force can easily change or even completely destroy an etch on a PCB?", "id": "572fe399a23a5019007fcae3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "earthed"}], "question": "What's another term for \"grounded\" in the context of PCBs?", "id": "572fe399a23a5019007fcae2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "MCMs"}], "question": "Non-traditional PCBs include microwave PCBs and what other type of board?", "id": "572fe399a23a5019007fcae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "non-traditional"}], "question": "What class of PCBs are even more susceptible to static than standard ones?", "id": "572fe399a23a5019007fcae4"}]}], ["Papan tidak dipopularkan biasanya papan yang diuji untuk \"seluar pendek\" dan \"terbuka\". Pendek adalah sambungan antara dua titik yang tidak sepatutnya dihubungkan. Terbuka adalah sambungan yang hilang antara mata yang perlu dihubungkan. Bagi pengeluaran volum tinggi, sebuah perlawanan atau penyesuai jarum tegar digunakan untuk membuat hubungan dengan tanah tembaga di papan. Membina penyesuai adalah kos tetap yang ketara dan hanya menjimatkan untuk pengeluaran tinggi atau nilai tinggi. Untuk pengeluaran volum kecil atau sederhana, ujian penguji terbang digunakan di mana probe ujian dipindahkan ke atas papan oleh pemacu XY untuk membuat hubungan dengan tanah tembaga. Sistem CAM mengarahkan penguji elektrik untuk memohon voltan ke setiap titik hubungan seperti yang dikehendaki dan untuk memeriksa bahawa voltan ini muncul pada titik hubungan yang sesuai dan hanya pada ini. <> Apakah ujian kosong yang dicari oleh pihak lain selain \"terbuka\"? || \"seluar pendek\" <> Apa logam konduktif adalah tanah di papan litar yang terbuat dari? || tembaga <> Apakah sambungan tidak hadir yang perlu dikaitkan dengan papan yang tidak dipanggil yang dipanggil? || Buka <> Apakah yang dilakukan penguji probe terbang ke titik hubungan semasa ujian? || voltan <> Sistem apa yang memberitahu siasatan terbang di mana hendak pergi dan apa yang perlu dilakukan? || Sistem CAM", {"context": "Unpopulated boards are usually bare-board tested for \"shorts\" and \"opens\". A short is a connection between two points that should not be connected. An open is a missing connection between points that should be connected. For high-volume production a fixture or a rigid needle adapter is used to make contact with copper lands on the board. Building the adapter is a significant fixed cost and is only economical for high-volume or high-value production. For small or medium volume production flying probe testers are used where test probes are moved over the board by an XY drive to make contact with the copper lands. The CAM system instructs the electrical tester to apply a voltage to each contact point as required and to check that this voltage appears on the appropriate contact points and only on these.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "\"shorts\""}], "question": "What are bare-board tests looking for besides \"opens\"?", "id": "572fd62fb2c2fd14005684e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "copper"}], "question": "What conductive metal are the lands on a circuit board made out of?", "id": "572fd62fb2c2fd14005684eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "An open"}], "question": "What's an absent connection that needs to be linked up on an unpopulated board called?", "id": "572fd62fb2c2fd14005684ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "voltage"}], "question": "What does a flying probe tester deliver to the contact points during testing?", "id": "572fd62fb2c2fd14005684ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "CAM system"}], "question": "What system tells the flying probe where to go and what to do?", "id": "572fd62fb2c2fd14005684ed"}]}], ["Plat lain yang digunakan ialah OSP (pelindung permukaan organik), perak meresap (IAg), timah perendaman, nikel elektroless dengan lapisan emas perendaman (ENIG), emas elektroless nikel electroless (ENEPIG) dan penyaduran emas langsung (lebih nikel). Penyambung tepi, diletakkan di sepanjang satu tepi beberapa papan, sering bersalut nikel dan dilapis emas. Pertimbangan salutan lain adalah penyebaran logam salutan yang cepat ke solder Tin. Timah membentuk intermetallics seperti Cu5Sn6 dan Ag3Cu yang larut ke dalam likuid tin atau solidus (@ 50C), pelapis permukaan salutan atau meninggalkan lompang. <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh OSP? || pelindung permukaan organik <> Apa logam sering di bawah penyaduran emas pada penyambung kelebihan? || nikel <> Apakah singkatan untuk penyaduran perak merendam? || IAg <> Ag3Cu adalah satu intermetallic yang membentuk timah; apa yang lain? || Cu5Sn6 <> Apa yang mungkin penyebaran logam salutan pesat menjadi cecair solder timah dalam salutan permukaan? || lompang", {"context": "Other platings used are OSP (organic surface protectant), immersion silver (IAg), immersion tin, electroless nickel with immersion gold coating (ENIG), electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold (ENEPIG) and direct gold plating (over nickel). Edge connectors, placed along one edge of some boards, are often nickel plated then gold plated. Another coating consideration is rapid diffusion of coating metal into Tin solder. Tin forms intermetallics such as Cu5Sn6 and Ag3Cu that dissolve into the Tin liquidus or solidus(@50C), stripping surface coating or leaving voids.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "organic surface protectant"}], "question": "What does OSP stand for?", "id": "572fb4cfb2c2fd1400568381"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "nickel"}], "question": "What metal is often under the gold plating on edge connectors?", "id": "572fb4cfb2c2fd1400568382"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "IAg"}], "question": "What's the abbreviation for immersion silver plating?", "id": "572fb4cfb2c2fd1400568383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Cu5Sn6"}], "question": "Ag3Cu is one intermetallic that tin forms; what's the other one?", "id": "572fb4cfb2c2fd1400568384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "voids"}], "question": "What might the rapid diffusion of coating metal into tin solder leave in the surface coating?", "id": "572fb4cfb2c2fd1400568385"}]}], ["Penghijrahan elektrokimia (ECM) adalah pertumbuhan filamen logam konduktif pada atau di papan litar bercetak (PCB) di bawah pengaruh bias voltan DC. Perak, zink, dan aluminium diketahui menanam kumis di bawah pengaruh medan elektrik. Perak juga tumbuh menjalankan laluan permukaan di hadapan ion halida dan lain-lain, menjadikannya pilihan yang tidak baik untuk kegunaan elektronik. Tin akan tumbuh \"kumis\" kerana ketegangan di permukaan bersalut. Tin-Lead atau solder plating juga tumbuh kumis, hanya dikurangkan oleh peratusan Tin diganti. Reflow untuk mencairkan solder atau plat timah untuk melegakan tekanan permukaan menurunkan kejadian kumis. Isu salutan lain adalah perosak timah, transformasi timah ke serbuk allotrope pada suhu rendah. <> Apakah proses di mana filamen logam ditanam pada atau dalam PCB melalui voltan DC? || Migrasi elektrokimia <> Bersama dengan perak dan aluminium, apa logam tumbuh filamen logam apabila terdedah kepada medan elektrik? || zink <> Sebagai tambahan kepada \"kumis,\" apakah perak yang tumbuh di sekeliling ion seperti halida? || mengendalikan laluan permukaan <> Apa yang ahli saintifik memanggil fungsi di mana timah berubah apabila ia sangat sejuk? || pest timah <> Apa yang ada di permukaan bersalut yang menyebabkan timah menanam filamen logam? || ketegangan", {"context": "Electrochemical migration (ECM) is the growth of conductive metal filaments on or in a printed circuit board (PCB) under the influence of a DC voltage bias. Silver, zinc, and aluminum are known to grow whiskers under the influence of an electric field. Silver also grows conducting surface paths in the presence of halide and other ions, making it a poor choice for electronics use. Tin will grow \"whiskers\" due to tension in the plated surface. Tin-Lead or solder plating also grows whiskers, only reduced by the percentage Tin replaced. Reflow to melt solder or tin plate to relieve surface stress lowers whisker incidence. Another coating issue is tin pest, the transformation of tin to a powdery allotrope at low temperature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Electrochemical migration"}], "question": "What's the process whereby metal filaments are grown on or in a PCB via DC voltage?", "id": "572fb648b2c2fd140056839d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "zinc"}], "question": "Along with silver and aluminum, what metal grows metal filaments when exposed to an electric field?", "id": "572fb648b2c2fd140056839e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "conducting surface paths"}], "question": "In addition to \"whiskers,\" what does silver sprout around ions like halide?", "id": "572fb648b2c2fd140056839f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "tin pest"}], "question": "What do scientist call the function whereby tin changes when it's very cold?", "id": "572fb648b2c2fd14005683a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "tension"}], "question": "What's present in plated surfaces that causes tin to grow metal filaments?", "id": "572fb648b2c2fd14005683a1"}]}], ["Industri papan litar bercetak mentakrifkan tembaga berat sebagai lapisan melebihi tiga auns tembaga, atau kira-kira 0.0042 inci (4.2 mil, 105 \u03bcm) tebal. Pereka dan pembuat kain PCB sering menggunakan tembaga berat apabila papan litar reka bentuk dan pembuatan untuk meningkatkan kapasiti dibawa semasa serta ketahanan terhadap strain termal. Vias berlapis tembaga berat memindahkan haba ke sinki haba luaran. IPC 2152 adalah piawai untuk menentukan kapasiti penyimpanan semasa papan litar bercetak. <> Apakah jumlah minimum tembaga lapisan dalam PCB boleh dianggap \"tembaga berat\"? || tiga auns <> Berapa tebal akan lapisan PCB jika ia mengandungi tiga oz. tembaga? || 0.0042 inci <> Apakah papan litar dengan tembaga berat membawa dengan baik? || semasa <> Apa yang akan seorang pereka PCB menggunakan tembaga berat untuk membuat papan litar mereka bertahan? || Tekanan termal <> Di manakah panas pergi apabila ia meninggalkan vias berlapis tembaga yang berat? || sinki haba luaran", {"context": "The printed circuit board industry defines heavy copper as layers exceeding three ounces of copper, or approximately 0.0042 inches (4.2 mils, 105 \u03bcm) thick. PCB designers and fabricators often use heavy copper when design and manufacturing circuit boards in order to increase current-carrying capacity as well as resistance to thermal strains. Heavy copper plated vias transfer heat to external heat sinks. IPC 2152 is a standard for determining current-carrying capacity of printed circuit board traces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "three ounces"}], "question": "What's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered \"heavy copper\"?", "id": "57301519b2c2fd1400568827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "0.0042 inches"}], "question": "About how thick would a PCB layer be if it contained three oz. of copper?", "id": "57301519b2c2fd1400568828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "current"}], "question": "What will a circuit board with heavy copper carry very well?", "id": "57301519b2c2fd1400568829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "thermal strains"}], "question": "What would a PCB designer use heavy copper to make their circuit board resist?", "id": "57301519b2c2fd140056882a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "external heat sinks"}], "question": "Where does the heat go when it leaves heavy copper-plated vias?", "id": "57301519b2c2fd140056882b"}]}], ["Jenis pengukuhan mentakrifkan dua kelas utama bahan - tenun dan bukan tenunan. Perlukan tenunan lebih murah, namun pemalar dielektrik kaca yang tinggi mungkin tidak menguntungkan bagi banyak aplikasi frekuensi tinggi. Struktur bukan sperma juga memperkenalkan variasi tempatan dalam parameter elektrik, kerana nisbah resin / gelas yang berbeza pada pelbagai bidang corak tenunan. Butiran bukan tenunan, atau bahan dengan rendah atau tidak tetulang, lebih mahal tetapi lebih sesuai untuk beberapa aplikasi RF / analog. <> Bersama dengan kelas bukan tenunan, apa yang membentuk bahan jenis tetulang? || tenun <> Yang mana jenis tetulang lebih mahal? || bukan tenunan <> Apa jenis struktur yang diperbuat daripada tenunan yang menyebabkan mereka mempunyai variasi dalam parameter elektriknya? || nisbah secara tidak geometri <> Mana nisbah berbeza kerana struktur tali tenunan? || resin / kaca <> Untuk apa jenis aplikasi bahan tetulang bukan tenunan lebih baik daripada yang tenunan? || RF / analog", {"context": "The reinforcement type defines two major classes of materials - woven and non-woven. Woven reinforcements are cheaper, but the high dielectric constant of glass may not be favorable for many higher-frequency applications. The spatially nonhomogeneous structure also introduces local variations in electrical parameters, due to different resin/glass ratio at different areas of the weave pattern. Nonwoven reinforcements, or materials with low or no reinforcement, are more expensive but more suitable for some RF/analog applications.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "woven"}], "question": "Along with the non-woven class, what makes up the reinforcement type materials?", "id": "57301001947a6a140053d018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "non-woven"}], "question": "Which is the more expensive reinforcement type?", "id": "57301001947a6a140053d019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "spatially nonhomogeneous"}], "question": "What type of structure do woven reinforcements have that cause them to have variation in their electrical parameters?", "id": "57301001947a6a140053d01a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "resin/glass"}], "question": "Which ratio varies because of the structure of woven reinforcements?", "id": "57301001947a6a140053d01b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "RF/analog"}], "question": "For what kind of applications are non-woven reinforcement materials better than woven ones?", "id": "57301001947a6a140053d01c"}]}], ["Pengeluaran melalui lubang menambah kos papan dengan memerlukan banyak lubang untuk dibor dengan tepat, dan mengehadkan kawasan penghalaan yang tersedia untuk jejak isyarat pada lapisan dengan segera di bawah lapisan atas pada papan pelbagai lapisan kerana lubang-lubang mesti melewati semua lapisan ke seberang . Sekali pemasangan permukaan digunakan, komponen SMD bersaiz kecil digunakan di mana mungkin, dengan melekap lubang hanya komponen yang tidak sesuai untuk pemasangan permukaan kerana keperluan kuasa atau batasan mekanikal, atau tertakluk kepada tekanan mekanikal yang mungkin merosakkan PCB . <> Jenis pembinaan mana yang lebih mahal? || Melalui lubang <> Apakah jenis papan yang berakhir dengan ruang penghalaan terhad dalam pembuatan lubang melalui lubang? || pelbagai lapisan <> Daya apa yang mungkin merosakkan PCB jika komponen besar permukaan dipasang? || tekanan mekanikal <> Komponen apa yang boleh dipasang di permukaan untuk menjimatkan ruang? || komponen SMD bersaiz kecil <> Komponen mungkin tidak dapat dibuat lebih kecil kerana batasan mekanikal atau apa keperluan lain? || keperluan kuasa", {"context": "Through-hole manufacture adds to board cost by requiring many holes to be drilled accurately, and limits the available routing area for signal traces on layers immediately below the top layer on multi-layer boards since the holes must pass through all layers to the opposite side. Once surface-mounting came into use, small-sized SMD components were used where possible, with through-hole mounting only of components unsuitably large for surface-mounting due to power requirements or mechanical limitations, or subject to mechanical stress which might damage the PCB.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Through-hole"}], "question": "Which type of construction is more expensive?", "id": "572fe9d5a23a5019007fcb2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "multi-layer"}], "question": "What type of boards end up with limited routing space in through-hole manufacture?", "id": "572fe9d5a23a5019007fcb2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "mechanical stress"}], "question": "What force might damage a PCB if large components are surface mounted?", "id": "572fe9d5a23a5019007fcb2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "small-sized SMD components"}], "question": "What components can be surface mounted to save space?", "id": "572fe9d5a23a5019007fcb2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "power requirements"}], "question": "A component might not be able to be made any smaller because of its mechanical limitations or what other need?", "id": "572fe9d5a23a5019007fcb2f"}]}], ["Pada suhu peralihan kaca resin dalam komposit melembutkan dan ketara meningkatkan pengembangan haba; melebihi Tg kemudian membakar beban mekanikal pada komponen lembaga - contohnya. sendi dan vias. Di bawah Tg pengembangan terma resin secara kasarnya sepadan dengan tembaga dan kaca, di atasnya semakin tinggi. Memandangkan tetulang dan tembaga mengurungkan papan di sepanjang kapal terbang, hampir semua projek pembesaran volum menjadi ketebalan dan menekan lubang berlapis. Pematerian berulang atau eksposisi lain ke suhu yang lebih tinggi boleh menyebabkan kegagalan penyaduran, terutamanya dengan papan tebal; Oleh itu, papan tebal memerlukan matriks Tg yang tinggi. <> Apakah suhu di mana resin melembutkan dan mengembang dipanggil? || suhu peralihan kaca <> Bersama vias, apa yang membentuk komponen papan? || sendi <> Apa yang akan terjadi pada komponen apabila suhu resin melepasi peralihan kaca? || overload mekanikal <> Apa papan tebal yang diperlukan untuk melawan kegagalan plating? || matriks Tg tinggi <> Apabila resin kekal di bawah Tg, pengembangan habanya sama dengan tembaga dan apa bahan lain? || kaca", {"context": "At the glass transition temperature the resin in the composite softens and significantly increases thermal expansion; exceeding Tg then exerts mechanical overload on the board components - e.g. the joints and the vias. Below Tg the thermal expansion of the resin roughly matches copper and glass, above it gets significantly higher. As the reinforcement and copper confine the board along the plane, virtually all volume expansion projects to the thickness and stresses the plated-through holes. Repeated soldering or other exposition to higher temperatures can cause failure of the plating, especially with thicker boards; thick boards therefore require high Tg matrix.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "glass transition temperature"}], "question": "What's the temperature at which resin softens and expands called?", "id": "57301192a23a5019007fcceb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "joints"}], "question": "Along with vias, what makes up the components of a board?", "id": "57301192a23a5019007fccec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "mechanical overload"}], "question": "What will happen to the components when the temperature of resin goes above that of glass transition?", "id": "57301192a23a5019007fcced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "high Tg matrix"}], "question": "What do thick boards require to resist plating failure?", "id": "57301192a23a5019007fccef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "glass"}], "question": "When resin stays below Tg, its thermal expansion is similar to that of copper and what other material?", "id": "57301192a23a5019007fccee"}]}], ["Setiap jejak terdiri daripada bahagian rata dan sempit kerajang tembaga yang kekal selepas etsa. Rintangan, ditentukan oleh lebar dan ketebalan, jejak mesti cukup rendah untuk saat ini konduktor akan dibawa. Kuasa dan jejak tanah mungkin perlu lebih luas daripada kesan isyarat. Dalam papan pelbagai lapisan satu lapisan keseluruhan mungkin kebanyakan tembaga padat untuk bertindak sebagai satah tanah untuk melindungi dan kuasa pulangan. Untuk litar gelombang mikro, talian penghantaran boleh dibentangkan dalam bentuk stripline dan microstrip dengan dimensi yang dikawal dengan teliti untuk memastikan impedans yang konsisten. Dalam frekuensi radio dan litar pensuisan yang cepat induktansi dan kapasitansi konduktor papan litar bercetak menjadi elemen litar yang penting, biasanya tidak diingini; tetapi ia boleh digunakan sebagai sebahagian daripada reka bentuk litar yang disengajakan, menghilangkan keperluan untuk komponen diskret tambahan. <> Proses apa yang ditinggalkan oleh jejak? || etching <> Bersama dengan ketebalan, apa yang menentukan rintangan jejak? || lebar <> Jenis jejak apa yang sering lebih sempit daripada jejak tanah? || isyarat <> Dalam papan pelbagai lapisan, apakah logam yang akan menjadi satah tanah terbentuk? || tembaga <> Jenis litar apa yang menggunakan format stripline dan microstrip? || litar gelombang mikro", {"context": "Each trace consists of a flat, narrow part of the copper foil that remains after etching. The resistance, determined by width and thickness, of the traces must be sufficiently low for the current the conductor will carry. Power and ground traces may need to be wider than signal traces. In a multi-layer board one entire layer may be mostly solid copper to act as a ground plane for shielding and power return. For microwave circuits, transmission lines can be laid out in the form of stripline and microstrip with carefully controlled dimensions to assure a consistent impedance. In radio-frequency and fast switching circuits the inductance and capacitance of the printed circuit board conductors become significant circuit elements, usually undesired; but they can be used as a deliberate part of the circuit design, obviating the need for additional discrete components.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "etching"}], "question": "What process is a trace left over from?", "id": "572ff9bf04bcaa1900d76f95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "width"}], "question": "Along with thickness, what determines the resistance of a trace?", "id": "572ff9bf04bcaa1900d76f96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "signal"}], "question": "What type of trace is often narrower than a ground trace?", "id": "572ff9bf04bcaa1900d76f97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "copper"}], "question": "In a multi-layer board, what metal would a ground plane be mostly made out of?", "id": "572ff9bf04bcaa1900d76f98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "microwave circuits"}], "question": "What type of circuits use a stripline and microstrip format?", "id": "572ff9bf04bcaa1900d76f99"}]}], ["Bahan kain atau bahan serat yang digunakan, bahan resin, dan kain untuk nisbah resin menentukan penentuan jenis lamina (FR-4, CEM-1, G-10, dan sebagainya) dan karenanya ciri-ciri lamina yang dihasilkan. Ciri-ciri penting ialah laminat api, pemalar dielektrik (er), faktor kehilangan (t\u03b4), kekuatan tegangan, kekuatan ricih, suhu peralihan kaca (Tg), dan pekali pengembangan paksi Z (berapa banyak ketebalan yang berubah dengan suhu). <> Apakah elemen lamina yang ditetapkan oleh kain untuk nisbah resin, antara lain? || jenis penamaan <> Apakah nama untuk ukuran perubahan lamina dalam ketebalan apabila perubahan suhunya? || Koefisien pengembangan paksi Z <> Apakah singkatan bagi suhu peralihan kaca lamina? || Tg", {"context": "The cloth or fiber material used, resin material, and the cloth to resin ratio determine the laminate's type designation (FR-4, CEM-1, G-10, etc.) and therefore the characteristics of the laminate produced. Important characteristics are the level to which the laminate is fire retardant, the dielectric constant (er), the loss factor (t\u03b4), the tensile strength, the shear strength, the glass transition temperature (Tg), and the Z-axis expansion coefficient (how much the thickness changes with temperature).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "type designation"}], "question": "What element of a laminate is designated by the cloth to resin ratio, among other things?", "id": "572ffb33a23a5019007fcbfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Z-axis expansion coefficient"}], "question": "What's the name for the measurement of a laminate's change in thickness as its temperature changes?", "id": "572ffb33a23a5019007fcbfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Tg"}], "question": "What's the abbreviation for the glass transition temperature of a laminate?", "id": "572ffb33a23a5019007fcbfd"}]}], ["Oleh kerana agak mudah untuk mengaitkan sambungan (wayar) di dalam matriks embedding, pendekatan yang dibenarkan pereka untuk melupakan sepenuhnya tentang routing wayar (biasanya operasi yang memakan masa reka bentuk PCB): Di mana-mana pereka memerlukan sambungan, mesin akan lukiskan wayar dalam garis lurus dari satu lokasi / pin ke yang lain. Ini membawa kepada masa reka bentuk yang sangat pendek (tiada algoritma yang kompleks untuk digunakan walaupun untuk reka bentuk ketumpatan tinggi) serta mengurangkan crosstalk (yang lebih buruk apabila wayar berjalan selari antara satu sama lain-yang hampir tidak pernah berlaku di Multiwire), walaupun kos terlalu tinggi untuk bersaing dengan teknologi PCB yang lebih murah apabila jumlah besar diperlukan. <> Apakah aspek yang sukar dalam proses itu untuk pereka skip dalam Multiwire? || routing of wires <> Apa mesin dibuat dengan menggambar garis lurus antara dua titik di papan? || sambungan <> Bersama dengan masa reka bentuk cepat, masalah apa yang dipotong Multiwire? || crosstalk <> Apa yang membuat Multiwire tidak praktikal untuk digunakan apabila sejumlah besar papan diperlukan? || kos <> Dalam bahasa yang mudah, apakah interkoneksi dalam matriks embedding? || wayar", {"context": "Since it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire in straight line from one location/pin to another. This led to very short design times (no complex algorithms to use even for high density designs) as well as reduced crosstalk (which is worse when wires run parallel to each other\u2014which almost never happens in Multiwire), though the cost is too high to compete with cheaper PCB technologies when large quantities are needed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "routing of wires"}], "question": "What arduous aspect of the process can designers skip in Multiwire?", "id": "573016ea04bcaa1900d7715f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "a connection"}], "question": "What does the machine create by drawing a straight line between two points on the board?", "id": "573016ea04bcaa1900d77160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "crosstalk"}], "question": "Along with quick design times, what problem does Multiwire cut down on?", "id": "573016ea04bcaa1900d77161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "cost"}], "question": "What makes Multiwire impractical to use when large quantities of a board are needed?", "id": "573016ea04bcaa1900d77162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "wires"}], "question": "In simple language, what are the interconnections in an embedding matrix?", "id": "573016ea04bcaa1900d77163"}]}], ["Teknologi permukaan-permukaan muncul pada tahun 1960-an, mendapat momentum pada awal 1980-an dan digunakan secara meluas pada pertengahan tahun 1990-an. Komponen telah direka bentuk secara mekanikal untuk mempunyai tab logam kecil atau penutup hujung yang boleh dipaterikan terus ke permukaan PCB, bukan dawai membawa melalui lubang. Komponen menjadi lebih kecil dan penempatan komponen di kedua-dua belah papan menjadi lebih biasa daripada pemasangan lubang melalui lubang, yang membolehkan perhimpunan PCB jauh lebih kecil dengan kepadatan litar yang lebih tinggi. Pemasangan permukaan meminjamkan dengan baik kepada tahap automasi yang tinggi, mengurangkan kos buruh dan meningkatkan kadar pengeluaran. Komponen boleh dibekalkan dipasang pada pita pembawa. Komponen permukaan permukaan boleh kira-kira satu perempat hingga sepersepuluh dari saiz dan berat komponen lubang melalui lubang, dan komponen pasif lebih murah; harga peranti gunung permukaan semikonduktor (SMD) ditentukan lebih oleh cip itu sendiri daripada pakej, dengan kelebihan harga sedikit berbanding pakej yang lebih besar. Sesetengah komponen yang dikendalikan wayar, seperti dioda suis isyarat kecil 1N4148, sebenarnya jauh lebih murah daripada setara SMD. <> Bilakah gunung permukaan menjadi proses pengilangan yang biasa digunakan? || pertengahan tahun 1990-an <> Apa komponen baru dengan tab akhir digantikan? || wayar mengarahkan <> Apa peningkatan yang mungkin dengan pemasangan permukaan yang membolehkan pengeluaran yang lebih tinggi dan kos buruh yang lebih rendah? || automasi <> Apa itu SMD? || peranti gunung permukaan <> Adakah cip atau pakej yang mempengaruhi harga SMD lebih? || cip", {"context": "Surface-mount technology emerged in the 1960s, gained momentum in the early 1980s and became widely used by the mid-1990s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly onto the PCB surface, instead of wire leads to pass through holes. Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of the board became more common than with through-hole mounting, allowing much smaller PCB assemblies with much higher circuit densities. Surface mounting lends itself well to a high degree of automation, reducing labor costs and greatly increasing production rates. Components can be supplied mounted on carrier tapes. Surface mount components can be about one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight of through-hole components, and passive components much cheaper; prices of semiconductor surface mount devices (SMDs) are determined more by the chip itself than the package, with little price advantage over larger packages. Some wire-ended components, such as 1N4148 small-signal switch diodes, are actually significantly cheaper than SMD equivalents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "mid-1990s"}], "question": "When did surface-mount become a commonly used manufacturing process?", "id": "572ff7d704bcaa1900d76f5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "wire leads"}], "question": "What did the new components with end tabs replace?", "id": "572ff7d704bcaa1900d76f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "automation"}], "question": "What improvement is possible with surface-mounting that enables higher production and lower labor costs?", "id": "572ff7d704bcaa1900d76f5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 863, "text": "surface mount devices"}], "question": "What are SMDs?", "id": "572ff7d704bcaa1900d76f5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 919, "text": "chip"}], "question": "Is it the chip or the package that influences the price of an SMD more?", "id": "572ff7d704bcaa1900d76f5f"}]}], ["Terdapat beberapa dielektrik yang berbeza yang boleh dipilih untuk memberikan nilai penebat berbeza bergantung pada keperluan litar. Beberapa dielektrik ini adalah polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), FR-4, FR-1, CEM-1 atau CEM-3. Bahan pre-preg yang digunakan dalam industri PCB adalah FR-2 (kertas kapas fenolik), FR-3 (kertas kapas dan epoksi), FR-4 (kaca tenun dan epoksi), FR-5 (tenunan kaca dan epoksi) , FR-6 (gelas dan poliester matte), G-10 (gelas tenunan dan epoksi), CEM-1 (kertas kapas dan epoksi), CEM-2 (kertas kapas dan epoksi) epoksi), CEM-4 (kaca tenun dan epoksi), CEM-5 (tenunan kaca dan poliester). Pengembangan terma adalah pertimbangan penting terutama dengan array grid bola (BGA) dan teknologi telanjang mati, dan serat kaca menawarkan kestabilan dimensi terbaik. <> Apakah nama biasa polytetrafluoroethylene? || Teflon <> Apakah bahan pre-preg ditetapkan oleh \"FR-2\"? || kertas kapas fenolik <> Kepada jenis pembungkusan yang mana pembesaran haba adalah kritikal? || array grid bola <> Apa bahan yang memberikan kestabilan dimensi optimum? || serat gelas <> Apa dielektrik adalah kaca matte dan poliester? || FR-6", {"context": "There are quite a few different dielectrics that can be chosen to provide different insulating values depending on the requirements of the circuit. Some of these dielectrics are polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), FR-4, FR-1, CEM-1 or CEM-3. Well known pre-preg materials used in the PCB industry are FR-2 (phenolic cotton paper), FR-3 (cotton paper and epoxy), FR-4 (woven glass and epoxy), FR-5 (woven glass and epoxy), FR-6 (matte glass and polyester), G-10 (woven glass and epoxy), CEM-1 (cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-2 (cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-3 (non-woven glass and epoxy), CEM-4 (woven glass and epoxy), CEM-5 (woven glass and polyester). Thermal expansion is an important consideration especially with ball grid array (BGA) and naked die technologies, and glass fiber offers the best dimensional stability.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Teflon"}], "question": "What's the common name of polytetrafluoroethylene?", "id": "572fffeb947a6a140053cf38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "phenolic cotton paper"}], "question": "What pre-preg material is designated by \"FR-2\"?", "id": "572fffeb947a6a140053cf39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "ball grid array"}], "question": "To what type of packaging is thermal expansion particularly critical?", "id": "572fffeb947a6a140053cf3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 767, "text": "glass fiber"}], "question": "What material delivers optimum dimensional stability?", "id": "572fffeb947a6a140053cf3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "FR-6"}], "question": "What dielectric is matte glass and polyester?", "id": "572fffeb947a6a140053cf3c"}]}], ["Penyerapan kelembapan berlaku apabila bahan terdedah kepada kelembapan atau air yang tinggi. Kedua-dua resin dan tetulang boleh menyerap air; air juga boleh direndam oleh daya kapilari melalui lompang dalam bahan dan di sepanjang tetulang. Epoksies bahan FR-4 tidak terlalu mudah, dengan penyerapan hanya 0.15%. Teflon mempunyai penyerapan yang sangat rendah 0.01%. Ester polimida dan sianat, di sisi lain, mengalami penyerapan air yang tinggi. Air yang diserap boleh mengakibatkan kemusnahan parameter penting; ia merosakkan rintangan pengesanan, voltan kerosakan, dan parameter dielektrik. Pemalar dielektrik relatif air kira-kira 73, berbanding dengan kira-kira 4 untuk bahan papan litar biasa. Kelembapan menyerap juga boleh menguap pada pemanasan dan menyebabkan retak dan penyembunyian, kesan yang sama yang bertanggungjawab untuk kerosakan \"popcorning\" pada pembungkusan basah bahagian elektronik. Pembakar yang mencukupi bagi substrat mungkin diperlukan. <> Apa yang akan berlaku pada bahan apabila papan basah atau berada dalam keadaan yang lembab? || Penyerapan kelembapan <> Jika bahan menyerap kelembapan dan kemudian cukup panas untuk menguapkan air, lembaga mungkin menunjukkan penyingkiran atau apa jenis kerosakan lain? || retak <> Apa penyerapan peratusan yang dilakukan oleh F-4 epoxies? || 0.15% <> Apakah anggaran pemalar dielektrik yang relatif daripada kebanyakan bahan di papan litar? || 4 <> Apa bahan yang mempunyai kadar penyerapan hanya 0.01%? || Teflon", {"context": "Moisture absorption occurs when the material is exposed to high humidity or water. Both the resin and the reinforcement may absorb water; water may be also soaked by capillary forces through voids in the materials and along the reinforcement. Epoxies of the FR-4 materials aren't too susceptible, with absorption of only 0.15%. Teflon has very low absorption of 0.01%. Polyimides and cyanate esters, on the other side, suffer from high water absorption. Absorbed water can lead to significant degradation of key parameters; it impairs tracking resistance, breakdown voltage, and dielectric parameters. Relative dielectric constant of water is about 73, compared to about 4 for common circuitboard materials. Absorbed moisture can also vaporize on heating and cause cracking and delamination, the same effect responsible for \"popcorning\" damage on wet packaging of electronic parts. Careful baking of the substrates may be required.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Moisture absorption"}], "question": "What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area?", "id": "5730132704bcaa1900d7711d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "cracking"}], "question": "If materials absorb moisture and then are heated enough to vaporize the water, the board might show delamination or what other type of damage?", "id": "5730132704bcaa1900d7711e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "0.15%"}], "question": "What percentage absorption do F-4 epoxies have?", "id": "5730132704bcaa1900d7711f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "4"}], "question": "What's the approximate relative dielectric constant of most materials in circuit boards?", "id": "5730132704bcaa1900d77120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Teflon"}], "question": "What material has an absorption rate of only 0.01%?", "id": "5730132704bcaa1900d77121"}]}], ["Pengembangan kaedah yang digunakan dalam papan litar bercetak moden bermula pada awal abad ke-20. Pada tahun 1903, pencipta Jerman, Albert Hanson, menggambarkan konduktor foil rata yang dilaminasi ke papan penebat, dalam beberapa lapisan. Thomas Edison bereksperimen dengan kaedah kimia konduktor plating pada kertas lenan pada tahun 1904. Arthur Berry pada tahun 1913 mempatenkan kaedah cetakan dan ukiran di Britain, dan di Amerika Syarikat Max Schoop memperoleh paten untuk logam semburan api ke papan melalui topeng berlainan. Charles Ducas pada tahun 1927 telah mempatenkan kaedah litar penyaluran elektrik. <> Siapa pencipta Jerman yang menulis pada tahun 1903 tentang konduktor yang dilaminasi dalam lapisan ke papan? || Albert Hanson <> Apa bahan eksperimen Thomas Edison dengan mencuba memancar konduktor kimia padanya? || Kertas linen <> Tahun berapakah Arthur Berry paten cara cetak-dan-etchnya? || 1913 <> Dalam kaedah Max Schoop, apa yang digunakan untuk mencipta corak disembur api di papan? || topeng berlapis <> Siapa yang mendapat paten pada tahun 1927 kerana kaedah litar elektroplatingnya? || Charles Ducas", {"context": "Development of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating conductors onto linen paper in 1904. Arthur Berry in 1913 patented a print-and-etch method in Britain, and in the United States Max Schoop obtained a patent to flame-spray metal onto a board through a patterned mask. Charles Ducas in 1927 patented a method of electroplating circuit patterns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Albert Hanson"}], "question": "Who was the German inventor who wrote in 1903 about conductors being laminated in layers to a board?", "id": "57301ef4a23a5019007fcdcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "linen paper"}], "question": "What material did Thomas Edison experiment with by trying to chemically attach conductors to it?", "id": "57301ef4a23a5019007fcdd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "1913"}], "question": "What year did Arthur Berry patent his print-and-etch method?", "id": "57301ef4a23a5019007fcdd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "a patterned mask"}], "question": "In Max Schoop's method, what was used to create the flame-sprayed pattern on the board?", "id": "57301ef4a23a5019007fcdd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Charles Ducas"}], "question": "Who obtained a patent in 1927 for his method of electroplating circuit patterns?", "id": "57301ef4a23a5019007fcdd3"}]}], ["Jurutera Austria Paul Eisler mencipta litar bercetak sebagai sebahagian daripada set radio semasa bekerja di England sekitar tahun 1936. Sekitar tahun 1943 Amerika Syarikat mula menggunakan teknologi pada skala besar untuk membuat sekering jarak dekat untuk digunakan dalam Perang Dunia II. Selepas perang, pada tahun 1948, Amerika Syarikat mengeluarkan ciptaan untuk kegunaan komersil. Litar bercetak tidak menjadi perkara biasa dalam elektronik pengguna sehingga pertengahan tahun 1950-an, selepas proses Auto Sembly telah dibangunkan oleh Tentera Amerika Syarikat. Pada masa yang sama di Britain bekerja di sepanjang garis yang sama dilakukan oleh Geoffrey Dummer, kemudian di RRDE. <> Apa yang Paul Eisler membuat ketika dia datang dengan litar bercetak? || satu set radio <> Apa acara yang mendorong Amerika Syarikat untuk mengadopsi litar bercetak untuk membuat sekering jarak? || Perang Dunia II <> Bilakah litar bercetak dikeluarkan untuk kegunaan komersil di A.S.? || 1948 <> Siapakah yang bekerja pada jenis penggunaan besar litar bercetak yang sama seperti A.S. di Britain pada pertengahan tahun 1950-an? || Geoffrey Dummer <> Apa proses yang dihasilkan oleh Tentera A.S. yang membawa kepada inovasi dalam elektronik pengguna? || Auto-Sembly", {"context": "The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army. At around the same time in Britain work along similar lines was carried out by Geoffrey Dummer, then at the RRDE.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "a radio set"}], "question": "What was Paul Eisler making when he came up with the printed circuit?", "id": "57302051947a6a140053d14c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses?", "id": "57302051947a6a140053d14d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "1948"}], "question": "When was the printed circuit released for commercial use in the U.S.?", "id": "57302051947a6a140053d14e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Geoffrey Dummer"}], "question": "Who was working on the same type of large-scale application of printed circuits as the U.S. in Britain in the mid-1950s?", "id": "57302051947a6a140053d14f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Auto-Sembly"}], "question": "What process was created by the U.S. Army that led to innovation in consumer electronics?", "id": "57302051947a6a140053d150"}]}], ["Pada asalnya, setiap komponen elektronik mempunyai dawai, dan PCB mempunyai lubang yang dibor untuk setiap wayar setiap komponen. Memimpin komponen kemudiannya melalui lubang-lubang dan disalurkan ke jejak PCB. Kaedah perhimpunan ini dipanggil melalui lubang pembinaan. Pada tahun 1949, Moe Abramson dan Stanislaus F. Danko dari US Army Signal Corps membangunkan proses Auto Sembly di mana petunjuk komponen dimasukkan ke dalam corak interkoneksi kerajang tembaga dan dip dip. Paten yang diperoleh pada tahun 1956 telah ditugaskan kepada Angkatan Tentera A.S.. Dengan perkembangan papan laminasi dan teknik etsa, konsep ini berkembang menjadi proses fabrikasi papan litar bercetak standard yang digunakan hari ini. Pematerian boleh dilakukan secara automatik dengan melepaskan papan di atas riak, atau gelombang, solder lebur dalam mesin pematerian gelombang. Walau bagaimanapun, wayar dan lubang adalah membazir kerana lubang penggerudian adalah mahal dan wayar yang menonjol hanya dipotong. <> Jenis pembinaan apa yang asalnya digunakan untuk semua komponen elektronik? || melalui lubang <> Pada tahun apakah proses Auto Sembly dibuat? || 1949 <> Tahun berapa paten untuk proses Sembilan? || 1956 <> Walaupun dua orang membangunkan proses Auto Sembly, kepada siapa paten yang diberikan secara rasmi? || Tentera A.S. <> Bahagian manakah proses pengilangan Automatik yang paling mahal? || lubang penggerudian", {"context": "Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the United States Army Signal Corps developed the Auto-Sembly process in which component leads were inserted into a copper foil interconnection pattern and dip soldered. The patent they obtained in 1956 was assigned to the U.S. Army. With the development of board lamination and etching techniques, this concept evolved into the standard printed circuit board fabrication process in use today. Soldering could be done automatically by passing the board over a ripple, or wave, of molten solder in a wave-soldering machine. However, the wires and holes are wasteful since drilling holes is expensive and the protruding wires are merely cut off.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "through-hole"}], "question": "What type of construction was originally used for all electronic components?", "id": "57302364b2c2fd1400568927"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "1949"}], "question": "In what year was the Auto-Sembly process created?", "id": "57302364b2c2fd1400568928"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "1956"}], "question": "What year was the patent for the Auto-Sembly process granted?", "id": "57302364b2c2fd140056892a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "U.S. Army"}], "question": "Although two men developed the Auto-Sembly process, to whom was the patent officially granted?", "id": "57302364b2c2fd1400568929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 887, "text": "drilling holes"}], "question": "Which part of the Auto-Sembly manufacturing process is the most costly?", "id": "57302364b2c2fd140056892b"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, pembangunan jarak tempuh anti-pesawat diperlukan litar elektronik yang dapat bertahan dipecat dari pistol, dan boleh dihasilkan dalam kuantiti. Bahagian Centralab dari Globe Union mengemukakan cadangan yang memenuhi syarat: plat seramik akan dicetak dengan cat logam untuk konduktor dan bahan karbon untuk perintang, dengan kapasitor cakera seramik dan tiub vakum subminiature yang dipateri. Teknik ini terbukti berdaya maju, dan paten yang dihasilkan pada proses itu, yang diklasifikasikan oleh Angkatan Darat A.S., telah ditugaskan ke Globe Union. Tidak sampai tahun 1984 bahawa Institut Jurutera Elektrik dan Elektronik (IEEE) telah menganugerahkan Tuan Harry W. Rubinstein, bekas ketua Divisyen Centralab Globe Union, yang dianugerahkan Anugerah Cledo Brunetti untuk sumbangan awal awal kepada pembangunan komponen cetak dan konduktor pada substrat penebat biasa. Selain itu, Encik Rubinstein diberi penghormatan pada tahun 1984 oleh alma maternya, University of Wisconsin-Madison, untuk inovasinya dalam teknologi litar elektronik bercetak dan fabrikasi kapasitor. <> Apa syarikat mengembangkan litar elektronik pertama yang dapat dihasilkan secara massal dan cukup tahan lama untuk dipecat dari pistol? || Globe Union <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab di Bahagian Centralab dari Globe Union apabila PCB yang digunakan dalam fius anti-pesawat dicipta? || Harry W. Rubinstein <> Di mana Harry Rubinstein menghadiri kolej? || University of Wisconsin-Madison <> Apakah plat digunakan untuk sekatan jarak dekat anti-pesawat dalam Perang Dunia II yang terbuat dari? || seramik <> Apakah penghargaan Rubinstein pada tahun 1984 untuk sumbangannya? || Anugerah Cledo Brunetti", {"context": "During World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate would be screenprinted with metallic paint for conductors and carbon material for resistors, with ceramic disc capacitors and subminiature vacuum tubes soldered in place. The technique proved viable, and the resulting patent on the process, which was classified by the U.S. Army, was assigned to Globe Union. It was not until 1984 that the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) awarded Mr. Harry W. Rubinstein, the former head of Globe Union's Centralab Division, its coveted Cledo Brunetti Award for early key contributions to the development of printed components and conductors on a common insulating substrate. As well, Mr. Rubinstein was honored in 1984 by his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his innovations in the technology of printed electronic circuits and the fabrication of capacitors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Globe Union"}], "question": "What company developed the first electronic circuit that could be mass produced and was durable enough to be fired from a gun?", "id": "5730221db2c2fd1400568909"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "Harry W. Rubinstein"}], "question": "Who was in charge of the Centralab Division of Globe Union when the PCB used in anti-aircraft fuses was invented?", "id": "5730221db2c2fd140056890b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 988, "text": "University of Wisconsin-Madison"}], "question": "Where did Harry Rubinstein attend college?", "id": "5730221db2c2fd140056890d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "ceramic"}], "question": "What was the plate used for anti-aircraft proximity fuses in World War II made out of?", "id": "5730221db2c2fd140056890a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 782, "text": "Cledo Brunetti Award"}], "question": "What award did Rubinstein win in 1984 for his contributions?", "id": "5730221db2c2fd140056890c"}]}], ["Pembinaan Cordwood boleh menjimatkan ruang yang penting dan sering digunakan dengan komponen yang dikendalikan wayar dalam aplikasi di mana ruang berada pada premium (seperti sistem peluru dan sistem teluset) dan dalam komputer berkelajuan tinggi, di mana jejak pendek adalah penting. Dalam pembinaan kayu kord, komponen yang dipimpin paksi dipasang di antara dua pesawat sejajar. Komponen sama ada soldered bersama dengan kawat pelompat, atau mereka disambungkan ke komponen lain oleh pita nikel nipis yang dikimpal pada sudut tepat ke arah komponen. Untuk mengelakkan kekurangan antara lapisan sambungan yang berbeza, kad penebat nipis diletakkan di antara mereka. Tebukan atau lubang dalam kad yang dibenarkan komponen membawa kepada projek melalui lapisan interkoneksi seterusnya. Salah satu kelemahan sistem ini ialah komponen khas yang dipimpin nikel terpaksa digunakan untuk membolehkan sambungan kimpalan dibuat. Pengembangan terma yang berbeza komponen boleh memberi tekanan pada petunjuk komponen dan jejak PCB dan menyebabkan kerosakan fizikal (seperti yang dilihat dalam beberapa modul pada program Apollo). Di samping itu, komponen yang terletak di kawasan pedalaman sukar diganti. Sesetengah versi pembinaan kordwood menggunakan PCB satu sisi yang dipateri sebagai kaedah interkoneksi (seperti yang digambarkan), membenarkan penggunaan komponen yang dipimpin oleh normal. <> Jenis pembinaan apa yang terbaik untuk aplikasi yang memerlukan ruang bahagian dengan berhati-hati? || Cordwood <> Apa yang akan dipasang di tengah-tengah dua pesawat selari dalam pembinaan kordwood? || komponen yang dipimpin paksi <> Komponen jenis apa yang harus digunakan dalam pembinaan kayu kai untuk menjejaskannya? || nikel yang dipimpin <> Apa yang menyebabkan kad penebat mengelakkan antara lapisan sambungan? || kekurangan <> Kekuatan apa yang menyebabkan kerosakan fizikal kepada komponen yang mempengaruhi program Apollo? || Pengembangan haba berbeza", {"context": "Cordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leaded components were mounted between two parallel planes. The components were either soldered together with jumper wire, or they were connected to other components by thin nickel ribbon welded at right angles onto the component leads. To avoid shorting together different interconnection layers, thin insulating cards were placed between them. Perforations or holes in the cards allowed component leads to project through to the next interconnection layer. One disadvantage of this system was that special nickel-leaded components had to be used to allow the interconnecting welds to be made. Differential thermal expansion of the component could put pressure on the leads of the components and the PCB traces and cause physical damage (as was seen in several modules on the Apollo program). Additionally, components located in the interior are difficult to replace. Some versions of cordwood construction used soldered single-sided PCBs as the interconnection method (as pictured), allowing the use of normal-leaded components.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cordwood"}], "question": "What type of construction is best for applications that need to portion space carefully?", "id": "57301cee947a6a140053d11e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "axial-leaded components"}], "question": "What gets mounted in the middle of two parallel planes in a cordwood construction?", "id": "57301cee947a6a140053d11f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "nickel-leaded"}], "question": "What type of component has to be used in cordwood construction to its detriment?", "id": "57301cee947a6a140053d121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "shorting"}], "question": "What do insulating cards prevent between interconnection layers?", "id": "57301cee947a6a140053d120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "Differential thermal expansion"}], "question": "What force caused the physical damage to components that affected the Apollo program?", "id": "57301cee947a6a140053d122"}]}]], [["Walaupun kejayaan penting di Eropah pada tahun 1970-an dan awal 1980-an, akhir tahun 80-an telah menandakan titik rendah untuk bola sepak Inggeris. Stadium telah runtuh, penyokong mengalami kemudahan yang buruk, hooliganisme telah berleluasa, dan kelab Inggeris dilarang dari persaingan Eropah selama lima tahun berikutan bencana Stadium Heysel pada tahun 1985. Bahagian Pertama Liga Sepak Bola, yang telah menjadi peringkat tertinggi sepakbola Inggeris sejak 1888, berada di belakang liga seperti Serie A Itali dan La Liga Sepanyol dalam kehadiran dan pendapatan, dan beberapa pemain bahasa Inggeris teratas telah berpindah ke luar negara. <> Bilakah titik yang rendah untuk bola sepak Inggeris? || 80-an lewat telah menandakan titik rendah untuk bola sepak Inggeris <> Mengapa ada titik rendah untuk bola sepak Inggeris? || Stadium telah runtuh, para penyokong mengalami kemudahan yang buruk, hooliganisme berantakan <> Mengapa kelab Inggeris diharamkan dari persaingan Eropah pada 1980-an? || Kelab Inggeris telah diharamkan dari pertandingan Eropah selama lima tahun berikutan bencana Stadium Heysel pada tahun 1985. Adakah pasukan pertama Liga Bola Sepak pernah berada di peringkat teratas? || Bahagian Pertama Liga Bola Sepak, yang telah menjadi tahap paling atas bola sepak Inggeris sejak tahun 1888 <> Tahun mana adalah kelab-kelab bola sepak Inggeris yang dilarang daripada persaingan di Eropah? || 1985 <> Berapa lamakah kelab-kelab yang diharamkan? || lima tahun <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh pemain Inggeris selepas larangan itu? || berpindah ke luar negara <> Apabila kehadiran jatuh ke Bahagian Pertama Liga Bola Sepak, apa lagi yang menurun? || pendapatan", {"context": "Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888, was well behind leagues such as Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "the late '80s had marked a low point for English football"}], "question": "When was the low point for English football?", "id": "572fbb02b2c2fd14005683b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife"}], "question": "Why was there a low point for English football?", "id": "572fbb02b2c2fd14005683ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985."}], "question": "Why were the English clubs banned from European competition in the 1980's?", "id": "572fbb02b2c2fd14005683bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888"}], "question": "Had the Football League First Division ever been in the top level?", "id": "572fbb02b2c2fd14005683bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "1985"}], "question": "In which year were English football clubs banned from competition in Europe?", "id": "5733e2794776f4190066141a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "five years"}], "question": "How long were the clubs banned for?", "id": "5733e2794776f4190066141b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "moved abroad"}], "question": "What did English players do after the ban?", "id": "5733e2794776f4190066141c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "revenues"}], "question": "When attendance dropped to the Football League First Division, what else decreased?", "id": "5733e2794776f4190066141d"}]}], ["Wang televisyen juga menjadi lebih penting; Liga Bola Sepak menerima \u00a3 6.3 juta untuk perjanjian dua tahun pada tahun 1986, tetapi apabila perjanjian itu diperbaharui pada tahun 1988, harga naik menjadi \u00a3 44 juta selama empat tahun. Rundingan 1988 adalah tanda awal liga pemisahan; sepuluh kelab mengancam untuk meninggalkan dan membentuk \"liga super\", tetapi akhirnya dipujuk untuk tinggal. Apabila stadium meningkat dan perlawanan kehadiran dan pendapatan meningkat, pasukan terulung negara sekali lagi mempertimbangkan untuk meninggalkan Liga Bola Sepak untuk memanfaatkan peningkatan jumlah wang yang dipam ke dalam sukan itu. <> Berapa banyak wang yang diterima oleh Liga Bola Sepak dalam pendapatan daripada wang televisyen untuk perjanjian dua tahun pada tahun 1986? || Liga Bola Sepak menerima \u00a3 6.3 juta untuk perjanjian selama dua tahun pada 1986 <> Pada tahun 1998, perjanjian itu diperbaharui untuk apa yang lebih daripada empat tahun? || perjanjian diperbaharui pada tahun 1988, harga meningkat kepada \u00a3 44 juta selama empat tahun. <> Pada tahun 1988, berapa banyak kelab yang berundur untuk meninggalkan liga lain? || sepuluh kelab mengancam untuk meninggalkan dan membentuk \"liga super\" <> Mengapa beberapa pasukan teratas mempertimbangkan untuk meninggalkan liga bola sepak? || untuk memanfaatkan peningkatan jumlah wang yang dipam ke dalam sukan ini. <> Apakah harga perjanjian televisyen Liga Bola Sepak meningkat pada tahun 1988? || \u00a3 44 juta <> Kapan tahun pertama kelab mengancam untuk meninggalkan Liga Bola Sepak? || 1988 <> Harga apa yang ditetapkan untuk hak televisyen Liga Bola Sepak pada tahun 1986? || \u00a3 6.3 juta <> Berapa tahun kontrak kontrak hak 1986? || dua <> Berapa tahunkah kontrak hak cipta 1988? || empat", {"context": "Television money had also become much more important; the Football League received \u00a36.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986, but when that deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to \u00a344 million over four years. The 1988 negotiations were the first signs of a breakaway league; ten clubs threatened to leave and form a \"super league\", but were eventually persuaded to stay. As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose, the country's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the Football League received \u00a36.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986"}], "question": "How much money did the Football League receive in revenues from television money for a two year agreement in 1986?", "id": "572fbd86b2c2fd14005683c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to \u00a344 million over four years."}], "question": "In 1998, the deal was renewed for what amount over four years?", "id": "572fbd86b2c2fd14005683ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "ten clubs threatened to leave and form a \"super league\""}], "question": "In 1988, how many clubs threateded to leave and form another league?", "id": "572fbd86b2c2fd14005683cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport."}], "question": "Why did some of the top teams consider leaving the Football league?", "id": "572fbd86b2c2fd14005683cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "\u00a344 million"}], "question": "What did the Football League's television agreement price rise to in 1988?", "id": "5733e3bfd058e614000b64e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "1988"}], "question": "When was the first year that clubs threatened to leave the Football League?", "id": "5733e3bfd058e614000b64e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "\u00a36.3 million"}], "question": "What price was set for Football League television rights in 1986?", "id": "5733e3bfd058e614000b64e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "two"}], "question": "For how many years was the 1986 television rights contract?", "id": "5733e3bfd058e614000b64e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "four"}], "question": "For how many years was the 1988 television rights contract?", "id": "5733e3bfd058e614000b64e4"}]}], ["Pada akhir musim 1991, cadangan telah dibentangkan untuk penubuhan liga baru yang akan membawa lebih banyak wang ke dalam keseluruhan permainan. Perjanjian Ahli Pengasas, yang ditandatangani pada 17 Julai 1991 oleh kelab-kelab utama penerbangan, telah menubuhkan prinsip asas untuk menubuhkan Liga Perdana FA. Bahagian tertinggi yang baru dibentuk akan mempunyai kebebasan komersil dari Persatuan Bola Sepak dan Liga Bola Sepak, yang memberi lesen Liga Perdana FA untuk berunding dengan penyiaran dan perjanjian penajaannya sendiri. Hujah yang diberikan pada masa itu adalah bahawa pendapatan tambahan akan membolehkan kelab Inggeris bersaing dengan pasukan di seluruh Eropah. <> Pada tahun 1991, cadangan untuk liga baru ditunda? || Pada akhir musim 1991, cadangan telah dibentangkan <> Apa yang dibuat perjanjian ini? || menubuhkan prinsip asas untuk menubuhkan Liga Perdana FA. <> Bilakah Perjanjian Ahli Pengasas ditandatangani? || Perjanjian Ahli Pengasas, ditandatangani pada 17 Julai 1991 <> Akankah bahagian tertinggi baru mempunyai kemerdekaan komersial dari Persatuan Bola Sepak serta Liga Bola Sepak? || Bahagian tertinggi yang baru terbentuk akan mempunyai kebebasan komersil dari Persatuan Bola Sepak dan Liga Bola Sepak. Adakah Liga Perdana FA mampu merundingkan perjanjian penyiaran dan penajaan mereka? || memberikan lesen Liga Perdana FA untuk berunding dengan penyiaran dan perjanjian tajaannya sendiri. <> Pada hari dimana Perjanjian Ahli Pengasas ditandatangani? || 17 Julai 1991 <> Apakah hujah yang dibuat untuk pemisahan Liga Perdana FA yang akan dapat bersaing di seluruh Eropah? || pendapatan tambahan <> Di mana tahun itu cadangan untuk liga baru dibentangkan? || 1991", {"context": "At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 by the game's top-flight clubs, established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League. The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League, giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled"}], "question": "In 1991, was a proposal for a new league postponed?", "id": "572fbed0947a6a140053cc36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League."}], "question": "What did this agreement establish?", "id": "572fbed0947a6a140053cc38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991"}], "question": "When was the Founder Members Agreement signed?", "id": "572fbed0947a6a140053cc37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League"}], "question": "Would the new top division have commerical independence from the Football Association as well as the Football League?", "id": "572fbed0947a6a140053cc39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements."}], "question": "Would the FA Premier League be able to negotiate their broadcasting and sponsorship agreements?", "id": "572fbed0947a6a140053cc3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "17 July 1991"}], "question": "On which day was the Founder Members Agreement signed?", "id": "5733e473d058e614000b64f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "extra income"}], "question": "What was the argument made for the splitting off of the FA Premier League which would lead to being able to compete across Europe?", "id": "5733e473d058e614000b64f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "1991"}], "question": "In which year was the proposal for a new league tabled?", "id": "5733e473d058e614000b64f5"}]}], ["Liga Perdana adalah sebuah syarikat di mana 20 kelab anggota bertindak sebagai pemegang saham. Musim berjalan dari bulan Ogos hingga Mei. Pasukan bermain 38 perlawanan masing-masing (bermain setiap pasukan dalam liga dua kali, pulang dan pergi), berjumlah 380 perlawanan pada musim ini. Kebanyakan perlawanan dimainkan pada hari Sabtu dan Ahad; orang lain pada waktu malam hari kerja. Ia kini ditaja oleh Barclays Bank dan secara rasmi dikenali sebagai Liga Perdana Barclays dan dikenali sebagai Liga Premiership. Di luar UK, ia biasanya dirujuk sebagai Liga Perdana Inggeris (EPL). <> Berapa ramai ahli kelab di sana? || Liga Perdana adalah sebuah perbadanan di mana 20 kelab ahli bertindak sebagai pemegang saham <> Berapa banyak perlawanan yang dimainkan setiap pasukan? || Pasukan bermain 38 perlawanan masing-masing (bermain setiap pasukan dalam liga dua kali, pulang dan pergi), berjumlah 380 perlawanan pada musim ini. <> Pada hari berapa banyak permainan yang dimainkan? || Kebanyakan perlawanan dimainkan pada hari Sabtu dan Ahad; yang lain pada waktu malam hari kerja <> Siapa yang menaja Liga Perdana? || Ia kini ditaja oleh Barclays Bank dan secara rasmi dikenali sebagai Liga Perdana Barclays dan dikenali sebagai Liga Premiership. <> Apa nama Liga Perdana yang dikenali sebagai di luar United Kingdom? || Di luar UK, ia biasanya dirujuk sebagai Liga Perdana Inggeris (EPL). <> Berapa banyak kelab ahli adalah pemegang saham dalam Liga Perdana? || 20 <> Bilakah musim Liga Perdana bermula? || Ogos hingga Mei <> Berapa banyak perlawanan yang dilakukan oleh setiap pasukan? || 38 <> Siapa yang menaja Liga Perdana? || Barclays Bank <> Apakah Liga Perdana yang biasa disebut di luar UK? || Liga Perdana Inggeris", {"context": "The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May. Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season. Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings. It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership. Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders"}], "question": "How many club members are there?", "id": "572fb14eb2c2fd1400568363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season."}], "question": "How many matches does each team play?", "id": "572fb14eb2c2fd1400568364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings"}], "question": "What days are most games played?", "id": "572fb14eb2c2fd1400568365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership."}], "question": "Who sponsors the Premier League?", "id": "572fb14eb2c2fd1400568366"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL)."}], "question": "What name is the Premier League known as outside of the United Kingdom?", "id": "572fb14eb2c2fd1400568367"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many member clubs are shareholders in the Premier League?", "id": "5733dfd24776f419006613e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "August to May"}], "question": "When do Premier League seasons run from?", "id": "5733dfd24776f419006613e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "38"}], "question": "How many matches do each team play?", "id": "5733dfd24776f419006613ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Barclays Bank"}], "question": "Who sponsors the Premier League?", "id": "5733dfd24776f419006613eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "English Premier League"}], "question": "What is the Premier League commonly referred to outside the UK?", "id": "5733dfd24776f419006613ec"}]}], ["Bagaimanapun, pada pergantian tahun 1990-an arah aliran menurun telah mula terbalik; England berjaya dalam Piala Dunia FIFA 1990, menjangkau separuh akhir. UEFA, badan pentadbiran bola sepak Eropah, mengalihkan larangan lima tahun ke atas kelab Inggeris bermain di pertandingan Eropah pada tahun 1990 (mengakibatkan Manchester United mengangkat Piala Pemenang UEFA Cup pada 1991) dan Taylor Report mengenai standard keselamatan stadium, yang mencadangkan peningkatan mahal untuk mewujudkan stadium semua tempat duduk selepas bencana Hillsborough, diterbitkan pada bulan Januari tahun itu. <> Bilakah tren Bola sepak Inggeris yang turun ke bawah mula berubah? || pada pergantian tahun 1990-an trend menurun telah mula membalikkan <> Adakah England berjaya dalam Piala Dunia FIFA 1990? || England berjaya dalam Piala Dunia FIFA 1990, menjangkau separuh akhir. <> Adakah UEFA membuang larangan 5 tahun ke atas kelab Inggeris bermain di pertandingan Eropah pada tahun 1990? || UEFA, badan pentadbiran bola sepak Eropah, mengalihkan larangan lima tahun ke atas kelab Inggeris bermain di pertandingan Eropah pada tahun 1990 <> Apa penyingkiran keputusan larangan itu? || (mengakibatkan Manchester United mengangkat Piala Pemenang Piala UEFA pada tahun 1991 <> Adakah Laporan Taylor mengenai standard keselamatan stadium mencadangkan peningkatan mahal ke stadium? || mencadangkan peningkatan yang mahal untuk membuat stadium semua tempat duduk selepas bencana Hillsborough < Di mana tahun menamatkan trend bola sepak Inggeris berkat terima kasih kepada England sehingga ke separuh akhir Piala Dunia FIFA? || 1990 Pada tahun mana adalah larangan kelab Inggeris ditarik oleh UEFA? || 1990 <> Di mana tahun tidak lama selepas itu Adakah Manchester United memenangi Piala Pemenang UEFA? || 1991 <> Pada bulan mana laporan Taylor diterbitkan? || Januari <> Pada tahun apakah Laporan Taylor diterbitkan? || 1990", {"context": "However, by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse; England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals. UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 (resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991) and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards, which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster, was published in January of that year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse"}], "question": "When did the downward trend of the English Football start to turn around?", "id": "572fbc8604bcaa1900d76c4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals."}], "question": "Was England successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?", "id": "572fbc8604bcaa1900d76c4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990"}], "question": "Did the UEFA remove the 5 year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990?", "id": "572fbc8604bcaa1900d76c4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "(resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991"}], "question": "What did the removal of the ban result in?", "id": "572fbc8604bcaa1900d76c4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster"}], "question": "Did the Taylor Report on stadiums safety standards propose expensive upgrades to stadiums?", "id": "572fbc8604bcaa1900d76c4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "1990"}], "question": "In which year did English football's downward trend stop thanks to England making it to the FIFA World Cup semi-finals?", "id": "5733e3164776f41900661428"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "1990"}], "question": "In which year was the English club ban lifted by UEFA?", "id": "5733e3164776f41900661429"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "1991"}], "question": "In which year shortly thereafter did Manchester United win the UEFA Winners' Cup?", "id": "5733e3164776f4190066142a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "January"}], "question": "In which month was the Taylor Report published?", "id": "5733e3164776f4190066142b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "1990"}], "question": "In which year was the Taylor Report published?", "id": "5733e3164776f4190066142c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1992, kelab Divisi Pertama meletak jawatan dari Liga Bola Sepak secara beramai-ramai dan pada 27 Mei 1992 Liga Perdana FA dibentuk sebagai sebuah syarikat terhad yang bekerja di pejabat di ibu pejabat Persatuan Bola Sepak di Lancaster Gate. Ini bermakna perpecahan Liga Bola Sepak yang berusia 104 tahun yang telah beroperasi sehingga itu dengan empat bahagian; Liga Perdana akan beroperasi dengan satu bahagian dan Liga Bola Sepak dengan tiga. Tiada perubahan dalam format persaingan; jumlah pasukan yang sama bersaing dalam penerbangan teratas, dan promosi dan penyisihan antara Liga Perdana dan Bahagian Pertama yang baru kekal sama dengan Divisyen Pertama dan Kedua yang lama dengan tiga pasukan yang diturunkan dari liga dan tiga yang dipromosikan. <> Bilakah kelab Divisyen Pertama mengundurkan diri dari Liga Bola Sepak? || Pada tahun 1992, kelab Divisi Pertama meletak jawatan dari Liga Bola Sepak secara beramai-ramai. || pada 27 Mei 1992 Liga Perdana FA dibentuk sebagai sebuah syarikat terhad yang bekerja di pejabat di ibu pejabat Persatuan Bola Sepak di Lancaster Gate. <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang dimulakan Liga Perdana pada masa ini? || Liga Perdana akan beroperasi dengan satu bahagian <Berapa banyak bahagian Liga Bola Sepak selepas Liga Perdana ditubuhkan? || Liga Bola Sepak dengan tiga <> Adakah terdapat perubahan dalam format persaingan setelah Liga Perdana dibentuk? || Tiada perubahan dalam format persaingan; bilangan pasukan yang sama bersaing dalam penerbangan teratas <> Pada tarikh mana Liga Perdana FA dibentuk secara sah? || 27 Mei 1992 <> Dari manakah ibu pejabat organisasi yang mana kakitangan asal Liga Perdana FA beroperasi? || Persatuan Bola Sepak <> Berapa lamakah Liga Bola Sepak ketika perpisahan terjadi? || 104 <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang tersisa dalam Liga Bola Sepak selepas perpecahan? || tiga <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang dimulakan Liga Perdana selepas perpecahan? || satu bahagian", {"context": "In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate. This meant a break-up of the 104-year-old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three. There was no change in competition format; the same number of teams competed in the top flight, and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse"}], "question": "When did the First Division clubs resign from the Football League?", "id": "572fc108947a6a140053cc48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate."}], "question": "When was the FA Premier League formed as a limited company?", "id": "572fc108947a6a140053cc49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "the Premier League would operate with a single division"}], "question": "How many divisions did the Premier League start out with at this time?", "id": "572fc108947a6a140053cc4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "the Football League with three"}], "question": "How many divisions did the Football League after the the Premier League was founded?", "id": "572fc108947a6a140053cc4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "There was no change in competition format; the same number of teams competed in the top flight"}], "question": "Was there a change in the competition format after the Premier League was formed?", "id": "572fc108947a6a140053cc4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "27 May 1992"}], "question": "On which date was the FA Premier League formed legally?", "id": "5733e5f54776f41900661465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Football Association"}], "question": "Out of which organization's headquarters did the original FA Premier League staff operate out of?", "id": "5733e5f54776f41900661466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "104"}], "question": "How old was the Football League when the break-up happened?", "id": "5733e5f54776f41900661467"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many divisions were left in the Football League after the split?", "id": "5733e5f54776f41900661468"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "a single division"}], "question": "How many divisions did the Premier League start with after the split?", "id": "5733e5f54776f41900661469"}]}], ["Liga Perdana adalah liga bola sepak yang paling banyak ditonton di dunia, disiarkan di 212 wilayah untuk 643 juta rumah dan penonton TV berpotensi sebanyak 4.7 bilion orang. Dalam musim 2014-15, kehadiran perlawanan purata Liga Perdana melepasi 36,000, kedua tertinggi liga bola sepak profesional di belakang 43,500 Bundesliga. Kebanyakan stadium pendudukan adalah berhampiran kapasiti. Liga Premier menduduki tempat kedua dalam pekali liga UEFA berdasarkan persembahan dalam pertandingan Eropah sejak lima musim lalu. <> Adakah Liga Perdana liga bola sepak yang paling banyak ditonton di dunia? || Liga Perdana adalah liga bola sepak yang paling banyak ditonton di dunia, <> Berapa banyak wilayah yang disiarkan oleh Liga Perdana? || disiarkan di 212 wilayah <> Apakah penonton televisyen berpotensi Liga Perdana? || penonton TV berpotensi sebanyak 4.7 bilion orang <> Apakah piala Liga Perdana Liga UEFA berkepentingan? || Liga Perdana pangkat kedua dalam pekali UEFA liga <> Apakah kehadiran permainan purata untuk liga? || kehadiran perlawanan Liga Perdana purata melebihi 36,000 <> Berapa banyak rumah yang disiarkan oleh Liga Perdana? || 643 juta <> Berapakah bilangan kehadiran purata melebihi Liga Perdana dalam musim 2014-15? || 36,000 <> Liga mana yang mempunyai kehadiran purata tertinggi dalam bola sepak profesional? || Bundesliga <> Berapa banyak wilayah yang disiarkan oleh Liga Perdana? || 212 <> Apakah penonton televisyen yang berpotensi untuk Liga Perdana? || 4.7 bilion", {"context": "The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. In the 2014\u201315 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga's 43,500. Most stadium occupancies are near capacity. The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world,"}], "question": "Is the Premier League the most watched football league in the world?", "id": "572fb545b2c2fd140056838b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "broadcast in 212 territories"}], "question": "How many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?", "id": "572fb545b2c2fd140056838c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people"}], "question": "What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?", "id": "572fb545b2c2fd140056838d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues"}], "question": "What is the Premier League's UEFA co-efficients of leagues rank?", "id": "572fb545b2c2fd140056838f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000"}], "question": "What is the average game attendance for the league?", "id": "572fb545b2c2fd140056838e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "643 million"}], "question": "To how many homes is the Premier League broadcast to?", "id": "5733e19dd058e614000b64a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "36,000"}], "question": "What average attendance number was exceeded by the Premier League in the 2014-15 season?", "id": "5733e19dd058e614000b64aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Bundesliga"}], "question": "Which league has the highest average attendance in professional football?", "id": "5733e19dd058e614000b64ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "212"}], "question": "To how many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?", "id": "5733e19dd058e614000b64ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "4.7 billion"}], "question": "What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?", "id": "5733e19dd058e614000b64ad"}]}], ["Pertandingan ini dibentuk sebagai Liga Perdana FA pada 20 Februari 1992 berikutan keputusan kelab di Bahagian Pertama Liga Bola Sepak untuk berpisah dari Liga Bola Sepak, yang pada asalnya diasaskan pada 1888, dan memanfaatkan kesepakatan hak televisyen yang menguntungkan. Perjanjian itu bernilai \u00a3 1 bilion setahun domestik pada 2013-14, dengan BSkyB dan BT Group memperoleh hak domestik untuk menyiarkan 116 dan 38 perlawanan masing-masing. Liga menghasilkan \u20ac 2.2 bilion setahun dalam hak televisyen domestik dan antarabangsa. Pada 2014/15, pasukan dibahagi pendapatan sebanyak \u00a3 1.6 bilion. <> Apa tarikh terbentuk Liga Perdana? || Pertandingan ini dibentuk sebagai Liga Perdana FA pada 20 Februari 1992 <> Siapa yang mendapat hak domestik untuk menyiarkan permainan 116 dan 38 masing-masing? || BSkyB dan BT Group memperoleh hak domestik untuk menyiarkan 116 dan 38 perlawanan masing-masing. <> Berapakah nilai itu? || Perjanjian itu bernilai \u00a3 1 bilion setahun dalam negara pada 2013-14 <> Berapa pendapatan yang dihasilkan oleh liga dalam hak televisyen domestik dan antarabangsa? || Liga menjana \u20ac 2.2 bilion setahun dalam hak televisyen domestik dan antarabangsa <> Pada 2014/15, berapa banyak pasukan yang dibahagikan dalam pendapatan? || Pada 2014/15, pasukan dibahagi pendapatan sebanyak \u00a3 1.6 bilion. <> Bilakah asalnya Liga Perdana? || 20 Februari 1992 <> Bilakah Liga Bola Sepak asalnya diasaskan? || 1888 <> Berapa banyak permainan yang dijamin untuk disiarkan oleh BSkyB? || 116 <> Berapa banyak permainan yang dijamin untuk disiarkan oleh BT Group? || 38 <> Berapakah pendapatan yang dihasilkan oleh Liga Perdana setiap tahun di hak televisyen di seluruh dunia? || \u20ac 2.2 bilion", {"context": "The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth \u00a31 billion a year domestically as of 2013\u201314, with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively. The league generates \u20ac2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of \u00a31.6 billion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992"}], "question": "What date was the Premier League formed?", "id": "572fb39e04bcaa1900d76c0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively."}], "question": "Who secured the domestic rights to broadcast games 116 and 38 respectively?", "id": "572fb39e04bcaa1900d76c0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "The deal was worth \u00a31 billion a year domestically as of 2013\u201314"}], "question": "How much was the deal worth?", "id": "572fb39e04bcaa1900d76c0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "The league generates \u20ac2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights"}], "question": "How much revenue does the league generate in domestic and international television rights?", "id": "572fb39e04bcaa1900d76c0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of \u00a31.6 billion."}], "question": "In 2014/15, how much were the teams apportioned in revenues?", "id": "572fb39e04bcaa1900d76c0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "20 February 1992"}], "question": "When was the Premier League originally formed?", "id": "5733e07dd058e614000b6491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "1888"}], "question": "When was the Football League originally founded?", "id": "5733e07dd058e614000b6492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "116"}], "question": "How many games were secured to broadcast by BSkyB?", "id": "5733e07dd058e614000b6493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "38"}], "question": "How many games were secured to broadcast by BT Group?", "id": "5733e07dd058e614000b6494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "\u20ac2.2 billion"}], "question": "How much income does the Premier League generate per year in worldwide television rights?", "id": "5733e07dd058e614000b6495"}]}], ["Liga itu memegang musim pertamanya pada 1992-93 dan pada asalnya terdiri daripada 22 kelab. Gol pertama Liga Perdana dijaringkan oleh Brian Deane dari Sheffield United dalam kemenangan 2-1 menentang Manchester United. 22 orang ahli liga baru Liga Perdana adalah Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Ipswich Town, Leeds United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Middlesbrough, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, dan Wimbledon. Luton Town, Notts County dan West Ham United adalah tiga pasukan yang diturunkan dari bahagian pertama pada akhir musim 1991-92, dan tidak mengambil bahagian dalam musim Liga Perdana. <> Bilakah Liga Perdana memegang musim pertamanya? || Liga itu memegang musim pertamanya di 1992-93 <> Asalnya, berapa banyak kelab yang ada di Liga Perdana? || pada asalnya terdiri daripada 22 kelab. <> Siapa yang menjaringkan gol pertama untuk Liga Perdana || Gol pertama Liga Perdana dijaringkan oleh Brian Deane dari Sheffield United dalam kemenangan 2-1 menentang Manchester United. <> Blok mana yang diturunkan dari bahagian pertama pada akhir musim 1991-1992 dan tidak mengambil bahagian dalam musim Liga Perdana pertama? || Luton Town, Notts County dan West Ham United adalah tiga pasukan yang diturunkan dari bahagian pertama yang lama <> Di mana tahun itu musim pertama? || 1992-93 <> Berapa banyak kelab yang asalnya membentuk liga? || 22 <> Siapa yang menjaringkan gol pertama dalam Liga Perdana? || Brian Deane <> Pasukan mana yang menjadi matlamat pertama? || Sheffield United <> Terhadap pasukan mana yang menjadi gol pertama? || Manchester United", {"context": "The league held its first season in 1992\u201393 and was originally composed of 22 clubs. The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2\u20131 win against Manchester United. The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Ipswich Town, Leeds United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Middlesbrough, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, and Wimbledon. Luton Town, Notts County and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991\u201392 season, and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The league held its first season in 1992\u201393"}], "question": "When did the Premier League hold its first season?", "id": "572fc1dd947a6a140053cc5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "was originally composed of 22 clubs."}], "question": "Originally, how many clubs did the Premier League have?", "id": "572fc1dd947a6a140053cc5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2\u20131 win against Manchester United."}], "question": "Who scored the first ever goal for the Premier League", "id": "572fc1dd947a6a140053cc5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Luton Town, Notts County and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division"}], "question": "Which blubs were relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991-1992 season and didn't take part in the first Premier League season?", "id": "572fc1dd947a6a140053cc5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "1992\u201393"}], "question": "In which years were the first season?", "id": "5733e6a54776f41900661472"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "22"}], "question": "How many clubs originally made up the league?", "id": "5733e6a54776f41900661473"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Brian Deane"}], "question": "Who scored the first goal in the Premier League?", "id": "5733e6a54776f41900661474"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Sheffield United"}], "question": "For which team was the first goal scored?", "id": "5733e6a54776f41900661475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Manchester United"}], "question": "Against which team was the first goal scored?", "id": "5733e6a54776f41900661476"}]}], ["Pengarah Urusan London Weekend Television (LWT), Greg Dyke, bertemu dengan wakil-wakil kelab bola sepak \"lima besar\" di England pada tahun 1990. Pertemuan itu bertujuan untuk melepaskan diri dari Liga Bola Sepak. Dyke percaya bahawa ia akan lebih menguntungkan bagi LWT jika hanya kelab-kelab yang lebih besar di negara ini dipaparkan di televisyen kebangsaan dan mahu menubuhkan sama ada kelab-kelab akan berminat untuk berkongsi wang hak televisyen yang lebih besar. Lima kelab memutuskan ia adalah idea yang baik dan memutuskan untuk meneruskannya dengannya; Walau bagaimanapun, liga itu tidak akan mempunyai kredibiliti tanpa sokongan Persatuan Bola Sepak dan David Dein dari Arsenal mengadakan perbincangan untuk melihat apakah FA menerima idea itu. FA tidak menikmati hubungan baik dengan Liga Bola Sepak pada masa itu dan menganggapnya sebagai cara untuk melemahkan kedudukan Liga Bola Sepak. <> Mengapa Greg Dyke dari London Weekend Television bertemu dengan wakil lima kelab bola sepak Inggeris terbesar pada tahun 1990? || Pertemuan itu adalah untuk membuka jalan untuk berehat dari The Football League. <> Mengapa Dyke hanya mahu kelab-kelab yang lebih besar dipaparkan di televisyen kebangsaan? || Dyke percaya bahawa ia akan menjadi lebih lumayan untuk LWT jika hanya kelab-kelab yang lebih besar di negara ini dipaparkan di televisyen kebangsaan. Adakah lima kelab berpendapat ini adalah idea yang baik? || Lima kelab memutuskan ia adalah idea yang baik dan memutuskan untuk meneruskan dengannya <> Adakah ceramah diadakan dengan Persatuan Bola Sepak untuk melihat apakah mereka baik-baik dengan rancangan ini? || David Dein dari Arsenal mengadakan perbincangan untuk melihat sama ada FA menerima idea itu <> Siapakah pengarah urusan London Weekend Television? || Greg Dyke <> Pada tahun apakah pengarah urusan bertemu dengan wakil-wakil kelab bola sepak \"lima besar\"? || 1990 <> Di negara manakah pengarah urusan bertemu dengan wakil-wakil kelab bola sepak \"lima besar\"? || England <Yang wakil Arsenal mengadakan rundingan dengan Persatuan Bola Sepak tentang mendapatkan sokongan mereka untuk liga baru? || David Dein <> Apa yang ingin dilakukan Persatuan Bola Sepak dengan membina hubungan dengan liga baru? || melemahkan kedudukan Liga Bola Sepak", {"context": "The managing director of London Weekend Television (LWT), Greg Dyke, met with the representatives of the \"big five\" football clubs in England in 1990. The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League. Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television and wanted to establish whether the clubs would be interested in a larger share of television rights money. The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it; however, the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea. The FA did not enjoy an amicable relationship with the Football League at the time and considered it as a way to weaken the Football League's position.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League."}], "question": "Why did Greg Dyke of London Weekend Television meet with representatives of the biggest five English football clubs in 1990?", "id": "572fc024a23a5019007fc955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television"}], "question": "Why did Dyke only want the larger clubs featured on national television?", "id": "572fc024a23a5019007fc956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it"}], "question": "Did the five clubs think this was a good idea?", "id": "572fc024a23a5019007fc957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea"}], "question": "Were talks held with the Football Association to see if they were okay with this plan?", "id": "572fc024a23a5019007fc958"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Greg Dyke"}], "question": "Who was the London Weekend Television's managing director?", "id": "5733e4f4d058e614000b6506"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "1990"}], "question": "In which year did the managing director meet with the representatives of the \"big five\" football clubs?", "id": "5733e4f4d058e614000b6507"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "England"}], "question": "In which country did the managing director meet with the representatives of the \"big five\" football clubs?", "id": "5733e4f4d058e614000b6508"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "David Dein"}], "question": "Which Arsenal representative held talks with the Football Association about getting their backing for the new league?", "id": "5733e4f4d058e614000b6509"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "weaken the Football League's position"}], "question": "What did the Football Association want to do through building a relationship with the new league?", "id": "5733e4f4d058e614000b650a"}]}], ["Disebabkan oleh desakan Persekutuan Bola Sepak Persatuan Antarabangsa (FIFA), badan bola sepak antarabangsa, bahawa liga domestik mengurangkan bilangan kelab permainan yang dimainkan, bilangan kelab telah dikurangkan kepada 20 pada tahun 1995 apabila empat pasukan diturunkan dari liga dan hanya dua pasukan yang dipromosikan. Pada 8 Jun 2006, FIFA meminta semua liga utama Eropah, termasuk Serie A Itali dan La Liga Sepanyol dikurangkan kepada 18 pasukan dengan permulaan musim 2007-08. Liga Perdana bertindak balas dengan mengumumkan niat mereka untuk menolak pengurangan seperti itu. Akhirnya, musim 2007-08 bermula sekali lagi dengan 20 pasukan. <> Apa bilangan kelab dikurangkan pada tahun 1995. || bilangan kelab dikurangkan kepada 20 pada tahun 1995 <> Pada tahun 1995, yang meminta agar liga domestik menurunkan jumlah permainan yang dimainkan. || Disebabkan oleh desakan Persekutuan Bola Sepak Persatuan Antarabangsa (FIFA), badan bola sepak antarabangsa yang mengaku bahawa jumlah permainan yang dimainkan di setiap liga domestik mesti dikurangkan? || FIFA <> Pada tahun 1995, berapa bilangan kelab dalam liga dikurangkan? || 20 <> Pada tarikh mana FIFA meminta semua liga Eropah mengurangkan bilangan pasukan dalam diri mereka menjadi 18? || 8 Jun 2006 <> Pada musim 2007-08, berapa banyak pasukan yang ditinggalkan Liga Perdana? || 20 <> Berapa banyak pasukan yang diturunkan dari Liga Perdana pada tahun 1995? || empat", {"context": "Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football, that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played, the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted. On 8 June 2006, FIFA requested that all major European leagues, including Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007\u201308 season. The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction. Ultimately, the 2007\u201308 season kicked off again with 20 teams.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995"}], "question": "What was the number of clubs reduced to in 1995.", "id": "572fc61f04bcaa1900d76cf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football"}], "question": "In 1995, who requested that domestic leagues lower the amount of games played.", "id": "572fc61f04bcaa1900d76cf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "FIFA"}], "question": "Who insisted that the number of games played in each domestic league must be reduced?", "id": "5733e94e4776f419006614c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "20"}], "question": "In 1995, what was the number of clubs in the league reduced to?", "id": "5733e94e4776f419006614c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "8 June 2006"}], "question": "On which date did FIFA request that all European leagues reduce the number of teams within themselves to 18?", "id": "5733e94e4776f419006614c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "20"}], "question": "In the 2007-08 season, how many teams was the Premier League left with?", "id": "5733e94e4776f419006614c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many teams were relegated from the Premier League in 1995?", "id": "5733e94e4776f419006614c6"}]}], ["Antara musim 1992-93 dan musim 2012-13, kelab Liga Perdana telah memenangi Liga Juara-Juara UEFA empat kali (serta membekalkan lima pelari), di belakang La Liga Sepanyol dengan enam kemenangan, dan Serie A Itali dengan lima kemenangan, dan lebih awal, antara lain, Bundesliga Jerman dengan tiga kemenangan (lihat jadual di sini). Piala Dunia Kelab FIFA (atau Kejohanan Dunia Kelab FIFA, seperti yang asalnya dipanggil) telah dimenangi oleh kelab liga Premier sekali (Manchester United pada tahun 2008), dan mereka juga telah menjadi pelari dua kali, di belakang Brasileir\u00e3o Brazil dengan empat kemenangan , dan La Liga Sepanyol dan Serie A Itali dengan dua kemenangan masing-masing (lihat jadual di sini). <> Berapa kali pasukan Liga Perdana telah memenangi Liga Juara sejak 1992-2013? || Kelab Liga Perdana telah memenangi Liga Juara-Juara UEFA empat kali <> Berapa kali Liga Perdana memenangi Piala Dunia (FIFA Club) pada masa yang sama? || dimenangi oleh kelab liga Premier sekali (Manchester United pada tahun 2008) <> Berapa kali pasukan Liga Perdana telah menjadi pelari di Piala Dunia? || mereka juga telah menjadi pelari dua kali, <> Berapa kali kelab Liga Perdana memenangi Liga Juara antara 1992 dan 2013? || empat <> Berapa banyak pelari di Liga Juara-juara dari Liga Perdana antara 1992 dan 2013? || lima <> Liga mana yang paling menang Liga Juara antara 1992 dan 2013? || La Liga <> Liga mana yang paling menang kedua Liga Juara-Juara antara 1992 dan 2013? || Serie A <> Liga mana yang hanya mempunyai tiga kemenangan Liga Juara antara 1992 dan 2013? || Bundesliga", {"context": "Between the 1992\u201393 season and the 2012\u201313 season, Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times (as well as supplying five of the runners-up), behind Spain's La Liga with six wins, and Italy's Serie A with five wins, and ahead of, among others, Germany's Bundesliga with three wins (see table here). The FIFA Club World Cup (or the FIFA Club World Championship, as it was originally called) has been won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008), and they have also been runners-up twice, behind Brazil's Brasileir\u00e3o with four wins, and Spain's La Liga and Italy's Serie A with two wins each (see table here).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times"}], "question": "How many times have Premier League teams have won the Champions League since 1992-2013?", "id": "572fd905a23a5019007fca83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008)"}], "question": "How many times has the Premier League won the World Cup (FIFA Club) during that same time period?", "id": "572fd905a23a5019007fca84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "they have also been runners-up twice,"}], "question": "How many times have Premier League teams been runners up in the World Cup?", "id": "572fd905a23a5019007fca85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many times did Premier League clubs win the Champions League between 1992 and 2013?", "id": "5733ee434776f41900661539"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many runners up in the Champions League were from the Premier League between 1992 and 2013?", "id": "5733ee434776f4190066153a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "La Liga"}], "question": "Which league had the most Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?", "id": "5733ee434776f4190066153b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Serie A"}], "question": "Which league had the second most Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?", "id": "5733ee434776f4190066153c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Bundesliga"}], "question": "Which league had only three Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?", "id": "5733ee434776f4190066153d"}]}], ["Liga Premier menghantar wakil ke Persatuan Kelab Eropah UEFA, jumlah kelab dan kelab dipilih sendiri mengikut pekali UEFA. Untuk musim 2012-13 Liga Perdana mempunyai 10 wakil dalam Persatuan: Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Fulham, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Newcastle United dan Tottenham Hotspur. Persatuan Kelab Eropah bertanggungjawab untuk memilih tiga ahli untuk Jawatankuasa Pertandingan Kelab UEFA, yang terlibat dalam operasi pertandingan UEFA seperti Liga Juara-Juara dan Liga Europa UEFA. <> Siapa yang menentukan berapa ramai wakil Liga Premeir ada untuk Persatuan Kelab Eropah? || bilangan kelab dan kelab dipilih sendiri mengikut pekali UEFA. <> Berapa ramai wakil Liga Perdana Inggeris untuk Persatuan Kelab Eropah untuk 2012-13? || Untuk musim 2012-13 Liga Perdana mempunyai 10 wakil dalam Persatuan <> Berapa banyak ahli yang memilih Persatuan Kelab Eropah untuk UEFA's Club Competitions Committee? || Persatuan Kelab Eropah bertanggungjawab untuk memilih tiga ahli ke Jawatankuasa Pertandingan Kelab UEFA. <> Persaingan mana yang dikatakan oleh Jawatankuasa Pertandingan Kelab? || Jawatankuasa Pertandingan Kelab, yang terlibat dalam operasi pertandingan UEFA seperti Liga Juara-Juara dan Liga Europa UEFA. <> Mengikut jumlah bilangan dan mana kelab yang dipilih untuk menghadiri Persatuan Kelab Eropah? || Koefisien UEFA <> Berapakah jumlah wakil Liga Perdana Inggeris dalam Persatuan Kelab Eropah semasa musim 2012-13? || 10 <> Berapa ramai ahli Persatuan Kelab Eropah yang bertanggungjawab untuk memilih ke Jawatankuasa Pertandingan Kelab UEFA? || tiga", {"context": "The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA's European Club Association, the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients. For the 2012\u201313 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association: Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Fulham, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur. The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA's Club Competitions Committee, which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients."}], "question": "Who decides on how many Premeir League representatives there are for the European Club Association?", "id": "572fd08804bcaa1900d76d7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "For the 2012\u201313 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association"}], "question": "How many representatives does the Premier League have for the European Club Association for 2012-13?", "id": "572fd08804bcaa1900d76d7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA's Club Competitions Committee"}], "question": "How many members does the European Club Association elect for the UEFA's Club Competitions Committee?", "id": "572fd08804bcaa1900d76d7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Club Competitions Committee, which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League."}], "question": "Which competitions does the Club Competitions Committee have a say in?", "id": "572fd08804bcaa1900d76d80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "UEFA coefficients"}], "question": "According to what are the number of and which clubs chosen to attend the European Club Association?", "id": "5733ebb84776f419006614fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many representatives did the Premier League have in the European Club Association during the 2012-13 season?", "id": "5733ebb84776f419006614fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many members is the European Club Association responsible for electing to the UEFA Club Competitions Committee?", "id": "5733ebb84776f419006614fe"}]}], ["Liga Perdana mempunyai pendapatan paling tinggi dalam mana-mana liga bola sepak di dunia, dengan jumlah kelab pendapatan sebanyak \u20ac 2.48 bilion pada 2009-10. Pada tahun 2013-14, disebabkan peningkatan pendapatan televisyen dan kawalan kos, Liga Perdana mempunyai keuntungan bersih melebihi \u00a3 78 juta, melebihi semua liga bola sepak yang lain. Pada tahun 2010 Liga Perdana dianugerahkan Anugerah Ratu untuk Enterprise dalam kategori Perdagangan Antarabangsa kerana sumbangannya yang luar biasa kepada perdagangan antarabangsa dan nilai yang dibawa ke bola sepak Inggeris dan industri penyiaran United Kingdom. <> Apakah beberapa sebab bagi peningkatan pendapatan pada tahun 2013-14? || Liga Perdana mempunyai keuntungan bersih lebih dari \u00a3 78 juta, melebihi semua liga bola sepak lain <> Apa pendapatan Premier League untuk 2009-10? || jumlah pendapatan kelab sebanyak \u20ac 2.48 bilion pada tahun 2009-10. <> Anugerah mana yang dimenangi Liga Perdana pada 2010? || Pada tahun 2010 Liga Perdana dianugerahkan Anugerah Ratu untuk Enterprise dalam kategori Perdagangan Antarabangsa <> Mengapa ia menerima anugerah ini? || untuk sumbangan cemerlangnya kepada perdagangan antarabangsa dan nilai yang dibawa ke bola sepak Inggeris dan industri penyiaran United Kingdom. <> Apakah keuntungan bersih Liga Perdana pada 2013-14? || Liga Perdana mempunyai keuntungan bersih lebih dari \u00a3 78 juta, melebihi semua liga bola sepak lain <> Liga mana yang mempunyai pendapatan tertinggi di dunia? || Liga Perdana <> Berapakah jumlah pendapatan Liga Perdana pada musim 2009-10? || \u20ac 2.48 bilion <> Apa keuntungan bersih Liga Perdana pada tahun 2013-14? || \u00a3 78 juta <> Di mana tahun itu Liga Perdana dianugerahkan anugerah Perdagangan Antarabangsa? || 2010", {"context": "The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world, with total club revenues of \u20ac2.48 billion in 2009\u201310. In 2013\u201314, due to improved television revenues and cost controls, the Premier League had net profits in excess of \u00a378 million, exceeding all other football leagues. In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom's broadcasting industry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "the Premier League had net profits in excess of \u00a378 million, exceeding all other football leagues"}], "question": "What were some of the reasons for the increased revenues in 2013-14?", "id": "572fd9cd04bcaa1900d76dc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "total club revenues of \u20ac2.48 billion in 2009\u201310."}], "question": "What are the Premier League's revenues for 2009-10?", "id": "572fd9cd04bcaa1900d76dc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category"}], "question": "Which award did the Premier League win in 2010?", "id": "572fd9cd04bcaa1900d76dc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom's broadcasting industry."}], "question": "Why did it receive this award?", "id": "572fd9cd04bcaa1900d76dc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "the Premier League had net profits in excess of \u00a378 million, exceeding all other football leagues"}], "question": "What were the Premier League's net profits in 2013-14?", "id": "572fd9cd04bcaa1900d76dc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Premier League"}], "question": "Which league has the highest revenue in the world?", "id": "5733eeae4776f41900661543"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "\u20ac2.48 billion"}], "question": "What were the total revenues of the Premier League in the 2009-10 season?", "id": "5733eeae4776f41900661544"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "\u00a378 million"}], "question": "What were the net profits of the Premier League in 2013-14?", "id": "5733eeae4776f41900661545"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In which year was the Premier League awarded an International Trade award?", "id": "5733eeae4776f41900661546"}]}], ["Pasukan yang diletakkan kelima dalam Liga Perdana secara automatik layak untuk Liga UEFA Europa, dan pasukan keenam dan ketujuh boleh juga layak, bergantung kepada pemenang kedua-dua pertandingan piala domestik iaitu Piala FA dan Capital One Cup (Liga Piala ). Dua tempat Liga Europa dikhaskan untuk pemenang setiap kejohanan; jika pemenang sama ada Piala FA atau Liga Liga layak untuk Liga Juara-Juara, maka tempat itu akan pergi ke finisher terbaik di Liga Perdana Inggeris. Satu lagi tempat dalam Liga Europa UEFA juga boleh didapati melalui inisiatif Fair Play. Sekiranya Liga Perdana mempunyai salah satu daripada tiga ranking Play Fair paling tinggi di Eropah, pasukan ranking tertinggi dalam Liga Perdana Play Standings yang belum memenuhi syarat untuk Eropah akan secara automatik layak untuk pusingan kelayakan pertama Liga Europa UEFA. <> Apa yang akan tempat kelima Liga Perdana layak? || Pasukan yang diletakkan kelima dalam Liga Perdana secara automatik layak untuk Liga UEFA Europa <> Apa tempat yang dikhaskan untuk Piala FA dan pemenang Piala Liga? || Dua tempat Liga Europa dikhaskan untuk pemenang setiap kejohanan; <> Mengapa penting untuk mempunyai ranking Play Fair yang tinggi? || akan secara automatik melayakkan diri untuk pusingan kelayakan pertama UEFA Europa League <> Jika pasukan sudah layak untuk Liga Juara-Juara dan mereka memenangi Piala FA atau Piala Liga akan menjadi satu lagi pasukan untuk layak ke Liga Juara-Juara? || tempat itu akan menjadi pemain terbaik dalam Liga Perdana Inggeris. <> Berapa banyak tempat Liga Europa dikhaskan untuk pemenang kejohanan domestik? || Dua <> Ke mana liga adalah kelima pasukan Liga Perdana secara automatik layak? || UEFA Europa League <> Pasukan yang mempunyai kedudukan tertinggi dalam pameran Fair Play dijamin kelayakan untuk pusingan kelayakan di Liga Europa? || pertama", {"context": "The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify, depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the Capital One Cup (League Cup). Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament; if the winner of either the FA Cup or League Cup qualifies for the Champions League, then that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League. A further place in the UEFA Europa League is also available via the Fair Play initiative. If the Premier League has one of the three highest Fair Play rankings in Europe, the highest ranked team in the Premier League Fair Play standings which has not already qualified for Europe will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League"}], "question": "What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for?", "id": "572fd390a23a5019007fca4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament;"}], "question": "What places are reserved for the FA Cup and the League Cup winners?", "id": "572fd390a23a5019007fca4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 788, "text": "will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round"}], "question": "Why is it important to have a high Fair Play ranking?", "id": "572fd390a23a5019007fca4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League."}], "question": "If a team already qualifies for the Champions League and they winner the FA Cup or the League Cup will another team get to qualify for the Champions League?", "id": "572fd390a23a5019007fca50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many Europa League places are reserved for domestic tournament winners?", "id": "5733ed1fd058e614000b65fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "UEFA Europa League"}], "question": "To which league is the fifth place Premier League team automatically qualified for?", "id": "5733ed1fd058e614000b65fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "first"}], "question": "The team which has the highest ranking in the Fair Play standings is guaranteed qualification for which qualifying round in the Europa League?", "id": "5733ed1fd058e614000b65fc"}]}], ["Tahun-tahun selepas 2009 menandakan peralihan struktur \"Big Four\" dengan Tottenham Hotspur dan Manchester City kedua-duanya memecah ke empat teratas. Pada musim 2009-10, Tottenham menduduki tempat keempat dan menjadi pasukan pertama untuk memecahkan empat teratas sejak Everton pada tahun 2005. Kritikan mengenai jurang antara kumpulan elit \"kelab super\" dan majoriti Liga Perdana masih diteruskan, kerana peningkatan kemampuan mereka untuk menghabiskan lebih banyak daripada kelab Liga Perdana yang lain. Manchester City memenangi gelaran pada musim 2011-12, menjadi kelab pertama di luar \"Big Four\" untuk menang sejak 1994-95. Musim itu juga menyaksikan dua daripada Big Four (Chelsea dan Liverpool) selesai di luar empat tempat teratas buat kali pertama sejak 1994-95. <> Pasukan mana yang keempat dalam musim 2009-10? || Pada musim 2009-10, Tottenham menduduki tempat keempat dan menjadi pasukan pertama untuk memecahkan empat teratas sejak Everton pada tahun 2005 <> Kenapa ada kritikan terhadap kelab-kelab elit? || kerana peningkatan kemampuan mereka untuk menghabiskan lebih banyak daripada kelab Liga Perdana yang lain. <> Yang mana dua kelab \"Big Four\" tidak selesai dalam empat teratas dalam musim 2011-12? || Musim itu juga menyaksikan dua daripada Big Four (Chelsea dan Liverpool) selesai di luar empat teratas. Sejak 1994-95, yang merupakan kelab pertama di luar \"Big Four\" untuk memenangi gelaran || Manchester City memenangi gelaran pada musim 2011-12, menjadi kelab pertama di luar \"Big Four\" untuk menang sejak 1994-95. <> Pada musim 2009-10, pasukan mana yang pertama memecah masuk ke \"Big Four\" sejak tahun 2005? || Tottenham <> Di mana kedudukan Tottenham selesai pada musim 2009-10? || keempat <> Pada 2011-12, mana kelab itu adalah pasukan pertama yang bukan \"Big Four\" untuk menang sejak 1994-95? || Manchester City <> Pada 2011-12, berapa banyak kelab \"Big Four\" selesai di luar empat tempat teratas dalam liga? || dua <> Pada 2005, yang merupakan satu-satunya pasukan \"Empat Besar\" untuk memecahkan empat teratas? || Everton", {"context": "The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the \"Big Four\" with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four. In the 2009\u201310 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of \"super clubs\" and the majority of the Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs. Manchester City won the title in the 2011\u201312 season, becoming the first club outside the \"Big Four\" to win since 1994\u201395. That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four places for the first time since 1994\u201395.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "In the 2009\u201310 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005"}], "question": "Which team finished fourth in the 2009-10 season?", "id": "572fc540b2c2fd140056842d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs."}], "question": "Why was there critcism of the elite clubs?", "id": "572fc540b2c2fd140056842e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four"}], "question": "Which two \"Big Four\" clubs did not finish in the top four in the 2011-12 season?", "id": "572fc540b2c2fd1400568430"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Manchester City won the title in the 2011\u201312 season, becoming the first club outside the \"Big Four\" to win since 1994\u201395."}], "question": "Since 1994-95, who was the first club out side of the \"Big Four\" to win the title", "id": "572fc540b2c2fd140056842f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Tottenham"}], "question": "In the 2009-10 season, which team was the first to break into the \"Big Four\" since 2005?", "id": "5733e8cb4776f419006614b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "fourth"}], "question": "In which position did Tottenham finish in the 2009-10 season?", "id": "5733e8cb4776f419006614b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Manchester City"}], "question": "In 2011-12, which club was the first non-\"Big Four\" team to win since 1994-95?", "id": "5733e8cb4776f419006614b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "two"}], "question": "In 2011-12, how many \"Big Four\" clubs finished outside the top four places in the league?", "id": "5733e8cb4776f419006614b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Everton"}], "question": "In 2005, which was the only non-\"Big Four\" team to break the top four?", "id": "5733e8cb4776f419006614b7"}]}], ["Terdapat 20 kelab dalam Liga Perdana. Sepanjang musim (dari Ogos hingga Mei) setiap kelab memainkan yang lain dua kali (satu sistem pusingan berganda), sekali di stadium rumah mereka dan sekali pada lawan mereka, untuk sejumlah 38 perlawanan. Pasukan menerima tiga mata untuk kemenangan dan satu mata untuk seri. Tiada mata yang diberikan untuk kerugian. Pasukan disenaraikan oleh jumlah mata, kemudian perbezaan gol, dan kemudian menjaringkan gol. Sekiranya masih sama, pasukan dianggap sebagai menduduki kedudukan yang sama. Sekiranya terdapat pertarungan untuk kejuaraan, untuk penyingkiran, atau untuk kelayakan ke pertandingan lain, pertandingan play-off di tempat yang neutral menentukan pangkat. Tiga pasukan yang paling rendah ditempatkan dalam Kejuaraan Liga Bola Sepak, dan dua pasukan teratas dari Kejuaraan, bersama dengan pemenang pertandingan yang melibatkan kelab Kejuaraan ketiga dan keenam ditempatkan di tempat mereka. <> Bilakah Liga Perdana mempunyai musim bermain? || Sepanjang musim (dari bulan Ogos hingga Mei) <> Berapa banyak permainan setiap kelab bermain setiap musim? || setiap kelab memainkan yang lain dua kali (satu sistem pusingan dua robin), sekali di stadium rumah mereka dan sekali pada lawan mereka, untuk sejumlah 38 perlawanan. <> Berapa banyak mata yang diterima setiap kelab untuk setiap kemenangan? || Pasukan menerima tiga mata untuk menang <> Kriteria mana yang digunakan untuk menduduki peringkat kelab? || Pasukan disenaraikan oleh jumlah mata, kemudian perbezaan gol, dan kemudian menjaringkan gol. <> Bagaimana perlawanan untuk kejuaraan? || Sekiranya terdapat pertarungan untuk kejuaraan, untuk penyingkiran, atau untuk kelayakan ke pertandingan lain, pertandingan play-off di tempat yang neutral menentukan pangkat. <> Berapa banyak kelab yang kini berada dalam Liga Perdana? || 20 <> Bulan mana menandakan permulaan musim Liga Perdana? || Ogos <> Bulan mana yang menandakan permulaan musim Liga Perdana? || May <> Berapa kali setiap kelab memainkan setiap kelab lain? || dua kali <> Berapa jumlah permainan setiap kelab dalam bermain Liga Perdana setiap musim? || 38", {"context": "There are 20 clubs in the Premier League. During the course of a season (from August to May) each club plays the others twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 games. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored. If still equal, teams are deemed to occupy the same position. If there is a tie for the championship, for relegation, or for qualification to other competitions, a play-off match at a neutral venue decides rank. The three lowest placed teams are relegated into the Football League Championship, and the top two teams from the Championship, together with the winner of play-offs involving the third to sixth placed Championship clubs, are promoted in their place.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "During the course of a season (from August to May)"}], "question": "When does the Premier League have its playing season?", "id": "572fd179947a6a140053ccf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "each club plays the others twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 games."}], "question": "How many games does each club play each season?", "id": "572fd179947a6a140053ccf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Teams receive three points for a win"}], "question": "How many points does each club receive for each win?", "id": "572fd179947a6a140053ccfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored."}], "question": "Which criteria is used to rank the clubs?", "id": "572fd179947a6a140053ccfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "If there is a tie for the championship, for relegation, or for qualification to other competitions, a play-off match at a neutral venue decides rank."}], "question": "How is a tie for the championship handled?", "id": "572fd179947a6a140053ccfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many clubs are currently in the Premier League?", "id": "5733ec05d058e614000b65e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "August"}], "question": "Which month marks the start of a Premier League season?", "id": "5733ec05d058e614000b65e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "May"}], "question": "Which month marks the start of a Premier League season?", "id": "5733ec05d058e614000b65e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "twice"}], "question": "How many times does each club play every other club?", "id": "5733ec05d058e614000b65e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "38"}], "question": "How many total games does each club in the Premier League play per season?", "id": "5733ec05d058e614000b65e5"}]}], ["Satu ciri utama Liga Perdana pada pertengahan 2000 adalah dominasi kelab yang disebut \"Big Four\": Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool dan Manchester United. Sepanjang dekad ini, dan terutamanya dari tahun 2002 hingga 2009, mereka menguasai empat tempat teratas, yang mendapat kelayakan Liga Juara-Juara UEFA, mengambil empat tempat teratas dalam 5 daripada 6 musim dari 2003-04 hingga 2008-09 termasuk, dengan Arsenal sejauh memenangi liga tanpa kehilangan satu perlawanan pada 2003-04, satu-satunya masa yang pernah berlaku dalam Liga Perdana. Pada bulan Mei 2008 Kevin Keegan menyatakan bahawa dominasi \"Big Four\" mengancam pembahagian, \"Liga ini berada dalam bahaya menjadi salah satu liga yang paling membosankan tetapi hebat di dunia.\" Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Premier League, Richard Scudamore berkata dalam pertahanan: \"Terdapat banyak pertelingkahan yang berlainan dalam Liga Perdana bergantung sama ada anda berada di puncak, di tengah atau di bahagian bawah yang menjadikannya menarik.\" <> Apakah ciri penting Liga Perdana pada pertengahan 2000-an? || penguasaan yang dipanggil \"Big Four\" kelab: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool dan Manchester United <> Pasukan mana yang tidak mengalami kerugian pada 2003-2004 dan akhirnya memenangi liga? || Arsenal akan memenangi liga tanpa kalah satu perlawanan pada 2003-04 <> Kenapa Kevin Keegan prihatin terhadap liga pada bulan Mei 2008? || Kevin Keegan menyatakan bahawa penguasaan \"Empat Besar\" mengancam pembahagian, <> Sejak 2003-04, adakah mana-mana kelab memenangi semua pertandingan seperti Arsenal? || Arsenal akan memenangi liga tanpa kehilangan satu perlawanan pada 2003-04, satu-satunya masa yang pernah berlaku dalam Liga Perdana. <> Berapa banyak musim dari tahun 2003 hingga 2009 membuat \"Big Four\" mengambil semua empat tempat teratas di Liga Juara UEFA? || 5 <> Antara pasukan \"Empat Besar\" yang tidak kehilangan satu perlawanan pada musim 2003-04? || Arsenal <> Yang menyatakan bahawa dominasi \"Empat Besar\" adalah ancaman kepada pembahagian? || Kevin Keegan <> Siapa kata bahawa semua perlawanan dalam Liga Perdana menjadikannya menarik, walaupun hanya empat pasukan yang mendominasi? || Richard Scudamore <> Apa pekerjaan Richard Scudamore? || Ketua eksekutif Liga Perdana", {"context": "One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so-called \"Big Four\" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United. During this decade, and particularly from 2002 to 2009, they dominated the top four spots, which came with UEFA Champions League qualification, taking all top four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003\u201304 to 2008\u201309 inclusive, with Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003\u201304, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League. In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that \"Big Four\" dominance threatened the division, \"This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world.\" Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence: \"There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you're at the top, in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "the dominance of the so-called \"Big Four\" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United"}], "question": "What was an important feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s?", "id": "572fc3a7b2c2fd140056841d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003\u201304"}], "question": "Which team had no losses in 2003-2004 and ended up winning the league?", "id": "572fc3a7b2c2fd140056841e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Kevin Keegan stated that \"Big Four\" dominance threatened the division,"}], "question": "Why was Kevin Keegan concerned about the league in May of 2008?", "id": "572fc3a7b2c2fd140056841f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003\u201304, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League."}], "question": "Since 2003-04, has any club won all of its games like Arsenal did?", "id": "572fc3a7b2c2fd1400568420"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "5"}], "question": "In how many season from 2003 to 2009 did the \"Big Four\" take all four top places in the UEFA Champions League?", "id": "5733e7a2d058e614000b654d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Arsenal"}], "question": "Which of the \"Big Four\" teams did not lose a single game in the 2003-04 season?", "id": "5733e7a2d058e614000b654e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Kevin Keegan"}], "question": "Who stated that \"Big Four\" dominance was a threat to the division?", "id": "5733e7a2d058e614000b654f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "Richard Scudamore"}], "question": "Who said that all of the tussles in the Premier League made it interesting, even if only four teams dominated?", "id": "5733e7a2d058e614000b6550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "Premier League chief executive"}], "question": "What was Richard Scudamore's job?", "id": "5733e7a2d058e614000b6551"}]}], ["Persatuan Bola Sepak Liga Perdana (FAPL) dikendalikan sebagai sebuah syarikat dan dimiliki oleh 20 kelab anggota. Setiap kelab adalah pemegang saham, dengan satu undi masing-masing mengenai isu-isu seperti perubahan peraturan dan kontrak. Kelab-kelab memilih seorang pengerusi, ketua eksekutif, dan lembaga pengarah untuk mengawasi operasi harian liga. Pengerusi sekarang ialah Sir Dave Richards, yang dilantik pada April 1999, dan ketua eksekutifnya ialah Richard Scudamore, yang dilantik pada November 1999. Bekas ketua dan ketua eksekutif, John Quinton dan Peter Leaver, terpaksa meletak jawatan pada Mac 1999 selepas menganugerahkan kontrak perundingan kepada bekas eksekutif Sky Sam Chisholm dan David Chance. Persatuan Bola Sepak tidak terlibat secara langsung dalam operasi harian Liga Perdana Inggeris, tetapi kuasa veto sebagai pemegang saham istimewa semasa pemilihan pengerusi dan ketua eksekutif dan apabila peraturan baru diterima oleh liga. <> Berapa banyak undi setiap kelab Kelab Persatuan Bola Sepak Liga Perdana (FAPL) mengenai isu? || Setiap kelab adalah pemegang saham, dengan satu undi masing-masing mengenai isu-isu seperti perubahan peraturan dan kontrak. <> Siapa pengerusi FAPL dan ketika dia dilantik? || Pengerusi sekarang ialah Sir Dave Richards, yang telah dilantik pada April 199 <> Mengapa John Quinton dan Peter Leaver meletakkan jawatan sebagai ketua dan ketua eksekutif? || John Quinton dan Peter Leaver, terpaksa meletak jawatan pada Mac 1999 selepas memberi kontrak konsultasi kepada bekas eksekutif Sky Sam Chisholm dan David Chance. <> Adakah Persatuan Bola Sepak mengatakan mengenai pengurusan Liga Perdana? || mempunyai kuasa veto sebagai pemegang saham khas semasa pemilihan pengerusi dan ketua eksekutif dan apabila peraturan baru diterima pakai oleh liga. <> Siapa yang memiliki Liga Perdana Persatuan Bola Sepak? || kelab ahli <> Berapakah bilangan undi yang dimiliki oleh kelab ahli Liga Perdana masing-masing? || one <> Apa yang orang-orang setiap kelab memilih untuk mengawasi? || operasi harian liga <> Siapa pengerusi semasa Liga Perdana? || Sir Dave Richards <> Siapa Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif semasa Liga Perdana? || Richard Scudamore", {"context": "The Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The clubs elect a chairman, chief executive, and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league. The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards, who was appointed in April 1999, and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore, appointed in November 1999. The former chairman and chief executive, John Quinton and Peter Leaver, were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance. The Football Association is not directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts."}], "question": "How many votes does each Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) club have on issues?", "id": "572fc92904bcaa1900d76d2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards, who was appointed in April 199"}], "question": "Who is the chairman of the FAPL and when was he appointed?", "id": "572fc92904bcaa1900d76d30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "John Quinton and Peter Leaver, were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance."}], "question": "Why did John Quinton and Peter Leaver resign as chairman and chief excutive?", "id": "572fc92904bcaa1900d76d31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 782, "text": "has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league."}], "question": "Does the Football Association say about the management of the Premier League?", "id": "572fc92904bcaa1900d76d32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "member clubs"}], "question": "Who owns the Football Association Premier League?", "id": "5733eb23d058e614000b65c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many votes do the member clubs of the Premier League have each?", "id": "5733eb23d058e614000b65c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "the daily operations of the league"}], "question": "What do the people each club elect oversee?", "id": "5733eb23d058e614000b65c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Sir Dave Richards"}], "question": "Who is the current chairman of the Premier League?", "id": "5733eb23d058e614000b65c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Richard Scudamore"}], "question": "Who is the current CEO of the Premier League?", "id": "5733eb23d058e614000b65c6"}]}], ["Pengecualian kepada sistem kelayakan Eropah biasa berlaku pada tahun 2005, selepas Liverpool memenangi Liga Juara-Juara tahun lalu, tetapi tidak menyelesaikan di tempat kelayakan Liga Juara-Juara di Liga Perdana musim itu. UEFA memberikan dispensasi khas untuk Liverpool untuk memasuki Liga Juara-Juara, memberikan kelayakan lima pemain England. UEFA kemudiannya memutuskan bahawa juara bertahan itu layak untuk pertandingan tahun berikutnya tanpa mengira kedudukan liga domestik mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk liga dengan empat pemain di Liga Juara-Juara, ini bermakna jika juara Liga Juara-Juara selesai di luar empat teratas dalam liga domestiknya, ia akan melayakkan diri dengan mengorbankan pasukan keempat di liga. Tiada persatuan boleh mempunyai lebih daripada empat pemain dalam Liga Juara-Juara. Ini berlaku pada 2012, ketika Chelsea - yang telah memenangi Liga Juara-Juara pada tahun sebelumnya, tetapi menduduki tempat keenam di liga - memenuhi syarat untuk Liga Champions sebagai pengganti Tottenham Hotspur, yang masuk ke Liga Europa. <> Pasukan manakah yang tidak layak untuk Liga Juara-Juara pada tahun 2005 tetapi dapat mewakili? || UEFA memberikan dispensasi khas untuk Liverpool untuk memasuki Liga Juara-Juara. Adakah Liverpool Club berada di Liga Juara-Juara pada tahun 2005? || pada tahun 2005, selepas Liverpool memenangi Liga Juara-Juara pada tahun sebelumnya, namun tidak menyelesaikan di tempat kelayakan Liga Juara-juara. Berapa banyak penyertaan England untuk Liga Juara-Juara pada tahun 2005? || UEFA memberikan dispensasi khas untuk Liverpool untuk memasuki Liga Juara-Juara, memberikan kelayakan lima pemain England. <> Adakah juara bertahan dapat bermain di Liga Juara tahun berikutnya jika mereka tidak mempunyai cukup kemenangan untuk melayakkan || UEFA kemudiannya memutuskan bahawa juara bertahan itu layak untuk pertandingan tahun berikutnya tanpa mengira kedudukan liga domestik mereka. <> Berapa banyak pasukan yang menang dari persatuan boleh menyertai Liga Juara? || Tiada persatuan boleh mempunyai lebih daripada empat pemain di Liga Juara-Juara. Pasukan mana yang menerima dispensasi khas dari UEFA pada tahun 2005 supaya mereka dapat memasuki Liga Juara? || Liverpool <> Siapa yang membuat peraturan UEFA secara automatik layak ke Liga Juara? || juara bertahan <> Di mana belanjawan pasukan itu adakah masuk juara automatik sebelumnya ke Liga Juara-Juara tanpa meletakkan di empat teratas? || pasukan keempat <> Pada 2012, pasukan mana yang secara automatik layak untuk liga juara walaupun mereka tidak meletakkan di empat teratas? || Chelsea <> Pasukan mana yang ditolak masuk ke Liga Juara-Juara pada tahun 2012 kerana tersingkir dari juara bertahan? || Tottenham Hotspur", {"context": "An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season. UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers. UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing. However, for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League, this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league, it would qualify at the expense of the fourth-placed team in the league. No association can have more than four entrants in the Champions League. This occurred in 2012, when Chelsea \u2013 who had won the Champions League the previous year, but finished sixth in the league \u2013 qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur, who went into the Europa League.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League"}], "question": "Which team did not qualifty for Champions League in 2005 but was able to particpate?", "id": "572fd7db947a6a140053cd44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place"}], "question": "Did the Liverpool Club place in the Champions League in 2005?", "id": "572fd7db947a6a140053cd45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers."}], "question": "How many qualifiers did England have for the Champions League in 2005?", "id": "572fd7db947a6a140053cd46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing."}], "question": "Do defending champtions get to play in the following year's Champions League if they don't have enough wins to qualify", "id": "572fd7db947a6a140053cd47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "No association can have more than four entrants in the Champions League"}], "question": "How many winning teams from an association can participate in the Champions League?", "id": "572fd7db947a6a140053cd48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Liverpool"}], "question": "Which team received special dispensation from the UEFA in 2005 so they could enter the Champions League?", "id": "5733eddad058e614000b6605"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "the defending champions"}], "question": "Who did UEFA rule should automatically qualify for the Champions League?", "id": "5733eddad058e614000b6606"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "the fourth-placed team"}], "question": "At which team's expense does the previous champion's automatic entry into the Champions League without placing in the top four come?", "id": "5733eddad058e614000b6607"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "Chelsea"}], "question": "In 2012, which team was automatically qualified for the champion's league even though they did not place in the top four?", "id": "5733eddad058e614000b6608"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 971, "text": "Tottenham Hotspur"}], "question": "Which team was denied entry into the Champions League in 2012 due to being bumped out of the running by the defending champion?", "id": "5733eddad058e614000b6609"}]}], ["Televisyen telah memainkan peranan utama dalam sejarah Liga Perdana Inggeris. Keputusan Liga untuk memberikan hak penyiaran kepada BSkyB pada tahun 1992 adalah pada masa keputusan radikal, tetapi yang telah dibayar. Pada masa itu televisyen membayar adalah satu cadangan yang hampir tidak teruji di pasaran UK, seperti yang mengenakan peminat untuk menonton bola sepak televisyen secara langsung. Walau bagaimanapun, gabungan strategi Sky, kualiti bola sepak Liga Perdana dan minat orang ramai terhadap permainan telah menyaksikan nilai hak TV Liga Perdana melambung. <> Siapa yang menerima hak penyiaran ke Liga Perdana pada tahun 1992? || Keputusan Liga untuk memberikan hak penyiaran kepada BSkyB pada tahun 1992 <> Mengapa keputusan ini unik? || bayar televisyen adalah cadangan yang hampir tidak teruji di pasaran UK, <> Apa yang berlaku kepada hak televisyen Liga Perdana selepas keputusan ini? || nilai hak TV Liga Perdana melambung. <> Apakah punca ini? || gabungan strategi Sky, kualiti bola sepak Liga Perdana dan kehendak orang ramai untuk permainan <> Pada tahun apakah Liga Perdana memutuskan untuk memberi hak penyiaran BSkyB? || 1992 <> Apa jenis televisyen BSkyB yang menjadikannya penyiar radikal untuk memilih untuk Liga Perdana? || bayar televisyen", {"context": "Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League. The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision, but one that has paid off. At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market, as was charging fans to watch live televised football. However, a combination of Sky's strategy, the quality of Premier League football and the public's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League's TV rights soar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992"}], "question": "Who received broadcasting rights to the Premier League in 1992?", "id": "572fe03bb2c2fd140056853b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market,"}], "question": "Why was this a unique decision?", "id": "572fe03bb2c2fd140056853c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "the value of the Premier League's TV rights soar."}], "question": "What happened to the Premier League's televsion rights after this decision?", "id": "572fe03bb2c2fd140056853d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "a combination of Sky's strategy, the quality of Premier League football and the public's appetite for the game"}], "question": "What was the cause of this?", "id": "572fe03bb2c2fd140056853e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "1992"}], "question": "In which year did the Premier League decide to give BSkyB broadcasting rights?", "id": "5733efac4776f4190066155f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "pay television"}], "question": "What sort of television was BSkyB that made it such a radical broadcaster to choose for the Premier League?", "id": "5733efac4776f41900661560"}]}], ["Liga Premier disiarkan di Amerika Syarikat melalui NBC Sports. Penonton Liga Perdana meningkat dengan pesat, dengan NBC dan NBCSN mencatat rekod 479,000 penonton dalam musim 2014-15, naik 118% dari 2012-13 apabila liputan masih disiarkan di Fox Soccer dan ESPN / ESPN2 (220,000 penonton), dan NBC Sports telah dipuji secara meluas untuk liputannya. NBC Sports mencapai lanjutan enam tahun dengan Liga Perdana pada tahun 2015 untuk menyiarkan liga menerusi musim 2021-22 dalam perjanjian bernilai $ 1 bilion (\u00a3 640 juta). <> Siapa yang menyiarkan permainan Liga Perdana di Amerika Syarikat? || Liga Premier disiarkan di Amerika Syarikat melalui NBC Sports. <> Apakah purata penonton di Amerika Syarikat semasa musim 2014-15? || dengan NBC dan NBCSN menjaringkan 479,000 penonton pada musim 2014-15 <> Berapa tahun NBC Sports menerima pelanjutan untuk dengan Liga Perdana pada tahun 2015? || NBC Sports mencapai lanjutan enam tahun dengan Liga Perdana pada tahun 2015 <> Apakah nilai pelanjutan ini? || dalam perjanjian bernilai $ 1 bilion (\u00a3 640 juta). <> Bilakah sambungan ini akan berakhir? || melalui musim 2021-22 <> Siaran Amerika mana yang menunjukkan Liga Perdana sekarang? || NBC Sports <> Dengan apa peratusan mempunyai penonton di AS meningkat dari 2012 hingga 2015? || 118% <> Berapa banyak penonton rata-rata menonton musim Liga Perdana 2014-15 di Amerika Syarikat? || 479,000 <> Pada tahun mana NBC Sports mengamankan lanjutan enam tahun dengan Liga Perdana? || 2015 <> Berapa banyak penyiaran NBC dengan nilai Liga Premier pada tahun 2015? || $ 1 bilion", {"context": "The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports. Premier League viewership has increased rapidly, with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014\u201315 season, up 118% from 2012\u201313 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN/ESPN2 (220,000 viewers), and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage. NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021\u201322 season in a deal valued at $1 billion (\u00a3640 million).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports."}], "question": "Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in the United States?", "id": "572fe742947a6a140053cdcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014\u201315 season"}], "question": "What was the average viewership in the United States during the 2014-15 season?", "id": "572fe742947a6a140053cdcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015"}], "question": "How many years did NBC Sports receive an extension for with the Premier League in 2015?", "id": "572fe742947a6a140053cdce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "in a deal valued at $1 billion (\u00a3640 million)."}], "question": "What was the value of this extension?", "id": "572fe742947a6a140053cdcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "through the 2021\u201322 season"}], "question": "When will this extension end?", "id": "572fe742947a6a140053cdd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "NBC Sports"}], "question": "Which American broadcaster shows the Premier League currently?", "id": "5733f4e2d058e614000b6675"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "118%"}], "question": "By what percentage has viewership in the US risen from 2012 to 2015?", "id": "5733f4e2d058e614000b6676"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "479,000"}], "question": "How many viewers on average watched the Premier League 2014-15 season in the US?", "id": "5733f4e2d058e614000b6677"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "2015"}], "question": "In which year did NBC Sports secure an extension of six years with the Premier League?", "id": "5733f4e2d058e614000b6678"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "$1 billion"}], "question": "How much was the NBC broadcasting deal with the Premier League worth in 2015?", "id": "5733f4e2d058e614000b6679"}]}], ["Perjanjian hak TV antara Liga Perdana dan Sky telah berhadapan dengan tuduhan menjadi kartel, dan sejumlah kes mahkamah telah timbul akibatnya. Penyiasatan oleh Pejabat Perdagangan Fair pada tahun 2002 mendapati BSkyB menjadi dominan dalam pasaran sukan TV berbayar, tetapi menyimpulkan bahawa terdapat alasan yang tidak mencukupi untuk dakwaan bahawa BSkyB telah menyalahgunakan kedudukan dominannya. Pada Julai 1999, kaedah penjualan Liga Perdana secara kolektif untuk semua kelab ahli disiasat oleh Mahkamah Amalan Pembatasan UK, yang menyimpulkan bahawa perjanjian itu tidak bertentangan dengan kepentingan awam. <> Mengapa ada beberapa kes mahkamah terhadap Sky dan Liga Perdana? || Perjanjian hak TV antara Liga Perdana dan Sky telah menimbulkan tuduhan menjadi kartel <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Office of Fair Trading mengenai tuntutan bahawa Sky melanggar kedudukan mereka pada tahun 2002. || Pejabat Perdagangan Adil pada tahun 2002 mendapati BSkyB menjadi dominan dalam pasaran sukan TV berbayar, tetapi menyimpulkan bahawa terdapat alasan yang tidak mencukupi untuk tuntutan <> Siapa yang menyiasat hak jualan kolektif Liga Perdana pada tahun 1999? || Pada bulan Julai 1999, kaedah penjualan Liga Perdana secara kolektif untuk semua kelab ahli disiasat oleh Mahkamah Amalan Pembatasan UK, <> Apa yang mereka memutuskan mengenai isu jualan kolektif? || Mahkamah Amalan Pembatasan UK, yang menyimpulkan bahawa perjanjian itu tidak bertentangan dengan kepentingan awam. <> Apakah perjanjian antara Liga Perdana dan Sky dituduh menjadi? || cartel <> Siapa yang menyiasat perjanjian antara Liga Perdana dan Sky pada tahun 2002? || Pejabat Perdagangan Adil <> Siapa yang menyiasat bagaimana Liga Perdana menjual hak televisyen pada tahun 1999? || Mahkamah Amalan Pembatasan UK", {"context": "The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel, and a number of court cases have arisen as a result. An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market, but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position. In July 1999 the Premier League's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court, who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel"}], "question": "Why has there been a several court cases against Sky and Premier League?", "id": "572fe3d7a23a5019007fcaeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market, but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim"}], "question": "What did the Office of Fair Trading decide regarding the claim that Sky abuses their position in 2002.", "id": "572fe3d7a23a5019007fcaec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "In July 1999 the Premier League's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court,"}], "question": "Who investigated the Premier League's collective selling rights in 1999?", "id": "572fe3d7a23a5019007fcaed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "the UK Restrictive Practices Court, who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest."}], "question": "What did they decide about the collective selling issue?", "id": "572fe3d7a23a5019007fcaee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "a cartel"}], "question": "What has the agreement between the Premier League and Sky been accused of being?", "id": "5733f3694776f41900661593"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "the Office of Fair Trading"}], "question": "Who investigated the agreement between the Premier League and Sky in 2002?", "id": "5733f3694776f41900661594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "the UK Restrictive Practices Court"}], "question": "Who investigated how the Premier League sold television rights in 1999?", "id": "5733f3694776f41900661595"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2011, sebuah kelab Welsh menyertai Liga Perdana buat kali pertama selepas mendapat promosi dari Swansea City. Pertandingan Liga Perdana pertama yang dimainkan di luar England adalah perlawanan rumah Swansea City di Stadium Liberty menentang Wigan Athletic pada 20 Ogos 2011. Pada 2012-13, Swansea layak ke Liga Europa dengan memenangi Piala Liga. Bilangan kelab Welsh di Liga Perdana meningkat kepada dua buat kali pertama pada 2013-14, ketika Cardiff City mendapat promosi, tetapi Cardiff City diturunkan selepas musim pertamanya. <> Adakah Swansea layak untuk Europa Leaque pada 2012-13? || Pada 2012-13, Swansea layak ke Liga Europa <> Bilakah pertandingan rumah Swansea City dimainkan menentang Wigan Athletic? || Perlawanan rumah Swansea City di Stadium Liberty melawan Wigan Athletic pada 20 Ogos 2011. <> Pada 2013-14, berapa kelebihan kelab Welsh Liga Perdana? || Bilangan kelab Welsh di Liga Perdana meningkat kepada dua buat kali pertama pada 2013-14, <> Bagaimana Swansea layak ke Liga Europa? || Swansea layak ke Liga Europa dengan memenangi Piala Liga. <> Pasukan manakah yang mendapat promosi tetapi kemudian diturunkan selepas musim pertamanya? || pada 2013-14, sebagai Cardiff City mendapat promosi, tetapi Cardiff City telah diturunkan selepas musim pertama. <> Di mana tahun itu sebuah kelab Welsh mengambil bahagian dalam Liga Perdana buat kali pertama? || 2011 <> Pasukan mana yang dipromosikan ke Liga Perdana pada tahun 2011? || Swansea City <> Di mana stadium adalah pertandingan Liga Perdana yang pertama dimainkan di luar England? || Liberty Stadium <> Pada tarikh mana Swansea City bermain permainan Liga Perdana yang pertama? || 20 Ogos 2011 <> Terhadap pasukan mana yang Swansea City bermain permainan Liga Perdana yang pertama? || Wigan Athletic", {"context": "In 2011, a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion. The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011. In 2012\u201313, Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup. The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013\u201314, as Cardiff City gained promotion, but Cardiff City was relegated after its maiden season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "In 2012\u201313, Swansea qualified for the Europa League"}], "question": "Did Swansea qualify for the Europa Leaque in 2012-13?", "id": "572fdefc04bcaa1900d76e16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011."}], "question": "When was Swansea City's home match played against Wigan Athletic?", "id": "572fdefc04bcaa1900d76e15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013\u201314,"}], "question": "In 2013-14, how much did the Premier League's Welsh clubs increase by?", "id": "572fdefc04bcaa1900d76e18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup."}], "question": "How did Swansea qualify for the Europa League?", "id": "572fdefc04bcaa1900d76e17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "in 2013\u201314, as Cardiff City gained promotion, but Cardiff City was relegated after its maiden season."}], "question": "Which team gained promotion then but was relegated after its first season?", "id": "572fdefc04bcaa1900d76e19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In which year did a Welsh club participate in the Premier League for the first time?", "id": "5733eefdd058e614000b6621"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Swansea City"}], "question": "Which team was promoted to the Premier League in 2011?", "id": "5733eefdd058e614000b6622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Liberty Stadium"}], "question": "In which stadium was the first Premier League match played outside of England?", "id": "5733eefdd058e614000b6623"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "20 August 2011"}], "question": "On which date did Swansea City play its first Premier League game?", "id": "5733eefdd058e614000b6624"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Wigan Athletic"}], "question": "Against which team did Swansea City play its first Premier League game?", "id": "5733eefdd058e614000b6625"}]}], ["Penyertaan dalam Liga Perdana oleh sesetengah kelab Scotland atau Ireland kadang-kadang dibincangkan, tetapi tanpa hasil. Idea itu datang hampir kepada realiti pada tahun 1998, apabila Wimbledon menerima kelulusan Liga Perdana untuk berpindah ke Dublin, Ireland, tetapi langkah itu dihalang oleh Persatuan Bola Sepak Ireland. Selain itu, media kadang-kadang membincangkan idea bahawa dua pasukan terbesar di Scotland, Celtic dan Rangers, harus atau akan mengambil bahagian dalam Liga Perdana Inggeris, tetapi tidak ada perbincangan ini. <> Pasukan mana yang mendapat kebenaran untuk berpindah ke Dublin, Ireland pada tahun 1998? || pada 1998, apabila Wimbledon menerima kelulusan Liga Perdana untuk berpindah ke Dublin, Ireland, <> Adakah terdapat mana-mana kelab Scotland atau Ireland dalam Liga Perdana? || Penyertaan dalam Liga Perdana oleh sesetengah kelab Scotland atau Ireland kadang-kadang dibincangkan, tetapi tanpa hasil. <> Apakah dua pasukan terbesar di Scotland? || Dua pasukan Scotland yang terbesar, Celtic dan Rangers, <> Mengapa mereka tidak berpindah ke Dublin? || langkah itu disekat oleh Persatuan Bola Sepak Ireland. <> Pasukan mana yang menerima kelulusan Liga Perdana untuk berpindah ke Dublin? || Wimbledon <> Di mana tahun itu pasukan Liga Perdana menganggap berpindah ke Ireland? || 1998 <> Siapa yang kadang-kadang membincangkan pasukan Scotland yang menyertai Liga Perdana? || media", {"context": "Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result. The idea came closest to reality in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland, but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland. Additionally, the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland's two biggest teams, Celtic and Rangers, should or will take part in the Premier League, but nothing has come of these discussions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland,"}], "question": "Which team received permission to move to Dublin, Ireland in 1998?", "id": "572fdf8d947a6a140053cd95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result."}], "question": "Are there any clubs Scotland or Ireland in the Premier League?", "id": "572fdf8d947a6a140053cd94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Scotland's two biggest teams, Celtic and Rangers,"}], "question": "What are Scotland's two largest teams?", "id": "572fdf8d947a6a140053cd97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland."}], "question": "Why didn't they move to Dublin?", "id": "572fdf8d947a6a140053cd96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Wimbledon"}], "question": "Which team received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin?", "id": "5733ef4b4776f41900661551"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "1998"}], "question": "In which year did a Premier League team consider relocating to Ireland?", "id": "5733ef4b4776f41900661552"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "the media"}], "question": "Who occasionally discusses a Scottish team joining the Premier League?", "id": "5733ef4b4776f41900661553"}]}], ["Terdapat jurang yang semakin meningkat antara Liga Perdana Inggeris dan Liga Bola Sepak. Sejak perpecahannya dengan Liga Bola Sepak, banyak kelab yang ditubuhkan di Liga Perdana telah berjaya menjauhkan diri dari rakan-rakan mereka di liga yang lebih rendah. Memandangkan sebahagian besar perbezaan dalam pendapatan daripada hak televisyen di antara liga, banyak pasukan yang baru dinaikkan pangkat telah mendapati sukar untuk mengelakkan penyingkiran di musim pertama mereka di Liga Perdana. Dalam setiap musim kecuali 2001-02 dan 2011-12, sekurang-kurangnya satu pendatang baru Liga Perdana telah diturunkan semula ke Liga Bola Sepak. Pada 1997-98, ketiga-tiga kelab yang dipromosikan telah diturunkan pada akhir musim. <> Kenapa jaraknya antara Liga Perdana Inggeris dan Liga Bola Sepak? || sebahagian besarnya untuk perbezaan dalam pendapatan dari hak televisyen antara liga, <> Adakah banyak pasukan baru dalam Liga Perdana mempunyai sebarang kesulitan dalam musim awal mereka? || banyak pasukan baru yang dinaikkan pangkat telah mendapati sukar untuk mengelakkan penyingkiran di musim pertama mereka di Liga Perdana. <> Adakah luar biasa bagi pasukan baru untuk kembali ke Liga Bola Sepak selepas musim pertama mereka di Liga Perdana? || Dalam setiap musim kecuali 2001-02 dan 2011-12, sekurang-kurangnya satu pendatang baru Liga Perdana telah diturunkan semula ke Liga Bola Sepak. <> Pada musim 1997-98 berapa banyak pasukan baru terpaksa kembali ke Liga Bola Sepak? || Pada 1997-98, ketiga-tiga kelab yang dipromosikan telah diturunkan pada akhir musim. <> Oleh kerana perbezaan dalam pendapatan hak televisyen antara liga, yang berjuang untuk mengelakkan penyingkiran di musim pertama Liga Perdana mereka? || Pasukan yang baru digalakkan <> Dalam setiap musim tetapi 2001-02 dan 2011-12, sekurang-kurangnya berapa banyak pasukan Liga Perdana telah diturunkan? || satu <> Berapa banyak kelab yang baru digalakkan diturunkan dari Liga Perdana pada 1997-98? || tiga", {"context": "There has been an increasing gulf between the Premier League and the Football League. Since its split with the Football League, many established clubs in the Premier League have managed to distance themselves from their counterparts in lower leagues. Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues, many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League. In every season except 2001\u201302 and 2011\u201312, at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League. In 1997\u201398 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues,"}], "question": "Why has their been distance between the Premier League and the Football League?", "id": "572fe9d104bcaa1900d76e9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League."}], "question": "Did many new teams in the Premier League have any difficulties in their initial season?", "id": "572fe9d104bcaa1900d76ea0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "In every season except 2001\u201302 and 2011\u201312, at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League."}], "question": "Was it unusual for a new team to go back to the Football League after their first season in the Premier League?", "id": "572fe9d104bcaa1900d76ea1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "In 1997\u201398 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season."}], "question": "In the 1997-98 season how many new teams had to go back to the Football League?", "id": "572fe9d104bcaa1900d76ea2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "newly promoted teams"}], "question": "Due to the disparity in television rights revenue between leagues, who struggles to avoid relegation in their Premier League first season?", "id": "5733f58f4776f419006615b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "one"}], "question": "In every season but 2001-02 and 2011-12, at least how many Premier League teams have been relegated?", "id": "5733f58f4776f419006615b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many newly promoted clubs were relegated from the Premier League in 1997-98?", "id": "5733f58f4776f419006615b7"}]}], ["Liga Perdana menjual hak televisyen secara kolektif. Ini bertentangan dengan beberapa Liga Eropah yang lain, termasuk La Liga, di mana setiap kelab menjual haknya secara individu, yang membawa kepada bahagian yang lebih tinggi dari jumlah pendapatan yang pergi ke beberapa kelab teratas. Wang dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian: separuh dibahagikan sama rata antara kelab; satu perempat diberikan berdasarkan merit berdasarkan kedudukan liga terakhir, kelab teratas mendapat dua puluh kali lebih banyak daripada kelab bawah, dan langkah yang sama sepanjang jalan ke bawah meja; suku akhir dibayar sebagai bayaran kemudahan untuk permainan yang ditunjukkan di televisyen, dengan kelab-kelab teratas umumnya menerima saham terbesar ini. Pendapatan dari hak luar negeri dibahagikan sama rata antara dua puluh kelab. <> Adakah Liga Eropah menjual hak televisyen mereka secara kolektif? || Lain-lain Liga Eropah, termasuk La Liga, di mana setiap kelab menjual haknya secara individu <> Apa yang berlaku apabila Liga Eropah menjual hak televisyen masing-masing? || bahagian yang lebih tinggi dari jumlah pendapatan yang pergi ke beberapa kelab teratas <> Bagaimana pendapatan teleivsion diagihkan di Liga Perdana? || Wang dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian: <> Bagaimana separuh daripada wang itu diedarkan? || separuh dibahagikan sama rata antara kelab <> Bagaimana bahagian akhir wang diedarkan? || suku akhir dibayar sebagai bayaran kemudahan untuk permainan yang ditunjukkan di televisyen, dengan kelab-kelab teratas umumnya menerima saham terbesar ini. <> Atas dasar apa dasar Liga Perdana menjual hak televisyennya? || dasar kolektif <> Bagaimana La Liga menjual hak penyiarannya? || secara individu <> Kelab manakah yang mendapat bahagian terbesar penyiaran pendapatan apabila hak dijual secara individu? || beberapa kelab teratas <> Sebanyak peratus pendapatan penyiaran dibahagikan sama rata oleh semua kelab La Liga? || separuh <> Berapakah peratusan pendapatan penyiaran diberikan berdasarkan merit berdasarkan ranking pada akhir musim? || satu suku", {"context": "The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis. This is in contrast to some other European Leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually, leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs. The money is divided into three parts: half is divided equally between the clubs; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position, the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club, and equal steps all the way down the table; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television, with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this. The income from overseas rights is divided equally between the twenty clubs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "other European Leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually"}], "question": "Do European Leagues sell their television rights per a collective level?", "id": "572fe161947a6a140053cdb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs"}], "question": "What happens when European Leagues sell their televsion rights individually?", "id": "572fe161947a6a140053cdb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "The money is divided into three parts:"}], "question": "How is the teleivsion revenue distributed in the Premier League?", "id": "572fe161947a6a140053cdb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "half is divided equally between the clubs"}], "question": "How is half of the money distributed?", "id": "572fe161947a6a140053cdb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television, with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this."}], "question": "How is the final quarter of the money distributed?", "id": "572fe161947a6a140053cdb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "collective basis"}], "question": "On what sort of basis does the Premier League sell its television rights?", "id": "5733f0354776f41900661563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "individually"}], "question": "How does La Liga sell its broadcasting rights?", "id": "5733f0354776f41900661564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "the top few clubs"}], "question": "Which clubs get the greatest share of broadcasting income when rights are sold individually?", "id": "5733f0354776f41900661565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "half"}], "question": "What percentage of broadcasting revenue is divided equally by all La Liga clubs?", "id": "5733f0354776f41900661566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "one quarter"}], "question": "What percentage of broadcasting revenue is awarded on a merit basis according to ranking at the end of the season?", "id": "5733f0354776f41900661567"}]}], ["BBC mengetengahkan pakej pada hari Sabtu dan Ahad, serta malam-malam yang lain apabila pertandingan membenarkan, akan berlangsung hingga 2016. Hak televisyen sahaja untuk tempoh 2010 hingga 2013 telah dibeli dengan harga \u00a3 1,782 bilion. Pada 22 Jun 2009, disebabkan oleh masalah yang dihadapi oleh Setanta Sports selepas ia gagal menemui tarikh akhir akhir pembayaran \u00a3 30 juta kepada Liga Perdana, ESPN telah dianugerahkan dua pakej hak UK yang mengandungi sejumlah 46 pertandingan yang tersedia untuk Musim 2009-10 serta pakej 23 perlawanan setiap musim dari 2010-11 hingga 2012-13. Pada 13 Jun 2012, Liga Perdana mengumumkan bahawa BT telah dianugerahkan 38 perlawanan untuk musim 2013-14 hingga 2015-16 pada \u00a3 246 juta setahun. Baki 116 perlawanan dikekalkan oleh Sky yang membayar \u00a3 760 juta setahun. Jumlah hak dalam negeri telah menaikkan \u00a3 3.018 bilion, peningkatan 70.2% berbanding hak 2010-11 hingga 2012-13. Nilai perjanjian pelesenan meningkat sebanyak 70.2% pada tahun 2015, apabila Sky dan BT membayar sejumlah \u00a3 5.136 bilion untuk memperbaharui kontrak mereka dengan Liga Perdana selama tiga tahun lagi sehingga musim 2018-19. <> Berapa banyak wang yang diperoleh Liga Perdana berhubung hak televisyen pada tahun 2010-13? || Hak televisyen sahaja untuk tempoh 2010 hingga 2013 telah dibeli dengan harga \u00a3 1,782 bilion. <> Berapa banyak permainan yang menunjukkan BT pada 2013-16? || BT telah dianugerahkan 38 perlawanan musim untuk musim 2013-14 hingga 2015-16 pada \u00a3 246 juta setahun. <> Siapa yang akan menunjukkan 116 permainan untuk tempoh masa yang sama? || Baki 116 perlawanan dikekalkan oleh Sky yang membayar \u00a3 760 juta setahun. <> Berapakah hak televisyen domestik meningkat dari 2010-12 hingga 2012-13? || Jumlah hak dalam negeri telah menaikkan \u00a3 3.018 bilion, peningkatan 70.2% berbanding hak 2010-11 hingga 2012-13. <> Berapa BT dan Sky membayar hak mereka sehingga musim 2018-19? || Sky dan BT membayar sejumlah \u00a3 5.136 bilion untuk memperbaharui kontrak mereka dengan Liga Perdana selama tiga tahun lagi sehingga musim 2018-19. <> Bilakah hujung minggu BBC menyoroti pakej habis? || 2016 <> Berapa banyak hak televisyen Liga Perdana dari tahun 2010 hingga 2013 yang dibeli? || \u00a3 1.782 bilion <> Bilakah Setanta Sports gagal memenuhi tarikh akhir pembayaran? || 22 Jun 2009 <> Apabila Setanta Sports tidak dapat membayar bil mereka ke liga, rangkaian mana yang mengambil hak siaran daripada mereka? || ESPN <> Pada tarikh mana ia diumumkan bahawa BT telah dianugerahkan kontrak penyiaran? || 13 Jun 2012", {"context": "The BBC's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights, as well as other evenings when fixtures justify, will run until 2016. Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for \u00a31.782 billion. On 22 June 2009, due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a \u00a330 million payment to the Premier League, ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009\u201310 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010\u201311 to 2012\u201313. On 13 June 2012, the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013\u201314 through 2015\u201316 seasons at \u00a3246 million-a-year. The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid \u00a3760 million-a-year. The total domestic rights have raised \u00a33.018 billion, an increase of 70.2% over the 2010\u201311 to 2012\u201313 rights. The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2% in 2015, when Sky and BT paid a total of \u00a35.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018\u201319 season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for \u00a31.782 billion."}], "question": "How much money did Premier League earn regarding television rights in 2010-13?", "id": "572fe534a23a5019007fcaf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013\u201314 through 2015\u201316 seasons at \u00a3246 million-a-year."}], "question": "How many games did BT show in 2013-16?", "id": "572fe534a23a5019007fcaf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid \u00a3760 million-a-year."}], "question": "Who will show 116 games for that same time period?", "id": "572fe534a23a5019007fcaf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "The total domestic rights have raised \u00a33.018 billion, an increase of 70.2% over the 2010\u201311 to 2012\u201313 rights."}], "question": "How much have the domestic televsion rights increased from 2010-12 to 2012-13?", "id": "572fe534a23a5019007fcaf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 973, "text": "Sky and BT paid a total of \u00a35.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018\u201319 season."}], "question": "How much did BT and Sky pay for their rights up to the 2018-19 season?", "id": "572fe534a23a5019007fcaf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "2016"}], "question": "When will the BBC's weekend highlights package run out?", "id": "5733f3f3d058e614000b6659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "\u00a31.782 billion"}], "question": "How much were Premier League television rights from 2010 to 2013 purchased for?", "id": "5733f3f3d058e614000b665a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "22 June 2009"}], "question": "When did Setanta Sports fail to meet their payments deadline?", "id": "5733f3f3d058e614000b665b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "ESPN"}], "question": "When Setanta Sports could not pay their bill to the league, which network took over broadcast rights from them?", "id": "5733f3f3d058e614000b665c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "13 June 2012"}], "question": "On which date was it announced that BT was awarded a broadcasting contract?", "id": "5733f3f3d058e614000b665d"}]}], ["Liga Premier sangat popular di Asia, di mana ia adalah program sukan paling banyak diedarkan. Di Australia, Fox Sports menyiarkan hampir kesemua 380 pertandingan musim ini secara langsung, dan Foxtel memberi pelanggan pilihan untuk memilih perlawanan Sabtu 3pm untuk ditonton. Di India, pertandingan disiarkan secara langsung di STAR Sports. Di China, hak penyiaran diberikan kepada Super Sports dalam perjanjian enam tahun yang bermula pada musim 2013-14. Sehingga musim 2013-14, hak siaran Kanada ke Liga Perdana dimiliki bersama oleh Sportsnet dan TSN, dengan kedua-dua rangkaian saingan memegang hak untuk 190 perlawanan setiap musim. <> Negara apakah Liga Perdana yang disiarkan di televisyen? || Liga Perdana sangat popular di Asia, di mana ia adalah program sukan yang paling banyak disebarkan <> Siapa yang menyiarkan permainan Liga Perdana di India? || Di India, pertandingan disiarkan secara langsung di STAR Sports. Di China <> Siapa yang menyiarkan permainan Liga Perdana di China? || Di China, hak penyiaran diberikan kepada Super Sports dalam perjanjian enam tahun yang bermula pada musim 2013-14. <> Siapa yang menyiarkan permainan Liga Perdana di Kanada? || Sehingga musim 2013-14, hak siaran Kanada ke Liga Perdana dimiliki bersama oleh Sportsnet dan TSN <> Berapa banyak permainan yang disiarkan setiap satunya? || kedua-dua rangkaian saingan memegang hak untuk 190 perlawanan setiap musim. <> Di mana benua selain dari Eropah adalah Liga Perdana terutama popular? || Asia <> Jaringan mana yang menjadi penyiar langsung utama Liga Perdana di Australia? || Fox Sports <> Jaringan mana di Australia menawarkan penonton pilihan yang perlawanan Sabtu petang mereka menonton? || Foxtel <> Siaran rangkaian yang mana Liga Perdana tinggal di India? || STAR Sports <> Penyiar Cina mana yang mempunyai hak Liga Perdana? || Sukan Super", {"context": "The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia, where it is the most widely distributed sports programme. In Australia, Fox Sports broadcasts almost all of the season's 380 matches live, and Foxtel gives subscribers the option of selecting which Saturday 3pm match to watch. In India, the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports. In China, the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six-year agreement that began in the 2013\u201314 season. As of the 2013\u201314 season, Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN, with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia, where it is the most widely distributed sports programme"}], "question": "What country is the Premier League the most distributed televised sports broadcast?", "id": "572fe613a23a5019007fcb07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "In India, the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports. In China"}], "question": "Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in India?", "id": "572fe613a23a5019007fcb08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "In China, the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six-year agreement that began in the 2013\u201314 season."}], "question": "Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in China?", "id": "572fe613a23a5019007fcb09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "As of the 2013\u201314 season, Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN"}], "question": "Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in Canada?", "id": "572fe613a23a5019007fcb0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season."}], "question": "How many games does each of them broadcast?", "id": "572fe613a23a5019007fcb0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Asia"}], "question": "On which continent other than Europe is the Premier League especially popular?", "id": "5733f46dd058e614000b666b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Fox Sports"}], "question": "Which network is the main live broadcaster of Premier League in Australia?", "id": "5733f46dd058e614000b666c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Foxtel"}], "question": "Which network in Australia offers viewers the choice of which Saturday afternoon match they watch?", "id": "5733f46dd058e614000b666d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "STAR Sports"}], "question": "Which network broadcasts Premier League live in India?", "id": "5733f46dd058e614000b666e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Super Sports"}], "question": "Which Chinese broadcaster has Premier League rights?", "id": "5733f46dd058e614000b666f"}]}], ["Perjanjian hak televisyen Sky pertama bernilai \u00a3 304 juta selama lima musim. Kontrak seterusnya, yang dirunding untuk bermula dari musim 1997-98, meningkat kepada \u00a3 670 juta selama empat musim. Kontrak ketiga adalah perjanjian \u00a3 1,024 bilion dengan BSkyB untuk tiga musim dari 2001-02 hingga 2003-04. Liga membawa \u00a3 320 juta daripada penjualan hak antarabangsa untuk tempoh tiga tahun dari 2004-05 hingga 2006-07. Ia menjual haknya sendiri berdasarkan wilayah mengikut wilayah. Monopoli Sky telah dipecah dari Ogos 2006 apabila Setanta Sports dianugerahkan hak untuk menunjukkan dua dari enam pakej perlawanan yang tersedia. Ini berlaku berikutan desakan oleh Suruhanjaya Eropah bahawa hak eksklusif tidak boleh dijual kepada satu syarikat televisyen. Sky dan Setanta membayar sejumlah \u00a3 1.7 bilion, peningkatan dua pertiga yang banyak mengejutkan para pengulas kerana ia dianggap secara meluas bahawa nilai hak-hak tersebut telah bertambah berikutan bertahun-tahun pertumbuhan pesat. Setanta juga memegang hak untuk perlawanan 3hari langsung semata-mata untuk penonton Ireland. BBC mengekalkan hak untuk memaparkan sorotan untuk tiga musim yang sama (pada Match of the Day) untuk \u00a3 171.6 juta, peningkatan 63 peratus pada \u00a3 105 juta yang dibayarkan untuk tempoh tiga tahun sebelumnya. Sky dan BT bersetuju untuk bersama-sama membayar \u00a3 84.3 juta untuk hak televisyen yang tertangguh kepada 242 permainan (hak untuk menyiarkannya secara penuh di televisyen dan melalui internet) dalam kebanyakan kes untuk tempoh 50 jam selepas pukul 10 malam pada hari perlawanan. Hak televisyen di luar negeri mengambil \u00a3 625 juta, hampir dua kali ganda kontrak sebelumnya. Jumlah yang diperoleh dari tawaran ini adalah lebih daripada \u00a3 2.7 bilion, memberikan kelab Liga Perdana pendapatan media purata dari permainan liga sekitar \u00a3 40 juta-setahun dari 2007 hingga 2010. <> Berapa jumlah lima musim pertama hak televisyen Sky? || Perjanjian hak televisyen Sky pertama bernilai \u00a3 304 juta selama lima musim. <> Berapa ramai yang membuat Liga Perdana daripada menjual hak asasi mereka pada tahun 2004-07? || Liga membawa \u00a3 320 juta daripada penjualan hak antarabangsa untuk tempoh tiga tahun dari 2004-05 hingga 2006-07 <> Apa yang berlaku pada perjanjian Sky pada 2006. || Monopoli Sky telah dipecah dari Ogos 2006 apabila Setanta Sports dianugerahkan hak untuk menunjukkan dua dari enam pakej perlawanan yang tersedia. <> Mengapa ini berlaku? || Ini berlaku berikutan desakan oleh Suruhanjaya Eropah bahawa hak eksklusif tidak boleh dijual kepada satu syarikat televisyen. <> Berapa purata pendapatan dari media dari 2007-2010 untuk Liga Perdana? || memberi kelab Liga Perdana sebagai pendapatan media purata dari permainan liga sekitar \u00a3 40 juta setahun dari tahun 2007 hingga 2010. <> Berapa banyak musim yang pernah dianugerahkan kontrak hak cipta pertama kepada Sky? || lima <> Berapakah kontrak hak televisyen pertama yang diberikan kepada Sky? || \u00a3 304 juta <> Berapakah kontrak hak televisyen kedua yang diberikan kepada Sky? || \u00a3 670 juta <> Berapakah kontrak hak televisyen ketiga yang diberikan kepada Sky? || \u00a3 1.024 bilion <> Dengan diberi hak televisyen, yang rangkaian lain memecahkan monopoli Sky pada liputan Liga Perdana? || Setanta Sports", {"context": "The first Sky television rights agreement was worth \u00a3304 million over five seasons. The next contract, negotiated to start from the 1997\u201398 season, rose to \u00a3670 million over four seasons. The third contract was a \u00a31.024 billion deal with BSkyB for the three seasons from 2001\u201302 to 2003\u201304. The league brought in \u00a3320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three-year period from 2004\u201305 to 2006\u201307. It sold the rights itself on a territory-by-territory basis. Sky's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available. This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company. Sky and Setanta paid a total of \u00a31.7 billion, a two-thirds increase which took many commentators by surprise as it had been widely assumed that the value of the rights had levelled off following many years of rapid growth. Setanta also hold rights to a live 3 pm match solely for Irish viewers. The BBC has retained the rights to show highlights for the same three seasons (on Match of the Day) for \u00a3171.6 million, a 63 per cent increase on the \u00a3105 million it paid for the previous three-year period. Sky and BT have agreed to jointly pay \u00a384.3 million for delayed television rights to 242 games (that is the right to broadcast them in full on television and over the internet) in most cases for a period of 50 hours after 10 pm on matchday. Overseas television rights fetched \u00a3625 million, nearly double the previous contract. The total raised from these deals is more than \u00a32.7 billion, giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around \u00a340 million-a-year from 2007 to 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The first Sky television rights agreement was worth \u00a3304 million over five seasons."}], "question": "How much was the amount of first five seasons of the Sky television rights?", "id": "572fe288b2c2fd140056855d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "The league brought in \u00a3320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three-year period from 2004\u201305 to 2006\u201307"}], "question": "How much many did the Premier League make from selling its internation rights during 2004-07?", "id": "572fe288b2c2fd140056855e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Sky's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available."}], "question": "What happened to Sky's agreement in 2006.", "id": "572fe288b2c2fd140056855f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company."}], "question": "Why did this happen?", "id": "572fe288b2c2fd1400568560"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1643, "text": "giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around \u00a340 million-a-year from 2007 to 2010."}], "question": "What was the average income from media from 2007-2010 for the Premier League?", "id": "572fe288b2c2fd1400568561"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many seasons did the first television rights contract award to Sky?", "id": "5733f3234776f41900661589"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "\u00a3304 million"}], "question": "How much was the first television rights contract awarded to Sky worth?", "id": "5733f3234776f4190066158a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "\u00a3670 million"}], "question": "How much was the second television rights contract awarded to Sky worth?", "id": "5733f3234776f4190066158b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "\u00a31.024 billion"}], "question": "How much was the third television rights contract awarded to Sky worth?", "id": "5733f3234776f4190066158c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Setanta Sports"}], "question": "By being awarded television rights, which other network broke Sky's monopoly on Premier League coverage?", "id": "5733f3234776f4190066158d"}]}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada kebimbangan bahawa kelab-kelab semakin melepasi pemain Inggeris muda memihak kepada pemain asing, pada tahun 1999, Pejabat Rumah mengetatkan peraturannya untuk memberikan permit kerja kepada pemain dari negara-negara di luar Kesatuan Eropah. Pemain bukan EU yang memohon permit itu mestilah dimainkan untuk negaranya dalam sekurang-kurangnya 75 peratus daripada perlawanan pasukan 'A' kompetitifnya yang mana ia boleh didapati untuk pemilihan dalam tempoh dua tahun sebelumnya, dan negaranya mesti mempunyai purata sekurang-kurangnya Tempat ke-70 dalam ranking dunia FIFA rasmi sejak dua tahun lalu. Sekiranya pemain tidak memenuhi kriteria tersebut, kelab yang ingin menandatanganinya boleh merayu. <> Mengapa Pejabat Home mengubahnya mengesahkan perihal kerja pada tahun 1999? || Sebagai tindak balas kepada kebimbangan bahawa kelab-kelab semakin melewati pemain muda Inggeris yang memihak kepada pemain asing <> Apa salah satu perubahan mereka? || Pemain bukan EU yang memohon permit itu mestilah dimainkan untuk negaranya dalam sekurang-kurangnya 75 peratus pertandingan pasukan 'A' kompetitif <> Apa keperluan lain pemain asing? || negaranya mesti mempunyai kedudukan purata sekurang-kurangnya di kedudukan ke-70 dalam ranking dunia FIFA rasmi sejak dua tahun sebelumnya. <> Bolehkah sebuah kelab merayu syarat? || Sekiranya pemain tidak memenuhi kriteria tersebut, kelab yang ingin menandatanganinya boleh merayu. <> Dalam tahun apakah Pejabat Rumah mengetatkan peraturan mengenai pemberian izin kerja kepada pemain bola sepak asing? || 1999 <> Untuk apa peratus mesti pemain bermain perlawanan A yang berdaya saing yang mana ia boleh didapati untuk pemilihan dalam dua tahun yang lalu untuk mendapatkan permit kerja dari Home OFfice? || 75 <> Dalam tempoh dua tahun yang lalu, apakah pangkat pasukan harus rata-rata pasukan pemain sekurang-kurangnya supaya mereka dapat menerima izin kerja dari Office Home? || 70 tempat <> Apa yang dapat dilakukan oleh kelab jika pemain yang mereka mahu tandatangan tidak memenuhi syarat permit kerja Office Home? || rayuan", {"context": "In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players, in 1999, the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union. A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive 'A' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years, and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years. If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players"}], "question": "Why did the Home Office change it rules regardin work permits in 1999?", "id": "572ff1a704bcaa1900d76f09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive 'A' team matches"}], "question": "What was one of their changes?", "id": "572ff1a704bcaa1900d76f0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years."}], "question": "What was another requirement of foreign players?", "id": "572ff1a704bcaa1900d76f0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal."}], "question": "Could a club appeal a requirement?", "id": "572ff1a704bcaa1900d76f0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "1999"}], "question": "In which year did the Home Office tighten rules on granting work permits to foreign football players?", "id": "5733f914d058e614000b66d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "75"}], "question": "For what percent must a player play of the competitive A team matches for which he was available for selection in the previous two years to get a work permit from the Home OFfice?", "id": "5733f914d058e614000b66da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "70th place"}], "question": "Over the last two years, what rank must a player's team average at least in order for them to receive a work permit from the Home Office?", "id": "5733f914d058e614000b66db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "appeal"}], "question": "What can a club do if a player they wish to sign does not meet the Home Office's work permit requirements?", "id": "5733f914d058e614000b66dc"}]}], ["Liga Perdana mengedarkan sebahagian pendapatan televisyennya kepada kelab yang diturunkan dari liga dalam bentuk \"pembayaran payung terjun\". Bermula dengan musim 2013-14, bayaran ini melebihi \u00a3 60 juta selama empat musim. Walaupun direka untuk membantu pasukan menyesuaikan diri dengan kehilangan pendapatan televisyen (rata-rata pasukan Liga Perdana menerima \u00a3 55 juta sementara purata kelab Liga Bola Sepak Championship menerima \u00a3 2 juta), pengkritik mengekalkan bahawa pembayaran sebenarnya melebarkan jurang antara pasukan yang telah mencapai Liga Perdana dan mereka yang tidak, membawa kepada kejadian biasa pasukan \"melantun semula\" tidak lama selepas penyingkiran mereka. Bagi sesetengah kelab yang gagal memenangi promosi segera ke Liga Perdana, masalah kewangan, termasuk dalam beberapa kes pentadbiran atau pembubaran juga telah diikuti. Penyingkiran lebih lanjut dari tangga bola sepak telah berlaku untuk beberapa kelab yang tidak dapat mengatasi jurang itu. <> Jika pasukan diturunkan di Liga Perdana apa jenis bayaran tv yang mereka terima? || Liga Perdana mengedarkan sebahagian pendapatan televisyennya kepada kelab yang diturunkan dari liga dalam bentuk \"pembayaran payung terjun\". <> Apa yang dikatakan pengkritik mengenai pembayaran ini? || pengkritik mengekalkan bahawa pembayaran sebenarnya melebarkan jurang antara pasukan yang telah mencapai Liga Perdana dan yang tidak, <> Apa yang terjadi pada beberapa kelab yang tidak dapat kembali ke Liga Perdana? || masalah kewangan <> Berapakah purata kelab Liga Bola Sepak menerima pendapatan televisyen mereka? || kelab bola sepak Liga Bola Sepak purata menerima \u00a3 2 juta <> Bagaimana ini membandingkan purata pasukan Liga Perdana? || pasukan purata Liga Perdana menerima \u00a3 55 juta <> Untuk mana jenis pasukan bayaran payung terjadilah di dalam Liga Perdana? || Diturunkan <> Bermula pada musim 2013-14, pembayaran payung terjun adalah melebihi jumlah pendapatan? || \u00a3 60 juta <> Apa yang dikatakan untuk melebar antara kelab yang mencapai Liga Perdana dan mereka yang tidak berkat pembayaran payung terjun? || jurang", {"context": "The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of \"parachute payments\". Starting with the 2013\u201314 season, these payments are in excess of \u00a360 million over four seasons. Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues (the average Premier League team receives \u00a355 million while the average Football League Championship club receives \u00a32 million), critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not, leading to the common occurrence of teams \"bouncing back\" soon after their relegation. For some clubs who have failed to win immediate promotion back to the Premier League, financial problems, including in some cases administration or even liquidation have followed. Further relegations down the footballing ladder have ensued for several clubs unable to cope with the gap.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of \"parachute payments\"."}], "question": "If a team is relegated in the Premier League what type of tv payment do they receive?", "id": "572febe6b2c2fd14005685e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not,"}], "question": "What do critics have to say about this payment?", "id": "572febe6b2c2fd14005685e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "financial problems"}], "question": "What has happened to some of the clubs who weren't able to get back into the Premier League right away?", "id": "572febe6b2c2fd14005685e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "the average Football League Championship club receives \u00a32 million"}], "question": "How much does a Football League club receive on average for their television revenues?", "id": "572febe6b2c2fd14005685e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "the average Premier League team receives \u00a355 million"}], "question": "How does this compare an average Premier League team?", "id": "572febe6b2c2fd14005685e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "relegated"}], "question": "To which type of team are parachute payments distributed to in the Premier League?", "id": "5733f6204776f419006615c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "\u00a360 million"}], "question": "Starting in the 2013-14 season, parachute payments are in excess of what amount of revenue?", "id": "5733f6204776f419006615ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "the gap"}], "question": "What is said to widen between clubs who reach the Premier League and those who do not thanks to parachute payments?", "id": "5733f6204776f419006615cb"}]}], ["Pengurus di Liga Perdana terlibat dalam latihan harian, termasuk latihan, pemilihan pasukan, dan pemerolehan pemain. Pengaruh mereka berbeza dari kelab ke kelab dan berkaitan dengan pemilikan kelab dan hubungan pengurus dengan peminat. Pengurus dikehendaki memiliki Lesen UEFA Pro yang merupakan kelayakan bimbingan akhir yang disediakan, dan mengikuti penyempurnaan Lesen 'B' dan 'A' UEFA. Lesen UEFA Pro diperlukan oleh setiap orang yang ingin menguruskan sebuah kelab di Liga Perdana secara tetap (iaitu lebih dari 12 minggu - jumlah waktu seorang pengurus sementara yang tidak layak dibenarkan mengendalikannya). Pelantikan penjaga adalah pengurus yang mengisi jurang antara keberangkatan pengurusan dan pelantikan baru. Beberapa pengurus sementara telah pergi untuk mendapatkan jawatan pengurusan tetap selepas melaksanakan tugas sebagai penjaga; contohnya Paul Hart di Portsmouth dan David Pleat di Tottenham Hotspur. <> Apakah beberapa tugas setiap hari yang harus ditangani seorang pengurus pasukan? || Pengurus di Liga Perdana terlibat dalam latihan harian, termasuk latihan, pemilihan pasukan, dan pemerolehan pemain. <> Jenis jenis lesen yang diperlukan oleh pengurus? || Pengurus dikehendaki memiliki Lesen UEFA Pro <> Adakah lesen ini diperlukan secara tetap? || Lesen UEFA Pro diperlukan oleh setiap orang yang ingin menguruskan sebuah kelab di Liga Perdana secara kekal <> Memberi contoh seseorang yang menjadi pengurus sementara? || contohnya Paul Hart di Portsmouth dan David Pleat di Tottenham Hotspur. <> Apakah pengurus sementara? || Pelantikan penjaga adalah pengurus yang mengisi jurang antara keberangkatan pengurusan dan pelantikan baru. <> Lesen apa yang pengurus dalam Liga Perdana diperlukan untuk memegang? || Lesen UEFA Pro <> Lesen mana yang mengikuti penyempurnaan kedua-dua lesen UEFA B dan A? || Lesen UEFA Pro <> Berapa lama lagi, seorang pengurus sementara tidak dibenarkan untuk mengawal pasukan Liga Perdana? || 12 minggu <> Pengurus manajer mana yang kemudiannya dipromosikan menjadi pengurus tetap di Portsmouth? || Paul Hart <> Pengurus mana yang kemudian dipromosikan menjadi pengurus tetap di Tottenham Hotspur? || David Pleat", {"context": "Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and player acquisition. Their influence varies from club-to-club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans. Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available, and follows the completion of the UEFA 'B' and 'A' Licences. The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis (i.e. more than 12 weeks \u2013 the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control). Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment. Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and player acquisition."}], "question": "What are some of the every day tasks that a manager of a team has to deal with?", "id": "572fef4204bcaa1900d76ee1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence"}], "question": "What type of licence does a manager need?", "id": "572fef4204bcaa1900d76ee2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis"}], "question": "Is this licence required on a permanent basis?", "id": "572fef4204bcaa1900d76ee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 894, "text": "examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur."}], "question": "Give an example of someone who was a caretaker manager?", "id": "572fef4204bcaa1900d76ee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment."}], "question": "What is a caretaker manager?", "id": "572fef4204bcaa1900d76ee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "UEFA Pro Licence"}], "question": "What license are managers in the Premier League required to hold?", "id": "5733f7b3d058e614000b669f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "UEFA Pro Licence"}], "question": "Which licence follows completion of both the UEFA B and A licences?", "id": "5733f7b3d058e614000b66a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "12 weeks"}], "question": "For how long at most is an unlicenced caretaker manager allowed to control a Premier League team for?", "id": "5733f7b3d058e614000b66a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 911, "text": "Paul Hart"}], "question": "Which caretaker manager was later promoted to permanent manager at Portsmouth?", "id": "5733f7b3d058e614000b66a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 939, "text": "David Pleat"}], "question": "Which caretaker manager was later promoted to permanent manager at Tottenham Hotspur?", "id": "5733f7b3d058e614000b66a3"}]}], ["Badan utamanya adalah perak sterling padat dan perak, sementara tapaknya terbuat dari malachite, batu semi-berharga. Langit mempunyai tali perak di sekitar lilitannya, di mana nama-nama kelab memenangkan gelaran disenaraikan. Warna hijau malachite juga mewakili padang permainan hijau. Reka bentuk trofi ini didasarkan pada helang Tiga Lions yang dikaitkan dengan bola sepak Inggeris. Dua daripada singa ditemui di atas pegangan di kedua-dua belah trofi - yang ketiga dilambangkan oleh kapten pasukan pemenang ketika memunculkan trofi, dan mahkota emas, di atas kepalanya pada akhir musim. Reben yang menggantungkan tangannya dibentangkan dalam warna pasukan juara liga tahun itu. <> Apakah trofi Liga Juara-Juara Liga Perdana? || Reka bentuk trofi ini didasarkan pada helang Tiga Lions yang dikaitkan dengan bola sepak Inggeris. <> Di manakah trofi dapat melihat dua singa itu? || Dua singa ditemui di atas pegangan di kedua-dua sisi trofi <> Di manakah singa ketiga dapat dilihat? || yang ketiga dilambangkan oleh kapten pasukan pemenang ketika memunculkan trofi, dan mahkota emasnya, di atas kepalanya pada akhir musim. <> Apa sajakah ribuan di trofi? || Reben yang menggantungkan tangannya dibentangkan dalam warna pasukan juara liga tahun itu. <> The Golden Boot terbuat dari perak sterling, gilt perak dan batu semi mulia? || malachite <> Pada apa jenis band logam adalah kelab memenangi gelaran yang disenaraikan di Golden Boot? || Perak <> Apa warna Malachite pada Golden Boot mewakili? || padang hijau bermain <> Berapa banyak singa yang terdapat di Golden Boot? || Dua <> yang melambangkan singa ketiga tidak ditemui di trofi Golden Boot? || kapten pasukan memenangi tajuk", {"context": "Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt, while its plinth is made of malachite, a semi-precious stone. The plinth has a silver band around its circumference, upon which the names of the title-winning clubs are listed. Malachite's green colour is also representative of the green field of play. The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football. Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy \u2013 the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season. The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football."}], "question": "What is the Premier League Championship trophy based on?", "id": "572ff67204bcaa1900d76f3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy"}], "question": "Where on the trophy can two of the lions be seen?", "id": "572ff67204bcaa1900d76f40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season"}], "question": "Where can the third lion be seen?", "id": "572ff67204bcaa1900d76f41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year."}], "question": "What do the ribbons on the trophy mean?", "id": "572ff67204bcaa1900d76f42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "malachite"}], "question": "The Golden Boot is made of sterling silver, silver gilt and which semi-precious stone?", "id": "5733fd57d058e614000b672b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "silver"}], "question": "On what type of metal band are the title-winning clubs listed on the Golden Boot?", "id": "5733fd57d058e614000b672c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "the green field of play"}], "question": "What does the green colour of Malachite on the Golden Boot represent?", "id": "5733fd57d058e614000b672d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many lions are found on the Golden Boot?", "id": "5733fd57d058e614000b672e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "the captain of the title winning team"}], "question": "Who symbolizes the third lion not found on the Golden Boot trophy?", "id": "5733fd57d058e614000b672f"}]}], ["Pemain hanya boleh dipindahkan semasa tingkap pemindahan yang ditetapkan oleh Persatuan Bola Sepak. Kedua tingkap pemindahan berjalan dari hari terakhir musim ini hingga 31 Ogos dan dari 31 Disember hingga 31 Januari. Pendaftaran pemain tidak boleh ditukar di luar tetingkap ini kecuali di bawah lesen tertentu dari FA, biasanya secara kecemasan. Pada musim 2010-11, Liga Perdana memperkenalkan peraturan baru yang mewajibkan setiap kelab mesti mendaftarkan pemain skuad maksimum 25 orang yang berumur lebih dari 21 tahun, dengan senarai skuad hanya dibenarkan ditukar dalam tingkap pemindahan atau dalam keadaan luar biasa. Ini adalah untuk membolehkan peraturan 'rumah berkembang' digubal, di mana Liga juga akan memerlukan sekurang-kurangnya 8 daripada 25 pemain skuad yang terdiri daripada 'pemain yang ditanam'. <> Bilakah tingkap pemindahan? || Kedua tingkap pemindahan berjalan dari hari terakhir musim ini hingga 31 Ogos dan dari 31 Disember hingga 31 Januari. <> Bolehkah pemain dipindahkan di bawah kecemasan di luar tingkap pemindahan? || Pendaftaran pemain tidak boleh ditukar di luar tetingkap ini kecuali di bawah lesen tertentu dari FA, biasanya secara kecemasan. <> Peraturan baru apa yang dipraktikkan semasa musim 2010-11? || Pada musim 2010-11, Liga Perdana memperkenalkan peraturan baru yang mewajibkan setiap kelab mesti mendaftarkan pemain skuad maksimum 25 orang yang berumur lebih dari 21 tahun. Mengapa peraturan baru ini dilaksanakan? || Ini adalah untuk membolehkan peraturan 'rumah berkembang' digubal, <> Bilakah pemain boleh dipindahkan? || Pemain hanya boleh dipindahkan semasa tingkap pemindahan yang ditetapkan oleh Persatuan Bola Sepak. <> Dalam masa mana pemain boleh dipindahkan dari satu liga bola sepak Eropah ke yang lain? || pemindahan tingkap <> Berapa banyak tingkap pemindahan yang tersedia setiap tahun dari Persatuan Bola Sepak? || dua <> Di mana asas pemindahan di luar jendela perpindahan berlesen? || kecemasan <> Berapa jumlah maksimum pemain yang boleh didaftarkan ke pasukan Liga Perdana? || 25 <> Berapa banyak skuad Liga Perdana yang terdiri daripada 25 ahli mesti dari UK atau Ireland? || 8", {"context": "Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association. The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January. Player registrations cannot be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usually on an emergency basis. As of the 2010\u201311 season, the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25-man squad of players aged over 21, with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances. This was to enable the 'home grown' rule to be enacted, whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of 'home-grown players'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January."}], "question": "When are the transfer windows?", "id": "572ff2c7b2c2fd1400568632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Player registrations cannot be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usually on an emergency basis."}], "question": "Can players be transferred under an emergency outside the transfer windows?", "id": "572ff2c7b2c2fd1400568633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "As of the 2010\u201311 season, the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25-man squad of players aged over 21,"}], "question": "What new rule was put into practice during the 2010-11 season?", "id": "572ff2c7b2c2fd1400568634"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "This was to enable the 'home grown' rule to be enacted,"}], "question": "Why was this new rule put into effect?", "id": "572ff2c7b2c2fd1400568635"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association."}], "question": "When can a player be transferred?", "id": "572ff2c7b2c2fd1400568631"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "transfer windows"}], "question": "During which time can a player be transferred from one European football league to another?", "id": "5733f9bcd058e614000b66e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many transfer windows are available each year from the Football Association?", "id": "5733f9bcd058e614000b66e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "emergency"}], "question": "On which basis are transfers outside of transfer windows licenced?", "id": "5733f9bcd058e614000b66e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "25"}], "question": "What is the maximum number of players able to be registered to a Premier League team?", "id": "5733f9bcd058e614000b66e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "8"}], "question": "How many of a 25-member Premier League squad must be from the UK or Ireland?", "id": "5733f9bcd058e614000b66e5"}]}], ["Golden Boot diberikan kepada penjaring terbanyak Liga Perdana pada akhir setiap musim. Bekas penyerang Blackburn Rovers dan penyerang Newcastle United, Alan Shearer memegang rekod untuk kebanyakan gol Liga Perdana dengan 260. Dua puluh empat pemain telah mencapai markah 100 gol. Sejak musim Premier League pertama pada 1992-93, 14 pemain yang berbeza dari 10 kelab yang berbeza telah memenangi atau berkongsi tajuk pencetak teratas. Thierry Henry memenangi kejuaraan keseluruhan keempat dengan menjaringkan 27 gol pada musim 2005-06. Andrew Cole dan Alan Shearer memegang rekod untuk kebanyakan gol dalam satu musim (34) - untuk Newcastle dan Blackburn masing-masing. Ryan Giggs dari Manchester United memegang rekod untuk menjaringkan gol dalam musim berturut-turut, setelah menjaringkan gol dalam 21 musim pertama liga. <> Siapa anugerah Golden Boot yang diberikan kepada setiap musim? || Golden Boot diberikan kepada penjaring terbanyak Liga Perdana pada akhir setiap musim. <> Siapa yang mempunyai rekod untuk kebanyakan gol dalam Liga Perdana? || Penyerang Newcastle United, Alan Shearer memegang rekod untuk kebanyakan gol Liga Perdana dengan 260 <> Berapa banyak pemain yang telah mencapai 100 gol? || Dua puluh empat pemain telah mencapai sasaran 100 gol <> Berapa banyak pemain yang berbeza telah memenangi gelaran penjaring terbanyak? || 14 pemain yang berbeza dari 10 kelab yang berbeza telah memenangi atau berkongsi tajuk pencetak teratas. <> Siapa yang mempunyai rekod untuk menjaringkan gol paling banyak dalam satu musim? || Andrew Cole dan Alan Shearer memegang rekod untuk kebanyakan gol dalam satu musim (34) - untuk Newcastle dan Blackburn masing-masing. <> Kepada siapa anugerah Golden Boot yang diberikan? || penjaring terbanyak Liga Perdana Inggeris <> Siapa yang memegang rekod untuk gol paling banyak dalam Liga Perdana? || 260 <> Berapa ramai pemain mempunyai 100 gol atau lebih dalam Liga Perdana? || Dua puluh empat <> Berapa banyak pemain yang berbeza telah memenangi atau berkongsi gelaran penjaring terbanyak dalam Liga Perdana? || 14 <> Siapa yang menjaringkan empat tajuk pemarkahan keseluruhan pada musim 2006? || Thierry Henry", {"context": "The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260. Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark. Since the first Premier League season in 1992\u201393, 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title. Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005\u201306 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) \u2013 for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively. Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season."}], "question": "Who is the Golden Boot award given to each season?", "id": "572ff590947a6a140053ce7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260"}], "question": "Who has the record for most goals in the Premier League?", "id": "572ff590947a6a140053ce7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark"}], "question": "How many players have achieved 100 goals?", "id": "572ff590947a6a140053ce7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title."}], "question": "How many different players have won the top scorer title?", "id": "572ff590947a6a140053ce7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) \u2013 for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively."}], "question": "Who has the record for scoring the most goals in single season?", "id": "572ff590947a6a140053ce7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "the top Premier League scorer"}], "question": "To whom is the Golden Boot award given to?", "id": "5733fcc14776f41900661655"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "260"}], "question": "Who holds the record for the most goals in the Premier League?", "id": "5733fcc14776f41900661656"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Twenty-four"}], "question": "How many players have 100 goals or more in the Premier League?", "id": "5733fcc14776f41900661657"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many different players have won or shared the top scorer title in the Premier League?", "id": "5733fcc14776f41900661658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Thierry Henry"}], "question": "Who had scored four overall scoring titles as of the 2006 season?", "id": "5733fcc14776f41900661659"}]}], ["Kehadiran stadium adalah sumber pendapatan tetap yang signifikan untuk kelab Liga Perdana Inggeris. Untuk musim 2009-10, purata kehadiran di seluruh kelab liga adalah 34,215 untuk perlawanan Liga Perdana dengan angka kehadiran keseluruhan agregat 13,001,616. Ini mewakili peningkatan 13,089 daripada kehadiran purata 21,126 yang direkodkan dalam musim pertama liga (1992-93). Walau bagaimanapun, semasa musim 1992-93 kapasiti kebanyakan stadium dikurangkan apabila kelab menggantikan teras dengan kerusi untuk memenuhi tarikh akhir Taylor's 1994-95 untuk stadium semua tempat duduk. Kehadiran purata rekod Liga Perdana sebanyak 36,144 telah ditetapkan semasa musim 2007-08. Rekod ini kemudiannya dipukul pada musim 2013-14 yang mencatatkan kehadiran purata 36,695 dengan jumlah kehadiran hanya di bawah 14 juta, purata tertinggi dalam penerbangan teratas England sejak 1950. <> Adakah kiriman kehadiran yang penting untuk Liga Perdana? || Kehadiran stadium adalah sumber pendapatan tetap yang signifikan untuk kelab Liga Perdana Inggeris. <> Apakah kehadiran standard Premier League dalam musim 2007-08? || Kehadiran purata rekod Liga Perdana sebanyak 36,144 telah ditetapkan semasa musim 2007-08. <> Apakah purata kehadiran tahun pertama liga? || kehadiran purata 21,126 yang direkodkan dalam musim pertama liga (1992-93). <> Kehadiran untuk musim 2013-14 menetapkan rekod baru berapa banyak? || pada musim 2013-14 merekodkan kehadiran purata 36,695 dengan jumlah kehadiran hanya di bawah 14 juta, <> Apa kehadiran purata untuk semua kelab Liga Perdana semasa musim 2009-10? || 34,215 <> Apa jumlah kehadiran semua perlawanan Liga Perdana semasa musim 2009-10? || 13,001,616 <> Berapa banyak peserta menghadiri peningkatan purata kehadiran Liga Perdana antara 1992 dan 2009? || 13,089 <> Bilakah laporan Taylor menetapkan tarikh akhir untuk menggantikan teras dengan kerusi di stadium? || 1994-95 <> Di mana musim Liga Perdana membentangkan kehadiran purata rekod lebih daripada 36,000 orang? || 2007-08", {"context": "Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs. For the 2009\u201310 season, average attendances across the league clubs were 34,215 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,001,616. This represents an increase of 13,089 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league's first season (1992\u201393). However, during the 1992\u201393 season the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report's 1994\u201395 deadline for all-seater stadiums. The Premier League's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007\u201308 season. This record was then beaten in the 2013\u201314 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million, the highest average in England's top flight since 1950.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs."}], "question": "Are attendance remittances that important to the Premier League?", "id": "572fee1ea23a5019007fcb65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "The Premier League's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007\u201308 season."}], "question": "What was the Premier Leagues standard attendance in the 2007-08 season?", "id": "572fee1ea23a5019007fcb66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league's first season (1992\u201393)."}], "question": "What was the league's first year attendance average?", "id": "572fee1ea23a5019007fcb67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "in the 2013\u201314 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million,"}], "question": "Attendance for the 2013-14 season set a new record of how much?", "id": "572fee1ea23a5019007fcb68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "34,215"}], "question": "What was the average attendance for all Premier League clubs during the 2009-10 season?", "id": "5733f72d4776f419006615d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "13,001,616"}], "question": "What was the total attendance of all Premier League games during the 2009-10 season?", "id": "5733f72d4776f419006615da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "13,089"}], "question": "By how many attendees did the average Premier League attendance increase between 1992 and 2009?", "id": "5733f72d4776f419006615db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "1994\u201395"}], "question": "For when did the Taylor Report set the deadline for replacing terraces with seats in stadiums?", "id": "5733f72d4776f419006615dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "2007\u201308"}], "question": "During which season did the Premier League set a record average attendance of over 36,000 people?", "id": "5733f72d4776f419006615dd"}]}], ["Pada musim 2015-16, bola sepak Liga Perdana telah dimainkan di 53 stadium sejak pembentukan Liga Perdana pada tahun 1992. Bencana Hillsborough pada tahun 1989 dan Taylor Report yang berikutnya menyaksikan cadangan bahawa standing terraces harus dimansuhkan; Akibatnya semua stadium di Liga Perdana adalah tempat duduk. Sejak pembentukan Liga Perdana Inggeris, alasan bola sepak di England telah menyaksikan peningkatan kapasiti dan kemudahan yang berterusan, dengan beberapa kelab bergerak ke stadium baru-membina. Sembilan stadium yang pernah melihat bola sepak Liga Perdana kini telah dirobohkan. Stadium untuk musim 2010-11 menunjukkan kekurangan besar dalam kapasiti: Old Trafford, rumah Manchester United mempunyai kapasiti 75,957 dengan Bloomfield Road, rumah Blackpool, yang mempunyai kapasiti 16,220. Jumlah kapasiti gabungan Liga Perdana dalam musim 2010-11 adalah 770,477 dengan kapasiti purata 38,523. <> Apa hasil daripada cadangan mereka? || Akibatnya semua stadium di Liga Perdana adalah tempat duduk <> Apa yang dicadangkan Taylor Report di bencana Hillsborough pada tahun 1989? || syor yang berdiri teres harus dimansuhkan <> Berapa banyak stadium telah ditutup sejak Liga Perdana bermula? || Sembilan stadium yang pernah melihat bola sepak Liga Perdana kini telah dirobohkan. <> Apa jumlah kapasiti tempat duduk stadium di Liga Perdana dalam musim 2010-11. || Jumlah kapasiti gabungan Liga Perdana dalam musim 2010-11 adalah 770,477 dengan kapasiti purata 38,523. <> Berapa banyak stadium yang telah dimainkan Liga Perdana pada musim 2015-16? || 53 <> Apa yang direkomendasikan Taylor Report untuk dimansuhkan dari semua stadium? || standing terraces <> Berapa banyak stadium di mana Liga Perdana telah dimusnahkan pada 2016? || Sembilan <> Apakah kapasiti stadium di Bloomfield Road? || 16,220 <> Berapakah jumlah kapasiti gabungan semua stadium di Liga Perdana Inggeris pada tahun 2011? || 770,477", {"context": "As of the 2015\u201316 season, Premier League football has been played in 53 stadiums since the formation of the Premier League in 1992. The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater. Since the formation of the Premier League, football grounds in England have seen constant improvements to capacity and facilities, with some clubs moving to new-build stadiums. Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished. The stadiums for the 2010\u201311 season show a large disparity in capacity: Old Trafford, the home of Manchester United has a capacity of 75,957 with Bloomfield Road, the home of Blackpool, having a capacity of 16,220. The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2010\u201311 season is 770,477 with an average capacity of 38,523.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater"}], "question": "What was the result of their recommendation?", "id": "572fed0e04bcaa1900d76ec6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished"}], "question": "What did the Taylor Report recommend at the the Hillsborough disaster in 1989?", "id": "572fed0e04bcaa1900d76ec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished."}], "question": "How many stadiums have been closed down since Premier League started?", "id": "572fed0e04bcaa1900d76ec7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2010\u201311 season is 770,477 with an average capacity of 38,523."}], "question": "What was the total seating capacity of stadiums in the Premier League in the 2010-11 season.", "id": "572fed0e04bcaa1900d76ec8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "53"}], "question": "In how many stadiums had Premier League been played as of the 2015-16 season?", "id": "5733f6a4d058e614000b668f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "standing terraces"}], "question": "What did the Taylor Report recommend to abolish from all stadiums?", "id": "5733f6a4d058e614000b6690"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Nine"}], "question": "How many stadiums in which the Premier League has been played have been demolished as of 2016?", "id": "5733f6a4d058e614000b6691"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "16,220"}], "question": "What is the capacity of Bloomfield Road stadium?", "id": "5733f6a4d058e614000b6692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 873, "text": "770,477"}], "question": "What is the combined total capacity of all stadiums in the Premier League as of 2011?", "id": "5733f6a4d058e614000b6693"}]}], ["Yuran pemindahan rekod untuk pemain Liga Perdana telah meningkat dengan mantap sepanjang hayat pertandingan. Sebelum permulaan musim Liga Perdana pertama, Alan Shearer menjadi pemain pertama British yang mengarahkan bayaran perpindahan lebih daripada \u00a3 3 juta. Rekod itu meningkat dengan mantap dalam beberapa musim pertama Liga Perdana, sehingga Alan Shearer mencatat rekod perpindahan \u00a3 15 juta ke Newcastle United pada tahun 1996. Tiga transfer tertinggi dalam sejarah olahraga itu memiliki kelab Liga Primer pada akhir penjualan, dengan Tottenham Hotspur menjual Gareth Bale kepada Real Madrid dengan harga \u00a3 85 juta pada 2013, penjualan Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United kepada Real Madrid untuk \u00a3 80 juta pada 2009, dan Liverpool menjual Luis Su\u00e1rez ke Barcelona dengan harga \u00a3 75 juta pada 2014. < sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu? || Yuran pemindahan rekod untuk pemain Liga Perdana telah meningkat dengan mantap sepanjang hayat pertandingan. <> Apakah bayaran pemindahan perpindahan rekod pada tahun 1996? || Alan Shearer membuat rekod perpindahan \u00a3 15 juta ke Newcastle United pada 1996. <> Pada tahun 2009, apakah bayaran transfer untuk Cristiano Ronaldo? || Jualan Manchester United dari Cristiano Ronaldo ke Real Madrid untuk \u00a3 80 juta pada tahun 2009, <> Apa bayaran transfer Gareth Bale pada tahun 2013. || Tottenham Hotspur menjual Gareth Bale ke Real Madrid dengan harga \u00a3 85 juta pada 2013, <> Apa bayaran transfer Luis Suarez pada 2014? || Liverpool menjual Luis Su\u00e1rez ke Barcelona dengan harga \u00a3 75 juta pada tahun 2014. <<Siapa pemain Inggeris pertama di Liga Perdana Inggeris yang menerima bayaran perpindahan lebih dari \u00a3 3 juta? || Alan Shearer <> Siapa pemain Inggeris pertama di Liga Perdana Inggeris yang menerima bayaran perpindahan lebih dari \u00a3 15 juta? || Alan Shearer <> Siapa yang membayar \u00a3 15 juta untuk memindahkan Alan Shearer ke kelab mereka? || Newcastle United <> Di mana tahun Newcastle United membayar \u00a3 15 juta untuk memindahkan Alan Shearer ke kelab mereka? || 1996 <> Berapa banyak yang Tottenham Hotspur menjual Gareth Bale ke Real Madrid pada tahun 2013? || \u00a3 85 juta", {"context": "The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition. Prior to the start of the first Premier League season Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than \u00a33 million. The record rose steadily in the Premier League's first few seasons, until Alan Shearer made a record breaking \u00a315 million move to Newcastle United in 1996. The three highest transfer in the sport's history had a Premier League club on the selling end, with Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for \u00a385 million in 2013, Manchester United's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for \u00a380 million in 2009, and Liverpool selling Luis Su\u00e1rez to Barcelona for \u00a375 million in 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition."}], "question": "Have transfer fees been increasing over the past years?", "id": "572ff3cdb2c2fd1400568643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Alan Shearer made a record breaking \u00a315 million move to Newcastle United in 1996."}], "question": "What was the record breaking transfer fee in 1996?", "id": "572ff3cdb2c2fd1400568644"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Manchester United's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for \u00a380 million in 2009,"}], "question": "In 2009, what was the transfer fee for Cristiano Ronaldo?", "id": "572ff3cdb2c2fd1400568646"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for \u00a385 million in 2013,"}], "question": "What was the transfer fee for Gareth Bale in 2013.", "id": "572ff3cdb2c2fd1400568645"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "Liverpool selling Luis Su\u00e1rez to Barcelona for \u00a375 million in 2014."}], "question": "What was Luis Suarez's transfer fee in 2014?", "id": "572ff3cdb2c2fd1400568647"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Alan Shearer"}], "question": "Who was the first British player in the Premier League to receive a transfer fee greater than \u00a33 million?", "id": "5733fb0cd058e614000b66f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Alan Shearer"}], "question": "Who was the first British player in the Premier League to receive a transfer fee greater than \u00a315 million?", "id": "5733fb0cd058e614000b66f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Newcastle United"}], "question": "Who paid \u00a315 million to transfer Alan Shearer to their club?", "id": "5733fb0cd058e614000b66f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "1996"}], "question": "In which year did Newcastle United pay \u00a315 million to transfer Alan Shearer to their club?", "id": "5733fb0cd058e614000b66f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "\u00a385 million"}], "question": "For how much did Tottenham Hotspur sell Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for in 2013?", "id": "5733fb0cd058e614000b66f9"}]}], ["Pada permulaan Liga Perdana pada 1992-93, hanya sebelas pemain yang dinamakan dalam barisan permulaan untuk perlawanan pusingan pertama yang berasal dari luar United Kingdom atau Ireland. Menjelang 2000-01, jumlah pemain asing yang menyertai Liga Perdana adalah 36 peratus daripada jumlah keseluruhan. Pada musim 2004-05 angka itu meningkat kepada 45 peratus. Pada 26 Disember 1999, Chelsea menjadi pasukan Liga Perdana yang pertama untuk memulakan barisan permulaan sepenuhnya, dan pada 14 Februari 2005, Arsenal merupakan yang pertama menamakan skuad 16 pemain asing untuk perlawanan. Menjelang tahun 2009, di bawah 40% daripada pemain dalam Liga Perdana Inggeris. <> Pasukan manakah pada tahun 1999 mempunyai barisan untuk memulakannya yang terdiri daripada semua pemain asing? || Pada 26 Disember 1999, Chelsea menjadi pasukan pertama Liga Perdana untuk memulakan barisan permulaan sepenuhnya, <> Pada awal Liga Perdana berapa pemain asing berada di sana untuk pusingan pertama perlawanan? || Pada permulaan Liga Perdana pada 1992-93, hanya sebelas pemain yang dinamakan dalam barisan permulaan untuk pusingan pertama perlawanan <> Dengan musim 2000-1 apakah peratusan pemain asing? || Menjelang 2000-01, jumlah pemain asing yang menyertai Liga Perdana adalah 36 peratus daripada jumlah keseluruhan. <> Pasukan mana pada 2005 mempunyai pemain pasukan asing? || pada 14 Februari 2005 Arsenal adalah yang pertama menamakan skuad 16 orang yang benar-benar asing untuk perlawanan <> Pada tahun 2009, berapa peratus pemain dalam bahasa Inggeris dalam Liga Perdana? || Menjelang tahun 2009, di bawah 40% daripada pemain dalam Liga Perdana Inggeris. <> Berapa banyak pemain asal Liga Perdana pada musim 1992-93 yang berasal dari luar UK atau Ireland? || sebelas <> Menjelang 2000-01, berapa peratusan pemain dalam Liga Perdana dari luar Inggeris dan Ireland? || 36 <> Menjelang tahun 2004-05, berapa peratusan pemain dalam Liga Perdana dari luar Inggeris dan Ireland? || 45 <> Pada tarikh mana Chelsea menjadi tuan rumah permulaan yang sepenuhnya asing dan oleh itu menjadi pasukan pertama melakukannya? || 26 Disember 1999 <> Pada tarikh mana Arsenal menamakan skuad 16-orang asing sepenuhnya untuk perlawanan? || 14 Februari 2005", {"context": "At the inception of the Premier League in 1992\u201393, just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland. By 2000\u201301, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total. In the 2004\u201305 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent. On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up, and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match. By 2009, under 40% of the players in the Premier League were English.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up,"}], "question": "Which team in 1999 had a line-up for starting that was consisted of all foreign players?", "id": "572ff10db2c2fd140056861f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "At the inception of the Premier League in 1992\u201393, just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches"}], "question": "At the beginning of the Premier League how many foreign players were there for the first  round of games?", "id": "572ff10db2c2fd140056861d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "By 2000\u201301, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total."}], "question": "By the 2000-1 season what was the percentage of foreign players?", "id": "572ff10db2c2fd140056861e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match"}], "question": "Which team in 2005 had all-foreign team players?", "id": "572ff10db2c2fd1400568620"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "By 2009, under 40% of the players in the Premier League were English."}], "question": "In 2009, what percent of the players were English in the Premier League?", "id": "572ff10db2c2fd1400568621"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "eleven"}], "question": "How many of the original Premier League players in the 1992-93 season hailed from outside the UK or Ireland?", "id": "5733f875d058e614000b66bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "36"}], "question": "By 2000-01, what percentage of players in the Premier League were from outside the UK and Ireland?", "id": "5733f875d058e614000b66bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "45"}], "question": "By 2004-05, what percentage of players in the Premier League were from outside the UK and Ireland?", "id": "5733f875d058e614000b66bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "26 December 1999"}], "question": "On which date did Chelsea host an entirely foreign starting line-up and therefore become the first team to do so?", "id": "5733f875d058e614000b66be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "14 February 2005"}], "question": "On which date did Arsenal name a fully foreign 16-man squad for a match?", "id": "5733f875d058e614000b66bf"}]}]], [["Setelah pulih dengan cepat dari karung Rom, Roma segera menyambung semula pengembangannya di Itali. Perang Samnite Pertama dari 343 SM hingga 341 SM agak pendek: orang Roma mengalahkan Samnites dalam dua pertempuran, tetapi terpaksa berundur sebelum mereka dapat mengejar konflik itu lagi disebabkan oleh pemberontakan beberapa sekutu Latin mereka dalam Perang Latin. Rom mengalahkan Latins dalam Pertempuran Vesuvius dan sekali lagi dalam Pertempuran Trifanum, selepas itu bandar-bandar Latin diwajibkan untuk menyerah kepada pemerintahan Rom. <> Negara apa yang Roma terus berkembang selepas Rom dipecat? || Itali <> Berapa banyak pertempuran yang dilakukan oleh Rom sebelum mereka terpaksa melarikan diri dalam Perang Samnite Pertama? || dua pertempuran <> Apa yang menyebabkan penarikan awal Roma dalam Perang Samnite Pertama? || pemberontakan beberapa sekutu Latin mereka <> Kapan Perang Samnite Pertama berakhir? || 341 SM <> Siapa yang Rome mendakwa kemenangan dalam Pertempuran Vesuvius? || Latin", {"context": "After recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the Latin War. Rome beat the Latins in the Battle of Vesuvius and again in the Battle of Trifanum, after which the Latin cities were obliged to submit to Roman rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "What country did the Romans continue to expand to after Rome was sacked?", "id": "572fcee4b2c2fd1400568495"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "two battles"}], "question": "How many battles were conducted by Rome before they were forced to flee in The First Samnite War?", "id": "572fcee4b2c2fd1400568496"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "revolt of several of their Latin allies"}], "question": "What caused the Romans early withdrawl in The First Samnite War?", "id": "572fcee4b2c2fd1400568497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "341 BC"}], "question": "When did The First Samnite War end?", "id": "572fcee4b2c2fd1400568498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Latins"}], "question": "Who did Rome claim victory against in The Battle of Vesuvius?", "id": "572fcee4b2c2fd1400568499"}]}], ["Walaupun kemenangan awal, Pyrrhus mendapati kedudukannya di Itali tidak dapat dipertahankan. Rom dengan tegas enggan berunding dengan Pyrrhus selagi tenteranya kekal di Itali. Menghadapi kerugian yang tidak dapat diterima dari setiap pertemuan dengan tentera Rom, Pyrrhus menarik diri dari semenanjung (dengan itu istilah \"kemenangan Pyrrhic\"). Pada 275 SM, Pyrrhus sekali lagi bertemu tentera Rom pada Pertempuran Beneventum. Walaupun Beneventum tidak ragu-ragu, Pyrrhus menyedari bahawa tenteranya telah habis dan dikurangkan dengan tahun-tahun kempen asing. Melihat sedikit harapan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan lebih jauh, beliau menarik balik sepenuhnya dari Itali. <> Siapa yang mengalami kerugian yang besar terhadap tentera Rom? || Pyrrhus <> Apa yang Rom enggan lakukan dalam hubungan mereka dengan Pyrrhus? || berunding <> Apa ketua ketenteraan yang berasal dari istilah kejayaan Pyrrhic? || Pyrrhus <> Apa yang akhirnya menyebabkan Pyrrhus mengosongkan sepenuhnya dari negara Itali? || Melihat sedikit harapan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan lebih lanjut <> Dalam tahun apakah Pertempuran Beneventum berlaku? || 275 SM", {"context": "Despite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy. Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (hence the term \"Pyrrhic victory\"). In 275 BC, Pyrrhus again met the Roman army at the Battle of Beneventum. While Beneventum was indecisive, Pyrrhus realised his army had been exhausted and reduced by years of foreign campaigns. Seeing little hope for further gains, he withdrew completely from Italy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Pyrrhus"}], "question": "Who suffered a great amount of losses battling the Roman army?", "id": "572fd193b2c2fd140056849f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "negotiate"}], "question": "What did Rome refuse to do in their relations with Pyrrhus?", "id": "572fd193b2c2fd14005684a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Pyrrhus"}], "question": "What military leader does the term Pyrrhic victory come from?", "id": "572fd193b2c2fd14005684a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Seeing little hope for further gains"}], "question": "What ultimately caused Pyrrhus to vacate completely from the country of Italy?", "id": "572fd193b2c2fd14005684a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "275 BC"}], "question": "In what year did the Battle of Beneventum take place?", "id": "572fd193b2c2fd14005684a3"}]}], ["Ahli-ahli sejarah melihat pengaruh Rom yang berkembang di timur, seperti di barat, sebagai tidak membina empayar yang bersungguh-sungguh, tetapi pengurusan krisis berterusan memberi tumpuan kepada matlamat jangka pendek dalam rangkaian pergaulan yang sangat tidak stabil, tidak dapat diramalkan dan bergantung antara dan kebergantungan. Dengan beberapa pengecualian utama ketuanan tentera yang ketara, Republik Rom tetap satu persekutuan negara-negara dan kerajaan-kerajaan yang merdeka (dengan pelbagai tahap kemerdekaan, baik de jure dan de facto) sehingga ia beralih ke Empayar Rom. Ia tidak sampai masa Empayar Rom bahawa seluruh dunia Rom diatur di dalam wilayah di bawah kawalan Rom yang jelas. <> Apa yang dilihat sebagai di belakang pengaruh Rom di timur? || pengurusan krisis <> Pada titik mana seluruh dunia Rom bergabung bersama di bawah kawalan Rom? || masa Empayar Rom <> Apa yang tidak dilihat sebagai pengaruh pengaruh Rom di barat? || bangunan empayar yang disengajakan <> Jenis-jenis bandar-bandar yang terlibat dengan Republik Romantik? || bebas", {"context": "Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With some major exceptions of outright military rule, the Roman Republic remained an alliance of independent city-states and kingdoms (with varying degrees of independence, both de jure and de facto) until it transitioned into the Roman Empire. It was not until the time of the Roman Empire that the entire Roman world was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "crisis management"}], "question": "What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east?", "id": "572fcad3947a6a140053ccca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "the time of the Roman Empire"}], "question": "At what point was the entire Roman world joined together under Roman control?", "id": "572fcad3947a6a140053cccb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "intentional empire-building"}], "question": "What was not seen as an influence of Rome's influence in the west?", "id": "572fcad3947a6a140053cccc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "independent"}], "question": "What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic?", "id": "572fcad3947a6a140053cccd"}]}], ["Gabungan yang berkembang ini mengembangkan potensi musuh-musuh yang mungkin dihadapi oleh Rom, dan memindahkan Rom lebih dekat kepada konfrontasi dengan kuasa-kuasa besar. Hasilnya adalah lebih banyak mencari persekutuan, di mana kedua persekutuan Rom dan negara-negara kota mencari keahlian (dan perlindungan) dalam konfederasi itu. Walaupun ada pengecualian untuk ini (seperti pemerintahan tentera Sicily selepas Perang Punic Pertama), tidak sampai selepas Perang Punic Kedua bahawa perikatan ini mula mengeras menjadi sesuatu yang lebih mirip sebuah kerajaan, sekurang-kurangnya di beberapa lokasi tertentu. Peralihan ini berlaku terutamanya di bahagian barat, seperti bandar-bandar di selatan Itali yang berpihak kepada Hannibal. <> Selepas apa perang, pakatan mula mula menguatkan? || Perang Punic Kedua <> Apa yang membantu Rom bergerak lebih dekat dengan konfrontasi dengan beberapa kuasa besar lain di kawasan itu? || Gabungan yang semakin meningkat <> Apa bandar-bandar yang telah memilih sebelah Hannibal? || selatan Itali <> Apa yang bandar-bandar berharap untuk mendapatkan dari konfederasi Rom? || keahlian (dan perlindungan)", {"context": "This growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership (and protection) within that confederacy. While there were exceptions to this (such as military rule of Sicily after the First Punic War), it was not until after the Second Punic War that these alliances started to harden into something more like an empire, at least in certain locations. This shift mainly took place in parts of the west, such as the southern Italian towns that sided with Hannibal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Second Punic War"}], "question": "After what war did the alliances start to solidify?", "id": "572fc41804bcaa1900d76cbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "This growing coalition"}], "question": "What helped Rome move closer to a confrontation with several other major powers in the area?", "id": "572fc41804bcaa1900d76cbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "southern Italian"}], "question": "What towns had chosen Hannibal's side?", "id": "572fc41804bcaa1900d76cbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "membership (and protection)"}], "question": "What did city-states hope to gain from the Roman confederacy?", "id": "572fc41804bcaa1900d76cbe"}]}], ["Kerajaan Rom dipimpin oleh dua orang konsul, dipilih setiap tahun oleh rakyat dan dinasihatkan oleh seorang senat yang terdiri daripada majistret yang dilantik. Oleh kerana masyarakat Rom sangat hierarki oleh piawaian moden, evolusi kerajaan Rom telah banyak dipengaruhi oleh perjuangan antara para patrician, kaum bangsawan yang memegang tanah Roma, yang mengamati keturunan mereka dengan pendirian Rom, dan para pecinta, jauh lebih banyak warganegara-rakyat biasa. Dari masa ke masa, undang-undang yang memberikan hak eksklusif kepada pejabat tertinggi di Rom telah dimansuhkan atau dilemahkan, dan keluarga terkemuka menjadi ahli penuh bangsawan. Para pemimpin Republik telah mengembangkan tradisi dan moral yang kuat yang memerlukan perkhidmatan awam dan perlindungan dalam damai dan perang, yang membuat kejayaan tentera dan politik terikat. Banyak struktur undang-undang dan undang-undang Roma (kemudian dikodifikasikan ke dalam Kod Justinian, dan sekali lagi ke dalam Kod Napoleon) masih boleh diperhatikan di seluruh Eropah dan kebanyakan dunia di negara-negara moden dan organisasi antarabangsa. <> Siapa yang memilih konsul dalam kerajaan Rom? || warganegara <> yang akhirnya menjadi ahli penuh bangsawan? || keluarga berpengaruh <> Apa struktur perundangan Rom akhirnya berubah menjadi? || Kod Justinian <> Apakah senat yang menasihatkan konsul dalam kerajaan Rom yang terdiri daripada? || Majistret yang dilantik <> Apa yang telah dilakukan tangan dan tangan dengan kejayaan ketenteraan? || kejayaan politik", {"context": "Roman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. As Roman society was very hierarchical by modern standards, the evolution of the Roman government was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians, Rome's land-holding aristocracy, who traced their ancestry to the founding of Rome, and the plebeians, the far more numerous citizen-commoners. Over time, the laws that gave patricians exclusive rights to Rome's highest offices were repealed or weakened, and leading plebeian families became full members of the aristocracy. The leaders of the Republic developed a strong tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war, making military and political success inextricably linked. Many of Rome's legal and legislative structures (later codified into the Justinian Code, and again into the Napoleonic Code) can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states and international organizations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "citizens"}], "question": "Who elected consuls in the Roman government?", "id": "572fbf77b2c2fd14005683db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "leading plebeian families"}], "question": "Who eventually became full members of the aristocracy?", "id": "572fbf77b2c2fd14005683dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 877, "text": "the Justinian Code"}], "question": "What were Rome's legislative structures eventually turned into?", "id": "572fbf77b2c2fd14005683dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "appointed magistrates"}], "question": "What was the senate that advised consuls in the Roman government comprised of?", "id": "572fbf77b2c2fd14005683de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 769, "text": "political success"}], "question": "What went hand and hand with military success?", "id": "572fbf77b2c2fd14005683df"}]}], ["Peperangan Republik republik pertama adalah peperangan pembesaran dan pertahanan, yang bertujuan untuk melindungi Rom sendiri dari bandar-bandar dan negara-negara jiran dan mendirikan wilayahnya di rantau ini. Pada awalnya, jiran-jiran terdekat Rom adalah bandar-bandar dan desa-desa Latin, atau suku Sabian dari bukit Apennine. Satu demi satu Roma mengalahkan kedua Sabin yang berterusan dan kota-kota setempat, kedua-duanya di bawah kawalan Etruscan dan mereka yang telah melepaskan penguasa Etruska mereka. Rom mengalahkan bandar-bandar Latin di Pertempuran Tasik Regillus pada tahun 496 SM, Pertempuran Mons Algidus pada tahun 458 SM, Pertempuran Corbione pada tahun 446 SM, Pertempuran Aricia, dan terutama Pertempuran Kremera pada tahun 477 SM di mana ia bertarung melawan bandar Etruscan yang paling penting di Veii. <> Dalam pertempuran apakah Roma menuntut kemenangan ke atas beberapa bandar Latin? || Pertempuran Tasik Regillus <> Tahun apakah Pertempuran Tasik Regillus berlaku? || 496 SM <> Pada tahun apakah Roma menuntut kemenangan terhadap bandar Veii? || 477 SM <> Apa pertempuran Roman berlaku pada tahun 446 SM? || Pertempuran Corbione <> Yang pada mulanya mempunyai kawalan ke atas Sabine? || Kawalan Etruscan", {"context": "The first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond. One by one Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities, both those under Etruscan control and those that had cast off their Etruscan rulers. Rome defeated Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC, the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC, the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC, the Battle of Aricia, and especially the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city of Veii.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "the Battle of Lake Regillus"}], "question": "In what battle did Rome claim victory over several Latin cities in?", "id": "572fcc0f04bcaa1900d76d47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "496 BC"}], "question": "What year did the Battle of Lake Regillus take place?", "id": "572fcc0f04bcaa1900d76d48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "477 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Rome claim victory against the city of Veii?", "id": "572fcc0f04bcaa1900d76d49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "the Battle of Corbione"}], "question": "What Roman battle took place in the year 446 BC?", "id": "572fcc0f04bcaa1900d76d4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Etruscan control"}], "question": "Who initially had control over the Sabines?", "id": "572fcc0f04bcaa1900d76d4b"}]}], ["Menjelang 390 SM, beberapa puak Gallic telah menyerang Itali dari utara kerana budaya mereka berkembang di seluruh Eropah. Orang-orang Rom telah dimaklumkan mengenai hal ini apabila suku yang sangat berperang menyerang dua bandar Etruscan yang dekat dengan pengaruh Rom. Pekan-pekan ini, dibanjiri oleh angka musuh dan keganasan, meminta bantuan Roma. Orang Rom bertemu dengan Gaul dalam pertempuran bernada di Battle of Allia River sekitar 390-387 SM. Gaul, yang diketuai oleh ketua Brennus, mengalahkan tentera Rom pada kira-kira 15,000 tentera, mengejar orang Rom yang melarikan diri kembali ke Rom, dan memecat bandar sebelum dimatikan atau dibeli. Rom dan Gaul terus berperang secara berselang di Itali selama lebih dari dua abad. [Relevan? - bincangkan] <> Kapan Pertempuran Sungai Allia hampir berakhir? || 387 SM <> Berapa banyak tentera Rom yang terlibat dalam Pertempuran Sungai Allia? || 15,000 tentera <> Di mana orang Rom cuba untuk melepaskan diri selepas kerugian mereka terhadap Gaul? || Roma <> Apakah nama chieftan yang memimpin tenteranya untuk kemenangan di Battle of Allia River? || Brennus <> Siapa yang meminta bantuan Roma setelah dibebani oleh musuh mereka? || dua buah bandar Etruscan", {"context": "By 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and ferocity, called on Rome for help. The Romans met the Gauls in pitched battle at the Battle of Allia River around 390\u2013387 BC. The Gauls, led by chieftain Brennus, defeated the Roman army of approximately 15,000 troops, pursued the fleeing Romans back to Rome, and sacked the city before being either driven off or bought off. Romans and Gauls continued to war intermittently in Italy for more than two centuries.[relevant? \u2013 discuss]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "387 BC"}], "question": "When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end?", "id": "572fcda604bcaa1900d76d5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "15,000 troops"}], "question": "How many of the Roman military were involved in the Battle of Allia River?", "id": "572fcda604bcaa1900d76d5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "Where did the Romans attempt to escape to after their loss against the Gauls?", "id": "572fcda604bcaa1900d76d5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Brennus"}], "question": "What is the name of the chieftan who led his army to victory in the Battle of Allia River?", "id": "572fcda604bcaa1900d76d60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "two Etruscan towns"}], "question": "Who asked Rome for assistance after being overburdened by their enemies?", "id": "572fcda604bcaa1900d76d61"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, pengembangan Rom ke Sepanyol dan Gaul berlaku sebagai campuran penciptaan aliansi dan tentera. Pada abad ke-2 SM, penglibatan Rom di timur Yunani tetap menjadi masalah pencarian aliansi, tetapi kali ini menghadapi kekuatan besar yang dapat menyaingi Rom. Menurut Polybius, yang berusaha untuk mengesan bagaimana Rom datang untuk menguasai timur Yunani dalam masa kurang dari satu abad, ini adalah masalah beberapa negara kota Yunani yang mencari perlindungan Rom melawan kerajaan Makedonia dan Seleucid Empire dalam menghadapi ketidakstabilan yang dicipta oleh kelemahan Mesir Ptolemaic. Berbeza dengan barat, timur Yunani telah didominasi oleh kerajaan-kerajaan besar selama berabad-abad, dan pengaruh Rom dan pencarian aliansi menyebabkan perang dengan kerajaan-kerajaan ini yang semakin melemahkan mereka dan oleh itu menciptakan kekosongan kuasa yang tidak stabil yang hanya dapat diisi oleh Rom. Ini mempunyai persamaan penting untuk (dan perbezaan penting dari) peristiwa di Itali berabad-abad sebelum ini, tetapi kali ini pada skala global. <> Apa kesan kelemahan Mesir Ptolemaic di kawasan berhampiran? || ketidakstabilan <> Siapa yang cuba untuk mengetahui bagaimana Rom mendominasi timur Yunani? || Polybius <> Mengapa Rom terlibat dalam perkara-perkara di timur Yunani? || pengintaian aliansi <> Negara-negara yang mana negara-negara yang cuba menyelamatkan Roma? || Yunani", {"context": "In contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking and military occupation. In the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. According to Polybius, who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century, this was mainly a matter of several Greek city-states seeking Roman protection against the Macedonian kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of destabilisation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt. In contrast to the west, the Greek east had been dominated by major empires for centuries, and Roman influence and alliance-seeking led to wars with these empires that further weakened them and therefore created an unstable power vacuum that only Rome could fill. This had some important similarities to (and important differences from) the events in Italy centuries earlier, but this time on a global scale.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "destabilisation"}], "question": "What effect did the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt have on nearby areas?", "id": "572fc931947a6a140053ccb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Polybius"}], "question": "Who attempted to find out how Rome dominated the Greek east?", "id": "572fc931947a6a140053ccb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "alliance-seeking"}], "question": "Why was Rome involved in matters in the Greek east?", "id": "572fc931947a6a140053ccba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome?", "id": "572fc931947a6a140053ccbb"}]}], ["Sebab-sebab dan motivasi yang tepat untuk konflik dan ekspansi tentera Rom selama republik ini tertakluk kepada perdebatan luas. Walaupun mereka dapat dilihat sebagai termotivasi oleh pencerobohan dan imperialisme secara langsung, ahli sejarah biasanya mengambil pandangan yang lebih nuanced. Mereka berpendapat bahawa pengembangan Rom didorong oleh faktor pertahanan jangka pendek dan antara negara (iaitu, hubungan dengan negara-negara kota dan kerajaan di luar hegemoni Rom), dan kontingensi baru yang dibuat oleh keputusan-keputusan ini. Dalam sejarah awalnya, ketika Rom berjaya mempertahankan diri terhadap ancaman asing di Itali tengah dan kemudian utara, negara-negara kota jiran mencari perlindungan yang akan membawa persekutuan Rom. Oleh itu, Roma republik awal bukanlah \"empayar\" atau \"negara\" dalam erti kata moden, tetapi persekutuan negara-negara kota bebas (sama dengan hegemoni Yunani dalam tempoh yang sama) dengan tahap kemerdekaan yang tulen (yang sendiri berubah dari masa ke masa) terlibat dalam pakatan saling melindungi diri, tetapi diketuai oleh Rom. Dengan beberapa pengecualian penting, peperangan yang berjaya di republik awal Roma secara umumnya tidak membawa kepada pencerobohan atau pendudukan ketenteraan, tetapi untuk pemulihan cara-cara itu. Tetapi bandar yang dikalahkan akan lemah (kadang-kadang dengan konsesi tanah secara terang-terangan) dan dengan itu kurang dapat menahan pengaruh Romawi, seperti peneroka Rom mencari tanah atau perdagangan dengan konflik Rom yang semakin berkembang. Ia juga kurang dapat mempertahankan dirinya daripada musuh-musuh bukan Rom, yang membuat serangan oleh musuh-musuh ini lebih cenderung. Oleh itu, lebih cenderung untuk mencari satu pakatan perlindungan dengan Rom. <> Faktor apa yang dipertimbangkan oleh sesetengah menjadi daya penggerak utama di belakang pengembangan Rom? || faktor antara negara <> Apa jenis dasar yang dipertimbangkan oleh sesetengah yang bertanggungjawab terhadap banyak konflik tentera Rom? || imperialisme <> Apakah kesimpulan umum terhadap peperangan pada zaman awal Roma republik? || pemulihan cara cara <> Apakah jenis perikatan yang dicipta antara pelbagai negeri-kota Rom? || Perlindungan diri bersama <> Apa yang lazim dicari peneroka Rom? || tanah", {"context": "The exact causes and motivations for Rome's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism, historians typically take a much more nuanced view. They argue that Rome's expansion was driven by short-term defensive and inter-state factors (that is, relations with city-states and kingdoms outside Rome's hegemony), and the new contingencies that these decisions created. In its early history, as Rome successfully defended itself against foreign threats in central and then northern Italy, neighboring city-states sought the protection a Roman alliance would bring. As such, early republican Rome was not an \"empire\" or \"state\" in the modern sense, but an alliance of independent city-states (similar to the Greek hegemonies of the same period) with varying degrees of genuine independence (which itself changed over time) engaged in an alliance of mutual self-protection, but led by Rome. With some important exceptions, successful wars in early republican Rome generally led not to annexation or military occupation, but to the restoration of the way things were. But the defeated city would be weakened (sometimes with outright land concessions) and thus less able to resist Romanizing influences, such as Roman settlers seeking land or trade with the growing Roman confederacy. It was also less able to defend itself against its non-Roman enemies, which made attack by these enemies more likely. It was, therefore, more likely to seek an alliance of protection with Rome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "inter-state factors"}], "question": "What factor is considered by some to be the main driving force behind the expansion of Rome?", "id": "572fc1c9a23a5019007fc98d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "imperialism"}], "question": "What type of policy is considered by some to be responsible for Rome's many military conflicts?", "id": "572fc1c9a23a5019007fc98e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1137, "text": "restoration of the way things were"}], "question": "What was a common conclusion to wars in the early days of republican Rome?", "id": "572fc1c9a23a5019007fc98f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 956, "text": "mutual self-protection"}], "question": "What type of alliance was created between the various Roman city-states?", "id": "572fc1c9a23a5019007fc990"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1339, "text": "land"}], "question": "What did Roman settlers commonly seek out?", "id": "572fc1c9a23a5019007fc991"}]}], ["Republik Roman (Latin: Res publica Romana; Latin klasik: [re\u02d0s pu\u02d0b.l\u026a.ka ro\u02d0ma\u02d0.na]) adalah zaman peradaban Rom kuno yang bermula dengan penggulingan Kerajaan Rom, secara tradisinya bertarikh 509 SM, dan berakhir di 27 SM dengan penubuhan Empayar Rom. Pada masa ini, kawalan Rom berkembang dari persekitaran terdekat bandar menjadi hegemoni di seluruh dunia Mediterranean. Semasa dua abad pertama kewujudannya, Republik Romantik berkembang melalui gabungan penaklukan dan persekutuan, dari Itali tengah ke seluruh semenanjung Itali. Pada abad yang berikutnya, ia termasuk Afrika Utara, Sepanyol, dan apa yang kini selatan Perancis. Dua abad selepas itu, menjelang akhir abad ke-1 SM, ia termasuk seluruh Perancis moden, Greece, dan sebahagian besar Mediterranean timur. Pada masa ini, ketegangan dalaman membawa kepada beberapa siri peperangan sivil, yang berpuncak dengan pembunuhan Julius Caesar, yang membawa kepada peralihan dari republik ke kerajaan. Tarikh peralihan tepat boleh menjadi tafsiran. Ahli-ahli sejarah telah mencadangkan pelbagai pelayaran Julius Caesar dari Sungai Rubicon pada 49 SM, pelantikan Caesar sebagai diktator untuk hidup pada 44 SM, dan kekalahan Mark Antony dan Cleopatra di Pertempuran Actium pada 31 SM. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakannya menggunakan tarikh yang sama seperti yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang Rom kuno, pemberian kuasa Senat Roman kepada Octavian dan mengadopsi gelaran Augustus pada tahun 27 SM, sebagai peristiwa yang menentukan berakhirnya Republik. <> Bilakah Republik Roman bermula? || 509 SM <> Bilakah berakhirnya Republik Roman? || 27 SM <> Apa yang menandakan permulaan Republik Rom? || menggulingkan Kerajaan Rom <> Ketika Cleopatra kalah di Pertempuran Actium? || 31 SM <> Apa yang paling menganggap sebagai peristiwa yang mengakhiri Republik Rom? || Pemberian kuasa Senat Roman kepada Octavian", {"context": "The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana; Classical Latin: [\u02c8re\u02d0s \u02c8pu\u02d0b.l\u026a.ka ro\u02d0\u02c8ma\u02d0.na]) was the period of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. During the first two centuries of its existence, the Roman Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, from central Italy to the entire Italian peninsula. By the following century, it included North Africa, Spain, and what is now southern France. Two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century BC, it included the rest of modern France, Greece, and much of the eastern Mediterranean. By this time, internal tensions led to a series of civil wars, culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar, which led to the transition from republic to empire. The exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation. Historians have variously proposed Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC, Caesar's appointment as dictator for life in 44 BC, and the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. However, most use the same date as did the ancient Romans themselves, the Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian and his adopting the title Augustus in 27 BC, as the defining event ending the Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "509 BC"}], "question": "When did the Roman Republic begin?", "id": "572fb719b2c2fd14005683a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "27 BC"}], "question": "When did the Roman Republic end?", "id": "572fb719b2c2fd14005683a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom"}], "question": "What marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?", "id": "572fb719b2c2fd14005683a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1297, "text": "31 BC"}], "question": "When was Cleopatra defeated at the Battle of Actium?", "id": "572fb719b2c2fd14005683aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1378, "text": "Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian"}], "question": "What do most consider to be the event that ended the Roman Republic?", "id": "572fb719b2c2fd14005683ab"}]}], ["Pada tahun 179 SM, Philip meninggal dunia. Anak lelaki berbakat dan bercita-cita tingginya, Perseus, mengambil takhta dan menunjukkan minat baru dalam menaklukkan Greece. Dengan sekutunya Yunani menghadapi ancaman baru yang besar, Rom mengisytiharkan perang ke atas Macedonia lagi, memulakan Perang Ketiga Macedonia. Perseus pada mulanya mempunyai beberapa kejayaan terhadap Roma. Bagaimanapun, Rom membalas dengan menghantar tentera yang lebih kuat. Tentera konsuler kedua ini dengan tegas mengalahkan orang Makedonia pada Pertempuran Pydna pada tahun 168 SM dan rakyat Macedonians dengan tegas, menamatkan peperangan. <> Pada tahun apakah Philip telah meninggal dunia? || 179 SM <> Siapa yang seterusnya dalam takhta pada masa kematian Philip? || Perseus <> Pada tahun apakah Macedonian kehilangan The Battle of Pydna? || 168 SM <> Bagaimana Roma bertindak balas terhadap kerugian berturut-turut mereka terhadap orang Makedonia? || dengan menghantar tentera yang lebih kuat <> Siapa yang mula-mula memulakan Perang Ketiga Mac? || Rom", {"context": "In 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against the Romans. However, Rome responded by sending a stronger army. This second consular army decisively defeated the Macedonians at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC and the Macedonians duly capitulated, ending the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "179 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Philip pass away?", "id": "572feac7a23a5019007fcb35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Perseus"}], "question": "Who was next in line to the throne at the time of Philip's death?", "id": "572feac7a23a5019007fcb36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "168 BC"}], "question": "In what year were did the Macedonians lose The Battle of Pydna?", "id": "572feac7a23a5019007fcb37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "by sending a stronger army"}], "question": "How did Rome respond to their successive losses against the Macedonians?", "id": "572feac7a23a5019007fcb38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "Who had initially begun the Third Macedonian War?", "id": "572feac7a23a5019007fcb39"}]}], ["Perang Jugurthine pada tahun 111-104 SM diperjuangkan antara Rom dan Jugurtha kerajaan Numidia Afrika Utara. Ia membentuk pemisahan Rom terakhir Afrika Utara, selepas itu Rom sebahagian besarnya menghentikan pengembangan di benua itu setelah mencapai halangan semulajadi padang pasir dan gunung. Berikutan perampasan Jugurtha takhta Numidia, sekutu setia Rom sejak Perang Punic, Rom merasa terpaksa campur tangan. Jugurtha secara tidak sengaja menyuap orang Rom untuk menerima usurpasinya. Jugurtha akhirnya ditangkap bukan dalam pertempuran tetapi oleh pengkhianatan. <> Apa peperangan dianggap sebagai pemusnahan Rom terakhir di Afrika Utara? || Perang Jugurthine <> Apa yang akhirnya menyebabkan Jugurtha menjadi tawanan? || pengkhianatan <> Siapa yang cuba merampas takhta Numidia? || Jugurtha <> Kapan Perang Jugurthine berakhir? || 104 BC <> Siapa yang Jugurtha harus menyogok agar mereka dapat menerima dia sebagai pemimpin baru Numidia? || orang-orang Rom", {"context": "The Jugurthine War of 111\u2013104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia, a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars, Rome felt compelled to intervene. Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation. Jugurtha was finally captured not in battle but by treachery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Jugurthine War"}], "question": "What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa?", "id": "572fee59b2c2fd14005685f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "treachery"}], "question": "What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive?", "id": "572fee59b2c2fd14005685f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Jugurtha"}], "question": "Who attempted to usurp the throne of Numidia?", "id": "572fee59b2c2fd14005685f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "104 BC"}], "question": "When did the Jugurthine War end?", "id": "572fee59b2c2fd14005685f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "the Romans"}], "question": "Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia?", "id": "572fee59b2c2fd14005685f9"}]}], ["Pertempuran beberapa laut pertama adalah bencana bagi Rom. Bagaimanapun, selepas latihan lebih banyak pelayar dan mencipta mesin yang bergelut, pasukan tentera laut Rom berjaya mengalahkan armada Carthaginian, dan kemenangan tentera laut seterusnya. Carthaginians kemudian mengupah Xanthippus dari Carthage, seorang tentera upahan Spartan, untuk menyusun semula dan memimpin tenteranya. Dia memotong tentera Rom dari dasarnya dengan mendirikan semula ketenteraan angkatan laut Carthaginian. Orang Roma kemudian mengalahkan orang Carthaginians dalam peperangan laut di Pertempuran Kepulauan Aegates dan meninggalkan Carthage tanpa armada atau duit syiling yang mencukupi untuk menaikkan satu. Untuk kuasa maritim kehilangan akses mereka ke Mediterranean yang tersangkut dari segi kewangan dan psikologi, dan orang Carthaginians menggugat keamanan. <> Apakah peperangan pada mulanya melengkapkan bencana untuk Rom? || pertempuran tentera laut <> Jenis mesin apa yang dicipta oleh orang Rom? || enjin bergelut <> Siapa yang mengupah Carthaginians untuk memimpin tentera mereka selepas beberapa kerugian terhadap orang Rom? || Xanthippus <> Siapa yang mendakwa kemenangan di Pertempuran Kepulauan Aegates? || Orang-orang Rom <> Yang kehilangan akses ke Mediterranean selepas banyak kehilangan tentera laut? || orang Carthaginians", {"context": "The first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary general, to reorganise and lead their army. He cut off the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy. The Romans then again defeated the Carthaginians in naval battle at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and left Carthage with neither a fleet nor sufficient coin to raise one. For a maritime power the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically, and the Carthaginians sued for peace.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "naval battles"}], "question": "What battles were initially complete disasters for Rome?", "id": "572fd2b4b2c2fd14005684b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "grappling engine"}], "question": "What type of engine was invented by the Romans?", "id": "572fd2b4b2c2fd14005684b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Xanthippus"}], "question": "Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their army after several losses against the Romans?", "id": "572fd2b4b2c2fd14005684b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "The Romans"}], "question": "Who claimed victory at the Battle of Aegates Islands?", "id": "572fd2b4b2c2fd14005684b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "the Carthaginians"}], "question": "Who lost access to the Mediterranean after numerous naval losses?", "id": "572fd2b4b2c2fd14005684b7"}]}], ["Dengan Mesir dan Macedonia melemahkan, Empayar Seleucid membuat percubaan yang agresif dan berjaya untuk menaklukkan seluruh dunia Yunani. Sekarang bukan sahaja sekutu Rom melawan Philip, tetapi juga Philip sendiri, mencari satu pakatan Rom melawan Seleucids. Keadaan ini menjadi lebih buruk oleh fakta bahawa Hannibal kini menjadi penasihat ketua tentera kepada maharaja Seleucid, dan kedua-duanya dipercayai merancang penaklukan secara terang-terangan bukan hanya dari Yunani, tetapi dari Roma sendiri. Seleucid lebih kuat daripada orang Macedonia, kerana mereka menguasai sebahagian besar bekas Persia Parsi, dan pada masa ini hampir seluruhnya menyusun semula bekas empayar Alexander yang Agung. <> Siapa yang kini dilantik sebagai penasihat ketenteraan kepada maharaja Seleucid? || Hannibal <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai rancangan Hannibal dan kaisar Seleucid? || penaklukan secara terang-terangan bukan hanya dari Greece, tetapi dari Roma sendiri <> Empayar mana yang kini menguasai majoriti bekas Empayar Parsi? || Seleucids <> Siapa yang berjaya mencipta hampir seluruh empayar Alexander yang Agung? || Seleucids <> Yang bekas musuh mahu satu pakatan dengan orang-orang Rom? || Philip", {"context": "With Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fact that Hannibal was now a chief military advisor to the Seleucid emperor, and the two were believed to be planning an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself. The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been, because they controlled much of the former Persian Empire, and by now had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great's former empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Hannibal"}], "question": "Who had now been appointed as a military advisor to the emperor of Seleucid?", "id": "572fe7abb2c2fd1400568595"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself"}], "question": "What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid?", "id": "572fe7abb2c2fd1400568596"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Seleucids"}], "question": "Which empire currently controlled the majority of the former Persian Empire?", "id": "572fe7abb2c2fd1400568597"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Seleucids"}], "question": "Who had managed to recreate nearly the entirety of the empire of Alexander the Great?", "id": "572fe7abb2c2fd1400568598"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Philip"}], "question": "Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans?", "id": "572fe7abb2c2fd1400568599"}]}], ["Yakin sekarang bahawa orang-orang Yunani (dan oleh itu seluruh rantau ini) tidak akan mendapat kedamaian jika ditinggalkan sendirian, Rom memutuskan untuk menubuhkan pijakan kekal yang pertama di dunia Yunani, dan membahagikan Kerajaan Makedonia ke empat republik pelanggan. Namun, keganasan Macedonia terus berlanjut. Perang Makhluk keempat, 150 hingga 148 SM, telah berperang melawan seorang pretender Macedonia ke takhta yang sekali lagi mengganggu Yunani dengan berusaha untuk mendirikan kerajaan lama. Orang Roma dengan cepat mengalahkan orang Makedonia pada pertempuran kedua Pydna. <> Berapa banyak republik yang dipisahkan oleh Kerajaan Macedonia? || empat republik pelanggan <> Dalam apa tahun yang berakhir Empat Macedonian Perang berakhir? || 148 SM <> Siapa yang melawan Roma dalam Perang Macedia Keempat? || seorang pretender Macedonia ke takhta <> Apa kesannya penubuhan kerajaan Macedonia ada di Greece? || ketidakstabilan <> Siapa yang boleh menuntut kemenangan di Pertempuran Pydna Kedua? || Orang-orang Rom", {"context": "Convinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Macedonian War, 150 to 148 BC, was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilizing Greece by trying to re-establish the old kingdom. The Romans swiftly defeated the Macedonians at the Second battle of Pydna.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "four client republics"}], "question": "How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into?", "id": "572fec5d947a6a140053cdfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "148 BC"}], "question": "In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end?", "id": "572fec5d947a6a140053cdfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "a Macedonian pretender to the throne"}], "question": "Who did Rome fight in the Fourth Macedonian War?", "id": "572fec5d947a6a140053cdfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "destabilizing"}], "question": "What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece?", "id": "572fec5d947a6a140053cdff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "The Romans"}], "question": "Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna?", "id": "572fec5d947a6a140053ce00"}]}], ["Keasyikan di Roma dengan perangnya dengan Carthage memberi peluang kepada Philip V dari kerajaan Macedonia, yang terletak di utara semenanjung Yunani, untuk berusaha memperluas kekuasaannya ke arah barat. Philip menghantar duta ke kem Hannibal di Itali, untuk merundingkan satu pakatan sebagai musuh biasa Rom. Bagaimanapun, Roma mendapati perjanjian itu apabila utusan Philip ditawan oleh armada Rom. Perang Macedon Pertama menyaksikan orang-orang Rom yang terlibat secara langsung dalam operasi darat yang terhad, tetapi akhirnya mereka mencapai tujuan mereka untuk mengalahkan Philip dan menghalangnya daripada membantu Hannibal. <> Apa kerajaan menghantar duta ke Itali dalam usaha untuk membentuk satu perikatan melawan Rom? || Macedonia <> Di manakah Philip V mahu memperluas kawalannya? || barat daya <> Apa semenanjung adalah kerajaan Macedonia yang dapat ditemukan? || Semenanjung Yunani <> Pada ketika mana Roma mendapati bahawa satu pakatan antara Philip V dan Hannibal telah dicapai? || Para utusan Philip telah ditangkap oleh armada Rom <> Siapa yang Philip V mencari persekutuan dengan? || Hannibal", {"context": "Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome. However, Rome discovered the agreement when Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet. The First Macedonian War saw the Romans involved directly in only limited land operations, but they ultimately achieved their objective of pre-occupying Philip and preventing him from aiding Hannibal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Macedonia"}], "question": "What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome?", "id": "572fdbd404bcaa1900d76de3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "westward"}], "question": "Where did Philip V want to extend his control to?", "id": "572fdbd404bcaa1900d76de4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Greek peninsula"}], "question": "What peninsula was the kingdom of Macedonia able to be found in?", "id": "572fdbd404bcaa1900d76de5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet"}], "question": "At what point did Rome discover that an alliance between Philip V and Hannibal had been achieved?", "id": "572fdbd404bcaa1900d76de7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Hannibal"}], "question": "Who did Philip V seek an alliance with?", "id": "572fdbd404bcaa1900d76de6"}]}], ["Orang Roma menangkis Hannibal dalam tiga pertempuran, tetapi kemudian Hannibal menghancurkan tentera konsuler Rom. Pada masa ini kakak Hannibal, Hasdrubal Barca berusaha melintasi Alpen ke Itali dan menyertai saudaranya dengan tentera kedua. Hasdrubal berjaya memecah masuk ke Itali hanya untuk dikalahkan secara tegas di Sungai Metaurus. Tidak dapat mengalahkan Hannibal di tanah Itali, orang Romawi dengan berani menghantar tentera ke Afrika di bawah Scipio Africanus untuk mengancam ibu kota Carthaginian. Hannibal telah dipanggil semula ke Afrika, dan dikalahkan di Pertempuran Zama. <> Apakah nama ahli keluarga Hannibal yang mahu menyertai tenteranya dalam peperangan? || Hasdrubal Barca <> Di mana sungai Hasdrubal Barca dikalahkan? || Sungai Metaurus <> Di mana pertempuran Hannibal jelas dikalahkan? || Pertempuran Zama <> Yang telah mengetuai tentera bahawa orang Roma telah dihantar ke Afrika? || Scipio Africanus <> Mengapa orang Roma menghantar tentera ke Afrika? || untuk mengancam modal Carthaginian", {"context": "The Romans held off Hannibal in three battles, but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies. By this time Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army. Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be defeated decisively on the Metaurus River. Unable to defeat Hannibal on Italian soil, the Romans boldly sent an army to Africa under Scipio Africanus to threaten the Carthaginian capital. Hannibal was recalled to Africa, and defeated at the Battle of Zama.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Hasdrubal Barca"}], "question": "What was the name of Hannibal's family member that wanted to join his army in battle?", "id": "572fd44fb2c2fd14005684cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Metaurus River"}], "question": "At what river was Hasdrubal Barca defeated at?", "id": "572fd44fb2c2fd14005684d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "the Battle of Zama"}], "question": "In which battle was Hannibal clearly defeated at?", "id": "572fd44fb2c2fd14005684d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Scipio Africanus"}], "question": "Who had led the army that the Romans had sent to Africa?", "id": "572fd44fb2c2fd14005684d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "to threaten the Carthaginian capital"}], "question": "Why did the Romans send an army to Africa?", "id": "572fd44fb2c2fd14005684d3"}]}], ["Carthage tidak pernah pulih secara ketenteraan selepas Perang Punic Kedua, tetapi dengan cepat dari segi ekonomi dan Perang Punic Ketiga yang diikuti adalah pada hakikatnya misi penghukuman yang mudah setelah Numidians jiran yang bersekutu dengan Roma merompak / menyerang pedagang Carthaginian. Perjanjian telah melarang sebarang peperangan dengan sekutu Rom, dan pertahanan terhadap merompak / lanun dianggap sebagai \"tindakan perang\": Rom memutuskan untuk memusnahkan bandar Carthage. Carthage hampir tidak berdaya, dan diserahkan ketika dikepung. Walau bagaimanapun, orang Roma menuntut penyerahan dan pengangkatan bandar secara penuh ke dalam padang pasir (padang pasir) jauh di rantau pantai atau pelabuhan, dan orang-orang Carthagini menolak. Kota itu dikepung, diserang, dan dimusnahkan sepenuhnya. Pada akhirnya, semua wilayah Afrika Utara dan Iberia Carthage telah diperoleh oleh Rom. Perhatikan bahawa \"Carthage\" bukanlah 'empayar', tetapi satu liga koloni punik (bandar pelabuhan di mediterranean barat) seperti liga Athena 1 dan 2 (\"loteng\"), di bawah kepimpinan Carthage. Punic Carthago telah hilang, tetapi kota-kota punik yang lain di mediterranean barat berkembang di bawah pemerintahan Rom. <> Apa yang telah menghalang Carthage daripada mempertahankan wilayah mereka daripada lanun? || Treaties <> Apa jenis koloni Carthage terutamanya terdiri daripada? || koloni punik <> Apa bandar-bandar berkembang selepas mereka ditawan oleh orang Rom? || kota-kota punik <> Apa permintaan utama orang Rom yang ditolak oleh Carthage? || penyerahan lengkap <> Siapa yang membuat kumpulan Numidians bersekutu? || Rom", {"context": "Carthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman allies, and defense against robbing/pirates was considered as \"war action\": Rome decided to annihilate the city of Carthage. Carthage was almost defenceless, and submitted when besieged. However, the Romans demanded complete surrender and moval of the city into the (desert) inland far off any coastal or harbour region, and the Carthaginians refused. The city was besieged, stormed, and completely destroyed. Ultimately, all of Carthage's North African and Iberian territories were acquired by Rome. Note that \"Carthage\" was not an 'empire', but a league of punic colonies (port cities in the western mediterranean) like the 1st and 2nd Athenian (\"attic\") leagues, under leadership of Carthage. Punic Carthago was gone, but the other punic cities in the western mediterranean flourished under Roman rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Treaties"}], "question": "What had prevented Carthage from defending their territory from pirates?", "id": "572fd5f8947a6a140053cd28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 857, "text": "punic colonies"}], "question": "What type of colony was Carthage primarily comprised of?", "id": "572fd5f8947a6a140053cd29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1033, "text": "punic cities"}], "question": "What cities flourished after they were conquered by the Romans?", "id": "572fd5f8947a6a140053cd2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "complete surrender"}], "question": "What was the main request of the Romans that Carthage turned down?", "id": "572fd5f8947a6a140053cd2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "Who did the Numidians form an alliance with?", "id": "572fd5f8947a6a140053cd2c"}]}], ["Takut yang paling teruk, orang Roma mula menggerakkan mobilisasi utama, tetapi menarik diri dari Sepanyol baru-baru ini dan Gaul. Mereka juga menubuhkan pasukan utama di Sicily sekiranya Seleucids pernah ke Itali. Ketakutan ini dikongsi oleh sekutu Yunani Rom, yang sebahagian besarnya tidak menghiraukan Rom pada tahun-tahun selepas Perang Macedonia Kedua, tetapi kini mengikuti Roma sekali lagi untuk kali pertama sejak perang itu. Satu pasukan utama Romawi-Yunani digerakkan di bawah komando pahlawan besar Perang Punic Kedua, Scipio Africanus, dan berangkat ke Greece, bermula Perang Rom-Syria. Selepas pertempuran awal yang mendedahkan kelemahan Seleucid yang serius, Seleucid cuba mengubah kekuatan Rom melawan mereka di Pertempuran Thermopylae (kerana mereka percaya 300 orang Spartan telah berabad-abad sebelumnya). Seperti orang Spartan, Seleucid kehilangan pertempuran, dan terpaksa berpindah ke Greece. Orang Rom mengejar Seleucid dengan melintasi Hellespont, yang menandakan kali pertama tentera Rom pernah memasuki Asia. Pertunangan yang tegas telah bertempur di Pertempuran Magnesia, menghasilkan kemenangan Roma yang lengkap. The Seleucids menggugat damai, dan Rom memaksa mereka untuk meninggalkan penaklukan Yunani baru-baru ini. Walaupun mereka masih menguasai banyak wilayah, kekalahan ini menandakan penurunan empayar mereka, kerana mereka mula menghadapi subjek yang semakin agresif di timur (orang Parthia) dan barat (orang Yunani). Empayar mereka terpecah menjadi pantat sepanjang abad yang akan datang, apabila ia dikelilingi oleh Pontus. Berikutan Magnesia, Rom kembali berundur dari Greece, dengan mengandaikan (atau berharap) bahawa kekurangan kuasa Yunani utama akan memastikan keamanan stabil. Malah, ia sebaliknya. <> Bandar manakah di Itali sekarang menempatkan sebuah garisan perang Rom yang besar? || Sicily <> Kenapa seorang garnison dipelopori di Itali oleh orang Rom? || sekiranya Seleucids pernah ke Itali <> Siapa yang telah kalah dalam Pertempuran Thermopylae? || Seleucid <> Mengapa Roma memutuskan untuk menarik balik pasukan mereka dari Greece? || dengan asumsi (atau berharap) bahawa kekurangan kekuatan Yunani utama akan memastikan keamanan yang stabil <> Apa kerugian mulai penurunan Empayar Seleucids? || Pertempuran Magnesia", {"context": "Fearing the worst, the Romans began a major mobilization, all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul. They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy. This fear was shared by Rome's Greek allies, who had largely ignored Rome in the years after the Second Macedonian War, but now followed Rome again for the first time since that war. A major Roman-Greek force was mobilized under the command of the great hero of the Second Punic War, Scipio Africanus, and set out for Greece, beginning the Roman-Syrian War. After initial fighting that revealed serious Seleucid weaknesses, the Seleucids tried to turn the Roman strength against them at the Battle of Thermopylae (as they believed the 300 Spartans had done centuries earlier). Like the Spartans, the Seleucids lost the battle, and were forced to evacuate Greece. The Romans pursued the Seleucids by crossing the Hellespont, which marked the first time a Roman army had ever entered Asia. The decisive engagement was fought at the Battle of Magnesia, resulting in a complete Roman victory. The Seleucids sued for peace, and Rome forced them to give up their recent Greek conquests. Although they still controlled a great deal of territory, this defeat marked the decline of their empire, as they were to begin facing increasingly aggressive subjects in the east (the Parthians) and the west (the Greeks). Their empire disintegrated into a rump over the course of the next century, when it was eclipsed by Pontus. Following Magnesia, Rome again withdrew from Greece, assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace. In fact, it did the opposite.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Sicily"}], "question": "Which town in Italy now housed a large Roman garrison?", "id": "572fe971947a6a140053cdd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy"}], "question": "Why was a garrison implented in Italy by the Romans?", "id": "572fe971947a6a140053cdd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "the Seleucids"}], "question": "Who had been defeated in the Battle of Thermopylae?", "id": "572fe971947a6a140053cdd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1570, "text": "assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace"}], "question": "Why did the Romans decide to withdraw their forces from Greece?", "id": "572fe971947a6a140053cdd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1035, "text": "Battle of Magnesia"}], "question": "What loss started a decline of the Seleucids Empire?", "id": "572fe971947a6a140053cdda"}]}], ["Abad terakhir telah melihat dunia Yunani dikuasai oleh tiga kerajaan pengganti utama empayar Alexander Agung: Mesir Ptolemaik, Makedonia dan Empayar Seleucid. Pada tahun 202 SM, masalah dalaman membawa kepada kelemahan kedudukan Mesir, sehingga mengganggu keseimbangan kuasa di kalangan negara pengganti. Makedonia dan Empayar Seleucid bersetuju dengan persekutuan untuk menaklukkan dan membagi Mesir. Takut keadaan ini semakin tidak stabil, beberapa kerajaan Yunani kecil menghantar delegasi ke Rom untuk mencari persekutuan. Delegasi itu berjaya, walaupun percubaan Yunani sebelumnya untuk melibatkan Rom dalam urusan Yunani telah dipenuhi dengan sikap tidak peduli Romawi. Sumber utama kami mengenai peristiwa-peristiwa ini, karya-karya Polybius yang masih hidup, tidak menyatakan alasan Rom untuk terlibat. Rom memberi Philip sebuah ultimatum untuk menghentikan kempennya melawan sekutu Yunani Rom yang baru. Mengagak kekuatan Roma (keraguan munasabah, memandangkan prestasi Rome dalam Perang Macedonia Pertama) Philip tidak mengendahkan permintaan itu, dan Rom menghantar tentera Rom dan sekutu Yunani, yang memulakan Perang Macedonia Kedua. Walaupun kejayaannya yang baru-baru ini menentang orang Yunani dan kejayaan awal melawan Rom, tentera Philipus dibelenggu tekanan dari tentera Rom-Yunani. Pada tahun 197 SM, orang Rom telah menumpaskan Philip pada Pertempuran Cynoscephalae, dan Philip terpaksa meninggalkan penaklukan Yunani baru-baru ini. Roma mengisytiharkan \"Peace of the Greeks\", mempercayai bahawa kekalahan Philip sekarang bermakna Greece akan stabil. Mereka keluar dari Greece sepenuhnya, mengekalkan hubungan minimum dengan sekutu Yunani mereka. <> Apa yang telah diumumkan oleh orang Rom sekarang bahawa Philip telah dikalahkan? || \"Kedamaian Orang-orang Yunani\" <> Di manakah orang Roma membuang tentera mereka selepas kehilangan Philip? || Greece <> Apa permintaan Roma diabaikan oleh Philip V yang dengan cepat membawa kepada permulaan Perang Macedonia Kedua? || sebuah ultimatum untuk menghentikan kempennya terhadap sekutu Yunani Rom baru <> Dalam tahun apakah Philip kehilangan Pertempuran Cynoscephalae? || 197 SM <> Apa yang dipaksa Philip untuk kembali setelah kehilangannya dalam Pertempuran Cynoscephalae? || penaklukan Yunani baru-baru ini", {"context": "The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the successor states. Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire agreed to an alliance to conquer and divide Egypt. Fearing this increasingly unstable situation, several small Greek kingdoms sent delegations to Rome to seek an alliance. The delegation succeeded, even though prior Greek attempts to involve Rome in Greek affairs had been met with Roman apathy. Our primary source about these events, the surviving works of Polybius, do not state Rome's reason for getting involved. Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies. Doubting Rome's strength (a reasonable doubt, given Rome's performance in the First Macedonian War) Philip ignored the request, and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies, beginning the Second Macedonian War. Despite his recent successes against the Greeks and earlier successes against Rome, Philip's army buckled under the pressure from the Roman-Greek army. In 197 BC, the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests. The Romans declared the \"Peace of the Greeks\", believing that Philip's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable. They pulled out of Greece entirely, maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1381, "text": "\"Peace of the Greeks\""}], "question": "What was declared by the Romans now that the Philip had been defeated?", "id": "572fddc804bcaa1900d76df3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1493, "text": "Greece"}], "question": "Where did the Romans remove their troops from after Philip's loss?", "id": "572fddc804bcaa1900d76df4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies"}], "question": "What request of Rome was ignored by Philip V that quickly led to the start of the Second Macedonian War?", "id": "572fddc804bcaa1900d76df5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1218, "text": "197 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Philip lose the Battle of Cynoscephalae?", "id": "572fddc804bcaa1900d76df6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1329, "text": "his recent Greek conquests"}], "question": "What was Philip forced to return after his loss in the Battle of Cynoscephalae?", "id": "572fddc804bcaa1900d76df7"}]}], ["Pada tahun 121 SM, Rom telah bertemu dengan dua suku Celtic (dari sebuah rantau di Perancis moden), kedua-duanya dikalahkan dengan mudah. Perang Cimbrian (113-101 SM) adalah urusan yang jauh lebih serius daripada pertempuran awal 121 SM. Suku Jerman dari Cimbri dan Teutons berhijrah dari utara Eropah ke wilayah utara Rom, dan bertempur dengan Rom dan sekutunya. Pada Pertempuran Aquae Sextiae dan Pertempuran Vercellae kedua-dua puak itu hampir dimusnahkan, yang mengakhiri ancaman itu. <> Bilakah Perang Cimbrian berakhir? || 101 SM <> Dalam tahun berapakah Rom berhubung dengan beberapa suku Celtic? || 121 SM <> Perang apa yang bermula pada tahun 113 SM? || Perang Cimbrian <> Di mana suku-suku yang hampir hancur di Pertempuran Vercellae berasal dari? || Eropah Utara", {"context": "In 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113\u2013101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated from northern Europe into Rome's northern territories, and clashed with Rome and her allies. At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae and the Battle of Vercellae both tribes were virtually annihilated, which ended the threat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "101 BC"}], "question": "When did the Cimbrian War end?", "id": "572fefcb947a6a140053ce2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "121 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes?", "id": "572fefcb947a6a140053ce2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "The Cimbrian War"}], "question": "What war began in the year 113 BC?", "id": "572fefcb947a6a140053ce30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "northern Europe"}], "question": "Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from?", "id": "572fefcb947a6a140053ce31"}]}], ["Caesar kini menjadi tokoh utama negara Rom, menguatkuasakan dan menguatkan kuasanya. Musuh-musuhnya takut bahawa dia mempunyai cita-cita menjadi penguasa otokratik. Mengadukan bahawa Republik Roman berada dalam bahaya, sekelompok senator menimbulkan konspirasi dan membunuh Caesar pada pertemuan Senat pada 44 Maret SM. Mark Antony, Leftenan Caesar, mengutuk pembunuhan Caesar, dan perang meletus antara dua puak. Antony dikecam sebagai musuh awam, dan anak angkat Caesar dan pewaris yang dipilih, Gaius Octavianus, telah diamanahkan dengan perintah perang terhadapnya. Pada Pertempuran Mutina Mark Antony dikalahkan oleh konsul Hirtius dan Pansa, yang terbunuh. <> Siapa yang kini dianggap sebagai tokoh utama dalam negara Rom? || Caesar <> Kumpulan mana yang berkomplot terhadap Kaisar supaya dia dibunuh? || senator <> Yang bekas letnan Caesar dianggap ancaman awam setelah Caesar dibunuh? || Mark Antony <> Bilakah Julius Caesar mati? || 44 Mac SM <> Mengapa senator Rom ingin membunuh Caesar? || Republik Roman berada dalam bahaya", {"context": "Caesar was now the primary figure of the Roman state, enforcing and entrenching his powers. His enemies feared that he had ambitions to become an autocratic ruler. Arguing that the Roman Republic was in danger, a group of senators hatched a conspiracy and assassinated Caesar at a meeting of the Senate in March 44 BC.  Mark Antony, Caesar's lieutenant, condemned Caesar's assassination, and war broke out between the two factions. Antony was denounced as a public enemy, and Caesar's adopted son and chosen heir, Gaius Octavianus, was entrusted with the command of the war against him. At the Battle of Mutina Mark Antony was defeated by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who were both killed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Caesar"}], "question": "Who was now considered to be the primary figure in the Roman state?", "id": "572ffc9bb2c2fd14005686db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "senators"}], "question": "Which group of people conspired against Caesar in order to have him assassinated?", "id": "572ffc9bb2c2fd14005686dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Mark Antony"}], "question": "Which former lieutenant of Caesar was considered a public threat after Caesar was assassinated?", "id": "572ffc9bb2c2fd14005686de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "March 44 BC"}], "question": "When did Julius Caesar die?", "id": "572ffc9bb2c2fd14005686dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "the Roman Republic was in danger"}], "question": "Why did the Roman senators wish to have Caesar assassinated?", "id": "572ffc9bb2c2fd14005686df"}]}], ["Antara 135 SM dan 71 SM terdapat tiga \"Perang Servile\" yang melibatkan pemberontakan hamba terhadap negara Rom. Pemberontakan ketiga dan terakhir adalah yang paling serius, yang melibatkan akhirnya antara 120,000 dan 150,000 hamba di bawah perintah Spartacus gladiator. Pada 91 SM Perang Sosial berlaku di antara Rom dan bekas rakan sekutunya di Itali apabila sekutu mengeluh bahawa mereka berkongsi risiko kempen ketenteraan Rom, tetapi bukannya ganjarannya. Walaupun mereka kalah secara ketenteraan, sekutu-sekutu mencapai objektifnya dengan pengumuman undang-undang yang memberikan kewarganegaraan kepada lebih dari 500,000 orang Itali. <> Berapa banyak budak paling banyak berada di bawah perintah Spartacus? || 150,000 <> Bilakah permulaan Perang Sosial? || 91 SM <> Berapa ramai orang Itali menjadi warganegara selepas kehilangan Perang Sosial? || lebih daripada 500,000 <> Berapa banyak pemberontakan hamba di antara tahun 135 SM dan 71 SM? || Tiga <> Akhirnya apa yang memulakan Perang Sosial? || sekutu mengadu bahawa mereka berkongsi risiko kempen ketenteraan Rom, tetapi bukannya ganjarannya", {"context": "Between 135 BC and 71 BC there were three \"Servile Wars\" involving slave uprisings against the Roman state. The third and final uprising was the most serious, involving ultimately between 120,000 and 150,000 slaves under the command of the gladiator Spartacus. In 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its former allies in Italy when the allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards. Although they lost militarily, the allies achieved their objectives with legal proclamations which granted citizenship to more than 500,000 Italians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "150,000"}], "question": "How many slaves at most were under the command of Spartacus?", "id": "572ff287a23a5019007fcb8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "91 BC"}], "question": "When was the beginning of the Social War?", "id": "572ff287a23a5019007fcb8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "more than 500,000"}], "question": "How many Italians became citizens after the loss of the Social War?", "id": "572ff287a23a5019007fcb8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many slave uprisings were there between the years of 135 BC and 71 BC?", "id": "572ff287a23a5019007fcb8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards"}], "question": "Ultimately what started the Social War?", "id": "572ff287a23a5019007fcb8f"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, perang saudara meletup lagi apabila Triumvirate Kedua Octavian, Lepidus dan Mark Antony gagal. Octavian yang bercita-cita tinggi telah membina asas kuasa pelindung dan kemudian melancarkan kempen melawan Mark Antony. Di Pertempuran Angkatan Laut Actium di lepas pantai Greece, Octavian tegas mengalahkan Antony dan Cleopatra. Octavian diberikan satu siri kuasa istimewa termasuk \"imperium\" tunggal di dalam kota Rom, kuasa konsular tetap dan kredit untuk setiap kemenangan tentera Rom, kerana semua jeneral masa depan dianggap sebagai bertindak di bawah perintahnya. Pada 27 Oktober, Octavian diberikan penggunaan nama-nama \"Augustus\" dan \"Princeps\", yang menunjukkan status utamanya di atas semua orang Roma yang lain, dan dia menerima gelaran \"Imperator Caesar\" menjadikannya Kaisar Rom pertama. <> Kegagalan apa yang menyebabkan api perang syaitan memuncak semula? || Triumvirate Kedua Octavian <> Dalam tahun apakah Octavian pertama kali menggunakan nama Augustus dan Princeps? || 27 SM <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Cleopatra dan Mark Antony di Pertempuran Actium? || Octavian <> Individu mana yang diberikan kuasa konsular tetap? || Octavian <> Siapa yang telah ditetapkan sebagai Kaisar Rom pertama? || Octavian", {"context": "However, civil war flared again when the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Lepidus and Mark Antony failed. The ambitious Octavian built a power base of patronage and then launched a campaign against Mark Antony. At the naval Battle of Actium off the coast of Greece, Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian was granted a series of special powers including sole \"imperium\" within the city of Rome, permanent consular powers and credit for every Roman military victory, since all future generals were assumed to be acting under his command. In 27 BC Octavian was granted the use of the names \"Augustus\" and \"Princeps\", indicating his primary status above all other Romans, and he adopted the title \"Imperator Caesar\" making him the first Roman Emperor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Second Triumvirate of Octavian"}], "question": "What failure caused the the flares of civil war to spark up again?", "id": "572fffb8a23a5019007fcc29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "27 BC"}], "question": "In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps?", "id": "572fffb8a23a5019007fcc2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Octavian"}], "question": "Who defeated Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium?", "id": "572fffb8a23a5019007fcc2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Octavian"}], "question": "Which individual was granted permanent consular powers?", "id": "572fffb8a23a5019007fcc2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "Octavian"}], "question": "Who has been designated as the first Emperor of Rome?", "id": "572fffb8a23a5019007fcc2c"}]}], ["Semasa zamannya sebagai praetor di Semenanjung Iberia (moden Portugal dan Sepanyol), kontemporari Pompey, Julius Caesar mengalahkan dua puak tempatan dalam pertempuran. Selepas berkhidmat sebagai konsul pada tahun 59 SM, beliau telah dilantik sebagai penggubal undang-undang Cisalpine Gaul (bahagian Itali utara sekarang), Transalpine Gaul (selatan Perancis sekarang) dan Illyria (sebahagian Balkan moden). Tidak puas dengan gabenor yang sia-sia, Caesar berusaha mencari alasan untuk menyerang Gaul (Perancis dan Belgium moden), yang akan memberikan kejayaan ketenteraan dramatik yang dia cari. Apabila dua puak tempatan mula bermigrasi di laluan yang akan membawa mereka ke berhampiran (tidak ke) wilayah Rom Transalpine Gaul, Caesar mempunyai alasan yang cukup mencukupi untuk Perang Gallicnya, yang berjuang antara 58 SM dan 49 SM. <> Siapa yang memegang istilah sebagai praetor di Semenanjung Iberia? || Julius Caesar <> Mengapa Julius Caesar ingin menyerang Gaul? || akan memberinya kejayaan ketenteraan dramatik yang dicarinya <> Bilakah istilah Julius Caesar sebagai konsul berakhir? || 59 SM <> Apa pemimpin ketua adalah Julius Caesar yang kontemporari? || Pompey <> Apa sebabnya digunakan oleh Julius Caesar untuk memulakan Perang Gallic? || dua puak tempatan mula bermigrasi di laluan yang akan membawa mereka berhampiran (tidak ke) wilayah Rom Transalpine Gaul", {"context": "During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), Pompey's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle. After his term as consul in 59 BC, he was appointed to a five-year term as the proconsular Governor of Cisalpine Gaul (part of current northern Italy), Transalpine Gaul (current southern France) and Illyria (part of the modern Balkans). Not content with an idle governorship, Caesar strove to find reason to invade Gaul (modern France and Belgium), which would give him the dramatic military success he sought. When two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul, Caesar had the barely sufficient excuse he needed for his Gallic Wars, fought between 58 BC and 49 BC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Julius Caesar"}], "question": "Who held  a term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula?", "id": "572ff8e304bcaa1900d76f79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "would give him the dramatic military success he sought"}], "question": "Why did Julius Caesar wish to invade Gaul?", "id": "572ff8e304bcaa1900d76f7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "59 BC"}], "question": "When did Julius Caesar's term as consul end?", "id": "572ff8e304bcaa1900d76f7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Pompey"}], "question": "What military leader was Julius Caesar a contemporary of?", "id": "572ff8e304bcaa1900d76f7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul"}], "question": "What was the reasoning Julius Caesar used to start the Gallic Wars?", "id": "572ff8e304bcaa1900d76f7d"}]}], ["Pada musim bunga 49 BC, legenda Kaisar Caesar menyeberangi sungai Rubicon, sempadan undang-undang Rom Itali di mana tidak ada komander yang mungkin membawa tenteranya, dan melenyapkan semenanjung Italia ke Rom, sementara Pompey mengarahkan penahanan Rom. Selepas itu Caesar mengalihkan perhatiannya ke kubu Pompeian Hispania (Sepanyol moden) tetapi memutuskan untuk menangani Pompey sendiri di Greece. Pompey pada mulanya mengalahkan Caesar, namun gagal menindaklanjuti kemenangannya, dan kalah secara tegas pada Pertempuran Pharsalus pada tahun 48 SM, walaupun melebihi jumlah pasukan Caesar dari dua hingga satu, walaupun dengan tentara bermutu tinggi. Pompey melarikan diri lagi, kali ini ke Mesir, di mana dia dibunuh. <> Semasa tahun apakah bala tentera Caesar menyeberangi sungai Rubicon? || 49 SM <> Siapa yang akan dilihat sebagai telah dikalahkan dalam Pertempuran Pharsalus? || Pompey <> Siapa yang memutuskan untuk menyerang Pompey di Greece? || Caesar <> Di negara apakah Pompey mati? || Mesir <> Pada tahun apakah Pertempuran Pharsalus berlaku? || 48 SM", {"context": "By the spring of 49 BC, the hardened legions of Caesar crossed the river Rubicon, the legal boundary of Roman Italy beyond which no commander might bring his army, and swept down the Italian peninsula towards Rome, while Pompey ordered the abandonment of Rome. Afterwards Caesar turned his attention to the Pompeian stronghold of Hispania (modern Spain) but decided to tackle Pompey himself in Greece. Pompey initially defeated Caesar, but failed to follow up on the victory, and was decisively defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, despite outnumbering Caesar's forces two to one, albeit with inferior quality troops. Pompey fled again, this time to Egypt, where he was murdered.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "49 BC"}], "question": "During what year did Caesar's armies cross the river Rubicon?", "id": "572ffb1eb2c2fd14005686bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Pompey"}], "question": "Who would be seen as having been defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus?", "id": "572ffb1eb2c2fd14005686c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Caesar"}], "question": "Who decided to attack Pompey in Greece?", "id": "572ffb1eb2c2fd14005686c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "Egypt"}], "question": "In what country did Pompey die in?", "id": "572ffb1eb2c2fd14005686c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "48 BC"}], "question": "In which year did The Battle of Pharsalus take place?", "id": "572ffb1eb2c2fd14005686c1"}]}], ["Kempen meluas di luar negara oleh jeneral Rom, dan pemberian tentera dengan rampasan pada kempen-kempen ini, membawa kepada trend umum tentera menjadi semakin setia kepada jeneral-jeneral mereka dan bukan kepada negara. Rom juga dibelenggu oleh beberapa pemberontakan hamba dalam tempoh ini, sebahagiannya kerana tanah luas telah diberikan kepada ladang hamba di mana budak-budak itu melebihi jumlah tuan mereka Rom. Pada abad ke-1 SM sekurang-kurangnya dua belas perang dan pemberontakan sivil berlaku. Corak ini berterusan sehingga 27 SM, ketika Octavian (kemudian Augustus) berhasil mencabar otoritas Senat, dan dijadikan sebagai orang pertama (warga negara pertama). <> Bagaimana askar diberi pahala oleh jeneral Rom? || dengan perampasan <> yang melihat kesetiaan meningkat dari tentara Roma? || para jenderal mereka <> yang lebih besar daripada para tuan hamba Roma? || hamba <> Sekitar berapa banyak pemberontakan pemberontakan dan perang saudara yang terjadi pada abad ke-1 SM? || dua belas <> individu mana yang kemudian menjadi princeps selepas mencabar senat? || Octavian", {"context": "The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in part because vast tracts of land had been given over to slave farming in which the slaves greatly outnumbered their Roman masters. In the 1st century BC at least twelve civil wars and rebellions occurred. This pattern continued until 27 BC, when Octavian (later Augustus) successfully challenged the Senate's authority, and was made princeps (first citizen).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "with plunder"}], "question": "How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals?", "id": "572ff12ea23a5019007fcb77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "their generals"}], "question": "Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers?", "id": "572ff12ea23a5019007fcb78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "the slaves"}], "question": "Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters?", "id": "572ff12ea23a5019007fcb79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "twelve"}], "question": "Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC?", "id": "572ff12ea23a5019007fcb7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Octavian"}], "question": "Which individual later became princeps after having challenged the senate?", "id": "572ff12ea23a5019007fcb7b"}]}], ["Kerusuhan dalaman mencapai keadaan paling serius, bagaimanapun, dalam dua perang sivil yang disebabkan oleh pertembungan antara jeneral Gaius Marius dan Lucius Cornelius Sulla bermula dari 88 SM. Dalam Pertempuran Gerbang Colline di pintu utama kota Rom, tentera Rom di bawah Sulla mengalahkan tentera penyokong Marius dan masuk ke bandar. Tindakan Sulla menandakan satu aliran air dalam kesediaan tentera Rom untuk berperang melawan satu sama lain yang akan membuka jalan bagi peperangan yang akhirnya menggulingkan Republik, dan menyebabkan penubuhan Empayar Rom. <> Apa jenis perang yang disebabkan oleh pertembungan dua jeneral? || perang saudara <> Dalam tahun apakah Marius dan Sull mula bertempur? || 88 SM <> Dalam apa bahagian tertentu Rom melakukan Pertempuran Colline Gate berlaku? || sangat pintu bandar <> yang telah kalah dalam Pertempuran Colline Gate? || sebuah tentera penyokong Marius <> Apa yang boleh dianggap salah satu sebab yang menyebabkan kejatuhan Republik Romawi? || kesediaan tentera Rom untuk berperang melawan satu sama lain", {"context": "The internal unrest reached its most serious state, however, in the two civil wars that were caused by the clash between generals Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla starting from 88 BC. In the Battle of the Colline Gate at the very door of the city of Rome, a Roman army under Sulla bested an army of the Marius supporters and entered the city. Sulla's actions marked a watershed in the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another that was to pave the way for the wars which ultimately overthrew the Republic, and caused the founding of the Roman Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "civil wars"}], "question": "What type of war was caused by the clash of two generals?", "id": "572ff5d8947a6a140053ce84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "88 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Marius and Sull begin to clash?", "id": "572ff5d8947a6a140053ce85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "very door of the city"}], "question": "In what specific section of Rome did the Battle of the Colline Gate take place?", "id": "572ff5d8947a6a140053ce86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "an army of the Marius supporters"}], "question": "Who was defeated in the Battle of the Colline Gate?", "id": "572ff5d8947a6a140053ce87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another"}], "question": "What can be considered one of the causes that led to the downfall of the Roman Republic?", "id": "572ff5d8947a6a140053ce88"}]}], ["Mithridates the Great adalah penguasa Pontus, sebuah kerajaan besar di Asia Minor (Turki moden), dari 120 hingga 63 SM. Mithridates menghina Roma dengan berusaha memperluas kerajaannya, dan Rom untuk pihaknya seolah-olah sama-sama bersemangat untuk perang dan rampasan dan prestij yang mungkin membawa. Pada 88 SM, Mithridates mengarahkan pembunuhan majoriti 80,000 orang Rom yang tinggal di kerajaannya. Pembunuhan beramai-ramai adalah alasan rasmi yang diberikan untuk permulaan permusuhan dalam Perang Mithridatic Pertama. Jeneral Rom Lucius Cornelius Sulla memaksa Mithridates keluar dari Yunani, tetapi kemudian kembali ke Itali untuk menjawab ancaman dalaman yang ditimbulkan oleh saingannya, Gaius Marius. Perdamaian dibuat antara Rom dan Pontus, tetapi ini membuktikan hanya kesenangan sementara. <> Siapa pemimpin Pontus pada tahun 85 SM? || Mithridates the Great <> Dengan individu mana Lucius Cornelius mempunyai persaingan? || Gaius Marius <> Bagaimana pemerintah Pontus marah Rom? || dengan memperluas kerajaannya <> Bilakah tahun terakhir pemerintahan Mithridates the Great? || 63 SM <> Berapa banyak orang Rom tinggal di kerajaan Mithridate the Great pada tahun 88 SM? || 80,000", {"context": "Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus, a large kingdom in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), from 120 to 63 BC. Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom, and Rome for her part seemed equally eager for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring. In 88 BC, Mithridates ordered the killing of a majority of the 80,000 Romans living in his kingdom. The massacre was the official reason given for the commencement of hostilities in the First Mithridatic War. The Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla forced Mithridates out of Greece proper, but then had to return to Italy to answer the internal threat posed by his rival, Gaius Marius. A peace was made between Rome and Pontus, but this proved only a temporary lull.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mithridates the Great"}], "question": "Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC?", "id": "572ff73b04bcaa1900d76f47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Gaius Marius"}], "question": "With which individual did Lucius Cornelius have a rivalry?", "id": "572ff73b04bcaa1900d76f48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "by seeking to expand his kingdom"}], "question": "How did the ruler of Pontus anger Rome?", "id": "572ff73b04bcaa1900d76f49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "63 BC"}], "question": "When was the last year of Mithridates the Great's reign?", "id": "572ff73b04bcaa1900d76f4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "80,000"}], "question": "How many Romans lived in Mithridate the Great's kingdom in 88 BC?", "id": "572ff73b04bcaa1900d76f4b"}]}], ["Menjelang 59 SM, satu persekutuan politik tidak rasmi yang dikenali sebagai Triumvirat Pertama dibentuk antara Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, dan Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (\"Pompey the Great\") untuk berkongsi kuasa dan pengaruh. Pada tahun 53 SM, Crassus melancarkan serangan Romawi terhadap Parthian Empire (Iraq dan Iran moden). Selepas kejayaan awal, beliau melancarkan tenteranya jauh ke padang pasir; tetapi di sini tenteranya telah terputus dalam wilayah musuh, dikelilingi dan disembelih pada Pertempuran Carrhae di mana Crassus sendiri binasa. Kematian Crassus mengeluarkan beberapa baki dalam Triumvirate dan, oleh itu, Caesar dan Pompey mula beralih. Semasa Caesar bertempur di Gaul, Pompey meneruskan agenda perundangan untuk Rom yang mendedahkan bahawa dia berada di ambivalen terbaik ke arah Caesar dan mungkin kini secara terang-terangan bersekutu dengan musuh politik Caesar. Pada tahun 51 SM, sesetengah senator Rom menuntut agar Caesar tidak dibenarkan bertanding untuk konsul melainkan jika dia mengalihkan kawalan tenteranya ke negara itu, yang akan meninggalkan Caesar tanpa pertahanan di hadapan musuhnya. Caesar memilih perang saudara kerana meletakkan perintahnya dan menghadapi perbicaraan. <> Bilakah pencerobohan Empayar Parthia bermula? || 53 SM <> Siapa yang memulakan pencerobohan Empayar Parthia? || Crassus <> Dalam apa pertempuran Marcus Licinius Crassus mati? || Pertempuran Carrhae <> Siapa yang dipercayai mempunyai kesetiaan rahsia dengan musuh-musuh Julius Caesar? || Pompey <> Apa yang diminta para senator Caesar supaya dia bertanding untuk konsul? || menukarkan kawalan tenteranya ke negeri ini", {"context": "By 59 BC an unofficial political alliance known as the First Triumvirate was formed between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (\"Pompey the Great\") to share power and influence. In 53 BC, Crassus launched a Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire (modern Iraq and Iran). After initial successes, he marched his army deep into the desert; but here his army was cut off deep in enemy territory, surrounded and slaughtered at the Battle of Carrhae in which Crassus himself perished. The death of Crassus removed some of the balance in the Triumvirate and, consequently, Caesar and Pompey began to move apart. While Caesar was fighting in Gaul, Pompey proceeded with a legislative agenda for Rome that revealed that he was at best ambivalent towards Caesar and perhaps now covertly allied with Caesar's political enemies. In 51 BC, some Roman senators demanded that Caesar not be permitted to stand for consul unless he turned over control of his armies to the state, which would have left Caesar defenceless before his enemies. Caesar chose civil war over laying down his command and facing trial.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "53 BC"}], "question": "When was the invasion of the Parthian Empire begun?", "id": "572ffa3da23a5019007fcbdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Crassus"}], "question": "Who started the invasion of the Parthian Empire?", "id": "572ffa3da23a5019007fcbe0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "the Battle of Carrhae"}], "question": "In what battle did Marcus Licinius Crassus die?", "id": "572ffa3da23a5019007fcbe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "Pompey"}], "question": "Who was believed to have had a secret allegiance with enemies of Julius Caesar?", "id": "572ffa3da23a5019007fcbe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 952, "text": "turned over control of his armies to the state"}], "question": "What did the senators request of Caesar in order for him to stand for consul?", "id": "572ffa3da23a5019007fcbe3"}]}], ["Dalam dekad terakhir era ini ramai orang semakin lemah. Kempen ketenteraan yang lama telah memaksa rakyat meninggalkan ladang mereka untuk bertarung, sementara ladang-ladang mereka menjadi rusak. Bangsawan aristokrat mula membeli ladang-ladang yang muflis pada harga diskaun. Apabila harga komoditi jatuh, banyak petani tidak dapat lagi mengusahakan ladang mereka dengan keuntungan. Hasilnya adalah kebangkrutan muktamad para petani yang tidak banyak. Massa-puak pengangguran tidak lama kemudian mula banjir ke Rom, dan dengan itu menjadi jajaran majlis perundangan. Kemiskinan mereka biasanya membawa mereka untuk mengundi calon yang paling banyak ditawarkan kepada mereka. Satu kebergantungan budaya baru muncul, di mana rakyat akan melihat kepada mana-mana pemimpin populis untuk melegakan. <> Apa yang menyebabkan rakyat mengosongkan ladang mereka? || kempen ketenteraan yang panjang <> Bagaimana calon boleh memberi jaminan undi kemiskinan yang dilanda kemiskinan? || menawarkan mereka yang paling <> Apa jenis budaya adalah kesan sampingan kemiskinan berleluasa rata-rata plebeian? || budaya pergantungan <> Apa yang menyebabkan muflis banyak petani dalam era ini? || harga komoditi jatuh <> Siapa yang telah membeli ladang bankrap sekarang? || bangsawan yang mendarat", {"context": "In the final decades of this era many plebeians grew poorer. The long military campaigns had forced citizens to leave their farms to fight, while their farms fell into disrepair. The landed aristocracy began buying bankrupted farms at discounted prices. As commodity prices fell, many farmers could no longer operate their farms at a profit. The result was the ultimate bankruptcy of countless farmers. Masses of unemployed plebeians soon began to flood into Rome, and thus into the ranks of the legislative assemblies. Their poverty usually led them to vote for the candidate who offered them the most. A new culture of dependency was emerging, in which citizens would look to any populist leader for relief.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "long military campaigns"}], "question": "What had caused citizens to vacate their farms?", "id": "57300e8a04bcaa1900d770c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "offered them the most"}], "question": "How could a candidate assure the vote of a poverty stricken plebeian?", "id": "57300e8a04bcaa1900d770c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "culture of dependency"}], "question": "What type of culture was a side effect of the rampant poverty of the average plebeian?", "id": "57300e8a04bcaa1900d770c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "commodity prices fell"}], "question": "What caused the bankruptcy of many farmers during this era?", "id": "57300e8a04bcaa1900d770c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "landed aristocracy"}], "question": "Who had bought the now bankrupt farms?", "id": "57300e8a04bcaa1900d770c5"}]}], ["Menjelang 287 SM, keadaan ekonomi rata-rata orang awam telah menjadi miskin. Masalahnya nampaknya telah berpusat pada keberhutangan yang meluas. Plebeians menuntut bantuan, tetapi para senator menolak untuk menangani masalah mereka. Hasilnya adalah pengasingan terakhir. The plebeians seceded ke bukit Janiculum. Untuk mengakhiri pengasingan itu, seorang diktator telah dilantik. Diktator meluluskan undang-undang (Lex Hortensia), yang menamatkan keperluan yang senator patrician harus setuju sebelum sebarang tagihan dapat dipertimbangkan oleh Majlis Plebeian. Ini bukanlah undang-undang pertama yang menghendaki bahawa suatu perbuatan Majlis Plebeian mempunyai kuasa penuh undang-undang. Majlis Plebeian memperoleh kuasa ini semasa pengubahsuaian kepada undang-undang Valerian asal pada tahun 449 SM. Kepentingan undang-undang ini adalah hakikat bahawa ia merompak senjata ahli akhir senjata mereka. Hasilnya adalah bahawa kawalan ke atas negeri jatuh, tidak ke bahu pengundi, tetapi kepada golongan bangsawan baru. <> Apakah status ekonomi tipikal anda pada 287 SM? || miskin <> Siapa yang enggan memberi perhatian kepada diri mereka dengan situasi utang? || senator <> Apa yang ditolak senator patrician untuk menangani hutang yang terkumpul oleh plebeian? || pengundian terakhir <> Apa undang-undang yang diluluskan yang membenarkan Majlis Plebeian untuk mempertimbangkan rang undang-undang tanpa kelulusan daripada senator patrician? || Lex Hortensia", {"context": "By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average plebeian had become poor. The problem appears to have centered around widespread indebtedness. The plebeians demanded relief, but the senators refused to address their situation. The result was the final plebeian secession. The plebeians seceded to the Janiculum hill. To end the secession, a dictator was appointed. The dictator passed a law (the Lex Hortensia), which ended the requirement that the patrician senators must agree before any bill could be considered by the Plebeian Council. This was not the first law to require that an act of the Plebeian Council have the full force of law. The Plebeian Council acquired this power during a modification to the original Valerian law in 449 BC. The significance of this law was in the fact that it robbed the patricians of their final weapon over the plebeians. The result was that control over the state fell, not onto the shoulders of voters, but to the new plebeian nobility.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "poor"}], "question": "What was the economic status of your typical plebeian in 287 BC?", "id": "5730094a04bcaa1900d77047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "senators"}], "question": "Who refused to concern themselves with the plebeians debt situation?", "id": "5730094a04bcaa1900d77048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "the final plebeian secession"}], "question": "What did the patrician senators refusal to address the accumulating debt of the plebeians lead to?", "id": "5730094a04bcaa1900d7704a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "the Lex Hortensia"}], "question": "What law was passed that allowed the Plebeian Council to consider a bill without the approval of the patrician senators?", "id": "5730094a04bcaa1900d77049"}]}], ["Raja terakhir Kerajaan Romawi, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, digulingkan pada 509 SM oleh sekelompok bangsawan yang dipimpin oleh Lucius Junius Brutus. Tarquin membuat beberapa percubaan untuk merebut takhta, termasuk konspirasi Tarquinian, perang dengan Veii dan Tarquinii dan akhirnya perang antara Rom dan Clusium, yang semuanya gagal mencapai tujuan Tarquin. Perubahan perlembagaan yang paling penting semasa peralihan dari kerajaan ke republik berkenaan adalah ketua majistret. Sebelum revolusi, seorang raja akan dipilih oleh senator untuk jangka hayat. Sekarang, dua konsul dipilih oleh rakyat untuk jangka masa yang panjang. Setiap konsul akan memeriksa rakan sekerjanya, dan tempoh yang terhad mereka di pejabat akan membukanya kepada pendakwaan jika mereka menyalahgunakan kuasa pejabat mereka. Kuasa politik konsular, apabila dilaksanakan bersamaan dengan rakan sekerja konsular, tidak berbeza dengan raja tua. <> Siapa yang akan memilih seorang raja di Kerajaan Rom sebelum revolusi? || senator <> Berapa lama istilah bahawa seorang raja akan dipilih di Kerajaan Rom? || Masa hidup <> Bilakah raja terakhir Kerajaan Romawi kehilangan kerusi beliau? || 509 SM <> Siapa yang dianggap raja terakhir Kerajaan Rom? || Lucius Tarquinius Superbus <> Siapa konsul bersama dianggap sama dengan politik? || raja tua", {"context": "The last king of the Roman Kingdom, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown in 509 BC by a group of noblemen led by Lucius Junius Brutus. Tarquin made a number of attempts to retake the throne, including the Tarquinian conspiracy, the war with Veii and Tarquinii and finally the war between Rome and Clusium, all of which failed to achieve Tarquin's objectives. The most important constitutional change during the transition from kingdom to republic concerned the chief magistrate. Before the revolution, a king would be elected by the senators for a life term. Now, two consuls were elected by the citizens for an annual term. Each consul would check his colleague, and their limited term in office would open them up to prosecution if they abused the powers of their office. Consular political powers, when exercised conjointly with a consular colleague, were no different from those of the old king.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "senators"}], "question": "Who would elect a king in the Roman Kingdom prior to the revolution?", "id": "573002eda23a5019007fcc35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "life term"}], "question": "What was the length of a term that a king would be elected for in the Roman Kingdom?", "id": "573002eda23a5019007fcc36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "509 BC"}], "question": "When did the last king of the Roman Kingdom lose his seat of power?", "id": "573002eda23a5019007fcc34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Lucius Tarquinius Superbus"}], "question": "Who was considered to be the last king of the Roman Kingdom?", "id": "573002eda23a5019007fcc33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 896, "text": "old king"}], "question": "Who were the joint consulars considered to be an equal of politically?", "id": "573002eda23a5019007fcc37"}]}], ["Selepas konsul telah dibuka kepada orang-orang plebeian, orang-orang plebeian dapat memegang kediktatoran dan penapisan. Plebiscites 342 SM diletakkan had pada pejabat politik; seorang individu boleh memegang hanya satu pejabat pada satu masa, dan sepuluh tahun mesti berlalu antara akhir tempoh rasminya dan pemilihan semulanya. Undang-undang lanjut cuba untuk melegakan beban hutang daripada orang ramai dengan mengharamkan faedah ke atas pinjaman. Pada tahun 337 SM, praetor pertama dipilih. Dalam tahun-tahun ini, tribun dan senator semakin meningkat. Senat menyedari keperluan untuk menggunakan pegawai plebeian untuk mencapai matlamat yang diinginkan. Untuk memenangi tribun, para senator memberi tribun banyak kuasa dan tribun mula merasa diwajibkan kepada senat. Ketika tribun dan senator semakin dekat, senator plebeian sering dapat mengejar tribunate untuk anggota keluarga mereka sendiri. Pada waktunya, pengadilan menjadi batu loncatan ke pejabat yang lebih tinggi. <> Berapa tahun had had diletakkan pada plebeians yang menghalang mereka daripada memegang lebih dari satu pejabat pada masa yang sama? || 342 SM <> Apa yang tidak lagi boleh dikaitkan dengan hutang selepas undang-undang diluluskan menghalangnya? || minat <> Tahun berapa melihat pilihan raya ke pejabat praetor? || 337 SM <> Bagaimanakah senator berusaha untuk memihak kepada tribun? || memberikan tribun banyak kuasa <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai laluan untuk memegang jawatan yang lebih tinggi? || pengadilan", {"context": "After the consulship had been opened to the plebeians, the plebeians were able to hold both the dictatorship and the censorship. Plebiscites of 342 BC placed limits on political offices; an individual could hold only one office at a time, and ten years must elapse between the end of his official term and his re-election. Further laws attempted to relieve the burden of debt from plebeians by banning interest on loans. In 337 BC, the first plebeian praetor was elected. During these years, the tribunes and the senators grew increasingly close. The senate realised the need to use plebeian officials to accomplish desired goals. To win over the tribunes, the senators gave the tribunes a great deal of power and the tribunes began to feel obligated to the senate. As the tribunes and the senators grew closer, plebeian senators were often able to secure the tribunate for members of their own families. In time, the tribunate became a stepping stone to higher office.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "342 BC"}], "question": "What year were limits placed upon plebeians that prevented them from holding more than one office concurrently?", "id": "573005e3a23a5019007fcc5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "interest"}], "question": "What could no longer be associated with debt after laws were passed preventing it?", "id": "573005e3a23a5019007fcc60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "337 BC"}], "question": "What year saw the election of a plebeian to the office of praetor?", "id": "573005e3a23a5019007fcc61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "gave the tribunes a great deal of power"}], "question": "How did senators attempt to gain the favor of the tribunes?", "id": "573005e3a23a5019007fcc62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "the tribunate"}], "question": "What was considered a pathway to holding a higher office?", "id": "573005e3a23a5019007fcc63"}]}], ["Orang-orang plebeian akhirnya mencapai kesetaraan politik dengan para patrician. Walau bagaimanapun, nasib rata-rata orang ramai tidak berubah. Sebilangan kecil keluarga bersaudara mencapai kedudukan yang sama bahawa keluarga bangsawan aristokratik lama selalu ada, tetapi golongan bangsawan baru itu tidak begitu berminat dengan nasib biasa-biasa saja seperti orang aristokrat patrician lama. The plebeians memberontak dengan meninggalkan Rom dan menolak untuk kembali sehingga mereka mempunyai lebih banyak hak. Para ahli patriot kemudian menyedari betapa banyaknya mereka yang memerlukan plebeians dan menerima syarat mereka. Mereka kemudian kembali ke Rom dan meneruskan kerja mereka. <> Kumpulan mana yang kini dianggap sebagai sama politik dengan orang-orang plebeian? || patricians <> Kumpulan mana yang memberontak dengan mengosongkan Rom? || The plebeians <> Berapa banyak keluarga bersaudara mempunyai kedudukan yang sama seperti keluarga bangsawan aristokrat lama? || Sebilangan kecil <> Apa yang dikehendaki oleh pemberontak yang memberontak sebelum mereka kembali ke Rom? || lebih banyak hak", {"context": "The plebeians had finally achieved political equality with the patricians. However, the plight of the average plebeian had not changed. A small number of plebeian families achieved the same standing that the old aristocratic patrician families had always had, but the new plebeian aristocrats became as uninterested in the plight of the average plebeian as the old patrician aristocrats had always been. The plebeians rebelled by leaving Rome and refusing to return until they had more rights. The patricians then noticed how much they needed the plebeians and accepted their terms. The plebeians then returned to Rome and continued their work.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "patricians"}], "question": "Which group of people were now considered to be politically equal with the plebeians?", "id": "57300ba704bcaa1900d77075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "The plebeians"}], "question": "Which group of people rebelled by vacating Rome?", "id": "57300ba704bcaa1900d77076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "A small number"}], "question": "How many plebeian families had an identical standing as the old aristocratic patrician families?", "id": "57300ba704bcaa1900d77077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "more rights"}], "question": "What did the rebelling plebeians want before they returned to Rome?", "id": "57300ba704bcaa1900d77078"}]}], ["Undang-undang Hortensian menghalang para pelukis senjata terakhir mereka melawan orang awam, dan dengan itu menyelesaikan masalah politik terakhir yang besar pada zaman itu. Tiada perubahan politik yang penting berlaku antara 287 SM dan 133 SM. Undang-undang penting era ini masih digubal oleh senat. Sebenarnya, orang berpuas hati dengan pemilikan kuasa, tetapi tidak peduli untuk menggunakannya. Senat adalah yang tertinggi semasa era ini kerana era itu didominasi oleh persoalan dasar asing dan tentera. Ini adalah era aktif yang paling ketenteraan Republik Rom. <> Berapa tahun tidak ada perubahan politik penting semasa? || 287 SM dan 133 SM <> Mengapa senat dianggap tertinggi pada masa ini? || kerana era itu didominasi oleh soalan-soalan dasar asing dan ketenteraan <> Apa kumpulan orang sering gagal menggunakan kuasa yang diberikan kepada mereka? || yang plebeians <> Apa unsur politik yang menyegarkan plebeians? || kepunyaan kuasa <> Siapa yang membuat undang-undang penting dalam masa ini? || senat", {"context": "The Hortensian Law deprived the patricians of their last weapon against the plebeians, and thus resolved the last great political question of the era. No such important political changes occurred between 287 BC and 133 BC. The important laws of this era were still enacted by the senate. In effect, the plebeians were satisfied with the possession of power, but did not care to use it. The senate was supreme during this era because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy. This was the most militarily active era of the Roman Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "287 BC and 133 BC"}], "question": "What years did no important political changes happen during?", "id": "57300d2e04bcaa1900d770a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy"}], "question": "Why was the senate considered to be supreme during this time?", "id": "57300d2e04bcaa1900d770a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "the plebeians"}], "question": "What group of people often failed to use the power that was given to them?", "id": "57300d2e04bcaa1900d770a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "the possession of power"}], "question": "What was a political element that satiated the plebeians?", "id": "57300d2e04bcaa1900d770a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "the senate"}], "question": "Who enacted crucial laws during this period of time?", "id": "57300d2e04bcaa1900d770a6"}]}], ["Tiberius Gracchus dipilih sebagai tribun pada tahun 133 SM. Dia cuba untuk membuat undang-undang yang akan membatasi jumlah tanah yang dimiliki oleh mana-mana individu. Bangsawan, yang berdiri untuk kehilangan sejumlah wang yang besar, sangat menentang cadangan ini. Tiberius menyerahkan undang-undang ini kepada Majlis Plebeian, tetapi undang-undang itu telah dimansuhkan oleh seorang perwira bernama Marcus Octavius. Tiberius kemudian menggunakan Majlis Plebeian untuk mengecam Octavius. Teori itu, bahawa seorang wakil rakyat tidak lagi menjadi satu ketika dia bertindak melawan kehendak rakyat, bertentangan dengan teori konstitusional Rom. Sekiranya dibawa ke akhir logiknya, teori ini akan menghapus semua sekatan perlembagaan pada kehendak yang popular, dan meletakkan negeri itu di bawah kawalan mutlak majoriti popular sementara. Undang-undangnya telah diberlakukan, tetapi Tiberius dibunuh dengan 300 rakannya ketika dia berdiri untuk dipilih kembali kepada tribunate. <> Kepada kedudukan apa yang dipilih oleh Tiberius Gracchus? || tribune <> Siapa yang telah cuba untuk membuat undang-undang yang meletakkan batas pada jumlah harta yang boleh dipunyai seseorang individu? || Tiberius Gracchus <> Bilakah Tiberius Gracchus dibunuh? || apabila dia berdiri untuk dipilih kembali kepada tribunate <> mana tribune yang diculik oleh Majlis Plebeian? || Marcus Octavius <> Apa yang dianggap bertentangan dengan teori perlembagaan Rom? || bahawa wakil rakyat tidak lagi menjadi satu ketika dia bertindak terhadap hasrat rakyat", {"context": "Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune in 133 BC. He attempted to enact a law which would have limited the amount of land that any individual could own. The aristocrats, who stood to lose an enormous amount of money, were bitterly opposed to this proposal. Tiberius submitted this law to the Plebeian Council, but the law was vetoed by a tribune named Marcus Octavius. Tiberius then used the Plebeian Council to impeach Octavius. The theory, that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people, was counter to Roman constitutional theory. If carried to its logical end, this theory would remove all constitutional restraints on the popular will, and put the state under the absolute control of a temporary popular majority. His law was enacted, but Tiberius was murdered with 300 of his associates when he stood for reelection to the tribunate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "tribune"}], "question": "To what position was Tiberius Gracchus elected?", "id": "57300fb0a23a5019007fccd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tiberius Gracchus"}], "question": "Who had tried to enact a law that places a limit on the amount of property any single individual could possess?", "id": "57300fb0a23a5019007fccda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "when he stood for reelection to the tribunate"}], "question": "When was Tiberius Gracchus murdered?", "id": "57300fb0a23a5019007fccdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Marcus Octavius"}], "question": "Which tribune was impeached by the Plebeian Council?", "id": "57300fb0a23a5019007fccdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people"}], "question": "What was considered to be the opposite of Roman constitutional theory?", "id": "57300fb0a23a5019007fccdd"}]}], ["Saudara Tiberius Gaius dipilih sebagai tribun pada 123 BC. Matlamat utama Gaius Gracchus adalah untuk melemahkan senat dan memperkuatkan pasukan demokratik. Pada masa lalu, sebagai contoh, senat akan menghapuskan pesaing politik sama ada dengan menubuhkan komisen kehakiman khas atau dengan meluluskan perundingan senatus ultimum (\"keputusan muktamad senat\"). Kedua-dua peranti itu akan membenarkan Senat memintas hak proses yang wajar oleh semua rakyat. Gaius mengharamkan komisen kehakiman, dan mengisytiharkan perundingan senatus akhirnya tidak berperlembagaan. Gaius kemudian mencadangkan undang-undang yang akan memberikan hak kewarganegaraan kepada sekutu Itali Rom. Cadangan terakhir ini tidak popular dengan orang ramai dan dia kehilangan banyak sokongannya. Dia berdiri untuk pilihan raya untuk penggal ketiga pada tahun 121 SM, tetapi dikalahkan dan kemudian dibunuh oleh wakil-wakil senat dengan 3,000 penyokongnya di Capitoline Hill di Rom. Walaupun senat itu mengekalkan kawalan, Gracchi telah menguatkan pengaruh politik para pecinta. <> Dalam tahun apakah Gaius dipilih ke pejabat? || 123 BC <> Siapa yang mengemukakan undang-undang yang akan memberikan hak kewarganegaraan kepada sekutu Itali di Rom? || Gaius <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai permainan akhir Gaius Gracchus? || melemahkan senat dan memperkuatkan pasukan demokratik <> Yang dipilih pegawai yang hilang pemilihan pada tahun 121 SM? || Gaius <> Apakah lokasi pembunuhan Gaius Gracchus? || Capitoline Hill di Rom", {"context": "Tiberius' brother Gaius was elected tribune in 123 BC. Gaius Gracchus' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces. In the past, for example, the senate would eliminate political rivals either by establishing special judicial commissions or by passing a senatus consultum ultimum (\"ultimate decree of the senate\"). Both devices would allow the Senate to bypass the ordinary due process rights that all citizens had. Gaius outlawed the judicial commissions, and declared the senatus consultum ultimum to be unconstitutional. Gaius then proposed a law which would grant citizenship rights to Rome's Italian allies. This last proposal was not popular with the plebeians and he lost much of his support. He stood for election to a third term in 121 BC, but was defeated and then murdered by representatives of the senate with 3,000 of his supporters on Capitoline Hill in Rome. Though the senate retained control, the Gracchi had strengthened the political influence of the plebeians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "123 BC"}], "question": "In what year was Gaius elected to office?", "id": "5730113a947a6a140053d02c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Gaius"}], "question": "Who brought forward a law that would given citizenship right to Italian allies of Rome?", "id": "5730113a947a6a140053d02e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces"}], "question": "What is considered to be the end game of Gaius Gracchus?", "id": "5730113a947a6a140053d02d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Gaius"}], "question": "Which elected official lost the election in 121 BC?", "id": "5730113a947a6a140053d02f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 884, "text": "Capitoline Hill in Rome"}], "question": "What was the location of the Gaius Gracchus murder?", "id": "5730113a947a6a140053d030"}]}], ["Tidak lama sebelum 312 BCE, Majlis Plebeian menggubal Ovum Plebiscitum. Semasa republik awal, hanya konsul sahaja yang boleh melantik senator baru. Walau bagaimanapun, inisiatif ini memindahkan kuasa ini kepada penapis. Ia juga memerlukan penunjuk untuk melantik mana-mana hakim yang baru dipilih kepada senat. Pada ketika ini, orang ramai telah memegang sejumlah besar pejabat magisterial. Oleh itu, bilangan senator plebeian mungkin meningkat dengan cepat. Walau bagaimanapun, ia tetap sukar untuk memasuki senat itu jika dia bukan dari keluarga politik yang terkenal, sebagai seorang bangsawan seperti orang bangsawan yang baru muncul. Bangsawan yang lama wujud melalui kuasa undang-undang, kerana hanya patrician yang dibenarkan berdiri untuk jawatan tinggi. Bangsawan baru wujud kerana organisasi masyarakat. Oleh itu, hanya revolusi yang dapat menggulingkan struktur baru ini. <> Pada tahun apakah inisiatif Plebiscitum Ovinium digubal? || sebelum 312 BCE <> Siapa yang telah memegang sejumlah besar pejabat magisterial? || Plebeians <> Siapa yang dibenarkan untuk dipilih ke jawatan tinggi? || hanya patricians <> Apa inisiatif yang disediakan penapis dengan abillity untuk melantik senator baru? || Plebiscitum Ovinium <> Siapa yang bolehkah majistret yang baru dipilih dijangka dilantik oleh? || penapis", {"context": "Shortly before 312 BCE, the Plebeian Council enacted the Plebiscitum Ovinium. During the early republic, only consuls could appoint new senators. This initiative, however, transferred this power to the censors. It also required the censor to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the senate. By this point, plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices. Thus, the number of plebeian senators probably increased quickly. However, it remained difficult for a plebeian to enter the senate if he was not from a well-known political family, as a new patrician-like plebeian aristocracy emerged. The old nobility existed through the force of law, because only patricians were allowed to stand for high office. The new nobility existed due to the organization of society. As such, only a revolution could overthrow this new structure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "before 312 BCE"}], "question": "In what year was the Plebiscitum Ovinium initiative enacted?", "id": "5730077fb2c2fd1400568757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "plebeians"}], "question": "Who had already held a large amount of magisterial offices?", "id": "5730077fb2c2fd1400568758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "only patricians"}], "question": "Who was allowed to be elected to high office positions?", "id": "5730077fb2c2fd1400568759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Plebiscitum Ovinium"}], "question": "What initiative provided censors with the abillity to appoint new senators?", "id": "5730077fb2c2fd140056875a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "the censor"}], "question": "Who could a newly elected magistrate expect to be appointed by?", "id": "5730077fb2c2fd140056875b"}]}], ["Pada 494 SM, bandar ini berperang dengan dua puak jiran. Tentera plebeian enggan berperang melawan musuh, dan sebaliknya melepaskan diri ke Bukit Aventine. Orang ramai menuntut hak untuk memilih pegawai mereka sendiri. Patricians bersetuju, dan plebeians kembali ke medan perang. Pegawai-pegawainya memanggil pegawai baru ini \"tribuni plebeian\". Kaum tribun akan mempunyai dua pembantu, yang disebut \"plebeian aediles\". Semasa abad ke-5 SM, satu siri pembaharuan telah diluluskan. Hasil pembaharuan ini adalah bahawa mana-mana undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh orang awam akan mempunyai kuasa penuh undang-undang. Pada tahun 443 SM, penapisan telah dibuat. Dari 375 SM hingga 371 SM, republik itu mengalami krisis perlembagaan di mana tribun menggunakan veto mereka untuk menghalang pemilihan ketua mahkamah kanan. <> Pada tahun apakah bandar ini bertentangan dengan dua puak yang berdekatan? || 494 SM <> Kumpulan mana yang meminta keupayaan untuk memilih pegawai? || The plebeians <> Apa pembantunya tribun plebeian dinamakan? || Orang yang menggunakan veto bahawa mereka telah diberikan untuk mencegah perlantikan majistret? || tribun <> Selama abad yang diperbaharui berlalu yang memungkinkan undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh plebeians untuk memiliki kekuatan penuh hukum? || Abad ke-5 SM", {"context": "In 494 BC, the city was at war with two neighboring tribes. The plebeian soldiers refused to march against the enemy, and instead seceded to the Aventine Hill. The plebeians demanded the right to elect their own officials. The patricians agreed, and the plebeians returned to the battlefield. The plebeians called these new officials \"plebeian tribunes\". The tribunes would have two assistants, called \"plebeian aediles\". During the 5th century BC, a series of reforms were passed. The result of these reforms was that any law passed by the plebeian would have the full force of law. In 443 BC, the censorship was created. From 375 BC to 371 BC, the republic experienced a constitutional crisis during which the tribunes used their vetoes to prevent the election of senior magistrates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "494 BC"}], "question": "In what year was the city in conflict with two nearby tribes?", "id": "5730048804bcaa1900d77019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "The plebeians"}], "question": "Which group of people requested the ability to elect officials?", "id": "5730048804bcaa1900d7701a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "plebeian aediles"}], "question": "What were the assistants to the plebeian tribunes named?", "id": "5730048804bcaa1900d7701c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "the tribunes"}], "question": "Who used the vetoes that they had been given to prevent the appointment of magistrates?", "id": "5730048804bcaa1900d7701b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "5th century BC"}], "question": "During what century were reformed passed that allowed laws passed by the plebeians to have the full force of the law?", "id": "5730048804bcaa1900d7701d"}]}], ["Clodius membentuk kumpulan bersenjata yang mengganas bandar raya dan akhirnya mula menyerang pengikut Pompey, yang bertindak sebagai kumpulan balas balas yang dibiayai oleh Titus Annius Milo. Perikatan politik triwulanan itu runtuh. Domitius Ahenobarbus berlari untuk konsul pada 55 SM menjanjikan untuk mengambil arahan Caesar darinya. Akhirnya, triumvirate diperbaharui di Lucca. Pompey dan Crassus dijanjikan konsul di 55 SM, dan istilah Caesar sebagai gubernur diperpanjang selama lima tahun. Crassus mengetuai ekspedisi yang buruk dengan legiun yang dipimpin oleh putranya, letnan Caesar, terhadap Kerajaan Parthia. Ini mengakibatkan kekalahan dan kematiannya di Pertempuran Carrhae. Akhirnya, isteri Pompey, Julia, yang merupakan anak perempuan Caesar, mati dalam melahirkan anak. Acara ini memutuskan perhambaan terakhir antara Pompey dan Caesar. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk serangan terhadap pengikut Pompey? || Clodius <> Apa kedudukan politik Pompey dan Crassus menjamin mereka akan menerima pada tahun 55 SM? || konsul <> Apa yang menyebabkan kematian anak perempuan Julius Caesar? || kelahiran <> mana individu berlari untuk konsul pada tahun 55 SM? || Domitius Ahenobarbus <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk ekspedisi melawan Kerajaan Parthian? || Crassus", {"context": "Clodius formed armed gangs that terrorised the city and eventually began to attack Pompey's followers, who in response funded counter-gangs formed by Titus Annius Milo. The political alliance of the triumvirate was crumbling. Domitius Ahenobarbus ran for the consulship in 55 BC promising to take Caesar's command from him. Eventually, the triumvirate was renewed at Lucca. Pompey and Crassus were promised the consulship in 55 BC, and Caesar's term as governor was extended for five years. Crassus led an ill-fated expedition with legions led by his son, Caesar's lieutenant, against the Kingdom of Parthia. This resulted in his defeat and death at the Battle of Carrhae. Finally, Pompey's wife, Julia, who was Caesar's daughter, died in childbirth. This event severed the last remaining bond between Pompey and Caesar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Clodius"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the attacks on followers of Pompey?", "id": "57301e6bb2c2fd14005688bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "consul"}], "question": "What political position were Pompey and Crassus assured they would receive in 55 BC?", "id": "57301e6bb2c2fd14005688be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "childbirth"}], "question": "What caused the death of Julius Caesar's female offspring?", "id": "57301e6bb2c2fd14005688bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Domitius Ahenobarbus"}], "question": "Which individual ran for consul in 55 BC?", "id": "57301e6bb2c2fd14005688c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "Crassus"}], "question": "Who was responsible for an expedition against the Parthian Kingdom?", "id": "57301e6bb2c2fd14005688c1"}]}], ["Caesar memegang kedua-dua pemerintahan diktator dan tribunate, dan bergantian antara konsul dan pemerintahan. Pada 48 SM, Caesar diberikan kuasa puak sulung tetap. Ini menjadikan orangnya bersemangat, memberinya kuasa untuk memveto senat, dan membenarkannya menguasai Majlis Plebeian. Pada tahun 46 SM, Caesar diberi kuasa censorial, yang digunakannya untuk mengisi senat dengan partisans sendiri. Caesar kemudian menaikkan keanggotaan Senat kepada 900. Ini merompak aristokrasi senator dari prestijnya, dan menjadikannya semakin sunat baginya. Semasa perhimpunan terus bertemu, beliau menyerahkan semua calon ke perhimpunan untuk pemilihan, dan semua bil kepada majlis untuk diperbuat. Oleh itu, perhimpunan menjadi tidak berkuasa dan tidak dapat menentangnya. <> Di Rom pada masa ini yang dianggap memegang kediktatoran dan kedudukan tribunate? || Caesar <> Kekuatan apa yang boleh digunakan oleh Caesar terhadap senat yang harus dipilihnya? || Kuasa untuk veto <> Dalam tahun apakah Kaisar diberi kuasa menapis? || 46 SM <> Apa yang dianggap telah mengatasi prestij bangsawan senator? || menaikkan keanggotaan Senat kepada 900", {"context": "Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers. This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46 BC, Caesar was given censorial powers, which he used to fill the senate with his own partisans. Caesar then raised the membership of the Senate to 900. This robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige, and made it increasingly subservient to him. While the assemblies continued to meet, he submitted all candidates to the assemblies for election, and all bills to the assemblies for enactment. Thus, the assemblies became powerless and were unable to oppose him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Caesar"}], "question": "In Rome during this time who was considered to hold both the dictatorship and the position of the tribunate?", "id": "573024cc04bcaa1900d7721d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "power to veto"}], "question": "What power could Caesar use against the senate should he choose?", "id": "573024cc04bcaa1900d7721e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "46 BC"}], "question": "In what year was Caesar given the power of a censor?", "id": "573024cc04bcaa1900d7721f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "raised the membership of the Senate to 900"}], "question": "What is considered to have counteracted the prestige of the senatorial aristocracy?", "id": "573024cc04bcaa1900d77220"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh di mana parti populares menguasai bandar, mereka melanggar konvensyen dengan memilih semula konsul Marius beberapa kali tanpa memerhatikan selang sepuluh tahun kebiasaan antara pejabat. Mereka juga melampaui oligarki yang ditubuhkan dengan memajukan individu yang tidak dipilih ke pejabat magisterial, dan dengan menggantikan edaran magisterial untuk undang-undang yang popular. Sulla tidak lama lagi membuat perdamaian dengan Mithridates. Pada tahun 83 SM, dia kembali ke Rom, mengatasi semua perlawanan, dan menawan semula bandar. Sulla dan penyokongnya menyembelih kebanyakan penyokong Marius. Sulla, setelah mengamati keputusan ganas pembaharuan radikal yang popular, secara konservatif semulajadi. Oleh itu, beliau berusaha mengukuhkan aristokrasi, dan dengan meluaskan senat. Sulla membuat dirinya diktator, meluluskan beberapa pembaharuan perlembagaan, meletak jawatan diktator, dan berkhidmat sebagai konsul terakhir. Beliau meninggal pada tahun 78 SM. <> Berapa tahun yang normal berlaku di antara pejabat sebelum orang ramai mengendalikan bandar? || sepuluh tahun selang <> Siapa yang disembelih ketika kedatangan Sulla di Rom? || kebanyakan penyokong Marius <> Dalam tahun apakah Sulla mati? || 78 SM <> Dalam tahun apakah Sulla berjaya mengambil alih bandar yang dikuasai oleh penduduknya? || 83 SM <> Pemimpin mana yang telah mencapai keamanan dengan Mithridates? || Sulla", {"context": "During the period in which the populares party controlled the city, they flouted convention by re-electing Marius consul several times without observing the customary ten-year interval between offices. They also transgressed the established oligarchy by advancing unelected individuals to magisterial office, and by substituting magisterial edicts for popular legislation. Sulla soon made peace with Mithridates. In 83 BC, he returned to Rome, overcame all resistance, and recaptured the city. Sulla and his supporters then slaughtered most of Marius' supporters. Sulla, having observed the violent results of radical popular reforms, was naturally conservative. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and by extension the senate. Sulla made himself dictator, passed a series of constitutional reforms, resigned the dictatorship, and served one last term as consul. He died in 78 BC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "ten-year interval"}], "question": "How many years was normal to span between offices prior to the populares controlling the city?", "id": "57301781b2c2fd140056884f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "most of Marius' supporters"}], "question": "Who were slaughtered upon the arrival of Sulla in Rome?", "id": "57301781b2c2fd1400568851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "78 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Sulla die?", "id": "57301781b2c2fd1400568852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "83 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Sulla succesfully take over the populares controlled city?", "id": "57301781b2c2fd1400568850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Sulla"}], "question": "Which leader had achieved peace with Mithridates?", "id": "57301781b2c2fd1400568853"}]}], ["Caesar menjadi konsul pada tahun 59 SM. Rakannya, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, adalah bangsawan yang melampau. Caesar mengemukakan undang-undang yang telah dijanjikan Pompey kepada perhimpunan. Bibulus cuba menghalang undang-undang ini, dan Caesar menggunakan cara yang ganas untuk memastikan laluan mereka. Caesar kemudian dijadikan gabenor tiga wilayah. Dia memfasilitasi pemilihan bekas patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher kepada tribunate untuk 58 SM. Clodius menegaskan bahawa musuh-musuh senat Caesar dari dua pemimpin mereka yang lebih tegar di Cato dan Cicero. Clodius adalah lawan pahit Cicero kerana Cicero telah memberi kesaksian terhadapnya dalam kes pelanggaran. Clodius cuba untuk mencuba Cicero untuk mengendalikan rakyat tanpa percubaan semasa konspirasi Catiline, mengakibatkan Cicero masuk ke dalam buangan sendiri dan rumahnya di Roma dibakar. Clodius juga meluluskan rang undang-undang yang memaksa Cato memimpin pencerobohan Cyprus yang akan menghalangnya dari Rom selama beberapa tahun. Clodius juga meluluskan undang-undang untuk memperluaskan subsidi gandum sebahagian sebelum ini kepada gandum bijirin percuma untuk rakyat. <> Siapa yang cuba menghalang undang-undang yang dicadangkan oleh Caesar? || Bibulus <> Apa jenis kes yang disaksikan oleh Cicero terhadap Clodius? || kes yang melanggar undang-undang <> Siapa yang membuat undang-undang yang akan menaikkan subsidi bijian separa? || Clodius <> Manakah yang kehilangan rumahnya dengan api? || Cicero <> Siapa terpilih kepada tribunate pada tahun 58 SM? || Publius Clodius Pulcher", {"context": "Caesar became consul in 59 BC. His colleague, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, was an extreme aristocrat. Caesar submitted the laws that he had promised Pompey to the assemblies. Bibulus attempted to obstruct the enactment of these laws, and so Caesar used violent means to ensure their passage. Caesar was then made governor of three provinces. He facilitated the election of the former patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher to the tribunate for 58 BC. Clodius set about depriving Caesar's senatorial enemies of two of their more obstinate leaders in Cato and Cicero. Clodius was a bitter opponent of Cicero because Cicero had testified against him in a sacrilege case. Clodius attempted to try Cicero for executing citizens without a trial during the Catiline conspiracy, resulting in Cicero going into self-imposed exile and his house in Rome being burnt down. Clodius also passed a bill that forced Cato to lead the invasion of Cyprus which would keep him away from Rome for some years. Clodius also passed a law to expand the previous partial grain subsidy to a fully free grain dole for citizens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Bibulus"}], "question": "Who had tried to prevent the enactment of the laws that Caesar had proposed?", "id": "57301d28b2c2fd14005688a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "sacrilege case"}], "question": "What type of case saw Cicero testify against Clodius?", "id": "57301d28b2c2fd14005688aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 981, "text": "Clodius"}], "question": "Who enacted a law that would increase the partial grain subsidy?", "id": "57301d28b2c2fd14005688ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "Cicero"}], "question": "Which individual lost his home to a fire?", "id": "57301d28b2c2fd14005688ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Publius Clodius Pulcher"}], "question": "Who was elected to the tribunate in 58 BC?", "id": "57301d28b2c2fd14005688ad"}]}], ["Sekitar 66 SM, pergerakan untuk menggunakan perlembagaan, atau sekurang-kurangnya aman, bermakna untuk menangani nasib pelbagai kelas bermula. Selepas beberapa kegagalan, pemimpin pergerakan memutuskan untuk menggunakan apa-apa cara yang perlu untuk mencapai matlamat mereka. Pergerakan itu bersatu di bawah bangsawan bernama Lucius Sergius Catilina. Pergerakan ini berpusat di bandar Faesulae, yang merupakan sarang agresif pertanian. Malkonten luar bandar terpaksa maju ke Rom, dan dibantu oleh pemberontakan di dalam bandar. Setelah membunuh para konsul dan kebanyakan senator, Catiline akan bebas membuktikan pembaharuannya. Konspirasi itu telah berjalan pada 63 SM. Konsul untuk tahun ini, Marcus Tullius Cicero, memintas mesej yang dihantar Catiline dalam usaha untuk merekrut lebih banyak ahli. Akibatnya, konspirator utama di Rom (termasuk sekurang-kurangnya satu konsul sebelumnya) telah dieksekusi oleh kebenaran (perlembagaan yang meragukan) senat, dan pemberontakan yang dirancang terganggu. Cicero kemudian menghantar tentera, yang memaksa tentera Catiline berkumpul. <> Bilakah gerakan yang menganggap penggunaan cara damai untuk menyelesaikan masalah kelas yang lebih rendah bermula? || Sekitar tahun 66 SM <> Berapa ramai bekas konsul di Rom yang telah dihukum akibat konspirasi? || satu konsul bekas <> Bandar apakah tapak agitasi umum di dalam kawasan tersebut? || Faesulae <> Siapa yang boleh menuntut pemusnahan pasukan Lucius Sergius Catilina? || Cicero <> Individu mana yang merancang pemberontakan yang idealnya akan melihat kematian kebanyakan senator Rom? || Lucius Sergius Catilina", {"context": "Around 66 BC, a movement to use constitutional, or at least peaceful, means to address the plight of various classes began. After several failures, the movement's leaders decided to use any means that were necessary to accomplish their goals. The movement coalesced under an aristocrat named Lucius Sergius Catilina. The movement was based in the town of Faesulae, which was a natural hotbed of agrarian agitation. The rural malcontents were to advance on Rome, and be aided by an uprising within the city. After assassinating the consuls and most of the senators, Catiline would be free to enact his reforms. The conspiracy was set in motion in 63 BC. The consul for the year, Marcus Tullius Cicero, intercepted messages that Catiline had sent in an attempt to recruit more members. As a result, the top conspirators in Rome (including at least one former consul) were executed by authorisation (of dubious constitutionality) of the senate, and the planned uprising was disrupted. Cicero then sent an army, which cut Catiline's forces to pieces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Around 66 BC"}], "question": "When did the movement that considered the use of peaceful means to solve the plight of lesser classes begin?", "id": "57301ab104bcaa1900d771a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "one former consul"}], "question": "How many former consuls in Rome were executed as a result of a conspiracy?", "id": "57301ab104bcaa1900d771aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Faesulae"}], "question": "What town was a common site of agitation within the area?", "id": "57301ab104bcaa1900d771ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 982, "text": "Cicero"}], "question": "Who can lay claim to the destruction of Lucius Sergius Catilina's forces?", "id": "57301ab104bcaa1900d771ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Lucius Sergius Catilina"}], "question": "Which individual had planned an uprising that ideally would see the death of most of the Roman senators?", "id": "57301ab104bcaa1900d771ad"}]}], ["Pada tahun 62 SM, Pompey kembali menang dari Asia. Senat, yang gembira dengan kejayaannya melawan Catiline, menolak untuk mengesahkan pengaturan yang dibuat Pompey. Sebenarnya, Pompey menjadi tidak berkuasa. Oleh itu, ketika Julius Caesar kembali dari gubernur di Spanyol pada tahun 61 SM, ia mendapati mudah untuk membuat susunan dengan Pompey. Caesar dan Pompey, bersama dengan Crassus, membentuk perjanjian persendirian, yang kini dikenali sebagai Triumvirate Pertama. Di bawah perjanjian itu, pengaturan Pompey akan disahkan. Caesar akan dipilih konsul pada tahun 59 SM, dan kemudiannya menjadi gubernur Gaul selama lima tahun. Crassus dijanjikan konsul masa depan. <> Di mana tahun itu akan diharapkan Julius Caesar dipilih untuk kedudukan konsul? || 59 SM <> Apakah nama perjanjian persendirian antara Caesar, Pompey, dan Crassus? || Triumvirate pertama <> Apa yang Crassus bersetuju untuk menerima dalam perjanjian Triumvirate Pertama? || suatu konsuluan masa depan <> Bilakah Julius Caesar kembali ke Rom? || 61 SM <> Apa yang menyediakan senam Rom dengan penuh semangat? || kejayaan terhadap Catiline", {"context": "In 62 BC, Pompey returned victorious from Asia. The Senate, elated by its successes against Catiline, refused to ratify the arrangements that Pompey had made. Pompey, in effect, became powerless. Thus, when Julius Caesar returned from a governorship in Spain in 61 BC, he found it easy to make an arrangement with Pompey. Caesar and Pompey, along with Crassus, established a private agreement, now known as the First Triumvirate. Under the agreement, Pompey's arrangements would be ratified. Caesar would be elected consul in 59 BC, and would then serve as governor of Gaul for five years. Crassus was promised a future consulship.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "59 BC"}], "question": "In which year would Julius Caesar hope to be elected to the position of consul?", "id": "57301bf5b2c2fd1400568885"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "First Triumvirate"}], "question": "What was the name of the private agreement between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus?", "id": "57301bf5b2c2fd1400568886"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "a future consulship"}], "question": "What was Crassus agree to receive in the First Triumvirate agreement?", "id": "57301bf5b2c2fd1400568887"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "61 BC"}], "question": "When did Julius Caesar return to Rome?", "id": "57301bf5b2c2fd1400568888"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "successes against Catiline"}], "question": "What provided the Roman senate with exuberance?", "id": "57301bf5b2c2fd1400568889"}]}], ["Pada tahun 118 SM, King Micipsa dari Numidia (semasa Algeria dan Tunisia) meninggal dunia. Dia digantikan oleh dua anak lelaki yang sah, Adherbal dan Hiempsal, dan seorang anak haram, Jugurtha. Micipsa membahagikan kerajaannya di antara tiga anak lelaki itu. Jugurtha, bagaimanapun, menghidupkan saudara-saudaranya, membunuh Hiempsal dan memandu Adherbal daripada Numidia. Adherbal melarikan diri ke Rom untuk mendapatkan bantuan, dan pada mulanya, Rome mengantarkan pembahagian negara antara dua saudara lelaki itu. Akhirnya, Jugurtha memperbaharui serangannya, menyebabkan perang yang panjang dan tidak meyakinkan dengan Rom. Dia juga menyuap beberapa komandan Rom, dan sekurang-kurangnya dua tribun, sebelum dan semasa perang. Neneknya, Gaius Marius, sahabat dari keluarga provinsi yang hampir tidak diketahui, kembali dari perang di Numidia dan dipilih konsul pada 107 SM atas bantahan senator bangsawan. Marius menyerang Numidia dan membawa perang ke akhir, menangkap Jugurtha dalam prosesnya. Ketidakhadiran Senat yang jelas, dan kecemerlangan Marius, telah dipamerkan sepenuhnya. Parti populares mengambil kesempatan penuh dengan peluang ini dengan menggabungkan dirinya dengan Marius. <> Siapa anak luar nikah Raja Micipsa Numidia? || Jugurtha <> Siapakah pesaing Jugurtha? || Gaius Marius <> Bilakah Gaius Marius dipilih untuk kedudukan konsul? || 107 SM <> Siapa yang tidak bersetuju dengan pemilihan Gaius Marius? || senator aristokrat <> Individu manakah bahagian populares mempunyai kesetiaan dengan? || Marius", {"context": "In 118 BC, King Micipsa of Numidia (current-day Algeria and Tunisia) died. He was succeeded by two legitimate sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal, and an illegitimate son, Jugurtha. Micipsa divided his kingdom between these three sons. Jugurtha, however, turned on his brothers, killing Hiempsal and driving Adherbal out of Numidia. Adherbal fled to Rome for assistance, and initially Rome mediated a division of the country between the two brothers. Eventually, Jugurtha renewed his offensive, leading to a long and inconclusive war with Rome. He also bribed several Roman commanders, and at least two tribunes, before and during the war. His nemesis, Gaius Marius, a legate from a virtually unknown provincial family, returned from the war in Numidia and was elected consul in 107 BC over the objections of the aristocratic senators. Marius invaded Numidia and brought the war to a quick end, capturing Jugurtha in the process. The apparent incompetence of the Senate, and the brilliance of Marius, had been put on full display. The populares party took full advantage of this opportunity by allying itself with Marius.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Jugurtha"}], "question": "Who was the illegitimate offspring of the King Micipsa of Numidia?", "id": "5730124ca23a5019007fccff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "Gaius Marius"}], "question": "Who was Jugurtha's rival?", "id": "5730124ca23a5019007fcd00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "107 BC"}], "question": "When was Gaius Marius elected to the position of consul?", "id": "5730124ca23a5019007fcd01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "aristocratic senators"}], "question": "Who did not agree with the election of Gaius Marius?", "id": "5730124ca23a5019007fcd02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1106, "text": "Marius"}], "question": "Which individual did the populares part have an allegiance with?", "id": "5730124ca23a5019007fcd03"}]}], ["Pada tahun 77 SM, senat menghantar salah seorang bekas lutut Sulla, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (\"Pompey the Great\"), untuk meletakkan pemberontakan di Sepanyol. Menjelang 71 SM, Pompey kembali ke Rom setelah menyelesaikan misinya. Pada masa yang sama, satu lagi bekas letnan bekas, Sulla, Marcus Licinius Crassus, baru saja menumpaskan pemberontak yang dipimpin Spartacus / pemberontakan hamba di Itali. Setelah kembali, Pompey dan Crassus menemui pihak populares yang sangat menyerang perlembagaan Sulla. Mereka cuba membuat persetujuan dengan pihak populares. Jika kedua-dua Pompey dan Crassus dipilih konsul pada tahun 70 SM, mereka akan membongkar komponen yang lebih menjijikan perlembagaan Sulla. Kedua-duanya tidak lama lagi dipilih, dan dengan cepat dibongkar sebahagian besar perlembagaan Sulla. <> Di mana pada tahun 77 SM adalah pemberontakan? || Sepanyol <> Yang bekas letnan Sulla telah membongkar kebanyakan perlembagaan yang dibuat oleh Sulla? || Pompey <> Pada tahun apakah pilihan raya diadakan yang membolehkan Pompey dan Crassus mendapatkan tempat duduk konsul? || 70 SM <> Siapa yang menjadi penghasut dalam pemberontakan hamba di Itali? || Spartacus <> Bilakah Pompey kembali ke Rom setelah membantah pemberontakan di Sepanyol? || 71 SM", {"context": "In 77 BC, the senate sent one of Sulla's former lieutenants, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (\"Pompey the Great\"), to put down an uprising in Spain. By 71 BC, Pompey returned to Rome after having completed his mission. Around the same time, another of Sulla's former lieutenants, Marcus Licinius Crassus, had just put down the Spartacus-led gladiator/slave revolt in Italy. Upon their return, Pompey and Crassus found the populares party fiercely attacking Sulla's constitution. They attempted to forge an agreement with the populares party. If both Pompey and Crassus were elected consul in 70 BC, they would dismantle the more obnoxious components of Sulla's constitution. The two were soon elected, and quickly dismantled most of Sulla's constitution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "Where in the year 77 BC was an uprising?", "id": "573018e604bcaa1900d7717d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "Pompey"}], "question": "Which former lieutenant of Sulla had dismantled most of the constitution that Sulla had crafted?", "id": "573018e604bcaa1900d7717e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "70 BC"}], "question": "In what year was the election held that let Pompey and Crassus obtain the seat of consul?", "id": "573018e604bcaa1900d7717f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Spartacus"}], "question": "Who was the instigator in the slave revolt in Italy?", "id": "573018e604bcaa1900d77180"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "71 BC"}], "question": "When did Pompey return to Rome after having quelled the uprising in Spain?", "id": "573018e604bcaa1900d77181"}]}], ["Bermula pada musim panas 54 SM, gelombang rasuah dan keganasan politik melanda Rom. Kekacauan ini mencapai klimaks pada bulan Januari 52 SM, ketika Clodius dibunuh dalam perang geng oleh Milo. Pada 1 Januari 49 SM, seorang ejen Caesar menyampaikan ultimatum kepada senat. Ultimatum ditolak, dan senat kemudian meluluskan resolusi yang menyatakan bahawa jika Caesar tidak meletakkan tangannya pada bulan Julai tahun itu, dia akan dianggap musuh Republik. Sementara itu, para senator mengadopsi Pompey sebagai juara baru mereka terhadap Caesar. Pada 7 Januari 49 SM, senat meluluskan perundingan senatus yang terakhir, yang memberi kuasa kepada Pompey sebagai kuasa diktator. Walau bagaimanapun, tentera Pompey terdiri sebahagian besar daripada askar yang belum diterokai. Pada 10 Januari, Caesar melintasi Rubicon dengan tenteranya veteran (melanggar undang-undang Rom) dan berarak ke arah Rom. Kemajuan besar Caesar memaksa Pompey, para konsul dan senat meninggalkan Rom untuk Yunani. Caesar memasuki bandar tanpa henti. <> Di mana tahun Clodius mati? || 52 SM <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap kematian Clodius? || Milo <> Siapa yang senator memutuskan untuk membantu mereka dalam konflik mereka dengan Caesar? || Pompey <> Apakah jenis kuasa yang diberikan kepada Pompey oleh senat? || diktatorial <> Pada akhirnya apa yang memaksa senat meninggalkan Rom dan melarikan diri ke Greece? || Kemajuan pesat Caesar", {"context": "Beginning in the summer of 54 BC, a wave of political corruption and violence swept Rome. This chaos reached a climax in January of 52 BC, when Clodius was murdered in a gang war by Milo. On 1 January 49 BC, an agent of Caesar presented an ultimatum to the senate. The ultimatum was rejected, and the senate then passed a resolution which declared that if Caesar did not lay down his arms by July of that year, he would be considered an enemy of the Republic. Meanwhile, the senators adopted Pompey as their new champion against Caesar. On 7 January of 49 BC, the senate passed a senatus consultum ultimum, which vested Pompey with dictatorial powers. Pompey's army, however, was composed largely of untested conscripts. On 10 January, Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his veteran army (in violation of Roman laws) and marched towards Rome. Caesar's rapid advance forced Pompey, the consuls and the senate to abandon Rome for Greece. Caesar entered the city unopposed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "52 BC"}], "question": "In which year did Clodius die?", "id": "5730239eb2c2fd1400568931"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Milo"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the death of Clodius?", "id": "5730239eb2c2fd1400568932"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Pompey"}], "question": "Who did the senators decide would aid them in their conflict with Caesar?", "id": "5730239eb2c2fd1400568933"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "dictatorial"}], "question": "What type of powers were granted to Pompey by the senate?", "id": "5730239eb2c2fd1400568934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "Caesar's rapid advance"}], "question": "Ultimately what forced the senate to abandon Rome and flee to Greece?", "id": "5730239eb2c2fd1400568935"}]}], ["Beberapa tahun kemudian, pada 88 SM, sebuah tentera Rom dihantar untuk meletakkan kuasa Asia yang baru muncul, raja Mithridates dari Pontus. Bagaimanapun, tentera telah dikalahkan. Salah seorang petua lama Marius, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, telah dipilih konsul untuk tahun ini, dan diperintahkan oleh senat untuk menguasai perang terhadap Mithridates. Marius, seorang anggota parti \"populares\", mempunyai ketua yang membatalkan perintah Sulla tentang perang melawan Mithridates. Sulla, ahli parti bangsawan (\"mengoptimumkan\"), membawa tenteranya kembali ke Itali dan berarak di Rom. Sulla sangat marah pada tribun Marius 'bahawa dia telah meluluskan undang-undang yang bertujuan untuk melemahkan lagi tribunate. Dia kemudian kembali ke perangnya melawan Mithridates. Dengan Sulla pergi, populares di bawah Marius dan Lucius Cornelius Cinna tidak lama lagi mengambil alih bandar. <> Pada tahun apakah tentera Roma dihantar untuk menamatkan Raja Pontus? || 88 SM <> Siapa yang diperintahkan oleh senat untuk menjadi komander dalam konflik dengan Raja Mithridates? || Lucius Cornelius Sulla <> Apa parti politik yang dimiliki Lucius Cornelius Sulla? || populares <> Siapa yang telah berjaya meluluskan undang-undang yang satu-satunya tujuannya adalah untuk mengurangkan kuasa tribunate? || Sulla <> Apa yang berlaku selepas Sulla kembali kepada konflik dengan Mithridates? || Marius dan Lucius Cornelius Cinna segera mengawal bandar", {"context": "Several years later, in 88 BC, a Roman army was sent to put down an emerging Asian power, king Mithridates of Pontus. The army, however, was defeated. One of Marius' old quaestors, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, had been elected consul for the year, and was ordered by the senate to assume command of the war against Mithridates. Marius, a member of the \"populares\" party, had a tribune revoke Sulla's command of the war against Mithridates. Sulla, a member of the aristocratic (\"optimates\") party, brought his army back to Italy and marched on Rome. Sulla was so angry at Marius' tribune that he passed a law intended to permanently weaken the tribunate. He then returned to his war against Mithridates. With Sulla gone, the populares under Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "88 BC"}], "question": "In what year was a Roman army dispatched to terminate the King of Pontus?", "id": "57301640b2c2fd1400568831"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Lucius Cornelius Sulla"}], "question": "Who was ordered by the senate to become commander in the conflict with King Mithridates?", "id": "57301640b2c2fd1400568832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "populares"}], "question": "What political party did Lucius Cornelius Sulla belong to?", "id": "57301640b2c2fd1400568834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Sulla"}], "question": "Who had successfully passed a law whose sole purpose was to lessen the power of the tribunate?", "id": "57301640b2c2fd1400568833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city"}], "question": "What happened after Sulla returned to the conflict with Mithridates?", "id": "57301640b2c2fd1400568835"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh ini, askar Roma kelihatan telah dimodelkan selepas orang-orang Etruscan di utara, yang sendiri telah menyalin gaya peperangan mereka dari orang Yunani. Secara tradisinya, pengenalan pembentukan phalanx ke tentera Rom digambarkan oleh raja bernama Servius Tullius (memerintah 578 hingga 534 SM). Menurut Livy dan Dionysius Halicarnassus, pangkat depan terdiri dari rakyat terkaya, yang mampu membeli peralatan terbaik. Setiap pangkat berikutnya terdiri daripada mereka yang kurang kekayaan dan peralatan yang lebih miskin daripada yang sebelumnya. <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan pembentukan phalanx ke tentera Rom? || Servius Tullius <> Adakah prajurit Roma mengharapkan untuk membeli peralatan mereka sendiri? || rakyat terkaya, yang mampu membeli peralatan terbaik <> Siapa yang terkandung dalam pangkat pertama pembentukan phalanx? || rakyat terkaya <> Dari apa yang orang lakukan, kelihatan Etruscan telah memodelkan peperangan mereka? || Orang Yunani <> Dari mana Dionysius berasal dari? || Halicarnassus", {"context": "During this period, Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north, who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks. Traditionally, the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city's penultimate king, Servius Tullius (ruled 578 to 534 BC). According to Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment. Each subsequent rank consisted of those with less wealth and poorer equipment than the one before it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Servius Tullius"}], "question": "Who introduced the phalanx formation into Rome's army?", "id": "57302aab04bcaa1900d772a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment"}], "question": "Were Roman soldiers expected to purchase their own equipment?", "id": "57302aab04bcaa1900d772a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "wealthiest citizens"}], "question": "Who were contained in the first rank of the phalanx formation?", "id": "57302aab04bcaa1900d772a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Greeks"}], "question": "From what people did it appear the Etruscans had model their form of warfare on?", "id": "57302aab04bcaa1900d772a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Halicarnassus"}], "question": "Where did Dionysius hail from?", "id": "57302aab04bcaa1900d772a9"}]}], ["Infantri yang berat dari manipertinya disokong oleh sejumlah infantri ringan dan tentara kavaleri, biasanya 300 penunggang kuda untuk satu legion manipulasi. Pasukan berkuda ditarik terutamanya dari kelas ekuestrians terkaya. Terdapat kelas tambahan tentera yang mengikuti tentera tanpa peranan bela diri tertentu dan dikerahkan ke belakang garisan ketiga. Peranan mereka dalam mengiringi tentera adalah terutamanya untuk membekalkan apa-apa kekosongan yang mungkin berlaku di dalam manajer. Pasukan infantri ringan terdiri daripada 1,200 pasukan penyelundupan yang tidak diserangi dari kelas sosial termuda dan rendah. Mereka bersenjata dengan pedang dan perisai kecil, serta beberapa helai lampu. <> Berapa ramai penunggang kuda yang mungkin dijumpai dalam satu legiun manipulasi? || 300 askar berkuda <> Di manakah anda boleh mengharapkan jumlah askar berkuda yang banyak diperoleh? || kelas terkaya dari ekuestrians <> Apa yang sering diabaikan kelas sosial adalah infantri ringan yang terdiri daripada? || kelas sosial yang lebih rendah. <> Apa jenis infantri menyertai cahaya, dan pasukan berkuda dalam peperangan? || infantri berat <> Perisai kecil boleh didapati di bahagian infantri apa? || infantri ringan", {"context": "The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops, typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion. The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians. There was an additional class of troops who followed the army without specific martial roles and were deployed to the rear of the third line. Their role in accompanying the army was primarily to supply any vacancies that might occur in the maniples. The light infantry consisted of 1,200 unarmoured skirmishing troops drawn from the youngest and lower social classes. They were armed with a sword and a small shield, as well as several light javelins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "300 horsemen"}], "question": "How many horseman were likely to be found in a single manipular legion?", "id": "57302da5b2c2fd1400568a09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "richest class of equestrians"}], "question": "Where could you expect the extensive amount of cavalry troops to be sourced from?", "id": "57302da5b2c2fd1400568a0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "lower social classes."}], "question": "What often neglected social class was the light infantry comprised of?", "id": "57302da5b2c2fd1400568a0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "heavy infantry"}], "question": "What type of infantry joined light, and the cavalry in battle?", "id": "57302da5b2c2fd1400568a0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "light infantry"}], "question": "Small shields could be found in what section of the infantry?", "id": "57302da5b2c2fd1400568a0c"}]}], ["Dalam proses yang dikenal sebagai pembaharuan Marian, konsul Rom Gaius Marius menjalankan program pembaharuan tentera Rom. Pada tahun 107 SM, semua warganegara, tanpa mengira kekayaan atau kelas sosialnya, layak mendapat masuk ke tentera Rom. Langkah ini telah diformalkan dan menyimpulkan proses beransur-ansur yang telah berkembang selama berabad-abad, untuk menghapuskan keperluan harta untuk perkhidmatan ketenteraan. Perbezaan antara tiga kelas infantri berat, yang telah menjadi kabur, telah runtuh ke dalam satu kelas infantri legionary yang berat. Legionari infantri yang berat ditarik dari stok warga negara, sementara bukan warganegara datang untuk menguasai barisan infantri ringan. Pegawai dan komander peringkat tinggi tentera masih ditarik secara eksklusif dari aristokrasi Rom. <> Siapa yang kini dapat menyertai perkhidmatan ketenteraan pada 107 SM? || semua warganegara <> Di manakah legionari di tentera Rom mungkin diperoleh? || warganegara <<Siapa yang mungkin akan membentuk majoriti infantri ringan tentera Rom? || bukan warganegara <Konsul manakah yang bertanggungjawab terhadap pembaharuan yang membenarkan semua warga akses menyertai tentera Rom? || Gaius Marius <> Apa proses yang menghapuskan keperluan harta untuk tentera Rom? || Pembaharuan Marian", {"context": "In process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107 BC, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for centuries, of removing property requirements for military service. The distinction between the three heavy infantry classes, which had already become blurred, had collapsed into a single class of heavy legionary infantry. The heavy infantry legionaries were drawn from citizen stock, while non-citizens came to dominate the ranks of the light infantry. The army's higher-level officers and commanders were still drawn exclusively from the Roman aristocracy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "all citizens"}], "question": "Who was now able to join military service in 107 BC?", "id": "5730382aa23a5019007fcfa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "citizen stock"}], "question": "Where would legionaries in the Roman army likely to be sourced from?", "id": "5730382aa23a5019007fcfaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "non-citizens"}], "question": "Who would likely make up the majority of the Roman army's light infantry?", "id": "5730382aa23a5019007fcfab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Gaius Marius"}], "question": "Which consul was responsible for the reforms that allowed all citizens access to join the Roman army?", "id": "5730382aa23a5019007fcfac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Marian reforms"}], "question": "What was the process that removed the property requirement for the Roman military called?", "id": "5730382aa23a5019007fcfad"}]}], ["Satu kelemahan phalanx adalah bahawa ia hanya berkesan apabila berperang di ruang besar, terbuka, yang meninggalkan Roma pada keadaan merugikan apabila bertarung di kawasan berbukit semen tengah Itali. Pada abad ke-4 SM, Roma meninggalkan fasa yang memihak kepada pembentukan manipulasi yang lebih fleksibel. Perubahan ini kadang-kadang dikaitkan dengan Marcus Furius Camillus dan diletakkan tidak lama selepas pencerobohan Gallic 390 SM; Walau bagaimanapun, lebih-lebih lagi, mereka disalin dari musuh-musuh Samnite Rom di selatan, mungkin akibat kemenangan Samnite semasa Perang Samnite Kedua (326 hingga 304 SM). <> Apa yang menjejaskan penggunaan formasi phalanx? || hanya berkesan apabila berperang di ruang besar, terbuka <> Dalam abad apakah pembentukan phalanx akhirnya dibuang oleh orang Rom? || Abad ke-4 SM <> Apakah pembentukan pertempuran yang akhirnya menggantikan fasa dalam peperangan? || pembentukan manipulasi <> Di manakah kemungkinan perubahan kepada pembentukan manipulasi? || disalin dari musuh Samnite Roma <> Jenis tanah apa yang boleh dijumpai di semenanjung Itali tengah? || kawasan berbukit", {"context": "One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces, which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula. In the 4th century BC, the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation. This change is sometimes attributed to Marcus Furius Camillus and placed shortly after the Gallic invasion of 390 BC; it is more likely, however, that they were copied from Rome's Samnite enemies to the south, possibly as a result of Samnite victories during the Second Samnite War (326 to 304 BC).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "only effective when fighting in large, open spaces"}], "question": "What was a detriment of using the phalanx formation?", "id": "57302c1e04bcaa1900d772cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "4th century BC"}], "question": "In what century was the phalanx formation finally discarded by the Roman people?", "id": "57302c1e04bcaa1900d772ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "manipular formation"}], "question": "What fighting formation would eventually replace the phalanx in battle?", "id": "57302c1e04bcaa1900d772cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "copied from Rome's Samnite enemies"}], "question": "Where is the likely source of the change to the manipular formation?", "id": "57302c1e04bcaa1900d772d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "hilly terrain"}], "question": "What type of ground could be found in the central Italian peninsula?", "id": "57302c1e04bcaa1900d772d1"}]}], ["Permintaan luar biasa Perang Punic, selain kekurangan tenaga kerja, mendedahkan kelemahan taktikal legiun manipulasi, sekurang-kurangnya dalam jangka pendek. Pada 217 SM, berhampiran permulaan Perang Punic Kedua, Rom dipaksa untuk secara berkesan mengabaikan prinsip lama bahawa tenteranya mestilah warganegara dan pemilik harta tanah. Semasa abad ke-2 SM, wilayah Rom mencatatkan penurunan keseluruhan penduduk, sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh kerugian besar yang berlaku semasa pelbagai peperangan. Ini disertai oleh tekanan sosial yang teruk dan keruntuhan kelas menengah yang lebih besar. Akibatnya, kerajaan Rom dipaksa untuk melengkapkan tenteranya dengan mengorbankan negara, yang tidak perlu dilakukan pada masa lalu. <> Semasa abad apa yang dikuasai kawasan Rom melihat penurunan populasi mereka? || Abad ke-2 SM <> Apa yang menyebabkan negara Rom memberikan senjata kepada tentera mereka? || kejatuhan yang lebih besar kelas menengah <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai faktor penyebab kepada penurunan penduduk Rom? || kerugian besar yang berlaku semasa pelbagai peperangan <> Apakah prajurit yang dijangka memilikinya sebelum tahun 217 SM? || harta", {"context": "The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both citizens and property owners. During the 2nd century BC, Roman territory saw an overall decline in population, partially due to the huge losses incurred during various wars. This was accompanied by severe social stresses and the greater collapse of the middle classes. As a result, the Roman state was forced to arm its soldiers at the expense of the state, which it had not had to do in the past.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "2nd century BC"}], "question": "During what century did Roman controlled areas see a decline in their populations?", "id": "573035d7b2c2fd1400568a85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "greater collapse of the middle classes"}], "question": "What caused the Roman state to provide armaments to their army?", "id": "573035d7b2c2fd1400568a86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "huge losses incurred during various wars"}], "question": "What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population?", "id": "573035d7b2c2fd1400568a88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "property"}], "question": "What were soldiers expected to own prior to the year 217 BC?", "id": "573035d7b2c2fd1400568a87"}]}], ["Legiun Republik lewat, secara struktur, infanteri hampir sepenuhnya berat. Sub-unit utama legion itu dipanggil kohort dan terdiri daripada kira-kira 480 askar infantri. Oleh itu, kohort adalah unit yang jauh lebih besar daripada unit subunit yang terdahulu, dan dibahagikan kepada enam abad setiap 80 orang. Setiap abad dipisahkan lagi ke dalam 10 \"kumpulan khemah\" masing-masing 8 orang. Tentara berkuda digunakan sebagai pengakap dan penunggang penghantaran daripada kavaleri medan perang. Legion juga mengandungi kumpulan kru artileri yang berkemampuan kira-kira 60 orang. Setiap legion biasanya bekerjasama dengan bilangan pasukan bersekutu (bukan Rom) yang hampir sama. <> Sekitar berapa unit yang dijangka terkandung dalam kohort? || 480 infantrymen <> Berapa banyak tentera ditempatkan ke dalam setiap kumpulan tenda? || 8 lelaki <> Siapa yang kini akan digunakan sebagai pengakap bukannya berjuang bersama tentera di medan perang? || tentera pasukan berkuda <> Apakah penamaan pasukan dianggap sebagai sebahagian besar pasukan? || kohort", {"context": "The legions of the late Republic were, structurally, almost entirely heavy infantry. The legion's main sub-unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen. The cohort was therefore a much larger unit than the earlier maniple sub-unit, and was divided into six centuries of 80 men each. Each century was separated further into 10 \"tent groups\" of 8 men each. The cavalry troops were used as scouts and dispatch riders rather than battlefield cavalry. Legions also contained a dedicated group of artillery crew of perhaps 60 men. Each legion was normally partnered with an approximately equal number of allied (non-Roman) troops.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "480 infantrymen"}], "question": "Around how many units could be expected to be contained within a cohort?", "id": "573039c004bcaa1900d773c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "8 men"}], "question": "How many troops were placed into each tent group?", "id": "573039c004bcaa1900d773c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "cavalry troops"}], "question": "Who would now be used as scouts instead of fighting alongside the army in the battlefield?", "id": "573039c004bcaa1900d773c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "cohort"}], "question": "What designation of troops was considered to make up the majority of a legion?", "id": "573039c004bcaa1900d773c8"}]}], ["Konfederasi tentera Rom dengan orang lain di semenanjung Itali bermakna separuh daripada tentera Rom disediakan oleh Socii, seperti Etruscan, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, dan pelbagai bandar di selatan Yunani. Polybius menyatakan bahawa Rom boleh menarik 770,000 orang pada awal Perang Punic Kedua, di mana 700,000 adalah infantri dan 70,000 memenuhi syarat untuk berkuda. Sekutu Itali Roma akan dianjurkan dalam alae, atau sayap, kira-kira sama dengan tenaga manusia kepada legiun Romawi, walaupun dengan 900 pasukan berkuda bukan 300. <Di manakah Roma menerima separuh daripada tentera mereka? || Socii <> Berapa banyak calvary yang digunakan oleh sekutu Itali Roma? || 900 berkuda <> Berapa banyak tentera yang tersedia untuk Rom pada permulaan Perang Punic Kedua? || 770,000 orang <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh sekutu-sekutu Rom Itali memanggil pembentukan pertempuran mereka? || alae <> Apa yang membolehkan Rom untuk membiayai beberapa tentera mereka dari kawasan lain? || pertalian tentera dengan orang lain", {"context": "Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the beginning of the Second Punic War, of which 700,000 were infantry and 70,000 met the requirements for cavalry. Rome's Italian allies would be organized in alae, or wings, roughly equal in manpower to the Roman legions, though with 900 cavalry instead of 300.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "the Socii"}], "question": "Where did Rome receive half of their army from?", "id": "57302f5e947a6a140053d24a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "900 cavalry"}], "question": "How many calvary did Rome's Italian allies use?", "id": "57302f5e947a6a140053d24b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "770,000 men"}], "question": "How many soldiers were available to Rome at the start of the Second Punic War?", "id": "57302f5e947a6a140053d24c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "alae"}], "question": "What did Rome's Italian allies call their battle formation?", "id": "57302f5e947a6a140053d24d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "military confederation with the other peoples"}], "question": "What allowed Rome to source some of their military from other nearby areas?", "id": "57302f5e947a6a140053d24e"}]}], ["Selepas pembunuhan itu, Mark Antony membentuk satu persekutuan dengan anak angkat Caesar dan keponakan besar, Gaius Octavian. Bersama dengan Marcus Lepidus, mereka membentuk satu persekutuan yang dikenali sebagai Triumvirate Kedua. Mereka memegang kuasa yang hampir sama dengan kuasa yang Caesar telah memegang di bawah perlembagaannya. Oleh itu, Senat dan perhimpunan kekal tidak berdaya, walaupun selepas Caesar telah dibunuh. Kemudian konspirasi itu dikalahkan di Pertempuran Philippi pada tahun 42 SM. Walau bagaimanapun, akhirnya, Antony dan Octavian bertempur dengan satu sama lain dalam pertempuran terakhir. Antony dikalahkan dalam Pertempuran Actium di laut pada 31 SM, dan dia membunuh diri dengan kekasihnya, Cleopatra. Pada 29 SM, Octavian kembali ke Rom sebagai tuan yang tidak dicela Kerajaan dan kemudian menerima gelaran Augustus (\"Yang Maha Agung\"). Dia yakin bahawa hanya seorang penguasa yang kuat dapat memulihkan ketenteraman di Rom. <> Siapa yang tidak lama lagi bersekutu dengan anak angkat Caesar setelah kematiannya? || Mark Antony <> Dalam peperangan apakah Mark Antony melihat kekalahan? || Pertempuran Actium <> Dalam tahun berapakah peperangan Philippi berakhir? || 42 SM <> Bagaimana Mark Antony mati? || dia melakukan bunuh diri <> Apa perikatan yang dibentuk dengan nama Marcus Lepidus? || Triumvirate Kedua", {"context": "After the assassination, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian. Along with Marcus Lepidus, they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate. They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution. As such, the Senate and assemblies remained powerless, even after Caesar had been assassinated. The conspirators were then defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. Eventually, however, Antony and Octavian fought against each other in one last battle. Antony was defeated in the naval Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and he committed suicide with his lover, Cleopatra. In 29 BC, Octavian returned to Rome as the unchallenged master of the Empire and later accepted the title of Augustus (\"Exalted One\"). He was convinced that only a single strong ruler could restore order in Rome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Mark Antony"}], "question": "Who was soon allied with Caesar's adopted son following his death?", "id": "573027a5b2c2fd1400568981"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "Battle of Actium"}], "question": "In what battle did Mark Antony see defeat?", "id": "573027a5b2c2fd1400568985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "42 BC"}], "question": "In what year did the Battle of Philippi end?", "id": "573027a5b2c2fd1400568982"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "he committed suicide"}], "question": "How did Mark Antony die?", "id": "573027a5b2c2fd1400568983"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "the Second Triumvirate"}], "question": "What was the alliance that was formed with Marcus Lepidus named?", "id": "573027a5b2c2fd1400568984"}]}], ["Caesar dibunuh pada 15 Mac, 44 SM. Pembunuhan itu diketuai oleh Gaius Cassius dan Marcus Brutus. Kebanyakan konspirator adalah senator, yang mempunyai pelbagai motivasi ekonomi, politik, atau peribadi untuk melakukan pembunuhan itu. Ramai yang takut bahawa Caesar tidak lama lagi akan membangkitkan monarki dan mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai raja. Lain-lain takut kehilangan harta atau prestise kerana Caesar menjalankan pembaharuan tanahnya memihak kepada kelas tanpa tanah. Hampir semua konspirator melarikan diri ke bandar selepas kematian Caesar kerana takut akan tindakan balas. Perang saudara yang menyusuli apa yang ditinggalkan Republik. <> Pada tarikh apa Caesar terbunuh? || 15 Mac, 44 SM <> Siapa yang merangkumi sebahagian besar anggota konspirasi untuk membunuh Kaisar? || Senator <> Apa beberapa ahli konspirasi percaya Caesar akan membawa pulang? || <> Mengapa banyak anggota senat melarikan diri dari bandar setelah kematian Caesar? || takut kepada pembalasan <> Siapakah Gaius Cassius dan Marcus Brutus memimpin konspirasi? || Caesar", {"context": "Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Most of the conspirators were senators, who had a variety of economic, political, or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination. Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and declare himself king. Others feared loss of property or prestige as Caesar carried out his land reforms in favor of the landless classes. Virtually all the conspirators fled the city after Caesar's death in fear of retaliation. The civil war that followed destroyed what was left of the Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "March 15, 44 BC"}], "question": "On what date was Caesar killed?", "id": "5730260904bcaa1900d7722d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "senators"}], "question": "Who comprised most of the members of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar?", "id": "5730260904bcaa1900d7722e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "the monarchy"}], "question": "What did some members of the conspiracy believe Caesar would bring back?", "id": "5730260904bcaa1900d7722f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "fear of retaliation"}], "question": "Why did many members of the senate flee the city after Caesar's death?", "id": "5730260904bcaa1900d77231"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Caesar"}], "question": "Who did Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus lead the conspiracy against?", "id": "5730260904bcaa1900d77230"}]}], ["Seperti kebanyakan tamadun purba, tentera Rom berkhidmat dengan tiga tujuan untuk mendapatkan sempadannya, mengeksploitasi kawasan periferal melalui langkah-langkah seperti mengenakan penghormatan kepada rakyat yang ditawan, dan mengekalkan perintah dalaman. Dari awal lagi, ketenteraan Rom menanamkan pola ini dan majoriti peperangan Rom dicirikan oleh salah satu daripada dua jenis. Yang pertama adalah perang asing, biasanya bermula sebagai serangan balas atau pertahanan sekutu. Yang kedua ialah perang saudara, yang melanda Republik Rom pada abad terakhirnya. Tentera Rom tidak terkalahkan, walaupun reputasi mereka yang hebat dan tuan rumah kemenangan. Selama berabad-abad orang Rom \"menghasilkan bahagian mereka yang tidak kompeten\" yang mengetuai pasukan Rom ke dalam kekalahan bencana. Walau bagaimanapun, secara amnya nasib musuh terbesar di Rom, seperti Pyrrhus dan Hannibal, untuk memenangi pertempuran awal tetapi kehilangan perang. Sejarah kempen Rom adalah, jika tidak ada yang lain, sejarah kegigihan tegar mengatasi kerugian yang mengerikan. <> Siapa di Roma bertanggungjawab untuk mengenakan penghormatan di negara-negara yang mereka telah menaklukkan? || Tentera Roma <> Apa yang boleh dianggap sebagai sifat kempen ketenteraan Roma? || kegigihan berterusan <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai masalah di Republik Rom pada abad yang lalu? || perang saudara <> Apa yang sering akan mengetuai Rom untuk berperang di negara asing? || pertahanan sekutu", {"context": "As with most ancient civilizations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order. From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's wars were characterized by one of two types. The first is the foreign war, normally begun as a counter-offensive or defense of an ally. The second is the civil war, which plagued the Roman Republic in its final century. Roman armies were not invincible, despite their formidable reputation and host of victories. Over the centuries the Romans \"produced their share of incompetents\" who led Roman armies into catastrophic defeats. Nevertheless, it was generally the fate of the greatest of Rome's enemies, such as Pyrrhus and Hannibal, to win early battles but lose the war. The history of Rome's campaigning is, if nothing else, a history of obstinate persistence overcoming appalling losses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Rome's military"}], "question": "Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered?", "id": "57302972b2c2fd140056899d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 952, "text": "obstinate persistence"}], "question": "What could be considered a trait of Rome's military campaigns?", "id": "57302972b2c2fd140056899e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "civil war"}], "question": "What was considered a problem in the Roman Republic during its last century?", "id": "57302972b2c2fd140056899f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "defense of an ally"}], "question": "What would often lead Rome to wage war in foreign lands?", "id": "57302972b2c2fd14005689a0"}]}], ["Kehidupan di Republik Rom berputar di sekitar bandar Rom, dan tujuh bukit yang terkenal. Bandar ini juga mempunyai beberapa teater, gimnasium, dan banyak bar, mandi dan rumah pelacuran. Sepanjang wilayah di bawah kawalan Rom, seni bina kediaman adalah dari rumah yang sangat sederhana ke vila-vila negara, dan di ibu kota Rom, ke kediaman di Bukit Palatine yang elegan, di mana perkataan \"istana\" diperolehi. Majoriti penduduk tinggal di pusat bandar, dibungkus ke blok apartmen. [Rujukan?] <> Di manakah sebahagian besar penduduk kota hidup? || pusat bandar <> Apa jenis perumahan yang boleh ditempatkan di pusat bandar? || blok pangsapuri <> Dari apa kawasan tempatan di Rom adalah perkataan istana yang dipinjam dari? || Palatine Hill <> Berapa banyak kawasan di Rom boleh disebut bukit? || tujuh", {"context": "Life in the Roman Republic revolved around the city of Rome, and its famed seven hills. The city also had several theatres, gymnasiums, and many taverns, baths and brothels. Throughout the territory under Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, to the residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word \"palace\" is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into apartment blocks.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "the city center"}], "question": "Where did the bulk of the cities populace live?", "id": "57304a87069b531400831ff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "apartment blocks"}], "question": "What type of housing could be located in the city center?", "id": "57304a87069b531400831ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Palatine Hill"}], "question": "From what local area in Rome is the word palace borrowed from?", "id": "57304a87069b531400831ff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many areas in Rome could be called hills?", "id": "57304a87069b531400831ffa"}]}], ["Setiap hakim republik memegang kuasa perlembagaan tertentu. Hanya Orang Roma (kedua-dua orang awam dan orang awam) mempunyai hak untuk memberikan kuasa ini kepada mana-mana hakim individu. Kekuatan perlembagaan yang paling kuat adalah imperium. Imperium dipegang oleh kedua-dua konsul dan praetor. Imperium memberi kuasa kepada majistret untuk memerintah pasukan ketenteraan. Semua majistret juga mempunyai kuasa paksaan. Ini digunakan oleh majistret untuk mengekalkan ketenteraman awam. Semasa di Rom, semua rakyat mempunyai penghakiman terhadap paksaan. Perlindungan ini dipanggil provokasi (lihat di bawah). Majistret juga mempunyai kuasa dan kewajipan untuk mencari omens. Kuasa ini sering digunakan untuk menghalang lawan politik. <> Siapa yang mempunyai hak untuk memberikan kuasa kepada majistret? || Orang-orang Rom <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai kuasa perlembagaan yang paling berwibawa? || imperium <> Apakah kuasa konstitusional imperium memberi hak kepada majistret? || kuasa untuk memerintah pasukan ketenteraan <> Apa yang menjadi salah satu tugas yang boleh diharapkan oleh seorang hakim yang baru dipilih? || untuk mencari omens <> Kuasa apa yang ada dalam setiap hakim tunggal di Rom? || kuasa paksaan", {"context": "Each republican magistrate held certain constitutional powers. Only the People of Rome (both plebeians and patricians) had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate. The most powerful constitutional power was imperium. Imperium was held by both consuls and praetors. Imperium gave a magistrate the authority to command a military force. All magistrates also had the power of coercion. This was used by magistrates to maintain public order. While in Rome, all citizens had a judgement against coercion. This protection was called provocatio (see below). Magistrates also had both the power and the duty to look for omens. This power would often be used to obstruct political opponents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "People of Rome"}], "question": "Who had the right to grant powers to a magistrate?", "id": "573043a9947a6a140053d37c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "imperium"}], "question": "What is considered to be the most authoritative constitutional power?", "id": "573043a9947a6a140053d37d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "authority to command a military force"}], "question": "What did the constitutional power of imperium grant a magistrate?", "id": "573043a9947a6a140053d37e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "to look for omens"}], "question": "What would be one of the duties that a newly elected magistrate could expect to perform?", "id": "573043a9947a6a140053d37f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "power of coercion"}], "question": "What power was in possession of every single magistrate in Rome?", "id": "573043a9947a6a140053d380"}]}], ["Setelah menurun dalam saiz berikutan penaklukan Mediterranean, angkatan laut Rom menjalani peningkatan dan pemulihan jangka pendek di Republik sebelum memenuhi beberapa tuntutan baru. Di bawah Caesar, armada serangan telah dipasang di Selat Inggeris untuk membenarkan pencerobohan Britannia; di bawah Pompey, sebuah armada besar dibesarkan di Laut Mediterranean untuk membersihkan laut lanun Cilicia. Semasa perang saudara yang diikuti, sebanyak seribu kapal telah dibina atau ditekan ke dalam perkhidmatan dari bandar-bandar Yunani. <> Di mana laut adalah sejumlah besar kapal laut yang dihantar untuk menghapuskan lanun Cilician? || Laut Mediterranean <> Sekitar berapa banyak kapal dihantar ke perkhidmatan dari bandar-bandar Yunani? || seramai seribu kapal <> Siapa yang akhirnya bertanggungjawab untuk kapal-kapal tentera laut yang dihantar ke Saluran Bahasa Inggeris? || Caesar <> Apakah penggerak di sebalik pemulihan pasukan tentera laut Rom? || untuk memenuhi beberapa tuntutan baru <> Apa aspek tentera Rom melihat penurunan selepas penaklukan Mediterranean? || Tentera laut Rom", {"context": "After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Mediterranean Sea"}], "question": "In which sea was a large amount of naval vessels sent in order to remove Cilician pirates?", "id": "57303b58947a6a140053d2e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "as many as a thousand ships"}], "question": "Around how many ships were sent into service from Greek cities?", "id": "57303b58947a6a140053d2e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Caesar"}], "question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the English Channel?", "id": "57303b58947a6a140053d2e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "to meet several new demands"}], "question": "What was the driving force behind the revitalization of the Roman naval forces?", "id": "57303b58947a6a140053d2e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Roman navy"}], "question": "What aspect of the Roman military saw a decline in size after the subjugation of the Mediterranean?", "id": "57303b58947a6a140053d2e4"}]}], ["Perhimpunan suku (iaitu warga Rom), Comitia Tributa, dipimpin oleh konsul, dan terdiri dari 35 suku. Suku-suku itu bukan kumpulan etnik atau kekeluargaan, tetapi subdivisi geografi. Perintah yang akan diundi oleh tiga puluh lima suku dipilih secara rawak oleh lot. Sebaik sahaja ukuran mendapat sokongan daripada majoriti suku, undi akan berakhir. Walaupun ia tidak melepasi banyak undang-undang, Comitia Tributa melakukan pilihan quaestors, curbed aediles, dan tribun tentera. Majlis Plebeian adalah sama dengan perhimpunan puak-puak, tetapi tidak termasuk patrician (golongan elit yang dapat mengesan keturunan mereka dengan pendirian Rom). Mereka memilih pegawai mereka sendiri, tribun plebeian dan aediles plebeian. Biasanya tribune pleura akan mempengerusikan perhimpunan. Perhimpunan ini meluluskan kebanyakan undang-undang, dan juga boleh bertindak sebagai mahkamah rayuan. <> Berapa banyak suku dianggap di Komitia Tributa? || 35 puak <> Bagaimana perhimpunan suku dipisahkan ke dalam suku-suku tertentu? || subdivisi geografi <> Apakah perhimpunan mana yang bertanggungjawab untuk pemilihan para quaestor? || Comitia Tributa <> Bilakah perhimpunan suku kaum akan berhenti mengundi? || Sebaik sahaja ukuran mendapat sokongan daripada majoriti puak <> Siapa yang akan bertanggungjawab untuk pemilihan tribune plebeian? || a plebeian", {"context": "The assembly of the tribes (i.e. the citizens of Rome), the Comitia Tributa, was presided over by a consul, and was composed of 35 tribes. The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but rather geographical subdivisions. The order that the thirty-five tribes would vote in was selected randomly by lot. Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes, the voting would end. While it did not pass many laws, the Comitia Tributa did elect quaestors, curule aediles, and military tribunes. The Plebeian Council was identical to the assembly of the tribes, but excluded the patricians (the elite who could trace their ancestry to the founding of Rome). They elected their own officers, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles. Usually a plebeian tribune would preside over the assembly. This assembly passed most laws, and could also act as a court of appeal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "35 tribes"}], "question": "How many tribes were considered to be in the Comitia Tributa?", "id": "5730426f04bcaa1900d7742d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "geographical subdivisions"}], "question": "How were the assembly of tribes segregated into specific tribes?", "id": "5730426f04bcaa1900d7742e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "the Comitia Tributa"}], "question": "What assembly was responsible for the election of quaestors?", "id": "5730426f04bcaa1900d7742f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes"}], "question": "When would the assembly of tribes cease voting?", "id": "5730426f04bcaa1900d77430"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "a plebeian"}], "question": "Who would be responsible for the election of a plebeian tribune?", "id": "5730426f04bcaa1900d77431"}]}], ["Status perundangan kewarganegaraan Roman adalah terhad dan merupakan prasyarat penting untuk memiliki banyak hak undang-undang penting seperti hak untuk perbicaraan dan rayuan, untuk berkahwin, mengundi, memegang jawatan, memasuki kontrak yang mengikat, dan pengecualian cukai khas. Seorang warganegara lelaki dewasa dengan pelengkap hak undang-undang dan politik dipanggil \"optimo jure.\" The optimo jure memilih perhimpunan mereka, yang mana majlis-majlis yang dipilih majistret, undang-undang yang digubal, memimpin perbicaraan dalam kes-kes modal, mengisytiharkan perang dan keamanan, dan perjanjian-perjanjian yang dipalsukan atau dibubarkan. Terdapat dua jenis dewan perundangan. Yang pertama adalah komitia (\"jawatankuasa\"), yang merupakan perhimpunan semua optimo jure. Yang kedua adalah kons\u00e9p (\"majlis\"), yang merupakan kumpulan kumpulan optima jure tertentu. <> Apakah syarat utama untuk mencari perbicaraan di mahkamah Rom? || status undang-undang warganegara Rom <> Siapa yang dijangka akan mengawasi kes modal di mahkamah Rom? || perkumpulan <> Yang manakah orang yang membentuk keseluruhan anggota komiti? || optimo jure <> Siapa majlis yang dipilih oleh pemilih optima? || Majistret <> Apa jenis perhimpunan bolehkah kumpulan spesifik optimo jure dijumpai? || concilia", {"context": "The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and political rights was called \"optimo jure.\" The optimo jure elected their assemblies, whereupon the assemblies elected magistrates, enacted legislation, presided over trials in capital cases, declared war and peace, and forged or dissolved treaties. There were two types of legislative assemblies. The first was the comitia (\"committees\"), which were assemblies of all optimo jure. The second was the concilia (\"councils\"), which were assemblies of specific groups of optimo jure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "legal status of Roman citizenship"}], "question": "What was the main requirement of seeking a trial in the Roman courts?", "id": "57303f17b2c2fd1400568adf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "assemblies"}], "question": "Who would be expected to oversee a capital case in the Roman courts?", "id": "57303f17b2c2fd1400568ae0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "optimo jure"}], "question": "Which designation of people made up the entirety of the members of a comitia?", "id": "57303f17b2c2fd1400568ae1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "magistrates"}], "question": "Who did the assemblies elected by the optimo jure elect?", "id": "57303f17b2c2fd1400568ae2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "concilia"}], "question": "What type of assembly could specific groupings of optimo jure be found in?", "id": "57303f17b2c2fd1400568ae3"}]}], ["Warga telah diorganisasikan atas dasar berabad-abad dan suku, yang masing-masing akan berkumpul di dalam perhimpunan mereka sendiri. The Comitia Centuriata (\"Perhimpunan Centuriate\") adalah perhimpunan berabad-abad (iaitu askar). Presiden Comitia Centuriata biasanya konsul. Berabad-abad akan mengundi, satu demi satu, sehingga satu langkah mendapat sokongan dari majoriti abad. Comitia Centuriata akan memilih majistret yang mempunyai kuasa imperium (konsul dan prajurit). Ia juga memilih penapis. Hanya Comitia Centuriata yang boleh mengisytiharkan perang, dan mengesahkan hasil banci. Ia juga berfungsi sebagai mahkamah tertinggi rayuan dalam kes-kes peradilan tertentu. <> Apakah perhimpunan Rom yang memilih kedua majistret dan penapis? || Comitia Centuriata <> Apa profesi orang yang membentuk keseluruhan Comitia Centuriata? || berabad-abad <> Yang pegawai yang dipilih mempunyai kuasa imperium? || Majistret <> Akankah Comitia Centuriata kadang-kadang dipanggil untuk berkhidmat sebagai mahkamah tertinggi rayuan? || Ia juga berfungsi sebagai mahkamah tertinggi rayuan dalam kes-kes peradilan tertentu", {"context": "Citizens were organized on the basis of centuries and tribes, which would each gather into their own assemblies. The Comitia Centuriata (\"Centuriate Assembly\") was the assembly of the centuries (i.e. soldiers). The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul. The centuries would vote, one at a time, until a measure received support from a majority of the centuries. The Comitia Centuriata would elect magistrates who had imperium powers (consuls and praetors). It also elected censors. Only the Comitia Centuriata could declare war, and ratify the results of a census. It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Comitia Centuriata"}], "question": "What Roman assembly elected both magistrates and censors?", "id": "57304103b2c2fd1400568afb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "centuries"}], "question": "What profession of people made up the entireity of the Comitia Centuriata?", "id": "57304103b2c2fd1400568afc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "magistrates"}], "question": "Which elected official had imperium powers?", "id": "57304103b2c2fd1400568afe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases"}], "question": "Would the Comitia Centuriata occasionally be called upon to serve as the highest court of appeal?", "id": "57304103b2c2fd1400568afd"}]}], ["Satu pemeriksaan ke atas kuasa majistret adalah kepunyaannya. Setiap pejabat magisterial akan diadakan serentak oleh sekurang-kurangnya dua orang. Satu lagi pemeriksaan semacam itu adalah provokasi. Provocatio adalah bentuk proses wajar yang asal. Ia adalah pendahulu kepada habeas corpus. Jika mana-mana majistret cuba menggunakan kuasa negara terhadap warganegara, warganegara itu boleh merayu keputusan majistret kepada tribun. Di samping itu, apabila jawatan majistret selama satu tahun berakhir, dia perlu menunggu sepuluh tahun sebelum berkhidmat di pejabat itu lagi. Ini mencetuskan masalah untuk beberapa konsul dan praetor, dan para majistret ini kadang-kadang mempunyai imperium mereka dilanjutkan. Sebenarnya, mereka akan mengekalkan kuasa pejabat (sebagai pengganti), tanpa secara rasmi memegang jawatan itu. <> Berapa lama serentak boleh majistret yang terpilih berkhidmat di pejabat? || satu tahun <> Berapa ramai orang akan berkhidmat serentak dalam satu pejabat magisterial? || sekurang-kurangnya dua orang <> Apa bentuk proses yang sewajarnya sebagai perantara habeas corpus yang berbeza? || Provocatio <> Apa yang anda panggil seorang majistret yang mempunyai kuasa imperium terus? || promagistrate <> Siapa yang akan pergi ke Rom dalam usaha untuk membalikkan keputusan majistret? || sebuah tribun", {"context": "One check on a magistrate's power was his collegiality. Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people. Another such check was provocatio. Provocatio was a primordial form of due process. It was a precursor to habeas corpus. If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a citizen, that citizen could appeal the decision of the magistrate to a tribune. In addition, once a magistrate's one-year term of office expired, he would have to wait ten years before serving in that office again. This created problems for some consuls and praetors, and these magistrates would occasionally have their imperium extended. In effect, they would retain the powers of the office (as a promagistrate), without officially holding that office.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "one-year"}], "question": "How long concurrently could an elected magistrate serve in office?", "id": "573045afa23a5019007fd039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "at least two people"}], "question": "How many people would serve concurrently in a single magisterial office?", "id": "573045afa23a5019007fd03a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Provocatio"}], "question": "What form of due process was a harbinger of our vary own habeas corpus?", "id": "573045afa23a5019007fd03b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "promagistrate"}], "question": "What would you call a magistrate who had his powers of imperium continued?", "id": "573045afa23a5019007fd03c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "a tribune"}], "question": "Who would a Roman go see in an attempt to reverse the decision of a magistrate?", "id": "573045afa23a5019007fd03d"}]}], ["Oleh kerana tribun dianggap sebagai penjelmaan dari plebeians, mereka adalah sacrosanct. Ketidaksaraan mereka dikuatkuasakan oleh ikrar, yang diambil oleh orang awam, untuk membunuh mana-mana orang yang merosakkan atau mengganggu tribun semasa tempoh jawatannya. Kesemua kuasa tribun berasal dari ketaksuban mereka. Salah satu akibatnya adalah bahawa ia dianggap sebagai kesalahan modal untuk merugikan tribun, untuk mengabaikan veto, atau mengganggu tribun. Semasa kecemasan ketenteraan, seorang diktator akan dilantik untuk tempoh enam bulan. Kerajaan perlembagaan akan dibubarkan, dan diktator akan menjadi tuan mutlak negara. Apabila istilah diktator berakhir, kerajaan perlembagaan akan dipulihkan. <> Berapa lamakah seorang diktator dapat dilantik pada masa kecemasan tertentu? || enam bulan <> Apa yang akan berlaku semasa bermulanya istilah diktator? || Kerajaan perlembagaan akan dibubarkan <> Apakah jenis kesalahan yang membahayakan penghormatan yang dianggap sebagai? || kesalahan modal <> Apakah sumber utama kuasa-kuasa tribun? || kesabaran mereka", {"context": "Since the tribunes were considered to be the embodiment of the plebeians, they were sacrosanct. Their sacrosanctity was enforced by a pledge, taken by the plebeians, to kill any person who harmed or interfered with a tribune during his term of office. All of the powers of the tribune derived from their sacrosanctity. One consequence was that it was considered a capital offense to harm a tribune, to disregard his veto, or to interfere with a tribune. In times of military emergency, a dictator would be appointed for a term of six months. Constitutional government would be dissolved, and the dictator would be the absolute master of the state. When the dictator's term ended, constitutional government would be restored.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "six months"}], "question": "How long could a dictator be appointed for in times of certain emergencies?", "id": "57304904947a6a140053d39e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Constitutional government would be dissolved"}], "question": "What would happen during the commencement of a dictator's term?", "id": "57304904947a6a140053d39f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "capital offense"}], "question": "What type of offense was the harm of a tribute treated as?", "id": "57304904947a6a140053d3a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "their sacrosanctity"}], "question": "What was the ultimate source of the tribunes powers?", "id": "57304904947a6a140053d3a1"}]}], ["Pihak berkuasa tertinggi senat berasal dari harga dan prestij senator. Penghargaan dan prestij ini didasarkan pada duluan dan adat, serta kaliber dan reputasi para senator. Senat meluluskan dekri, yang dipanggil senatus consulta. Ini secara rasmi \"nasihat\" daripada senat kepada majistret. Walau bagaimanapun dalam amalan, mereka biasanya diikuti oleh majistret. Tumpuan senat Rom biasanya ditujukan kepada dasar luar. Walaupun secara teknisnya tidak mempunyai peranan rasmi dalam pengurusan konflik ketenteraan, senat akhirnya menjadi kuasa yang mengawasi hal-hal seperti itu. Kuasa senat berkembang dari masa ke masa apabila kuasa majlis perundangan merosot, dan senat mengambil peranan yang lebih besar dalam pembuatan undang-undang biasa. Ahli-ahlinya biasanya dilantik oleh Roman Censors, yang biasanya dipilih hakim-hakim yang baru dipilih untuk keanggotaan di senat, menjadikan senat sebagai badan yang dipilih secara separuh. Semasa kecemasan ketenteraan, seperti peperangan sivil pada abad ke-1 SM, amalan ini menjadi kurang lazim, kerana diktator Roman, Triumvir atau senat itu sendiri akan memilih ahli-ahlinya. <> Apakah sumber umum kuasa senat Roman? || harga diri dan prestij senator <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengawasi tindakan ketenteraan? || senat <> Apakah pergerakan yang digubal oleh senat dipanggil? || senatus consulta <> Kawasan apa yang mungkin menjadi tumpuan utama senat Rom? || dasar luar <> Apa yang mentadbir badan Rom sendiri akan memilih sendiri ahli mereka semasa masa kesusahan besar? || senat itu sendiri akan memilih ahli-ahlinya", {"context": "The senate's ultimate authority derived from the esteem and prestige of the senators. This esteem and prestige was based on both precedent and custom, as well as the caliber and reputation of the senators. The senate passed decrees, which were called senatus consulta. These were officially \"advice\" from the senate to a magistrate. In practice, however, they were usually followed by the magistrates. The focus of the Roman senate was usually directed towards foreign policy. Though it technically had no official role in the management of military conflict, the senate ultimately was the force that oversaw such affairs. The power of the senate expanded over time as the power of the legislative assemblies declined, and the senate took a greater role in ordinary law-making. Its members were usually appointed by Roman Censors, who ordinarily selected newly elected magistrates for membership in the senate, making the senate a partially elected body. During times of military emergency, such as the civil wars of the 1st century BC, this practice became less prevalent, as the Roman Dictator, Triumvir or the senate itself would select its members.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "the esteem and prestige of the senators"}], "question": "What was the general source of the Roman senate's authority?", "id": "57303d0fb2c2fd1400568ab1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "the senate"}], "question": "Who was responsible for overseeing a military action?", "id": "57303d0fb2c2fd1400568ab2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "senatus consulta"}], "question": "What was a motion that was enacted by the senate called?", "id": "57303d0fb2c2fd1400568ab3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "foreign policy"}], "question": "What area was the likely focal point of the Roman senate?", "id": "57303d0fb2c2fd1400568ab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1109, "text": "the senate itself would select its members"}], "question": "What governing Roman body would self-select their own members during times of great distress?", "id": "57303d0fb2c2fd1400568ab5"}]}], ["Para konsul Republik Rom adalah para hakim biasa yang paling tinggi; setiap konsul berkhidmat selama satu tahun. Konsul mempunyai kuasa tertinggi dalam kedua-dua perkara sivil dan ketenteraan. Semasa di kota Rom, konsul adalah ketua kerajaan Rom. Mereka akan mempengerusikan senat dan perhimpunan. Di luar negara, setiap konsul akan memerintah tentera. Kuasanya di luar negara akan menjadi hampir mutlak. Praetor ditadbir undang-undang sivil dan memerintahkan tentera provinsi. Setiap lima tahun, dua penapis dipilih untuk tempoh 18 bulan, di mana mereka akan menjalankan banci. Semasa banci, mereka boleh mendaftarkan warga di senat, atau membersihkan mereka dari senat. Aediles adalah pegawai yang dipilih untuk menjalankan urusan domestik di Rom, seperti menguruskan permainan awam dan pertunjukan. Para quaestors biasanya akan membantu para konsul di Rom, dan gabenor di wilayah. Kewajipan mereka sering kewangan. <> Pegawai mana yang mempunyai ketuanan dalam kedua-dua perkara sivil dan ketenteraan? || Konsul <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk pentadbiran undang-undang sivil? || Prajurit <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengendalikan banci Rom? || dua penapis <> Berapa lamakah penyensor yang dipilih tetap berada di pejabat? || Tempoh 18 bulan <> Pegawai apa yang utama mempunyai tugas berhubung perkara kewangan? || quaestors", {"context": "The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates; each consul served for one year. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies. While abroad, each consul would command an army. His authority abroad would be nearly absolute. Praetors administered civil law and commanded provincial armies. Every five years, two censors were elected for an 18-month term, during which they would conduct a census. During the census, they could enroll citizens in the senate, or purge them from the senate. Aediles were officers elected to conduct domestic affairs in Rome, such as managing public games and shows. The quaestors would usually assist the consuls in Rome, and the governors in the provinces. Their duties were often financial.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Consuls"}], "question": "Which official had supremacy in both civil and military matters?", "id": "57304721b2c2fd1400568b5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Praetors"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the adminstration of civil laws?", "id": "57304721b2c2fd1400568b5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "two censors"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the handling of the Roman census?", "id": "57304721b2c2fd1400568b5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "18-month term"}], "question": "How long could an elected censor remain in office for?", "id": "57304721b2c2fd1400568b5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "quaestors"}], "question": "What officer primarily had duties over finance matters?", "id": "57304721b2c2fd1400568b5f"}]}], ["Makanan ruji lazimnya digunakan pada pukul 11 pagi, dan terdiri daripada roti, salad, keju, buah-buahan, kacang-kacangan, dan daging sejuk yang tersisa dari jamuan makan malam tadi. [Rujukan?] Penyair Roman Horace menyebutkan satu lagi kegemaran Rom, zaitun, merujuk kepada dietnya sendiri, yang dia gambarkan sebagai sangat mudah: \"Bagi saya, zaitun, endive, dan halus halangan menyediakan rezeki.\" Keluarga makan bersama-sama, duduk di atas meja di meja. Fingers digunakan untuk makan makanan pepejal dan sudu digunakan untuk sup. [Rujukan?] <> Bilakah makanan ruji di republik Rom biasanya dimakan? || 11 jam <> Apakah orang-orang di Republik Romawi menggunakan makanan pepejal? || Jari digunakan <> Jenis makanan apa yang dianggap keju di Rom? || ruji <> Apakah bentuk ungkapan yang diamalkan oleh Roman Horace? || Penyair <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh orang Roma ketika mereka makan di rumah? || najis", {"context": "The staple foods were generally consumed around 11 o'clock, and consisted of bread, lettuce, cheese, fruits, nuts, and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before.[citation needed] The Roman poet Horace mentions another Roman favorite, the olive, in reference to his own diet, which he describes as very simple: \"As for me, olives, endives, and smooth mallows provide sustenance.\" The family ate together, sitting on stools around a table. Fingers were used to eat solid foods and spoons were used for soups.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "11 o'clock"}], "question": "When were the staple foods in the Roman republic typically eaten at?", "id": "5730519a8ab72b1400f9c450"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Fingers were used"}], "question": "What did people in the Roman Republic use to consume solid foods?", "id": "5730519a8ab72b1400f9c451"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "staple"}], "question": "What type of food was cheese considered to be in Rome?", "id": "5730519a8ab72b1400f9c452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "poet"}], "question": "What form of expression did the Roman Horace practice?", "id": "5730519a8ab72b1400f9c453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "stools"}], "question": "What did Romans sit on when they had a meal at home?", "id": "5730519a8ab72b1400f9c454"}]}], ["Dari masa ke masa, seni bina Rom diubahsuai kerana keperluan bandar mereka berubah, dan kejuruteraan awam dan teknologi pembinaan bangunan menjadi maju dan halus. Konkrit Romawi tetap menjadi teka-teki, dan bahkan setelah lebih dari 2,000 tahun, beberapa struktur Rom masih berdiri teguh. Gaya seni bina dari ibu kota telah dicontohi oleh pusat bandar lain di bawah kawalan dan pengaruh Rom. Bandar-bandar Rom telah dirancang dengan baik, diuruskan dengan cekap dan terawat dengan kemas. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah sebab utama pengubahsuaian elemen seni bina Rom? || keperluan bandar berubah <> Apa bahan pembinaan Roman terus menjadi misteri hingga ke hari ini? || Konkrit Rom <> Adakah sebarang struktur Rom masih wujud pada zaman kita? || walaupun selepas lebih dari 2,000 tahun beberapa struktur Rom masih berdiri teguh <> Apa aspek ibu kota yang dicontohi oleh pusat-pusat bandar lain di Republik Rom? || Gaya seni bina", {"context": "Over time, Roman architecture was modified as their urban requirements changed, and the civil engineering and building construction technology became developed and refined. The Roman concrete has remained a riddle, and even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently. The architectural style of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers under Roman control and influence. Roman cities were well planned, efficiently managed and neatly maintained.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "urban requirements changed"}], "question": "What was a primary cause of the modification of Roman architectural elements?", "id": "57305ba3396df919000960ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Roman concrete"}], "question": "What Roman construction material has continued to be a mystery to this day?", "id": "57305ba3396df919000960af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently"}], "question": "Do any Roman structures still exist in our time?", "id": "57305ba3396df919000960b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "The architectural style"}], "question": "What facet of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers in the Roman Republic?", "id": "57305ba3396df919000960b1"}]}], ["Muzik adalah sebahagian besar daripada kehidupan seharian. [Rujukan?] Perkataan itu sendiri berasal dari bahasa Yunani \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (mousike), \"(seni) Muses\". Banyak acara persendirian dan awam disertai dengan muzik, mulai dari makan malam hingga ke parade tentera dan manuver. Dalam perbincangan tentang mana-mana muzik kuno, bagaimanapun, bukan pakar dan juga banyak pemuzik perlu diingatkan bahawa banyak yang membuat muzik moden kita biasa kepada kita adalah hasil perkembangan hanya dalam 1,000 tahun terakhir; Oleh itu, idea-idea melodi, skala, keharmonian, dan bahkan instrumen yang kita gunakan mungkin tidak biasa dengan orang-orang Rom yang membuat dan mendengarkan muzik banyak abad sebelumnya. Apa yang dianggap sebagai bahagian yang dominan dari kehidupan normal ? || Muzik <> Bahasa apa perkataan perkataan Muzik melihat asal-usulnya? || Greek <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh ramai orang sebagai sumber kefahaman moden kita dengan kami? || perkembangan hanya dalam tempoh 1000 tahun yang lalu <> Bolehkah peristiwa-peristiwa dalam Republik Roman sering termasuk muzik? || Banyak acara persendirian dan awam disertai dengan muzik", {"context": "Music was a major part of everyday life.[citation needed] The word itself derives from Greek \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (mousike), \"(art) of the Muses\". Many private and public events were accompanied by music, ranging from nightly dining to military parades and manoeuvres. In a discussion of any ancient music, however, non-specialists and even many musicians have to be reminded that much of what makes our modern music familiar to us is the result of developments only within the last 1,000 years; thus, our ideas of melody, scales, harmony, and even the instruments we use may not have been familiar to Romans who made and listened to music many centuries earlier.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Music"}], "question": "What was considered to be dominant part of normal life?", "id": "573059f08ab72b1400f9c490"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What language does the word Music see it's origins in?", "id": "573059f08ab72b1400f9c491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "developments only within the last 1,000 years"}], "question": "What do many people consider to be the source of our modern musics familiarity with us?", "id": "573059f08ab72b1400f9c493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Many private and public events were accompanied by music"}], "question": "Could events in the Roman Republic often include music?", "id": "573059f08ab72b1400f9c492"}]}], ["Bahasa ibunda Rom adalah bahasa Latin. Walaupun tersebar kesusasteraan Latin hampir seluruhnya terdiri daripada Latin Klasik, bahasa sastera buatan dan sangat bergaya dan digilap dari abad ke-1 SM, bahasa lisan sebenarnya adalah Latin Vulgar, yang jauh berbeza dari Latin Klasik dalam tatabahasa, perbendaharaan kata, dan akhirnya sebutan. Perkembangan Rom merebak Latin di seluruh Eropah, dan sepanjang masa Vulgar Latin berkembang dan dialek di lokasi yang berbeda, secara beransur-ansur beralih ke beberapa bahasa Romantik yang berbeza. Banyak bahasa-bahasa ini, termasuk Perancis, Itali, Portugis, Romania dan Sepanyol, berkembang, perbezaan antara mereka semakin meningkat dari semasa ke semasa. Walaupun bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa Jerman dan bukannya asal Roman, bahasa Inggeris meminjam banyak dari kata Latin dan Latin yang berasal. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah bahasa utama bahasa Rom? || Latin <> Apa jenis bahasa yang dianggap Perancis? || Bahasa Romantik <> Apakah jenis bahasa Latin yang mungkin bercakap di Rom? || Vulgar Latin <> Bagaimana Vulgar Latin akhirnya berbeza dari Latin Klasik? || sebutan <> Yang mana bahasa Jermanik yang berasal dari bahasa Latin yang padat? || Bahasa Inggeris", {"context": "The native language of the Romans was Latin. Although surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, an artificial and highly stylised and polished literary language from the 1st century BC, the actual spoken language was Vulgar Latin, which significantly differed from Classical Latin in grammar, vocabulary, and eventually pronunciation. Rome's expansion spread Latin throughout Europe, and over time Vulgar Latin evolved and dialectised in different locations, gradually shifting into a number of distinct Romance languages. Many of these languages, including French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish, flourished, the differences between them growing greater over time. Although English is Germanic rather than Roman in origin, English borrows heavily from Latin and Latin-derived words.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "What was the primary language of the Romans?", "id": "5730564b069b53140083207b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Romance languages"}], "question": "What type of language is French considered to be?", "id": "5730564b069b53140083207c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Vulgar Latin"}], "question": "What type of Latin was likely spoken in Rome?", "id": "5730564b069b53140083207d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "pronunciation"}], "question": "How would Vulgar Latin eventually differ from Classical Latin?", "id": "5730564b069b53140083207e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "English"}], "question": "Which Germanic originating language densely acquired aspects from Latin?", "id": "5730564b069b53140083207f"}]}], ["Berikutan pelbagai penaklukan ketenteraan di Timur Yunani, Roma menyesuaikan sejumlah ajaran pendidikan Yunani kepada sistem mereka yang baru. Mereka memulakan latihan fizikal untuk mempersiapkan anak-anak lelaki untuk berkembang sebagai warganegara Romawi dan untuk perekrutan akhirnya ke dalam tentera. Menepati disiplin adalah satu titik penekanan yang besar. Gadis umumnya menerima arahan dari ibu mereka dalam seni berputar, menenun, dan menjahit. Sekolah dalam pengertian yang lebih formal telah bermula sekitar 200 SM. Pendidikan bermula pada usia enam tahun, dan dalam tempoh enam hingga tujuh tahun akan datang, kanak-kanak lelaki dan perempuan dijangka mempelajari asas-asas membaca, menulis dan mengira. Pada usia dua belas tahun, mereka akan mempelajari bahasa Latin, Yunani, tatabahasa dan kesusasteraan, diikuti dengan latihan untuk bercakap awam. Oratory adalah sebuah seni yang harus dipraktikkan dan dipelajari, dan para orator yang baik mengarahkan penghormatan. [Rujukan?] <> Bagaimana Roma membangunkan anak laki-laki mereka sebagai warganegara Rom? || Latihan fizikal <> Siapa yang boleh dijangka mendapat bimbingan dalam seni tenunan? || Girls <> Apakah seni Rom yang melibatkan ucapan yang dibuat kepada orang ramai? || Oratory <> Bilakah sekolah akademik bermula di Republik Rom? || sekitar 200 SM <> Apa yang menyebabkan orang Rom menepati beberapa konsep pendidikan ke sistem mereka sendiri? || pelbagai penaklukan tentera di Timur Yunani", {"context": "Following various military conquests in the Greek East, Romans adapted a number of Greek educational precepts to their own fledgling system. They began physical training to prepare the boys to grow as Roman citizens and for eventual recruitment into the army. Conforming to discipline was a point of great emphasis. Girls generally received instruction from their mothers in the art of spinning, weaving, and sewing. Schooling in a more formal sense was begun around 200 BC. Education began at the age of around six, and in the next six to seven years, boys and girls were expected to learn the basics of reading, writing and counting. By the age of twelve, they would be learning Latin, Greek, grammar and literature, followed by training for public speaking. Oratory was an art to be practiced and learnt, and good orators commanded respect.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "physical training"}], "question": "How did Romans develop their male children as Roman citizens?", "id": "573054b8396df9190009607e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Girls"}], "question": "Who could be expected to obtain guidance in the art of weaving?", "id": "573054b8396df9190009607f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": "Oratory"}], "question": "What Roman art involved speeches made to the public?", "id": "573054b8396df91900096080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "around 200 BC"}], "question": "When did academic schooling begin in the Roman Republic?", "id": "573054b8396df91900096081"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "various military conquests in the Greek East"}], "question": "What caused the Romans to conform several educational concepts to their own system?", "id": "573054b8396df91900096082"}]}], ["Sastera Rom adalah dari awalnya sangat dipengaruhi oleh penulis Yunani. Beberapa karya terawal yang kami miliki adalah epik bersejarah yang menceritakan sejarah ketenteraan awal Rom. Ketika republik berkembang, penulis mula menghasilkan puisi, komedi, sejarah, dan tragedi. Virgil mewakili puncak puisi epik Rom. Aeneid-Nya menceritakan kisah penerbangan Aeneas dari Troy dan penempatannya di kota yang akan menjadi Rom. Lucretius, dalam On The Nature of Things, berusaha untuk membuktikan sains dalam puisi epik. Genre genre adalah biasa di Rom, dan satira ditulis oleh, antara lain, Juvenal dan Persius. Kerja-kerja retorika Cicero dianggap [oleh siapa?] Untuk menjadi beberapa badan terbaik surat-menyurat yang direkam dalam zaman dahulu. [Rujukan?] <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk secara besar-besaran mempengaruhi kesusasteraan Rom? || Penulis Yunani <> Apa jenis kesusasteraan yang biasa dijumpai dalam karya Rom? || puisi <> Siapa pengarang puisi epik Aeneid? || Virgil <> Apakah penyair Roman cuba mengembangkan sains dalam puisi mereka? || Lucretius <> Yang puisi epik menceritakan kisah penubuhan kota itu suatu hari akan menjadi Rom? || Aeneid", {"context": "Roman literature was from its very inception influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest works we possess are of historical epics telling the early military history of Rome. As the republic expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and tragedy. Virgil represents the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry. His Aeneid tells the story of flight of Aeneas from Troy and his settlement of the city that would become Rome.[citation needed] Lucretius, in his On the Nature of Things, attempted to explicate science in an epic poem. The genre of satire was common in Rome, and satires were written by, among others, Juvenal and Persius. The rhetorical works of Cicero are considered[by whom?] to be some of the best bodies of correspondence recorded in antiquity.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Greek authors"}], "question": "Who was responsible for massively affecting Roman literature?", "id": "573057fc2461fd1900a9cd95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "poetry"}], "question": "What style of literature could commonly be found in Roman works?", "id": "573057fc2461fd1900a9cd97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Virgil"}], "question": "Who was the author of the epic poem Aeneid?", "id": "573057fc2461fd1900a9cd96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Lucretius"}], "question": "What Roman poet attempted to develop science in their poetry?", "id": "573057fc2461fd1900a9cd99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Aeneid"}], "question": "Which epic poem tells the tale of the founding of the city that one day would become Rome?", "id": "573057fc2461fd1900a9cd98"}]}], ["Wain dianggap sebagai minuman asas, dimakan pada semua hidangan dan kesempatan oleh semua kelas dan agak murah. Cato the Elder telah menasihatkan memotong ransangannya dengan separuh untuk memelihara wain untuk tenaga kerja. Banyak jenis minuman yang melibatkan anggur dan madu juga digunakan. Minum di perut kosong dianggap sebagai kebodohan dan tanda yang pasti untuk alkoholisme, kesan fizikal dan psikologi yang melemahkan yang diketahui oleh orang Rom. Tuntutan yang tepat untuk menjadi seorang alkohol adalah cara yang berkesan untuk mencemarkan pesaing politik. Pengkhianat Rom terkenal termasuk Mark Antony, dan anak Cicero sendiri Marcus (Cicero Minor). Malah Cato the Younger dikenali sebagai peminum berat. [Rujukan?] <> Minuman apa yang dimakan oleh semua kelas di Republik Rom? || Wain <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai cara yang menarik untuk menafikan pesaing poltikal? || Tuduhan yang tepat untuk menjadi alkohol <> Semasa makanan apa yang lazimnya diminum oleh wain? || semua makanan <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai tanda alkoholisme di Republik Rom? || Minum pada perut kosong", {"context": "Wine was considered the basic drink, consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite inexpensive. Cato the Elder once advised cutting his rations in half to conserve wine for the workforce. Many types of drinks involving grapes and honey were consumed as well. Drinking on an empty stomach was regarded as boorish and a sure sign for alcoholism, the debilitating physical and psychological effects of which were known to the Romans. An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic was an effective way to discredit political rivals. Prominent Roman alcoholics included Mark Antony, and Cicero's own son Marcus (Cicero Minor). Even Cato the Younger was known to be a heavy drinker.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Wine"}], "question": "What beverage was consumed by all the classes in the Roman Republic?", "id": "57305311396df9190009606c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic"}], "question": "What was considered a compelling way to defame poltical rivals?", "id": "57305311396df9190009606d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "all meals"}], "question": "During what meals was wine commonly drank?", "id": "57305311396df9190009606e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Drinking on an empty stomach"}], "question": "What was considered an indication of alcoholism in the Roman Republic?", "id": "57305311396df9190009606f"}]}], ["Banyak aspek budaya Rom dipinjam daripada orang Yunani. Dalam senibina dan arca, perbezaan antara model Yunani dan lukisan Rom jelas. Sumbangan ketua Rom untuk seni bina adalah gerbang dan kubah. Rom juga mempunyai kesan besar terhadap budaya Eropah yang berlaku. Maksudnya mungkin paling baik dicerminkan dalam ketahanan dan pengaruhnya, seperti yang terlihat pada umur panjang dan kepentingan jangka panjang karya Virgil dan Ovid. Bahasa Latin, bahasa utama Republik, tetap digunakan untuk tujuan liturgi oleh Gereja Katolik Romawi, dan hingga abad ke-19 digunakan secara meluas dalam tulisan-tulisan ilmiah dalam, misalnya, sains dan matematik. Undang-undang Rom meletakkan dasar untuk undang-undang negara-negara Eropah dan koloni mereka. [Rujukan?] <> Apa kebudayaan Roma mempunyai pengaruh yang melampau? || Budaya Eropah <> Bahasa apa yang biasa digunakan dalam tulisan-tulisan matematik ilmiah sebelum abad ke-19? || Latin <> Dari mana orang banyak segi budaya Rom disalin? || Yunani <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai bahasa dominan di Republik Rom? || Latin", {"context": "Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks. In architecture and sculpture, the difference between Greek models and Roman paintings are apparent. The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch and the dome. Rome has also had a tremendous impact on European cultures following it. Its significance is perhaps best reflected in its endurance and influence, as is seen in the longevity and lasting importance of works of Virgil and Ovid. Latin, the Republic's primary language, remains used for liturgical purposes by the Roman Catholic Church, and up to the 19th century was used extensively in scholarly writings in, for example, science and mathematics. Roman law laid the foundations for the laws of many European countries and their colonies.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "European cultures"}], "question": "What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on?", "id": "57304c75069b53140083201b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "What language was commonly used in scholarly mathematical writings prior to the 19th century?", "id": "57304c75069b53140083201c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Greeks"}], "question": "From which people were many facets of Roman culture copied from?", "id": "57304c75069b53140083201d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "What was considered to be the dominant language in the Roman Republic?", "id": "57304c75069b53140083201e"}]}], ["Perbudakan dan hamba adalah sebahagian daripada susunan sosial; terdapat pasar hamba di mana mereka boleh dibeli dan dijual. Banyak hamba dibebaskan oleh tuan untuk perkhidmatan yang diberikan; sesetengah budak boleh menyimpan wang untuk membeli kebebasan mereka. Umumnya, mutilasi dan pembunuhan hamba dilarang oleh undang-undang. Walau bagaimanapun, Rom tidak mempunyai lengan penguatkuasaan undang-undang. Semua tindakan diperlakukan sebagai \"torts,\" yang dibawa oleh penuduh yang terpaksa membuktikan kes itu sendiri. Sekiranya tertuduh adalah seorang yang mulia dan mangsa, bukan seorang yang mulia, kemungkinan penemuan untuk tertuduh adalah kecil. Paling banyak, tertuduh mungkin perlu membayar denda kerana membunuh seorang hamba. Dianggarkan bahawa lebih daripada 25% penduduk Rom dipermalukan. <> Sekitar berapa peratus penduduk Rom yang dianggap sebagai budak? || Lebih dari 25% <> Di mana di Republik Romawi boleh budak diperoleh? || hamba pasar <> Adakah budak hamba dibenarkan untuk membebaskan budak mereka di Republik Rom? || Banyak hamba dibebaskan oleh tuan untuk perkhidmatan yang diberikan <> Apa cawangan undang-undang yang dimiliki Roma? || penguatkuasaan undang-undang <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab mencari keadilan di mahkamah Rom? || seorang penuduh yang terpaksa membuktikan kes itu sendiri", {"context": "Slavery and slaves were part of the social order; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold. Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered; some slaves could save money to buy their freedom. Generally, mutilation and murder of slaves was prohibited by legislation. However, Rome did not have a law enforcement arm. All actions were treated as \"torts,\" which were brought by an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself. If the accused were a noble and the victim, not a noble, the likelihood of finding for the accused was small. At most, the accused might have to pay a fine for killing a slave. It is estimated that over 25% of the Roman population was enslaved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "over 25%"}], "question": "Around what percentage of the Roman populace were thought to be slaves?", "id": "57304e458ab72b1400f9c408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "slave markets"}], "question": "Where in the Roman Republic could slaves be acquired?", "id": "57304e458ab72b1400f9c409"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered"}], "question": "Were slave masters allowed to free their slaves in the Roman Republic?", "id": "57304e458ab72b1400f9c40a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "law enforcement"}], "question": "What branch of law did Rome lack?", "id": "57304e458ab72b1400f9c40b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself"}], "question": "Who was responsible for seeking justice in the Roman courts?", "id": "57304e458ab72b1400f9c40c"}]}], ["Lelaki biasanya memakai toga, dan wanita stola. Stola wanita berbeza dalam rupa dari toga, dan biasanya berwarna terang. Kain dan pakaian membezakan satu golongan orang dari kelas yang lain. Tunik yang dipakai oleh plebeians, atau orang biasa, seperti gembala dan budak, diperbuat daripada bahan kasar dan gelap, manakala jubah yang dipakai oleh orang kulit putih adalah linen atau bulu putih. Seorang ksatria atau majistret akan memakai augusticlavus, jubah yang mengandungi kancing ungu kecil. Senator memakai tunik dengan jalur merah yang luas, yang dipanggil tunica laticlavia. Tunics tentera adalah lebih pendek daripada yang dipakai oleh orang awam. Anak lelaki, sehingga upacara perayaan Liberalia, memakai toga praetexta, yang merupakan toga dengan sempadan merah atau ungu. The toga virilis, (atau toga pura) dipakai oleh lelaki berusia lebih dari 16 tahun untuk menandakan kewarganegaraan mereka di Rom. Pita toga dipakai oleh para jeneral yang menang dan memiliki sulaman kemahiran mereka di medan perang. Toga pulla dipakai semasa berkabung. [Rujukan?] <> Apa artikel pakaian umumnya boleh didapati pada lelaki Rom? || a toga <> Apa pakaian yang dipakai oleh orang dewasa gender untuk menyampaikan status mereka sebagai warganegara Rom? || toga virilis <> Apa yang biasanya dipakai setelah kehilangan orang yang disayangi di Republik Romawi? || The toga pulla <> Pejabat mana yang akan memakai pakaian yang mengandungi strip merah yang luas? || Senator <> Bagaimana pakaian wanita biasanya bervariasi dari seorang lelaki di Republik Rom? || biasanya berwarna terang", {"context": "Men typically wore a toga, and women a stola. The woman's stola differed in looks from a toga, and was usually brightly coloured. The cloth and the dress distinguished one class of people from the other class. The tunic worn by plebeians, or common people, like shepherds and slaves, was made from coarse and dark material, whereas the tunic worn by patricians was of linen or white wool. A knight or magistrate would wear an augusticlavus, a tunic bearing small purple studs. Senators wore tunics with broad red stripes, called tunica laticlavia. Military tunics were shorter than the ones worn by civilians. Boys, up until the festival of Liberalia, wore the toga praetexta, which was a toga with a crimson or purple border. The toga virilis, (or toga pura) was worn by men over the age of 16 to signify their citizenship in Rome. The toga picta was worn by triumphant generals and had embroidery of their skill on the battlefield. The toga pulla was worn when in mourning.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "a toga"}], "question": "What article of clothing could generally be found on a male Roman?", "id": "573050168ab72b1400f9c436"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "toga virilis"}], "question": "What garment was worn by male gendered adults to convey their status as a citizen of Rome?", "id": "573050168ab72b1400f9c437"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 934, "text": "The toga pulla"}], "question": "What was typically worn after the loss of a loved one in the Roman Republic?", "id": "573050168ab72b1400f9c438"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Senators"}], "question": "Which official would wear a garment containing broad red striping?", "id": "573050168ab72b1400f9c439"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "usually brightly coloured"}], "question": "How did a womans garment typically vary from a mans in the Roman Republic?", "id": "573050168ab72b1400f9c43a"}]}], ["Bandar Roma mempunyai tempat yang disebut Campus Martius (\"Field of Mars\"), yang merupakan semacam gerudi untuk tentera Rom. Kemudian, Kampus menjadi taman permainan trek dan padang Rome. Di kampus, para belia berkumpul untuk bermain dan bersenam, yang termasuk melompat, gusti, tinju dan perlumbaan. [Etiquette needed] Sukan Equestrian, melemparkan, dan berenang juga disukai aktiviti fizikal. permainan papan di Rom termasuk dadu (Tesserae atau Tali), Roman Chess (Latrunculi), Rom Checkers (Calculi), Tic-tac-toe (Terni Lapilli), dan Ludus duodecim scriptorum dan Tabula, backgammon. Aktiviti lain termasuk perlumbaan kereta, dan persembahan muzik dan teater. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah nama kawasan di mana belia dimainkan dan dilaksanakan? || Campus Martius <> Apa yang boleh anda panggil Kampus Maritus Roma? || Bidang Mars <> Apakah tabula permainan Rom mana Tabula sebagai pendahulu? || backgammon <> Apa versi catur Rom dipanggil? || Latrunculi", {"context": "The city of Rome had a place called the Campus Martius (\"Field of Mars\"), which was a sort of drill ground for Roman soldiers. Later, the Campus became Rome's track and field playground. In the campus, the youth assembled to play and exercise, which included jumping, wrestling, boxing and racing.[citation needed] Equestrian sports, throwing, and swimming were also preferred physical activities.[citation needed] In the countryside, pastimes included fishing and hunting.[citation needed] Board games played in Rome included dice (Tesserae or Tali), Roman Chess (Latrunculi), Roman Checkers (Calculi), Tic-tac-toe (Terni Lapilli), and Ludus duodecim scriptorum and Tabula, predecessors of backgammon. Other activities included chariot races, and musical and theatrical performances.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Campus Martius"}], "question": "What was the name of the area in which youth played and exercised?", "id": "57305d5e396df919000960b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Field of Mars"}], "question": "What could you also call Rome's Campus Maritus?", "id": "57305d5e396df919000960b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "backgammon"}], "question": "What is the Roman board game Tabula a precursor to?", "id": "57305d5e396df919000960b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Latrunculi"}], "question": "What was Roman version of Chess called?", "id": "57305d5e396df919000960b9"}]}], ["Kepercayaan agama Rom bermula dari penubuhan Rom, sekitar 800 SM. Walau bagaimanapun, agama Rom yang biasanya dikaitkan dengan republik dan empayar awal tidak bermula sehingga sekitar 500 SM, apabila orang Roma datang dengan budaya Yunani, dan mengamalkan banyak kepercayaan agama Yunani. Persembahan peribadi dan peribadi merupakan aspek penting dalam amalan agama. Dalam erti kata lain, setiap isi rumah adalah kuil kepada para dewa. Setiap rumah mempunyai mezbah (lararium), di mana ahli keluarga akan menawarkan solat, melakukan upacara, dan berinteraksi dengan tuhan-tuhan rumah tangga. Banyak dewa yang disembah oleh Rom berasal dari pantheon Proto-Indo-Eropah, yang lain didasarkan pada dewa Yunani. Dua dewa yang paling terkenal adalah Jupiter (raja Tuhan) dan Mars (tuhan perang). Dengan pengaruh kebudayaannya yang tersebar di kebanyakan Mediterranean, orang Rom telah mula menerima tuhan-tuhan asing ke dalam budaya mereka sendiri, serta tradisi falsafah lain seperti Cynicism and Stoicism. <> Bilakah agama Rom yang dikenal pasti dengan republik yang pertama kali ditubuhkan? || sekitar 500 SM <> Siapakah orang Roma menyesuaikan beberapa kepercayaan agama mereka? || Yunani <> Di manakah sejumlah besar dewa-dewa yang disembah dalam tamadun Rom berasal? || Poto Proto-Indo-Eropah <> Unsur keagamaan apa yang boleh didapati dalam semua isi rumah Rom? || sebuah altar <> Apa dalam masyarakat Rom dianggap sebagai kuil kepada para dewa? || setiap isi rumah", {"context": "Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "around 500 BC"}], "question": "When did the Roman religion that is generally identified with the republic first established? ", "id": "57305ed58ab72b1400f9c4a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "Who did the Romans adapt several of their religious convictions from?", "id": "57305ed58ab72b1400f9c4a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Proto-Indo-European pantheon"}], "question": "Where did a large amount of the deities that were worshiped in Roman civilization come from?", "id": "57305ed58ab72b1400f9c4aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "an altar"}], "question": "What religious element could be found in all Roman households?", "id": "57305ed58ab72b1400f9c4ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "each household"}], "question": "What in Roman society was considered to be a temple to the gods?", "id": "57305ed58ab72b1400f9c4ac"}]}]], [["Jepun mengerahkan banyak askar dari koloni Korea dan Formosa (Taiwan). Sejumlah kecil, beberapa pasukan Vichy Perancis, Tentera Nasional India, dan pasukan Tentera Darat Burma aktif di kawasan Perang Pasifik. Unit kerjasama dari Hong Kong (reformasi bekas polis kolonial), Filipina, Hindia Belanda (PETA) dan Belanda Guinea, British Malaya dan British Borneo, Inner Mongolia dan bekas Indochina Perancis (selepas penggulingan rejim Vichy Perancis) Milisi Timor Leste juga membantu usaha perang Jepun. <> Di mana banyak askar Jepun berasal? || Korea dan Formosa <> Apa jenis tentera yang datang dari Hong Kong? || Unit Kerjasama <> Apa lagi negara Asia, sekumpulan pulau, membantu Jepun? || Filipina <> Apa pasukan Perancis membantu Jepun? || Vichy <> Apa jajahan-jajahan yang dilakukan oleh tentara Jepun? || Korea dan Formosa <> Siapakah kolaborator yang membantu Jepun di Hong King? || polis bekas penjajah", {"context": "Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa (Taiwan). To a small extent, some Vichy French, Indian National Army, and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War. Collaborationist units from Hong Kong (reformed ex-colonial police), Philippines, Dutch East Indies (the PETA) and Dutch Guinea, British Malaya and British Borneo, Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina (after the overthrow of Vichy French regime) as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Korea and Formosa"}], "question": "Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?", "id": "572fc767b2c2fd140056845b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Collaborationist units"}], "question": "What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong? ", "id": "572fc767b2c2fd140056845c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Philippines"}], "question": "What other Asian country, a group of islands, helped the Japanese?", "id": "572fc767b2c2fd140056845d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Vichy"}], "question": "What French forces assisted Japan?", "id": "5731bdd7e17f3d140042236c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Korea and Formosa"}], "question": "What colonies did Japan conscript soldiers from?", "id": "5731bdd7e17f3d140042236b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "ex-colonial police"}], "question": "Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King?", "id": "5731bdd7e17f3d140042236d"}]}], ["Negara-negara Axis yang membantu Jepun termasuk kerajaan autoritarian Thailand di Perang Dunia II, yang dengan cepat membentuk perikatan sementara dengan orang Jepun pada tahun 1941, ketika pasukan Jepang telah menyerang semenanjung Thailand selatan. Tentera Phayap menghantar tentera untuk menyerang dan menduduki timur laut Burma, yang merupakan bekas wilayah Thailand yang telah dilampirkan oleh Britain jauh lebih awal. Juga terlibat adalah negara-negara boneka Jepun Manchukuo dan Mengjiang (yang terdiri dari kebanyakan Manchuria dan sebahagian Inner Mongolia masing-masing), dan rejim kolaboratoris Wang Jingwei (yang menguasai wilayah pesisir China). <> Apakah peranan Thailand dalam perang? || persekutuan sementara <> Kumpulan mana yang mengawal wilayah kosta Cina? || Rejim Wang Jingwei <> Tentera mana yang menyerang Burma? || Phayap Army <> Burma dahulunya dilampirkan oleh negara apa? || Britain <> Apa negeri-negeri yang membantu Jepun adalah sebahagian daripada Thailand? || Axis <> Tahun apakah Thailand membentuk persekutuan dengan Jepun? || 1941 <> Tentera apa yang menyerbu timur laut Burma? || Phayap Army <> Apakah negeri-negeri boneka Jepun? || Manchukuo dan Mengjiang <> Yang menguasai pantai China? || Rejim Wang Jingwei", {"context": "The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand in World War II, which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941, as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand. The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burma, which was former Thai territory that had been annexed by Britain much earlier. Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang (consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively), and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime (which controlled the coastal regions of China).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "temporary alliance"}], "question": "What role did Thailand play in the war?", "id": "572fc32da23a5019007fc9b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Wang Jingwei regime"}], "question": "Which group controlled Chinese costal regions?", "id": "572fc32da23a5019007fc9b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Phayap Army"}], "question": "Which army invaded Burma?", "id": "572fc32da23a5019007fc9b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "Burma was formerly annexed by what country?", "id": "572fc32da23a5019007fc9b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Axis"}], "question": "What states assisting Japan was Thailand a part of?", "id": "5731b7dce17f3d1400422307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "1941"}], "question": "What year did Thailand form an alliance with Japan?", "id": "5731b7dce17f3d1400422308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Phayap Army"}], "question": "What army invaded northeastern Burma?", "id": "5731b7dce17f3d1400422309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Manchukuo and Mengjiang"}], "question": "What were the Japanese puppet states?", "id": "5731b7dce17f3d140042230a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Wang Jingwei regime"}], "question": "Who controlled the coast of China?", "id": "5731b7dce17f3d140042230b"}]}], ["Para peserta Sekutu utama adalah Amerika Syarikat, Republik China, United Kingdom (termasuk angkatan bersenjata British India, Kepulauan Fiji, Samoa, dll.), Australia, Komanwel Filipina, Belanda (sebagai pemilik dari Hindia Belanda dan bahagian barat New Guinea), New Zealand, dan Kanada, semuanya adalah ahli Majlis Perang Pasifik. Mexico, Perancis Bebas dan banyak negara lain turut mengambil bahagian, terutama pasukan dari koloni British yang lain. <> Adakah Mexico memainkan peranan dalam perang? || mengambil bahagian <> Apakah benua utama yang lain mengambil bahagian sebagai sekutu di A.S.? || Australia <> Di sebelah mana perang adalah orang Cina? || Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah koloni yang ada di Belanda? || Hindia Belanda dan bahagian barat New Guinea <> Apa negara Asia yang besar bersekutu dengan Amerika Syarikat? || Republik China <> Apakah nama negara Filipina? || Komanwel Filipina <> Negara apakah yang dimiliki Hindia Belanda? || Belanda <> Apa negara yang memiliki barat New Guinea? || Belanda", {"context": "The major Allied participants were the United States, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom (including the armed forces of British India, the Fiji Islands, Samoa, etc.), Australia, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the Netherlands (as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea), New Zealand, and Canada, all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council. Mexico, Free France and many other countries also took part, especially forces from other British colonies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "took part"}], "question": "Did Mexico play a part in the war?", "id": "572fc83804bcaa1900d76d19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S.?", "id": "572fc83804bcaa1900d76d1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "United States"}], "question": "On which side of the war were the Chinese?", "id": "572fc83804bcaa1900d76d1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea"}], "question": "What colonies did the Netherlands possess?", "id": "5731bfc80fdd8d15006c64f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Republic of China"}], "question": "What large Asian country was allied with the United States?", "id": "5731bfc80fdd8d15006c64f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Commonwealth of the Philippines"}], "question": "What was the name of the Philippines nation?", "id": "5731bfc80fdd8d15006c64f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Netherlands"}], "question": "What nation possessed the Dutch East Indies?", "id": "5731bfc80fdd8d15006c64f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Netherlands"}], "question": "What nation possessed west New Guinea?", "id": "5731bfc80fdd8d15006c64f5"}]}], ["Jepun menggunakan nama Perang Asia Timur yang lebih besar (\u5927 \u6771 \u4e9c \u6226 \u4e89, Dai T\u014d-A Sens\u014d?), Yang dipilih oleh keputusan kabinet pada 10 Disember 1941, untuk merujuk kepada perang dengan pihak Sekutu Barat dan perang yang sedang berlangsung di China. Nama ini dikeluarkan kepada orang ramai pada 12 Disember, dengan penjelasan bahawa ia melibatkan negara-negara Asia yang mencapai kemerdekaan mereka dari kuasa-kuasa Barat melalui angkatan bersenjata Sphere Kesejahteraan Sedunia Asia Timur. Pegawai Jepun menggabungkan apa yang mereka sebut Insiden Jepun-China (\u65e5 \u652f \u4e8b \u5909, Nisshi Jihen?) Ke dalam Perang Asia Timur Timur. <> Dengan nama apa yang disebut perang dengan Jepun? || Perang Besar Asia Timur <> Apa yang dipanggil para pegawai Jepun perang? || Insiden Jepun-China <> Apakah sebabnya Jepun memberi perang? || mencapai kemerdekaan mereka dari kuasa Barat <> Apa tarikh nama perang yang baru dikeluarkan? || 12 Disember <> Apakah nama panggilan Jepun itu perang? || Perang Besar Asia Timur <> Bilakah Jepun mengenal nama perang? || 10 Disember 1941 <> Apakah matlamat perang yang dipublikasikan oleh Jepun? || kemerdekaan dari kuasa-kuasa Barat <> Apa yang dipanggil Jepun memanggil kumpulan negara-negara Asia yang diduduki? || Sfera Kesejahteraan Asia Timur Timur <> Bagaimana nama perang yang dipilih oleh Jepun? || dengan keputusan kabinet", {"context": "Japan used the name Greater East Asia War (\u5927\u6771\u4e9c\u6226\u4e89, Dai T\u014d-A Sens\u014d?), as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941, to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China. This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan\u2013China Incident (\u65e5\u652f\u4e8b\u5909, Nisshi Jihen?) into the Greater East Asia War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Greater East Asia War"}], "question": "By what name was the war with Japan referred?", "id": "572fc27ea23a5019007fc9a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Japan\u2013China Incident"}], "question": "What did Japanese officials call the war?", "id": "572fc27ea23a5019007fc9aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "achieving their independence from the Western powers"}], "question": "What was the reason Japan gave for the war?", "id": "572fc27ea23a5019007fc9ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "12 December"}], "question": "What date was the new name of the war released?", "id": "572fc27ea23a5019007fc9ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Greater East Asia War"}], "question": "What name did Japan call the war?", "id": "5731b5c6e99e3014001e61fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "10 December 1941"}], "question": "When did Japan adobt the name for the war?", "id": "5731b5c6e99e3014001e61fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "independence from the Western powers"}], "question": "What was Japan's publicised war goal?", "id": "5731b5c6e99e3014001e61fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"}], "question": "What did Japan call the occupied group of Asian nations?", "id": "5731b5c6e99e3014001e61fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "by a cabinet decision"}], "question": "How was the name of the war chosen by Japan?", "id": "5731b5c6e99e3014001e61fe"}]}], ["Pada bulan September 1940, Jepun memutuskan untuk memotong laluan tanah China ke dunia luar dengan merebut Indochina, yang dikawal pada masa itu oleh Vichy France. Pasukan Jepun memecahkan perjanjian mereka dengan pentadbiran Vichy dan pertempuran meletus, berakhir dengan kemenangan Jepun. Pada 27 September Jepun menandatangani pakatan tentera dengan Jerman dan Itali, menjadi salah satu daripada tiga Kuasa Axis. Dalam praktiknya, terdapat sedikit penyelarasan antara Jepun dan Jerman sehingga tahun 1944, dimana A.S. telah menguraikan surat-menyurat diplomatik rahsia mereka. <> Siapa yang mengawal Indokina pada tahun 1940? || Vichy France <> Siapa Patu Axis bersama Jepun pada tahun 1940? || Jerman dan Itali <> Bilakah Jepun menyerang Indochina? || September 1940 <> Adakah Jepun dan Jerman bekerja rapat sebelum 1944? || koordinasi sedikit <> Bilakah Jepun mengambil alih Indochina? || September 1940 <> Siapa yang mengawal Indochina sebelum pengambilalihan Jepun? || Vichy France <> Kapan Jepun menjadi kuasa Axis? || 27 September <> Berapa banyak koordinasi di antara Jepun dan Jerman? || sedikit <> Berapa banyak negara yang terdiri daripada kuasa Axis? || tiga", {"context": "In September 1940, Japan decided to cut China's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina, which was controlled at the time by Vichy France. Japanese forces broke their agreement with the Vichy administration and fighting broke out, ending in a Japanese victory. On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming one of the three Axis Powers. In practice, there was little coordination between Japan and Germany until 1944, by which time the U.S. was deciphering their secret diplomatic correspondence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Vichy France"}], "question": "Who controled Indochina in 1940?", "id": "572fca2d04bcaa1900d76d37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Germany and Italy"}], "question": "Who were the Axis Powers along with Japan in 1940?", "id": "572fca2d04bcaa1900d76d39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 1940"}], "question": "When did Japan invade Indochina?", "id": "572fca2d04bcaa1900d76d38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "little coordination"}], "question": "Did Japan and Germany work closely together prior to 1944?", "id": "572fca2d04bcaa1900d76d3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 1940"}], "question": "When did Japan take over Indochina?", "id": "5731c82ee99e3014001e626e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Vichy France"}], "question": "Who controlled Indochina before the Japanese takeover?", "id": "5731c82ee99e3014001e626f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "27 September"}], "question": "When did Japan become an Axis power?", "id": "5731c82ee99e3014001e6270"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "little"}], "question": "How much coordination was there between Japan and Germany?", "id": "5731c82ee99e3014001e6272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many nations comprised the Axis powers?", "id": "5731c82ee99e3014001e6271"}]}], ["Dasar rasmi Kerajaan A.S. adalah bahawa Thailand bukan sekutu Axis, dan Amerika Syarikat tidak berperang dengan Thailand. Dasar Kerajaan A.S. sejak 1945 telah merawat Thailand bukan sebagai bekas musuh, melainkan sebagai sebuah negara yang telah dipaksa melakukan tindakan tertentu oleh pemerasan Jepun, sebelum diduduki oleh tentera Jepun. Thailand telah dirawat oleh Amerika Syarikat dengan cara yang sama seperti negara-negara Axis lain seperti Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, dan Belanda. <> Adakah A.S. percaya bahawa Thailand adalah sekutu Axis? || bukan sekutu <> Apa yang dipercayai A.S. menyebabkan Thailand membantu Jepun? || memeras ugut <> Adakah Thailand diperlakukan secara berbeza daripada negara-negara Axis lain? || dengan cara yang sama <> Menurut Amerika Syarikat, negara apakah yang melakukan pemerasan Jepun? || Thailand <> Apa negara-negara yang diduduki oleh Paksi? || Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, dan Belanda <> Selepas 1945, bagaimana Amerika merawat Thailand? || bukan sebagai bekas musuh <> Yang menduduki Thailand mengikut Amerika Syarikat? || Tentera Jepun", {"context": "The official policy of the U.S. Government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis, and that the United States was not at war with Thailand. The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy, but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japanese blackmail, before being occupied by Japanese troops. Thailand has been treated by the United States in the same way as such other Axis-occupied countries as Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "not an ally"}], "question": "Did the U.S. believe that Thailand was an Axis ally?", "id": "572fc3d204bcaa1900d76cab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "blackmail"}], "question": "What does the U.S. believe caused Thailand to help Japan?", "id": "572fc3d204bcaa1900d76cac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "the same way"}], "question": "Is Thailand treated differently than other Axis countries?", "id": "572fc3d204bcaa1900d76cad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Thailand"}], "question": "According to the USA, what country did Japan blackmail?", "id": "5731bc330fdd8d15006c64bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands"}], "question": "What nations were occupied by the Axis?", "id": "5731bc330fdd8d15006c64bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "not as a former enemy"}], "question": "After 1945, how did the USA treat Thailand?", "id": "5731bc330fdd8d15006c64bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Japanese troops"}], "question": "Who occupied Thailand according to the USA?", "id": "5731bc330fdd8d15006c64be"}]}], ["Pada amnya dianggap Perang Pasifik bermula pada 7/8 Disember 1941, yang mana tarikh Jepun menyerang Thailand dan menyerang barang-barang British di Malaya, Singapura, dan Hong Kong serta pangkalan tentera Amerika Syarikat di Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam dan Filipina. Sesetengah ahli sejarah berpendapat bahawa konflik di Asia boleh bertarikh kembali pada 7 Julai 1937 dengan permulaan Perang Sino-Jepun Kedua antara Empayar Jepun dan Republik China, atau mungkin 19 September 1931, bermula dengan pencerobohan Jepun Manchuria . Walau bagaimanapun, lebih diterima secara meluas bahawa Perang Pasifik sendiri bermula pada awal Disember 1941, dengan Perang Sino-Jepun kemudian menjadi sebahagian daripadanya sebagai teater Perang Dunia II yang lebih besar. [Nb 9] <> Kapan kebanyakan orang percaya Perang Pasifik bermula? || awal Disember 1941 <> Pada tarikh apakah serangan Jepun Pearl Harbor? || 7/8 Disember 1941 <> Kapan Perang Sino-Jepun Kedua bermula? || 7 Julai 1937 <> Negara manakah yang merangkumi Perang Sino-Jepun Kedua? || Empayar Jepun dan Republik China <> Adakah Jepun pernah menyerang Thailand? || Jepun menyerang Thailand <> Apakah tarikh yang diterima umum Perang Pasifik bermula? || 7/8 Disember 1941 <> Bilakah Jepun menyerang Manchuria? || 19 September 1931 <> Negara mana yang memulakan permusuhan? || Jepun <> Bilakah Jepun menyerang China? || 7 Julai 1937 <> Apakah bahagian teater Perang Pasifik selepas Disember 1941? || Perang Dunia II", {"context": "It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941, on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam and the Philippines. Some historians contend that the conflict in Asia can be dated back to 7 July 1937 with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China, or possibly 19 September 1931, beginning with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. However, it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself started in early December 1941, with the Sino-Japanese War then becoming part of it as a theater of the greater World War II.[nb 9]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "early December 1941"}], "question": "When do most people believe the Pacific War began?", "id": "572fbb69a23a5019007fc8ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "7/8 December 1941"}], "question": "On what date did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?", "id": "572fbb69a23a5019007fc900"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "7 July 1937"}], "question": "When did the Second Sino-Japanese War begin?", "id": "572fbb69a23a5019007fc901"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Empire of Japan and the Republic of China"}], "question": "Which countries did the Second Sino-Japanese War encompass?", "id": "572fbb69a23a5019007fc902"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Japan invaded Thailand"}], "question": "Has Japan ever attacked Thailand?", "id": "572fbb69a23a5019007fc903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "7/8 December 1941"}], "question": "What is the generally accepted date the Pacific War started?", "id": "5731b1060fdd8d15006c6465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "19 September 1931"}], "question": "When did Japan invade Manchuria?", "id": "5731b1060fdd8d15006c6466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "What nation initiated hostilities?", "id": "5731b1060fdd8d15006c6467"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "7 July 1937"}], "question": "When did Japan invade China?", "id": "5731b1060fdd8d15006c6469"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "What was the Pacific War theater part of after December 1941?", "id": "5731b1060fdd8d15006c6468"}]}], ["Menjelang 1937, Jepun mengawal Manchuria dan bersedia bergerak lebih jauh ke China. Kejadian Marco Polo Bridge pada 7 Julai 1937 memprovokasi perang berskala besar antara China dan Jepun. Rakyat Kebangsaan dan Komunis menggantung perang saudara mereka untuk membentuk pakatan nominal terhadap Jepun, dan Kesatuan Soviet dengan cepat meminjamkan sokongan dengan menyediakan sejumlah besar peralatan ke tentera China. Pada Ogos 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek mengerahkan tenteranya yang terbaik untuk menentang 300,000 tentera Jepun di Shanghai, tetapi selepas tiga bulan pertempuran, Shanghai jatuh. Orang Jepun terus mendorong tentera China ke belakang, menangkap Nanking modal pada bulan Disember 1937 dan melakukan komplikasi yang dikenal sebagai Nanking Massacre. Pada bulan Mac 1938, pasukan kebangsaan memenangi kemenangan pertama mereka di Taierzhuang. tetapi kemudian bandar Xuzhou telah diambil oleh Jepun pada bulan Mei. Pada bulan Jun 1938, Jepun menghantar kira-kira 350,000 askar untuk menyerang Wuhan dan menawannya pada bulan Oktober. Orang Jepun mencapai kejayaan tentera utama, tetapi pendapat dunia - khususnya di Amerika Syarikat-mengutuk Jepun, terutama selepas Insiden Panay. <> Kejadian apa berlaku pada 7 Julai 1937? || Insiden Jambatan Marco Polo <> Siapa yang memberi bantuan kepada tentera Cina? || Soviet Union <> Bilakah pembunuhan Nanking berlaku? || Disember 1937 <> Di manakah kemenangan nasionalis pertama? || Taierzhuang <> Bagaimana orang-orang di seluruh dunia bertindak balas terhadap Insiden Panay Jepun? || dikutuk <> Bilakah kejadian Jambatan Marco Polo? || 7 Julai 1937 <> Insiden apa yang memulakan perang antara China dan Jepun? || Insiden Jambatan Marco Polo <> Apa modal China? || Nanking <> Bilakah Nanking ditangkap? || Disember 1937 <> Negara mana yang memberi sokongan material kepada China? || Kesatuan Soviet", {"context": "By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was ready to move deeper into China. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops. In August 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to fight about 300,000 Japanese troops in Shanghai, but, after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre. In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang. but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May. In June 1938, Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to invade Wuhan and captured it in October. The Japanese achieved major military victories, but world opinion\u2014in particular in the United States\u2014condemned Japan, especially after the Panay Incident.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Marco Polo Bridge Incident"}], "question": "What incident occured on July 7, 1937?", "id": "572fc958a23a5019007fc9d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "Who supplied assistance to the Chinese military?", "id": "572fc958a23a5019007fc9d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "December 1937"}], "question": "When did the Nanking Massacre occur?", "id": "572fc958a23a5019007fc9d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "Taierzhuang"}], "question": "Where was the first Nationalist victory?", "id": "572fc958a23a5019007fc9d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1031, "text": "condemned"}], "question": "How did people around the world react to Japan's Panay Incident?", "id": "572fc958a23a5019007fc9d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "7 July 1937"}], "question": "When was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?", "id": "5731c137e99e3014001e6248"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Marco Polo Bridge Incident"}], "question": "What incident started the war between China and Japan?", "id": "5731c137e99e3014001e6249"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "Nanking"}], "question": "What was the capital of China?", "id": "5731c137e99e3014001e624b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "December 1937"}], "question": "When was Nanking captured?", "id": "5731c137e99e3014001e624c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "What nation provided material support to China?", "id": "5731c137e99e3014001e624a"}]}], ["Perang itu memasuki fasa baru dengan kekalahan yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum Jepun di Pertempuran Suixian-Zaoyang dan Pertempuran Pertama Changsha. Selepas kemenangan ini, pasukan nasionalis China melancarkan serangan balas berskala besar pada awal tahun 1940; Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan kapasiti ketenteraan-industri yang rendah, ia ditangkis oleh tentera Jepun pada akhir Mac 1940. Pada bulan Ogos 1940, komunis Cina melancarkan serangan di China Tengah; Sebagai tindak balas, Jepun telah melancarkan \"Three Alls Policy\" (\"Bunuh semua, Burn all, Loot all\") di kawasan yang diduduki untuk mengurangi sumber daya manusia dan material bagi komunis. Pada tahun 1941 konflik telah menjadi kebuntuan. Walaupun Jepun telah menduduki kebanyakan utara, tengah dan pesisir China, Kerajaan Nasionalis telah berundur ke kawasan pedalaman dengan modal sementara yang ditubuhkan di Chungking sementara komunis China tetap mengawal kawasan asas di Shaanxi. Di samping itu, kawalan Jepun ke utara dan tengah China agak lemah, kerana Jepun biasanya dapat mengawal kereta api dan bandar-bandar utama (\"titik dan garis\"), tetapi tidak mempunyai kehadiran ketenteraan atau pentadbiran utama di kawasan pedalaman Cina yang luas . Jepun mendapati pencerobohannya terhadap pengunduran dan pengumpulan semula tentera China ditenggelami oleh kawasan pergunungan di barat daya China sementara Komunis menganjurkan gerila dan kegiatan saboteur yang meluas di China utara dan timur di belakang garis depan Jepun. <> Kenapa orang Cina akhirnya gagal dalam serangan balasnya? || rendah ketenteraan-industri kapasiti <> Dasar apa yang Jepun mengamalkan untuk membalas dendam terhadap China? || \"Three Alls Policy\" (\"Bunuh semua, Burn all, Loot all\") <> Apa perlambatan Jepun dalam serangan mereka ke China? || kawasan pergunungan <> Di bandar apakah Jepun menubuhkan modal sementara? || Chungking <> Apakah \"Three Alls Policy\" Jepun? || \"Bunuh semua, Bakar semua, Loot semua\" <> Tahun berapakah China dan Jepun mencapai kebuntuan? || 1941 <> Di manakah modal sementara Cina? || Chungking <> Apa rintangan semula jadi yang menghalang serangan Jepun terhadap orang Cina? || kawasan pergunungan <> Kumpulan apa yang menganjurkan peperangan gerila terhadap orang Jepun di China? || Komunis", {"context": "The war entered a new phase with the unprecedented defeat of the Japanese at Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang and 1st Battle of Changsha. After these victories, Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940; however, due to its low military-industrial capacity, it was repulsed by Japanese army in late March 1940. In August of 1940, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China; in retaliation, Japan instituted the \"Three Alls Policy\" (\"Kill all, Burn all, Loot all\") in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists. By 1941 the conflict had become a stalemate. Although Japan had occupied much of northern, central, and coastal China, the Nationalist Government had retreated to the interior with a provisional capital set up at Chungking while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in Shaanxi. In addition, Japanese control of northern and central China was somewhat tenuous, in that Japan was usually able to control railroads and the major cities (\"points and lines\"), but did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside. The Japanese found its aggression against the retreating and regrouping Chinese army was stalled by the mountainous terrain in southwestern China while the Communists organised widespread guerrilla and saboteur activities in northern and eastern China behind the Japanese front line.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "low military-industrial capacity"}], "question": "Why did the Chinese ultimately fail in its counter offensives?", "id": "572fcb7b04bcaa1900d76d3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "\"Three Alls Policy\" (\"Kill all, Burn all, Loot all\")"}], "question": "What policy did Japan adopt to retaliate against China?", "id": "572fcb7b04bcaa1900d76d40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1262, "text": "mountainous terrain"}], "question": "What slowed the Japanese in their attacks on China?", "id": "572fcb7b04bcaa1900d76d41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "Chungking"}], "question": "In what city did Japan set up a provisional capital?", "id": "572fcb7b04bcaa1900d76d42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "\"Kill all, Burn all, Loot all\""}], "question": "What was Japan's \"Three Alls Policy\"?", "id": "5731ca06e17f3d14004223f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "1941"}], "question": "What year did China and Japan reach a stalemate?", "id": "5731ca06e17f3d14004223f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "Chungking"}], "question": "Where was the Chinese provisional capital?", "id": "5731ca06e17f3d14004223f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1262, "text": "mountainous terrain"}], "question": "What natural obsticles stalled the Japanese offensive against the Chinese?", "id": "5731ca06e17f3d14004223f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1314, "text": "Communists"}], "question": "What group organised guerrilla warfare against the Japanese in China?", "id": "5731ca06e17f3d14004223f9"}]}], ["Perang Pasifik menyaksikan kuasa Sekutu berpidato terhadap Empayar Jepun, yang kemudiannya dibantu oleh Thailand dan sedikit demi sedikit oleh sekutunya Axis, Jerman dan Itali. Perang berakhir dengan pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki, dan serangan bom udara lain yang besar oleh Angkatan Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat, disertai oleh pencerobohan Soviet Manchuria pada 8 Ogos 1945, mengakibatkan pengumuman Jepun mengenai niat untuk menyerahkan pada 15 Ogos 1945. Penyerahan rasmi dan rasmi Jepun berlaku di USS Missouri kapal perang di Tokyo Bay pada 2 September 1945. Berikutan kekalahannya, Maharaja Shinto Jepun telah melangkah ke bawah sebagai pemimpin ilahi melalui Arahan Shinto, kerana Allied Powers percaya ini adalah penyebab utama pencerobohan ketenteraan dan proses dekonstrasi Jepun telah lama berlaku untuk memasang perlembagaan liberal-demokratik baru kepada orang Jepun sebagai Perlembagaan Jepun semasa. <> Apa acara berakhir perang dengan Jepun? || pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki <> Pada tarikh apakah Jepun menyerah? || 2 September 1945 <> Apa yang berubah dalam keputusan Jepun selepas perang? || perlembagaan liberal-demokratik baru <> Di manakah penyerahan Jepun berlaku? || di kapal perang USS Missouri di Tokyo Bay <> Apa proses yang dipanggil di mana pemimpin Jepun meletak jawatan? || Arahan Shinto <> Negara mana yang bersekutu? || Jepun <> Negara apa yang terdiri daripada Axis? || Jerman dan Itali <> Apa bandar-bandar dihancurkan oleh bom atom? || Hiroshima dan Nagasaki <> Kapan Kesatuan Soviet menyerang Manchuria? || 8 Ogos 1945 <> Bilakah Jepun menyerah? || 2 September 1945", {"context": "The Pacific War saw the Allied powers pitted against the Empire of Japan, the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by its Axis allies, Germany and Italy. The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and other large aerial bomb attacks by the United States Army Air Forces, accompanied by the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 8 August 1945, resulting in the Japanese announcement of intent to surrender on 15 August 1945. The formal and official surrender of Japan took place aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. Following its defeat, Japan's Shinto Emperor stepped down as the divine leader through the Shinto Directive, because the Allied Powers believed this was the major political cause of Japan's military aggression and deconstruction process soon took place to install a new liberal-democratic constitution to the Japanese public as the current Constitution of Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"}], "question": "What events ended the war with Japan?", "id": "572fc1d6a23a5019007fc997"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "2 September 1945"}], "question": "On what date did Japan surrender?", "id": "572fc1d6a23a5019007fc998"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 855, "text": "a new liberal-democratic constitution"}], "question": "What changed in the ruling of Japan after the war?", "id": "572fc1d6a23a5019007fc99a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay"}], "question": "Where did Japan's surrender occur?", "id": "572fc1d6a23a5019007fc999"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "Shinto Directive"}], "question": "What was the process called whereby the leader of Japan stepped down?", "id": "572fc1d6a23a5019007fc99b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "What nation were the allies against?", "id": "5731b3cab9d445190005e47f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Germany and Italy"}], "question": "What nations comprised the Axis?", "id": "5731b3cab9d445190005e480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Hiroshima and Nagasaki"}], "question": "What cities were destroyed by atom bombs?", "id": "5731b3cab9d445190005e481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "8 August 1945"}], "question": "When did the Soviet Union invade Manchuria?", "id": "5731b3cab9d445190005e482"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "2 September 1945"}], "question": "When did Japan surrender?", "id": "5731b3cab9d445190005e483"}]}], ["Dua bahagian di Australia yang mengepung pertempuran mengeruk dari Mid-East untuk Singapura. Churchill mahu mereka dialihkan ke Burma, tetapi Curtin berkeras untuk kembali ke Australia. Pada awal tahun 1942 unsur-unsur Angkatan Laut Jepun Imperial mencadangkan serangan ke Australia. Tentara Jepun menentang rencana itu dan ditolak atas dasar kebijakan mengasingkan Australia dari Amerika Serikat melalui sekatan dengan memajukan Pasifik Selatan. Jepun membuat keputusan terhadap serangan seaborne di Port Moresby, ibukota Wilayah Australia di Papua yang akan menempatkan Australia Utara dalam pelbagai pesawat bomber Jepun. <> Berapa banyak bahagian Australia yang dikukus dari Mid-East untuk Singapura? || Dua <> Di manakah Churchill mahukan perpecahan Australia untuk dialihkan ke Singapura? || Burma <> Apakah kumpulan Jepun menentang pencerobohan Australia? || Tentera Jepun <> Apakah ibukota Papua? || Port Moresby <> Apa negara Jepun mengasingkan Australia dari sekatan? || Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "Two battle-hardened Australian divisions were steaming from the Mid-East for Singapore. Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma, but Curtin insisted on a return to Australia. In early 1942 elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy proposed an invasion of Australia. The Japanese Army opposed the plan and it was rejected in favour of a policy of isolating Australia from the United States via blockade by advancing through the South Pacific. The Japanese decided upon a seaborne invasion of Port Moresby, capital of the Australian Territory of Papua which would put Northern Australia within range of Japanese bomber aircraft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many Australian divisions steamed from the Mid-East for Singapore?", "id": "5731f87ae17f3d1400422593"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Burma"}], "question": "Where did Churchill want the Australian divisions bound for Singapore to be diverted to?", "id": "5731f87ae17f3d1400422594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Japanese Army"}], "question": "What Japanese group opposed an invasion of Australia?", "id": "5731f87ae17f3d1400422595"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Port Moresby"}], "question": "What was the capital of Papua?", "id": "5731f87ae17f3d1400422596"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "United States"}], "question": "What country did Japan isolate Australia from with a blockade?", "id": "5731f87ae17f3d1400422597"}]}], ["Jepun menaja beberapa kerajaan boneka, salah satunya diketuai oleh Wang Jingwei. Bagaimanapun, dasar-dasar kekejaman terhadap penduduk China, tidak memberikan kuasa sebenar kepada rejim-rejim ini, dan menyokong beberapa kerajaan saingan gagal membuat salah satu daripada mereka alternatif yang berdaya maju kepada kerajaan nasionalis yang diketuai oleh Chiang Kai-shek. Konflik antara komunis komunis dan tentera nasionalis yang bertanding untuk kawalan wilayah di sebalik garis musuh telah memuncak dalam pertembungan bersenjata utama pada bulan Januari 1941, dengan berkesan mengakhiri kerjasama mereka. <> Siapa pemimpin kerajaan Nasionalis? || Chiang Kai-shek <> Bilakah kerjasama antara pasukan komunis dan nasionalis berakhir? || Januari 1941 <> Adakah Jepun menyokong kerajaan pesaing? || menyokong beberapa <> Bilakah kerjasama antara pasukan kebangsaan Cina dan komunis berakhir? || Januari 1941 <> Apa yang dipandang oleh kerajaan Wang Jingwei? || boneka <> Apa kerajaan telah memimpin Chiang Kai-shek? || Kerajaan nasionalis", {"context": "Japan sponsored several puppet governments, one of which was headed by Wang Jingwei. However, its policies of brutality toward the Chinese population, of not yielding any real power to these regimes, and of supporting several rival governments failed to make any of them a viable alternative to the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek. Conflicts between Chinese communist and nationalist forces vying for territory control behind enemy lines culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941, effectively ending their co-operation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Chiang Kai-shek"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Nationalist government?", "id": "572fcc4ba23a5019007fca03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "January 1941"}], "question": "When did cooperation between communist and nationalist forces end?", "id": "572fcc4ba23a5019007fca04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "supporting several"}], "question": "Did Japan support rival governments?", "id": "572fcc4ba23a5019007fca05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "January 1941"}], "question": "When did the co-operation between Chinese nationalist forces and communists end?", "id": "5731cb260fdd8d15006c6531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "puppet"}], "question": "What was Wang Jingwei's government considered?", "id": "5731cb260fdd8d15006c6532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Nationalist government"}], "question": "What government did Chiang Kai-shek lead?", "id": "5731cb260fdd8d15006c6533"}]}], ["Berikutan Deklarasi oleh Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu (penggunaan rasmi pertama Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu) pada 1 Januari 1942, kerajaan Sekutu melantik Jeneral Inggeris Sir Archibald Wavell kepada Komando Amerika-British-Belanda-Australia (ABDACOM) Pasukan bersekutu di Asia Tenggara. Ini memberikan kawalan nominal Wavell kepada suatu pasukan yang besar, walaupun menyebar luas ke kawasan dari Burma ke Filipina ke utara Australia. Kawasan lain, termasuk India, Hawaii, dan seluruh negara Australia masih berada di bawah arahan tempatan yang berasingan. Pada 15 Januari Wavell berpindah ke Bandung di Jawa untuk mengambil alih kawalan ABDACOM. <> Apa tarikh penggunaan rasmi pertama istilah PBB? || 1 Januari 1942 <> Siapa yang dilantik untuk memerintah pasukan Sekutu di Asia Tenggara pada tahun 1942? || Jeneral Sir Archibald Wavell <> Bilakah Jeneral Wavell menguasai pasukan Sekutu Asia Tenggara? || 15 Januari <> Seberapa tersebarnya pasukan Sekutu di Asia Tenggara? || nipis <> Di manakah arahan umum Wavell dari pasukan Sekutu? || Bandung", {"context": "Following the Declaration by United Nations (the first official use of the term United Nations) on 1 January 1942, the Allied governments appointed the British General Sir Archibald Wavell to the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM), a supreme command for Allied forces in Southeast Asia. This gave Wavell nominal control of a huge force, albeit thinly spread over an area from Burma to the Philippines to northern Australia. Other areas, including India, Hawaii, and the rest of Australia remained under separate local commands. On 15 January Wavell moved to Bandung in Java to assume control of ABDACOM.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "1 January 1942"}], "question": "What date was the first official use of the term United Nations?", "id": "5731ea33e17f3d140042253d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "General Sir Archibald Wavell"}], "question": "Who was appointed to command the Allied forces in Southeast Asia in 1942?", "id": "5731ea33e17f3d140042253e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "15 January"}], "question": "When did General Wavell assume control of the Southheast Asia Allied forces?", "id": "5731ea33e17f3d140042253f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "thinly"}], "question": "How spread out were the Allied forces in Southeastern Asia?", "id": "5731ea33e17f3d1400422540"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Bandung"}], "question": "Where did General Wavell command the Allied forces from?", "id": "5731ea33e17f3d1400422541"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari, Jepun menyerang Burma, Hindia Belanda Belanda, New Guinea, Kepulauan Solomon dan menangkap Manila, Kuala Lumpur dan Rabaul. Setelah dipulangkan dari Malaya, angkatan bersekutu di Singapura cuba menentang Jepun semasa Pertempuran Singapura tetapi menyerah kepada Jepun pada 15 Februari 1942; kira-kira 130,000 orang India, British, Australia dan Belanda menjadi tawanan perang. Kadar penaklukan adalah pesat: Bali dan Timor juga jatuh pada bulan Februari. Keruntuhan pesat rintangan Sekutu telah meninggalkan \"kawasan ABDA\" berpecah dua. Wavell meletak jawatan dari ABDACOM pada 25 Februari, menyerahkan kawalan Kawasan ABDA kepada komandan tempatan dan kembali ke jawatan Panglima Besar, India. <> Apa pulau-pulau yang menyerang Jepun? || Kepulauan Solomon <> Bilakah angkatan bersekutu menyerahkan Singapura ke Jepun? || 15 Februari 1942 <> Berapa ramai tahanan Allied yang mengambil Jepun selepas Pertempuran Singapura? || kira-kira 130,000 <> Bilakah General Wavell meletakkan jawatan sebagai komander pasukan Sekutu di Asia Tenggara? || 25 Februari <Selepas Wavell meletak jawatan dari ABDACOM, apa jawatannya dia kembali? || Panglima Besar, India", {"context": "In January, Japan invaded Burma, the Dutch East Indies, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and captured Manila, Kuala Lumpur and Rabaul. After being driven out of Malaya, Allied forces in Singapore attempted to resist the Japanese during the Battle of Singapore but surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942; about 130,000 Indian, British, Australian and Dutch personnel became prisoners of war. The pace of conquest was rapid: Bali and Timor also fell in February. The rapid collapse of Allied resistance had left the \"ABDA area\" split in two. Wavell resigned from ABDACOM on 25 February, handing control of the ABDA Area to local commanders and returning to the post of Commander-in-Chief, India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Solomon Islands"}], "question": "What islands did Japan invade?", "id": "5731ec3fe99e3014001e63ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "15 February 1942"}], "question": "When did Allied forces surrender Singapore to the Japanese?", "id": "5731ec3fe99e3014001e63cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "about 130,000"}], "question": "How many Allied prisoners did Japan take after the Battle of Singapore?", "id": "5731ec3fe99e3014001e63d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "25 February"}], "question": "When did General Wavell resign as commander of the Allied forces of Southeastern Asia?", "id": "5731ec3fe99e3014001e63d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "Commander-in-Chief, India"}], "question": "After Wavell resigned from ABDACOM, What post did he return to?", "id": "5731ec3fe99e3014001e63d2"}]}], ["Kepimpinan Jepun sedar bahawa kemenangan total militer dalam pengertian tradisional terhadap Amerika Serikat adalah mustahil; alternatifnya akan berunding untuk keamanan selepas kemenangan awal mereka, yang akan mengiktiraf hegemoni Jepun di Asia. Bahkan, GHQ Imperial menyatakan, jika rundingan yang diterima dapat dicapai dengan orang Amerika, serangan itu akan dibatalkan-walaupun perintah serangan telah diberikan. Kepemimpinan Jepun memandang ke arah tingkah laku perang melawan Amerika atas pengalaman sejarah perang yang berhasil melawan China (1894-95) dan Rusia (1904-05), di mana keduanya kekuasaan benua yang kuat dikalahkan dengan mencapai tentera terhad objektif, bukan dengan jumlah penaklukan. <> Apa yang akan dicapai Jepun dengan keamanan selepas kemenangan awal mereka? || mengiktiraf hegemoni Jepun di Asia. <> Adakah orang Jepun percaya mereka boleh mengalahkan A.S.? || mustahil <> Apakah matlamat strategik Jepun dalam menyerang Amerika? || dikalahkan dengan mencapai tujuan ketenteraan yang terbatas, bukan dengan total penaklukan <> Apakah pimpinan tentera Jepun memikirkan kemungkinan kemenangan militer yang lengkap di Amerika Serikat? || mustahil <> Apa yang Jepun mahu diiktiraf dalam rundingan damai yang dirancang selepas kemenangan awal mereka? || Hegemoni Jepun di Asia <> Jika rundingan yang boleh diterima antara Jepun dan Amerika Syarikat tercapai, apakah yang akan dilakukan mengenai serangan? || dibatalkan <> Apakah perlakuan perang terhadap Amerika Syarikat berdasarkan? || pengalaman sejarah", {"context": "The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories, which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia. In fact, the Imperial GHQ noted, should acceptable negotiations be reached with the Americans, the attacks were to be canceled\u2014even if the order to attack had already been given. The Japanese leadership looked to base the conduct of the war against America on the historical experiences of the successful wars against China (1894\u201395) and Russia (1904\u201305), in both of which a strong continental power was defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia."}], "question": "What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories?", "id": "572fcebd04bcaa1900d76d6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "impossible"}], "question": "Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S.?", "id": "572fcebd04bcaa1900d76d71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest"}], "question": "What was Japan's strategic goal in attacking America?", "id": "572fcebd04bcaa1900d76d70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "impossible"}], "question": "What did the Japanese military leadership think the chances were of complete military victory ove the United States?", "id": "5731d0ebe99e3014001e62e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Japanese hegemony in Asia"}], "question": "What did Japan want recognised in planned peace negotiations after their initial victories?", "id": "5731d0ebe99e3014001e62e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "canceled"}], "question": "If acceptable negotiations btween Japan and the United States were reached, what would be done regarding the attacks?", "id": "5731d0ebe99e3014001e62e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "historical experiences"}], "question": "What was the conduct of the war against the United States based on?", "id": "5731d0ebe99e3014001e62e7"}]}], ["Dari awal 1935 ahli strategi tentera Jepun telah menyimpulkan Hindia Belanda adalah, kerana rizab minyak mereka, sangat penting untuk Jepun. Menjelang tahun 1940, mereka telah memperluaskannya untuk memasukkan Indo-China, Malaya, dan Filipina dalam konsep mereka di Asia Timur-Greater Co-Prosperity Sphere. Tentera Jepun yang dibina di Hainan, Taiwan dan Haiphong telah diperhatikan, pegawai Tentera Jepun secara terbuka bercakap mengenai perang yang tidak dapat dielakkan, dan Admiral Sankichi Takahashi dilaporkan berkata pertikaian dengan Amerika Syarikat adalah perlu. <> Yang Admiral Jepun merasakan perlu untuk berperang dengan A.S.? || Sankichi Takahashi <> Mengapa Hindia Belanda penting di Jepang? || rizab minyak <> Dalam tahun berapakah Sfera Kesejahteraan Asia Timur Besar berkembang? || 1940 <> Siapa kata pertunjukan antara Jepun dan Amerika Syarikat? || Admiral Sankichi Takahashi <> Apakah pentingnya Hindia Belanda ke Jepun? || rizab minyak <> Pada tahun berapa ahli strategi Jepun memperluaskan konsep mereka tentang Sphere-Co-Prosperity Sphere? || 1940", {"context": "From as early as 1935 Japanese military strategists had concluded the Dutch East Indies were, because of their oil reserves, of considerable importance to Japan. By 1940 they had expanded this to include Indo-China, Malaya, and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese troop build ups in Hainan, Taiwan, and Haiphong were noted, Japanese Army officers were openly talking about an inevitable war, and Admiral Sankichi Takahashi was reported as saying a showdown with the United States was necessary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Sankichi Takahashi"}], "question": "Which Japanese Admiral felt it was necessary to go to war with the U.S.?", "id": "572fcd1004bcaa1900d76d51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "oil reserves"}], "question": "Why was the Dutch East Indies important to Japan?", "id": "572fcd1004bcaa1900d76d52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "1940"}], "question": "In what year did the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere expand?", "id": "572fcd1004bcaa1900d76d53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Admiral Sankichi Takahashi"}], "question": "Who said a showdown between Japan and the United States would be necessary?", "id": "5731cd5be17f3d1400422424"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "oil reserves"}], "question": "What was the importance of the Dutch East Indies to Japan?", "id": "5731cd5be17f3d1400422423"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "1940"}], "question": "By what year did Japanese strategists expand their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?", "id": "5731cd5be17f3d1400422425"}]}], ["Di Burma, British, di bawah tekanan yang sengit, membuat pertempuran berundur dari Rangoon ke sempadan Indo-Burma. Ini memotong Jalan Birma yang merupakan garis bekalan Allies barat kepada Nationalists Cina. Pada bulan Mac 1942, Pasukan Ekspedisi Cina mula menyerang pasukan Jepun di utara Burma. Pada 16 April, 7,000 askar British dikelilingi oleh Divisyen Ke-33 Jepun semasa Pertempuran Yenangyaung dan diselamatkan oleh Bahagian 38 Cina yang diketuai oleh Sun Li-jen. Kerjasama antara Nationalist Cina dan Komunis telah berkurang dari kemuncaknya di Pertempuran Wuhan, dan hubungan antara keduanya telah menjadi masam kerana kedua-duanya cuba memperluas kawasan operasi mereka di wilayah yang diduduki. Kebanyakan kawasan gerila kebangsaan akhirnya ditimpa oleh kaum Komunis. Sebaliknya, beberapa unit Kebangsaan telah dikerahkan untuk menghalang Komunis dan bukan orang Jepun. Selain itu, banyak pasukan Nationalist Cina adalah panglima perang yang bersekutu dengan Chiang Kai-Shek, tetapi tidak langsung di bawah perintahnya. \"Daripada 1,200,000 tentera di bawah kawalan Chiang, hanya 650,000 dikuasai secara langsung oleh jeneral-jeneralnya, dan satu lagi 550,000 yang dikawal oleh para panglima perang yang mengaku kesetiaan kepada kerajaannya, pasukan terkuat adalah 3205 orang pasukan Szechuan. untuk mengakhiri kuasa Chiang. \" Orang Jepun mengeksploitasi kekurangan perpaduan ini untuk meneruskan serangan mereka. <> Bilakah serangan China Burma? || Mac 1942 <> Berapa banyak tentera British diselamatkan oleh Divisyen ke-38 Cina pada 16 April ?? || 7,000 <> Yang mengetuai penyelamatan pasukan British semasa Pertempuran Yenangyaung? || Sun Li-jen <> Berapa banyak pasukan Chiang Kai-Shek yang dikawal oleh para panglima perang? || 550,000 <> Apakah tentera terkuat Chiang Kai-Shek? || Tentera Szechuan", {"context": "In Burma the British, under intense pressure, made a fighting retreat from Rangoon to the Indo-Burmese border. This cut the Burma Road which was the western Allies' supply line to the Chinese Nationalists. In March 1942, Chinese Expeditionary Force started to attack Japanese forces in northern Burma. On 16 April, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division led by Sun Li-jen. Cooperation between the Chinese Nationalists and the Communists had waned from its zenith at the Battle of Wuhan, and the relationship between the two had gone sour as both attempted to expand their area of operations in occupied territories. Most of the Nationalist guerrilla areas were eventually overtaken by the Communists. On the other hand, some Nationalist units were deployed to blockade the Communists and not the Japanese. Furthermore, many of the forces of the Chinese Nationalists were warlords allied to Chiang Kai-Shek, but not directly under his command. \"Of the 1,200,000 troops under Chiang's control, only 650,000 were directly controlled by his generals, and another 550,000 controlled by warlords who claimed loyalty to his government; the strongest force was the Szechuan army of 320,000 men. The defeat of this army would do much to end Chiang's power.\" The Japanese exploited this lack of unity to press ahead in their offensives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "March 1942"}], "question": "When did the Chinese attack Burma?", "id": "5731f290e99e3014001e6400"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "7,000"}], "question": "How many British soldiers were rescued by the Chinese 38th Division on April 16??", "id": "5731f290e99e3014001e6401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Sun Li-jen"}], "question": "Who led the rescue of British forces during the Battle of Yenangyaung?", "id": "5731f290e99e3014001e6402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1162, "text": "550,000"}], "question": "How many of Chiang Kai-Shek's troops were controlled by warlords?", "id": "5731f290e99e3014001e6403"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1260, "text": "Szechuan army"}], "question": "What was Chiang Kai-Shek's strongest army?", "id": "5731f290e99e3014001e6404"}]}], ["Sebelum serangan ke Pearl Harbor, 800,000 anggota Amerika First Committee dengan tegas menentang campur tangan Amerika dalam konflik Eropah, walaupun Amerika menjual bantuan tentera ke Britain dan Kesatuan Soviet melalui program Lend-Sewa. Pembangkang untuk perang di A.S. hilang selepas serangan itu. Pada 8 Disember, Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom, Kanada, dan Belanda mengisytiharkan perang ke atas Jepun, diikuti oleh China dan Australia pada hari berikutnya. Empat hari selepas Pearl Harbor, Nazi Jerman dan Fasis Itali mengisytiharkan perang ke Amerika Syarikat, menarik negara menjadi perang dua teater. Ini telah dipersetujui secara meluas sebagai salah satu kesalahan strategik yang besar, memandangkan ia membatalkan manfaat Jerman yang diperoleh oleh gangguan Jepun di AS (diperkirakan beberapa bulan sebelum dalam memo oleh Komander Arthur McCollum) [nb 12] dan pengurangan bantuan ke Britain, yang kedua-duanya Kongres dan Hitler telah berjaya mengelakkan selama lebih dari setahun provokasi bersama, yang sebaliknya akan menghasilkan. <> Apa program yang membolehkan Amerika menjual bekalan ketenteraan ke Britain dan Uni Soviet? || Lend-Sewa <> Pada hari apakah A.S. dan sekutu-sekutunya menyuarakan perang ke Jepun? || 8 Disember <> Berapa lama selepas serangan Pearl Harbor Jerman dan Itali mengisytiharkan perang? || Empat hari <> Adakah perisytiharan perang Jerman dengan A.S. dianggap strategi yang baik? || kesilapan strategik <> berapa ramai anggotanya yang mempunyai Jawatankuasa Pertama Amerika? || 800,000 <> Apa kumpulan menentang penglibatan Amerika dalam perang di Eropah? || Amerika Pertama Jawatankuasa <> Bilakah Amerika Syarikat mengisytiharkan perang ke Jepun? || 8 Disember <> Berapa hari selepas serangan ke Pearl Harbor Jerman menunggu untuk mengisytiharkan perang ke Amerika Syarikat? || Empat <> Siapa yang meramalkan perisytiharan perang Jerman terhadap bulan-bulan sebelum Amerika Syarikat? || Komander Arthur McCollum", {"context": "Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict, even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program. Opposition to war in the U.S. vanished after the attack. On 8 December, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Netherlands declared war on Japan, followed by China and Australia the next day. Four days after Pearl Harbor, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, drawing the country into a two-theater war. This is widely agreed to be a grand strategic blunder, as it abrogated the benefit Germany gained by Japan's distraction of the U.S. (predicted months before in a memo by Commander Arthur McCollum)[nb 12] and the reduction in aid to Britain, which both Congress and Hitler had managed to avoid during over a year of mutual provocation, which would otherwise have resulted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Lend-Lease"}], "question": "What program allowed America to sell military supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union?", "id": "572fd400b2c2fd14005684c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "8 December"}], "question": "On what day did the U.S. and its allies declar war on Japan?", "id": "572fd400b2c2fd14005684c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Four days"}], "question": "How long after the Pearl Harbor attacks did Germany and Italy declare war?", "id": "572fd400b2c2fd14005684c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "strategic blunder"}], "question": "Was Germany's declaration of war with the U.S. considered to be sound strategy?", "id": "572fd400b2c2fd14005684ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "800,000"}], "question": "how many members did the America First Committee have?", "id": "5731e83d0fdd8d15006c6637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "America First Committee"}], "question": "What group was opposed to American involvement in the war in Europe?", "id": "5731e83d0fdd8d15006c6638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "8 December"}], "question": "When did the United States declare war on Japan?", "id": "5731e83d0fdd8d15006c6639"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Four"}], "question": "How many days after the attack on Pearl Harbor did Germany wait to declare war on the United States?", "id": "5731e83d0fdd8d15006c663a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "Commander Arthur McCollum"}], "question": "Who predicted Germany's declaration of war against the United States months before?", "id": "5731e83d0fdd8d15006c663b"}]}], ["Dalam usaha untuk menggalakkan ketenteraan Jepun, kuasa-kuasa Barat termasuk Australia, Amerika Syarikat, Britain, dan kerajaan Belanda dalam pengasingan, yang menguasai Hindia-Belanda yang kaya minyak petroleum, berhenti menjual minyak, bijih besi, dan keluli ke Jepun, menafikannya bahan mentah yang diperlukan untuk meneruskan kegiatannya di China dan Perancis Indochina. Di Jepun, kerajaan dan nasionalis melihat embargo sebagai tindakan pencerobohan; minyak yang diimport terdiri daripada kira-kira 80% daripada penggunaan domestik, tanpa ekonomi Jepun, apatah lagi tenteranya, akan menggegarkan berhenti. Media Jepun, yang dipengaruhi oleh propagandis tentera, [nb 10] mula merujuk kepada embargo sebagai \"pengepungan\" ABCD (\"Amerika-Inggris-Cina-Belanda\") atau \"garis ABCD\". <> Apakah embargo ini dipanggil oleh media Jepun? || \"ABCD (\" Amerika-Inggeris-Cina-Belanda \") <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Barat untuk memecahkan Jepun di China dan Perancis Indochina? || berhenti menjual minyak, bijih besi, dan besi ke Jepun < negara-negara barat? || menafikan bahan mentah yang diperlukan untuk meneruskan kegiatannya <> Mengapa kuasa-kuasa Barat berhenti menjual sumber ke Jepun? || untuk menggalakkan ketenteraan Jepun <> Bagaimana Jepun melihat embargo Barat? || sebagai tindakan pencerobohan < > Sebanyak peratus minyak merangkumi penggunaan domestik Jepun? || About 80% <> Apakah media Jepun merujuk kepada embargo seperti? || \"garis ABCD\"", {"context": "In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism, Western powers including Australia, the United States, Britain, and the Dutch government in exile, which controlled the petroleum-rich Dutch East Indies, stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan, denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in China and French Indochina. In Japan, the government and nationalists viewed these embargos as acts of aggression; imported oil made up about 80% of domestic consumption, without which Japan's economy, let alone its military, would grind to a halt. The Japanese media, influenced by military propagandists,[nb 10] began to refer to the embargoes as the \"ABCD (\"American-British-Chinese-Dutch\") encirclement\" or \"ABCD line\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "\"ABCD (\"American-British-Chinese-Dutch\")"}], "question": "What were these embargoes called by the Japanese media?", "id": "572fcdcab2c2fd1400568487"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan"}], "question": "What did The West do to disuade Japan in China and French Indochina?", "id": "572fcdcab2c2fd1400568485"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities"}], "question": "Why was denying supplies important to the western countries?", "id": "572fcdcab2c2fd1400568486"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "to discourage Japanese militarism"}], "question": "Why did Western powers stop selling resources to Japan?", "id": "5731ced00fdd8d15006c655d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "as acts of aggression"}], "question": "How did Japan view Western embargos?", "id": "5731ced00fdd8d15006c655e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "about 80%"}], "question": "What percent of oil made up Japan's domestic consumption?", "id": "5731ced00fdd8d15006c655f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "\"ABCD line\""}], "question": "What did the Japanese media refer to the embargoes as?", "id": "5731ced00fdd8d15006c6560"}]}], ["Pada awal 7 Disember (waktu Hawaii), Jepun melancarkan mogok udara berasaskan pembawa kejutan besar di Pearl Harbor tanpa amaran yang jelas, yang melumpuhkan Armada Pasifik Amerika Syarikat, meninggalkan lapan kapal perang Amerika dari tindakan, 188 pesawat Amerika hancur, dan 2,403 warga Amerika mati. Pada masa serangan itu, AS tidak secara rasmi berperang di mana-mana di dunia, yang bermaksud bahawa orang-orang yang terbunuh atau harta yang dimusnahkan di Pearl Harbor oleh serangan Jepun mempunyai status tidak berperang. [Nb 11] Orang Jepun telah berjudi bahawa Amerika Syarikat, ketika menghadapi pukulan yang tiba-tiba dan besar-besaran, akan setuju untuk penyelesaian yang dirundingkan dan membolehkan Jepang bebas mengurung di Asia. Perjudian ini tidak dibayar. Kerugian Amerika kurang serius dari pada pemikiran awal: Pengangkut pesawat Amerika, yang akan menjadi lebih penting daripada kapal perang, berada di laut, dan infrastruktur laut penting (tangki minyak bahan bakar, kemudahan galangan kapal dan stesen janakuasa), pangkalan kapal selam, dan isyarat unit perisikan tidak terjejas. Strategi pengunduran Jepun, bergantung pada perang pergeseran untuk membuat A.S. menjadi istilah, berada di luar keupayaan IJN. <> Berapa banyak kapal perang A.S. tidak berupaya dalam serangan Pearl Harbor? || lapan <> Adakah Amerika berperang ketika Jepun menyerang Pearl Harbor? || tidak rasmi di perang <> Berapa ramai orang Amerika meninggal dalam serangan Pearl Harbor? || 2,403 <> Mengapa Jepun menyerang Amerika? || membolehkan Jepun terus mengurung di Asia <> Apakah kapal-kapal Amerika yang paling penting pada masa serangan itu? || kapal terbang pesawat <> Bilakah Jepun melancarkan aattack di Pearl Harbor? || 7 Disember <> Berapa banyak kapal perang Amerika yang dilepaskan dalam serangan ke atas Pearl Harbor oleh Jepun? || lapan <> Berapa ramai rakyat AS terbunuh dalam serangan ke atas Pearl Harbor oleh Jepun? || 2,403 <> Berapa banyak pesawat yang hilang Amerika Syarikat dalam serangan ke Pearl Harbor oleh Jepun? || 188 <> Di manakah kapal terbang Amerika semasa serangan ke atas Pearl Harbor oleh Jepun? || di laut", {"context": "In the early hours of 7 December (Hawaiian time), Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning, which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet, leaving eight American battleships out of action, 188 American aircraft destroyed, and 2,403 American citizens dead. At the time of the attack, the U.S. was not officially at war anywhere in the world, which means that the people killed or property destroyed at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese attack had a non-combatant status.[nb 11] The Japanese had gambled that the United States, when faced with such a sudden and massive blow, would agree to a negotiated settlement and allow Japan free rein in Asia. This gamble did not pay off. American losses were less serious than initially thought: The American aircraft carriers, which would prove to be more important than battleships, were at sea, and vital naval infrastructure (fuel oil tanks, shipyard facilities, and a power station), submarine base, and signals intelligence units were unscathed. Japan's fallback strategy, relying on a war of attrition to make the U.S. come to terms, was beyond the IJN's capabilities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks?", "id": "572fd2e7947a6a140053cd0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "not officially at war"}], "question": "Was America at war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor?", "id": "572fd2e7947a6a140053cd0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "2,403"}], "question": "How many Americans died in the Pearl Harbor attacks?", "id": "572fd2e7947a6a140053cd0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "allow Japan free rein in Asia"}], "question": "Why did Japan attack America?", "id": "572fd2e7947a6a140053cd0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "aircraft carriers"}], "question": "What were the most vital American ships at the time of the attack?", "id": "572fd2e7947a6a140053cd10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "7 December"}], "question": "When did Japan launch the aattack on Pearl Harbor?", "id": "5731d25ae17f3d140042244b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many American battleships were put out of action in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?", "id": "5731d25ae17f3d140042244c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "2,403"}], "question": "How many US citizens were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?", "id": "5731d25ae17f3d140042244d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "188"}], "question": "How many aircraft did the United States lose in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?", "id": "5731d25ae17f3d140042244e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 873, "text": "at sea"}], "question": "Where were the American aircraft carriers during the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?", "id": "5731d25ae17f3d140042244f"}]}], ["Presiden Franklin Roosevelt memerintahkan Jeneral Douglas MacArthur di Filipina untuk merumuskan pelan pertahanan Pasifik dengan Australia pada bulan Mac 1942. Curtin bersetuju untuk meletakkan pasukan Australia di bawah komando MacArthur yang menjadi Panglima Tertinggi, South West Pacific. MacArthur memindahkan ibu pejabatnya ke Melbourne pada bulan Mac 1942 dan tentera Amerika mula beroperasi di Australia. Aktiviti angkatan laut Enemy mencapai Sydney pada akhir Mei 1942, ketika kapal selam Jepun yang meluncur melancarkan serangan berani di Sydney Harbour. Pada 8 Jun 1942, dua kapal selam Jepun secara ringkas memecah pinggir timur Sydney dan bandar Newcastle. <> Siapa yang memerintahkan Jeneral MacArthur membuat rencana pertahanan dengan Australia? || Presiden Franklin Roosevelt <> Ketika Jenderal MacArthur memerintahkan untuk membuat rencana pertahanan dengan Australia? || Mac 1942 <> Siapa yang menjadi Panglima Tertinggi pasukan Sekutu Selatan? || MacArthur <> Di mana ibu pejabat MacArthur berpindah ke bulan Mac 1942? || Melbourne <> Berapa banyak kapal selam Jepun membombardir Sydney pada 8 Jun 1942? || dua", {"context": "President Franklin Roosevelt ordered General Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942. Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of MacArthur who became Supreme Commander, South West Pacific. MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia. Enemy naval activity reached Sydney in late May 1942, when Japanese midget submarines launched a daring raid on Sydney Harbour. On 8 June 1942, two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "President Franklin Roosevelt"}], "question": "Who ordered General MacArthur to make a defense plan with Australia?", "id": "5731fa3c0fdd8d15006c66b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "March 1942"}], "question": "When was General MacArthur ordered to make a defense plan with Australia?", "id": "5731fa3c0fdd8d15006c66b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "MacArthur"}], "question": "Who was the Supreme Commander of the South West Allied forces?", "id": "5731fa3c0fdd8d15006c66b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Melbourne"}], "question": "Where was MacArthur's headquarters moved to in March of 1942?", "id": "5731fa3c0fdd8d15006c66b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many Japanese submarines shelled Sydney on June 8, 1942?", "id": "5731fa3c0fdd8d15006c66b5"}]}], ["Tentera darat Jepun terus maju di Kepulauan Solomon dan New Guinea. Dari Julai 1942, beberapa batalion rizab Australia, kebanyakannya sangat muda dan tidak terlatih, berperang di belakang penjaga belakang di New Guinea, melawan kemajuan Jepun di sepanjang Laluan Kokoda, ke Port Moresby, atas Owen Stanley Ranges yang berceranggah. Militia, yang haus dan habis-habisnya ditenggelami oleh para korban, telah dibebaskan pada akhir bulan Ogos oleh tentera biasa dari Angkatan Imperial Kedua Australia, yang kembali dari aksi di teater Mediterranean. Pada awal September 1942, marin Jepun menyerang pangkalan Tentera Udara Diraja Australia yang strategik di Milne Bay, berhampiran hujung timur New Guinea. Mereka dipukul oleh pasukan Allied (terutamanya Tentara Australia). <> Apa gunung-gunung yang batalion Australia melawan tindakan pengawal belakang di Kokoda Track? || Owen Stanley Ranges <> Pasukan apa yang melepaskan batalion rizab Australia yang dipakai? || Angkatan Imperial Australia Kedua <> Pada tahun 1942, apa pangkalan Tentera Udara Australia diserang oleh marin Jepun? || Milne Bay <> Di mana terdapat Teluk Milne di New Guinea? || ujung timur <> Teater apakah yang dilakukan oleh Pasukan Imperial Australia Kedua sebelum mereka melepaskan batalion rizab di New Guinea? || Mediterranean", {"context": "Japanese land forces continued to advance in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. From July 1942, a few Australian reserve battalions, many of them very young and untrained, fought a stubborn rearguard action in New Guinea, against a Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track, towards Port Moresby, over the rugged Owen Stanley Ranges. The militia, worn out and severely depleted by casualties, were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force, returning from action in the Mediterranean theater. In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay, near the eastern tip of New Guinea. They were beaten back by Allied (primarily Australian Army) forces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Owen Stanley Ranges"}], "question": "What mountains did the Australian battalions fight a rearguard action over on the Kokoda Track?", "id": "57320c95e99e3014001e6494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Second Australian Imperial Force"}], "question": "What forces releived the worn Australian reserve battalions? ", "id": "57320c95e99e3014001e6495"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "Milne Bay"}], "question": "In 1942, what Australian Air Force base was attacked by Japanese marines?", "id": "57320c95e99e3014001e6496"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "eastern tip"}], "question": "Where was Milne Bay located in New Guinea?", "id": "57320c95e99e3014001e6497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "Mediterranean"}], "question": "What theater did the Second Australian Imperial Force come from before they relieved the reserve battalions in New Guinea?", "id": "57320c95e99e3014001e6498"}]}], ["Dengan ketinggian CAP Jepun dan pembawa yang paling lemah, SBD Dauntlesses dari Enterprise dan Yorktown muncul pada ketinggian 10,000 kaki (3,000 m) dan memulakan serangan mereka, dengan cepat mengatasi pukulan maut kepada tiga pembawa armada: S\u014dry\u016b, Kaga, dan Akagi. Dalam masa beberapa minit, ketiga-tiga telah terbakar dan terpaksa ditinggalkan dengan kehilangan nyawa. Hiry\u016b berjaya menyelamatkan gelombang pengebom menyelam dan melancarkan serangan balas terhadap kapal pengangkut Amerika yang menyebabkan kerosakan teruk kepada Yorktown (yang kemudiannya diselesaikan oleh kapal selam Jepun). Walau bagaimanapun, serangan kedua dari pengangkut A.S. beberapa jam kemudian mendapati dan memusnahkan Hiry\u016b, pembawa armada terakhir yang ada untuk Nagumo. Dengan pengangkutnya hilang dan orang Amerika ditarik keluar dari pelbagai kapal perangnya yang kuat, Yamamoto terpaksa memanggil operasi itu, meninggalkan Midway di tangan Amerika. Pertempuran terbukti menjadi kemenangan yang menentukan bagi Sekutu. Untuk kedua kalinya, pengembangan Jepun telah diperiksa dan Armada Gabungan yang menggerunkan telah lemah dengan ketinggalan kehilangan empat pembawa armada dan banyak orang yang terlatih, hampir tidak dapat diganti, personel. Jepun akan sebahagian besarnya bersikap defensif untuk seluruh perang. <> Pada ketinggian apakah pengebom menyelam Amerika memulakan khidmat mereka di kapal pengangkut Jepun? || 10,000 kaki <> Pengangkut Jepun mana yang terselamat dalam gelombang pertama pengebom menyelam Amerika di Pertempuran Midway. || Hiry\u016b <> Yang memenangi Pertempuran Midway? || Sekutu <> Berapa banyak syarikat penerbangan yang hilang oleh orang Jepun dalam Pertempuran Midway? || empat", {"context": "With the Japanese CAP out of position and the carriers at their most vulnerable, SBD Dauntlesses from Enterprise and Yorktown appeared at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and commenced their attack, quickly dealing fatal blows to three fleet carriers: S\u014dry\u016b, Kaga, and Akagi. Within minutes, all three were ablaze and had to be abandoned with great loss of life. Hiry\u016b managed to survive the wave of dive bombers and launched a counter-attack against the American carriers which caused severe damage to Yorktown (which was later finished off by a Japanese submarine). However, a second attack from the U.S. carriers a few hours later found and destroyed Hiry\u016b, the last remaining fleet carrier available to Nagumo. With his carriers lost and the Americans withdrawn out of range of his powerful battleships, Yamamoto was forced to call off the operation, leaving Midway in American hands. The battle proved to be a decisive victory for the Allies. For the second time, Japanese expansion had been checked and its formidable Combined Fleet was significantly weakened by the loss of four fleet carriers and many highly trained, virtually irreplaceable, personnel. Japan would be largely on the defensive for the rest of the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "10,000 feet"}], "question": "At what altitude did the American dive bombers commence their attck on the Japanese carriers?", "id": "57320a3eb9d445190005e771"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Hiry\u016b"}], "question": "Which Japanese carrier survived the first wave of American dive bombers in the Battle of Midway.", "id": "57320a3eb9d445190005e772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 944, "text": "Allies"}], "question": "Who won the Battle of Midway?", "id": "57320a3eb9d445190005e773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1085, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many fleet carriers were lost by the Japanese in the Battle of Midway?", "id": "57320a3eb9d445190005e774"}]}], ["Pasukan Jepun dihantar ke utara untuk menyerang Kepulauan Aleutian. Tahap seterusnya rancangan itu menuntut penangkapan Midway, yang akan memberinya peluang untuk menghancurkan syarikat penerbangan Nimitz. Pada bulan Mei, penyusun kod Allied mendapati niatnya. Nagumo lagi dalam perintah taktikal tetapi difokuskan pada pencerobohan Midway; Pelan kompleks Yamamoto tidak mempunyai peruntukan campur tangan oleh Nimitz sebelum Jepun mengharapkan dia. Pengawasan yang dirancangkan oleh armada A.S. oleh pesawat laut yang panjang tidak berlaku (akibat operasi identik abortif pada bulan Mac), sehingga operator Fletcher dapat meneruskan ke posisi mengapit tanpa terdeteksi. Nagumo mempunyai 272 pesawat yang beroperasi dari empat syarikat penerbangannya, A.S. 348 (115 daratan). <> Dalam rencana Yamamoto, apakah pulau-pulau utara yang akan diserang? || Kepulauan Aleutian <> Apakah objektif peringkat kedua rencana Yamaoto? || penangkapan Midway <> Berapa banyak pesawat melakukan Nagumo untuk serangan Midway? || 272 <> Berapa banyak pesawat yang ada di Amerika Syarikat dalam Pertempuran Midway? || 348 <> Berapa banyak pesawat A.S. berasaskan darat? || 115", {"context": "A Japanese force was sent north to attack the Aleutian Islands. The next stage of the plan called for the capture of Midway, which would give him an opportunity to destroy Nimitz's remaining carriers. In May, Allied codebreakers discovered his intentions. Nagumo was again in tactical command but was focused on the invasion of Midway; Yamamoto's complex plan had no provision for intervention by Nimitz before the Japanese expected him. Planned surveillance of the U.S. fleet by long range seaplane did not happen (as a result of an abortive identical operation in March), so Fletcher's carriers were able to proceed to a flanking position without being detected. Nagumo had 272 planes operating from his four carriers, the U.S. 348 (115 land-based).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Aleutian Islands"}], "question": "In Yamamoto's plan, what northern islands were to be attacked?", "id": "5732034c0fdd8d15006c66e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "capture of Midway"}], "question": "What was the second stage objective of Yamaoto's plan?", "id": "5732034c0fdd8d15006c66e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "272"}], "question": "How many planes did Nagumo have for the Midway invasion?", "id": "5732034c0fdd8d15006c66e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "348"}], "question": "How many planes did the United States have in the Battle of Midway?", "id": "5732034c0fdd8d15006c66e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "115"}], "question": "How many U.S. planes were land-based?", "id": "5732034c0fdd8d15006c66e7"}]}], ["Pada bulan Ogos 1943, Sekutu membentuk Komando Asia Tenggara (SEAC) baru untuk mengambil alih tanggungjawab strategik untuk Burma dan India dari Perintah British India, di bawah Wavell. Pada bulan Oktober 1943 Winston Churchill melantik Laksamana Lord Louis Mountbatten sebagai Komander Tertingginya. Tentera British dan India Keempatbelas dibentuk untuk menghadapi Jepun di Burma. Di bawah Leftenan Jeneral William Slim, latihan, semangat dan kesihatannya bertambah baik. Jeneral Amerika Joseph Stilwell, yang juga timbalan komandan untuk Mountbatten dan memerintahkan pasukan A.S. di China Burma India Theatre, mengarahkan bantuan ke China dan bersedia untuk membina Jalan Ledo untuk menghubungkan India dan China dengan tanah. <> Apa perintah Allied menggantikan Perintah British India pada bulan Ogos, 1943? || Komando Asia Tenggara <> Yang dilantik sebagai Panglima Tertinggi SEAC pada bulan Oktober 1943? || Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten <> Siapa timbalan komander ke Mountbatten? || General Joseph Stilwell <> Apa nama hubungan baru antara India dan China dengan tanah? || Ledo Road <> British dan India Tentera Keempatbelas dibentuk untuk mengambil apa daya? || Jepun di Burma", {"context": "In August 1943 the Allies formed a new South East Asia Command (SEAC) to take over strategic responsibilities for Burma and India from the British India Command, under Wavell. In October 1943 Winston Churchill appointed Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten as its Supreme Commander. The British and Indian Fourteenth Army was formed to face the Japanese in Burma. Under Lieutenant General William Slim, its training, morale and health greatly improved. The American General Joseph Stilwell, who also was deputy commander to Mountbatten and commanded U.S. forces in the China Burma India Theater, directed aid to China and prepared to construct the Ledo Road to link India and China by land.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "South East Asia Command"}], "question": "What Allied command replaced the British India Command in August, 1943?", "id": "573215140fdd8d15006c6771"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten"}], "question": "Who was appointed Supreme Commander of the SEAC in October, 1943?", "id": "573215140fdd8d15006c6772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "General Joseph Stilwell"}], "question": "Who was deputy commander to Mountbatten?", "id": "573215140fdd8d15006c6773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "Ledo Road"}], "question": "What was the name of the new link between India and China by land?", "id": "573215140fdd8d15006c6774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Japanese in Burma"}], "question": "The British and Indian Fourteenth Army was formed to take on what force?", "id": "573215140fdd8d15006c6775"}]}], ["Pada awal tahun 1942, kerajaan-kerajaan kuasa yang lebih kecil mula memaksa majlis perang antar-kerajaan di Asia Pasifik, yang berpangkalan di Washington, D.C .. Majlis ditubuhkan di London, dengan sebuah badan subsidiari di Washington. Walau bagaimanapun, kuasa yang lebih kecil terus mendorong badan yang berpangkalan di Amerika. Majlis Perang Pasifik dibentuk di Washington, pada 1 April 1942, dengan Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt, penasihat utamanya, Harry Hopkins, dan wakil dari Britain, China, Australia, Belanda, New Zealand, dan Kanada. Wakil dari India dan Filipina kemudiannya ditambah. Majlis ini tidak pernah mempunyai sebarang kawalan operasi langsung, dan sebarang keputusan yang dibuat telah dirujuk kepada Ketua Staf Gabungan A.S.-UK, yang juga di Washington. Rintangan sekutu, pada mulanya simbolik, secara beransur-ansur mula mengeras. Pasukan Australia dan Belanda mengetuai orang awam dalam kempen gerila yang berlanjutan di Timor Portugis. <> Apakah presiden Amerika adalah ahli Majlis Perang Pasifik? || Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt <> Bilakah Majlis Perang Pasifik dibentuk di Washingto D.C.? || 1 April 1942 <> Siapa penasihat utama Presiden Roosevelt? || Harry Hopkins <> Di manakah Ketua Staf Gabungan A.S.-UK terletak? || Washington <> Di manakah kempen gerila Australia dan Belanda? || Timor Portugis", {"context": "In early 1942, the governments of smaller powers began to push for an inter-governmental Asia-Pacific war council, based in Washington, D.C.. A council was established in London, with a subsidiary body in Washington. However, the smaller powers continued to push for an American-based body. The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington, on 1 April 1942, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, his key advisor Harry Hopkins, and representatives from Britain, China, Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Canada. Representatives from India and the Philippines were later added. The council never had any direct operational control, and any decisions it made were referred to the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff, which was also in Washington. Allied resistance, at first symbolic, gradually began to stiffen. Australian and Dutch forces led civilians in a prolonged guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt"}], "question": "What American president was a member of the Pacific War Council?", "id": "5731fe53e17f3d14004225bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "1 April 1942"}], "question": "When was the Pacific War Council formed in Washingto D.C.?", "id": "5731fe53e17f3d14004225bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Harry Hopkins"}], "question": "Who was President Roosevelt's key advisor?", "id": "5731fe53e17f3d14004225bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "Washington"}], "question": "Where was the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff located?", "id": "5731fe53e17f3d14004225be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "Portuguese Timor"}], "question": "Where was the Australian and Dutch guerilla campaign led?", "id": "5731fe53e17f3d14004225bf"}]}], ["Seperti yang dijangka oleh Nimitz, armada Jepun tiba di Midway pada 4 Jun dan dilihat oleh pesawat peronda PBY. Nagumo menyerang mogok pertama terhadap Midway, sementara Fletcher melancarkan pesawatnya, terikat untuk pembawa Nagumo. Pada pukul 09:20, pesawat pembawa A.S. pertama tiba, pengebom torpedo TBD dari Hornet, tetapi serangan mereka tidak teratur dan tidak berkesan; terima kasih sebahagiannya untuk torpedo udara yang rosak, mereka gagal menjaringkan satu hit dan semua 15 telah dihapuskan dengan mempertahankan pejuang Zero. Pada 09:35, 15 TBD tambahan dari Enterprise menyerang yang mana 14 telah hilang, sekali lagi tanpa hits. Setakat ini, serangan Fletcher telah tidak teratur dan kelihatan tidak berkesan, tetapi mereka berjaya menarik pejuang pertahanan Nagumo ke paras laut di mana mereka membelanjakan sebahagian besar bahan bakar dan peluru mereka yang mengganti dua gelombang pengebom torpedo. Akibatnya, apabila pengebom menyelam A A tiba di ketinggian yang tinggi, Zeros kurang berkedudukan untuk mempertahankannya. Untuk membuat keadaan lebih buruk, empat syarikat penerbangan Nagumo telah terlepas dari pembentukan dalam usaha mereka untuk menghindari torpedo, mengurangkan kepekatan api anti pesawat. Kebimbangan Nagumo juga menimbulkan kekeliruan di atas kapal pengangkutnya. Berhubung dengan perlunya mogok kedua di Midway, tetapi juga berhati-hati tentang keperluan untuk menangani pembawa Amerika yang sekarang ia tahu berada di sekitar, Nagumo dua kali mengubah perintah memperlahankan pesawatnya. Akibatnya, pengebom menyelam Amerika menemui pengangkut Jepun dengan geladak mereka berlepis dengan amunisi ketika para kru bekerja dengan tergesa-gesa untuk melengkapkan semula kumpulan udara mereka dengan betul. <> Bilakah armada Jepun tiba di Midway? || 4 Jun <> Berapa banyak pengebom torpedo pembunuh TBD yang dipakai dari Hornet? || 15 <> Berapa kali Nagumo menukar pesanan untuk menyerang pesawatnya? || dua kali <> Berapa banyak syarikat penerbangan yang ada di Nagumo di Battle of Midway? || empat <> Apa yang ada pada geladak pesawat udara Jepun apabila penyerang di Amerika menyerang? || munitions", {"context": "As anticipated by Nimitz, the Japanese fleet arrived off Midway on 4 June and was spotted by PBY patrol aircraft. Nagumo executed a first strike against Midway, while Fletcher launched his aircraft, bound for Nagumo's carriers. At 09:20 the first U.S. carrier aircraft arrived, TBD Devastator torpedo bombers from Hornet, but their attacks were poorly coordinated and ineffectual; thanks in part to faulty aerial torpedoes, they failed to score a single hit and all 15 were wiped out by defending Zero fighters. At 09:35, 15 additional TBDs from Enterprise attacked in which 14 were lost, again with no hits. Thus far, Fletcher's attacks had been disorganized and seemingly ineffectual, but they succeeded in drawing Nagumo's defensive fighters down to sea level where they expended much of their fuel and ammunition repulsing the two waves of torpedo bombers. As a result, when U.S. dive bombers arrived at high altitude, the Zeros were poorly positioned to defend. To make matters worse, Nagumo's four carriers had drifted out of formation in their efforts to avoid torpedoes, reducing the concentration of their anti-aircraft fire. Nagumo's indecision had also created confusion aboard his carriers. Alerted to the need of a second strike on Midway, but also wary of the need to deal with the American carriers that he now knew were in the vicinity, Nagumo twice changed the arming orders for his aircraft. As a result, the American dive bombers found the Japanese carriers with their decks cluttered with munitions as the crews worked hastily to properly re-arm their air groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "4 June"}], "question": "When did the Japanese fleet arrive off Midway?", "id": "573204dab9d445190005e731"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many TBD Devastator torpedo bombers were lauched from the Hornet?", "id": "573204dab9d445190005e732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1360, "text": "twice"}], "question": "How many times did Nagumo change orders for arming his aircraft?", "id": "573204dab9d445190005e734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 999, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many carriers did Nagumo have at the Battle of Midway?", "id": "573204dab9d445190005e733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1509, "text": "munitions"}], "question": "What were on the decks of the Japanese aircraft carriers when the American dive bobers attacked?", "id": "573204dab9d445190005e735"}]}], ["Menjelang pertengahan 1942, orang Jepun mendapati diri mereka memegang kawasan luas dari Lautan Hindi ke Pasifik Tengah, walaupun mereka tidak mempunyai sumber untuk mempertahankan atau mempertahankannya. Selain itu, doktrin Gabungan Fleet tidak mencukupi untuk melaksanakan pertahanan \"halangan\" yang dicadangkan. Sebaliknya, Jepun memutuskan serangan tambahan di selatan dan Pasifik tengah. Walaupun dia mempunyai unsur kejutan di Pearl Harbor, penyusun kod Allied kini telah menghidupkan jadual. Mereka mendapati serangan telah dirancang terhadap Port Moresby; jika ia jatuh, Jepun akan mengawal laut ke utara dan barat Australia dan boleh mengasingkan negara. Pengangkut USS Lexington di bawah Admiral Fletcher menyertai USS Yorktown dan pasukan Amerika-Australia untuk menghentikan pendahuluan Jepun. Pertempuran Laut Koral yang ditimbulkan pada bulan Mei 1942, adalah pertempuran laut pertama di mana kapal-kapal yang terlibat tidak pernah melihat antara satu sama lain dan pesawat hanya digunakan untuk menyerang pasukan lawan. Walaupun Lexington telah tenggelam dan Yorktown mengalami kerosakan yang serius, Jepun kehilangan pengendali Sh\u014dh\u014d, dan mengalami kerosakan yang meluas terhadap Sh\u014dkaku dan kehilangan berat ke sayap udara Zuikaku, yang kedua-duanya gagal dalam operasi melawan Midway pada bulan berikutnya. Walaupun kerugian Allied lebih berat daripada Jepun, serangan ke atas Port Moresby telah digagalkan dan pasukan pencerobohan Jepun berbalik, kemenangan strategik bagi pihak Sekutu. Orang Jepun terpaksa meninggalkan percubaan mereka untuk mengasingkan Australia. Selain itu, Jepun tidak mempunyai keupayaan untuk menggantikan kerugian kapal, pesawat dan juruterbang terlatih. <> Apa pembawa Amerika menyertai USS Yorktown untuk menghentikan serangan Jepun di Port Moresby pada tahun 1942? || USS Lexington <> Apa laksamana adalah USS Lexington? || Admiral Fletcher <> Kapan pertempuran Peperangan Coral Laut? || Mei 1942 <> Apa pengangkut Jepun hilang dalam Pertempuran Laut Karang? || Sh\u014dh\u014d <> Apa pembawa Amerika telah tenggelam dalam Pertempuran Laut Koral? || Lexington", {"context": "By mid-1942, the Japanese found themselves holding a vast area from the Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific, even though they lacked the resources to defend or sustain it. Moreover, Combined Fleet doctrine was inadequate to execute the proposed \"barrier\" defence. Instead, Japan decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific. While she had the element of surprise at Pearl Harbor, Allied codebreakers had now turned the tables. They discovered an attack was planned against Port Moresby; if it fell, Japan would control the seas to the north and west of Australia and could isolate the country. The carrier USS Lexington under Admiral Fletcher joined USS Yorktown and an American-Australian task force to stop the Japanese advance. The resulting Battle of the Coral Sea, fought in May 1942, was the first naval battle in which ships involved never sighted each other and only aircraft were used to attack opposing forces. Although Lexington was sunk and Yorktown seriously damaged, the Japanese lost the carrier Sh\u014dh\u014d, and suffered extensive damage to Sh\u014dkaku and heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku, both of which missed the operation against Midway the following month. Although Allied losses were heavier than Japanese, the attack on Port Moresby was thwarted and the Japanese invasion force turned back, a strategic victory for the Allies. The Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia. Moreover, Japan lacked the capacity to replace losses in ships, planes and trained pilots.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "USS Lexington"}], "question": "What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942?", "id": "573201de0fdd8d15006c66d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Admiral Fletcher"}], "question": "What admiral was the USS Lexington under?", "id": "573201de0fdd8d15006c66da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "May 1942"}], "question": "When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought?", "id": "573201de0fdd8d15006c66db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1034, "text": "Sh\u014dh\u014d"}], "question": "What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea?", "id": "573201de0fdd8d15006c66dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 953, "text": "Lexington"}], "question": "What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea?", "id": "573201de0fdd8d15006c66dc"}]}], ["Dengan kuasa-kuasa Jepun dan Sekutu menduduki pelbagai bahagian pulau itu, sepanjang enam bulan berikut kedua-dua pihak menumpukkan sumber ke dalam pertempuran yang semakin meningkat dari pergeseran di darat, di laut, dan di langit. Sebilangan besar pesawat Jepun yang berpangkalan di Pasifik Selatan telah dipindahkan ke pertahanan Guadalcanal. Ramai yang hilang dalam banyak pertikaian dengan angkatan udara bersekutu yang berpangkalan di Henderson Field serta pesawat berasaskan pembawa. Sementara itu, tentera darat Jepun melancarkan serangan berulang terhadap kedudukan AS yang sangat mempertahankan di sekitar Henderson Field, di mana mereka mengalami kecelakaan yang mengejutkan. Untuk mengekalkan serangan-serangan ini, pembekalan semula dilakukan oleh konvoi Jepun, yang dinamakan \"Tokyo Express\" oleh Sekutu. Konvoi sering berhadapan dengan pertempuran malam dengan pasukan tentera laut di mana mereka membelanjakan kapal perosak yang IJN tidak mampu hilang. Pertempuran armada yang lebih lama yang melibatkan kapal-kapal yang lebih berat dan pertempuran kapal terbang siang hari mengakibatkan peregangan air berhampiran Guadalcanal menjadi dikenali sebagai \"Ironbottom Sound\" dari banyak kapal yang tenggelam di kedua-dua belah pihak. Walau bagaimanapun, pihak Sekutu jauh lebih mampu menggantikan kerugian ini. Akhirnya mengakui bahawa kempen untuk menawan semula Henderson Field dan Guadalcanal selamat semata-mata telah menjadi terlalu mahal untuk diteruskan, Jepun memindahkan pulau itu dan menarik balik pada bulan Februari 1943. Pada bulan keenam perang pergeseran, orang Jepun telah kehilangan akibat gagal melakukan kuasa yang mencukupi dalam masa yang mencukupi. <> Di mana kebanyakan pesawat Jepun di Pasifik Selatan dipindahkan untuk mempertahankan? || Guadalcanal <> Dimana serangan darat Jepun berulang kali? Henderson Field <> Apa yang dipanggil oleh sekutu konvoi Jepun membekalkan pasukan tanah menyerang Henderson Field? || \"Tokyo Express\" <> Apakah sebabnya nama \"Besi Ironbottom\" air membentangkan Guadalcanal baru? || banyak kapal tenggelam <> Bilakah orang Jepun enggan merampas semula Padang Henderson? || Februari 1943", {"context": "With Japanese and Allied forces occupying various parts of the island, over the following six months both sides poured resources into an escalating battle of attrition on land, at sea, and in the sky. Most of the Japanese aircraft based in the South Pacific were redeployed to the defense of Guadalcanal. Many were lost in numerous engagements with the Allied air forces based at Henderson Field as well as carrier based aircraft. Meanwhile, Japanese ground forces launched repeated attacks on heavily defended US positions around Henderson Field, in which they suffered appalling casualties. To sustain these offensives, resupply was carried out by Japanese convoys, termed the \"Tokyo Express\" by the Allies. The convoys often faced night battles with enemy naval forces in which they expended destroyers that the IJN could ill-afford to lose. Later fleet battles involving heavier ships and even daytime carrier battles resulted in a stretch of water near Guadalcanal becoming known as \"Ironbottom Sound\" from the multitude of ships sunk on both sides. However, the Allies were much better able to replace these losses. Finally recognizing that the campaign to recapture Henderson Field and secure Guadalcanal had simply become too costly to continue, the Japanese evacuated the island and withdrew in February 1943. In the sixth month war of attrition, the Japanese had lost as a result of failing to commit enough forces in sufficient time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Guadalcanal"}], "question": "Where were most of the Japanese aircraft in the South Pacific redeployed to defend?", "id": "57320f73e99e3014001e64a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "Henderson Field"}], "question": "Where did Japanese ground attack repeatedly?forces ", "id": "57320f73e99e3014001e64a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "\"Tokyo Express\""}], "question": "What did the Allies call the Japanese convoys supplying the ground forces attacking Henderson Field?", "id": "57320f73e99e3014001e64aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1012, "text": "the multitude of ships sunk"}], "question": "What was the reason for the name \"Ironbottom Sound\" of the water stretches new Guadalcanal?", "id": "57320f73e99e3014001e64ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1304, "text": "February 1943"}], "question": "When did the Japanese give up trying to recapture Henderson Field?", "id": "57320f73e99e3014001e64ac"}]}], ["Di China daratan, Bahagian ke-3, ke-6, dan ke-40 Jepun berkumpul di Yueyang dan maju ke selatan dalam tiga tiang dan menyeberangi Sungai Xinqiang, dan cuba sekali lagi menyeberangi Sungai Miluo untuk sampai ke Changsha. Pada bulan Januari 1942, pasukan China mendapat kemenangan di Changsha yang merupakan kejayaan Allied pertama terhadap Jepun.\nSelepas serangan Raid Doolittle, tentera Jepun melakukan penyapuan secara besar-besaran melalui Zhejiang dan Jiangxi China, yang kini dikenali sebagai Kempen Zhejiang-Jiangxi, dengan matlamat mencari ahli-ahli tentera Amerika yang masih hidup, memohon hukuman kepada orang Cina yang membantu mereka dan memusnahkan udara pangkalan. Operasi ini bermula pada 15 Mei 1942 dengan 40 batalion infantri dan 15-16 batalion artileri tetapi ditolak oleh tentera China pada bulan September. Semasa kempen ini, Tentera Jepun Imperial meninggalkan jejak kehancuran dan juga menyebarkan kolera, tifus, penyakit patogen dan disentri. Anggaran China meletakkan angka kematian pada 250,000 orang awam. Kira-kira 1,700 tentera Jepun mati daripada sejumlah 10,000 askar Jepun yang jatuh sakit dengan penyakit apabila serangan senjata biologi mereka sendiri pulih dengan kekuatan mereka sendiri.\nPada 2 November 1943, Isamu Yokoyama, komander Angkatan Tentera Ke-11 Jepun, mengerahkan bahagian ke-39, ke-58, ke-13, ke-3, ke-116 dan ke-68, sejumlah 100,000 pasukan untuk menyerang Changde dari China. Semasa Pertempuran Changde yang berlangsung selama tujuh minggu, orang-orang Cina memaksa Jepun untuk berperang melawan perang yang mahal. Walaupun tentera Jepun pada awalnya berjaya menawan bandar raya, bahagian 57 di China mampu memukul mereka cukup lama untuk bala bantuan untuk tiba dan mengelilingi orang Jepun. Tentera China kemudian memotong garis bekalan Jepun, memaksa mereka untuk berundur, di mana orang Cina mengejar musuh mereka. Semasa pertempuran, dalam keadaan terdesak, Jepun menggunakan senjata kimia.\nSelepas peristiwa penaklukan Jepun di Burma, terdapat kekacauan yang meluas di India timur, dan kebuluran yang bencana di Bengal, yang akhirnya mengakibatkan 3 juta kematian. Walau bagaimanapun, komunikasi dan komunikasi tidak mencukupi, pasukan British dan India mencuba serangan balas terhad di Burma pada awal 1943. Serangan serangan di Arakan gagal, manakala serangan jarak jauh yang dipasang oleh Chindits di bawah Brigadier Orde Wingate mengalami kerugian besar, tetapi telah dipublikasikan untuk meningkatkan semangat Allied. Ia juga menimbulkan tekanan kepada Jepun untuk melancarkan serangan besar-besaran pada tahun berikutnya. <> Di mana bahagian ke-40, ke-3, dan ke-6 beroperasi di China? || Yueyang <> Apa sungai pertama yang divisi Jepun ke-40, ke-3, dan ke-6 menyeberang sambil maju ke arah selatan? || Sungai Xinqiang <> Berapa banyak orang awam Cina dianggarkan telah meninggal semasa Kempen Zhejiang-Jiangxi Jepun? || 250,000 <> Apakah sungai yang divisyen Jepun ke-40, ke-3, dan ke-6 cuba menyeberangi untuk mencapai Changsha? || Sungai Miluo <> Yang memerintahkan Tentera ke-11 Imperial Jepun pada bulan November, 1943? || Isamu Yokoyama", {"context": "In mainland China, the Japanese 3rd, 6th, and 40th Divisions massed at Yueyang and advanced southward in three columns and crossed the Xinqiang River, and tried again to cross the Miluo River to reach Changsha. In January 1942, Chinese forces got a victory at Changsha which was the first Allied success against Japan.\nAfter the Doolittle Raid, the Japanese army conducted a massive sweep through Zhejiang and Jiangxi of China, now known as the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, with the goal of searching out the surviving American airmen, applying retribution on the Chinese who aided them and destroying air bases. This operation started on 15 May 1942 with 40 infantry battalions and 15\u201316 artillery battalions but was repelled by Chinese forces in September. During this campaign, The Imperial Japanese Army left behind a trail of devastation and had also spread cholera, typhoid, plague and dysentery pathogens. Chinese estimates put the death toll at 250,000 civilians. Around 1,700 Japanese troops died out of a total 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with disease when their own biological weapons attack rebounded on their own forces.\nOn 2 November 1943, Isamu Yokoyama, commander of the Imperial Japanese 11th Army, deployed the 39th, 58th, 13th, 3rd, 116th and 68th divisions, a grand total of around 100,000 troops, to attack Changde of China. During the seven-week Battle of Changde, the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. Although the Japanese army initially successfully captured the city, the Chinese 57th division was able to pin them down long enough for reinforcements to arrive and encircle the Japanese. The Chinese army then cut off the Japanese supply lines, forcing them into retreat, whereupon the Chinese pursued their enemy. During the battle, in an act of desperation, Japan used chemical weapons.\nIn the aftermath of the Japanese conquest of Burma, there was widespread disorder in eastern India, and a disastrous famine in Bengal, which ultimately caused up to 3 million deaths. In spite of these, and inadequate lines of communication, British and Indian forces attempted limited counter-attacks in Burma in early 1943. An offensive in Arakan failed, while a long distance raid mounted by the Chindits under Brigadier Orde Wingate suffered heavy losses, but was publicized to bolster Allied morale. It also provoked the Japanese to mount major offensives themselves the following year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Yueyang"}], "question": "Where were the 40th, 3rd, and 6th divisions massed at in China?", "id": "57321329e17f3d1400422669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Xinqiang River"}], "question": "What is the first river that the 40th, 3rd, and 6th Japanese divisions crossed while advancing southward?", "id": "57321329e17f3d140042266a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 951, "text": "250,000"}], "question": "How many Chinese civilians were estimated to have died during the Japanese Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign?", "id": "57321329e17f3d140042266c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Miluo River"}], "question": "What is the river that the 40th, 3rd, and 6th Japanese divisions tried crossing to reach Changsha?", "id": "57321329e17f3d140042266b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1162, "text": "Isamu Yokoyama"}], "question": "Who commanded the Imperial Japanese 11th Army on November, 1943?", "id": "57321329e17f3d140042266d"}]}], ["Kapal selam A.S. menyumbang 56% daripada peniaga Jepun yang tenggelam; lombong atau kapal terbang memusnahkan kebanyakan yang lain. Submariners AS juga menuntut 28% kapal perang Jepun dimusnahkan. Tambahan pula, mereka memainkan peranan peninjauan penting, seperti pertempuran di Laut Filipina (Jun 1944) dan Teluk Leyte (Oktober 1944) (dan secara kebetulan, [klarifikasi diperlukan] di Midway pada bulan Jun 1942), apabila mereka memberi amaran yang tepat dan tepat pada masanya daripada pendekatan armada Jepun. Kapal selam juga menyelamatkan beratus-ratus pelarian jatuh, termasuk presiden A.S. George H.W. Bush. <> Berapa peratus daripada peniaga Jepun yang tenggelam oleh kapal selam A.S.? || 56% <> Berapa peratuskah kapal perang Jepun telah tenggelam oleh kapal selam A.S.? || 28% <> Apa presiden A.S. masa depan diselamatkan oleh kapal selam? || George H.W. Bush <> Apa salah satu peranan dasar kapal selam yang dimainkan dalam perang? || peranan peninjauan", {"context": "U.S. submarines accounted for 56% of the Japanese merchantmen sunk; mines or aircraft destroyed most of the rest. US submariners also claimed 28% of Japanese warships destroyed. Furthermore, they played important reconnaissance roles, as at the battles of the Philippine Sea (June 1944) and Leyte Gulf (October 1944) (and, coincidentally,[clarification needed] at Midway in June 1942), when they gave accurate and timely warning of the approach of the Japanese fleet. Submarines also rescued hundreds of downed fliers, including future U.S. president George H.W. Bush.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "56%"}], "question": "What percentage of Japanese merchantmen were sunk by U.S. submarines?", "id": "573218e70fdd8d15006c679d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "28%"}], "question": "What percentage of Japanese warships were sunk by U.S. submarines?", "id": "573218e70fdd8d15006c679e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "George H.W. Bush"}], "question": "What future U.S. president was rescued by a submarine?", "id": "573218e70fdd8d15006c679f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "reconnaissance roles"}], "question": "What was one of the important roles submarine played in the war?", "id": "573218e70fdd8d15006c67a0"}]}], ["Midway terbukti menjadi pertempuran angkatan laut terakhir yang terakhir selama dua tahun. Amerika Syarikat menggunakan tempoh berikutnya untuk menjadikan potensi perindustriannya yang luas menjadi peningkatan jumlah kapal, pesawat, dan kapal terbang terlatih. Pada masa yang sama, Jepun, tidak mempunyai asas perindustrian atau strategi teknologi yang mencukupi, program latihan kapal udara yang baik, atau sumber laut angkatan laut dan pertahanan perdagangan yang mencukupi, jatuh lebih jauh dan jauh di belakang. Dalam istilah strategik, Sekutu memulakan pergerakan panjang di seluruh Pasifik, merampas satu pangkalan pulau demi satu. Tidak semua kubu Jepun harus ditangkap; sesetengah orang, seperti Truk, Rabaul, dan Formosa, telah dinetralkan oleh serangan udara dan dipintas. Matlamatnya adalah untuk mendekati Jepun sendiri, kemudian melancarkan serangan udara strategik besar-besaran, meningkatkan sekatan kapal selam, dan akhirnya (hanya jika perlu) melaksanakan serangan. <> Apakah Amerika Syarikat menjadikannya industri dalam dua tahun untuk melancarkan Pertempuran Midway? || meningkatnya bilangan kapal, pesawat, dan pesawat udara terlatih <> Bagaimana kubu-kubu Jepun yang dilalui menetralkan? || serangan udara <> Apa sekatan terhadap Jepun untuk diperbaiki? || sekatan kapal selam", {"context": "Midway proved to be the last great naval battle for two years. The United States used the ensuing period to turn its vast industrial potential into increased numbers of ships, planes, and trained aircrew. At the same time, Japan, lacking an adequate industrial base or technological strategy, a good aircrew training program, or adequate naval resources and commerce defense, fell further and further behind. In strategic terms the Allies began a long movement across the Pacific, seizing one island base after another. Not every Japanese stronghold had to be captured; some, like Truk, Rabaul, and Formosa, were neutralized by air attack and bypassed. The goal was to get close to Japan itself, then launch massive strategic air attacks, improve the submarine blockade, and finally (only if necessary) execute an invasion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "increased numbers of ships, planes, and trained aircrew"}], "question": "What did the United States turn it's industry to in the two years folloing the Battle of Midway?", "id": "573216a9e99e3014001e64ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "air attack"}], "question": "How were the bypassed Japanese strongholds neutralized?", "id": "573216a9e99e3014001e64ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "submarine blockade"}], "question": "What blockade against Japan  was to be improved on?", "id": "573216a9e99e3014001e64ee"}]}], ["Orang Jepun bertindak balas terhadap serangan Allied dengan melancarkan serangan mereka ke India pada pertengahan bulan Mac, melintasi sempadan pergunungan dan padat yang berhutan. Serangan ini, yang diberi nama Operation U-Go, dianjurkan oleh Leftenan Jeneral Renya Mutaguchi, komander yang baru digalakkan oleh Tentara Lima Puluh Jepun; Ibu Pejabat Jeneral Imperial membenarkannya untuk meneruskan, meskipun terdapat keraguan di beberapa ibu pejabat intervensi. Walaupun beberapa unit British Tentera Keempatbelas terpaksa melawan jalan keluar dari penjara, pada awal April mereka menumpukan perhatian di sekitar Imphal di Manipur. Bahagian Jepun yang telah maju ke Kohima di Nagaland memotong jalan utama ke Imphal, tetapi gagal menangkap seluruh pertahanan di Kohima. Pada bulan April, serangan Jepun terhadap Imphal gagal, manakala formasi Sekutu yang segar mendorong Jepun dari kedudukan yang mereka telah ditangkap di Kohima. <> Berapa bulan Jepun melancarkan serangan ke India? || Mac <> Yang memerintahkan Tentara Abad ke-15 dalam Operasi U-Go? || Leftenan Jeneral Renya Mutaguchi <> Di mana orang Jepun maju? || Kohima di Nagaland <> Apa yang dipotong Jepun? || jalan utama ke Imphal <> Apa yang Jepun gagal menangkap? || pertahanan di Kohima", {"context": "The Japanese responded to the Allied attacks by launching an offensive of their own into India in the middle of March, across the mountainous and densely forested frontier. This attack, codenamed Operation U-Go, was advocated by Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi, the recently promoted commander of the Japanese Fifteenth Army; Imperial General Headquarters permitted it to proceed, despite misgivings at several intervening headquarters. Although several units of the British Fourteenth Army had to fight their way out of encirclement, by early April they had concentrated around Imphal in Manipur state. A Japanese division which had advanced to Kohima in Nagaland cut the main road to Imphal, but failed to capture the whole of the defences at Kohima. During April, the Japanese attacks against Imphal failed, while fresh Allied formations drove the Japanese from the positions they had captured at Kohima.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "March"}], "question": "What month did the Japanese launch an offensive into India?", "id": "5732253be99e3014001e6558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi"}], "question": "Who commanded the Japanese Fifteenth Army in Operation U-Go?", "id": "5732253be99e3014001e6559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Kohima in Nagaland"}], "question": "Where had the Japanese advanced to?", "id": "5732253be99e3014001e655a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "main road to Imphal"}], "question": "What did the Japanese cut?", "id": "5732253be99e3014001e655b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "defences at Kohima"}], "question": "What had the Japanese failed to capture?", "id": "5732253be99e3014001e655c"}]}], ["Tentera Laut A.S., sebaliknya, bergantung pada perdagangan yang menyerang dari awal. Walau bagaimanapun, masalah pasukan Sekutu yang dikelilingi Filipina, pada awal 1942, menyebabkan pengalihan bot ke misi \"kapal selam gerila\". Selain itu, mendarat di Australia meletakkan bot di bawah ancaman udara Jepun semasa dalam perjalanan ke kawasan rondaan, mengurangkan keberkesanannya, dan Nimitz bergantung pada kapal selam untuk mengawasi pangkalan musuh. Tambahan pula, terbitan standard Mark 14 torpedo dan peledak Mark VInya kedua-duanya membuktikan rosak, masalah yang tidak diperbetulkan sehingga September 1943. Walau bagaimanapun, sebelum perang, seorang pegawai Kastam AS yang tidak diketahui telah merampas satu salinan koduri laut saudagar Jepun (dipanggil \"kod maru\" di USN), tidak mengetahui bahawa Pejabat Perisikan Tentera Laut (ONI) telah melanggarnya. Orang Jepun mengubahnya dengan segera, dan kod baru itu tidak dipecahkan lagi oleh OP-20G hingga 1943. <> Apa yang Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat bergantung? || perdagangan menyerang <> Apa yang membawa kepada misi kapal selam gerila pada awal tahun 1942? || Pasukan bersekutu yang dikelilingi Filipina <> Apa yang Admiral Nimitze bergantung kepada kapal selam? || pengawasan dekat pangkalan musuh <> Bilakah masalah torpedo yang cacat Tentera Laut AS diperbetulkan? || September 1943 <> Apakah \"kod maru\"? || Kod maritim saudagar Jepun", {"context": "The U.S. Navy, by contrast, relied on commerce raiding from the outset. However, the problem of Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines, during the early part of 1942, led to diversion of boats to \"guerrilla submarine\" missions. As well, basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while en route to patrol areas, reducing their effectiveness, and Nimitz relied on submarines for close surveillance of enemy bases. Furthermore, the standard-issue Mark 14 torpedo and its Mark VI exploder both proved defective, problems which were not corrected until September 1943. Worst of all, before the war, an uninformed US Customs officer had seized a copy of the Japanese merchant marine code (called the \"maru code\" in the USN), not knowing that the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) had broken it. The Japanese promptly changed it, and the new code was not broken again by OP-20G until 1943.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "commerce raiding"}], "question": "What did the US Navy rely on?", "id": "57321ec20fdd8d15006c67c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines"}], "question": "What led to guerrilla submarine missions in early 1942?", "id": "57321ec20fdd8d15006c67c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "close surveillance of enemy bases"}], "question": "What did Admiral Nimitze rely on submarines for?", "id": "57321ec20fdd8d15006c67c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "September 1943"}], "question": "When were the defective torpedo problems of the US Navy corrected?", "id": "57321ec20fdd8d15006c67c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "Japanese merchant marine code"}], "question": "What was the \"maru code\"?", "id": "57321ec20fdd8d15006c67c7"}]}], ["Kapal selam bersekutu tidak menggunakan postur pertahanan dan menunggu musuh menyerang. Dalam beberapa jam selepas serangan Pearl Harbor, sebagai balasan terhadap Jepun, Roosevelt mengumumkan doktrin baru: perang kapal selam tanpa batasan terhadap Jepun. Ini bermakna tenggelam mana-mana kapal perang, kapal dagang atau kapal penumpang di perairan Axis, tanpa amaran dan tanpa bantuan kepada orang yang selamat. [Nb 13] Pada pecahnya perang di Pasifik, Laksamana Belanda yang bertanggungjawab terhadap pertahanan tentera laut Hindia Timur, Conrad Helfrich, memberi arahan untuk berperang dengan agresif. Kapal kecil kapal selamnya tenggelam lebih banyak kapal Jepun pada minggu-minggu pertama peperangan daripada seluruh angkatan laut British dan AS bersama-sama, eksploitasi yang membuatnya menjadi gelaran \"Ship-a-day Helfrich\". Pasukan Belanda sebenarnya adalah yang pertama untuk menenggelamkan kapal perang musuh; Pada 24 Disember 1941, HNLMS K XVI torpedoed dan tenggelam pemusnah Jepun Sagiri. <> Doktrin apa yang diberikan Roosevelt untuk kapal selam melawan Jepun? || perang bawah kapal tanpa batasan <> Siapa Laksamana Belanda yang bertanggungjawab terhadap Hindia Timur? || Conrad Helfrich <> Apa nama panggilan yang diberikan kepada Laksamana Belanda yang bertanggungjawab terhadap Hindia Timur? || \"Helfrich kapal-hari\" <> Apakah kapal perang Jepun yang pertama akan ditenggelami oleh kapal selam? || Sagiri <> Bilakah kapal perang Jepun yang pertama tenggelam oleh kapal selam? || 24 Disember 1941", {"context": "Allied submarines did not adopt a defensive posture and wait for the enemy to attack. Within hours after the Pearl Harbor attack, in retribution against Japan, Roosevelt promulgated a new doctrine: unrestricted submarine warfare against Japan. This meant sinking any warship, commercial vessel, or passenger ship in Axis-controlled waters, without warning and without help to survivors.[nb 13] At the outbreak of the war in the Pacific the Dutch Admiral in charge of the naval defense of the East Indies, Conrad Helfrich, gave instructions to wage war aggressively. His small force of submarines sank more Japanese ships in the first weeks of the war than the entire British and US navies together, an exploit which earned him the nickname \"Ship-a-day Helfrich\". The Dutch force were in fact the first to sink an enemy warship; On 24 December 1941, HNLMS K XVI torpedoed and sank the Japanese destroyer Sagiri.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "unrestricted submarine warfare"}], "question": "What doctrine did Roosevelt give for submarines against Japan?", "id": "57321a7fb9d445190005e7eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Conrad Helfrich"}], "question": "Who was the Dutch Admiral in charge of the East Indies?", "id": "57321a7fb9d445190005e7ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "\"Ship-a-day Helfrich\""}], "question": "What was the nickname given to the Dutch Admiral in charge of the East Indies?", "id": "57321a7fb9d445190005e7ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 903, "text": "Sagiri"}], "question": "What was the first Japanese warship to be sunk by submarine?", "id": "57321a7fb9d445190005e7ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "24 December 1941"}], "question": "When was the first Japanese warship sunk by a submarine?", "id": "57321a7fb9d445190005e7ef"}]}], ["Kapal selam A.S., serta beberapa kapal British dan Belanda yang beroperasi dari pangkalan di Cavite di Filipina (1941-42); Fremantle dan Brisbane, Australia; Pelabuhan Mutiara; Trincomalee, Ceylon; Midway; dan kemudiannya Guam, memainkan peranan utama dalam mengalahkan Jepun, walaupun kapal selam membentuk sebahagian kecil daripada tentera Sekutu-kurang daripada dua peratus dalam kes Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat. Kapal selam mencekik Jepun dengan menenggelamkan armada dagangnya, memintas banyak pengangkutan tentera, dan memotong hampir semua import minyak yang penting untuk pengeluaran senjata dan operasi ketenteraan. Menjelang awal tahun 1945 bekalan minyak Jepun sangat terhad sehingga armadanya hampir terkandas. <> Apakah kapal selam tenggelam kapal Jepun lakukan? || Jepun dicekik <> Apa jenis kapal yang menjadi sebahagian daripada peranan utama dalam mengalahkan Jepun? || kapal selam <> Sebanyak peratus kapal selam di Amerika Syarikat memerangi Jepun? || dua peratus <> Apa yang terjadi pada armada Jepun ketika hampir semua impor minyak dipotong? || hampir terkandas", {"context": "U.S. submarines, as well as some British and Dutch vessels, operating from bases at Cavite in the Philippines (1941\u201342); Fremantle and Brisbane, Australia; Pearl Harbor; Trincomalee, Ceylon; Midway; and later Guam, played a major role in defeating Japan, even though submarines made up a small proportion of the Allied navies\u2014less than two percent in the case of the US Navy. Submarines strangled Japan by sinking its merchant fleet, intercepting many troop transports, and cutting off nearly all the oil imports essential to weapons production and military operations. By early 1945 Japanese oil supplies were so limited that its fleet was virtually stranded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "strangled Japan"}], "question": "What did submarines sinking Japanese ships do?", "id": "573217e8e17f3d140042267f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "submarines"}], "question": "What type of vessels were part of a major role in defeating Japan?", "id": "573217e8e17f3d140042267d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "two percent"}], "question": "What percent did submarines make up in the US Navy fighting Japan?", "id": "573217e8e17f3d140042267e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "virtually stranded"}], "question": "What happened to the Japanese fleet when nearly all oil imports were cut off?", "id": "573217e8e17f3d1400422680"}]}], ["Selepas kekalahan Allied pada tahun 1943, komando Asia Tenggara bersedia untuk melancarkan serangan ke Burma di beberapa bidang. Pada bulan pertama tahun 1944, tentera-tentera Cina dan Amerika Utara Komando Kawasan Pertempuran Utara (NCAC), yang diperintahkan oleh Joseph Joseph Stilwell, mula memperluas Ledo Road dari India ke utara Burma, sementara Kor XV mula maju di sepanjang pantai di Wilayah Arakan. Pada Februari 1944, Jepun melancarkan serangan balas tempatan di Arakan. Selepas kejayaan Jepun awal, serangan balas ini dikalahkan apabila bahagian XV Corps India berdiri teguh, bergantung kepada pesawat untuk mengurangkan bekalan ke unit terpencil sehingga bahagian simpanan dapat melegakan mereka. <> Apa perisikan yang disusun ke Burma selepas sekatan Allied pada tahun 1943? || Perintah Asia Tenggara <> Yang memimpin tentera China dan Amerika untuk NCAC? || Joseph Stilwell <> Jalan mana yang NCAC dilanjutkan ke utara Burma? || Jalan Ledo <> Yang maju di pesisir pantai Arakan? || XV Corps <> Siapa yang membuat pesawat drop supplies ke unit terpencil sehingga mereka dapat lega? || XV Corps", {"context": "After the Allied setbacks in 1943, the South East Asia command prepared to launch offensives into Burma on several fronts. In the first months of 1944, the Chinese and American troops of the Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC), commanded by the American Joseph Stilwell, began extending the Ledo Road from India into northern Burma, while the XV Corps began an advance along the coast in the Arakan Province. In February 1944 the Japanese mounted a local counter-attack in the Arakan. After early Japanese success, this counter-attack was defeated when the Indian divisions of XV Corps stood firm, relying on aircraft to drop supplies to isolated forward units until reserve divisions could relieve them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "South East Asia command"}], "question": "What command prepared offensives into Burma after the Allied setbacks in 1943?", "id": "573223b8b9d445190005e833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Joseph Stilwell"}], "question": "Who led Chinese and American troops for NCAC?", "id": "573223b8b9d445190005e834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Ledo Road"}], "question": "What road did the NCAC extend into northern Burma?", "id": "573223b8b9d445190005e835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "XV Corps"}], "question": "Who advanced aling the Arakan Province coast?", "id": "573223b8b9d445190005e836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "XV Corps"}], "question": "Who did aircraft drop supplies to isolated units until they could be relieved?", "id": "573223b8b9d445190005e837"}]}], ["Walaupun Jepun mempunyai sejumlah besar kapal selam, mereka tidak memberi impak yang besar terhadap perang. Pada tahun 1942, kapal selam Jepun berjaya, mengetuk atau merosakkan banyak kapal perang Sekutu. Walau bagaimanapun, doktrin Tentera Laut Jepun Imperial (dan pra-perang A.S.) menetapkan bahawa hanya pertempuran armada, bukan guerre de (perdagangan serangan) boleh memenangi kempen tentera laut. Jadi, sementara Amerika Syarikat mempunyai garis penawaran yang luar biasa antara pantai barat dan kawasan-kawasan garis depan, menjadikannya terdedah kepada serangan kapal selam, Jepun menggunakan kapal selamnya terutamanya untuk peninjauan jarak jauh dan hanya kadang-kadang menyerang garis bekalan A.S.. Serangan kapal selam Jepun terhadap Australia pada tahun 1942 dan 1943 juga sedikit. <> Doktrin apa yang menyatakan bahawa hanya pertempuran armada yang dapat memenangi kempen angkatan laut? || Tentera Laut Jepun Imperial <> Apakah serangan perniagaan yang dirujuk sebagai? || guerre de course <> Apa gunanya kapal selam Jepun? || peninjauan jarak jauh <> Bilakah serangan kapal selam Jepun terhadap Australia? || 1942 dan 1943 <> Apa yang menyerang kapal selam Jepun terhadap Austrailia? || sedikit", {"context": "While Japan had a large number of submarines, they did not make a significant impact on the war. In 1942, the Japanese fleet subs performed well, knocking out or damaging many Allied warships. However, Imperial Japanese Navy (and pre-war U.S.) doctrine stipulated that only fleet battles, not guerre de course (commerce raiding) could win naval campaigns. So, while the US had an unusually long supply line between its west coast and frontline areas, leaving it vulnerable to submarine attack, Japan used its submarines primarily for long-range reconnaissance and only occasionally attacked U.S. supply lines. The Japanese submarine offensive against Australia in 1942 and 1943 also achieved little.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Imperial Japanese Navy"}], "question": "What doctrine stated that only fleet battles could win naval campaigns?", "id": "57321d690fdd8d15006c67af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "guerre de course"}], "question": "What was commerce raiding refered to as?", "id": "57321d690fdd8d15006c67b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "long-range reconnaissance"}], "question": "What was the primary use of Japanese submarines?", "id": "57321d690fdd8d15006c67b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "1942 and 1943"}], "question": "When was the Japanese submarine offensive against Australia?", "id": "57321d690fdd8d15006c67b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "little"}], "question": "What did the Japanese submarine offensive against Austrailia achieve?", "id": "57321d690fdd8d15006c67b3"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan 1944 Jepun menggerakkan lebih 500,000 orang dan melancarkan operasi besar-besaran di seluruh China di bawah nama kod Operasi Ichi-Go, serangan terbesar mereka pada Perang Dunia II, dengan matlamat menghubungkan wilayah terkawal Jepun di China dan Perancis Indochina dan menangkap bas udara di tenggara China di mana pengebom Amerika berpusat. Pada masa ini, banyak unit dan bekalan Cina yang terlatih baru di Amerika telah dikunci secara paksa di teater Burma di bawah Joseph Stilwell berdasarkan terma Perjanjian Lend-Sewa. Walaupun Jepun menderita kira-kira 100,000 korban, serangan ini, yang paling besar dalam beberapa tahun, mendapat banyak alasan untuk Jepun sebelum pasukan China menghentikan serangan di Guangxi. Meskipun terdapat kemenangan taktikal yang besar, keseluruhan operasi gagal memberi Jepun keuntungan yang signifikan. Sebahagian besar pasukan China dapat berundur dari kawasan itu, dan kemudian kembali menyerang kedudukan Jepun seperti Pertempuran Hunan Barat. Jepun tidak lebih dekat dalam mengalahkan China selepas operasi ini, dan kekalahan berterusan Jepun yang dialami di Pasifik bermakna Jepun tidak pernah mendapat masa dan sumber yang diperlukan untuk mencapai kemenangan terakhir ke atas China. Operasi Ichi-go mencetuskan kekeliruan sosial di kawasan-kawasan di China yang terjejas. Gerila Komunis China dapat mengeksploitasi kekeliruan ini untuk mendapatkan pengaruh dan kawalan ke kawasan yang lebih besar di desa selepas Ichi-go. <> Apakah nama kod untuk serangan pertengahan 1944 di seluruh China? || Operasi Ichi-Go <> Di mana orang Cina menghentikan operasi Operasi Ichi-Go? || Guangxi <> Apakah serangan Jepun terbesar dalam Perang Dunia II? || Operasi Ichi-Go <> Siapa yang dapat memanfaatkan kekeliruan sosial yang dicipta oleh Operasi Ichi-Go? || Gerombolan Komunis Cina <> Berapa banyak mangsa yang menderita Jepun semasa Operasi Ichi-Go? || kira-kira 100,000", {"context": "In mid-1944 Japan mobilized over 500,000 men  and launched a massive operation across China under the code name Operation Ichi-Go, their largest offensive of World War II, with the goal of connecting Japanese-controlled territory in China and French Indochina and capturing airbases in southeastern China where American bombers were based. During this time, many of the newest American-trained Chinese units and supplies were forcibly locked in the Burmese theater under Joseph Stilwell set by terms of the Lend-Lease Agreement. Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties, these attacks, the biggest in several years, gained much ground for Japan before Chinese forces stopped the incursions in Guangxi. Despite major tactical victories, the operation overall failed to provide Japan with any significant strategic gains. A great majority of the Chinese forces were able to retreat out of the area, and later come back to attack Japanese positions such as Battle of West Hunan. Japan was not any closer in defeating China after this operation, and the constant defeats the Japanese suffered in the Pacific meant that Japan never got the time and resources needed to achieve final victory over China. Operation Ichi-go created a great sense of social confusion in the areas of China that it affected. Chinese Communist guerrillas were able to exploit this confusion to gain influence and control of greater areas of the countryside in the aftermath of Ichi-go.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Operation Ichi-Go"}], "question": "What was the code name for the mid-1944 offensive across China?", "id": "573221bb0fdd8d15006c67e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "Guangxi"}], "question": "Where did the Chinese stop the Operation Ichi-Go incursion?", "id": "573221bb0fdd8d15006c67e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Operation Ichi-Go"}], "question": "What was the largest Japanese offensive in World War II?", "id": "573221bb0fdd8d15006c67e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1304, "text": "Chinese Communist guerrillas"}], "question": "Who was able to take advantage of the social confusion created by Operation Ichi-Go?", "id": "573221bb0fdd8d15006c67e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "about 100,000"}], "question": "How many casualties did the Japanese suffer during Operation Ichi-Go?", "id": "573221bb0fdd8d15006c67e5"}]}], ["Oleh itu, hanya pada tahun 1944 Tentera Laut A.S. mula menggunakan 150 kapal selam untuk memberi kesan maksimum: memasang radar kapal kapal yang berkesan, menggantikan para komander yang dianggap kurang agresif, dan memperbaiki kesalahan dalam torpedo. Perlindungan perdagangan Jepun adalah \"tanpa peralihan tanpa penjelasan,\" [nb 14] dan konvoi kurang teratur dan mempertahankan berbanding dengan orang yang bersekutu, produk doktrin IJN yang cacat dan latihan - kesilapan yang disembunyikan oleh kesalahan Amerika seperti terlalu percaya diri orang Jepun. Bilangan kapal rampasan kapal selam AS (dan sinki) meningkat tajam: 350 patrol (180 kapal tenggelam) pada tahun 1942, 350 (335) pada tahun 1943, dan 520 (603) pada tahun 1944. Menjelang tahun 1945, sasaran berani menceburkan diri di laut tinggi. Secara keseluruhan, kapal selam Allied memusnahkan 1,200 kapal dagang - kira-kira lima juta tan penghantaran. Kebanyakannya adalah pengangkut kargo kecil, tetapi 124 adalah kapal tangki yang membawa minyak yang sangat diperlukan dari Hindia Timur. Satu lagi 320 adalah kapal penumpang dan pengangkutan tentera. Pada peringkat kritikal kempen Guadalcanal, Saipan, dan Leyte, beribu-ribu tentera Jepun dibunuh atau dialihkan dari mana mereka diperlukan. Lebih 200 kapal perang telah tenggelam, dari banyak pembantu dan kapal perosak hingga satu kapal perang dan tidak kurang daripada lapan pembawa. <> Bilakah Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat mula menggunakan kapal selam untuk kesan maksimum? || 1944 <> Berapa banyak kapal Jepun yang tenggelam pada tahun 1942 oleh kapal selam Amerika Syarikat? || 180 <> Berapa banyak kapal dagang Jepun yang kapal selam Sekutu tenggelam semasa perang? || 1,200 <> Berapa banyak kapal pengangkut Jepun yang tenggelam semasa perang? || lapan <> Berapa banyak kapal Jepun yang tenggelam pada tahun 1944 oleh kapal selam Amerika Syarikat? || 603", {"context": "Thus, only in 1944 did the U.S. Navy begin to use its 150 submarines to maximum effect: installing effective shipboard radar, replacing commanders deemed lacking in aggression, and fixing the faults in the torpedoes. Japanese commerce protection was \"shiftless beyond description,\"[nb 14] and convoys were poorly organized and defended compared to Allied ones, a product of flawed IJN doctrine and training \u2013 errors concealed by American faults as much as Japanese overconfidence. The number of U.S. submarines patrols (and sinkings) rose steeply: 350 patrols (180 ships sunk) in 1942, 350 (335) in 1943, and 520 (603) in 1944. By 1945, sinkings of Japanese vessels had decreased because so few targets dared to venture out on the high seas. In all, Allied submarines destroyed 1,200 merchant ships \u2013 about five million tons of shipping. Most were small cargo-carriers, but 124 were tankers bringing desperately needed oil from the East Indies. Another 320 were passenger ships and troop transports. At critical stages of the Guadalcanal, Saipan, and Leyte campaigns, thousands of Japanese troops were killed or diverted from where they were needed. Over 200 warships were sunk, ranging from many auxiliaries and destroyers to one battleship and no fewer than eight carriers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "1944"}], "question": "When did the US Navy begin to use it's submarines to maximum effect?", "id": "5732201b0fdd8d15006c67d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "180"}], "question": "How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1942 by United States submarines?", "id": "5732201b0fdd8d15006c67d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "1,200"}], "question": "How many Japanese merchant ships did Allied submarines sink during the war?", "id": "5732201b0fdd8d15006c67d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1260, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many Japanese carriers were sunk during the war?", "id": "5732201b0fdd8d15006c67da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "603"}], "question": "How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1944 by United States submarines?", "id": "5732201b0fdd8d15006c67db"}]}], ["Seperti yang banyak dikhuatiri oleh Jepun, aturan bekalan Jepun tidak dapat mengekalkan tenteranya. Apabila harapan Mutaguchi untuk kemenangan awal telah digagalkan, pasukannya, terutamanya yang di Kohima, kelaparan. Pada bulan Mei, sementara Mutaguchi terus memerintahkan serangan, pihak Allies maju ke arah selatan dari Kohima dan ke utara dari Imphal. Dua serangan Allied bertemu pada 22 Jun, memecah pengepungan Jepun Imphal. Jepun akhirnya mematahkan operasi pada 3 Julai. Mereka telah kehilangan lebih daripada 50,000 tentera, terutamanya untuk kebuluran dan penyakit. Ini mewakili kekalahan paling buruk yang dialami oleh Tentera Jepun pada tarikh itu. [Rujukan?] <> Apa yang berlaku kepada pasukan Mutaguchi? || kelaparan <> Bilakah pengepungan Jepun Imphal pecah? || 22 Jun <> Berapa ramai tentera Jepun kehilangan? || 50,000 <> Apa sebab utama kematian tentera Jepun? || kelaparan dan penyakit", {"context": "As many Japanese had feared, Japan's supply arrangements could not maintain her forces. Once Mutaguchi's hopes for an early victory were thwarted, his troops, particularly those at Kohima, starved. During May, while Mutaguchi continued to order attacks, the Allies advanced southwards from Kohima and northwards from Imphal. The two Allied attacks met on 22 June, breaking the Japanese siege of Imphal. The Japanese finally broke off the operation on 3 July. They had lost over 50,000 troops, mainly to starvation and disease. This represented the worst defeat suffered by the Japanese Army to that date.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "starved"}], "question": "What happened to Mutaguchi's troops?", "id": "573225ede99e3014001e6562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "22 June"}], "question": "When was the Japanese siege of Imphal broken?", "id": "573225ede99e3014001e6563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "How many troops had the Japanese lost?", "id": "573225ede99e3014001e6564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "starvation and disease"}], "question": "What was the main cause of death of the Japanese troops?", "id": "573225ede99e3014001e6565"}]}], ["Sho-1 memanggil pasukan V. Adm Jisaburo Ozawa untuk menggunakan pasukan pengangkut yang mudah terdedah untuk memikat Armada ke-3 AS dari Leyte dan mengeluarkan penutup udara dari pasukan pendaratan Sekutu, yang kemudiannya akan diserang dari barat oleh tiga pasukan Jepun : V. Adm. Pasukan Takeo Kurita akan memasuki Teluk Leyte dan menyerang pasukan pendaratan; R. Adm. Kekuatan Shoji Nishimura dan pasukan V. Adm. Kiyohide Shima akan bertindak sebagai pasukan mogok bergerak. Pelan itu mungkin akan mengakibatkan kemusnahan satu atau lebih pasukan Jepun, tetapi Toyoda membenarkannya dengan mengatakan bahawa tidak ada gunanya menyelamatkan armada dan kehilangan Filipina. <> Siapa yang akan memasuki Teluk Leyte untuk menyerang pasukan pendaratan Sekutu? || V. Adm Takeo Kurita <> Berapa banyak pasukan Jepun mungkin akan dimusnahkan? || satu atau lebih <> Apa nama rancangan itu di mana pasukan Ozawa akan memikat Armada Ketiga A.S. dari Leyte? || Sho-1", {"context": "Sho-1 called for V. Adm. Jisaburo Ozawa's force to use an apparently vulnerable carrier force to lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte and remove air cover from the Allied landing forces, which would then be attacked from the west by three Japanese forces: V. Adm. Takeo Kurita's force would enter Leyte Gulf and attack the landing forces; R. Adm. Shoji Nishimura's force and V. Adm. Kiyohide Shima's force would act as mobile strike forces. The plan was likely to result in the destruction of one or more of the Japanese forces, but Toyoda justified it by saying that there would be no sense in saving the fleet and losing the Philippines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "V. Adm. Takeo Kurita"}], "question": "Who would enter Leyte Gulf to attack the Allied landing forces?", "id": "5732310c0fdd8d15006c6832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "one or more"}], "question": "How many Japanese forces were likely to be destroyed?", "id": "5732310c0fdd8d15006c6833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sho-1"}], "question": "What was the namee of the plan where Ozawa's force would lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte?", "id": "5732310c0fdd8d15006c6831"}]}], ["Walaupun kemajuan di Arakan telah dihentikan untuk melepaskan tentera dan pesawat untuk Pertempuran Imphal, Amerika dan Cina terus maju di utara Burma, dibantu oleh Chindits yang beroperasi melawan komunikasi Jepun. Pada pertengahan tahun 1944 Pasukan Ekspedisi Cina menceroboh utara Burma dari wilayah Yunnan. Mereka menawan kedudukan di Gunung Song. Pada masa kempen berkuatkuasa semasa hujan monsun, NCAC telah memperoleh medan penting di Myitkyina (Ogos 1944), yang mengurangkan masalah bekalan udara dari India ke China melalui \"The Hump\". <> Pertarungan apakah kemajuan di Arakan dihentikan untuk melepaskan pasukan? || Pertempuran Imphal <> Yang membantu Amerika dan Cina semasa pendahuluan di utara Burma? || Chindits <> Apa kedudukan yang diperkuat ditangkap oleh Pasukan Ekspedisi Cina? || Gunung Song <> Bilakah Cina menyerang utara Burma? || pertengahan 1944 <> Lapangan terbang apa yang telah diambil oleh NCAC pada bulan Ogos, 1944? || Myitkyina", {"context": "Although the advance in the Arakan had been halted to release troops and aircraft for the Battle of Imphal, the Americans and Chinese had continued to advance in northern Burma, aided by the Chindits operating against the Japanese lines of communication. In the middle of 1944 the Chinese Expeditionary Force invaded northern Burma from Yunnan province. They captured a fortified position at Mount Song. By the time campaigning ceased during the monsoon rains, the NCAC had secured a vital airfield at Myitkyina (August 1944), which eased the problems of air resupply from India to China over \"The Hump\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Battle of Imphal"}], "question": "What battle was the advance in the Arakan halted to release troops for?", "id": "5732275d0fdd8d15006c67f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Chindits"}], "question": "Who aided the Americans and Chinese during the advance in northern Burma?", "id": "5732275d0fdd8d15006c67f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Mount Song"}], "question": "What fortified position was captured by the Chinese Expeditionary Force?", "id": "5732275d0fdd8d15006c67f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "middle of 1944"}], "question": "When did the Chinese invade northern Burma?", "id": "5732275d0fdd8d15006c67f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Myitkyina"}], "question": "What airfield was taken by the NCAC in August, 1944?", "id": "5732275d0fdd8d15006c67f9"}]}], ["Pada hari kedua, pesawat peninjauan A.S. menemui armada Ozawa, sejauh 275 batu (443 km) [petikan diperlukan], dan kapal selam menenggelamkan dua syarikat penerbangan Jepun. Mitscher melancarkan 230 pesawat torpedo dan pengebom menyelam. Dia kemudian mendapati musuh sebenarnya sebenarnya lebih kurang 60 batu (97 km) [petikan diperlukan], daripada jarak jauh pesawat (berdasarkan penerbangan pergi balik). Mitscher memutuskan peluang ini untuk memusnahkan armada Jepun bernilai risiko kehilangan pesawat kerana kehabisan bahan bakar pada penerbangan pulang. Secara keseluruhan, A.S. kehilangan 130 pesawat dan 76 pesawat udara; bagaimanapun, Jepun kehilangan 450 pesawat, tiga syarikat penerbangan, dan 445 pesawat udara. Angkatan pengangkut Tentera Laut Imperial Jepun telah dimusnahkan dengan berkesan. <> Pada hari apakah pesawat U.S> menemui armada Ozawa? || kedua <> Berapa batu jauhnya terletak di armada Ozawa? || 275 <> Berapa banyak pesawat melakukan kehilangan AS? || 130 <> Berapa banyak pesawat yang hilang di Jepun? || 450 <> Berapa banyak kapal angkut A.S. hilang? || 76", {"context": "On the second day, U.S. reconnaissance planes located Ozawa's fleet, 275 miles (443 km)[citation needed] away, and submarines sank two Japanese carriers. Mitscher launched 230 torpedo planes and dive bombers. He then discovered the enemy was actually another 60 miles (97 km)[citation needed] further off, out of aircraft range (based on a roundtrip flight). Mitscher decided this chance to destroy the Japanese fleet was worth the risk of aircraft losses due to running out of fuel on the return flight. Overall, the U.S. lost 130 planes and 76 aircrew; however, Japan lost 450 planes, three carriers, and 445 aircrew. The Imperial Japanese Navy's carrier force was effectively destroyed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "second"}], "question": "On what day did U.S> planes located Ozawa's fleet?", "id": "57322b3ce17f3d14004226d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "275"}], "question": "How many miles away was Ozawa's fleet located?", "id": "57322b3ce17f3d14004226da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "130"}], "question": "How many planes did the U.S. lose?", "id": "57322b3ce17f3d14004226db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "450"}], "question": "How many planes did Japan lose?", "id": "57322b3ce17f3d14004226dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "76"}], "question": "How many U.S. aircrews were lost?", "id": "57322b3ce17f3d14004226dd"}]}], ["\"Pusat Angkatan\" Kurita terdiri daripada lima kapal perang, 12 kapal penjelajah dan 13 kapal perosak. Ia termasuk dua kapal perang terbesar yang pernah dibina: Yamato dan Musashi. Ketika mereka melepaskan Pulau Palawan selepas tengah malam pada 23 Oktober pasukan itu dikesan, dan kapal selam A.S. memasuki dua kapal penjelajah. Pada 24 Oktober, ketika pasukan Kurita memasuki Laut Sibuyan, USS Intrepid dan USS Cabot melancarkan 260 pesawat, yang menjaringkan gol pada beberapa kapal. Gelombang kedua pesawat menjaringkan banyak hits langsung pada Musashi. Gelombang ketiga, dari USS Enterprise dan USS Franklin melanda Musashi dengan 11 bom dan lapan torpedo. Kurita berundur tetapi pada waktu petang bertukar menuju ke Sel San Bernardino. Musashi tenggelam pada kira-kira pukul 19:30. <> Berapa banyak kapal perang dalam \"Pusat Angkatan\" Kurita? || lima <> Berapa banyak kapal penjelajah dalam \"Pusat Angkatan\" Kurita? || 12 <> Berapa banyak kapal pemusnah dalam \"Pusat Angkatan\" Kurita? || 13 <> Ketika pasukan Kurita memasuki Laut Sibuyan? || 24 Oktober", {"context": "Kurita's \"Center Force\" consisted of five battleships, 12 cruisers and 13 destroyers. It included the two largest battleships ever built: Yamato and Musashi. As they passed Palawan Island after midnight on 23 October the force was spotted, and U.S. submarines sank two cruisers. On 24 October, as Kurita's force entered the Sibuyan Sea, USS Intrepid and USS Cabot launched 260 planes, which scored hits on several ships. A second wave of planes scored many direct hits on Musashi. A third wave, from USS Enterprise and USS Franklin hit Musashi with 11 bombs and eight torpedoes. Kurita retreated but in the evening turned around to head for San Bernardino Strait. Musashi sank at about 19:30.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many battleships were in Kurita's \"Center Force\"?", "id": "57323202e17f3d140042270f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many cruisers were in Kurita's \"Center Force\"?", "id": "57323202e17f3d1400422710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many destroyers were in Kurita's \"Center Force\"?", "id": "57323202e17f3d1400422711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "24 October"}], "question": "When did Kurita's force enter the Sibuyan Sea?", "id": "57323202e17f3d1400422712"}]}], ["\"Pasukan Utara\" Ozawa mempunyai empat kapal terbang kapal terbang, dua kapal perang usang yang sebahagiannya ditukarkan kepada kapal pengangkut, tiga kapal penjelajah dan sembilan kapal perosak. Pengangkut hanya mempunyai 108 pesawat. Pasukan itu tidak dikesan oleh Sekutu sehingga 16:40 pada 24 Oktober. Pada pukul 20:00 Toyoda mengarahkan semua tentera Jepun yang tersisa untuk menyerang. Halsey melihat peluang untuk memusnahkan sisa-sisa pasukan pengangkut Jepun. Armada Ketiga A.S. adalah hebat - sembilan kapal besar, lapan kapal terbang, enam kapal perang, 17 kapal penjelajah, 63 kapal perosak dan 1,000 kapal terbang - dan mengatasi kekuatan Ozawa. Kapal-kapal Halsey berangkat untuk mengejar Ozawa sejurus selepas tengah malam. Komandan A.S. mengabaikan laporan bahawa Kurita telah berpaling ke Selat San Bernardino. Mereka telah mengambil umpan yang ditetapkan oleh Ozawa. Pada pagi 25 Oktober Ozawa melancarkan 75 pesawat. Kebanyakan ditembak jatuh oleh rondaan pejuang A.S.. Menjelang 08:00 pejuang A.S. telah memusnahkan skrin pejuang Jepun dan memukul kapal. Menjelang petang, mereka telah tenggelam pembawa Zuikaku, Zuih\u014d, dan Chiyoda, dan pemusnah. Pengangkut keempat, Chitose, dan sebuah kapal penjelajah dilumpuhkan dan kemudian tenggelam. <> Bilakah sekutu menunjukkan \"Pasukan Utara\" Ozawa? || 16:40 pada 24 Oktober <> Berapa banyak kapal terbang kapal terbang di \"Pasukan Utara\" Ozawa? || empat <> Berapa banyak pesawat berada di Armada Ketiga A.S.? || 1,000 <> Berapa banyak kapal penjelajah di Armada Ketiga A.S.? || 17 <> Berapa banyak kapal pemusnah berada di Armada Ketiga A.S.? || 63", {"context": "Ozawa's \"Northern Force\" had four aircraft carriers, two obsolete battleships partly converted to carriers, three cruisers and nine destroyers. The carriers had only 108 planes. The force was not spotted by the Allies until 16:40 on 24 October. At 20:00 Toyoda ordered all remaining Japanese forces to attack. Halsey saw an opportunity to destroy the remnants of the Japanese carrier force. The U.S. Third Fleet was formidable \u2013 nine large carriers, eight light carriers, six battleships, 17 cruisers, 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes \u2013 and completely outgunned Ozawa's force. Halsey's ships set out in pursuit of Ozawa just after midnight. U.S. commanders ignored reports that Kurita had turned back towards San Bernardino Strait. They had taken the bait set by Ozawa. On the morning of 25 October Ozawa launched 75 planes. Most were shot down by U.S. fighter patrols. By 08:00 U.S. fighters had destroyed the screen of Japanese fighters and were hitting ships. By evening, they had sunk the carriers Zuikaku, Zuih\u014d, and Chiyoda, and a destroyer. The fourth carrier, Chitose, and a cruiser were disabled and later sank.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "16:40 on 24 October"}], "question": "When did the allies spot Ozawa's \"Northern Force\"?", "id": "5732388ae99e3014001e6599"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many aircraft carriers were in Ozawa's \"Northern Force\"?", "id": "5732388ae99e3014001e6598"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "1,000"}], "question": "How many planes were in the U.S. 3rd Fleet?", "id": "5732388ae99e3014001e659a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "17"}], "question": "How many cruisers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?", "id": "5732388ae99e3014001e659c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "63"}], "question": "How many destroyers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?", "id": "5732388ae99e3014001e659b"}]}], ["Tentera berkumpul di pertempuran laut terbesar Perang Dunia II sehingga ke tahap itu. Sepanjang bulan sebelumnya, perusak Amerika telah memusnahkan 17 daripada 25 kapal selam daripada pemeriksaan Ozawa. Serangan A.S. berulang kali memusnahkan pesawat berasaskan tanah Jepun. Serangan utama Ozawa tidak mempunyai koordinasi, dengan pesawat Jepun tiba di sasaran mereka dalam urutan berperingkat. Berikutan arahan dari Nimitz, semua pengangkut A.S. mempunyai pusat maklumat pertempuran, yang menafsirkan aliran data radar dan pesanan pemintasan radio ke Hellcats. Hasilnya kemudiannya dijuluki Great Marianas Turkey Shoot. Beberapa penyerang untuk mencapai armada A.S. menemui kebakaran AA besar dengan fuzes jarak. Hanya satu kapal perang Amerika yang rosak sedikit. <> Berapa banyak kapal selam Ozawa telah tenggelam oleh perusak Amerika? || 17 <> Dalam apa jujukan pesawat Jepun tiba di sasaran mereka? || terhuyung-huyung <> Berapa banyak kapal perang Amerika yang rosak semasa Tembak Besar Marianas Turki? || satu <> Di mana perintah pemintasan radio ke U.S> pejuang Hellcat berasal? || pusat maklumat pertempuran <> Siapa yang memberikan arahan untuk semua syarikat penerbangan di Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat untuk memiliki pusat maklumat pertempuran? || Nimitz", {"context": "The forces converged in the largest sea battle of World War II up to that point. Over the previous month American destroyers had destroyed 17 of 25 submarines out of Ozawa's screening force. Repeated U.S. raids destroyed the Japanese land-based planes. Ozawa's main attack lacked coordination, with the Japanese planes arriving at their targets in a staggered sequence. Following a directive from Nimitz, the U.S. carriers all had combat information centers, which interpreted the flow of radar data and radioed interception orders to the Hellcats. The result was later dubbed the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot. The few attackers to reach the U.S. fleet encountered massive AA fire with proximity fuzes. Only one American warship was slightly damaged.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "17"}], "question": "How many of Ozawa's submarines were sunk by American destroyers?", "id": "57322a65b9d445190005e889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "staggered"}], "question": "In what sequence did Japanese planes arrive at their targets?", "id": "57322a65b9d445190005e88b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many American warships were damaged during the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot?", "id": "57322a65b9d445190005e88a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "combat information centers"}], "question": "Where did the radio interception orders to U.S> Hellcat fighters come from?", "id": "57322a65b9d445190005e88c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Nimitz"}], "question": "Who gave the directive for all carriers in the US Navy to have combat information centers?", "id": "57322a65b9d445190005e88d"}]}], ["Ia adalah mustahak bagi para komandan Jepun untuk memegang Saipan. Satu-satunya cara untuk melakukan ini adalah untuk memusnahkan Armada Kelima A.S., yang mempunyai 15 kapal selam dan 956 kapal terbang, 7 kapal perang, 28 kapal selam, dan 69 kapal perosak, serta kapal selam ringan dan ringan. Naib Laksamana Jisaburo Ozawa menyerang sembilan puluhan armada pertempuran Jepun, termasuk sembilan kapal pengangkut dengan 473 pesawat, 5 kapal perang, beberapa kapal penjelajah, dan 28 kapal perusak. Juruterbang Ozawa melebihi 2: 1 dan pesawat mereka telah menjadi atau sudah usang. Orang Jepun mempunyai pertahanan antiaircraft yang besar tetapi tidak mempunyai fuzes kedekatan atau radar yang baik. Dengan kemungkinan melawannya, Ozawa menyusun strategi yang sesuai. Pesawat-pesawatnya mempunyai jarak yang lebih besar kerana mereka tidak terbebani dengan perisai pelindung; mereka boleh menyerang kira-kira 480 km (300 mi) [rujukan?], dan boleh mencari radius 900 km [rujukan?] (560 mi). Pejuang Hellcat Tentera A.S. hanya boleh menyerang dalam jarak 200 batu (320 km) dan hanya mencari dalam lingkungan radius 325 mil (523 km). Ozawa merancang untuk menggunakan kelebihan ini dengan meletakkan armadanya 300 mil (480 km) [rujukan?]. Pesawat Jepun akan memukul pembawa A.S., mendarat di Guam untuk mengisi bahan api, kemudian memukul musuh lagi ketika kembali ke pembawa mereka. Ozawa juga mengira kira-kira 500 pesawat berasaskan darat di Guam dan pulau-pulau lain. <> Apa yang penting bagi orang Jepun untuk memegang? || Saipan <> Berapa banyak syarikat penerbangan yang memiliki Armada Kelima A.S.? || 15 <> Berapa banyak pesawat armada yang ada di Fleet Fifth A.S.? || 956 <> Apakah radius carian pejuang Hellcat Angkatan Laut A.S.? || 325-mil <> Berapa banyak syarikat penerbangan yang ada di Ozawa? || sembilan", {"context": "It was imperative for Japanese commanders to hold Saipan. The only way to do this was to destroy the U.S. Fifth Fleet, which had 15 fleet carriers and 956 planes, 7 battleships, 28 submarines, and 69 destroyers, as well as several light and heavy cruisers. Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa attacked with nine-tenths of Japan's fighting fleet, which included nine carriers with 473 planes, 5 battleships, several cruisers, and 28 destroyers. Ozawa's pilots were outnumbered 2:1 and their aircraft were becoming or were already obsolete. The Japanese had considerable antiaircraft defenses but lacked proximity fuzes or good radar. With the odds against him, Ozawa devised an appropriate strategy. His planes had greater range because they were not weighed down with protective armor; they could attack at about 480 km (300 mi)[citation needed], and could search a radius of 900 km[citation needed] (560 mi). U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters could only attack within 200 miles (320 km) and only search within a 325-mile (523 km)[citation needed] radius. Ozawa planned to use this advantage by positioning his fleet 300 miles (480 km)[citation needed] out. The Japanese planes would hit the U.S. carriers, land at Guam to refuel, then hit the enemy again when returning to their carriers. Ozawa also counted on about 500 land-based planes at Guam and other islands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Saipan"}], "question": "What was it imperative for the Japanese to hold?", "id": "573228eab9d445190005e86f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many fleet carriers did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?", "id": "573228eab9d445190005e870"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "956"}], "question": "How many fleet planes did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?", "id": "573228eab9d445190005e871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 998, "text": "325-mile"}], "question": "What was the search radius of U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters?", "id": "573228eab9d445190005e872"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many carriers did Ozawa have?", "id": "573228eab9d445190005e873"}]}], ["Pasukan Nishimura terdiri daripada dua kapal perang, satu kapal penjelajah dan empat kapal pemusnah. Kerana mereka memerhati keheningan radio, Nishimura tidak dapat menyegerakkan dengan Shima dan Kurita. Nishimura dan Shima gagal menyelaraskan rancangan mereka sebelum serangan - mereka adalah pesaing lama dan tidak mahu melakukan apa-apa dengan yang lain. Apabila dia memasuki Selat Surigao yang sempit pada kira-kira pukul 02:00, Shima adalah 22 batu (40 km) di belakangnya, dan Kurita masih di Laut Sibuyan, beberapa jam dari pantai di Leyte. Semasa melewati Pulau Panaon, pasukan Nishimura berlari ke dalam perangkap yang ditetapkan oleh Pasukan Sokongan Angkatan Bersenjata A.S.-Australia ke-7. R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf mempunyai enam kapal perang, empat kapal penjelajah berat, empat kapal ringan, 29 kapal perusak dan 39 kapal PT. Untuk melepasi selat dan sampai ke pendaratan, Nishimura terpaksa menjalankan tugas itu. Pada kira-kira jam 03:00 kapal perang Jepun Fus\u014d dan tiga kapal pemusnah dilanggar oleh torpedo dan Fus\u014d memecah dua. Pada 03:50 kapal perang A.S. melepaskan tembakan. Kawalan api Radar bermakna mereka boleh memukul sasaran dari jauh lebih besar daripada Jepun. Kapal perang Yamashiro, kapal penjelajah dan pemusnah telah dilumpuhkan oleh peluru 16 inci (406 mm); Yamashiro tenggelam pada 04:19. Hanya satu daripada tujuh kapal Nishimura yang terselamat daripada keterlibatannya. Pada 04:25 kekuatan Shima dari dua kapal penjelajah dan lapan pemusnah mencapai pertempuran. Melihat Fus\u014d dan mempercayai dia sebagai kapal perang dari dua kapal perang, Shima mengarahkan berundur, mengakhiri tindakan tempur perang-perang terakhir dalam sejarah. <> Berapa banyak kapal perang dalam pasukan Nishimura? || dua <> adakah laksamana Jepun adalah saingan Nishimura? || Shima <> Berapa batu adalah armada Shima di belakang Nishimura? || 22 <> Siapakah yang membuat perangkap untuk pasukan Jepun ketika mereka berlayar oleh Pulau Panaon? || R. Adm Jesse Oldendorf <> Berapa banyak kapal perang yang pernah dimiliki oleh A.S.-Australian 7 Fleet? || enam", {"context": "Nishimura's force consisted of two battleships, one cruiser and four destroyers. Because they were observing radio silence, Nishimura was unable to synchronize with Shima and Kurita. Nishimura and Shima had failed to even coordinate their plans before the attacks \u2013 they were long-time rivals and neither wished to have anything to do with the other. When he entered the narrow Surigao Strait at about 02:00, Shima was 22 miles (40 km) behind him, and Kurita was still in the Sibuyan Sea, several hours from the beaches at Leyte. As they passed Panaon Island, Nishimura's force ran into a trap set for them by the U.S.-Australian 7th Fleet Support Force. R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf had six battleships, four heavy cruisers, four light cruisers, 29 destroyers and 39 PT boats. To pass the strait and reach the landings, Nishimura had to run the gauntlet. At about 03:00 the Japanese battleship Fus\u014d and three destroyers were hit by torpedoes and Fus\u014d broke in two. At 03:50 the U.S. battleships opened fire. Radar fire control meant they could hit targets from a much greater distance than the Japanese. The battleship Yamashiro, a cruiser and a destroyer were crippled by 16-inch (406 mm) shells; Yamashiro sank at 04:19. Only one of Nishimura's force of seven ships survived the engagement. At 04:25 Shima's force of two cruisers and eight destroyers reached the battle. Seeing Fus\u014d and believing her to be the wrecks of two battleships, Shima ordered a retreat, ending the last battleship-vs-battleship action in history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many battleships were in Nishimura's force?", "id": "57323785b9d445190005e8db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Shima"}], "question": "Which Japanese admiral was a  rival of Nishimura?", "id": "57323785b9d445190005e8dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "22"}], "question": "How many miles was Shima's fleet behind Nishimura?", "id": "57323785b9d445190005e8dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf"}], "question": "Who set the trap for the Japanese forces as they sailed by Panaon Island?", "id": "57323785b9d445190005e8de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many battleships did the U.S.-Australian 7th Fleet have?", "id": "57323785b9d445190005e8df"}]}], ["Pertempuran Teluk Leyte boleh dikatakan perang tentera laut terbesar dalam sejarah dan merupakan pertempuran tentera laut terbesar Perang Dunia II. Ia adalah satu siri dari empat pertunangan berbeza yang menentang Pulau Leyte Filipina dari 23 hingga 26 Oktober 1944. Teluk Leyte menampilkan kapal perang terbesar yang pernah dibina, adalah kali terakhir dalam sejarah bahawa kapal perang saling terlibat, dan juga terkenal sebagai yang pertama masa yang digunakan pesawat kamikaze. Kemenangan Sekutu di Laut Filipina menubuhkan keduasan udara dan laut Sekutu di Pasifik barat. Nimitz menyukai menghalang Filipina dan mendarat di Formosa. Ini akan memberi kawalan Sekutu kepada laluan laut ke Jepun dari Asia selatan, memusnahkan garrison Jepun yang besar. MacArthur menyukai pencerobohan Filipina, yang juga terletak di garis bekalan ke Jepun. Roosevelt dihakimi memihak kepada Filipina. Sementara itu, Ketua Komando Gabungan Jepun Toyoda Soemu menyiapkan empat rancangan untuk merangkumi semua senario serangan Allied. Pada 12 Oktober Nimitz melancarkan serbuan pembawa terhadap Formosa untuk memastikan bahawa pesawat yang berpusat di sana tidak dapat campur tangan dalam pendaratan di Leyte. Toyoda meletakkan Pelan Sho-2 berkuatkuasa, melancarkan serangkaian serangan udara terhadap pembawa A.S.. Walau bagaimanapun, Jepun kehilangan 600 pesawat dalam tiga hari, meninggalkan mereka tanpa penutup udara. <> Apa yang dikatakan sebagai pertempuran laut terbesar dalam sejarah? || Pertempuran Teluk Leyte <> Bilakah Pertempuran Teluk Leyte berlaku? || 23 hingga 26 Oktober 1944 <> Bilakah Nimitz melancarkan serangan pembawa terhadap Formosa? || 12 Oktober <> Apakah pertempuran tentera laut terbesar di Perang Dunia II? || Pertempuran Teluk Leyte <> Apa yang Nimitz memihak memblokir? || Filipina", {"context": "The Battle of Leyte Gulf was arguably the largest naval battle in history and was the largest naval battle of World War II. It was a series of four distinct engagements fought off the Philippine island of Leyte from 23 to 26 October 1944. Leyte Gulf featured the largest battleships ever built, was the last time in history that battleships engaged each other, and was also notable as the first time that kamikaze aircraft were used. Allied victory in the Philippine Sea established Allied air and sea superiority in the western Pacific. Nimitz favored blockading the Philippines and landing on Formosa. This would give the Allies control of the sea routes to Japan from southern Asia, cutting off substantial Japanese garrisons. MacArthur favored an invasion of the Philippines, which also lay across the supply lines to Japan. Roosevelt adjudicated in favor of the Philippines. Meanwhile, Japanese Combined Fleet Chief Toyoda Soemu prepared four plans to cover all Allied offensive scenarios. On 12 October Nimitz launched a carrier raid against Formosa to make sure that planes based there could not intervene in the landings on Leyte. Toyoda put Plan Sho-2 into effect, launching a series of air attacks against the U.S. carriers. However the Japanese lost 600 planes in three days, leaving them without air cover.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Battle of Leyte Gulf"}], "question": "What is argued to be the largest naval battle in history?", "id": "57322fdf0fdd8d15006c6827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "23 to 26 October 1944"}], "question": "When did the Battle of Leyte Gulf occur?", "id": "57322fdf0fdd8d15006c6829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 998, "text": "12 October"}], "question": "When did Nimitz launch a carrier raid against Formosa?", "id": "57322fdf0fdd8d15006c682a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Battle of Leyte Gulf"}], "question": "What was the largest naval battle in World War II?", "id": "57322fdf0fdd8d15006c6828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "Philippines"}], "question": "What did Nimitz favor blockading?", "id": "57322fdf0fdd8d15006c682b"}]}], ["Pulau Palawan, antara Borneo dan Mindoro, pulau kelima terbesar dan barat Filipina, diserang pada 28 Februari dengan pendaratan Tentera Kelapan di Puerto Princesa. Jepun membela pertahanan Palawan yang sedikit, namun membersihkan kantung rintangan Jepun berlangsung hingga akhir April, ketika Jepun menggunakan taktik mereka yang biasa menarik diri ke hutan gunung, tersebar sebagai unit kecil. Sepanjang Filipina, angkatan A.S. dibantu oleh gerila Filipina untuk mencari dan menghantar orang awam. <> Pulau apa antara Borneo dan Mindoro? || Palawan <> Apa pulau diserang oleh Tentera Kelapan pada 28 Februari? || Palawan <> Di mana tanah Tentera Kelapan? || Puerto Princesa <> Siapa yang membantu pasukan A.S. dalam mencari tahanan Jepun di Filipina? || Gerila Filipina <> Apa pulau barat-paling Filipina? || Palawan", {"context": "Palawan Island, between Borneo and Mindoro, the fifth largest and western-most Philippine Island, was invaded on 28 February with landings of the Eighth Army at Puerto Princesa. The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan, but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April, as the Japanese used their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountain jungles, dispersed as small units. Throughout the Philippines, U.S. forces were aided by Filipino guerrillas to find and dispatch the holdouts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Palawan"}], "question": "What island was between Borneo and Mindoro?", "id": "57323deae17f3d1400422777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Palawan"}], "question": "What island was invaded by the Eighth Army on February 28?", "id": "57323deae17f3d1400422778"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Puerto Princesa"}], "question": "Where did the Eighth Army land?", "id": "57323deae17f3d1400422779"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Filipino guerrillas"}], "question": "Who aided U.S. forces in finding Japanese holdouts in the Philippines?", "id": "57323deae17f3d140042277a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Palawan"}], "question": "What is the western-most Philippine island?", "id": "57323deae17f3d140042277b"}]}], ["Pada 15 Disember 1944 pendaratan terhadap rintangan minimum dibuat di pantai selatan pulau Mindoro, lokasi utama dalam operasi Lingayen Gulf yang dirancang, untuk menyokong pendaratan utama yang dijadualkan di Luzon. Pada 9 Januari 1945, di pantai selatan Teluk Lingayen di pantai barat Luzon, Tentera Keenam Tentera Krueger mendarat unit pertamanya. Hampir 175,000 lelaki diikuti sepanjang pantai dua puluh batu (32 km) dalam masa beberapa hari. Dengan sokongan udara berat, unit Tentera ditolak ke pedalaman, mengambil Clark Field, 40 kilometer (64 km) barat laut Manila, pada minggu terakhir Januari. <> Pendaratan dibuat di pantai pulau apa pada 15 Disember 1944? || Mindoro <> Operasi Teluk Lingayen menyokong pendaratan apa? || Luzon <> Siapa yang mengetuai Tentera Keenam? || Medan Krueger <> Clark adalah berapa batu di barat laut Manila? || 40", {"context": "On 15 December 1944 landings against minimal resistance were made on the southern beaches of the island of Mindoro, a key location in the planned Lingayen Gulf operations, in support of major landings scheduled on Luzon. On 9 January 1945, on the south shore of Lingayen Gulf on the western coast of Luzon, General Krueger's Sixth Army landed his first units. Almost 175,000 men followed across the twenty-mile (32 km) beachhead within a few days. With heavy air support, Army units pushed inland, taking Clark Field, 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Manila, in the last week of January.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Mindoro"}], "question": "Landings were made on the beaches of what island on December 15, 1944?", "id": "57323ce2e17f3d1400422765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Luzon"}], "question": "Lingayen Gulf operations supported what landings?", "id": "57323ce2e17f3d1400422766"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "General Krueger"}], "question": "Who led the Sixth Army?", "id": "57323ce2e17f3d1400422767"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "40"}], "question": "Clark field was how many miles northwest of Manila?", "id": "57323ce2e17f3d1400422768"}]}], ["Pertempuran Iwo Jima (\"Operasi Detasmen\") pada bulan Februari 1945 adalah salah satu pertempuran paling dahsyat yang diperjuangkan oleh Amerika dalam Perang Pasifik. Iwo Jima adalah 8 batu persegi (21 km2) pulau yang terletak di tengah-tengah antara Tokyo dan Kepulauan Mariana. Holland Smith, komander pasukan pencerobohan, yang bertujuan untuk menawan pulau itu, dan menggunakan tiga lapangan terbang sebagai pangkalan untuk melakukan serangan udara terhadap Kepulauan Home. Lt. Tadamichi Kuribayashi, komander pertahanan pulau itu, tahu bahawa dia tidak dapat memenangi pertempuran, tetapi dia berharap dapat membuat orang Amerika menderita jauh lebih banyak daripada yang mereka dapat bertahan. <> Apakah \"Detachment Operasi\"? || pertempuran Iwo Jima <> Bilakah \"Detasmen Operasi\" berlaku? || Februari 1945 <> Berapa batu persegi adalah pulau Iwo Jima? || 8 <> Iwo Jima berada di tengah-tengah antara Kepulauan Mariana dan bandar apa? || Tokyo <> Berapa banyak lapangan terbang di Iwo Jima? || tiga", {"context": "The battle of Iwo Jima (\"Operation Detachment\") in February 1945 was one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Americans in the Pacific War. Iwo Jima was an 8 sq mile (21 km2) island situated halfway between Tokyo and the Mariana Islands. Holland Smith, the commander of the invasion force, aimed to capture the island, and utilize its three airfields as bases to carry out air attacks against the Home Islands. Lt. General Tadamichi Kuribayashi, the commander of the island's defense, knew that he could not win the battle, but he hoped to make the Americans suffer far more than they could endure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "battle of Iwo Jima"}], "question": "What was \"Operation Detachment\"?", "id": "57323efae17f3d140042278b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "February 1945"}], "question": "When did \"Operation Detachment\" occur?", "id": "57323efae17f3d140042278c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "8"}], "question": "How many square miles is the island of Iwo Jima?", "id": "57323efae17f3d140042278d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Tokyo"}], "question": "Iwo Jima is halfway between the Mariana Islands and what city?", "id": "57323efae17f3d140042278e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many airfields were on Iwo Jima?", "id": "57323efae17f3d140042278f"}]}], ["Bermula pada pertengahan bulan Jun 1944, Iwo Jima berada di bawah pengeboman udara yang berterusan dan tembakan artileri angkatan laut. Bagaimanapun, senjata dan pertahanan tersembunyi Kuribayashi terselamat daripada pengeboman berterusan hampir tidak terjejas. Pada 19 Februari 1945, kira-kira 30,000 orang dari Divisyen Marin ke-3, ke-4, dan ke-5 mendarat di pantai tenggara Iwo, tepat di bawah Gunung Suribachi; di mana sebahagian besar pertahanan pulau tertumpu. Untuk beberapa ketika, mereka tidak terbakar. Ini adalah sebahagian daripada rancangan Kuribayashi untuk menembak sehingga pantai pendaratan penuh. Sebaik sahaja Marin ditolak ke darat untuk bunkers musuh, mereka berada di bawah pistol mesin api dan tembakan artileri yang mengurangkan ramai lelaki. Pada akhir hari, Marin mencapai pantai barat pulau itu, tetapi kerugian mereka sangat mengerikan; hampir 2,000 orang terbunuh atau cedera. <> Bilakah Iwo Jima berada di bawah pengeboman? || pertengahan Juni 1944 <> Berapa banyak orang mendarat di Iwo Jima pada 19 Februari 1945? || kira-kira 30,000 <> Apa nama gunung itu pada Iwo Jima? || Gunung Suribachi <> Berapa banyak Marin A.S. dibunuh oleh masa yang mereka sampai ke pantai barat pulau itu? || hampir 2,000", {"context": "Starting in mid-June 1944, Iwo Jima came under sustained aerial bombardment and naval artillery fire. However, Kuribayashi's hidden guns and defenses survived the constant bombardment virtually unscathed. On 19 February 1945, some 30,000 men of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Marine Divisions landed on the southeast coast of Iwo, just under Mount Suribachi; where most of the island's defenses were concentrated. For some time, they did not come under fire. This was part of Kuribayashi's plan to hold fire until the landing beaches were full. As soon as the Marines pushed inland to a line of enemy bunkers, they came under devastating machine gun and artillery fire which cut down many of the men. By the end of the day, the Marines reached the west coast of the island, but their losses were appalling; almost 2,000 men killed or wounded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "mid-June 1944"}], "question": "When did Iwo Jima come under bombardment?", "id": "573240a4b9d445190005e91f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "some 30,000"}], "question": "How many men landed on Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945?", "id": "573240a4b9d445190005e920"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Mount Suribachi"}], "question": "What was the name of the mountain on Iwo Jima?", "id": "573240a4b9d445190005e921"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "almost 2,000"}], "question": "How many U.S. Marines were killed by the time thhey reached the west coast of the island?", "id": "573240a4b9d445190005e922"}]}], ["Dari awal 1944 sehingga hari-hari yang membawa kepada pencerobohan itu, Kuribayashi mengubah pulau itu menjadi rangkaian bunker besar, senjata tersembunyi, dan 11 mi (18 km) terowong bawah tanah. Pengeboman tentera laut dan udara Amerika yang berat tidak banyak tetapi memacu Jepun jauh di bawah tanah, menjadikan kedudukan mereka menembusi api musuh. Kotak kotak dan bunker mereka semua dihubungkan supaya jika seseorang tersingkir, ia boleh dihuni semula. Rangkaian bunker dan kotak peti sangat digemari oleh pertahanan. <> Berapa batu terowong tersembunyi di pulau itu? || 11 <> Apakah peti kotak dan bunker yang dihubungkan oleh? || terowong bawah tanah <> Siapa yang mengubah pulau itu menjadi kubu? || Kuribayashi <> Siapakah rangkaian kubu di pulau itu? || pertahanan itu", {"context": "From early 1944 until the days leading up to the invasion, Kuribayashi transformed the island into a massive network of bunkers, hidden guns, and 11 mi (18 km) of underground tunnels. The heavy American naval and air bombardment did little but drive the Japanese further underground, making their positions impervious to enemy fire. Their pillboxes and bunkers were all connected so that if one was knocked out, it could be reoccupied again. The network of bunkers and pillboxes greatly favored the defender.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many miles of hidden tunnel were on the island?", "id": "57323fc60fdd8d15006c687b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "underground tunnels"}], "question": "What were the pillboxes and bunkers connected by?", "id": "57323fc60fdd8d15006c687d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Kuribayashi"}], "question": "Who transformed the island into a fortress?", "id": "57323fc60fdd8d15006c687c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "the defender"}], "question": "Who did the network of fortifications on the island favor?", "id": "57323fc60fdd8d15006c687e"}]}], ["Pada 23 Februari, Rejimen Marin ke-28 telah mencapai puncak Suribachi, yang menggalakkan Peningkatan Bendera yang kini terkenal pada gambar Iwo Jima. Setiausaha Tentera Laut, James Forrestal, ketika melihat bendera, berkata \"akan ada Kor Marin selama 500 tahun akan datang.\" Peningkatan bendera sering disebut sebagai gambar yang paling banyak diterbitkan sepanjang masa dan menjadi perwakilan arketip bukan hanya pertempuran itu, tetapi dari seluruh Perang Pasifik. Untuk sisa bulan Februari, rakyat Amerika menolak ke utara, dan pada 1 Mac, telah mengambil dua pertiga pulau itu. Tetapi tidak sampai 26 Mac bahawa pulau itu akhirnya terjamin. Orang Jepun berjuang untuk lelaki terakhir, membunuh 6,800 Marin dan mencederakan hampir 20,000 lebih. Kerugian Jepun merangkumi lebih dari 20,000 orang yang dibunuh, dan hanya 1,083 orang tahanan. Ahli-ahli sejarah membahaskan sama ada ia bernilai secara strategik bagi mangsa-mangsa yang masih hidup. <> Apakah rejimen marin mencapai puncak Gunung Suribachi? || 28th <> Bilakah puncak Gunung Suribachi dicapai oleh marin A.S.? || 23 Februari <> Siapa kata \"akan ada Kor Marin selama 500 tahun yang akan datang\"? || Setiausaha Tentera Laut James Forrestal <> Bilakah pulau Iwo Jima dijamin oleh orang Amerika? || 26 Mac <> Berapa ramai tawanan Jepun diambil pada Iwo Jima? || 1,083", {"context": "On 23 February, the 28th Marine Regiment reached the summit of Suribachi, prompting the now famous Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima picture. Navy Secretary James Forrestal, upon seeing the flag, remarked \"there will be a Marine Corps for the next 500 years.\" The flag raising is often cited as the most reproduced photograph of all time and became the archetypal representation not only of that battle, but of the entire Pacific War. For the rest of February, the Americans pushed north, and by 1 March, had taken two-thirds of the island. But it was not until 26 March that the island was finally secured. The Japanese fought to the last man, killing 6,800 Marines and wounding nearly 20,000 more. The Japanese losses totaled well over 20,000 men killed, and only 1,083 prisoners were taken. Historians debate whether it was strategically worth the casualties sustained.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "28th"}], "question": "What marine regiment reached the summit of Mount Suribachi?", "id": "573241c5e17f3d1400422795"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "23 February"}], "question": "When was the summit of Mount Suribachi reached by U.S. marines?", "id": "573241c5e17f3d1400422796"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Navy Secretary James Forrestal"}], "question": "Who said \"there will be a Marine Corps for the next 500 years\"?", "id": "573241c5e17f3d1400422797"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "26 March"}], "question": "When was the island of Iwo Jima secured by the Americans?", "id": "573241c5e17f3d1400422798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": "1,083"}], "question": "How many Japanese prisoners were taken on Iwo Jima?", "id": "573241c5e17f3d1400422799"}]}], ["Pertempuran itu mengamankan ketinggian Tentera Keenam Amerika Syarikat di Leyte melawan serangan dari laut, memecahkan kuasa tentera laut Jepun dan membuka jalan untuk kemajuan ke Kepulauan Ryukyu pada tahun 1945. Satu-satunya operasi angkatan laut Jepun yang signifikan selepas itu adalah Operasi yang bencana Ten-Go pada bulan April 1945. Pasukan Kurita telah memulakan pertempuran dengan lima kapal perang; apabila dia kembali ke Jepun, hanya Yamato yang berperang layak. Nashimura yang tenggelam Yamashiro adalah kapal perang terakhir dalam sejarah untuk melibatkan diri dalam pertempuran. <> Apakah ketinggian kepala Leyte Tentera Keenam A.S. yang diamanahkan? || serangan dari laut <> Bilakah Operasi Ten-Go berlaku? || April 1945 <> Berapa banyak kapal perang yang dilakukan Kurita memulakan Operasi Ten-Go dengan? || lima <> Apa kapal perang terakhir dalam sejarah untuk terlibat dalam pertempuran dengan kapal perang yang lain? || Yamashiro <> Yang kapal perang masih mampu bertarung ketika Kurita kembali ke Jepun? || Yamato", {"context": "The battle secured the beachheads of the U.S. Sixth Army on Leyte against attack from the sea, broke the back of Japanese naval power and opened the way for an advance to the Ryukyu Islands in 1945. The only significant Japanese naval operation afterwards was the disastrous Operation Ten-Go in April 1945. Kurita's force had begun the battle with five battleships; when he returned to Japan, only Yamato was combat-worthy. Nishimura's sunken Yamashiro was the last battleship in history to engage another in combat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "attack from the sea"}], "question": "What were the Leyte beachheads of the U.S. Sixth Army secured from?", "id": "57323af4b9d445190005e8f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "April 1945"}], "question": "When did Operation Ten-Go occur?", "id": "57323af4b9d445190005e8fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many battleships did Kurita begin Operation Ten-Go with?", "id": "57323af4b9d445190005e8fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Yamashiro"}], "question": "What was the last battleship in history to engage in combat with another battleship?", "id": "57323af4b9d445190005e8fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Yamato"}], "question": "Which battleship was still capable of combat when Kurita returned to Japan?", "id": "57323af4b9d445190005e8fd"}]}], ["Pada bulan April, Tentera Keempat Belas maju sejauh 300 batu (480 km) ke arah Rangoon, ibu negara dan pelabuhan utama Burma, tetapi ditangguhkan oleh pengawal belakang Jepun 40 km (64 km) utara Rangoon pada penghujung bulan. Slim bimbang bahawa Jepun akan mempertahankan Rangoon dari rumah ke rumah semasa musim monsun, meletakkan tenteranya dalam keadaan bekalan yang buruk, dan pada Mac dia telah meminta agar rancangan untuk menangkap Rangoon oleh pasukan amfibia, Operasi Dracula, yang telah ditinggalkan sebelum ini, dikembalikan semula. Dracula dilancarkan pada 1 Mei, tetapi Rangoon didapati telah ditinggalkan. Tentera yang menduduki Rangoon dihubungkan dengan Tentara Keempatbelas lima hari kemudian, menjamin komunikasi sekutu Allies. <> Apa modal Burma? || Rangoon <> Apa prinsip pelabuhan Burma? || Rangoon <> Bilakah Operasi Dracula dilancarkan? || 1 Mei <> Apa daya ditangguhkan oleh pengawal belakang Jepun di utara Rangoon? || Tentara Keempat Belas <> Berapa bulan penangguhan yang disebabkan oleh pengawal belakang Jepun di utara Rangoon? || April", {"context": "During April, Fourteenth Army advanced 300 miles (480 km) south towards Rangoon, the capital and principal port of Burma, but was delayed by Japanese rearguards 40 miles (64 km) north of Rangoon at the end of the month. Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon house-to-house during the monsoon, placing his army in a disastrous supply situation, and in March he had asked that a plan to capture Rangoon by an amphibious force, Operation Dracula, which had been abandoned earlier, be reinstated. Dracula was launched on 1 May, but Rangoon was found to have been abandoned. The troops which occupied Rangoon linked up with Fourteenth Army five days later, securing the Allies' lines of communication.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Rangoon"}], "question": "What was the capital of Burma?", "id": "573242cf0fdd8d15006c6897"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Rangoon"}], "question": "What was the principle port of Burma?", "id": "573242cf0fdd8d15006c6898"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "1 May"}], "question": "When was Operation Dracula launched?", "id": "573242cf0fdd8d15006c6899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Fourteenth Army"}], "question": "What force was delayed by Japanese rearguards north of Rangoon?", "id": "573242cf0fdd8d15006c689a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "April"}], "question": "What month was a delay caused by Japanese rearguards north of Rangoon?", "id": "573242cf0fdd8d15006c689b"}]}], ["Pada 20 Oktober 1944 Tentera Keenam A.S., yang disokong oleh pengeboman laut dan udara, mendarat di pantai timur Leyte, utara Mindanao. Tentera Keenam A.S. meneruskan pendahuluannya dari timur, ketika pasukan Jepun melepaskan bala bantuan ke daerah Ormoc Bay di sebelah barat pulau itu. Walaupun Tentera Keenam telah diperkuat dengan jayanya, Angkatan Udara Kelima A.S. mampu menghancurkan percubaan Jepun untuk bekalan semula. Dalam hujan lebat dan di atas medan yang sukar, pendahuluan berterusan di Leyte dan pulau jiran Samar di utara. Pada 7 Disember unit Tentera A.S. mendarat di Ormoc Bay dan, selepas pertempuran tanah dan udara utama, memusnahkan keupayaan Jepun untuk memperkuat dan membekalkan Leyte. Walaupun pertempuran sengit berterusan di Leyte selama berbulan-bulan, Tentera A.S. berada dalam kawalan. <> Bilakah tanah Tentera Keenam A.S. di pantai timur Leyte? || 20 Oktober 1944 <> Di manakah rintangan di Jepun di sebelah barat Leyte? || Kawasan Ormoc Bay <> Berapa usaha memusnahkan percubaan resupply oleh orang Jepun? || Angkatan Udara Kelima A.S. <> Berjuang terus di Leyte untuk berapa lama? || bulan <> Apa pulau jiran di utara Leyte. || Samar", {"context": "On 20 October 1944 the U.S. Sixth Army, supported by naval and air bombardment, landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte, north of Mindanao. The U.S. Sixth Army continued its advance from the east, as the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the Ormoc Bay area on the western side of the island. While the Sixth Army was reinforced successfully, the U.S. Fifth Air Force was able to devastate the Japanese attempts to resupply. In torrential rains and over difficult terrain, the advance continued across Leyte and the neighboring island of Samar to the north. On 7 December U.S. Army units landed at Ormoc Bay and, after a major land and air battle, cut off the Japanese ability to reinforce and supply Leyte. Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months, the U.S. Army was in control.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "20 October 1944"}], "question": "When did the U.S. Sixth Army land on the eastern shore of Leyte?", "id": "57323c0ce99e3014001e65bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Ormoc Bay area"}], "question": "Where did the Japanese rush reinforcments to on the western side of Leyte?", "id": "57323c0ce99e3014001e65bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "U.S. Fifth Air Force"}], "question": "What force devastated resupply attempts by the Japanese?", "id": "57323c0ce99e3014001e65be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "months"}], "question": "Fighting continued on Leyte for how long?", "id": "57323c0ce99e3014001e65c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Samar"}], "question": "What was the neighboring island to the north of Leyte.", "id": "57323c0ce99e3014001e65bf"}]}], ["Kurita melintasi Sel San Bernardino pada jam 03:00 pada 25 Oktober dan menuju ke pantai Samar. Satu-satunya perkara yang berdiri di jalannya adalah tiga kumpulan (Taffy 1, 2 dan 3) Armada Ketujuh, yang diarahkan oleh Laksamana Thomas Kinkaid. Setiap kumpulan mempunyai enam kapal pengangkut, dengan jumlah lebih daripada 500 pesawat, dan tujuh atau lapan pemusnah atau pemusnah pemusnah (DE). Kinkaid masih percaya bahawa pasukan Lee menjaga utara, jadi Jepun mempunyai unsur kejutan apabila mereka menyerang Taffy 3 pada pukul 06:45. Kurita mengetuk pembawa Taffy untuk pembawa armada besar dan menganggap dia mempunyai Armada Ketiga keseluruhan dalam pemandangannya. Sejak pengangkut escort menimbulkan sedikit peluang menentang kapal perang, Adm Clifton Sprague mengarahkan pengangkut Taffy 3 untuk beralih dan melarikan diri ke arah timur, dengan harapan bahawa penglihatan yang buruk akan mengurangkan ketepatan tembakan Jepun, dan menggunakan kapal perusaknya untuk mengalihkan kapal perang Jepun. Para penghancur itu membuat serangan torpedo terhadap Jepun. Selama sepuluh minit Yamato terperangkap dalam tindakan mengelak. Dua kapal pemusnah A.S. dan DE telah tenggelam, tetapi mereka telah membeli masa yang cukup untuk kumpulan Taffy untuk melancarkan pesawat. Taffy 3 berpaling dan melarikan diri ke selatan, dengan kerang menjaringkan hits pada beberapa pengangkutnya dan menenggelamkan salah seorang dari mereka. Kelajuan kekuatan Jepun membolehkannya mendekat dan membakar dua kumpulan Taffy yang lain. Walau bagaimanapun, pada 09:20 Kurita tiba-tiba berpaling dan mundur ke utara. Isyarat telah melepaskannya dari tanggapan bahawa dia telah menyerang Armada Ketiga, dan Kurita yang semakin lama terlibat, semakin besar risiko serangan udara utama. Serangan pemusnah telah memecahkan formasi Jepun, menghancurkan kawalan taktikal. Tiga kapal penjelajah berat Kurita telah tenggelam dan satu lagi rosak untuk meneruskan perjuangan. Orang Jepun berundur melalui Selat San Bernardino, di bawah serangan udara berterusan. Pertempuran Teluk Leyte berakhir; dan sebahagian besar armada permukaan Jepun dimusnahkan. <> Bilakah Kurita melewati Selat San Bernardino? || 03:00 pada 25 Oktober <> Di mana kepala Kurit selepas melalui Selat San Bernardino? || di sepanjang pantai Samar <> Laksamana Kincaid memerintahkan apa tiga kumpulan Armada Ketujuh? || Taffy 1, 2 and 3 <> Apa pecah formasi Jepun di bawah Kurita? || Serangan pemusnah <> Berapa banyak kapal penjelajah berat Kurita telah tenggelam? || Tiga", {"context": "Kurita passed through San Bernardino Strait at 03:00 on 25 October and headed along the coast of Samar. The only thing standing in his path were three groups (Taffy 1, 2 and 3) of the Seventh Fleet, commanded by Admiral Thomas Kinkaid. Each group had six escort carriers, with a total of more than 500 planes, and seven or eight destroyers or destroyer escorts (DE). Kinkaid still believed that Lee's force was guarding the north, so the Japanese had the element of surprise when they attacked Taffy 3 at 06:45. Kurita mistook the Taffy carriers for large fleet carriers and thought he had the whole Third Fleet in his sights. Since escort carriers stood little chance against a battleship, Adm. Clifton Sprague directed the carriers of Taffy 3 to turn and flee eastward, hoping that bad visibility would reduce the accuracy of Japanese gunfire, and used his destroyers to divert the Japanese battleships. The destroyers made harassing torpedo attacks against the Japanese. For ten minutes Yamato was caught up in evasive action. Two U.S. destroyers and a DE were sunk, but they had bought enough time for the Taffy groups to launch planes. Taffy 3 turned and fled south, with shells scoring hits on some of its carriers and sinking one of them. The superior speed of the Japanese force allowed it to draw closer and fire on the other two Taffy groups. However, at 09:20 Kurita suddenly turned and retreated north. Signals had disabused him of the notion that he was attacking the Third Fleet, and the longer Kurita continued to engage, the greater the risk of major air strikes. Destroyer attacks had broken the Japanese formations, shattering tactical control. Three of Kurita's heavy cruisers had been sunk and another was too damaged to continue the fight. The Japanese retreated through the San Bernardino Strait, under continuous air attack. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was over; and a large part of the Japanese surface fleet destroyed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "03:00 on 25 October"}], "question": "When did Kurita pass through the San Bernardino Strait?", "id": "573239e0e17f3d1400422747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "along the coast of Samar"}], "question": "Where did Kurit head after passing through the San Bernardino Strait?", "id": "573239e0e17f3d1400422748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Taffy 1, 2 and 3"}], "question": "Admiral Kincaid commanded what three groups of the Seventh Fleet?", "id": "573239e0e17f3d1400422749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1580, "text": "Destroyer attacks"}], "question": "What broke the Japanes formations under Kurita?", "id": "573239e0e17f3d140042274a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1663, "text": "Three"}], "question": "How many of Kurita's heavy cruisers were sunk?", "id": "573239e0e17f3d140042274b"}]}], ["Walaupun kempen itu dikritik di Australia pada masa itu, dan pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, tanpa sia-sia atau \"membazir\" kehidupan askar, ia mencapai beberapa objektif, seperti meningkatkan pengasingan pasukan Jepun yang penting menduduki bahagian utama dari Hindia Belanda, menangkap bekalan minyak utama dan membebaskan tawanan perang Allied, yang ditahan dalam keadaan memburuk. Di salah satu tapak yang paling buruk, di sekitar Sandakan di Borneo, hanya enam daripada 2,500 tahanan British dan Australia yang terselamat. <> Berapa banyak tahanan British dan Australia yang terselamat daripada sekitar 2500 di sekitar Sandakan? || enam <> Sandakan terletak dalam apa yang diberikan? || Borneo", {"context": "Although the campaign was criticized in Australia at the time, and in subsequent years, as pointless or a \"waste\" of the lives of soldiers, it did achieve a number of objectives, such as increasing the isolation of significant Japanese forces occupying the main part of the Dutch East Indies, capturing major oil supplies and freeing Allied prisoners of war, who were being held in deteriorating conditions. At one of the very worst sites, around Sandakan in Borneo, only six of some 2,500 British and Australian prisoners survived.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many British and Australian prisoners survived out of about 2500 around Sandakan?", "id": "5732439ab9d445190005e94f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Borneo"}], "question": "Sandakan was located in what providence?", "id": "5732439ab9d445190005e950"}]}], ["Pertempuran yang sengit di pulau-pulau di Jepun, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, dan lain-lain mengakibatkan korban teruk di kedua belah pihak tetapi akhirnya menghasilkan kekalahan Jepun. Daripada 117,000 tentera Jepun yang mempertahankan Okinawa, 94 peratus meninggal dunia. Menghadapi kehilangan sebahagian besar juruterbang mereka yang berpengalaman, orang Jepun meningkatkan penggunaan taktik kamikaze mereka dalam usaha untuk mewujudkan korban yang tidak dapat diterima tinggi bagi pihak Sekutu. Angkatan Laut A.S. mencadangkan untuk memaksa penyerahan Jepun melalui blokade laut dan serbuan udara. <> Berapa peratus tentera Jepun meninggal di Okinawa? || 94 <> Dengan menggunakan blokade dan serbuan udara, apakah yang diharapkan oleh Angkatan Laut AS untuk memaksa? || Penyerahan Jepun <> Berapa banyak pasukan Jepun mempertahankan Okinawa? || 117,000 <> Bagaimana percubaan Jepun menyebabkan korban Sekutu yang tinggi? || taktik kamikaze", {"context": "Hard-fought battles on the Japanese home islands of Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and others resulted in horrific casualties on both sides but finally produced a Japanese defeat. Of the 117,000 Japanese troops defending Okinawa, 94 percent died. Faced with the loss of most of their experienced pilots, the Japanese increased their use of kamikaze tactics in an attempt to create unacceptably high casualties for the Allies. The U.S. Navy proposed to force a Japanese surrender through a total naval blockade and air raids.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "94"}], "question": "What percent of Japanese troops died on Okinawa?", "id": "57324709e17f3d14004227bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Japanese surrender"}], "question": "Using a total blockade and air raids, what did the US Navy hope to force?", "id": "57324709e17f3d14004227be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "117,000"}], "question": "How many Japanese troops defended Okinawa?", "id": "57324709e17f3d14004227bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "kamikaze tactics"}], "question": "How did the Japanese attempt to cause high Allied casualties?", "id": "57324709e17f3d14004227c0"}]}], ["Contoh contoh perhambaan seksual yang dilaburkan adalah \"keselesaan wanita\", eufemisme untuk 200,000 wanita, kebanyakannya dari Korea dan China, yang berkhidmat di kem tentera Jepun semasa Perang Dunia II. Sekitar 35 wanita keselesaan Belanda membawa kes yang berjaya sebelum Tribunal Tentera Batavia pada tahun 1948. Pada tahun 1993, Ketua Kabinet Setiausaha Yohei Kono mengatakan bahawa wanita dipaksa menjadi pelacuran yang dikendalikan oleh tentera perang Jepun. Pemimpin Jepun yang lain meminta maaf, termasuk bekas Perdana Menteri Junichiro Koizumi pada tahun 2001. Pada tahun 2007, Perdana Menteri Shinz\u014d Abe mendakwa, \"Hakikatnya, tidak ada bukti untuk membuktikan ada paksaan.\" <> Berapa ramai wanita dipercayai budak seks untuk Tentera Japenese? || 200,000 <> Pada tahun 1948, berapa wanita Belanda membawa kes ke Tribunal Ketenteraan Batavia? || 35 <> Pada tahun 2001 yang Perdana Menteri <Menteri meminta maaf untuk rumah pelacuran. || Junichiro Koizumi <> Pada tahun 2007 yang Perdana Menteri Japen menyatakan tidak ada bukti paksaan wanita menjadi budak seks? || Shinz\u014d Abe <> Di manakah kebanyakan wanita hamba seksual? || Korea dan China", {"context": "A widely publicised example of institutionalised sexual slavery are \"comfort women\", a euphemism for the 200,000 women, mostly from Korea and China, who served in the Japanese army's camps during World War II. Some 35 Dutch comfort women brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948. In 1993, Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono said that women were coerced into brothels run by Japan's wartime military. Other Japanese leaders have apologized, including former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi in 2001. In 2007, then-Prime Minister Shinz\u014d Abe claimed: \"The fact is, there is no evidence to prove there was coercion.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "How many women are believed to have been sexual slaves for the Japenese Army?", "id": "57325111e17f3d1400422851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "35"}], "question": "In 1948, how many Dutch women brought a case to the Batavia Military Tribunal?", "id": "57325111e17f3d1400422852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Junichiro Koizumi"}], "question": "In 2001 which Japanese Prime <Minister apologized for the brothels.", "id": "57325111e17f3d1400422853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Shinz\u014d Abe"}], "question": "In 2007 which Japenese Prime Minister said there was no proof of coercion of women to be sexual slaves?", "id": "57325111e17f3d1400422854"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Korea and China"}], "question": "Where were the sexual slave women mostly from?", "id": "57325111e17f3d1400422855"}]}], ["Operasi Serangan Strategik Manchurian bermula pada 9 Ogos 1945, dengan pencerobohan Soviet terhadap negara boneka Manchukuo Jepun dan merupakan kempen terakhir Perang Dunia Kedua dan yang terbesar dari Perang Soviet-Jepun 1945 yang memulihkan permusuhan antara Kesatuan Soviet dan Empayar Jepun selepas hampir enam tahun kedamaian. Keuntungan Soviet di benua itu adalah Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) dan utara Korea. Kekalahan yang ketara dari Tentara Kwantung Jepun telah diperdebatkan sebagai faktor penting dalam penyerahan Jepun dan berakhirnya Perang Dunia II, ketika Jepang menyadari bahwa Soviets bersedia dan mampu mengambil biaya pencerobohan di Kepulauan Home, setelah pesatnya penaklukan Manchuria dan Penjajahan pulau Sakhalin Selatan. <> Bilakah Kesatuan Soviet menyerang Manchukuo? || 9 Ogos 1945 <> Apakah kempen terakhir Perang Dunia II? || Operasi Serangan Strategik Manchurian <> Apakah kempen terbesar Soviet terhadap Jepun? || Operasi Serangan Strategik Manchurian <> Siapa yang mendapat Manchukuo, Mengjiang, dan Korea Utara selepas Kempen Serangan Strategik Manchurian? || Soviet Union <> Bilakah permusuhan antara Jepun dan Soviet Union selepas enam tahun damai? || 9 Ogos 1945", {"context": "The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation began on 9 August 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the last campaign of the Second World War and the largest of the 1945 Soviet\u2013Japanese War which resumed hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace. Soviet gains on the continent were Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) and northern Korea. The rapid defeat of Japan's Kwantung Army has been argued to be a significant factor in the Japanese surrender and the end of World War II, as Japan realized the Soviets were willing and able to take the cost of invasion of its Home Islands, after their rapid conquest of Manchuria and Invasion of South Sakhalin island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "9 August 1945"}], "question": "When did the soviet Union invade Manchukuo?", "id": "57324d08e99e3014001e667a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation"}], "question": "What was the last campaign of World War II?", "id": "57324d08e99e3014001e667b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation"}], "question": "What was the largest campaign of the Soviets against Japan?", "id": "57324d08e99e3014001e667c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "Who gained Manchukuo, Mengjiang, and northern Korea after the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Campaign?", "id": "57324d08e99e3014001e667d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "9 August 1945"}], "question": "When did hostilities between Japan and the Soviet Union resum after six years of peace?", "id": "57324d08e99e3014001e667e"}]}], ["Di Jepun, 14 Ogos dianggap hari Perang Pasifik berakhir. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila Imperial Jepun sebenarnya menyerah pada 15 Ogos, hari ini dikenali di negara-negara berbahasa Inggeris sebagai \"V-J Day\" (Kemenangan di Jepun). Instrumen Penyerahan Jepun formal telah ditandatangani pada 2 September 1945, di kapal perang USS Missouri, di Tokyo Bay. Serah terima itu diterima oleh Jeneral Douglas MacArthur sebagai Panglima Tertinggi untuk Pasukan Bersekutu, dengan wakil dari beberapa negara Sekutu, dari delegasi Jepun yang diketuai oleh Mamoru Shigemitsu dan Yoshijiro Umezu. <> Apa tarikh Jepun mempertimbangkan akhir Perang Pasifik? || 14 Ogos <> Hari apa tahu di Amerika Syarikat sebagai \"Hari V-J\"? || 15 Ogos <> Bilakah Jepun secara rasmi menandatangani penyerahan itu? || 2 September 1945 <> Mengenai kapal berperang apakah dokumen penyerahan yang ditandatangani oleh orang Jepun? || USS Missouri <> Siapa yang menerima penyerahan Jepun? || Jeneral Douglas MacArthur", {"context": "In Japan, 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended. However, as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August, this day became known in the English-speaking countries as \"V-J Day\" (Victory in Japan). The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945, on the battleship USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay. The surrender was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with representatives of several Allied nations, from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijiro Umezu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "14 August"}], "question": "What date does Japan consider the end of the Pacific War?", "id": "57324f67b9d445190005ea25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "15 August"}], "question": "What day is know in the United States as \"V-J Day\"?", "id": "57324f67b9d445190005ea26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "2 September 1945"}], "question": "When did Japan formally have signed the surrender?", "id": "57324f67b9d445190005ea27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "USS Missouri"}], "question": "On what battleship was the surrender document signed by the Japanese delagation?", "id": "57324f67b9d445190005ea28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "General Douglas MacArthur"}], "question": "Who accepted the Japanese surrender?", "id": "57324f67b9d445190005ea29"}]}], ["Kesan \"Kejutan Berkembar\" - kemasukan Soviet dan pengeboman atom-sangat mendalam. Pada 10 Ogos, \"keputusan suci\" dibuat oleh Kabinet Jepun untuk menerima syarat-syarat Potsdam dalam satu syarat: \"prerogatif Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia sebagai Raja Yang Berdaulat\". Pada tengah hari pada 15 Ogos, selepas jawapan pemerintah sengaja samar-samar, menyatakan bahawa \"kuasa\" maharaja \"akan tertakluk kepada Panglima Tertinggi Kuasa Sekutu\", Maharaja menyiarkan kepada negara dan kepada dunia pada umumnya serahan penyerahan, mengakhiri Perang Dunia Kedua. <> Bagaimana Jepun merujuk kepada pengeboman atom dan pencerobohan Soviet? || \"Kejutan Berkembar\" <> Kapan Jepun menyerah? || 15 Ogos <> Apakah keadaan Jepun yang dikehendaki sebelum menerima istilah Potsdam? || \"prerogatif Yang Mulia sebagai Penguasa Berdaulat\" <> Apakah jawapan kepada Jepun tentang keadaan penyerahan? || \"pihak berkuasa\" maharaja \"hendaklah tertakluk kepada Panglima Tertinggi Kuasa Sekutu\" <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila Kabinet Jepun menerima istilah Potsdam? || \"keputusan suci\"", {"context": "The effects of the \"Twin Shocks\"\u2014the Soviet entry and the atomic bombing\u2014were profound. On 10 August the \"sacred decision\" was made by Japanese Cabinet to accept the Potsdam terms on one condition: the \"prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler\". At noon on 15 August, after the American government's intentionally ambiguous reply, stating that the \"authority\" of the emperor \"shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers\", the Emperor broadcast to the nation and to the world at large the rescript of surrender, ending the Second World War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "\"Twin Shocks\""}], "question": "How did the Japanese refer to the atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion?", "id": "57324e4cb9d445190005ea07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "15 August"}], "question": "When did Japan surrender?", "id": "57324e4cb9d445190005ea08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "\"prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler\""}], "question": "What was the one condition Japan wanted before accepting the Potsdam terms?", "id": "57324e4cb9d445190005ea09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "\"authority\" of the emperor \"shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers\""}], "question": "What was the reply to Japan about the surrender condition?", "id": "57324e4cb9d445190005ea0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "\"sacred decision\""}], "question": "What was it called when the Japanese Cabinet accepted the Potsdam terms?", "id": "57324e4cb9d445190005ea0b"}]}], ["Menjelang akhir perang sebagai peranan pengeboman strategik menjadi lebih penting, satu perintah baru untuk Angkatan Udara Strategik A.S. di Pasifik diwujudkan untuk mengawasi semua pengeboman strategik A.S. di hemisfera, di bawah Angkatan Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat, General Curtis LeMay. Pengeluaran perindustrian Jepun menjunam hampir separuh daripada kawasan terbina di 67 bandar raya yang dimusnahkan oleh serbuan bombing B-29. Pada 9-10 Mac 1945 sahaja, kira-kira 100,000 orang terbunuh dalam kebakaran yang disebabkan oleh serangan api di Tokyo. LeMay juga menyelia Operasi Kelaparan, di mana saluran air di Jepun secara meluas ditambang oleh udara, yang mengganggu jumlah kecil baki pantai laut Jepun. Pada 26 Julai 1945, Presiden Amerika Syarikat Harry S. Truman, Presiden Kerajaan Kebangsaan China Chiang Kai-shek dan Perdana Menteri Great Britain Winston Churchill mengeluarkan Deklarasi Potsdam, yang menggariskan terma penyerahan untuk Empayar Jepun seperti yang dipersetujui di Persidangan Potsdam. Ulimatum ini menyatakan bahawa, jika Jepun tidak menyerah, ia akan menghadapi \"kemusnahan yang cepat dan penuh\". <> Siapa yang berada di atas Angkatan Udara Strategik A.S. yang baru di dalam perintah Pasifik? || Ketua Curtis LeMay <> Berapa banyak orang terbunuh dalam serangan masuk ke Tokyo pada 9-10 Mac 1945? || 100,000 <> Bilakah Deklarasi Potsdam dikeluarkan? || 26 Julai 1945 <> Siapa yang mengawasi Keganasan Operasi? || General Curtis LeMay <> Apa ultimatum menyatakan bahawa Jepun akan menghadapi \"kemusnahan segera dan utuh\" jika ia tidak menyerah? || Perisytiharan Potsdam", {"context": "Towards the end of the war as the role of strategic bombing became more important, a new command for the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific was created to oversee all U.S. strategic bombing in the hemisphere, under United States Army Air Forces General Curtis LeMay. Japanese industrial production plunged as nearly half of the built-up areas of 67 cities were destroyed by B-29 firebombing raids. On 9\u201310 March 1945 alone, about 100,000 people were killed in a conflagration caused by an incendiary attack on Tokyo. LeMay also oversaw Operation Starvation, in which the inland waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air, which disrupted the small amount of remaining Japanese coastal sea traffic. On 26 July 1945, the President of the United States Harry S. Truman, the President of the Nationalist Government of China Chiang Kai-shek and the Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill issued the Potsdam Declaration, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference. This ultimatum stated that, if Japan did not surrender, it would face \"prompt and utter destruction.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "General Curtis LeMay"}], "question": "Who was over the new U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific command?", "id": "5732485de99e3014001e663e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "100,000"}], "question": "How many people were killed in the incendry attack on Tokyo on March 9-10, 1945?", "id": "5732485de99e3014001e663f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "26 July 1945"}], "question": "When was the Potsdam Declaration issued?", "id": "5732485de99e3014001e6641"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "General Curtis LeMay"}], "question": "Who oversaw Operation Starvation?", "id": "5732485de99e3014001e6640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 917, "text": "Potsdam Declaration"}], "question": "What ultimatum stated that Japan would face \"prompt and utter destruction\" if it did not surrender?", "id": "5732485de99e3014001e6642"}]}], ["Pertempuran Amerika yang terbesar dan paling dahsyat datang di Okinawa, kerana AS mencari pangkalan udara untuk 3,000 B-29 pengebom dan 240 skuadron B-17 pengebom untuk pengeboman kuat pulau-pulau di Jepun sebagai persediaan untuk pencerobohan besar-besaran pada akhir 1945. Jepun, dengan 115,000 tentera yang ditambah ribuan penduduk awam di pulau yang banyak penduduknya, tidak menentang pantai-strategi mereka adalah untuk memaksimumkan jumlah tentera dan korban Marinir, dan kehilangan tentera laut dari serangan Kamikaze. Selepas pengeboman sengit, Amerika mendarat pada 1 April 1945 dan mengumumkan kemenangan pada 21 Jun. Angkatan laut sokongan adalah sasaran untuk 4000 jenis, banyak oleh pesawat-pesawat bunuh diri Kamikaze. Kerugian A.S. berjumlah 38 kapal semua jenis tenggelam dan 368 rosak dengan 4,900 pelaut terbunuh. Orang Amerika menderita 75,000 orang korban; 94% tentera Jepun mati bersama ramai orang awam. <> Berapa banyak pengebom B-29 yang diperlukan dalam Okinawa? || 3,000 <> Berapa banyak skuadron B = 17 pengebom yang diperlukan dalam Okinawa? || 240 <> Berapa banyak tentera Jepun di Okinawa? || 115,000 <> Bilakah tentera darat Amerika Syarikat di Okinawa? || 1 April 1945 <> Berapa banyak kapal A.S. hilang di Okinawa? || 38", {"context": "The largest and bloodiest American battle came at Okinawa, as the U.S. sought airbases for 3,000 B-29 bombers and 240 squadrons of B-17 bombers for the intense bombardment of Japan's home islands in preparation for a full-scale invasion in late 1945. The Japanese, with 115,000 troops augmented by thousands of civilians on the heavily populated island, did not resist on the beaches\u2014their strategy was to maximize the number of soldier and Marine casualties, and naval losses from Kamikaze attacks. After an intense bombardment the Americans landed on 1 April 1945 and declared victory on 21 June. The supporting naval forces were the targets for 4,000 sorties, many by Kamikaze suicide planes. U.S. losses totaled 38 ships of all types sunk and 368 damaged with 4,900 sailors killed. The Americans suffered 75,000 casualties on the ground; 94% of the Japanese soldiers died along with many civilians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "How many B-29 bombers were airbases need for in Okinawa?", "id": "573245f7b9d445190005e97b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "240"}], "question": "How many squadrons of B=17 bombers were airbases need for in Okinawa?", "id": "573245f7b9d445190005e97c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "115,000"}], "question": "How many Japanese troops were on Okinawa?", "id": "573245f7b9d445190005e97d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "1 April 1945"}], "question": "When did the United States land forces on Okinawa?", "id": "573245f7b9d445190005e97e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "38"}], "question": "How many U.S. ships were lost at Okinawa?", "id": "573245f7b9d445190005e97f"}]}], ["Pada 6 Ogos 1945, A.S. menjatuhkan bom atom di bandar raya Hiroshima Jepun dalam serangan nuklear pertama dalam sejarah. Dalam siaran akhbar yang dikeluarkan selepas pengeboman atom Hiroshima, Truman memberi amaran kepada Jepun untuk menyerahkan diri atau \"... mengharapkan hujan kehancuran dari udara, seperti yang tidak pernah dilihat di bumi ini.\" Tiga hari kemudian, pada 9 Ogos, A.S. menjatuhkan satu lagi bom atom ke Nagasaki, serangan nuklear terakhir dalam sejarah. Lebih daripada 140,000-240,000 orang mati sebagai hasil langsung dari dua pengeboman ini. Keperluan pengeboman atom telah lama dibahaskan, dengan pengkritik yang mendakwa bahawa blokade laut dan kempen pengeboman udara telah membuat pencerobohan, oleh itu bom atom, tidak perlu. Walau bagaimanapun, ulama lain berpendapat bahawa pengeboman itu mengejutkan kerajaan Jepun menyerahkan diri, dengan Maharaja akhirnya menunjukkan hasratnya untuk menghentikan perang. Hujah lain memihak kepada bom atom adalah mereka membantu mengelakkan Operasi Downfall, atau sekatan yang berpanjangan dan kempen pengeboman, mana-mana yang akan menuntut lebih banyak korban yang lebih tinggi di kalangan penduduk Jepun. Ahli sejarah Richard B. Frank menulis bahawa pencerobohan Soviet terhadap Jepun tidak mungkin kerana mereka mempunyai kemampuan angkatan laut yang tidak mencukupi untuk menceroboh pencerobohan amfibia Hokkaid\u014d. <> Amerika jatuh apa pada 6 Ogos 1945? || bom atom <> Apakah bandar Japen yang ditonjolkan oleh Amerika Syarikat? || Hiroshima <> Apakah nama sekatan dan pengeboman Jepun yang dirancang untuk menyerahkannya? || Kejatuhan Operasi <> Bilakah Amerika menjatuhkan bom nuklear ke Nagasaki? || 9 Ogos <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa serangan Soviet terhadap Jepun tidak mungkin? || Richard B. Frank", {"context": "On 6 August 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the first nuclear attack in history. In a press release issued after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Truman warned Japan to surrender or \"...expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.\" Three days later, on 9 August, the U.S. dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki, the last nuclear attack in history. More than 140,000\u2013240,000 people died as a direct result of these two bombings. The necessity of the atomic bombings has long been debated, with detractors claiming that a naval blockade and aerial bombing campaign had already made invasion, hence the atomic bomb, unnecessary. However, other scholars have argued that the bombings shocked the Japanese government into surrender, with Emperor finally indicating his wish to stop the war. Another argument in favor of the atomic bombs is that they helped avoid Operation Downfall, or a prolonged blockade and bombing campaign, any of which would have exacted much higher casualties among Japanese civilians. Historian Richard B. Frank wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was never likely because they had insufficient naval capability to mount an amphibious invasion of Hokkaid\u014d.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "atomic bomb"}], "question": "America dropped what on August 6, 1945?", "id": "57324b84e17f3d14004227fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Hiroshima"}], "question": "What was the forst Japenese city nuked by the United States?", "id": "57324b84e17f3d14004227fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 946, "text": "Operation Downfall"}], "question": "What was the name of the blockade and bombing of Japan planed to make them surrender?", "id": "57324b84e17f3d14004227fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "9 August"}], "question": "When did American drop a nuclear bomb on Nagasaki?", "id": "57324b84e17f3d14004227fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1103, "text": "Richard B. Frank"}], "question": "Who wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was unlikely?", "id": "57324b84e17f3d14004227ff"}]}], ["Menjelang April 1945, China telah berperang dengan Jepun selama lebih daripada tujuh tahun. Kedua-dua negara telah habis dengan bertahun-tahun pertempuran, pengeboman dan blokade. Selepas kemenangan Jepun dalam Operasi Ichi-Go, Jepun kalah dalam pertempuran di Burma dan menghadapi serangan berterusan dari Pasukan Nasionalis Cina dan gerila komunis di negara ini. Tentera Jepun memulakan persediaan untuk Pertempuran Hunan Barat pada bulan Mac 1945. Jepun mengerahkan 34, 47, 64, 68 dan 116, serta Briged Bebas 86, untuk seramai 80,000 orang untuk merebut lapangan terbang Cina dan mengejar landasan kereta api dalam Hunan Barat pada awal April. Sebagai tindak balas, Majlis Tentera Kebangsaan Cina menghantar Tentera Darat ke-4 dan Kumpulan Tentera ke-10 dan ke-27 dengan Dia Yingqin sebagai ketua komander. Pada masa yang sama, ia mengangkut seluruh Kor Cina Baru 6, sebuah korps yang dilengkapi Amerika dan veteran dari Pasukan Ekspedisi Birma, dari Kunming ke Zhijiang. Angkatan China berjumlah 110,000 lelaki di 20 bahagian. Mereka disokong oleh kira-kira 400 pesawat dari angkatan udara China dan Amerika. Tentera China mencapai kemenangan tegas dan melancarkan serangan balas besar dalam kempen ini. Pada masa yang sama, orang Cina berjaya menangkis serangan Jepun di Henan dan Hubei. Selepas itu, pasukan China menguasai wilayah Hunan dan Hubei di China Selatan. Cina melancarkan serangan balas untuk merebut kembali Guangxi yang merupakan kubu utama Jepun terakhir di China Selatan. Pada bulan Ogos 1945, pasukan China berjaya mengulangi Guangxi. [Rujukan?] Pada tahun 1945, berapa tahun Jepun telah berperang dengan China? || tujuh <> Peperangan apa yang Tentera Jepun mula bersedia pada bulan Mac 1945? || Pertempuran Hunan Barat <> Berapa banyak askar Jepun yang digerakkan untuk menangkap lapangan udara dan landasan kereta api China di Hunan Barat? || 80,000 <> Siapa ketua komander Cina dari Kumpulan Tentera ke-10 dan ke-27? || Dia Yingqin <> Bilakah pasukan China mengambil semula Guangxi? || Ogos 1945", {"context": "By April 1945, China had already been at war with Japan for more than seven years. Both nations were exhausted by years of battles, bombings and blockades. After Japanese victories in Operation Ichi-Go, Japan were losing the battle in Burma and facing constant attacks from Chinese Nationalists forces and Communist guerrillas in the country side. The Japanese army began preparations for the Battle of West Hunan in March 1945. Japanese mobilized 34th, 47th, 64th, 68th and 116th Divisions, as well as the 86th Independent Brigade, for a total of 80,000 men to seize Chinese airfields and secure railroads in West Hunan by early April. In response, the Chinese National Military Council dispatched the 4th Front Army and the 10th and 27th Army Groups with He Yingqin as commander-in-chief. At the same time, it airlifted the entire Chinese New 6th Corps, an American-equipped corps and veterans of the Burma Expeditionary Force, from Kunming to Zhijiang. Chinese forces totaled 110,000 men in 20 divisions. They were supported by about 400 aircraft from Chinese and American air forces. Chinese forces achieved a decisive victory and launched a large counterattack in this campaign. Concurrently, the Chinese managed to repel a Japanese offensive in Henan and Hubei. Afterwards, Chinese forces retook Hunan and Hubei provinces in South China. Chinese launched a counter offensive to retake Guangxi which was the last major Japanese stronghold in South China. In August 1945, Chinese forces successfully retook Guangxi.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "seven"}], "question": "In 1945, how many years had Japan already been at war with China?", "id": "57324501b9d445190005e95d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Battle of West Hunan"}], "question": "What battle did the Japanese Army begin to prepare for in March 1945?", "id": "57324501b9d445190005e95e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "80,000"}], "question": "How many Japanese soldiers were mobilized to capture the Chinese airfields and railroads in West Hunan?", "id": "57324501b9d445190005e95f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "He Yingqin"}], "question": "Who was the Chinese commander-in-chief of the 10th and 27th Army Groups?", "id": "57324501b9d445190005e960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1463, "text": "August 1945"}], "question": "When did Chinese forces retake Guangxi?", "id": "57324501b9d445190005e961"}]}], ["Australia terkejut dengan kejatuhan British Malaya dan Kejatuhan Singapura yang mana sekitar 15,000 askar Australia menjadi tawanan perang. Curtin meramalkan bahawa \"pertempuran untuk Australia\" kini akan mengikutinya. Jepun mendirikan pangkalan utama di Wilayah Australia di New Guinea pada awal 1942. Pada 19 Februari, Darwin menderita serangan udara yang dahsyat, pertama kali tanah besar Australia telah diserang. Sepanjang 19 bulan berikut, Australia diserang dari udara hampir 100 kali. <> Berapa banyak orang Australia diambil tahanan selepas kejatuhan Singapura dan British Malaya? || 15,000 <> Pada tahun apakah Jepun menubuhkan pangkalan di New Guinea? || 1942 <> Apa tarikh yang pertama diserang tanah besar Australia? || 19 Februari <> Apa bandar utama di Australia diserang oleh orang Jepun pada 19 Februari? || Darwin <> Berapa banyak bulan Australia diserang dari udara oleh Jepun? || 19", {"context": "Australia had been shocked by the speedy collapse of British Malaya and Fall of Singapore in which around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war. Curtin predicted that the \"battle for Australia\" would now follow. The Japanese established a major base in the Australian Territory of New Guinea in early 1942. On 19 February, Darwin suffered a devastating air raid, the first time the Australian mainland had been attacked. Over the following 19 months, Australia was attacked from the air almost 100 times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "15,000"}], "question": "About how many Australians were taken prisoner after the fall of Singapore and British Malaya?", "id": "57329efbcc179a14009dab7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "1942"}], "question": "In what year did Japan establish a base in New Guinea?", "id": "57329efbcc179a14009dab7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "19 February"}], "question": "What date was the Australian mainland first attacked?", "id": "57329efbcc179a14009dab7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Darwin"}], "question": "What mainland Australian city was attacked by the Japanese on February 19?", "id": "57329efbcc179a14009dab7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "19"}], "question": "For how many months was Australia attacked from the air by Japan?", "id": "57329efbcc179a14009dab80"}]}]], [["Pada 17 April 1861, lima hari selepas serangan Confederate terhadap Fort Sumter, badan perundangan mengundi untuk mengasingkan Amerika Syarikat dan menyertai Konfederasi. Tindakan rasmi datang pada bulan Mei, selepas Konfederasi berjanji untuk memindahkan ibukota nasionalnya ke Richmond. Bandar ini pada penghujung garis bekalan yang panjang, yang menjadikannya agak sukar untuk mempertahankan, walaupun bekalan terus mencapai bandar dengan terusan dan kereta selama bertahun-tahun, kerana ia dilindungi oleh Tentera Utara Virginia dan boleh dikatakan tentara terbaik Confederacy dan komander. Ia menjadi sasaran utama tentera Kesatuan, terutamanya dalam kempen 1862 dan 1864-5. <> Pada tarikh apa pemisahan Virginia dari Kesatuan? || 17 April 1861 <Selepas meninggalkan Union, negara apakah yang bergabung dengan Virginia? || Konfederasi <> Bersama dengan tahun 1864-5, tahun apakah yang menyaksikan kempen Amerika Syarikat di Richmond? || 1862", {"context": "On 17 April 1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its national capital to Richmond. The city was at the end of a long supply line, which made it somewhat difficult to defend, although supplies continued to reach the city by canal and wagon for years, since it was protected by the Army of Northern Virginia and arguably the Confederacy's best troops and commanders. It became the main target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862 and 1864-5.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "17 April 1861"}], "question": "On what date was Virginia's secession from the Union?", "id": "573427f7d058e614000b6a3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Confederacy"}], "question": "After leaving the Union, what nation did Virginia join?", "id": "573427f7d058e614000b6a3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "1862"}], "question": "Along with 1864-5, what year notably saw US campaigns directed at Richmond?", "id": "573427f7d058e614000b6a3c"}]}], ["Davis dan kabinetnya meninggalkan bandar itu dengan kereta api malam itu, ketika pegawai kerajaan membakar dokumen dan meninggalkan pasukan Konfederasi membakar tembakau dan gudang lain untuk menyangkal kandungan mereka kepada para pemenang. Pada 2 April 1865, Jeneral Godfrey Weitzel, komander pasukan ke-25 Pasukan Berwarna Amerika Syarikat, menerima serahan bandar dari Datuk Bandar dan sekumpulan warga terkemuka yang tinggal. Tentera Kesatuan akhirnya berjaya menghalang kebakaran yang mengamuk tetapi kira-kira 25% bangunan di bandar telah musnah - Apa yang terkandung dalam gudang yang dibakar oleh Confederates ketika mengosongkan Richmond? || tembakau <> Apa yang umum menerima penyerahan Richmond? || Godfrey Weitzel <> Pada hari apakah konfederasi menyerahkan Richmond ke Kesatuan? || April 2, 1865 <> Dengan cara apakah Davis meninggalkan Richmond? || kereta api <> Berapa peratus daripada Richmond telah dimusnahkan oleh kebakaran selepas pemindahan Konfederasi? || 25", {"context": "Davis and his cabinet left the city by train that night, as government officials burned documents and departing Confederate troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny their contents to the victors. On April 2, 1865, General Godfrey Weitzel, commander of the 25th corps of the United States Colored Troops, accepted the city's surrender from the mayor and group of leading citizens who remained. The Union troops eventually managed to stop the raging fires but about 25% of the city's buildings were destroyed-", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "tobacco"}], "question": "What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond?", "id": "573430a44776f41900661a31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Godfrey Weitzel"}], "question": "What general received the surrender of Richmond?", "id": "573430a44776f41900661a32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "April 2, 1865"}], "question": "On what day did the Confederacy surrender Richmond to the Union?", "id": "573430a44776f41900661a33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "train"}], "question": "By what means did Davis leave Richmond?", "id": "573430a44776f41900661a34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "25"}], "question": "What percentage of Richmond was destroyed by fire after the Confederate evacuation?", "id": "573430a44776f41900661a35"}]}], ["Tiga tahun kemudian, pada Mac 1865 berakhir, kapitol Konfederat menjadi tidak dapat dipertahankan. Pada 25 Mac, serangan John Confederate General John B. Gordon terhadap Fort Stedman di timur Petersburg gagal. Pada 1 April, General Philip Sheridan, ditugaskan untuk menghalang Keretapi Southside, bertemu dengan briged yang diarahkan oleh George Pickett di persimpangan Five Forks, menghancurkan mereka, mengambil ribuan tawanan, dan menggalakkan General Grant untuk memerintahkan kemajuan umum. Ketika Union Sixth Corps memecah garisan Confederate di Boydton Plank Road di selatan Petersburg, kecederaan Confederate melebihi 5000, atau kira-kira sepersepuluh tentera Lee yang bertahan. Ketua Lee kemudian memaklumkan Jefferson Davis bahawa dia akan memindahkan Richmond. <> Di manakah Petersburg terletak berhubung dengan Ford Stedman? || timur <> 5000 orang mewakili sebahagian kecil daripada tentera Jeneral Lee? || kesepuluh <> Di jalan apakah yang dilakukan oleh Tentara Keenam Amerika Syarikat menghancurkan garis Konfederasi? || Boydton Plank <> Apa yang umum memerintahkan serangan terhadap Fort Stedman? || John B. Gordon <> Pada bulan apa tahun 1865 adalah Richmond dinilai tidak dapat lagi dipertahankan? || Mac", {"context": "Three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B. Gordon's desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed. On April 1, General Philip Sheridan, assigned to interdict the Southside Railroad, met brigades commanded by George Pickett at the Five Forks junction, smashing them, taking thousands of prisoners, and encouraging General Grant to order a general advance. When the Union Sixth Corps broke through Confederate lines on Boydton Plank Road south of Petersburg, Confederate casualties exceeded 5000, or about a tenth of Lee's defending army. General Lee then informed Jefferson Davis that he was about to evacuate Richmond.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "east"}], "question": "Where was Petersburg located in relation to Ford Stedman?", "id": "573429574776f419006619dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "tenth"}], "question": "5000 men represented what fraction of General Lee's army?", "id": "573429574776f419006619de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Boydton Plank"}], "question": "On what road did the US Army Sixth Corps shatter the Confederate line?", "id": "573429574776f419006619df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "John B. Gordon"}], "question": "What general commanded the attack on Fort Stedman?", "id": "573429574776f419006619e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "March"}], "question": "In what month of 1865 was Richmond judged to be no longer able to be defended?", "id": "573429574776f419006619e1"}]}], ["Di samping pejabat dan hospital kerajaan Virginia dan Confederate, hab kereta api dan salah satu pasar hamba terbesar di selatan, Richmond mempunyai kilang terbesar di Konfederasi, Tredegar Iron Works, yang ternyata artileri dan amunisi lain, termasuk 723 tan penyadap perisai yang merangkumi CSS Virginia, yang pertama di dunia yang digunakan dalam peperangan, serta banyak jentera pertahanan berat Confederates. Kongres Gabungan berkedudukan dengan Perhimpunan Agung Virginia di Virginia State Capitol, dengan rumah eksekutif Confederacy, \"White House of Confederacy\", terletak dua blok dari sini. Pertempuran Tujuh Hari diikuti pada akhir bulan Jun dan awal Julai 1862, di mana Union General McClellan mengancam untuk mengambil Richmond tetapi akhirnya gagal. <> Apakah nama kilang terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? || Tredegar Iron Works <> Apakah nama kapal perang besi pertama yang melihat pertempuran? || CSS Virginia <> Apa nama lain untuk rumah eksekutif Konfederasi? || White House of Confederacy <> Seberapa jauh dari rumah eksekutif Gabungan adalah Capitol Negeri Virginia? || dua blok <> Siapa yang memerintahkan tentera Kesatuan semasa Pertempuran Tujuh Hari? || McClellan", {"context": "In addition to Virginia and Confederate government offices and hospitals, a railroad hub, and one of the South's largest slave markets, Richmond had the largest factory in the Confederacy, the Tredegar Iron Works, which turned out artillery and other munitions, including the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia, the world's first ironclad used in war, as well as much of the Confederates' heavy ordnance machinery. The Confederate Congress shared quarters with the Virginia General Assembly in the Virginia State Capitol, with the Confederacy's executive mansion, the \"White House of the Confederacy\", located two blocks away. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond but ultimately failed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Tredegar Iron Works"}], "question": "What was the name of the biggest factory in the Confederate States of America?", "id": "57342891d058e614000b6a5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "CSS Virginia"}], "question": "What was the name of the first ironclad warship that saw combat?", "id": "57342891d058e614000b6a5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "White House of the Confederacy"}], "question": "What is another name for the Confederacy's executive mansion?", "id": "57342891d058e614000b6a5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "two blocks"}], "question": "How far away from the Confederate executive mansion was the Virginia State Capitol?", "id": "57342891d058e614000b6a5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "McClellan"}], "question": "Who commanded the Union armies during the Seven Days Battles?", "id": "57342891d058e614000b6a5e"}]}], ["Selepas Perang Revolusi Amerika, Richmond muncul sebagai pusat perindustrian penting. Untuk memudahkan pemindahan kargo dari bateaux rata-rata di atas garis jatuh ke kapal-kapal laut di bawah ini, George Washington membantu merancang Sungai James dan Kanawha Canal pada abad ke-18 untuk memintas jeram Richmond, dengan niat menyediakan air laluan melintasi Appalachians ke Sungai Kanawha. Warisan tukang bot terusan diwakili oleh angka di tengah bendera bandar. Sebagai hasil dari akses yang banyak ini kepada kuasa hidro kerana jatuh, Richmond menjadi rumah kepada beberapa kemudahan pembuatan terbesar di negara ini, termasuk kerja-kerja besi dan kilang tepung, kemudahan terbesar di Selatan. Penentangan terhadap perdagangan hamba semakin meningkat pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas; dalam satu kes yang terkenal pada tahun 1848, Henry \"Box\" Brown membuat sejarah dengan mempunyai dirinya sendiri dipaku ke dalam sebuah kotak kecil dan dihantar dari Richmond ke penghapusan di Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, melarikan diri perhambaan. <> Apa air buatan manusia direka oleh George Washington? || Sungai James dan Canal Kanawha <> Ke mana terusan yang dirancang oleh Washington bertujuan untuk membawa air? || Sungai Kanawha <> Kepada bandar apakah yang dibawa oleh Henry Brown sebagai kargo? || Philadelphia <> Apakah nama samaran Henry Brown? || Box <> Apa jenis pusat ekonomi Richmond selepas Revolusi Amerika? || perindustrian", {"context": "After the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. To facilitate the transfer of cargo from the flat-bottomed bateaux above the fall line to the ocean-faring ships below, George Washington helped design the James River and Kanawha Canal in the 18th century to bypass Richmond's rapids, with the intent of providing a water route across the Appalachians to the Kanawha River. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag. As a result of this and ample access to hydropower due to the falls, Richmond became home to some of the largest manufacturing facilities in the country, including iron works and flour mills, the largest facilities of their kind in the South. The resistance to the slave trade was growing by the mid-nineteenth century; in one famous case in 1848, Henry \"Box\" Brown made history by having himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to abolitionists in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, escaping slavery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "James River and Kanawha Canal"}], "question": "What man-made body of water was designed in part by George Washington?", "id": "573426384776f41900661973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Kanawha River"}], "question": "To where was the canal designed by Washington intended to ferry water?", "id": "573426384776f41900661974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 974, "text": "Philadelphia"}], "question": "To what city was Henry Brown shipped as freight?", "id": "573426384776f41900661975"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 862, "text": "Box"}], "question": "What was Henry Brown's nickname?", "id": "573426384776f41900661976"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "industrial"}], "question": "What sort of economic center was Richmond in the wake of the American Revolution?", "id": "573426384776f41900661977"}]}], ["Richmond pulih dengan cepat dari perang, dan pada 1782 sekali lagi menjadi bandar yang berkembang pesat. Pada tahun 1786, Statuta Virginia untuk Kebebasan Beragama (digubal oleh Thomas Jefferson) telah diluluskan di kapitol sementara di Richmond, menyediakan asas pemisahan gereja dan negara, unsur penting dalam pembangunan kebebasan beragama di Amerika Syarikat . Sebuah rumah tetap untuk kerajaan baru, bangunan Virginia Capitol, direka oleh Thomas Jefferson dengan bantuan Charles-Louis Cl\u00e9risseau, dan diselesaikan pada tahun 1788. <> Apakah Statuta Virginia untuk Kebebasan Beragama? || asas pemisahan gereja dan negeri <> yang merumuskan Statuta Virginia untuk Kebebasan Beragama? || Thomas Jefferson <> Siapa yang merancang Bangunan Modal Richmond? || Thomas Jefferson <> Siapakah Charles-Louis Clerisseau? || Bangunan Capitol, direka bentuk oleh <> Bilakah bangunan Modal selesai? || 1788 <> Siapa yang membantu Jefferson dalam merancang Bangunan Kerajaan Virginia? || Charles-Louis Cl\u00e9risseau <> Pada tahun apakah Capitol Negeri Virginia selesai? || 1788 <> Apa modal Virginia sekitar tahun 1786? || Richmond <> Apa dokumen terkenal yang ditulis oleh Thomas Jefferson pada tahun 1786? || Undang-undang Virginia untuk Kebebasan Beragama <> Pada tahun berapa boleh Richmond mula dikatakan telah sembuh dari kemusnahan Revolusi Amerika? || 1782", {"context": "Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond, providing the basis for the separation of church and state, a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Cl\u00e9risseau, and was completed in 1788.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "the basis for the separation of church and state"}], "question": "What is the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?", "id": "573263ade99e3014001e6758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Thomas Jefferson"}], "question": "Who drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?", "id": "573263ade99e3014001e6759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Thomas Jefferson"}], "question": "Who designed the Richmond Capital Building?", "id": "573263ade99e3014001e675a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Capitol building, was designed by"}], "question": "Who is Charles-Louis Clerisseau?", "id": "573263ade99e3014001e675b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "1788"}], "question": "When was the Capital building completed?", "id": "573263ade99e3014001e675c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Charles-Louis Cl\u00e9risseau"}], "question": "Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol?", "id": "573425a6d058e614000b69fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "1788"}], "question": "In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished?", "id": "573425a6d058e614000b69ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Richmond"}], "question": "What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786?", "id": "573425a6d058e614000b6a00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom"}], "question": "What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?", "id": "573425a6d058e614000b6a01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "1782"}], "question": "In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution?", "id": "573425a6d058e614000b6a02"}]}], ["Ekonomi Richmond didorong terutamanya oleh undang-undang, kewangan, dan kerajaan, dengan agensi kerajaan persekutuan, negeri, dan tempatan, serta firma perundangan dan perbankan terkemuka, yang terletak di kawasan pusat bandar. Bandar ini adalah rumah bagi Mahkamah Rayuan Amerika Syarikat untuk Litar Keempat, salah satu daripada 13 rayuan rayuan Amerika Syarikat, dan Bank Rizab Persekutuan Richmond, salah satu daripada 12 Bank Rizab Persekutuan. Dominion Resources dan MeadWestvaco, syarikat Fortune 500, beribu pejabat di bandaraya, dengan yang lain di kawasan metropolitan. <> Apa perkara penting bagi ekonomi Richmond? || undang-undang, kewangan, dan kerajaan, dengan agensi persekutuan, negeri, dan tempatan <> Apa cawangan kehakiman terletak di Richmond? || Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada Mahkamah Rayuan Amerika Syarikat bagi Litar Keempat, salah satu daripada 13 mahkamah rayuan Amerika Syarikat <> Terdapat Bank Rizab Persekutuan yang terletak di Richmond. Berapa banyak di sana, jumlahnya? || 12 Bank Rizab Persekutuan <> Nama syarikat Fortune 500 dengan ibu pejabatnya di Richmond || Dominion Resources dan MeadWestvaco <> Bersama dengan undang-undang dan kewangan, apakah komponen utama ekonomi Richmond? || kerajaan <> Apa litar Mahkamah Rayuan AS berpusat di Richmond? || Keempat <> Berapa rayuan mahkamah litar ada di Amerika Syarikat? || 13 <> Berapa banyak Bank Rizab Persekutuan wujud? || 12 <> Bersama dengan MeadWestvaco, syarikat Fortune 500 yang berpusat di Richmond? || Dominion Resources", {"context": "Richmond's economy is primarily driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, as well as notable legal and banking firms, located in the downtown area. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, with others in the metropolitan area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies"}], "question": "What things are important to the economy of Richmond?", "id": "573260510fdd8d15006c6a5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals"}], "question": "What judicial branches are located in Richmond?", "id": "573260510fdd8d15006c6a5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "12 Federal Reserve Banks"}], "question": "There is a Federal Reserve Bank located in Richmond.  How many are there, total?", "id": "573260510fdd8d15006c6a5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco"}], "question": "Name a Fortune 500 company with it's headquarters in Richmond", "id": "573260510fdd8d15006c6a60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "government"}], "question": "Along with law and finance, what is a major component of Richmond's economy?", "id": "5734181fd058e614000b6934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Fourth"}], "question": "What circuit of the US Court of Appeals is based in Richmond?", "id": "5734181fd058e614000b6935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many circuit courts of appeal are there in the United States?", "id": "5734181fd058e614000b6936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many Federal Reserve Banks exist?", "id": "5734181fd058e614000b6937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Dominion Resources"}], "question": "Along with MeadWestvaco, what Fortune 500 company is based in Richmond?", "id": "5734181fd058e614000b6938"}]}], ["Pada 1775, Patrick Henry menyampaikan ucapannya yang \"Beri saya Liberty atau Memberi Kematian Saya\" yang terkenal di Gereja St. John di Richmond, penting untuk memutuskan penyertaan Virginia dalam Kongres Kontinental Pertama dan menetapkan kursus untuk revolusi dan kemerdekaan. Pada 18 April 1780, ibukota negeri itu dipindahkan dari ibukota kolonial Williamsburg ke Richmond, untuk menyediakan lokasi yang lebih terpusat untuk penduduk barat yang semakin meningkat di Virginia, serta mengasingkan ibu kota dari serangan British. Motif terakhir terbukti sia-sia, dan pada tahun 1781, di bawah komando Benedict Arnold, Richmond dibakar oleh tentera British, menyebabkan Gubernur Thomas Jefferson melarikan diri ketika militia Virginia, yang dipimpin oleh Sampson Mathews, mempertahankan kota itu. <> Tahun apa Patrick Henry memberi ucapannya? || 1775 <> Apa yang berlaku pada 18 April 1780? || ibu negeri itu dipindahkan dari ibukota penjajah Williamsburg ke Richmond <> Apakah ucapan Patrick Henry menggalakkan berlaku? || Penyertaan Virginia dalam Kongres Kontinental Pertama dan menetapkan kursus untuk revolusi dan kemerdekaan <> Apa salah satu sebab modal telah dipindahkan ke Richmond? || untuk mengasingkan ibu kota dari serangan British <> Siapa yang menjadi Gabenor Virginia pada 1781 || Thomas Jefferson <> Apa ucapan terkenal Patrick Henry memujuk para Perusuh untuk menghantar perwakilan? || First Continental Congress <> Apakah ibukota Virginia sebelum Richmond? || Williamsburg <> Apa yang umum memimpin tentera yang membakar Richmond? || Benedict Arnold <> Yang memimpin milisi yang mempertahankan Richmond? || Sampson Mathews <> Siapa gabenor Virginia pada tahun 1781? || Thomas Jefferson", {"context": "In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous \"Give me Liberty or Give me Death\" speech in St. John's Church in Richmond, crucial for deciding Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence. On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack. The latter motive proved to be in vain, and in 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond was burned by British troops, causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia, led by Sampson Mathews, defended the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1775"}], "question": "What year did Patrick Henry give his speech?", "id": "5732613bb9d445190005ead1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond"}], "question": "What happened on April 18, 1780?", "id": "5732613bb9d445190005ead2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence"}], "question": "What did Patrick Henry's speech encourage to happen?", "id": "5732613bb9d445190005ead3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "to isolate the capital from British attack"}], "question": "What's one reason the capital was moved to Richmond?", "id": "5732613bb9d445190005ead4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Thomas Jefferson"}], "question": "Who was Governor of Virginia in 1781", "id": "5732613bb9d445190005ead5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "First Continental Congress"}], "question": "What did Patrick Henry's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to?", "id": "57341bc54776f4190066188d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Williamsburg"}], "question": "What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond?", "id": "57341bc54776f4190066188e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "Benedict Arnold"}], "question": "What general led the troops that burned Richmond?", "id": "57341bc54776f4190066188f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "Sampson Mathews"}], "question": "Who led the militia that defended Richmond?", "id": "57341bc54776f41900661890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Thomas Jefferson"}], "question": "Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781?", "id": "57341bc54776f41900661891"}]}], ["Richmond terletak di garis kejatuhan James River, 44 batu (71 km) barat Williamsburg, 66 batu (106 km) timur Charlottesville, dan 98 batu (158 km) selatan Washington, DC Dikelilingi oleh Henrico dan daerah Chesterfield , bandar ini terletak di persimpangan Interstate 95 dan Interstate 64, dan dikelilingi oleh Interstate 295 dan Virginia State Route 288. Subbandar utama termasuk Midlothian ke barat daya, Glen Allen di utara dan barat, Pam pendek ke barat dan Mechanicsville ke timur laut. <> Richmond terletak di mana garis sungai James itu? || garis jatuh <> Pada apa persimpangan adalah Richmond terletak? || Interstate 95 dan Interstate 64, dan dikelilingi oleh Interstate 295 dan Jalan Negeri Virginia 288. <> Apa daerah terletak? sekitar Washington.D.C? || Kawasan Henrico dan Chesterfield <> Apa pinggir bandar terletak di barat daya? || Midlothian <> Apa pinggir bandar terletak di utara dan barat? || Glen Allen <> Jalan-jalan utama di Richmond? || Interstate 95 dan Interstate 64, dan dikelilingi oleh Interstate 295 dan Laluan Negeri Virginia 288 <> Apa bandar paling terkenal di bandar ini yang paling dekat sejauh 44 batu? || 44 batu (71 km) barat dari Williamsburg <> Daerah mana yang mengelilingi Richmond? || Henrico dan daerah Chesterfield <> Namakan sekurang-kurangnya dua pinggiran utama Richmond. || Midlothian di barat daya, Glen Allen di utara dan barat, Pam pendek ke barat dan Mechanicsville di timur laut <> Berapa batu di timur Richmond adalah Williamsburg? || 44 <> Berapa kilometer ke barat Charlottesville ialah Richmond? || 106 <> Meninggalkan Washington DC, apakah arahan kardinal yang akan pergi ke Richmond? || selatan <> Apa bandar pinggir barat daya Richmond? || Midlothian <> Di mana Pam pendek terletak dalam hubungannya dengan Richmond? || barat", {"context": "Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River, 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg, 66 miles (106 km) east of Charlottesville, and 98 miles (158 km) south of Washington, D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288. Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "the fall line"}], "question": "Richmond is located at what line of the James river?", "id": "572fc1b5b2c2fd14005683ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288."}], "question": "At what intersections is the Richmond located?", "id": "572fc1b5b2c2fd14005683f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Henrico and Chesterfield counties"}], "question": "What counties are located? around Washington.D.C?", "id": "572fc1b5b2c2fd14005683f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Midlothian"}], "question": "What suburb is located on the southwest?", "id": "572fc1b5b2c2fd14005683f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Glen Allen"}], "question": "What suburb is located on the north and west?", "id": "572fc1b5b2c2fd14005683f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288"}], "question": "What are the major roads in Richmond?", "id": "57325823e17f3d14004228bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg"}], "question": "What is the closest historically famous city is 44 miles away?", "id": "57325823e17f3d14004228c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Henrico and Chesterfield counties"}], "question": "What counties surround Richmond?", "id": "57325823e17f3d14004228c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast"}], "question": "Name at least two major suburbs of Richmond.", "id": "57325823e17f3d14004228c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "44"}], "question": "How many miles east of Richmond is Williamsburg?", "id": "573416fcd058e614000b6916"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "106"}], "question": "How many kilometers west of Charlottesville is Richmond?", "id": "573416fcd058e614000b6917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "south"}], "question": "Leaving Washington DC, what cardinal direction would one travel to reach Richmond?", "id": "573416fcd058e614000b6918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Midlothian"}], "question": "What is Richmond's southwestern suburb?", "id": "573416fcd058e614000b6919"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "west"}], "question": "Where is Short Pump located in relation to Richmond?", "id": "573416fcd058e614000b691a"}]}], ["Situs Richmond telah menjadi perkampungan penting Konfederasi Powhatan, dan secara ringkas diselesaikan oleh penjajah Inggeris dari Jamestown pada tahun 1609, dan pada tahun 1610-1611. Bandaraya Richmond kini ditubuhkan pada tahun 1737. Ia menjadi ibu kota Koloni dan Dominion Virginia pada tahun 1780. Semasa tempoh Perang Revolusi, beberapa peristiwa penting berlaku di bandar itu, termasuk Patrick Henry \"Berikan saya kebebasan atau memberi saya maut\" ucapan pada 1775 di Gereja St. John, dan laluan Statuta Virginia untuk Kebebasan Agama yang ditulis oleh Thomas Jefferson. Semasa Perang Saudara Amerika, Richmond berkhidmat sebagai ibu negara Amerika Syarikat Konfederasi. Bandar ini memasuki abad ke-20 dengan salah satu sistem kereta api elektrik pertama yang berjaya di dunia, serta pusat dagang dan budaya Afrika-Amerika, kejiranan Jackson Ward. <> Richmond merupakan bandar penting dalam apa yang disatukan? || The Confederacy Powhatan <> Richmond telah diselesaikan secara ringkas oleh siapa? || Penjajah Inggeris dari Jamestown <> Bilakah Jamestown Colonist menetap di Richmond? || 1609, dan pada 1610-1611 <> Ketika hari ini Richmond ditubuhkan? || 1737 <> apa ucapan terkenal yang diberikan oleh Patrick Henry di Richmond? || Berikan saya kebebasan atau berikan saya maut <> Bilakah Richmond mula menetap? || 1609 <> Bilakah Kota Richmond ditubuhkan? || 1737 <> Apakah perebutan perang revolusi terkenal yang diberikan di Richmond? Di mana? || Pidato Patrick Henry \"membebaskan saya atau memberi saya kematian\" pada tahun 1775 di Gereja St. John <> Apa 'sisi' adalah Richmond dalam Perang Saudara? || Confederate <> Siapa yang menulis Statut Virginia untuk Kebebasan Beragama? || Thomas Jefferson <> Apa kewarganegaraan rakyat yang menetap Richmond pada tahun 1609? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Pada tahun berapa bandar Richmond ditubuhkan? || 1737 <> Apa ucapan yang terkenal yang diberikan oleh Patrick Henry di Richmond? || Berikan saya kebebasan atau beri saya kematian <> Dalam bangunan apa yang Patrick Henry memberikan ucapannya yang terkenal? || Gereja St. John <> Siapa pengarang Statut Virginia untuk Kebebasan Beragama? || Thomas Jefferson", {"context": "The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610\u20131611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's \"Give me liberty or give me death\" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems, as well as a national hub of African-American commerce and culture, the Jackson Ward neighborhood.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the Powhatan Confederacy"}], "question": "Richmond was an important city of what confederacy? ", "id": "572fc2ed04bcaa1900d76ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "English colonists from Jamestown"}], "question": "Richmond was briefly settled by whom?", "id": "572fc2ed04bcaa1900d76ca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "1609, and in 1610\u20131611"}], "question": "When did Jamestown Colonist settle in Richmond?", "id": "572fc2ed04bcaa1900d76ca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "1737"}], "question": "When was present day Richmond founded?", "id": "572fc2ed04bcaa1900d76ca4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Give me liberty or give me death"}], "question": "what famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?", "id": "572fc2ed04bcaa1900d76ca5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "1609"}], "question": "When was Richmond first settled?", "id": "57325863e17f3d14004228c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "1737"}], "question": "When was the City of Richmond founded?", "id": "57325863e17f3d14004228c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Patrick Henry's \"Give me liberty or give me death\" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church"}], "question": "What famous revolutionary war speech was given in Richmond?  Where?", "id": "57325863e17f3d14004228c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "Confederate"}], "question": "What 'side' was Richmond on in the Civil War?", "id": "57325863e17f3d14004228ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Thomas Jefferson"}], "question": "Who wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?", "id": "57325863e17f3d14004228cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "English"}], "question": "What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609?", "id": "573417c5d058e614000b692a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "1737"}], "question": "In what year was the current city of Richmond founded?", "id": "573417c5d058e614000b692b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Give me liberty or give me death"}], "question": "What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?", "id": "573417c5d058e614000b692c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "St. John's Church"}], "question": "In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech?", "id": "573417c5d058e614000b692d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Thomas Jefferson"}], "question": "Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?", "id": "573417c5d058e614000b692e"}]}], ["Grid jalan asal Richmond yang dibentangkan pada 1737, termasuk kawasan antara Jalan Broad, 17 dan 25 dan James River. Downtown Modern Richmond terletak sedikit lebih jauh ke barat, di lereng Shockoe Hill. Kawasan kejiranan yang berdekatan termasuk Shockoe Bottom, kawasan bersejarah dan rendah rendah antara Shockoe Hill dan Church Hill, dan Monroe Ward, yang mengandungi Hotel Jefferson. East End Richmond termasuk kawasan kejiranan seperti Gereja Hill dengan cepat menggembirakan, rumah kepada Gereja St. John, serta kawasan miskin seperti Fulton, Union Hill, dan Fairmont, dan projek perumahan awam seperti Mosby Court, Whitcomb Court, Fairfield Court, dan Creighton Court. ke Interstate 64. <> Apa kejiranan terletak di antara Gereja dan Shockoe Hill? || Shockoe Bottom <> Apa kejiranan Richmond adalah rumah kepada Jefferson Hotel? || Monroe Ward <> Apa kejiranan Richmond mengandungi Gereja St. John? || Church Hill <> Apa itu Fairfield Court? || projek perumahan awam <> Dalam tahun apakah grid jalan Richmond pertama kali dibangun? || 1737", {"context": "Richmond's original street grid, laid out in 1737, included the area between what are now Broad, 17th, and 25th Streets and the James River. Modern Downtown Richmond is located slightly farther west, on the slopes of Shockoe Hill. Nearby neighborhoods include Shockoe Bottom, the historically significant and low-lying area between Shockoe Hill and Church Hill, and Monroe Ward, which contains the Jefferson Hotel. Richmond's East End includes neighborhoods like rapidly gentrifying Church Hill, home to St. John's Church, as well as poorer areas like Fulton, Union Hill, and Fairmont, and public housing projects like Mosby Court, Whitcomb Court, Fairfield Court, and Creighton Court closer to Interstate 64.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Shockoe Bottom"}], "question": "What neighborhood is located in between Church and Shockoe Hill?", "id": "573437504776f41900661a93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Monroe Ward"}], "question": "What Richmond neighborhood is home to the Jefferson Hotel?", "id": "573437504776f41900661a94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Church Hill"}], "question": "What neighborhood of Richmond contains St. John's Church?", "id": "573437504776f41900661a95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "public housing projects"}], "question": "What is Fairfield Court?", "id": "573437504776f41900661a96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "1737"}], "question": "In what year was the Richmond street grid first developed?", "id": "573437504776f41900661a97"}]}], ["Bahagian bandar di selatan Sungai James dikenali sebagai Southside. Kawasan kejiranan di kawasan Southside yang terletak di kawasan kejiranan dan menengah di kawasan pinggiran bandar raya Westover Hills, Forest Hill, Southampton, Stratford Hills, Oxford, Huguenot Hills, Hobby Hill, dan Woodland Heights ke kawasan Manchester dan Blackwell yang miskin, projek perumahan Hillside Court, dan koridor komersil lebuh raya Jefferson Davis. Kejiranan Southside yang lain termasuk Fawnbrook, Broad Rock, Cherry Gardens, Cullenwood, dan Beaufont Hills. Kebanyakan Southside membangunkan watak pinggir bandar sebagai sebahagian daripada Chesterfield County sebelum dilampirkan oleh Richmond, terutama pada tahun 1970. <> Apa nama diberikan kepada bahagian Richmond yang terletak di selatan James? || Southside <> Bersama dengan golongan mewah, apa kelas sosioekonomi penduduk di Southside? || kelas menengah <> Apa projek perumahan awam yang ketara hadir di Southside? || Hillside Court <> Sebelum menyertai Richmond, apa daerah itu adalah sebahagian besar daripada bahagian Southside? || Chesterfield <> Apakah status ekonomi bahagian Manchester Richmond? || miskin", {"context": "The portion of the city south of the James River is known as the Southside. Neighborhoods in the city's Southside area range from affluent and middle class suburban neighborhoods Westover Hills, Forest Hill, Southampton, Stratford Hills, Oxford, Huguenot Hills, Hobby Hill, and Woodland Heights to the impoverished Manchester and Blackwell areas, the Hillside Court housing projects, and the ailing Jefferson Davis Highway commercial corridor. Other Southside neighborhoods include Fawnbrook, Broad Rock, Cherry Gardens, Cullenwood, and Beaufont Hills. Much of Southside developed a suburban character as part of Chesterfield County before being annexed by Richmond, most notably in 1970.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Southside"}], "question": "What name is given to the part of Richmond located to the south of the James?", "id": "57343b404776f41900661ab1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "middle class"}], "question": "Along with the affluent, what is the socioeconomic class of the inhabitants of the Southside?", "id": "57343b404776f41900661ab2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Hillside Court"}], "question": "What notable public housing projects are present in the Southside?", "id": "57343b404776f41900661ab3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "Chesterfield"}], "question": "Prior to joining Richmond, what county was a significant portion of Southside part of?", "id": "57343b404776f41900661ab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "impoverished"}], "question": "What is the economic status of the Manchester part of Richmond?", "id": "57343b404776f41900661ab5"}]}], ["Richmond terletak pada 37 \u00b0 32'N 77 \u00b0 28'W / 37.533 \u00b0 N 77.467 \u00b0 W / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, -77.462). Menurut Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, bandar ini mempunyai keluasan 62 km persegi (160 km2), di mana 60 batu persegi (160 km2) adalah tanah dan 2.7 batu persegi (7.0 km2) daripadanya (4.3%) adalah air . Bandar ini terletak di rantau Piedmont Virginia, di titik paling tinggi dilayari di Sungai James. Rantau Piedmont dicirikan oleh bukit-bukau yang agak rendah, dan terletak di antara rantau Tidewater yang rendah dan laut dan Pergunungan Blue Ridge. Badan air yang terkenal di rantau ini termasuk Sungai James, Sungai Appomattox, dan Sungai Chickahominy. <> Berapa kilometer persegi ialah Richmond? || 160 <> Berapa batu persegi Richmond adalah air? || 2.7 <> Berapa peratus daripada Richmond terdiri daripada air? || 4.3 <> Di mana kawasan Virginia adalah Richmond? || Piedmont <> Bersama James dan Chickahominy, apakah sungai yang terkenal di kawasan berhampiran Richmond? || Appomattox", {"context": "Richmond is located at 37\u00b032\u2032N 77\u00b028\u2032W\ufeff / \ufeff37.533\u00b0N 77.467\u00b0W\ufeff / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, \u221277.462). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62 square miles (160 km2), of which 60 square miles (160 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) of it (4.3%) is water. The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia, at the highest navigable point of the James River. The Piedmont region is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, sea level Tidewater region and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River, the Appomattox River, and the Chickahominy River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "160"}], "question": "How many square kilometers is Richmond?", "id": "5734339cd058e614000b6b12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "2.7"}], "question": "How many square miles of Richmond is water?", "id": "5734339cd058e614000b6b13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "4.3"}], "question": "What percentage of Richmond is made up of water?", "id": "5734339cd058e614000b6b14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Piedmont"}], "question": "In which of Virginia's regions is Richmond?", "id": "5734339cd058e614000b6b15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Appomattox"}], "question": "Along with the James and the Chickahominy, what is a notable river in the area near Richmond?", "id": "5734339cd058e614000b6b16"}]}], ["Pemendakan agak merata sepanjang tahun. Walau bagaimanapun, tempoh kering yang berlangsung selama beberapa minggu berlaku, terutamanya pada musim gugur apabila cuaca jangka panjang yang menyenangkan dan menyenangkan adalah yang paling biasa. Terdapat banyak variasi dalam jumlah bulanan dari tahun ke tahun supaya tidak ada satu bulan yang boleh bergantung kepada biasa. Salji telah direkodkan dalam tempoh tujuh belas bulan. Kejatuhan 3 inci (7.6 cm) atau lebih dalam masa 24 jam berlaku purata sekali setahun. Bagaimanapun salji tahunan biasanya ringan, purata 10.5 inci (27 cm) setiap musim. Salji biasanya kekal di atas tanah hanya satu atau dua hari pada satu-satu masa, tetapi kekal selama 16 hari pada 2010 (30 Januari hingga 14 Februari). Ribut ais (beku hujan atau sayu) tidak biasa, tetapi jarang sekali cukup untuk melakukan kerosakan yang banyak. <> Musim mana di Richmond kemungkinan besar untuk melihat tempoh kekeringan? || musim luruh <> Berapa kali Richmond menerima 7.6 sentimeter atau lebih banyak salji dalam tempoh 24 jam setiap tahun? || sekali <> Berapa banyak sentimeter salji yang mengalami pengalaman Richmond pada musim gugur? || 27 <> Dalam tempoh berapa tahun salji salji kekal pada masa yang cukup banyak di lapangan di Richmond? || 30 Januari hingga 14 Februari <> Apa jenis ribut ais kadang-kadang memukul Richmond? || hujan lebat atau kacau", {"context": "Precipitation is rather uniformly distributed throughout the year. However, dry periods lasting several weeks do occur, especially in autumn when long periods of pleasant, mild weather are most common. There is considerable variability in total monthly amounts from year to year so that no one month can be depended upon to be normal. Snow has been recorded during seven of the twelve months. Falls of 3 inches (7.6 cm) or more within 24 hours occur an average once per year. Annual snowfall, however, is usually light, averaging 10.5 inches (27 cm) per season. Snow typically remains on the ground only one or two days at a time, but remained for 16 days in 2010 (January 30 to February 14). Ice storms (freezing rain or glaze) are not uncommon, but they are seldom severe enough to do any considerable damage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "autumn"}], "question": "What season in Richmond is most likely to see periods of dryness?", "id": "57343d7e4776f41900661ad9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "once"}], "question": "How many times does Richmond receive 7.6 centimeters or more of snow in a 24 hour period annually?", "id": "57343d7e4776f41900661ada"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "27"}], "question": "About how many centimeters of snow does Richmond experience in the fall?", "id": "57343d7e4776f41900661adb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "January 30 to February 14"}], "question": "During what span of 2010 did snowfall remain for a significant amount of time on the ground in Richmond?", "id": "57343d7e4776f41900661adc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "freezing rain or glaze"}], "question": "What types of ice storms sometimes hit Richmond?", "id": "57343d7e4776f41900661add"}]}], ["Antara 1963 dan 1965, terdapat \"ledakan pusat bandar\" yang menyebabkan pembinaan lebih daripada 700 bangunan di bandar. Pada tahun 1968, Virginia Commonwealth University telah diwujudkan oleh penggabungan Kolej Perubatan Virginia dengan Institut Profesional Richmond. Pada tahun 1970, sempadan Richmond berkembang dengan tambahan 27 batu persegi (70 km2) di selatan. Selepas beberapa tahun kes mahkamah di mana Chesterfield County berperang dengan pencerobohan, lebih daripada 47,000 orang yang pernah menjadi penduduk Chesterfield County mendapati diri mereka berada di dalam perimeter bandar itu pada 1 Januari 1970. Pada tahun 1996, ketegangan yang masih terasa timbul di tengah kontroversi yang terlibat dalam meletakkan patung dari orang Amerika Afrika Amerika Richmond dan bintang tenis Arthur Ashe ke siri terkenal patung wali Konfederat Perang Saudara di Monumen Avenue. Selepas beberapa bulan kontroversi, patung gangsa Ashe akhirnya selesai di Monument Avenue menghadapi arah bertentangan dari Heroes Konfederasi pada 10 Julai 1996. <> Bilakah berakhirnya pusat bandar di Richmond? || 1965 <> Berapa banyak struktur yang dibina di Richmond semasa ledakan pusat bandar? || 700 <> Apa yang digabungkan dengan Institut Profesional Richmond untuk membentuk Virginia Commonwealth University? || Kolej Perubatan Virginia <> Di mana arah perbatasan Richmond berkembang pada tahun 1970? || selatan <> Orang-orang dari apa daerah yang tidak mahu bergabung dengan Richmond sekitar tahun 1970? || Chesterfield", {"context": "Between 1963 and 1965, there was a \"downtown boom\" that led to the construction of more than 700 buildings in the city. In 1968, Virginia Commonwealth University was created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia with the Richmond Professional Institute. In 1970, Richmond's borders expanded by an additional 27 square miles (70 km2) on the south. After several years of court cases in which Chesterfield County fought annexation, more than 47,000 people who once were Chesterfield County residents found themselves within the city's perimeters on January 1, 1970. In 1996, still-sore tensions arose amid controversy involved in placing a statue of African American Richmond native and tennis star Arthur Ashe to the famed series of statues of Confederate heroes of the Civil War on Monument Avenue. After several months of controversy, the bronze statue of Ashe was finally completed on Monument Avenue facing the opposite direction from the Confederate Heroes on July 10, 1996.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "1965"}], "question": "When did the so-called downtown boom in Richmond end?", "id": "57343306d058e614000b6afe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "700"}], "question": "About how many structures were built in Richmond during the downtown boom?", "id": "57343306d058e614000b6aff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Medical College of Virginia"}], "question": "What combined with the Richmond Professional Institute to form Virginia Commonwealth University?", "id": "57343306d058e614000b6b00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "south"}], "question": "In what direction did Richmond's borders expand in 1970?", "id": "57343306d058e614000b6b01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Chesterfield"}], "question": "People of what county did not want to join Richmond circa 1970?", "id": "57343306d058e614000b6b02"}]}], ["Kawasan di antara Belvidere Street, Interstate 195, Interstate 95, dan sungai, yang merangkumi Virginia Commonwealth University, bersifat sosio-ekonomi dan arsitektur. North Broad Street, Carver dan kawasan Newtowne West adalah demografi yang mirip dengan jiran Jackson Ward, dengan Carver mengalami beberapa gentrifikasi kerana kedekatannya dengan VCU. Kawasan mewah antara Boulevard, Main Street, Broad Street dan VCU, yang dikenali sebagai Fan, adalah rumah kepada Monument Avenue, koleksi seni bina Victoria yang hebat, dan banyak pelajar. West Boulevard adalah Daerah Muzium, lokasi Persatuan Sejarah Virginia dan Muzium Seni Halus Virginia. Selatan Expressway Downtown adalah Byrd Park, Maymont, Cemetery Hollywood, kejiranan kelas pekerja Randolph yang kebanyakannya hitam, dan kelas pekerja putih Oregon Hill. Cary Street antara Interstate 195 dan Boulevard adalah kawasan komersil popular yang dipanggil Carytown. <> Kejiranan Newtowne West adalah utara dari jalan apa? || Broad <> Bersama Newtowne West, apa kejiranan Carver dianggap mempunyai demografi yang setanding? || Jackson Ward <> Jalan Richmond apa yang mengandungi banyak bangunan Victoria? || Monument Avenue <> Di mana bahagian Richmond adalah Muzium Seni Halus Virginia yang ditemui? || Muzium Daerah <> Apakah perlumbaan utama penduduk kejiranan Randolph? || hitam", {"context": "The area between Belvidere Street, Interstate 195, Interstate 95, and the river, which includes Virginia Commonwealth University, is socioeconomically and architecturally diverse. North of Broad Street, the Carver and Newtowne West neighborhoods are demographically similar to neighboring Jackson Ward, with Carver experiencing some gentrification due to its proximity to VCU. The affluent area between the Boulevard, Main Street, Broad Street, and VCU, known as the Fan, is home to Monument Avenue, an outstanding collection of Victorian architecture, and many students. West of the Boulevard is the Museum District, the location of the Virginia Historical Society and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. South of the Downtown Expressway are Byrd Park, Maymont, Hollywood Cemetery, the predominantly black working class Randolph neighborhood, and white working class Oregon Hill. Cary Street between Interstate 195 and the Boulevard is a popular commercial area called Carytown.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Broad"}], "question": "The neighborhood of Newtowne West is north of what street?", "id": "57343a9f4776f41900661aa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Jackson Ward"}], "question": "Along with Newtowne West, to what neighborhood is Carver regarded as having comparable demographics?", "id": "57343a9f4776f41900661aa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Monument Avenue"}], "question": "What Richmond street contains a notable amount of Victorian buildings?", "id": "57343a9f4776f41900661aa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "Museum District"}], "question": "In what part of Richmond is the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts found?", "id": "57343a9f4776f41900661aaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 799, "text": "black"}], "question": "What is the primary race of the population of the Randolph neighborhood?", "id": "57343a9f4776f41900661aab"}]}], ["Richmond muncul satu dekad selepas runtuhan peperangan Perang Saudara untuk meneruskan kedudukannya sebagai kuasa ekonomi, dengan bangunan depan besi dan kilang batu bata yang besar. Trafik Canal memuncak pada tahun 1860-an dan perlahan-lahan memberi laluan kepada landasan kereta api, membolehkan Richmond menjadi persimpangan jalan kereta api utama, akhirnya termasuk tapak lintasan kereta api triple pertama di dunia. Pergudangan tembakau dan pemprosesan terus memainkan peranan, didorong oleh mesin penggelek rokok pertama di dunia, yang dicipta oleh James Albert Bonsack dari Roanoke pada tahun 1880/81. Menyumbang kepada kebangkitan Richmond adalah sistem troli elektrik pertama yang berjaya di Amerika Syarikat, Keretapi Penumpang Kesatuan Richmond. Direka oleh perintis tenaga elektrik Frank J. Sprague, sistem troli dibuka pada baris pertama pada tahun 1888, dan jalur kereta api elektrik berkembang pesat ke bandar-bandar lain di seluruh negara. Sistem Sprague menggunakan wayar overhead dan tiang troli untuk mengumpul arus, dengan motor elektrik pada trak kereta. Di Richmond, peralihan dari stesen kereta api ke bas bermula pada bulan Mei 1947 dan telah selesai pada 25 November 1949. <> Cara pengangkutan apa yang diambil dari kanal? || kereta api <> Apa jenis penyambungan kereta api yang pertama kali dibina di Richmond? || triple <> Siapa pencipta mesin rolling rokok? || James Albert Bonsack <> Dari bandar apa yang James Bonsack berasal? || Roanoke <> Apakah nama sistem troli Amerika pertama yang dikuasakan oleh elektrik? || Keretapi Penumpang Kesatuan Richmond", {"context": "Richmond emerged a decade after the smoldering rubble of the Civil War to resume its position as an economic powerhouse, with iron front buildings and massive brick factories. Canal traffic peaked in the 1860s and slowly gave way to railroads, allowing Richmond to become a major railroad crossroads, eventually including the site of the world's first triple railroad crossing. Tobacco warehousing and processing continued to play a role, boosted by the world's first cigarette-rolling machine, invented by James Albert Bonsack of Roanoke in 1880/81. Contributing to Richmond's resurgence was the first successful electrically powered trolley system in the United States, the Richmond Union Passenger Railway. Designed by electric power pioneer Frank J. Sprague, the trolley system opened its first line in 1888, and electric streetcar lines rapidly spread to other cities across the country. Sprague's system used an overhead wire and trolley pole to collect current, with electric motors on the car's trucks. In Richmond, the transition from streetcars to buses began in May 1947 and was completed on November 25, 1949.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "railroads"}], "question": "What mode of transportation took over from the canals?", "id": "573432224776f41900661a4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "triple"}], "question": "What sort of railroad crossing was first built at Richmond?", "id": "573432224776f41900661a50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "James Albert Bonsack"}], "question": "Who was the inventor of the cigarette-rolling machine?", "id": "573432224776f41900661a51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "Roanoke"}], "question": "From what city did James Bonsack originate?", "id": "573432224776f41900661a52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "Richmond Union Passenger Railway"}], "question": "What was the name of the first American trolley system powered by electricity?", "id": "573432224776f41900661a53"}]}], ["Menjelang awal abad ke-20, penduduk bandar ini telah mencapai 85,050 di 5 batu persegi (13 km2), menjadikannya bandar paling padat penduduk di Amerika Selatan Selatan. Pada tahun 1900, Biro Banci melaporkan penduduk Richmond sebagai 62.1% putih dan 37.9% hitam. Hamba yang dibebaskan dan keturunan mereka mewujudkan komuniti perniagaan Afrika-Amerika yang berkembang maju, dan Jackson Ward bersejarah bandar itu dikenali sebagai \"Wall Street of Black America.\" Pada tahun 1903, ahli perniagaan dan pembiaya Afrika-Amerika Maggie L. Walker menyewa St Luke Penny Savings Bank, dan berkhidmat sebagai presiden pertamanya, serta presiden bank perempuan pertama di Amerika Syarikat. Hari ini, bank itu dipanggil Bank Konsolidasi dan Syarikat Amanah, dan ia adalah bank Afrika-Amerika yang paling lama yang masih hidup di AS. Angka-angka lain dari masa ini termasuk John Mitchell, Jr. Pada tahun 1910, bekas bandar Manchester disatukan dengan bandar Richmond, dan pada tahun 1914, bandar raya ini telah melampirkan Barton Heights, Ginter Park, dan kawasan Highland Park di Henrico County. Pada bulan Mei 1914, Richmond menjadi ibu pejabat Daerah Kelima Federal Reserve Bank. <> Ketika tahun 1900-an, berapa orang yang tinggal di Richmond? || 85,050 <> Berapa kilometer persegi adalah Richmond pada permulaan abad ke-20? || 13 <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk Richmond tahun 1900 adalah orang Afrika Amerika? || 37.9 <> Apakah nama lain untuk Jackson Jackson Richmond? || Wall Street of Black America <> Siapa presiden sulung St Luke Penny Savings Bank? || Maggie L. Walker", {"context": "By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had reached 85,050 in 5 square miles (13 km2), making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States. In 1900, the Census Bureau reported Richmond's population as 62.1% white and 37.9% black. Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriving African-American business community, and the city's historic Jackson Ward became known as the \"Wall Street of Black America.\" In 1903, African-American businesswoman and financier Maggie L. Walker chartered St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, and served as its first president, as well as the first female bank president in the United States. Today, the bank is called the Consolidated Bank and Trust Company, and it is the oldest surviving African-American bank in the U.S. Other figures from this time included John Mitchell, Jr. In 1910, the former city of Manchester was consolidated with the city of Richmond, and in 1914, the city annexed Barton Heights, Ginter Park, and Highland Park areas of Henrico County. In May 1914, Richmond became the headquarters of the Fifth District of the Federal Reserve Bank.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "85,050"}], "question": "When the 1900s began, how many people lived in Richmond?", "id": "573432b34776f41900661a59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many square kilometers was Richmond at the start of the 20th century?", "id": "573432b34776f41900661a5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "37.9"}], "question": "What percentage of Richmond's 1900 population was African American?", "id": "573432b34776f41900661a5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Wall Street of Black America"}], "question": "What was another name for Richmond's Jackson Ward?", "id": "573432b34776f41900661a5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Maggie L. Walker"}], "question": "Who was the inaugural president of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank?", "id": "573432b34776f41900661a5d"}]}], ["Richmond mempunyai iklim subtropika yang lembap (K\u00f6ppen Cfa), dengan musim panas dan lembap dan musim sejuk yang umumnya sejuk. Gunung-gunung ke barat bertindak sebagai penghalang separa untuk wabak sejuk, udara kontinental pada musim sejuk; Udara Artik ditunda cukup lama untuk diubah suai, kemudian lebih hangat kerana ia berkurang dalam pendekatannya ke Richmond. Perairan terbuka Chesapeake Bay dan Lautan Atlantik menyumbang kepada musim panas yang lembap dan musim sejuk yang sederhana. Cuaca yang paling sejuk biasanya berlaku dari akhir Disember hingga awal bulan Februari, dan suhu purata harian Januari ialah 37.9 \u00b0 F (3.3 \u00b0 C), dengan purata 6.0 hari dengan paras tertinggi di bawah atau tanda beku. Kawasan-kawasan Downtown mengatasi perbatasan antara USDA Hardiness zones 7B dan 8A, dan suhu yang jauh lebih rendah kepada 0 \u00b0 F (-18 \u00b0 C), dengan bacaan subzero (\u00b0 F) paling terkini yang berlaku pada 28 Januari 2000, apabila suhu mencapai - 1 \u00b0 F (-18 \u00b0 C). Purata suhu harian harian ialah 79.3 \u00b0 F (26.3 \u00b0 C), dan suhu tinggi mencapai atau melebihi 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) kira-kira 43 hari dari tahun ini; manakala 100 \u00b0 F (38 \u00b0 C) suhu tidak biasa, ia tidak berlaku setiap tahun. Ekstrem dalam suhu berkisar antara -12 \u00b0 F (19 \u00b0 C) pada 19 Januari 1940 sehingga 107 \u00b0 F (42 \u00b0 C) pada 6 Ogos 1918. [a] <> Apakah klasifikasi iklim Richmond di K\u00f6ppen? || Cfa <> Bagaimana mungkin satu ciri musim sejuk di Richmond? || amnya sejuk <> Ciri geografi apa yang membuatkan udara darat sejuk dari mencapai Richmond? || gunung-gunung <> Dalam bulan berapa tahun cuaca sejuk Richmond biasanya berakhir? || Februari <> Berapa banyak hari dalam setahun suhu di Richmond melebihi 32 darjah Celsius? || 43", {"context": "Richmond has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa), with hot and humid summers and generally cool winters. The mountains to the west act as a partial barrier to outbreaks of cold, continental air in winter; Arctic air is delayed long enough to be modified, then further warmed as it subsides in its approach to Richmond. The open waters of the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean contribute to the humid summers and mild winters. The coldest weather normally occurs from late December to early February, and the January daily mean temperature is 37.9 \u00b0F (3.3 \u00b0C), with an average of 6.0 days with highs at or below the freezing mark. Downtown areas straddle the border between USDA Hardiness zones 7B and 8A, and temperatures seldom lower to 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C), with the most recent subzero (\u00b0F) reading occurring on January 28, 2000, when the temperature reached \u22121 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C). The July daily mean temperature is 79.3 \u00b0F (26.3 \u00b0C), and high temperatures reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) approximately 43 days out of the year; while 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) temperatures are not uncommon, they do not occur every year. Extremes in temperature have ranged from \u221212 \u00b0F (\u221224 \u00b0C) on January 19, 1940 up to 107 \u00b0F (42 \u00b0C) on August 6, 1918.[a]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Cfa"}], "question": "What is Richmond's K\u00f6ppen climate classification?", "id": "57343cffd058e614000b6b5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "generally cool"}], "question": "How could one characterize the winters in Richmond?", "id": "57343cffd058e614000b6b5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "mountains"}], "question": "What geographic feature keeps some cold inland air from reaching Richmond?", "id": "57343cffd058e614000b6b60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "February"}], "question": "In what month of the year does Richmond's chilliest weather typically end?", "id": "57343cffd058e614000b6b61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 996, "text": "43"}], "question": "About how many days a year does the temperature in Richmond go above 32 degrees Celsius?", "id": "57343cffd058e614000b6b62"}]}], ["Presiden Abraham Lincoln melawat Grant Umum di Petersburg pada 3 April, dan melancarkan ke Richmond pada keesokan harinya, sementara Jefferson Davis cuba mengatur kerajaannya di Danville. Lincoln bertemu dengan Penolong Setiausaha Konfederasi Perang John A. Campbell, dan menyerahkan dia nota yang mengundang perundangan Virginia untuk menamatkan pemberontakan mereka. Selepas Campbell melancarkan nota kepada wakil-wakil Gabungan sebagai kemungkinan yang mungkin untuk Proklamasi Emansipasi, Lincoln membatalkan tawarannya dan memerintahkan General Weitzel untuk menghalang badan perundangan Dewan Konfederasi daripada bertemu. Tentera kesatuan yang terbunuh, cedera atau ditangkap 8000 Tentera Gabungan di Saylor Creek di barat daya di Petersburg pada 6 April. Ketua Lee terus menolak cadangan penyerahan General Grant sehingga pasukan infantri dan pasukan berkuda Sheridan muncul di hadapan tenteranya yang berundur pada 8 April. Dia menyerahkan bakinya kira-kira 10,000 tentera di Appomattox Court House keesokan harinya. Jefferson Davis berundur ke North Carolina, kemudian ke selatan. ketika Lincoln menolak syarat penyerahan yang dirundingkan oleh Sherman umum dan utusan gabenor North Carolina, Zebulon Vance, yang gagal menyebut perbudakan. Davis ditangkap pada 10 Mei berhampiran Irwinville, Georgia dan dibawa kembali ke Virginia, di mana dia didakwa dengan pengkhianatan dan dipenjarakan selama dua tahun di Fort Monroe sehingga dibebaskan dengan jaminan. <> Apa tarikh sebelum Lincoln memasuki Richmond? || April 3 <> Berapa ramai askar yang tinggal di Lee ketika dia menyerah? || 10000 <> Kepada negeri apa yang dilakukan Davis selepas Lee menyerah? || North Carolina <> Dalam apa struktur Lee menyerah kepada Grant? || Appomattox Court House <> Berapa tahun yang dibelanjakan Davis di Fort Monroe? || dua", {"context": "President Abraham Lincoln visited General Grant at Petersburg on April 3, and took a launch to Richmond the next day, while Jefferson Davis attempted to organize his Confederate government at Danville. Lincoln met Confederate assistant secretary of War John A. Campbell, and handed him a note inviting Virginia's legislature to end their rebellion. After Campbell spun the note to Confederate legislators as a possible end to the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln rescinded his offer and ordered General Weitzel to prevent the Confederate state legislature from meeting. Union forces killed, wounded or captured 8000 Confederate troops at Saylor's Creek southwest of Petersburg on April 6. General Lee continued to reject General Grant's surrender suggestion until Sheridan's infantry and cavalry appeared in front of his retreating army on April 8. He surrendered his remaining approximately 10000 troops at Appomattox Court House the following morning. Jefferson Davis retreated to North Carolina, then further south. when Lincoln rejected the surrender terms negotiated by general Sherman and envoys of North Carolina governor Zebulon Vance, which failed to mention slavery. Davis was captured on May 10 near Irwinville, Georgia and taken back to Virginia, where he was charged with treason and imprisoned for two years at Fort Monroe until freed on bail.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "April 3"}], "question": "What was the date before the day Lincoln entered Richmond?", "id": "573431c5d058e614000b6ad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 894, "text": "10000"}], "question": "How many soldiers did Lee have remaining when he surrendered?", "id": "573431c5d058e614000b6ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 985, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "To what state did Davis travel after Lee surrendered?", "id": "573431c5d058e614000b6ad8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 910, "text": "Appomattox Court House"}], "question": "In what structure did Lee surrender to Grant?", "id": "573431c5d058e614000b6ad9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1314, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many years did Davis spend in Fort Monroe?", "id": "573431c5d058e614000b6ada"}]}], ["Hinduisme secara aktif diamalkan, terutamanya di kawasan pinggiran Henrico dan Chesterfield. Sekitar 6,000 keluarga keturunan India tinggal di Wilayah Richmond pada tahun 2011. Hindu dihidangkan oleh beberapa kuil dan pusat kebudayaan. Kedua-dua yang paling biasa adalah Pusat Kebudayaan India (CCI) yang terletak di Iron Bridge Road di Chesterfield County dan Pusat Hindu Virginia di Henrico County yang telah mendapat kemasyhuran dan anugerah kebangsaan sebagai kemudahan agama bersertifikat LEED pertama di Komanwel. <> Berapa banyak keluarga India yang tinggal di atau sekitar Richmond pada tahun 2011? || 6,000 <> Apakah CCI berdiri? || Pusat Kebudayaan India <> Dalam apa daerah boleh didapati CCI? || Chesterfield <> Jalan mana yang berhampiran dengan CCI? || Jambatan Besi <> Bersama dengan CCI, apakah tempat perhimpunan Hindu yang lain berhampiran Richmond? || Pusat Virginia di Virginia", {"context": "Hinduism is actively practiced, particularly in suburban areas of Henrico and Chesterfield. Some 6,000 families of Indian descent resided in the Richmond Region as of 2011. Hindus are served by several temples and cultural centers. The two most familiar are the Cultural Center of India (CCI) located off of Iron Bridge Road in Chesterfield County and the Hindu Center of Virginia in Henrico County which has garnered national fame and awards for being the first LEED certified religious facility in the commonwealth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "6,000"}], "question": "How many Indian-descended families lived in or around Richmond in 2011?", "id": "5734415cacc1501500babd29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Cultural Center of India"}], "question": "What does CCI stand for?", "id": "5734415cacc1501500babd2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Chesterfield"}], "question": "In what county can CCI be found?", "id": "5734415cacc1501500babd2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Iron Bridge"}], "question": "What road is CCI near?", "id": "5734415cacc1501500babd2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Hindu Center of Virginia"}], "question": "Along with CCI, what is the other Hindu gathering place near Richmond?", "id": "5734415cacc1501500babd2d"}]}], ["Semasa akhir 1980-an dan awal 1990-an, Richmond mengalami peningkatan dalam jenayah keseluruhan, khususnya, kadar pembunuhan bandar. Bandar ini mempunyai 93 pembunuhan untuk tahun 1985, dengan kadar pembunuhan sebanyak 41.9 pembunuhan yang dilakukan setiap 100,000 penduduk. Sepanjang dekad akan datang, bandar raya ini menyaksikan peningkatan besar dalam pembunuhan beramai-ramai. Pada tahun 1990 terdapat 114 pembunuhan, bagi kadar pembunuhan sebanyak 56.1 pembunuhan setiap 100,000 penduduk. Terdapat 120 pembunuhan pada tahun 1995, mengakibatkan kadar pembunuhan sebanyak 59.1 pembunuhan setiap 100,000 penduduk, salah satu yang tertinggi di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apa kejahatan yang berlaku di Richmond sepanjang tahun 1980-an? || pembunuhan <> Pada tahun 1985, berapa orang dibunuh di Richmond? || 93 <> Berapa ramai orang setiap 100,000 dibunuh di Richmond pada tahun 1990? || 56.1 <> Berapa banyak pembunuhan berlaku di Richmond pada tahun 1995? || 120", {"context": "During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Richmond experienced a spike in overall crime, in particular, the city's murder rate. The city had 93 murders for the year of 1985, with a murder rate of 41.9 killings committed per 100,000 residents. Over the next decade, the city saw a major increase in total homicides. In 1990 there were 114 murders, for a murder rate of 56.1 killings per 100,000 residents. There were 120 murders in 1995, resulting in a murder rate of 59.1 killings per 100,000 residents, one of the highest in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "murder"}], "question": "What crime notably increased in Richmond over the course of the 1980s?", "id": "57343f8dd058e614000b6b7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "93"}], "question": "In 1985, how many people were murdered in Richmond?", "id": "57343f8dd058e614000b6b7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "56.1"}], "question": "How many people per 100,000 were murdered in Richmond in 1990?", "id": "57343f8dd058e614000b6b7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "120"}], "question": "How many murders occurred in Richmond in 1995?", "id": "57343f8dd058e614000b6b7f"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2000, terdapat 197,790 orang, 84,549 isi rumah, dan 43,627 keluarga yang tinggal di bandar. Ketumpatan penduduk adalah 3,292.6 orang per mil persegi (1,271.3 / km\u00b2). Terdapat 92,282 unit rumah pada ketumpatan purata 1,536.2 satu persegi persegi (593.1 / km\u00b2). Reka bentuk kaum bandar adalah 38.3% Putih, 57.2% Afrika Amerika, 0.2% Bahasa Asli Amerika, 1.3% Asia, 0.1% Pulau Pasifik, 1.5% daripada kaum lain dan 1.5% daripada dua atau lebih kaum. Hispanik atau Latino mana-mana kaum adalah 2.6% daripada penduduk. <> Pada tahun 2000, berapa keluarga yang tinggal di Richmond? || 43,627 <> Sehingga tahun 2000, berapa orang yang tinggal di Richmond setiap kilometer persegi? || 1,271.3 <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk Richmond tahun 2000 adalah Pulau Pasifik? || 0.1 <> Apa kumpulan kaum terbesar di Richmond pada tahun 2000? || Afrika Amerika <> Pada tahun 2000, berapa peratus penduduk Richmond beragama? || 1.5", {"context": "As of the census of 2000, there were 197,790 people, 84,549 households, and 43,627 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,292.6 people per square mile (1,271.3/km\u00b2). There were 92,282 housing units at an average density of 1,536.2 per square mile (593.1/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 38.3% White, 57.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.5% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "43,627"}], "question": "In 2000, how many families lived in Richmond?", "id": "57343e3a4776f41900661aed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "1,271.3"}], "question": "As of 2000, how many people lived in Richmond per square kilometer?", "id": "57343e3a4776f41900661aee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "0.1"}], "question": "What percentage of the Richmond population of 2000 was Pacific Islander?", "id": "57343e3a4776f41900661aef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "African American"}], "question": "What was the largest racial group in Richmond as of 2000?", "id": "57343e3a4776f41900661af0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "1.5"}], "question": "In 2000, what percentage of Richmond residents were multiracial?", "id": "57343e3a4776f41900661af1"}]}], ["The James River menjangkau udara di Richmond di mana banjir mungkin berlaku pada setiap bulan tahun ini, paling kerap pada bulan Mac dan paling tidak pada bulan Julai. Badai dan ribut tropika telah bertanggungjawab terhadap kebanyakan banjir semasa musim panas dan musim gugur awal. Badai yang berlalu berhampiran Richmond telah menghasilkan hujan rekod. Pada tahun 1955, tiga taufan membawa hujan kepada Richmond dalam tempoh enam minggu. Yang paling penting ialah Badai Connie dan Badai Diane yang membawa hujan lebat selama lima hari. Dan pada tahun 2004, kawasan pusat bandar mengalami kerosakan banjir yang besar selepas sisa-sisa Badai Gaston dibuang sehingga 12 inci (300 mm) hujan. <> Berapa bulan yang paling mungkin untuk James membanjiri Richmond? || Mac <> Bulan apa yang melihat kemungkinan banjir James paling rendah? || Julai <> Pada tahun 1955, Richmond telah dipukul dengan tiga taufan dalam berapa minggu? || enam <> Pada tahun 1955, apa dua taufan yang berlaku dalam seminggu satu sama lain? || Badai Connie dan Badai Diane <> Apa badai memukul Richmond pada tahun 2004? || Gaston", {"context": "The James River reaches tidewater at Richmond where flooding may occur in every month of the year, most frequently in March and least in July. Hurricanes and tropical storms have been responsible for most of the flooding during the summer and early fall months. Hurricanes passing near Richmond have produced record rainfalls. In 1955, three hurricanes brought record rainfall to Richmond within a six-week period. The most noteworthy of these were Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane that brought heavy rains five days apart. And in 2004, the downtown area suffered extensive flood damage after the remnants of Hurricane Gaston dumped up to 12 inches (300 mm) of rainfall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "March"}], "question": "What is the most likely month for the James to flood Richmond?", "id": "57343dd54776f41900661ae3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "July"}], "question": "What month sees the lowest likelihood of the James flooding?", "id": "57343dd54776f41900661ae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "six"}], "question": "In 1955, Richmond was hit with three hurricanes in how many weeks?", "id": "57343dd54776f41900661ae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane"}], "question": "In 1955, what two hurricanes occurred within a week of one another?", "id": "57343dd54776f41900661ae6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "Gaston"}], "question": "What hurricane hit Richmond in 2004?", "id": "57343dd54776f41900661ae7"}]}], ["Richmond mempunyai beberapa gereja bersejarah. Kerana sejarah kolonial Inggeris awal dari awal abad ke 17 hingga 1776, Richmond mempunyai sejumlah gereja Anglikan / Episcopal yang terkenal termasuk Gereja Monumental, Gereja Episkopal St. Paul dan Gereja Episcopal St. John. Kaedah dan Baptis membentuk bahagian lain dari gereja-gereja awal, dan Gereja Baptis Pertama Richmond adalah yang pertama, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1780. Dalam tradisi gereja Reformed, Gereja Presbyterian pertama di Kota Richmond adalah Gereja Presbiterian Pertama yang dianjurkan pada bulan Jun 18, 1845. Pada 5 Februari 1845, Gereja Presbyterian Kedua Richmond diasaskan, yang merupakan sebuah gereja bersejarah di mana Stonewall Jackson telah menghadiri dan merupakan bangunan Gothic yang pertama dan gereja pertama yang dibina di Richmond. Gereja St. Peter didedikasikan dan menjadi gereja Katolik pertama di Richmond pada 25 Mei 1834. Bandar ini juga menjadi rumah kepada Katedral bersejarah Sacred Heart yang merupakan ibu kepada Gereja Katolik Katolik Richmond. <> Apa gereja Presbyterian tertua di Richmond? || Jemaat Presbiterian Pertama <> Siapa ahli sidang terkenal di Gereja Presbyterian Kedua? || Stonewall Jackson <> Apa gaya seni bina yang dibina oleh Gereja Presbyterian Kedua? || Gothic <> Pada tarikh apakah gereja Katolik tertua dibuka di Richmond? || 25 Mei 1834 <> Pada tahun apakah Richmond's First Baptist Church diasaskan? || 1780", {"context": "Richmond has several historic churches. Because of its early English colonial history from the early 17th century to 1776, Richmond has a number of prominent Anglican/Episcopal churches including Monumental Church, St. Paul's Episcopal Church and St. John's Episcopal Church. Methodists and Baptists made up another section of early churches, and First Baptist Church of Richmond was the first of these, established in 1780. In the Reformed church tradition, the first Presbyterian Church in the City of Richmond was First Presbyterian Church, organized on June 18, 1812. On February 5, 1845, Second Presbyterian Church of Richmond was founded, which was a historic church where Stonewall Jackson attended and was the first Gothic building and the first gas-lit church to be built in Richmond. St. Peter's Church was dedicated and became the first Catholic church in Richmond on May 25, 1834. The city is also home to the historic Cathedral of the Sacred Heart which is the motherchurch for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "First Presbyterian Church"}], "question": "What is the oldest Presbyterian church in Richmond?", "id": "57344025d058e614000b6b8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "Stonewall Jackson"}], "question": "Who was a notable congregant at Second Presbyterian Church?", "id": "57344025d058e614000b6b8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "Gothic"}], "question": "What architectural style was Second Presbyterian Church built in?", "id": "57344025d058e614000b6b90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "May 25, 1834"}], "question": "On what date did the oldest Catholic church open in Richmond?", "id": "57344025d058e614000b6b91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "1780"}], "question": "In what year was Richmond's First Baptist Church founded?", "id": "57344025d058e614000b6b92"}]}], ["Sidang Yahudi pertama di Richmond adalah Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalom. Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalom adalah jemaah keenam di Amerika Syarikat. Menjelang 1822 K.K. Anggota Beth Shalom menyembah di bangunan sinagog pertama di Virginia. Mereka akhirnya bergabung dengan Jemaah Beth Ahabah, cabang dari Beth Shalom. Terdapat dua Sinagog Ortodoks, Keneseth Beth Israel dan Chabad of Virginia. Terdapat sistem sekolah Yeshivah Ortodoks K-12 yang dikenali sebagai akademi Rudlin Torah, yang juga termasuk program sekolah menengah pasca. Terdapat dua sinagog Konservatif, Beth El dan Atid. Terdapat tiga sinagoge Reformasi, Bonay Kodesh, Beth Ahabah dan Or Ami. Bersama dengan jemaat-jemaat keagamaan seperti itu, terdapat pelbagai institusi kesejahteraan, pendidikan dan sosial Yahudi yang lain, masing-masing melayani masyarakat Yahudi dan umum. Ini termasuk Pusat Komuniti Yahudi Weinstein, Perkhidmatan Keluarga Yahudi, Persekutuan Komuniti Yahudi Richmond dan Yayasan Yahudi Richmond. <> Bersama Chabad of Virginia, apakah sinagog Ortodoks yang lain di Richmond? || Keneseth Beth Israel <> Apakah gred yang diberikan oleh akademi Rudlin Torah? || K-12 <> Apakah mazhab yahudi adalah Rudlin Torah yang berafiliasi dengannya? || Orthodox <> Apakah nama-nama sinagog Konservatif di Richmond? || Bet El dan Or Atid <> Berapa banyak sinagoga dalam tradisi Reform hadir di Richmond? || tiga", {"context": "The first Jewish congregation in Richmond was Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalom. Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalom was the sixth congregation in the United States. By 1822 K.K. Beth Shalom members worshipped in the first synagogue building in Virginia. They eventually merged with Congregation Beth Ahabah, an offshoot of Beth Shalom. There are two Orthodox Synagogues, Keneseth Beth Israel and Chabad of Virginia. There is an Orthodox Yeshivah K\u201312 school system known as Rudlin Torah academy, which also includes a post high-school program. There are two Conservative synagogues, Beth El and Or Atid. There are three Reform synagogues, Bonay Kodesh, Beth Ahabah and Or Ami. Along with such religious congregations, there are a variety of other Jewish charitable, educational and social service institutions, each serving the Jewish and general communities. These include the Weinstein Jewish Community Center, Jewish Family Services, Jewish Community Federation of Richmond and Richmond Jewish Foundation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Keneseth Beth Israel"}], "question": "Along with Chabad of Virginia, what is the other Orthodox synagogue in Richmond?", "id": "5734408d879d6814001ca3fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "K\u201312"}], "question": "What grades does the Rudlin Torah academy serve?", "id": "5734408d879d6814001ca3fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Orthodox"}], "question": "What sect of Judaism is Rudlin Torah affiliated with?", "id": "5734408d879d6814001ca3fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "Beth El and Or Atid"}], "question": "What are the names of the Conservative synagogues in Richmond?", "id": "5734408d879d6814001ca3fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many synagogues in the Reform tradition are present in Richmond?", "id": "5734408d879d6814001ca3ff"}]}], ["Undang-undang dan kewangan telah lama memacu tentera dalam ekonomi. Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada Mahkamah Rayuan Amerika Syarikat bagi Litar Keempat, salah satu daripada 13 rayuan rayuan Amerika Syarikat, dan Bank Rizab Persekutuan Richmond, salah satu daripada 12 Bank Rizab Persekutuan, serta pejabat untuk syarikat-syarikat antarabangsa seperti Genworth Financial, CapitalOne, Philip Morris USA, dan banyak lagi bank dan broker lain. Richmond juga merupakan rumah kepada empat firma undang-undang terbesar di Amerika Syarikat: Hunton & Williams, McGuireWoods, Williams Mullen, dan LeClairRyan. Satu lagi firma undang-undang dengan kehadiran Richmond yang utama adalah Troutman Sanders, yang bergabung dengan Mays & Valentine LLP yang berpangkalan di Richmond pada tahun 2001. <> Apa mahkamah persekutuan terletak di Richmond? || Mahkamah Rayuan Amerika Syarikat untuk Litar Keempat <> Bersama Philip Morris dan CapitalOne, apa syarikat terkemuka yang ada di Richmond? || Genworth Financial <> Jenis perniagaan apa LeClairRyan? || firma undang-undang <> Bilakah penggabungan Troutman Sanders-Mays & Valentine LLP berlaku? || 2001 <> Berapa banyak Bank Rizab Persekutuan wujud di Amerika Syarikat? || 12", {"context": "Law and finance have long been driving forces in the economy. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks, as well as offices for international companies such as Genworth Financial, CapitalOne, Philip Morris USA, and numerous other banks and brokerages. Richmond is also home to four of the largest law firms in the United States: Hunton & Williams, McGuireWoods, Williams Mullen, and LeClairRyan. Another law firm with a major Richmond presence is Troutman Sanders, which merged with Richmond-based Mays & Valentine LLP in 2001.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit"}], "question": "What federal court is located in Richmond?", "id": "573441d4acc1501500babd33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Genworth Financial"}], "question": "Along with Philip Morris and CapitalOne, what prominent corporation is present in Richmond?", "id": "573441d4acc1501500babd34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "law firms"}], "question": "What type of business is LeClairRyan?", "id": "573441d4acc1501500babd35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When did the Troutman Sanders-Mays & Valentine LLP merger occur?", "id": "573441d4acc1501500babd36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many Federal Reserve Banks exist in the United States?", "id": "573441d4acc1501500babd37"}]}], ["Richmond juga terkenal dengan pemandangan makanannya, dengan beberapa restoran di Fan, Church Hill, Jackson Ward dan di tempat lain di sekitar bandar yang menimbulkan perhatian serantau dan negara untuk tambang mereka. Majalah Berlepas bernama Richmond \"The Great American Food City Next\" pada Ogos 2014. Juga pada tahun 2014, majalah Southern Living menamakan tiga restoran Richmond - Comfort, Heritage dan The Roosevelt - antara \"100 Restoran Terbaik di Selatan\", sementara Metzger Bar & Pembuatan Kambing membuat \"Senarai Restoran Terbaik: 12 Ke Tonton\". Pengeluaran bir dan minuman keras juga berkembang di River City, dengan dua belas mikro-bir di bandar yang sesuai; yang tertua adalah Kilang Bir Legend, ditubuhkan pada tahun 1994. Tiga kilang penyulingan, Penyulingan Reservoir, Spiri Kraf Belle Isle dan Penyulingan James River, telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 2010, 2013 dan 2014, masing-masing. <> Apa yang berkala dipanggil Richmond \"The Great American Food City Seterusnya\"? || Majalah Berlepas <> Menurut Southern Living, apakah tiga restoran terbaik di Richmond? || Keselesaan, Warisan dan The Roosevelt <> Berapa banyak kilang bir ada di Richmond? || dua belas <> Apakah mikrobrewery pertama untuk mendirikan kedai di Richmond? || Brewery Legend <> Bilakah James River Distillery diasaskan? || 2014", {"context": "Richmond is also fast-becoming known for its food scene, with several restaurants in the Fan, Church Hill, Jackson Ward and elsewhere around the city generating regional and national attention for their fare. Departures magazine named Richmond \"The Next Great American Food City\" in August 2014. Also in 2014, Southern Living magazine named three Richmond restaurants \u2013 Comfort, Heritage and The Roosevelt \u2013 among its \"100 Best Restaurants in the South\", while Metzger Bar & Butchery made its \"Best New Restaurants: 12 To Watch\" list. Craft beer and liquor production is also growing in the River City, with twelve micro-breweries in city proper; the oldest is Legend Brewery, founded in 1994. Three distilleries, Reservoir Distillery, Belle Isle Craft Spirits and James River Distillery, were established in 2010, 2013 and 2014, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Departures magazine"}], "question": "What periodical called Richmond \"The Next Great American Food City\"?", "id": "573443f3acc1501500babd3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Comfort, Heritage and The Roosevelt"}], "question": "According to Southern Living, what are the three best restaurants in Richmond?", "id": "573443f3acc1501500babd3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "twelve"}], "question": "How many microbreweries exist in Richmond?", "id": "573443f3acc1501500babd3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "Legend Brewery"}], "question": "What was the first microbrewery to set up shop in Richmond?", "id": "573443f3acc1501500babd40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 824, "text": "2014"}], "question": "When was James River Distillery founded?", "id": "573443f3acc1501500babd41"}]}], ["Richmond adalah rumah kepada Virginia Research Institute of BioTechnology Research yang dibuka pada tahun 1995 sebagai kemudahan inkubator untuk syarikat bioteknologi dan farmaseutikal. Terletak bersebelahan dengan Kolej Perubatan Virginia (MCV) Kampus Virginia Commonwealth University, taman ini ketika ini mempunyai lebih dari 575,000 kaki persegi (53,400 m2) penyelidikan, makmal dan ruang pejabat untuk campuran syarikat penyewa yang pelbagai, penyelidikan institut, makmal kerajaan dan pertubuhan bukan keuntungan. Rangkaian United untuk Perkongsian Organ, yang mengekalkan senarai menunggu organ transplantasi negara, menduduki satu bangunan di taman itu. Philip Morris USA membuka kemudahan penyelidikan dan pembangunan bernilai $ 350 juta di taman itu pada tahun 2007. Setelah dibangunkan sepenuhnya, petugas taman mengharapkan laman web tersebut menggunakan kira-kira 3,000 saintis, juruteknik dan jurutera. <> Berapa banyak meter persegi ruang yang dilakukan Virginia Research Research Park terdiri daripada? || 53,400 <> Apa Rangkaian Bersatu untuk Perkongsian Organ lakukan? || mengekalkan senarai menunggu organ transplantasi bangsa <> Apakah kos kemudahan R & D Philip Morris dibuka di Virginia Research Research Park? || $ 350 juta <> Bilakah kemudahan R & D Philip Morris dibuka? || 2007 <> Apakah universiti Virginia Commonwealth University berhampiran Taman Penyelidikan Virginia BioTechnology? || Kolej Perubatan Virginia", {"context": "Richmond is home to the rapidly developing Virginia BioTechnology Research Park, which opened in 1995 as an incubator facility for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. Located adjacent to the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, the park currently[when?] has more than 575,000 square feet (53,400 m2) of research, laboratory and office space for a diverse tenant mix of companies, research institutes, government laboratories and non-profit organizations. The United Network for Organ Sharing, which maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list, occupies one building in the park. Philip Morris USA opened a $350 million research and development facility in the park in 2007. Once fully developed, park officials expect the site to employ roughly 3,000 scientists, technicians and engineers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "53,400"}], "question": "How many square meters of space does Virginia BioTechnology Research Park consist of?", "id": "5734438f879d6814001ca419"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list"}], "question": "What does the United Network for Organ Sharing do?", "id": "5734438f879d6814001ca41a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "$350 million"}], "question": "What was the cost of the Philip Morris R&D facility opened at the Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?", "id": "5734438f879d6814001ca41b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When did Philip Morris' R&D facility open?", "id": "5734438f879d6814001ca41c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Medical College of Virginia"}], "question": "What Virginia Commonwealth University campus is near Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?", "id": "5734438f879d6814001ca41d"}]}], ["Terdapat tujuh masjid semasa di kawasan Greater Richmond, dengan tiga lagi sedang dalam pembinaan, menampung penduduk Islam yang semakin meningkat, yang pertama adalah Masjid Bilal. Pada tahun 1950-an, umat Islam dari East End mendapat teratur di bawah Nation of Islam (NOI). Mereka biasa berjumpa di Temple # 24 yang terletak di North Avenue. Selepas perpisahan NOI pada tahun 1975, umat Islam yang menyertai Islam arus perdana, mula berkumpul di Restoran Shabaaz di Jalan Sembilan Mile. Menjelang tahun 1976, umat Islam biasa bertemu di gereja yang disewa. Mereka cuba untuk membeli gereja ini, tetapi disebabkan kesulitan kewangan umat Islam sebaliknya membeli sebuah kedai runcit lama di Chimbarazoo Boulevard, lokasi Masjid Bilal. Pada mulanya, tempat itu dipanggil \"Masjid Muhammad # 24\". Hanya pada tahun 1990 orang Islam menamakannya sebagai \"Masjid Bilal\". Masjid Bilal diikuti oleh Pusat Islam Virginia, ICVA masjid. ICVA ditubuhkan pada tahun 1973 sebagai organisasi pengecualian cukai bukan keuntungan. Dengan pengumpulan dana agresif, ICVA dapat membeli tanah di jalan Buford. Pembinaan masjid baru bermula pada awal 1980-an. Selebihnya lima masjid semasa di kawasan Richmond ialah Pusat Islam Richmond (ICR) di bahagian barat, Masjid Umm Barakah di pusat jalan ke-2, Persatuan Islam Greater Richmond (ISGR) di bahagian barat, Masjidullah di sebelah utara , dan Masjid Ar-Rahman di hujung timur. <> Di mana ahli-ahli Bangsa Islam Richmond pada mulanya bertemu? || Kaabah # 24 <> Di mana jalan yang terdapat di Masjid Bilal? || Chimbarazoo Boulevard <> Apakah Masjid Bilal pernah dikenali sebagai? || Masjid Muhammad # 24 <> Tahun berapa melihat penubuhan Pusat Islam Virginia? || 1973 <> Di mana jalan bolehkah Restoran Shabaaz dijumpai? || Jalan Sembilan Mile", {"context": "There are seven current masjids in the Greater Richmond area, with three more currently in construction, accommodating the growing Muslim population, the first one being Masjid Bilal. In the 1950s, Muslims from the East End got organized under Nation of Islam (NOI). They used to meet in Temple #24 located on North Avenue. After the NOI split in 1975, the Muslims who joined mainstream Islam, start meeting at Shabaaz Restaurant on Nine Mile Road. By 1976, the Muslims used to meet in a rented church. They tried to buy this church, but due to financial difficulties the Muslims instead bought an old grocery store at Chimbarazoo Boulevard, the present location of Masjid Bilal. Initially, the place was called \"Masjid Muhammad #24\". Only by 1990 did the Muslims renamed it to \"Masjid Bilal\". Masjid Bilal was followed by the Islamic Center of Virginia, ICVA masjid. The ICVA was established in 1973 as a non profit tax exempt organization. With aggressive fundraising, ICVA was able to buy land on Buford road. Construction of the new masjid began in the early 1980s. The rest of the five current masjids in the Richmond area are Islamic Center of Richmond (ICR) in the west end, Masjid Umm Barakah on 2nd street downtown, Islamic Society of Greater Richmond (ISGR) in the west end, Masjidullah in the north side, and Masjid Ar-Rahman in the east end.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Temple #24"}], "question": "Where did Richmond's Nation of Islam members initially meet?", "id": "57344108879d6814001ca405"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Chimbarazoo Boulevard"}], "question": "On what street is Masjid Bilal located?", "id": "57344108879d6814001ca406"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "Masjid Muhammad #24"}], "question": "What was Masjid Bilal previously known as?", "id": "57344108879d6814001ca407"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 896, "text": "1973"}], "question": "What year saw the establishment of the Islamic Center of Virginia?", "id": "57344108879d6814001ca408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Nine Mile Road"}], "question": "On what street can Shabaaz Restaurant be found?", "id": "57344108879d6814001ca409"}]}], ["Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada banyak monumen dan peringatan, terutamanya di sepanjang Monument Avenue. Monumen-monumen lain termasuk monumen A.P. Hill, monumen Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson di Jackson Ward, monumen Christopher Columbus berhampiran Byrd Park, dan Monumen Penjaga dan Tentera Pelaut di Libby Hill. Terletak berhampiran Taman Byrd adalah Carillon Memorial Perang Dunia I yang terkenal, sebuah menara kereta api 56-bel. Didedikasikan pada tahun 1956, Memorial Perang Virginia terletak di Belvedere yang menghadap ke sungai, dan merupakan monumen kepada Virginians yang tewas dalam peperangan dalam Perang Dunia II, Perang Korea, Perang Vietnam, Perang Teluk, Perang di Afghanistan, dan Perang Iraq. <> Apa nama panggilan Bill Robinson? || Bojangles <> Berhampiran taman apa yang monumen itu didedikasikan kepada orang yang secara tradisinya dianggap sebagai menemui Amerika? || Byrd <> Berapa banyak loceng yang terkandung dalam Carillon Memorial Perang Dunia I? || 56 <> Yang mati perang apa yang pertama diperingati oleh Memorial Perang Virginia? || Perang Dunia II <> Dalam kejiranan apa yang terdapat di monumen Bill Robinson? || Jackson Ward", {"context": "The city is home to many monuments and memorials, most notably those along Monument Avenue. Other monuments include the A.P. Hill monument, the Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson monument in Jackson Ward, the Christopher Columbus monument near Byrd Park, and the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument on Libby Hill. Located near Byrd Park is the famous World War I Memorial Carillon, a 56-bell carillon tower. Dedicated in 1956, the Virginia War Memorial is located on Belvedere overlooking the river, and is a monument to Virginians who died in battle in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Bojangles"}], "question": "What was the nickname of Bill Robinson?", "id": "57344767acc1501500babd89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Byrd"}], "question": "Near what park is the monument dedicated to the person traditionally regarded as discovering America?", "id": "57344767acc1501500babd8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "56"}], "question": "How many bells are contained in the World War I Memorial Carillon?", "id": "57344767acc1501500babd8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "The dead of what war were the first to be commemorated by the Virginia War Memorial?", "id": "57344767acc1501500babd8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Jackson Ward"}], "question": "In what neighborhood is the monument to Bill Robinson located?", "id": "57344767acc1501500babd8d"}]}], ["Syarikat Fortune 500 yang lain, sementara tidak beribu pejabat di kawasan itu, mempunyai kehadiran besar. Ini termasuk SunTrust Bank (berpusat di Atlanta), Capital One Financial Corporation (secara rasmi berpusat di McLean, Virginia, tetapi diasaskan di Richmond dengan pusat operasi dan kebanyakan pekerja di kawasan Richmond), dan gergasi perubatan dan farmaseutikal McKesson (berpusat di San Francisco). Capital One dan syarikat Altria Philip Morris USA adalah dua daripada majikan swasta Richmond yang terbesar. DuPont mengekalkan kemudahan pengeluaran di South Richmond dikenali sebagai Loji Spruance. UPS Freight, bahagian kurang dari trak UPS dan sebelum ini dikenali sebagai Pengangkutan Overnite, mempunyai ibu pejabat korporatnya di Richmond. <> Di mana SunTrust Bank beribupejabat? || Atlanta <> Apa bandar ibu pejabat McKesson terletak? || San Francisco <> Siapa yang memiliki Philip Morris USA? || Altria <> Apakah kilang DuPont terletak di kawasan Richmond? || Loji Spruance <> Apakah nama bekas UPS Freight? || Pengangkutan Overnite", {"context": "Other Fortune 500 companies, while not headquartered in the area, do have a major presence. These include SunTrust Bank (based in Atlanta), Capital One Financial Corporation (officially based in McLean, Virginia, but founded in Richmond with its operations center and most employees in the Richmond area), and the medical and pharmaceutical giant McKesson (based in San Francisco). Capital One and Altria company's Philip Morris USA are two of the largest private Richmond-area employers. DuPont maintains a production facility in South Richmond known as the Spruance Plant. UPS Freight, the less-than-truckload division of UPS and formerly known as Overnite Transportation, has its corporate headquarters in Richmond.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Atlanta"}], "question": "Where is SunTrust Bank headquartered?", "id": "57344560879d6814001ca451"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "San Francisco"}], "question": "What city is the headquarters of McKesson located in?", "id": "57344560879d6814001ca452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Altria"}], "question": "Who owns Philip Morris USA?", "id": "57344560879d6814001ca453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Spruance Plant"}], "question": "What DuPont factory is located in the Richmond area?", "id": "57344560879d6814001ca454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "Overnite Transportation"}], "question": "What was the former name of UPS Freight?", "id": "57344560879d6814001ca455"}]}], ["Selain itu, Richmond mendapat perhatian dari industri filem dan televisyen, dengan beberapa filem berprofil tinggi yang ditembak di rantau metro dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, termasuk gambar utama Lincoln yang membawa kepada Oscar ketiga Daniel Day-Lewis, Membunuh Kennedy dengan Rob Lowe, ditayangkan di National Geographic Channel dan Turn, yang dibintangi Jamie Bell dan ditayangkan di AMC. Pada tahun 2015 Richmond akan menjadi lokasi penggambaran utama untuk siri drama PBS yang akan datang Mercy Street, yang akan dimulakan pada musim sejuk 2016. Beberapa organisasi, termasuk Virginia Film Office dan Perikatan Pengeluaran Virginia, bersama-sama dengan acara-acara seperti Festival Filem Antarabangsa Richmond dan Perancis Festival Filem, terus memberikan sokongan penyokong filem dan media ke rantau ini. <> Filem apa, yang difilemkan di Richmond, menampilkan Daniel Day-Lewis? || Lincoln <> Yang terkenal muncul dalam Membunuh Kennedy? || Rob Lowe <> Di saluran televisyen apakah yang boleh dipaparkan Dihidupkan? || AMC <> Bilakah Mercy Street pertama akan dipaparkan di televisyen? || Musim sejuk 2016 <> Saluran apakah Membunuh Kennedy? || Saluran National Geographic", {"context": "Additionally, Richmond is gaining attention from the film and television industry, with several high-profile films shot in the metro region in the past few years, including the major motion picture Lincoln which led to Daniel Day-Lewis's third Oscar, Killing Kennedy with Rob Lowe, airing on the National Geographic Channel and Turn, starring Jamie Bell and airing on AMC. In 2015 Richmond will be the main filming location for the upcoming PBS drama series Mercy Street, which will premiere in Winter 2016. Several organizations, including the Virginia Film Office and the Virginia Production Alliance, along with events like the Richmond International Film Festival and French Film Festival, continue to put draw supporters of film and media to the region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Lincoln"}], "question": "What movie, which filmed in Richmond, featured Daniel Day-Lewis?", "id": "573444a1879d6814001ca43d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Rob Lowe"}], "question": "Who notably appeared in Killing Kennedy?", "id": "573444a1879d6814001ca43e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "AMC"}], "question": "On what television channel can the show Turn be seen?", "id": "573444a1879d6814001ca43f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Winter 2016"}], "question": "When will Mercy Street first be shown on television?", "id": "573444a1879d6814001ca440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "National Geographic Channel"}], "question": "What channel is Killing Kennedy on?", "id": "573444a1879d6814001ca441"}]}], ["Sehingga 2015, pelbagai lukisan dari artis jalanan yang diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa telah muncul di seluruh bandar hasil daripada usaha Art Whino dan Majalah RVA dengan The Richmond Mural Project dan RVA Street Art Festival. Artis yang telah menghasilkan kerja di bandar sebagai hasil dari perayaan-perayaan ini termasuk ROA, Pixel Pancho, Gaia, Aryz, Alexis Diaz, Ever Siempre, Jaz, 2501, Natalia Rak, Pose MSK, Vizie, Jeff Soto, Mark Jenkins, Etam Cru - dan artis tempatan Hamilton Glass, Nils Westergard, dan El Kamino. Kedua-dua festival itu dijangka berterusan tahun ini dengan artis-artis seperti Ron English dijangka menghasilkan kerja. <> Bersama dengan Hamilton Glass dan El Kamino, yang merupakan artis lukisan tempatan ke Richmond? || Nils Westergard <> Berapakah tempoh percubaan untuk menarik artis-artis mural yang terkenal di dunia ke Richmond? || RVA <> Apa pengumpulan seni jalan raya Richmond telah membawa para seniman mural ke bandar? || Pesta Seni Jalan RVA", {"context": "As of 2015 a variety of murals from internationally recognized street artists have appeared throughout the city as a result of the efforts of Art Whino and RVA Magazine with The Richmond Mural Project and the RVA Street Art Festival. Artists who have produced work in the city as a result of these festivals include ROA, Pixel Pancho, Gaia, Aryz, Alexis Diaz, Ever Siempre, Jaz, 2501, Natalia Rak, Pose MSK, Vizie, Jeff Soto, Mark Jenkins, Etam Cru- and local artists Hamilton Glass, Nils Westergard, and El Kamino. Both festivals are expected to continue this year with artists such as Ron English slated to produce work.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "Nils Westergard"}], "question": "Along with Hamilton Glass and El Kamino, who is a mural artist local to Richmond?", "id": "573449cf879d6814001ca49b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "RVA"}], "question": "What periodical has attempted to attract internationally known mural artists to Richmond?", "id": "573449cf879d6814001ca49c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "RVA Street Art Festival"}], "question": "What Richmond street art gathering has brought mural artists to the city?", "id": "573449cf879d6814001ca49d"}]}], ["Dari hari-hari terawal, Virginia, dan Richmond khususnya, menyambut persembahan teater secara langsung. Dari awal produksi Lewis Hallam di Shakespeare di Williamsburg, tumpuan itu beralih kepada keunggulan antebellum Richmond sebagai tempat persembahan utama kolonial dan awal abad ke-19 untuk pelakon Amerika dan Inggeris yang terkenal seperti William Macready, Edwin Forrest, dan keluarga Booth. Pada abad ke-20, cinta teater Richmonders diteruskan dengan banyak kumpulan amatir dan penampilan profesional yang berkelayakan. Pada tahun 1960-an kebangkitan kecil atau zaman kegemilangan mengiringi pertumbuhan teater makan malam profesional dan pemangkuan teater oleh Muzium Virginia, mencapai puncak pada tahun 1970-an dengan penubuhan sebuah syarikat Ekuiti penduduk di Teater Muzium Virginia (kini Leslie Cheek ) dan kelahiran Teater IV, sebuah syarikat yang terus ke hari ini. <> Di mana bandar Lewis Hallam hadir dalam drama Shakespeare? || Williamsburg <> Apakah keluarga pelakon yang terkenal pada abad ke-19 Richmond? || Booth <> Apakah Teater Muzium Virginia dikenali sebagai hari ini? || Leslie Cheek <> Selama sedekad apakah Muzium Virginia paling berkesan untuk mempromosikan teater di Richmond? || 1970-an", {"context": "From earliest days, Virginia, and Richmond in particular, have welcomed live theatrical performances. From Lewis Hallam's early productions of Shakespeare in Williamsburg, the focus shifted to Richmond's antebellum prominence as a main colonial and early 19th century performance venue for such celebrated American and English actors as William Macready, Edwin Forrest, and the Booth family. In the 20th century, Richmonders' love of theater continued with many amateur troupes and regular touring professional productions. In the 1960s a small renaissance or golden age accompanied the growth of professional dinner theaters and the fostering of theater by the Virginia Museum, reaching a peak in the 1970s with the establishment of a resident Equity company at the Virginia Museum Theater (now the Leslie Cheek) and the birth of Theatre IV, a company that continues to this day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Williamsburg"}], "question": "In what city did Lewis Hallam present Shakespeare's plays?", "id": "57344a5b879d6814001ca4ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Booth"}], "question": "What family of actors notably performed in 19th century Richmond?", "id": "57344a5b879d6814001ca4ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "Leslie Cheek"}], "question": "What is Virginia Museum Theater known as today?", "id": "57344a5b879d6814001ca4ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "During what decade did the Virginia Museum most significantly work to promote theater in Richmond?", "id": "57344a5b879d6814001ca4ae"}]}], ["Kawasan Richmond yang lebih besar telah dinobatkan sebagai bandar ketiga terbaik untuk perniagaan oleh MarketWatch pada bulan September 2007, kedudukannya di belakang kawasan Minneapolis dan Denver dan hanya di atas Boston. Kawasan ini adalah rumah kepada enam Fortune 500 syarikat: utiliti elektrik Dominion Resources; CarMax; Owens & Minor; Genworth Financial; MeadWestvaco; McKesson Medical-Surgical and Altria Group. Bagaimanapun, hanya Dominion Resources dan MeadWestvaco yang beribu pejabat di bandar Richmond; yang lain terletak di daerah-daerah tetangga Henrico dan Hanover. Pada tahun 2008, Altria memindahkan HQ korporatnya dari New York City ke Henrico County, sambil menambah satu lagi Fortune 500 syarikat kepada senarai Richmond. Pada bulan Februari 2006, MeadWestvaco mengumumkan bahawa mereka akan berpindah dari Stamford, Connecticut, ke Richmond pada tahun 2008 dengan bantuan Greater Richmond Partnership, sebuah organisasi pembangunan ekonomi serantau yang juga membantu mencari Aditya Birla Minacs, Amazon.com, dan Honeywell International, untuk rantau ini. <> Menurut MarketWatch, di mana Richmond berada di antara bandar untuk perniagaan? || ketiga <> Apa yang difikirkan MarketWatch adalah bandar terbaik keempat untuk perniagaan? || Boston <> Jenis perniagaan apa yang Dominion Resources? || Utiliti elektrik <> Sebelum beralih ke kawasan Richmond, di mana ibu pejabat Altria terletak? || New York City <> Apa syarikat berpindah ke Richmond dari Connecticut? || MeadWestvaco", {"context": "The Greater Richmond area was named the third-best city for business by MarketWatch in September 2007, ranking behind only the Minneapolis and Denver areas and just above Boston. The area is home to six Fortune 500 companies: electric utility Dominion Resources; CarMax; Owens & Minor; Genworth Financial; MeadWestvaco; McKesson Medical-Surgical and Altria Group. However, only Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco are headquartered within the city of Richmond; the others are located in the neighboring counties of Henrico and Hanover. In 2008, Altria moved its corporate HQ from New York City to Henrico County, adding another Fortune 500 corporation to Richmond's list. In February 2006, MeadWestvaco announced that they would move from Stamford, Connecticut, to Richmond in 2008 with the help of the Greater Richmond Partnership, a regional economic development organization that also helped locate Aditya Birla Minacs, Amazon.com, and Honeywell International, to the region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "third"}], "question": "According to MarketWatch, where did Richmond rank among cities for business?", "id": "57344500acc1501500babd4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "What did MarketWatch think was the fourth best city for business?", "id": "57344500acc1501500babd50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "electric utility"}], "question": "What type of business is Dominion Resources?", "id": "57344500acc1501500babd51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "Prior to moving to the Richmond area, where was Altria's headquarters located?", "id": "57344500acc1501500babd52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "MeadWestvaco"}], "question": "What company moved to Richmond from Connecticut?", "id": "57344500acc1501500babd53"}]}], ["Lain-lain tempat bersejarah yang menarik termasuk Gereja St. John, laman web Patrick Henry yang terkenal \"Beri saya kebebasan atau memberi saya kematian\" ucapan, dan Muzium Edgar Allan Poe, mempunyai banyak tulisan dan artifak lain dalam hidupnya, terutamanya ketika dia tinggal di bandar sebagai seorang kanak-kanak, pelajar, dan penulis yang berjaya. John Marshall House, rumah bekas Ketua Hakim Negara Amerika Syarikat, juga terletak di pusat bandar dan mempunyai banyak tulisan dan benda dari kehidupannya. Perkuburan Hollywood adalah alasan pengebumian dua Presiden A.S. serta banyak pegawai perang saudara dan askar. <> Pejabat apa yang dipegang oleh penduduk John Marshall House? || Ketua Hakim Negara Amerika Serikat <Berapa banyak presiden Amerika Serikat yang dikebumikan di Pemakaman Hollywood? || Dua <> yang memberikan ucapan yang berisi pepatah yang terkenal itu \"Berikan saya kebebasan atau memberi saya maut\"? || Patrick Henry <> Di mana Patrick Henry menyampaikan ucapannya yang tidak dapat dilupakan? || Gereja St. John", {"context": "Other historical points of interest include St. John's Church, the site of Patrick Henry's famous \"Give me liberty or give me death\" speech, and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, features many of his writings and other artifacts of his life, particularly when he lived in the city as a child, a student, and a successful writer. The John Marshall House, the home of the former Chief Justice of the United States, is also located downtown and features many of his writings and objects from his life. Hollywood Cemetery is the burial grounds of two U.S. Presidents as well as many Civil War officers and soldiers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Chief Justice of the United States"}], "question": "What office was held by the inhabitant of the John Marshall House?", "id": "573446e7acc1501500babd81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many United States presidents are interred in Hollywood Cemetery?", "id": "573446e7acc1501500babd82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Patrick Henry"}], "question": "Who gave a speech that contained the famous saying \"Give me liberty or give me death\"?", "id": "573446e7acc1501500babd83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "St. John's Church"}], "question": "Where did Patrick Henry deliver his memorable speech?", "id": "573446e7acc1501500babd84"}]}], ["Beberapa muzium umum yang besar terletak di dekat Boulevard. Di Boulevard betul adalah Persatuan Sejarah Virginia dan Muzium Seni Halus Virginia, yang meminjamkan nama mereka kepada apa yang kadang-kadang dipanggil Daerah Muzium. Berdekatan di Broad Street adalah Muzium Sains Virginia, bertempat di bekas 1919 Broad Street Union Station neoklasik. Segera bersebelahan adalah Muzium Kanak-kanak Richmond, dan dua blok jauhnya, Virginia Center for Architecture. Di pusat bandar terdapat Perpustakaan Virginia dan Pusat Sejarah Valentine Richmond. Di tempat lain adalah Museum Holocaust Virginia dan Museum Kereta Api Dominion Lama. <> Gaya seni bina apa yang dibina di Stesen 1919 Broad Street Union? || neoklasik <> Seberapa jauh dari Pusat Seni Bina Virginia adalah Muzium Kanak-kanak Richmond? || dua blok <> Daerah apa Richmond adalah Persatuan Sejarah Virginia yang terletak di? || Muzium Daerah <> Muzium apa yang bersebelahan dengan Muzium Sains Virginia? || Muzium Kanak-kanak Richmond", {"context": "Several of the city's large general museums are located near the Boulevard. On Boulevard proper are the Virginia Historical Society and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, lending their name to what is sometimes called the Museum District. Nearby on Broad Street is the Science Museum of Virginia, housed in the neoclassical former 1919 Broad Street Union Station. Immediately adjacent is the Children's Museum of Richmond, and two blocks away, the Virginia Center for Architecture. Within the downtown are the Library of Virginia and the Valentine Richmond History Center. Elsewhere are the Virginia Holocaust Museum and the Old Dominion Railway Museum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "neoclassical"}], "question": "What architectural style was the 1919 Broad Street Union Station constructed in?", "id": "573445d3879d6814001ca45b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "two blocks"}], "question": "How far away from the Virginia Center for Architecture is the Children's Museum of Richmond?", "id": "573445d3879d6814001ca45c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Museum District"}], "question": "What district of Richmond is the Virginia Historical Society located in?", "id": "573445d3879d6814001ca45d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Children's Museum of Richmond"}], "question": "What museum is next to the Science Museum of Virginia?", "id": "573445d3879d6814001ca45e"}]}], ["Richmond mempunyai komuniti seni yang penting, beberapa daripadanya terkandung di tempat rasmi yang disokong oleh orang awam, dan beberapa di antaranya lebih DIY, seperti galeri persendirian tempatan dan tempat muzik persendirian, organisasi seni bukan keuntungan, atau pergerakan seni organik dan tanpa visi ( contohnya, pertunjukan rumah, busking, pertunjukan kaum yang menari). Ini telah mengakibatkan ketegangan, kerana bandar Richmond mengenakan \"cukai kemasukan\" untuk membiayai projek seni besar seperti CentreStage, yang membawa kepada kritikan bahawa ia membiayai inisiatif civic di belakang budaya tempatan organik. Muzik rakyat Tradisional Virginian, termasuk blues, negara, dan bluegrass juga terkenal hadir, dan memainkan peranan besar dalam Festival Rakyat Richmond tahunan. Berikut adalah senarai pertubuhan seni yang lebih formal (Syarikat, teater, galeri, dan tempat-tempat besar yang lain) di Richmond: <> Projek apa yang penting dibiayai oleh \"cukai kemasukan\" Richmond? || CentreStage <> Bersama blues dan bluegrass, apakah jenis muzik rakyat tradisional kepada Virginia? || negara <> Bersama dengan persembahan busking dan perjalanan rakyat, apakah satu contoh seni tanpa seni? || rancangan rumah", {"context": "Richmond has a significant arts community, some of which is contained in formal public-supported venues, and some of which is more DIY, such as local privately owned galleries, and private music venues, nonprofit arts organizations, or organic and venueless arts movements (e.g., house shows, busking, itinerant folk shows). This has led to tensions, as the city Richmond City levied an \"admissions tax\" to fund large arts projects like CentreStage, leading to criticism that it is funding civic initiatives on the backs of the organic local culture. Traditional Virginian folk music, including blues, country, and bluegrass are also notably present, and play a large part in the annual Richmond Folk Festival. The following is a list of the more formal arts establishments (Companies, theaters, galleries, and other large venues) in Richmond:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "CentreStage"}], "question": "What notable project was funded by Richmond's \"admissions tax\"?", "id": "57344947acc1501500babd93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "country"}], "question": "Along with blues and bluegrass, what is a type of folk music traditional to Virginia?", "id": "57344947acc1501500babd94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "house shows"}], "question": "Along with busking and itinerant folk shows, what is an example of venueless art?", "id": "57344947acc1501500babd95"}]}], ["Sebagai ibu negara utama yang pertama di Amerika Syarikat, Richmond adalah rumah kepada banyak muzium dan medan pertempuran Perang Saudara Amerika. Berhampiran tepi sungai adalah Pusat Pelawat Taman Pertempuran Taman Nasional Richmond dan Pusat Perang Saudara Amerika di Historic Tredegar, kedua-duanya ditempatkan di bekas bangunan Tredegar Iron Works, di mana banyak kapal perang untuk diproduksi. Di Court End, berhampiran dengan Virginia State Capitol, adalah Muzium Konfederasi, bersama dengan Rumah Mansion Davis, juga dikenali sebagai White House of Confederacy; kedua-duanya mempunyai pelbagai objek dan bahan dari zaman. Rumah sementara mantan Gabungan Jeneral Robert E. Lee masih berdiri di Franklin Street di pusat bandar Richmond. Sejarah perhambaan dan pembebasan juga semakin diwakili: terdapat bekas laluan budak di sepanjang sungai yang mengarah ke Tapak Perahu Ancarrow dan Tempat Bersejarah yang telah dibangunkan dengan papan tanda tafsiran, dan pada tahun 2007, Patung Rekonsiliasi diletakkan di Shockoe Bottom, dengan patung selari yang ditempatkan di Liverpool dan Benin yang mewakili titik Perdagangan Segitiga. <> Dalam apa bekas kemudahan perindustrian ialah Pusat Pelawat Taman Pertempuran Negara Richmond yang terletak? || Tredegar Iron Works <> Apakah bangunan kerajaan adalah Muzium Konfederasi yang terletak berhampiran? || Virginia State Capitol <> Apakah nama lain untuk Davis Mansion? || Rumah Putih Konfederasi <> Di jalan raya Richmond apa yang dilakukan oleh General Lee untuk sementara waktu? || Franklin <> Di manakah Patung Rekonsiliasi di luar Richmond terletak? || Liverpool dan Benin", {"context": "As the primary former Capital of the Confederate States of America, Richmond is home to many museums and battlefields of the American Civil War. Near the riverfront is the Richmond National Battlefield Park Visitors Center and the American Civil War Center at Historic Tredegar, both housed in the former buildings of the Tredegar Iron Works, where much of the ordnance for the war was produced. In Court End, near the Virginia State Capitol, is the Museum of the Confederacy, along with the Davis Mansion, also known as the White House of the Confederacy; both feature a wide variety of objects and material from the era. The temporary home of former Confederate General Robert E. Lee still stands on Franklin Street in downtown Richmond. The history of slavery and emancipation are also increasingly represented: there is a former slave trail along the river that leads to Ancarrow's Boat Ramp and Historic Site which has been developed with interpretive signage, and in 2007, the Reconciliation Statue was placed in Shockoe Bottom, with parallel statues placed in Liverpool and Benin representing points of the Triangle Trade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Tredegar Iron Works"}], "question": "In what former industrial facility is the Richmond National Battlefield Park Visitors Center located?", "id": "5734466eacc1501500babd77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Virginia State Capitol"}], "question": "What government building is the Museum of the Confederacy located near?", "id": "5734466eacc1501500babd78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "White House of the Confederacy"}], "question": "What is another name for the Davis Mansion?", "id": "5734466eacc1501500babd79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "Franklin"}], "question": "On what Richmond street did General Lee live for a while?", "id": "5734466eacc1501500babd7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1067, "text": "Liverpool and Benin"}], "question": "Where are the Reconciliation Statues outside Richmond located?", "id": "5734466eacc1501500babd7b"}]}], ["The Richmond Times-Dispatch, akhbar harian tempatan di Richmond dengan peredaran Ahad sebanyak 120,000, dimiliki oleh BH Media, anak syarikat Warren Buffett di Berkshire Hathaway. Style Weekly adalah penerbitan mingguan standard yang meliputi budaya, kesenian dan hiburan yang popular, dimiliki oleh Landmark Communications. Majalah RVA adalah satu-satunya penerbitan muzik dan budaya seni bebas di bandar ini, sekali sebulan, tetapi kini dikeluarkan setiap suku tahun. The Richmond Free Press dan Voice meliputi berita dari perspektif Afrika-Amerika. <> Apa syarikat yang memiliki syarikat yang memiliki Richmond Times-Dispatch? || Berkshire Hathaway <> Berapa ramai yang membeli Richmond Times-Dispatch pada hari Ahad? || 120,000 <> Apa akhbar yang diterbitkan oleh Landmark Communications? || Gaya Mingguan <> Sebelum beralih kepada jadual penerbitan semasa, berapa kerap majalah RVA diterbitkan? || bulanan <> Bersama dengan Suara, apakah penerbitan berita berorientasikan hitam Richmond? || Free Press Richmond", {"context": "The Richmond Times-Dispatch, the local daily newspaper in Richmond with a Sunday circulation of 120,000, is owned by BH Media, a subsidiary of Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway company. Style Weekly is a standard weekly publication covering popular culture, arts, and entertainment, owned by Landmark Communications. RVA Magazine is the city's only independent art music and culture publication, was once monthly, but is now issued quarterly. The Richmond Free Press and the Voice cover the news from an African-American perspective.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Berkshire Hathaway"}], "question": "What company owns the company that owns the Richmond Times-Dispatch?", "id": "57345714acc1501500babe17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "120,000"}], "question": "How many people buy the Richmond Times-Dispatch on Sunday?", "id": "57345714acc1501500babe18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Style Weekly"}], "question": "What newspaper is published by Landmark Communications?", "id": "57345714acc1501500babe19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "monthly"}], "question": "Before switching to its current publication schedule, how often was RVA Magazine published?", "id": "57345714acc1501500babe1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Richmond Free Press"}], "question": "Along with the Voice, what is Richmond's black-oriented news publication?", "id": "57345714acc1501500babe1b"}]}], ["Kebanyakan seni bina awal Richmond telah dimusnahkan oleh Api Pemindahan pada tahun 1865. Dianggarkan 25% daripada semua bangunan di Richmond telah musnah semasa kebakaran ini. Lebih kurang sekarang ini masih wujud kerana pembinaan dan perobohan yang telah berlaku sejak Semula Pembinaan. Walaupun begitu, Richmond mengandungi banyak bangunan dan daerah yang penting secara sejarah. Bangunan tetap dari masa penjajahan Richmond, seperti Rumah Patteson-Schutte dan Muzium Edgar Allan Poe (Richmond, Virginia), kedua-duanya dibina sebelum tahun 1750. Bencana apa yang memusnahkan banyak bangunan awal di Richmond? || Api Pemadaman <> Berapa peratuskah bangunan Richmond dibakar dalam satu kebakaran pada tahun 1865? || 25 <> Apa nama era yang mana bangunan perumahan Edgar Allan Poe Museum tarikh? || penjajah <> Sebelum tahun apakah rumah Patterson-Schutte dibina? || 1750", {"context": "Much of Richmond's early architecture was destroyed by the Evacuation Fire in 1865. It is estimated that 25% of all buildings in Richmond were destroyed during this fire. Even fewer now remain due to construction and demolition that has taken place since Reconstruction. In spite of this, Richmond contains many historically significant buildings and districts. Buildings remain from Richmond's colonial period, such as the Patteson-Schutte House and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum (Richmond, Virginia), both built before 1750.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Evacuation Fire"}], "question": "What disaster destroyed many of the early buildings in Richmond?", "id": "57344ac0acc1501500babdaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "25"}], "question": "What percentage of Richmond's buildings were burned in a single fire in 1865?", "id": "57344ac0acc1501500babdab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "colonial"}], "question": "What is the name of the era from which the building housing the Edgar Allan Poe Museum dates?", "id": "57344ac0acc1501500babdad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "1750"}], "question": "Prior to what year was the Patterson-Schutte House built?", "id": "57344ac0acc1501500babdac"}]}], ["Richmond adalah rumah kepada beberapa contoh penting dalam pelbagai gaya modenisme. Minoru Yamasaki merancang Bangunan Rizab Persekutuan yang menguasai kaki langit pusat bandar. Firma arkitek Skidmore, Owings & Merrill telah merangka dua bangunan: Perpustakaan Virginia dan Pejabat Perhimpunan Agung di Bangunan Kelapan dan Utama. Philip Johnson merancang Bangunan WRVA. Rumah Rice yang direka oleh Richard Neutra, sebuah kediaman di sebuah pulau peribadi di Sungai James, kekal sebagai rumah gaya International Real Richmond sahaja. Kediaman W.G. Harris di Richmond direka oleh arkitek moden yang terkenal dan ahli Harvard Five, Landis Gores. Arkitek terkenal yang lain yang bekerja di bandar itu termasuk Rick Mather, I.M Pei, dan Gordon Bunshaft. <> Siapa pereka bangunan Federal Reserve? || Minoru Yamasaki <> Siapa yang merancang Pejabat Perhimpunan Agung di Bangunan Kelapan dan Utama? || Skidmore, Owings & Merrill <> Apa gaya seni bina yang direka oleh Rice House? || Antarabangsa <> Universiti apa yang dikaitkan dengan Landis Gores? || Harvard <> Siapa yang membuat Landis Gores merancang rumah untuk? || W.G. Harris", {"context": "Richmond is home to several notable instances of various styles of modernism. Minoru Yamasaki designed the Federal Reserve Building which dominates the downtown skyline. The architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill has designed two buildings: the Library of Virginia and the General Assembly Offices at the Eighth and Main Building. Philip Johnson designed the WRVA Building. The Richard Neutra-designed Rice House, a residence on a private island on the James River, remains Richmond's only true International Style home. The W.G. Harris residence in Richmond was designed by famed early modern architect and member of the Harvard Five, Landis Gores. Other notable architects to have worked in the city include Rick Mather, I.M. Pei, and Gordon Bunshaft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Minoru Yamasaki"}], "question": "Who was the designer of the Federal Reserve Building?", "id": "57344d2bacc1501500babddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Skidmore, Owings & Merrill"}], "question": "Who designed the General Assembly Offices at the Eighth and Main Building?", "id": "57344d2bacc1501500babddc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "International"}], "question": "What architectural style was the Rice House designed in?", "id": "57344d2bacc1501500babddd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "Harvard"}], "question": "What university was Landis Gores associated with?", "id": "57344d2bacc1501500babdde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "W.G. Harris"}], "question": "Who did Landis Gores design a home for?", "id": "57344d2bacc1501500babddf"}]}], ["Dua taman utama lain di bandar sepanjang sungai ialah Byrd Park dan Maymont, yang terletak berhampiran dengan Daerah Fan. Byrd Park mempunyai trek berjalan satu batu (1.6 km), dengan berhenti senaman, taman anjing awam, dan beberapa tasik kecil untuk bot-bot kecil, serta dua monumen, rumah Buddha, dan sebuah gedung amfiteater. Tampil hebat di taman ini adalah Carillon Memorial Perang Dunia I, yang dibina pada tahun 1926 sebagai peringatan kepada mereka yang meninggal dunia dalam perang. Maymont yang terletak bersebelahan dengan Byrd Park, adalah sebuah estet Victoria seluas 100 hektar (40 ha) dengan muzium, taman formal, pameran hidupan liar asli, pusat alam, koleksi pengangkutan, dan ladang kanak-kanak. Taman-taman lain di bandar ini termasuk Taman Joseph Bryan Azalea Garden, Taman Forest Hill (bekas tapak Taman Hiburan Forest Hill), Taman Chimborazo (tapak Ibu Pejabat Pertempuran Negara), antara lain. <> Apa bahagian Richmond adalah dekat dengan Maymont? || Daerah Fan <> Berapa kilometer panjang adalah trek di Byrd Park? || 1.6 <> Berapa banyak monumen yang boleh didapati di Byrd Park? || dua <> Pada tahun apakah Carillon Memorial Perang Dunia I dibina? || 1926 <> Apa yang sebelum ini terletak di lokasi sekarang di Forest Hill Park? || Taman Hiburan Forest Hill", {"context": "Two other major parks in the city along the river are Byrd Park and Maymont, located near the Fan District. Byrd Park features a one-mile (1.6 km) running track, with exercise stops, a public dog park, and a number of small lakes for small boats, as well as two monuments, Buddha house, and an amphitheatre. Prominently featured in the park is the World War I Memorial Carillon, built in 1926 as a memorial to those that died in the war. Maymont, located adjacent to Byrd Park, is a 100-acre (40 ha) Victorian estate with a museum, formal gardens, native wildlife exhibits, nature center, carriage collection, and children's farm. Other parks in the city include Joseph Bryan Park Azalea Garden, Forest Hill Park (former site of the Forest Hill Amusement Park), Chimborazo Park (site of the National Battlefield Headquarters), among others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Fan District"}], "question": "What part of Richmond is Maymont close to?", "id": "573455eaacc1501500babdf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "1.6"}], "question": "How many kilometers long is the track in Byrd Park?", "id": "573455eaacc1501500babdfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many monuments can be found in Byrd Park?", "id": "573455eaacc1501500babdfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "1926"}], "question": "In what year was the World War I Memorial Carillon constructed?", "id": "573455eaacc1501500babdfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "Forest Hill Amusement Park"}], "question": "What was previously located at the present location of Forest Hill Park?", "id": "573455eaacc1501500babdfd"}]}], ["Lumba kereta juga popular di kawasan itu. Raceway International Richmond (RIR) telah menganjurkan perlumbaan NASCAR Sprint Cup sejak 1953, serta Capital City 400 dari 1962 - 1980. RIR juga menjadi tuan rumah IndyCar's Suntrust Indy Challenge dari tahun 2001 hingga 2009. Satu lagi trek, Southside Speedway, telah beroperasi sejak tahun 1959 dan terletak hanya di barat daya Richmond di Chesterfield County. Laluan pendek bujur sejauh 333 mil (0.536 km) ini telah dikenali sebagai \"Trek paling sukar di Selatan\" dan \"Trek Tindakan\", dan mempunyai perlumbaan kereta saham mingguan pada malam Jumaat. Speedway Southside bertindak sebagai tempat pembiakan untuk banyak legenda NASCAR yang lalu termasuk Richard Petty, Bobby Allison dan Darrell Waltrip, dan mendakwa sebagai landasan utama superstar NASCAR Denny Hamlin. <> Bilakah RIR mula menjadi tuan rumah Capital City 400? || 1962 <> Bilakah Suntrust Indy Challenge berhenti di RIR? || 2009 <> Berapa arah perjalanan seseorang dari Richmond untuk mencapai Speedway Southside? || barat daya <> Apakah bentuk Southside Speedway? || oval <> Bersama dengan \"Track Action,\" apakah nama panggilan Southside Speedway? || Trek paling sukar di Selatan", {"context": "Auto racing is also popular in the area. The Richmond International Raceway (RIR) has hosted NASCAR Sprint Cup races since 1953, as well as the Capital City 400 from 1962 \u2212 1980. RIR also hosted IndyCar's Suntrust Indy Challenge from 2001 \u2212 2009. Another track, Southside Speedway, has operated since 1959 and sits just southwest of Richmond in Chesterfield County. This .333-mile (0.536 km) oval short-track has become known as the \"Toughest Track in the South\" and \"The Action Track\", and features weekly stock car racing on Friday nights. Southside Speedway has acted as the breeding grounds for many past NASCAR legends including Richard Petty, Bobby Allison and Darrell Waltrip, and claims to be the home track of NASCAR superstar Denny Hamlin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "1962"}], "question": "When did the RIR begin to host the Capital City 400?", "id": "573456a4acc1501500babe0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did the Suntrust Indy Challenge stop being run at RIR?", "id": "573456a4acc1501500babe0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "southwest"}], "question": "In what direction does one travel from Richmond to reach Southside Speedway?", "id": "573456a4acc1501500babe0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "oval"}], "question": "What is the shape of Southside Speedway?", "id": "573456a4acc1501500babe10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Toughest Track in the South"}], "question": "Along with \"The Action Track,\" what is a nickname of Southside Speedway?", "id": "573456a4acc1501500babe11"}]}], ["Klasikisme seni bina amat terwakili di semua daerah di kota, khususnya di Downtown, Fan, dan Daerah Muzium. Beberapa arkitek klasik yang terkenal telah merancang bangunan di Richmond. Capitol Negeri Virginia telah direka oleh Thomas Jefferson dan Charles-Louis Cl\u00e9risseau pada tahun 1785. Ia adalah rumah negara AS kedua tertua yang digunakan secara berterusan (selepas Maryland) dan merupakan bangunan kerajaan AS pertama yang dibina dalam gaya senibina neo-klasik, penetapan trend untuk rumah negeri lain dan bangunan kerajaan persekutuan (termasuk Gedung Putih dan Capitol) di Washington, DC Robert Mills merancang Gereja Monumental di Broad Street. Di sebelahnya ialah Bangunan Mesir 1845, salah satu bangunan Kebangkitan Mesir yang sedikit di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apakah negeri yang mempunyai bangunan modal tertua yang digunakan secara berterusan sejak dibina? || Maryland <> Apakah gaya arkitek digunakan untuk merancang Bangunan Kerajaan Virginia? || neo-klasik <> Apa bangunan kerajaan persekutuan yang terkenal yang direka dalam gaya neoklasik? || Rumah Putih dan Capitol <> Apakah gaya seni bina bangunan 1845 Mesir? || Kebangkitan Mesir <> Siapa pereka di Virginia State Capitol? || Thomas Jefferson dan Charles-Louis Cl\u00e9risseau", {"context": "Architectural classicism is heavily represented in all districts of the city, particularly in Downtown, the Fan, and the Museum District. Several notable classical architects have designed buildings in Richmond. The Virginia State Capitol was designed by Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Cl\u00e9risseau in 1785. It is the second-oldest US statehouse in continuous use (after Maryland's) and was the first US government building built in the neo-classical style of architecture, setting the trend for other state houses and the federal government buildings (including the White House and The Capitol) in Washington, D.C. Robert Mills designed Monumental Church on Broad Street. Adjoining it is the 1845 Egyptian Building, one of the few Egyptian Revival buildings in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Maryland"}], "question": "What state has the oldest capital building used continuously since it was built?", "id": "57344b52acc1501500babdb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "neo-classical"}], "question": "What architectural style was used to design the Virginia State Capitol?", "id": "57344b52acc1501500babdb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "White House and The Capitol"}], "question": "What notable federal government buildings were designed in the neoclassical style?", "id": "57344b52acc1501500babdb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "Egyptian Revival"}], "question": "What is the architectural style of the 1845 Egyptian Building?", "id": "57344b52acc1501500babdba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Cl\u00e9risseau"}], "question": "Who were the designers of the Virginia State Capitol?", "id": "57344b52acc1501500babdbb"}]}], ["Terdapat juga taman-taman di dua pulau utama di sungai: Belle Isle dan Pulau Brown. Belle Isle, pada zaman dahulu, sebuah perkampungan nelayan Powhatan, trek lumba kuda zaman kolonial, dan kem penjara perang saudara, adalah lebih besar daripada kedua-duanya, dan mengandungi banyak laluan basikal serta tebing kecil yang digunakan untuk arahan mendaki gunung . Orang boleh berjalan di pulau ini dan masih melihat banyak mayat kem penjara Perang Saudara, seperti ruang simpanan senjata dan penempatan senjata yang digunakan untuk menghilangkan rusuhan tahanan. Pulau Brown adalah sebuah pulau yang lebih kecil dan tempat popular dari banyak konsert dan festival luaran percuma di musim bunga dan musim panas, seperti siri konsert Jumat Sejahtera atau James River Beer and Seafood Festival. <> Apa suku bangsa Amerika pada satu masa tinggal di Belle Isle? || Powhatan <> Semasa konflik apakah Belle Isle digunakan sebagai penjara? || Perang Saudara <> Antara Pulau Brown dan Belle Isle, yang lebih besar? || Belle Isle <> Pulau apa yang dilakukan James River Beer and Seafood Festival berlaku? || Pulau Brown <> Berapa kerapkah Jumaat Cheers berlaku di Pulau Brown? || setiap minggu", {"context": "There are also parks on two major islands in the river: Belle Isle and Brown's Island. Belle Isle, at various former times a Powhatan fishing village, colonial-era horse race track, and Civil War prison camp, is the larger of the two, and contains many bike trails as well as a small cliff that is used for rock climbing instruction. One can walk the island and still see many of the remains of the Civil War prison camp, such as an arms storage room and a gun emplacement that was used to quell prisoner riots. Brown's Island is a smaller island and a popular venue of a large number of free outdoor concerts and festivals in the spring and summer, such as the weekly Friday Cheers concert series or the James River Beer and Seafood Festival.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Powhatan"}], "question": "What Native American tribe at one time lived on Belle Isle?", "id": "57345209acc1501500babdef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Civil War"}], "question": "During what conflict was Belle Isle used as a prison?", "id": "57345209acc1501500babdf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Belle Isle"}], "question": "Between Brown's Island and Belle Isle, which is bigger?", "id": "57345209acc1501500babdf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Brown's Island"}], "question": "On what island does the James River Beer and Seafood Festival take place?", "id": "57345209acc1501500babdf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "weekly"}], "question": "How often does Friday Cheers take place on Brown's Island?", "id": "57345209acc1501500babdf3"}]}], ["Richmond bukanlah tempat untuk mana-mana pasukan sukan profesional liga, tetapi sejak 2013, Redskins Washington dari Liga Bola Sepak Kebangsaan telah mengadakan kem latihan musim panas di bandar. Terdapat juga beberapa sukan liga kecil di bandaraya, termasuk Kickers Richmond Bahagian USL Profesional (peringkat ketiga bola sepak Amerika) dan Tupai Richmond Flying Liga AA Liga Utama Liga Basikal Minor (sebuah gabungan dari San Francisco Giants ). The Kickers mula bermain di Richmond pada tahun 1993, dan kini bermain di Stadium Bandaraya. The Squirrels membuka musim pertama mereka di The Diamond pada 15 April 2010. Dari tahun 1966 hingga 2008, bandar ini adalah rumah kepada Richmond Braves, sebuah kaunter AAA dari Atlanta Braves Baseball Major League, sehingga francais berpindah ke Georgia. <> Apa sukan yang dimainkan oleh Washington Redskins? || Bola Sepak <> Sukan apa yang dilakukan oleh Richmond Kickers? || bola sepak <> Dengan apa pasukan Baseball Major League adalah Richmond Flying Squirrels yang dikaitkan? || San Francisco Giants <> Apa alasan rumah Richmond Kickers? || Stadium Bandar <> Di mana Richmond Braves bergerak ke? || Georgia", {"context": "Richmond is not home to any major league professional sports teams, but since 2013, the Washington Redskins of the National Football League have held their summer training camp in the city. There are also several minor league sports in the city, including the Richmond Kickers of the USL Professional Division (third tier of American soccer) and the Richmond Flying Squirrels of the Class AA Eastern League of Minor League Baseball (an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants). The Kickers began playing in Richmond in 1993, and currently play at City Stadium. The Squirrels opened their first season at The Diamond on April 15, 2010. From 1966 through 2008, the city was home to the Richmond Braves, a AAA affiliate of the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball, until the franchise relocated to Georgia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Football"}], "question": "What sport do the Washington Redskins play?", "id": "57345641acc1501500babe03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "soccer"}], "question": "What sport do the Richmond Kickers compete in?", "id": "57345641acc1501500babe04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "San Francisco Giants"}], "question": "With what Major League Baseball team are the Richmond Flying Squirrels associated?", "id": "57345641acc1501500babe05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "City Stadium"}], "question": "What is the home ground of the Richmond Kickers?", "id": "57345641acc1501500babe06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 796, "text": "Georgia"}], "question": "Where did the Richmond Braves move to?", "id": "57345641acc1501500babe07"}]}], ["Antara ciri seni bina yang paling menarik di Richmond ialah seni bina Cast-ironnya. Kedua hanya untuk New Orleans dalam konsentrasi kerja besi tuang, kota ini adalah rumah dengan unik tuang besi tuang, balkoni, pagar, dan finials. Kedudukan Richmond sebagai pusat produksi besi membantu meningkatkan popularitasnya di dalam kota. Pada ketinggian pengeluaran pada tahun 1890, 25 kayu jagung yang beroperasi di bandar yang mempekerjakan hampir 3,500 pekerja logam. Nombor ini adalah tujuh kali bilangan pekerja pembinaan am yang bekerja di Richmond pada masa yang menggambarkan kepentingan eksport besinya. Beranda dan pagar di kawasan bandar seperti Jackson Ward, Church Hill, dan Monroe Ward sangat rumit, sering memaparkan coretan besi oren yang tidak pernah direplikasi di luar Richmond. Dalam beberapa kes cast dibuat untuk aplikasi kediaman atau komersil tunggal. <> Apa bandar Amerika Syarikat mempunyai seni bina besi yang paling banyak? || New Orleans <> Dalam tahun apakah pengeluaran besi di puncak Richmond? || 1890 <> Berapa lagi pekerja besi daripada pekerja pembinaan sedang bekerja di Richmond pada tahun 1890? || tujuh kali <> Bersama-sama dengan Jackson dan Monroe Wards, kejiranan apa yang mempunyai ciri-ciri pagar besi? || Gereja Bukit", {"context": "Among Richmond's most interesting architectural features is its Cast-iron architecture. Second only to New Orleans in its concentration of cast iron work, the city is home to a unique collection of cast iron porches, balconies, fences, and finials. Richmond's position as a center of iron production helped to fuel its popularity within the city. At the height of production in the 1890, 25 foundries operated in the city employing nearly 3,500 metal workers. This number is seven times the number of general construction workers being employed in Richmond at the time which illustrates the importance of its iron exports. Porches and fences in urban neighborhoods such as Jackson Ward, Church Hill, and Monroe Ward are particularly elaborate, often featuring ornate iron casts never replicated outside of Richmond. In some cases cast were made for a single residential or commercial application.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "New Orleans"}], "question": "What United States city has the most cast iron architecture?", "id": "57344ca4acc1501500babdc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "1890"}], "question": "In what year did iron production in Richmond peak?", "id": "57344ca4acc1501500babdca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "seven times"}], "question": "How many more iron workers than construction workers were being employed in Richmond in 1890?", "id": "57344ca4acc1501500babdcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "Church Hill"}], "question": "Along with Jackson and Monroe Wards, what neighborhood notably features cast-iron fences?", "id": "57344ca4acc1501500babdcc"}]}], ["Firma John Russell Pope telah merancang Broad Street Station serta House House di Monument Avenue, yang direka sebagai kediaman peribadi dalam gaya Tudor, kini berfungsi sebagai Muzium Reka Bentuk dan Rekaan Cawangan. Stesen Broad Street (atau Stesen Union), yang direka dalam gaya Beaux-Arts, tidak lagi berfungsi sebagai stesen tetapi kini menjadi rumah kepada Muzium Sains Virginia. Stesen Main Street, yang direka oleh Wilson, Harris, dan Richards, telah dikembalikan untuk digunakan dalam tujuan asalnya. The Jefferson Hotel dan Commonwealth Club kedua-duanya direka oleh arkitek Beaux-Arts yang terlatih klasik Carr\u00e8re dan Hastings. Banyak bangunan di kampus Universiti Richmond, termasuk Jeter Hall dan Ryland Hall, direka oleh Ralph Adams Cram, yang paling terkenal dengan Princeton University Chapel dan Katedral Saint John the Divine. <> Apakah gaya seni bina yang digunakan untuk merekabentuk Rumah Cawangan? || Tudor <> Siapa yang merancang Rumah Cawangan? || John Russell Pope <> Apakah nama lain untuk Broad Street Station? || Stesen Union <> Apakah gaya seni bina yang digunakan dalam reka bentuk Union Station? || Beaux-Arts <> Siapa yang merancang Kelab Komanwel? || Carr\u00e8re dan Hastings", {"context": "The firm of John Russell Pope designed Broad Street Station as well as Branch House on Monument Avenue, designed as a private residence in the Tudor style, now serving as the Branch Museum of Architecture and Design. Broad Street Station (or Union Station), designed in the Beaux-Arts style, is no longer a functioning station but is now home to the Science Museum of Virginia. Main Street Station, designed by Wilson, Harris, and Richards, has been returned to use in its original purpose. The Jefferson Hotel and the Commonwealth Club were both designed by the classically trained Beaux-Arts architects Carr\u00e8re and Hastings. Many buildings on the University of Richmond campus, including Jeter Hall and Ryland Hall, were designed by Ralph Adams Cram, most famous for his Princeton University Chapel and the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Tudor"}], "question": "What architectural style was used to design Branch House?", "id": "57344c2b879d6814001ca4c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "John Russell Pope"}], "question": "Who designed Branch House?", "id": "57344c2b879d6814001ca4c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Union Station"}], "question": "What is another name for Broad Street Station?", "id": "57344c2b879d6814001ca4c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Beaux-Arts"}], "question": "What style of architecture was used in the design of Union Station?", "id": "57344c2b879d6814001ca4c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "Carr\u00e8re and Hastings"}], "question": "Who designed the Commonwealth Club?", "id": "57344c2b879d6814001ca4c5"}]}], ["Perkhidmatan bas transit dan paratransit di daerah Richmond, Henrico dan Chesterfield disediakan oleh Syarikat Transit Richmond (GRTC). Walau bagaimanapun, GRTC hanya berfungsi di bahagian kecil di daerah pinggir bandar. West End yang jauh (Innsbrook dan Short Pump) dan hampir kesemua Chesterfield County tidak mempunyai pengangkutan awam walaupun pembangunan perumahan, runcit, dan pejabat padat. Menurut laporan analisis operasi GRTC 2008, kebanyakan penunggang GRTC menggunakan perkhidmatan mereka kerana mereka tidak mempunyai alternatif yang tersedia seperti kenderaan persendirian. <> Apa daerah yang menghubungkan GRTC dengan Richmond? || Henrico, dan Chesterfield <> Bersama dengan Pump Short, apa yang terdapat di bahagian barat West End? || Innsbrook <> Mengikut laporan GRTC, apakah contohnya apa yang kurang dari penunggangnya? || kenderaan persendirian <> Apakah GRTC adalah inisial? || Syarikat Transit Greater Richmond", {"context": "Local transit and paratransit bus service in Richmond, Henrico, and Chesterfield counties is provided by the Greater Richmond Transit Company (GRTC). The GRTC, however, serves only small parts of the suburban counties. The far West End (Innsbrook and Short Pump) and almost all of Chesterfield County have no public transportation despite dense housing, retail, and office development. According to a 2008 GRTC operations analysis report, a majority of GRTC riders utilize their services because they do not have an available alternative such as a private vehicle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Henrico, and Chesterfield"}], "question": "What counties does the GRTC link to Richmond?", "id": "57345be2879d6814001ca557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Innsbrook"}], "question": "Along with Short Pump, what comprises the far part of the West End?", "id": "57345be2879d6814001ca558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "private vehicle"}], "question": "According to a GRTC report, what is an example of what most of its riders lack?", "id": "57345be2879d6814001ca559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Greater Richmond Transit Company"}], "question": "What is GRTC an initialism of?", "id": "57345be2879d6814001ca55a"}]}], ["Kawasan Greater Richmond dihidangkan oleh Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Richmond (IATA: RIC, ICAO: KRIC), terletak di Sandston yang terletak kira-kira tujuh batu (11 km) tenggara Richmond dan dalam masa satu jam memandu bersejarah Williamsburg, Virginia. Richmond International kini dihidangkan oleh sembilan syarikat penerbangan dengan lebih daripada 200 penerbangan harian menyediakan perkhidmatan tanpa henti ke pasaran destinasi utama dan menghubungkan penerbangan ke destinasi di seluruh dunia. Sejumlah 3.3 juta penumpang menggunakan Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Richmond pada tahun 2006, peningkatan 13% lebih tinggi daripada 2005. <> Berapa kilometer dari Richmond ialah Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Richmond? || 11 <> Berapa lamakah masa untuk memandu dari Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Richmond ke Williamsburg? || satu jam <> Berapa banyak syarikat penerbangan beroperasi dari Richmond International? || sembilan <> Berapakah peningkatan jumlah lalu lintas penumpang yang telah pengalaman Richmond International antara tahun 2005 dan 2006? || 13 <> Apakah arahan yang anda jalankan untuk mendapatkan dari Richmond ke Sandston? || tenggara", {"context": "The Greater Richmond area is served by the Richmond International Airport (IATA: RIC, ICAO: KRIC), located in nearby Sandston, seven miles (11 km) southeast of Richmond and within an hour drive of historic Williamsburg, Virginia. Richmond International is now served by nine airlines with over 200 daily flights providing non-stop service to major destination markets and connecting flights to destinations worldwide. A record 3.3 million passengers used Richmond International Airport in 2006, a 13% increase over 2005.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many kilometers away from Richmond is Richmond International Airport?", "id": "57345a6cacc1501500babe3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "an hour"}], "question": "About how long does it take to drive from Richmond International Airport to Williamsburg?", "id": "57345a6cacc1501500babe40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many airlines operate out of Richmond International?", "id": "57345a6cacc1501500babe41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "13"}], "question": "What percentage increase in passenger traffic did Richmond International experience between 2005 and 2006?", "id": "57345a6cacc1501500babe42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "southeast"}], "question": "What direction do you travel to get from Richmond to Sandston?", "id": "57345a6cacc1501500babe43"}]}], ["Kawasan Metro Richmond dihidangkan oleh banyak stesen televisyen dan radio tempatan. Pada 2010 [kemas kini], kawasan pasaran yang ditetapkan Richmond-Petersburg (DMA) adalah yang ke-58 terbesar di A.S. dengan 553,950 rumah mengikut Nielsen Market Research. Gabungan televisyen rangkaian utama ialah WTVR-TV 6 (CBS), WRIC-TV 8 (ABC), WWBT 12 (NBC), WRLH-TV 35 (Fox), dan WUPV 65 (CW). Stesen Perkhidmatan Penyiaran Awam termasuk WCVE-TV 23 dan WCVW 57. Terdapat juga pelbagai stesen radio di kawasan Richmond, yang memenuhi pelbagai kepentingan, termasuk berita, radio bercakap, dan sukan, serta gabungan muzik eklektik kepentingan. <> Per Nielsen, berapa banyak rumah yang ada di DMA Richmond-Petersburg? || 553,950 <> Di manakah peringkat DMA Richmind-Petersburg di Amerika Syarikat? || 58th <> Dengan rangkaian apa WUPV 65 berafiliasi? || CW <> Apakah jenis saluran WCVW 57? || Penyiaran Awam <> Apakah stesen kawasan Richmond berafiliasi dengan CBS? || WTVR-TV 6", {"context": "The Richmond metro area is served by many local television and radio stations. As of 2010[update], the Richmond-Petersburg designated market area (DMA) is the 58th largest in the U.S. with 553,950 homes according to Nielsen Market Research. The major network television affiliates are WTVR-TV 6 (CBS), WRIC-TV 8 (ABC), WWBT 12 (NBC), WRLH-TV 35 (Fox), and WUPV 65 (CW). Public Broadcasting Service stations include WCVE-TV 23 and WCVW 57. There are also a wide variety of radio stations in the Richmond area, catering to many different interests, including news, talk radio, and sports, as well as an eclectic mix of musical interests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "553,950"}], "question": "Per Nielsen, how many homes exist in the Richmond-Petersburg DMA?", "id": "57345772879d6814001ca539"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "58th"}], "question": "Where does the Richmind-Petersburg DMA rank in the United States?", "id": "57345772879d6814001ca53a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "CW"}], "question": "With what network is WUPV 65 affiliated?", "id": "57345772879d6814001ca53b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Public Broadcasting"}], "question": "What type of channel is WCVW 57?", "id": "57345772879d6814001ca53c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "WTVR-TV 6"}], "question": "What Richmond-area station is affiliated with CBS?", "id": "57345772879d6814001ca53d"}]}], ["Kerajaan bandar Richmond terdiri daripada majlis bandar raya dengan wakil-wakil dari sembilan daerah yang berkhidmat dalam kapasiti perundangan dan pengawasan, serta seorang walikota yang dipilih secara umum sebagai ketua cabang eksekutif. Warga di setiap sembilan daerah memilih satu wakil majlis masing-masing untuk berkhidmat selama empat tahun. Bermula dengan istilah Majlis Pilihan Raya November 2008 telah dipanjangkan hingga 4 tahun. Majlis Bandaraya memilih dari kalangan anggotanya sebagai anggota untuk menjadi Presiden Majlis dan seorang yang berkhidmat sebagai Naib Presiden Majlis. Majlis bandar raya bermesyuarat di Dewan Bandaraya, yang terletak di 900 E. Broad St., Tingkat 2, pada hari Isnin kedua dan keempat setiap bulan, kecuali bulan Ogos. <> Berapa banyak wakil yang membentuk majlis bandar Richmond? || sembilan <> Apa pejabat yang bertanggungjawab terhadap cabang eksekutif Richmond? || Datuk Bandar <> Berapa tahunkah istilah seorang wakil majlis bandar raya Richmond yang terakhir? || empat <> Pada hari apa minggu mesyuarat bandar raya bertemu? || Isnin <> Dalam bulan apa majlis bandar tidak bertemu? || Ogos", {"context": "Richmond city government consists of a city council with representatives from nine districts serving in a legislative and oversight capacity, as well as a popularly elected, at-large mayor serving as head of the executive branch. Citizens in each of the nine districts elect one council representative each to serve a four-year term. Beginning with the November 2008 election Council terms was lengthened to 4 years. The city council elects from among its members one member to serve as Council President and one to serve as Council Vice President. The city council meets at City Hall, located at 900 E. Broad St., 2nd Floor, on the second and fourth Mondays of every month, except August.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many representatives make up the Richmond city council?", "id": "5734580c879d6814001ca543"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "mayor"}], "question": "What official is in charge of Richmond's executive branch?", "id": "5734580c879d6814001ca544"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many years does the term of a Richmond city council representative last?", "id": "5734580c879d6814001ca545"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "Mondays"}], "question": "On what day of the week does the city council meet?", "id": "5734580c879d6814001ca546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "August"}], "question": "In what month does the city council not meet?", "id": "5734580c879d6814001ca547"}]}], ["Kawasan Richmond juga mempunyai dua stesen kereta api yang dikendalikan oleh Amtrak. Setiap stesen menerima perkhidmatan tetap dari utara Richmond termasuk Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, dan New York. Staples Mill Road Station di pinggir bandar terletak di garis pengangkutan utama utara-selatan dan menerima semua perkhidmatan ke dan dari semua titik di selatan termasuk, Raleigh, Durham, Savannah, Newport News, Williamsburg dan Florida. Stesen kereta api hanya di Richmond yang terletak dalam batas bandar, Stesen Main Street yang bersejarah telah diubahsuai pada tahun 2004. Pada tahun 2010, stesen ini hanya menerima kereta api menuju dan dari Newport News dan Williamsburg kerana susun atur trek. Akibatnya, stesen Staples Mill Road menerima lebih banyak kereta api dan melayani lebih banyak penumpang secara keseluruhan. <> Perkhidmatan stesen apa semua lalu lintas kereta api selatan melalui Richmond? || Staples Mill Road Station <> Apakah nama stesen kereta api di Richmond betul? || Stesen Main Street <> Pada tahun apakah stesen kereta api Richmond telah diubahsuai? || 2004 <> Bersama dengan Williamsburg, lalu lintas kereta bandar apa yang menggunakan Stesen Main Street? || Newport News <> Mengapa Stesen Main Street hanya menerima lalu lintas kereta api dari Newport News dan Williamsburg? || susun atur trek", {"context": "The Richmond area also has two railroad stations served by Amtrak. Each station receives regular service from north of Richmond including Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and New York. The suburban Staples Mill Road Station is located on a major north-south freight line and receives all service to and from all points south including, Raleigh, Durham, Savannah, Newport News, Williamsburg and Florida. Richmond's only railway station located within the city limits, the historic Main Street Station, was renovated in 2004. As of 2010, the station only receives trains headed to and from Newport News and Williamsburg due to track layout. As a result, the Staples Mill Road station receives more trains and serves more passengers overall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Staples Mill Road Station"}], "question": "What station services all southern rail traffic passing through Richmond?", "id": "57345c6a879d6814001ca55f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Main Street Station"}], "question": "What is the name of the railroad station inside Richmond proper?", "id": "57345c6a879d6814001ca560"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year was Richmond's railroad station renovated?", "id": "57345c6a879d6814001ca561"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Newport News"}], "question": "Along with Williamsburg, what city's rail traffic uses the Main Street Station?", "id": "57345c6a879d6814001ca562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "track layout"}], "question": "Why does the Main Street Station only receive rail traffic from Newport News and Williamsburg?", "id": "57345c6a879d6814001ca563"}]}], ["Bandar Richmond beroperasi 28 sekolah rendah, sembilan sekolah menengah, dan lapan sekolah menengah, berkhidmat dengan jumlah pelajar sebanyak 24,000 pelajar. Terdapat satu Sekolah Gabenor di bandar - Sekolah Gabenor Maggie L. Walker untuk Pemerintahan dan Pengajian Antarabangsa. Pada tahun 2008, ia telah dinobatkan sebagai salah satu daripada majalah sekolah elit 18 \"public elit\" majalah Newsweek, dan pada tahun 2012, ia dinilai # 16 dari sekolah tinggi Amerika terbaik keseluruhan. Sekolah awam Richmond juga menjalankan salah satu daripada empat sekolah charter di Virginia, Sekolah Sains dan Sains Patrick Henry, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 2010. <> Berapa banyak sekolah tinggi di Richmond? || lapan <> Berapa banyak pelajar sekolah rendah dan menengah menghadiri sekolah di Richmond? || 24,000 <> Kepada siapa yang bernama Sekolah Gabenor di Richmond? || Maggie L. Walker <> Di mana Sekolah Gabenor Richmond diberi rating oleh Newsweek pada tahun 2012? || 16 <> Bilakah Patrick Henry Sekolah Sains dan Kesenian membuka pintu? || 2010", {"context": "The city of Richmond operates 28 elementary schools, nine middle schools, and eight high schools, serving a total student population of 24,000 students. There is one Governor's School in the city \u2212 the Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies. In 2008, it was named as one of Newsweek magazine's 18 \"public elite\" high schools, and in 2012, it was rated #16 of America's best high schools overall. Richmond's public school district also runs one of Virginia's four public charter schools, the Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts, which was founded in 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many high schools are there in Richmond?", "id": "5734596aacc1501500babe2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "24,000"}], "question": "How many primary and secondary school students attend school in Richmond?", "id": "5734596aacc1501500babe2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Maggie L. Walker"}], "question": "For whom is the Governor's School in Richmond named?", "id": "5734596aacc1501500babe2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "16"}], "question": "Where was Richmond's Governor's School rated by Newsweek in 2012?", "id": "5734596aacc1501500babe2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When did Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts open its doors?", "id": "5734596aacc1501500babe2f"}]}], ["Elektrik di kawasan Metro Richmond disediakan oleh Dominion Virginia Power. Syarikat yang berpangkalan di Richmond, merupakan salah satu pengeluar tenaga terbesar di negara, yang melayani pelanggan tenaga runcit di sembilan buah negara. Elektrik disediakan di kawasan Richmond terutamanya oleh Stesen Penjanaan Nuklear Anna Utara dan Stesen Penjanaan Nuklear Surry, serta stesen arang batu di Chester, Virginia. Tiga tumbuhan ini menyediakan sejumlah 4,453 megawatt kuasa. Beberapa loji gas asli lain memberikan kuasa tambahan pada masa permintaan puncak. Ini termasuk kemudahan di Chester, dan Surry, dan dua tanaman di Richmond (Kerikil dan Darbytown). <> Siapa pembekal elektrik Richmond? || Dominion Virginia Power <> Berapa banyak negeri yang Dominion Virginia Power beroperasi? || sembilan <> Bersama dengan Stesen Penjanaan Nuklear Surry, apakah penjana utama utama Richmond? || North Anna Nuclear Generating Station <> Di mana bandar adalah loji berpandu arang batu yang menyediakan kuasa untuk Richmond terletak? || Chester <> Apa jenis loji kuasa Darbytown? || gas asli", {"context": "Electricity in the Richmond Metro area is provided by Dominion Virginia Power. The company, based in Richmond, is one of the nation's largest producers of energy, serving retail energy customers in nine states. Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry Nuclear Generating Station, as well as a coal-fired station in Chester, Virginia. These three plants provide a total of 4,453 megawatts of power. Several other natural gas plants provide extra power during times of peak demand. These include facilities in Chester, and Surry, and two plants in Richmond (Gravel Neck and Darbytown).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Dominion Virginia Power"}], "question": "Who is Richmond's electricity supplier?", "id": "57345ceb879d6814001ca569"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many states does Dominion Virginia Power operate in?", "id": "57345ceb879d6814001ca56a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "North Anna Nuclear Generating Station"}], "question": "Along with Surry Nuclear Generating Station, what is Richmond's main electricity generator?", "id": "57345ceb879d6814001ca56b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Chester"}], "question": "In what town is a coal-fired plant that provides power to Richmond located?", "id": "57345ceb879d6814001ca56c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "natural gas"}], "question": "What type of power plant is Darbytown?", "id": "57345ceb879d6814001ca56d"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1990 agama dan politik bersilang mempengaruhi kesan pemilihan Daerah Kelapan di Richmond Selatan. Dengan sokongan dari broker kuasa hitam, paderi hitam dan Perang Salib Richmond untuk Pengundi, penduduk Richmond Selatan membuat sejarah, memilih Reverend A. Carl Prince kepada Majlis Bandaraya Richmond. Sebagai Menteri African Baptist pertama yang dipilih ke Majlis Bandaraya Richmond, pilihan raya Putera telah membuka jalan bagi pergeseran paradigma politik dalam politik yang berterusan hari ini. Mengikuti pemilihan Putera, Pendeta Gwendolyn Hedgepeth dan Pendeta Leonidas Young, mantan Mayor Richmond dipilih ke kantor publik. Sebelum pemilihan putera hitam Putera membuat pengesahan politik dan dilantik sebagai Lembaga Sekolah Richmond dan lembaga lain di seluruh bandar. Agama dan politik hari ini terus berkembang di Komanwel Virginia. Yang Mulia Dwight C. Jones, pastor Baptis terkemuka dan bekas Pengerusi Lembaga Sekolah Richmond dan Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Virginia berfungsi sebagai Walikota Kota Richmond. <> Apakah hubungan keagamaan A. Carl Putera? || Baptist <> Apakah walikota Richmond sekarang? || Dwight C. Jones <> Pada tahun apakah menteri Baptis hitam yang pertama dipilih ke majlis bandar? || 1990 <> Di mana daerah itu A. Carl Prince memenangi pemilihan kepada majlis bandar? || Kelapan <> Apa organisasi politik menyokong pencalonan majlis bandaraya A. Carl Prince? || Perang Salib Richmond untuk Pengundi", {"context": "In 1990 religion and politics intersected to impact the outcome of the Eighth District election in South Richmond. With the endorsements of black power brokers, black clergy and the Richmond Crusade for Voters, South Richmond residents made history, electing Reverend A. Carl Prince to the Richmond City Council. As the first African American Baptist Minister elected to the Richmond City Council, Prince's election paved the way for a political paradigm shift in politics that persist today. Following Prince's election, Reverend Gwendolyn Hedgepeth and the Reverend Leonidas Young, former Richmond Mayor were elected to public office. Prior to Prince's election black clergy made political endorsements and served as appointees to the Richmond School Board and other boards throughout the city. Today religion and politics continues to thrive in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Honorable Dwight C. Jones, a prominent Baptist pastor and former Chairman of the Richmond School Board and Member of the Virginia House of Delegates serves as Mayor of the City of Richmond.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Baptist"}], "question": "What is A. Carl Prince's religious affiliation?", "id": "57345902acc1501500babe21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 892, "text": "Dwight C. Jones"}], "question": "What is the current mayor of Richmond?", "id": "57345902acc1501500babe22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1990"}], "question": "In what year was the first black Baptist minister elected to the city council?", "id": "57345902acc1501500babe23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Eighth"}], "question": "In what district did A. Carl Prince win election to the city council?", "id": "57345902acc1501500babe24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Richmond Crusade for Voters"}], "question": "What political organization supported the city council candidacy of A. Carl Prince?", "id": "57345902acc1501500babe25"}]}], ["Kawasan Richmond mempunyai banyak institusi pendidikan tinggi, termasuk Virginia Commonwealth University (public), Universiti Richmond (swasta), Virginia Union University (swasta), Virginia College (swasta), South University - Richmond (swasta, , Seminari Teologi Kesatuan & Sekolah Presbiterian Pendidikan Kristian (swasta), dan Seminari Teologi Baptis di Richmond (BTSR-swasta). Beberapa kolej komuniti ditemui di kawasan metro, termasuk Kolej Komuniti J. Sargeant Reynolds dan Kolej Komuniti John Tyler (Chesterfield County). Di samping itu, terdapat beberapa Kolej Teknikal di Richmond termasuk Institut Teknikal ITT, Kolej Teknologi ECPI dan Kolej Centura. Terdapat beberapa kolej kejuruan yang juga, seperti Fortis College dan Bryant Stratton College. <> Jenis universiti apakah Universiti Richmond? || swasta <> Apa universiti untuk keuntungan di Richmond? || South University - Richmond <> Apakah BTSR berdiri? || Seminari Teologi Baptis di Richmond <> Di mana John Tyler Community College terletak? || Chesterfield County <> Apakah universiti awam Richmond itu? || Virginia Commonwealth", {"context": "The Richmond area has many major institutions of higher education, including Virginia Commonwealth University (public), University of Richmond (private), Virginia Union University (private), Virginia College (private), South University - Richmond (private, for-profit), Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education (private), and the Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond (BTSR\u2014private). Several community colleges are found in the metro area, including J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College and John Tyler Community College (Chesterfield County). In addition, there are several Technical Colleges in Richmond including ITT Technical Institute, ECPI College of Technology and Centura College. There are several vocational colleges also, such as Fortis College and Bryant Stratton College.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "private"}], "question": "What type of university is the University of Richmond?", "id": "573459cbacc1501500babe35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "South University - Richmond"}], "question": "What is a for-profit university in Richmond?", "id": "573459cbacc1501500babe36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond"}], "question": "What does BTSR stand for?", "id": "573459cbacc1501500babe37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Chesterfield County"}], "question": "Where is John Tyler Community College located?", "id": "573459cbacc1501500babe38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Virginia Commonwealth"}], "question": "What is Richmond's public university?", "id": "573459cbacc1501500babe39"}]}], ["Richmond adalah hab utama bagi syarikat bas interkom Greyhound Lines, dengan terminalnya di 2910 N Boulevard. Pelbagai berjalan setiap hari berhubung terus dengan Washington, D.C., New York, Raleigh, dan tempat lain. Perjalanan terus ke New York mengambil kira-kira 7.5 jam. Pembawa diskaun Megabus juga menyediakan perkhidmatan curbside dari luar Main Street Station, dengan tambang bermula pada $ 1. Perkhidmatan langsung disediakan untuk Washington, D.C., Hampton Roads, Charlotte, Raleigh, Baltimore, dan Philadelphia. Kebanyakan sambungan lain ke Megabus berkhidmat sebagai layang-layang, seperti New York, boleh dibuat dari Washington, DC Richmond, dan kawasan metropolitan sekitarnya, diberikan [kira-kira $ 25 juta geran dari Jabatan Pengangkutan Amerika Syarikat untuk menyokong yang baru dicadangkan Sistem Transit Rapid, yang akan berjalan di Broad Street dari Willow Lawn ke Rocketts Landing, dalam fasa pertama hab pengangkutan awam yang bertambah baik untuk rantau ini. <> Apakah alamat jalan jika terminal bis Greyhound di Richmond? || 2910 N Boulevard <> Berapa lama perjalanan bas dari Richmond ke New York City mengambil? || 7.5 jam <> Apakah tambang terendah di Megabus? || $ 1 <> Berapa banyakkah Jabatan Pengangkutan yang diberikan kepada Richmond untuk Sistem Transit Rapidnya? || $ 25 juta <> Apa bandar di Maryland melakukan perjalanan Megabus ke? || Baltimore", {"context": "Richmond is a major hub for intercity bus company Greyhound Lines, with its terminal at 2910 N Boulevard. Multiple runs per day connect directly with Washington, D.C., New York, Raleigh, and elsewhere. Direct trips to New York take approximately 7.5 hours. Discount carrier Megabus also provides curbside service from outside of Main Street Station, with fares starting at $1. Direct service is available to Washington, D.C., Hampton Roads, Charlotte, Raleigh, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. Most other connections to Megabus served cites, such as New York, can be made from Washington, D.C. Richmond, and the surrounding metropolitan area, was granted[when?] a roughly $25 million grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation to support a newly proposed Rapid Transit System, which would run along Broad Street from Willow Lawn to Rocketts Landing, in the first phase of an improved public transportation hub for the region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "2910 N Boulevard"}], "question": "What is the street address if the Greyhound bus terminal in Richmond?", "id": "57345b47879d6814001ca54d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "7.5 hours"}], "question": "How long does a bus trip from Richmond to New York City take?", "id": "57345b47879d6814001ca54e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "$1"}], "question": "What is the lowest fare on Megabus?", "id": "57345b47879d6814001ca54f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "$25 million"}], "question": "How much did the Department of Transportation give to Richmond for its Rapid Transit System?", "id": "57345b47879d6814001ca550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Baltimore"}], "question": "What city in Maryland does Megabus travel to?", "id": "57345b47879d6814001ca551"}]}], ["Loji rawatan air kumbahan dan sistem pengedaran bekalan air, stesen pam dan kemudahan penyimpanan memberikan air kepada kira-kira 62,000 pelanggan di bandar. Terdapat juga loji rawatan air kumbahan yang terletak di tebing selatan Sungai James. Tumbuhan ini boleh merawat sehingga 70 juta gelen air setiap hari untuk kumbahan kebersihan dan air hujan sebelum kembali ke sungai. Utiliti air kumbahan juga mengendalikan dan menyelenggarakan dan mengekalkan stesen pembetung dan stesen pemendatu seluas 1,500 batu (38 km), dan Limbungan Pengendalian Shockoe, sebuah takungan air ribut 44 juta-galon yang digunakan semasa hujan lebat. <> Berapa banyak jalur garisan pembetung wujud di Richmond? || 61 <> Berapa banyak air yang terkandung dalam Kawasan Pengendalian Shockoe? || 44-juta-galon <> Berapa banyak penduduk Richmond mendapatkan air mereka dari loji rawatan air kumbahan? || 62,000 <> Berapa banyak air kumbahan dan air hujan yang boleh dijadikan tumbuhan rawatan bersebelahan dengan James River yang dirawat setiap hari? || 70 juta gelen", {"context": "The wastewater treatment plant and distribution system of water mains, pumping stations and storage facilities provide water to approximately 62,000 customers in the city. There is also a wastewater treatment plant located on the south bank of the James River. This plant can treat up to 70 million gallons of water per day of sanitary sewage and stormwater before returning it to the river. The wastewater utility also operates and maintains 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of sanitary sewer and pumping stations, 38 miles (61 km) of intercepting sewer lines, and the Shockoe Retention Basin, a 44-million-gallon stormwater reservoir used during heavy rains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "61"}], "question": "How many kilometers of sewer lines exist in Richmond?", "id": "57345d6a879d6814001ca573"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "44-million-gallon"}], "question": "How much water is contained in Shockoe Retention Basin?", "id": "57345d6a879d6814001ca574"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "62,000"}], "question": "How many Richmond inhabitants get their water from the wastewater treatment plant?", "id": "57345d6a879d6814001ca575"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "70 million gallons"}], "question": "How much sewage and stormwater can the treatment plant adjacent to the James River treat daily?", "id": "57345d6a879d6814001ca576"}]}]], [["Secara sejarah rumah kepada orang Kumeyaay, San Diego adalah tapak pertama yang dikunjungi oleh orang Eropah tentang apa yang kini adalah Pantai Barat Amerika Syarikat. Setelah mendarat di San Diego Bay pada tahun 1542, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo mendakwa seluruh kawasan untuk Sepanyol, membentuk asas untuk penyelesaian Alta California 200 tahun kemudian. Presidio dan Misi San Diego de Alcal\u00e1, yang diasaskan pada tahun 1769, membentuk penyelesaian pertama di Eropa yang sekarang menjadi California. Pada tahun 1821, San Diego menjadi sebahagian daripada Mexico yang baru bebas, yang telah diubah sebagai Republik Mexico Pertama dua tahun kemudian. Pada tahun 1850, ia menjadi sebahagian daripada Amerika Syarikat berikutan Perang Mexico-Amerika dan kemasukan California kepada kesatuan. <> Siapa yang mendakwa kawasan San Diego Bay untuk Sepanyol pada tahun 1542? || Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo <> Orang asli apa yang tinggal di kawasan San Diego sebelum orang-orang Eropah tiba? || Kumeyaay <> Pada tahun apakah San Diego menjadi sebahagian daripada Amerika Syarikat? || 1850 <Selepas tanah itu dituntut untuk Sepanyol, berapa tahun berlalu sebelum permulaan Alta bermula? || 200", {"context": "Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly-independent Mexico, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. In 1850, it became part of the United States following the Mexican\u2013American War and the admission of California to the union.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo"}], "question": "Who claimed the San Diego Bay area for Spain in 1542?", "id": "572fca74a23a5019007fc9e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Kumeyaay"}], "question": "What native people lived in the San Diego area before the Europeans arrived?", "id": "572fca74a23a5019007fc9eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "1850"}], "question": "In what year did San Diego become part of the United States?", "id": "572fca74a23a5019007fc9ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "200"}], "question": "After the land was claimed for Spain, how many years passed before the settlement of Alta began?", "id": "572fca74a23a5019007fc9ec"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 mendirikan Fort Presidio di San Diego di bukit berhampiran Sungai San Diego. Ia adalah penempatan pertama oleh orang Eropah di dalam keadaan sekarang di California. Pada bulan Julai tahun yang sama, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 diasaskan oleh Franciscan friars di bawah Jun\u00edpero Serra. Menjelang 1797, misi ini menjadi penduduk asli terbesar di Alta California, dengan lebih daripada 1,400 neophytes yang tinggal di dalam dan sekitar misi yang sesuai. Mission San Diego adalah penunggang selatan California di laluan misi bersejarah El Camino Real. Kedua-dua Presidio dan Misi adalah Tanda Bersejarah Kebangsaan. <> Siapa yang membuat suruhanjaya Junipero Serra untuk menemui Misi San Diego de Alcala pada tahun 1769? || Franciscan friars <> Apa titik permulaan yang bersejarah yang dibangunkan di Mission San Diego? || El Camino Real <> Apa yang dibangunkan di atas bukit oleh Sungai San Diego? || Fort Presidio of San Diego <> Berapa banyak penduduk tinggal di kawasan San Diego pada tahun 1797? || 1,400 <> Apakah presidio dan misi yang dipertimbangkan hari ini? || Tanda Bersejarah Kebangsaan", {"context": "In May 1769, Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1 was founded by Franciscan friars under Jun\u00edpero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Franciscan friars"}], "question": "Who did Junipero Serra commission to found the Mission San Diego de Alcala in 1769?", "id": "572fd0e3a23a5019007fca2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "El Camino Real"}], "question": "What historic trail starting point developed at Mission San Diego?", "id": "572fd0e3a23a5019007fca2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Fort Presidio of San Diego"}], "question": "What was developed on a hill by the San Diego River?", "id": "572fd0e3a23a5019007fca2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "1,400"}], "question": "How many neophytes resided in the San Diego area in 1797?", "id": "572fd0e3a23a5019007fca2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "National Historic Landmarks"}], "question": "What are the Presidio and Mission considered today?", "id": "572fd0e3a23a5019007fca2f"}]}], ["Negeri California telah diterima masuk ke Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1850. Pada tahun yang sama San Diego telah ditetapkan sebagai tempat San Diego County yang baru ditubuhkan dan digabungkan sebagai sebuah kota. Joshua H. Bean, alcalde terakhir San Diego, dipilih sebagai Datuk Bandar yang pertama. Dua tahun kemudian bandar ini menjadi bankrap; badan perundangan California membatalkan piagam bandar itu dan meletakkannya di bawah kawalan lembaga pemegang amanah, di mana ia kekal sehingga tahun 1889. Piagam bandar telah ditubuhkan semula pada tahun 1889 dan piagam bandar hari ini telah diterima pakai pada tahun 1931. <> Pada tahun apakah San Diego secara rasmi menjadi sebuah bandar? || 1850 <> Siapa Datuk Bandar pertama San Diego? || Joshua H. Bean <> Apa yang terjadi dua tahun selepas San Diego dipilih sebagai walikota pertama? || bandar itu bankrap <> Siapa yang menguasai piagam San Diego selama 2 tahun selepas ia dibatalkan oleh badan perundangan California? || sebuah lembaga pemegang amanah <> Bilakah piagam semasa San Diego diterima pakai? || 1931", {"context": "The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established San Diego County and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt; the California legislature revoked the city's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was re-established in 1889 and today's city charter was adopted in 1931.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "1850"}], "question": "In what year did San Diego officially become a city?", "id": "572fe604a23a5019007fcafd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Joshua H. Bean"}], "question": "Who was San Diego's first mayor?", "id": "572fe604a23a5019007fcafe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "the city was bankrupt"}], "question": "What happened two years after San Diego elected it's first mayor?", "id": "572fe604a23a5019007fcaff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "a board of trustees"}], "question": "Who controlled San Diego's charter for 2 years after it was revoked by California legislature?", "id": "572fe604a23a5019007fcb00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "1931"}], "question": "When was San Diego's current charter adopted?", "id": "572fe604a23a5019007fcb01"}]}], ["Eropah pertama yang melawat rantau ini ialah penjelajah kelahiran Portugis, Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo yang berlayar di bawah bendera Castile. Berlayar perdana San Salvador dari Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo mendakwa teluk untuk Empayar Sepanyol pada tahun 1542, dan menamakan tapak 'San Miguel'. Pada bulan November 1602, Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno telah dihantar untuk memetakan pantai California. Tiba di perdana San Diego, Vizca\u00edno meninjau pelabuhan dan apa yang sekarang menjadi Mission Bay dan Point Loma dan menamakan kawasan itu untuk Saint Katolik Didacus, seorang Sepanyol yang lebih dikenali sebagai San Diego de Alcal\u00e1. Pada 12 November 1602, khidmat keagamaan Kristian pertama di Alta California dijalankan oleh Friar Antonio de la Ascensi\u00f3n, ahli ekspedisi Vizca\u00edno, untuk merayakan hari perayaan San Diego. <> Siapa yang dihantar untuk meninjau pantai California pada tahun 1602? || Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno <> Siapakah pelabuhan yang dinamakan? || Saint Katholik Didacus <> Siapa yang menjalankan perkhidmatan Kristian pertama yang dicatatkan di Alta? || Friar Antonio de la Ascensi\u00f3n <> Apa nama kapal Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo? || San Salvador <> Di manakah Cabrillo berangkat dari untuk memulakan perjalanannya ke Pantai Barat? || Navidad, New Spain", {"context": "The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile. Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site 'San Miguel'. In November 1602, Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno was sent to map the California coast. Arriving on his flagship San Diego, Vizca\u00edno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcal\u00e1. On November 12, 1602, the first Christian religious service of record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensi\u00f3n, a member of Vizca\u00edno's expedition, to celebrate the feast day of San Diego.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno"}], "question": "Who was sent to survey the California coast in 1602?", "id": "572fce07b2c2fd140056848b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Catholic Saint Didacus"}], "question": "Who was the harbor named for?", "id": "572fce07b2c2fd140056848d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "Friar Antonio de la Ascensi\u00f3n"}], "question": "Who conducted the first Christian service to be recorded in Alta?", "id": "572fce07b2c2fd140056848e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "San Salvador"}], "question": "What was the name of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo's ship?", "id": "572fce07b2c2fd140056848c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Navidad, New Spain"}], "question": "Where did Cabrillo leave from to embark on his journey to the West Coast?", "id": "572fce07b2c2fd140056848f"}]}], ["Stockton dan Kearny terus memulihkan Los Angeles dan memaksa penyerahan Alta California dengan \"Perjanjian Cahuenga\" pada 13 Januari 1847. Akibat Perang Mexico-Amerika 1846-48, wilayah Alta California, termasuk San Diego, diserahkan kepada Amerika Syarikat oleh Mexico, di bawah syarat-syarat Perjanjian Guadalupe Hidalgo pada tahun 1848. Para perunding Mexico perjanjian itu cuba mengekalkan San Diego sebagai sebahagian dari Mexico, namun Amerika menegaskan bahawa San Diego adalah \"untuk setiap tujuan komersil hampir sama pentingnya dengan kami di San Francisco, \"dan sempadan Mexico-Amerika akhirnya ditubuhkan untuk menjadi satu liga di selatan titik paling selatan di San Diego Bay, untuk memasukkan keseluruhan teluk di dalam Amerika Syarikat . <> Perjanjian apa yang digunakan oleh Stockton dan Kearny pada 1 Januari 1847? || Perjanjian Cahuenga <> Apa yang ditubuhkan selepas rundingan mengenai San Diego antara orang Mexik dan Amerika? || Pertempuran Mexico-Amerika <> Perang mana yang memainkan peranan dalam menyerahkan San Diego ke Amerika Syarikat? || Perang Mexico-Amerika 1846-48 <> Apakah nama perjanjian yang dibangunkan antara Mexico dan Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1848? || Perjanjian Guadalupe Hidalgo <> Mengapa sempadan antara Mexico dan Amerika Syarikat menubuhkan satu liga di selatan hujung selatan San Diego Bay? || untuk memasukkan keseluruhan teluk di Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the \"Treaty of Cahuenga\" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican\u2013American War of 1846\u201348, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was \"for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco,\" and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Treaty of Cahuenga"}], "question": "What treaty was used by Stockton and Kearny on January 1, 1847?", "id": "572fe048b2c2fd1400568543"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Mexican-American border"}], "question": "What was established after negotiations over San Diego between the Mexcians and Americans?", "id": "572fe048b2c2fd1400568544"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Mexican\u2013American War of 1846\u201348"}], "question": "Which war played a role in ceding San Diego to the United States?", "id": "572fe048b2c2fd1400568545"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"}], "question": "What was the name of the treaty developed between Mexico and the United States in 1848?", "id": "572fe048b2c2fd1400568546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "to include the entire bay within the United States"}], "question": "Why was the border between Mexico and the United States established one league south of San Diego Bay's most southern tip?", "id": "572fe048b2c2fd1400568547"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1821, Mexico memenangi kemerdekaannya dari Sepanyol, dan San Diego menjadi sebahagian daripada wilayah Mexico Alta California. Pada tahun 1822, Mexico mula cuba untuk memperluaskan kuasa di wilayah pantai Alta California. Benteng di Presidio Hill secara beransur-ansur ditinggalkan, sementara kota San Diego dibesarkan di tanah tingkat bawah Presidio Hill. Misi itu disekularkan oleh kerajaan Mexico pada tahun 1833, dan sebahagian besar tanah Misi telah dijual kepada peneroka kaya Californio. 432 penduduk bandar petisyen gabenor untuk membentuk pueblo, dan Juan Mar\u00eda Osuna dipilih sebagai alcalde pertama (\"majistret perbandaran\"), mengalahkan P\u00edo Pico dalam undi. Walau bagaimanapun, San Diego telah kehilangan penduduk sepanjang tahun 1830-an dan pada tahun 1838 bandar itu kehilangan status pueblo kerana saiznya jatuh kepada kira-kira 100 hingga 150 penduduk. Di luar bandar geran tanah Mexico memperluas jumlah ranchos California yang sederhana menambah ekonomi tempatan. <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai majistret perbandaran yang pertama? || Juan Mar\u00eda Osuna <> Apa nama wilayah Mexico San Diego menjadi sebahagian daripada tahun 1821? || Alta California <> Mengapa San Diego kehilangan status puaknya pada tahun 1838? || saiznya jatuh kepada kira-kira 100 hingga 150 penduduk <> Apa yang berlaku apabila penduduk beralih ke lebih banyak tanah di bawah Presidio Hill? || Benteng di Presidio Hill secara beransur-ansur ditinggalkan <> Siapa yang sedang berlari untuk kedudukan alcalde yang pertama, tetapi kalah dalam pemilihan? || Pico Pico", {"context": "In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the coastal territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the level land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, and most of the Mission lands were sold to wealthy Californio settlers. The 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan Mar\u00eda Osuna was elected the first alcalde (\"municipal magistrate\"), defeating P\u00edo Pico in the vote. (See, List of pre-statehood mayors of San Diego.) However, San Diego had been losing population throughout the 1830s and in 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents. Beyond town Mexican land grants expanded the number of California ranchos that modestly added to the local economy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Juan Mar\u00eda Osuna"}], "question": "Who was elected as the Mission's first municipal magistrate?", "id": "572fd71ba23a5019007fca73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Alta California"}], "question": "What was the name of the Mexican territory San Diego became part of in 1821?", "id": "572fd71ba23a5019007fca74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 835, "text": "its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents"}], "question": "Why did San Diego lose its pueblo status in 1838?", "id": "572fd71ba23a5019007fca75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned"}], "question": "What happened as the population shifted to more level ground below Presidio Hill?", "id": "572fd71ba23a5019007fca76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "P\u00edo Pico"}], "question": "Who was in the running for the first alcalde position, but was defeated in the election?", "id": "572fd71ba23a5019007fca77"}]}], ["Dengan anggaran penduduk 1,381,069 pada 1 Julai 2014, San Diego adalah bandar terbesar kelapan di Amerika Syarikat dan kedua terbesar di California. Ia adalah sebahagian daripada konurbasi San Diego-Tijuana, aglomerasi transborder kedua terbesar di antara Amerika Syarikat dan negara bersempadan selepas Detroit-Windsor, dengan populasi 4,922,723 orang. San Diego adalah tempat kelahiran California dan terkenal dengan iklim sepanjang tahun yang ringan, pelabuhan laut yang semulajadi, pantai yang luas, hubungan panjang dengan Angkatan Laut Amerika Syarikat dan kemunculan baru-baru ini sebagai pusat pembangunan penjagaan kesihatan dan bioteknologi. <> Bandar manakah di Mexico yang sempadan San Diego? || Tijuana <> Selain daripada penjagaan kesihatan, sektor pekerjaan yang mana telah muncul dengan kuat di San Diego? || pembangunan bioteknologi <> Daripada semua cabang ketenteraan, yang mana satu mempunyai kehadiran terkuat di San Diego? || Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat <> Apa yang unik tentang pelabuhan di San Diego? || air mendalam <Dari 10 bandar teratas terbesar di negara ini, tempat tempat peringkat San Diego? || kelapan", {"context": "With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego\u2013Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit\u2013Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Tijuana"}], "question": "Which city in Mexico does San Diego border?", "id": "572fc5b8b2c2fd140056843d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "biotechnology development"}], "question": "Aside from healthcare, which employment sector has strongly emerged in San Diego?", "id": "572fc5b8b2c2fd140056843f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "United States Navy"}], "question": "Of all military branches, which one has the strongest presence in San Diego?", "id": "572fc5b8b2c2fd140056843e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "deep-water"}], "question": "What is unique about San Diego's harbors?", "id": "572fc5b8b2c2fd1400568441"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "eighth"}], "question": "Of the top 10 largest cities in the country, which place does San Diego rank?", "id": "572fc5b8b2c2fd1400568440"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-20, San Diego menganjurkan dua Pameran Dunia: Pameran Panama-California pada tahun 1915 dan Eksposisi Antarabangsa Pasifik California pada tahun 1935. Kedua-dua eksposisi diadakan di Balboa Park, dan banyak bangunan gaya Sepanyol / Baroque yang dibina untuk eksposisi itu kekal hingga ke hari ini sebagai ciri utama taman. Bangunan-bangunan itu dimaksudkan untuk menjadi struktur sementara, tetapi kebanyakannya tetap digunakan terus menerus sehingga mereka semakin menurun. Kebanyakannya akhirnya dibina semula, dengan menggunakan coran fauna yang asli untuk mengekalkan gaya seni bina. The menagerie haiwan eksotik dipaparkan pada ekspo 1915 yang disediakan asas untuk Zoo San Diego. Semasa tahun 1950-an terdapat perayaan bandar raya yang dipanggil Fiesta del Pacifico yang menonjolkan masa lalu kawasan Sepanyol dan Mexico. Pada tahun 2010 terdapat cadangan untuk perayaan besar-besaran ulang tahun ke-100 Balboa Park, tetapi rancangan itu ditinggalkan apabila organisasi yang ditugaskan untuk memasuki perayaan itu keluar dari perniagaan. <> Apa taman di San Diego menganjurkan dua Pameran Dunia berhampiran permulaan abad ke-20? || Balboa Park <> Di mana banyak haiwan eksotik Zoo San Diego berasal? || Pameran Panama-California pada tahun 1915 <> Perayaan apa yang disambut pada tahun 1950-an sebagai pengiktirafan masa lalu Mexico dan Sepanyol di bandar ini? || Fiesta del Pacifico <> Apa yang berlaku kepada banyak struktur yang dibangunkan untuk Pameran Dunia? || Kebanyakannya akhirnya dibina semula, dengan menggunakan coran fauna yang asli untuk mengekalkan gaya seni bina. <> Manakah World Fair yang dihoskan di San Diego pada tahun 1935? || Pameran Pasifik Antarabangsa California", {"context": "In the early part of the 20th century, San Diego hosted two World's Fairs: the Panama-California Exposition in 1915 and the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935. Both expositions were held in Balboa Park, and many of the Spanish/Baroque-style buildings that were built for those expositions remain to this day as central features of the park. The buildings were intended to be temporary structures, but most remained in continuous use until they progressively fell into disrepair. Most were eventually rebuilt, using castings of the original fa\u00e7ades to retain the architectural style. The menagerie of exotic animals featured at the 1915 exposition provided the basis for the San Diego Zoo. During the 1950s there was a citywide festival called Fiesta del Pacifico highlighting the area's Spanish and Mexican past. In the 2010s there was a proposal for a large-scale celebration of the 100th anniversary of Balboa Park, but the plans were abandoned when the organization tasked with putting on the celebration went out of business.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Balboa Park"}], "question": "What park in San Diego hosted two World Fairs near the beginning of the 20th century?", "id": "572feabcb2c2fd14005685d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Panama-California Exposition in 1915"}], "question": "Where did many of the San Diego Zoo's exotic animals come from?", "id": "572feabcb2c2fd14005685da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "Fiesta del Pacifico"}], "question": "What festival was celebrated in the 1950s in recognition of the city's Mexican and Spanish past?", "id": "572feabcb2c2fd14005685db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Most were eventually rebuilt, using castings of the original fa\u00e7ades to retain the architectural style."}], "question": "What happened to many of the structures developed for the World Fairs?", "id": "572feabcb2c2fd14005685dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "California Pacific International Exposition"}], "question": "Which World Fair was hosted in San Diego in 1935?", "id": "572feabcb2c2fd14005685dd"}]}], ["Pekan asal San Diego terletak di kaki Presidio Hill, di kawasan yang kini menjadi Taman Sejarah Negeri Old Town San Diego. Lokasi tidak sesuai, sejauh beberapa batu jauhnya dari air dilayari. Pada tahun 1850, William Heath Davis mempromosikan pembangunan baru oleh pantai Bay yang dipanggil \"New San Diego\", beberapa batu di selatan penempatan asal; Walau bagaimanapun, selama beberapa dekad pembangunan baru terdiri hanya beberapa rumah, dermaga dan depot Angkatan Darat. Pada akhir 1860-an, Alonzo Horton mempromosikan perpindahan ke kawasan bayside, yang dipanggilnya \"New Town\" dan menjadi Downtown San Diego. Horton mempromosikan kawasan itu dengan sangat banyak, dan orang ramai dan perniagaan mula berpindah ke Bandar Baru kerana lokasinya di San Diego Bay mudah untuk penghantaran. Bandar Baru tidak lama lagi menghilangkan penempatan asal, yang dikenali hari ini sebagai Bandar Lama, dan menjadi pusat ekonomi dan kerajaan di bandar. Walau bagaimanapun, San Diego kekal sebagai bandar air tawar sehingga kedatangan sambungan kereta api pada tahun 1878. <> Apakah kelemahan utama lokasi asal San Diego? || beberapa batu jauhnya dari air dilayari <> Siapa yang membangunkan New San Diego yang terletak di selatan lokasi pertama? || William Heath Davis <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab besar terhadap pertumbuhan penduduk Downtown San Diego? || Alonzo Horton <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1878 yang memainkan peranan dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi San Diego? || ketibaan sambungan kereta api <> Apakah kawasan pusat bandar San Diego pada asalnya dipanggil? || Bandar baru", {"context": "The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called \"New San Diego\", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called \"New Town\" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "several miles away from navigable water"}], "question": "What was the main flaw of San Diego's original location?", "id": "572fe7ccb2c2fd140056859f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "William Heath Davis"}], "question": "Who developed New San Diego that was south of the first location?", "id": "572fe7ccb2c2fd14005685a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Alonzo Horton"}], "question": "Who was largely responsible for the population growth of Downtown San Diego?", "id": "572fe7ccb2c2fd14005685a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 948, "text": "the arrival of a railroad connection"}], "question": "What happened in 1878 that played a role in San Diego's economic growth?", "id": "572fe7ccb2c2fd14005685a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "New Town"}], "question": "What was San Diego's downtown area originally called?", "id": "572fe7ccb2c2fd14005685a3"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1846, Amerika Syarikat berperang melawan Mexico dan menghantar ekspedisi laut dan darat untuk menakluk Alta California. Pada mulanya mereka mempunyai masa yang mudah untuk menangkap pelabuhan utama termasuk San Diego, tetapi Californios di selatan Alta California melanda. Berikutan pemberontakan yang berjaya di Los Angeles, garrison Amerika di San Diego dihalau tanpa tembakan pada awal Oktober 1846. Parti Mexico memegang San Diego selama tiga minggu sehingga 24 Oktober 1846, ketika Amerika mengalahkannya. Untuk beberapa bulan akan datang, rakyat Amerika dikepung di dalam pueblo. Pertengkaran berlaku setiap hari dan penembak jitu ditembak ke dalam bandar setiap malam. Californios mengusir ternak jauh dari pueblo yang berharap untuk melecehkan Amerika dan penyokong Californio mereka. Pada 1 Disember, garnisun Amerika mengetahui bahawa jambatan Jeneral Stephen W. Kearney berada di Warner's Ranch. Commodore Robert F. Stockton menghantar pasukan lima puluh di bawah Kapten Archibald Gillespie untuk bergerak ke utara untuk bertemu dengannya. Perintah bersama mereka sebanyak 150 orang, kembali ke San Diego, menemui kira-kira 93 orang California di bawah Andr\u00e9s Pico. Dalam Pertempuran San Pasqual yang bertempur di Lembah San Pasqual yang kini menjadi sebahagian daripada bandar San Diego, Amerika menderita kerugian terburuk dalam kempen itu. Seterusnya sebuah lajur yang diketuai oleh Leftenan Grey tiba dari San Diego, menyelamatkan perintah Kearny yang diserang dan diblokir. <> Siapa yang mengarahkan Kapten Archibald Gillespie untuk memimpin 50 orang menunggang kuda ke utara? || Commodore Robert F. Stockton <> Apa pertempuran yang berlaku di Lembah San Pasqual? || Pertempuran San Pasqual <> Apakah langkah melampau yang diambil Californios untuk mencuba menarik rakyat Amerika keluar dari pueblo itu? || Californios mengusir lembu dari pueblo <> Siapa yang mengetuai kumpulan dari San Diego yang menyelamatkan lelaki Kearny? || Leftenan Grey <> Berapa minggukah pihak partisan Mexico memegang San Diego sebelum ia ditangkap semula oleh orang Amerika? || tiga minggu", {"context": "In 1846, the United States went to war against Mexico and sent a naval and land expedition to conquer Alta California. At first they had an easy time of it capturing the major ports including San Diego, but the Californios in southern Alta California struck back. Following the successful revolt in Los Angeles, the American garrison at San Diego was driven out without firing a shot in early October 1846. Mexican partisans held San Diego for three weeks until October 24, 1846, when the Americans recaptured it. For the next several months the Americans were blockaded inside the pueblo. Skirmishes occurred daily and snipers shot into the town every night. The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo hoping to starve the Americans and their Californio supporters out. On December 1 the Americans garrison learned that the dragoons of General Stephen W. Kearney were at Warner's Ranch. Commodore Robert F. Stockton sent a mounted force of fifty under Captain Archibald Gillespie to march north to meet him. Their joint command of 150 men, returning to San Diego, encountered about 93 Californios under Andr\u00e9s Pico. In the ensuing Battle of San Pasqual, fought in the San Pasqual Valley which is now part of the city of San Diego, the Americans suffered their worst losses in the campaign. Subsequently a column led by Lieutenant Gray arrived from San Diego, rescuing Kearny's battered and blockaded command.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "Commodore Robert F. Stockton"}], "question": "Who commissioned Captain Archibald Gillespie to lead 50 men on horseback to the north?", "id": "572fdc72b2c2fd1400568527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1139, "text": "Battle of San Pasqual"}], "question": "What battle took place in the San Pasqual Valley?", "id": "572fdc72b2c2fd1400568528"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo"}], "question": "What extreme measure did the Californios take to try to draw the Americans out of the pueblo?", "id": "572fdc72b2c2fd140056852a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1327, "text": "Lieutenant Gray"}], "question": "Who led the group from San Diego that rescued Kearny's men?", "id": "572fdc72b2c2fd1400568529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "three weeks"}], "question": "How many weeks did Mexican partisans hold San Diego before it was recaptured by Americans?", "id": "572fdc72b2c2fd140056852b"}]}], ["Seperti kebanyakan California selatan, majoriti kawasan semasa San Diego pada awalnya diduduki oleh chaparral, komuniti tumbuhan kebanyakannya terdiri daripada pokok renek yang tahan kemarau. Pinus Terancam yang terancam mempunyai sebahagian besar penduduknya di San Diego dalam ketinggian chaparral yang dilindungi di sepanjang pantai. Topografi yang curam dan bervariasi dan berdekatan dengan lautan mencipta beberapa habitat yang berbeza di dalam batas bandar, termasuk pasang surut dan pasang. Habitat gumpalan chaparral dan pesisir pantai di dataran rendah di sepanjang pantai terdedah kepada kebakaran, dan kadar kebakaran telah meningkat pada abad ke-20, disebabkan terutamanya oleh kebakaran bermula berhampiran sempadan kawasan bandar dan liar. <> Apa pokok-pokok yang dilindungi di sepanjang pantai San Diego? || Torrey pine <> Apa pokok renek tahan kekeringan yang diketahui oleh San Diego? || chaparral <> Di manakah seseorang dapat mencari semak paling bijak di San Diego? || ketinggian rendah <> Bagaimana San Diego mampu menawarkan segalanya dari rawa pasang ke lembah? || Topografi yang curam dan bervariasi dan berdekatan dengan lautan mencipta beberapa habitat yang berbeza <> Apa kelemahan yang berlaku dengan habitat gosok sage? || terdedah kepada kebakaran", {"context": "Like most of southern California, the majority of San Diego's current area was originally occupied by chaparral, a plant community made up mostly of drought-resistant shrubs. The endangered Torrey pine has the bulk of its population in San Diego in a stretch of protected chaparral along the coast. The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats within the city limits, including tidal marsh and canyons. The chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitats in low elevations along the coast are prone to wildfire, and the rates of fire have increased in the 20th century, due primarily to fires starting near the borders of urban and wild areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Torrey pine"}], "question": "What trees are protected along the coast of San Diego?", "id": "573006b4947a6a140053cf86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "chaparral"}], "question": "What drought-resistant shrub is San Diego known for?", "id": "573006b4947a6a140053cf87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "low elevations"}], "question": "Where can one find the most sage scrub in San Diego?", "id": "573006b4947a6a140053cf88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats"}], "question": "How is San Diego able to offer everything from tidal marsh to canyons?", "id": "573006b4947a6a140053cf8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "prone to wildfire"}], "question": "What disadvantage comes along with sage scrub habitats?", "id": "573006b4947a6a140053cf89"}]}], ["Pembangunan bangunan pencakar langit lebih dari 300 kaki (91 m) di San Diego disebabkan oleh pembinaan Hotel El Cortez pada tahun 1927, bangunan tertinggi di bandar dari tahun 1927 hingga 1963. Seiring berjalannya waktu beberapa bangunan mendakwa gelaran San Diego pencakar langit tertinggi, termasuk Bangunan Union Bank of California dan Menara Symphony. Pada masa ini, bangunan tertinggi di San Diego adalah One America Plaza, yang berdiri dengan ketinggian 500 kaki (150 m), yang siap pada tahun 1991. Langit tengah di tengah-tengah tidak mengandungi taktik super, seperti peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Pentadbiran Penerbangan Persekutuan pada tahun 1970-an menetapkan had 500 kaki (152 m) pada ketinggian bangunan kerana berdekatan Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa San Diego. Penerangan mengenai langit termasuk pencakar langit yang dibandingkan dengan alat-alat kotak alat. <> Apa bangunan pencakar langit yang pertama dibina di San Diego yang lebih dari 300 kaki tinggi? || El Cortez Hotel <> Berapa tinggi ialah One America Plaza? || 500 kaki <> Apa yang memainkan peranan dalam menentukan pencakar langit ketinggian maksimum boleh berada di San Diego? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa San Diego <> Organisasi apa yang mengawal ketinggian bangunan di San Diego? || Pentadbiran Penerbangan Persekutuan <> Apa bank menghabiskan masa sebagai bangunan tertinggi di San Diego? || Bangunan Union Bank of California", {"context": "The development of skyscrapers over 300 feet (91 m) in San Diego is attributed to the construction of the El Cortez Hotel in 1927, the tallest building in the city from 1927 to 1963. As time went on multiple buildings claimed the title of San Diego's tallest skyscraper, including the Union Bank of California Building and Symphony Towers. Currently the tallest building in San Diego is One America Plaza, standing 500 feet (150 m) tall, which was completed in 1991. The downtown skyline contains no super-talls, as a regulation put in place by the Federal Aviation Administration in the 1970s set a 500 feet (152 m) limit on the height of buildings due to the proximity of San Diego International Airport. An iconic description of the skyline includes its skyscrapers being compared to the tools of a toolbox.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "El Cortez Hotel"}], "question": "What was the first skyscraper built in San Diego that was over 300-feet tall?", "id": "572ff88d947a6a140053ceaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "500 feet"}], "question": "How tall is One America Plaza?", "id": "572ff88d947a6a140053ceab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "San Diego International Airport"}], "question": "What played a role in determining the maximum height skyscrapers can be in San Diego?", "id": "572ff88d947a6a140053ceac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Federal Aviation Administration"}], "question": "What organization regulates building heights in San Diego?", "id": "572ff88d947a6a140053cead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Union Bank of California Building"}], "question": "What bank spent time as being the tallest building in San Diego?", "id": "572ff88d947a6a140053ceae"}]}], ["Dari permulaan abad ke-20 menjelang 1970-an, armada penangkapan ikan tuna Amerika dan industri pengetinan tuna berpangkalan di San Diego, \"ibukota tuna dunia\". Pembalakan tuna pertama di San Diego ditubuhkan pada tahun 1911, dan pada pertengahan tahun 1930-an, canneries mempekerjakan lebih dari 1,000 orang. Sebuah armada penangkapan ikan besar menyokong kilang-kilang, kebanyakannya dikuasai oleh nelayan imigran dari Jepun, dan kemudiannya dari Portugis Azores dan Itali yang pengaruhnya masih dirasakan di kawasan kejiranan seperti Little Italy dan Point Loma. Disebabkan peningkatan kos dan persaingan asing, yang terakhir dari kilang-kilang ditutup pada awal 1980-an. <> Susunan apa yang San Diego diberikan oleh industri pengetinan tuna pada tahun 1970-an? || ibukota tuna di dunia <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan yang dicipta oleh pertengahan tahun 1930-an terima kasih kepada tannin tuna San Diego yang telah dibangunkan pada tahun 1911? || lebih daripada 1,000 <> Kenapa canneries akhirnya ditutup pada awal 1980-an? || peningkatan kos dan persaingan asing <> Imigran dari negara apa yang diupah terutamanya oleh armada penangkapan ikan yang menyokong kilang-kilang ?? || Jepun <> Dari apa rantau di Portugal adakah pendatang datang untuk bekerja di industri perikanan San Diego? || Azores Portugis", {"context": "From the start of the 20th century through the 1970s, the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna canning industry were based in San Diego, \"the tuna capital of the world\". San Diego's first tuna cannery was founded in 1911, and by the mid-1930s the canneries employed more than 1,000 people. A large fishing fleet supported the canneries, mostly staffed by immigrant fishermen from Japan, and later from the Portuguese Azores and Italy whose influence is still felt in neighborhoods like Little Italy and Point Loma. Due to rising costs and foreign competition, the last of the canneries closed in the early 1980s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "the tuna capital of the world"}], "question": "What nickname was San Diego given by the tuna canning industry in the 1970s?", "id": "572ff077b2c2fd1400568613"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "more than 1,000"}], "question": "How many jobs were created by the mid-1930s thanks to San Diego's tuna cannery that was developed in 1911?", "id": "572ff077b2c2fd1400568614"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "rising costs and foreign competition"}], "question": "Why were the canneries ultimately closed by the early 1980s?", "id": "572ff077b2c2fd1400568615"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Immigrants from what country were primarily hired by the fishing fleets that supported the canneries??", "id": "572ff077b2c2fd1400568616"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Portuguese Azores"}], "question": "From what region in Portugal did immigrants come from to work in San Diego's fishing industry?", "id": "572ff077b2c2fd1400568617"}]}], ["Bandar ini terletak pada kira-kira 200 bukit dan bukit yang memisahkan mesasnya, mewujudkan poket kecil ruang terbuka semulajadi yang tersebar di seluruh bandar dan memberikannya geografi yang berbukit. Secara tradisinya, San Diegans telah membina rumah dan perniagaan mereka di mesas, sementara meninggalkan lembah bandar agak liar. Oleh itu, canyon memberikan bahagian-bahagian bandar yang merentasi segmen, mewujudkan jurang antara kawasan kejiranan sebaliknya dan menyumbang kepada persekitaran berkepadatan rendah, berpusatkan kereta. Sungai San Diego berjalan melalui tengah San Diego dari timur ke barat, mewujudkan lembah sungai yang berfungsi untuk membahagikan bandar ke segmen utara dan selatan. Sungai itu digunakan untuk mengalir ke San Diego Bay dan air tawarnya adalah tumpuan penjelajah Sepanyol terawal. Beberapa kawasan takungan dan Taman Wilayah Mission Trails juga terletak di antara dan kawasan-kawasan bandar yang berasingan. <> Di manakah arah Sungai San Diego berjalan melalui bandar? || timur ke barat <> Apa badan air yang dapat ditemui memisahkan kawasan maju yang berbeza di bandar? || takungan <> Apa yang dicipta oleh banyak bukit dan bukit di seluruh San Diego? || poket kecil ruang terbuka semula jadi <> Apa yang membahagikan segmen utara dan selatan bandar? || Sungai San Diego <> Di mana Sungai San Diego pernah mengalir? || San Diego Bay", {"context": "The city lies on approximately 200 deep canyons and hills separating its mesas, creating small pockets of natural open space scattered throughout the city and giving it a hilly geography. Traditionally, San Diegans have built their homes and businesses on the mesas, while leaving the urban canyons relatively wild. Thus, the canyons give parts of the city a segmented feel, creating gaps between otherwise proximate neighborhoods and contributing to a low-density, car-centered environment. The San Diego River runs through the middle of San Diego from east to west, creating a river valley which serves to divide the city into northern and southern segments. The river used to flow into San Diego Bay and its fresh water was the focus of the earliest Spanish explorers.[citation needed] Several reservoirs and Mission Trails Regional Park also lie between and separate developed areas of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "east to west"}], "question": "In what direction does the San Diego River run through the city?", "id": "572ff3d3a23a5019007fcb9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "reservoirs"}], "question": "What bodies of water can be found separating different developed areas of the city?", "id": "572ff3d3a23a5019007fcba0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "small pockets of natural open space"}], "question": "What is created by the many canyons and hills throughout San Diego?", "id": "572ff3d3a23a5019007fcba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "San Diego River"}], "question": "What divides the city's northern and southern segments?", "id": "572ff3d3a23a5019007fcba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "San Diego Bay"}], "question": "Where did the San Diego River once flow to?", "id": "572ff3d3a23a5019007fcba3"}]}], ["San Diego adalah salah satu daripada sepuluh klimat terbaik di Almanak Petani dan merupakan salah satu daripada dua iklim musim panas terbaik di Amerika seperti yang dicetak oleh The Weather Channel. Di bawah sistem klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen-Geiger, kawasan San Diego telah dikategorikan sebagai iklim semi-gersang (BSh dalam klasifikasi asal dan BSkn dalam klasifikasi K\u00f6ppen yang diubah suai) atau iklim Mediterranean (Csa dan Csb). Iklim San Diego dicirikan oleh musim panas yang hangat, kering dan musim sejuk dengan kebanyakan musim hujan tahunan yang jatuh antara Disember dan Mac. Bandar ini mempunyai iklim sederhana sepanjang tahun, dengan purata 201 hari melebihi 70 \u00b0 F (21 \u00b0 C) dan hujan rendah (9-13 inci [230-330 mm) setiap tahun). Dewpoints pada bulan-bulan musim panas berkisar antara 57.0 \u00b0 F (13.9 \u00b0 C) hingga 62.4 \u00b0 F (16.9 \u00b0 C). <> Bilakah San Diego menerima sebahagian besar hujannya? || antara Disember dan Mac <> Berapa hari tahun ini San Diego biasanya mengalami suhu melebihi 70 darjah Fahrenheit? || 201 hari <> Apa yang disenaraikan di San Diego sebagai iklim musim panas terbaik di negara ini? || Saluran Cuaca <> Apa jenis cuaca yang boleh diharapkan oleh seseorang di San Diego pada musim sejuk? || ringan <> Apakah jenis iklim yang diklasifikasikan oleh San Diego? || iklim semi-gersang", {"context": "San Diego is one of the top-ten best climates in the Farmers' Almanac and is one of the two best summer climates in America as scored by The Weather Channel. Under the K\u00f6ppen\u2013Geiger climate classification system, the San Diego area has been variously categorized as having either a semi-arid climate (BSh in the original classification and BSkn in modified K\u00f6ppen classification) or a Mediterranean climate (Csa and Csb). San Diego's climate is characterized by warm, dry summers and mild winters with most of the annual precipitation falling between December and March. The city has a mild climate year-round, with an average of 201 days above 70 \u00b0F (21 \u00b0C) and low rainfall (9\u201313 inches [230\u2013330 mm] annually). Dewpoints in the summer months range from 57.0 \u00b0F (13.9 \u00b0C) to 62.4 \u00b0F (16.9 \u00b0C).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "between December and March"}], "question": "When does San Diego receive most of its precipitation?", "id": "572ffbb004bcaa1900d76fb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "201 days"}], "question": "How many days of the year does San Diego typically experience temperatures above 70 degrees Fahrenheit ?", "id": "572ffbb004bcaa1900d76fb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Weather Channel"}], "question": "What ranked San Diego as having the country's best summer climate?", "id": "572ffbb004bcaa1900d76fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "mild"}], "question": "What type of weather can one expect to experience in San Diego in the winter?", "id": "572ffbb004bcaa1900d76fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "semi-arid climate"}], "question": "What type of climate is San Diego classified as having?", "id": "572ffbb004bcaa1900d76fb6"}]}], ["Bahagian selatan Semenanjung Point Loma telah diketepikan untuk tujuan ketenteraan seawal tahun 1852. Sepanjang beberapa dekad yang akan datang Angkatan Tentera menubuhkan serangkaian bateri artileri pesisir dan menamakan kawasan Fort Rosecrans. Kehadiran Tentera Laut Amerika yang terkenal bermula pada tahun 1901 dengan penubuhan Stesen Perlombongan Tentera Laut di Point Loma, dan berkembang dengan pesat pada tahun 1920-an. Menjelang tahun 1930, bandar ini menjadi tuan rumah bagi Pangkalan Angkatan Laut San Diego, Pusat Latihan Angkatan Laut San Diego, Hospital Tentera Laut San Diego, Camp Matthews, dan Camp Kearny (sekarang Marine Corps Air Miramar). Bandar ini juga merupakan pusat awal untuk penerbangan: seawal Perang Dunia I, San Diego mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai \"Modal Udara Barat\". Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada pemaju dan pengeluar pesawat penting seperti Ryan Airlines (kemudian Ryan Aeronautical), yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1925, dan Pesawat Konsolidasi (kemudian Convair), yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1923. Pesawat Charles A. Lindbergh Roh St. Louis dibina di San Diego pada tahun 1927 oleh Ryan Airlines. <> Nama apa yang diberikan kepada bateri meriam pesisir yang didirikan sejurus selepas 1852? || Fort Rosecrans <> Apa nama pesawat Charles A. Lindbergh yang dibina di San Diego oleh Ryan Airlines? || Spirit of St. Louis <> Apakah nama asli kapal udara Marinari Miramar hari ini? || Camp Kearny <> Apa cawangan tentera mula mempunyai kehadiran yang kuat di San Diego pada tahun 1901? || Tentera Laut A.S. <> Apa pemaju pesawat yang ditubuhkan di San Diego pada tahun 1923? || Pesawat Konsolidasi", {"context": "The southern portion of the Point Loma peninsula was set aside for military purposes as early as 1852. Over the next several decades the Army set up a series of coastal artillery batteries and named the area Fort Rosecrans. Significant U.S. Navy presence began in 1901 with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma, and expanded greatly during the 1920s. By 1930, the city was host to Naval Base San Diego, Naval Training Center San Diego, San Diego Naval Hospital, Camp Matthews, and Camp Kearny (now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar). The city was also an early center for aviation: as early as World War I, San Diego was proclaiming itself \"The Air Capital of the West\". The city was home to important airplane developers and manufacturers like Ryan Airlines (later Ryan Aeronautical), founded in 1925, and Consolidated Aircraft (later Convair), founded in 1923. Charles A. Lindbergh's plane The Spirit of St. Louis was built in San Diego in 1927 by Ryan Airlines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Fort Rosecrans"}], "question": "What names was given to coastal artillery batteries erected shortly after 1852?", "id": "572fec9504bcaa1900d76ebb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "Spirit of St. Louis"}], "question": "What was the name of Charles A. Lindbergh's plane that was built in San Diego by Ryan Airlines?", "id": "572fec9504bcaa1900d76ebc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Camp Kearny"}], "question": "What was the original name of today's Marine Corps Air Station Miramar?", "id": "572fec9504bcaa1900d76ebd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "U.S. Navy"}], "question": "What branch of the military began to have a strong presence in San Diego in 1901?", "id": "572fec9504bcaa1900d76ebe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "Consolidated Aircraft"}], "question": "What airplane developer was founded in San Diego in 1923?", "id": "572fec9504bcaa1900d76ebf"}]}], ["Hujan di sepanjang pantai purata kira-kira 10 inci (250 mm) hujan setiap tahun. Purata hujan (min) adalah 10.65 inci (271 mm) dan median ialah 9.6 inci (240 mm). Kebanyakan hujan berlaku semasa bulan-bulan sejuk. Bulan-bulan bulan Disember hingga Mac membekalkan sebahagian besar hujan, dengan bulan Februari bulan rata-rata 2 inci (51 mm) atau lebih hujan. Bulan Mei hingga September cenderung hampir kering. Walaupun terdapat beberapa hari basah setiap bulan semasa musim hujan, hujan boleh menjadi berat apabila ia jatuh. Hujan biasanya lebih besar di kawasan yang lebih tinggi di San Diego; beberapa kawasan ketinggian yang lebih tinggi di San Diego boleh menerima 11-15 inci (280-380 mm) hujan setahun. Variasi hujan boleh melampau: pada tahun-tahun terburuk tahun 1883/1884 dan 1940/1941 lebih daripada 24 inci (610 mm) jatuh di bandar, manakala dalam tahun-tahun kering sekurang-kurangnya 3.2 inci (80 mm) telah jatuh untuk tahun penuh. Bulan paling basah pada rekod ialah Disember 1921 dengan 9.21 inci (234 mm). <> Apakah curah hujan purata pada bulan Februari di sepanjang pantai? || 2 inci (51 mm) <> Apa yang penting mengenai cuaca yang dialami oleh San Diego pada Disember 1921? || bulan paling basah pada rekod <> Berapa bulan hampir hampir kering di San Diego? || Mei hingga September <> Apakah purata hujan tahunan di sepanjang pantai San Diego? || 10.65 inci (271 mm) <> Kawasan San Diego yang biasanya mengalami hujan lebat? || kawasan ketinggian yang lebih tinggi", {"context": "Rainfall along the coast averages about 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation annually. The average (mean) rainfall is 10.65 inches (271 mm) and the median is 9.6 inches (240 mm). Most of the rainfall occurs during the cooler months. The months of December through March supply most of the rain, with February the only month averaging 2 inches (51 mm) or more of rain. The months of May through September tend to be almost completely dry. Though there are few wet days per month during the rainy period, rainfall can be heavy when it does fall. Rainfall is usually greater in the higher elevations of San Diego; some of the higher elevation areas of San Diego can receive 11\u201315 inches (280\u2013380 mm) of rain a year. Variability of rainfall can be extreme: in the wettest years of 1883/1884 and 1940/1941 more than 24 inches (610 mm) fell in the city, whilst in the driest years as little as 3.2 inches (80 mm) has fallen for a full year. The wettest month on record has been December 1921 with 9.21 inches (234 mm).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "2 inches (51 mm)"}], "question": "What is the average rainfall in February along the coast?", "id": "5730055004bcaa1900d77023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 938, "text": "wettest month on record"}], "question": "What is significant about the weather that San Diego experienced in December 1921?", "id": "5730055004bcaa1900d77024"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "May through September"}], "question": "What months are nearly completely dry in San Diego?", "id": "5730055004bcaa1900d77026"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "10.65 inches (271 mm)"}], "question": "What is the average annual precipitation along San Diego's coast?", "id": "5730055004bcaa1900d77025"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "higher elevation areas"}], "question": "What areas of San Diego typically experienced the greatest rainfall?", "id": "5730055004bcaa1900d77027"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, San Diego menjadi hab utama aktiviti ketenteraan dan pertahanan, kerana terdapat banyak pemasangan tentera dan pengeluar pertahanan. Penduduk bandar berkembang pesat semasa dan selepas Perang Dunia II, lebih dari dua kali ganda antara 1930 (147,995) dan 1950 (333,865). Semasa bulan-bulan akhir perang, Jepun mempunyai rancangan untuk menargetkan beberapa bandar A.S. untuk serangan biologi, bermula dengan San Diego. Pelan itu dipanggil \"Operasi Cherry Blossoms pada Malam\" dan meminta pesawat kamikaze yang dipenuhi dengan kutu yang dijangkiti wabak (Yersinia pestis) untuk menabrak pusat penduduk awam di bandaraya, dengan harapan dapat menyebarkan wabak di bandar dan membunuh puluhan ribu orang awam. Pelan itu dijadualkan dilancarkan pada 22 September 1945, tetapi tidak dilaksanakan kerana Jepun menyerah lima minggu sebelumnya. <> Bilakah penduduk San Diego berkembang pesat sehingga hampir dua kali ganda? || semasa dan selepas Perang Dunia II <> Apakah nama serangan yang telah dirancang oleh Jepun terhadap San Diego? || Operasi Cherry Blossoms pada Malam <> Apakah asal Jepun akan jatuh ke San Diego dari pesawat kamikaze mereka? || kutu yang dijangkiti wabak (Yersinia pestis) <> Mengapa tidak Jepun melancarkan serangan yang dirancang pada 22 September 1945? || Jepun menyerah lima minggu sebelum ini <> Berapa banyak orang awam yang orang Jepun berharap dapat membunuh semasa serangan mereka dirancang ke San Diego? || puluhan ribu orang awam", {"context": "During World War II, San Diego became a major hub of military and defense activity, due to the presence of so many military installations and defense manufacturers. The city's population grew rapidly during and after World War II, more than doubling between 1930 (147,995) and 1950 (333,865). During the final months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack, starting with San Diego. The plan was called \"Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night\" and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis) to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "during and after World War II"}], "question": "When did San Diego's population grow so rapidly that it nearly doubled?", "id": "572fee2f04bcaa1900d76ed7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night"}], "question": "What was the name of the attack the Japanese had planned against San Diego?", "id": "572fee2f04bcaa1900d76ed8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis)"}], "question": "What were the Japanese originally going to drop on San Diego from their kamikaze planes?", "id": "572fee2f04bcaa1900d76ed9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 809, "text": "Japan surrendered five weeks earlier"}], "question": "Why didn't the Japanese launch their planned attack on September 22, 1945?", "id": "572fee2f04bcaa1900d76eda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "tens of thousands of civilians"}], "question": "How many civilians were the Japanese hoping to kill during their planned attack on San Diego?", "id": "572fee2f04bcaa1900d76edb"}]}], ["Iklim di San Diego, seperti kebanyakan California Selatan, sering berubah dengan ketara ke atas jarak geografi yang pendek yang mengakibatkan mikroklimat. Di San Diego, ini kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh topografi bandaraya (Teluk, dan banyak bukit, gunung, dan jurang). Sering kali, terutamanya semasa tempoh \"Keadaan abu-abu kelabu / Jun\", lapisan awan \"lapisan marin\" yang tebal akan memastikan udara sejuk dan lembap dalam beberapa batu di pantai, tetapi akan menghasilkan cahaya matahari yang tidak berawan terang kira-kira 5-10 batu ( 8.0-16.1 km) di pedalaman. Kadang-kadang kesuraman Jun dapat bertahan hingga bulan Julai, menyebabkan langit mendung melebihi kebanyakan San Diego sepanjang hari. Walaupun tanpa kesuraman pada bulan Jun, kawasan pedalaman cenderung mengalami variasi suhu yang jauh lebih ketara daripada kawasan pantai, di mana lautan berfungsi sebagai pengaruh moderat. Oleh itu, sebagai contoh, pusat bandar San Diego rata-rata terendah Januari pada 50 \u00b0 F (10 \u00b0 C) dan tinggi Ogos 78 \u00b0 F (26 \u00b0 C). Bandar El Cajon, hanya 10 batu (16 km) ke pedalaman dari pusat bandar San Diego, purata Januari terendah 42 \u00b0 F (6 \u00b0 C) dan tinggi Ogos 88 \u00b0 F (31 \u00b0 C). <> Kawasan apa yang mengalami variasi suhu yang paling ketara? || kawasan pedalaman <> Berapa suhu tinggi di El Cajon pada bulan Ogos? || 88 \u00b0 F <> Apa yang kerap selimut San Diego pada bulan Mei dan Jun? || lapisan tebal \"lapisan marin\" penutup <> Apa suhu purata Januari rendah di pusat bandar San Diego? || 50 \u00b0 F (10 \u00b0 C) <> Apakah kesan perlindungan awan musim bunga pada suhu? || pastikan udara sejuk dan lembap", {"context": "The climate in San Diego, like most of Southern California, often varies significantly over short geographical distances resulting in microclimates. In San Diego, this is mostly because of the city's topography (the Bay, and the numerous hills, mountains, and canyons). Frequently, particularly during the \"May gray/June gloom\" period, a thick \"marine layer\" cloud cover will keep the air cool and damp within a few miles of the coast, but will yield to bright cloudless sunshine approximately 5\u201310 miles (8.0\u201316.1 km) inland. Sometimes the June gloom can last into July, causing cloudy skies over most of San Diego for the entire day. Even in the absence of June gloom, inland areas tend to experience much more significant temperature variations than coastal areas, where the ocean serves as a moderating influence. Thus, for example, downtown San Diego averages January lows of 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) and August highs of 78 \u00b0F (26 \u00b0C). The city of El Cajon, just 10 miles (16 km) inland from downtown San Diego, averages January lows of 42 \u00b0F (6 \u00b0C) and August highs of 88 \u00b0F (31 \u00b0C).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "inland areas"}], "question": "What areas experience the most significant temperature variations?", "id": "5730032ba23a5019007fcc3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1064, "text": "88 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What is the average high temperature in El Cajon in August?", "id": "5730032ba23a5019007fcc3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "a thick \"marine layer\" cloud cover"}], "question": "What frequently blankets San Diego in May and June?", "id": "5730032ba23a5019007fcc3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 881, "text": "50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What is the average January low temperature in downtown San Diego?", "id": "5730032ba23a5019007fcc40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "keep the air cool and damp"}], "question": "What effect does the springtime cloud cover have on the temperature?", "id": "5730032ba23a5019007fcc41"}]}], ["Downtown San Diego terletak di San Diego Bay. Balboa Park merangkumi beberapa mesas dan gaung di timur laut, dikelilingi oleh masyarakat bandar yang lebih tua, padat termasuk Hillcrest dan North Park. Ke timur dan tenggara terletak City Heights, Kawasan Kolej, dan Tenggara San Diego. Di utara terletak Mission Valley dan Interstate 8. Masyarakat di utara lembah dan lebuh raya, dan selatan Stesen Marin Udara Miramar, termasuk Clairemont, Kearny Mesa, Tierrasanta, dan Navajo. Peregangan utara dari Miramar adalah pinggir utara Mira Mesa, Scripps Ranch, Rancho Pe\u00f1asquitos, dan Rancho Bernardo. Bahagian jauh di timur laut bandar ini merangkumi Tasik Hodges dan Lembah San Pasqual, yang memelihara simpanan pertanian. Lembah Carmel dan Del Mar Heights menduduki sudut barat laut bandar. Di selatan mereka adalah Rizab Negeri Torrey Pines dan pusat perniagaan Segi Tiga Emas. Selatan lagi adalah komuniti pantai dan pesisir La Jolla, Pantai Pacific, Pantai Mission, dan Pantai Ocean. Point Loma menduduki semenanjung melintasi San Diego Bay dari pusat bandar. Masyarakat San Diego Selatan, seperti San Ysidro dan Otay Mesa, terletak di sebelah sempadan Mexico-Amerika Syarikat, dan secara fizikal dipisahkan dari seluruh kota oleh bandar-bandar di National City dan Chula Vista. Hutan tanah sempit di bahagian bawah Teluk San Diego menghubungkan kawasan selatan ini dengan seluruh bandar. <> Masyarakat apa yang merangkumi kawasan dari Downtown San Diego ke semenanjung? || Point Loma <> Di mana Otay Mesa dijumpai di dalam bandar? || bersebelahan dengan sempadan Mexico-Amerika Syarikat <> Lembah mana yang dikelilingi oleh bahagian paling timur laut di San Diego? || San Pasqual Valley <> Apa satu-satunya komuniti pantai di San Diego tanpa perkataan \"pantai\" dalam namanya? || La Jolla", {"context": "Downtown San Diego is located on San Diego Bay. Balboa Park encompasses several mesas and canyons to the northeast, surrounded by older, dense urban communities including Hillcrest and North Park. To the east and southeast lie City Heights, the College Area, and Southeast San Diego. To the north lies Mission Valley and Interstate 8. The communities north of the valley and freeway, and south of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, include Clairemont, Kearny Mesa, Tierrasanta, and Navajo. Stretching north from Miramar are the northern suburbs of Mira Mesa, Scripps Ranch, Rancho Pe\u00f1asquitos, and Rancho Bernardo. The far northeast portion of the city encompasses Lake Hodges and the San Pasqual Valley, which holds an agricultural preserve. Carmel Valley and Del Mar Heights occupy the northwest corner of the city. To their south are Torrey Pines State Reserve and the business center of the Golden Triangle. Further south are the beach and coastal communities of La Jolla, Pacific Beach, Mission Beach, and Ocean Beach. Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown. The communities of South San Diego, such as San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, are located next to the Mexico\u2013United States border, and are physically separated from the rest of the city by the cities of National City and Chula Vista. A narrow strip of land at the bottom of San Diego Bay connects these southern neighborhoods with the rest of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1023, "text": "Point Loma"}], "question": "What community covers the area from Downtown San Diego to the peninsula?", "id": "572ff5ea04bcaa1900d76f37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1175, "text": "next to the Mexico\u2013United States border"}], "question": "Where is Otay Mesa found within the city?", "id": "572ff5ea04bcaa1900d76f38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "San Pasqual Valley"}], "question": "Which valley is encompassed by the most northeast portion of San Diego?", "id": "572ff5ea04bcaa1900d76f3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "La Jolla"}], "question": "What is the only coastal community in San Diego without the word \"beach\" in its name?", "id": "572ff5ea04bcaa1900d76f39"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2000, pendapatan median untuk isi rumah di bandar adalah $ 45,733, dan pendapatan median untuk keluarga ialah $ 53,060. Lelaki mempunyai pendapatan median $ 36,984 berbanding $ 31,076 untuk wanita. Pendapatan per kapita untuk bandar adalah $ 23,609. Menurut Forbes pada tahun 2005, San Diego adalah kota terkaya kelima A.S. tetapi kira-kira 10.6% keluarga dan 14.6% penduduk berada di bawah garis kemiskinan, termasuk 20.0% daripada mereka yang berumur 18 tahun dan 7.6% dari mereka yang berusia 65 tahun ke atas. Walau bagaimanapun, San Diego telah mendapat tempat kelima-terbaik untuk tinggal di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2006 oleh majalah Money. <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk jatuh di bawah garis kemiskinan di San Diego pada tahun 2005? || 14.6% <> Apa itu kadar majalah Money San Diego pada tahun 2006? || tempat kelima-terbaik untuk tinggal di Amerika Syarikat <> Majalah apa yang menilai San Diego sebagai bandar terkaya kelima negara? || Forbes <> Pada tahun 2000, apakah gaji median untuk wanita di San Diego? || $ 31,076 <> Berapa peratus keluarga di bawah garis kemiskinan pada tahun 2005? || 10.6%", {"context": "In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "14.6%"}], "question": "What percentage of the population fell below the poverty line in San Diego in 2005?", "id": "573019ca04bcaa1900d77195"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "fifth-best place to live in the United States"}], "question": "What did Money magazine rate San Diego as being in 2006?", "id": "573019ca04bcaa1900d77196"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Forbes"}], "question": "What magazine rated San Diego as being the country's fifth wealthiest city?", "id": "573019ca04bcaa1900d77197"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "$31,076"}], "question": "In 2000,  what was the median salary for females in San Diego?", "id": "573019ca04bcaa1900d77198"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "10.6%"}], "question": "What percentage of familes were below the poverty line in 2005?", "id": "573019ca04bcaa1900d77199"}]}], ["Bandar ini berkongsi sempadan 15 km (24 km) dengan Mexico yang merangkumi dua lintasan sempadan. San Diego menjadi tuan rumah sempadan sempadan antarabangsa paling sibuk di dunia, di kawasan San Ysidro di Pelabuhan San Ysidro. Penyeberangan sempadan utama, terutamanya komersil beroperasi di kawasan Otay Mesa; ia merupakan persilangan komersil terbesar di sempadan California-Baja California dan mengendalikan volum trak dan nilai dolar perdagangan tertinggi ketiga di antara semua penyeberangan tanah Amerika Syarikat-Mexico. <> Di mana lintasan sempadan San Diego? || kejiranan San Ysidro di San Ysidro Port Entry <> Berapa lama sempadan yang berkongsi San Diego dengan Mexico? || 15 batu (24 km) <> Apakah volumte trak yang dikendalikan di persimpangan Otay Mesa? || jumlah tertinggi trak dan nilai dolar perdagangan ketiga di antara semua lintasan tanah Amerika Syarikat-Mexico. <> Di mana sempadan perdagangan terdekat terdekat di sempadan? || Otay Mesa <> Berapa banyak lintasan sempadan yang berkongsi San Diego dengan Mexico? || dua", {"context": "The city shares a 15-mile (24 km) border with Mexico that includes two border crossings. San Diego hosts the busiest international border crossing in the world, in the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. A second, primarily commercial border crossing operates in the Otay Mesa area; it is the largest commercial crossing on the California-Baja California border and handles the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States-Mexico land crossings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry"}], "question": "Where is San Diego's border crossing?", "id": "57301d1da23a5019007fcda7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "15-mile (24 km)"}], "question": "How long is the border that San Diego shares with Mexico?", "id": "57301d1da23a5019007fcda8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States-Mexico land crossings."}], "question": "What is the volumte of trucks handled at the Otay Mesa crossing?", "id": "57301d1da23a5019007fcdaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Otay Mesa"}], "question": "Where is the next nearest commercial crossing at the border?", "id": "57301d1da23a5019007fcda9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many border crossings does San Diego share with Mexico?", "id": "57301d1da23a5019007fcdab"}]}], ["Pelancongan adalah industri utama kerana iklim bandar, pantai, dan banyak tarikan pelancong seperti Balboa Park, taman hiburan Belmont, Zoo San Diego, Taman Safari Zoo San Diego, dan SeaWorld San Diego. Warisan Sepanyol dan Mexico di San Diego dapat dilihat di banyak tempat bersejarah di seluruh bandar, seperti Mission San Diego de Alcala dan Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Selain itu, industri pembuatan kraf tempatan menarik lebih ramai pelawat untuk \"lawatan bir\" dan tahunan San Diego Beer Week pada bulan November; San Diego telah dipanggil \"Capital Beer Craft America.\" <> Jenis pelancongan apa yang menarik ramai pengunjung ke San Diego? || bir pelancongan <> Apakah peristiwa besar berlaku di San Diego pada bulan November? || San Diego Beer Week <> Apa misi sejarah adalah tarikan pelancong utama di San Diego? || Misi San Diego de Alcala <> Taman yang popular di San Diego adalah rumah kepada Zoo San Diego, SeaWorld, dan banyak muzium? || Balboa Park <> Apa nama samaran yang telah diberikan oleh bandar sebagai akibat dari industri bir kerajinan yang luas? || Capital Craft Beer America", {"context": "Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for \"beer tours\" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called \"America's Craft Beer Capital.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "beer tours"}], "question": "What type of tours attract a large number of visitors to San Diego?", "id": "57301b33a23a5019007fcd6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "San Diego Beer Week"}], "question": "What big event takes place in San Diego in November?", "id": "57301b33a23a5019007fcd6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Mission San Diego de Alcala"}], "question": "What historical mission is a major tourist attraction in San Diego?", "id": "57301b33a23a5019007fcd6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Balboa Park"}], "question": "What popular park in San Diego is home to the San Diego Zoo, SeaWorld, and countless museums?", "id": "57301b33a23a5019007fcd70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "America's Craft Beer Capital"}], "question": "What nickname has the city  been given as a result of its extensive craft beer industry?", "id": "57301b33a23a5019007fcd71"}]}], ["Sehingga 1 Januari 2008 anggaran oleh Persatuan Kerajaan San Diego mendedahkan bahawa pendapatan median isi rumah untuk San Diego meningkat kepada $ 66,715, naik dari $ 45,733, dan penduduk bandar meningkat kepada 1,336,865, naik 9.3% dari tahun 2000. Penduduk 45.3 putih bukan Hispanik, turun dari 78.9% pada tahun 1970, 27.7% Hispanik, 15.6% Asia / Pulau Pasifik, 7.1% kulit hitam, 0.4% Amerika India, dan 3.9% daripada kaum lain. Umur remaja Hispanik adalah 27.5 tahun, berbanding dengan 35.1 tahun keseluruhan dan 41.6 tahun di kalangan putih bukan-Hispanik; Hispanik adalah kumpulan terbesar dalam semua umur di bawah 18 tahun, dan putih bukan Hispanik yang membentuk 63.1% daripada penduduk 55 dan lebih tua. <> Pada tahun apakah pendapatan median rumah di San Diego pada $ 45,733? || 2000 <> Apakah usia median putih bukan-Hispanik pada tahun 2008? || 41.6 <> Apa kenaikan gaji purata pada masa banci 2008? || $ 66,715 <> Daripada populasi individu 55 dan lebih tua, berapa peratuskah putih bukan Hispanik pada tahun 2008? || 63.1% <> Pada tahun 2008, yang kumpulan perkauman mempunyai kebanyakan individu di bawah umur 18 tahun? || Hispanik", {"context": "As of January 1, 2008 estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments revealed that the household median income for San Diego rose to $66,715, up from $45,733, and that the city population rose to 1,336,865, up 9.3% from 2000. The population was 45.3% non-Hispanic whites, down from 78.9% in 1970, 27.7% Hispanics, 15.6% Asians/Pacific Islanders, 7.1% blacks, 0.4% American Indians, and 3.9% from other races. Median age of Hispanics was 27.5 years, compared to 35.1 years overall and 41.6 years among non-Hispanic whites; Hispanics were the largest group in all ages under 18, and non-Hispanic whites constituted 63.1% of population 55 and older.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "2000"}], "question": "In what year was the household median income in San Diego at $45,733?", "id": "573014b3947a6a140053d084"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "41.6"}], "question": "What was the median age of non-Hispanic whites in 2008?", "id": "573014b3947a6a140053d085"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "$66,715"}], "question": "What did the average salary increase to at the time of the 2008 census?", "id": "573014b3947a6a140053d088"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "63.1%"}], "question": "Of the population of individuals 55 and older, what percentage were non-Hispanic whites in 2008?", "id": "573014b3947a6a140053d087"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Hispanics"}], "question": "In 2008, which racial group had the most individuals under the age of 18?", "id": "573014b3947a6a140053d086"}]}], ["Bandar ini mempunyai populasi 1,307,402 mengikut banci 2010, yang diedarkan di atas tanah seluas 372.1 batu persegi (963.7 km2). Kawasan bandar San Diego melangkaui batas bandar pentadbiran dan mempunyai jumlah penduduk 2,956,746, menjadikannya kawasan bandar ketiga terbesar di negeri itu, selepas kawasan metropolitan Los Angeles dan kawasan metropolitan San Francisco. Mereka, bersama dengan Riverside-San Bernardino, membentuk kawasan metropolitan di California yang lebih besar daripada kawasan metropolitan San Diego, dengan jumlah penduduk 3,095,313 pada banci 2010. <> Di lima kawasan bandar terbesar di California, di mana kedudukan San Diego? || terbesar ketiga <> Kawasan apa yang Los Angeles dan San Francisco bergabung dengan membentuk kawasan metropolitan yang lebih besar daripada San Diego? || Riverside-San Bernardino <> Apakah penduduk San Diego pada masa banci 2010? || 1,307,402 <> Berapa batu persegi yang ditutup oleh San Diego? || 372.1 <> Apakah populasi wilayah uragan San Diego? || 2,956,746", {"context": "The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside\u2013San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "third-largest"}], "question": "In the top five largest urban areas in California, where does San Diego rank?", "id": "5730100d04bcaa1900d770db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Riverside\u2013San Bernardino"}], "question": "What area does Los Angeles and San Francisco merge with to form metropolitan areas larger than San Diego?", "id": "5730100d04bcaa1900d770dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "1,307,402"}], "question": "What was the population of San Diego at the time of the 2010 census?", "id": "5730100d04bcaa1900d770dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "372.1"}], "question": "How many square miles does San Diego cover?", "id": "5730100d04bcaa1900d770de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "2,956,746"}], "question": "What is the population of San Diego's urgan area?", "id": "5730100d04bcaa1900d770df"}]}], ["San Diego dan kawasan pedalamannya tertakluk kepada kebakaran hutan secara berkala. Pada bulan Oktober 2003, San Diego adalah tapak Api Cedar, yang telah dipanggil kebakaran hutan terbesar di California sejak abad yang lalu. Api membakar 280,000 ekar (1,100 km2), membunuh 15 orang, dan memusnahkan lebih daripada 2,200 rumah. Selain kerosakan yang disebabkan oleh kebakaran, asap mengakibatkan peningkatan ketara dalam lawatan bilik kecemasan akibat asma, masalah pernapasan, kerengsaan mata, dan penyedutan asap; Kualiti udara yang buruk menyebabkan sekolah-sekolah San Diego County ditutup selama seminggu. Kebakaran liar empat tahun kemudian memusnahkan beberapa kawasan, terutamanya dalam komuniti Rancho Bernardo, Rancho Santa Fe, dan Ramona. <> Bilakah kebakaran hutan terbesar di dunia pada abad ini berlaku? || Oktober 2003 <> Berapa banyak ekar dibakar dalam Kebakaran Cedar bersejarah tahun 2003? || 280,000 ekar (1,100 km2) <> Mengapa sekolah di San Diego ditutup semasa Kebakaran Cedar? || Kualiti udara yang buruk <> Berapa tahun selepas Kebakaran Cedar melakukan kebakaran tambahan menghancurkan Rancho Santa Fe? || empat tahun kemudian <> Berapa banyak rumah dimusnahkan di Kebakaran Cedar? || lebih daripada 2,200", {"context": "San Diego and its backcountry are subject to periodic wildfires. In October 2003, San Diego was the site of the Cedar Fire, which has been called the largest wildfire in California over the past century. The fire burned 280,000 acres (1,100 km2), killed 15 people, and destroyed more than 2,200 homes. In addition to damage caused by the fire, smoke resulted in a significant increase in emergency room visits due to asthma, respiratory problems, eye irritation, and smoke inhalation; the poor air quality caused San Diego County schools to close for a week. Wildfires four years later destroyed some areas, particularly within the communities of Rancho Bernardo, Rancho Santa Fe, and Ramona.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "October 2003"}], "question": "When did California's largest wildfire of the century take place?", "id": "57300c6a04bcaa1900d77099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "280,000 acres (1,100 km2)"}], "question": "How many acres were burned in the historic Cedar Fire of 2003?", "id": "57300c6a04bcaa1900d7709a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "poor air quality"}], "question": "Why did San Diego schools close during the Cedar Fire?", "id": "57300c6a04bcaa1900d7709b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "four years later"}], "question": "How many years after the Cedar Fire did additional fires destroy Rancho Santa Fe?", "id": "57300c6a04bcaa1900d7709c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "more than 2,200"}], "question": "How many homes were destroyed in the Cedar Fire?", "id": "57300c6a04bcaa1900d7709d"}]}], ["Biro Banci A.S. melaporkan bahawa pada tahun 2000, 24.0% penduduk San Diego berada di bawah 18 tahun, dan 10.5% adalah 65 dan lebih. Sehingga 2011 [mengemaskini] usia median adalah 35.6; lebih daripada seperempat penduduk berada di bawah umur 20 dan 11% adalah lebih dari 65 tahun. Millennials (umur 18 hingga 34) merupakan 27.1% penduduk San Diego, peratusan tertinggi kedua di bandar utama A.S.. Agensi perencanaan wilayah San Diego County, SANDAG, menyediakan tabel dan graf yang memecah penduduk kota menjadi 5 tahun usia kelompok. <> Apa agensi perancangan serantau menawarkan graf dan jadual maklumat sensus untuk San Diego? || SANDAG <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk San Diego yang berusia di bawah 18 tahun pada tahun 2000? || 24.0% <> Kumpulan umur mana yang mewakili 10.5% penduduk pada tahun 2000? || 65 dan lebih <> Pada tahun apa umur penduduk median di San Diego 35.6? || 2011 <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk pada tahun 2011 adalah milenium? || 27.1%", {"context": "The U.S. Census Bureau reported that in 2000, 24.0% of San Diego residents were under 18, and 10.5% were 65 and over. As of 2011[update] the median age was 35.6; more than a quarter of residents were under age 20 and 11% were over age 65. Millennials (ages 18 through 34) constitute 27.1% of San Diego's population, the second-highest percentage in a major U.S. city. The San Diego County regional planning agency, SANDAG, provides tables and graphs breaking down the city population into 5-year age groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "SANDAG"}], "question": "What regional planning agency offers graphs and tables of census information for San Diego?", "id": "57301733947a6a140053d0be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "24.0%"}], "question": "What percentage of San Diego's population was under the age of 18 in 2000?", "id": "57301733947a6a140053d0bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "65 and over"}], "question": "Which age group accounted for 10.5% of the population in 2000?", "id": "57301733947a6a140053d0c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In what year was the median age of residents in San Diego 35.6?", "id": "57301733947a6a140053d0c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "27.1%"}], "question": "What percentage of the population in 2011 were millenials?", "id": "57301733947a6a140053d0c2"}]}], ["San Diego menjadi tuan rumah beberapa pengeluar utama teknologi selular tanpa wayar. Qualcomm diasaskan dan beribu pejabat di San Diego, dan merupakan salah satu majikan sektor swasta terbesar di San Diego. Pengilang industri wayarles lain yang beribu pejabat di sini termasuk Nokia, LG Electronics, Kyocera International., Cricket Communications dan Novatel Wireless. Syarikat perisian terbesar di San Diego adalah syarikat perisian keselamatan Websense Inc. San Diego juga mempunyai ibu pejabat A.S. untuk syarikat keselamatan Slovakia ESET. San Diego telah ditunjuk sebagai Pusat Inovasi iHub untuk kerjasama yang berpotensi antara sains tanpa wayar dan hayat. <> Mengapa San Diego dikenali sebagai Pusat Inovasi iHub? || untuk kerjasama berpotensi antara sains tanpa wayar dan hayat <> Apakah syarikat perisian terbesar di San Diego itu? || Websense Inc <> Apa syarikat selular yang beribu pejabat di San Diego yang menggunakan rangkaian AT & T? || Komunikasi Cricket <> Sektor apa kejatuhan ESET? || keselamatan <> Apa syarikat selular adalah salah satu majikan sektor swasta terbesar di bandar ini? || Qualcomm", {"context": "San Diego hosts several major producers of wireless cellular technology. Qualcomm was founded and is headquartered in San Diego, and is one of the largest private-sector employers in San Diego. Other wireless industry manufacturers headquartered here include Nokia, LG Electronics, Kyocera International., Cricket Communications and Novatel Wireless. The largest software company in San Diego is security software company Websense Inc. San Diego also has the U.S. headquarters for the Slovakian security company ESET. San Diego has been designated as an iHub Innovation Center for collaboration potentially between wireless and life sciences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "for collaboration potentially between wireless and life sciences"}], "question": "Why is San Diego known as an iHub Innovation Center?", "id": "57301f43b2c2fd14005688c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Websense Inc"}], "question": "What is San Diego's largest software company?", "id": "57301f43b2c2fd14005688ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Cricket Communications"}], "question": "What cellular company is headquartered in San Diego that uses the AT&T network?", "id": "57301f43b2c2fd14005688c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "security"}], "question": "What sector does ESET fall under?", "id": "57301f43b2c2fd14005688cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Qualcomm"}], "question": "What cellular  company is one of the city's largest private-sector employers?", "id": "57301f43b2c2fd14005688c8"}]}], ["County San Diego mempunyai salah satu daripada jumlah teratas spesies haiwan dan tumbuhan yang muncul pada senarai spesis terancam di kalangan daerah di Amerika Syarikat. Kerana kepelbagaian habitat dan kedudukannya di Pacific Flyway, San Diego County telah mencatatkan kehadiran 492 spesies burung, lebih daripada wilayah lain di negara ini. San Diego selalu mencatatkan jumlah yang sangat tinggi dalam jumlah spesies burung yang diperhatikan dalam Count Christmas Christmas tahunan, yang ditaja oleh Persatuan Audubon, dan ia dikenali sebagai salah satu kawasan \"birdiest\" di Amerika Syarikat. <> Berapa banyak spesies burung telah diperhatikan di San Diego? || 492 <> Apa acara birding yang menjadi tuan rumah Audubon Society setiap tahun? || Kumbang Burung Krismas <> Apa yang istimewa mengenai spesies haiwan dan tumbuhan yang terdapat di San Diego? || tuduhan haiwan dan tumbuhan yang paling tinggi yang muncul pada senarai spesies yang terancam <> Kata apa yang menggambarkan County San Diego disebabkan oleh banyak burung yang tinggal di sana? || birdiest <> Apa laluan layang menyumbang kepada populasi burung yang pelbagai di County San Diego? || Pacific Flyway", {"context": "San Diego County has one of the highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list among counties in the United States. Because of its diversity of habitat and its position on the Pacific Flyway, San Diego County has recorded the presence of 492 bird species, more than any other region in the country. San Diego always scores very high in the number of bird species observed in the annual Christmas Bird Count, sponsored by the Audubon Society, and it is known as one of the \"birdiest\" areas in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "492"}], "question": "How many bird species have been observed in San Diego?", "id": "573009aca23a5019007fcc8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Christmas Bird Count"}], "question": "What birding event does the Audubon Society host every year?", "id": "573009aca23a5019007fcc8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list"}], "question": "What is special about the animal and plant species found in San Diego?", "id": "573009aca23a5019007fcc8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "birdiest"}], "question": "What word describes San Diego County due to the many birds residing there?", "id": "573009aca23a5019007fcc91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Pacific Flyway"}], "question": "What flyway contributes to the diverse bird population in San Diego County?", "id": "573009aca23a5019007fcc90"}]}], ["Pada Banci 2010, terdapat 1,307,402 orang yang tinggal di bandar San Diego. Ini mewakili peningkatan populasi hanya kurang dari 7% daripada 1,223,400 orang, 450,691 isi rumah, dan 271,315 keluarga yang dilaporkan pada tahun 2000. Anggaran penduduk bandar pada tahun 2009 adalah 1,306,300. Kepadatan penduduk ialah 3,771.9 orang setiap batu persegi (1,456.4 / km2). Rias wajah kaum San Diego adalah 45.1% Putih, 6.7% Afrika Amerika, 0.6% Bahasa Asli Amerika, 15.9% Bahasa Asia (5.9% Bahasa Filipina, 2.7% Cina, 2.5% Bahasa Vietnam, 1.3% Bahasa India, 1.0% Bahasa Korea, 0.7% Bahasa Jepun, 0.4 % Laotian, 0.3% Kamboja, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pulau Pasifik (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoa, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% daripada kaum lain, dan 5.1% daripada dua atau lebih kaum. Ucapan etnik bandar adalah 28.8% Hispanik atau Latino (mana-mana kaum); 24.9% daripada jumlah penduduk adalah Amerika Mexico, dan 0.6% adalah Puerto Rico. <> Apakah kepadatan penduduk San Diego pada tahun 2009? || 3,771.9 orang setiap mil persegi (1,456.4 / km2) <> Apa etnik yang membentuk 15.9% penduduk San Diego pada tahun 2009? || Asia <> Pada tahun 2009, berapa peratus penduduknya adalah Hispanik? || 28.8% <> Apakah penduduk San Diego pada masa banci 2010? || 1,307,402 <> Apa populasi meningkat di San Diego dari tahun 2009 hingga 2010? || hanya di bawah 7%", {"context": "As of the Census of 2010, there were 1,307,402 people living in the city of San Diego. That represents a population increase of just under 7% from the 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families reported in 2000. The estimated city population in 2009 was 1,306,300. The population density was 3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Diego was 45.1% White, 6.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 15.9% Asian (5.9% Filipino, 2.7% Chinese, 2.5% Vietnamese, 1.3% Indian, 1.0% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.4% Laotian, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.1% Thai). 0.5% Pacific Islander (0.2% Guamanian, 0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 12.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. The ethnic makeup of the city was 28.8% Hispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% of the total population were Mexican American, and 0.6% were Puerto Rican.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2)"}], "question": "What was the population density of San Diego in 2009?", "id": "573012fab2c2fd1400568809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Asian"}], "question": "What ethnicity made up 15.9.% of San Diego's population in 2009?", "id": "573012fab2c2fd140056880a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "28.8%"}], "question": "In 2009, what percentage of the population was Hispanic?", "id": "573012fab2c2fd140056880b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "1,307,402"}], "question": "What was San Diego's population at the time of the 2010 census?", "id": "573012fab2c2fd140056880c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "just under 7%"}], "question": "What was the population increase in San Diego from 2009 to 2010?", "id": "573012fab2c2fd140056880d"}]}], ["Pada bulan Julai 2013, tiga bekas penyokong Datuk Bandar Bob Filner meminta beliau untuk meletakkan jawatan kerana dakwaan gangguan seksual yang berulang. Sepanjang enam minggu berikutnya, 18 wanita datang ke hadapan untuk mendakwa bahawa Filner telah mengganggu mereka secara seksual, dan beberapa individu dan kumpulan meminta dia untuk meletakkan jawatan. Pada 19 Ogos, Filner dan wakil-wakil bandar memasuki proses pengantaraan, sebagai hasilnya Filner bersetuju untuk meletakkan jawatan, berkuatkuasa 30 Ogos 2013, sementara bandar itu bersetuju untuk menghadkan pendedahan undang-undang dan kewangannya. Filner kemudiannya mengaku bersalah atas kiraan salah felon penjara palsu dan dua caj bateri yang salah, dan dijatuhkan hukuman tahanan dan percubaan. <> Kenapa Datuk Bandar Bob Filner diminta untuk meletakkan jawatan? || tuduhan gangguan seksual berulang <> Berapa banyak wanita mendakwa diganggu secara seksual oleh Filner? || 18 <> Apakah ayat Filner? || tahanan rumah dan percubaan <> Bilakah proses pengantaraan bermula di antara Filner dan wakil bandar? || 19 Ogos <> Berapa lama percubaan Filner yang terakhir? || enam minggu", {"context": "In July 2013, three former supporters of Mayor Bob Filner asked him to resign because of allegations of repeated sexual harassment. Over the ensuing six weeks, 18 women came forward to publicly claim that Filner had sexually harassed them, and multiple individuals and groups called for him to resign. On August 19 Filner and city representatives entered a mediation process, as a result of which Filner agreed to resign, effective August 30, 2013, while the city agreed to limit his legal and financial exposure. Filner subsequently pleaded guilty to one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges, and was sentenced to house arrest and probation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "allegations of repeated sexual harassment"}], "question": "Why was Mayor Bob Filner asked to resign?", "id": "573028d9a23a5019007fcebb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many women claimed to be sexually harassed by Filner?", "id": "573028d9a23a5019007fcebc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "house arrest and probation"}], "question": "What was Filner's sentence?", "id": "573028d9a23a5019007fcebd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "August 19"}], "question": "When did a mediation process begin between Filner and a city representative?", "id": "573028d9a23a5019007fcebe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "six weeks"}], "question": "How long did Filner's trial last?", "id": "573028d9a23a5019007fcebf"}]}], ["Anggota dewan kota masing-masing dipilih dari satu daerah anggota di dalam kota. Peguam bandar dan bandar dipilih terus oleh pengundi seluruh bandar. Datuk Bandar, peguam bandar, dan ahli majlis dipilih untuk tempoh empat tahun, dengan batas dua jangka. Pilihan raya diadakan secara tidak berpihak bagi setiap undang-undang negeri California; Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan pemegang jawatan mengenal pasti diri mereka sebagai sama ada Demokrat atau Republikan. Pada tahun 2007, Demokrat berdaftar mengalahkan Republikan sekitar 7 hingga 6 di bandar raya, dan Demokrat pada masa ini (sehingga 2015 [kemas kini]) memegang majoriti 5-4 di majlis bandar. Datuk Bandar semasa, Kevin Faulconer, adalah seorang Republikan. <> Siapa yang mengundi di peguam bandar dan datuk bandar? || pengundi di seluruh bandar <> Berapa lamakah tempoh ahli majlis? || Istilah empat tahun, <> Adakah terdapat lebih banyak Demokrat atau Republikan pada tahun 2007? || Demokrat mengalahkan Republikan sekitar 7 hingga 6 <> Siapa Kevin Faulconer? || Datuk Bandar semasa <> Siapa yang memilih ahli majlis bandar? || daerah ahli tunggal di dalam bandar", {"context": "The members of the city council are each elected from single member districts within the city. The mayor and city attorney are elected directly by the voters of the entire city. The mayor, city attorney, and council members are elected to four-year terms, with a two-term limit. Elections are held on a non-partisan basis per California state law; nevertheless, most officeholders do identify themselves as either Democrats or Republicans. In 2007, registered Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6 in the city, and Democrats currently (as of 2015[update]) hold a 5-4 majority in the city council. The current mayor, Kevin Faulconer, is a Republican.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "voters of the entire city"}], "question": "Who votes in the city's attorney and mayor?", "id": "5730267504bcaa1900d77241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "four-year terms,"}], "question": "How long is the term for council members?", "id": "5730267504bcaa1900d77242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6"}], "question": "Were there more Democrats or Republicans in 2007?", "id": "5730267504bcaa1900d77243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "current mayor"}], "question": "Who is Kevin Faulconer?", "id": "5730267504bcaa1900d77244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "single member districts within the city"}], "question": "Who elects members of city council?", "id": "5730267504bcaa1900d77245"}]}], ["The San Diego Surf dari Persatuan Bola Keranjang Amerika terletak di bandar. Pertandingan Golf Terbuka Insurans Peladang tahunan (dahulu Buick Invitational) di PGA Tour berlaku di Padang Golf Torrey Pines. Kursus ini juga merupakan tapak Kejohanan Golf Terbuka A.S. 2008. Kelab San Diego Yacht menjadi tuan rumah perlumbaan kapal layar Piala Amerika sebanyak tiga kali dalam tempoh 1988 hingga 1995. Sukan pantai amatur Over-the-line telah dicipta di San Diego, dan kejohanan tahunan di seluruh dunia diadakan di Mission Bay setiap tahun. <> Kejohanan apa yang biasa dikenali sebagai Invitational Buick? || Insurans Peladang Terbuka <> Berapa kali perlumbaan yacht Piala Amerika yang dihoskan oleh Kelab San Diego Yacht dari 1988 hingga 1955? || tiga kali <> Apa sukan pantai diserang di San Diego? || Terlalu-line-line Apa acara berkaitan kapal layar yang diadakan setiap tahun di Mission Bay? || Kejohanan over-the-line <> Kursus golf apa yang menjadi tuan rumah Terbuka Insurans Peladang? || Padang Golf Torrey Pines", {"context": "The San Diego Surf of the American Basketball Association is located in the city. The annual Farmers Insurance Open golf tournament (formerly the Buick Invitational) on the PGA Tour occurs at Torrey Pines Golf Course. This course was also the site of the 2008 U.S. Open Golf Championship. The San Diego Yacht Club hosted the America's Cup yacht races three times during the period 1988 to 1995. The amateur beach sport Over-the-line was invented in San Diego, and the annual world Over-the-line championships are held at Mission Bay every year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Farmers Insurance Open"}], "question": "What tournament used to be known as the Buick Invitational?", "id": "573023d8b2c2fd140056893b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "three times"}], "question": "How many times were the America's Cup yacht races hosted by the San Diego Yacht Club from 1988 to 1955?", "id": "573023d8b2c2fd140056893c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Over-the-line"}], "question": "What beach sport was inveted in San Diego?", "id": "573023d8b2c2fd140056893d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Over-the-line championships"}], "question": "What yacht-related event is held annually in Mission Bay?", "id": "573023d8b2c2fd140056893e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Torrey Pines Golf Course"}], "question": "What golf course hosts the Farmers Insurance Open?", "id": "573023d8b2c2fd140056893f"}]}], ["Bandar ini ditadbir oleh seorang Datuk Bandar dan dewan bandar raya 9-ahli. Pada tahun 2006, bentuk kerajaan bandar berubah daripada kerajaan majlis-pengurus kepada kerajaan Datuk Bandar yang kuat. Perubahan itu dilakukan oleh undi seluruh bandar pada tahun 2004. Datuk Bandar berkuatkuasa sebagai ketua pegawai eksekutif bandar, manakala dewan adalah badan perundangan. City of San Diego bertanggungjawab untuk polis, keselamatan awam, jalan-jalan, perkhidmatan air dan pembetungan, perancangan dan zon, dan perkhidmatan serupa di dalam sempadannya. San Diego adalah kota perlindungan, namun, San Diego County adalah peserta program Secure Communities. Sehingga 2011 [kemas kini], bandar ini mempunyai satu pekerja untuk setiap 137 penduduk, dengan gaji lebih daripada $ 733 juta. <> Berapa ramai kakitangan di San Diego untuk setiap 137 penduduk? || satu <> Pada tahun berapakah undi bandar berubah menjadi kerajaan pusat yang kuat? || 2004 <> Walaupun menjadi bandar kudus, apa program yang diikuti oleh daerah San Diego? || Program Komuniti Selamat <> Berapakah bilangan ahli di majlis bandar? || 9 <> Apa gaji daerah? || lebih besar daripada $ 733 juta.", {"context": "The city is governed by a mayor and a 9-member city council. In 2006, the city's form of government changed from a council\u2013manager government to a strong mayor government. The change was brought about by a citywide vote in 2004. The mayor is in effect the chief executive officer of the city, while the council is the legislative body. The City of San Diego is responsible for police, public safety, streets, water and sewer service, planning and zoning, and similar services within its borders. San Diego is a sanctuary city, however, San Diego County is a participant of the Secure Communities program. As of 2011[update], the city had one employee for every 137 residents, with a payroll greater than $733 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many employees are there in San Diego for every 137 residents?", "id": "5730256db2c2fd1400568964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year did the city vote to change to a strong mayor government?", "id": "5730256db2c2fd1400568963"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Secure Communities program"}], "question": "Despite being a sanctuary city, what program does San Diego county participate in?", "id": "5730256db2c2fd1400568966"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "9"}], "question": "What is the number of members on the city's council?", "id": "5730256db2c2fd1400568965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "greater than $733 million."}], "question": "What is the county's payroll?", "id": "5730256db2c2fd1400568967"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2005, dua ahli majlis bandar raya, Ralph Inzunza dan Timbalan Datuk Bandar Michael Zucchet - yang secara ringkas mengambil alih sebagai walikota bertindak ketika Murphy meletak jawatan - telah disabitkan dengan penipuan, penipuan wayar, dan konspirasi untuk melakukan penipuan wayar untuk mengambil sumbangan kempen dari pemilik kelab jalur dan rekan-rekannya, didakwa sebagai pertukaran untuk cuba memansuhkan \"undang-undang tidak ada\" bandar di kelab jalur. Kedua-duanya kemudian meletak jawatan. Inzunza dijatuhi hukuman penjara 21 bulan. Pada tahun 2009, seorang hakim melepaskan Zucchet pada tujuh dari sembilan pertuduhan terhadapnya, dan memberikan petisyennya untuk perbicaraan baru atas dua pertuduhan lain; tuduhan baki akhirnya jatuh. <> Apakah dua anggota dewan bandar telah disabitkan dengan pemerasan pada tahun 2005? || Ralph Inzunza dan Timbalan Datuk Bandar Michael Zucchet <> Apa undang-undang berkaitan kelab jalur adalah ahli majlis yang cuba memansuhkan? || tiada sentuhan <> Pada tahun apakah tujuh daripada sembilan tuduhan Zucchet dibebaskan? || 2009 <> Berapa lama hukuman penjara Inzunza? || 21 bulan <> Siapa yang membuat Inzunza dan Zucche menerima wang? || pemilik kelab jalur dan rakan-rakannya", {"context": "In 2005 two city council members, Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet \u2013 who briefly took over as acting mayor when Murphy resigned \u2013 were convicted of extortion, wire fraud, and conspiracy to commit wire fraud for taking campaign contributions from a strip club owner and his associates, allegedly in exchange for trying to repeal the city's \"no touch\" laws at strip clubs. Both subsequently resigned. Inzunza was sentenced to 21 months in prison. In 2009, a judge acquitted Zucchet on seven out of the nine counts against him, and granted his petition for a new trial on the other two charges; the remaining charges were eventually dropped.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet"}], "question": "What two members of city council were convicted of extortion in 2005?", "id": "573027d5947a6a140053d1be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "no touch"}], "question": "What strip club-related law were the council members trying to repeal?", "id": "573027d5947a6a140053d1bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year were Zucchet's seven out of nine counts acquitted?", "id": "573027d5947a6a140053d1c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "21 months"}], "question": "How long was Inzunza's  prison sentence?", "id": "573027d5947a6a140053d1c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "a strip club owner and his associates"}], "question": "Who did Inzunza and Zucche accept money from?", "id": "573027d5947a6a140053d1c2"}]}], ["San Diego telah disenaraikan sebagai bandar paling kuat ke-20 di Amerika pada tahun 2013 oleh Business Insider. Menurut majalah Forbes, San Diego adalah bandar kesembilan paling selamat di senarai 10 bandar paling selamat di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2010. Seperti kebanyakan bandar utama, San Diego mengalami penurunan kadar jenayah dari tahun 1990 hingga 2000. Kejahatan di San Diego meningkat awal tahun 2000an. Pada tahun 2004, San Diego mempunyai kadar jenayah keenam paling rendah di mana-mana bandar A.S. dengan lebih setengah juta penduduk. Dari tahun 2002 hingga 2006, kadar jenayah keseluruhan menurun 0.8%, walaupun tidak mengikut kategori. Walaupun jenayah ganas menurun 12.4% dalam tempoh ini, jenayah harta tanah meningkat 1.1%. Jumlah jenayah harta benda bagi setiap 100,000 orang lebih rendah daripada purata kebangsaan pada tahun 2008. <> Apa yang berlaku dengan kadar jenayah di San Diego antara 1990 dan 2000? || San Diego mengalami kadar jenayah yang menurun dari tahun 1990 hingga 2000 <> Apa perniagaan Insider memanggil San Diego pada tahun 2013? || Kota paling kuat ke-20 di Amerika <> Di mana tempat Forbes pangkat San Diego pada senarai teratasnya? || kesembilan <> Sebanyak peratus kadar jenayah di San Diego menurun dari tahun 2002 hingga 2006? || 0.8% <> Apa jenis jenayah meningkat antara 2002 dan 2006? || jenayah harta benda", {"context": "San Diego was ranked as the 20th-safest city in America in 2013 by Business Insider. According to Forbes magazine, San Diego was the ninth-safest city in the top 10 list of safest cities in the U.S. in 2010. Like most major cities, San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000. Crime in San Diego increased in the early 2000s. In 2004, San Diego had the sixth lowest crime rate of any U.S. city with over half a million residents. From 2002 to 2006, the crime rate overall dropped 0.8%, though not evenly by category. While violent crime decreased 12.4% during this period, property crime increased 1.1%. Total property crimes per 100,000 people were lower than the national average in 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000"}], "question": "What happened to the crime rate in San Diego between 1990 and 2000?", "id": "57302a3d947a6a140053d202"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "20th-safest city in America"}], "question": "What did Business Insider call San Diego in 2013?", "id": "57302a3d947a6a140053d203"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "ninth"}], "question": "In what place did Forbes rank San Diego on it's top 10 list?", "id": "57302a3d947a6a140053d204"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "0.8%"}], "question": "What percentage did the crime rate in San Diego drop from 2002 to 2006?", "id": "57302a3d947a6a140053d205"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "property crime"}], "question": "What type of crime increased between 2002 and 2006?", "id": "57302a3d947a6a140053d206"}]}], ["Stesyen televisyen pertama di San Diego adalah KFMB, yang mula disiarkan pada 16 Mei 1949. Sejak Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Persekutuan (FCC) melesenkan tujuh stesen televisyen di Los Angeles, dua saluran VHF tersedia untuk San Diego kerana berdekatan dengan bandar besar . Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1952, FCC memulakan pelesenan saluran UHF, menjadikan bandar-bandar seperti San Diego memperoleh lebih banyak stesen. Stesen-stesen yang berpangkalan di Mexico (dengan awalan ITU XE dan XH) turut melayani pasaran San Diego. Stesen televisyen hari ini termasuk XHTJB 3 (Sebelah TV), XETV 6 (CW), KFMB 8 (CBS), KGTV 10 (ABC), XEWT 12 (Televisa Serantau), KPBS 15 (PBS), KBNT- XHTIT-TDT 21 (Azteca 7), XHJK-TDT 27 (Azteca 13), XHAS 33 (Telemundo), K35DG-D 35 (UCSD-TV), KDTF-LD 51 (Telefutura) LP 41 (Azteca America), KSEX-CD 42 (Infomersial), XHBJ-TDT 45 (Gala TV), XHDTV 49 (MNTV), KUSI 51 TV 69 (Fox). San Diego mempunyai kadar penembusan kabel 80.6 peratus. <> Stesen televisyen mana yang mula disiarkan pada 16 Mei 1949? || KFMB <> Apakah kadar penembusan kabel San Diego? || 80.6 peratus <> Mengapa San Diego layak mendapat dua saluran VHF? || kerana berdekatannya dengan bandar yang lebih besar <> Pada tahun apakah saluran UHF yang sedang dilesenkan oleh FCC? || 1952 <> Apa stesen bebas di San Diego? || KUSI 51", {"context": "San Diego's first television station was KFMB, which began broadcasting on May 16, 1949. Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensed seven television stations in Los Angeles, two VHF channels were available for San Diego because of its relative proximity to the larger city. In 1952, however, the FCC began licensing UHF channels, making it possible for cities such as San Diego to acquire more stations. Stations based in Mexico (with ITU prefixes of XE and XH) also serve the San Diego market. Television stations today include XHTJB 3 (Once TV), XETV 6 (CW), KFMB 8 (CBS), KGTV 10 (ABC), XEWT 12 (Televisa Regional), KPBS 15 (PBS), KBNT-CD 17 (Univision), XHTIT-TDT 21 (Azteca 7), XHJK-TDT 27 (Azteca 13), XHAS 33 (Telemundo), K35DG-D 35 (UCSD-TV), KDTF-LD 51 (Telefutura), KNSD 39 (NBC), KZSD-LP 41 (Azteca America), KSEX-CD 42 (Infomercials), XHBJ-TDT 45 (Gala TV), XHDTV 49 (MNTV), KUSI 51 (Independent), XHUAA-TDT 57 (Canal de las Estrellas), and KSWB-TV 69 (Fox). San Diego has an 80.6 percent cable penetration rate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "KFMB"}], "question": "Which television station began broadcasting  on May 16, 1949?", "id": "57302da4a23a5019007fcf0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1004, "text": "80.6 percent"}], "question": "What is San Diego's cable penetration rate?", "id": "57302da4a23a5019007fcf10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "because of its relative proximity to the larger city"}], "question": "Why was San Diego eligible for two VHF channels?", "id": "57302da4a23a5019007fcf11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "1952"}], "question": "In what year did UHF channels beging being licensed by the FCC?", "id": "57302da4a23a5019007fcf12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 903, "text": "KUSI 51"}], "question": "What independent station is in San Diego?", "id": "57302da4a23a5019007fcf13"}]}], ["Banyak muzium popular, seperti Muzium Seni San Diego, Muzium Sejarah Alam San Diego, Muzium Manusia San Diego, Muzium Seni Fotografi dan Muzium Udara & Angkasa San Diego terletak di Balboa Park, yang juga lokasi Zoo San Diego. Muzium Seni Kontemporari San Diego (MCASD) terletak di La Jolla dan mempunyai cawangan yang terletak di pusat bandar Santa Fe Depot. Cawangan pusat bandar terdiri daripada dua bangunan di dua jalan bertentangan. Pusat kota di Columbia adalah rumah pameran kapal bersejarah yang dimiliki oleh Muzium Maritim San Diego, yang dipimpin oleh Star of India, serta Muzium Pengangkut Pesawat Udara San Diego yang tidak mempunyai pesawat carrier USS Midway. <> Apa muzium mempunyai cawangan di Santa Fe Depot? || Muzium Seni Kontemporari San Diego (MCASD) <> Dalam apa daerah boleh pameran kapal bersejarah boleh didapati? || Columbia district downtown <> Di manakah seseorang boleh mencari Zoo San Diego? || Balboa Park <> Muzium mana yang menempatkan pembawa pesawat USS Midway? || Muzium Pengangkut Pesawat Udara San Diego <> Apa muzium yang difokuskan ruang di Balboa Park? || Muzium Udara & Angkasa San Diego", {"context": "Many popular museums, such as the San Diego Museum of Art, the San Diego Natural History Museum, the San Diego Museum of Man, the Museum of Photographic Arts, and the San Diego Air & Space Museum are located in Balboa Park, which is also the location of the San Diego Zoo. The Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (MCASD) is located in La Jolla and has a branch located at the Santa Fe Depot downtown. The downtown branch consists of two building on two opposite streets. The Columbia district downtown is home to historic ship exhibits belonging to the San Diego Maritime Museum, headlined by the Star of India, as well as the unrelated San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum featuring the USS Midway aircraft carrier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (MCASD)"}], "question": "What museum has a branch at the Santa Fe Depot?", "id": "573021e1947a6a140053d160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Columbia district downtown"}], "question": "In what district can historic ship exhibits be found?", "id": "573021e1947a6a140053d161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Balboa Park"}], "question": "Where can one find the San Diego Zoo?", "id": "573021e1947a6a140053d162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum"}], "question": "Which museum houses the USS Midway aircraft carrier?", "id": "573021e1947a6a140053d163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "San Diego Air & Space Museum"}], "question": "What space-focused museum is in Balboa Park?", "id": "573021e1947a6a140053d164"}]}], ["Kehadiran University of California, San Diego dan institusi penyelidikan lain telah membantu meningkatkan pertumbuhan bioteknologi. Pada tahun 2013, San Diego mempunyai kluster biotek kedua terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, di bawah kawasan Boston dan di atas Kawasan Teluk San Francisco. Terdapat lebih daripada 400 syarikat bioteknologi di kawasan tersebut. Khususnya, La Jolla dan kawasan Sorrento Valley yang berdekatan adalah rumah bagi kemudahan pejabat dan penyelidikan bagi banyak syarikat bioteknologi. Syarikat-syarikat bioteknologi utama seperti Illumina dan Neurocrine Biosciences berkantor pusat di San Diego, sementara banyak syarikat biotek dan farmaseutikal mempunyai pejabat atau kemudahan penyelidikan di San Diego. San Diego juga mempunyai lebih daripada 140 organisasi penyelidikan kontrak (CRO) yang menyediakan pelbagai perkhidmatan kontrak untuk syarikat farmaseutikal dan bioteknologi. <> Institusi apa yang telah menyumbang kepada pertumbuhan bioteknologi bahan bakar? || University of California <> Apa bandar San Diego datang ke dalam kedua dalam industri biotek? || Boston <> Berapa banyak organisasi penyelidikan kontrak di San Diego? || 140 <> Apa dua bidang mempunyai banyak kemudahan penyelidikan dan pejabat untuk syarikat biotek? || La Jolla dan Sorrento Valley yang berdekatan <> Apa dua syarikat biotek utama yang beribu pejabat di San Diego? || Illumina dan Neurocrine Biosciences", {"context": "The presence of the University of California, San Diego and other research institutions has helped to fuel biotechnology growth. In 2013, San Diego has the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area. There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area. In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies. Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations (CROs) that provide a variety of contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "University of California"}], "question": "What institution has contributed to the growth of fuel biotechnology?", "id": "573020aeb2c2fd14005688ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "What city does San Diego come in second to in the biotech industry?", "id": "573020aeb2c2fd14005688ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "140"}], "question": "How many contract research organizations are in San Diego?", "id": "573020aeb2c2fd14005688ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley"}], "question": "What two areas have the numerous research facilities and offices for biotech companies?", "id": "573020aeb2c2fd14005688f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences"}], "question": "What two major biotech companies are headquartered in San Diego?", "id": "573020aeb2c2fd14005688f1"}]}], ["Symphony San Diego di Symphony Towers melakukan secara teratur dan diarahkan oleh Jahja Ling. Opera San Diego di Civic Center Plaza, yang diarahkan oleh Ian Campbell, disenaraikan oleh Opera America sebagai salah satu daripada 10 syarikat opera terkemuka di Amerika Syarikat. Teater Old Globe di Balboa Park menghasilkan kira-kira 15 lakon dan muzikal setiap tahun. The La Jolla Playhouse di UCSD diarahkan oleh Christopher Ashley. Kedua-dua Old Globe Theatre dan La Jolla Playhouse telah menghasilkan perdana dunia drama dan muzikal yang telah pergi untuk memenangi Anugerah Tony atau pencalonan di Broadway. The Joan B. Kroc Theatre di Pusat Seni Persembahan Kroc Center adalah teater terkini yang mempunyai tarian, tarian, dan teater yang mempunyai 600 tempat duduk. The Teater Repertory San Diego di Teater Lyceum di Horton Plaza menghasilkan pelbagai drama dan muzikal. Beratus-ratus filem dan sedozen rancangan TV telah difilemkan di San Diego, satu tradisi yang kembali sejauh 1898. <> Siapa pengarah Symphony San Diego? || Jahja Ling <> Di mana seseorang boleh menikmati persembahan yang diarahkan oleh Christopher Ashley? || La Playhouse La Jolla di UCSD <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Opera America Opera San Diego di Civic Center Plaza? || salah satu daripada 10 syarikat opera teratas di Amerika Syarikat <> Teater mana yang dikenali untuk menganjurkan pelbagai muzikal dan drama? || San Diego Repertory Theatre di The Lyceum Theatres <> Berapa jauh kembali ke akar San Diego dalam bidang seni dan teater? || 1898", {"context": "The San Diego Symphony at Symphony Towers performs on a regular basis and is directed by Jahja Ling. The San Diego Opera at Civic Center Plaza, directed by Ian Campbell, was ranked by Opera America as one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States. Old Globe Theatre at Balboa Park produces about 15 plays and musicals annually. The La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD is directed by Christopher Ashley. Both the Old Globe Theatre and the La Jolla Playhouse have produced the world premieres of plays and musicals that have gone on to win Tony Awards or nominations on Broadway. The Joan B. Kroc Theatre at Kroc Center's Performing Arts Center is a 600-seat state-of-the-art theatre that hosts music, dance, and theatre performances. The San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres in Horton Plaza produces a variety of plays and musicals. Hundreds of movies and a dozen TV shows have been filmed in San Diego, a tradition going back as far as 1898.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Jahja Ling"}], "question": "Who is the director of the San Diego Symphony? ", "id": "573022f604bcaa1900d7720b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD"}], "question": "Where can one enjoy a performance directed by Christopher Ashley?", "id": "573022f604bcaa1900d7720c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States"}], "question": "What did Opera America call the San Diego Opera at the Civic Center Plaza?", "id": "573022f604bcaa1900d7720f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres"}], "question": "Which theater is known for hosting a variety of musicals and plays?", "id": "573022f604bcaa1900d7720d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 950, "text": "1898"}], "question": "How far back to San Diego's roots in the arts and theater sector go?", "id": "573022f604bcaa1900d7720e"}]}], ["Jalan raya negeri utama termasuk SR 94, yang menghubungkan pusat bandar dengan I-805, I-15 dan County Timur; SR 163, yang menghubungkan pusat bandar dengan bahagian timur laut bandaraya, memotong I-805 dan bergabung dengan I-15 di Miramar; SR 52, yang menghubungkan La Jolla dengan County Timur melalui Santee dan SR 125; SR 56, yang menghubungkan I-5 dengan I-15 melalui Carmel Valley dan Rancho Pe\u00f1asquitos; SR 75, yang meliputi San Diego Bay sebagai Jambatan San Diego-Coronado, dan juga melalui San Diego Selatan sebagai Palm Avenue; dan SR 905, yang menghubungkan I-5 dan I-805 ke Pelabuhan Otay Mesa. <> Lebuh raya apa yang menghubungkan I-805 dengan kawasan pusat bandar? || SR 94 <> Di mana SR 94 bergabung dengan I-15? || di Miramar <> Di manakah aliran SR 75 terutamanya melalui? || San Diego Bay", {"context": "Major state highways include SR 94, which connects downtown with I-805, I-15 and East County; SR 163, which connects downtown with the northeast part of the city, intersects I-805 and merges with I-15 at Miramar; SR 52, which connects La Jolla with East County through Santee and SR 125; SR 56, which connects I-5 with I-15 through Carmel Valley and Rancho Pe\u00f1asquitos; SR 75, which spans San Diego Bay as the San Diego-Coronado Bridge, and also passes through South San Diego as Palm Avenue; and SR 905, which connects I-5 and I-805 to the Otay Mesa Port of Entry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "SR 94"}], "question": "What highway connects the I-805 with the downtown area?", "id": "57303222947a6a140053d272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "at Miramar"}], "question": "Where does SR 94 merge with I-15?", "id": "57303222947a6a140053d273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "San Diego Bay"}], "question": "Where does SR 75 flow primarily through?", "id": "57303222947a6a140053d274"}]}], ["Dengan kereta menjadi alat pengangkutan utama untuk lebih dari 80 peratus penduduknya, San Diego dilayan dengan rangkaian jalan raya dan lebuh raya. Ini termasuk Interstate 5, yang mengarah ke selatan ke Tijuana dan utara ke Los Angeles; Interstate 8, yang berjalan ke timur ke Imperial County dan Koridor Matahari Arizona; Interstate 15, yang terletak di timur laut melalui Empire Inland ke Las Vegas dan Salt Lake City; dan Interstate 805, yang berpisah dari I-5 berhampiran sempadan Mexico dan menyertai I-5 di Lembah Sorrento. <> Apa antara laluan utama yang beroperasi dari Tijuana ke Los Angeles? || Interstate 8 <> Di manakah Interstate 805 berpisah dari I-5? || berhampiran sempadan Mexico <> Yang antara negeri terus menghubungkan timur dengan Arizona Sun Corridor dan Imperial County? || Interstate 8 <> Apa dua bandar utama yang disambungkan ke Inland Empire melalui Interstate 15? || Las Vegas dan Salt Lake City <> Berapa peratus penduduk di San Diego bergantung pada kereta ini sebagai sumber utama pengangkutan? || lebih 80 peratus", {"context": "With the automobile being the primary means of transportation for over 80 percent of its residents, San Diego is served by a network of freeways and highways. This includes Interstate 5, which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles; Interstate 8, which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor; Interstate 15, which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City; and Interstate 805, which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at Sorrento Valley.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Interstate 8"}], "question": "What major interstate runs from Tijuana to Los Angeles?", "id": "5730314e04bcaa1900d77329"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "near the Mexican border"}], "question": "Where does Interstate 805 split from I-5?", "id": "5730314e04bcaa1900d7732a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Interstate 8"}], "question": "Which interstate directly connects the east with the Arizona Sun Corridor and Imperial County?", "id": "5730314e04bcaa1900d7732b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Las Vegas and Salt Lake City"}], "question": "What two major cities are Inland Empire connected to via Interstate 15?", "id": "5730314e04bcaa1900d7732c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "over 80 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of San Diego's residents rely on theri automobile as a primary source of transportation?", "id": "5730314e04bcaa1900d7732d"}]}], ["Stesen radio di San Diego termasuk penyiar di seluruh negara, Clear Channel Communications; Radio CBS, Televisyen Midwest, Media Kewangan Lincoln, Penyiaran Bandar Terbaik, dan banyak stesen dan rangkaian lain yang lebih kecil. Stesen termasuk: KOGO AM 600, KFMB AM 760, KCEO AM 1000, KCBQ AM 1170, K-Praise, KLSD AM 1360 Air America, KFSD 1450 AM, KPBS-FM 89.5, Channel 933, Star 94.1, FM 94/9, FM Berita dan Talk 95.7, Q96 96.1, KyXy 96.5, Radio Percuma San Diego 96.9FM FRSD, KSON 97.3 / 92.1, KXSN 98.1, Jack-FM 100.7, 101.5 KGB-FM, KLVJ 102.1, dan stesen Radio Pirate yang lain pada 106.9FM, serta beberapa stesen radio bahasa Sepanyol tempatan. <> Apa lagi nama Radio Percuma San Diego yang dikenali? || Radio Pirate San Diego <> Selain Radio Percuma San Diego, apa lagi stesen lanun lain di San Diego? || 106.9FM <> Apakah penyiar terbesar di seluruh negara di San Diego? || Jelas Komunikasi Saluran <> Bahasa yang manakah terdapat beberapa stesen radio tempatan? || Bahasa Sepanyol <> Apakah tetapan tepat untuk FM News & Talk? || 95.7", {"context": "The radio stations in San Diego include nationwide broadcaster, Clear Channel Communications; CBS Radio, Midwest Television, Lincoln Financial Media, Finest City Broadcasting, and many other smaller stations and networks. Stations include: KOGO AM 600, KFMB AM 760, KCEO AM 1000, KCBQ AM 1170, K-Praise, KLSD AM 1360 Air America, KFSD 1450 AM, KPBS-FM 89.5, Channel 933, Star 94.1, FM 94/9, FM News and Talk 95.7, Q96 96.1, KyXy 96.5, Free Radio San Diego (AKA Pirate Radio San Diego) 96.9FM FRSD, KSON 97.3/92.1, KXSN 98.1, Jack-FM 100.7, 101.5 KGB-FM, KLVJ 102.1, Rock 105.3, and another Pirate Radio station at 106.9FM, as well as a number of local Spanish-language radio stations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Pirate Radio San Diego"}], "question": "What is another name Free Radio San Diego is known by?", "id": "57303032a23a5019007fcf2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "106.9FM"}], "question": "In addition to Free Radio San Diego, what other pirate station is in San Diego?", "id": "57303032a23a5019007fcf2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Clear Channel Communications"}], "question": "What is the largest nationwide broadcaster in San Diego?", "id": "57303032a23a5019007fcf2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "Which language are some local radio stations available in?", "id": "57303032a23a5019007fcf2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "95.7"}], "question": "What is the exact setting for FM News & Talk?", "id": "57303032a23a5019007fcf2f"}]}], ["Sistem jalan raya San Diego menyediakan rangkaian laluan yang luas untuk perjalanan dengan basikal. Suasana kering dan ringan San Diego menjadikan berbasikal pilihan sepanjang tahun yang mudah dan menyenangkan. Pada masa yang sama, kawasan pergunungan seperti bukit di bandar dan jarak perjalanan rata-rata yang jauh-dibawa oleh undang-undang zon berkepadatan rendah yang ketat-agak menyekat berbasikal untuk kegunaan utilitarian. Kawasan kejiranan yang lebih tua dan padat di sekitar pusat bandar cenderung berorientasikan berbasikal. Ini sebahagiannya kerana corak jalan grid kini tidak hadir dalam perkembangan baru jauh dari teras bandar, di mana jalan arus gaya pinggir bandar lebih biasa. Akibatnya, kebanyakan aktiviti berkaitan berbasikal adalah rekreasi. Perjanjian usaha berbasikal San Diego, pada tahun 2006, San Diego dinilai sebagai bandar terbaik untuk berbasikal untuk bandar-bandar A.S. dengan populasi lebih daripada 1 juta. <> Pada tahun apakah San Diego dinilai sebagai bandar yang paling padat penduduknya untuk berbasikal? || 2006 <> Mengapa kejiranan yang lebih tua di San Diego popular dengan penunggang basikal? || corak jalan grid <> Apa yang menjadikan San Diego bandar ideal untuk berulang melalui basikal? || iklim kering dan sederhana <> Mengapa perjalanan jarak purata begitu panjang di San Diego? || kawasan berbukit di bandar itu, seperti canyon", {"context": "San Diego's roadway system provides an extensive network of routes for travel by bicycle. The dry and mild climate of San Diego makes cycling a convenient and pleasant year-round option. At the same time, the city's hilly, canyon-like terrain and significantly long average trip distances\u2014brought about by strict low-density zoning laws\u2014somewhat restrict cycling for utilitarian purposes. Older and denser neighborhoods around the downtown tend to be utility cycling oriented. This is partly because of the grid street patterns now absent in newer developments farther from the urban core, where suburban style arterial roads are much more common. As a result, a vast majority of cycling-related activities are recreational. Testament to San Diego's cycling efforts, in 2006, San Diego was rated as the best city for cycling for U.S. cities with a population over 1 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year was San Diego rated as the country's best densely populated city for cycling?", "id": "5730338eb2c2fd1400568a61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "the grid street patterns"}], "question": "Why are older neighborhoods in San Diego popular with cyclists?", "id": "5730338eb2c2fd1400568a62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "dry and mild climate"}], "question": "What makes San Diego the ideal city to commute via bike?", "id": "5730338eb2c2fd1400568a63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "the city's hilly, canyon-like terrain"}], "question": "Why are average trip distances so lengthy in San Diego?", "id": "5730338eb2c2fd1400568a64"}]}], ["San Diego diselenggarakan oleh sistem kereta ringan San Diego Trolley, oleh sistem bas SDMTS, dan kereta api komuter Coaster dan Amtrak Pacific Surfliner; daerah utara San Diego juga disampaikan oleh jalur kereta ringan Sprinter. Trolley terutamanya menyediakan pusat bandar dan komuniti bandar sekitar, Mission Valley, daerah timur, dan pantai barat pantai. Pelan Lelong Pantai Tengah yang dirancang akan beroperasi dari Old Town ke University City dan University of California, San Diego di sepanjang Lebuh Raya I-5, dengan operasi yang dirancang menjelang 2018. Amtrak dan Coaster yang sedang berjalan di sepanjang pantai dan menghubungkan San Diego dengan Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, dan Ventura melalui Metrolink dan Pacific Surfliner. Terdapat dua stesen Amtrak di San Diego, di Old Town dan Santa Fe Depot di pusat bandar. Maklumat transit San Diego tentang pengangkutan awam dan perjalanan boleh didapati di Web dan dengan mendail \"511\" dari mana-mana telefon di kawasan tersebut. <> Kawasan-kawasan San Diego yang terutamanya dihidangkan oleh troli? || pusat bandar dan komuniti bandar sekitar <> Apa pengangkutan awam dalam kerja-kerja yang akan disiapkan pada 2018? || Pelan Lembangan Pantai yang terancang di Troli <> Berapa banyak stesen Amtrak di San Diego? || dua <> nombor apa yang boleh anda dail dari mana-mana telefon untuk maklumat pengangkutan awam di San Diego? || 511 <> Di mana Amtrak dan Coaster melatih terutamanya? || sepanjang pantai", {"context": "San Diego is served by the San Diego Trolley light rail system, by the SDMTS bus system, and by Coaster and Amtrak Pacific Surfliner commuter rail; northern San Diego county is also served by the Sprinter light rail line. The Trolley primarily serves downtown and surrounding urban communities, Mission Valley, east county, and coastal south bay. A planned Mid-Coast extension of the Trolley will operate from Old Town to University City and the University of California, San Diego along the I-5 Freeway, with planned operation by 2018. The Amtrak and Coaster trains currently run along the coastline and connect San Diego with Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura via Metrolink and the Pacific Surfliner. There are two Amtrak stations in San Diego, in Old Town and the Santa Fe Depot downtown. San Diego transit information about public transportation and commuting is available on the Web and by dialing \"511\" from any phone in the area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "downtown and surrounding urban communities"}], "question": "What areas of San Diego are primarily served by the trolley?", "id": "5730349204bcaa1900d7736b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "A planned Mid-Coast extension of the Trolley"}], "question": "What public transportation is in the works to be completed by 2018?", "id": "5730349204bcaa1900d7736c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many Amtrak stations are in San Diego?", "id": "5730349204bcaa1900d7736d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 937, "text": "511"}], "question": "What number can you dial from any phone for public transportation information in San Diego?", "id": "5730349204bcaa1900d7736e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "along the coastline"}], "question": "Where do the Amtrak and Coaster trains primarily run?", "id": "5730349204bcaa1900d7736f"}]}], ["Lapangan terbang komersial utama di bandar ini ialah Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa San Diego (SAN), juga dikenali sebagai Lindbergh Field. Ia adalah lapangan terbang single-runway paling sibuk di Amerika Syarikat. Ia berkhidmat lebih 17 juta penumpang pada tahun 2005, dan berhadapan dengan jumlah yang semakin besar setiap tahun. Ia terletak di San Diego Bay tiga batu (4.8 km) dari pusat bandar. Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa San Diego mengekalkan penerbangan berjadual ke seluruh Amerika Syarikat termasuk Hawaii, serta ke Mexico, Kanada, Jepun, dan United Kingdom. Ia dikendalikan oleh agensi bebas, Pihak Berkuasa Lapangan Terbang Wilayah San Diego. Di samping itu, bandar itu sendiri mengendalikan dua lapangan terbang umum, Montgomery Field (MYF) dan Brown Field (SDM). Menjelang 2015, Terminal Tebing Lebuhraya Tijuana di Otay Mesa akan memberi laluan terus ke Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Tijuana, dengan penumpang berjalan di sempadan A.S.-Mexico di jambatan kaki untuk menangkap penerbangan mereka di sebelah Mexico. <> Apakah nama Lindbergh yang lebih popular? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa San Diego (SAN) <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang pernah berkhidmat di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa San Diego pada tahun 2005? || 17 juta <> Apa tujuan Terminal Tepi Luar Tijuana? || memberikan akses langsung ke Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Tijuana <> Agensi bebas apa yang beroperasi Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa San Diego? || Pihak Berkuasa Lapangan Terbang Wilayah San Diego <> Apa dua lapangan terbang penerbangan umum yang dikendalikan oleh Pihak Berkuasa Lapangan Terbang Wilayah San Diego? || Montgomery Field (MYF) dan Brown Field (SDM)", {"context": "The city's primary commercial airport is the San Diego International Airport (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field. It is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States. It served over 17 million passengers in 2005, and is dealing with an increasingly larger number every year. It is located on San Diego Bay three miles (4.8 km) from downtown. San Diego International Airport maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States including Hawaii, as well as to Mexico, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. In addition, the city itself operates two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM). By 2015, the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal in Otay Mesa will give direct access to Tijuana International Airport, with passengers walking across the U.S.\u2013Mexico border on a footbridge to catch their flight on the Mexican side.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "San Diego International Airport (SAN)"}], "question": "What is the more popular name of Lindbergh Field?", "id": "573035c8b2c2fd1400568a7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "17 million"}], "question": "How many passengers did San Diego Internatonal Airport serve in 2005?", "id": "573035c8b2c2fd1400568a7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "give direct access to Tijuana International Airport"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal?", "id": "573035c8b2c2fd1400568a7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "San Diego Regional Airport Authority"}], "question": "What independent agency operates San Diego International Airport?", "id": "573035c8b2c2fd1400568a7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM)"}], "question": "What two general aviation airports are operated by the San Diego Regional Airport Authority?", "id": "573035c8b2c2fd1400568a7f"}]}], ["Banyak projek pengangkutan serantau telah berlaku dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan untuk mengurangkan kesesakan di San Diego. Upaya yang ketara adalah peningkatan jalan raya San Diego, pengembangan Lapangan Terbang San Diego, dan menggandakan kapasiti terminal kapal pesiar di pelabuhan. Projek-projek Freeway termasuk pengembangan Interstates 5 dan 805 sekitar \"The Merge\", tempat jam sibuk di mana kedua-dua jalan raya bertemu. Juga, pengembangan Interstate 15 melalui North County sedang dijalankan dengan penambahan lorong-lorong terurus \"HOV\". Terdapat jalan tol (Lebuhraya Selatan Bay) yang menghubungkan SR 54 dan Otay Mesa, berhampiran sempadan Mexico. Mengikut penilaian 2007, 37 peratus jalan di San Diego berada dalam keadaan memandu yang boleh diterima. Anggaran yang dicadangkan jatuh $ 84.6 juta yang pendek membawa jalan-jalan di bandar itu ke tahap yang dapat diterima. Ekspansi pelabuhan termasuk terminal pelayaran kedua di Broadway Pier yang dibuka pada tahun 2010. Projek-projek lapangan terbang termasuk pengembangan Terminal 2, sedang dalam pembinaan dan dijangka siap pada musim panas 2013. <> Apa nama yang diberikan kepada tempat yang sangat sesak di mana Interstates 5 dan 805 bertemu? || The Merge <> Apa tollway menghubungkan Otay Mesa dengan SR 54? || Lebuhraya South Bay <> Terminal mana yang diperluas di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa San Diego pada tahun 2013? || Terminal 2 <> Apakah jenis lorong khusus yang ditambahkan ke Interstate 15? || kenderaan \"high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV)\" yang dikendalikan \"<> Pada 2007, berapa peratus jalan di San Diego dianggap diterima? || 37 peratus", {"context": "Numerous regional transportation projects have occurred in recent years to mitigate congestion in San Diego. Notable efforts are improvements to San Diego freeways, expansion of San Diego Airport, and doubling the capacity of the cruise ship terminal of the port. Freeway projects included expansion of Interstates 5 and 805 around \"The Merge,\" a rush-hour spot where the two freeways meet. Also, an expansion of Interstate 15 through the North County is underway with the addition of high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\". There is a tollway (The South Bay Expressway) connecting SR 54 and Otay Mesa, near the Mexican border. According to a 2007 assessment, 37 percent of streets in San Diego were in acceptable driving condition. The proposed budget fell $84.6 million short of bringing the city's streets to an acceptable level. Port expansions included a second cruise terminal on Broadway Pier which opened in 2010. Airport projects include expansion of Terminal 2, currently under construction and slated for completion in summer 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "The Merge"}], "question": "What is the name given to the highly congested spot where Interstates 5 and 805 meet?", "id": "573036ea947a6a140053d2bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "The South Bay Expressway"}], "question": "What tollway connects Otay Mesa with SR 54?", "id": "573036ea947a6a140053d2bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "Terminal 2"}], "question": "Which terminal was expanded in the San Diego International Airport in 2013?", "id": "573036ea947a6a140053d2be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\""}], "question": "What type of special lanes were added to Interstate 15?", "id": "573036ea947a6a140053d2bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "37 percent"}], "question": "In 2007, what percentage of the roads in San Diego were considered acceptable?", "id": "573036ea947a6a140053d2c0"}]}], ["Disebabkan nisbah stesen berlesen AS dan Mexico, San Diego adalah pasaran media terbesar di Amerika Syarikat yang secara sah tidak dapat menyokong duopoli stesen televisyen di antara dua stesen kuasa penuh di bawah peraturan FCC, yang menolak duopolies di kawasan metropolitan dengan kurang daripada sembilan stesen televisyen kuasa penuh dan memerlukan bahawa terdapat lapan pemilik stesen yang unik yang kekal setelah duopoli dibentuk (terdapat hanya tujuh stesen kuasa penuh di bahagian California pasar San Diego-Tijuana). ] Walaupun syarikat EW Scripps memiliki KGTV dan KZSD-LP, mereka tidak dianggap sebagai duopoli di bawah definisi undang-undang FCC kerana pemilikan bersama antara stesen televisyen kuasa dan kuasa rendah di pasaran yang sama dibenarkan sama ada bilangan stesen berlesen ke kawasan itu. Secara keseluruhan, pasaran Mexico di San Diego-Tijuana mempunyai dua duopol dan satu triopol (Entravision Communications memiliki XHAS-TV dan XHDTV-TV, Azteca memiliki XHJK-TV dan XHTIT-TV, dan Grupo Televisa memiliki XHUAA-TV dan XHWT-TV bersama-sama menjadi pemegang lesen untuk XETV-TV, yang dikendalikan oleh Bay City Television yang berpangkalan di California. <> Berapa banyak duopolie yang mempunyai bahagian Mexico dari San Diego-Tijuana? || dua <> Apa dua stesen yang dimiliki oleh Azteca? || XHJK-TV dan XHTIT-TV <> Syarikat apa yang memiliki XHDTV-TV dan XHAS-TV? || Komunikasi Entravision <> Stesen mana yang dikendalikan oleh Bay City Television? || XETV-TV", {"context": "Due to the ratio of U.S. and Mexican-licensed stations, San Diego is the largest media market in the United States that is legally unable to support a television station duopoly between two full-power stations under FCC regulations, which disallow duopolies in metropolitan areas with fewer than nine full-power television stations and require that there must be eight unique station owners that remain once a duopoly is formed (there are only seven full-power stations on the California side of the San Diego-Tijuana market).[citation needed] Though the E. W. Scripps Company owns KGTV and KZSD-LP, they are not considered a duopoly under the FCC's legal definition as common ownership between full-power and low-power television stations in the same market is permitted regardless to the number of stations licensed to the area. As a whole, the Mexico side of the San Diego-Tijuana market has two duopolies and one triopoly (Entravision Communications owns both XHAS-TV and XHDTV-TV, Azteca owns XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV, and Grupo Televisa owns XHUAA-TV and XHWT-TV along with being the license holder for XETV-TV, which is run by California-based subsidiary Bay City Television).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many duopolies does the Mexico side of San Diego-Tijuana have?", "id": "57302f1fa23a5019007fcf23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 998, "text": "XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV"}], "question": "What two stations are owned by Azteca?", "id": "57302f1fa23a5019007fcf26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 927, "text": "Entravision Communications"}], "question": "What company owns XHDTV-TV and XHAS-TV?", "id": "57302f1fa23a5019007fcf24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1105, "text": "XETV-TV"}], "question": "Which station is ran by Bay City Television?", "id": "57302f1fa23a5019007fcf25"}]}]], [["Contoh puisi Arab dan puisi Parsi yang terkenal tentang cinta (cinta) adalah Layla dan Majnun, sejak zaman Umayyad pada abad ke-7. Ia adalah cerita yang menyedihkan tentang cinta yang tidak sedap seperti Romeo dan Juliet yang kemudian dikatakan telah diilhamkan oleh versi Latin Layla dan Majnun. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, epik kebangsaan Iran, adalah cerita semula pahit dan heroik sejarah Parsi. Amir Arsalan juga merupakan cerita Parsi mitos yang terkenal, yang telah mempengaruhi beberapa fiksyen fantasi moden, seperti Legend of Arslan. <> Layla dan Majnun adalah contoh puisi apa? || Puisi Arab dan Puisi Persia <> Yang era adalah Layla dan Majnun dari? || Umayyad era <> Dalam abad apakah yang dilakukan oleh Layla dan Majnun? || Abad ke-7 <> Apakah kisah macam apa yang diberitahu di Shahnameh? || sebuah pengulangan semula sejarah mitos dan heroik <> Siapa yang menulis Shahnameh? || Ferdowsi", {"context": "A famous example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance (love) is Layla and Majnun, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet, which was itself said to have been inspired by a Latin version of Layla and Majnun to an extent. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history. Amir Arsalan was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as The Heroic Legend of Arslan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Arabic poetry and Persian poetry"}], "question": "Layla and Majnun is an example of what kind of poetry?", "id": "572fef5e947a6a140053ce24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Umayyad era"}], "question": "Which era is Layla and Majnun from?", "id": "572fef5e947a6a140053ce25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "7th century"}], "question": "In what century does Layla and Majnun originate?", "id": "572fef5e947a6a140053ce26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history"}], "question": "What kind of story is told in Shahnameh?", "id": "572fef5e947a6a140053ce27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Ferdowsi"}], "question": "Who wrote Shahnameh?", "id": "572fef5e947a6a140053ce28"}]}], ["Istilah dunia Islam, yang juga dikenali sebagai dunia Islam dan Ummah (Arab: \u0623\u0645\u0629, yang bermaksud \"bangsa\" atau \"masyarakat\") mempunyai makna yang berbeza. Dalam erti kata agama, Ummah Islam merujuk kepada mereka yang mematuhi ajaran Islam, yang disebut sebagai Muslim. Dalam erti kata budaya, Ummah Islam merujuk kepada tamadun Islam, tidak termasuk orang bukan Islam yang tinggal di tamadun itu. Dalam erti geopolitik moden, istilah \"Negara Islam\" biasanya merujuk secara kolektif kepada negara-negara, negara, daerah, atau bandar yang majoriti penduduk Islam. <> Dunia Islam adalah satu lagi cara untuk merujuk kepada apa? || Dunia Islam <> Apabila bercakap tentang agama, apakah yang disebut Ummah? || Mereka yang mematuhi ajaran Islam <> Apabila bercakap tentang kebudayaan, apakah yang disebut Ummah? || Tamadun Islam <> Komuniti, atau Bangsa adalah terjemahan langsung dari perkataan apa yang merujuk kepada Islam? || Ummah", {"context": "The term Muslim world, also known as Islamic world and the Ummah (Arabic: \u0623\u0645\u0629\u200e, meaning \"nation\" or \"community\") has different meanings. In a religious sense, the Islamic Ummah refers to those who adhere to the teachings of Islam, referred to as Muslims. In a cultural sense, the Muslim Ummah refers to Islamic civilization, exclusive of non-Muslims living in that civilization. In a modern geopolitical sense, the term \"Islamic Nation\" usually refers collectively to Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Muslim world"}], "question": "Islamic World is another way to refer to what?", "id": "572fe570947a6a140053cdc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "those who adhere to the teachings of Islam"}], "question": "When speaking of religion, what does Ummah refer to?", "id": "572fe570947a6a140053cdc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Islamic civilization"}], "question": "When speaking about culture, what does Ummah refer to?", "id": "572fe570947a6a140053cdc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Ummah"}], "question": "Community, or Nation are direct translations of what word in reference to Islam?", "id": "572fe570947a6a140053cdc7"}]}], ["Terjemahan Latin karya Ibn Tufail, Philosophus Autodidactus, pertama kali muncul pada tahun 1671, yang disediakan oleh Edward Pococke yang lebih muda, diikuti oleh terjemahan bahasa Inggeris oleh Simon Ockley pada tahun 1708, serta penterjemahan bahasa Jerman dan Belanda. Terjemahan-terjemahan ini mungkin telah mengilhami Daniel Defoe untuk menulis Robinson Crusoe, yang dianggap sebagai novel pertama dalam bahasa Inggeris. Philosophus Autodidactus, meneruskan pemikiran para ahli falsafah seperti Aristotle dari zaman dahulu, diilhamkan oleh Robert Boyle untuk menulis novel falsafahnya yang tersendiri di sebuah pulau, The Naturalist Aspiring. <> Tahun manakah terjemahan Philosophus Autodidactus dalam bahasa Latin datang? || 1671 <> Siapa yang menulis Robinson Crusoe? || Daniel Defoe <> Siapa yang pertama menterjemahkan Philosophus Autodidactus ke latin? || Edward Pococke yang lebih muda <> Simon Ockley menerjemahkan Philosophus Autodidactus ke dalam bahasa Inggeris, dalam tahun apakah dia melakukan itu? || 1708 <> Apa buku yang dipercayai oleh Robert Boyle untuk ditulis selepas diilhamkan oleh Philosophus Autodidactus? || The Naturalist Aspiring", {"context": "A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. These translations might have later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, regarded as the first novel in English. Philosophus Autodidactus, continuing the thoughts of philosophers such as Aristotle from earlier ages, inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "1671"}], "question": "Which year did a translation of Philosophus Autodidactus in Latin come to be?", "id": "572ff1df947a6a140053ce48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Daniel Defoe"}], "question": "Who wrote Robinson Crusoe?", "id": "572ff1df947a6a140053ce4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Edward Pococke the Younger"}], "question": "Who first translated Philosophus Autodidactus into latin?", "id": "572ff1df947a6a140053ce49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "1708"}], "question": "Simon Ockley translated Philosophus Autodidactus into English, in what year did he do that?", "id": "572ff1df947a6a140053ce4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "The Aspiring Naturalist"}], "question": "What book is Robert Boyle believe to have written after being inspired by Philosophus Autodidactus?", "id": "572ff1df947a6a140053ce4c"}]}], ["Antara abad ke-8 dan ke-18, penggunaan seramik bergemerlapan berleluasa dalam seni Islam, biasanya dengan mengambil bentuk tembikar yang rumit. Kaca berkilat tin adalah salah satu teknologi baru terawal yang dibangunkan oleh potters Islam. Glazes legap Islam pertama boleh dijumpai sebagai ware berwarna biru di Basra, yang bermula sekitar abad ke-8. Satu lagi sumbangan adalah pembangunan keramik batu-paste, yang berasal dari Iraq abad ke-9. Pusat lain untuk tembikar seramik yang inovatif di dunia Lama termasuk Fustat (dari 975 hingga 1075), Damaskus (dari 1100 hingga sekitar 1600) dan Tabriz (dari 1470 hingga 1550). <> Apa jenis seni seramik yang popular dari abad ke-8 hingga abad ke-18 dalam seni Islam? || kaca-kaca seramik <> Kaca-kaca seramik yang mana yang dibangunkan oleh petak-petak yang bersifat Islam? || Kaca berkilat tin <> Di manakah seseorang dapat mencari contoh paling awal glazir legap di dunia Islam? || Basra <> Sekitar kapan glazes legap pertama berkembang? || Abad ke-8 <> Di manakah keramik batu-paste dicipta? || Iraq abad ke-9", {"context": "Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. Tin-opacified glazing was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of stone-paste ceramics, originating from 9th century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included Fustat (from 975 to 1075), Damascus (from 1100 to around 1600) and Tabriz (from 1470 to 1550).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "glazed ceramics"}], "question": "What type of ceramic art was popular from the 8th to the 18th century in the art of Islam?", "id": "572fedf6947a6a140053ce1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Tin-opacified glazing"}], "question": "Which ceramic glazing was developed by those potters which were Islamic?", "id": "572fedf6947a6a140053ce1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Basra"}], "question": "Where would one find the earliest examples of opaque glazes in the Muslim world?", "id": "572fedf6947a6a140053ce1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "8th century"}], "question": "Around when were the first opaque glazes developed?", "id": "572fedf6947a6a140053ce1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "9th century Iraq"}], "question": "Where were stone-paste ceramics invented?", "id": "572fedf6947a6a140053ce1e"}]}], ["Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) dan Ibn al-Nafis adalah perintis novel falsafah. Ibn Tufail menulis novel bahasa Arab yang pertama Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) sebagai respons kepada Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, dan kemudian Ibn al-Nafis juga menulis novel Theologus Autodidactus sebagai respon kepada Philosophus Autodidactus Ibn Tufail. Kedua-dua kisah ini mempunyai protagonis (Hayy dalam Philosophus Autodidactus dan Kamil dalam Theologus Autodidactus) yang merupakan kanak-kanak feral autodidactic yang hidup dalam pengasingan di pulau padang pasir, kedua-duanya adalah contoh paling awal cerita pulau padang pasir. Walau bagaimanapun, sementara Hayy tinggal bersendirian dengan haiwan di pulau padang pasir untuk cerita lain di Philosophus Autodidactus, kisah Kamil meluas di luar kawasan pulau padang pasir di Theologus Autodidactus, yang berkembang menjadi plot awal umur yang diketahui dan akhirnya menjadi yang pertama contoh novel fiksyen sains. <> Apa nama lain untuk Ibn Tufail? || Abubacer <> Apa buku Arab yang ditulis oleh Ibn Tufail untuk menulis? || Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) <> Siapa yang menulis Theologus Autodidactus? || Ibn al-Nafis <> Apa orang yang menulis The Incoherence of the Philosophers? || Al-Ghazali <> Siapa watak utama Philosophus Autodidactus? || Hayy", {"context": "Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus) who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in Philosophus Autodidactus, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in Theologus Autodidactus, developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Abubacer"}], "question": "What is another name for Ibn Tufail?", "id": "572ff02b04bcaa1900d76eeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)"}], "question": "What Arabic book is Ibn Tufail noted for writing?", "id": "572ff02b04bcaa1900d76eec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Ibn al-Nafis"}], "question": "Who wrote Theologus Autodidactus?", "id": "572ff02b04bcaa1900d76eed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Al-Ghazali"}], "question": "What person wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers?", "id": "572ff02b04bcaa1900d76eee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "Hayy"}], "question": "Who was the main chracter of Philosophus Autodidactus?", "id": "572ff02b04bcaa1900d76eef"}]}], ["Theologus Autodidactus, yang ditulis oleh polymath Arab Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), adalah contoh pertama novel fiksyen sains. Ia berkaitan dengan pelbagai elemen fiksyen sains seperti generasi spontan, futurologi, akhir dunia dan kiamat, kebangkitan, dan akhirat. Daripada memberikan penjelasan ghaib atau mitologi untuk peristiwa-peristiwa ini, Ibn al-Nafis cuba menjelaskan unsur-unsur plot ini dengan menggunakan pengetahuan ilmiah biologi, astronomi, kosmologi dan geologi yang diketahui pada zamannya. Fiksyen Ibn al-Nafis menjelaskan ajaran agama Islam melalui sains dan falsafah Islam. <> Apakah jangka hayat Ibn al-Nafis? || 1213-1288 <> Apa jenis buku Theologus Autodidactus jenis pertama? || fiksyen sains <> Apa yang digunakan Ibn al-Nafis untuk menerangkan peristiwa-peristiwa di Theologus Autodidactus? || pengetahuan sains", {"context": "Theologus Autodidactus, written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Nafis (1213\u20131288), is the first example of a science fiction novel. It deals with various science fiction elements such as spontaneous generation, futurology, the end of the world and doomsday, resurrection, and the afterlife. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and Islamic philosophy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "1213\u20131288"}], "question": "What was the life span of Ibn al-Nafis?", "id": "572ff126947a6a140053ce40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "science fiction"}], "question": "What type of book is Theologus Autodidactus the first type of?", "id": "572ff126947a6a140053ce41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "scientific knowledge"}], "question": "What did Ibn al-Nafis use to explain the events in Theologus Autodidactus?", "id": "572ff126947a6a140053ce42"}]}], ["Komedi Ilahi Dante Alighieri, ciri-ciri dan episod tentang Bolgia dari bahasa Arab berfungsi pada eskatologi Islam: Hadis dan Kitab al-Miraj (diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Latin pada 1264 atau tidak lama sebelum sebagai Liber Scale Machometi) mengenai kenaikan ke Syurga Muhammad, dan tulisan rohani Ibn Arabi. The Moors juga mempunyai pengaruh ketara terhadap karya George Peele dan William Shakespeare. Beberapa karya mereka memaparkan watak-watak Moor, seperti Peele's The Battle of Alcazar dan Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus dan Othello, yang menampilkan Moorish Othello sebagai watak tajuknya. Kerja-kerja ini dikatakan telah diilhamkan oleh beberapa delegasi Moor dari Maghribi ke Elizabethan England pada awal abad ke-17. <> Dalam tahun apakah Kitab al-Miraj mungkin diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Latin? || dalam 1264 atau tidak lama sebelum <> Siapa yang menulis Komedi Ilahi? || Dante Alighieri <> Yang berfungsi oleh Shakespeare dipercayai diilhamkan oleh The Moors? || Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus dan Othello <> Dalam abad berapa ia percaya bahawa delegasi Moors mula mempengaruhi kerja-kerja barat oleh orang-orang seperti Shakespeare? || Abad ke-17 <> Apakah aspek-aspek dari karya-karya Islam melakukan ciri-ciri Komedi Ilahi? || episod mengenai Bolgia dari bahasa Arab berfungsi pada eskatologi Islam", {"context": "Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, derived features of and episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi) concerning the ascension to Heaven of Muhammad, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. The Moors also had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello, which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "in 1264 or shortly before"}], "question": "In what year was Kitab al-Miraj likely translated into Latin?", "id": "572ff2f6947a6a140053ce5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dante Alighieri"}], "question": "Who wrote the Divine Comedy?", "id": "572ff2f6947a6a140053ce5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello"}], "question": "Which works by Shakespeare is believed to be inspired by The Moors?", "id": "572ff2f6947a6a140053ce5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "17th century"}], "question": "In what century is it believed that delegations of Moors began to influence western works by the likes of Shakespeare?", "id": "572ff2f6947a6a140053ce5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology"}], "question": "What aspects from Islamic works did the Divine Comedy feature?", "id": "572ff2f6947a6a140053ce60"}]}], ["Salah satu definisi umum untuk \"falsafah Islam\" adalah \"gaya falsafah yang dihasilkan dalam kerangka budaya Islam.\" Falsafah Islam, dalam takrif ini tidak semestinya bimbang dengan isu agama, ataupun secara eksklusif dihasilkan oleh umat Islam. Sarjana Parsi Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980-1037) mempunyai lebih daripada 450 buku yang dikaitkan dengannya. Tulisan-tulisannya berkenaan dengan pelbagai subjek, terutamanya falsafah dan perubatan. Buku teks perubatannya Canon of Medicine telah digunakan sebagai teks standard di universiti-universiti Eropah selama berabad-abad. Dia juga menulis The Book of Healing, ensiklopedia saintifik dan falsafah berpengaruh. <> Apakah jangka hayat Ibn Sina? || 980-1037 <> Berapa banyak buku dikatakan ditulis oleh Ibn Sina? || 450 <> Subjek apa Ibn Sina terutamanya menulis tentang? || falsafah dan perubatan <> Apa buku perubatan yang paling terkenal di Ibn Sina di universiti-universiti Eropah? || The Canon of Medicine <> Apa ensiklopedia falsafah yang terkenal Ibn Sina untuk menulis? || Buku Penyembuhan", {"context": "One of the common definitions for \"Islamic philosophy\" is \"the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture.\" Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980\u20131037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook The Canon of Medicine was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote The Book of Healing, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "980\u20131037"}], "question": "What was the life span of Ibn Sina?", "id": "572ff38604bcaa1900d76f19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "450"}], "question": "How many books were said to have been written by Ibn Sina?", "id": "572ff38604bcaa1900d76f1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "philosophy and medicine"}], "question": "What subjects did Ibn Sina mainly write about?", "id": "572ff38604bcaa1900d76f1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "The Canon of Medicine"}], "question": "What medical book is Ibn Sina most noted for in European universities?", "id": "572ff38604bcaa1900d76f1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "The Book of Healing"}], "question": "What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing?", "id": "572ff38604bcaa1900d76f1d"}]}], ["Zaman Keemasan Islam bertepatan dengan Zaman Pertengahan di dunia Islam, bermula dengan kebangkitan Islam dan penubuhan negara Islam pertama pada tahun 622. Penghujung zaman ini diberikan secara beransur-ansur sebanyak 1258 dengan Mongolia Bag of Baghdad, atau 1492 dengan penyempurnaan Reconquista Kristian dari Emirat Granada di Al-Andalus, Semenanjung Iberia. Semasa pemerintahan khalifah Abbasiyah Harun ar-Rashid (786 hingga 809), Rumah Kebijaksanaan yang legenda telah dirasmikan di Baghdad di mana para sarjana dari berbagai belahan dunia berusaha untuk menerjemahkan dan mengumpulkan semua pengetahuan dunia yang diketahui ke dalam bahasa Arab. Para Abbasid dipengaruhi oleh injunksi dan hadith Al-Quran, seperti \"dakwat seorang ulama lebih suci daripada darah syahid,\" yang menegaskan nilai pengetahuan. Bandar ibukota Islam utama Baghdad, Kaherah, dan C\u00f3rdoba menjadi pusat intelektual utama untuk sains, falsafah, perubatan, dan pendidikan. Dalam tempoh ini, dunia Islam adalah kumpulan budaya; mereka mengumpulkan dan mendalami pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari tamadun Yunani, Rom, Persia, Cina, India, Mesir, dan Tiongkok kuno. <> Bilakah zaman Islam Emas bermula? || 622 <> Berapa umur lain pada masa yang sama dengan Zaman Emas Islam? || Zaman Pertengahan <> Di sana apakah tahun terakhir untuk penghujung Zaman Emas Islam? || 1492 <> Berapa tahunkah khalifah Abbasiyah Harun ar-Rashid memerintah? || 786 hingga 809 <> Di manakah House of Wisdom diadakan? || Baghdad", {"context": "The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world, starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid (786 to 809), the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as \"the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr,\" that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and C\u00f3rdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "622"}], "question": "When did the Islamic Golden age start?", "id": "572fed4e04bcaa1900d76ecd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "the Middle Ages"}], "question": "What other age occurred at the same time as the Islamic Golden Age?", "id": "572fed4e04bcaa1900d76ece"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "1492"}], "question": "There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age?", "id": "572fed4e04bcaa1900d76ecf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "786 to 809"}], "question": "What years did Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid reign?", "id": "572fed4e04bcaa1900d76ed0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Baghdad"}], "question": "Where was the House of Wisdom held?", "id": "572fed4e04bcaa1900d76ed1"}]}], ["Karya fiksi yang paling terkenal dari dunia Islam adalah Satu Ribu dan Satu Malam (Dalam Bahasa Persia: hez\u0101r-o-yek \u0161ab> Bahasa Arab: \u0294alf-layl-at-wa-l\u00e2lla = Satu Seribu Malam dan Satu Malam ) atau * Arabian Nights, nama yang dicipta oleh penerjemah awal Barat, yang merupakan penyusunan cerita rakyat dari Sanskrit, Parsi, dan kemudian dongeng Arab. Konsep asal berasal dari prototaip Parsi pra-Islam Hez\u0101r Afs\u0101n (Seribu Fables) yang bergantung pada unsur-unsur tertentu di India. Ia mencapai bentuk terakhirnya pada abad ke-14; bilangan dan jenis kisah telah berubah dari satu manuskrip ke yang lain. Semua kisah fantasi Arab cenderung disebut kisah Arabian Nights apabila diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris, tanpa mengira sama ada ia muncul dalam Buku Satu Ribu dan Satu Malam atau tidak. Kerja ini sangat berpengaruh di Barat sejak diterjemahkan pada abad ke-18, yang pertama oleh Antoine Galland. Imitasi ditulis, terutamanya di Perancis. Pelbagai watak dari epik ini sendiri menjadi ikon kebudayaan dalam budaya Barat, seperti Aladdin, Sinbad the Sailor dan Ali Baba. <> Apa karya fiksyen yang paling banyak diketahui dari dunia Islam? || Satu Ribu dan Satu Malam <> Malam Arab pada mulanya berdasarkan kerja Parsi? || Hez\u0101r Afs\u0101n (Ribu Ribu) <> Dalam abad apa yang disiapkan Satu Ribu dan Satu Malam? || Abad ke-14 <> Kapan Satu Satu Ribu dan Satu Malam pertama diterjemahkan di Barat? || Abad ke-18 <> Siapakah yang pertama untuk menerjemahkan Satu Seribu dan Satu Malam? || Antoine Galland", {"context": "The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights (In Persian: hez\u0101r-o-yek \u0161ab > Arabic: \u0294alf-layl-at-wa-l\u2019-layla= One thousand Night and (one) Night) or *Arabian Nights, a name invented by early Western translators, which is a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and later Arabian fables. The original concept is derived from a pre-Islamic Persian prototype Hez\u0101r Afs\u0101n (Thousand Fables) that relied on particular Indian elements. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian fantasy tales tend to be called Arabian Nights stories when translated into English, regardless of whether they appear in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights or not. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad the Sailor and Ali Baba.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "One Thousand and One Nights"}], "question": "What is the most widely known fictional work from the Islamic world?", "id": "572feebca23a5019007fcb6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Hez\u0101r Afs\u0101n (Thousand Fables)"}], "question": "Arabian nights was originally based upon what Persian work?", "id": "572feebca23a5019007fcb6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "14th century"}], "question": "In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed?", "id": "572feebca23a5019007fcb6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 862, "text": "18th century"}], "question": "When did One Thousand and One Nights first get translated in the West?", "id": "572feebca23a5019007fcb70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 885, "text": "Antoine Galland"}], "question": "Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights?", "id": "572feebca23a5019007fcb71"}]}], ["Lebih daripada 20% penduduk dunia adalah Muslim. Anggaran terkini menyimpulkan bahawa bilangan umat Islam di dunia adalah sekitar 1.5 bilion. Umat Islam adalah majoriti di 49 negara, mereka bercakap beratus-ratus bahasa dan berasal dari pelbagai latar belakang etnik. Bahasa-bahasa utama yang digunakan oleh orang Islam termasuk bahasa Arab, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Melayu, Jawa, Bahasa Sunda, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somalia, Albania, Bosnia, Rusia, Turki, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi dan Kashmir, antara lain. <> Sebanyak peratus manusia di dunia dianggap sebagai Muslim? || 20% <> Berapa ramai umat Islam yang dipercayai tinggal di bumi? || 1.5 bilion <> Dalam berapa banyak negara umat Islam dalam majoriti orang? || 49 <> Berapa banyak bahasa yang digunakan oleh umat Islam? || beratus-ratus", {"context": "More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "20%"}], "question": "What percentage of the humans in the world are considered Muslim?", "id": "572fffab947a6a140053cf30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "1,5 billion"}], "question": "How many Muslims are believed to live on earth?", "id": "572fffab947a6a140053cf31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "49"}], "question": "In how many nations are Muslims in the majority of people?", "id": "572fffab947a6a140053cf32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "hundreds"}], "question": "How many languages are spoken by Muslims?", "id": "572fffab947a6a140053cf33"}]}], ["Kadar celik huruf di dunia Muslim berbeza-beza. Sesetengah ahli seperti Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan dan Turkmenistan mempunyai lebih daripada 97% kadar celik huruf, sedangkan kadar celik huruf paling rendah di Mali, Afghanistan, Chad dan sebahagian Afrika. Pada tahun 2015, Agensi Berita Islam Antarabangsa melaporkan bahawa hampir 37% daripada penduduk dunia Islam tidak dapat membaca atau menulis, berdasarkan angka itu mengenai laporan dari Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam dan Pertubuhan Pendidikan, Sains dan Kebudayaan Islam. <> Apakah kadar celik huruf di Kuwait? || Lebih 97% <> Pada tahun 2015 telah dilaporkan bahawa apa peratusan Dunia Islam tidak celik? || 37% <> Apakah organisasi yang mempelajari literasi di Dunia Islam pada tahun 2015? || Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam dan Organisasi Pendidikan, Saintifik dan Budaya Islam <> Kawasan manakah yang mempunyai kadar celik huruf terendah di dunia Islam? || Mali, Afghanistan, Chad dan bahagian Afrika", {"context": "Literacy rate in the Muslim world varies. Some members such as Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa. In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "over 97%"}], "question": "What is the literacy rate in Kuwait?", "id": "57300664947a6a140053cf74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "37%"}], "question": "In 2015 it was reported that what percentage of the Muslim World was not literate?", "id": "57300664947a6a140053cf75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"}], "question": "What organizations studied literacy in the Muslim World in 2015?", "id": "57300664947a6a140053cf76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa"}], "question": "Which regions have the lowest rate of literacy in the Muslim world?", "id": "57300664947a6a140053cf77"}]}], ["Pendahuluan dibuat dalam pengairan dan pertanian, menggunakan teknologi baru seperti kincir angin. Tanaman seperti badam dan buah sitrus dibawa ke Eropah melalui al-Andalus, dan penanaman gula secara beransur-ansur diterima oleh orang Eropah. Pedagang Arab mendominasi perdagangan di Lautan Hindi sehingga ketibaan Portugis pada abad ke-16. Hormuz adalah pusat penting untuk perdagangan ini. Terdapat juga rangkaian laluan perdagangan yang padat di Mediterranean, di mana negara-negara Islam diniagakan antara satu sama lain dan dengan kuasa Eropah seperti Venice, Genoa dan Catalonia. Jalan Silk yang menyeberangi Asia Tengah melewati negeri-negeri Muslim di antara China dan Eropah. <> yang tanaman telah dibawa ke Eropah dari Dunia Islam? || badam dan buah jeruk <> Apakah kincir angin digunakan? || pengairan dan pertanian <> Perdagangan di lautan India terutamanya dikawal oleh siapa? || Peniaga Arab <> Di mana terdapat pusat penting perdagangan Lautan India pada abad ke-16? || Hormuz <> Bilakah orang Portugis tiba di Lautan Hindi? || abad ke-16", {"context": "Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "almonds and citrus fruit"}], "question": "which crops were brought to europe from the Muslim World?", "id": "572ffe9ea23a5019007fcc20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "irrigation and farming"}], "question": "What was the windmill used for?", "id": "572ffe9ea23a5019007fcc1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Arab merchants"}], "question": "Trading in the Indian ocean was mainly controlled by whom?", "id": "572ffe9ea23a5019007fcc21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Hormuz"}], "question": "Where was an important center of Indian Ocean trading in the 16th century?", "id": "572ffe9ea23a5019007fcc23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "16th century"}], "question": "When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean?", "id": "572ffe9ea23a5019007fcc22"}]}], ["Dalam astronomi, Mu\u1e25ammad ibn J\u0101bir al-\u1e24arr\u0101n\u012b al-Batt\u0101n\u012b meningkatkan ketepatan ukuran presesi paksi Bumi. Pembetulan yang dibuat kepada model geocentric oleh al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi dan Ibn al-Shatir kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam model heliosentrik Copernicus. Teori Heliocentric juga dibincangkan oleh beberapa ahli astronomi Islam lain seperti Al-Biruni, Al-Sijzi, Qotb al-Din Shirazi, dan Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b. Astrolabe, walaupun asalnya dibangun oleh orang Yunani, disempurnakan oleh ahli astronomi dan jurutera Islam, dan seterusnya dibawa ke Eropah. <> Bidang apa yang Mu\u1e25ammad ibn J\u0101bir al-\u1e24arr\u0101n\u012b al-Batt\u0101n\u012b menyumbang kepada? || astronomi <> Apa kerja Mu\u1e25ammad ibn J\u0101bir al-\u1e24arr\u0101n\u012b al-Batt\u0101n\u012b yang dikenali kerana ia berkaitan dengan bumi? || meningkatkan ketepatan pengukuran presis paksi Bumi <> Siapa yang membuat astrolabe itu? || orang-orang Yunani <> Model apakah yang dilakukan oleh ahli-ahli astronomi dunia Muslim? || model heliosentrik Copernicus <> Siapa dikatakan telah menguasai astrolabe itu? || Ahli astronomi dan jurutera Islam", {"context": "In astronomy, Mu\u1e25ammad ibn J\u0101bir al-\u1e24arr\u0101n\u012b al-Batt\u0101n\u012b improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories were also discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Al-Biruni, Al-Sijzi, Qotb al-Din Shirazi, and Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b. The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was perfected by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and was subsequently brought to Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "astronomy"}], "question": "What field did Mu\u1e25ammad ibn J\u0101bir al-\u1e24arr\u0101n\u012b al-Batt\u0101n\u012b contribute to?", "id": "572ffdb7947a6a140053cf00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis"}], "question": "What work is Mu\u1e25ammad ibn J\u0101bir al-\u1e24arr\u0101n\u012b al-Batt\u0101n\u012b known for as it regards to earth?", "id": "572ffdb7947a6a140053cf01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "the Greeks"}], "question": "Who created the astrolabe?", "id": "572ffdb7947a6a140053cf03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "the Copernican heliocentric model"}], "question": "What model did the work of Muslim World astronomers contribute to?", "id": "572ffdb7947a6a140053cf02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Islamic astronomers and engineers"}], "question": "Who is said to have mastered the astrolabe?", "id": "572ffdb7947a6a140053cf04"}]}], ["Pakar-pakar perubatan Islam menyumbang kepada bidang perubatan, termasuk subjek anatomi dan fisiologi: seperti pada abad ke-15 karya Persia oleh Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas berjudul Tashrih al-badan (Anatomi tubuh) yang mengandungi diagram rajah komprehensif sistem struktur, saraf dan peredaran tubuh; atau dalam karya doktor Mesir Ibn al-Nafis, yang mencadangkan teori peredaran pulmonari. Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine kekal sebagai buku teks perubatan yang berwibawa di Eropah hingga abad ke-18. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (juga dikenali sebagai Abulcasis) menyumbang kepada disiplin pembedahan perubatan dengan Kitab al-Tasrif (\"Buku Konsesi\"), sebuah ensiklopedia perubatan yang kemudian diterjemahkan ke bahasa Latin dan digunakan dalam perubatan Eropah dan Islam sekolah selama berabad-abad. Kemajuan perubatan lain datang dalam bidang farmakologi dan farmasi. <> Apa kerja Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas yang dikenali untuk menulis? || Tashrih al-badan (Anatomi badan) <> Dalam abad berapa Tashrih al-badan wujud? || Abad ke-15 <> Siapa yang berteori tentang peredaran pulmonari? || Ibn al-Nafis <> Siapa yang menulis Kanun Perubatan? || Avicenna <> Siapa yang menulis Kitab al-Tasrif? || Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi", {"context": "Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of anatomy and physiology: such as in the 15th century Persian work by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas entitled Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, nervous and circulatory systems; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of pulmonary circulation. Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (also known as Abulcasis) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his Kitab al-Tasrif (\"Book of Concessions\"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of pharmacology and pharmacy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body)"}], "question": "What work is Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas known for writing?", "id": "572ffb3ea23a5019007fcc01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "15th century"}], "question": "In what century did Tashrih al-badan come into being?", "id": "572ffb3ea23a5019007fcc02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Ibn al-Nafis"}], "question": "Who theorized about pulmonary circulation?", "id": "572ffb3ea23a5019007fcc03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Avicenna"}], "question": "Who wrote The Canon of Medicine?", "id": "572ffb3ea23a5019007fcc04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi"}], "question": "Who wrote Kitab al-Tasrif?", "id": "572ffb3ea23a5019007fcc05"}]}], ["Namun seorang ahli falsafah berpengaruh yang mempunyai pengaruh terhadap falsafah moden ialah Ibn Tufail. Novel filosofisnya, Hayy ibn Yaqdha, diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Latin sebagai Philosophus Autodidactus pada tahun 1671, mengembangkan tema empirisisme, tabula rasa, sifat versus pemeliharaan, kondisi kemungkinan, materialisme, dan masalah Molyneux. Para ulama dan penulis Eropah yang dipengaruhi novel ini termasuk John Locke, Gottfried Leibniz, Melchis\u00e9dech Th\u00e9venot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens, George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quaker, dan Samuel Hartlib. <> Falsafah mana dari dunia Islam mempengaruhi falsafah moden? || Ibn Tufail <> Siapa yang menulis Hayy ibn Yaqdha? || Ibn Tufail <> Dalam tahun apakah Hayy ibn Yaqdha diterjemahkan ke bahasa Latin? || 1671 <> Apakah jenis buku itu Hayy ibn Yaqdha? || novel falsafah", {"context": "Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on modern philosophy was Ibn Tufail. His philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdha, translated into Latin as Philosophus Autodidactus in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa, nature versus nurture, condition of possibility, materialism, and Molyneux's problem. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include John Locke, Gottfried Leibniz, Melchis\u00e9dech Th\u00e9venot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens, George Keith, Robert Barclay, the Quakers, and Samuel Hartlib.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Ibn Tufail"}], "question": "Which philosopher from the Muslim world influenced modern philosophy?", "id": "572ff8b5b2c2fd1400568693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Ibn Tufail"}], "question": "Who wrote Hayy ibn Yaqdha?", "id": "572ff8b5b2c2fd1400568694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "1671"}], "question": "In what year was Hayy ibn Yaqdha translated to the Latin language?", "id": "572ff8b5b2c2fd1400568695"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "philosophical novel"}], "question": "What kind of book is Hayy ibn Yaqdha?", "id": "572ff8b5b2c2fd1400568696"}]}], ["Para ahli falsafah Muslim lain yang berpengaruh termasuk al-Jahiz, perintis dalam pemikiran evolusi; Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), perintis fenomenologi dan falsafah sains dan pengkritik falsafah semulajadi Aristotelus dan konsep tempat Aristotle (topos); Al-Biruni, pengkritik falsafah semulajadi Aristotelus; Ibn Tufail dan Ibn al-Nafis, perintis novel falsafah; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, pengasas falsafah Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, seorang pengkritik logik Aristoteli dan perintis logik induktif; dan Ibn Khaldun, perintis dalam falsafah sejarah. <> Falsafah mana-mana ahli dunia Islam dianggap sebagai pengarang penting dalam kerja evolusi? || al-Jahiz <> Ibn al-Haytham boleh dikenali dengan nama lain, apa itu? || Alhazen <> Jenis kerja apa Ibn al-Haytham diketahui telah mempelopori? || fenomenologi dan falsafah sains <> Siapa yang dikatakan telah menjadi falsafah Illuminationist? || Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi <> Para ahli falsafah di dunia Islam yang memperjuangkan logik induktif dalam karya mereka? || Fakhr al-Din al-Razi", {"context": "Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz, a pioneer in evolutionary thought; Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle's concept of place (topos); Al-Biruni, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, founder of Illuminationist philosophy; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic; and Ibn Khaldun, a pioneer in the philosophy of history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "al-Jahiz"}], "question": "Which philosopher of the Muslim world is considered an important author of work on evolution?", "id": "572ff982b2c2fd14005686a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Alhazen"}], "question": "Ibn al-Haytham can be known by another name, what is it?", "id": "572ff982b2c2fd14005686a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "phenomenology and the philosophy of science"}], "question": "What type of work is Ibn al-Haytham known to have pioneered?", "id": "572ff982b2c2fd14005686a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi"}], "question": "Who is considered to have been the one that founded Illuminationist philosophy?", "id": "572ff982b2c2fd14005686a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"}], "question": "Which philosopher in the Muslim world championed inductive logic in their works?", "id": "572ff982b2c2fd14005686a7"}]}], ["Dua denominasi utama Islam adalah golongan Sunni dan Syiah. Mereka berbeza terutamanya tentang bagaimana kehidupan ummah (\"setia\") harus ditadbir, dan peranan imam. Kedua-dua perbezaan utama ini berpunca dari pemahaman hadith yang mengartikan al-Quran. Sunni percaya bahawa pengganti politik sebenar Nabi dalam Sunnah didasarkan pada Shura (perundingan) di Saqifah yang memilih Abu Bakr, bapa isteri kegemaran Nabi, 'A'ishah, untuk memimpin masyarakat Islam sementara penggantian agama tidak lagi wujud atas sebab akhir kenabian. Syiah pula percaya bahawa politik sejati dan pengganti agama adalah Ali ibn Abi Talib, suami anak perempuan Nabi Fatimah (yang ditetapkan oleh Nabi). <> Mana denominasi umat Islam yang paling dominan? || Sunni dan Syiah <> Apakah dua perkara utama yang membezakan Sunni dan Syiah? || bagaimana kehidupan ummah (\"setia\") harus ditadbir, dan peranan imam <> Siapa yang dipercayai, di kalangan Sunni, menjadi pengganti politik Nabi? || Abu Bakr <> Siapa Abu Bakr? || bapa isteri kegemaran nabi <> Siapa Ali ibn Abi Talib? || suami kepada anak perempuan Nabi Fatimah", {"context": "The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah (\"faithful\") should be governed, and the role of the imam. These two main differences stem from the understanding of which hadith are to interpret the Quran. Sunnis believe the true political successor of the Prophet in Sunnah is based on \u064dShura (consultation) at the Saqifah which selected Abu Bakr, father of the Prophet's favourite wife, 'A'ishah, to lead the Islamic community while the religious succession ceased to exist on account of finality of Prophethood. Shia on the other hand believe that the true political as well as religious successor is Ali ibn Abi Talib, husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah (designated by the Prophet).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Sunni and Shia"}], "question": "Which Muslim denominations are the most dominant?", "id": "57300079b2c2fd140056870d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "how the life of the ummah (\"faithful\") should be governed, and the role of the imam"}], "question": "What are the two main things differentiating Sunni and Shia?", "id": "57300079b2c2fd140056870e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Abu Bakr"}], "question": "Who is believed, among Sunnis,  to be the political successor of the Prophet?", "id": "57300079b2c2fd140056870f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "father of the Prophet's favourite wife"}], "question": "Who was Abu Bakr?", "id": "57300079b2c2fd1400568710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah"}], "question": "Who was Ali ibn Abi Talib?", "id": "57300079b2c2fd1400568711"}]}], ["Jurutera Islam di dunia Islam membuat sejumlah penggunaan tenaga hidro yang inovatif, dan penggunaan industri awal kuasa pasang surut dan kuasa angin, bahan api fosil seperti petroleum, dan kompleks kilang awal yang besar (tiraz dalam bahasa Arab). Kegunaan industri kincir air di dunia Islam bermula pada abad ke-7, sementara kilang-kilang roda beroda mendatar dan menegak telah digunakan secara meluas sejak sekurang-kurangnya abad ke-9. Pelbagai kilang perindustrian sedang digunakan di dunia Islam, termasuk kilang awal, gristmills, hullers, kilang papan, kilang kapal, kilang setem, kilang keluli, kilang gula, kilang pasang surut dan kincir angin. Menjelang abad ke-11, setiap wilayah di seluruh dunia Islam mempunyai kilang industri ini beroperasi, dari al-Andalus dan Afrika Utara ke Timur Tengah dan Asia Tengah. Jurutera Islam juga mencipta crankshafts dan turbin air, menggunakan gear di kilang-kilang dan mesin penaikkan air, dan mempelopori penggunaan empangan sebagai sumber kuasa air, yang digunakan untuk memberikan kuasa tambahan kepada mesin kincir air dan mesin penaikkan air. Kemajuan sedemikian membolehkan tugas-tugas perindustrian yang sebelumnya dipandu oleh tenaga kerja manual pada zaman dahulu untuk dijadikan mekanik dan didorong oleh jentera dan bukannya dalam dunia Islam zaman pertengahan. Pemindahan teknologi ini ke zaman pertengahan Eropah mempunyai pengaruh terhadap Revolusi Perindustrian. <> Berapa awal orang di Dunia Muslim mula menggunakan kincir air? || Abad ke-7 <> Pada abad berapa kilang-kilang seperti gristmills dan kilang papan menguasai dunia Islam? || Abad ke-11 <> Pada titik apakah penggunaan kincir air yang biasa di Dunia Muslim? || Abad ke-9 <> Siapa yang mencipta crankshafts? || Jurutera Islam <> Siapa pencipta turbin air? || Jurutera Islam", {"context": "Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower, and early industrial uses of tidal power and wind power, fossil fuels such as petroleum, and early large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented crankshafts and water turbines, employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the Industrial Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "7th century"}], "question": "How early did people in the Muslim World start using watermills?", "id": "572fff4404bcaa1900d76fe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "11th century"}], "question": "In what century had mills such as gristmills and sawmills dominate the Islamic world?", "id": "572fff4404bcaa1900d76fe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "9th century"}], "question": "At what point was the use of watermills common in the Muslim World?", "id": "572fff4404bcaa1900d76fe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "Muslim engineers"}], "question": "Who invented crankshafts?", "id": "572fff4404bcaa1900d76fe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "Muslim engineers"}], "question": "Who was the inventor of water turbines?", "id": "572fff4404bcaa1900d76fe9"}]}], ["Para saintis Muslim menyumbang kepada kemajuan sains. Mereka meletakkan penekanan yang jauh lebih besar terhadap percubaan daripada orang Yunani. Ini membawa kepada kaedah saintifik awal yang dibangunkan di dunia Islam, di mana kemajuan metodologi dibuat, bermula dengan eksperimen Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) pada optik dari sekitar 1000, dalam bukunya Optik. Perkembangan saintifik yang paling penting ialah penggunaan eksperimen untuk membezakan antara teori saintifik yang bersaing yang ditetapkan dalam orientasi empirikal yang umumnya bermula di kalangan saintis Muslim. Ibn al-Haytham juga dianggap sebagai bapa optik, terutamanya untuk bukti empirikal teori intromisi cahaya. Ada juga yang menggambarkan Ibn al-Haytham sebagai \"saintis pertama.\" Al-Khwarzimi mencipta sistem asas log yang sedang digunakan hari ini, beliau juga menyumbang teorema dalam trigonometri serta had. Kajian baru-baru ini memperlihatkan bahawa para artis Muslim Abad Pertengahan menyadari geometri quasicrystal decagonal maju (menemui separuh milenium pada tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an di Barat) dan menggunakannya dalam seni bina hiasan yang rumit dalam seni bina. <> Ibn al-Haytham bereksperimen dengan apa yang sekitar tahun 1000? || optik <> Ibn al-Haytham menulis tentang karyanya sekitar tahun 1000, apa itu? || Buku Optik <> Siapa yang dipercayai telah menemui geometri quasicrystal decagonal? || Artis Medieval Muslim <> Mengenai teori intromisi cahaya, yang menunjukkan bukti pertama? || Ibn al-Haytham <> Yang saintis muslim bekerja pada trigonometri? || al-Khwarzimi", {"context": "Muslim scientists contributed to advances in the sciences. They placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from circa 1000, in his Book of Optics. The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Some have also described Ibn al-Haytham as the \"first scientist.\" al-Khwarzimi's invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced decagonal quasicrystal geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "optics"}], "question": "Ibn al-Haytham experimented with what around the year 1000?", "id": "572ffa8cb2c2fd14005686ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Book of Optics"}], "question": "Ibn al-Haytham wrote about his work around the year 1000, what was it?", "id": "572ffa8cb2c2fd14005686ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 954, "text": "Medieval Muslim artists"}], "question": "Who is believed to have discovered decagonal quasicrystal geometry?", "id": "572ffa8cb2c2fd14005686b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Ibn al-Haytham"}], "question": "Regarding the intromission theory of light, who showed the first proof?", "id": "572ffa8cb2c2fd14005686af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "al-Khwarzimi"}], "question": "Which Muslim scientist worked on trigonometry?", "id": "572ffa8cb2c2fd14005686b0"}]}], ["Kalendar Hijriah Suria, yang juga dikenali sebagai kalendar Shamsi Hijri, dan disingkat sebagai SH, adalah kalendar rasmi Iran dan Afghanistan. Ia bermula pada equinox vernal. Setiap dua belas bulan sepadan dengan tanda zodiak. Enam bulan pertama mempunyai 31 hari, lima yang berikutnya mempunyai 30 hari, dan bulan terakhir mempunyai 29 hari pada tahun biasa tetapi 30 hari dalam tahun lompat. Tahun penghijrahan Nabi Muhammad ke Madinah (622 CE) ditetapkan sebagai tahun pertama kalendar, dan Hari Tahun Baru selalu jatuh pada ekuinoks bulan Mac. <> Apakah nama lain untuk kalendar Shamsi Hijri? || Kalendar Solar Hijri <> Apa salah satu cara untuk menaikkan kalendar Solar Hiljri? || SH <> Apakah kalendar adat Iran? || kalendar Shamsi Hijri <> Berapa banyak bulan dalam kalendar Shamsi Hijri? || dua belas bulan <> Apa tahun pertama Calon Shamsi Hijri berdasarkan? || Penghijrahan Nabi Muhammad kepada Madinah", {"context": "The Solar Hijri calendar, also called the Shamsi Hijri calendar, and abbreviated as SH, is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. It begins on the vernal equinox. Each of the twelve months corresponds with a zodiac sign. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in usual years but 30 days in leap years. The year of Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina (622 CE) is fixed as the first year of the calendar, and the New Year's Day always falls on the March equinox.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Solar Hijri calendar"}], "question": "What is another name for the Shamsi Hijri calender?", "id": "57300a8aa23a5019007fccab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "SH"}], "question": "What is one way to abbreviate the Solar Hiljri calender?", "id": "57300a8aa23a5019007fccac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "the Shamsi Hijri calendar"}], "question": "What is the customary calendar of Iran?", "id": "57300a8aa23a5019007fccad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "twelve months"}], "question": "How many months are in the Shamsi Hijri calendar?", "id": "57300a8aa23a5019007fccae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina"}], "question": "What is the first year of the Shamsi Hijri Calender based on?", "id": "57300a8aa23a5019007fccaf"}]}], ["Dalam minoriti kecil negara-negara Islam, undang-undang mengharuskan wanita menutup sama ada kakinya, bahu dan kepala atau seluruh tubuh selain muka. Dalam bentuk yang paling ketat, muka juga harus dilindungi sehingga hanya satu jaringan untuk dilihat. Peraturan-peraturan ini untuk ketegangan menyebabkan berpakaian, terutama mengenai orang Islam yang tinggal di negara-negara Barat, di mana sekatan dianggap sebagai seksis dan penindasan. Sesetengah orang Islam menentang pertuduhan ini, dan sebaliknya mengisytiharkan bahawa media di negara-negara ini menekan wanita untuk mendedahkan terlalu banyak untuk dianggap menarik, dan ini adalah seksis dan penindasan. <> Berapa banyak negara muslim memerlukan wanita untuk menutupi kaki, bahu, atau seluruh tubuh? || minoriti kecil <> Apakah sekatan terhadap pakaian wanita Islam yang dipertimbangkan di Barat? || seks dan penindasan <> Mengapa sesetengah orang Islam menentang membenarkan wanita untuk mendedahkan lebih banyak diri mereka? || wanita untuk mendedahkan terlalu banyak untuk dianggap menarik <> Dalam gaya paling ketatnya apa yang mesti disembunyikan wanita di beberapa negara Islam? || muka", {"context": "In a small minority of Muslim countries, the law requires women to cover either just legs, shoulders and head or the whole body apart from the face. In strictest forms, the face as well must be covered leaving just a mesh to see through. These rules for dressing cause tensions, concerning particularly Muslims living in Western countries, where restrictions are considered both sexist and oppressive. Some Muslims oppose this charge, and instead declare that the media in these countries presses on women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive, and that this is itself sexist and oppressive.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "a small minority"}], "question": "How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs, shoulders, or whole body?", "id": "57300b6404bcaa1900d7706d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "sexist and oppressive"}], "question": "What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West?", "id": "57300b6404bcaa1900d7706e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive"}], "question": "Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves?", "id": "57300b6404bcaa1900d7706f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "the face"}], "question": "In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations?", "id": "57300b6404bcaa1900d77070"}]}], ["Tidak ada imej atau gambaran visual Islam yang dimaksudkan untuk wujud kerana dipercayai bahawa penggambaran artistik sedemikian mungkin menyebabkan penyembahan berhala. Lebih-lebih lagi, umat Islam percaya bahawa Tuhan adalah tidak bermoral, menjadikan mana-mana gambaran dua atau tiga dimensi mustahil. Sebaliknya, umat Islam menggambarkan Tuhan dengan nama-nama dan sifat-sifatnya, menurut Islam, dia mendedahkan kepada penciptaannya. Semua kecuali satu surah Al-Quran bermula dengan ungkapan \"Dengan nama Allah, Yang Maha Pemurah, Yang Maha Pemurah\". Imej Mohammed juga dilarang. Aniconisme dan ikonoklasma sedemikian juga boleh didapati dalam Yahudi dan beberapa teologi Kristian. <> Mengapa menggambarkan Tuhan yang dilarang di dunia Islam? || gambaran seperti artistik boleh menyebabkan penyembahan berhala <> Apa yang orang Islam percaya kepada bentuk Tuhan? || Tuhan adalah tidak bermaya <> Berapa banyak surah dalam Al-Quran bermula dengan \"Dengan nama Allah?\" || Semua kecuali satu <> Apa dasar dalam dunia Islam untuk menggambarkan Mohammed? || Dilarang <> Apa agama lain yang mungkin dapat menemukan gambaran Tuhan, atau Nabi yang dilarang? || Yahudi dan beberapa teologi Kristian", {"context": "No Islamic visual images or depictions of God are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry. Moreover, Muslims believe that God is incorporeal, making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the names and attributes that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one sura of the Quran begins with the phrase \"In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful\". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such aniconism and iconoclasm can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry"}], "question": "Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world?", "id": "57300862947a6a140053cfa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "God is incorporeal"}], "question": "What do Muslims believe of the form of God?", "id": "57300862947a6a140053cfa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "All but one"}], "question": "How many sura's in the Quran begin with \"In the name of God?\"", "id": "57300862947a6a140053cfa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "prohibited"}], "question": "What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed?", "id": "57300862947a6a140053cfa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Jewish and some Christian theology"}], "question": "What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?", "id": "57300862947a6a140053cfa6"}]}], ["Motif membezakan seni bina Islam sentiasa diarahkan pengulangan, struktur radiasi, dan corak metrik yang berirama. Dalam hal ini, geometri fraktal telah menjadi utiliti utama, terutama untuk masjid dan istana. Ciri-ciri lain yang digunakan sebagai motif termasuk tiang, dermaga dan gerbang, yang dianjurkan dan digabungkan dengan urutan gantian niche dan kolon. Peranan kubah dalam seni bina Islam telah banyak. Penggunaannya menjangkau abad, pertama kali muncul pada tahun 691 dengan pembinaan masjid Dome of the Rock, dan berulang hingga abad ke-17 dengan Taj Mahal. Dan pada abad ke-19, kubah-kubah Islam telah dimasukkan ke dalam seni bina Eropah. <> Apa ciri-ciri utama seni bina Islam? || mengarahkan pengulangan, struktur radiasi, dan ritma, corak metrik <> Ciri-ciri fizikal apa yang biasa dalam seni bina Islam? || lajur, dermaga dan gerbang <> Bilakah kubah pertama muncul dalam seni bina Dunia Islam? || 691 <> Mana masjid yang dipercayai menjadi yang pertama dengan sebuah kubah? || Masjid kubah di Rock <> Ketika Taj Mahal dibina? || kurun ke 17", {"context": "Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns"}], "question": "What are the main distinctive features of Islamic architecture?", "id": "573009dfb2c2fd140056877f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "columns, piers and arches"}], "question": "What physical characteristics are common in Islamic architecture?", "id": "573009dfb2c2fd1400568780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "691"}], "question": "When did domes first appear in the architecture of the Muslim World?", "id": "573009dfb2c2fd1400568781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Dome of the Rock mosque"}], "question": "Which mosque is believed to be the first with a dome?", "id": "573009dfb2c2fd1400568782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "17th century"}], "question": "When was the Taj Mahal constructed?", "id": "573009dfb2c2fd1400568783"}]}], ["Beberapa negara Islam seperti Turki dan Iran mempamerkan penerbitan ilmiah yang tinggi. Beberapa negara telah cuba menggalakkan penyelidikan saintifik. Di Pakistan, penubuhan Suruhanjaya Pengajian Tinggi pada tahun 2002, menyebabkan peningkatan 5 kali ganda jumlah PhD dan peningkatan 10 kali ganda dalam jumlah kertas penyelidikan saintifik dalam tempoh 10 tahun dengan jumlah universiti meningkat dari 115 tahun 2001 hingga 400 pada tahun 2012. [rujukan?] Arab Saudi telah menubuhkan Universiti Sains dan Teknologi King Abdullah. Emiriah Arab Bersatu telah melabur di Zayed University, Universiti Emiriah Arab Bersatu, dan Institut Sains dan Teknologi Masdar [klarifikasi diperlukan] <> Organisasi mana untuk penerbitan saintifik ditubuhkan di Pakistan pada tahun 2002? || Suruhanjaya Pengajian Tinggi <> Berapakah Suruhanjaya Pengajian Tinggi memengaruhi bilangan PhD di Pakistan? || Tambah 5 kali ganda <> Apa universiti sains didirikan Arab Saudi? || Universiti Sains dan Teknologi King Abdullah <> Di mana Zayed University? || Emiriah Arab Bersatu <> Berapa banyak universiti di Pakistan pada tahun 2001? || 115", {"context": "Several Muslim countries like Turkey and Iran exhibit high scientific publication. Some countries have tried to encourage scientific research. In Pakistan, establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002, resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific research papers in 10 years with the total number of universities increasing from 115 in 2001 to over 400 in 2012.[citation needed] Saudi Arabia has established the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. United Arab Emirates has invested in Zayed University, United Arab Emirates University, and Masdar Institute of Science and Technology[clarification needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Higher Education Commission"}], "question": "Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002?", "id": "57300707947a6a140053cf90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "5-fold increase"}], "question": "How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?", "id": "57300707947a6a140053cf91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"}], "question": "What science university did Saudi Arabia establish?", "id": "57300707947a6a140053cf93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "United Arab Emirates"}], "question": "Where is Zayed University?", "id": "57300707947a6a140053cf94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "115"}], "question": "How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001?", "id": "57300707947a6a140053cf92"}]}], ["Merangkumi kedua-dua gaya sekular dan agama, reka bentuk dan gaya yang dibuat oleh orang Islam dan pembinaan bangunan dan struktur mereka dalam budaya Islam termasuk jenis seni bina: Masjid, Makam, Istana dan Kubu. Mungkin ekspresi seni Islam yang paling penting adalah seni bina, terutamanya masjid. Melalui seni bina Islam, kesan budaya yang berbeza dalam tamadun Islam dapat digambarkan. Secara amnya, penggunaan pola geometrik Islam dan arabesik berasaskan dedaunan telah menarik. Terdapat juga penggunaan kaligrafi dekoratif bukan gambar yang haram (dilarang) dalam seni bina masjid. Perhatikan bahawa dalam seni bina sekular, perwakilan manusia dan haiwan memang hadir. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai seni bina Islam yang paling penting? || masjid <> Apa jenis hiasan yang digunakan dalam seni hiasan dunia Muslim daripada gambar? || kaligrafi hiasan <> Apakah definisi haram? || dilarang <> Di manakah dalam seni bina Islam adalah gambar yang dilarang? || seni bina masjid <> Di mana seseorang dibenarkan menggunakan perwakilan manusia? || seni bina sekular", {"context": "Encompasses both secular and religious styles, the design and style made by Muslims and their construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture included the architectural types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly that of the mosque. Through Islamic architecture, effects of varying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. Generally, the use of Islamic geometric patterns and foliage based arabesques were striking. There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. Note that in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "the mosque"}], "question": "What is considered the most important work of Islamic architecture?", "id": "573007b9a23a5019007fcc69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "decorative calligraphy"}], "question": "What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures?", "id": "573007b9a23a5019007fcc6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "forbidden"}], "question": "What is the definition of haram?", "id": "573007b9a23a5019007fcc6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "mosque architecture"}], "question": "Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden?", "id": "573007b9a23a5019007fcc6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "secular architecture"}], "question": "Where is one permitted to use representations of humans?", "id": "573007b9a23a5019007fcc6d"}]}], ["Seni Islam kerap mengamalkan penggunaan reka bentuk bunga atau geometri geometri dalam pengulangan yang dikenali sebagai arabesque. Reka bentuk sedemikian sangat tidak hadir, kerana Islam mengharamkan gambaran perwakilan seperti yang terdapat dalam agama pagan pra-Islam. Walaupun begitu, ada kehadiran seni penggambaran di sesetengah masyarakat Islam, terutamanya gaya kecil yang terkenal di Persia dan di bawah Empayar Uthmaniyyah yang menampilkan lukisan orang dan binatang, dan juga penggambaran cerita-cerita Al-Quran dan kisah-kisah tradisional Islam. Satu lagi sebab mengapa seni Islam biasanya abstrak adalah melambangkan sifat transendensi, sifat yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dan tak terhingga dari Tuhan, objektif yang dicapai oleh arabesque. Kaligrafi islami adalah hiasan omnipresent dalam seni Islam, dan biasanya dinyatakan dalam bentuk ayat-ayat Al-Quran. Dua skrip utama yang terlibat adalah skrip kufik dan nask yang simbolik, yang dapat dijumpai dengan menghiasi dinding dan kubah masjid, sisi muatan, dan sebagainya. <> Apakah penggunaan berulang reka bentuk bunga geometri yang dikenali sebagai seni Islam? || arabesque <> Islam melarang jenis seni yang ditemui dalam agama apa? || agama pagan pra-Islam <> Lukisan-lukisan kecil empayar Uthmaniyyah memperlihatkan jenis subjek? || orang dan binatang <> Apa salah satu sebab seni Islam mungkin abstrak? || untuk melambangkan sifat transendensi, sifat yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dan tidak terhingga Tuhan <> Di kubah masjid mungkin ada jenis skrip yang menghiasi mereka? || kufik dan skrip naskh", {"context": "Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as arabesque. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in pre-Islamic pagan religions. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the miniature style made famous in Persia and under the Ottoman Empire which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque. Islamic calligraphy is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic kufic and naskh scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of minbars, and so on.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "arabesque"}], "question": "What is the repetitive use of geometric floral designs known as in Islamic art?", "id": "57300951947a6a140053cfc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "pre-Islamic pagan religions"}], "question": "Islam forbade types of art found in what religions?", "id": "57300951947a6a140053cfc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "people and animals"}], "question": "Miniature paintings of the Ottoman empire featured what kind of subjects?", "id": "57300951947a6a140053cfc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God"}], "question": "What is one reason the art of Islam may be abstract?", "id": "57300951947a6a140053cfc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 860, "text": "kufic and naskh scripts"}], "question": "In mosques domes may have what kind of scripts decorating them?", "id": "57300951947a6a140053cfc3"}]}]]]